n I^IBRARV OK THl: University of California. OIKT OK Received ijl-t^'' • '^9i^.- Accession No. V O- ji Q 3 • ^^^^ No. V k V / A f ># > ^ V ^ N '® P IP 1^ iMtie ■'1 s A NEW UNIVERSAL GAZETTEER, CONTAINING A DESCRIPTION OF THE PRINCIPAL HATIOKS, EMPIRES, KINGDOMS, STATES, PROVINCES, CITIES, TOWNS, FORTS, SEAS, HA LAKES CANALS. MOUNTAINS, VOLCANOES, CAPES, CAVERNS, CATARACTS AND G OF THE ES, TOWNS, FORTS, SEAS, HARBOURS, RIVERS CAVERNS, CATARACTS AND GROTTOES j KNOWN WORLD, WITH AN ACCOUNT OF THE EXTENT, BOUNDARIES AND NATURAL PRODUCTIONS OF EACH COUNTRY; THE GOVERNMENT, CUSTOMS, MANNFRS AND RELIGION OF THE INHABITANTS; THE TRADE, MANUFACTURES, AND CURIOSITIES, OF THE CITIES AND TOWNS, WITH THEIR LONGITUDE AND LATITUDE, BEARING AND DIS- TANCE IN ENGLISH MILES FROM REMARKABLE PLACES ; AND THE VARIOUS HIS- TORICAL EVENTS BY WHICH THEY HAVE BEEN DISTINGUISHED. ■ ORIGINALLY COMPILED BY R. BROOKES , M. D. THE WHOLE RE-MODELLED AND THE HISTORICAL AND STATISTICAL DEPARTMENT BR0C6HT DOWN TO THE PRESENT PERIOD,'-- B T J O H.N >IARSHALL,*ESQ. ILLUSTRATED WITH TWO HUNDRED ENGRAVINGS. WITH NUMEROUS ADDITIONS BY THE AMERICAN EDITOR, INCLUDING THE POPULATION OF THE DNITKU STATES FOR 1830; A DESCRIPTION OF THE VARIOUS INDIAN TRIBES IN NORTH AMERICA; AND A vIeW of the MISSIONARY STATIONS IN ALL PARTS OF THE WORLD. AND CONTAINING A BRIEF DICTIONARY OF COMMERCE, GIVING AN ACCOUNT OF ALL THE MONEYS IN THE KNOWN WORLD, AMD ALL THE MINERALS, VEGETABLES, ANIMALS, BIRDS, FISHES, AND INSECTS, THAT AR« IMPORTANT TO COMMERCE ; ALL THE CHIEF COMMERCIAL AND MONIED INSTI- TUTIONS AND ASSOCIATIONS ; AND NOTICES OF MANUFACTURES AND COMMERCE IN DIFFERENT PLACES AND COUNTRIES THROUGHOUT THE GLOBE. PHILADELPHIA : PUBLISHED BY W. MARSHALL & CO. 1839. 'Ei<;f£RBD according to Act of Congress, in the year 1839, by W. Marshall & Co., in the Office olthe Clerk of the District Court of tlie Eastern District of Pennsylvania. y^i-fJ m- rRINTKD BY T. K. AND P. O. COLLINS PHILADBLFHIA. rvEW uravERSAL gazetteer, GEOGR\PHICAL DICTIONARY. AA AA, the name o^ '3 rivers, in Western Europe, viz. 1st, rises in Samogitia, runs through the Duchy of Courland into the bay of Riga ; 2nd, in Saxony, falling into Lake Blanken ; 3d, in Switz- erland, falling into Lake Lucerne ; 4th, do. into Lake Walstadten ; 5th, do. into the Aar river ; 6th, in Westphalia, falling into the Wehr ; 7th, do. into the \ echt ; 8th, do. into the Ems ; 9th, in Holland, falling into the Vecht, at Swartsluys ; 10th, do. into the Oldyssel ; 11th, in Overyssel, falling into ,ake (Jiter ; 12th, in Brabant, falling into the Dommel ; and 13th, in pai? de Calais, France, falling into the sea al Gravelines. Jack, the name of a river in Switzerland, and of two others in Suabia, vnd also of a town in Suabia, about 30 miles N. of Constance. Jahavji, the chief town of a small district of the same name, 'in the government of Mu/isier, one of the Prussian states, in the province of West- phalia. Aain-Charain,n. village near Jerusalem, said to be the p.ace where Zacharius lived. It is fre- quented by pilgrims ; and near it thei*e is a con- vent, a large elegant building, with a handsome cupola, and under •♦, an extraordinary fine mosaic pavement ; the a!i ar, which is a very splendid one, encompassed with marble steps, is said to be built on the very spot where John the Baptist was born. Aalhorg. one of the four bishoprics of the Pen- insular province of Jutland, being the most northerly part, and about 120 square miles in ex- tent, containing about 90,000 inhabitants. The chief town, of L^e same name, is situate on the south coast of the Gulf of Lymfiord, in N. lat. 57. 3. E. long. 7. 56. Next to Copenhagen it is the most considerable town in Denmark. It has an exchange for merchants ; the episcopal palace, two churches, two poor-houses, a hospital, con- vent and cathedral school-house, are all respecta- ble edifices ; sj>'\ it has a considerable trade in corn, herrings, rire-arms, saddles, gloves, &c. It was taken by tlie Swedes in 1643 and 1C58 Jiar, a large rivei in Switzerland, which rises m a lake, near Mount Saalberg, in the S. of the canton of Bern, and running N. W. through the whole extent of the lake of Brienz and Thun to Bern, takes a circuitous course to Soleure ; whence it flows E. to Arburg, and N. E. to Brugg ; below which, being joined by the Reuss and Linimatt, it falls int<» 'he Rhine opposite Wald- ■cliut; also the name of two other rivers, one ris- AA ing m the Grand Duchy of the lower Rhine, falling into the Rhine, the other rising in Nassau, falling into the Lahn. Aargau, formerly a district, but formed into a canton of Switzerland ; about 650 sq. m. in ex* tent. Pop. in 1798 about 130,000. Aarhuits, the second of the four bishoprics of Jutland ; it is a very fruitful district, on ♦'''^ *"-, side of the Peninsula, extending for about 60 m. along the shore of the Cattegat, bounded on the W. by the bishopric of Viborg, intersected by numerous streams, abounding with fish, and is richly adorned with forests. It contains the res- idences of a great portion of the nobility of Den- mark. The chief town of the same name is sit- uate on the coast, in 56. 10. N. lat. 10. 13. E. \on^. The town is divided into two unequal parts, by water conveyed from a lake about 15 m. in the in- terior. It is large and populous ; and has svz gates, iwc principal churches, two market-places ; a university, a free-school, and a well-endowed hospital, and has a considerable trade in grain, timber, &c. Jlarcn's Island. See St. Malo. Aaronsburs, t. Northumberland Co. Pa. It i« situated a litUe more thj.n a mile E. of Elk creek, which unites with Penn's creek, falling into the Susquehanna, 5 m. below Sunbury Aaronsburg, p.t. Centre Co. T%. 15 m. E. Bellefonte. Abach or Weltertburg, a market town in Lower Bavaria, seated on the Danube, 7 m. from Ratis- bon. It is defended by a citadel, and is remark- able for Roman antiquities, as well as for its min- eral waters, which are celebrated for curins' vari- ous diseases. Long. 11. 56. E. lat. 48. 53. ^. Abade, or Shelck Abade, a village of Egypt, on the left bank of the Nile, 80 m. S. of Cairo ; im- mense architectural ruins testify its having been the site of a great and populous city. Abatleh, a considerable town at the mouth of the Tigris, province of Fars, Persia. Abakansk, a town situate on a branch of the river Yenisei, in the province ot Kolhyvane, government of Tobolsk, Asiatic Russia. It was founded in 1707, and rebuilt in 1725, and since fortified : some ancient tombs with fine inscrip- tions, bespeak it to have been a place of impor- tance, prior to the conquest of Siberia by Russia. N. latK .54. E. long. 01. 14. Abatak, a town in the vicinity of Siberia, cele brated ibr an image of the Virgin, which is visit A 2 ABB 6 ABE ed by many pilgrima, and earned in procession annually to Tobolski. Jbana, a river of Syria, called in Scripture, to- g«thcr with Pharpar, rivers of Damascus. — See S Kings V. 12. Ahancay, a province of Peru, S. America ; the chief town thereof, of the same name, is situate about 60 m. N. W. of Cuzco. There is also a river of the same name flowing through the pro- vince, and another town in Cuenca, province of Quito. Mano, a considerable town of Italy, in the vi- cinity of Padua, distinguished for its hot sulphu- reous baths. Abascia, or Mgah, a country of Asiatic Russia, lyinor between the Caspian and Black Seas. The inha%. are estimated at about 150,000, subsisting chiefly by hunting and plunder, and speaking a languao-e peculiar to themselves. Ma-Vjtar, a palatinate of Upper Hungary, about 701) sq. m. in extent, divided into 102 par- uhes. Pop. about 120,000. Mb, a town in Yemen, Arabia. Mbenhall, a village, 12 m. from Gloucester, 3 from Newnham, Eng. noted for a mineral spring, very efficacious in the cure of cutaneous eruptions. Mberbury or J^lberbury, a large parish, divided into 5 townships, in Shropshire, and 4 others in Montgomeryshire, containing together 1,946 in- habitants. "The village of Alberbury is 7 m. W. of Shrewsbury. Pop. 332. It was formerly the site of an alien priory and castle. Abbeville, a considerable town of France, in the department of Somme, and late province of Pi- cardy, seated in a pleasant valley, where the riv-^ er Somme divides into several branches, and sep- arates the town into two parts. It is pretty well peopled ; has a woollen manufactory, besides manufactories of sail-cloth. It lies 15 m. E. from the British Channel, 20 N. W. from Amiens, 52 S. of Calais, and 80 N. W. of Paris. Long. 1. 5. lat. 50. 7. N. Abberton, a village near Pershore, noted for a bitter aperient mineral spring ; also another vil- lage, 6 m. S. of Colchester. Abbeville, a district of S. Carolina, about 700 sq. m. in extent. The lands are agreeably diversified with hill and dale, well watered and productive. Pop. 28,134. The chief town of the same name IS situate on Savannah river, 118 m.W. by N. of Columbia. Abbeyfcale, a parish in Connello, Upper Barony, CO. of Limerick, Ireland, containing, in 1821, 3,070 inhab. The village contains 437 of the in- hab. It had formerly a monastery, and in the vi- cinity are the ruins of Purt Castle. Abbey-Green, a village, in the parish of Lesmah- gow, CO. of Lanark ; 6 m. S. W. of the town of Lanark. It had formerly an abbey, and also a priory. The entire parish of Lesmahgow con- tained 5,592 inhab. in 1821. Abbey-Holme, a quarter of the parish of Holm Cultram. co. of Cumberland. Pop. of the entire parish in 1821 , 2,772, and of the Abbey quarter, 758, wliicli is pleasantly situate on the river Wa- ver, 27 m. N. of Penrith. Abbeifleix, a parish in Cullinagh Barony, Queen's Co. Ireland. Pop. in 1821, 5,485. The town is sometimes called Clonkvne, and contains about 2,000 of the inhab. 48 m.'S. W. of Dublin. Abbotstoum, p.t. York Co. Pa. Abbci/ville, p.t. Mecklenburg Co. Va. 143 m. from Richmond. Jbh's Head, St. a. promontory, forming the southern extremity of the Frith of Forth, lyinor in the pansh of Coldmgham and the co. of Berwick, Scotland, about 10 miles N. of Berwick, and tha same distance S. from Dunbar. W. long. 2. 8. lat. 55. 55. N. Abda, a small but fertile prov. of Morocco. Abenrade, or Apenrade, a town of Denmark, in Sleswick, now very flourishing, being double the extent it was formerly, and built in a better taste. It is seated on a spacious open bay in the Little ' Belt, surrounded on three sides by high moun- i. tains, which render the harbour safe. Pop. about : 3,000. Long. 9. 26. E. lat. 55. 3. N. Abcnsperg or Abensberg , a town in the circle of Regen, Bavaria, seated on the Abens, near th< Danube, 15 m. S. W. of Ratisbon. Aber, a village in Caernarvonshire, N. Wales. 6 m. E. from Bangor, on the direct road from London to Holyhead. Pop. 625. *^ There are 15 towns and villages in Wales, to which the word Aber is prefixed, which signi- fies the fall of a lesser v/ater into a greater, and usually refers to a place situate at the mouth of a river. Aberbrothock, OT Arbroath, an ancient royal burgh and sea-port, situate at the estuary of the river Brothock, partly in a parish of the same name, and partly in that of St. Vigeans, in the co. of Forfar, Scotland, 56 m. N. K. E. of Edinburgh, in 56. 34. N. lat. and 2. 35. W. long. William I. surnamed the Lion, king of Scotland, founded a magnificent abbey at Arbroath, in 1178, and con- ferred upon it very extensive immunities. Some vestiges of the building still remain to attest its former gi'andeur. A harbor was formed in 1194, to the eastward of the present one ; the impor- tance of the town declined with the devastation of the abbey, during the ruthless period of the refor- , niation. The commerce of the town revived about the year 1738, when the linen manufacture was introduced, which progressively extended up to the commencement of the war in 1793, when it was vastly promoted by the increased demand for sail-cloth. 4,000 to 5,000 tons of shipping be- long to the town, part of which is employed in the importation of flax, deals, «fec. from the Bal- tic. A public library was established in 1727 ; a new town-hall has been more recently erected, and the town at large has undergone considera- ble improvement. The harbour at spring tides will only admit vessels of about 200 tons burthen, but being exceedingly well sheltered and commo- dious, and easily made, it affords security to ves- sels of easy draught of water. Arbroath is, how- ever, a manufacturing rather than a commercial town. It has 3 fairs annually, 31 sr of Jan. 3rd Wed. of June, and 18th of Jiily. Pop. in 1821 8,972. Abercom, a village and parish, in the co. of Lin- lithgow, Scotland, on the S. bank of the Frith of Forth, 12 m. W. of Edinburgh. A monastery ex- isted here in the 7th century ; and the castle of Abercorn was a place of great strength in the fa mily of the Douglasses. It was dismantled in 1445, and no trace of either monastery or castle now remains. Abercorn still gives the British title of Marquis, and the Scottish title of Earl to a branch of the family of Hamilton. The Roman wall is said to have begun in this parish. The village has increased in importance since 1810, by its contiguity to the Union Canal. Pop. in 1821| 1,044. Abercom, v. Efiingham Co. Geo. 18 m. N. S« vannah ABE ABE Aberdeen, the principal city in the North of Scotland, situated on the coast of the German ocean, at the efflux of the rivers Dee and Don, 127 m. N. E. from Edinburgh It has an obser- vatory ; in Ion. 2. 29. W. lat. 57. 9. N. Under the denomination of Aberdeen are comprehended two towns, distinguished as the Old and Ji'eio, which, however, are almost united by their re- spective suburbs. Aberdeen, Old, formerly Aberdon, in the parish of Old Machar, or St. Machar, is pleasantly situ- ated on an eminence near the mouth of the river Don, about a mile north of the New Town. It 18 q|f great antiquity, and was of some importance 90 lonw ago as 893, when, according to tradition. King Gregory the Great conferred on it some pe- culiar privileges, but no authentic records are ex- tant prior to 1154. By charter, the free burgess- es of the town are vested with the power of choos- ing their own magistracy, who are a provost, H bailies, a treasurer, and council, with the deacons of 6 incorporated trades. The town consists chiefly of one long street. There is a neat town-house, a new building, and a Trades Hos- pital for decayed freemen and their widows, and a hospital for 12 poor men, founded by Bishop William Dunbar, in 1532. But the chief orna- ment of Old Aberdeen is the large and stately fa- bric of King's College, founded by Bishop Elphin- stone, in 1494, situated on the S. side of the town. It is built round a square, with cloisters on the south side. The structure contains a chapel, li- brary, museum, common hall, and lecture-rooms, with a long range of modern houses, for the ac- commodation of the professors and students. The library and museum are well furnished. The old town, being formerly the seat of a bishop, had a most magnificient cathedral, first founded in 1154, but the present edifice was begun by Bishop Kin- niinonth, in 1357, and was 80 years in building ; it was dedicated to St. Machar, but like many others it fell a sacrifice to the religious frenzy of the reformers. Two very antique spires, and one aisle, which is used as a church, are all that is now left. In this cathedral there was a fine library, which was also destroyed. Over the Don at Old Aberdeen, there is a noble Gothic brido-e, built by Bishop Cheyne, in 1231, of one arch, 67 feet span and 34 1-2 high from the surface of the river. On both sides it rests on a solid ledge of rock. The population of Old Aberdeen and parish was 3,901 in 1801, and 18,312 in 1821. Aberdeen, Jfew, is the capital of the shire of Aber- deen. For extent, trade and beauty, it far exceeds any town in the north of Scotland. It is built on a gentle eminence, rising from a small bay, form- ed by the river Dee, over which there is an elegant bridge of 7 arches, rebuilt in 1724, the first having been built by Bishop Dunbar, in 1532. The streets are numerous, spacious, and well paved ; the houses are built of granite, (from adjoinintr quar- ries) generally four stories high, remarkably neat and elegant, having almost universally, gardens in their rear. The whole town is about two miles in circumference, and in 1821 contained a popu- lation of 21,484. The municipal government is vested in a provost, 4 bailies, a dean of guild, treasurer, town-clerk, a town council, and 7 dea- cons of incorporated trades. The town is a royal burgh, and uniting with Aberbrothock, Brechin, Inverbervie, and Montrose, sends a member to parliament. New Aberdeen is graced with an elegant college, founded by George Keith, the Earl Marischal of Scotland, in 1593. Its other public buildings are the town-hall, market-house, the house of the Aberdeen Banking Company, a cross, an octagon building of curious work- manship, a dispensary, infirmary, and lunatic asy- lum, a poor-house, bridewell, gaol, and extensive barracks. An elegant sJreet from the S. is con- tinued over an arch of cut granite, 132 ft. span, 29 in height, and 40 wide between the parapets. Aberdeen had formerly several religious houses; besides the university, there is a respectable gram- mar school and several alms-houses, and upwards of 20 places for religious worship. Tlie harbour was formerly dangerous, but has been rendered safe and commodious, by a pier 1^0 ft. in length, and 38 in perpendicular height ; and the construc- tion of wot docks, authorised by an act of parlia- ment, in 1810. Aberdeen was formerly celebrated for the manufacture of knit stockings, and woollen fabrics generally, which, although still carried on to some extent, are now superseded in importance by the linen smd cotton manufactures, which, in all their branches, are carried on to a great extent. There is a valuable salmon fishery in the Dee ; a considerable number of vessels are built at Aber- deen, and about 40,000 tons belong to it. It has several public breweries, rope works, iron foun- deries, &c. and three fairs annually on the 31st Jan. 3rd Wed. in June, and 13th of July ; a canal 19 m. in length to Inverary, contributes not a lit- tle to the advantage of both places. Aberdeen, a county of Scotland, bounded on the N. W. by BanflTshire, and the Deveron ; on the N. and N. E. by the (Jerman Ocean : on the S. by the CO. of Kincardine, Forfar, and Perth; and on the W. by Elgin, and Inverness-shire. It is divided into 8 districts ; the S. part is wild, rugged and mountainous, some of the hills rising to the height of 4,000 ft. above the level of the sea, covered in some parts, with extensive natural forests ; the N. part is bleak and barren ; but the midland parts of the CO. are more fertile ; and since the period of 1786, have undergone improvements equal to any part of Scotland. Its rivers are the Dee, Don, Ythan, Bogie, Urie, Ugie, Cruden ; and the Dev- eron, for many miles forms its boundary with the CO. of Banff; all of which abound more or less, with salmon, and on the Ythan some valuable pearls have been found. Its mineral productions are various, but none of much note, except the granite, the exportation of which constantly em- ploys several 100 tons of shipping. Aberdeen, p.t. Brown Co. Ohio, on the nver Ohio, opposite Maysville. Abcrdcnir, a parish in the N. of Aberdeenshire, on the S. coast of Murray Frilh. Pop. in 1821,1,495 also another parish and village 2 m. W. of Burnt- Island, in the co. of Fife, Scotland. Pop. in 1821, 1,489. Aberford, a town in the W. riding of York- shire, 9 m. N. of Ferrybridge, on the direct road to Durham ; it has a market on Wed. and 4 fairs annually. Pop. of the parish 900, of the town 579. Aberffrote, a village pleasantly situate near the coast of Caernarvon bay, on the isle of Anglesea, 9 m. W. of Llangefni, on the direct road from Bangor to Holyhead; it had formerly a palace, at which 11 Princes of Wales are said to have resided. It has 4 fairs annually, 7th March, Wed. after Trinity, 23rd Oct. and 11th Dec. Pop. in 1821, 1,204. Abergavenny, a town of Monmouthshire, situ- ate at the confluence of the river Gavenny with the Usk, over the latter is a fine bridge of 15 AM ABT archei : 14 m. W. of Monmouth ; it has the ad- Tantag« of a collateral cut from the canal, from Brecon to the British channel : there are some considerable iron works in the vicinity, and it also participates in the flannel manufacture. It has a considerable market on Tues. and 3 fairs annu- iillv, on May Ist, Tues after Trinity, and Sep. 2oth. Pop in 1801, 2,573, and in 1821, 3,388. Mcrgde, a town in Denbighshire, Wales, pleasantly situate on the coast of the Irish sea, on the direct road from Chester to Holyhead, 7 m. W. of St. Asaph, and 224 from London ; it is much frequented in the summer season for bath- ing, has a market on Sat. and 3 fairs annually. Pop. in ISOl, 1,748, in 1821, 2,317. Me.rgwiUy, a village near Carmarthen, S. Wales, situate at the confluence of the river Guil- \j with the Towy. It contains the only episco- ?al palace, belonging to the see of St. David's, op. in 1821, 2,183. Merncthy, a town in Perthshire, Scotland, seated near the junction of the Erne, with the Tay, 7 m. from Perth. It is said to have been the seat of the Pictish kings, as well as the see of an Jirclibishop. In the town church-yard is a round tower 74 feet high and 48 in circumference, the only one besides that of Brechin in Scotland. It participates in the manufactures of Perth, and has three fairs annually. Pop. of the parish in 1821, 1,701. Also the name of another parish, from 150 to 180 sq. m. in extent, partly in Elorin and partly in Inverness-shire, abounding with natural forests of fir, which form an extensive traffic. Pop. in 1821,1,9(58. Merystwith, a town of S. Wales, in Cardigan- shire, seated on the Ystwith near its confluence with the Rydiol, where they fall into the bay of Cardigan, over the Rydiol is a handsome stone bridge. It lies 207 m. W. N. W. from London, and 39 N. E. from Cardigan. It was formerly fortified with a castle, and defended with walls; but both are now in ruins. It is, however, a flourishing town, having a great trade in lead, a considerable fishery of herrings, cod, and whit- ings, and a good weekly market on Monday ; about 8,000 tons of shipping belong to this town. In the bathing season, it is much ^equented as a fashionable watering place. Lon short and the long seasons. In all the countriea within 20. of the equator the difference in the amount of temperature is scarcely perceptible, at least in the countries lying near the coast, for the interior here is almost entirely unknown to us. In the countries from Cape Blanco up to the Senegal, the mean temperature from November to the end of March is at 6 a. m. about 73. Fahr., and at noon, in the shade, 87. Fahr. Farther into the interior of the country — at Bambouk, for in- stance — the heat is much more intense. At the Gambia, in the same months, the mean tempera- ture at 6 a. M. is 77., and at noon in the shade, 91. In the months of April, May, and June, at the Senegal, the thermometer 6 a. m. indicates 83., and at noon, in the shade, 95. From the month of July to the end of October, the mean temperature at 6 a. m. is 95. ; and at noon 107. In the more southern countries the heat is still great- er, and also in the sandy plains ; in those dis- tricts which are situated farther towards the E., and even in those farther to the N., the heat is frequently rendered insupportable by peculiar localities. Thus at Ombos and Syene, in the S. of Egypt, the sand absolutely scorches the feet of the traveller, and eggs may be dressed by burying them in the sand. At Algiers the mean temperature is 72. ; at the Cape of Good Hope the thermometer frequently rises to 95. or 98., and often much higher; but change of tem- perature is very quickly effected here, and a burning day is frequently followed by a chilly night. During eight months of the year constant fine weather is prevalent throughout a great part of Africa. The sun rises every morning in a clear atmosphere, and spreads a glaring light over the whole country, too brilliant almost for the eye to sustain ; no cloud casts a passing shadow over the landscape ; and, in the evening, the orb of day sinks magnificently into the ocean But the excessive heat diminishes the pleasure man might feel in contemplating the glorious sky ; and the first clouds which foretell the approach of rain are hailed with delight by the Europeac ' resident, overwhelmed by the oppressive heat. The physical peculiarities which distinguish Africa, seem to depend chiefly on the circum- stance that almost her whole territory is situated within the tropics. The other portions of the earth's surface which lie directly beneath the solar influence consist generally either of sea, or of narrow and insular lands, refreshed by breezes from the ocean. But the greatest breadth of Af rica is under the immediate power and dominion of the sun ; and most of her people see that great planet, in its annual progress from tropic to trop- ic, pass twice over their heads, and thus experi- ence a repetition of its most intense and perpendi cular rays. The higrhest blessings of this sablu- X AFR 13 AFR nary world, when carried beyond a certain limit, become its deadliest bane. Tliat |)arent orb, wliich cheers and illumines the rest of the earth, glares on Africa with oppressive and malignant beam, blasting tiie face of nature, and covering her with barrenness and desolation. Sometimes it con- verts tlie soil into a naked desert ; sometimes overspreads it with a noxious e.xcess of animal and vegetable life. The soil, when not watered by copious rains or river inundations, is scorched .and dried up till it is converted into a dreary waste. Hence it is, that in Africa, plains of sand form a feature so truly alarming. The Great Desert, with the exception of the narrow valley of \lie Nile, reaches across tlie entire continent, ex- hibiting an expanse of burning surface, where for mzjiy days the traveller finds not a drop of water, ■or sees the least vestige of animal or vegetable nature. He pursues his dreary route amid loose hills continually shifting, and leaving no marks to guide his course. Every breeze is filled with dust, which enters the mouth and nostrils, and penetrates between tlie clothes and skin. Some- times it drives along in clouds and whirlwinds, beneath wliich it was once thought that caravans and even armies had been buried; but it is now ascertained that the numerous bones which whiten the desert are merely those of travellers who have sunk under famine, thirst and fatigue ; and that the sand, which continually blows, has accumulated above them. Travellers over these tracts of shingle have been impressed with the idea of their being the bed of an ancient ocean. This is not the place to enter into a speculation on the formation of the earth. That every part of its surface lay once beneath the waters is suffi- ciently apparent ; but there is at least no histori- cal proof that Africa emerged later than other continents. The earliest records represent her deserts to have been as extensive as tliey are in our days, and to have pressed equally close upon the cultivated belt along the northern coast. In general, all regions between the tropics, when not copiously watered, moulder into sand, alternating with a hard and impenetrable stratum of clav. The central wastes of Asia, those of Arabia and of Sindetic Hindoslan, though inferior to those of Africa, are yet of similar character and of im- ' mense extent. In order to obviate the extreme ef- fects of the tropical sun, which produces a desola- tion so dreadful. Nature has provided suitable re- medies. Every country under tliis latitude has its rainy season, when, amid the blaze of light- nings and the noise of thunders rending the sky, heaven seems to open all her windows to pour an unbroken flood upon the earth. The ground is cov- ered as with a deluge, and the dry beds of tho rivulets are converted into torrents ; yet so intense are the sun's rays, tliat the moisture tlius lavislied npon the surface is quickly dried up. Great riv- ers, which, swollen by tlie rains, overflow their banks and lay the surrounding country under water, or at least aSbrd the means of artificial in- undation, are the principal source of that luxuri- ant fertility, that mighty growth of vegetable forms, which singularly characterize the tropical climates. It is to the waters which descend from the lofty precipices and eternal snows of the Him- maleh, that the plains of Hindoostan and China owe their amazing fruitfulness. Africa, too, has elevated mountain-chains, which give rise to sev- eral rivers of great magnitude and most fertilizing influence. Atlas, along its northern border, pre- sents even in so hot a cliiaate, pinnacles wrapped in everlasting snow. Still more extensive is that central range, which, amid its various local names, is most generally known under the poetical ap- pellation of " The Mountains of the Moon." Yet* tJiese chains, besides being not altogether so gi- gantic as those of the other continents, labour under the peculiar disadvantages of extending across tlie breadth only of Africa. The Andel and the Himmaleh, tliose stupendous heights of America and Asia, as they traverse tliese conti- nents in the direction of their length, cover a much greater surface, and thus create fertility in the more limited plains which intervene between the mountains and the ocean. But the largest of the African rivers, directing their course through a vast extent of low land, reach the sea only by a circuitous course. Several of them, too, difiiis- ing tlieir waters into lakes or marshes, expire in the very heart of the continent. The result is, that the enormous breadth of the Sahara, or Great Desert, is scarcely irrigated even by a streamlet. It depends entirely on the periodical rains ; and tliese sink into the sandy and porous surface, till being arrested at the depth of eight or ten feet, they form that " sea under ground" which has been traced over a large portion of the waste. Vegetable life, in consequence of this absence of moisture, is scantily difiused over a great ex- tent of the continent. In the heart of the moun- tains, however, and in the kingdoms along their border, the soil is most profusely watered, and, under the influence of a tropical sun, produces, perhaps, beyond any other part of the world, that luxuriant growth and those gigantic vegetable forms, which distinguish the equatorial regions. The baobab, or great calabash, appears to be the most enormous tree on the face of the earth. Ad- anson assures us, that the circumference in some cases is equal to thirteen fathoms, as measured by his arms clasped round the trunk, that is varying from seventy -four to seventy -seven feet. Branch- es extending horizontally from the trunk, each equal to a large tree, make the baobab a forest as it were by itself. The mangrove, too, which rises on the borders of rivers or inundated spots, diffuses itself in a manner truly remarkable. The branches, dropping down upon the watery bank, strike root and grow ; hence the original plant, spreading farther and farther, forms over the stream a species of natural arcade. These mighty trees do not stand alone, but have their intersti- ces filled up by numberless shrubs, canes, creep- ing and parasiriical plants, which intersect and en- twine with each other till they form a thick and impenetrable mass of underwood. To cut even a narrow pass through these dense forests is a la- borious process ; and as shoots are continually protruding inwards on each side, the track, witli- out constant travelling, and the diligent use of the axe. soon becomes impassable. As we approach the confines of the Desert, these giants of the wood disappear, and vegeta- tion presents a different and more pleasing aspect. It exliibits now the light and gay form of the aca- cia, whole forests of which rise amid tlie sand, distilling those rich guins that aflTord an impor- tant material of African commerce. The Ivtits, a celebrated and classical shrub, the tamarisk, and other small and elegant trees, afford agreeable an^ nutritive berries, which constitute the food or several nations. Various flowering shrubs of the most delicate tints, rising in wild and spontane- OC3 beauty, embellish the precincts of the waste. Thus the Desert, in its first approaches, and be- B AFR 14 AFR for« vegetable life begins to expire, does not as- sume its sternest character, but wears even a pe- culiarly pleasing and smiling aspect. The animal world in Africa changes equally its nature as it passes from one to another of these opposite regions. In those plains which are in- undated by the great rivers, it multiplies at an extraordinary rate, and often assumes huge and repulsive forms. Throughout all this continent the wild tribes exist in large and formidable num- bers, and there is scarcely a tract which they do not either hold in full possession, or fiercely dis- pute with man. Even the most densely-peopled countries border on wide forests and wastes, whose savage tenants find their prey occasionally in man himself, as well as in the domestic ani- mals which surround him ; and when the scent of huinan slaughter is wafted on the breeze, bands of hungry monsters hasten from every side to the feast of blood. These ferocious creatures hold, indeed, so commanding a position, that the colonist scarcely makes any attempt to extirpate them, or even "to keep down their numbers. He wages against them only a defensive war, and employs his courage and skill chiefly in hunting tlie elephant, the antelope, and other peaceful species, by whose spoil he may be enriched. The lion, that king of the desert, that mightiest among the tribes which have the wilderness for their abode, abounds in Africa, and causes all her forests to re-echo his midnight roar. Yet both his courage and fierceness have, it is said, been overrated ; and the man who can undauntedly face him, or evade his first dreadful spring, rarely falls his victim. Wider ravages are committed by the hyena, not the strongest, but the most fe- rocious and untameable of all the beasts of prey. These creatures, by moving in numerous bands, achieve what is beyond the single strength of the greater animals ; they burst witli mighty inroad mto the cities, and have even carried by storm fortified enclosures. The elephant roams in vast herds through the densely-wooded tracts of the interior, disputing with the lion the rank of king of the lower creation ; matchless in bulk and strength, yet tranquil, majestic, peaceful, led in troops under the guidance of the most ancient of the number, having a social and almost moral ex- istence. He attacks neither man nor beast. The human being is more frequently the aggressor, not only with the view of protecting the fruits of the earth, but also in order to obtain the bony sub- stance composing his tusks, which, under the name of ivory, forms one of the most valued arti- cles of African trade. The prodigious strength of the elephant, his almost impenetrable hide,Tiis rapid though unwieldly movements, render him a most perilous object of attack^even to the bold- est hunters ; so that pits and snares of various kinds are the usual modes by which his capture is efl'ected. Instead of the tiger, Africa has the leopard and the panther ; belonginor, however, t>nly to certain of its distxiets. In the large and broad rivers of Africa, and through the immense forests which overshadow them, a race of amphibious animals of monstrous form and size display their unwieldly figures. The rhinoceros, though not strictly amphibious, slowly traverses marshes and swampy grounds. and almost equals the elephant in strencrth and defensive powers, but wants his stature, his dig- nity, and his wisdom. The single or double horii' with which he defends himself is an article of commerce in the East, though not valued in Europe. A still huger shape is that of the hippo- potamus, or river-horse, fitted alike to stalk on land, to march along the bottom of the waters, or to swim on their surface. He is slow, ponderous, gentle ; yet when annoyed either by design or accident, his wrath is terrible ; he rushes up from his watery retreat, and by merely striking with his enormous tusks, can overset or sink a loaded canoe. But the most dreaded of the in- habitants of the African rivers is the crocodile, the largest and fiercest of the lizard tribe. He lies like a log upon the waters Wcitching for his piey, attacking men, and even the strongest of animals, which, however, engage with him in ob- stinate and deadly encounters. We have not yet done with all the monstrous and prodigious forms which Africa generates. She swarms with the serpent brood, which spread terror, some by their deadly poison, others by their mere bulk and strength. In this last re- spect the African serpents have struck the world with amazement ; ancient history records that whole provinces were overrun by them, and that one, after disputing the passage of a river with a Roman army, was destroyed only by the use of a battering engine. Emerging from these dark regions, where the earth, under the united influence of he^t and moisture, teems with such a noxious superabund- ance of life, we approach tlie Desert. Here a change takes pl.ace equally singular and pleasing as in the vegetable world. Only light, airy, and fantastic forms trip along the sandy border ; crea- tures innocent, gentle, and beautiful, — the ante- lope of twenty difterent species, all swift, with bright eyes, erect, and usually elegant figures, preying neither on men nor animals, but pursued by all on aceount of the delicate food which they AFR 15 AtR afford Here also the camelopard, the tallest and most remarkable of animal forms, with its long fore-legs and high-stretching neck of singular and fantastic beaaty, crops tlie leaves of the Af- rican forest. Though a rare species, he is seen occasionally straying over a great proportion of that continent. Here, too, roams the zebra, with its finely-striped skin wrapped around it like a robe of ricli cloth . Nature, sporting as it would seem in the pro- duction of extraordinary objects, has filled Africa with a wonderful multitude of fliose animals which bear the closest alliance to " the human form divine." The orang-outang appears to constitute the. link between man and the lower orders of living things. Standing erect, without a tfiil, with flat face, and arms of not greatly dis- [iroportioned length, it displays in every particu- ar a deformed resemblance to the lord of the creation. It seems even to make a nearer ap- proach than any other animal to the exercise of reason. It has been taught to make its own bed, to sit at table, to eat with a knife and fork, and to pour out tea. M. Degrandpre mentions one kept on board a French vessel, which lighted and kept the oven at a due temperature, put in the bread at a given signal, and even assisted in drawing the ropes. There was a strong suspi- cion among the sailors that it would have spoken, but for the fear of being put to harder work. The baboons, again, are a Targe, shapeless, brutal species, ugly and disgusting in their appearance, yet not without some kind of union and polity. The monkey tribe, now familiar in Europe, and attracting attention by their playful movements, fill with sportive cries all the forests of tropical Africa. The insect race, which in our climate is gener- ally harmless, presents here many singular and even formidable characteristics. The flying tribes, in particular, through the action of the sun on the swampy forests, rise up in terrible and de- structive numbers. They fill the air and darken the sky ; they annihilate the labour of nations ; they drive even armies before them. The locust, when its bands issue in close and dark array from the depths of the Desert, commits ravages sur- passing those of the. most ferocious wild beasts, or even the more desolating career of human war- fare. In vain do the despairing inhabitants seek with fire and other means to arrest their progress ; the dense and irresistible mass continues to move onward, and soon baffles every attempt to check its course. Whole provinces, which at their en- trance are covered with rich harvests and bril- liant verdure, are left without a leat or a blade. Even when destroyed by famine or tempests, they cover immense tracts, exhaling the most noxious stench. Yet they may be used as food, and are even relished by certain native tribes. The mos- cheto and its allies do not spread such a fearful desolation ; yet by their poisoned and tormenting stings, they render life miserable, and not very unfrequently lead to its extinction. Even a swarm of wild bees, in the solitary woods of Western Africa, has put a whole caravan to flight, wound- ing severely some of its members. But perhaps the most extraordinary of all the insect races are the termites, or white ants, which display on a greater scale the arts and social organization for which their species have been so famed in Eu rope. They cover tlie plains with their conical huts from ten to twelve feet in height; they are regularly distributed into labourers and soldiers, with others holding the rank of king and queen. This latter personage, when she is about to add to the numbers c-f the tribe, presents a most ex- traordinary spectacle, being then swelled to many times the amount of her natural dimensions ; and when the critical period arrives, instead of a progeny of two or three, she produces as many thousands. These ants are far from being of the same harmless description as the correspond- ing insects of this quarter of the world. On finding their way into a house, they devour every thing, clothes, furniture, food, not even it is said sparing the inmates, who are compelled to make a speedy retreat. Such are the evils to which the people of this continent are perpetually exposed from the low- er creation ; and yet they experience in full force the truth of the pathetic lamentation of the poet, that " man is to man the surest, deadliest foe." Africa from the earliest ages lias been the most conspicuous theatre of crime and of wrong ; where social life has lost the traces of primitive simpli- city, without rising to order, principle, or refine- ment ; where fraud and violence are formed into national systems, and man trembles at the sight of his fellow-man. For centuries this continent has seen thousands of her unfortunate children dragged in chains over its deserts and across the ocean, to spend their lives in foreign and distant bondage. Superstition, tyranny, anarchy, and the opposing interests of numberless petty states, maintain a constant and destructive warfare in this suffering portion of the earth. Fever is much less common among native Af- ricans than among European settlers. Africans are seldom affected with enlargement of the spleen. A dangerous species of lethargy is very frequent in the Foolah country. Venereal complaints occur in various forms in Africa, but mostly m that of gonorrhoea. The coup de soleil (sun-stroke) is unknown in this country, although the natives are in the habit of exposing the head to the per- pendicular rays of the sun during the greatest bodily exertions, and Europeans, under such cir- cumstances, seldom have more than a thin hand- kerchief folded round the head. Dysentery is a frequent complaint on shore. Gout is wholly un- known. The diseases of children are few ; and those of women, as may be readily imagined, are greatly fewer than in more polished countries. The limits of the changeable winds of Africa are about the 30th degree on each side of the equator. Within this region are the passage winds. These blow more or less N. E. in the northern hemisphere, and S. E. in the southern. The monsoons, which aie strong and regular in the open Arabian sea become changeable on approach- ing the land. In the Aiabian sea they generally blow from the E. during the months and interven- ing months of October and May ; and during the AFR 16 AFR rest of the year they blow from the W. 1 n the Red sea the S. E. wind prevails in the southern parts from October to June, when Uie N. wind begins to blow, and lasts during the remainder of the year. In the northern parts of this sea violent N. winds prevail for nine months of the year. The transi- tion from one season to another is generally ac- companied by violent hurricanes and thunder- storms. Some districts are more exposed to these visitations than others ; as, for instance, the coun- tries between Cape Verga and Cape Monte, which are oi^en visited betwixt the months of June and October by dreadful tornadoes, the effects of which seldom extend to the neighbouring coasts. — In the deserts the wind is often very troublesome to the traveller, by raising the sand, and filling the air with dust, so as to render it impossible to keep one's eyes open, and difficult even to breathe.— Mr. Buckingham, while travelling betwixt the Red sea and the Mediterranean in 1814, encounter- ed one of these sand-tempests, which he has described with great beauty and effect. " On leavinor," savs he, " the site of these now eva- porated lakes, (the Bitter lakes,) we entered up- on a loose and shifting sand again, like that which Pliny describes when speaking of the roads from Pelusium, across the sands of the desert; in which, he says, unless there be reeds stuck in the ground to point out the line of direction, the way could not be found, because the wind blows up the sand, and covers the footsteps. — The morning was delightful on our setting out, and promised us a fine day ; but the liglit airs from the south soon increased to a gale, the sun became obscure, and as every hour brought us into a looser sand, it flew around us in such whirlwinds, with the sudden gusts that blew, that it was impossible to proceed. We halted, therefore, for an hour, and took shelter under the lee of our beasts, who were themselves so terrified as to need fastening by the knees, and uttered in their wailings but a melancholy symphony. I know not whether it was the novelty of the situation that gave it ad- ditional horrors, or whether the habit of magni- fying evils to which we are unaccustomed, had increased its effect ; but certain it is, tliat fifty fales of wind at sea appeared to me more easy to e encountered than one amongst those sands. It is impossible to imagine desolation more com- plete ; we could see neither sun, earth, nor sky : the plain at ten paces distance was absolutely im- perceptible : our beasts, as well as ourselves, were so covered as to render breathing difficult ; they hid their faces in the ground, and we could only uncover our own for a moment, to behold this chaos of mid-day darkness, and wait impatiently for its abatement. Alexander's journey to the temple of Jupiter Ammon, and the destruction of the Persian armies of Cambyses in the Lybian desert, rose to my recollection with new impres- sions, made by the horror of the scene before me; while Addison's admirable lines, which I also re- membered with peculiar force on this occasion, seemed to possess as much truth as beauty : ' I.o ! where our wide NumiJian wastes extend, Sixlden the iinpetuoim hurricanes deMceiid, Which through llie air in circling edditis play. Tear up the sands, and sweep whole plains away. The helpless traveller, with wild surprise, Sees the dry desert all around hiin rise: And, smothered in the dusty whirlwind, dies.' " The few hours we remained in this situation were passed in unbroken silence : every one was oeoupied with his own reflections, as if the reign of terror forbade communication. Its fury spent itself, like the storms of ocean, in sudden lulls and squalls ; but it was not until the third or fourth interval that our fears were sufficiently conquered to address each other ; nor shall I soon lose the recollection of the impressive manner in which that v/as done. 'Mlah ksreeml' exclaimed the poor Bedouin, although habit had familiarised him with these resistless blasts. 'Allah kereemT repeated the Egyptians, with terrified solemnity ; and both my servant and myself, as if by instinct, joined in the general exclamation. The bold im agery of the Eastern poets, describing the Deity as avenging in his anger, and terrible in his wrath, riding upon the wings of the wind and breathing his fury in the storm, must have been inspired by scenes like these." In Egypt a S. wind prevails in summer, which raises immense quantities of sand, and is often so hot as to stop respiration. Another called sa miel by the natives is still hotter and more terri ble. — But the most dreadful of all these burning winds is the simoon, which seems to be a concen- trated column of the positive electric fluid, mov- ing northwards, from the S. or S. E., and carry- ing sure destruction to all who breathe the bale- ful atmosphere which accompanies it. The only chance of escaping destruction when the simoon glides across the desert is, for the traveller to throw himself flat on his face, which he has not always time to do, for it moves with amazing ru- pidity. Bruce, whose ardent mind was not casi ly deterred from the attainment of knowledge by the presence of danger, has described this fcarfu' phenomenon. On the attendants calling out that the simoon was coming', he immediately turne often mentioned already, were deposited in a tomb covered with a plain black slab, under the centre of the dome, and marked with the simple inscription " Carolo Magno." On the tomb being opened by Otho III., the body of the monarch was found seated in a chair of marble, dressed in his robes and adorned with the insignia of royjJty. These were taken away, to oe used in subsequent coronations. The tomb was again opened by Frederick I., and placed in an antique sarcophagus, which was carried off by the French on account of its singular beauty, and lodged in the Louvre at Paris ; but it has since been restored. The church is also much frequen- ted on account of the numerous relics deposited in it. The person in whose custody they are, furnishes the curious visitant with a lonor list of the particulars connected with each : they are carefully preserved ; and many of them richly embellished with precious stones, and enclosed in costly cabinets. On the advance of the French army, after the Revolution, all the relics were re- moved into the interior of Germany, and placed under the special custody of the emperor. They have since been restored to their ancient abode, with the exception of the sword of Charlemagne, some earth steeped with the blood of Stephen the first martyr, and a copy of the gospels in golden letters, which the emperor retained as a recom- pense for his trouble in taking care of the others. m' The church of St. Nicholas has some fine paint- ln|s. Near the town is the hill of Louisburg, which commands a fine view of it and of the adjacent country. On its summit was an obelisk, erected in honour of Napoleon. After his flight from Russia it was thrown down by the Cossacks, in hopes of coming at the coins buried beneath. It has been restored by the king of Prussia ; the in- scriptions in praise of Napoleon being changed to others commemorating his reverses and down- fall. But the peculiar characteristics of Aix, which chiefly attract strangers and secure its prosperity, are its warm baths, which have been lonj in the highest repute for scrofulous and cutaneous dis- eases, and also for the removal of visceral ob- structions and diseases arising from a deranare- ttjent in the organs of digestion. Their analfsis shows tl»at they contain carbonate and muriate of soda and carbonate of lime : they are extremely nauseous ; though habit, arising from a conviction of their utility, renders them at length somewhat palatable. These waters near the sources are clear and pellucid, with a strong sulphureous smell resembling the washings of a foul gun ; but they lose tiu< smell by exp6sure to the air. Their taste is saline and bitter. They do not contain iron. They are also neutral near the fountain ; but afterwards are manifestly and pretty strongly alkahne, insomuch that clothes are washed in them without soap. The accounts of different writers as to the height of their temperature are various ; ranging, however, from 136. to J 46. oi Fahrenheit. The baths are seven in number, arising from five springs, called the Imperial, the Cornelius, the Quirinus, the Small, and the Rose : the two first named are deemed the most effica- cious. Besides these, there is a cold spring called Campasbad : though weaker, and therefore less efficacious, it is frequented by many, on account of its lower temperature and its less disagreeable taste. The poorer class^es also use it. The reve- nues of the town arise in part fixim the farming of these springs. Like other watering places, Aix is resorted to for pleasure as well as for health. A suite of apartments called the Redoubte is laid out as a place of promenade and refreshment, together with a saloon for balls and evening entertainments. The charitable institutions are, an hospital for the diseased, another for orphans, another for in- curables, an institution for the maintenance of the poor who come to the waters, and a school for the education of the poor, with a house of refuge for the indigent: both these last wer* founded by the empress Josephine. Aizenay, a town of France, 29 m. S. of Nantes. Akerman. See Bidgorod. Akissat, a town of Asiatic Turkey, in Natolia, the ancient Thyatira, built in a fine plain above 17 miles wide, which produces corn and cotton. It is seated on the river Hermits, 50 m. S. E. of Pergamo. Lonff. 28. 30. E. lat. 38. 48. N. Mron, p.t. Portage Co. Ohio. 120 m. N. E. Columbus. It is situated on the Ohio canal. Akshehr, a town in Caramania, on the confines of Natolia, about 250 m. E. of Smyrna, to which place it sends considerable supplies of wool, fine carpets, wax, gum tragacanth, and galls. Alabanui, one of the United States of America, lying between 30. 12. and 35. N. lat. and 85. and 88. 30. W. long. ; bounded N. by Tennessee, E. by Georgia, S. by Florida and the Gulf of Mexico, and W. by Mississippi ; having a length of 280 and a breadth of 160 m. and containing an area of 46,000 sq. m. It is divided into 36 counties, and is watered by the Tennessee, the Chatahoochee, the Alabama and Tombeckbee, and has in the south the seaports of Mobile and Blakeley. Population 308,997, ^{ whom 117,294 are slaves. Tuscaloosa is the seat of government. Alabama was originally a part of the Mississippi Territory, but was erected into a separate territo- rial government in 1817, and into a State in 1819. The Cherokees and Creeks octnipy the northern parts. The soil, with the exception of the alluvial tracts on Mobile river, is generally a pine barren. The surface is mostly hilly and broken. In the north it is mountainous, and in this region begins the great Apalachian chain. The central part is undulating. Toward the south, w-ithin 50 or 60 miles of Florida, the swamps arc for the moat part ALA 90 ALB eovered with cypress and gum trees, and the up- lands with long leaved pine. These pine swells and levels have a very thin soil, with a substra- tum of clay. They produce without the aid of manure, two or three crops of maize and one or two of cotton. Among the pine grows a rank grass furnishing a line and inexhaustible summer feed. The alluvions on the Alabama and Tom- beckbee rivers are generally wide and first rate lands, and this species of soil on all the streams is generally productive. The hammock lands constitute an intermediate belt between the bot- toms and pine ridges. They generally have a slope like a glacis. In the best lands, no pines ■re to be seen. In second rate land, they are intermi.xed with dogwood, hickory and oak. Along the southern limit the soil is thin^ and the unvarying verdure of the pine, beautiful as it is in itself, tires by its uniformity. On the head waters of the Escambia and Conecuh, are groves of orange trees. On approaching Florida, the swamps become more and more extensive. Cy- press lands are abundant. On the alluvial ground which is not inundated, is large and rank cane. In these drowned regions the moschetoes are very annoying. In going toward the central part of the State, the lands become high and broken, and the pines less frequent ; oak, hickory and poplar succeed. The climate generally is favourable to health compared with the southern country in the same parallels. The lower part of the State is con- stantly fanned during the summer heats, by the trade wind. There is hardly such a season as winter, yet the summers are not hotter than many degrees farther N. In the northern parts, the stagnant waters often freeze. In the S. snow or ice is seldom seen. Cattle require no shelter during winter, and maize is planted early in March. Cotton is the staple production of Alabama. Sugar, rice and tobacco are also cultivated. Many of the people about Mobile are shepherds, and have large droves of cattle. Swine are raised with great ease vyhere they can be guarded from the wolves, cougars and alligators. The small breed of Indian horses are ugly, but hardy and strong. Alabama exported in 1828, 1,174,737 dollars value of domestic produce ; and imported merchandize to the amoun* of 171 ,909 dollars. This State in 1800, had only 2,000 inhabitants. No part of the southern or western country has had a more rapid increase of population. The people began to pay attention to the business of schools and education, though seminaries of learn- ing and literary institutions are rare. The uni- versity of Alabama is at Tuscaloosa. Aldharrui, r. is the eastern branch of the Mobile, and is formed by the junction of the Coosa and Talapoosa. It is navigable by large vessels 100 in. above Mobile Bay. Beyond this it affords a good boat navigation 150 m. further. This river gives its name to the State. Alachua, a prairie in E. Florida, about 70 m. W of St. Augustine. It is level and grassy, but barren of trees and shrubs. It is 16 m. in length and consists of a sandy soil surrounded with high hills covered with orange trees. Aladidia, a maritime province of Asiatic Tur- key, bounded on the S. by the N. E. extremity of the Levant sea. The chief town is Adana. planum, a town in Switzerland, in the canton of Bern, 9 m. N. E. of Nion. Aland, a cluster of islands in the Baltic, at the entrance of the Gulf of Boflinia. The principal island, from which the rest take their names, is 40 m. long, and near 16 broad ; and is 93 m. N. E. of Stockholm. Pop. about 12,000. Long. 20.28 E. lat. 60. 10. N. They were ceded with Fin- land, by Sweden to Russia, in the treaty of 1809. Mais, a town of France, in the department of Gard. It has a citadel, and is seated near the river Gard, at the foot of the Cevennes, 28 m N. W. of Nismes. Long. 2. 54. lat. 44. 8. N. Mar con, a town of Spain, in New Castile. It is seated on the Xucar, 50 m. S. of Cuenca. Matamaha, or Mtamaha, a river of Georgia, U. S. formed by the Oakmulgee and Oconee, two long streams which rise in the northern part of the State. It flows into the sea by several moutiiu at St. Simon's Sound, 60 m. from Savannah. It is navigable 300 m. to Milledgeville on the Oconee, for boats of 30 tons, and including its longest branch is 500 m. in length. Its mouth is barred by a shoal on which there is a depth of 14 feet of water at low tide. Matyr, a town of Russia, on the river Sura, 40 m. E. of Kasan. Mania, a river of European Turkey, which ri- ses in the mountains that separate Moldavia, from Transylvania, flows through Wallachia, and en- ters the Danube, near Nicopolis. Mba, a town of Piedmont, in Montserrat, and an ancient bishopric. It contains three parochial and three other churches, besides the cathedral, and seven convents. It is seated on the Tanaro, 20 m. S. E. of Turin. Mbania, a maritime province of European Tur- key, 240 m. long, and 60 broad ; bounded on the N. by Dalmatiaand Bosnia, E. by Macedonia and Janna, S. by Livadia and W. by the Adriatic and Ionian seas. It produces excellent wines. It was formerly an independent kingdom. Durazzo is the capital. jllbano, a town of Italy, on a lake of the same name, in Campagna di Roma. The environs produce the best wine in all this country. It is 15 m. S. S. E. of Rome. Mbano, a town of Naples, in Basilicata, on the river, Basiento, 15 m. E. by S. of Potenza. Mbanopolis, a town of European Turkey, for- merly the capital of Albania, but now a poor place, seated on the Drino, 43 m. E. of Alessio. Albans, St., a borough town in Hertfordshire, distinguished in every period of English history. It was once the metropolis of Britain, and on the invasion of the country by the Romans, became one of their most important stations, they gave it the name of Verulam, and by the privileges con- ■ ferred upon it, so attached the native inhabitants to their interest, as to excite the vengeance of Queen Boadicea, who massacred 70,000 of them, after which she was completely defeated by Sue- tonius Paulinus, the then Roman governor of Britain. St. Albans again became tranquil, and flouri-shed till the Diocletian persecution, about the commencement of the 4th century, when is became distinguished for the martyrdom of its saint, whose name the town at present bears. After this period, St. Albans declined, till in the 9th century Offa, king of the Mercians, in expia- tion for his miprovoked murder of St. Ethelbert. king of the East Angles, whom he had invite c ALM 26 ALA vania, viz., in Westmoreland, Cambria, Hunt- ingdon, Armstrong, Somerset, and Venango counties. Jillemance, p.v. Guilford Co. N. C. 335 m. Wash. Mhn, p.t. Alleghany Co. N. Y. 276 m. W. Al- bany. Pop. 898. Allen, t. Cumberland Co. Pa. Mien, a County in Kentucky. Pop. 6,486. Allen, a County of Ohio, in the N. W. part, 24 m. in extent, containing 554 sq. miles. Pop. 578. Wapakonetta is the capital. Allen, t. Union Co. Ohio. Allen's Ferry, p.v. Harrison Co. Ind. 537 m. Wash. Allen's Fresh, p.v. Charles Co. Md. 91 m. S. W. Baltimore. Allcntown, p.t. Monmouth Co. N. J. 34 m. N. E. Phil. Allentotcn, p.v. Montgomery Co. N. C. 428 m. Wash. Ailenstoton, t. Merrimack Co. N. Hampshire. 58 m. fr. Boston : 38 fr. Portsmouth. Pop. 481. Allensto7on, p.t. Northampton Co. Pa. on the Lehigh, 52 m. N. W. Phil. Allensville, t. Mifflin Co. Pa. Allcnsville, p.v. Switzerland Co. Ind. 28 m. S. W. Cincinnati. Allenburg^, a town of Prussia, on the river Al- le, 25 m. E. S. E. of Konigsberg. Allendale, a parish and mining district at the foot of Fuller Hill, in the Co. of Northumberland, Eng. Pop. in 1821, 4,629. Allendtirf, a town of Germany, famous for its salt-works, and three bridges over the Werra. It is 15 m. E. of Cassel ; also the name of several other small towns in Germany. Allerlon, the name of a village in Lancashire, England ; another in Somerset ; and of 6 others in Yorkshire. Allerton, JVorth. See J\''ortk Allerton. Allier, a department of France. It is so called from a river which flows by Moulins, and enters the Loire, below Nevers. Pop. 254,.558. Alligator, r. a stream of N. Carolina, running into Albermarle Sound. Alloa, a seaport of Scotland, in Clackmanan- shire, near the mouth of the river, on the Frith of Forth. Here is a custom-house, and an ex- cellent dry dock ; and its harbour is the resort of all the coal-vessels in the neighbourhood. It has a glass-house, 2 distilleries, and 2 breweries, the produce of which is in great repute. Near the town is a tower 90 ft. in height, with walls 11 ft. in thickness. It is 30 m. W. N. W. of Edin- burgh. Alloway Creek, t. Salem Co. N. J. All-saints Bay. See Bahia. Almada, a town of Portugal, seated on a point of land, on the south bank of tlie Tagus, nearly opposite Lisbon. Almaden del Azogue, a town of Spam, in La Mancha, famous for its rich mines of mercury and Vermillion, 45 m. S. W. of Ciudad Real. Almaden de la Plata, a town of Spain in Anda- lusia, on the river Colar, 34 m. N. by E. of Se- ville. Almanza, a town of Spain in Murcia, remarka- ble for the victory gained by the French and Spaniards over the allies in 1707, when most of the English were killed or taken, having been abandoned by the Portuguese horse at the first charge. It is situate in a fertile plain on the frontiers of Valencia, 35 m. S W. of Xativa, and 62 N. of Murcia. Long. 1. 10. W. lat. 38. 48. N. Almeida, a fortified town of Portugal, in Beira, It was taken by the French, after a short sicge^ in 1810, who afterwards demolished the fortifica- tions. It is situate on the river Coa, and near the borders of Spain, 18 m. N. E. of Guarda. Almeria, a seaport of Spain in Granada, and a bishop's see, seated at the mouth of the Almeria, 62 m. S. E. of Granada. Long. 2. 31. W. lat. 36 51. N. Almissa, a town of Dalmatia, famous for its wines. It stands at the foot of a higli rock, and at the mouth of the Cetina, 12 m. E. of Spala- tro. Almond, p.t. Alleghany Co. N. J. 27 m. W. Albany. Pop. 1,804. Almondbury, a village in West Yorkshire, sei,- ted on the Calder, 2 m. S. S. E. of Huddersfield. It was the Campodonum of the Romans, after- wards a seat of the Saxon kings, and had once a castle and a cathedral. Pop. 5,630. Almondsbury, a. viYla^ge in Gloucestershire, 7 m. N. of Bristol, where Alimond, father of King Egbert, is said to have been buried. Here is a fortification of the Saxons, with a double ditch, which commands an extensive view of the Se- vern. Almunecar, a town of Spain, in Granada, seat- ed on the Mediterranean, with a good harbour, defended by a strong castle, 30 m. S. S. E. of Al- hama. Lona. 3. 45. W. lat. 36. 30. N. AlvM, p.t. Lincoln Co. Me. 53 m. N. E. Port- land. Pop. 1,175. Alnwick, a considerable town of Northumber- land, on the road to Scotland; a place peculiarly fata] to some of the ancient Scottish monarchs. Here Malcolm III. making an inroad into Nor- thumberland, was killed, with Edward his son , and his army defeated, by Robert Mowbray , earl of this county, in 1093. And here too his great grandson, William I. invading England with an army of 80,000 men, was encountered, his army routed, and himself made prisoner, in 1174. The town appears to have been formerly fortified, from the vestiges of a wall still to be seen in several parts, and 3 gates, which remain almost entire. Alnwick is a well-built town ; and is ornamented by a stately old gothic castle, the scat of the duke of Northumberland. It is seated on the Alne, 310 m. N. by W. from London, 33 N. ol Newcastle, and 26 S. of Berwick. Pop. in 1821, 5,927. Alpnack, a town of Switzerland, in Unterwal- den, seated on an arm of the lake of the Four Cantons, 6 m. S. of Lucern. Alps, a chain of mountains, in Europe, which begins at the Gulf of Genoa, to the E. of Nice, passes into Switzerland, crosses that country and Tyrol, separates Germany from Italy, and ter- minates at the north part of the gulf of Venice. This grand chain is sometimes divided into two or more ridges, ranging one by another, with on- ly narrow valleys between ; and the difierent portions have distinct appellations, as the Mari- time, Pennine, Lepontine, Helvetian, Rhetian, Julian, &c. They are composed of stupendous rocky masses, two, four, and even six being pil- ed upon each other, and from 4,000 to above 15,600 ft. high. There are few passes over them, and those of difficult access. Switzerland has the central part of these mountains, and the val- leys between tliem. These mountains are fre- quented by the chamois, an animal about the ALS 27 ALU size of a goat, and of wonderful agility. They wUl leap down precipices 30 feet in height, and indeed appear rather to fly than run. The hunting of the chamois, is full of labour and danger, but is pursued with the highest enthusi- asm and most unconquerable perseverance by the mountaineers. The famous Hannibal attempt- ed to cross the Alps on the side of Piedmont, in the winter season, when he invaded Italy, and lost most of his elephants among them. They were passed successfully by a numerous French army under Bonaparte in loOO. Alps, Upper, a department of France, includ- ing part of the late province of Dauphiny. It is so called from its vicinity to the mountains of that name. The capital is Embrun. Jllps, Loicer, a department of France, includ- ing part of the late province of Provence. The capital is Digne. Jllps, Maritime, a late department of France, including the county of Nice. The capital is Nice. Alpuxarras, high mountains of Spain, in Grana- da, near the Mediterranean. They are inhabi- ted by the Moriscos, who carefully cultivate the ground, which produces excellent wines and fruits. Mresford, a town in Hampshire, Eng. with a market on Thurs. and a manufacture of linsevs. It is 18 m. N. N. E. of Southampton, and 57 W. S. W. of London. Alsace, a late province of France, now divided into the Upper and Lower Rhine, which see. Alsace, p.t. Berks Co. Pa. on the Schuylkill. Alsen, a fertile island of Denmark, in the Lit- tle Belt, between Sleswick and Funen, 100 m. W. of Copenhagen. The chief town is Sonder- borg. Alsfield, a town of Germany, with a castle, 12 m. E. of Marburg. Alsheda, a town of Sweden, in Smaland, near which a gold mine was discovered in 1738. Alsiera, a town of Naples, in the Molise, on the river Tiserno, 23 m. N. E. of Molise. Alsleben, a town of Upper Saxony, 9 m. S. S. W. of Bemburg. Alstadt, a town of Upper Saxony, in Thurin- gia, with a castle, on the rivulet Ilane, 8 m. W. of Querfurt. Alstadt, a town of Moravia, in the circle of Olmutz. near the source of the Morau, 35 m. N. N. W. of Olmutz. Alstead, p.t. Cheshire Co. N. Hampshire, 82 m. ft. Portsmouth. Pop. 1,559. Alston, t. N. C. on Little river, 20 m. W. Bruns- wick. Alston-moor or Aldstone, a town in Cumberland, with a market on Sat. Here is an iron foundry, and a shot manufacture ; and in its vicinity are numerous lead-mines. It is seated on the side of a hill, on the S. branch of the Tyne, 20 m. E. by S. of Carhsle, and 271 N. by W. of London. Pop. in 1821, 4,410. Altai Mountains, a range of mountains inter- secting Asia from south to north, commencing west of the Indus, in W. long, about 68. and di- verging northward by several ridges towards East Cape, in E. long. 170. Altamura, a town of Naples at the foot of tlie Apennines, 10 m. N. E. of Gravina. Pod. about 16,000. AUenau, a town of Lower Saxony, in the terri- tory of Brunswick, 8 m. S. of Goslar. Altenburg, a town of Upper Saxony, in Misnia, celebrated for its tin mine, 20 m. S. of Bresden. Altenberg, a town of Upper Saxony, in Thurin- fia, with a castle on a rock. It is seated on the leisse, 20 m. S. of Leipsic. Altenburg, a town of Lower Hungary, on the river Leitha, at its entrance into the Dan ibe. Here are 2 churches and a college ; and its ancient castle is now principally used for a corn magazine. It is 17 ra. S. S. E. of Presburg. Altenkirchen, a town of Germany, in the Wes- terwald, chief of the county of Sayn, with a cas- tle, 15 m. N. N. E. of Coblentz. Alteeson, a town of Piedmont, between the riv- ers Doire and Stura, 3 m. N. of Turin. AUkirch, a town of France in the department of Upper Rhine, on an eminence, near the source of the river 111, 25 m. S. of Colmar. Alton, p.t. Stafibrd Co. N. Hampshire, 33 m. fr. Portsmouth. Pop. 1,993. Alton, a town in Hampshire Eng. with a mar- ket on Saturday. It has manufactures of wors- ted stufis, and round the town are plantations of hops. It is seated on the Wey, 28 m. E. N. E. of Southampton, and 47. W. S. W. of London. Alton, t. Madison Co. Illinois, on the Missis- sippi, 3 m. above the Missouri. Altona, a city and sea-port of Lower Saxony, in Holstein, seated on the Elbe, contiguous to Hamburgh. The Danes built it in this situation, that it might rival Hamburgh in commerce. It was b*-irnt by the Swedes in 1712, but has been beautifully rebuilt, and is estimated to contain 25,000 inhab. Long. 9. 58. E. lat. 53. 34. N. Altorf, a town of Franconia, in the territory of Nurenberg, with a university, 16 m. S. E. of Nurenberg. Altorf, a town of Suabia, 20 ra. N. E. of Con- stance. Altorf, a town of Switzerland, capital of the canton of Uri. Here are two stone pillars, 130 paces from each other, at which distance Tell is said to have shot the apple from his son's head. This deliverer of his country lived at Burgli, near this place, and his cottage is changed into a chap-, el, where mass is solemnly said. Altorf stands on the lake of Lucern, near the influx of the riv- er Russ, 20 m. S. E. of Lucern. Altringham., a town in Cheshire, Eng. govern- ed by a mayor, with a market on Tuesday. Here are several manufactures of worsted and cotton j and much fruit and vegetables are sent hence to Manchester. It is seated near the duke of Bridge- water's canal, 30 m. N. E. of Chester, and 180 N. W. of London. Altvnkupri, a town of Asiatic Turkey, the capital of Curdistan, and the residence of a pa- cha. It is situate on the river Altun, which flows into the Tigris, 50 m. S. E. of Mosul. Long. 44. 30. E. lat. 35. 45. N. Alum Creek, r. Ohio, is a branch of the Big Walnut River. \ AMA 28 Atva de Tormes, a town of Spain, in Leon, with a castle, once the residence of the celebrated duke of Alva, seated on the Tormes, 16 m. S. E. of Salamanca. Alvarado, a river of Mexico, in the province of Vera Cruz, which rises 40 miles above the town of Cordova, and flows N. E. till it enters the gulf of Mexico, at a town of the same name, 40 m. S. E. of Vera Cruz. Alvaslon, a village in Gloucestershire, Eng., 8 m. N. by E. of Bristol. On the top of a nill, near the Severn, is a round camp, called Oldbury, where several antiquities have been dug up. Alzira, or Mcira, a populous town of Spain, which has a great trade in silk. It is surrounded by the Xucar, 17 m. S. of Valencia. Amadan, or Hamadan, a town of Persia, in Irac Ajami. Here are many Jews, who allege that the tombs of Mordecai and Esther are in the place which serves them for a synagogue. Ama- dan is a very ancient city ; on its site, or near it, the ancient Ecbatana is supposed to have stood. It is said to h.ave been destroyed by Nebuchad- nezzar, and rebuilt by Darius, who brought hith- er all his riches. It is situate to the north of the upper road from Bagdad to Ispahan, about 15 miles from Kenghey. It has considerable manu- factures of leather, and contains about 40,000 in- habitants. jimadia, a town of Asiatic Turkey, in Curdis- tan. governed by a Bey, seated on a high moun- tain, 40 miles S. E. of Gezira. Long. 41.35. lat. 37. 20. N. Amak, or Amager, an island of Denmark, on which part of Copenhagen, called Christiansha- fen, is built. It is eight miles long and four broad, and separated from Zealand by a narrow channel, over which are two bridges that commu- nicate with Copenhagen. It is laid out in gar- dens and pastures, and supplies Copenhagen with milk, butter, and vegetables. Amal, a town of Sweden, in Gothland, with a good harbour on the lake Wener. It has a great trade in timber, deals, and tar ; and is 175 m. S. W. of Upsal. Long. 12. 40. E. lat. 59. 0. N. Amalagano, one of the Ladrone islands, about 6 leagues in circumference. Lon. 145. 38. E. lat. 18. 0. N. Amalfi, a sea-port of Naples, in Principato Ci- teriore, and an archbishop's see. Flavio Gioia, who is said to have invented the mariners com- pass, was a native of this town. It is seated on the N. W. side of the gulf of Salerno, 13 m. S. W. of Salerno. Long. 14. 45. E. lat. 40. 28. N. Amand, St. a town of France, in the depart- ment of Cher, near the river Cher, 21 m. S. of Bourges. Amand, St. a town of France, in the depart- ment of Nord, with an abbey ; seated on the Scarp, 7. m. N. of Valenciennes. Amanda, p.t. Fairrield Co. Ohio. Amandasville, p. v. Elbert Co. Geo. Amantea, a sea-port of Naples, near the bay of Eufemia, 20 m. S. W. of Cosenza. Long. lb. 10. E. lat. 39. 12. N. AmapalUi, a sea-port of Mexico, in Nicaragua, seated on an island on the west side of the en- trance of a gulf of the same name. Long. 88. 30. W. lat. 13. 10. N. Ama^ia, or Ajnasieh, a town of Asiatic Turkey m Natolia, the birth-place of Strabo, the geogra- pher. It is the capital of a province which produ- ces excellent wines and fruits. It was devastated AMB by an earthquake, in 1794. It is seated on the Casalmack, which falls into the Black Sea, 36 m. N. of Tocat. Long. 30. 0. E. lat. 40. 31. N. Amathus, an ancient town in the isle of Cy- prus, so called from Amathus the founder, or from Amath in Phoenicia. It had a very ancient temple of Venus and Adonis ; and according to Ovid, was rich in copper ore. It is now called Limisso. Amazon, or Maranon, a river of South Ameri- ca, and the greatest in the world. Its source is in Peru, not far from the Pacific ocean, and run- ing east, it enters the Atlantic Ocean, directly under the equinoctial line. Its course is 3,300 miles, its mouth is 150 miles broad, and l,50t miles from its mouth, it is 30 fathoms deep. ^, receives, in its progress, near 200 rivers, many of which have a course of 1,500 miles, and some of them not inferior to the Danube, or the Nile. In the rainy season it overflows its banks, and fertilizes the adjacent country. AjnaxGnia, a country of South America, 1,400 m. long and 960 broad; bounded on the N. by Terra Firma and Guiana, E. by the Atlantic Ocean and Brasil, S. by the Paraguay, and W. by Peru. It was discovered in 1580 by Francesco Orellana, who, coming from Peru, sailed down the river Amazon to the Atlantic. Observing companies of women in arms on its' banks, he called the country Amazonia, and gave the name of Amazon to the river, which had formerly been called Maranon. The air in this country is cooler than might be expected, consid- ering its situation in the torrid zone ; this is owing partly to the heavy rains, which cause the inun- dations of the rivers for one half of the year; and partly to the cloudiness of the atmosphere, by which the sun is obscured the greatest part of the day. The fair season is about the time of the solstices, and the rainy seasons about the eqai- noxes. The soil is very rich and fertile ; the trees and plants are verdant all the year. The woods abound with game of various kinds. The rivers and lakes abound with fish, but are infested by alligators and water serpents. Their banks are*inhabited by different tribes of Indians, gov- erned by petty sovereigns, distinguished from their subjects by a coronet of feathers, a belt of tigers' teeth or claws, and a wooden sword. The natives are of a good stature and copper colour, with handsome features and long black hair. They make cotton cloth, and their houses are built of wood and clay, thatched with reeds. Their arms are darts, javelins, bows and arrows, and targets of cane or fish-skin. The Spaniards have made many unsuccessful attempts to settle in this country ; but on the coast, between Cape North and the mouth of the Amazon, the Portu- guese have some small settlements. Amba-Gcshen, a rock in Abyssinia, of a most pro- digious steepness, in the form a castle, built of free-stone, and almost impregnable. The Ethiopic princes were formerly banished hither by their fathers, the emperors, that they might not attempt any thing against the state,and that their residence might be as noted for its height as their birth. Amber, p. v. Onondaga Co. N. Y. 145 m. W. Al- bany. Amberg, a fbrtified town of Bavaria, with a strong castle. The magnificent church of St. Mar- tin contains many beautiful paintings and cnri osities ; and the mint ie esteemed one of the finest buildings of the kind in Germsiny. In 1743 it was taken by the Austrians, and in 1796 by th» AMB 29 AME French. It is seated on the river Ills, or Wills, on the confines of the principality of Sultzbach, 49 m. E. of Nurenberg. Long. 11. 48. E. lat. 40. 27. N. Amhert, a town of France, in the department of Puy de Dome. There are numerous papermakers in its vicinity, and it has a trade in coarse la- ces, camlets, ferrets, &c. It is seated in a beauti- ful valley, on the river Dore, 21 m. E. oflssoire. Ambleside, a town in Westmoreland, standing on the site of a Roman city, called Dictus, with a market on Wednesday. Here is a manufacture of woolen cloth. It is seated on the Rotha, near the head of Windermerewater, 13 m. N. W. of Kendal, and 276 N. N. W. of London. Jlmbleteuse, a seaport of France, in the depart- »nent of Pas de Calais, defended by a battery. At this port Caesar embarked his cavalry when he passed over into England; and here James II. land- ed on liis departure from England, in 1688. It is seated on the English channel, 8 m. N. of Bou- logne. Long. 1. 36. E. lat. 50. 49. N. Amhoise, a town of France, in the department of the Indre and Loire. The town is mean and ill-built ; but has been rendered famous in history, by the conspiracy of the Huguenots, in 1560, which opened the fatal religious wars in France. Here Louis XI. instituted the order of St. Michael; ft was also the birth-place of the poet Jesuit Com- mine, and the spot where Charles VIII. died. It is seated at the confluence of the Massee with the Loire, 12 m. E. by N. of Tours, and 115 S. by W. of Paris. Amhoy, or Perth Amhoy, city, Middlesex Co. N. J. upon a bay at the South end of Staten Island,, communicating with N. York harbour by Arthur Kull Sound and with the ocekn below the nar- rows. This harbour is safe and easy of access and the town has considerable commerce. Amhoy, South, p.t. Middlesex Co. N. J., lying S. of the above. Amhoijna, an island of the Moluccas, in the Indian Ocean. It is 56 m. in length from N. to S. and divided on the west side by a large bay in two parts ; the largest of which is called Hitou, and the other Leytimor. The face of this island is beautiful ; woody mountains and verdant plains being interspersed with hamlets, and enriched by cultivation. The chief products are nutmegs, su- gar, coffee, and many delicious fruits, but more es- peciallv cloves. The principal animals are deer and wild hogs. The English and Dutch had fac- tories here at the beginning of the 17th century ; but the Dutch expelled the English, and tortured and put to death many of them. The natives wear large whiskers, and their dress is only a slight piece of stuff wrapped round their middle. The men buy their wives of their parents, and if they prove barren, the marriage is void. They are generally Mahometans ; biit there are some Christians among them. This island was taken by the English in 1796, and restored by the treaty of Amiens in 1802, recaptured in 1810, and again restored to the Dutch, by the treaty at Pans in 1814, and confirmed in 1824. The chief town is of the same name, neatly built, and stands near the S. W. extremity. Fort Victoria is in long. 128. 15. E. lat. 3. 40. S. Ambrose St., an island on the coast of Chile, 15 m. W. from St. Felix Island. The crew of captain Roberts, in 1792, killed and cured here 13,000 seal skins, in seven weeks. Long. 80. 55. W. lat. 26. 13. S. Jmbrym, oa« of tk« New Hebrides, in the Pacific Ocean, 50 m. in circumference. Long. 16^. 12. E. lat. 16. 10. N. ' Amedabad, a city of Hindoostan, the capital of Guzerat. The walls are 6 m. in circumference, and contain 12 gates ; but now not a quarter of the area is inhabited. The mosque and tomb of the founder, Tatay Ahmed, are built of stone and mar- ble, the last of exquisite workmanship. It was taken by general Goddard in 1780, from the Poo- nah Mahrattas, to whom it was restored in 1783. It is seated in a level country, on a nav- igable river that enters the gulf of Cambay, 320 m. N. of Bombay. Long. 72. 27. E. lat. 23. . 18. N. Amednagur, a city and fort of Hindoostan, once the capital of the soubah of its name, which is now better known by that of Dowlatabad. This city was the residence of the emperor Aurungzebe, during his conquest of the Deccan and the Carn- atic. In 1803 it was taken by the British army under general Wellesley (now Duke of Well- ington.) It is 73 m. N. E. of Poena. Long. 75.0, E. lat. 19. 10. N. Ameenabad, a town of Hindoostan, in Lahore, 35 m. N. by W. of Lahore. Amelia, a town of Italy, seated on a mountain between the Tiber and Nira, 20 ro. S. W. of Spol-^ eto, and 45 N. of Rome. Amelia, an inland county of Virginia. Pop. 1 1 ,831 . The court-house of the county is 58 m. W. S. W. of Richmond. Ajnelia, or Amilla Island, on the coast of E. Florida, the north end of it is nearly opposite St. Mary's in Georgia. It is about 14 m. long and a mile and a half wide, with a good soil and an ex- cellent harbour, called Fernandina. Ameliaburg, p.t. Prince Edward Co. U. C. on L. Ontario. Amenia, t. Duchess Co. N. Y. Pop. 2,389 America, in its most comprehensive sense and i present acceptation, may be considered as compris- * ing half of the terrestial globe, or the whole of the western hemisphere. It has been usual to speak of America as constituting one of the four quarters, or four grand divisions of the globe ; but it is equally matter for surprise as well as for re- fret, that the western hemisphere should so long ave remained subject to a misnomer so obvious, and a designation so inapproprHte and indefi- nite. This hemisphere first became known to Europe, in the year 1493 of the Christian era, when Christopher Columbus, a native of Genoa, who, from a long and close application to the stu- dy of geography and navigation, had obtained a knowledge of the figure of the earth, much su- perior to the general notions of the age in which he lived, was led to conceive that another conti- nent existed. Having fully satisfied himself of the truth of this system, he became impatient to reduce it to practice, and accordingly laid his scheme before the senate of Genoa, making his native country the first offer of his services. They, however, rejected his proposal, as the dream of a chimerical projector. It met with the same fate at the courts of Portugal, Spain,and Eng- land, and some of the ether European powers of less note ; but, still undiscouraged, he applied again to the court of Spain, who were at length induced to fit out a squadron of three small ves- sels, of which Columbus was made admiral ; and with these he set out on his voyage of discovery, in 1402, in which voyage he dis* overed several of the Bahama islands, with those of Cuba and His- paaiola, and returned to Spain in the following c3 AME 90 AME year. In a second voyage he discovered many more of the West India islands; and in a third he attained the great object of his ambition, by discovering the southern division of tiie conti- nent, near the rnoulh of the Orinoco. Amongst the crowd of new adventurers who now followed from all parts of Europe, w.is one Americus Ves- pucius, a Florentine, who, with much art, and some degree of elegance, drew up an amusing history of his voyage, in which he insinuated tliat he first discovered what is commonly called the continent of the New World. This being published and read with admiration, the country was from him called America, though it is now well understood that Columbus was the first dis- coverer. The celebrity of Columbus and Ameri- cus Vespucius soon resounded throughout all Eu- rope, inspiring numbers of adventurers to witness the fruits of their discoveries. Among the rest, Giovanni Gabota (Anglicised Cabot) a Venetian, and his three sons, under the auspices of Henry VII. of England, sailed from Bristol, in 1407, and discovered the coast of Labrador as the 57th deg. of N. lat. On a second voyage, in the following year, in a ship, furnished by the king, accompanied by four small barques provisioned by the merchants of Bristol, under the direction of Giovanni's second son, Sebastian, (who had been born in Bristol, hence the claim of the northern division of the western hemisphere having been discovered by an Englishman,) they discovered the island of Newfoundland in N. lat. about 47, and coasted southward as far as Florida. Cabot made a third voyage to Newfoundland in 1502. In 1519 a body of Spaniards, under the command of Cortez, landed at Vera Cruz, and discovered the populous district of Mexico. In 1524 the French sent an expedition, which traversed the coast from the lat. of 23. to 50. N. France, Spain, and England each sent successive expeditions to North Ameri- ca, and made attempts to establish settlements ; but so unsuccessfully, it is believed, that at the commencement of the 17th century, not a single European remained north of Mexico. In 1608 renewed efforts were made by England ; since when, the extent, features, population, and productions of the whole of the W. hemisphere have progress! /ely been developed to Europe. America, or the western hemisphere, is subdivi- ded by nature into two grand divisions, north and tovUh ; very distinct in character and feature. Jlmerica, North, extends from the polar regions to the 15th deg. of N. lat., the more northern part, as far as lat. 50., extending from about the 5«;th to the 130th deg. of W. long, and at lat. 65. as far west as 1 6S. of long. From the 50th to the 30th deg. of lat. the country assumes a very com- pact form, extending at the north from about the (i2nd to the 124th deg. of long, gradually con- verging southerly, and at lat. 30. extending only from about the 81st to the 115 deg. of long, at about the 30th deg. of N. lat. The great gulf of Mexico bounds the land, from about the §0th to the 97th deg. of long, the land converging into a promontory of about 10 deg. at the north, extend- mg S. to the chain whicti unites the northern with the grand southern division, gradually con- verging in long, to about 1 deg. only, in N. lat. 1.5. and in W. long. 95. The superficies of the first of these three divisions of the N. W. hemis- phere, cannot be stated with any deerree of accu- racy, owing to the unknown boundaries on tlie aide of the polar regions. The central part con- tains a superficies of about 2,700,000 sq. miles, and the promontory about 110,000 sq. miles. The extreme length of the grand northern division, in a straight, unbroken line, from the mouth of the Copper-mine River which runs S. to N. into the Icy Sea, in lat. 70, to Acapulco, in lat. 17, is about 3,200 miles, and the extreme breadth, from the mouth of the Penobscot river which falls into the Atlantic Ocean in N. lat. 44. 24. W. long. 68. 45. to the mouth of Columbia river which falls into the North Pacific Ocean in N. lat 46. W. long. 124. the distance is about 2,500. The north- ern part of this grand division of the western hemisphere is indented by Hudson's Bay, which extends from the line of the. Arctic circle, to th» 51st deg. of N. lat. and in its extreme breadth, from the 78th to the 95th deg. of W. long. It is also intersected by a chain of fresh water lakes of vast extent. Athapescow, and the Slave Lake, (the latter of* great extent,) discharging their waters into the Icy Sea, Winnipeg, and several of lesser extent and note discharge their waters into Hudson's Bay, whilst Superior, Michigan, Huron, Erie, Ontario, and Champlain, between the latitudes of 42. and 48. N. discharge their waters by the great river St. Lawrence mto the gulf of St. Lawrence, in the lat. of 50. N. and W. long, about 65. the western extremity of lake Superior being in long, about 92. Innumerable streams of water intersect the country in all directions, and form themselves into noble rivers, several of which run into Hudson's Bay, whilst those south of the great chain of lakes and the St. Lawrence, run a course from N. to S. or S. E falling into the Atlantic Ocean. Taking them in order from N. to S. the most prominent are St. John's, the Penobscot, Kennebec, Androscoggin, Piscataqua, Merrimack, Connecticut, the Hudson, or North river, Delaware, Susquchannah, Poto- mac, Rappahanock, James river, Roanoke, San- tee, and Savannah. All these rivers have their source E. of a chain of mountains, called the Apalachian, running parallel with the Atlantic coast, from about the 34th to the 43rd deg. of N. lat. and 2 to 300 miles from the ocean. South of the 34th deg. of lat. the Apalachicola, Alabama, Tombigbee, and some other rivers of less note, run a course due S. falling into the Gulf of Mexico. West of the Apalachian mountains, innumerable other streams have their source, forming another collection of noble rivers, the most important of which are the Ohio, and Tennessee, running from E. to W. the Missouri, Kansas, and Arkansas, and the Red river, running froir. W. to E. all of which fall into one grand channel, called the Mississippi, which has its source about the 47th deg. of N. lat. running a course nearly due S. fal- ling into the Gulf of Mexico in lat. 29. 5. N. and 89. 8. W. long. The Rio del Norte, or Rio Bravo, another noble river, has its source westward of the Arkansas and Red rivers, in N. lat. about 42. and falls into the Gulf of Mexico in N. lat. 26. W. long. 97. 25. On the western coast, the Co- lumbia, and Colorado, are the only rivers of im- portance, and they are not considerable ; the first falls into the Pacific Ocean in N. lat. about 45. and the other into the Gulf of California in N. lat. about 32. A ridge of mountains runs paral- lel with the western coast, the whole extent of the north division, from the point of the promon- tory S. in lat. of 70. N. bearing west from the 95tb toMie 122nd or 123rd of long, and about JO deg. fiom the western coast or shore of the Pacific Ocean ; this ridge which seems to be a continua- AME 31 AME bon of the Andes of the southern division, from the ]5th to about the 40th deg. of N. lat. is called the Cordilleras, and more northerly the Rocky Mountains, the greatest altitude is in N. lat. about 19. where Popocatepetl issues forth volcanic eruptions at a height of 17,720 ft. above the level of the sea. Another range of mountains runs parallel with the eastern or Atlantic coast, from about the 35th to the 45th deg. of N. lat. diverg- ing into several distinct and parallel ridges design- ated as the White, Green, Catskill, Blue, Allegha- ny, Laurel and Cumberland mountains, and collec- tively they are called the Apalachian Mountains. Their altitude does not exceed 6,500 ft. above the level of the sea. On the discovery of this vast territory, at the periods previously stated, it was found, to the N. of the 30th deg. of lat. to be thinly populated with inhabitants, and except the Esquimaux at the more northern part, possessing one common character, and speaking one common language, though somewhat varied in dialect. In person, tall and well-proportioned ; complexion coppery, Bay. In many parts of the United States thejr exist in great abundance and are taken in vast numbers for their flesh and fur ; they do great with long, straight, and somewhat coarse, black hair, localized into various tribes or communities, none of whom were found to have made any, or very little progress in the arts which contribute to the comfort of life ; spears and arrows being their only instruments of defence, of attack, ana subsistence, whilst skins, mats, and the coarsest cloth of reeds, grass, or hemp, constituted their chief clothing and protection from the inclemen- cy of the weather. They were nevertheless found possessing many manly qualities, and social virtues, until corrupted and debased by the vi- cious refinements of their invaders, before whom they have receded as from a pestilence. In America, as in all other regions of the world, the animal tribes bear a proportion both in number and size, to the extent of the country which has given them birth. The musk, or the North American bison, and the Mageleanic os- trich of South America, equa in size their cor- responding species of the old world. The elk or stag of New California, attains a gigantic matrni- tude. The moose is found from the Rocky Mountains to the Gulf of St. Lawrence, and is sometimes 12 feet high. The elk and red deer are inhabitants of the United States. The white, black, and grizzly bear are common in various parts. The wolf and the cougar, or catamount, are widely distributed. Foxes and squirrels are abundant. The hare of America, improperly called rabbit, is found as far North as Hudson s mischief to the farmers. The beavers are still numerous in the Nortn and West. Most of the animals of America form particular species, or at least distinct races from those of Europe, and are evidently aboriginal in the country which they inhabit. In the plains between the Apalachian and Rocky Mountains, fossil bones of animals have been found far exceeding in size those of any known animal now existing, or ever known. Neither the elephant, lion, tiger, leopard, nor hy- ena have ever been found in America. The birds of America are not, as absurdly sta- ted by Buffon, inferior to their kindred species of the old world. The Washington or great sea ea- gle, a native of the United States, is the noblest of his tribe. The bald eagle is distributed over nearly the whole continent. Vultures and hawks of many species are common. The passenger pi- geons in countless millions obscure the heavens with their flocks, and wherever they direct their flight it may be said to ' snow of meat.' The wild geese and ducks pass along the whole extent of the continent in their periodical migrations. The robin and blue bird court the society of man, and in the colder districts are the earliest harbin- fers of spring. The oriole, the woodpecker, the lue jay, the cardinal and the tanager, adorn the woods with their brilliant plumage ; while the unrivalled mocking-bird makes the forest echo with his thousand melodious and varied notes. The deep woods and swamps of the West still aflbrd a retreat to the wild turkey, once conunon all over the United States. Insects and reptiles are of course larger and more abundant in the southern than in the north ern part of this country. Little incommodity is suffered from insects in the temperate portions. In the south the moschetoes are very annoying. Bees are numerous in the woods of the west, and the people who go into the forests to collect honey return with waggon loads. Locusts are unknown. .m AMB 82 AMS and the insect most troublesome to agriculturists, the Hessian flv, was imported from Europe. The rivers in the South swarm with alligators. But the most terrible of American reptiles is the rat- tlesnake, who is found in nearly all parts of the hot and temperate regions of this country. The northern portion of the western hemis- phere is at present divided into three great parts ; viz. 1st. North, under the dominion of Great Britain, which part extends S. from the Icy Sea, and polar regions, to about the 48th deg. of N. lat. subdivided into seven provinces or territories : viz. Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Lower and Upper Canada, Labrador, New South Wales, and the N. W. territory ; 2nd, the Central part, from the boundary of the British territories on the North, to the Gulf of Mexico S. and W. from the Atlantic Ocean to about the 100th deg. of W. long, and from the 42nd to the 49lh deg. of N. lat. extending W. to the Pacific Ocean under the rule of the federal government of the U. S. of America and 3rd. the part extending from the Uni- ted States territory S. to the isthmus which unites the northern with the grand southern division. This part, for three centuries,continued under the dominion of Spain ; but from the period of 1820 or 1821, it may be considered as forming a sepa- rate and independent territory. South America extends through 68 deg. of lat. from Cape la VeFa in 12. 12. N. to Cape Horn in 55. 58. S. being about 4,100 miles, and under the lat. of 5. S. extends through 45 deg. of long, from Cape St. Roque in 35. 40. to Cape Blanco in 81. 10. W. From the equator N. to the 7th deg. of lat. it extends only through about 27 deg. of long, and from the 7th to its northern extremity, only through about 20 deg. and S. from about the 10th deg. of lat. it assumes a form approximating to a right angled triangle, of which the western shore on the Pacific Ocean is the perpendicular, and the eastern on the South Atlantic Ocean is the hypothenuse, so that whilst the extreme breadth is about 2,700 miles, the mean will not exceed more than about 1,500, givino- a superfi- cies of about 6,150.000 sq. miles. This division of the western hemisphere, as previously stated, was first discovered by Columbus (on his third voyage from Spain) on the first of August, 1498 ; but it was not till the year 1531 that any knowl- edge was obtained, of its extent and productions, in which year three low and unprincipled adven- turers, Pizarro, Almagro, and the priest Lucques, landed at the Isthmus of Panama, and proceeding south, discovered the ricli and then populous dis- tricts of Quito and Peru. In the year 1500, the Portuguese admiral, Alvarez de Cabral, com- mandm^ a squadron of 13 sail, with 1,200 men on board, destined for the East Indies by the Cape of Good Hope, accidentally discovered on the 24th of April the southern division of the west- ern hemisphere, about 4 deg. S. of the equator, and on the following day landed and took posses- sion of the country, since called Brazil ; and al- though near half a century elapsed before any eflfectual efforts were made by the Portuguese to form a permanent settlement, the whole of the southern division of the western hemisphere (with the exception of a comparatively trifling extent of territory, between the 3rd and 7th dear. of N. lat. settled by the Dutch, and the southern extremity continuing in possession of the natives) fell under the dominion of Spain and Portugal; the Spanish portion being divided into five de- partments : viz. New Granada, Venezuela, Peru, Buenos Ayres, and Chil*», each sub-divided into several provinces ; the whole of the Portuguese portion continuing under one general government. Since the period of 1825, the domination and rule of both Spain and Portugal has entirely cea- sed over every part of the great southern division of the western hemisphere ; new and distinct gov- ernments having established themselves, giving rise to new boundaries and subdivisions of terri- tory, which will be found detailed under the sev- eral heads of Colombia, Peru, United Provinces of La Plata, or South America, Chile, and Bra- zil, and the remaining portion under the heads of Amazonia, Guiana, and Patagonia. The natural features of this division of the western hemisphere are in the highest degree grand and imposing ; extensive fertile plains yield a variety and abundance of every thing cal- culated for the comfort of man ; whilst the moun- tains display the majesty c£ creation, affording abundance of malleable and indestructible metals, and innumerable streams, forming themselves into noble rivers, yielding their proportion of sup- ply, afFordinw facility of conveyance, and eminent- ly contributmg to promote the sociality, enjoy- ment, and happiness of society. The range of mountains called the Andes, extends from the utmost extremity of this division soutii, to the chain which unites it with the north, runnintr parallel with the shores of the Pacific Ocean, at the distance of 100 to 200 miles from the sea, and occasionally in parallel ridges, the main ridge maintaining an average altitude of 12,000 to 15,000 ft. above the level of the sea, nearly the whole extent of the continent. In 1802 the travellers, Humboldt and Bonpland, ascended the peak of the Andes called Chimborazo, in the province of Quito, to the height of 19,400 ft. its extreme alti- tude being 21,440. The peak of Cotopaxi, 40 m. S. E. of the ancient city of Quito, is volcanic, and frequently emits fire with terrific violence, from its summit, 18,898 ft. above the level of the sea. Various mountain ridges intersect the more east- ern parts of the continent, all running from south to north, similar in diversity and altitude to the Apalachian of the northern division. The rivers run in every direction ; taking them from north to south, the first demanding notice is the Magda- lena ; 2nd Orinoco ; 3d. the Y upura, Tunguragua, Ucayale, Madeira, and Tapajos, branches which form the Amazon ; 4th. the Araguay ; 5th. Parai- ba, or Maranham ; 6th. the Francisco, and 7th. the Uruguay, Parana, Paraguay, Pilcomayo, Ver- meio, and Salado branches, which form the Rio de la Plata, all of which will be found under their respective heads. The inhabitants of this division of the western hemisphere, on the first inroads of the Spaniards, at the commencement of the 16th century appeared to be of the same stock; and possessing the same common character of feature and colour as those of the north ; but on the west- ern side were much further advanced in the arti of social life. Of their origin no credible ao AME 33 AME count either of history or tradition could be ob- tained. Instead of an Adam, formed of the dust of the earth, and an Eve, formed of Adam'a rib, armadillo is a very curious little animal clad in a natural coat of mail, •without hair. They burrow in the ground like a rabbit and are generally in- the Peruvians had a Manco-Capac, who came from an island on a great lake south, to instruct their men in agriculture and other useful employ- ments, and a Mama-Ocllo, to instruct the women in spinning and weaviijg. Of the precise era, however, of their appearance, their chronology was too imperfect to define ; they enumerated 14 reigns of Incas or sovereigns since their time, which would carry the epwch back to about the end of the 12th, or beginning of the 13th century. In the face of evidence so imperfect, it would be ab- surd to hazard even a conjecture, much more an assertion, upon the subject of the first peopling of the south. It may, however, be fairly inferred that the north division was first peopled by em- igrants from the south, rather than from any part of the eastern hemisphere. This seems probable, as well from the similarity of general feature and character, as from the regular gradation of the athletic power and energy which seemed to pre- vail amongst them from south to north. The most healthy and robust of the race would doubtless be most likely to advance onward. In the animal creation we here meet with the jaguar, or South American tiger, an animal su- perior m size to the leopard, with a spotted hide, and ferocious in habits. He is found from Para- guay to Guiana. The cougar, or puma, some- times called the South American lion, inhabits the southern as well as the northern part of the American continent. The tapir dwells in the rivers of every part of South America and lives upon sugar cane, grass, shrubs and fruits. The tiger cat is a beautiful spotted animal not much larger than the common cat, and is mischievous and untameable. Here are three species of ant- eaters with a long snout, no teeth and a long tongue, perpetually occupied in destroying the ant-hills. The llama of Peru is a very useful beast of burthen ; the vicuna and alpaco furnish % valuable wool. Wild horses and oxen cover ibe plains with their immense droves. The nocent in tlieir manners. Monkeys of varioiu species swarm in the forests ; one of these, the coaita, has a remarkable resemblance to an Indian old woman. The beaver of this region does not build his habitation after the manner of the com- mon beaver. The chinchilla is prized for its val- uable skin. The sloth is peculiar to this country : he is unfurnished with teeth, and crawls slowly from tree to tree devouring their leaves. The peccary exists in abundance here as well as in Mexico. The cavy frequents the marshes, and the coati prowls among the woods devouring small animals, poultry and eggs. The agouti is about the size of a hare, and burrows in hollow trees; feeding upon potatoes, yams and such fruits as fall from the trees. It uses its paws in the manner of hands, like a squirrel, and is ex- ceedingly voracious. Birds are various in species, and numerous ; the condor of the Ande« is considered superior in majesty to the ostrich of the deserts of Africa ; in the plains is another large bird of a species between the ostrich and cassowary of New Holland ; there are eagles of various kinds, and an endless variety of smaller birds of exquisite- ly beautiful plumage. The winged tribe and in- sects are various and infinite, some surpassing in beauty, and others in noxiousness ; but next to the volcanic eruptions and natural convulsions of the earth, the greatest terror of S. America are .the reptiles, which exceed in variety, number, and voracity those of any other jKirt of the world. Of the inhabitants of the waters, the electric eel and ink-fish are peculiar to the east- em coast of the equatorial latitudes of this hemis- phere ; in addition to which, nearly all the species common to other seas and rivers are also abun- dant. Indestructible metals and gems are more abundant in this division of the western hemis- phere than any other part of the world ; and gold and silver seem to abound to such a degree as is likely soon to satiate the mania for tneir possession. Copper, in several parts, is also abundant. The vegetable productions exceed in variety, beauty, and utility, those of Asia, or any other part of the globe, whether considered iu reference to sustenance, or to luxury, tfiste, and adornment in art. Vegetation pr(»sents a great number of gradations. From the shores of the sea to the height of 1,083 ft. we meet with mag- nificent palms, the most odoriferous lilies, and the balsaia of Tolu. Th« large flowered jessa AME S4 AML mine and the datura arborea exhale at night their delicious perfume, and ornament the head dress of tlie ladies with their beautiful flowers. On the arid shores of the ocean as well as in the depth of the interior forests, grows spontaneously the cocoa tree, whose fruit is applied to so many useful purposes. The trunk is composed of hard, strong fibres crossing each other like net work, and uiere are properly no branches. The husk of tha cocoa nut is twisted into cordage, and of tlie pulp a Bpecies of butter is made. Above the region of the palm commences that of the arbores- cent fero and the cinchona wliich bears the febri- fuge bafk. Above this, a broad zone of 6,000 to 12,000 ft. contains the region of alpine plants. The sugar cane, the orange, coffee and cotton have been introduced by the Europeans, and flourish in great luxuriance. The climate, though nox- ious in certain confined and local situations, is on the whole delightful ; in short, nothing is wanting but judicious and well-directed n^ans, on the part of man, to render the whole southern division of the western hemisphere the abode of enjoyment and prosperity. p America, p.t. capital of Alexander Co. Illinois, on the Ohio, 7 m. above the Mississippi. Amerpore, a town of Nepaul, 10 m. W of Moowanpoor. jimerhute, a fort of Hindoostan, in the exten- sive sandy desert between the Indus and the Piid- dar. This place is celebrated as the retreat of the emperor Humaioon, durinnr his troubles; ^nd here was born his son, the illustrious Acbar. It is 1()0 m. E. N. E. of Tatta. Aincrsfort, a town of Holland, in the stat* of Utrecht. A considerable quantity of tobacco is raised in the neighbourhood. It has a trade in beer, and goods from Germany are shipped here for Amsterdam. It is seated in a fertile country, on the river Ems, 10 m. E. N. E. of Utrecht. Amersham or Agviondcsham, a borougli in Buck- inghamshire, returning 2 members to parliament, with a market on Tuesday. It has a considerable manufacture of black lace. The town -hall is the handsomest in the country. It is seated in a vale between woody hills, 2G m. N. W. of London. Pop. 2,012. Ames, p.t. Athens Co. Ohio, 77 m. S. E. Co- lumbus. Ameslmrtj, p.t. Essex Co. Mass. 40 m. N. E. Boston : on the Merrimack 4 m. above Newbury- port, is a thriving manufacturing town. Pop. 2,445. In the iron factories 1,000 tons of iron were formerly wrought in a vear. The nail ma- chine invented by Jacob Perkins, was first put in motion here. The flannel factory ha« 5,000 spin- dles, and turns out 200 pieces in a ^eek. There are several other factories, bleacheries, &c. Ameshury, or Amhresbury, a town in Wiltshire, with a market on Friday. It is seated on the lower Avon, at the place where a number of Brit- ons were treacherously murdered, and near that famous monument of antiquity, Stonehenge. Here are the ruins of a venerable abbey. This place gave birth to Addison. It is (» m. N. of Salisbury, and 77 W. of London. Pop. 810. Amhara, a district of Abyssinia, between the Deuder and Tacazze branches of the Nile. Amherst, a town, recently established by the English, at the bottom of the gulf of Martaban, in the Birman empire. Here is a Baptist Mission- ary. Amherst, p.t. Hampshire Co. Mass. 91 m. W. Boston and 7 E. of Conn, river. Pop. 2,G3i : has a college incorporated in 1825. This ir^emina ry has 7 Professors and 4 tutors. The number of Students is 188. The libraries contains about 7,000 volumes. Here are also an academy, and an institution called the Mount Pleasant Institu- tion, containing 9 instnK;t)rs. Amherst, p.t. one of the seats of justice in Hills- borough, N. H., on Souhegan river, a branch of the Merrimack, 47 m. fr. Boston ; it is a pleasant town, and contains a mineral spring. Pop. 1,657. Amherst, t. Erie Co. N. Y. 12 m. N. Buffalo. Pop. 2,489. Amherst, an inland county of Virginia, on the north bank of James River. The court house of the county is 130 m. W. of Richmond. Pop. 12,072. Amherst Springs, p. v. Amherst Co. Va. 211 m W. Wash. Amherst, p.t. Lorain Co. Ohio. 130 m. N. E. Columbus. Amherstburg, a town and fort of Upper Canada, on the east side of the river Detroit, at its en- trance into Lake Erie. Long. 82. 56. W. lat. 42. 36. N. Amiens, a large and populous town of France, in the department of Somme. It is a place of great antiquity ; being mentioned by Cffisar (by whom it was called Samaro-Briva) as a town that had made a vigorous resistance against the Ro- mans, and where he convened a general assem- bly of the Gauls. The town is encompassed with a wall and other fortifications ; and the ramparts are planted with trees, which form a delightful walk. The city has five gates. At the gate of Noyon there is a suburb, remarkable for the abbey of St. Achen. The cathedral is one of the largest and most magnificent churches in France. Tliree branches of the river Somme pass tlirough this city, and afterwards unite. Amiens was takexi by the Spaniards in 1597, but retaken by Henry IV. who built a citadel in it. A tffe.aj.y of peace was concluded here, March 27, 1802',. between Spain, Holland, France, and England. It lias manufac- tures of linen and woolen cloth, which employ in the city and adjacent country, 30,tK)0 people It is 20 m. S. E. of'^Abbeville, and 75 N. of Paris. Amite, a county of Mississippi. Pop. 7,943l Liberty is the chief town. Amity, p. v. Washington Co. Pa. 1 Amity, p.v. Allegany Co. N. Y. Pop. 872. ! Amity, t. Berks Co. Pa. Amissrilie, p.v. Culpepper Co. Va. 86. m. W^ash. Amlwich, a town of Wales, on the N. coast of Anglesey with a harbour for small vessels. In ]7(W, when the Parys copper mines were opened, it did not contain above G houses ; but in 1821, AMS AM3 1,096, and 7,292 inhab. It is 25 m. W. of Beau- maris, and 266 N. W. of London. See Parys. Amman, a town of Syria, anciently the capital of the Ammonites, called Rabbah Ammon, and by the Greeks Philadelphia, and now the principal place of a district. It is 30 m. S. W. of Bosra, and 52 N. of Jerusalem. Amol, a town of Usbec Tartary, In Buch^ria, and a place of considerable trade. It is seated on the Amu, which falls into the sea of Aral, 60 m. W. of Bucharia. Long. 60. 40. E. lat. 39. 20. N. Amol, a town of Persia, in Mazanderan, with the remains of an ancient fortress and palace. It has manufactures of cotton, and in the neighbour- hood are iron mines and cannon founderies. It stands in a plain, at the foot of Mount Taurus, and on the borders of the Caspian sea, 30 m. N. W. ofFerabad. Long. 52. 38. E. lat. 37. 30. N. Amonoosuck, Upper and Lower; two rivers rising among the White Mountains and flowing into the Connecticut ; each about 50 m. long. Amorgo, an island of the Archipelago, fertile in wine, oil, and corn. The best cultivated parts belong to a monastery. It is'SO miles in circum- ference, and 67 Horth of Candia. Long. 26. 15. E. lat. 36. 20. N. Amoskeag falls, on the Merrimack, in N. Hamp- shire, 15 m. below Concord, consist of 3 pitches within half a mile, descending about 50 feet. A canal passes round them. Amour, or Amur, river of Chinese Tartary. See Saghalien. Amoy, an island on the S. E. coast of China, 15 miles in circumference. The English had a factory here, but abandoned it on account of the impositions of the inhabitants. Its port, on the west side, is capable of receiving 1,000 ships. Long. 118. 45. E. lat. 24. 20. N. Amplepuis,a. town of France, in the department of Rhone, celebrated for its wines. It is 16 m. W. of Villefranche, and 26 N. W. of Lyons. Ampthill, a town in B-edfordshire, with a mar- ket on Thursday. It was the residence of Cath- arine, queen of Henry VIII. during the time that her unjust divorce was in agitation. This event is commemorated by a poetical inscription on a column where the old castle stood. It is situate between 2 hills, 6 m. S. of Bedford, and 45 N. W. of London. Pop. 1,527. Ampurias, a sea-port of Spain, in Catalonia, at the mouth of the Fluvia, 70 m. N. E. of Barcelo- na. Long. 3. 0. E. lat. 42. 9. N. Amras, a castle or palace of Germany, in Tyrol, at the foot of a mountain, 2 m. S. E. of Inspruck. Amsterdam, the principal city of Holland Pro- per, the capital of the northern division of the Netherlands, and formerly of the republic of the Seven United Provinces, is situated at the conflu- ence of the rivers Amstel and Y, or Wye, near the south-western extremity of the Zuvder Zee. 90 m. N. bv E. from Antwerp, in lat. 52. 25. N. long. 4. 40". E. Pop. 180,000. This city was un- known in history before the latter end of the thir- teenth century, and was then noticed only as a collection of fishermen's huts in the middle of a morass. It first acquired a commercial character about the year 1370, but was not fortified till the end of the succeeding century ; after which period ^.t gradually increased in magnitude and mercan- tile celebrity, yet not without experiencing some severe check. In 1512 it wa* besieged by the people of Guelderland, who, on failure of their attempt to take the city, set fire to the shipping in the harbour. During the same century it« tranquillity was disturbed by tumults and insnr- rections occasioned by the anabaptists ; in one of which Van Geelen, the leader of these enthu- siasts, led his followers openly in military array, with drums beating and colours fly in or to the town house, where he fixed his head quarters. He was however, soon dispossessed. The magistrates assembled the burghers, who showed no disposi- tion to take part with the insurgents, and being aided by some regular troops, surrounded the place ; and after an obstinate resistance, he and the whole of his surviving band were taken pris- oners, and putj^.o death under circumstances of extreme cruelty. The city was taken possession of by the Hollanders in 1578, on condition that the religious lights of the Roman Catholic citi- zens should be respected. The condition was but ill observed ; for all the ecclesiastics of both sexes were driven out of the city, the images broken, and the altars demolished. From this period its opulence and splendour increased with an almost uninterrupted rapidity till its connection with the revolutionary government of France, which caus- ed a total annihilation of its commerce during the continuation of the union of the countries. One cause of the advancement of Amsterdam was the decay of Antwerp, occasioned chiefly by the closing of the navigation of the Scheldt ; an- other, which also concurred in securing the sta- bility of its commerce, was the erection of ^e public bank. This establishment was institnWd in 1609, in order to obviate the inconveniences arising from the very debased state of the curren- cy of Holland, which was made up of coins brought from every part of the world. Merchants often found it difficult to procure standard coin to pay their bills ; but as the bank received the light and worn out coin at its intrinsic value, an inva- riable standard was thus formed which tended greatly to simplify the operations of trade. 'The amount of the capital of the bank was never cor- rectly ascertained, though it is said to have in- creased in the period of its prosperity to upwards of forty millions sterling of actual deposits. These originally consisted of coined money, but after- wards large quantities of gold and silver bullion were received. After the French invasion in 1795 it was ascertained, however, that its boasted treasury ^were imaginary : the precious metals had been''lent out by the directors to different public bodies, whose bonds were deposited in their stead. In consequence of its extensive commercial credit, Amsterdam was long the centre of ex- change for Europe ; but from the time that a want of confidence in the bank began to be felt, a great part of the exchange transactions have been carried on in London and Hamburgh. In the year 1757 this city suffered considerably from the explosion of a powder magazine, by which many buildings were destroyed. Durinaf the internal troubles that agitated the republic in 1797, it was occupied by the Prussians, who main- tained possession of it for a year ; afterwards, in 1805, it submitted to the French ; and when the United Provinces were incorporated into the body of the French empire under Napoleon, Amster dam was considered the third city in rank, being deemed inferior only to Paris and Rome. The government is vested in a council called Vroedschap, of thirty-six members, in whom th» supreme power is lodged. The office is held during life, and vacancies are filled by the survi- vors. This body «lecU the chief magistrates, A MS ZP AMS named burgomasters or echevins, a rank some- what similar to that of alderman : the number of tJiese is twelve ; they have the direction of all public works, and hold the keys of the city bank. The military protection of the town is in the charge of the militia, consisting of sixty compa- nies of from 200 to 300 men each. Jews and anabaptists are excluded from this body, as they are not allowed to bear arms : they are, however, obliged to contribute to the support of tJie city guard, consisting of 1,400 soldiers, and to the night watch, which patroles the streets and calls the hours. In addition to this night patrols, trumpeters are stationed in every church steeple, who sound every half hour, and, in case of fire, ring the alarm bells, and direct enquirers to the place. The city extends in the form of a semicircle on the southern bank of the Y, which is its diameter; on the land side it was surrounded by a wall and bastions, with a broad and deep fosse : the wall is dismantled; but the bastions still remain, and are used as sites for corn-mills. The Amstel, on en- tering the city, divides into two branches, from each of which issue numerous canals, forming a collection of islands, connected with each other by 290 bridges; of which, that over the Amstel, commanding a panoramic view of the city and its environs, is the only one worthy of notice. That part of the river Y which, forms the port of Am- sterdam, is guarded by a double row of piles, with openings at intervals for the admission of vessels : these openings are always closed at night. The deeply laden ships lie outside the piles, in a place called" the Laag. During the period of Dutch prosperity, an hundred vessels have entered the port in one tide, and six or seven hundred were to be seen there at anchor together. On the op- posite side of the Y are the locks by which ships enter the great canal, which is carried thence, in a straight line, northwards to the Texel ; thus preventing the risk and delay of a voyage through the Zuyder Zee. This canal, which has been recently finished, is 120 feet wide at the surface, and twenty-five deep. It was constructed at an expense of 1,000,000/. sterling. It terminates at the Helder, which was nothing more than a fish- ing village, until it was fortified by Bonaparte for the defence of a naval arsenal he formed there, and which is now called Willems-oord. The isl- and of the Texel is principally devoted to the breeding of sheep. The cheese made from their milk is much prized by the inhabitants. The canals with which the city is intersected, though extremely convenient and ornamental, are attend- ed with one very disagreeable consequence : from the stagnation of the water, and the collection of offal of every kind discharged into them, they •end forth effluvia equally offensive and unwhole- some, which all the characteristic cleanliness of the inhabitants has not been able wholly to re- move Mills have been erected on their banks, to promote a circulation of air by ventilation ; others, called mud-mills, from the purpose to which they are applied, are also used to raise and remove the slime which the river deposits largely. In consequence of the badness of the founda- tion, the whole city is built on piles driven end- ways into the mud; a circumstance which occa- sioned the witty remark of Erasmus, on visiting it, " that he was in a town where the inhabitants lived, like rooks, on the the tops of trees." This circumstance also occasioned the restriction of coaches to men of consequence and physicians, who paid a tax for the privilege of using them ; the magistrates conceiving that the rolling of the wheels produced a dangerous concussion of the piles. Goods are conveyed through the town on sledges ; and the common conveyance for those who do not wish to walk is a kind of sleigh or traineau, consisting of the body of a carriage fix- ed jon a hifrdle, drawn by a single horse, and guided by the driver, who walks by its side. The streets in general are narrow, with the exception of a few which present a fine appearance, and are adorned with spacious mansions. The principal square is the Dam, in front of the palace ; besides which there are three others, where markets and an annual fair are held. The palace, formerly the stadthouse, or town hall, is considered to be the most magnificent building in Holland. It forms an oblong square, 282 feet in length, 2;?5in breadth, and IIG in height, besides the tower, which is 67 feet high. Within is a spacious hall, 150 feet long, 60 broad, and 100 high. This hall, and the other apartments of the palace, are adorn- ed with some fine paintings. Strangers are ad- mitted daily to vievt it, under the sole restriction of writing down their names on entering. The front entrance has seven doors, which were in- tended for the representatives of the Seven Unit- ed Provinces, but are now reserved exclusively for the royal family. All other persons obtain admission through the back entrance. The base- ment story was formerly used to hold the im- mense treasures of the bank. The royal museum contains, besides other cu- riosities, a fine collection of paintings, chiefly of the Flemish school. It is said that the emperor Alexander offered the sum of 30,000/. for one alone. Visitors are admissible to the museum on terms of equal liberality as to the palace. The exchange is a large but plain building, 230 feet in length and 1 30 in breadth : it is capable of containing 4,500 persons ; and is divided into thir- ty-six compartments, for the transaction of the various kinds of commercial business carried on there. The deficiency of architectural elegance in the {daces of public worship is very striking, particu- arly to travellers coming from the Netherlands, where much attention is paid to their embelish- ment. The old church of St. Nicholas has some fine painted windows, and contains the tombs of several of the celebrated Dutch admirals. The burial ground of one of the sixteen chapels attach- ed to it was appropriated, by the catholic magis- tracy of Amsterdam, during the period of religious persecution, for the interment of the protestant merchants of Hamburgh who died here. The new church of St. Catherine contains a splendid monument of white marble, erected to the memory of admiral de Ruyter. The Portuguese synagogue is said to have been built in imitation of the tem- ple of Solomon. The churches of the established religion, which is the reformed or Calvinistic, are distinguished by being the only places of worship which are allowed the use of bells. The total number of churches is, ten Dutch reformed, twenty-two catholic, one French reformed, one English presbyterian, three Lutheran, one ana- baptist, one Walloon, one Greek, and seven syna- gogues. The number of resident Jews is estima- ted at 17,000. The management of the penitentiaries is pecu- liarly worthy of notice. The number of convicts is great, not because crime is more common, but because the punishment of death is seldom infiic'.- AMS 37 ANC ed; imprisonment for various periods, in most cases, supplies its place. The priRcipal prison is the house of correction, called also the Rasp- house, because the chief employment of its in- mates is the cutting and rasping of Brazil wood. In this place of confinement, no one is suffered to be idle ; and thus the government is indemnified for much of the expenditure incurred ; afld the Crisoners, on their part, are frequently reclaimed, y its wholesome and rigid discipline, from the dissolute and vicious habits which led them to be- come its inmates. In tlie yard of the prison is one cell, and one only, for the treatment of the incorrigibly idle. A stream of water constantly flows into it, which can only be discharged through a pump set up within. The only means, there- fore, by which the inmate can avoid being over- whelmed by the ingress of the water is by work- ing incessantly at the pump : if he persists in his idleness, he is inevitably drowned. It is said that it is now never used. The workhouse is intended for minor offences ; some of which are not recognised by our laws. Husbands may send their wives thither on a charge of drunkenness or extravagance ; and they are themselves liable to punishment for the same offences. Young women, also, even of good fam- ilies, are sometimes sent thither as to a school of rigorous reformation. The charitable institutions are numerous, and generally well conducted. Amsterdam can boast of a fair proportion of literary and scientific societies. The principal, named Felix Meritis, comprehends among its members most of the literature of the kingdom. Its business is distributed among five classes or committees : one for agriculture, manufactures, and commerce ; the second for mathematics and its kindred sciences ; the third for the polite arts ; the fourth for music ; and the fifth for general or miscellaneous literature. The building contains a theatre for the delivery of lectures, a museum, a gallery of sculpture, a drawing school, and an observatory commanding a fine view of the city and its environs. The public botanic garden, though plentifully stocked, does not contain any plants of extraordinary value. In the Royal Academy of Liberal Arts, a late institution for communicating instructions in painting, sculp- ture, and architecture, jjensions for four years are granted to the most deserving pupils, which are appropriated to a journey to Italy. In the naval schools, children of common seamen, when proj)- erly recommended, are educated gratuitously ; as are the sons of officers, on the payment of asraall pension. All are treated alike ; and almost every officer who has elevated the naval character of hii country has received liis education here. Amsterdam and St. Paul, two islands in the 'adian Ocean, lyinw in the same longitude, at 40 m. distance.. Their names are reversed by nav- igators, but most of them call the northern one St. Paul, and the southern Amsterdam. The latter is high land, and upward of 4 m. lonj, and 2 broad. It has evident marks of volcanic erup- tion in every part, and is almost wholly covered with a deep fertile soil, but is destitute of trees. On the east side is a great crater, into which the sea has made a narrow and shallow entrance ; its shelving sides are 700 feet in perpendicular height, in which, and in the causeway dividing it from the sea, are several hot springs of ^resh water. St. Paul, or the northern island, presents no very high land, or any rise in a conic form. It is covered with shrubs and low trees, but has no convenient landing-place. Long. 77. 48. £. lat. 37. 51. S. Amsterdam, A'eir, one of the Friendly islands. See Tongataboo. Amsterdam, p t. Montgomery Co. N. Y. 33 m. N. W. Albany. Pop. 3,354. Amu, Gihvn, Ami, or Oxus, a river of Indepen- dent Tartary, formed by numerous streams which issue from the mountains of Belur, on the con- fines of India and Persia, and flowing W. by N. through Bucharia, enters the S. extremity of th« lake Aral afler a course of 1,200 m., part of which is through a desert Amwdl, a village in Hertfordshire, 1 m. S. of Ware, famous for originally giving rise to tlie New River, which supplies a great part of London with water. Amicell, p. t. Washington Co. Pa. Anacopia, the capital of the nation of the Abkahs, on the river Makai, near its entrance into the Black sea. Long. 40. 30. E. lat. 43. 20. N. Anadir, a river of Siberia, which has its source in a lake in the province of Tchukotski, and runs into Notchen Bay, near Behring's straits. Ana Capri. See Capri. Anah, a town of Asiatic Turkey, in Diarbeck, in a country producing abundance of corn and fruit. It stands on a river that flows into the Euphrates. 80 m. W. N. W. of Bagdad and 240 S. S.E. of Diarbekir. Lon^. 42. 28. £. lat. 34. 6. N. Anantpour, a town of Hindoostan, in Mysore, 100 m. N. E. of Chitteldroog, and 120 N. of Ban- galore. Anaquito, a district in the province of Quito, and kingdom of Peru, where Almagro and Piz- arro (joint discoverers of Peru,) engaged each other in battle, in 1546. Anattom, an island, the most southern of the New Hebrides, in the Pacific ocean. Long. 170. 9. E. lat. 20. 10. N. Anbar, a town of Asiatic Turkey, in Irac Arab!, seated on the Euphrates. 50 m. W. of Bagdad. Ancarani, a town of Italy, 5 m. N. of Ascoli, and 82 N. E. of Rome. Aruaster, p.t. Upper Canada, at the W. end of L. Ontario. Ancaster, a village in Lincolnshire, Eng. 15 m. S. Lincoln. It stands on a Roman high- way at the foot of a hill which abounds with antiquities, and at the S. end are the remains of a castle. Ancenis, a town of France, in the department of Lower Loire, seated on the Loire, 20 m. E. of Nantes. AnckoJm, a river in Lincolnshire, Eng. which ri- ses near Market Raisin, flows to Glandford-bridge and is navigable thence to the Humber. Andam, a fortified town of Hither Pomerania, on the river Peene, 20 m. S. E. of Gripswald. Ancoder, a territory of Guinea, on the Gold coast, to the W. of Axim. It has a river of the same name flowing through it ; and at its mouth is a town with a good harbour. Long. 1. 10. W lat. 4. 50. N. Ancona, Marquisate of, a maritime province of the states of the church, Italy, bounded on the E. by the .\driatic, and on the W. by the Apennines ; it is very fruitful in com, fruits and silk. Ancona, a city and seaport of Italy in the a- bo ve province, and a bishop's see, with a citadel on a hill. The cathedral stands upon another hill, and the houses extend down the side of the eminence toward the Gulf of Venice. Clement XII. built a mole, to render the harbour safe ; it is erected on the ruins of the ancient mole, raised by D AND 38 AND Trajan, above 2,000 ft. in length. Near this stands the beautiful triumphal arch of Trajan. Here likewise Clement XII. erected a lazaretto, which advances a little way into the sea in tlie form of a pentagon. Great numbers of Jews are settled in this city, where they have a synagogue; and they iiave the principal share of its commerce. An- cona was taken in 179G by the French, who sur- rendered it to theAustrians in 1799. It is J16 m. N. by E. of Rome. Long. 13. 29. E. lat. 43.33. N. Pop. about 20,000. Ancram, p.t. Columbia Co. N.Y. 52 m. S. Al- bany. Pop. 1,533. Here are large manufactures of bar and pig iron. Ancyra, the capital of Galatia, near the river Halys, said to have been built by Midas, king of Phrygia, and so named from an anchor found there. See Angoura. Andahuailas, the chief town of a district of the same name, in the intendency of Guamanga, Pe- ru, about 100 m. W. of Cuzco. Andalusia, a province of Spain, which in its largest sense comprises the kingdom of Granada, Seville, Cordova, Jaen, and the colony of Sierra Morena, bounded on the N. by Estremadura and La Mancha, E. by Murcia, S. by the Mediterra- nean, and W. by the Atlantic and Portugal. The Guadalquivir runs through its whole length ; and it is the most fertile and trading country in Spain. Its aggregate superficies are 2,281 French leagues, and pop. about 1,900,000. The French overran this province in 1810, but evacuated it in consequence of the battle of Salamanca, in 1812. The capital is Seville. Andalusia, JS'cw. See Paria. Andalusia, p. t. Bucks Co. Pa. 94 m. E. Harris- burg. Andaman Islands, several islands on the E. side of tlie bay of Bengal. The largest called Great Andaman, is 120 m. long and 16 broad, indented by deep bays affording good harbours, and intersected by rivers one of which passes quite ■through the island, and at high water is navigable lor sniall vessels. The forests afford some precious 1 rees, as ebony and the Nicobar bread-fruit : and the edible birds' nests abound here. The only quadrupeds seem to be wild hogs, monkeys, and rats. The inhabitants are in a state of barbarism, and live chiefly on fish, fruits, and herbs ; they perfectly resemble negroes, and their canoes are of 'he rudest kind. In 1793, the English made a settlement on the N. end of Great Andaman, the largest island, which is called Port Cornwallis, •ind has a commodious harbour to shelter ships durino- the N. E. monsoon. Long. 93. 0. E. lat. !3. 30. N. Andaye, a fortified town of France, in the depart- nent of Lower Pyrenees, famous for its brandy, it is situate near the mouth of the Bidassoa, dmost opposite Fontarabia, in Spain, 18 m. S. W. of Bayonne. Andely, a town of France, in the department of 'ure, divided by a paved road into Great and ' kittle Andely, a mile from each other. Great Vndelv is on tberivuletGamons,and Little Ande- : f on the Seine. The cloths manufactured here re in liigh esteem. Iti9l7m. N. E. of Evreux, nd20 S. E. of Rouen. Andernarh, a town in the grand duchy of the ' ,ower Rhine, now forming part of tlie Prussian ■■•rritory. Great quantities of timber are collected i^re, which are formed into vast rafts, and floated "ence to Dordreclit. in Holland. It is seated on ue Rhine, 20 m. N! W. of Coblenlz. Anderah, a city of Usbec Tartary, capital of the province of Tokaristan. In its vicinity are rich quarries of lapis lazuli. It is seated on a branch of the Gihon Amu, and near a pass through the mountains of Ilindooko into the kingdom of Cau- b«l, 240 m. E. S. E. of Balk. Lonest comprehend the gigantic magnificence of tlie Andes. Through these natural gates the great L.4iir"-^ ar^4 £^ ^ ^ ■■■■■■. ^ <«k]&£ 4 r-4 ... '^::, A ^■:--' rivers find a passagre to the sea. Here also are villages of mountameers ; pastures covered with llamas and sheep ; orchards bordered with quick- set hedges and luxuriant and highly cultivated cornfields, occupying a station suspended as it were in the lofty regions of the air; and the traveller can hardly bring himself to believe that this habitable region is higher above the sea than the summit of the Pyrenees. Andlaii, a town of France, in the department of Lower Rhine, with a castle, situate on a moun- tain, 18 m. S. S. W. of Strasburg. Jindover, a borough in Hampshire, Eng. re- turning two members to Parliament, with a market on Saturday, a manufacture of shalloons, and. a considerable trade in malt. A navigable canal passes lience to Southampton water. It is situate near the river Ande, 10 m. N. by W. of Winchester, and G3. W. by S. of London. Pop. in 1821, 4,123. Jindover, p.t. Merrimack Co. N. H. 21. m. fr. Concord. Pop. 1 ,32-1 ^nduvcr, p.t. Windsor Co. Vt. 68. m. S. Mont- p»''er. Pop. 975. Andover, p.t. Essex Co. Mass. 20 m. N. Boston. Pop. 4,.'i40. This is a pleasant and thriving town with manufactures of flannel and other woolen cloths ; but is chiefly distinguished for its Theo- logical Seminar}', first established in 1807 and enliTsrod by subsequent endowments, amountino- to 4!ifl. 000 dollars. It comprises three large piles of building v.-ith accomodations for 120 students. The doctrines of this institution are substantial- ly Calvinism. The library has 5,000 volumes. Most of the students are supported by charity. The officers are a President and 4 Professors. Andover also contains Phillips Academy, founded in 1788. Its officers are a principal and 5 assis- tants. The usual number of students is 130 ; all of them are engaged in classical studies. The funds of the institution amount to 50.000 dollars. AnLlover has a third Seminary called Franklin Academy, in which classical studies are ptirsucd. Jindover, p.t. Tolland Co. Conn. 15 m. E. Hart- ford. Andover, p.t. Allegany Co. N. Y. 285 m. W. Albany. Pop. 598. Andover. p.t. Sussex Co. N. J. 48 m. N. Trenton. Andover, p.t. Ashtabula Co. Ohio. 200 m. K. E. CcJumbus. Andriigiry, the capital of a kingdom on the £. coast of the island of Sumatra. The chief produce is pepper. It is seated on a river, com- modious for trade, 200 m. N. by W. of Bencoolen. Long. 102. 0. E. lat. 0. 58. S. Andranim, a town of Sweden, in Gothland, with the greatest alum work in the kingdom. It is 10 m. S. of Christianstadt. Andrcasherg, a town of Lower Saxony, in tlie ducliy of Brunswick, with good silver mines, 28 m. N. E. of Gottingen. Andreic, St. a town of Germany, in Carinthia, and a bishop's see ; seated on the river Lavant, 20 m. E. N. E. of Clagenfurt. Andrews, St. a sea-port town of New Bruns- wick, at the entrance of Passamaquoddy River. Andrew-c:, St. a city of Scotland, in Fifeshire, once the metropolis of the Pictish kingdom, and the see of an archbishop. About the middle of the twelfth century, Da- vid I. erected the town into a royal burgh, and the privileges which it thus obtained were con- firmed by Malcolm II. In the wars of subse- quent times, it v.-as more than once the object of bloody contention between the loyalists and the malcontents ; and at the commencement of the Reformation it suffered its full share in the vio- lences which were committed. The cathedral, which was once the glory of the city, is now a ruin. It is said to have been not less than 157 years in building, but was nearly destroyed in one day, the assailants leaving only sufficient of it standing to indicate its former magnitude and great antiquity. The remains consist of part of the east and west ends, and of the soutli side, together with the chapel of St. Regulus, the entire body and great tower of which still exist. The latter is 103 feet high, and forms an immense equilateral triangle, each side being twenty feet broad. The ancient castle retains as little of its origi- nal grandeur as the cathedral ; but it is still re- membered as the scene of manv a desperate struggle in former times. It was from one of the windows of this building that cardinal Beatoun beheld his unjust sentence of the heroic reformer Wishart put in execution ; and it was before the same window that his own body was Laid after his assassination by the friends of the reformer. The university of St. Andrew's is the oldest in Scotland, and originally consisted of three col- leges — St. Salvator's, St. Leonard's, and St. Mary's or the new college. Its government is formed of a chancellor, wno, previous to the Re- formation, was tiie archbishop of the diocese, but since then has been elected by the professor, and of the principals of the colleges. The number of stu- dents seldom exceeds 300 ; but both the healthy situation of the town and its accommodations for study crive it great advantages as a glace of educa- tion. The college of St. Mary is devoted entirely to students in theology ; that of St. Salvator to the sciences in general. The extensive library of the university contains near 40,000 volumes, and numerous manuscripts. Dr. Johnson visited this city in his tour through Scotland, and speaks of it with more than usual urbanity. " We found," says he, " that, by the interposition of some invisible friend, lodgings AND 40 ANO had been provided for us at the house of one of the professors, whose easy civility quickly made us forget that we were strangers ; and in the whcie time of our stay we were gratified by every mode of kindness, and entertained with all the elegance of lettered hospitality. In the morning we rose to perambulate a city which only history shows to have once flourished ; and surveyed the remains of ancient magnificence, of which even the ruins cannot long be visible, unless some care be taken to preserve them ; and where is the pleasure of preserving such mournful memorials ? They have been till very lately so much neglect- ed, that every man earned away the stones, who fancied that he wanted them. The university within a few years consisted of three colleges, but is now reduced -to two ; the college of St. Leonard being lately dissolved by the sale of its buildings and the appropriation of its revenues to the professors of the two others. The chapel of the alienated college is yet standing — a fabric not inelegant of external structure ; but I was always by some civil excuse hindered from enter- ing it. The dissolution of St. Leonard's college was doubtless necessary ; but of that necessity there is reason to complain. It is surely not without just reproach, that a nation, of which the commerce is hourly extending and the wealth in- creasing, denies any participation of its prosperity to its literary societies, and, while its merchants or its nobles are raising palaces, suffers its uni- versities to moulder into dust." In the year 1683, the tomb of bishop Kennedy in the college church was opened, and six silver maces were found in it of very beautiful workmanship. The other religious structures of this town are interesting for their i ntiquity ; and the principal church, which is su.ficiently large to hold between two and three thousand people, contains the monument of archbishop Sharpe, who was murdered near the town by the covenanters, and whose tragical history is displayed in rude sculpture on one of the walls. Till the Reformation, St. Andrew's enjoyed the high distinction of being the metropolitan see of the Scottish kingdom. It also carried on a profit- able trade ; and, in the time of Charles I., posses- sed between thirty and forty vessels. Both its commerce and its manufactures have of Inte years been reduced to a low ebb, and the manufacture of golf-b,alls is now the only one that exists. It is associated with Dundee, Cupar, Perth, and Forfar, in sending one member to parliament. It is seat- ed at the bottom of a bay, on the level top of a small hill, 30 m. N. N. E. of Edinburgh. I-ono-. 2. 50. W. lat. 56. 18. N. Pop. in 1821. 4,900. ' Andrews-bridge, p. v. Lancaster Co. Fa. 38 m. S. E. Harrisburg. Andros, an island in the Archipelago, 24 m. long and 8 broad. It is one of the ancient Cyclades. It has fertile plains, which are well watered ; and it wants only a good harbour. The inhabitants are of the Greek church, and have a bishop and several monasteries. The principal riches of this island consist in silks, and the fields produce oran- pjes, citrons, mulberries, pomegranates, and figs. The capital is of the same name ; and about two miles from it are to be seen the ruins of a strong wall, with the fragments of many columns, chapi- ters, bases, broken statues, and several inscriptions, some of which mention the senate and people of Andros, and the priests of Bacchus; from which it is probable that this was the site of the ancient city ; Long. 25. 2. E. lat 38. 0. N. Androscoggin, a river rising from Umbagog Lake, on the W. side of the state of Maine, it runs into New Hampshire, and re-enters Maine, falling into the Kennebeck, about 18 m. above its conflu- ence with the sea. Anduxar, or Andvjar, a town of Spain, in Anda- lusia, with a castle, and some beautiful churches and convents. The environs abound in \\ lieiit, wine, oil, honey, and fruit. It is seated im the Guadalquivir, and on the great post road from Madrid, dis. 5 1-2 leagues, by way of Cordova to Seville and Cadiz. Antmur, Cape, the southern extremity of Cara mania, opposite the Isle of Cyprus ; on the prom- ontory are the ruins of the ancient city Anemu- riuni. N. lat. 36. 15. E. long. ;?2. 36. Angedlva, a small island in the Indian Ocean, off" the coast of Malabar, belonging ♦o the Portu- guese. It is 60 m. S. S. E. of Goa. Long. 74. 12. E. lat. 14. 43. N. Anegada, the most northern of the English Virgin Islands. Long. 64. 7. W. lat. 18. 40. N. Angelica, the chief town of Alleghany Co. N. Y. 282. m. W. of Albany. Pop. 998. Angela, St., a town of Italy, 14 m. S W. of Urbino. Angela, St., a town of Naples, 6 m. N. N. W. of Conza. Angelas, a city of Mexico. See Puehla dc los Angdos. An^erhurg, a town of Prussia, with a castle, seated on the N. side of a lake, to which it gives name, 70 m. S. E. of Konigsberg. Long. 22. 15. £. lat. 54. 8. N. Angerbury, or Angermanland, a province of Sweden, in No) dland, 150 miles long, and from 25 to 80 broad, the widest part being to the east on the gulf of Bothnia. It is mountainous and woody, and in it are considerable iron-works. The chief town is Ilernosand. Angcrmunde, a town of Brai lenburg, in the Ucker Mark, on the lake Mund> , 48 m. N. N. E. of Berlin. Angers, o-ldLige city of France, in the depart- ment of Maine and Loire, situated near the '-r n- fluence of the Sarte, the Loire, and the Mtine, which divides the city into two equal parts, be- tween which there is a communication by two large bridges. Angers contains 36,000 inhabit- ants. The castle is situated in the centre of the city, on a rock, overhanging the river. The cathedral is a venerable and elegant structure: the principal gate is surrounded with three steeplo.". Here lies interred with her ancestors, the renown- ed Margaret, daughter of Rene, king of Sicily, and queen of Henry VI. of England, who ex- pired after many intrepid but ■ ineffectual efforts to replace her husband on the throne, in 1482, at the castle of Dampierre. The university of An- gers was founded in 1398, and the academy of Belles Lettres in 1685. It has a considerable manufacture of handkerchiefs and canvas ; and the produce of the slate quarries, at tlie extremity of the suburb of Bressigny, forms likewise an im- portant article of commerce. The walls with which king John of England surrounded it in 1214, remain nearly entire, and are of very great circumference. It is 50 m. E. N. E. of Nantes, and 175 S. W. of Paris. Long. 0. 33. W. lat. 47 28. N. . Anglen, or Angelcn, a small country of Den- mark, in the duchy of Sleswick. RIany authors suppose that from the people of this country the English originated ; being called in to assist tha ANG 41 ANN Britons against the invaders from Norway, they in process of time became masters of the country, and gave it the name of England. Jiiiirli-scij. an island and Co. at the N. W. extrem- ity of Wales. It is separated from Caernarvonshire bv a long and narrow ciiannel called Menai, which passes from St. George's Channel, by Caernarvon and Hangor, to tlie Irish Sea. That part of the island which borders liiis strait is finely wooded, recalling to the mind its ancient state, when it was the celebrated seat of the Druids, whose terrific relisrious rites were }>erformed in tlie gloom of the thickest woods. Rude mounds and heaps of stone, said to be druidical remains, are still to be seen ; but a little way within, the whole appears a naked tract, without trees or hedges, watered by numerous rills, fertile in grass and corn, and ahoumling in cattle. This island produces vast quantities of copper and sulphur (see Ptirijs) and in tlie N. W. part is a quarry of green marble, in- termixed with asbestos. Beaumaris and Holyhead are the chief towns. Jliiijola, the wiiole extent of territory on the western coast of S. Africa, from near the equator to the i:ilh or]4tli deg. of S. lat. comprehending Loango, Congo, Angola Proper, and Benguela, is conunonly called Angola ; but Angola Proper, or the kingdom of Angola lies S. of the Congo, between the lat. of 7 to !) S. All this part of tlie coast of South Africa is well watered and exceed- ingly capable of yielding abundance, not only for the subsistence but the luxury of man. It is divided into numerous petty states and sovereio-n- ties, tiie chiefs of which live in constant collision with each other ; since the restriction of the traf- fic ill slaves to tlie S. of the equator, rapine and cruelty have reigned with uncontrolled sway over the whole of tiiis fine and extensive district ; and since the period of 181 5 and IHlG.more than 100,000 of the natives liave been annually transported as slaves, by the French, Spaniards, and Portuguese, to Martinique, Guadaloupe, Cuba, and the Brazils. St. Paulo de Loajigo in lat. about S..30. S. is the jirhrcfpal ])lace on the coast of Angola Proper, at whicii the Brazilians more particularly carry on their operation of slave traffic. Abstracted from tlie unsocializing and debasing influence which the slave-traffic is so strongly calculated to excite and promote, the in'iahitanls of this part of South Africa are much addicted to habits of idleness, idolatry, and polygamy. Jngola, p.v. Erie Co. N. Y. 291 m. W. Al- bany. .'JiiiTora, or Angnvrl, the ancient Ancyra, a city of Asiatic Turkey, in Natolia, and a Greek arch- bislnp's see, remarkable for its remains of antiqui- ty ; such as inscriptions, pillars, luins of temples, &c. Tlie castle has a triple inclosure, and the walls are of white marble and stone, resehibling porphyry. The inhabitants are estimated at 100, OOtl. Hero are bred the finest goats in the world; the hair being almost like silk, is worked into fine elutfs. It stands in a loRy situation, 212 m. S. E. of Constantinople. Long. 32. 50. E. lat. 40. 4. N. .iiiirinilemr, a town of France, capital of the department of Charente, and the see of a bishop. It is seated on a mountain surrounded by rocks. The river Chtirente runs at the foot ot it ; and there are some ])aper manufactures in its environs. It is .')() 111. W. S. W. of Limoges. Long. 0. 9. E. hit. 45. 39. N. J)ii. 2G. E. lat. 3C. 30. N. ArUiogo, St. an island on the S. W. coast of Sar- dinia, 14 m. long and 3 broad. In 1793 it was taken by the French, but evacuated soon after. Antioqiiia, or St. Fe de Antioquia, a town in the new department of Cauca, Colombia. It is seat- ed on the banks of the river Cauca, about 200 m. N. N. W. St. Fe de Bogota. Antiparos, the ancient Olearos, an island of the Archipelago, two miles west of Paros. It is only a rock, 16 miles in circuit ; yet in some parts is well cultivated, and produces as much barley as serves a small village. It has a remarkable grotto, about 70 yards high and 100 broad, which contains a vast variety of figures, and a white transparent crystalline substance resembling vegetables, mar- ble pillars, and a superb marble pyramid. Long. 25. 44. E. lat. 37. 8. N. Antisana, a peak of the Andes, in the depart- ment of Quito, which is volcanic, 19,150 ft. above tlie level of the sea. There is a village of the same name, a few leagues east of the city of Qui- to, at a height of 13,500 fl. being tlie highest in- habited place on the globe. Aiitoine, St. a town of France, in the department of isere, 5 m. N. E. of St. Marcellan. Antonio, St. the most northern of the Cape Verde islands, 15 m. from St. Vincent. It is full of high mountains, whence proceed streams of excellent water, which render the land fruitful. The prin- cipal town is setated among the mountains. Long. 25. 0. W. lat. 17. 0. N. Antonio de Be/iar, San, the Capital of Texas, on the S. Antonio river. It is a village composed of mud cabins covered with turf. Antonio de Capo, St. a town of Brasil, in the prov- ince of Pernambuco, situate near Cape St. Augus- tin, 30 m. S. S. W. Olinda. *j^* There are near 100 other towns and streams in difierent parts of South America and Mexico, dedicated to the tutelar saint of the Portuguese aud Spa.nia.ids, Antkomj, or San Antonio, who does not appear to have done much for them, as they are mostly insignificant. Antrim, a maritime county, on the N. E. coast of Ireland. It has two great natural curiosities; Loug'h Neagh, a large lake, the area of which ex- ceeds 100,000 acres, the waters being of a petrify- ing quality ; and the Giant's Causeway, consist- ing of lofty pillars of basaltes, all of anguljir Bhapes, from three sides to eight, and extending three miles along the north shore. The linen manu- facture is carried on very extensively in this county, and since about 1823 the cotton manufac- ture has been making considerable progress. The principal towns are Belfast, Lisburne, and Carrick- fer^us, each of which (in eiddition to the two for the county) returns one member to the parliament of the United Kingdom. Carrickfergus is the as- size town. The county contained in 1821, 270, 883 inhabitants, and 48,023 houses. Antrim, a town and parish of the above county, about 19 m. N. W. of Belfast. Pop. of the town 2,485, and of the parish, 5,129. The town is situate on the bank of a small stream, which runs into Lough Neagh, at a short distance on the north- east. Antrim, p.t. Hillsborough Co. N. Hampshire. G7 m. fr. Boston. Pop. 1,009. Antrim, p.t. Franklin Co. Pa. adjoining Mary- land. Antrim, t. Crawford Co. Ohio. Antwerp, a celebrated city of Brabant, and af- ter the decline of Venice and Genoa it became one of the most considerable commercial depots of Europe. It is situated on the cast bank of tlie Scheldt, in N. lat. 51. 13. and 4. 24. E. long The era of its greatest importance was about the commencement of the 17th century, when its population amounted to about 200,000, but the de- vastating policy of Austria and Spain involved it in the bigoted and ruthless contentions of that pe- riod ; further, bv tlie extent of the commercial transactions, which its localities drew hither as to a centre, it greatly rivalled the transactions of Rotterdam and Amsterdam, and as such excited the grovelling jealousy of the Hollanders ; the navigation of the Scheldt was tlierefore obstructed in 1648, by the treaty of Westphalia, between Spain and Holland, and Antwerp inconsequence, progressively declined in population and impor- tance, until the period of the French revolution. When the French overran this part of Europe in 1794, they proclaimed the free navigation of the Scheldt, and after the renewal of the war subse- quent to the peace, or rather the respite of Amiens in 1802, Antwerp claimed the especial notice of Napoleon, who constructed a basin to hold about 20 sail of the line, and a noble quay, along the east bank of the river, and made it his principal naval arsenal for the northern part of his empire. It was not, however, till subsequent to the gene- ral peace of Europe in 1814, when the Nether- lands were ceded to Holland, and Antwerp de- clared a free port for the transit of merchandise, tliat it began to resume its former wonted activity and importance. Since that period, Brussels, and a vast extent of countrv westward of the Rhine, draw their supplies of foreign produce from Antwerp, which is, in consequence, progressively, though slowly, increasing in population and in- terest. It has, however, but fe->v articles of ex- port, either witliin itself, or of transit. The city is nearly a semicircle, of about seven miles round. It was defended by the citadel, built by the duke of Alva to overawe the inhabi- tants. The whole appearance of its public build- ings, streets, and houses, affords the most incon- testible evidence of its former splendour. Many instances of tlie immense wealth of its merchants are recorded : among otlicrs, it is said that when Charles V. once dined with one of the chief mag- istrates, his host immediately ifler dinner threw into tlie fire a bond for two millions of ducats, which he had received as security for a loan to that monarch, saying that he was more than re paid by the honour of being permitted to enter- tain his sovereign. The most remarkable of the streets is the Place de Mer, said to be unequalled by any in Europe for its great length, its still more unusual breadth, and the extraordinary sumptuousness of its hou- ses. A crucifix thirty-three feet hio-h, made from a demolished statue of the duke of Alva, stands at one end of the street ; but the eye of taste is of fended here and elsewhere by the great intermix ANT 44 AOS lure of dwellings of the lowest description with Rplendiii palaces. The noble and tlie mechanic often inhabit adjoining houses. The want of sunken areas before the houses, and of raised foot- patlis for pedestrians, is also severely commented on by British visitors. The quays present a noble appearance : they are richly planted, and form one of the most fa- vourite promenades. In the neighbourhood of tlie basins for shipping, is a square building, 230 feet long each way, intended as a place of mer- chandise for the Oosterling or Hanseatic towns of Germany. In its middle story, which has a gal lery quite round the square, there are 300 lodg- ing rooms, but they are no longer used as such. The cellars serve for stables. Besides tJie canals usual in all Dutch towns, others of an extraordinary construction are to be found here. They are carried on wholly under ground, having been excavated at the exj)ense of individuals, in order to convey in small boats, to their storehouses, the goods which had been brought in by the usual conveyance of the open canals. They are now used as sewers. The town hall, in the great market-place, is a spacious building 250 feet long, having its front adorned with statues. It was rebuilt in 1581 , the period of the commercial downfal of the city. This building contains the public library, which is not remarkable for the number or rarity of its books. It also contains a fine collection of paint- ings. The royal palace in the Place de Mer, which had been fitted up for the residence of Bo- naparte, contains also some fine paintings. The Exchange, a large, but by no means an elegant structure, has served as a model for those of Amsterdam and London. Of the places of public worship, the cathedral is by far the most noble, not only as compared with those in the neighbourhood, but with any other on the continent. It is 500 feet long, 230 wide, and 3C0 high ; its erection occupied a period of ninety- six y.' irs. The spire is 4()G feet in height. Ac- cording to the original design, another of equal dimensinns was to have been erected on the other side of the great entrance. But after having been carried up to a certain height, the work was dis- continued ; vet. notwithstanding this defect in uniformity, it is thought that the want of the sec- ond spire adds to the simple grandeur of that which has been completed. The gallery to the summit of the tower is attained by an ascent of 622 steps ; and the toil of going up is well repaid by the commanding view aftbrded of the city be- neath, the country, the Scheldt, and its neigh- bouring islands, stretching into the main sea. This church contains many fine paintings, mostly by Rubens ; that of the taking down of our Sa- viour from the cross, in which the figures are as large as life, is universally considered his master- Eiece. It also contains the monuments of Am- rose Capello, seventh bishop of the see ; those of Moretus the printer, the successor of Plantin ; of Phantin himself, and of Van Delft. Outside its walls is the tomb of Quintan Matsys, originally a blacksmith, but who, on l;e- ing refused the dtiughter of Flors the painter till he had proved himself a painter also, laboured with incessant assiduity till he overcame the old man's scruples, and ultimately surpassed him in his favourite art. Near the tomb is a pump, the iron- work of which is said to have been wrought by Matsys before his transformation. In this ca- thedral Henry VIII. of England, together with the then kings of France, Denmark, Portugal, Poland, Bohemia, and the Romans, were made knights of the order of the Golden Fleece, by Philip II. of Spain, in the year 1555. The church of St. James contains the tomb of the great Rubens : It is of black marble, simple in design, but most appropriately adorned with one of that master's own paintings. The windows of this church are much admired. The church of St. Paul or of the Dominicans has in it some works of Rubens and Vandyke ; particularly the scourging of Christ, by the for- mer. But it is more frequently visited to see a representation of mount Calvary near its en- trance. On descending into a cavity in the rock intended to represent the place of our Saviour e sufferings, the body of Christ is seen laid out on a tomb, and coven^d with a shroud of silk ; the walls around are painted to resemble the flames of purgatory, and the figures of those suffering its torments. The whole is executed in a coarse style, almost bordering on the grotesque ; yet, sit- uate as it is, it seldom fails to produce a solemn effect. The other churches are in possession of paintings by the old masters. At the academy of fine arts upwards of 1,000 students receive gratuitous instruction in painting and its kindred arts. The academy is held in some of the departments of the museum, where also there is a fine collection of pictures and of casts. A public annual exhibition of the produc- tions of the pupils is held here alternately with Brussels and Ghent; prizes are distributed ; and the successful pictures are purchased by the cities to which the victors belong, to be lodged in their public collections, as rewards to the successful candidates and as excitements to others. Ant- werp boasts of being the native place of Ru- bens and Vandyke, as also of Teniers, Snyders, and Joerdans. Opposite to the town, and near the spot whence it was bombarded by the English in 1809, the place of a new city was traced out by Bonaparte. Its site is now occupied by some forts built under the direction of the duke of Wellington. The recent separation of the Netherlands from Holland, will doubtless have a considerable effect upon the commercial prosperity of Antwerp. During the insurrection which preceded this event, the city was bombarded by the Dutch, and a great number of its buildings burnt. The Dutch were repulsed after much hard fighting. Antwrrv.^.i. Jefferson Co. N. Y. Ib5 m. N. W. Albany. Pop. 2.412. Jlnvil, p.t. Lebanon Co. Pa. AnrUle Island, an island in the gulf of Georgia, discovered by Vancouver, and so called from its shape. ^nicniler, or Anvfiler, a town in the duchy of Deux Ponts, 6 m. W. from Laudan. It was formerly a city of Austria, and the inhabitants en- joyed the singular privilege of exemption from toll dues in ail parts of the empire ; but in 1330 it was brought under the dominion of the counts palatine. Anzerma, a town of New Granada in the prov- ince of Popayan, where there are mines of gold. It is seated on the Cauca, 140 m. N. N. E. of Popayan. Long. 75. 25. W. lat. 4. 58. N. Jlnziho, a kingdom of Guinea, lying east of Gabon and north of Congo, but it is little known. The king is styled the Micoco, whence the coun- try is sometimes so called. The capital is Mcns'd. Jlosta, or Aoust, duchy-of, a province of Pied- APP APU mont, bounded on the west and north by the Alps, or rather on the north by the Valais, for the mountains run from north to south into Aoust, which may be considered altogether as a moun- tainous district. Pop. about 65,000. The princi- pal oity of the same name, which is a bishop's see, IS situate about the centre of the province, be- tween two streams of the Baltea River, which fall:5 into the Po, and on the great high road from the pads of St. Bernard to Turin. It contains sev- eral monuments of the Romans. Pop. 5,.500. Apalachian Mountains, the name given to the immense chain extending along the whole At- lantic coast of the U. States, from Alabama to Maine. In the Southern States they are 200 m. from the sea, but as they extend northward ap- proach near the coast. They run generally in parallel ridges and their various divisions go by diiterent names. These are the Cumberland mountains of Tennessee, the Blue mountains of Virginia, the Alleghany and Laurel mountains of Pennsylvania, the datskill mountains of New York, the Green mountains of Vermont, and the White mountains of New Hampshire. They are sometimes broken into groups and isolated chains. Their highest summits are in N. Hamp- sliire ; and are between G and 7,000 ft. above the level of the sea. East of the Hudson they are granitic. In the W. and S. they consist of gran- ite, gtieis3, mica and clay slate, primitive lime- stone, Sec. Their name in the language of the Indians signified endless. ApaUichiciila, a river of North America, formed by the junction of the Chatahooche and Flint, at an old lad an fort of the same name on the south confines of Georgia, and thence flows between West and East Florida into Apalache bay, in the gulf of Mexico, east of Cape Blaize. Apanormia, a town seated on the N. W. coast of the island of Santorin, 7 m. N. N. W. of Scauro, at the entrance of the Grecian Archipe- lago. Jpee, one of the New Hebrides, near MalicoUo, m the Pacific Ocean. Long. 168. 27. E. lat. 16. 46. S. Apcnrade, or Aapenrade, a sea-port of Denmark, in Sleswick, with a citadel. It is a place of consid- erable trade, seated at the bottom of a ffulf of the Little Belt, 27 m. N. N W. of Sleswick. Long 9. 33. E. lat. 55. 8. N. Aphiom, 01 AJium-kara-hissar, a town of Asiatic Turkey, in Natolia, built round a higii rock, on the top of which is a fortress. It is 3 m. in circumference, and has a considerable trade. The chief manufacture is carpets ; and the country around produces much opium, called aphiom by the Turks. It stands on the Mindra, 150 m. E. if Smyrna. Long. 31. 10. E. lat. 38. 35. N. Apofda, a town of Upper Saxony in Thuringia, 8 m. N. of Jena, and 40 S. W. of Leipsic. Apsnninrs, a chain of mountains, in Europe which begins near Oneglia, on the gulf of Genoa, passes round that gulf at no great distance from the sea, then proceeds east to the centre of Italy, and afterward divides that country in a mediate south-east direction to the extremities of the kingdom of Naples. Hence proceed all the rivers which water Italy. The Apennines are at first a branch of the Alps, but, in general they may rather be regarded as hills than as mountains. Appenzel, a canton in the N. E. part of Switzer- land, bordering on Tyrol. It is divided into 12 communities : six called the interior, are Roman Catholic, with a population of 16,000, subsisting chiefly by agriculture ; and six exterior, bordering on the canton of St. Gall, are Protestant, with a population of 40,000, a great portion of which are employed by the manufacturers of the city of St. Gall. Appenzel, the chief town of the above Canton, is situate on the bank of the river Sitter, on the interior side, and containing about 3,000 inhab. Appia Via, or Appian Way, a celebrated road from Rome through Capua to Brundusinm. It was begun by Appius Claudius Csecus, and con- tinued by Julius and Augustus Cjesar. Appii Forum, a town in the south west of Italy, about 50 m. S. of Rome, and 18 from the Three Taverns ; where the Christians of Rome came to meet Paul in his journey from Puteoli to that me- tropolis of the world. Ajiplel y,s.horo\xgh. in Eng. returning two mem- bers to parliament, and the county-town of West- moreland, with a market on Saturday. It was a Roman station, and has been twice destroyed by the Scots, and it now consists of only one broad street of mean houses. At the upper end or south part is the castle, and at the lower end is the church. The town is governed by a mayor, and almost encircled by the Eden. It is 20 m. N. N. E. of Kendal, and 270 N. N. W. of London. Pop. in 1821, 824, and Bongate, which forms part of the town, 637 more. Applecross, a parish extending for about 20 miles along the western coast of Ross-shire, Scot- land. Pop. in 1821, 2,703, who subsist mainly by the herring fishery. There is a town of the same name, in which the population is principally con- centrated. Appledore, a village of England in Northam, Devonshire, situate at the mouth of Towridge, in Barnstable bay, three miles north by east of Bid- ford. Here the Danes landed, under Hubba, in the time of Alfred. It is now resorted to for bathing. Applcton, t. Waldo Co. Me. Pop. 735. Appling, a Co. of Georgia, in the S. E. part of the stal/?, upon the Altamaha. Pop. 1,468. AppUngville, the chief town of Columbia Co. Geo. 93. m. from Milledgeville. AppoUonia, a district extending about 100 miles on the S. W. coast of North Africa. Cape Appol- lonia is in 5. N. lat. and 3. 57. W. long. Appolobamba, a town in La Paz, one of the united provinces of Paraguay, on the border of Peru. Appomattox, a stream of Virginia, falling into the James from the S. near City Point. Appoq^dnimink, a stream in the state of Dela- ware, running into Delaware Bay, a little below Reedy Island. AppoquiniminJt, t. Newcastle Co. Del. Apt, a town of France, in the department of Mouths of the Rhone. It h.os a trade in prunes, coarse serges, and wax chandlery ; and contains many Roman antiquities. It is seated on the Calaron, 20 m. N. ofAix. Apulia, p.v. Onondaga Co. N. Y. 129 m. W. Albany. Aptire, a river of Colombia rising from various sources on the E. side of the eastern range of the Andes and falling into the Oronoko. Apuririiac,a. river of Peru, which rises 10 miles N. of Arequipa, and flows N. about 430 miles; receiving the Paucartambo, and Pilcomayo from the E. and the Jauja or Mantaro from the W. It then takes the name of Ucayale, and continuing its course 470 miles further, enters tlie river Ama- zon, in long. 72. 46. W. ARA 46 ARA Aqui, a town Piedmont, in the duchy of Mont- ferrat, with a citadel, and baths of mineral water; seated on the north bank of the Bormlda, 15 m. S. of Alexandria. Aqulld, a fine large city of the kingdom of Naples, anciently called Avia, and Avella, the capital of Abnizzo, seated on a hill, east of the Apennines, on the banks of the river Alterno, or Pescara, near its source. It has an ancient castle, and is a bishop's sec. An earthquake was so vio- lent here in Feb. 1703, that 24,000 people perish- ed, and ^reit numbers were wounded. It is situate 3^5 m. W. from the Adriatic, and 92 E. of Rome. Long. 14. 20. E. lat. 42. 50. N. jiquUda, a.n ancient and large city of the Carni, or Veneti, in Italy, seated near the coast at the head of the gulf of Venice. A Roman colony was settled in it, between the first and second Macedonian wars, to be a bulwark against the Huns and Goths. In 425 it wrrs besieged by Attila with an innumerable host of barbarians. Three months were consumed without efl^ect in the siege ; till the want of provisions and the clamour of his army, compelled Attila to issue his orders that the troops should strike their tents the next morning, and begin their retreat. But as he rode round the wall, pensive, angry, and disappointed, he observed a stork preparing to leave her nest in one of the towers, and to tly, with her infant fami- ly, towards the country ; this he interpreted as an omen that those towers were devoted to impend- ing ruin and solitude. The siege was renewed and prosecuted with fresh vigour ; a larore breach was made in the part of the wall from whence the stork had taken her flight ; the Huns mounted to the assault with irresistible fury ; and the suc- ceeding generation could scarcely discover the ruins of Aquileia. Aquino, a town of Naples, in Terra di Lavoro, ruined by the emperor Conrad. It is the birth- fdace of Juvenal, and seated near the Carig- iano, on the great high road from Rome to Na- ples, 20 m. S. by E. of Sora. Arabat, a town and fort of the Crimea, and province of Taurida, on the borders of the sea of A«!oph, 20 m. N. by E. of Caffa. Arabia, a country of Asia, extending from the 12th to the 32nd deg. of N. lat. and from the 33rd to the 58th of W. long, being about 1,480 m. in length, 1,200 in broadtfi; bounded on the W. by the Red Sea, and the isthmus of Suez, N. E. by the Euphrates, which divides it from Diarbekir, E. by the gulfs of Persia and Ormus, and S. by the Indian Ocean. It is divided into three parts, Ara- bia Petrea, Deserta, and Felix, so named by Eu- ropeans from their supposed qualities of soil and climate. Arabia Petrea, much the smallest of the three, lies to the south of Syria along the east coast of the Red Sea. The north part is moun- tainous, and in general stony, sandy, and barren; but some parts yield sufficient nourishment for cattle, whose milk, and camels' flesh, is the chief food of its few inliabitants. Arabia Deserta lies south of Syria, and east of Arabia Petrea, and the Red Sea. It is for the most part desert, be- ing intersected by barren mountains, and many of the plains nothing but great sands and heaths; h'-' there are some plains and valleys that feed great flocks of sheep and goats ; there are also great numbes of ostriches, and a fine breed of eam(>ls in several places, and the horses are the noblest of the species. The Arabians train up their best and fleetest liorses, to hunt the ostrich. Perhaps, of all va- rieties of the chase, this, though the most labori- ous, is yet the most entertaining. As soon as the hunter comes within sight of his prey, he puts on his horse with a gentle gallop, so as to keep the ostrich still in sight ; yet not so as to terrify hiiu from the plain into the mountains. Upon observ- ing himself, therefore, pursued at a distance, the bird begins to run at first, but gently, either in- sensible of his danger, or sure of escaping. In this situation he somewhat resembles a man at full speed ; his wings, like two arms, keep work- ing with a motion correspondent to that of his legs ; and his speed would very soon snatch him from the view of his pursuers, but, unfortunate- ly for the silly creature, instead of going off" in a direct line, he takes his course in circles ; while the hunters still make a SiTiall course within, re- lieve each other, meet him at unexpected turns, and keep him thus still employed, still followed, for two or three days together. At last, spent with fatigue and famine, and finding all power of escape impossible, he endeavours to hide himself from those enemies he cannot avoid, and covers his head in the sand, or the first thicket he meets. Sometimes, however, he attempts to face his pur- suers : and, though in general the most gentle animal in nature, when driven to desperation, he defends himself with his beak, his wines, and his feet. Such is the force of his motion, tliat a man would be utterly unable to withstand him in the shock. The oxen of Arabia have generally a hump on their back like those of Syria. The sheep have a thick and broad tail, which they are said to drag behind them on a carriage ; their wool is coarse, and their flesh not very deli- cate. The wild goat is found in the mountains of Arabia Petrea. The other animals are the jackal, hyaena, many sorts of apes, the jerboa or rat of Pharaoh, antelopes, wild oxen, wolves, foxes, wild boars and the great and little panther. The caracal or syagosh is a sort of lynx, and is &^*fe^ probably the lynx of the ancients. It follows the lion and lives upon the remains of that animal's meals. It is somewhat larger than a fox, and much fiercer and stronger. It climbs with aston- ishing agility to the tops of the tallest trees in pursuit of hares, rabbits and birds. Arabia Fe- lix, so called on account of its fertility with re- gard to the rest, lies to the south of Arabia De- AHA 47 ARA •erta, between the Red Sea and the Indian Ocean. It is by far the most considerable part, and though the centre is occupied by very dry deserts, there are many rich provinces on the coasts, producing a variety of fruits, honey, wax, cinnamon, cassia, manna, spikenard, frankincense, myrrh, and cof- fee, of which latter great quantities are exported from Moka. The Arabs are of a middle stature and brown complexion, and have always a grave and melancholy air. They derive their subsistence from their flocks, from hunting, and from what they acquire by plunder of the caravans which pass from Aleppo to Bassora, and from Bassora to Mecca. They acknowledge no sovereign but the emirs of their tribes, who are their natural Erinces, and to whom they pay obedience. They are also sheiks, or chiefs of an advanced age, whom tliey often consult, and whose advice they follow. The dress of the Arabs consists of a white robe, bound round with a broad leather gir- dle, fastened by a strong buckle or large clasp. Their drawers are made of linen, and descend to the lower part of the leg. They wear a kind of red cap on the head ; and sometimes they wear slippers, after the manner of tiie Turks, but are generally in half boots that they may be ready to get on horseback. Winter and summer they wear a large cloak, striped black and white, made of the hair of goats or some other animal. Their emirs dress in the same manner, except that their cloaks are for tlie most part all black. The Arabs in the deserts live in tents, and remove from place to place, partly for the sake of pasture, and partly to lie in wait for the caravans. The famous Mihomet was a native of this country ; and his followers, soon after his death, conquered a great part of Asia, Africa, and Europe, establish- ing their religion wherever they came. The in- terior of this vast territory is very little known, but it seems nearly destitute of water, as but very few rivers are found round its coast for near 2,500 miles. Medina, Mecca, and Moka, all on the coast of tlie Red Sea, are the chief towns. Arucan, or Heccun, a maritime and fertile coun- try of Asia, on the east coast of the bay of Ben- gal, bounded on the east by Birmah. The rainy season continues from April to October, and the rest of the year is called summer. The inhabitants are idolaters. The women are tolerably fair, but the longest ears are reckoned the most beautiful, and in these tliey wear many rings. They are a dastardly race of people, and have only courage to attack defenceless merchants and boatmen. There are such numbers of elephants, buffaloes, and tigers, that but few places are inhabited, on ac- count of the ravages made by these aniinalc. The chief productions of commerce, are salt, ele- phants' teeth, bees' wax, and rice ; but its trade was never very considerable. Aracan was lone an independent nation, governed by a king; but it was subdued by tlie Birmans in 17d3, and is now a province of that empire. Aracan, the capital of the country of the same name, with an extensive fort. It is situate at the bead of an inlet of the sea, which forms one of the finest and most capacious harbours for ship- ping in the world. The river Aracan rons through the city, and waters the streets by means of seve- ral arms or canals, into which it is divided. The inhabitants are about 100,000. It was taken by the Birmans in 1783. It is 260 m. S. S. £. of Islamabad, and 230 W. S. W. of Ava. Long. 93. 10. E. lat. 20. 38. N. Arad. an interior coTiBty of Upper Hongary, population about 155,000. There are two towns of the same name, the Old, which is the capital of the county, on the nortij, and the I^ew town on the south side of the Marosch river. The old town is a great mart for cattle, and is aboat24 m. N. N. E. of Temeswar. Arafat, or Gelel Orphat, a mountain of Arabia, about 150 ft. in height, 1.5 m. S. S. E. of JSIecca. Its name implies the Mountain of Kttoirledge, and as such is an object of adoration with the devotees of Mahomet; in 1S07, upward of 80,000 pilgrims, including 45,000 mounted Wahabees, were assembled about it. AragMayu, a river of South America, which rises in the lat. of about 19. S. near to tJH» Parana, which runs from north to south, whilst the Ara- guaya runs through the heart of Brazil from south to nortli, to the lat. of about 7. S. where it is join- ed by tlje Tocantins, and about 5 de^. further it diverges into two branches, one falling into the Amazon, and the other forming a separate chan- nel into the Atlantic, called Para, in tlie lat. ct 0. 20. S. and 48. 20. W. long. Aral, a lake of Independent Tartary, 120 miles east of the Caspian Sea. It is 200 miles in length, and in some places 70 in breadth, i^tersecled by the lines of 45. iS.lat. and GO. W. long. The water is salt, and there are many small saline lakes in tlie vicinity, but it has no visible commu- nication with the sea. 9- Arajijuez, a town of Spain, in New Castile, with broad streets intersecting each other at right angles. The great square is surrounded by porti- coes, and has a fountain tliat supplies the town with water. Here are three churches, and a thea- tre for bull-fights ; but the glory of Aranjuez is the royal palace and gardens, situate on an island formed by the Tagus. the Xarama, and a canal. This palace justly ranks among the finest and most agreeable residences in Europe ; it was in it the supreme junta of government of the king- dom, on the declaration in favour of Ferdinand VII. were installed, and held ilx-'iT first meeting, Sept. 25th, 1808. Aranjuez is seated on the Tajo, 20 m. S. of Madrid. Ararat, a mountain of .\rmenia, distinguished in Mosaic history. See Gen. viii. 4. Its height is about 9,500 ft. above the level of the sea. Ararat, a mountain in N. Carolina, 10 ni from Bethany in Stokes Co. Arassi, a maritime town of the territory of Ge noa, 5 m. S. W. of Albenga. Aran, a town of Switzerland, capital of the department of Lower Argo, canton of Berne, with manufactures of cotton, printed hnen, and ARC 48 ARD cotlery. A treaty between the protestant and catliolic cantons was concluded here in 1712. It is seated on the river Aar, 27 m. W. of Zurich. Jiravco, a district extending from the 42nd to the 37th deg. of S. lat. on the shore of the Pacific Ocean, bounded on the E. by the Andes, and ia considered as belonging to Chile, but it is inhabi- ted almost exclusively by natives, who have not only successfully resisted every attempt of the Spaniards to become masters of the country, but frequently made incursions into their territory. The district contains both gold and silver, is wa- tered by several streams, is very fertile, and the climate is delightful. The Spaniards con- structed a fort about 40 m. S. of Concepcion, (na- med after the district) as a defence against the incursions of the Araucans. Araxes, or Aras, a river of Asia, which rises in Georgia, flows S. E. across Armenia, and joins the Kur, near its entrance into the Caspian Sea. It is a very rapid river, and is supposed to be the Gihon mentioned by Moses. Arbc, an island 30 m. in circumference, on the coast of Dalmatia, from which it is 5 m. distant. The soil is rich, but the inhabitants are indolent. It has a town of the same name. Lonff. 14. 55. E. lat. 45. 5. N. A) berg, a town of Switzerland, in the canton of Berne, on an island formed by two branches of the Aar. It is 10 miles W. by N. of Berne. Ariel, a town of Asiatic Turkey, in Curdistan, ancient Arbcla, near which Alexander defeated Darius. Here are the remains of an ancient cas- tle, and in the vicinity are napt.ha pits. It is seated in an extensive plain 36 m. N. of Altunku- pri. and 50 E. of Mosul. Arhela, p. v. Lancaster Co. Pa. 45 m. E. Harris- burg. Arhois, a town of France, in the department of Jura, famous for its white wines. It is 22 m. S. W. of Besaruion. Arhosra, a town of Sweden, Westmanland, seated on the Ulvison, by which river, and a ca- nal, it has a communication with the lakes Hiel- mar and Maelar. It is 25 m. E. N. E. of Orebro. Arhon, a town of Switzerland, situate on a point of land jutting into the lake of Constance, 12 m. S. E. of Constance. Arbroath. See Aberbrothwich. Arburg, a town of Switzerland, in the canton of Berne, with a citadel on a rock, seated on the Aar, opposite Olten, 12 m. E. of Soleure. Arcadia, a division of Modern Greece, in the central part of the Morea. Arcadia, a town on the west coast of the Morea, near the gulf of its name, W. of the above district, 22 m. north of Navarino. Long. 21. 42. E. lat. 37. 24. N. Archangel , a large province of Russia, boun- ded on the north by the Arctic Ocean. It is di- vided into eight circles: viz. Archanwel, Chen- courisk, Chohnegar, Kem, Kola, Meson, Onega, and Senega. It is a very dreary district, especial- ly the eastern part ; it supplies some fir timber and deals, and contains many wild animals, which are slaughtered for their fat ; and tallow and bris- tles form great articles of export. Archangel, or St. Michael, the chief town of the above province, is situate on the east bank of the Dwina River, a short distance above its en- trance into a bay of the White Sea, in N. lat. 64. 34. E. long. 38. 59. It was for many years the principal sea-port of Russia, and was first resort- ed to by the English in 1553, and although greatly declined in importance since the buildinsf of St. Petersburg, it still exports considerable quantities of tallow, deals, and some bristles ; but as it is only attained by the dreary coast of Nor way, and the North Cape, in lat. '71. 10., it is ac- cessible only a few months in the year, in July, August, and September, during which short peri- od it is resorted to by 60 or 70 sail of vessels an- nually, principally English. It was nearly de- stroyed by fire in 1793, but has since been rebuilt with neatness, principally of wood, the severity of the winter being counteracted by stoves. Pop. about 7,000, who have about a dozen churches, one Lutheran, one Calvinist, and the others Greek. Archangel is about 400 m. N. E. of St Petersburg. Archer, t, Harrison Co. Ohio. Archipelago, is a term applied to a cluster or group of islands, hence the Grecian, Eastern, Northern, &c. &.c.; but the most celebrated group is the Grecian, at the head of the Mediterranean sea, having Romania on the north, Natolia on the east, the isle of Candia on the south, Macedonia, Livadia, and the Morea on the west. It is partly in Europe, and partly in Asia, containing the isl ands of Rhodes, Negropont, Lemnos, Tencdos, Scyros, Mytilene, Scio, Samos, Patnios, Pares, Antiparos, Cerigo, Santorini, Andros, Tina,Nax- ia, Milo, Delos, Argentiera, and many others. Archipelago, JVorthf.rn, a part of the Pacific Ocean, having the peninsula of Kamschatka on the west, and the coast of America on the east. It includes a number of islands, among which are four principal groups. The first, called Sasignan, contains five islands ; the second, called Khoa, includes eight islands ; and both these groups to- gether are styled the Aleutian Islands. The third group is called the AnpreofTski Ostrova, and comprises 16 islands. The fourth group is the Lissie Ostrova or the Fox Islands, 16 in number. They all belong to Russia, and are valuable chiefly for the skins of animals found there, particularly the sea-otter. See Fox Islands. Arcis-svr-Aubc, a town of France, in the depart- ment of Aube, seated on the river Aube, 15 m. north of Troyes. Area, a town and castle of Germany, in Tyrol, taken by the French in 1703, and abandoned soon after. It stands on the Sarca, near the head of the lake^Garda, and 15 m. W. S. W. of Trent. Arcos, a town of Spain, in Andalusia, seated on a craggy rock, on the river Guadalete, 23 m. N. E. of Cadiz. It is the residence of the vicar gen- eral of the metropolitan church of Seville. There are several other towns of the same name in Spain and Portugal. Arcot, a city of Hindoostan, capital of the Car natic, which became subject to the English East India Company in 1801. The citadel is largt_ and esteemed a place of some strength ; but the nabob often resides at Madras. In the vicinity are several celebrated temples, visited by niiiner ous pilgrims. Arcot has a manufacture of coarse cotton cloth. It is seated on the south bnnk of . the Paliar, 66 m. W. by S. of Madras, and ISO E. by N. of Seringapatam. Long. 79. 24. E. lat. 12. 51. N. Ardagh, the name of a barony in the county of Longford, Ireland, containing 9 parishes, and the towns of Longford and Edgworthstoun ; a parish of the same name, in 1822, contained a population of 4,962, and which, united with Kilmore gives name to a bishopric, but there is neither cathedral nor episcopal residence in Ardagh. There ar« ARE 4» ▲RG four other parishes of the same name in different parts of Ireland: viz. 1st in Meath, pop. 1,074; 'ind in Cork, pop. 2,344 ; 3rd in Limerick, pop. 1,850; and 4th in Mayo, pop. 1,556. There are 40 other parishes in different parts of Ireland be- ginning with ^rd. Ardcidl, a town of Persia, in Aderbeitzan, the rtisidence and burial-place of many kings, partic- ularly of Sheik Sessi, the founder of the Persian sect. Pilgrims resort to this place from all parts of Persia ; and caravans are frequently passing to and from Constantinople and Smyrna. It is 35 m. E. S. E. of Tauris. Long. 47. 10. E. lat. 38. 20. N. Ardeche, a department of France, including the late territory of Vivarez. It takes its name from a river, which flows into the Rhone, at the south extremity of the department. Privas is the capi- a1. Pop. about 285,000. Ardec, a borough of Ireland, in the county of Louth. Here is a large mount, apparently artifi- Mal : some suppose it to have been a burial place jf the Irish kings ; oUiers, that it was a place where the people assembled to deliberate on pub- lic affairs. It is 14 m. N. W. of Drogheda. Pop. of the town 3,583, and the parish 1,773 more. Ardennes, a department of France, containing part of the late province of Champagne. It is so named from a famous forest, lying on the river Meuse. The principal town is Sedan. Pop. about 350,000. Ardfert, a borough of Ireland, in the county of Kerry, and a bishop's see united with Aghadoe to Limerick. It was formerly the capital of the county, but is now a poor place, with extensive ruins. It is seated on a river which runs into Tralee bay, 7 m. N. N. W. of Tralee. Pop. of the town C29 ; of the commons 283 ; and of the whole parish 2,481. Ardmore, a town of Ireland, in the county of Waterford, on a cape and bay of its name, 10 m. S. S. W. of Dungarvon. Pop. of the town 403, and of the parish 2,761. Aidia, a small kingdom of Guinea, on the Slave coast, at the bottom of the gulf of St. Thomas. The country is fertile in maize, palm wine, plants and fruits, which last all the year ; and it pro- duces a great deal of salt. It has a t6 'n of the same name. Long. 3. 5. E. lat. 6. 0. N. Ardrcs, a town of France, in the department of Pas de Calais. On an open plain between the town and Guisnes, was the celebrated interview between Francis I. of Fiance, and Henry VIII. of England, in 1520. It is 10 m. S. S. E. of Calais. Areca, an island in the gulf of Persia, 3 m. S. W. ofOrmus. The Dutch attempted toestab- li-^h a factory, and built a fort here, but were ex- pelled by the Persians. Arckcn, a sea-port of Abyssinia. Arcnsbora, the capital of a county of the same name, in the duchy of Westphalia. It is seated on a hill, by the river Roer, 22 m. S. S. E. of Ham, and 03 N. E. of Cologne. Long. 8. 10. E. lat 51. 23. N. s, s Arenshur^, a sea-port of Russia, in the govern- ment of Riga, capital of the isle of OseT, and a bishop's see. Long. 25. 40. E. lat. 58. 15. N. Arensharde, a district in Denmark, in the duchy of Sleswick, containing the greatest part of the famous rampart built by king Gotric, in the be- ginning of the 9th century, as a defence against the irruptions of the Saxons. It extends across the country, about 9 m. in length. Arequipa, an episcopal town of Peru, founded by Pizarro, in 1539. Near it is a volcano. It has been four times laid in ruins by earthquakes. It stands in a fertile country, a few miles south of a small lake, which is the source of the Apurimao branch of the Amazon River ; 240 m. S. of Cuzco, and 460 S. E. of Lima. Long. 72. 30. W. lat. 16 40. S. Arezzo, a town of Tuscany, in the Fiorentino. Guy Aretin, a Benedictine monk, inventor of the musical notes, ut, re, &c. was born here ; also the celebrated Francis Petrarch, and Mecffinas. It stands on a hill, at the conflux of the Chianno and Arno, 15 m. west of Citta di Castello. Argau, or Lower Argoio, a canton of Switzer- land, formerly the north part of the canton of Berne, lying to the west of that of Zurich. Arau is the capital. Argcnccs, a town of France, in the department of Calvados, on the river Menace, 10 m. E. of Caen. Argentan, a town of France, in the department of Orne, which has a considerable trade in lace. It is seated on an eminence, in the middle of a fertile plain, on the banks of the Orne, 12 m. N. W. of Seez, and 110 W. of Paris. Argenteuil, a town of France, on the river Seine, 5 m. N. W. of Paris. It has a fine vine- yard, and in the environs are quarries of the plas- ter of Paris. Argentiera, a barren island of the Archipelago, so called from the silver mines in it. There is but one village, and it has no water but what is kept in cisterns. Long. 23. 10. E. lat. 30. 50. N. Argentan, a town of France, in the department of Indre, divided into two parts by the river Creuse. It is 37 m. S. W. of Bourges. Argolis, one of the divisions of Modern Greece in the eastern part of the Morea or Peloponnesus, established since the recent independence of that country. Argos, a seaport of Modern Greece, in the pre- ceding district, 25 m. S. of Corinth. Long. 23. 5. E. lat. 37. 30. N. ArgostoH, a town of the island of Cefalonia, with a fortress and the best harbour in the island. It is 8 m. W. S. W. of Cefalonia. Argue'd, a town of France, in the department of Lower Seine, 18 m. N. E. of Rouen. Arguin, an island and fort on the coast of Za- hara, 30 m. S. E. of' Cape Blanco. It was takea by tlie Dutch from the Portuguese, in 1037 ; af- terward the French took it from the Dutch. Long. 17. 5. W. lat. 20. 30. N. . Argun, a river of Asia. See Saghalien. Argwiskoi, a town of Siberia, on the fron- tiers of Chinese Tartary. There are mines of silver and lead near it, and a pearl fishery in the river Argun, on the west bank of which the town is situate. It is 70 m. S. E. of Nertchinsk. Long. 118. E. lat. 52. 30. N. Argyle, t. Penobscot Co. Me. Pop. 320. Argyle, p.t. Washington Co. N. Y. 46 m. N Albany. Pop. 3,459. Argyleshire, a county of Scotland, bounded on the north by Invernesshire, east by the counties of Perth and Dumbarton, and south and west by the Atlantic ocean, by which it is broken into islands and peninsulas. It is 110 miles long from the Mull of Cantyre to its N. E. extremity; its breadth is very unequal, about 40 miles where greatest. To the N. W. is a peninsula, nearly de- tached from the rest of the county : it contains the districts of Ardnamureham, Morven, Sunart, ARK 50 ARK and Ardgowar. The peninsulas of Cantyre and Cowal are likewise very large. The chief islands, attached to this county, are Mull, Islay, Jura, Tirey, and Col. The soil of Argyleshire, in the high grounds, though little fitted for cultivation, affords excellent pasture. Some parts are covered with heath, and others exhibit rugged and bare rocks. The sides of the hills and lakes are in- terspersed with woods ; and there are rich mines of copper, iron, and lead. The mountainous parts abound with deer and the heaths with grouse. The chief town is Inverary. Arica, a seaport at the south extremity of Peru. It is but badly fortified, and has been much injur- ed by earthquakes. Here the treasure brought from Potosi is shipped ; and there are many farms employed in the cultivation of Guinea pepper, in which it has a great trade. It is 550 m. S. E. of Lima. Long. 70. 25. W. lat. 18. 27. S. Arienzo, a town of Naples, in Terra di Lavoro, 14 m. N. E. of Naples. Arindal, a town of Norway in the government of Bergen, noted for the productive iron mines in its vicinity. It is seated near the sea, 10 m. N. N. E. of Christiansand. Jlrisck, or El Arisch, a town and fort of Egypt, on a gulf of the Mediterranean, to which it gives name. The French became masters of it in 1799 ; but it was retaken by the Turks and English at the end of the year. In ISUO, the Turks and French signed a convention here, by which the troops of the latter were to evacuate Egypt ; but the English admiral refused to ratify the capitu- lation. Arisch stands on the confines of Arabia and Palestine, 36 m. S. W. of Gaza, and 120 N. E. of Suez, in N. lat. 31. 8. E. long. 34. 3. AHspe, the chief town of the extensive district ofSonora, Mexico. Arispe it situate r>t the foot of the Cordilleras, near the source of the Hia, or Yaqui river, in the lat. of about 31. N. and 109. W. long. Arkansas, a territory of the U. S. formed from a part of the Missouri territory in 1819. It lies between 33. and 36. 30. of N. lat. and between 90. and 100. W. lon^. Bounded N. by the state of Missouri, E. by the river Mississippi, separat- ing it from Tennessee and Mississippi, S. by Lou- isiana, and W. by the Mexican and Missouri ter- ritories. Containing above .500,000 sq. m., and a population of 30,383, of which 4, .578 are slaves. The limits of this region are strongly defined by physical and geographical lines. These lines are for the most part large rivers and the ocean of prairies beyond. The chief rivers are the Missis- sippi, Arkansas, White, Washita and Red rivers. The western part is traversed by the Ozrak and Masserne Mountains. For some distance up the waters of Arkansas and White rivers, the country is an extensive, heavily timbered and deeply inundated swamp. Near the St. Francis hills and at Point Chico, the eastern front along the Mississippi is above the overflow. The remainder of the eastern line is a continued and monotonous flooded forest. It has large and level prairie plains. It possesses a great extent of rocky and sterile ridges, and no inconsid- erable surface covered with mountains. Perhaps no section of our coimtry is more diversified, in re- gard to its surface. Its northern line is inter- sected by a range of hills, which are commonly denominated the ' olack mountains,' a line of elevations running from Black river to the west- ern extremity of tb ? territory, and separating be- tween the waters of Wliite river and Arkansas. — There are ranges of hills, that have the name of mountains, which separate the waters of Ar- kansas from those of Washita. Near the Hot springs, tliese ridges mount up into efevated peaks, which in the eye of a visitor at the springs, from the level country of Louisiana, have the as- pect of lofty mountains. At the south-western extremity of the territory, there are three parallel ranges of hills, that divide the waters of Red riv- er from those of Washita. There are, also, many detached hills, and flint knobs. On some of these is found the whortleberry '■taccinmrn' of the north, in great perfection and abundance. These hills exliibit red cedars and savins, such as grow on hills of a similar appearance on the Atlantic shore. In the central parts of the territory, and intermedi- ate between Arkansas and Washita rivers, on the waters of the latter is that singular detached el- evation, called ' Mount Prairie.' On the waters of White river and St. Francis, the country gene- rally is rolling. But, take the extent of the terri- tory together, it is either very level or very hilly. In some places, the hills rise at once from level prairies and plains. A very considerable portion of the country is broken land, and unfit for culti- vation. A great part of the ' barrens' of this state are what their name imports. There are four con- siderable detached bodies of good upland. Bue it may be assumed as a general fact, that the high prairies and timbered lands are sterile. That part of the course of the Washita, which runs in this territory, has narrow, though in some places rich, bottoms. Here are cane brakes, birch, maple, holly, and muscadine grape vines. The tender soil on the banks is often torn away by the swee{>- ing and rapid course of the full river. Rugced hills, covered with stinted pines and cedars come in close to the river ; and the valley is so deep, and its boundaries so abrupt, that the sun is seen but a few hours in a day. There is a large tract of country, on the upper waters of White river, which has sometimes been denominated New Kentucky, either from its be- ing fertile, rolling, and abundant in lime stone sjjrings ; or from its being more congenial to the staple products of Kentucky, than the country lower down. It is sheltered on the north by mountains. The fertile tracts are valleys embos- omed between high hills ; and the producticns of the north and the south for the most part succei^d in this soil. It has one great inconvenience. The streams, that run among its precipitous hills, receive the waters of the powerful sliowers that occasionally fall, and pour these waters from an hundred shelving declivities into the streams. Thev have been known to rise forty fret in per pendicular height, in a few hours. The stanciinff corn and cotton is submerged ; and the hope u) the year destroyed. Arkansas is the northern limit of the cctton growing country. The rich lands on the Arkansas produce cotton of the same staple and luxuriance as those of Red river ; but, having a season some what shorter, it cannot ripen so well. Neverthe less, the planters here assert, that even here they can raise more, that their hands can ' pick out,' as the phrase is; consequently they affirm, that they lose nothing by the shortness of their sea rrn. Cotton becomes an uncertain crop north of the river St. Francis. As we ascend the Arkansas towards the high table prairies, the temperature diminishes more rapidly, than would be indicated by the latitude ; and cotton ceases to be a sure crop a little beyond 34. in that direction. It is at ARK 51 ARK aresent the sxaple article of cultivation. The rich lands bring fine maize, sweet potatoes, and the veg-etables generally of Mississippi and Louisiana. In the high country above 34. wheat does well. Rye and barley will thrive almost in any parts of the country. Mulberry abounds ; and on the ba- ses of the -precipitous hills of White river, we should suppose, would be the happiest soil and climate for the vine. Muscadine, and pine wood's grapes abound ; as do pawpaws and persimons. ^ ■ Figs are raised, but with difficulty ; and the tree ^ is often killed to the ground by the frost. Peach- es are raised in wreat excellence and abundance. Apple orchards do well at Mount Prairie, and in the open and high lands above Peccan Point on Red river ; and no doubt, will thrive in all the higher and more northern regions of this territory. In the lower and more settled parts of it they have no where succeeded well. Chicka-saw and prairie plu;us graw wild in abundance , and the woods and prairies abound in native fruits and berries The soil is of all qualities from the best to the most sterile. The settlement of Point Chico, on the Mississippi, has a soil of the best quality ; and is noted for the productiveness of its cotton plan- tations. The bottoms of the Arkansas are not generally so rich, as those of Red river. — The oelt of cultivated land below the Post of Arkan- sas, called ' the coast,' does, indeed, somewhat resemble the delightful country so called above New Orleans in appearance. The resemblance ceases here. It has a soil of but moderate rich- ness ; and needs manuring to produce large cot- ton, or maize. To one emerging from the inun- dated and mephitic swamps below, this line of open, contiguous plantations, dotted with beauti- ful clumps of the fine trees of this climate, and French habitations, which generally liave a very picturesque appearance, this tract, called • the coasl,^ has a charming appearance. There is a great extent of cotton lands of the first quiility, in the country along the river, above the Post, in the ' Quawpaw purchase.' The country, five or six hundred miles up the Arkansas, where the American garrison used to be, and that, where it now is, and the country where the Arkansas mis- sion is settled, have large prairies interspersed with forest bottoms, and great tracts of excellent soil. There is much fine country in this territory above Peccan Point on Red river. Mount Prairie, which rises, like a prodigious Indian mound, from the subjacent plains, may be reckoned among the striking spectacles of the country. It is ten or twelfe miles in diameter ; and is situated on the W!ters of the Washita. It has a soil of great fer- tility, and of the blackness of ink ; rather expos- ed, however, to • bake,' as the phrase is, in the hot and dry weather. They obtain water from wells, which sure obliged to be dug of very great depth. — In the whole depth vast quantities of sea- shells appear. — In a state of pulverization they are mixed with the earth, communicating a maw- kish and unpleasant taste to the water, and very great fertility to the soil. On White river are some of the finest lands and the healthiest sites for planters in this country. In short this terri- tory possesses great bodies of the best soil . There are vast tracts, too, of precipitous knobs, sterile ridges, sandy, or muddy prairies, and miserable barrens. The country on the Mississippi, between White river and the St. Francis, is in many places above the overflow, and of the highest fertility. Wappanocka bottom, opposite Memphis, is an un- commonly high, rich and extensive bottom. The soil on the St. Francis is very fertile ; and is cot ered with a heavy growth of beech, generally de- noting a rich soil ; but the hills are so precipitous, and exposed to wash, as hardly to be susceptible of cultivation. On the whole, this territory has a sufficiency of excellent lands, to become a rich and fMjpulous state. — In its eastern front, and near the Mississippi and tlie Arkansas, it is exposed to' excessive annoyance from its m}-Tiads of mos- clietoes. This climate is a compound of that of Missouri and Louisiana. Until we advance 200 miles west of the Mississippi, in its humidity it more nearly resembles the latter. The season, in point of the forwardness of vegetation in the spring, is also, much more like that of Louisiana. The season of planting is tliree weeks later than on the coast above New Orleans ; and is more than that in ad- vance of the climate of Missouri. — The distribu- tion of rain is extremely unequal. There are oflen drenching rains andtliunder every day, for thirty- six days in succession. At other times, tlie weath- er is as remarkable, for long droughts. PLantin^ of corn commences by the middle of March, and cotton by the first of April. By this time the for- ests of the Arkansas are in full leaf; and the shores of no river show a deeper tangle of vines near the soil, and of nobler forest trees above. The shores of Arkansas, as far up as Little Rock, are decidedly unhealthy. Great tracts on all sides are covered with sleeping lakes and stagnant bay- ous. The country is a dead level. The falling waters of the rains cannot be drained ofi". In the commencement of summer they are expKJsed to the intense ardors of the sun. Sickness is the natural result. On the vast prairie, which com- mences just above the Post, and extends ninety mile? up the country, it is more healthy ; and there is less annoyance from the moschetoes. This long a weep of country is thoroughly ventilated. But the air, in the timbered bottoms, is close, and un- elastic ; and the moschetoes are excessively trouble- some. There is but too often an abundant visita- tion of bilious and remittent fevers in tlie latter part of summer and the first of autumn. Farther up the country and on the open prairies, it is as healthy as in any other country in the same cli- mate. It is a very absurd idea, that a country of the extensiveness of this should all be alike sickly. In this territory there are many positions, but a few miles apart, one of which may be as sickly as tlie shores of Surinam, and the other as healthy, as any country in America. Among the curiosities of this region may be mentioned the vast masses of sea shells, tliat are found dispersed over diflTerent tracts of the coun- try. They are generally found in points remote from limestone ; and Ejiswer a valuable purpose to the inhabitants, who collect, and burn them for lime. Far above the poJtical limits of the territo- ry, and towards the sources of the Arkansas, is the sublime elevation, which we hope will always re- tain the name of Pike's mountain. The prairies are bounded in that direction by the stupendous ridges of the Rocky mountains. There are very considerable mountains near the Hot Springs, which see. The Quawpaw Indians intermixed with many fugitive Choctaws. reside on the Arkansas not far above the Post. That portion of the Cherokee nation, which has emigrated west of the Mis- sissippi, has its chief 8< Elements on the Arkansas. Beyond this territory < s White river are congre- gated the Shawnees |id Delawares, that have ARK 52 ARL emigrated from Ohio and Missouri. Above the Cherokecs, on the Arkansas, are the Osages ; and still higher are the Pawnees. In the vast waste of prairies, that interpose between tliis territory and the Rocky mountains, roam different tribes of Indians, among which are often seen, Indians from the Mexican country, who come here to hunt the bison. These animals with deer, elk, bears, and wolves are abundant in this region. Herds of wild horses are seen ranging the prairies and for- ests of the western parts. They are rather small in size bu*. very fleet and hardy. They are caught with the noose or entrapped into pens, and when taken may be broke to the saddle or harness. There are no large towns in this territory and the settlements are scattered about in isolated and detached situations, generally with great tracts of wild country between them. Little Rock, on the south bank of the Arkansas, is the seat of gov- ernment. Arkansas, a great river running into the Mis- sissippi, from the West, through the centre of tJie Territory of Arkansas. The extent of this mighty stream, which is said to meander a long distance in the Rocky moun- tains, is commonly given at 2,-500 m. This is prob- ably an extravagant calculation. Itisbelieved,that its distance from the point, where it has a volume of waters to entitle it to the name of river,to its en- trance into the Mississippi, measuring its curves, IB about 2,000 miles. In summer it pours a broad and deep stream from the m.ountains upon the arid, bare, and sandy plains. The sand and the dry surrounding atmosphere so drink up the wa- ter, that in the dry seaso^j it may be crossed, many hundred miles below the mountains, without wa- ding as high as the knees. The tributary streams are far from being so well known, as to render them susceptible of an accurate description. Some of them are remarkable for being impregnated with salt to such a degree, that we have tasted the waters of the main river so salt, as to be un- potable. The whole alluvial earth along the banks is so strongly impregnated with salt, tha the cattle sometimes kill themselves by eating it For a distance of many hundred miles from its mouth, it receives no tributaries of any consider- able length, owing to the configuration of the country through which it passes,and to the vicinity of Red river and Washita on one side, and the Yellow Stone, Kansas, and Osage on the other. When it has arrived within four hundred miles of the Mississippi, it begins to assume the charac- ter of Red river, in the numbers of its bayous and lakes. The belt of hi. E. lat. 42. 44. N. Ascoli di Sairiano, a town of Naples, in Cap- itanata, seated on a mountain, 70 m. E. of Naples. Long. 15. 50. E. lat. 41. 8. N. Ascoia, a town in the island of Majorca, with a church containing a celebrated image of the Vir- gin, much resorted to by pilgrims. Ascutneu, a mountain in Vt. between Weathers- field and Windsor, 3,320 feet high. It is chiefly a granite rocR with very few trees. The summit af' fords an extensive prospect of the Connecticut and a highly cultivated region in the neigiibour- hood. Ashnntee, an interior territory of North Africa, extending from the meridional line to the 5th or Gth deg. of W. long, bounded by the Gold coasts The Ashanteos have for a long period been the most powerful of all the Negro tribes of W. Airi<;a, not only in their contests witii their neighbours, but they have frequently defied the scientific and destructive meansof European warfare: during tlie period of the uncontrolled sway of the slave trade, previous to the commencement of the present century, the Ashantees, though little known upon the coast, were the main instruments in the in- terior, by which that debasing traffic was carrit-d on, being constantly at war with their neighbours for the obtaining of prisoners to send to tlie coast as slaves, and it was the Ashantees who gave rise to the famous, or rather infamous Assiento contract of the Spaniards : since the restriction of the slave trade to the south of the equator, ilie Ashantees, though still full of thirst for war, have directed more of their attention to commerce. It was in 1806 tiiat they first appeared formidable on the coast against the Annamboes, and in 1:23 they com- pletely defeated the whole British force of the coast, which took the field against them ; the governor who commanded in person being slain in the conflict, and the wreck of tlie army com- pelled to take refuge in the forts. Ashlorough^ p.v. Randolph Co. N. C. 78 m. W. Raleigh. Ashbome, a town of Derbyshire, Eng It is fa- mous for cheese, and seated between the rivers Dove and Compton, 10 m. N. E. of Uttoxeter, and 139 N. N. W. of London. Pop. of the parish 4,688. Ashbumham, p.t. Worcester Co. Mass. 55 m. N. W. Boston. Pop. 1,403. Leather is made here in large quantities by an incorporated company with a capital of 30,000 dollars. Here is also the Boston Soap-stone manufactory with a capital of 20,000 dollars. As/iburlon, a borough in Devonshire, Eng. It is one of the four stannary towns, and has a consid- erable manufacture of serges. It is seated among hills (remarkable for tin and copper) near the river Dart, 19 m. S. W. of Exeter, and 192 W. by S. of London. It returns two members to parliament. Pop. in 1821, 3,403. Ashhy, p.t. Middlesex Co. Mass. 50 ro. N. W. Boston. Pop. 1,240. Ashbij de la Zouch, a town in Leicestershire, Eng. It had a castle with a very high tower, some ruins of which are standing. Here are manufac- tures of stockings, hats and ribands, and a con- siderable trade in malt. A canal from the town communicates with the Coventry canal. Ashby is 13 m. S. of Derby, and 115 N. N. W. of Lon- don. Pop. in 1821, 4,227. A vein of coal, of a very superior quality was opened in the vicinity about the year 1816, and a mineral water in the same neighbourhood, since about the same period, has been much resorted to. Ashcrrff, or Eshreff, a town of Persia, situate on a small rivulet which falls into the Caspian Sea at its south end. Ashjield, p.t. Franklin Co. Mass. 105 m. W. Boston. Pop. 1,732. Ashford, p.t. Windham Co. Conn. 27 m. N. E. Hartford. Pop. 2,668. Ashford, a town in Kent, Eng., governed bj % ASI 56 ASI mayor, with a market on Tuesday. The church is lar<;heir E laces of worship ; and the Hindoos of Mou'tan ave been permitted to erect a temple. Tlie hou- aes are in general of wood ; and the inhabitants are estimated at 70,000. It seldom rains here, but the river Volga overflows, like the Nile, and when the water has-^run off, vegetation is very rapid. Here are several large vineyards from which some wine is made for home consumption ; also manu- factures of gunpowder, and nitre, and on the side of the Caspian Sea, are long marshes which pro- duce a great quantity of salt. The Volga, either of itself, or by its numerous branches, intersects half of the interior provinces of European Russia, and affords to Astracan a facility of communication by water of inestimable advantage ; it communi- cates with Moscow by the Kashma branch and with St. Petersburgh from Twer, partly by canal, and partly by intermediate waters. The mouths of the river abound with beluga, a species of stur- geon, from the sound of which is made the finest isinglass, which forms a very extensive branch of the commerce of Astracan. Here is also the cen- tre of all the commerce of Russia with Persia and the East, in which Russians, Persians, Armenians, Greeks, Tartars, Jews, Hindoos, French, and EnMish all participate. It was taken from the Mongol Tartars about the middle of the 15th century, and is about 770 m. S. E. of Mos- cow, and 1,050 S. S. E. of St. Petersburgh. Jlsturias, a maritime province of the nortliwest of Spain, extending for about 120 m. along the shore of the Bay of Biscay. It is divided into two parts, Asturias deOviedo and Asturias de Santillana, so named from their chief towns. This province is full of mountains and forests, its wine and horses are excellent, and it has mines of gold, lapis lazuli and vermilion. The eldest son of the kinor of Spain is st^'led prince of the Asturias. It was formerly a principality of the kingdom of Leon, and is bounded on the S. by the province of Leon; on the W. by Gallicia; and on the E. by Biscay and Old Castile ; it extends inland from the Bay of Biscay about 45 m. and contains a superficies of 308 sq. leagues, and in 1810, a pop- ulation of 304,238. St. Andero at the eastern ex- tremity of the province, in lat. 43. 23. N. and 3. 40. W. long, and distant by way of Segovia 87 and by Aranda 71 1-2 leagues north from Madrid, is the principal town on the coast, and Oviedo, 75 1-2 leagues N. W. from Madrid, is the chief town inland. Jlsijfum, I. Luzerne Co. Pa., on the Susquehan- na, GO m. N. W. V^ilkesbarre. Atiicama, a seaport and province of Peru. The province has a great desert of the same name, which separates Peru from Chile. The town is remarkable for the fish called tollo, with which it carries on a great trade with the inland provinces. It is 210 m. S. by E. of Arica. Long. G9. 30. W. lat. 21. 20. S. Atdunsk, a considerable town in the goverment of Tobolsk, on the frontiers of Colyvan. It is sit- uate on a branch of the Obi river, in the lat. of 50. 20. N. and 89. 30. E. long. Atchafid aya , a river of Louisiana, one of the mouths of the Mississippi, striking off from that stream just below the entrance of Red River, and flowing south into the Gulf of Mexico. It is only however when the river is very high, that any great portion of the waters of the Mississippi passes off" by this channel. Vast quantities of drift timber have passed from the main stream into this river, and becoming clogged between its banks have formed what is called the Great Raft, where the river is covered with a floating bridge of timber, extending with interruptions, a length of 25 miles. Jitena, a town of Naples in Principato Citeriore, near the river Negro, 22 m. N. of Policastro. .4 parte, over the Austrians and Russians, on tho 2nd of Dec. 1805, which led to the treaty of Pres- burg. It is 12 m. E. of Brunn and 30 S. S. W. of Olmutz. Austerlitz, p.t. Columbia Co. N. J. 34 m. S. E. Albany. Pop. 2,245. Austinhury, p.t. Ashtabula, Co. Ohio ; 192 m. N. E. Columbus ; has a number of mills and woolen manufactories. Au.stinto2Dn, p.t. Trumbull Co. Ohio ; 160 m. N. E. Columbus. Pop. 1,259. Austincille, p.v. Wythe Co. Va. on the Ka- nahwa. Australasia, a name conventionally applied to the extensive tejrritory of New Holkuid, and the AUS 63 AUS Beverfil groups ot islands south of the equator, in the Pacific Ocean. See Kew Holland. Austria, Empire. Circle, and Archduchy of, in Europe. The Austrian empire comprehends the ancient kingdoms of Bohemia, Moravia, and Hun- gary, tlie Italian States of the Tyrol, and the an- cient republic of Venice, Dalmatia, the duchies of Mantua and Milanese, parts of tlie circle of Bavaria, of Switzerland, and of Poland, and the circle which includes the archduchy. This fine empire lies between the 45th and 51st deg. of N. lat. and the 9th and 27th of E. long, and contains a superficies of about 300,000 sq. m. and 28,000,000 of inhabitants. In an aggregate sense the Aus- trian empire may be considered an interior and ag- ricultural, rather than a maritime and commerical country, the only part that borders upon the sea being the Italian States on the south, which may be considered tributary, rather than integral parts of the empire, and as such are held by too precari- ous a tenure, and under circumstances too pre- scribed to excite a spirit of commercial enterprize. That noble river the Danube, runs from west to east through the heart of the empire, and by its numerous branches, intersects almost every part, affording great internal facility of communication, and advantages ; but the peculiar locality of its communication with the Black Sea within the Dardanelles, precludes it from affbrding any very great external advantage. The Elbe rises in Bohe- mia ; but its course is too circuitous, and too much liable to political impediments, to afford any advantages to Austria to be relied on ; all the use- ful branches of manufacture, however, in wool, flax, silk, and leather, and most of the useful arts which contribute to the comfort and prosperity of society, are carried on over every part of the em- pire, from materials drawn from its own internal resources. Several mountain districts supply abundance of almost every species of metallic substances ; the forests supply abundance of timber, and the plains such numbers of cattle and sheep, as to af- ford several million lbs. weight of wool to be annu- ally exported, after supplying their own internal demands. The Italian States furnish silk, olives, and oil, and Hungary the choicest wines ; and in- deed the Austrian empire may be considered as con- taining witliin itself all the means of substantial subsistence and of comfort, and much of luxury. But although Austria is not destitute of genius, enterprise, and efficiency in the higher depart- ments of art, a bigoted and idolatrous species of religious faith, and self-sufficiency of political as- cendancy, tend to subdue rather tlian excite the mental faculties, and preclude all great exertion of social enterprize. The government is absolute in form, and the formularies of the church of Rome, are the established religion of the empire ; the government however if not mild, is not san- guinary, and the religion is rendered tolerant. The ruling passion of the government is military parade, to maintain which a revenue of more than 50,000,000 dollars is abstracted annually from the productive classes of the empire. Nobles from every part of the empire settle in the capital, and contribute by their wealth to increase its commerce and industry. The in- dolence and ennui of the rich render many places of amusement necessary, but none are so much frequented as the theatre. Much has not been done in literature, still less in science; music forms the only exception ; it has been cultivated with great success The people are punctilious in ob- serving forms and ceremonies ; no class of the community, no rank or order, is free from creduli- ty, superstition and bigotry. But although the inhabitants are ignorant, they are not corrupt ; the men art honest, and the domestic Virtues are cherished in the family circle. The Circle of Austria, is bounded on the east by Hungary, nOrth by Moravia and Bohemia, west bj' Bavaria, Suabia, and Switzerland, and south by the Austrian and Italian States, and the gulf of Venice, and contains superficies of about 50,000 sq. miles, and 4,500,000 inhabitants. It is divided into the Voralberg, and the counties of Bregen and Tyrol, the bisnopric of Trent, the duchies of Stiria, Carinthia, and Carniola, each subdivided into upper and lower, Friuli, and Istria, the bish- oprics of Salzburg and Passau, insulated in the circle of Bavaria, and two small territories of the Teuton- ic knights, insulated in the circle of Suabia and Franconia, all of which will be found more amply described under their respective heads. TJie Archduchy of Austria, is bounded on the N. by Bohemia and Moravia, E. by Hungary, S. by Stiria, and west by Bavaria ; it forms the the north-east part of the circle, and is divided into West, Upper, and East, Lower. Upper Aus- tria is again subdivided into the Inn Quarter, Mi- hel Quarter, Quarter of Hausruck, and Black and Traun Quarters ; and Lower Austria north of the Danube is subdivided into the circles, west above and cast below the Manhartsberg, and south of the Danube, into the circles above and below the forest of Vienna. Upper Austria contains about 5,100 sq. miles, 100 cities and towns, numerous villages, and 630,000 inhabitants ; and Lower Austria about 78.000 sq. miles, 280 cities and towns, numerous villages, and 1,100,000 inhabitants. The Archduchy of Austria constitutes what con- ventionally is considered the hereditary dominions of the house of Hapsburg, the reigning and ruling family, and the city of Vienna, situate on the south bank of the Danube, in the circle below the forest of Vienna, in lower Austria, is the seat of government of the whole Austrian em- pire. Except Vienna, there are no other cities or towns in the Archduchy of Austria, that merit any particular notice ; it may be considered an agricultural and a somewhat fruitful district, and its peasantry are considered to be the happiest and best conditioned of any in Europe. To obtain however a just view, and to form a just estimate of their condition, and indeed of the condition of any people, it is necessary to weigh well the circum- stances under which they are born, and by which AVA 64 AVE they are turrounded. The peasants of Austria have b«en born under the influence of the star of passive chedience, which for years past has been preached to them with mildness and persuasion, rather than violence ; and as such has made them a quiet and contented people, and as far as con- tentment constitutes happiness, the peasantry of ♦he archduchy of Austria, may perhaps, justly be considered as the happiest and best conditioned in Europe ; but after all, in the legitimate sense of the term happiness, it is a condition alike re- pugnant to common sense, and derogatory to the character of man. The character of the govern- ment, courtiers, and privileged classes of the arch- duchy of Austria, although tending somewhat to self-importance, is on the whole, courteous, affa- ble, and condescending; and whilst the peasantry of the archduchy may be considered the most con- tented, the court may be considered the least licen- tious of any in Europe. Antaujra, a county of Alabama, on the river Al- abama. Pop. 1 1,872. Washington is the chief town. Jlutun, a city of France, and an episcopal see, in the department of Saone and Loire. It con- tains many vestiges of Roman magnificence, par- ticularly the temples of Janus and Cybele. Here are manufactures of tapestry, carpets, coverlets, and delft ware. The cathedral of St. Lazarus, the college, and the seminary, are worthy of no- tice. Autun is seated on the Arroux, at the foot of three mountains, 45 m. E.by S. of Nevers, and 162 S. E. of Paris. Auvergne, a. late province of France, 100 miles long, and 75 broad ; bounded on the north by the Bourbonnois, east by Forez and Velay, south by Rouergue and the Cevennes, and west by Limo- sin, Querci, and La Manche. It now forms the two departments of Cantal and Puy de Dome. AuvMiird, a town of France, in the department of Lot and Garonne, situate on the river Garonne, 13 m. S. E. of Agen. Jiuxerre., a city of France, capital of the depart- ment of Yonne, and lately an episcopal see. It contains many fountains and squares, and the episcopal palace is deemed one of the most beau- tiful in France. It is seated on the side of a hill, on tile river Yonne, 75 miles W. N. W. of Dijon, and 90 S. S. E. of Paris. Pop. about 11,000. Auxon, a town of France, in the department of Aube, 13 m. S. ofTroyes. Auxonne, a town of France, in the department of Cote d'Or, with a castle, an arsenal, a foundry for cannon, and a school for the artillery. It is seated on the Saone, 17 m. E. of Dijon. Pop. about 5,300. Auzen or Tigre , a town of Abyssinia, capital of the province of Tigre, and a place of considerable commerce. It is seated on a river that flows into the Taccazze, 170 m. N. E. of Gondar. Long. 39. 93. E. lat. 14. 4. N. Ava, a country of Asia, now generally called Birmah, which see. Ava, a large city, formerly the metropolis of the Birman empire. It is divided into an upper and lower city, both of which are fortified ; the lower is the most extensive, about four miles in circum- ference, protected by a lofty wall, now moulder- ing into decay. The materials of the houses, con- sisting chiefly of wood, were removed about the year 1783 to the new city; and its numerous tem- ples, on which the Birmans never lay sacrilegious hands, are dilapidating by time. Clumps of bam- boos, a few plantain trees, and tall thorns, occupy most of the arna of this lately flourishing capitaL It is situate on the S. side of the Erabatty, 4 ra. S. W. of Ummerapoora, the present capital, in N. lat. 22. E. long. 96. 5. Avalon, a town of France, in the department of Yonne, which has a great trade in grain, wine, and cattle, and a manufacture of cloth. It is seat- ed on the Cousin, 24 m. S. S. E. of Auxerre. Pop. about 4,300. Avallon, a town of France, on the east side of the department of Yonne, about 20 m. S. by E. of Auxerre. Avatscha, or Avmlslia, a large bay, forming a very commodious harbour for ships of the largest burthen, near the S. E. extremity of the coast of Kamschatka. The town of St. Peter and St. Paul on the north side of the bay, is in lat. 53. 1. N. and 15. 8. E. long. Saratounka is another town ott the S. side. Aveiro, a town of Portugal, in Beira, with a good harbour for vessels of a moderate size. The chief trade is in salt, of which great quantities are made in its vicinity. It stands on a small gulf, at the mouth of the Vouga, 33 m. S. of Oporto. Long. 8. 40. W. lat. 40. 40. N. Aveiron, an interior department of the south of France, including the late province of Rouergue. It is named from a river which rises near Severac le Chateau, and flowing by Rhodez and Ville- franche, joins the Garonne, below Montauban. The Lot mtersects the nortliern, and the Tarn the southern part of the department ; it is divided in- to five arondisements ; Villefranche, Milhau, St. Afrique, Espalion, and Rhodez, the last is the capital of the department, which contains a popu- lation of about 320,000. Avel.Ia, a town of Naples, in Terra di Lavoro celebrated for its honey and apples, 15 m. N. E. of Naples. AveUino, a town of Naples, in Principato UJte- riore. It was almost ruined by an earthquake in 1694, and again in 1805. Near it is the celebrated convent of Monte Virgine, on a wild mountain,' which formerly had a sumptuous temple of Cybele. Avellino is fajnous for the dye of cloth, also for nuts and maccaroni. It is 25 m. E. of Naples. Pop. about 9,000. Avenay, a town of France, in the department of Marne, on the river Marne, 15 m. W. N. W. of Chalons-sur-Marne. Avenche, a town of Switzerland, in the canton of Berne, formerly the capital of Helvetia, but now greatly decayed, grain and tobacco being raised on the site of part of the ancient city. It stands at the south end of the lake Morat, 15 in. W. of Bern. Aventsville, p.v. Nash Co. N. C. 75 m. N. E.. Raleigh. Averbach, a town of Upper Saxony, in Vogt- land, near which is a rock famous for pale topazes- It is 14 m. S. of Zwickau. Averill, a town in Essex Co. Vt. 63 m. N. Mont- pelier. Pop. 1. Averno, a lake of Naples, in Terra di Lavoro, 600 yards in diameter, near Puzzuoli. Virgil and others have said the water was so bad, that birds dropt dead when flying over it, and hence they call it the lake of hell ; but it now has no sucn poisonous quality, for birds swim upon it. A lit- tle to the west of the lake is a cave, where some pretend they went formerly to consult the CumsB- an sybil. There are aJso some old walls, which some suppose to be the ruins of a temple of Apol- lo, and others of Pluto. Aversa, a town of Naples, in Terra di Lavoro <} AVO es AYL In 1305, it suffered greatly by an earthquake. It is seated in a fine plain, 18 m. N. E. of Naples. ^verysboro, p. v. Cumberland Co. N. C. on Cape Fear river, 35 m. S. Raleigh. Aves, or The Islands of Birds, so called from the great number of birds that frequent them, though they have not a tree. They are 70 m. E. of Cu- racao, and 100 N. of the coast of Terra Firma, in N. lat. 15. 50. W. long. 63. 43. Avesnes, a frontier town of France, in the south of the department of Nord, seated on the high road from Mons to Paris. Avestadt, a town of Sweden, in Westmania, noted for its copper- works, and a mint for copper money, 35 m. N. N. W of Westeros. Avezzano, a town of Naples, in Abruzzo Ulteri- ore, 18 m. S. of Aquilla. Jiviann, a town of Italy, in Friuli, 23 m. W. of Udina. Avig!iano, a fortified town of Piedmont, on a hill near the Cotian Alps, 10 m. W. of Turin. Acignon, a city of the south of France, capital of the department of Vaucluse, and a bishop's see. It was formerly dependent on the pope, and an archbishop's see, but became annexed to France in 1791. It has a university, several handsome churches and a synagogue, and numerous manu- facturing establishments. If is seated in the heart of a very fruitful district, (in which the olive, vine, and fruits of all kinds are very abundant,) on the east bank of the Rhone, near the confluence of the Durance, about 20 m. N. E. of Nismes. Pop. 32,000. Avila, a town of Spain, in Old Castile, and a bishop's see, with a university and a manufacture of fine cloth. It is seated on the Adaga, in a large plain, surrounded by mountains covered wim fruit-trees and vineyards, 56 m. N. W. of Madrid. It was formerly one of the most consid- erable cities of Spain, but does not now contain more than 4,000 inhabitants. Aviles, a town of Spain, in Asturias, near the bay of Biscay, 16 m. N. of Oviedo. Avis, a town of Portugal, in Alentejo, seated on an eminence, with a castle, near the river Avis. Hence the military order of the knights of Avis have their name. It is 25 m. N. W. of Estremos. Aviso, a town of Naples, in Terra di Lavoro, 6 m. E of Sora. Avon, a river of England, celebrated for its as- sociation with the name of Shakspeare. It rises from several springs in Naseby Field, in the coun- ty of Northampton ; its most elevated source springs from under the wall of a farm yard, a few paces north of the church, in the village of Naseby, and within a quarter of a mile from the source of the Nez, which flows east, and in a contrary di- rection to the Avon, falling into the German Ocean ; whilst the Avon pursues a westerly course, a short distance from its source, dividing the county of Northampton from that of Leicester, until it enters the county of Warwick, in which it ornaments the fine domain of Stoneleigh Abbey, afterward washing the rocky foundation of War- wick castle, from whence it proceeds to Strat- ford, the birth-place of Shakspeare, and where it becomes navigable for barges of 30 to 50 tons bur- then, running past Evesham to Tewkesbury in Gloucestershire, where it falls into the Severn. It has numerous corn and paper mills on its banks. There is also another river of the same name in England, which rises in the north of Wiltshire, runs past Malmsbury and Chippenham to Bath, lailinj^ into the Bristol Channel, this in contradis- tinction to the other is called the Lower Avon Avon, another river which rises near Bed win, in Wiltshire, running past Salisbury, and skirting the ed^e of the New Forest, falling into Christ Church bay, in the English Channel. Avon, p.t. Somerset Co. Me. Pop. 745. Avon, p.t. Livingston Co. N. Y. 236 m. W. Al- bany. Pop. 2,362. Avon, p.t. Lorain, Co. Ohio. 146 m. N. E. Co- lumbus. Avoyelles, a parish in the western district of Louisiana, between the Mississippi, Red and At- ehafalaya rivers. It produces great quantities of cotton. Pop. 3,488. Marksville is the chief town. Avranches, a town of France, in the south of the meiritime department of La Manche. It is situate on an eminence, about 2 miles from the sea, in a fine agricultural district. It was formerly a bishop's see, to which Henry II. of England went to obtain absolution from the pope's nuncio, for the murder of Thomas a Becket in 1172. Al- though much declined in importance, the cathe- dral, episcopal palace, and castle, give it some consequence ; and it contains about 6,000 inhab- itants; 10 m. E. of St. Malo. Aw, Loch, a lake of Scotland, in Argyleshire, 30 miles long, and in some parts above 2 broad. It contains four little islands, tufted with trees, on one of which are the ruins of an ancient castle ; and on a peninsula of a lake are the noble ruins of Kilchurn castle. At the north extremity rises the mountain of Cruachan, elevated 3,390 fl. above the surface of the lake ; and near its top is the spring which forms this beautiful expanse of water. The river Aw, the outlet of this lake, runs into Loch Etive, at the village of Bonaw. Atcatska. See Avatscha. Aiccri, or Overo, a kingdom of Africa, depen- dent on Benin, with a town of the same name, on the river Formosa. Long. 5. 10. E. lat. 6. 10. N. Aicen, a town of Suabia, on the river Cochen, 20 m. W. S. W.ofOeting. Axbridge, a town in Somersetshire, Eng. seated on the river Ax, under the Mendip hills, 10 m. N. W. of Wells, and 130 W. of London. Axel, a town of the Netherlands, in Flanders, seated in a morass, 10 m. N. of Ghent. Axim, a territory of Guinea, on ♦he Gold Coast, with a river of the same name flowing through it, and a town on the east side, at its entrance into the ocean. The country is fertile, and well cul- tivated, producing palm-oil, cocoas, oranges, pine- apples, yams, water-melons, and a prodigious quantity of rice. The Dutch have a fort and fac- tory here, called St. Anthony. Long. 1. 3. W. lat. 4. 42. N. Axminster, a town in Devonshire, Eng. on the river Ax. King Athelstan established a minster here to the memory of the princes slain in his army, when he defeated the Danes in this neigh- bourhood. Here is a manufacture of leather gloves, «fcc. and a famous one of carpets. It is 27 m. E. by N. of Exeter, and 147 W. of London. Axum, a town, anciently the capital of Abys- sinia. Its ruins are very extensive, among ^ hich are many obelisks of granite, with sculptures, but no hieroglyphics. It is 70 m. N. W. of Auzen. Long. 38. 45. E. lat. 14. 10. N. Aylmouth, Alne, or Alemouth, a town in North- umberland, at the mouth of the Alne, 4 miles east of Alnwick. It has a good harbour for fishing vessels. In the reign of queen Elizabeth the French held it and rortified it, as it was the finit f2 BAA ^ BAB port near Scotland, where they could safely land their supplies for Mary of Guise, the queen regent. It is said that the bones of giants are often dug up in the neighbourhood. It exports considerable quantities of grain for the London market. Ayamonte, a seaport of Spain, in Andalusia, with a castle on a rock, at the mouth of'the river Guadiana, opposite Castro-Marino, 80 m. N. W. of Cadiz. Long. 7. 15. W. lat. 37. 12. N. Aylesbury, a borough in Buckinghamshire, Eng. It is the centre of the busi>ess of the fertile vale of Aylesbury. Many people here derive their support from a peculiar manner of rearing ducks for the London market ; and the making of lace is carried on to a great extent. It is 17 m. S. E. of Buckingham, and 38 N. W. of London. Pop. in 1821, 4,400. Aylesford, a town in the county of Kent, Eng. situate on the west bank of the Medway river. Pop. in 1821, 1,136. Aylesliam, a town in Norfolk, Eng. 11 m. N. of Norwich, and 118 N. E. of London. There is a spring about a mile from the town, very effica- cious in chronic disorders. It is seated on the south bank of the river Bure, which is navigable to Yarmouth. Pop. in 1821, 1,853. Ayr, a county, parish, royal burgh, and river of Scotland. The county extends for about 56 miles along the S. W. coast, and is about 20 in mean breadth. It is one of the most productive coun- ties in Scotland, and exports considerable quanti- ties of grain to Liverpool ; and the north part of the county participates largely in the cotton man- ufacture. It also abounds in coal and iron, and has some veins of copper and antimony, and some kelp is made on the coast from sea weed, which is also extensively used as manure. It has been proposed to intersect the north part of the county with a canal from Adrossan to the Clyde at Glas- gow, but after having been completed for about 12 miles from the Clyde, the work has been suspend- ed. Agates, porphyry, jasper, and calcareous pet- rifactions are found in various parts of the county ; whilst lime, and freestone abound, and on the riv- er Ayr is obtained the whetstone, so useful in sharpening of agricultural cutlery. The principal towns beside Ayr, are Kilmarnock, Kilwinning, and Irvine, N.,St. Quivox, Mauchline, Muirkirk, in the centre, Maybole, Kirkmichael, Daily, Girvan, and Ballantrae, S. The itoyal Burgh of Ayr is situate in the parish, and at the mouth of the river of the same name, on the sea coast, the light-house being in lat. 54. 35. N. and 4. 26. W. long. It is a place of con- siderable antiquity, having been a royal burgh as far back as 1202 ; its commercial importance de- clined with the rise of Glasgow, but has revived somewhat since the commencement of the present century. Its export of coal is very great. About 6,000 tons of shipping belong to the place, a por- tion of which is employed in the timber trade, to British America. Its buildings do not merit any particular notice. Pop. in 1821, 7,425, and Kev> Town Ayr, immediately contiguous, 4,027 more. The Ayr river as well as the Don, affords a con- siderable supply of salmon. Aysgarth, a parish and village of North York- shire ; the parish contains 12 townships, and a population of 5,620 ; the village contains 293 in- habitants; and is seated on the Eure, four miles east of Askrigg. Here is a grand picturesque waterfall, called Aysgarth Force ; and a bridge of one arch, 72 feet in the span, overgrown with ivy. Azamor, a town of Morocco, on the river Mor^ beys, near the sea, 80 m. N. of Morocco. Azaredo, a sea-port of Brazil, in the bay of Spirito Santo, celebrated for sugar. Long. 40. 10. W. lat. 20. 18. S. Azores or Western Islands, a group of islands in the Atlantic, between 25. and 30. W. long, and 37. and 40. N. lat. 900 m. W. of Portugal. Thev are nine in number, viz. St. Maria, St. Michael, Terceira, St. George, Graciosa, Fayal, Pico, Flores, and Corvo. They were first discovered in 1439, by John Vanderberg, a merchant of Bru- ges, who was driven here by stress of weather. On his arrival at Lisbon, he boasted of his dis- covery ; on which the Portuguese set sail, and took possession of them, which they have retained ever since. They have all a clear sky and salu- brious air; are extremely fertile in corn, wine, and various fruits ; and breed great numbers of cattle. It is said they are quite free of venom- ous animals ; but they are subject to earthquakes and volcanic eruptions. They are seen at a great distance, one of them having a very high moun- tain, called the Pico, or Peak of the Azores. The governor-general resides at Angra, in Terceira ; but St. Michael is the largest island. In the year 1819 they exported to Great Britain 51,706 boxes of oranges, and in 1824-5 a still greater quantity, Azoth, Azotus, or Ashdod, one of the five cities of the Philistines, and a celebrated seaport of tlie Mediterranean. It was in this city that the idol Dagon fell down before the Ark ; and so strong a place it was, if we may believe Herodotus, that it sustained a siege of 29 years, by Psainmeticus, king of Egypt. It was, however taken by the Maccabees, in a much shorter time, who burned both city and temple, and with them about 8,000 inen. The town is now called by the Arabs Has- aneyun. It is but thinly inhabited, though the situation is very pleasant. The town is about a mile and a half in circumference, and has in it a mosque, a public bath, a market-place, and two inns. Here is an old structure with fine marble pillars, which the inhabitants say was the house that Sampson pulled down ; and to the S. E. just out of the town, is the water where Philip bap- tized the Ethiopian eunuch. There are several ancient buildings, with capitals and pillars stand- ing. It is situated about J 4 or 15 m. S. of Ekron, between that and Ascalon. B BAAL BECK, or the Valley of Baal, a fertile country of Asia, between Lebanon and Antiliba- nus, about 30 miles from Damascus, where there was formerly a magnificent temple of the Sun, the ruins of which are still admired by travellers. Some geographers make it a part, and others the whole of Coslosyria ; but all agree, that it was one of the most pleasant spots on the earth. Baba, or Babadag, a town of European Turkey, j in Bulgaria, celebrated for its knives and sword f blades. It stands on a gulf of its name, in the Black Sea, 90 m. N. E. of Silistria. Long. 28. 38. E. lat. 44. 40. N. Bahclmandel, a strait between the coast of Abyssinia and Arabia, uniting the Red Sea with the Indian Ocean. In it is a small island and a BAG 67 BAD mountain of the same name. Long. 43. 59. E. lat. \2. 50. N. Balff.nhausen, a town of Suabia, in Germany, 5 m. N. of Tubingen. Biibic, or Bahalicg, a town of Persia, on the con- fines of the Desert of Kerman, situate at about an equal distance from the cities of Kerman, Sliiraz ami Zed. Babiiij;l)ij. a village of Norfolk, Eng. is noted as beiuir the place where Felix the Burgundian first landc-d, to instruct the East Angles in the doc- trines of the gospel, and where the first church is -** said to have been erected. It is 4 ni. N. E. of Lynn. Babuyanes, a cluster of six or seven small isl- ands in the North Pacific Ocean, 10 leagues N. of tile isle of Luconia. The chief produce is wax, ebony, bananas, cocoas, and plantains. BJbiflon, the capital of the ancient kingdom of Babylonia or Chaldea. Semiramis is said by some, and Belus by otliers, to have founded this city. But by whomsoever it was founded, Nebu- chadnezzar embellished it, and made it one of the wonders of the world. The most famous works in and about it were, the walls of the city, the temple of Belus, Nebuchadnezzar's palace, the hanging gardens, the banks of the river, the artificial lake, and the canals. The walls were 87 feet thick, 350 feet high, and GO miles in circumference, forming an exact square, having 100 gates of solid brass, 25 on each side, with a street running from each in a straight line to the opposite gate ; so that there were in all -50 great streets, each 15 miles long. It is supposed to have stood on both banks of the Euphrates, in long. 44. 0. E. lat. 32. 0. N. Alex- ander of Macedon died here April 21, B. C. 323. Baca, or Baza, a town of Spain, in Granada, 15 m. N. E. of Guadix. Pop. about 7,000. Bach, or Batlia, a town of Hungary, formerly the see of a bishop, seated near the Danube, 30 m. E. N. E. of Funfkirchen, and 35 S. of Buda. Bacharach, a town of Germany, in the palatin- ate of the Rhine. It is famous for its wine, and stands at the foot of a mountain, near the Rhine, 24 m. S. by E. of Coblentz. The Counts pala- tine had formerly a castle here, and levied toll on the produce and merchandize passing up and down the Rhine, which, from the extentof the exaction, was denominated the golden toll. It at present forms part of the Prussian territory. Bachcserai, a town of Russia, in the province of Taurida. It was lately the residence of the Tar- tar clans of the Crimen, and the pilace is a curi- ous species of painted Chinese structure. Near this place, on a high rock, is an old fort called the Jews' Citadel, so na;ned as having been from time immemorial inhabited by about 200 families of Jews. Bacheserai is seated in a deep valley, on the rivulet Katza, 18 m. S. S. W. of Symphero- i>ol. Bacfimn, an island, the largest and most south- ern of the proper Moluccas. It is 70 m. in cir- cumference, and the interior rises into woody hills. It is governed bv a sultan, who is also sovereign of Ouby and Ceram ; and he receives a pension f-om the Dutch, either for the destruction or sup- ply of nutmegs. The Dutch first formed a settle- ment here in 1010. Zabonn-a is the chief town. Long. 127. 0. E. lat. 0. 25. S. Bachu, or Baku, a city of Shirvan, in Persia, situate on the shore of a fine haven on the W. »ide of the Caspian Sea. It was taken possession of by Russia at the commencement of the last century ; ceded back to Persia in 1735, and repos- sessed by Russia, since 1801. The country round abounds in petroleum, and, in some places, con- stantly emits llarne, but without producing any very sensible degree of heat. It was probably this district that gave rise to the sect of the Par- sees, Guebres, or Fire Worshippers, by whom it was formerly much resorted to. A similar phe- nomenon of ignited petroleum prevailed neaj Brosely, in Shropshire, Eng. from 1711 to 1750, since when the flame has entirely ceased. What was more singular at Brosely was, that the flame emitted from a spring of water There are a number of inflammable springs in the western part of N. York. See Burning Springs. Baku is now an inconsiderable place ; it is iu 40. 5. N. lat. and 50. 10. E. long. Badujoz, a town of Spain, capital of Estremadu- ra, and a bishop's see. It is famous for a bridge built by the Romans over the Guadiana. On this bridge the Portuguese were defeated by don John of Asturias, in itiGl. Badajoz was taken by the French in 1809, and retaken by the alliod army, under Lord Wellington, by storm, on the Cth of April, 1812. It is a frontier town toward Portu- gal, and well fortified. It is 14 m. E. of Elvas, and 175 S. by W. of Madrid. Long. 6. 40. W. lat. 38. 45. N. Badukslian, a city of Usbec Tartary, or Great Bucharia, capital of the province of Kilan. Gold, silver, and rubies are found in its vicinity ; and caravans pass by this city to Cabul and China. It is seated on the main branch of the Gihon, about 100 miles from its source, at the foot of the Belur mountains, 120 m. E. of Balk. Long. 68. 50. N. lat. 37. 10. E. Badbury, a village in Dorsetshire, Eng. on a considerable eminence, 4 m. N. W. of Win- born. It was a summer station of the Romans, and many of their coins, urns, &c. have been found. Here is also a Saxon camp, which con- sists of three oblong ramparts. Badelona, a town of Spain, in Catalonia, seated on the Mediterranean, 10 m. N. E. of Barcelona. Baden, or Baadcn, formerly a margraviate, in the circle of Suabia, stretching along the east bank of the Rhine, from the canton of Basle, in Switzer- land, on the south, in the lat. of 47. 30. to the bish- opric of Spires, in the lat. of 49. 10. N. bounded on the E. by the Black Forest. It was divided in- to upper and lower, or Baden-Baden and Baden- Durlach,from the names of the chief towns of the two divisions. Under Napoleon's formation of the Rhenish confederacy in 180G, Baden was constitut- ed a grand duchy, with some change of territory, divided into three parts of the Ilppei;, Middle, and Lower Rhine ; but receiving a further accession of territory of Brisgau, &.c. in 1809, it was divi- ded into the 10 folhnving circles, viz. The Lake Danube, Weisen, Treisam, Kinzig, Murg, Pfutz and Enz, Neckar, Odenwald, and Main and "Tauber, being names of so many rivers intersecting the territory ; the code Napoleon w^s adopted as the constitution of the sUite.and the seat of govern- ment, established at Carlsruhe, about two miles from Durlach. The whole territory contains about .5,600 square miles, and a population of about 925,000, from the productive portion of whom a revenue of about £G00,000 annually is collected for military and state purposes. That portion of the territory bordering on the Rhine, including the old margraviate, is exceedingly fruitful, and contains about 180,000 inhabitants. The foresta yield abundance of materials for building and fuel. Baden, the capital of Upper Baden, with a ca»- BAG 68 BAH da, on tlie top of a hill, where the prince often re- sides. It is remarkable for its hot baths, and is seated between the Murg and the Rliine, 40 m. W. of Stuttgard, and 20 S. of Carlsruhe. Long. 8, 22. E. lat. 43. 48. N. Batten, a town of Switzerland, in Argau, capital of tlie county of the same name. Near it are some warm baths, mentioned by the ancients under the names of Aquaj and l^hermae Helvetica?. In 17J4, a treaty was concluded here between Ger- many and Spain. It is seated on the Linimat, 10 m. N. W. of Zurich. Long. 8. 24. E. lat. 47. 26. N. Baden, a town of Austria, famous for its numer- ous hot baths ; seated on the Suechat, 13 m. S. S. VV. of Vienna. ALso of a village in the Valais, Switzerhmd, witli a hot bath of a sufficient degree of heat to boil an egg. r,:idemceilcr, a town of the grand duchy of Ba- den, in the circle ofWeisen, much frequented for its hot baths, seated near the Rhine, 5 m. S. S. W. of Sulzburg. BadgewoTthjViViWvige in Gloucestershire, En?. 7 m. N. E. of Gloucester. Here is a mineral spring called Cold Pool, nearly the same in quality as that of Cheltenham. Baeza, a town of Spain, in Andalusia, seated near the source of theGuadalaquivir. It was once the residence of a Moorish king, and was since a bishop's see, and seat of an university, but is now deemed of little importance, although its popula- tion is still considerable. It lies four leagues E. of the great post road from Madrid to Cadiz by Cordova, and about 10. N. of Jaen. Baffa, a seaport town at the west end of the Isle of Cyprus, with a fort, near the ancient Pa- phos, of which considerable ruins remain, particu- larly some broken columns, which probably be- longed to the temple of Venus. Long. 32. 30. E. lat. 34.50. N. Barn's Bay, a vast expanse of sea, so called from an English captain of the name of Baffin, who navigated it in 161(5. It is entered from the Atlan- tic by Davis's Straits, between the long, of 54. and 67. W. and in the lat. of the Arctic Circle. It is still questionable whether it be a bay or not ; and the English governent, since the general peace of Europe in 1814, have sent several expe- ditions, to endeavour to penetrate in the direction of that sea into the Pacific Ocetan. Bagdad, a celebrated city of Asiatic Turkey, the capital of a pachalic of the same name, or, as it is now more commonly called, Irac Arabi ; Bag- dad is finely seated on the east bank of the noble river Tigris, and previous to the route to India by th'' Cape of Good Hope, it v/as the centre of a very extensive commerce. It was t!ie capital of the Saracen empire, till taken by the Turks in the 13th century; since which it has often been an object of contention between the Turks and Persians, until it was taken the last time by the Turks, in 1631. It still continues to be a place of considerable resort, for all the commodities of Natolia, Syria, Persia, and India ; but has lost much of its ancient splendour, and is not so opu- lent as when in the possession of the Persians. The tomb of the Jewish prophet Ezekiel is still shown here. Ii has several mantifactorics of silk, cotton, wool, and leather, and has a cannon foun- dry. The city is surrounded by a wall about five miles in circumference, and contains some commo- dious houses, but its general character is mean and dirty. Its markets are abundantly supplied with all kinds of provisions ; but the great heat of its climate renders it uncomfortable i tha gummer season. It is about 50 miles north of the site of the ancient Babylon, 250 north of Bassora, and 8 deg. due east of Damascus. Lat. 33. 20. N. and 44. 40. E. long. Pop. estimated at from 60,000 to i)0,000, three-fourths of whom are Turks, the re- mainder are Jews, Persians, and of various na- tions. Baglana, a country of the Deccan of Hindoostan, bounded on the north by Guzerat, east by Cande- ish and Dowlatabad, south by Visiapour, and west by the ocean. It is exceedingly mountainous, but fertile in many places. Bagnaluca, or Banjaluka, a town of European Turkey, in tiie N. W. corner of Bosnia, on the bor- der of Croatia, 55 m. N. W. of Serai. Bagnara, a seaport of Naples, in Calabria Ulter- iore. Here are several high waterfalls : and among the rocks are the ruins of the former town, in which 3,017 persons perished by !in earthquake in 17S3. It is situate near the straight of Messina, 15 m. N. N. E. of Reggio. Long. 16. 8. E. lat, 38. 15. N. Pop. about 5,000. Bugnarea, a tov/n of Italy, in the patrimony of St. Peter, 5 m. S. of Orvieto. Bagneres, a town of France, in the department of Upper Pyrenees, famous for its baihs and min- eral waters ; seated on the river Adour, 10 m. S. of Tarbes. Bagnols, a town of France, in the department of of Gard, near the river Cese, 8 m. S. of Pont St. Esprit. It has manufactures of silk. Bagshot, a village in Surrey, Eng. 12 m. N. by E. of Farnham. It is surrounded by an extensive heath, bordered on the west by Windsor park. Since 1800 a considerable portion has been enclosed and brought under cultivation. Bahamas, or I ucayos Islands, a group of Islands, forming part of the British West Indies, exten- ding fi-om the long, of 79. W. in the lat. of 28. in a S. E. direction, to the long, of 70. in the lat. of 21. N The northern part lies contiguous to the coast of Florida, and the southern contiguous to the north end of St Domingo. The greater por- tion are mere rocks and uninhabited ; the follow ing are the principal islands : Bahama, Abaco, An- dreas, New Providence, Eleuthera, Exuma, Cat Island, Long Island, Crooked Island, Mariguana, Great Caycos, Grand Turk, Inagua, Square Handkerchief. Of these Cat Island first deserves notice, as being the first land of the western hemisphere, discovered by Columbus on the 12th of Oct. 1492, by whom it was called Guanahana. New Providence is the best cultivated, producing a little sugar, coffee, and cotton, and exporting large quantities of fruit to the U. S. of America. Exuma and Turks Islands have exported 30,000 tons of salt annually ; but the chief occupation of the inhabitants, is the turtle fishery. The passage between the northernmost island and the crast of Florida is called the Bahama channel, and another passage between Long and Crooked isl- ands is called the windward passage, and forms the route of the ships bound from Jamaica to Europe : the Jamaica packet touches at Crooked Island homeward-bound as the point of departure. The number of slaves upon the whole islands accord- ing to a return made to parliament in 1823, was 10,108, and the white population probably amounts to about 4,000. Bahar, an interior province of Hindoostan, west of Bengal ; bounded on the north by Nepaul, west by Oude and Allahabad, and south by Bezar and Orissa. It is intersected by the Ganges from west to east, which receives several tributary BAI « streams in its course through the province, the mist considerable of which are, the Goosey from the north, and the Soane from the south. It is an exceedingly fertile district ; its rice is the finest of all Hindoostan ; sugur, silk, indigo, cotton, and salt petre are produced in great abundance. Pat- na on the south bank of the Ganges, is the chief town. The town of Bahar, formerly the capital, is about '.V> m. S. E. of Patna. The whole prov- ince is subject t ) the English East India Company. B.ikia, one of the 12 captaincies of Brazil, ly- ing siuth of Pernarfibuco, and e.xtending from the 11th to nearly the Kith deg. of S. lat. and west from the Atlantic Ocean in tne long, of 40. to a ridge of mounta'u; in 44. which bound it on the west ; it is inters;'oted by another ridge of moun- tains, its whole extent ftoni south to north in the long, of about 42. and the river St. Francisco runs from south to north between the two ridges of mount-tins, to the north extremity of the territo- ry ; wh^n it abruptly changes its course to the east forming the boundary* between Bahia and Per- na:nbuco. Bahia contains a surface of about 50,- 000 sq. miles, and is the most extensively culti- vated district of all Brazil ; sugv, coffee, cotton, and tobacco are all produced in great abundance, and the cultu.'e is progressively extending. The forests abDUiid in a variety of wood, and are so dense as to be almost impenetrable. The chief town of the saine name, or as it is sometimes called, St. Salvador, is situate in lat 12. 45. S. and 38. 25. W. long, on the east b.ank of a noble bay, called the bay of All Saints, which runs up from south to north about 4'j m. being about 8 m. wide at its mouth. The town is situate just within the en- trance, and extends for 3 m. along the shore ; the ground rises to the height of 400 ft. within the distance of 1 m. from the main street, from ab iut the centre of which buildings have been extended to the summit of the rising ground, »vhich com- mands a very extensive and beautiful view of the sea and the country inland. Next to Rio Ja- neiro, Bahia is the most important town of Brazil and in point of commerce is the greatest. The h m jes are in general well built, mostly of stone, and it has several churches and convents of con- siderable magnitude. Pop. about 100,000. Ball' iniren, a town of Wurteinburg. situate near th.» source of the Teyah, a branch of tlie Neckar River, about 20 m. S. W. of H jhenzollern. Btihrakck, a town of Hindoostan. in the pr iv- mce of Oude, 02 m. N. N. W. of Fyzabad, and 65 N. E. of Lucknow. Long. 81. 5d." E. lat. 27. 30. N. Bahrenburg, a town of Westphalia, in the county of Hoya, on the river Sulilingen, 20 m. W. of Nieuburg. Bahrein, a town of Arabia, situate on an island, 3=0 ra. long, in thi? gulf of Persia. It gives name not only to the island on which it is built, but also to a cluster of them, celebrated for tJie pearl fishery ; and likewise to a province, extending alonii the west coast of the gulf. The town is fortified, and belonged once to the Portuguese, but is now possessed by the Wahabees. It stands on the west side of the island. 70 m. N. 15. of Lasha. Long. 49. 5. E. lat. 20. 20. N. Bi:ra, a town of Naples, in Terra di Lavoro, formerly famous for its hot baths and elegant pal- aces, of which some ruins remain. It is seated on the bay of Naples, 12 m. W. of Naples. Ba}a. a town of Lower Hunearv. on the east bank of the Danube, 35 m. N. W. of Esseg. Btuas, or Paisas, a town of Syria, at the N. E. BAL comer of the ^If of Aiasso, supposed to have been the ancient Issus, celebrated for the victory of Alexander over D;uius. Baibtmrdi. an inland town of Armenia, about 45 m. N. of Arz Roum. Baikal, a lalce of Siberia, in the province of Irkutsk, 350 m. in length, but its greatest breadth not above 40, between the lat. of 52. and 55. N. and 104. to 100. E. long. The water is fresh, and the Russians speak of it with reverence, calling it the H )ly Sea. There are many seals in it of a blackish colour, and abundance of fish ; also sev- eral islands, and that of Olchon, the largest, has sulphureous springs, and naptha sometimes floats on its surface. It receives the Selinga from the south, and its outlet is the Angara, which flows north into the Yenisei. Baileysburg, p.v. Surry Co. Va. 70 m. S. E. Richmond. BtulJeul, a town of France in the department of Nord,9 m. S. W. of Ypres. It is a manufactur- ing town. Pop. about 9,000. There are several other towns of the same name, in different parts of France. Bai'ur, a seaport of Abyssinia, and chief town in the country of Dancali. It stands on a spacious bay of the Red Sea, 340 m. E. by N. of Gondar. Long. 42. 40. E. lat. 13. 3. N. Bain, a town of France, in the department of Ille and Vilaine, 16 m. S. of Rennes. Bainbridire, p.t. Chenango Co. N. Y. 135 m. W. Albany, Po"p. 3,040. Bainbridge, p.t. Ross Co. Ohio. Baiiilfridge, p.v. Franklin Co. Alab. on the Tennessee, 5 m. above Florence. Bairdsloipn, the chief town of Nelson County, Kentucky, 50 m. S. W. of Frankfort. Bairout or Btrut, anciently Berytus, a seaport of Syria, in Palestine, and the chief town of the Druses. The port is nearly choked with sand and ruins ; but many cottons and silks are expor- ted hence for Cairo. It stands on the north side of a broad promontory, 50 m. W. N. W. of Da- mascus. Long. 3tj. 10. E. lat. 33. 45. N. Pop about 7,500. Baker, a County in the S. W. part of Georgia on Flint river. Pop. 1.253. Byron is the capital. Bakersfield, p.t. Franklin Co. Vt. 48 m. N. W. Mjntpelicr. Pop. 1,087. Baker's R'ver, a branch of the Merrimack, Graflon Co. N. Hampshire. Bakcrstuion, p.v. Allegany Co. Pa. 13 m. N. Pittsburg. Bakewell, an extensive parish and town, in the Peak of Derbyshire, Eng. Here is a large cotton- mill ; and near it at the village of Asliford, are marble works, where the black and grey marbles found in the vicinity are sawn and polished. It is seated on the Wye, 27 m. N. N. W. of Derby, and 153 of London. The town contains a pop. of 1,782, and the parish about 9,100. Bakow, or Bakou, a town of Euro{>ean Turkey, in Moldavia, on the river Bistritza, 60 m. S. W. J assy. Baku or Bachu, a town of Fersia, in the prov- ince of Schirvan, the most commodious haven ot the Caspian Sea, on the west coast of which it is situate. The vicinity produces much rock-salt, sulphur, and naptha, and it is famous for saffron. Baku is a fortress, surrounded by high brick walls, 300 m. S. of Astracan. Long. 49. 15. E. lat. 40. 2. N. Bala, a corporate town of Wales, in Merioneth shire. It is seated on the lake of Bala, or Pern BAL 70 BAL blemere, which is three miles long, and one broad, and abounds with a fish called guinard, resem- bling a saltnon in shape, and tasting like a trout. The river Dee issues from this lake. It has the remains of three Roman camps, which seem to have been used as exploratory stations, before the Ordovices were totally subdued. The inhabitJints carry on a considerable trade in knit woolen stock- ings. It is 40 m. S. E. of Caernarvon, and VJo N. W. of London. Pop. 1 1G3. Balacheo, a town of European Russia, situate on a branch of the Don, 00 m. W. of Saratov. Bidachiui, a town Russia, seated near the Volga, 40 m. W. N. W. of Niznei Novogorod. • Balaguer, a fortified town of Spain, in Catalon- ia, on the river Segra, at the foot of a crajrgy rock, 75 m. W. N. W. of Barcelona. Long. 0. 40. E. lat. 41. 43. N. Bilairanskol, a town in the province of Irkoutsk, Siberia, about 30 m. N. of the city of Irkoutsk. Balakawa, a seaport at the south-west end of the Crimea. Balamhansron, a small but very fruitful island, off the nortir end of Borneo, in lat. 7. 16. N. and 116. 58. W. long. Balamlman. See PaJambuan. Balapurn, Chica, a town of Hindoostan, in My- sore, noted for the manufacture of sugar-candy and clayed sucar, 15 m. N. E. of Doda Balapura. Balapura, Doda, a town of Hindoostan, in My- sore, surrounded by a mud- wall and hedge, and has a strong mud fort with a palace. Here are manufactures of cloth and sugar. It is 22 m. N. by W. of Bangalore, and 57 S. E. of Sera. Balartic, a town of France, in the department of Herault, famous for its baths. It is 12 m. from Montpelier. Balasore, a seaport of Hindoostan, in Orissa, and a place of considerable trade ; situate on the Gon- gahar, 20 m. from its mouth in the bay of Bengal, and 124 S. W. of Calcutta. Long. 8(5. 4G. E. lat 21. 26. N. Balaton, a lake in the south part of Lower Hun- gary, 40 m. in length, and 1 to 4 broad. The N. end is about 5 m. from Stuhl- Weisenburgh, and 36 more from the Danube, with which it is proposed to unite the lake by a canal. Balbastro, an episcopal town of Spain, in Arra- gon, on the river Vero, near its conflux with the Cinca, 45 m. E. N. E. of Saragossa. Pop. about 5,000. Balhec, the ancient Heliopolis, a town of Syria, at the foot of Mount Libanus, near the north-east extrepiity of the fertile valley of Bocat. On the east side are magnificent ruins, particularly those of the temple dedicated to the Sun. The town was nearly destroyed by an earthquake, in 1759, and is now a poor place, 37 m. N. N. W. of Da- mascus. Baldcagle, ts. Lycoming Co. Pa. and Centre Co. Pa. Baldivia. See Valdlvia. Baldock, a town in Hertfordshire, Eng. seated among hills, 9 m. W. S. W. of Royston, and 37 N. N. W. of London. It was origmally built by the knights templars in the 12th century, on the site of tne Roman way, called the Ikeneild street. Pop. in 1821, 1,550. Baldwin, t. Cumberland Co. Me. Pop. 047. Baldicin, a County in the centre of Georgia. Pop. 7,389. Milledgeville is the cliief town. Baldtcin, a County in the S. part of Alabama, Pop. 2,324. Blake ly is the chief town. Balearic Isles, fire islands in the Mediterranean, forming part of the province of Arragon ; they are named, Majorca, Minorca, I vica, Formentera, eaid Cabrera, which see. Balfrush, a town of Persia, in Mazanderan, on the south shore of the Caspian Sea, 12 m. W. or Ferabad. Balga, a town of Prussia, on the Frisch Haff, 24 m. S. W. of Konigsberg. Ball, or Bally, an island, 75 miles long and 45 broad, at the east end of the isle of Java, from which it is separated by a channel called the Strait of Bali. It is populous, abounds in rice and fruits, * and furnishes slaves, cotton-yarn, and pickled pork. Long. 11. 50. E. lat. 8. 30. S. Balizc, a river which divides the provinces of Yucatan and Guatemala, falling into the bay of Honduras in lat. 14. 50. N. 91 . 15. W. long. There is a town of the same name near the mouth of the river, which forms the principal settlement of the English for supplying mahogany and logwood, to the extent of 20,000 tons annually. There is also a fort called Balize in the Swamp, at the mouth of the Mississippi River, in lat. 29. 6. N. 89. 20. W. long. Balk, a southcr« province of Independent Tar- tary, bordering on Persia, now subject to Caubul. The principal city of tlie same name is situate on the Dewash, a branch of the Oxus or Anm River, and is a place of great antiquity, once the capital of Persia, and the residence of Cyrus. It is still a place of considerable importance and intercourse between the inhabitants of the countries border- ing on the eastern shores of the Caspian Sea, and the sea of Aral and Bukharia on one side, and of Hindoostan on the other. The khan's castle is a magnificent structure, built of marble, dug cut of the neighbouring mountains. It is about 220 m. S. E. of Bokhara, and 2C0 N. W. of Atlock Bena- res on the Indus, in 36. 28. N. lat. and 65. 20. W. long. Pop. about 7,000. Ballavh, a parish in the county of Mayo, Ire- land. Pop. in 1821, 3,380, in which is included the town of Minola with 415 inhabitants and the village of Ballagh with 329. Ballantrae, a town of Scotland, in Ayrshire, near the mouth of the Stinchar, 24 m. S. S. W. of Ayr. Ballichorough, a parish and town in the county of Cavan, Ireland. In 1821, pop. of the parish 6,283, and of the town 804. Ballibophaij , a town in the county of Donegal, Ireland. Pop. in 1821, 290. Ballina, a town in the county of Mayo, Ireland, 7 m. S. of Killala, and 120 W. by N. of Dublin. Pop. in 1821, 4,422. It was occupied by tlie French in 1798. Bullinasloe, a town chiefly in the parish of Kil- cloony, county of Galway, but extends into the parish of Creagh, in the county of Roscommon, Ireland. It is distinguished for its great annual slieep fair, the first week in Oct. when about 100,- 000 sheep, and 10,000 head of horned cattle are brought to market. It is 12 m. W. of Athlone, and 72 W. of Dublin. It is sometimes called Dunloe. Pop. in 1821, 1,811. Ballingarnj, a parish and town in the county of Limerick, Ireland. Pop. of the town 1,553, and of the parish 5,328 more. Ballinaldn, a town and parish in Queen's Coun- ty, Ireland. The town is situate on the border of Kilkenny, 48 m. S. W. of Dublin. Pop. in 1821, 1,951, and the parish which is called also Dysait Gallen, 2,467. *,* There are about 300 other parishes and vil BAL 71 BAL lages in Ireland beginning with Bnllin, but none that merit any particular notice ; several of them are populous. BuUston, p.t. Saratoga Co. N. "Y. 35 m. N. Al- bany. Pop. 2,113. This town is famous for its mineral springs. See Saratoga. Bally, in Irish signifies town ; there are up- wards of 150 parishes, towns, and villages in Ire- land beginning with Bally, such as Bailyhoy, Bal- ly castle, S^i-C. i^C. Balmcriiw, a town of Scotland, in Fifeshire, which has a trade in corn and salmon. The ruins of its once magnificent abbey, founded in 1229, are much admired. It is seated on the frith of Tay, opposite Dundee, 10 m. N. W. of St. An- drew. Baltic, an inland sea, in the N. W. of Europe, between the coasts of Sweden, Russia, Courland, Prussia, Germany, and Denmark, extending from the 54th to the 60th dcg. of N. lat. the Gulf of Bothnia running up to the lat. of 06. and lying between the 16th and 22nd deg. of W. long, the Gulf of Livonia extending 2 deg. further west, and that of Finland as far as 30. Its surface is estimated at 120,000 sq. miles, it contains a great number of islands, the principal of which are Aland, Dago,Oesel, Gothland, Oeland, Bornholm, Rugen, and Laland ; and the islands cf Zealand and Funen separate it from the Cattegat, by which it communicates with the ocean. There are three navigable channels into the Baltic from the sea called the Cattegat, which communicates with the German Ocean : 1st. which is the most northerly and most frequented, is called the Sound, between the coast of Sweden N and the coast of the Isle of Zealand S. This passage is about four miles across, and is navigated by 8,000 to 9.000 sail of vessels annually, which pay a trifling tax to the Danish government, for the mauitenance of the light-liouses on the coasts of the several channels. The middle channel between the south side of the Isle of Zealand, and the Isles of Funcn and Laland is called the Great Belt ; and the most southerly, between the isle of Funen and Laland, and the coast of Jutland, the Little Belt; but the naviga- tion of botli is circuitous and intricate compared with the Sound, and tliey are only passed under very particular circumstances. There is little or no tide within the Baltic, and the channels and harbours are generally frozen up three or four months in the winter. Amber is found on the coast of Prussia. Baltimore, a town of Ireland, in the county of Cork, on a headland which runs into the sea, and forms a good harbour, 5 m. N. E. of Cape Clear. It has the ruins of an abbey, and is 50 m. S. W. of Cork. Long. 9. 14. W. fat. 51. 18. N. Baltimore, a Coimty of Maryland, on Chesa- peak Bay. Pop. 120,876. The city of Baltimore is the seat of justice. Baltimore, the chief city in Maryland, near the mouth of the river Patapsco on the western side of Chesapeak Bay, is a place of great commerce and wealth. It was founded in 1729, but grew so slowly that in 17.52 it consisted of only 25 houses. Since the revolution it has increased with astonishing rapidity and at present is one of the first American cities. It stands at the head of tide-water, 14 miles from the bay, and contains 45 churches, 5 markets, 2 theatres, 10 banks, an exchange, a public library, St. Mary's College and the University of Maryland, a lunatic asylum, an observatory, 2 museums, and several elegant public fountains. The Cathedral is an Ionic structure 190 feet in length and 127 feet high to the cross at the summit of the dome. It contains the largest organ in the United States, having 6,000 pipes and 36 stops. Here are also two splendid p&intings. The Merchants' Exchange was built by private subscription, and is 255 feet in length, with a hall 86 feet by 53, lighted from the dome of the building ; in this hall the mer- chants meet daily to transact business. There are two splendid monuments at Balti- more. The Battle Monument is built of marble, 55 feet in height, Jind commemorates the defeat of the British in their attack upon the city in 1814. The Washington Monument is also of white mar- ble, 50 feet square at the base and su.staining a colossal statue of Washington at the height of 163 teet from the ground. The City Hotel is one of the first public houses in the country. Most of the streets of the city are broad and at nght an gles. Fell's Point, the lower part of the city, is the quarter where most of the stor/s and shipping are collected. Baltimore is the greatest flour market in the United States. In the immediate neighbourhood are above 60 flour mills, a single one of which has produced 32,000 barrels in a year. In the same compass are also 12 cotton manufactories, and others of cloth, powder, paper, iron, glass, steam engines, chemical works, &c. Baltimore has 80,625 inhabitants and is the third commercial city in the United States. It is in lat.- 39. 17. N. and long. 76. 36. W. 37 m. N.E.Washington, and 100m. S. W.Philadel- phia. The Baltimore and Ohio Railroad extends from this city to the Ohio river at Pittsburg, 300 miles. It was begun in 1829 and a great portion of it is already completed. There are several viaducts and embankments in its course near Baltimorf, substantially built of granite, and a deep cut three quarters of a mile long and 70 feet deep. Many cars are already in operation upon the rail road Some of them are drawn by horse power, some driven by steam and some by wind. The cars with sails go sometimes 25 miles an hour and can lie within 4 points of the wind. The whole dis- tance from Baltimore to Pittsburg, when complet- ed, will be travelled according to estimation, by horse power in 30 hours, and by steam in 20. Another railroad has been commenced to extend from Baltimore to York Haven on the Susque- hanna, 60 miles. Baltimore, JVcw, p.t. Greene Co. N. Y. 20 m. S. Albany, on the Hudson. Pop. 2,370. Baltimore, t. Sussex Co. Del. comprising the Hundreds of Daysborough, Indian River, Lewes Rehoboth and Broad Kiln. Battinglass, a town and parish of Ireland in the county of Wicftlow. It has some manufac- tures of linen and woolen, and is seated on the i^ BAN 78 BAN Slaney, 29 m. S. W. of Dublin. Population of the town in 1820, 1,500, and of the parish, 2,303 more. Bamba, a town of the kingdom of Congo, in a rich province of the same name. It carries on a traflic in slaves, and is seated on the Loze, 1(50 m. S. W. of St. Salvador. Long. 13. 45. E. lat. 7. 2.S. Bntnbarra, a kingdom of Negroland, which lies to the S. W. of that of Tombuctoo. The cultiva- tion of corn is here carried on to a great extent ; and the inhabitants are hospitable to strangers. Sego is the capital. It is intersected from west to east by a river, the supposed Niger, navigable for canoes the whole extent of the country. Bamberg, the territory of, formerly an imperial bishopric but made over to Bavaria in tlie Bona- partean territorial arrangements in 1803, and is now called the Circle of the Mayne. It is inter- sected by the lines of 50. N. lat. and the 11th of E. long, containing a surface of about 1,430 sq. miles, several towns and villages, and a popula- tion of 210,000. The cliief town of the same name is situate in the centre of the territory, on the east bank of the Rednitz River, a little above its conflux with the Mayne. It is the seat of an university, and the cathedral and episcopal palace are stately edifices. Bamberg, a town of Bohemia, at the foot of a mountain, 30 m. S. of Glatz. Bamhorough, a village in Northumberland, Eng. on the sea-coast, 14 m. N. of Alnwick. It was once a borough, and gave name to a tract called Bamborouglishire. It has a castle, on a rock, in- accessible on all sides, except the south, said to have been built by king Ida, about 5G0. Bambmik, a liingdom of Africa, between the rivers Faleme and Senegal. It is said to be very Eopulous, and on the borders of the rivers fertile, ut in other parts sandy and barren. The most remarkable animals are a species of white apes, wrhich the inhabitants will not allow to be sent out of the country ; while foxes, and the giraffe, an animal like a camel, and of extraordinary swiftness. Tiicre are mines of gold, silver, tin, lead, and iron. The capital is of the same name. Long. 9. 30. W. lat. 13. 30. N. Baminn, a city of Usbec Tartary, in the pro- vince of Gaur, soutli of the Gaur mountains. Here are a great number of apartments and re- cesses cut out of a mountain, some of which, from their ornamental work and extraordinary dimen- sions, are supposed to have been temples. It is seated near a river of the same name, 170 m. S. S. E. of Balk, and 100 W. of Cabul. Long. G6. 10. E. lat. 34. 30. N. Bavwa, a town on the north border of the kingdom of Birmah, with a fort, seated on the Irrawaddy, 170 m. N. N. E. of Ummcrapoora. Bampton, a town in Oxfordshire, Eng. The remains of its ancient castle yet exist ; and it has a trade in leather gloves, jackets, and breeches. It is seated near the Thames, 12 m. W. of Oxford, and 71 W. by N. of London. Pop. 1,4(J0. Bampton, a town in Devonshire, Eng. with a chalybeate spring ar i a manufacture of serges. It is seated in a bott'wn, surrounded by hills, 20 m. N. N. E. of Exeter, and 103 W. by S. of London. Pop. 1,030. Banagher, a borough of Ireland, in King's County, seated on the Shannon, 15 m. S. of Ath- Jofae. Pop. 2,813. Bana.wara, a town of Ilindoostan, in Mysore, with a fine mud fort, and the ruins of an extensive palace. Much tobacco is cultivated in the vicini ty. It is 68 m. N. W. of Seringapatam. Banbury, a borough in Oxfordshire, Eng. It is noted for its cakes and ale, and is seated on the Cherwell, 71 m. N. N. W. of London, and on the line of the Oxford Canal. It has a manufacture of silk plush, and returns one member to parlia- ment. • Banca, an island on the S. E. coast of Sumatra, celebrated for its productive tin mines. It has a town and strait of the same name. It was possess- ed by the English during the war of 1812-13, but ceded back to the Dutch in 1814. Bancali, a seaport on an island off the east coast of Sumatra, in the straits of Malacca, where the Dutch have a settlement. It is 130 m. S. of Malac- ca. Long. 101. 7. E. lat. 1. 15. N. Bancallury, the chief town of the island of Ma- dura. It is the residence of the Sultan, and po- pulous. Ba.ncapov.r, a frontier town of Mysore, in lat. 14. 58. belonging to the Mahrattas. Banrock, a town of the kingdom of Siam, with a fort ; seated near the mouth of the Menan, 48 m. south of Siam. Long. 101. 48. E. lat. 13. 44. N. Bancout, or Fort Victoria, a town and fortress of Hindoostan, on the coast of the Concan, with a good harbour, and a trade in salt. It was taken by the British in 1755 ; and is G6 m. S. of Bombay. Long. 72. 48. E. lat. 18. 5. N. Banda, the chief of the Banda, or Nutmeg Isl- ands in the Indian Ocean. The group comprises the isle called Lantor, and six or seven others. The nutmeg, covered with mace, grows principal- ly on these islands. It flourishes best in a black mould, and grows also among the lavas of Go- nong, the highest of all the islands, its summit being 1,940 ft. above the sea. In its general ap- pearance the nutmeg resembles the clove tree, only it is less pointed at the top, and its branches are more spreading. Its leaves are similar to those of the pear tree, but larger, and like those of the nut tribe are dark green on the upper surface and gray beneath. After small white flowers it produces a fruit very similar in form and colour to a nectarine. When ripe it resembles a ripe peach, and bursting at the furrow, discovers the nutmeg with its reticulated coat, the mace, of a fine crimson colour. The external pulpy cov- ering has an astringent taste. Within the mace is the nutmeg, inclosed in a thin shell of a glopsy black, and easily broken. It has 8 varieties which appear to be permanent. Its cultivation is nice and difficult. The best trees are produced from the seeds voided by a blue pigeon called the nutmeg bird. These islands have been subject to the Dutch ever since 1609, when they expelled both the English and natives. They are all very small, the largest being only 20 m. in circumference, and are subject to earthquakes. Banda was taken by BAA 73 BAN the English, in 1796, and restored in 1802. Re- taken iu 1810, and restored again at the peace in ldl4. Lat. 4. 40. S. long. 12J. E. Banda Oriental, or Eastern Shore, a district of the United Provinces of Buenos Ayres, lying in the eastern part, between tiie river Uruguay and the sea. It is bounded N. by Brazil and S. by the bay of the Rio de la Plata, and contains about 70,0J0 sq. m. It is a fertile and well watered dis- trict and has been the subject of contention and warfare between the Buenos Ayrean and Brazil- ' ian governments. Monte Video is the chief town. Baiidon, or Bandon-bridge, a borough of Ireland, in the county of Cork. It is commonly a milita- ••y station, and has manufactures of cotton, cam- lets, ticking, «&c. It is situate on a river of the same name, 13 m. S. W. of Cork. It extends into three parishes, the part in the parish of Desart, contained in 1820, 10,171) inhabitants, and the re- mainder about 4,000 more. Bandora, a town of Hindoostan, on the south side of the island of Salsette which is separated from that of Bombay, by a narrow channel. It is 6 m. N. of Bombay. Banff, a County of Scotland, bounded on the N. by the ocean, S. E. by Aberdeenshire, and W. by Murrayshire. Its greatest length is 50 miles, and its extent along the coast 22, but the main breadth is not more than 16. The south part is very moun- tainous, but the northern district is level and fer- tile. The principal rivers are the Deveron and Spey, which form a part of its east and west boun- daries, and yield abundance of fine salmon. The Aven rises from a small lake at the south extrem- ity of the county, falling into the Spey, where that river divides the county from Murrayshire. The principal towns are Gamry, Cullen, Fochabers, Keith, Aberlour, and Kirkmichael. Banff, the chief town of the preceding county, is situate at itsiN. W. extremity, on the east bank of the Deveron, over which is a handsome bridge of seven arches. It has some manufactures of lin- en and cotton, but it is more a place of fashiona- ble resort than either a manufacturing or commer- cial town. The town-hall was built in 1798, and is a handsome edifice. It is a royal burgh, gov- erned by a provost, four bailies, aud 12 councillors. 45 m. N. of Aberdeen, and 167 of Edinburgh. Pop. in 1820, 3,855. Bangalore, a city of Hindoostan, in Mysore. It had a strong fort, built by Hyder, deemed the * bulwark of Mysore, toward Arcot : it was taken bv the English in 1791, and restored tiie next year to Tippoo, who destroyed it : but since reverted to the English. The palace is composed of mud, yet not without some degree of magnificence, and there are two extensive gardens made by the two sultans. The chief manufactures are silk and cot- ton cloths, muslins, leather, and oil. It is 74 m. N. E. of Seringapatara. Long. 77. 37. E. lat. 13. 0. N. Bangor, a city ojf Wales, in Caernarvonshire. It is situate on the east shore of the Menai Strait on the high road from London to Holyhead. It was once so consideraNje, that it was called Ban- gor the great, and defHjded by a castle. The principal buildings are the^^^hedral and the bish- op's palace. The see is of very great antiquity. The church was dedicated to St. Daniel, who was bishop about the year 516. It is 36 m. W. of St. Asaph, and 251 N. W. of London. Pop. in 1821,3,579. Bangor, a borough and populous parish of Ire- land, in the county of Down, seated on the south 10 shore of the bay of Carrickfergua, opposite tlie town of that name. Pop. in l82l, of the town, 2,943; of the corporation, 327 ; and of the parish, 6,272, making a total of 9,542 ; 90 m. N. by E. of Dublin, and about 10 E. of Belfast. Bangor, p.t. Penobscot Co. Me. on the Penob- scot, 35 m. above Castine. It has a considerable commerce in lumber, and a Theological Seminary. Pop. 2,868. Bangor, p.t. Franklin Co. N. Y. 204 m. N. W. Albany. Pop. 1,076. Banistar, p.v. Halifax Co. Va. 140 m. S. W Richmond. Banjaluka. See Bagnaluka. Banjer, or Bender, a considerable river in the island of Borneo, which flows almost due soutli from the centre of the country to the harbour of Banjermassing, and at its mouth the Dutch have their principal factory. Banjermassing, or Bendermassing, a kingdom in the south part of the island of Borneo, the capital of which is Metapura. The country pro- duces great quantities of pepper ; also gold, iron, diamonds, canes, birds-nests, wax, and dragons- blood. It has a town of the same name, with a food harbour, at the mouth of the river Banjer. ■ong. 114. 30. E. lat. 3. 15. S. Banks Island, an island in the Pacific Ocean, on the east side of New Zealand, about 100 m. in circumference. Long. 184. 0. E. lat. 43. 30. S. Banks hland, an island in the Pacific Ocean, near the west coast of North AmeDica, about 60 m. long and 5 broad. Long. 130. 0. W. lat. 53. 30. N. Bann, a river of Ireland, which issues from the Mourne mountains, in the county of Down, flows N. W. into Armagh, through Lough Neagh, and thence forms the boundjiry between Londonderry and Antrim, entering the sea four miles below Coleraine. Bannalec, a town in the S. E. part of the depart- ment of Finisterre, France, 15 m. E. ot Quim- per. Bannbridgc, a town of Ireland, in the county of Down, on the river Bann, 14 m. N. by E. of Newry, on the road to Belfast. Pop. in 1821, 1,715. Bannockbum, a village of Scotland in the parish of St. Ninians, on the river Bannock, two miles south of Stirling. It is noted for a battle between Edward II. and Robert Bruce, in 1314, in which the former was defeated. Here also James the III. in 1487, was defeated by his subjects, -Wounded, and soon after murdered by a priest taking his confes- sion. Banno7c, a town of Ireland, in the county of Wex- ford, seated on the east shore of a bay to which it gives name, 20 m. S. W. of Wexford. Long. 6. 50. W. lat. 52. 12. N. Pop. in 1821, 1,298. Bantam, a town on the N. W. coast of Java, cap- ital of a kingdom of the same name, with two forts. It is divided into two parts by a river. The En- glish and Danes had factories here till 1682, when tliey were expelled by the Dutch. The chief pro- duce of the country is pepper, of which vast quan titles were formerly exported by the Dutch, who deposed the kings of the ancient race, and monop- olized the entire traffic of the country. Bantam, once populous and flourishing, is now a poor place, its harbour being so choked up that it is inacces- sible to vessels of burden ; its commerce is trans- feredto Batavia. Long. 105. 26. E. lat. 6. 20. S. Bantry, a capacious bay, at the S. W. extremi- ty of Ireland, on the coast of Cork, capable of G BAR 74 BAR containing all the shipping of Europe ; but some- what exposed to the swells of the Atlantic Ocean. A French fleet endeavoured to land succours of arms in this bay to the adherents of James II. l(Jbi), and they made another unsuccesful attempt to effect a landing with a fjrmidable force 179(5. It is 26 miles long, 3 broad, and 40 fathoms deep in the middle. There is a town named Bantry, at the head of the bay on the east side, the spacious harbour of which is defended from the swells of the ocean by the island of Whiddy. It is 4G m. W. by S. of Cork, and 103 from Dublin. Pop. in 1821,3,059. Banwell, a village in Somersetshire, Eng. four miles N. N. W. ot Axbridge. Here was a mon- astery, founded by one of the Saxon princes, which was destroyed by the Danes. On its site an episcopal palace was erected, some remains of which are to be seen near the church. Pop. 1,430. Bapaume, a town of France, in the department of Pas de Calais, 12 m. S. E. of Arras. Pop. 3,150. There is a river of the same name, falling into the Seine, which drives about 20 paper mills. Baptistoion, p. v. Hunterdon Co. N. J. 30 m. N. W. Trenton. Bar, a town of Podolia, in Russian Poland, on a river that flows east into the Bog. In 1708, a cath- olic confederation was held here, to protect the reli gion of the country from the encroachments ot dissenters. It is 48 m. E. N. E. of Kaminieck, and 55 N. W. of Braclaw. Long. 27. 40. E. lat.49. 14. Bar, a town of Hindoostan, in Bahar, near the Ganges, 34 m. E. S. E. of Patna. Bar, or Barrois, a late duchy of France, lying on both sides of the Meuse, between Lorraine and Champagne. It now forms the department of Meuse. Baracoa, a town on thfi N. E. coast of Cuba, with a good harbour for small vessels, 90 m. E. N. E. of St. Jago de Cuba. Long. 74. 42. W. lat. 20. 30. N. Baranco de Malamha, or Buranguilla, a town of Colombia, in the province of Magdalena, and a bishop's see, with a good harbour, at the mouth of the Magdalena. 70 m N. E. of Carthagena. Long 74. 50. W. lat. 11. 20. N. Barany, or Baranwahr, a town of Lower Hunga- ry, capital of the county of Barany, taken from the Turks in 1084. It is seated in an island, formed by the river Crasso, 14 m. N. Esseg, and 120 S. of Buda. Long. 19. 10. E. lat. 45. 42. N. Barataria, a bay or tlie coast of Louisiana, near the mouth of the Mississippi, surrounded by a flat marshy country. Botits can pass from the Mis- sissippi at New Orleans, through tliis bay to the sea. This was formerly a great resort for pirates. Barhacoa, a town of Colombia, in Cauca, on the river Tolembi,110 m. S. W. of Popayan. Barhacoa, a town of Colombia, in Venezuela, on the east side of the lake Maracaybo, 130 m. S. by W. of Venezuela. Barbadoes, the most easterly of the Windward islands, in the West Indies, 25 m. long and 15 broad, subject to Great Britain. The soil is beau- tifully undulated, and yields most of the produc- tions common to the climate, but the chief object of culture is the sugarcane, tlie produce of which IS about 15,000 tons of sugar annually, which, with some ginger and axrow-root, form its main exports. The island suffered greatly by the storm, on the 10th of October, 1780, when upwards of 4,000 per- sons perished by its violence, and at the commence- ment of the 19th century was considerably on the decline, the soil indicating symptoms of exhaus- tion, until the year 1813, when a very singular phe- nomenon occurred, which contributed essentially to its resuscitation ; a vast dense cloud of matter from the eastward, composed apparently of volcan- ic eruption, fell, and covered nearly the whole sur- face of the island, which tended greatly to its fer- tility. Barbadoes was constituted an ecclesiastical see over the whole of tlie Carribee Islands in 1824. It is also the chief seat of commissariat for the same, which occasions the internal commerce of the is- land to be considerable. It was first settled by the English in 1024 ; after the restoration of Charles II. a duty of 4 1-2 per ct. was exacted upon all pro- duce exported, under the pretext of maintaining and keeping in repair the forts of the island, and for other protection. The duty has continued 150 years, and in 1820 amounted to £18,037, but whol- ly converted into pensions, and the expenses of the island defrayed out of the taxes levied in Eng- land. It is divided into five districts and 11 par- ishes. Bridgetown, the chief town, is in lat. 13. 5. N. and 59. 43. W. long. Charles's, James's, and Speight's towns are the other towns of tlie island ; the free population amounts to about 20,000 Barbara, St. a town on the west coast of North America, capital of a jurisdiction of its name. It stands in a rugged, barren country, but has a good roadstead. Long. 119. 17. W. lat. 34. 54. N. Barbareen, a village of Ceylon, on the west coast, 35 m. south of Colombo. It has a harbour for shifp-boats, and a considerable manufacture of cordage and cables from the cocoa tree. Barbary, or the Burbary Slates, comprise the whole northern coast of I>Jorth Africa, bordering on the Mediterranean Sea from the Atlantic Ocean to Egypt ; bounded or rather intersected, on the south by the Atlas chain of mountains and bounded by the deserts of Sahara, Tuarick, and Lybia, extending in length from the long, of 10. W. to 25. of E. and varying in breadth from 300 to 600 or 700 m. between the lat. of 29. and 37. N. di- vided into the six following sovereignties, or states : viz. first, beginning with the west ; Mo- rocco, bordering wholly on the Atlantic Ocean, Fez, forming the nortli-west corner of the African coniinent, and Algiers, Tunis, Tripoli, and Barca, all bordering on the Mediterranean. Tliis exten- sive territory was known to the ancients by the name of Mauritania, Numidia, Africa Preper, and Lybia, and at one period contended with Rome for tlie empire of the world ; and although at the present day its inhabitants are among tlie * most unsocial and illiterate of the communities of civilization, they were at one period as distin- guishe-d for their attainments in art, as in arms. The whole country abounds in local beauties, and possesses all the advantages of soil and climate which man can desire : the soil yields great crops of maize and corn, and all the choice fruits, sucb as lemons, oranges, the vine, dives, figs, almonds, and dates are in great profusion ; the mountains are rich in mineral substances, and all the domes- tic animals common to Europe abound over the whole country ; the horses are much esteemed for their fleetness and beauty. I'he lien, panther, and hysena, and other ferocious animals are nu- merous in the mountains, and frequently make inroads into the plains. Reptiles are also very numerous, and the Boa-Constrictor, the most fero cious of the serpent kind, is common on the bor ders of the deserts. The external commerce of tht country is limited, but will be more particularly adverted to when treating of the respective d'vi sions. Mahometanism, in its utmost degree of BAR 75 BAR personal indulgence and wantonness of power, prevails alike in all the states, and restrains all rational and social advancement. Barber ino, a town of Tuscany, at the foot of the Apennines, on the river Sieva, 12 m. N. of Flor- ence. Barbezicux, a town of France, in the depart- ment of Charente, with a mineral spring, and a manufacture of linen cloth. It is 45 m. N. E. of Borde lux. Pop. 2,750. Barbuursvillc, p. v. Orange Co. Va. 78 m. N. W. Richmond. BarhoursviUe, p.t. Knox Co. Ken. on Cumber- land River, 125 m. S. E. Frankfort. Barbuda, one of the Leeward islands, in the West Indies, 2) tn. long and 10 broad. It has gold road for shipping, but the inhabitants (about 1,500) are chiefly employed in raising corn, and breeding cattle, for the use of the neighbouring isl-.ind^!. It is 35 m. N. of Antigua. Long. 61. 50. W. lat. 17. 50. N. Barbij, a town in the Prussian principality of Anhilt, circle of Upper Saxony, capital of a coun- ty of its name, with an ancient castle, and an academical cDllegc, fouaded by the United Breth- ren, in 1754. It is seated on the Elbe, l^m. S. E. of Magdeburg. Long. 12. 4. E. lat. 52. 2. N. Barca, one of the six Barbary states, the an- cient Cyrenaica, on the south coast of the Medi- terranean, between Tripoli and Egypt. The south part is a barren desert, inhabited by wan- dering Arabs. The north part along the coast is fertile and well peopled. It belongs to the Turks, and is governed by a sangiac, dependent on the bashaw, who resides at Tripoli. Derne is the capital. Barcelona, a city of Spain, capital of Catalonia, and a bishop's see, with a good harbour, on the Mediterranean. It is of an oblong form, defend- ed by a strong fort, called Montjuich, which stands on a rocky mountain, a mile west of tJie town. It has double walls on the north and east, and the sea on the south, with a mole for the security of ships. It is divided into the new and old town, by a wall and a ditch ; and the sea having retired considerably from the portgates, a whole quarter of the town now stands on the sands that were once the bottom of the harbour. It has a fine university, an inquisition, a cathedral with two lofty towers, a palace for the viceroy, a large ex- change, an extensive cannon foundry, an arsenal containing arms for several thousand men, and docks for the building of galleys. It has various manufactures, bat is more particularly distin- guished for those of fire arms of all kinds, swords, cutlery, and soap, and there are several very ex- tensive distilleries of brandy ; its commerce is gen- eral. In 1705 it was taken by the earl of Peterbo- rough, after a siege of three weeks. In 1706, Philip V. invested it with a numerous army, but was obliged to raise the siege. In 1714, it was taken by the French and Spaniards, and a citadel built to keep it in awe. The French took this city by treachery in 1808. In 1323 it held out to the last in favour of the constitutionalists, and did .■ not yield until all hope or expectation of success- % ful resistance was obviously useless. It is 250 • m. E. by N. of Madrid. Long. 2. 12. E. lat. 41. 23. N. Pop. of the city and the new town or suburb of Barceloneta 120,000. Barcelona, is also the name of a populous sea- port town situated at the mouth of the little river Neveri, in the new province of Oronoko, Colom- bia, about 50 m. W. of Cumana. It is a mean dirty place ; the inhab. about 14,000, under the proscribed system of Old Spain, were the chief medium of the smuggling carried on between Trinidad and the interior parts of the country. Barcelonctte, a town of France, situate among the Alpine mountains, in the department of the Lower Alps, about 10 m. S. of Embrun. Barcelorc, or Barcura, a town of Hindoostan, on the coast of Canara, which gives name to a dis- trict, but has been long in ruins. It is 40 m. N. N. W. of Mangalore. Barrel OS, a very ancient town of Portugal, in En- tre Douro e Minho, near the river (Javado, 10 m. W S. W. of Braga, supposed to have been founded by Hamilcar Barca, 250 B. C. Bard, and Bardin, two towns in the province of Kerman, Persia. Bardin is on the route from Ormus to Lake Gazel, and Bard about 10 ni. E. of Bardin. Bardcwlck, a town of Lower Saxony, in the dutcliy of Lunenburg, on the river Ilmenau, 17 m. S. E. of Hamburg. Bardi, a town of Italy, in the Parmesan, with a magnificent castle. 30 m. S. W. of Parma. Bardt, or Bart.li, a town of Swedish Pomerania, with a castle and harbour, near the Batlic, 15 m. W. by N. of Stralsund. Long. 12. 50. E. lat. 54. 25. N. Bareges, a town of France, in the department of Upper Pyrenees, much frequented on account of its mineral baths. It is seated in a valley of the same name, 24 m. S. of Tarbes. Barenton, a town of France, in the department of Manche, 20 m. E. S. E. of Avranches. Barflcur, a town of France, in the department of Manche. It was from this port that William the Norman embarked on his expedition to Eng- land in the 11th century. Barfleur was destroyed bv the English in 1346, and the harbour filled up. The cape of that name is 12 ra. E. of Cherburg, and near it part of the navy of France was destroy- ed by the English in 1692. It is 174 m. N.W. of Paris. Long. 1. 10. W. lat. 49. 40. N. Birga, a considerable town of Italy, about 10 m. N. of Lucca. Pop. about 9,000. Bara-aintowti, p.v. Gloucester Co. N. J. 50 m. S. E. Phllad. Barge, or Barges, a town of Piedmont, 7 m. S. of Pinerola. Barguz'Msk, or Barghouzin, a town of Siberia, in the government of Irkutsk, on the east side of the Lake Baikal, at the influx of the Barguzin, 170 m. N. N. E. of Selenginsk. Long. 109. 30. E. lat. 53. 20. N. Bari, or Terra di Bari, a maritime province of Naples, on the shore of the Adriatic, bounded on the south-east by Otranto, south-west by Basilica- ta, and north-west by Capitanata. The soil is fer- tile, but there are many serpents and tarantulas. See Trani. Bari., a seaport of Naples, capital of Terra di Bari, and an arclibishop's see. It is seated on the shore of the Adriatic, has a good harbour, and is well fortified. The trade principally consists in olives and almonds. It is 26 m. E. by S. of Trani. Long. E. 17. 0. lat. 41. 15. N. Barjols, a town of France, in the department of' Var, 19 m. S. S. W. of Riez. Bark/iamstead, p.t. Litchfield Co. Conn. Pop, 1,715. Barking, a town in Essex, Eng. It was cele- brated for a magnificent nunnery, of which a gate- way and part of the walls are still visible. It is chiefly inhabited by fishermen, and seated on BAR 76 BAR the river Roding, near the Thames, 7 m. E. of London. Barletta, a seaport of Naples, in Bari. It has a large stone pier, and a trade in corn, almonds, and salt. It is seated on the shore of t)ie Adriatic, 25 m. W. S. W. of Bari. Long. IG. 32. E. lat. 41. 19. N. Barmouth, a small seaport of Wales, in the par- ish of Corwen, Merionethshire. It has a good trade in flannels and hose, and is much frequented m the bathing season. It stands on a bay of the samt- name, 12 m. S. of Harlccli, and 222 N. W. of London. Long. 3. 53. W. lat. 52. 44. N. Pop. of the parish 1,742. Barnaoul, a considerable town in the province of Colyvan, Asiatic Russia, situate at the mouth of a river of the same name, falling into the Obi about 200 m. S. of the city of Colyvan. It is the seat of the supreme court of all the mines in the Altaian mountains. Pop. about 5,000. Barnard, p.t. Windsor Co. Vt. .GO m. N. E. Bennington. Pop. 1,881. Barnegat, an inlet on the coast of New Jersey, 70 m. N. E. Cape May. Barnesville, p. v. Montgomery Co. Maryland, 12 ni. S. Fredericktown. Barnesville, p.t. Belmont Co. Ohio. Barnet, p.t. Caledonia Co. Vt. on the Connec- ticut. Pop. 1,7G4. Barnet, a town in Hertfordshire, Eng. Near this place was fought, in 1471, the decisive battle between the houses of York and Lancaster; and at the meeting of the St. Alban and Hatfield roads is a column, with an inscription to commemorate this event. Barnet is 11 m. N. by W. of London, and being the first port town out of London on the Great North road, is a place of great inter- course and bustle. Barnevelt's Islands, two small islands a little north of cape Horn, and to the south of Terra del Fuego. Long. G6.58. W. lat. 55. 49. S. Barnevcldt, or Barnweld, an interior town of Guelderland, Holland, situate about an equal dis- tance from Arnheim and Ammersfort. Pop. about 5,000. Barnsleij, a town of West Yorkshire, Eng. Here are considerable manufactures of coarse linen, and in the vicinity 'are many bleaching grounds, a glass manufacture, and several coal mines. It has a canal to the Calder, and another to the Don, and is seated near the Derne, 19 m. S. of Leeds, and 172 N. by W. of London. Pop. in 1821, 8,284. Barnstable, a County of Massachusetts compris- ing the peninsula of Cape Cod. Pop. 28,525. The chief town has the same name. Vast quantities of salt are n ie in this county by solar evapora- . tion. Barnstable, p.t. the capital of the above Co. stands on a harbour at the bottom of Cape Cod Bay. The town is built with considerable neatness and has some commerce and fishing business. There are extensive salt marshes in the neighbourhood, but rhe soil here is better than in almost any other part of the Co. It is 64 m. S. E. of Boston. Pop. 3,975. Barnstaple, a seaport and borough in Devon- shire, Eng. It had formerly a castle, but none of the works remain except the mount. Here are manufactures of tammies, shalloons, baize, «&.c. and a variety of articles are exported. It is seat- ed on the river Taw, 12 m. E. of Barnstaple bay, in Bristol channel, 35 N. N. W. of E.xeter, and 192 W. by S. of London. Long. 4. 5. W. lat. 51. 8. N. P.p. in 1821, 5,079. Barnste-ad, p.t. Stafford Co. N. H. 36 m. from Portsmouth. Pop 2,047. Barmcell, a district in the south part of South Carolina, bounded on the south by the Savannah, and north by the Edisto River. Pop. 19,236, who are chiefly occupied in the culture and cleaning of cotton. The chief town of the same name is situated in the centre of the district, 116 m. S. by W. of Columbia. Baroarh, a town and fortress of Hindoostan, Gu- zerat, with considerable manufactures of cotton; seated on the N. bank of the Nerbudda, near its entrance into the gulf of Cambav, 40 m. N. by E. of Surat. Long. 72. 55. E. lat. 21 45. N. Barquisimeto, an ancient inland town of th province of Venezuela, Colombia. It is situate it, a fertile plain, about 20 m. from the E. shore oi the bay of Maracaybo, and 120 W. by S. of the city of Caracas. Barra, or Barray, one of the Hebrides of Scot- land, to the south of South Uist. It is 12 m long and 4 broad, and has a mountainous appearance, but the soil in many parts is fertile. Great quan- tities of cod and ling are caught on the coast ; and shell-fish, especially cockles, are found in great abundance. On the N. E. side is a good harbour. Long. 7. 27. W. lat. 57. 2. N. Barra, a town of Naples, in the vicinity of the city of Naples. Pop. about 5,000. Barra, a fertile and populous district, north of the Gambia, in North Africa, bordering on the At- lantic Ocean. Barra Inding or Barranding, situate on the west bank of a small river which falls into the Gambia, near its conflux with the Atlantic Ocean, it is the capital town of the territory of Barra, and is a place of considerable traflic. There is anoth- er town of the same name, about 100 miles up the river, on the north bank, between the rivers Ko- lar and Badiboo. Barraconda a considerable town in the interior of North Africa, about 400 miles up the GamTaia, where there are some falls which impede the nav- igation of that river. Barragon, a small town about 12 m. below Bu- enos Ayres, feituate on the shore of a bay to which it gives name. Barraux, a fortress of France, in the Alpine de- partment of Isere, at the entrance of the valley of Gresivauden, and on the river Isere, 6 m. S. of Chambery. Barre, p.t. Washington Co. Vt. Pop. 2,012. Barre, p.t. Worcester Co. Mass. 60 m. W. Bos- ton. Pop. 2,503. Barre t. Huntingdon Co. Pa. Barren, a County in the south central part of Kentucky. Pop. 14,821. Glasgow, the chief town, is 134 m. S. W. by S. of Frankfort. Two rivers, one called the Little, and the other the Big Barren, have their source within the county, run- ning in different directions, but both falling into the Green River. Barrington, p.t. Strafford Co. N. H. 65 m. fr Boston : 20 fr. Portsmouth. Pop. 1,895. Barrington, p.t. Bristol Co. R. I. 8 m. S. E. Providence. Pop. 612. -Barroio , a river of Ireland, which rises in the N. part of Queen's County, and flows S. by Athy, Carlow, and New Ross, into Waterford harbour. Barroie, a village in Leicestershire, Eng. on the river Soar, two miles N. of Mountsorrel. It haa for centuries been famed for a very fine lime, in particular request for works in water, and which IS exported in large quantities. Pop. 1,568. BAR 77 SAf Bar le Due, or Bar-sur-Ornain, a town of France, Capital of the department of Meuse, with a castle. Its wine is as delicate as Champagne, and it has several manufactures. It is seated on the side of a hill, by the rivulet Ornain,30 ra. W. of Toul, and 138 E. of Paris. Pop. about 10,000. Bars ur-Jl lib.., a town of France, in the depart- ment of Aube, famous for its wines ; seated at the foot of a mountain, 18 m. S. W. of Joinville. Pop. 3,600. Bar-sicr-Ssine, a town of France in the depart- ment of Aube, on the river Seine, at the foot of a mountain, 20 m. S. W. of Bar-sur-Aube. Pop. Bars, an interior county in the north p'.rt of Lower Hungary ; a town of the same name, for- merly fortified, was once the capital. Kremoni in the centre of a mining district is now the chief lown. Barsac, a town of France, on the west bank of the Garonne, about 20 m. S. E. of Bordeaux. It gives name to a favourite wine. Bart, p.t. Lancaster Co. Pa. • Bartfeldt, a town in the County of Saros, north part of Upper Hungary, situate among the Carpa- thian mountains. It had a printing press in the 16th century. It has manufactures of linen, and contains about 4,000 inhabitants. Barten, and Bartenstein, two interior towns of the kingdom of Prussia Proper, 30 to 40 m. E. of Konigsberg. Bartholomew, a river which rises in Arkansas territory, and falls into the Washita, in the state of Louisiana, a little below the town of Wash- ington. Bartholomeio, a small island in the Pacific Ocean, one of the New Hebrides. Long. 167. 18. E. lat. 15. 42. S. Bartholomeio, St. one of the Carribee islands, in the West Indies, 24 miles in circumference, and 25 north of St. Christopher. The French ceded it to the Swedes in 1785; and it was taken by the British in 1801, but restored to Sweden in 1814. The chief exports are druars and lignumvitae ; and it has a good harbour. Xiong. 63. 40. W. lat. 17. 46. N. Bartholomew, St. a parish of S. Carolina, in Charleston District. Bartlet, p.t. Coos Co. N. H. at the foot of the White Mountains, 85 m. fr. Portsmouth. Pop. 644. Barton, a town in Lincolnshire, Eng. It has two large churches, and was formerly a consider- able place, surrounded by a rampart and fosse, the remains of which are yet visible. Four miles E. S. E. are the noble ruins of Thornton abbey. Bar- ton is seated on the Humber, over which is a fer- ry into Yorkshire, 34 m. N. of Lincoln, and 167 of London. Pop in 1821, 2,496. Barton is also the name of a populous town- ship in the parish of Eccles, situate on the banks of the Irwell, 7 m. E. of Manchester. Pop. in 1820, 1,977. There are also 30 other towns or vil- lages called Barton in different parts of England. Barton, p.t. Orleans Co. Vt. 50 m. N. E. Mont- peliet. Pop. 729. A river of this name runs through the town N. into Lake Memphramagog, and in 1810 was the scene of a remarkable inun- dation occasioned by the bursting of a lake from its banks. See Vermont. Baruth, a town of Lusatia, on the frontiers of Brandenburgh, 25 m. S. by. E. of Potsdam. Baruth, a town of Syria, with a Christian •hurch, 30 m. N. E. of Seyda. Baras, a town and parish on the N. W. coast of the isle of Lewis. Pop. in 1821, 2,568. The town is situate on the shore of a fine bay. Ba.s, a small island off the N. coast of the de- partment of Finisterre, France, in N. lat. 48. 46. W. long. 4. 2. Basartschick, a. town of European Turkey, in Ro- mania. It has a great trade, and is seated on the river Meritz. Long. 24. 40. E. lat. 42. 19. N. Basel, Basle, or Ba'e, a canton of Switzerland, 24 miles long and 21 broad ; bounded on the north by Brisgau, "east by the Forest towns, south by the canton of Soleure, and west by the bishopric of Bassel and France. It contains about 38,000 inhabitants, and is of the reformed religion. Basel a bishopric in liie N. W. part of SwitzeJ land ; bounded on the east by the canton of Basel, south by that of Soleure, and west and north by France. The bishop was a prince of the German empire. In 1798 the French seized on this terri- tory, annexed it to France, and made it a new de- partment called Mont Terrible. Basel, the capital of the canton of the same name, and the largest town in Switzerland, is situate at the north extremity of the canton, and on the frontiers of France on the west, and the duchy of Baden on the east. It is surrounded by thick walls, flanked by towers and bastions ; and is di- vided into two parts by the Rhine, which com- municate by a handsome bridge. The largest part is on this side of Switzerland, and the least on that of Germany. The larger has five gates, six suburbs, numerous streets and fountains, and is partly seated on a hill ; the other stands on a plain, and has but two gates, with several streets and fountains. The principal church is an elegant gothic building but disfigured by rose- coloured paint spread over the whole edifice. Under a marble tomb in it is interred the great Erasmus, who died in 1536. The town-house, and fine paintings in fresco are much admired. The University founded in 1459, has a fine libra- ry and a rich cabinet of medals. The clocks here are always an hour too fast, because the town-clock went so on a day appointed to murder the magis- trates, by which the conspiracy was disconcerted. Basel has several manufactures, particularly of paper, ribands, and cottons ; and it carries on an extensive trade. Three treaties of peace were concluded here in one year, 1795, with tlie French republic ; namely, by Prussia, Spain, and Hesse Cassel. The allies passed through this city, when they invaded France, in December, 1813. Basel is capable of containing 100,000 inhabitants; but the number is scarcely more than 14,000. It is 174 m. N. by E. of Geneva, and 250 E. by S. of Paris. Long. 7. 30. E. lat. 47. 35. N. Bashee, an island in the China Sea, the most eastern of a cluster called from this, the Bashee islands, lying to the South of Formosa. The pro- ductions are plantains, bananas, pine-apples, su- gar-canes, potatoes, yams and cotton. The quad- rupeds are goats and hogs. Bashee is of a cir- cular form, six miles in diameter, and has a town of the same name. Long. 121. 50. E. lat. 20. 30. N. Basilkata, a maritime province, in the south of Naples, bounded on the north by Capitanata and Bari, east by the gulf of Taranta, south by Cala- bria Citeriore and west by PrincipataCiteriore and Ulteriore. It has some mountains continually covered with snow, but is fertile in corn, wine, oil, cotton, honey and saffron. Arcerenza is the capital. g2 BAS 78 BAS Basilipotamo, a river of European Turkey, in the Morea, which flows into tlie gulf of Colocy- thia. It was called Eurotas by the ancients. Basingstoke, a town in Hampshire, Kn^. It has a ereat trade in corn and malt, a manufacture of druggets and shalloons, and a navigable canal to the fiver Wey, near its entrance into the Thames; and being situate at the junction of several great roads, from all parts of the West of England, it is a place of considerable bustle. Pop. in 1821 , a,C15. It is IS m. N. N. E. of Winchester, and 43 W. by S. of London. The village of Old Basing, which is a township in the parish of Basingstoke, situate about two miles in the east, is distinguished for the deter- mined stand which it made against the forces of Cromwell, by whom it was ultimately taken, when he put nearly the whole garrison to the sword, and razed the fortress, which was the resi- dence of the marquis of Winchester, to the ground. Pop. 1073. Baskenridge, p.t. Somerset Co. N. J. 8 m. S. W. Morristown. General Lee was taken prisoner here by the British during the revolutionary war. Basques, a late territory of France, which inclu- ded Lower Navarre, Labourd, and Soule,and now forms with Beam, the department of Lower Py- renees. Bass, an insulated rock near the coast of Scot- land, at the entrance of the Frith of Forth, between the towns of North Berwick and Dunbar. On the south side it is almost conic, on the other it overnangs the sea in a tremendous manner. It is inaccessible on all sides, except the south-west, and there it is with difficulty a man can climb up by the help of a rope or ladder. In May and June it is quite covered with the nests, eggs, and young birds of thegannets and solan geese. The rock is one mile in circumference, and has a rabbit war- ren and pasture for a few sheep. A ruinous castle, once the state prison of Scotland, stands at the edge of the precipice. The garrison in 1G94, surrendered to king William, and the fortifications were demolished. Bass Islands, a group of islands in Lake Erie, comprised in Huron county, Ohio. There are 3 large and several smaller ones. The southern- most contains the haven of Put-in-Bay, near which Commodore Perry engaged and captured the whole British squadron, Sept. 10th, 1813. Bass's Strait, a channel about 40 leagues wide, which separates Van Diemen's Land from the south extremity of New Holland. It contains a chain of islands that run north and south. This strait was discovered, in 17!J8, by surgeon Bass, in an open whale-boat and passed through by him and lieutenant Flinders, in the Norfolk, in 17!)!). Bassano, a town in the north of Italy, in Vincen- tino, on the east bank of the river Brenta, in a country productive of excellent wine and oil. The French defeated the Austrians at this place in 17<)(i. It is 18 m. N. of Vicenza. Bassee, or La Basse, a. town of France, in the de- partment of Nord, formerly of great strength, but dismantled by Louis XlV. It is seated on the Deule. 18 m. S. W. of Lisle. Basseen, a town of Hindoostan, in the country of Baglana. It was taken by the English in 1780, but restored to the Mahrattas in 1733. It stands on the sea-coast, opposite the N. W. point of the island of Salsette, 20 m. N. of Bombay. L ng. 72. 40. E. lat. 19. 20. N. Bassenthwaite-water, a lake in Cumberland, three miles N.W. of Keswick. It is four mikM long» bounded on one side by high hills, wooded, in many places, to their bases ; on the other, by the fields and the skirts of Skiddaw. The river Der- went flows through its whole length. There is a village named Bassenthwaite on the east bank of the lake, containing 284 inhabitants. Basseterre, the capital of St. Christopher, built by the French, when this part of the island was in possession, before it was ceded to the English in 1713 It is situate on the S. E. end of the island, and is defended by three forts. Long. 63. 13. W lat. 17. 10. N. Basseterre, the capital of Guadaloupe, on the S. W. part of the island, defended by a citadel and other lortifications. Long. 61. 59. W. lat. 15. 59. N. Bassien, or Persaim, a city of Pegu,capital of the province of Bassien. It is a trading place, situate on a river of the same name, which is the west branch of the Irrawaddy, 110 m. S. W. of Pegu. Long. 94. 53. E. lat. 16. 22. N. ' Bassorah, or Basra, a city and seaport of Asiatic Turkey, in Trac Arabi. It stands on the west bank of the Euphrates, or Shat-ul-Arab, navigable for ships of 500 tons burthen up to the town, about 65 m. above the entrance of the river, into the Gulf of Persia. Bassorah appears to have been founded about the middle of the seventh century, and pro- gressively advanced into importance until it be- came the most considerable trading town of all western Asia ; and previous to the route to India by the Cape of Good Hope, it was the medium through which a great portion of the commerce of Asia passed to Venice aiid Genoa, and from thence over western Europe. It was taken pos- session of by the Turks, in 1688, since which pe- riod it has continued to decline, having been al- ternately exposed to the interruptions of the Per- sians, Arabs, and Turks ; and since the com- mencement of the 19th century, when the tide of commerce began to set from the west to the cast, Smyrna has become what Bassorah was, for so many centuries, the emporium of the greater por- tion of the commerce of that part of the world. Bassorah however still continues to be a place of considerable traflic, which is participated in, more or less, by most of the trading nations of both Eu- ^ rope and Asia. The city is surrounded by a wall of clay, said to be six miles in circumference, mounted with a great number of cannon ; the streets are bad and narrow, and the houses con- structed of bricks have a mean aspect. It is nominally under the dominion of Turkey, but governed by an Arab chieftain, with little defer ence to the Ottoman authority. The great desert of Arabia runs up nearly to the town ; the immedi- ate vicinity, however, is very fertile. A wall of seve- ral miles in extent has been constructed on the side of the desert, as a check on the predatory incursions of the Arabs, who frequently commit depredations under the very walls of the town. The popula- tion is estimated at about 60,000, among whom are a considerable number of Jews, Armenians, and Arabs, and natives of the more eastern parts of Asia. It is about 210 m. S. W. of Ispahan, in lat. 30. 30. N. and 47. 45. E. long. Bastia, a seaport of European Turkey, in Alba- nia, opposite the island of Corfu, at the mouth of the Calamu. Long. 20. 20. E. lat. 39. 40. N. Bastia, a city on the N. E. coast of the Island of Corsica, capital of the island, with a good har- bour and a strong castle. It was taken by the En glish in 1794. It is 80 m. S. S. W. of Leghorn Long. 9. 20. E. lat. 42. 38. N. Pop. about 11,500. BAT 79 BAT Bastimentos, small islands near the ithsmus of l>arien, at the entrance of the b!\y of Nombre de Dios, with a fort and a good harbour. Long. 79. 45. W. lat. 9. 30. N. B'istognc, a city of the Netherlands, in Luxem- burg, near the forest of Ardennes. It was fortified by the French in 1 683, and commonly known among them by the name of Paris in Ardennes. It is 23 m. N. N. W. of Luxemburg. Baswaputanmi, a town of Hindoostan.in Mysore, with a fjrt and a celebrated mosque, CO m. E. by N. of Nagura. Batahaiio, a town on the south coast of Cuba, Stuate on the north side of a large bay, opposite Pinos Island, 55 m. S. S. W. of Ilavannah. Long, jg. 0. W. lat. 22. 20. N. BrUacole, a town of Hindoostan, on the coast of Canara. The country produces a great quantity of pepper. It is 10 m. N. of Barcalore. Balacolo, a small fortress on the east side of Cey- lon, built by the Dutch. It is of great importance, an account of the extreme fertility of the adjacent countrj', which, during a war, or times of scarcity in the district of Trincomale, can supply the gar- risons there with all kinds of provisions. It sur- rendered to the English in 1796 ; and is situate at the head of a deep bay, 54 m. S. S. E. of Trinco- male. Batalha, a town of Portugal, in Estremadura, celebrated for its rich monastery, founded, in 1386. by John I. who is interred here, with his queen Philippa. It is 8 m. S. S. W. of Lerida. Baiavia, the ancient name of an island in Hol- land, whence the Dutch are sometimes called Ba- tavians. Butavia, a city and seaport, on the N. E. part of the island of Java, capital of all the Dutch settle- ments in the East Indies, finely situate in the bosom of a spacious bay. The fort is built of coral rock, brought from some of the adjoin- ing islands, and has a fortification of brick. A part of the town wall is built of dense lava from the mountains in the centre of Java. No stone, of any kind, is to be found for many miles beyond this city ; but marble and granite are brought here from China. The harbour is ex- cellent, and there are canals in the principal streets, planted on each side with trees, after the manner of the towns in Holland. The inhabitants are composed of natives from nearly all the coun- tries and islands of Asia and the Indian Ocean, as well as of most of the chief trading parts of Eu- rope and America, amongst whom the number of Chinese is considerable. The city was founded in 1619, and rose rapidly into importance ; during the eighteenth century it was deemed the finest European settlement in all Asia ; and although considered unhealthy, from the influence of the heat of the climate on the mud and stagnant waters of the canals and streams by which it is intersected, it was vainly denominated by the Dutch, the "Queen of the East." The houses of two streets, forming the European part of the town, are handsome and commodious, and vie with if they do not excel in capaciousness and con- venience those of the best towns in Holland ; but the parts occupied by the Javanese, Chinese, and other natives of the east, like most of the Asiatic towns, are crowded, mean, and dirty. Batavia was very sensibly affected by the war of 1793, and be- came almost deserted, until its capture, with the whole of the Island of Java, by the English, in 1811, when it became again the centre of an ex- tensive commerce. It was ceded back to the Dutch on the peace of 1814, who having relaxed somewhat from their former sj'stem of proscription and monopoly in their commercial regulations, Batavia continues a flourishing and important place. The stadthouse is the principal edifice de- serving of notice. The natives of the several na- tions and countries who compose the population, which amounts to about 50,000, have each their churches, mosques, and temples, but there are none that merit any particular notice. The nature of its commerce will be more fully elucidated un- der the head of Java. The observatory is in lat. 69. S. and 106. 52. E. long. Batavia, p.t. Gennesee Co. N. T. 38 m. N. E. Buffalo. Pop. 4,271. It is a handsome town, with considerable trade. Batavia, p.t. Geauga Co. Ohio. Batesville, p.t. Independence ('o. Arkansas, on White river, 110 m. N. E. Little Rock. Bath, a city of England, in the east corner of the county of Somerset, on the confines of Glou- cester and Wilts ; it is bounded on the north by a range of hills, up the declivity of which build- ings have been constructed in varied, ornamental, and tasteful styles of architecture, terraces, cres- cents, &c. of a beautiful white stone, dug on the spot. The city is beautifully situated on the riv- er Avon. Its foundation is generally ascribed to the Romans. A rude tradition, however, exists which would carry its origin back into more dis- tant times, and attribute the honour of its com- mencement to one of the earliest British kings, who, being expelled while a prince from his fath- er's court, cured himself of leprosy by accidentally washing in its waters. But rejecting what ap- pears most fabulous in this tale, it is not impro- bable that the inhabitants of the district were well acquainted with the virtue of the spring before the arrival of the invaders, and that the elements of a town or village existed there from very early times. The Romans, characteristically luxurious in their baths, and choosing their situations with the most scrupulous care, were not likely to neg- lect the advantages which such a neighbourhood presented. The mildness of the air, and the lovely amphitheatre of hills which surrounds this valley of waters, would tend still farther to delight them with the station, — the best counterpart of their own Italy which the uncultivated land afforded, — and we accordingly learn from the best accredited accounts, that it shortly became the favourite re- sidence of the Roman governors, and sometimes of the emperors. The mrm in which the city was first built was a parallelogram, extending from east to west about 400 yards, and from north to south about 380. It was fortified by a wall twenty feet high, and of a thickness varying from sixteen feet at the base to eight at the top. Several strong towers supported its angles ; and its four gates stood one at each extremity of the two grand streets, which intersected each other, and divided the city into four parts. Near the centre of the town were built those splendid baths, of which the ruins were discovered in 1755 at the depth of twenty feet below the surface of the ground. Sev- eral other Roman relics have been also dug up in late years ; and among them a head of Minerva, reckoned one of the most valuable remains of an- tiquity. In the time of William the Conqueror it was named as one of the royal demenses ; and in that of Rufus it was erected into a see by John de Villulo, who removed thither from Wells. After undergoing several changes during the political convulsions of the following centuries, it received TTVr.RSlTY BAT 90 BAT a charter from queen Elizabeth in 1590, which was renewed and modified in 1794. According to this charter, it is governed by a mayor, eight aldermen, and twenty -wnr common councilmen ; and sends two members to parliament. The situation of Bath affords every advantage for architectural effect; and the arrangement of its streets and terraces, the splendour and richly ornamented character of the buildings, together with tlie luxurious beauty of the intervening gar- dens and villas, form one of the loveliest scenes that can be found in any city of these northern climes. The hills on which it is built open on the two opposite sides to admit the Avon, which, flowing through the valley, and being the princi- pal channel for the trade of the neighbouring counties, adds greatly to the beauty and liveliness of the prospect. As the streets rise one above the otlier, according to the gradual elevation of the hills, the principal part of the city at a distance has a close resemblance to the interior of a mighty theatre, which gave rise to Smollet'e well-known sarcasm, " an antique amphitheatre turned in- side out." The opinion of the novelist has not been unsupported by others ; and it is argued by persons of the best taste, that however imposing the prospect of Bath is at a distance, the architec- ture, when more closely inspected, is greatly de- fective in taste and correctness of design. The city is divided into four parishes — St. Pe- ter's and St. Paul, St. James's, St. Michael's, and Walcot ; besides which there are some out-parish- es, now closely connected with the more ancient part of the town. The abbey church is regarded as one of the most beautiful specimens of the rich- ly ornamented style of Gothic architecture that exists, but its numerous windows, amounting to fifly-two, have gained it the appellation of the lantern of England. Some of the monuments it contains are very much admired ; and the oratory of prior Bird, who died in the early part of the sixteenth century, is extremely rich in monumen- tal beauties. Among the tombs which generally attract attention in this church, are those of lady Waller, wife of the celebrated sir William Waller ; of the noted comedian Quin, of bishop Montague, and Beau Nash, the well-known originator of most of the regulations of Bath etiquette. There are few names connected witli the history of the city better known to fame than that of this cele- brated master of fashion ; and his fortunes are well calculated to point a moral for the place of which he was the hero. He was born in 1674, at Swansea in Glamorganshire, and was intended for the law, but entered the army ; which, taking disgust at the discipline and his subordinate rank, he soon forsook, and took chambers in the Tem- ple. Here he devoted himself entirely to pleas- ure and fashion ; and when king William visited the Inn, he was chosen as master of the pageant with which it was customary to welcome the mon- arch. So pleased was William with the enter- tainment, that he offered him the honour of knight- hood ; but Nash refused it, saying, " Please your majesty, if you intend to make me a knight, 1 wish it may be one of your poor knights of Wind- sor, and then I shall have a fortune at least equal to support my title." In 1704 he was appointed master of the ceremonies at Bath ; and immediate- ly instituted a set of regulations, as remarkable for their strictness as for their judicious adaptation to the wants and society of the place. While in the plenitude of his power and popularity, Nash lived 'n the most splendid style of" elegance, supporting his expenses by a long run of success at the gam- ing table. His dress was covered with expensive lace, and he wore a large white cocked hat. The chariot in wliich he rode was drawn by six grey horses, and attended by a long cavalcade of ser- vants, some on horses, others on foot ; while his progress througli the streets was made known by a band of French horns and other instruments. His common title was the King of Bath; and his reign continued, with undiminished splendour, for more than fifteen years. His health then began to decline, and his resources grew less plentiful. As the change in his spirits and cir- cumstances became more evident, his former acquaintances gradually forsook him ; and he died at the age of eighty-eight, in comparative indi- gence and solitude. His character, however, was so estimated by the corporation of the city, that he was buried with great magnificence at its ex- pense, and iiis epitaph, a neat tribute to his memo- ry, was written by Dr. Harrington. The Crescent, the North and South Parades, the Circus, and Pulteney-street, are the principal public avenues ; but the great points of attraction for the visitors of Bath are the pump and ball- rooms : the former is 85 feet long ; the interior is surrounded by three-quarter Corinthian columns, crowned with entablatures and surmounted by a five-feet coving. At the west end is a music gal- lery ; and a recess at the east is occupied by a statue of Nash. In the centre of the south side stands the marble vase, from which the water is taken by an attendant and handed to the com- pany. The public baths are, the king's and queen's, the hot bath, and the cross bath ; besides which, there are the duke of Kingston's, the corpora- tion's, and some other private ones. The king's is on the south side of the pump-room, and is rather more than C5 feet long and 40 broad, con- taining, when filled, more than 346 tons of water : it is surrounded by a Doric colonnade ; and in the centre, where the spring rises, is a brass hand- rail. In the hottest part of the bath the thermom- eter stands at 111 ; in the coolest, at 100. The hot bath raises it to 117. There are several public charities in this city of great utility. The general hospital, which was founded at the benevolent instigation of Nash, receives poor persons, to whom the waters are likely to be beneficial, from all parts of the king- dom. Two or three establishments also exist for the support of aged men and women ; and early in the last century the venerable Robert Nelson founded a charity school for fifty boys and fifty girls. Nor is Bath wanting in provisions for lit- erary and scientific pursuits : it has a large public library, a society for the promotion of agriculture, and a philosophical society. Bath is 107 miles west from London, and 12 miles east from Bristol. Lat. 51. 23. N. Ion. 2, 22. W. Pop. 37,000. Bath, p.t. Lincoln Co. Me. on the Kennebec, 12 m. from the sea, has considerable commerce and ship building. It has two academies and two banks. Pop. 3,773. Bath, p.t. Grafton Co. N. H. on the Connecti- cut; 148 m. fr. Boston. Pop. 1,026. Bath, p.t. Berkeley Co. Va. 100 m. N. W. Wash- ington. In this town are the Berkley Springs. There are also towns of this name in N. Y., Pa., N. C. and Ohio. Bath, a County in the centre of Virgmia, among the Apalachian mountains, but comprised in the BAT 81 Western District. Pop. 4,008. Among these mountains, 183 m. W. N. W. of Richmond, are the hot springs which give name to the county. There is another spring a few miles north, called the Warm Spring ; the north and south forks of the Jackson River run through the plain between the two ridges of mountains and the Cow Pasture River, east of the eastern ridge, all of which fall into James River, at the south end of tlie county. There is another hot spring in Berkeley county, Virginia, between the foot of the Bluff of the Ca- capon ridge of the Alleghany Mountains and the Potomac River, about 40 m. N. by W. of the city of Washington. Bath, a County of Kentucky, in the N. E., on Licking river. Pop. 8,799. Owingsville and Sharpsburg are the chief towns. Bathoratc, a town of Scotland, in Linlithgow- Bhirc, 19 m. W. by S. of Edinburgh, on the high road to Glasgow. Pop. in 1821, 3,283, principally emploj^ed in weaving. Batlior, an interior town of Upper Hungary, in the county of Szabolts, about 30 m. N. W. of De- bretzin. Bathurst, an English settlement on the W. coast of North Africa, at the entrance of the river Gam- bia. Bathurst Plains, extensive fertile plains, west of a ridge of mountains, called the Blue Moun- tains, running parallel with the east coast of New Holland in the lat. of about 36. S. Batinda, the chief town of a fertile district of the same name, on the N. W. confines of Dehli, bordering on the desert of Moultan. Batoa, a small island in tlie Indian Ocean, near the west side of Sumatra, on the equinoctial line, in long. 98. 0. E. Baton Rouge, a parish in the E. District of Louisiana, subdivided into E. and W. The form- er has a pop. of G,717, ch. town Concordia. The latter has a pop. of 3,092, ch. town Baton Rouge. Baton Rouge, p.t. capital of the above, on the E. bank of the Mississippi, 138 m. above N. Orleans, along the river. The country around is fertile, but the town is small. Batopilas, a considerable town of the Andes, or Cordilleras of Mexico, in the intendency of Du- rango. Baloumi, a town at the mouth of a river of the Bame name, falling into tlie Black Sea, and form- ing the N. E. boundary of Armenia. Batta, two towns on the west bank of the Dan- ube, in Lower Hungary ; one a few miles S. of Buda, and the other a few miles E. ofFunfkirchen. Battalluh, a town of Hindoostan, about GO m. east by south of Lahore, in the province of that name. Batlrxola, a town on the Malabar coast, about 100 m. N. of Mangalore. Batlenhurg, a town of Holland in Guelderland, with a casf le on the north bank of the Meuse, 10 m. S.W. ofNimeguen. Battcnhurg, a town and castle of Germany, in Upper Hesse, seated on the Eder, 14 m. N. of Marl)urg. Batlcrsna, a village in Surrey, Eng. on the N. bank of the Thames, 4 miles W.'S. W. of London. Here was the seat of the St. Johns, where the fa- mous Lord Bolingbroke was born,and died. On the site of it now stands a distillery and a horizontal air-mill fur grinding malt. Here is a timber bridge over til? river to Chelsea. Pop. in 1821, 4,764, chiefly occupied in gardening and supplying the L.ondon markets with vegetables. 11 BAi Batticotta, a town in the northern part of Cey- lon, where is an American missionary station. Battle, a town in Sussex, Eng. near the English Channel. Near this place, William, duke of Normandy, defeated Harold, king of England, 1066, and in memory of tliis victory, he lound- ed here an abbey, wliich from its remains ap- pears to have been magnificent. This town is famous for a manufacture of gunpowder. It is 24 m. E. of Lewes, 6 N. of Hastings, and 50 S. E. of London. Pop. in 1821, 2,852. Battlefield, a village in Shropshire, Eng. 5 miles N. of Shrewsbury. Here a decisive victory was gained by Henry IV. over Henry Percy, sur* named Hotspur. Battletown, p. v. Frederick Co. Va. 6 m. E. Win- chester. Bavaria, Palatinate, Duchy, Electorate, Circle, and Kingdom of. The former circle of Bavaria lies between the 47th and 50th deg. of N. lat. and the Jlth and 14th of E. long., is bounded on the north- east by Bohemia, south-east and south by Aus- tria and the Tyrol, south-west by Suabia, and north-west by'Franconia ; and comprises the pal- atinate, and principalities of Sulzbach and Neu- berg, in the north ; the duchy, which constituted the greater portion of the circle, divided into Lower and Upper, the county of Werdenfels in the south-west ; the bishopric of Passau on the east ; the provostship of Rerchtolsgadcn, insulated in the archbishopric of Saltzburg, which formed the south-east part of the circle, forming together an area of about 16,500 sq. miles, and containing a population of 1 ,300,000. ^ The Duchy of Bavaria, which formed about two-tliirds of the circle, was part of the ancient Noricum, peopled from ancient Gaul, from which they were driven about 590 years B. C. It was constituted a duchy in the early part of the 10th century of the Christian sera, under which title it continued uninterrupted until the reign of the emperor Ferdinand of Germany, who rai.sed Ba- varia into an Electorate of the Germanic confed- eracy ; but Maximilian Emanuel, grandson of the first elector, forfeited his possessions, by violating his allegiance in entering into an alliance .with France, against the emperor. He was however reinstated in his posse.ssions in 1714, and the suc- ceeding elector, Charles, introduced numerous salutary regulations into the social institutions of the state, under which it rose in prosperity and reputation, and continued to make advances in social improvement, and to retain its influence in the Germanic diet, until Napoleon interposed his power, at the commencement of the 19th century when the elector was again induced to withdraw from the Germanic confederacy under the pledge of being vested vi^ith regal authority, and guaran- teed in an accession of territory at the expense of Austria ; hence the 1' Ingdom of Bucuria, which was acknowledged by the emperor of Austria at the peace of Pres- burg in 1805: the accession of territory obtained with the regal title, lay on the side of Franconia, Suabia, and the Tyrol. The disaster experienced by Napoleon at Moscow in the winter of 1812, 1813, induced the new king to conclude a secret treaty with the confederate powers against his former patron, on condition of being guaranteed • in the integrity of his newly acquired dominions, and at the congress of Vienna, in 1818, the bound- aries of the Bavarian kingdom were finally adjust- ed, when the territory was divided into the eight following circles, with the chief towns of each BAU 82 BAT annexed as follows : viz. 1 The Rhine, W. Spires. S Lower Maine, N. Wurzburgh. 3 Upper ditto, N. Bayreuth. 4 Rezat, ^ N. W. Anspach. 5 Upper Danube, S. W. Augsburg. 6 Iser, S. Munich. 7 Lower Danube, E. Passau. 8 Regen, N. E. Ratisbon. Of these divisions the 1st lies on both sides of the Rhine, at tlie northern extremity of the terri- tory of the grand duke of Baden, and is detached from the other seven. Nos. 2, 3, and 4, formed part of the circle of Franconia, and No. 5 of Sua- bia. The last three previously forming the grand duchy and the palatinate, the archbishopric of Saltzburnr having been ceded to Austria. The whole of this territory comprises about 32,000 sq. miles, and a population of about 3,600,000. The frontier parts of the kingdom of Bavaria are in general rugged and mountainous, but the inland parts are fertile in corn and pasture ; all the va- rious branches of manufacture of flax, wool, some silk, leather, and working of metals, are followed more or less as domestic occupations over most parts of the country ; having but little surplus produce of any kind for external traffic. Bavaria maybe regarded as possessing within itself all the means of domestic and social comfort. It is ex- ceedingly well watered ; the Danube, which rises on the border of the Black Forest in Suabia, runs from west to east through the heart of the country, passes Dilligen, Donauwerth, Neuberg, Ingol- stadt, and Ratisbon to Passau, where it enters the archduchy of Austria. The Inn, Iser, Lech, and Iller, run from south to north into the Danube, and the Maine runs from east to west, past Schweinfurth and Wurtzburg into the Rhine. Four-fifths of the inhabitants are Roman Catho- lics, and the remainder Protestants : the latter however not only enjoy the unrestrained exercise of their worship, but are eligible to civil offices and military appointments. Like all the ■ other Germanic states, military pretension and parade is the ruling passior of the government, and from 40,000 to 50,000 men are held under military discipline, to sustain which and other expenses of the state, taxes, equal to about 11,000,000 dol- lars American money, are levied annually on the produce of the labour of the people. Munich is the capital of the whole kingdom, and the seat of government, which is unlimited, and vested in the king, the title to which is hereditary. The power has however been exercised with discretion, prudence, and mildness, although not with all the wisdom and efficiency to be desired. Edu- cation has of late years been widely diffused through the Bavarian states ; academies, ly- ceums, and universities, have been multiplied ; productions of foreign literature have been Im- ported ; and the effects are already apparent in the improved condition of society and the grad- ual .advance of moral and physical renovation. Bavaria may now be considered as holding the first rank among the secondary class of European states. Bavay, a town of France, in the department of Nord. It was taken by the Austrians in 1792, but recovered the same year. It is 6 m. N. E. of Quesnoy, and 12 S. W. of Mens. BauchervlUe, a beautifully located village, on the west bank of the river St. Lawrence, about 10 la. W. of Montreal. Baud, a town in the interior of the maritime province of Morbihan, France, about 12 m. N. E. ofL'Orient. Pop. 6,200. Bauge, a town of France, in the department of Mayenne and Loire, seated on the Coesnon, 18 m. E. of Angers. Pop. about 3,000. Baughman, t. Wayne Co. Ohio. Batdeak, a town of Hindoostan, in Bengal, on the left bank of the Ganges. It is one of the principal stations for collecting of silk, 22 m. N. E. of Moorshedabad. Baumari's Islands, three islands in the Pacific Ocean, discovered by Bauman, a Dutchman, who accompanied Roggewein, in 1722. Tliey are cov- ered with fruit trees, and divers sorts of vegeta- bles. The inhabitants are numerous, and armct* with bows and arrows ; but of a gentle and humane disposition, and friendly to strangers. The largest island is about 22 m. in circumference. Long. 170. 0. W. lat. 14. 0. S. Baume les J\fones, or Baume les Dames, a town of France, in the department of Doubs. It has a nunnery, from which it received its appellation ; and is seated on the Doubs, 15 m. N. E. ofBe- sangon. Bausk, or Bautka, a town of Courland, on the frontiers of Poland, with a castle on a rock. It is seated on the Musza, 15 m. S. E. of Mittau. Bautzen, or Budissen, the capital of Upper Lusa- tia, with a citadel on a rock, called Ortenburg. Its trade arising from various manufactures is con siderable. It is famous for a great battle having been fought here on May 20, 1813, between the allied army under the emperor of Russia and the king of Prussia, and the French army commanded by Napoleon, in which the former were defeated. It stands on the river Spree, 30 m. E. by N. of Dresden. Long. 14. 30. E. lat. 51. 10. N. Baux, a town of France, in the department of Mouths of the Rhone, seated on a rock, at the top of which is a castle, 10 m. E. by N. of Aries. Ba.iptry, a small town in the West Riding of Yorkshire, Eng. It has a trade in lead, mill- stones, and grindstones ; and is seated on the ri- ver Idle, 9 m. S. by E. of Doncaster, and 153 N. of London. Baija, a seaport of Guinea, on the Gold coast, GO m. E. S. E. of Acra. Long. 1. 59. E. lat. 5. 45 N. Bay of Islands, there are several bays in differ- ent parts of the world so called ; viz. 1st, on the west coast of Newfoundland ; 2nd, in the straits of Magellan ; 3rd, on the north-east coast of New Holland in lat. 10. 30. ; 4th, on the north-west coast of America in lat. 57. N. ; 5th, on the east coast of New Zealand. Bayagtuina, an inland town of the Island of St. Domingo, about 35 m. N. E. of the city of St Domingo. Buyumo, a town in the east part of Cuba ,on the river Estero, which forms a bay on the coast, 20 m. below the town. It gives name to a chan- nel, between Cuba and the islands, called the Queen's Garden, and is 80 m. W. S. W. of St. Jago. Long. 77. 20. W. lat. 20. 45. N. Bayazia, or Baiezia, a large town of Asiatic Tur- key, in the south-east corner of Armenia, near tlie source of the Euphrates, on the confines of Persia. It is surrounded by a wall, and contains two mosques, and several other edifices of groat architectural beauty, and about 30,000 inhab. Bayersdorf, a town of the Bavarian circle of the Upper Mayne, with a seat of justice and a large synagogue, seated on the Rednitz, 4 m. N. of Erlang. «JU. B3 BEA Bayeux, a town of France, in the department of Calvados, and a bishop's see. The cathedral is very noble, and contains an exhibition on tapes- try, of the conquest of England by William the Norman, and there are 17 other churches. The chief trade is in leather. It is seated on the riv- er Aure, 4 m. from the English Channel, and 140 W. by N. of Paris. Long. 0. 42. W. lat. 49. 17. N. Pop. about 10,500. Bayon, a town of France, in the department of Meurthe, on the river Moselle, 12 m. S. of Nancy. Bayoa, a town of Spain, in Gallicia, on a small gulf of the Atlantic, with a convenient harbour, 12 m. W. by N. of Tuy. Bayonne, a city and seaport of France, in the department of Lower Pyrenees, and a bishop's see. Tlie Nive and Adour unite their streams in the middle of the city, and proceed to the sea, at the distance of a mile. The first, which is deeper and more rapid than the Adour, divides the town into two unequal parts, the smallest of which is called the Bourg neuf, or new town. They have a communication by three timber bridges. A bank of sand, at the mouth of the Adour, renders the en- trance of the harbour difficult. The citadel is the strongest in France, and the cathedral is remark- able for the height of the nef, and the delicacy of the pillars which support it. The military weap- on, the bayonet, bear the name of this city, in which it was invented. The chocolate of Bayonne is famous ; and it also exports wines, woolen cloths, silks, cottons, «fec. The chief trade arises out of its relation with Spain ; and it is a kind of emporium for the merchandise of that country. The court of France was held here for some time in 1808, when the king of Spain and his son, the prince of the Asturias, were invited here to settle their differences before Bonaparte, the result of which was, that they were made to sign a treaty, resigning the crown of Spain into his hands. Bay- onne was besieged by the Eno-lish in 1814, during which the French made a sally, and attacked the English with success, but were at leno-th driven back. The loss of the British in this affair was considerable, and their commander wounded and taken prisoner. It is 25 m. S. W. of Dax and 518 S. by W. of Paris. Long. 1. 29. W. lat. 4.3. 29. N. Baypour, a town of Hindoostan, in the province of Malabar, on a river capable of receivino- vessels of 400 tons. It is 15 m. S. by E. of Calicut. Bayou, the name given in Louisiana to the forks of the rivers, or natural canals which inter- sect almost every part of the state. It is probably a corruption of the French word boyau. Bayreutk, a city of Franconia, capital of a prin- cipality of the same name, with a palace, a fine castle, and a famous college. Near it, forming a iind of suburb, is the town of Georgen, which has a large castle, a manufacture of excellent brown and white porcelain, and a house of correction, in which the marble of the country is polished by means of a machine. In 1783 the archives of the principality were brought to Bayreuth, from Pla- senburg; see Culmhach: and in 1791 the margravate of Bayreuth, with that of Anspach, was abdicated by the reigning prince in favour of the king of Prussia, but both were annexed and guaranteed by Bonaparte, and afterward confirmed by the con;^rcss at Vienna, to the kingdom of Bavaria, (which see ;) and Bayreuth is now the capital of the circle of Upper Mayne. It is 32 m. E. of Bamberg. L soil, which is well cultivated and produces large crops of corn. The mineral productions are lime- stone, coarse marble, and imperfect coal; and ful- ler's earth is obtained in considerable quantities. Mineral springs are found in different parts of the county, but they have not acquired muclrcelebri- ty. The manufactures are chiefly confined to the making of lace and preparing straw plat for bon- nets, baskets, toys, &c. The remains of both Sax- on and Gothic architecture are to be seen in sev- eral of the churches, as also a few specimens of stained glass in their windows. Roman antiqui- ties have also been frequently discovered in the county; and it is intersected by three Roman roads. Bedford, the chief town of the preceding coun- ty, is situate about the centre of the county, on q, spacious plain, north of the Chiltern hills, which run across the south part. The river Ouse, over which there is a beautiful stone bridge of five arches, divides the town into two parts. It has five churches, a county hospital, and the luna- tic asylum, a well endowed public school, and about 50 alms-hduses, liberally endowed by Sir William Harpur, knight, a former inhabitant of tlae town. It is a borough town, governed by a mayor, recorder, aldermen, two chamberlains, and 13 common council, and returns two members to parliament, by the suffrage of the male inliabitants at large. It is the seat of assize, and of election fir the county. Pop. in 1821, 5,460, 27 m. E. by N. of Buckingham, and 50 N. by W. of London. Bedford Level, a tract of fenny land, about yOO,000 acres, in the counties of Norfolk, Suf- folk, Cambridge, Huntingdon, Northampton, and Lincoln. After various attempts to drain these ■ fens, in the reign of Henry VI. and Charles I., William, earl of Bedford, in 1649, undertook and completed it; and in the reign of Charles II. a corporation was established for the government of this great level. In these fens are several de- coys, in which innumerable quantities of wild fowl are taken during the season. Bedford, a County in the E. District of Virgin- ia, bounded on the west by the Blue Ridge : on the north by James River, and on the south by the Staunton, a branch of the Roanoke. Pop. 20,253. Liberty, the chief town, in the centre of the coun- ty, is 162 m. W. by S. of Richmond. Bedford, is also the name of a county in West Tennessee. Pop. 30,444. Shellbyville, 35m. south of Murfreesborough, is the chief town. Bedford, another county in the Western Dis- trict of Pennsylvania, bordering on Maryland, lying between the Tuscarora and the main ridge of the Alleghany Mountains. Pop. 54,636. The chief town of the same name, in the centre of the county, is 105 m. W. of Harrisburg. Bedford, p.t. Hillsborough Co. N. H. 52 m. fr. Boston. Pop. 1,554. Bedford, p.t. Middlebury Co. Mass. 16 m. N. W Boston. Pop. 685. Bedford, p.t. West Chester Co. N. Y. 110 m S. Albany. Pop. 2,750. Bedford, p.v. Cuyahoga Co. Ohio. Bedminsler , t. Somerset Co. N. J. Bedminster, t. Bucks Co. Pa. Bednore, a district of Hindoostan, forming the N. W. corner of the Mysore, intersected by the Ghaut Mountains, the chief town of the district, and which was formerly the capital of Canara, is situate east of the mountains, and is supposed once to have been a magnificent and important place ; but having been repeatedly subject to the assaults of the Mahrattas, the British, and Tippoo Saib, it is much reduced. It is seated on a branch of the Trombudra River, 185 m. N. W. of Ser- ingapatam. Bedouins, tribes of wandering Arabs, who live in tents, and are dispersed all over Arabia, Egypt, and the North of Africa, governed by their own chiefs, in the same manner as the Patriarchs liv- ed and governed anciently ; the principal employ- ment of both, the grazing of cattle. Bedwin, Great, a borough in Wiltshire, Eng. it has neither market nor fair, but returns two members to parliament. It is situate on the line of the Kennet and Avon Canal, five miles S. W. of Hungerford, and 70 W. of London. Pop. 1,928. Bedioortk, a town in the county of Warwick, England, seated on the great coal strata, which is here extensively worked. A number of persons are also employed in the riband manufacture ; 5 m. N. of Coventry. Pop. in 1821, 3,519. Beekman, p.t. Duchess Co. N. Y. 86 m. S. Alba- ny. Pop. 1,584. Beckmantoicn, p.t. Clinton Co. N. Y. 160 m. N. Albany. Pop. 2,391. 5ec?naA, a river of Hindoostan, which rises in the mountains to the North of Poonah, and flows S. E. upwards of 300 miles, till it joins the Kristna, near Edghir. Becring's Bay, a bay formerly called Admiral- ty Bay, in N. lat. 59. 18. on the west coast of North America. Becring's Island, an Island in the Pacific Ocean, about 90 m. long and 30 wide, 30 leagues east of the coast of Kamschatka. Long. 166. 30. E. lat. 55.30. N. Becring's Strait, the narrow sea between the west coast of North America and the east coast of Asia. It is 13 leagues wide in the narrowest part, between the capes Prince of Wales and Tchukotskoi, in lat. 65. 45. N. 168. 17. W. long. Beeroo, a country of Negroland, between Zalia- ra on the north, and Bambara on the south. Walet is the capital. Bees, St. a village in Cumberland, Eng. near the sea, five miles south of Whitehaven. Here is a noted free-school ; also the remains of a priory, the nave of its church being now used as the parish church. Beesho, a town of Brandenburg, Prussia, with a H BEL 86 BEL cloth manufacture ; seated on the Spree, 40 m. S. E. of Berlin. Befort, or Belfort, a fortified town of France, in the department of Upper Rhine, with manufac- tures of excellent iron. It stands at the foot of a mountain, 34 m. S. W. of Colna. Pop. about 5,000. Begherme, an interior country, in the centre of North Africa, south of Bornou. The capital, of the same name, is situate in the lat. of 17. N. and 22. 50. E. long. A salt lake in the centre of the territory supplies a great extent of country with tliat indispensable ariicle. Behahur, a town of Hindoostan, in Lahore, 75 m. W. by N. of Lahore, on the road to Cashmere. BeliJcer, or Bhahor, a town of Hindoostan, capi- tal of a country of the same name. It stands on an island formed by the Indus, near the junction of the Dummoody, IGO m. S. by W. of Moultan. Long. 70. 2. E. lat. 27. 30. N. Beilstcin, the name of several towns in different parts of Germany : 1st in the Duchy of Wurtem- burg at which is a mineral bath, about 20 m. N. by E. of Stuttgard ; 2nd in the Prussian states of the Grand Duchy of the Lower Rhine, on the east bank of the Moselle, about 5 m. N. of Zell, and 22 S. W. of Coblenlz ; 3rd a little to the west of Leon, on the Mayne. Beinliclm, a town of France, in the department of Lower Rhine, seated on the Sur, near its con- fluence with the Rhine, 22 m. N. N. E. of Stras- burg. Beira, a province of Portugal, bordering on the Atlantic Ocean, extending from the mouth of the Mondego River, S. in lat. 40. to the Douro, which forms its northern boundary, in hit. 41.11. N. It is bounded on the east by tlie Spanish province of Salamanca, and south by the Portuguese province of Estremadura, and contains an area of 823 sq. leagues, and in 1810 a populatfon of 1,121,095. The province is interspersed with mountains, from which rise several streams, some falling into the Tagus, and others into the Douro, in addition to the Mondego, wJiicii intersects nearly the whole province from east to west, and is, on tlie whole, a fine and fruitful district. The capital is Coimbra, and the other clilef towns are Lamewo, Viseu, Pinhel, Almeida, Guarda, and Castel Branco. Beit el Faki, a town of Arabia, in Yemen, fa- mous as being a great mart for coffije. It is 24 m. E. S. E. of Hodeida. and about 70 N. by E. of Moka. Bcith, a parish and town of Scotland ; the parish is partly in Ayr and partly in Pienfrewshire, and in 1821 contained 4,472 inhabitants. The town, in which tlie greater portion of the population is concentrated, and employed in the cotton manu- facture, is in Ayrshire, about 10 m. S. by W. of Paisley. Bcja, a town of Portugal, in Alemtejo, supposed to h^ve been the Pax Julia of the Romans, seated on an eminence in an extensive plain, near a lake of i(s name, 72 m. S. E. of Lisbon. Lono-. 7. 40. W. lat. 37. 53. N. Pop. about 0,000. Be.japour. See Visiajtour. Bekcsh, a town in a county of the same name, in Upper Hungary, situate in a fork of the Korash River, a few miles east of Tur. Bcia, a large town of Upper Hungary, situate a- moug the Carpathian Mountains on the frontiers of Poland. Bd-Mciixar, or BaJcaznr, a town of (^ordova, Spain, situate on the east bank of the Goga river, ;{5 m. N. N. W. of Cordova. Belabre, or Balahre, a town of France, in the de partment of Indre, 25 m. S. W. of Chateauroux. Belair, p.t. Hartford Co. Maryland, 53 m. N Annapolis. Beibeis, a considerable town of Egypt, 35 m. N E. of Cairo, and 45 N. W. of Suez. Belcastro, a town of Naples, in Calabria Ulteri- ore, seated on a mountain, eight miles from the Gulf of Squilace and 12 S. W. of St. Severino. Belchertown, p.t. Hampshire Co. Mass. 80 ra. N.W.Boston. Pop. 2,491. Belchite, a town of Spain, in Arragon, on the ri- ver Almonazir, 20 m. S. of Saragossa. Befez, or Belz, a town of Gallicia, about 25 m N. by E. of Lemberg. Belem, a village ot Portugal, in Estremadura, on the north side of the Tagus, four miles below Lis- bon. Here is a royal monastery, where the kings and queens of Portugal are interred ; a strong fort, which defends the entrance to the city ; and to the north a noble modern aqueduct. Bcleslat, a town of France, in the department of Aude, 27 m. S. W. of Carcassone. Belfast, a town in the county of Antrim, Ireland, situate at the head of a spacious bay, about 15 miles in length, which forms a safe and commo- dious harbour. Vessels drawing more than eight or nine feetof wat«r load and unload by lighters, about seven miles below the town. Belfast is a regular well-built town ; the principal street runs in a straight line from the head of the bay, and is very handsome. It is the entrepot for a great portion of the linens manufactured in the north of Ireland, for the storing of which there is a spacious edifice called the Linen Hall, on the plan of the cloth halls in Leeds. It has a thea- tre and an exchange, over which is an assembly- room ; two handsome churches, and several meet- ing-houses, and in 1808 a public school on an ex- tensive scale was founded ; there are "'..so very ex- tensive barracks on the north side of the town ; the river Lagan, over which there is a bridge of 21 arches, falls into the bay, on the S. E. side, and communicates with Lough Neagh by a canal. The markets are exceedingly well supplied with all kinds of provisions, and large quantities of linens, in small parcels, are brought in for sale by the country people, for ^hose accommodation there is a separate market. In addition to large quantities of linens, butter, salt provisions, and grain, shipped to Great Britian, partly in ex- change for manufactures and partly in payment o' rent, to a non-resident proprietor, Belfast carries on a direct trade to the West Indies, Spain, Amer- ica, and the Baltic; builds and owns a considera- ble extent of slii])ping, and has several manufac- tures of leather, chemicals, glass, &c.; and the cotton manufacture, is endeavouring to establish itself in Belfast and its vicinity. It is 88 in. N. of Dublin. Pop. in 1821, 37,277, and returns one member to the parliament of the United Kingdom. Belfast, p.t. Waldo Co. Me. at the mouth of the Penobscot, 12 m. W. Castine, has x good harbour and considerable trade in lumber. Pop. 3,077. ^e/frts;,t. Bedford Co. Pa. Belford, p.v. Nash Co. N. C. 04 m. E. Raleigh. Bcjford, a town of Northumberland, Eng. on the line of the high road from London to Edinburgh, 49 m. N. bv W. of Newcastle, and 15 S. by E. of Berwick. "Pop. 1,208. Belgaril, a town of Prussian Pomerania, immedi- ately contiguous to Corbin, and about 15 m. S. bv E. of Colberg. Belgcin, a town of Saxony Proper, with a good BEL 87 V ,BEL E.of trade in beer, seated^ on the Elbe, 8 m. S. Torgau. Belgium. See Netherlands Belgrade, a celebrated town and fortress of Eu- ropean Turkey, capital of Servia, and a Greek bishop's see, seated at the confluence of the Saave with the Danube, immediately contiguous to the Sclavonian fortress of Semlin. It was first pos- sessed by the Turks in 1522, retaken by the confederated German powers in 1G88, but again taken by the Turks in 1690. It was taken by prince Eugene in 1717, and kept till 1739, when it was ceded to the Turks. It was again taken in 1789, and restored at the peace of Reichenbach, in 1790, and in 180G it surrendered to an insurgent force of Servians, in opposition to the wanton au- thority of the Janissaries. In addition to its emi- nence as a fortress, it is one of the most considera- ble trading towns in Western Turkey. It is about 440 m. NTW. of Constantinople, and IGO S. S. E. of Pest. Belgrade, a town of European Turkey, in Ro- mania, on the strait of Constantinople, 20 miles north of tliat city. Belgrade, a town of Italy, in Friuli, seated near the Tojamenta, 81 m. S. by W. of Udina. BeliiUi, or Bleeda, a town of Algiers, in the pro- vince of Titeria, at the foot of a ridge of mountains, 15 m. S. E. of Algiers. Belitz, a town of Brandenburg, Prussia, in the Middle Mark, with a manufacture of cloth, sea- ted on a river of the same name, 27 m. S. W. of Berlin. Bellac, a town of France, in the department of Upper Vienne., seated on the Vincon, 20 m. N. of Limoges. Pop. about 4,000. Bellamy Bank, r. unites with the Piscataqua at Dover, N. H. Belleforte, p.t. Centre Co. Pa. Bellegarde, a fortress of France, in the depart- ment of Eastern Pyrenees, and an important place, on account of its being a passage to the Pyrenees. It was taken by the Spaniards in 1793, but retaken the next year. It is 1.5 m. S. of Perpignan. Bellegarde, a town of France, in the department of Saone and Loire, on the river Saone, 15 m. N. E. of Chalons. Belleisle, an island of France, 15 miles from the coast of Bretagne. It is 10 miles long and three broad, diversified with craggy mountains, salt- works, and fertile plains. The principal place is Palais, a fortified town, with a citadel. It was taken by the English, in 17G1, and restored in 17G2. It now forms part of the department of Morbihan, and contains a population of about5,800. Long. 3. 5. W. lat. 47. 17. N. Belleisle, an island at the N. E. end of a channel between New Britain and Newfoundland, called the Strait of Belleisle. The island is 20 miles in circuit, and has a small harbour on the N. W. side. Long. 55. 25. W. lat. 51. 58. N. Bdlesme, a town of Fr.ince, in the department of Orne, with an ancient castle, 24 m. E. S. E. of Alennon and 80 S. W. of Paris. Bellevieic, p.t. Washington Co. Missouri, in the Mine District. Belleville, p.v. Essex Co. N. J. on the Passaic, 5 m. above Newark. Here are calico printing works which turn out annually near 7,000,000 yards, also manufactures of copper, brass, silver, red and white lead, &c. BelUviUe, p.t. Wood Co. Va. on the Ohio. There are also'.ownsof this name in Ohio, Illinois, Ken tucky anC. Alabama. Belley, a to-wn of France, in the department of Ain, and lately a bishop's see ; seated near the Rhone, 40 m. S. E. of Bourtr. Long. 5.44. tl. lat. 45. 47. N. Pop. about 3,S()0. BclL'iiem, a town in the Bavarian circle of the Rhine, lying between Laudan and Phillipsburg, on the west side of the river. Bellin. a town of Brandenburg, in the new Mark, east of the Oder Canal, about 18 m. N. N. W. of Kustin. Bellin^ltam, a town in Northumberland, Eng. seated on tiie nortli branch of the Tyne, 15 m. N. N. W. of Hexham, and 300 of London. Bellingham, p.t. Norfolk Co. Mass. 26 m. S. W.Boston. Pop. 1,10]. BclUnzonn, a town of Switzerland, capital of the canton of Tessin. It is seated on tiie Tesino, five miles above its entrance into the lake Maggiore, and 22 W. S. W. of Chiavenna. Long. 8. 55. E. lat. 4G. 8. N. Bellows Falls, a cataract on the Connecticut be- tween Walpole and Rockingham, consisting ol several pitches in a very narrow strait of tiie riv- er. .\ large rock here divides the stream into two channels, each i)0 feet wide, but when the river is low the whole current is thrown into the western channel, where it is contracted to 16 feet and rush- es with astonishing rapidity. A bridge is built over these falls, and a canal passes round them. Bell Rock, or Inch Cape, a ledge of partly sunk- en rocks, off the east coast of Scotland, between the Friths of Forth and Tay, formerly very dan- gerous in foggy weather, and by night, but some what obviated since 1811, by tlie erection of a light-house upon the most prominent point, in lat. 5G. 26. N. and long. 2. 23. W. Belluncse, a district of Italy, lying between Fri- uli, Cadorino, Feltrino, and Tyrol. It has large woods, and iron mines ; and is fertile in corn, wine, and fruit. Belluno is the only place of note. Belluno, a town of Italy, capital of the Bel- lunese, and a bishop's see, seated among the Alps, on the river Piave, 15 m. N. E. of Feltri. Long. 12. 9. E. lat. 43. 13. N. Pop. about 7,500. Belmont, a county on the east side of the state of Ohio, bordering on the Ohio River, which se- parates it from Virginia. Pop. 24,412. St. Clairs- vilie, the chief town, is 123 m. E. of Columbus. Belmont, p.t. Waldo Co. Me. 20 m. W. Castine Pop. 1,024. Belmont, Wayne Co. Missouri. Belmont, the name of two inconsiderable towns in France, one in the department of Loire, and the other in Aveiron. Belover, a town in the N. E. part of Croatia, near the frontiers of Sclavonia. Beloochistan, a country of Asia, lying between Persia and the Indus, the boundaries of which are very imperfectly defined; the inhabitants consist- ing whollj' of pastoral tribes, extend their territo- ry wlierever pasture and fertility invite, and the power of their arms prove sufficient to defend them against interruption ; in fact, instead of Be- loochistan being designated a country, it would be more proper to consider it as the eastern part of Persia, inhabited by numerous predatory and law- less tribes, possessing peculiar Mahometan tenets, from which the name of Belooches has been deriv- ed, and which will be more fully described under the head of Persia,. Belluza, a town of Hindoostan, in Mysore, with a citadel, both of them strongly fortified with a mud wall and a ditch. In the vicipity is much BEN 98 BEN fine rice ground, and a great number of sheep are bred.— It is 38 m. N. of Scringapatam. Belper, a town in Derbyshire, Eiig. Here are several large cotton-mills, a bleaching mill and an iron-forge, and about a dozen large establishments for the manufacture of nails. It is seated on the Derwent, 8 m. N. of Derby, 134 N. N. W. of London. Pop. in 1821,7,235. Belpre, p.t. Washington Co. Ohio, on the N. W. bank of the Ohio, opposite the mouth of the Little Kanahwa, 14 m. S. W. of Marietta, and 4G N. E. of Gallipolis Belpuig, a town of Spain, in Catalonia, with a famous convent, 18 m. E. N. E. of Lerida. Belt, Great, a strait of Denmark, between the islands of Zealand and Funen, which forms a com- munication between the Cattegat and the Baltic. Owing to its more circuitous course it is not so much frequented as the Sound. (See Baltic.) In 1658 the whole strait was frozen so hard, that Charles Gustavus, king of Sweden, marched over it, with a design to take Copenhagen. Belt, Little, a strait, west of the Great Belt, be- tween Funen and North Jutland. It is one of the passages from the Cattegat to the Baltic, though not three miles in breadth, and very crooked. Belturbet, a town in the north part of the coun- ty of Cavan, Ireland, it is in the parish of Annagh, which in 1821 contained a population of 10,488, and is sometimes called Belturbet. The town contains about 1,800 inhabitants, 9 m. N. N. W. of Cavan, and 61 of Dublin. Belvedere, a town of European Turkey, capital of a fertile province of the same name, in the Mo- rea. The raisins called Belvederes come from this place. It is 17 m. N. E. of Chirenza. Long. 21. 45. E. lat. 38. 0. N. Belvedere, p.v. Warren Co. N. J. on the Dela- ware. Belvez, a town of France, in the department of Dordogne, 27 m. S. S. E. of Perigueux. Pop. about 3,000. Beluin, a town of Hanover, near the mouth of the Oste, 24 m. N. W. of Stade. Considerable quantities of flax are raised in its vicinity. Belur, a town of Usbec Tartary, capital of a province of the same name, which is a hilly coun- try, bounded on the north and east by the Belur Tag, or Dark Mountains, anciently the Imaus. The capital is 200 m. E. of Badakshan. Long. 74. 10. E. lat. 36. 35. N. Belvidere, p.t. Franklin Co. Vt. 38 m. N. Mont- pelier. Pop. 185. Belzi 7 m. N. of Harlem, and US. by W. of A'Ic- maer. Beuthen, a town of Silesia, capital of a lordship of the same name. It stands near a branch of the Oder, on the frontiers of Poland, 45 m. E. N. E. of Ratisbon. Long. 18. 53. E. lat. 50. 21. N. Beuthen, a town of Silesia, in the principality of Carolath, on the river Oder, 13 m. N. W. Glo- 2RI1. Beicdley, a borough in Worcestershire, Eng. It has a good trade in malt, leather, salt, and iron ware ; and a free school founded by James I. It rs seated, on the Severn, 14 m. N. of Worcester, and 129 N. W. of London. It returns one mem- ber to parliament. Pop. in 1821, 3,720. Btx, a town of Switzerland, in the cajiton of Bern, noted for its salt rocks, 43 m. S. W. of Bern. Bezieis, a city of France, in the department of Herault, lately an episcopal see. The remains of a circus, and some inscriptions, bespeak its an- cient grandeur. It is seated near the royal ca- nal, on a hill, at the foot of which flows the Obre, a few miles from the s(?a, 85 m. £. by S. of Toul- ouse, and 30 S. W. of Montpelier. Long. 3. 12. E. lat. 43. 20. N. Pop. 12,500. ^Aaio-owo-, a considerable town of NepanI, about eight miles E. by S. of the capital, Catmandoo; it is the principal residence of the chief Brahmin of Nepaul. Pop. about 7,000. Bhurtpore, a town and fortress of Hindoostan, in the province of Agra. The British took it by storm, in 1805. Is it 38 m. W. of Agra. Biafia, a country of Guinea, to the S. E. of Benin, of which little is known ; but is said to have a capital of the same name, on the river Camerones, which enters ths Atlantic in long. 11. 30. E. lat. 3. 28. N. Biala, a town of Gallicia, on the frontiers of Silesia, opposite to Bilitz ; it participates in the linen manufacture of the district. Pop. about 2,300. It is the name of three other small towns in different parts of Germany. Bialysf.ock, a considerable town of Russian Po- land, seated on the Biala, a branch of the Vistula River, 15 m. E. of Wilna. Biar, a town of Spain, in Valencia. Its principal riches consists in honey, celebrated for its whitc- nessand solidity, which is not affected by weather. It is 6 m. from Vilena. Bihh, a county of Alabama. Pop. 6,305. Cen- treville, 112 m. N. by E. of Cahawba, is the seat of judicature for the county. Biberach, a town of Suabia, with a manufac- ture of fustians, seated in a fertile valley, on the Reuss, 20 m. S. S. W. of Ulm. Pop. about 4,500 It now belongs to Wurtemburg. Btftra, a town of Upj)er Saxony, in Thuringi% much frequented on account of its mineral spring It is 9 m. S. of Qucrfurt. Bichcstcr, a town in Oxfordshire, Eng. 11 m. N. N. E. of Oxford, and 54 W. by N. of London on the mail coach road to Leamington and War wick. Pop. 2,544. Blclianeer, a town of Hindoostan, capital of a cicar, in the country of Agimere. It is 42 m. W. of Nagore. Long. 74. 0. E. lat. 27. 12. N. Bidadie, a town of France, in the departmen of Lower Pyrenees, with a castle, seated on the Bidouse, 12 m. E. of Bayonne. Pop. about 2,000. Bidassoa, a river of Spain, which rises in th« BIE 96 BIL Pyrenees, and enters the Bay of Biscay , at Fon- tarabla. This river was a long time a subject of dispute between France and Spain, but it is now common between the two nations ; the duties paid by those who pass from Sjjain to France belong- ing to the latter, and by those who pass the con- trarj' way to the former. Jiidbur the Nottoway, on the frontiers of N. Car- olina. 7th. Intersecting Darlington district, S. Carolina, fxlling into the great Pedee. 8th. Fal- ling into Lake Michigan, towards the S. E. end ; and several others, but all inconsidersible. Black Rock, p.v. Erie Co. N. Y. on Lake Erie 4 m. N. Buffalo. It is a small village with a har- bour artificially improved by a pier. The seams and patches of dark coloured chert in the lime- Btone here have given its name to this place. Blackstone, a river rising near Worcester, Mass. and flowing into Narraganset Bay near Provi- dence. Along the valley of this river is the Black- stone canal extending from Worcester to Provi- dence, 45 miles. It contains 48 locks built of hammered stone, and is 34 feet wide at the sur- face and 4 feet deep. It was built at a cost of (iOO, 000 dollars and finished in 1828. The navigation upon it is flourishing: the produce of the interioi of Massachusetts finds by its means a ready mar ket in the commercial city of Providence. Blackslmrg, p.v. Montgomery Co. Va. 217 m. S. W. Richmond. Blackshurg, and Blacksville, 2 towns on the riv- er Alabama in Monroe Co. Alab. Black Sea. See Euxine. Blackmail, a suburb of London, situate in a nook at the S. E. extremity of the county of Middlesex. It is bounded on the E. by the river Lea, which divides it from the county of Essex, at its junc- tion with the Thames, which from Blackwall to- wards London Bridge, makes a considerable detour, the distance by the course of the river being about 10 miles, and more than double the distance of the meridional line. This has led to the construction of a tide canal, nearly a mile in length, for ships of 600 to 800 tons burthen, across the isthmus for- med by the detour of the river ; ?ind also to the construction of basins or docks for the reception of all the ships arriving from the West and East Indies. The West India dock establishm.ent is the most magnificent and complete work of the kind in the world : it consists of two outer basins ' from the river at Blackwall, which lead to the grand receiving basin, an oblong square, 1.200 yards in length, affording quay room for about sev- enty sail of large vessels to discharge their cargoes at one time, with moorings for 100 to 200 vessels more in the centre. On the S. side is a range of magnificent store houses, alternately of two and five stories, of sufficient capacity to warehouse 100,000 tons of merchandize. The N. side has a covered quay, and a low range of warehouses over vaults, for the storing of 50,000 puncheons of rum, dye-woods, (fee. Sec. After discharging their car- goes, the vessels leave the receiving basin at the W. end through anouter basin that communicates again with the river, or to tlie outward bound basin on the S. in a line parallel witl) the grand receiving basin, taking their departure through the outer basins at Blackwall. The quays of the grand re- ceiving basin are all of stone, and the conveniences for unloading stores, and distributing of the mer- chandize, with the swing-bridges over the entrance to tlie outer basins and the dock gates, are all as complete as labour and art can make them, whilst a suitable taste pervades the whole. It was first opened in 1802. Between the West India Docks and the river Lea are two spacious basins for the reception of all ships from China and the East In- dies with store-houses for the ships' stores, salt- petre, and some of the more bulky productions " BLA 101 BLA but all the more valuable articles are stored in ware- houses in different parts of the E. side of London. There is also the largest private ship-building yard in the world, where eight or ten ships, averaging 1,000 tons each, are occasionally on tJie stocks, or repairing, at one time. Blackwall commands a very extensive view down the river, which draws a constant succession of visitors to witness the unrivalled passing scene of vessels from and to all parts of the world, which almost every flood and ebb of the tide presents. The pop. of this appen- dage of London in 1821 was 12,223. Black Walnut, p.v. HaUfax Co. Va. 100 m. S. W. Richmond. Black Warrior, r. the N. E. branch of Tombig- bee river in Alabama. It rises among the moun- tains in the northern part of the state and is nav- igable for a great part of its course. B'ockicater, a river of Ireland, which flows through the counties of Cork and Waterford into Youghal Bay. Blackwater, a river in Essex, Eng. which flows by Bradfield, Braintree, Coggeshal, Kelvedon, and Maiden, and then enters the estuary, to which it gives the name of Blackwater bay, near the mouth of the Thames. It is also the name of four or five rivers in the United States, but all inconsider- able. Bladen, a county in the S. part of N. Carolina, bordering on the maritime county of Brunswick. It is intersected by Cape Fear River. Pop. 7,801. Elizabethtown, 98 m. S. of Raleigh, is the chief town. Bladenoch, a river of Scotland, which rises in the hills in the N. part of Wigtonshire, and after a winding course of 24 m. enters Wigton bay. Several islands are formed in its bed, which are famous for the resort of eagles. Bladenshurg, a town of Maryland, in George county, on the E. side of the Potomac, 9 m. from its mouth, at Washington, and 38 S. W. of Balti- more. The American army sustained a defeat by the British at this place, on the 24th of August, 1814, in attempting to arrest the progress ot the British towards Washington. Blain, a town of France, in the department of Lower Loire, 22 m. N. N. W. of Nantes. Blair Atliol, a town of Scotland, in Perthshire, with a castle, the seat of the Duke of Athol, 36 m. N. N. W. of Perth. Blair Gowrie, a town of Scotland, in Perthshire, with a manor house, built in the form of a castle, 22 m. N. N. E. of Perth. Pop. 2,253, partly em- ployed in the cotton manufacture. Blmnzille, p.v. Indiana Co. Pa. 184 m. W. Harrisburg. Blasois, a late province of France, bounded on the N. by Beauce, E. by Orleanois, S. by Berry, acd W. by Touraine. It nOw fornis the depart- ment of Loire and Cher. Blaison, a town of France, in the department of Mayenne and Loire, 8 m. S. E. of Angers. Blakely, p.t. a seaport of Baldwin Co. Alab. on a branch of the Mobile, at the head of Mobile Bav. The town was founded in 1816, and is a flourish- ing place. The situation is healthy, and the har- bour commodious. Blakely, t. Luzerne Co. Pa. Blakesburg, plantation, Penobscot Co. Me. Pop. 403. Blamont, a town in France, in the department of Meurthe, seated on the Vezouze, 12 m. E. of Lu- neville. Blanc-enrberry, a town of France, in the de- partment of Indre, with a castle, seated on the Creuse, 35 m. E. of Poitiers. Pop. 3,850. Blanco, a cape of Patagonia, 130 m. N. E. of Port St. Julien. Long. 65. 56. W. lat. 47. 20. S. Blanco, a cape of Peru, 12.) m. S. W. of Guay- aquil. Long. 81. 10. W. lat. 4.24. S. Blanco, a cape on the W. coast of Africa, 180 m. N. of the river Senegal. Long. 17. 10. W. lat. 20. 55. N. It is the name of 12 or 14 other Capes or Promontories in different parts of the world. Blandford, a corporate town in Dorsetshire, Eng. In 1731 almost all the town was burnt down ; but it was soon rebuilt, and a neat town- hall of Portland stone, on columns, in which is a pump, was erected in remembrance of that disaster. The houses and shops are very handsome. It has a considerable manufacture of thread and shirt but- tons, and is seated on the river Stour, near the Downs, 18 m. N. E. of Dorchester, and 103 W. by S. of London. Pop. in 1821, 2,643. Blandford. p.t. Hampden Co. Mass. 15 m. N. W. Springfield and 116. S. W. Boston. Pop. 1,594. Blandford, p.v. Prince Geo. Co. Va. Blanes, a town of Spain, in Catalonia, near the mouth of the Todera, 20 m. S. of G«rona. Blankenberg, a town and fort of the Netherlands, in Flanders, situate on the German Ocean, 8 m. N. E. ofOstend. Blankcnburg, a town of Westphalia, at the S. end of the duchy- of Berg, on the river Sieg, 12 m. E. of Bonn. Blankenhurg, a town of Lower Saxony, capital of a principality of the same name, in the Hartz district, containing about 140 sq. miles. The castle stands on a craggy mountain and is one of the finest buildings of the kind in Germany. It was the residence of Louis XVIII. during a part of his exile. The town contains about 3,000 in- habitants, and is 9 m. S. of Halberstadt. Blankenhiirg, a town in the principalitv of Schwartzburg, circle of Thuringia, 5 m. N. W. of Saalfeld. Blankenesse, a town of Holstein, on the north bank of the Elbe, 9 m. W. by N. of Hamburg. Pop. about 2,000. Blankenhayn, a town of Saxony, 10 m. S. W. of Jena. Pop. about 1,850. Blannerhassetfs Island, a small but very beau- tiful island in the Ohio, near Belpre. It was named from an Irish gentleman who settled upon it in 1801 and was implicated in Burr's conspiracy. Blarney, a parish and town in the county of Cork, Ireland. In 1821 the parish contained a population of 1,851. The town is situate about 4 miles N. W. of Cork, on a branch of the river Lee, which works a paper-mill, and the cotton manu- facture was attempted in this neihbourhood about 1820, at which period the town contained 333 in- ha'o. Bias San, a seaport town of Mexico, on an is- land at the mouth of the Rio Grande, or Santiago river, which falls into the Pacific Ocean in lat. 21 . 30. N. and 104. 46. W. long. Blauheurcn, a town of Suabia, in the kingdom of Wurtemburg, with a castle on a hill. Great quantities of fustian and linen cloth are made here. It is seated at the confluence of the Ach with the Blau, 11 m. W. of Ulm. Blaye, a seaport of France, in the department ot Gironde, on the east bank of the river of thai name, 17 miles below Bordeaux. It has a good citadel, and a fort on an island in the Gironde, or 12 BLO 108 BOB Garonne, which is here 3,800 yards wide. Its trade consists in the wines of the adjacent country. Its harbonr is much frequented, being the outport to Bordeaux, as Gravesend is to London, and ships bound to Bordeaux having guns on board, leave them at Blaye. Pop. about 5,000. Bledsoe, a county of E. Tennessee. Pop. 6,448. Pikeville is the capital. Blekingen, a province of Sweden, in Gothland, on the coast of the Baltic. It is 90 m. long and 21 broad ; and though mountainous, is one of the most agreeable countries in the kingdom. The principal trade is in potash, pitcli, tar, tallow, hides, and timber. The chief town is Carlscrona. Blenheim, a village of Suabia, now in the Bava- rian circle of the Upper Danube, seated on the Danube, 3 m. N. E. of Hochstat. It is memora- ble for the signal victory over the French and Ba- varians, gained August 2nd, 1704, by the duke of Marlborougli. The Austrians were defeated by the French near this place in 1800. Blenheim, p.t. Schoharie Co. N. Y. 53 m. from Albany. Pop. 2,280. Blere, a town of France, in the department of Indre and Loire, on the river Cher, 18 m. E. by S. of Tours. Pop. 2,600. Blessington, a parish and town in the county of Wicklow, Irelan'l. The parish contains quarries of granite which are very extensivel}' worked. Pop. in 1821, 1,618. The town is 14 m. W. by S. of Dublin, on the border of Kildare, andjn 1821, contained 494 inhabitants, partially employed in a branch of the woolen manufacture . Bletchingly, a borough in Surrey, Eng. seated on a hill, 4 m. E. of Ryegate, and 21 S. of Lon- don. It returns two members to parliament. Pop. in 1821, 1,187. Block Island, on the coast of Rhode IsJand, ly- ing 21 m. S. S. W. of Newport and in Newport County. It is 7 m. in length, and 4 in its ex- treme breadth, and famous for cattle, sheep, but- ter, and cheese. The south part of it is in lat. 41. 8. N. It is inhabited by about 700 persons, a con- siderable portion of whom subsist hy the fishery. Blockley, p.t. Philadelphia Co. Pa. 3 m. from Philad. BlocJczijl, a town of Holland, in Overyssel, with a fort ; seated at the mouth of the Aa, on the Zuyder Zee, where there is a good harbour, 8 m. N. W. of Steenwick. Long. 5. 39. E. lat. 52. 44. N. Blois, a city of France, capital of the depart- ment of Loire and Cher, and lately an episcopal see. The cathedral is a large structure, seated on an eminence at one extremity of tlie city, and on another eminence at tlie other end is a magnifi cent castle. In this castle Louis XII. was born ; and here in 1588, Henry III. caused the Duke of Guise, and his brother the cardinal, to be assassin- ated. Here are some fine fountains, supplied by an aqueduct, supposed to have been erected by the Romans. The principal commerce is in wi^.e and brandy ; and the chief manufactures are ser- ges and ticken, It it seated on tlie Loire, over which is a handsome bridge, 37 m. E. N. E. of Tours, and 100 S. S. W. of Paris. Pop. about 13,000. Bloniez, a town of Poland, in Masovia, 20 m. W. of Warsaw. Bloom, there are 6 towns of this name in the U. S., 4 in Ohio, and 2 in Pa. Bloomjield, there are 14 towns of this name in the U. S. Bloominghurg, villages in SuHivan Co. N. Y. and Fayette C-o- Ohio. Bloom.ingdnl.e, a village on the Hudson, 7 m. abeve New York. Blooming Grove, p.t. Orange Co. N. Y. 102 ra. S. Albany. Pop. 2,099. Also 2 towns in Ohio. Bloom-inrrton, p. v. the capital of Monroe Co. Ind. 70 m. N. E. Vincennes. Bloomingville, p v. Huron Co. Ohio, 123 m. N. Columbus. Blo&mslmrg, 3 towns ; in Columbia Co. Pa : in Hunterdon Co. N. J. and Halifax Co. Pa. Blore, a village in Staffordshire, Eng. 10 m. N. of Utoxcter. Its heath is famous for a battle be- tween the houses of York and Lancaster, in which Nevil, earl of Salisbury, for York, with 500 men only, defeated lord Audley with 10,000. Tua, in the province, of Kharcov. It has considerable manufactures of leather. Pop. about 7,000. Bognor, a village in Sussex, Eng. 7 m. S. of Chi- chester. It is an improving place, and much frequented in summer for sea-bathing. Bogota, a river of Colombia, which falls into the Pacific Ocean, in the lat. of 1 . N. Bogoroditsk, a handsome town, containing about 5,000 inhabitants, in the province of Thoula, Russia. Bogota, a large city and the capital of Colom- bia. During the rule of the Spaniards in S. America, it was the capital of the viceroyalty of New Granada, and was then more commonly call- ed Santa Fe. Since the organization and estab- lishment of the republic of Colombia, it has been more commonly called Bogota, and made the chief town of the province of Cundinamarca, and seat of the whole republican government of Colombia. It is situate on a spacious and fertile plain, on the most easterly ridge of the Andes, in the lat. of 4. 36. N. and 73. 30. of W. long, at an elevation of upwards of 8,000 feet above the level of the sea, which, notwithstanding its con- tiguity to the equator, renders its climate com- paratively temperate and agreeable. It is inter- sected by a small river called the Bogota (hence its recent appellation) which falls into the Mag- dalena, W. of the ridge of mountains on which the town is situate. The town is tolerably well laid out, having four squares, containing some handsome buildings ; and, although its remote- ness from the sea, and destitution of water com- munication, will ojjerate against its becoming a place of the first magnitude, should it continue to be the sea: of government, it will doubtless considerably increase both in extent and popula- tion, which at present amounts to about 40,000. The most convenient points of debarkation for Bogota from Europe, are either Laguira or Car- th.agena, the distance from the former about 6G0 miles N. W. and from Carthagena about 450 N. E. ; but the routes usually taken will in both instances, greatly exceed those distances. It is about 450 m. N. E. of Quito, about 15 m. S. W. of the town, at a place called Tequendama ; the river Bogota falls down a precipice with consid- erable fury, and is an objei^t of great attraction to the strangers who visit Bogota. Bogwanvoor , a town of Bahar, Hindoostan, a few m. S. E. of Benares. Boheima, a kingdom and very compact terri- tory in the centre of Europe, supposed to have derived its name from a tribe of Celts called the Boii. It was originally more extensive, inclu- ding Lusatia and Silesia on the N. E. and Mora- via on the S. E. Previous to 1517, it was an in- dependent kingdom, having an elective form of government, the popularity of which excited the jealousy of the Emperor of Germany, Ferdinand I. who obtained at that period the consent of the Germanic diet, to declare it an hereditary append- age of the dominion of Austria. This union was severely contested on the part of the Bohemians for about seventy years, but since 1690 they have implicitly yielded to the Austrian yoke. Bohe- mia, in its present extent, is in the form of a dia- mond, and lies between the lat. of 48. 35. and 51. 5. N. and 12. 20. to 16. 30. of W. long. Its south- ern point borders on Upper Austria,and it is boun- ded by Bavaria on the S. W., Saxony on the N. W., Lusatia and Silesia on the N. E., and Moravia on the S. E.,its extreme length and breadth will be about 180 by 190 m., but each of the four sidei BOH 104* BOK of its quadrilateral figure will not average more than about 125, and as si ch give a superficial ex- tent of 15.(i2o sq. m. Since 1751 it lias been divided into the 12 fisl- lowing circles^ named after 12 of the principal towns, (exclusive of Prague, the metropolis of the wliole territory, which has a separate jurisdiction :) viz. Leutmeritz, Bunzlau, Konigingratz, Chrudim Tchaslau, Bechin, Praclwn. Bohemia is consider- ed the most elevated part of Europe, no rivers running into it. The Spree, the Neisse, and the Bober, running north through Lusatia and Silesia, have their source on the frontiers of the circles of Bunzlau and Konigingratz, and the Elbe hiis its source in the latter circle near the frontier of Silesia, running south into the circle of Chrudim, and then takes a north-west course, bounding the circle of Buntzlau on the south, intersectingCeut- meritz towards Dresden in Saxony. The Mol- dau rises near the frontier of Austria at the south extremity of the circle of Bechin, and runs near- ly due north past Prague, into the Elbe at Melnik in Buntzlau. Several streams have their sources in the circle of Pilsen, which unite near the town of that name, and there form the Beraun, which runs into the Moldau a little below Prague. The Eger intersects the circle of Saaz from south-west to north-east, falling into the Elbe a little below the town of Leutmeritz. These rivers, with their several tributary streams, contribute alike to the diversity and fertility of the country. There are also several small lakes in the south part of the circle of Bechin. The frontiers on all sides, ex- cept on that of Moravia, are mountainous and woody, whilst the whole of the interior possesses a soil of great capability ; but as a species of feudal tyranny pervades the whole territory, it naturally precludes all excitement to social exertion, and its productions are consequently confined to a bare means of subsistence. It grows a considera- ble quantity of flax, which, as well as their wool, is manufactured into linens and cloths, for domes- tic use, and some on the side of Lusatia and Silesia for exportation. Almost every kind of mineral is found in one part of the country, or the other, and having but little external intercourse, every branch of manufacture is carried on as domestic occupa- tions for internal supply. It has several mineral springs, but it is deficient in the essential article of salt, part of the supply being obtained from external sources. On the subjugation of Bohemia by Austria, the ancient form of government was retained, but it was merely the form : and aJjsolute and despotic dictation nullified whatever was calculated to jus- tify or vindicate the rights of man, and the con- duct of blind, passive obedience, may now be con- sidered as firmly established in Boliemia, as in any part of Europe, or the world. The establish- ed religion of Bohemia is the Roman Catholic, and before the year 1781 the Protestants were not permitted the free exercise of their worship : at present all religious creeds are tolerated. Out of a population of about 3,000,000, the dissentients from Catholicism do not exceed 100,000, about half of whom are Jews. In time of peace, about 50,000 men are maintained in arms, to support whom, and other state pretensions, exactions, equal to about 9,000,000 American dollars, are im- posed on the productive labours of the people. The original language of Bohemia seems to have been Sclavonic, a dialect of which is still common in the country ; but the German or high Dutch is spoken with considerable purity. BokmerwalJ, a dense mountain forest, forming the south-west boundary of Bohemia. The term implies Bohemian Forest, Baum in German signi- fying wood ; Bokm is probably a corruption of that term in Boheniia, and may have given name to the country, signifying a woody country, and the two following places as situated in woods. Bohmisch Mche, a town of Bohemia, in the cir- cle of Bunzlau, 20 m. N. of Jung Bunzlau. Bohmisch Brod, a town of Bohemia, in the cir- cle of Kaurzim, 14 m. E. S. E. of Prague. Bohof, one of the Philippine islands, to the north of Mindanao. Long. 124. 5. E. lat. 10. 0. N. Bohol, or Bool, a town at the mouth of a river of the same name, falling into the Sooloo Sea, on the north coast of the isle of Celebes. Bohtts, or Bahus,a, small district of West Goth- land, Sweden, bordering on the Cattegat, north of Goltenburg. Stromstadt, on the coast, in lat. 53. 56. N. and 11. 15. E. long, is the principal town. Bojador, a cape on the west coast of Africa, doubled by the Portuguese in 1433. Long. 14. 27. W. lat. 26. 12. N. Boiano, a town of Naples, in the Molise, at the foot of the Apennines, on the east, near the river Tilerno In 1808 it suffered greatly by an earth- quake, and most of the inhabitants were destroy- ed. It is 45 m. N. N. E. of Naples. Bois Blanc, an island in Michigan Teritory, in Detroit river, opposite Ainherstburg. Bois le Due, a fortified city of Dutch Brabant, capital of a district of the same name, which con tains also the towns of Helmont, and Eyndhoven It has a castle named Papen-briel, and a little to the south are two forts, called Isabella and St. Antony. It was taken by the French in 1894. It is situate among morasses, on the river Dom- mel, where it receives the Aa, 22 m. E. by N. of Breda, and 45 S. S. E. of Amsterdam. Pop. about 13,000. Boiscowmun, a town of France, in the depart- ment of Loiret, 25 m. N. E. of Orleans. Boitzcnlnirg , a town of Lower Saxony, in Meck- lenburg, at the confluence of the Boitze with the Elbe, 30 m. S. W. of Schwerin. Boitzenburg, a town of Brandenburg, in the Ucker Mark, 10 m. W. of Prenslow. Bokhara, a, city of Usbec Tartary, in Bokharia. It stands on a rising ground, surrounded by a slender wall of earth, and a dry ditch, on the south side of the river Sogd. The houses are low, and mostly built of mud ; but the caravan- seras and mosques, which are numerous, are all of brick. The bazars, or market-places, have been stately buildings, but the greatest part of them are now in ruins. Here is also a stafelv building for the education of the priests. Great numbers of Jews and Arabians frequent this place; and the Irade with Russia and Persia is considerable. In 1220, Bokhara was tnken by Jenghis Khan, with a numerous army, who burnt the city, a«d demolished the cast-Ie ; but after the city had remained in ruins some years, he at length ordered it to be rebuilt. It is 138 m. W. by S. of Samarcand. Long. 62. 56. E. lat. 39. 4. N. ^ Bokharia, or Bucharia, a country of Usbec Tar- tary, bounded on the north by Turkestaft, east by Cashgar, south by Hiiidoostan and Persia, and west by Chorasan and Charism. It is fertile in corn and fruit, and the best cultivated of any part of Tartary. This country comprehends the ancient BOL 105 BOL district of Bactriana, the native country of the two-humped camel. The one-humped camel, or dromedary, is a much more common animal. The inhabitants are in general tawny, with black hair, but some are white and well made. They are cleanly in their food, which often consists of minced meat, and tea is the general drink. They are not warlike, but use the bow, lance, and sabre. Saniarcand is the capital. Bnkharia, Little. See Cashgar. Bolabola, one of the Society Islands, in the Pa- cific Ocean, 4 leao-ues N. W. of Otaha. Long. 151. 52. W. lat. 1(3. 32. S. Bolchcrcsk, a town of Kamtschatka, on the river Bolchoireka, 22 miles from its mouth, in the sea of Okotsk. Long. 1.56. 37. E. lat. 52. 54. N. Bolingbroke, a town in Lincolnshire, Eng. It was the birth-place of Henry IV. and has a manufacture of earthen ware. It stands at the source of a river wliich runs into the Witham, 29 m. E. of Lincoln, and 133 N. by E. of London. Bolivia, a Republic of South America, formed out of the province of Upper Peru in 1825. It is bounded N. W. by Peru, N. E. and E. by Brazil, S. by Buenos A3'res, and W.by the Pacific Ocean and Peru. The territory is mountainous, and many of the streams which fall into the Amazon and La Plata had their origin here. It contains miny silver mines, among other the celebrated mine of Potosi. Its principal towns are Potosi, Charcas, Oropesa, Oruro, La Paz, Cochabamba, and La Plata or Chuquisaca which is the capital. The population is estimated at something more than a million. The government consists of a Presi- dent, and a legislative body of three chambers. The battle of Ayacucho wliich established the in- dependence of this territory, was the last effort made by the Spaniards to retain a footing in their ancient dominion of South America. This battle was fought Dec. 9, 1824. The Colombian army under General Sucre, gained a complete victory over the Spaniards, commanded by the Viceroy La Serna. Sucre was made President of Bolivia, but was afterwards assassinated. Bolkenluiijn, a town of Silesia, in the principali- ty of Schweidnitz, a few miles west of the town of Schweidnitz ; the inhabitants chiefly employed in the linen manufacture. Bolkowitz, or Polkwitz, a town of Silesia, 12 m. S. of Glogau. Bolognu, a city of Italy, capital of the Bolognese, and an archbishop's see. It is about 5 miles in circuml'erence, and contains 80,000 inhabitants. It has long been distinguished as a school of sci- ence ; the university being one of the most an- cient and celebrated in Europe. An academy of arts and sciences was founded in 1712, and con- tributed grdatly to that fame which the city has acquired. As a school of painting, it is immortal- ized by the number of masters it has produced. There are here 169 churches, and these, as well an the numerous mansions of the nobles, are most 14 munificently furnished with their best produc- tions. Nor have the exertions of art been con- fined to the sphere of painting ; the city exhibits some of the finest monuments of architecture, such as the palace of Capraria, the marble foun- tain in the Piazza-del- Gigante, and in fact, almost every building of any note. The academy of arts and sciences is a building of great magnificence, and the public theatre is one of the largest and most beautiful in Italy. The church of St. Petro- nius is the largest in Bologna, but is more remark- able for its pavement, wliere Cassini drew his meridian line, 180 ft. long. T-lie trade of Bologna is verv considerable, being situated in a fertile country, and having an easy conveyance of its produce by a canal to the P'o. The exuberance of the adjacent country enables the inhabitants to furnish all Europe witfc the greatest delicacies in confectionary, distilled waters, essences, &c. oil, wine, flax, hemp, and silk, also furnish abundant sources of trade and employment. The Reno, ~ which passes by the city, turns no less than 400 mills for silk-works. It is situated at the foot of the Apennines, 22 m. S. E. of Modena, and 175 N. W. of Rome. Long. 1 1 . 21 . E. lat. 44. 30. N. It was taken possession of by the Frencli in 1796, but restored to the states of Rome at the general peace. Bolognese. a province of Italy, bounded on the north by the Ferrarese, west by Modena, south by Tuscany, and east by Romagna. It is watered by »iany small rivers, and produces all sorts of grain and fruit, particularly rich muscadine grapes Some miles before the entrance into Bologna, the country seems one continued garden. . The vine- yards are not divided by hedges, but by rows of elms and mulberry-trees ; the vines hanging in festoons, from one tree to another. There are also mines of alum and iron. Bologna is the cap- ital. There are about 300 other towns, contain- ing a population of about 200,000. Bolsena, a town of Italy, in tlie patrimony of St. Peter, on a lake of its name, 13 m. N. N. W. of Viterbo. Bolsoter, a town in Derbyshire, Eng Ti has a spacious castle on the brow of a hil! : ana is noted for the manufacture of tobacco pipes. It is 6 m. E. of Chesterfield, and 145 N N W. oi London. Pop. in 1821, 1,245. Bolsiceart, a town of Holland, in Friesland. near the Zuyder Zee, 10 m. N. of Sloten. Npsi- this town, which is about two miles in ejctent was formerly an abbey of the Cistertians, wV'* *ne Munster Anabaptists took refuge in 1534 and where William, count of Holland, was buried in the 14th century. Bolton-le-Moors, a large and populous town in Lancashire, Eng., consisting of two townships. Great and Little Bolton. It is so called from its situation amidst several extensive moors, and also to distinguish it from another town in the north part of the county, called Bolton-le-Sands. It is 11 miles N. W. o? Manchester, on the mail-coach road to Preston and Glasgow, and, ne.xt to Man- chester, is one of the most considerable stations of the cotton manufacture, the branches more par- ticularly pursued being those of muslins, dimities and counterpanes. The canal to Manchester, from which there is a branch to Bury, has added materially to the prosperity of the place ; and the new railway to Leigh, by affording facilities for an additional supply of coal, has reduced the price of that indispensable fuel. Besides the parish church, here are two other episcopal churches of recent erection, a Roman Catholic ckapel, and BOM 106 BON about sixteen meeting houses for dissenters, with various schools and charitable institutions. A town hall, for the transaction of public business, has been recently erected. Pop. in 1S21, H9,197, of which Little Bolton contained 9,258. The earl of Derby was executed here, in 1651 , for pro- claiming Charles II. *^* There are 12 other towns and villages named Bolton, besides Bolton on the Sands, in different parts of England ; viz. three in Cu'iber- land,one each in Northumberland and Westmore- land, and seven in Yorkshire. Bohim, p.t. Worcester Co. Mass. 33 m. W. Bos- ton. Pop. 1,2.')8. The town abounds in lime-stone. Bolton, p.t. Chittenden Co. Vt. 24 m. N. W. Montpelier. Pop. 452. -^'Bolton, p.t. Tolland Co. Conn. Pop. 744. Bolton, p.t. Warren Co. N. Y. 09 m. N. Albany. Pop. i,Am. Bomal, a town of the Netherlands, in Luxem- burg, on the river Ourt, 20 m. S. of Lie^e. Bombay, an island on the west coast of the Dec- can of Hindoostan, 7 miles in length, and 20 in circumference. It came to the English by the marriage of Charles II. with Catherine of Portu- gal, and was made over to the East India Compa- ny in 1688, when it was made the seat of govern- ment of all their possesions on that side of Hin- doostan, which was previously at Surat. It is now one of the three presidencies by which their oriental territories are governed. It contains a strong and capacious fortress, a city, dockyard, and marine arsenal. Here the finest merchant ships are built all of teak, supplied from the neighbour- ing countries, which is more durable than the best English oak ; and in 1810, the Mindcn, 74 gun ship, was launched, having been built entirely under the superintendence of a Persee. The f round is in general barren, and good water scarce ; ut it has abundance of cocoa-nuts, and its mar- kets are well supplied with every delicacy. The population of the territory of Bombay is estimated at 225.000, three-fourths of whom are Hindoos, the remainaer Mahometans, Armenians, and Jev/s and about 8,000 Persees or fire worshippers. (See Bachu.) The city of Bomhay, next to Calcutta, may be considered the most commercial place in Hindoostan ; its intercourse with China is very great, the export of cotton sometimes amounting to 350,000 bales per annum. It is much resorted to, by traders from Persia, Arabia, Abyssinia, Ar- menia, and all parts of western Asia, as well as from most of the islands of the Indian Ocean, and all the eastern parts of Asia, and the commercial transactions are conducted with more integrity than is U:-;nal in Asiatic cities. It is about 180 m. S. of Surat, and 1,300 W. by S. of Calcutta. The lighthouse, which is a very prominent object, and visible for 20 miles out at sea, is in lat. 18. 53. N. and 72. 53. E. long. Bomenx, a seaport of Holland, in Zealand, on the north shore of the Island of Schowen, 3 m. E. of Browershaven. Bommel, a town of South Holland, in the isle of Overfrakke, 7 m. W. of Williamstadt. Bommel , a strong town of Holland, in Guelder- land, in the island of Bommelwert, on the river Waal, 21 m. S. by E. of Utrecht, and 7 N. of Bois- le-Duc. Pop. about 3,000. Bommelwert, an island of Holland, formed by tlie junctions of the Waal and Maese. It lies in the province of Guelderland, except a small dis- trict at the west end, which belongs to South Hol- land. It is 15 miles in length, from Lowestein to Fort St. Andrew, and is not more than 4 in the broadest part. It was taken by the French in 1072, and again in 1794. Bona, a seaport of Algiers, in the province of Constantina. Near it are the ruins of the ancient Hippo Regius. It has a trade in corn, oil, wax and wool, and is 270 m. E. of Algiers. Long. 7 45. E. lat. 30.52. N. Bonair, or Bucn Jiyre, a fertile island in the Caribean Sea, to the E. of Curagoa. It is 00 m. in circuit, and has a good harbour and road on the S. W. side. Long. 08. 18. W. lat. 12. 10. N. Bonavlsta, one of the Cape Verd islands, so call ed from its beautiful appearance to the first dis- coverers, in 1450 ; but is now become barren, through the extreme idlenews of the inhabitants. Long. 22. 47. W. lat. 10. 6. N. Bonavisfa, a cape on the east side of the island of Newfoundland. Long. 52. 32. W. lat. 48. 15. N. Bond, a County of Illinois or the Kaskaskias. Pop. 3,124. Greenville is the chief town. Bondorf, a town of Suabia, in the Black Forest, capital of a county which joins the Brisgau. It is 7 m. S. by W. of Furstenburg, now included in the territory of the Duchy of Baden. Bondiiu, an interior country of North Africa, lying between the rivers Senegal and Gambia, in- habited by the Foulah race of negroes, who are industrious and social in their habits, and Mahom- etans in religion. Boness, or Borrowstonnes, a town of Scotland, in Iiinlithgowshire, with a safe and commodious harbour on the frith of Forth. It has a consider- ble trade in ship-building and coal, and extensive manufactures of salt and stoneware. It is 5 m. N. of Linlithgow. Pop in 1821, 3,018. Bonhomme, t. St. Louis Co. Missouri. Bonnefemme, t. Howard Co. Missouri. Boni, or Bony, a spacious bay between the two southern promontories of the Isle of Celebes. It has numerous shoals and rocks, and is commonly called Bugges Bay by Europeans. Near the up- per end of the bay, on the shore of the western promontory is the town of Boni, which is the cap- ital of a kingdom of the same name, but little known. The inhabitants are partly Mahometans. It is in the lat. of 3. S. and 120. 30. of E. long. Bonifacio, a fortified seaport of Corsica, with a good harbour and a coral fishery. It stands on a small peninsula, at the south extremity of the island, 37 in. S. of Ajaccio. Long. 9. 20. E. lat. 41.25. N. Pop. about 3,000. Bonn, a city of Germany, in the territor}' of Cologne. It has a flourishing university , four [lar- ish churches, and several religious foundations It was taken by the Duke of Marlborough, in 1703, and by the French in 17f^4. It is seated on tlie Rhine, 14 m. S. by E. of Cologne. Bonrifit, a town of France, in the department of La Creuse. Pop. al)out 2,000. Bonnetable, a town of France, in the depart- ment of Sarte, 15 m. N. E. of Mons. Pop. 4,500 Bonncval, a town of France, in the department of Eure and Loire, seated on the Loire, 8 m. N. of Chateaudiin. Bonneville, a town of Savoy, capital of Fau cingay, seated on the river Arve, at the foot of a mountain called the Mole, 20 m. S. E. of Geneva. Bonny, a. kingdom of Guinea, N. Africa, lying between Waree and Callabar. The inhabitants are less social than their neighbours, and live in constant collision with those of Callabar. Bontliain, a seaport at the S. extremity of the BOR 107 BOR western promontory of tlie island of Celebes, seat- ed on the shore of a large bay, where ships may lie in security during both the monsoons. The town has a palisadoed fort, ani stands on the south side of a small but deep river. Long. 120. 32. E. lat.5. 31. S. Boocrebooge, a town of Hindoostan, capital of the countiy of Cutcli, 140 m. S. E. of Tatta, and 230 W. by N. of Amedabad. Long. 69. 2. E.lat. 23. IG. N. Bool. See Bohol. Boom, a town of Brabant, on the north bank of the river Nelhes, 10 m. S. of Antwerp. Pop. about 3,500. Boone, a frontier country of the state of Ken- tucky, nearly encircled by the Ohio River, which divides the north end from the states of Ohio and Indiana, opposite to where the Miami River falls into the Ohio. Pop. 9,012. Burlington, 90 m. N. by E. of Frankfort, is the chief town. Boonsboro, p. v. Washington Co. Maryland, 16 m. N. W. Fredricktovvn. Boonsborough, a town of Kentucky in Madison county, seated on Red River, which runs into tlie Kentucky, 3S m. E. S. E. of Lexington. Booncton, v. Morris Co. N. J. 30 m. N. W. Newark. Boonville, p.t. Oneida Co. N. Y. 116 m. N. W. Albany. Pop. 2,746. Boo»iin.h,n. town of Hindoostan, in Bengal, 98 m. N. E. of Calcutta. Bootan, a mountainous country of Hindoostan Propter, lying between the province of Bengal and Thibet. It is a i'eudatory province of Thibet, and abounds in mountains covered with verdure, and rich with abundant forest trees ; there is scarce- ly a mountain whose base is not washed by some torrent, and many of the loftiest bear popu- lous villages, amid orchards and plantations, on their summits and on their sides. The soutliern- most ridge of the Bootan mountains rises near a mile and a half above the plains of Bengal, in a horizontal distance of only 15 miles ; and from the summit the astonished traveller looks on the plains below as on an extensive ocean. The Booteas are mucli fairer and more robust than their neighbours the Bengalees, with broader faces and higher cheek-bones : their hair is invariably black, and cut short ; their eyes small and black, with long pointed corners ; and their skins remarkably smooth. The houses are built on props, though the country is hilly, and ascended by a ladder : the lower part, closed on all sides, serves for hold- ing stores, and accommodating hogs, cows, and other animals. The capital is Tassasudon. Boothbay, p.t. Lincoln Co. Me. between Sheeps- cut and Damariscotta river. Pop. 2,290. Bootle, a village in Lancashire, Eng. contiguous to Liverpool, which it supplies with fine fresh water, from abundant and never-failing springs near the sea-shore. Bond, a town of Hindoostan, in Malwa, 98 m. E. of Ougeia. Bopjingen, a town of Suabia, on the river Eger, 19 m. N. W. of Donawert. Boppart, a town of Germany, seated at the foot of a mountain, near the Rhine, 8 m. S. of Coblentz. Borahs, a town of W. Gothland, Sweden, about 10 m. E. of Gottenburg. Borcholz, a town on the west side of the bishop- ric of Paderborn, Westphalia, now part of the Prussian States. Bord, or Boit, a town of France in the depart- ment of Correze. It was the birth-place of Marmontel. Borba, a town of Alemtejo, Portugal, lying be- tween Estremoz and Vitra-Vicosa. Bordeaux, a city of France, an episcopal see, and cliief town of the department of the Gironde, lies on the left bank of the Garonne, in a semicircu- lar or oval form, corresponding with the curve of the river which constitutes its port. The dat*,- of its foundation, like those of many other cities, is lost in the distance of time. -It is mentioned by Strabo and some of tlie Augustine historians. The etymology of its Ltalin name, Burdigala, i? doubtful, and throws no light upon its foundeu. Under Augustus it was regarded as a great city, and was further aggrandised and embellished hy him. Adrian made it the metropolis of the second Aquitaine. In the third century it became an episcopal see, and in the fourth was distin- guished for the cultivation of arts and letters. The Roman dominion gave way to barbarism and the Visigoths, who were themselves soon driven out by the still more barbarous Clovis and his Franks. Henceforth it was an integral part of France, and capital of Guienne, with the ex- ception of the periods during wliich it was un- der English dominion. The Saracens ravaged it in the eight century, and the Normans in the tenth. The long and violent rather than sanguiuary contests between the French and English, for the inheritance of Eleanor of Guienne, bore directly upon Bordeaux, the capital, which, alternately French and English, and more indebted to the latter, retained for them a strong partiality for which it was severely mulcted by Charles VII. in 1451. From that period it has continued an integral part of the kingdom of France, partak- ing, but in a less degree than other cities, the troubles of the Reformation, the League, tlie Fronde (during the regency of Anne of Austria), and tlie Revolution. Bordeaux sent to the national asser.iblies several of the most eloquent and vir- tuous men of the popular party, called ' Giron- dists,' from the department of wliich it is the chief town. Deprived almost wholly of its foreign commerce by the wars and decrees of Bonaparte, it was the first place to open its gates to the Bourbons. The most striking objects upon ap]>roarhing Bordeavix are the port aiid the stupend.nis bridge, projected and partly executed by Bonap:ii-te. over the Garonne, an arm of the sea rather than a river. The practicability of such a bridge was long doubted, from the breadth of the river — nearly a quarter of a league — and the violence of the current. The port should be viewed from La Bastide, a village opposite Bordeaux, on the right bank : it then presents its magnificent curve round the corresponding segment of the river , its fagade, uniform and noble ; the qua3's, crowd- ed and animated ; and the river, covered with vessels, generally in a state of gentle movement, heaving with the waves. The town is semicir- cular ; but the port is an elliptic curve, near two leagues in diameter between its extremities. Bordeaux, like so many other cities, is divided into the old and new town, on the right and left. The "course" or avenue of Tourny, leading to the fauxbourg de Chartrons, is remarkably beau- tiful. The theatre, in the rue de Chapeau-rouge, is a noble building, surpassing in its exterior, but not interior, most other theatres of Europe. Its peristyle consists of twelve Corinthian columns m BOR 108 BQR Burmounlod by a balustrade, with a statue to each column. The vestibule is majestic and ornament- ed, having a double staircase lighted from a cu- pola. The exchange, at the extremity of this street, is a vast and imposing structure, with in- terior arcades round the walls ; the central space covered in, and lighted from the top ; and a grand door opening into the Place Royale, one of the handsomest squares of Bordeaux, and deficient only in extent. This jjlace merits particular de- scription : its form is that of a horseshoe, opening upon the river, with a fine quay between. It is lined by the exchange and tlie custom-house, with corresponding fronts ; all the facades richly or- namented, and bearing allegorical figures m re- lief. The cathedral is the principal Gothic edifice of Bordeaux, but by no means of France, as some have described it. It is remarkable chiefly for the two bold, light, and lofty spires which rise above the portal. The English built it, in part at least, during their occupation of Guienne. There are three other large Gothic churches, — those of St. Michael, St. Croix, and St. Sturin, — whicli con- tain some good pictures. The ancient Roman remains called the " Palais Gallien," without any good reason for the name, have nearly disappear- ed, to make way for modern elegance and avarice. The Roman remains, called the " Palais de Tute- le " gave way to the chateau de Trompette ; which, in its turn, has recently made room for new and beautiful edifices, and the spacious Place do Louis XVI. It was in the chateau de Trom- pette that general Clausel held oat so long against me Bourbons. This was probably the main cause ot Its demolition upon their re-establishment. It is well supplied by the place, new streets, and market, wliich occupy its site, but which will take some time to be finished. Count Lynch, mayor of Bordeaux, at the fall of Bonaparte, and chiefly instrumental in opening its gates to the Bour- bons, erected in this quarter a small museum, in which are pre.served all the antiquities discovered in or about Bordeaux : they are scanty. The house of Montaigne still exists as a curiosity in the street bearing his name, and his monument is in a church in the same street. The communications open to Bordeaux by the Atlantic with the north, America, and the Indies, and by the canal of Languedoc with the south and the Levant, afford to it the greatest facilities for maritime commerce. It accordingly, has an extensive and tlie most various trade of any port, in every species of produce and manufacture. But the difference of peace and war, especially war between England and France, is to it the dif- ference between prosperity and ruin. Its com- mercial relations (it has been said) have no other limits in time of peace than those of the world ; m tmie of war they do not extend beyond the lighthouse at the mouth of the Gironde, except smuggling and privateering. The quay of Char- tron was grass-grown during the continental blockade : it is, since the peace, the most busy and crowded, especially with the export of wines. The merchants of Bordeaux are hospitable and polite ; and the higher orders emulate the capital in luxury, the love of pleasure, and what is called fashion. The women are considered to come nearest to those of the capital in accomplishments, graces, aii._ the love of amusement. It contains the same establishments as the other great towns, but not on the same scale or with the •amc degree of cultivation, for the purpose of knowledge and the arts ; a branch university, an academy, a library containing an old copy of Montaigne's Essays corrected and noted by him- self, a cabinet of natural history, a museum of antiquities and painting, an observatory, but with- out an observer or instruments of observation. The ancient parliament of Bordeaux was dis- tinguished for eloquence, learning, and philoso- phy. — Montaigne, Montesquieu, and the presi- dent Dupaty, were among its ornaments. The modern bar has maintained its ancient reputation for eloquence in Ferriere, some years dead ; Deseze, Laine, and Ravez — all three peers of France. In the second national or legislative assembly the palm of eloquence was born away by Vergniaud, inferior only to Mirabeau of all th« orators of the Revolution. Guadet, Gensonne, and Ducos, who perished by suicide or the guil- lotine, also eloquent members of the national as sembly and convention, were of the bar of Bor- deaux. Among the other distinguished natives of Bordeaux are the two Dupatys, sons of the president; the engraver Andrieux ; the two mu- sical composers darat and Rode, the former the first singer — by the way, an equivocal distinction, — the second, the first violin player — of France, — and consequently of Europe. Lais, Avho was the first singer at the Parisian grand opera for several years, and since the restoration, was also a Bordelese. Berquin, the author of " L'Anii des Enfans ;" the grammarian Lebel, several Jesuit controversialists, whose memory has pass- ed away with the controversy respecting that or- der ; and the Latin poet Ausonius, who lived in the time and in the court of Adrian, were natives of Bordeaux. The city of Bordeaux, especially the new town, is beautiful, rather as a uniform whole, than from any detached or single objects. There are no very striking beauties in its environs, with the exception, perhaps, of the verdant and pictur- esque banks of the Gironde. — The chateau of Brede is visited rather as the residence, and in .some measure the creation, of Montesquieu, than for its intrinsic merits. It is situated in a plain, well wooded ; a simple hexagonal building, with a drawbridge, and approached by a long avenue of oak trees. The Tour de Cordouan, at the mouth of the Gironde, is the finest lighthouse in France. A natural phenomenon called the mascaret, observed at the mouth of the Dordogne, and in no other river of Europe, should not be passed over. When the waters of the Dordogne are low, and especially in summer, a hillock of wa- ter, about the height of an ordinary house, is ob- served at its confluence with the Garonne. It suddenly rises iind spreads, rolls along the bank, ascends the river in all its sinuosity, with extra- ordinary rapidity and a fearful noise. All that comes in its way, on the bank by which it moves, yields to its fury. Trees are torn up, barges sunk, and stones are driven to the distance of fifty paces ; all fly from it in consternation ; cat- tle even, with a strong and fierce instinct. It sometimes takes the centre of the river, and changes its shape. The watermen are able by their observations to discover its approach, and thus escape certain destruction. A similar phe- nomenon was observed by the French traveller Condamine in the Amazon river, and by the English Rennell in the Ganges. Its cause is known, and simple, — the tide flowing with a dis- proportionate quantity and impulse into the Dor- '^^ BOB. 109 BOR dogne, which is right in the direction of the Gi- ronde, whilst the course of the Garonne is angu- lar or divergent. The impediments which the mascaret meets as it ascends the Dordogne from sand banks, the sinuosities, and the rapidity of the opposing current, all tend to increase, and it may be said to enfuriate, its force. Such is its velocity, that a second must not be lost by him who would eseape it. The population of Bordeaux fluctuates with its commerce between 60,000 and 100,000. From the most recent calculations, in 18'2S, it apjjears between 93,000 and 96,000. Its distance from Paris is, by Orleans and Poitiers, 155 1-2 leagues; by Tours and Angouleme, 154 1-2 leagues ; by Chateauroux and Perigueux, 153 1-2 leagues. Lat. 44. 50. N. long. 0. 40. W. BordeJitaicn, a town of New Jersey, in Burling- ton county, on the west side of the Delaware, 6 m. below Trenton, and 23 N. E. of Philadelphia. Borge, a town of Denmark, the chief place in the island of Femern, with a fort, on Femern Sound. Long. 11. 17. E. lat. 54. 27. N. Borgentryck, or Bergentrych, a town on the S. W. side of the Bishopric of Paderborn, Westphalia. Borghetto, a town on the E. bank of the Adige, at the southern extremity of the bishopric of Trent. — Also the name of a village in the vicinity of Mantua, where a severe battle was fought be- tween the French and Anstrians in 1796. Borgholm, a Ibrtinea u»v»n >.ja vii ""^ni, oide of the isle ofOland, in the Baltic, part of the province of East Gothland. Borg, Barg, or itcrgnoiuuiu^vn, d town in the county of Ravensburg, Westphalia. Borgne, a large lake or inlet of the sea, between the states of Mississippi and Louisana, com- municating with the Gulf of Mexico, and inland with lake Pontchartrain. Borgo, a seaport town of Russian Finland, lying betv- n Ilelsingfurt and Lovisa. In lat. 60. 21. N. and 25. 45. £. long. Borgo Rusz, Prunt and Pass, three towns con- tiguous to each other, near the source of the Bis- tritz River on the eastern frontier of Transylvania, bordering on the Bukowine. They have salt springs and some manufactures of earthenware. The population is considerable, principally Wal- lachians. Borgo, signifying a market town, is prefixed to twelve towns in different parts of Italy. Borgo, 6'/. Donnini, a town in the duchy of Par- ma, so called from the martyrdom of Donnini, who was beheaded here in 304. It is a bishop's see, and is situate about midway, on the road from Piacenza to Parma. Borgo di St. Sepolcro, a town of Tuscany, in the Fiorentino, with a fort, seated near the source of the Tiber, 12 m. N. E of Arezzo. In 1789 about 1,000 of the inhabitants were destroyed by an earthfj"'" Borgojuiic, a town oi iiAiy, lu luf riauiaan, on the river Po, at the influx of the Oglia, 10 nv S. of Mantua; and nine others, all inconsiderable. Borgo, or Burgo D'Osina, a town of Spain, sur- rounded with walls, and containing about 200 famiUes. 33 ra. W. of Soria, and 40 S. E. of Burgos. Burgo di St. Jin^do, a fortress of the island of Malta,~a little to the east of Valetta. Borja, or Bergosa, a town of Spain, in Arra- gon, in a fruitful spot, near Mount Cayo, at the foot of the Pyrenees, 42 m. W. N. W. of Sara- gossa. Borja, a town of Colombia, situate on the head waters of the river Amazon, 300 m. E. by N. of Paita and 90 W. by N. of Jaen. Long. 76. 36. W. lat. 4. 15. S. Borja, a town in the province of Buenos Ayres, near the frontier of Brazil. It was founded by the Jesuits. Borisoglebsk, a town of Russia, situate on the banks of the Verona, near the south end of the province of Tamboy, about 300 miles S. E. of Moscow. — It is also the name of a town in the province of Jaroslav, on the west bank of the Vol- fa, a ievf miles north of the city of Jaroslav. op. of each about 3,000. Borrissow, a town of Russian Poland, on the banks of the Berezina, about 35 m. E. of Minsk. Borkelo, a strong town of Holland, in the coun ty of Zutphen, remarkable for having been the subject of two wars : one in 1665, against the bishop of Munster, and the other with France, in 1672. It is seated on tlie river Borkel, 15 m. E. N. E. of Zutphen. Borken, a town of Westphalia, in the principjili- ty of Munster, with a collegiate church, seated on the Aa, 38 ra. W. of Munster. Borkum, an island of the kingdom of Hanover, lying between the east and west channels of the Ems river. It is partly inundated at high water. It has a town of the same name, the inhabitants subsisting chiefly by fishing. Bormio, a town of Switzerland, capital of a county of its name, on the confines of Tyrol. About a mile from the town are medicinal batlis. It is seated at the foot of the mountains, on the river Fredolso. near its confluence with the Adda, 40 m. S. E. of Coire. Long. 10. 20. lat. 46. 17. N. Bormio, or Bormida, a large river of Piedmont, which rises in the territory of Finale, runs north, intersecting the dutchy of Montferrat, falling into the Tanaro a little below Alessandria. Boma, a town of Upper Saxony, in the circle of Leipzig, with a manufacture of stuffs ; seated near the river Pleysse, 13 m. S. E. of Leipzig, on the road to Altenburg. Borneo, an island of Asia, in the Indian Ocean, discovered by the Portuguese in 1521, lying be- tween the lat. of 4. 10. S. and 7. N. and 109. 15. to 119. 25. W. long, being in its extreme length 775 geographical miles of 69 1-2 to a degree, and 650 in extreme breath ; but, as the north part con- verges into a promontory, if resolved into a square , the sides would not exceed 600 miles; which, however, will give a surface greater than that of any island in the world, except New Holland, be- ing about 360,000 sq. m. or nearly five times larger than Great Britain. Although under the equator, the air is not so excessively hot as might be ex- pected, being frequently refreshed with showers and cool breezes, the thermometer varying from 82. to 94. of Fahrenheit. In the monsoon, from April to September, the wind is westerly, and the rains are constant and heavy, attended with violent storms of thunder and lightning. The rainy season continues for eight months, and during that time all the flat country, from ten to twenty miles from the crest, is overflowed, and the air rendered very unhealthy. For this reason the inhabitants build their houses on floats, which they make fast to trees. They have but one floor, with partitions made with canes ; and the roofs are covered with palmetto-leaves, the eaves ot which reach within four or five feet of the bottom. Some of their houses are built upon pillars, a suf- ficient height from the surface not to be deluged. K BOR 110 BOR The countries on the coast are inhabited by a mix- ture of Malays, Javanese, and Macassars TJie aborigines oi the island, however, live in the in- terior, and are called Biadjoos, Biayos, or Dijak- kese, &c., who are represented as the most un- couth and unsocial of the human race. Indeed it seems to be here where natnre has united the chain of animated creation, and placed the orang outang as the connecting link betwefru the articu- lating, modulating, and inventing, and Se instinc- tive ; or, in other words, between the biped and the quadruped race of animals. On one side of the orang outang, whicli seems to be a native of the soil of Borneo, are apes, monkeys, bears, goats, deer, horses, buffiiloes and other horned cattle, tigers, and the elephant ; whilst on the other side is a class of beings with apparently no other claim to the character of man but that of the power of articulation ; and yet, amidst this unsocial and unappreciating race of beings, na- ture seems to have bestowed in lavish profusion all her most delectable gifts ; with iron, tin, and various other metals for purposes of utility ; gold, diamonds, and various other precious gems, for or- nament, abound. It is here that the salangane, a spe- cies of swallow, constructs its edible nest, which is exchanged to gratify the luxurious palates of the Chinese, at a rate double its weight of silver. In the vegetable kingdom, in addition to rice and maize for substantial subsistence, the sensations of taste and smell are here to be gratified in the highest possible degree. Cassia, cinnamon, frank- incense, and inyrrh, are indigenous productions of the country. The laurus camphoratus yields an endless abundance of its fragrant and inflam- mable substance ; whilst agaric, musk, aloes, and various other substances and plants, are dispersed over the country in endless profusion to aid the domestic and social economy of man, and to serve as alteratives in case of accident or disease. On the otiier hand, the pernicious and poisonous class of plants and reptiles are also common, and the natives appear equally adept at applying thein in revenue against their enemies, as in the appli- cation of medicines to avoid their consequences. Thus, whilst tlie soil of Borneo appears suscepti- ble by social arrangements and due cultivation to sustain in a high degree of comfort and enjoy- ment, a fourth of the whole population of the globe, the total number of inhabitants is suppos- ed not to exceed 3,000,000, divided into numerous petty sovereignties. With the exception, how- ever, of the coast, very little is known as to the extent and condition of the population. Tiie English East India Company formed some settle- ments upon the coast towards the close of tlie 17th century ; but, in 1706, the Dutch, in the prime of their valour, drove the English entirely from the country, and for more than a century were the inly European nation that maintained any direct intercourse with the island. Their grovelling policy has ever been, and still continues to be, to preclude the world from all knowledge of the po- sition, people, condition, and resources of the countries with which they trade, as far as it is possible for them to do so. During tlie war, sub- sequently to the peace of Amiens in 1802, when in their turn the Dutch were driven from all their positions in Asia, the English again establisJied themselves on the coast of Borneo, and were making progress in the arts of cultivation and social economy, whofi, by treaty in 181(5, the Dutch were re-instated in their possessions, and Itorneo again exposed to their confined and ex- clusive line of policy. As far as our knowledge of the country docs extend, whilst the coast on all sides is low and swampy, the interior ueems much intersected by mountains ; a river called the Banjar has its source in the centre of the country, about two degrees north of the equator, and runs south into the sea of Java. There are two or three rivers running from E. to W. falling into the sea on the west side, but the north and east coasts appear deficient in good navigable rivers for internal communication by water. There are, however, several fine harbours and roadsteads round the coast ; the principal is Bandermassing, at the mouth of the Banjar ; Sambar at the soutii- west point ; Sambas on the west coast ; Borneo at the north-west : and Passir at the south-east. Borneo, the principal city, and capital of a kingdom of the same name at the north part of the above island, is situate up a river about 10 m. from the sea, in the lat. of 4. 55. N. and 114. 15. E. long. Like most or all tlie other towns on the coast, the houses are built on piles driven into the swamp, inundated at high water, and the trading transactions, which are here very considerable with the Chinese and other eastern nations, are carried on in boats and wherries. Bornheim, a town in the electorate of Cologne, about 15 m. W. by JN. of Bonn. Pop. about 1,100. — Also, a town of the Netherlands, about 10 ra. N. E. of Dendermonde. Bornholm, an island of Dewmark. iust within the Baltic, of an oval ^ujriu, «um>ui ,«« miies in cir- cumference, and nearly surroun-ieil «v rocks. The soil is stony, but fenue, wir.n excellent pasture ; and there are mines of coai, anu auarries of mar- ble. It lies 10 m. S. E. or tne soutnern extremity of Sweden. The chief town is Roune, on the west side ; the north end is in lat. 55. 18. N. and 14. 49. E. long. Bornos, a town of the province of Seville, about 15. m. N. E. of Cadiz. Pop. about 3,000. Bornou, an extensive empire in the interior of North Africa, having Cassina or Kashna on the W. and Nubia on the h. It consists of a number of oases, or fertile spots, interspersed with arid wastes. The climate is said to be characterized by excessive, though not by uniform, heat. Two seasons, one commencing soon after the middle of April, the other at the same period in October, divide the year. The first is introduced by violent winds from the south-cast and south, with intense heat, a deluge of sultry rain, and such tempests of thunder and lightning as destroy multitudes of the cattle, and many of the people. At the com- mencement of the second season, the ardent heat subsides ; the air becomes soft and mild, and tlie weather perfectly serene. Maize, rice, the horse- bean, cotton, hemp, and indigo, are cultivated; and tliere are figs, grapes, apricots, pomegranates, lemons, limes, ana melons. The most valuable tree is called redeynah, in form and height like an olive, the leaf resembling that of a lemon, and liearing a nut, the kernel ana shell of which are in great estimation ; the first as a fruit, the last on account of the oil it produces. Horses, asses, mules, dogs, horned cattle, goats, sheep, and camels (the flesh of which is much esteemed) are the common animals. Bees are so numerous, that the wax is often thrown away as an article of no value. The game consists of partridges, wild ducks, and ostriches, the flesh of which is prized above every other. The other animals are the lion, leopard, civet cat, wolf, fox, elephant, buffa- lo, antelope, and the camelopard or giraffe, one of BOR 111 BOS the tallest, most beautiful and most harmless ani- mals m nature. Its neck is very long and its fore legs much longer than the hinder ones, at least m outward appearance. It sometimes feeds upon the grass, which however is scarce in this coun- try, and its ordinary food is the leaf of a sort of mimosa. Within a few years, several of these animals have been transported to Europe. Here are also great numbers of the hippopotamus. They abound in Lake Tchad and the waters of the neighbourhood. Major Denham in his travels in this country saw a whole troop of them in the water following a band of martial music in a negro army marching along the shore. In this country are also many snakes, scorpions, centipedes, i-nd toads. The complexion of the natives is black, but they are not of the Negro cast. The dress of the greater part consists of shirts of blue cotton manufactured in the country, of a red cap brought from Trinoii ana a white muslin turban from Cairo Nose, rinors of srold are worn by the prin- cipal people. j>ai me only covering of the poorer sort w o lr'"«^ nf «irdlf> for the waist. In their manners me peopie are courteous and humane : they aro n-joaionotalv fond of play ; the lower classes of drauirnts. and the higher excel in chess. More than 30 dil'erent languages are said to be spokfi" in Fio^nmi ana its dependencies ; and the reigning >^^»i<-'<- '<" f».<«;n fnr thq London mar- ket, it carries on a airect trade with the Baltic for deals, hemp, tar. itc. 'l"he parish church founded by St. Botolrih in i;«)y. is a very stately edifice, being 300 feet in Ipmrth. supported by Corinthian pillars, lio-bO»fi hv nnuiieo windows, and its steeple ascended by stens corresnonding in number with the months, weeks and rlays, in the year. The steeple or fn«;f^r id fisrifppt: 111 height, surmounted with a lantern, whicn serves as a beacon for ma- ny miles out at sea, and the country being very level inland, it forins a beautiful and interesting object in the persoective many miles distant. The town is governed by a mayor, recorder, twelve aldermen, and eighteen common councilmen, with subordinate ofticers, who iire vested with the ad- miralty jurisdiction of the adjoining coasts. The corporation, since 1800, have erected a commodi- ous fish market, which is abundantly supplied, and large quantities are conve3'ed into the interior counties of Nottingliam and Leicester. It has four fairs annually, and two endowed schools, and returns two members to parliament. It is 36 m. S. E. of Lincoln, and UG N. of London. Lat. 52. 48. N. Long. 0. 2. W. Boston Deeps, is the sea channel of the inlet called the Wash, leading from the German Ocean by the Lincolnshire coast, up to the port of Boston The opposite side, which washes the coast of Nor- folk is called Lynn Deeps. The body of the Wash is a large shoal, partly dry at low water, and even the Deeps are the reverse of what their name im- plies, not admitting at the most, vessels of more than 200 tons burthen. BOS 113 BOS Boston, the capital of Massacliusetts, and the chief citv in New England, stands upon a penin- sula in a capacious harbour, at the western ex- tremity of Massachusetts Bay. Its situation is noble and coinrnanding, the site being elevated and the city nearly surrounded by water, so that to the eye of the spectator its lofty domes and spires seems like those of Venice to rise out of the waves. In the interior, there is much irregu- larity, and many crooked and narrow streets, but there are also in Boston a greater number of ele- fant buildings, beautiful sites, and objects that isplay the wealth, taste, and public spirit of the inhabitants, than in any other city of the United States. The beautiful common in the western rart, occupies the southerly slope of Beacon Hill, t is a qte,rter of a mile in extent, surrounded by a mall planted with elms, witii an open prospect to the west and fronted in other parts by elegant buildings. The State House, which stands on the summit of the hill overlooking the common, and indeed the whole city, is a spacious brick edifice, painted of a stone colour and surmounted by a lofljr dome. The finest ornament of its interior, is a statue of Washington in white marble, by Chantry. Fronting the mall, is also St. Paul's church, built of hammered granite with a fagade of freestone, exhibiting six massy Doric columns. The effect of the simple elegance of this structure is much injured by the contrast of a huge gothic pile at its side, the Masonic Temple, whose lofty front, however, exhibits an imposing specimen of that order of architecture. The Stone Chapel is the name given to a church of considerable an- tiquity ; it is a plain edifice, with a square tower, surrounded by a Doric colonnade, and the style is both chaste and dignified. Trinity church is of rough granite, in the mixed gothic style, with a lofty tower, and its whole appearance is massy and imposing . The congregational church in Bowdoin street,i8 another edifice in the same style, but smaller. The church, in ChurcJi Green, is of white granite, octagonal in shape and supporting a tall and slender spire ; it is much admired by many, but is rather finical. The Brattle Street church is worthy a stranger's notice for displayinh in Northamptonshire, Eng. It contains two churches, and had formerly a college, now a free-school. It is seated on the Ouse, 18 m. S. S. W. of Northampton, and G3 N. W. of London. It returns two members to parliament. Pop. in 1821, 1,8-51. Braclmc, a strong town in the south of Rus- sian Poland, capital of the Palatinate oi its name, in Podolia. It stands on the river Bog, 85 m. E. of Kaminieck. Bradfield, a town in Essex, Eng. seated on the river Blackwater, IG m. N. of Chelmsford, and 44 N. N. E. of London. Pop. 822. Brculfield, is also the name of a township, in the parish of Ecclesfield, Eng. 6 miles north of Sheffield, in the manufactures of which it is ex- tensively occupied. Pop. in 1821, 5,.2'.)8. It is also tlic name of seven other towns and villages in different parts of England, all inconsiderable. Bradford, a town in Wiltshire, Eng. It is the centre of the greatest fabric of superfine cloths in England, and is eminent for the nicest mixtures. There are about twenty extensive establishments. It stands on the side of a rocky hill, on the Lower Avon, 10 m. N. by W. of Warminster, and 100 W. of London. Pop. in 1821, 10,231. Bradford, a large and populous parish and town in the West Riding of Yorkshire, Eng. in which manufacturing industry manifested itself as strong- ly during the first 20 years of the present centu- ry, as in any part of the kingdom. The town, which in 1801 contained a pop. of only 6.393, and in 1811 of 7,767, in 1821 , contained 13,064, and the aggregate of the parish 52,954, which in 1311 was ^ only 36,358. In the town there are about forty large dealers in wool, about 30 large establish- ments for the spinning of ditto, and sixty factories for the weaving of ditto, into various, kinds of stuffs. It has five or six extensive iron foun ■ dries, as many machine manufactories, and several employers both in the manufacture of hats and combs ; and, that there may be no lack of un- ceasing toil, the cotton manufacture has also es- tablished itself in the parish. The town is situate at the foot of the ridge of mountains which divides the West Riding of Yorkshire from Lancashire, on the banks of a small river, falling into the Aire, on the south side. It has also the advantage of a collateral cut to the Leeds and Liverpool canal ; and consequently a facility of communication, of water, with all parts of the kingdom. The sur- rounding country abounds in iron ore, coal, flag- stones, and slates. The parish church is a stately Gothic edifice : a new church, built by subscrip- tion, was opened in 1815. It has several other religious places of worship, a free grammar school, and a market hall for the exhibition of the worsted stuffs brought for sale ; It is 10 m. W. of Leeds, and 9 N. E. of Halifax. Bradford, derived from two Saxon words imply- ing Brofidford, is the name of six other towns and villages in different parts of England, situate on the banks of streams tliat formerly used to be forded. Bradford, a county in the E. District of Penn- sylvania, bordering on New York. It is intersec- ted by the east branch of the Susquehannah river, which receives numerous collateral branches flowing from all directions within the county. Pop. 19,669. Towanda,189 m. N. by E. of Harris- burg, is the chief town. £ran the Atlantic coast, beginning at the north : viz. 3. Maranham. 8. Rio Janeiro. 4. Seara. 9. St. Paul. 5. Pernambuco 10. St. Catherine. G. Bahia. 1 1 . Rio Grande. 7. Minas Geraes. I'l. Goi;is, interior ; and 13. Matto Grosso, on the frontier of the United Provinces of Buenos Ayres The extent and production of each of these dis- tricts will be more fully elucidated under their respective heads. Independent of the noble river Amazon, which has one of its sources near tlie shore of the Pacific Ocean, and by numerous col- lateral branches opens a communciation with the whole interior of Peru, and dividing the before- mentioned provinces of Guiana and Para. The Maderia, Tapajos, Xingu, Araguay, and the Toc- antins, all flowing from the south into the Amazon, intersect all the interior and nortliern part of Brazil; whilst the Paraguay, and Parana, with innumerable branches, intersect all the southern part, running south into the great river La Plata. In addition to these the Pinare, Barbadoes, Parai- ba, St. Francisco, and numerous others of minor note, water all the maritime provinces falling into the Atlantic Ocean. A chain of mountains intersects the maritime provinces from south to north, from Rio Grande to the St. Francisco River, which separates the province of Bahia from Pernambuco. The ground rises gradually from the coast to the summit of this ridge, which varies in altitude from 3,C00 to 5,000 feet above the level of the sea. Westward of this ridge, the ground gradually slopes till it again ascends to form another mountain ridge of somewhat greater altitude than the preceding, dividing Goias from the maritime provinces, and running east of, and parallel with, the Tocantins to its entrance into the Para mouth of the Ama- zon. From this chain a collateral ridge branches off", intersecting the province of Seara, in a direc- tion from south to north, to near the shore of the Atlantic Ocean. Over so vast a tract of land, it cannot be imag- ined that the climate will be foundat all equal, or the seasons uniform. The northern provinces are subject to heavy rains, variable winds, torn;^- does, storms, and the utmost fury of the elements ; while the southerly regions are favoured with all the comforts which a fine fertile soil and temper- ate climate can afford. In some of tlie provinces tlie heat of the climate favours the generation of a variety of poisonous insects and reptiles ; some of which, as the lihoya, or roebuck snake, are said to extend to the length of thirty feet, and to be two or three yards in circumference. Lizards, which are found in almost every part of the world, grow here to an enormous size, and are often lound 2 or 3 feet in length. The rattle-snake, and other reptiles of the same kind, grow likewise to an in- credible size ; and the serpent called ihahaloka is affirmed to be seven yards long, and half a yard in circumference, possessed too of a poison instan- taneously fatal to the human race. Here also are scorpions, ant-bears, the jaguar, porcupines, janon- veras, and tapirs. No part of the world affords a greater number of beautiful birds or greater vari- ety of the most exquisite fruits. The chief indig- enous vegetable production which gave name to the country and title of prince to the heir pre- sumptive of the sovereignity of Portugal, is the lignum Brusilianum, or Brazil wood, so justly celebrated for its colouring properties. Forests BRA Iti BRB of trees, as stately in size as endless in variety, 'intermixed with brambles and creeping plants flowering in every variety and tinge of colour, emit- ting the most delicious odours, and for hundreds of square miles in extent so dense as to be quite impenetrable, except to the native Indians, are spread over the greater part of the country from the sea-coast to the Araguay river, which separates Goias from Matto Grosso. In the cultivated parts, the palnia christi, orange, lemon, citron, and various other trees and plants flourish in the utmost luxuriance ; and among the foreign plants, tlie sugar-cane, coff'ee tree, and cotton plant, are yielding an increasing supply of their respective products of the very choicest quality ; but th« productions for wliich Brazil has hitherto been the most celebrated are its gems, gold, and silver. The gems are as various as beautiful ; and, al- though diamonds have been appreciated from the earliest periods of social refinement, the largest and most valuable ever known was found in Bra- xil, weighing in its rough state ■ -iSO carats or 14 oz. troy, which, according to the imaginary and con- ventional rule of valuation, at JE2 sterling for the first carat, would be equal in value to 2o,0()2,912 dollars Ameri51, Charles II. embark- ed at this place for France, in a vessel which is said to have been moored after the restoration in the Thames, opposite Whitcchapel. Brighton is subject to the county magistrates. It is J 7 miles W. by N. of Beachy Head, 50 E. by N. of Ports- mouth, and 52 S. from London. Brighton, p.t. Middlesex Co. Mass. 5 m. W. Boston. Pop. 972. This town is celebrated for its Annual Cattle Show and Fair which has been held here ever since the revolution. Vast num- bers of cattle for the Boston market are brought here from all parts of the country. Briohton, p.t. Monroe Co. N. Y. 235 m. W. Alba- ny. Pop. 6,519. Also a town in Beaver Co. Pa. Brightside, Bierlow, the west quarter of the par- ish of Sheffield (which see,) containing in 1821 a population of 6,6l5. Brignais, a town of France, in the department of Rhone. During the summer season it is the favourite resort of the citizens of Lyons, who have here many elegant villas and country houses. It is seated on the small river Garron, 9 miles S. of Lyons. Brignolles, a town of France, in the department of Var, famous for its prunes. It is seated among mountains, in a pleasant country, 20 m. N. N. E. of Toulon. Pop. about 9,000. Brihuega, a town of Spain, in New Castile, with a manufacture of broad cloth, and a trade in wool. Here General Stanhope and an English army were taken prisoners, in 1710. It is seated on the Ta- juna, 43 m. N. E. of Madrid. BriUon, a town of the duchy of Westphalia, on the river Alme, 27 m. E. by S. of Arensberg. Briwfield, p.t. Hampden'Co. Mass. 75 m. S. W. Boston. Pop. 1,599. Brindisi, (the ancient Brundusium,) a maritime and archiepiscopal city of Naples, in the province of Otranto, situate just within the entrance to the Adriatic, in the lat. of 40. 39. N. and 18. 20. of E. long. Its harbour at one period was the most commodious and secure in the Mediterranean; but during the commercial career of Venice, it be- came neglected and inaccessible, except for small vessels. Within the present century, efforts have been made to render it again convenient and use- ful ; but so long as the subduing and precluding line of policy of the present government of Na- ples prevails, all efforts at social improvement will be made in vain. The adjacent country, like the harbour, presents an aspect of desolation. It is surrounded by extensive forests of olive trees, and some mulberries, from which silk is gathered. Present pop. of the city about 6,000. It is about BRJ 128 BRI 190 m. S. E. of Naples. Virffil died at Brindisi, B. C. ly. Brinti. See Brunn. Brioiide, a town of France, in the department of Upper Loire. Near it is a small town called Church Brioude, on account of a famous chapter. Brioude sUinds on the AHier, over which is a bridtrc of one arch, 173 feet in diameter. It is 32 miles N W. of Puy, and M S. by E. of Clermont. Pop. about 5,000. It was the birthplace of La Fayette, distinguished for his enthusiasm in the cause of the Americans to obtain their indepen- dence. Brusach, Old and JVeto. Old Brisach is on the east bank of the Rhine, and was formerly the chief town of the Brisgau ; but the fortifications were demolished in 1/41, and the ordnance re- moved to Friburg, about 15 miles in the interior. New Brisach is a fortified town on the opposite bank of the river, in the French department of the Upper Rhine, about 40 m. S. of Strasburg, and 2-50 E. by S. of Paris. The fortification is one of those constructed under the superintendence of Vaubcan, in the reign of Louis XIV. Brisaa-Of a town of Switzerland, on the lake Maggiore, 5 m. S. of Locarno. Brisgau. a territory in the circle of Suabia, of about 1,0(K) square miles in extent, intersected by the line of the 48th degree of N. lat. and 8th of E. long, extending eastward from the Rhine into the Black Forest. As a frontier district border- ing on France, it has been exposed to ravage in all the wars between that nation and Austria, and lias been the scene of several bloody contests. At an early period of the French revolution, in 1793, the French reduced nearly the whole of the town of Old Brisach to ashes ; and, in 17fl6, after a severe action possessing themselves of Friburg, the capital, but which they were obliged to aban- don the same year. After various changes of sovereignty, it was wholly ceded by Bonaparte to the grand duke of Baden, in 1805, confirmed by treaty with Austria, and in the new subdivisions of the territory of the states ofBaded, in 1810, the Brisgau was divided between the three circles of Wiesen, Treisam, and Kinzig, the names of three rivers by which the territory of Baden in inter- sected. Bristino, a town of Naples in Capitanata. 11 m. S. S. W. of Manfredonia. Brissac, a town of France in the department of Maine-et- Loire : seated on the Aubence, 13 m. S. of Angers. Bristol, an ancient maritime, and ecclesiasti- cal city and county of England, situate at the south-west extremity of the county of Glouces- ter, at the confluence of the little river Frome with the Lower Avon, which divides it from Somersetshire on the south, about ten miles above the confluence of the Avon with the Severn into the arm of the sea called the Bristol Channel. Bristol was known at a very early period ; and about the year 430 it is mentioned as one of the fortified cities of Britian. It was known lo the ancient Britons by the name of Cacr Odir nnnt Baden, or the city of Ostorius, in the valley of Bath, and by way of eminence it was sometimes called Ca^r Brito, the British city, and by the Saxons, Bightstowe, pleasant place. It is adverted to both by Gildus and Nennius, in the fifth and seventh centuries, and from the period of Henry II. in the twelfth, to the middle of the eighteenth century, it ranked, next to London, as the most populous, commercial and important place in the kingdom. Since the latter period, although it has not declined, it has been greatly exceeded in population, commerce, and importance by Glas- ^ gow, Liverpool, jManchester, Leeds, and Birming- ham. Tlie po])uIation of Bristol including the suburb of Bedminister, on the Somersetshire side of the river, and Clifton on the north (which see) in 1810 was f)5,!)24, and in lfe21, 95,758 of which number 42,1()9 were in the out-parishes, and 52, 819 within the city ; of the increase, tha greatest proportion was in the suburb of Bedminister, which was as 7,979 to 2,279. As into all the rivers falling into the Bristol channel, the tides rise to a great height, and occasionallj^ rush in with considerable fury. Tlie spring tides at Bris- tol rising to the height of 42 feet, ebbs and neaps were consequently attended with great inconven- iences and detentions. This circumstance, since the completion of the canal navigation of the in- land counties communicating with Liverpool and London, neither of which parts are materially affected by the inequality of the tides, tended to divert a considerable portion of the West India trade, and refining of sugar, from Bristol. It however, retains a certain portion : the importa- tion of sugar, on an average, of the six years 1819—1824, was about 27,000 hogsheads per ann. It also imports a considerable quantity of wool, fruit, and wine, direct from Spain, Portugal and France ; and maintains a partial intercourse direct with all other parts of the world, except the East Indies, to which, up to 1S26, it had not sent more than one or two ships. From 1809 to 1822, about £600,000 had been expended towards the improve- ment of the harbour. In the latter year an- other act was granted for its further improve ment ; and in 1825 numerous arbitrary and op- pressive town dues were abolished, or duly reg ulated ; all of which are as well calculated to re vive and maintain its commercial prosperity, as to add to the comfort, interest, and character, of the city at large. It has some extensive works in copper and brass, and manufactures of glass bottles, lead, painters' colours, &c. &c. The value of its exports, howev^er, are inconsiderable, its West India produce being imjjorted to defray the interest on mortgages, or as the proceeds of property acquired by means of the traffic in slaves, and the produce of their labour, since the traffic was abolished. Its imports from all other parts are principally equal?zcd through London. In addition to the advantages derived from its com- merce it is indebted to a hot well for a considera- ble portion of the increase of its population, the water being considerjod very efficacious in the cure of diabetes, phthisical, scorbutic, and inflam- matory disorders, it renders it the resort alike of valetudinarians and of fashion. Besides the ca- tlfedr.al and the church of St. Mary RadclifFc, it has sixteen other churches, and five episcopal chapels, some of them beautiful and most of them fine edifices. There are several dissenting meet- ing-houses, thirteen fellowship companies, soriie of whom have elejrant halls, several hospitals, and other public buildings ; and being surrounded by a very fertile as well as picturesque country, its markets are abundantly supplied with every kind of fish, flesh, fowl, vegetables, and fruits; and two annual fairs in March and September are very numerously attended. It has a distinct jurisdiction, and returns two members to parlia- ment, the voters amounting to about 8,000. In November 1831 this city was the scene of a terri- ble riot occasioned by the rejection of the Re- BAl 120 BRO form Bill by the House of Lords. The populace were in complete insurrection for two or three days ; ninny building were set on fire and des- troyed, and several people killed. It is 13 ra. W." N. W. of Bath, 34 S. S. W. of Gloucester, and 1 14 \V. of London. Long. 2. 3G. W. lat. 51. 27. N. Bristol, a maritime county of the state of Mas- sachusetts, bounded on the south by Buzzard's Bay, and west by the state of Rhode Island. Pop. 40,474. Taunton, the cliief town, situate near the head of a river of the same name, nearly in the centre of the county, is 33 m. south of Boston. New Bedford, on Buzzard's Bay, is the other prin- cipal town. Bristol, a small maritime county of the state of Rhiide Island, bounded on the west by the upper part of the preceding county, and on the east by Naraganset Bay. Pop. 5,4t56. The chief town of the same name, situate near the south end of the county, was distinguished for the part which it took in the slave trade previous to its abolition by the American government. It owns about 7,00(1 tons of shipping. Bristol, p.t. Lincoln Co. Me. 13 m. E. Wiscas- set. Pop. 2,450. Bristol, p.t. Grafton Co. N. H. 90 m. from Bos- ton. Pop. 799. Bristol, p.t. Bristol Co. R. I. seat of justice for the county of the same name. It stands on Nar- aganset Bay, 15 m. S. Providence. It is a hand- some town and has considerable conunerce. Pop. 3,054. Bristol, p.t. Hartford Co. Conn. Pop. 1,707. This town has large manufactures of wooden and brass clocks, and 30,000 are sometimes made in a year. BrUt^l, p.t. Ontario Co. N. Y. 213 m. 'W. Alba- ny. Pop. 2,952. There are 7 other towns of this name in Pa. and Ohio. Bristol Bay, a spacious bay, formed by two pro- jecting points of the west coast of North America. The inouth of a river called Bristol River, falling into the head of the bay is in the lat. of 58. 12. N. and 157. 33. W. long, and Cape Newnham, which forms the north point of the bay is in lat. 58. 34. N. and 1(31. 55. W. long, and the island of Oona- laska, one of the Aleutian group off the south point of the bay, is in lat. 53. 54. W. and 1C6. 22. VV. long. Bristol Channel, an arm of the sea between the south coast of Wales and the north coast of the counties of Somerset and Devon, leading into the rivers Severn and Lower Avon on which the city of Bristol is situate ; hence its name or rather misnainer, for it should properly be called Bristol Bav, the term channel being applicable only to straits of the sea that have passages through them, which that in question has not. Britain. See Great Britain. Britain, .Xeto, a country of North America, comprehending all the tract N. of Canada, com- monly called the Esquimaux country, including Labrador and New North, and South Wales. It is subject to Great Britain ; and lies between 50. and 70. N. lat. and 50. and 100. W. long. There are innumerable lakes and morasses, which are cov- ered with ice and snow a great part of the year. The principal settlements belong to the English Hudson Bay Company. See Esquimaux, Hudson Bay, and Labrador. Britain, .Yew, an island in the South Pacific Ocean, to the east of New Guinea, explored by Dampier, who sailed through the strait which se- 17 parates it from New Guinea ; and captain Carte- ret, 1 767, sailed through a channel which divides it on the N. E. from a long island, called New Ireland. New Britain lies in long. 152. 20. E and lat. 4. 0. S. The shores of both islands are rocky, the inland parts high and mountainous, but covered with trees of various kinds, among which are the nutmeg, the cocoa nut, and differ- ent kinds of palm. The inhabitants are black, and woolly-headed, like negroes, but have not their flat noses and thick lips. Brittany. See Bretagne. British .imerica, comprises the whole of the north part of the northern division of the western hemisphere, from the Atlsmtic to the Pacific Ocean, extending south in the long, of 83. W. to the lat. of about 42. N. but further west it is bounded on the south by a conventional line di- viding it from the territory claimed by the United Slates of America, in tlie lat. of about 48. N. This extensive territory of several millions of square miles will be found more particularly elucidated under the ten heads, aa specified under the head of British Empire. Brive, a town of France, in the department of Correze, with manufactures of silk handkerchiefs, muslins, gauzes, &c It is seated on the Cor- reze, opposite the influx of the Vezere, in a de- lightful valley, 12 m. S. W. of Tulle. Pop. about 6,000. Brix, or Brux, a considerable town of Bohemia, at the north end of the circle of Saaz, about 8 m. S. W. of Bilin, and 40 N. W. of Prague. Pop. 2,500. Brixen, a principality of Germany, lately a bishopric, in the east part of Tyrol. It is extreme- ly mountainous, but produces excellent wine. Brixen, a town of Germany, capital of the prin- cipality of Brixen. Beside the cathedral, there are one parochial and six other churches. It was taken by the French in 1796, and again in 1797. It is seated on the Evsach, at the influx of the Rientz, 38 m. S. by E'. of Inspruck. Pop. 4,000. Brixham, a small seaport in Devonshire, Eng, on the west side of Torbay, celebrated for its fishery. A quay hjis been built for the purpose of supplyinor the ships of war with water. The prince of Orange, afterward William III., landed here in 1688. ft is 4 m. N. E. of Dartmouth, and 201 W. by S. of London. Pop. in 1821, 4,503. Brizen, or Britzen, a town of Brandenburg, in the Middle mark, on the Adah, 18 m. N. E. of Wittenberg. Broach. See Baroach. Broadalbin, p.t. Montgomery Co. N. Y. 45 m. N. W. Albany. Pop. 2,657. Broadkiln, t. Sussex Co. Del. Broadstairs, a village in Kent, Eng. or. iie sea- shore, two miles nortli of Ramsgate. It has a small pier, with a harbour for light vessels ; and is a fashionable resort for sea-bathing, more retired than Ramsgate. Population inconsiderable! Broadicater, a village in Sussex, Eng. near the sea-coast, 4 m. W. of Shorehara. Pop. in 1821, 3,725. Brod, Broit, or Brodo, a strong town of Scla- vonia, on the river Saave, which divides it from the Turkish province of Bosnia, where the empe- ror gained a victory over the Turks in l(j88. It is 4o m. S. W. of Esseck, and about 120 west of Belgrade. Long. 18. 30. E. lat. 46. 10. N. Brod Hun, or Hun Brod, a town of Moravia, on the frontiers of Hungary, 10 m. E. S. £. of Hradisch. Pop. about 3,000. BRO 190 BRO Brod, Bohmisch. See Bohmisch. Brod, Deutsch, a town of Bohemia on the river Sazawa, SW m. S. by E. of Czazlau. Brwitrd, a town and fortress of Hindoostan, in Guzerat, celebrated for its linens, indigo, and lace. It is G2 m. S. S. E. of Ainedabad. Long. 73. 11. E.Iat.22. 15. N. Brodziac, a town of Lithuania, on the river Berezina, 100 m. S. ofPolot.sk, and 40 W. of Mo- hiluw. Broek, a town of Westphalia, in the duchy of Berg, capital of a county of its name ; seated on the Iloer, 11 m. N. of Dusseldorf. Broek, a village of North Holland, six miles from Amsterdam. It is one of the most singular and picturesque places in the world. The streets are paved in mosaic work with variegated bricks ; and no carriages ever enter them. The houses are painted on the outside, and each has a terrace and garden to the street, inclosed by a low rail- ing ; the garden is adorned with china vases and shell-work, with borders composed of minute par- ticles of glass, of diifereut colours. Behind the houses are meadows, full of cattle, in which the inhabitants carry on a great trade. Pop. about 700. Broken Bay, a bay of New South Wales, 18 miles north of Port Jackson. It is formed by the mouth of a great river called the Hawkesbury, and is a good harbour. Long. 151. 27. E. lat. 33. 34. S. Bromley, a town in Kent, Eng. Here is a col- lege for 20 poor clergymen's widows ; and near the town is a palace of the bishops of Rochester, where there is a chalybeate spring. Bromley is seated on the Ravensbourn, 10 m. S. by E. of Lon- don. Pop. in 1821, 3,417. Bromley, a town in Staffordshire, Eng. It was formerly called Abbots-Bromley, and afterward Paget Bromley, being given to lord Paget at the dissolution of the abbeys. It is 7 m. E. of Stafford, and 129 N. W. of London. Pop. 1,533. *^* There are seven other inconsiderable places named Bromley in different parts of England. Broiiipton, a village in Kent, Eng. situate on an easy ascent from Chatham, and containing fine barracks for the military of that garrison." See Chatham. Brampton, an appendage to London, in the par- ish of Kennington, which see. *^* There are six other towns and villages named Brompton, in different parts of England. Bromsgrove, a corporate town in Worccster- shire, Eng. Here are manufactures of sheetinar, nails, and needles ; and a grammar school, found- ed by Edward VI. It is seated on the Salwarp, 13 m. N. N. E of Worcester, 13 S. W. of Bir- mingham, and ll(j N. W. of London. Pop. in 1821 , 7,(ilU. Broviwlck, West, a town in Staffordshire, Eng. 7 m. W. by N. of Birmingham. Pop. in 1«21, 9,505, extensively occupied in the various branch- es of the hardware manufacture. Bromyard, a town in Hertfordshire, Eng. seat- ed near the Frome, amid fine orchards, 13 m. N. E. of Hereford, and 125 W. N. W. of London. Pop- 1.^227. Brono, or Broni, a town of Italy, near the south frontier of the Milanese, where the French defeat- ed the Auatrians in 1800. It is 10 m. S. E. of I'avia. Bronti, a town of Sicily, in Val di Demona, at the foot of Mount ./Etna, on the wes?t side. It was onfp'-'-ed, with its territory, by the king of Na- ples, on lord Nelson, for his naval &ervices, after the battle of the Nile. Brooke, a County in the W. District of Virgin- ia, bounded on the east by Washington county, Pennsylvania, and west by the Ohio River. Pop. 6,774. Wellsburg, on the east bank of the Ohio, 409 m. N. W. of Richmond, is the chief town. Brookfield, p.t. Strafford Co. N. H. 90 m. from Boston. Pop. ()71. Brookfield, p.t. Orange Co. Vt. 16 m. S. Mont- pelier. Pop. 1,677. Brookfield, p.t. Madison Co. N. Y. 8G m. W Albany. Pop. 4,3(17. Brookfield, p.t. Fairfield Co. Con. Pop. 1,261 Also 2 towns in Ohio. Brookfield, p.t. Worcester Co. Mass. 64 m. S. W. Boston. Pop. 2,.342. This town was settled at an early period, and during Philip's war in 1675, was attacked by the Indians. The inhabit ants collected in one house which was mimediato ly besieged by the savages who set fire instantly to every other building in the town. For two days and nights the Indians poured in shot upon the people in the house incessantly but were met by a most determined defence on the part of the besieged. They then attempted to fire the house by flaming torches at the ends of long poles ; but the garrison continued to defend themselves by firing from the windows and throwing water upon the names, as they fortunately had a pump with- in the liouse. These attempts failing, the Indians then prepared a cart loaded with flax, hemp and other combustible matters, and under cover of a barricade of boards thrust the burning mass by the means of long timbers against the house. In this movement one of the wheels came off which turn- ed the machine aside and exposed the Indians to the fire of the garrison ; a shower of rain coming on at the same time extinguished the flames- Shortly afterwards a reinforcement of forty men arrived from Boston, forced their way through the enemy and joined Ihe garrison. The Indians then abandoned the siege and retired, having suf- fered a heavy loss. Brookliaven, a township of New York, in Suffolk county. Long Island, 60 m. E. of New York. Pop. 6,095. Brookline, t. Hillsborough Co. N. H 43 m. from Boston. Pop. 627. Brookline, p.t. Norfolk Co. Mass. adjoining Boston, from which it is separated by a wide bay, and with which it communicates by the great western avenue or causeway. The face of the country is bold and picturesque, and the hills ex hibit the most charming view from Boston Com mon. Pop. 1,041. Brooklyn, p.t. Windham Co. Conn. 45 m. E Hartford. Pop. 1,451. BRO 131 BRU BrooJiIijn, a large town on Long Island, sepa- rated from the ciW of New York by the narrow channel called East River. It is properly a suburb of that city and is a place of great business. It is regularly built, and contains many fine houses, the residence of merchants from the city. The United States Navy Yard is in the east part of the town upon a bay called the Wallabout. Pop. 15,3n(i. Near this town a bloody battle was fought with the British in 1776, and the neigh- bourhood exhibits many remains of the fortifica- tions thrown up at that time. Brooklyn, t. Cuyahoga Co. Ohio. Brooksville, p.t.Hancock Co. Me. Pop. 1,089. BrookviUe, the chief town of Franklin county, Indiana. It is finely situated between the east and west forks of the White Water River, which falls into the Miami, a little above its entrance into the 01)io. Broome, a south frontier county of the state of New York, bordering on Susquehannah county, Pennsylvania, and the S. E. corner borders on the Delaware River. It has some mountain dis- tricts. Pop. 17,582. Binghampton, on the north bank of the Susquehannah, 148 miles W. by S. of Albany, is the chief town. Broome, is also the name of a township in Scho- narie county, New York, 53 m. W. of Albany. Pop. 3,161. Broom Loch, Great and Little, two lakes or arms of the sea, on the west coast of Scotland, in Ross- shire. They contain several good harbours, have long been noted for excellent herrings, and are esteemed as the best fishing stations on the coast. Ullapool, on the N. E. coast of the Great Loch is a good harbour, and at the head is the town of Lochbroom, the parish of which, in 1821, contain- ed a population of 4,540. Broro, a river of Scotland, in Sutherlandshire, which issues from a lake of the same name, and forms several cascades in its course to the town of Brora, where it enters the sea. Brora, a village of Scotland, on the S. E. coast of Sutherlandshu-e, with a small harbour at the mouth of the Brora, 14 m. N. E. of Dornoch. Brosdey, a town of Shropshire, Eng. it is situ- ate near the Severn, on the west side, in a very interesting and important district, abounding in coal, iron, and lime. The celebrated iron-works of Colebrooke Dale are in the parish, and imme- diate vicinity of the town, on the banks of the river, over which there is an iron bridge of one arch, leading to Madely, on the opposite side, which may be considered an appendage to the district. It has also an extensive porcelain manu- factory, and another of tobacco pipes. The coal of this district contains much bitumen, and in 1711 naphtha was discovered issuing from a spring of water, but which has totally disappeared sinoe 1755. Brosely is 6 m. N. N. W. of Bridgenorth, and 140 N. W. of London. Pop. in 1821, 4,815, which owing to the more extensive iron-works in Glamorganshire having superseded a portion of the ■ demand from this district, is rather less than in 1800. Madely and the surrounding district con- tain a furthei population of 6,000 to 8,000. Brotherton, a village in West Yorkshire, Eng. one mile north of Ferrybridge, where Thomas de Brotherton, son of Edward I. was born. It has a trade in lime. Pop. 1 ,720. Brouage, a town of France, in the department of Lower Charente. It has the most considerable salt-works in France, and stands near a bay of the sea, 17 m. S. of Uockelle. Brouca, a town of Sicily, in Val di Demona, on the gulf of Catania, 15 m. S. of Catania. Brmigh, a town in Westmoreland, Eng. Near it is a cotton spinning manufacture, at the foot of a mountain. It is 8 m. E. S. E. of Appleby, and 261 N. N. W. of London. Pop. 940. Bowersliaven, a seaport of Holland on the north side of the island of Schonen,9 m. S. W. of Hel- voetsluys. Long. 3. 50. E. lat. 41. 38. N. Brown, a frontier county of the state of Ohio, bounded on the south by the Ohio River, which divides it from Mason county, Kentucky. Pop. 17,867. Georgetown is the chief town. Brown, is also the name of a county in the Michigan territory, westward of Lake Michigan. Pop. 964. Menomonie, is the chief town or sta- tion of the county. Brownfield, t. Oxford Co. Me. Pop. 936. Brow7ihelm, p.t. Huron Co. Ohio. Brownington, t. Orleans Co. Vt. Pop. 412. Broicnsborough, p.t. Madison Co. Alab. Broicnshurg, 2 villages in Rockbridge Co. Va. and Washington Co. Ten. Broumstown, p.v. Wayne Co. Michigan, 16 m. S. yV. Detroit. Brownstown, p.t. the seat of justice for Jackson Co. Ind. 43 m. N. W. Louisville. Brownsville, p.t. Jefferson Co. N. Y. on Sack- ett's Harbour. Pop. 2,938. Brownsville, p.t. Penobscot Co. Me. Pop. 402 Also the name of 5 other towns in Pa., N. and S. Carolina, Ken. and Illinois. Brownsville, a town of Pennsylvania, in Fay- ette county. The trade to Kentucky renders it a flourishing place, and many boats are bui't here. The vicinity abounds with monuments of Indian antiquity. It is seated on the Monongahela, at the mouth of Redstone Creek, 30 m. S. S. E. of Pittsburg. Also the name of 3 townships in Pa. and Ohio. Bracctown, p.v. Frederick Co. Va. Bracev-ille. p.v. Knox Co. Ind. Brvrhsal, a town of the duchy of Baden, circle of Pfinz and Enz. It has a large salt-work, and is seated on the river Satz, 5 m. S. E. of Phillips- burg. Pop. about 6,0i)0. Bruck, a town of Saxony, 25 in. N. by W. of Wittenburg. Bruck, a town of Austria, on the river Leyta, 20 m. E. S. E. of Vienna. Brack, or Brug, a town of Switzerland, in Ar- gau, with a college, seated on the river Aar, 22 m. S. E. of Basel. Bruck, or Pruck, a town of Bavaria, on the river Ammer, 12 m. W. of Munich. Another in the Palatinate, 22 m. N. N. E. of Ratisbon. Bruck, or Pruck, a town of Gerninny in Stiria, capital of a circle of its name. It stands on the river Muehr, 24 m. N. N. W. of Gratz, and 82 S W. of Vienna. Brue, a river in Somersetshire, Eng. which rises in Selwood forest, on the borders of Wiltshire, and. flows through the county, by Bruton and Glastonbury, into Bridgewater bay. Brug, or Brig, a town of Switzerland, in tho Valais, seated on the Rhone, 39 m. E. of Sion. Bruges, a city of the Netherlands, in Flanders. It was once a great trading town ; but, in the 16th century, the civil wars drove the trade first to Antwerp, and then to Amsterdam. The inhabit- ants are estimated at 20,000, but it is not populous in proportion to its extent. Its situation still com- mands some trade, for its has canals to Ghent, Os- tend, Sluys, Nieuport, Fumes, Ypres, and Dun BRU ]33 BRU kirk. Bruges has been often taken. It is 14 m. E. of Ostend. Brugge, or Bruggen, a town of Lower Saxony, in the principality of Hildesheim, on the river Leyne, 12 m. S. W. of Hildesheim. Bruggen, a town of Germany, the duchy of Juliers; seated on the Schwalm, 6 m. N. E. of Ruremonde. Brugencto, a town of the territory of Genoa, at the foot of the Apennines, 35 m. E. S. E. of Ge- noa. Bruguiere La, a town of France, in the depart- ment of Tarn, 5 m. S. of Cashes. Pop. about 4,000. Brukl, a town of the Lower Rhine, in the elec- torate of Cologne, about 7 m. S. of the city of Co- logne. Pop. about 2,000. Brumau, a town of Moravia, in the circle of Hradisch, at the foot of the Carpathian Mountains, on the frontiers of Hungary, 20 m. E. Hradisch. Brummen, a populous village of Holland, in Guelderland, on the road from Arnheim, to Zut- phen. Brump, or Brumeth, a frontier town of France, in the department of the Lower Rhine, 10 m. N. of Strasburg. Bruneg, or Prunecken, a town of the Tyrol, sit- uate in a fork of two branches of the river Rientz ; it has medicinal baths in its vicinity, and is about 15 m. E. by N. of Brixen. Brunn, or Brian, a town of Moravia, capital of a circle of the same name, and a bishop's see. It is defended by a strong fortress, called Spilberg, built on an eminence ; and has manufactures of cloth, velvet, and plush. The Prr.-sians besieged it in 1742, but were obliged to raise the siege. It is seated at the confluence of the Zwittau and Schwartz, 33 m. S. W. of Olmutz. Long. IG. 38. E. lat. 49. 13. N. Brunnen, a town of Switzerland, in the canton of Schweitz. Here the cantons of Uri, Schweitz, and Underwalden, formed the alliance which was the foundation of the republic of Switzerland. It is seated on the Waldsta3dler See, 2 m. S. W. of Schweitz. Brunsbuttel , a town of Germany, in Holstein, near the mouth of the Elbe, 13 m. N. W. of Gluckstadt. Brunsicick, Duchy of, a territory of Germany, in the south part of the circle of Lower Saxony. This territory formed the patrimony of the family of Cruelph, \Velf, or Whelps, who trace their de- scent from the marquis of Este, who died about the middle of the 10th century. In 154G, it was divided by Ernest, the then duke, between his two sons ; one founding the dukedom of Brunswick Luneburg, and the other of Brunswick Wolfen- buttel ; the former will be described under the head of Luneburg and Hanover, and the other under that of Wolfenbuttel. Brunsicick, the chief town of the states of Bruns- wick Wolfenbuttel, is situate in the principality of Wolfenbuttel, on the banks of the river Ocker, which falls into the Aller. It is strongly fortified, and contains ten Lutheran churches, a cathedral, dedicated to St. Blasius, one Calvinist, and one Catholic church, a college, two academies, a mint, opera house, town hall, &c. The ducal palace was formerly a monastery. There is a large building appropriated as a public storehouse for wine. It has several manufactories, and claims the inven- tion of the spinning wheel; and is distinguished for its breweries of mum, made principally from vrheaten malt, with a portion of oat and bean malt, tops of fir and birch, and various herbs ; and, ' with the exception of Leipzig and Frankfort, the fairs of Brunswick are more numerously attended than in any other town in Germany. It formerly ranked as a free independent city ; and for the continuance of its freedom it long and strenuous- ly contended ; but towards the close of the 17th- * century, yielded all its pretensions, and became the ducal residence in 1704. It is 47 m. W. by N. of Magdeburg, 35 E. by S. of Hanover^ and about 110 S. by E. of Hamburgh, in the lat. of "' 52. 16. N. and 10. 30. of E. long. Pop. about J!' 35,000. Brunswick, New, a province of British America, extending from the bay of Fundy south, in the lat. of 45., to the frontier of Lower Canada, in the lat. of 48. N., bounded on the west, partly by the Schoodic River, and partly by a conventional line running from the head of tide water in the above river, which divides it from the American State of Maine, in the long, of 07. 45. W., to the Gulf of St. Lawrence, in the long, of (54. It is joined to Nova Scotia, at the south-east corner, by an isthmus, about 15 miles in breadth, and con- tains an area of about 8,500 square miles, and an aggregate population of about 60,000. It is inter- sected from the north by the river St. John, which falls over a rapid into the bay of Fundy ; the rapid impedes the navigation for vessels of 100 tons burthen for a hundred miles, and vast quan- tities of masts and logs of timber are floated down for shipment in the bay, which is spacious and secure. St. John's, the chief town of the pro- vince, it situate on the east shore of the bay, im- mediately contiguous to the river of the same name. It has several rivers running from W. to E. into the gulf of St. Lawrence, on which side of the province are several spacious bays, such as Chaleur, Mirimichi, Richibucto, &c., from whence vast quantities of timber are shipped to Great Britain annually. A (ew tribes of native Indians are scattered over the province. It pos- sesses in general a capable soil, but cultivation has made but little progress ; the inhabitants de- pending more on the forests and the fishery, in obtaining a supply of manufactures and other for- eio-n productions, than on agriculture. Besides St. John's, the other chief towns are, St. Andrews, on the east bank of the Schoodic, and St. Ann's, or, as it is now called, Fredericton, which is the seat of the provincial government, about 80 m. up the river St. John. Brunswick, p.t. Cumberland Co. Me. Pop. 3,747. It is situated on the south side of Andros- coggin river, 26 m. N. E. of Portland. The river has many falls at this place on which are situated a number of mills as well as cotton and woolen manufactories. But what chiefly distinguishes the town is Bowdoin College, which was established here in 1806. It has a President and 6 professors. Its library contains 12,000 vols, and it has a phi- losophical and chemical apparatus and a cabinet of minerals. The college is supported partly by the income of property bequeathed by James Bow- doin, Governor of Massachusetts, from whom it derives its name. The number of students is 137. There are 3 vacations, in Ma}', September and December, of 13 weeks. Commencement is in September. Brunsicick, p.t. Rensselaer Co. N. Y. Pop. 2,570. Also the name of 3 towns in Vt.,Pa.,and Ohio. Brunswick, a south frontier county of the E District of Virginia, bordering on Northamptoa Btiir 133 BRU county, North Carolina. The south-west corner jets upon the Roanoke river. Pop. 15,770. Law- renceville is the chief town. Brunstcick, a maritime and frontier county at the soutli extremity of North Carolina. It is bounded on the north and east by Cape Fear Riv- er. It is a swampy and desolate district. Pop. 6,.523. Smithville, near the mouth of Cape Fear River, 255 m. S. by E. of Raleigh, is the chief town. It has also a town of the same name about 30 miles up the river. Brunswick, a seaport of the state of Geo., chief town of Glynn county, with a safe harbour, capa- ble of containing a numerous fleet of men of war. It is seated in a fertile country, at the mouth of Turtle River, in St. Simon Sound, 60 ra. S. S. W. of Savannah, and 10 S. of Darien. Long. 81. 0. W. lat. 31. 10. N. Bruny's Me, an island off the S. E. point of Van Dieman's Land, about 30 m. in length, in- dented by Adventure Bay. Bruree, a parish in the county of Limerick, Ireland. Pop. in 18"21, 4,038. A small village of the same name, within the parish, 16 m. S of Lim- erick, was formerly celebrated as the half yearly rendezvous of the Irish bards ; but avarice and oppression have long since subdued all social in- tercourse among the native Irish ; and the min- strel has not sounded at Bruree since 1746. Brussels, or Bruxelles, one of the chief cities of Belgium, in South Brabant, and formerly the capital of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. It stands on a gentle eminence on the banks of the Senne, a small stream flowing into the Scheldt. Its existence can be traced to a vt:y remote period, and the simplicity of its origin forms a striking contrast with its subsequent splendour. Early in the seventh century, St. Gery, bishop of Cam- bray, erected a small chapel in one of the islands formed by the Senne, and there preached the gospel to the surrounding peasantry. The beau- ty of the situation, and the piety and eloquence of the preacher, attracted many to the spot ; their united numbers soon formed a large village, which increased so, that in the year 990 it could boast of a market and a castle. In process of time it became the favourite residence of the dukes of Brabant, and of the Austrian governors who succeeded them, and even acquired the title of " the ornament of the Netherlands." In the vear 155.5, it was chosen by the emperor Charles V. as the place in which he made a formal resig- nation of his dominions to his son, afterwards Philip II. : the chair in which he sat, on that me- morable occasion, is still religiously preserved. During the wars that raged in Europe in the oeventeenth and eighteenth centuries, and of which the Netherlands were the principal theatre, Brussels underwent its share of suffering; being occupied, in turn, by each of the contending powers. In 1695 it was bombarded by marshal Villeroy ; when fourteen churches, and upwards of 4,000 houses, were destroyed. After the cele- brated battle of Ramillies, its keys were surren- dered to the duke of Marlborough. It was taken by the French under marshal Saxe in 1746, but restored to its former master at the peace of Aix- ta-Chajielle. During the revolutionary war it again fell into the hands of the French, to whom it remained subject till the general peace of Eu- rope in 1814. While under their government, it was made the seat of a court of criminal and special justice, a chamber and tribunal of com- merce, and a coiurt of appeal for five departments. Durmg the revolution of 1830, it was the scene of the most bloody battles between the inhabi- tants and the Dutch troops. The 24th, 25th and 26th of October were days of perpetual and terri- ble carnage in the streets of tlie city. The Dutch were driven out of Brussels on the 27th with the loss of 3,000 men. Brussels has always been eminent as a manu facturing town ; the fabric of lace, which is in high estimation every where, gives employment to upwards of 10,000 individuals. Its camlets, and still more its carpets, are much admired, and command high prices. It is also celebrated for the manufacture of carriages, which are consider- ed to be superior to those of London and Paris in cheapness and elegance. Neither, although in an island position, is it without a consider- able share of commerce, not only with the sur- rounding parts, but with foreign countries. It owes this great advantage to its numerous canals, by which it communicates with the Scheldt. The principal of these is that leading to Antwerp, constructed about the year 1560, at an expense of £ 170,000 sterling. It is 110 feet above the level of the sea. The present flourishing condition of the citj- is also owing to the great influx of foreigners, particularly French and English. To the latter it has become peculiarly attractive of late years, from its contiguity to the plain of Waterloo ; but, before that period, the salubrity and mildness of its temperature, the cheapness of its economi- cal arrangements, and the tone of its society, had made it a favourite place of abode with numbers of this nation. So early as the time of Cromwell, it was marked in the annals of England, as being the chosen residence of Charles II., and of his brother, afterwards James II., during the greater part of the period of their exclusion from their native country.. The interior of the town, of it- self, offers much to attract and to retain strangers. Its environs are also beautiful by nature, and are rendered still more so by the elegant additions of art guided by refined taste. The city was formerly surrounded by a wall and ditch, neither of which now exist : what were the ramparts, are, at present, beautiful walks bor- dered with trees ; those to the north and east are called boulevards. The lower part of the city, adjacent to the river, is irregular, and, from its situation, somewhat unhealthy ; but in the new part, which occupies the more elevated portions, the streets are spacious and airy, the houses well built and lofty. Considerable attention is paid to architectural ornament ; and the custom of paint- ing the outside with some lively colour presents an agreeable variety to the eye. The appearance of tlie city is much enlivened by the elegance of its squares ; the principal are the Place Royale, the Great Market, the Place St. Michael, the Corn Market, and the Grand Sa- blon. Of these, the great market-place is indis- putably the finest : it is an oblong of large dimen- sions ; each side is of a different style of architec- ture, yet all combine to form a whole highly pleasing to the view. The town hall, and several of those of the different trading companies, form three of the sides, and one uniform edifice on the remaining side completes tlie parallelogram. St. Michael's square, also, deservedly attracts much attention : it is, like the former, an extended ob- long ; but it differs from it in having the buildings of uniform architecture, ornamented with pillars of the Doric order. The centre has been planted M BRU 134 BRT and laid out as a pleasure ground. The fish mar- ket, which has been but a few years erected, is one of the neatest in Europe. There is also a market for frogs, which are brought alive in pails and cans, and prepared for dressing on the spot. The hind limbs, which are the only parts used, are cut from the body with scissors by the women who bring the animals for sale. The favourite place of recreation for the inha- bitants is the Park. It is a large pleasure ground, adjoining the palace, laid out with great taste, planted with a variety of fine trees and flowering shrubs, and diversified with lawns ornamented with fountains and statues. Some of these latter are of the purest style of sculpture. In the centre is a fine basin, stocked witli gold and silver fish. On each side of the principal walk is a valley planted so as to exclude all annoyance from the overpowering rays of the sun. A fountain, in one of these, is marked with an inscription, stat- ing that Peter the Great, during his residence here, sat down by its margin to drink a bottle of wine : another version of the story says, that he fell into it, while strolling through the park after dinner. Both may be true. One of the approaches to the town also forms a favourite promenade. It is called the Allee Verte, and is planted with a triple row of trees along the canal ; the prospect of which, with the numerous villas around, and the varying scenes of pleasure and employment that every moment present themselves, render it singularly beautiful. A copious supply of water is secured to the inhabitants by a number of fountains, whose elegance of structure adds much to the beauty of the city. One of the finest was erected by Lord Aylesbury, an English nobleman, as a public ex- pression of his gratitude for an agreeable residence of forty years in the town. The water for the supply of these fountains is raised, by machinery, from a lake about half a mile from the city. The palace of the States-general is a magnifi- cent building, supported on pillars of the Ionic order. Its entrance leads to a spacious hall, on each side of which is a marble staircase ; one con- ducting to the chamber of peers, the other to the chamber of deputies. This latter is in the form of a semicircle, with a very capacious gallery for the people. The town-hall is a noble specimen of the old irregular but highly ornamented Gothic style. So irregular is the building, that its tower stands at a considerable distance from the centre. The elevation of this part of the edifice is 3G4 feet : it is surmounted with a statue of St. Mi- chael with the dragon under his feet, in copper gilt, seventeen feet high, which it turns on a pivot, and serves as a vane for showing the direc- tion of the wind. The Orange Palace, generally called La Vieille Cour, was formerly the residence of the govern- ors of Belgium ; but is now occupied as a muse- um, a public library, a cabinet of natural history, and singing and dancing schools. It is also fur- nished with a valuable, though not large, collec- tion of Flemish paintings. The library, which contains upwards of 100,000 volumes, was chiefly collected from suppressed convents. Adjoining the building is a fine botanic garden, containing more than 4,000 exotics. The philosophical col- lege, wliich has been but a few years in existence, is founded on a liberal scale. The great hall, or amphitheatre, is capable of accommodating 1,200 persons. Each student has a room furnished at the expense of government ; all tlie courses of lectures are gratuitous ; and stipends are allowed to a number of pupils whose means are not ade- quate to defray the moderate expenses of their board. The principal church is that of St. Gudule, erected on an eminence, and adorned with two square towers which command a very extensive prospect. It contains no less than sixteen chapels, which are enriched with numerous paintings. The windows are adorned with curious painted glass; and the pulpit exhibits a beautiful speci- men of sculpture in wood, both as to design and execution. The monument of John II. duke of Brabant is in the choir : it is of black marble, with a lion of copper, weighing 6,000 pounds couching *n it. The archduke Lrnest has also a mausoleum here. This church is celebrated in legendary history for three miraculous hosts, which were stolen by Jews, but were afterwards restored. The event is commemorated by an an- nual procession, during which time the church is decorated with six exquisite pieces of tapestry explanatory of the event. The cemeteries are detached from the churches, being situate outside the boulevards. David, the celebrated French painter, is buried in that with- out the gate of Louvain. Among the hospitals, is one for foundlings, one for penitent women of the town, and a third in which strangers are main- tained gratuitously for three days. In the village of Lacken, about half a league to the north of Brussels, is the splendid palace of Schoenburg, or Schoonenburg, originally intend- ed for the reception of the governor of the Neth- erlands. During the reign of Napoleon, it was occiisionally his residence, as also that of his brother, the late king of Holland. The interior of the palace is laid out m a style of superior mag- nificence. A subterranean grotto, and some tem- ples connected with it, are also much admired. The inhabitants of Brussels are Catholics, and speak the French language, but all religious te- nets are tolerated. The population has increased considerably since 1814 ; and, in the absence of correct data, may be estimated at 80,000 to 90,000 It is 25 miles S. of Antwerp, about the same dis- tance E. by S. of Ghent, and 148 N. by E. of Paris. Lat. 50. 51. N. long. 4. 22. E. Bruton, a town in Somersetshire, Eng. Here are manufactures of silk and hosiery ; a free- school, founded by Edward VI. ; and a stately alms-house, consisting of the ruins of a priory, with an income of nearly £3,000 per annum. It is seated on the river Brue, 12 m. S. E. of Wells and 100 W. of London. Pop in 1821, 1,858. Brutus, a township of Cayuga county. New York, lying between the south shore of Lake Ontario, and the Erie Canal, 161 m. W. by N. of Albany. Pop. 1,827. Brux, a town in the north part of the circle of Saaz, Bohemia. Bruijeres, a town of France, in the department of Vosges, 11 m. E. N. E. of Epinal. Pop. 1 ,900. Bryan, a small maritime county of the state of Georgia, bounded on the north by the Ogeechee River, which divides it from Chatham county ; the Cannouchee River intersects it from the S. W. corner, falling into the Ogeechee about the centre of the north side. Pop. 2,319. The court-house of the county is about 15 miles south of Savannah, and 206 S. E. W E. of Milledgeville. Bryan sliridge, a village of Ireland, in the par- ish of Killaloe, county of Clare, seated on th« Shannon, 8 m. N of Limerick. BUG 135 JH/C Brzese, or Polesm, Palatinate of, a district of Russian Poland, lying between the rivers Bug on the west, and Dnieper on tho east, intersected by the line of the 52nd degree of JN. lat., and also from W. to E. by the Przspice River, with nu- merous collateral branches falling into the Dnie- per. These rivers, from a total absence of all attempts to free the obstructions of their currents, tend to make Brzese a marshy and dreary district, which, under social and reciprocal arrangements, might easily be made to rank among the most fertile in Europe. The Pina, a branch of the Frzspice, is united by a canal to the Machawiza, a branch of the Bug, falling into the Vistula, thereby uniting the waters of the Black Sea with those of the Baltic. Brzf^c I.itov, the chief town of the above dis- trict is situate at the confluence of the river Ma- chawiza with tlie Bug, opposite to Therespol. It is a considerable place, the see of a Greek bishop, and celebrated for its being the chief place for the instruction of Jews destined for raltbiuical pur- suits. It is strongly fortified, and has a castle on an eminence about 100m. E. by S. of War.saw, and 250 S. E. of Dantzic. Brzese, is also the name of another town, capi- tal of another Palatinate of the same name, lying between the rivers Wartha on the S. W. and Vis- tula on the N. E. The town, seated near the Vistula, is about DO m. W. by N. of Warsaw, and 150 due S. of Dantzic. Brzezany, a town in the S. E. part of Austrian Gallicia, seated near a small lake communicating with the Dneister River. Pop. about 5,000. Brze, and Brzo, begin the names of numerous other towns and villages in different parts of Po- land and Gallicia, but none of them merit any particular notice. Brzesnitz, a town of Bohemia, in the circle of Saatz, on the frontier of the principality of Mies- sen, with manufactures of lace, fire-arms, and hardware, 24 m. W. N. W. of Saatz. Another, in the north part of the circle of Prachin, 18 m. W. N. W. of Pisek. Bua, an island in the gulf of Venice, on the coast of Dalmatia, called likewise Partridge Island, because frequented by those birds. It is joined by a bridge to the town of Traon, about 20 m. W. S. W. of'Spalatro. Btuircos, a town of Portugal, in Beira, on the sea-coast, at the mouth of the Mondego, 27 m. S. ofAveira. It suffered greatly by the earthquake which destroyed the greater part of Lisbon in 1759. Buccari, or Buchari, a seaport of the Austrian empire, on the coast of Morlachia, at the head of the N. E. part of the gulf of Venice, declared by the emperor, in 1780, a free port for commerce with the East Indies ; but the favour might just as well have applied to trading with the moon, for any advantage that has resulted from the declara- tion. It is 12 m. E. of Fiume. Pop. about .3,000. Buckanes, the most eastern promontory of Scot- land, to the east of Peterhead, in Aberdeenshire, in long. 1. 34. W. lat. 57. 27. N. Near this prom- ontory are the Bullers of Buchan, and other stu- p«ndous rocks and precipices, much admired for their awful grandeur. BiLcharia. See Bokharia. Buchau, a.to-wn of Suabia, with a nunnery, seat- ed on a small lake, called Feyder See, 2o m. S. W. of Ulm. Buchau, a town of Bohemia, in the circle of Saatz, 26 m. S. W. of SaaU. Buchotz, a town of Brandenburg, in the middle mark, seated on the Dahme. near the frontier of Lusatia, 23 m. S. S. E. of Berlin. Bucharest, a strong city of European Turkey, capital of Wallachia, where the hospodar com- monly resides. The patriarchal church is large, adjoining to the palace of the archbishop ; and in a square, near the centre of the town, is the great church of St. George, the patron saint of Wal- lacliia. The inhabitants are estimated at 60,000. It is seated on the Domboriza, which falls into the Danube, 25 m. S. S. E. of Tergovist. and 200 N. by W. of Adrianople. Lonthic fabrics in Europe. The squares, public buildings, and fountains, are fine. In 1812 the allied army, under Wellington, entered Burgos, after the bat- tle of Salamanca, and besieged the castle near tliree nionths, during which they made several at- tempts to carry it by assault, but in vain ; and the allies were ultimately obliged to raise the sieir • and retire into Portugal, but it surrendered the following year without resistance. It is seat ed partly on a mountain, and partly on the river Aranzon, !)5 m. E. by S.of Leon, and 117 N. of Madrid. Pop. about"i),()()(). Burgu, or Berdou, a territory of Zaiiara, in the d(»sert of Lii)ya, to the south of Aiigila and east of Fczzan. The capital is of the same name, 2.')() m. S. S. W. of Auague. It is fertile in corn, fruits, and e.xcelleut wines, and is now formed into the three departments of Cote d'Or, Saoneand Loire, fend Yonne. Bnrlimnpour, a town of Hindoostan, caiiital < f Candeish, and, at one period, of the deccan also. li has a great trade in fine cotton for veils, shawls, &.C. In the war witii the Mahrattas in 1803 it surrendered to the British. It is situate in a de- linrhtful country, on the river Tapty, 225 m. E. bj N. of Surat. Long. 7(). 1!). E. lat. 21 . 25. N. Biiri.ano. a town of Tuscany, in the Siennese, near the lake Castigleno, 10 ni. S. S. E. of Massa. Buriclt. See Biidcricli. Bitrica, a fortified seaport of Arabia, on the ea.st eoast, in the province of Oman, 45 m. W. N. W. of Mascat. Burins, one of the Philippine islands lying with- in the S. E. promontory of Luzon. Burlic, a western county of North Carolina, bounded on the west by the Blue Ridge of the Alleghany mountains, which divides it from Bun comb. The Great Catawi>a River rises from about twenty sources, at the fi)ot of the mountains, within tiiis county. Pop. 17,727. Morgantown, 205 ni. W.of Ralei li, is the cliicf town. Burke, a frontier county in Georgia, bounded on the N. E. by the Savannah River, which di- vides it from South Carolina. It is bounded on the south by the Great Ogeechee. Pop. 1 1 ,K?3. Waynesborough, in the centre of tlie county, 104 m. E. of Milledgeville and 75 N. W of Savannah, is the chief town. Burke, p.t. Caledonia Co. Vt. 8{> ni. N. E Montpelier. Pop. 8(i(i. Burhen^ a town of Germany, in the territory of Mentz, 27 m. E. of Heidelberg. Burkliuusen, a town of Bavaria, w'tli an old fortified castle on a mountain. It is the seat of a regency, and stands on the river Salza, near its confluence with the Inn, 27 m. N. N. W. of Salzburg. Burlinglon, a town of England. See Brid- lington. Burlington, p.t. Cliittenden Co. Vt. on Lake Champlain, is a beautiful town situated at the bottom of a small bay. It has considerable com- merce and manufactures and a population of 3,52(). Mere is the University of Vermont, which has a President and 4 Professors and Tutors. The library iiowever is small. The numl)er of students is 'M'). There are 2 vacations in January and August of 12 weeks. Commencement is in August. Burlington, p.t. Middlese.x Co. Mass. 10 m. N. W. Boston. Pop. 48(1. Burlington, p.t. Hartford Co. Conn. Pop. 1,30L Burlininon, p.t. Otsego Co. N. Y. ()5 m. W. Albany. Pop. 2,4.5<). Burlington, a county of New Jersey, the S. E. point of which jets upon the Atlantic Ocean, at little Egg Harbour, and the N. W. end is bounded by tlie Delaware River. Pop. 3I,0(5(J. Chief town Mount Holly. Burlington, city, in the Co. of the same name, N. J. stands on the Delaware opposite Bristol, 2() in. above Philad. It is Iwndsomelv situated, mostly on an island comnuinicatin, but in 1821, 0,374 ; 24 miles due north of Manchester, and 15 W. of Halifax. Burnt Island, an island near the south coast of Newfoundland, 15 m. E. S. E. of Cape Ray. Long. 58. 50. W. lat. 47. 30. N. Burnt Islands, a cluster (»1 islands m the Indian Oc^an, W. N. W. fiom Goa. Long. 73. 30. E. lat. 16. 0. N. Burntisland, a borough of Scotland, in Fife- flhtre, on the frilh of Forth, with an excellent harbour, and a tjdde in ship-building. It is seated at the foot of lofty hills, 9 m. north of Leith. Pop. 2,13G. Burram.poottir,Megna, or Brahama.pootra, a river ot Asia, which rises in the mountains of Thibet, near the head of the Ganges, in the lat. of 34. N. and of 80. of E. long. These two rivers, issuing from opposite sides of the same ridge of mountains, direct their course toward opposite quiarters, till they are more than 700 miles asunder; and after- wards meet in one point near the sea, eacli hav- ing performed a winding course of about 1,400 miles. From its source, the Burrampooter pro- ceeds S. E. through Thibet, where it is named San- poo, or Zancin ; that is, tlin liircr : after washing the border of the territory of Lassa, it proceeds S. E. beyond the Doth degree of E. long, to within 220 miles of Yunan, the western-most province of Ciiina : it then turns suddenly to the west, and passing through Assam, assumes the name of Bur- rampooter. It enters Bengal on the N. E., makes a circuit round the western point of the G arrow Mountains, and then, altering its course to south, meets the Ganges about 40 m. from the sea, in the lat. of 22. 40. N. During the last 00 miles be- fore its Junction with the Ganges, it forms a stream which IS regularly from four to five miles wide. BurrillsciUe, p.t. Providence Co. R. I. in the N. W. corner of the state. Pop. 2,1UG. Burton, t. Straflbrd Co. N. H. Pop. 325. Also a town in Geauga Co. Ohio. Bursa, or Prusa, a city of Asiatic Turkey, in Natolia, built by Prusius, king of Bythinia. It was the capital of the Ottoman empire, before the taking of Constantinople ; and it now contains about 00,000 inhabitants. It stands upon several little hills, at the bottom of Mount Olympus, and on the edge of a fine plain full of fruit-trees. So many sprmgs proceed from the mount, that, eve- ry house has its own fountain : and at its foot are •< splendid hot-baths. The mosques are elegant, as are the caravanseras. The Bezestine is a large structure full of warehouses and shops, containing all the commodities of the east, besides their own manufactures in silk. Here are the best work- men in all Turkey, who are excellent imitators of the tapestry of Ittaly and France. None but musselmen are permitted to dwell in the city ; but the suburbs, which are much finer, and better peopled, are filled with Jews, Armenians, and Greeks. Bursa is seated on the banks of the Nil- ifur, which falls into the sea of Marmora, <>8 m. S. by E. of Constantinople. Long. 29. 12. E. lat. 40. 12. N. Burstdon, a village in Hampshire, Eng. five miles E. S. E. of Southampton. It stands on the Hamble, three miles from its mouth, and several ships have been birilt here for the navy. Pop. 473. Burshm, a town in Staffordshire, Eng. Till towards the close of the last century, it was an in- considerable place, but being intersected by the Trent and Mersey Canal, it has become one of the principal centres of the pottery, porcelain, earthenware and several other manufactures. The population, which in 1801 was 0,578, in 1821 waj» 9,099. It is three miles north of Newcastle-under- Line, and 151 N. by W. of London. Burton-upon-Trent, a town in Staffordshire, Eng. It has the remains of a large abbey ; and is seated on the west b.ank of the Trent, which here divides the counties of Staflford and Derby ; there is an old bridge of 30 arches over the river, and on its banks are two extensive corn mills, one cotton mill, and six extensive breweries, the prod- uce of which is distributed, and justly esteemed, over every part of the world. There are also six or eight employers in the manufacture of hats ; the cotton spinning, at the commencement of the present century, was more extensive, and, in con- sequence of its transfer to Lancashire, the popu- Lation of the town, which in 1801 was 4,4,59, in 1821, was only 4,1 14, four contiguous hamlets con- taining 2.580 inhabitants more. It is 12 m. E. of Litclifield, 12 W. of Derby, and 123 W. of Lon- don. *„* There are about 3.5 other towns and villages named I'vrton, or to which it is prefixed, in dif- ferent parts of England, but all of them are in- considerable. Bvrrrah, a town of Hindoostan, in Bengal, on the border of Orissa, 250 m. W. by N. of Cal- cutta, Bvry, a town in Lancashire, Eng. extensively engaged both in the cotton and woolen manufac- ture, in all the branches of spinning, weaving, scouring, fulling, dressing, blenching, printing, &c. in all the various branches of which there are nearly 100 establishments, someof thrm \fry extensive. There are also iron founderies, ma- chine makers, and six or eight employers in the manufacture of hats ; it communicates with the Leeds and Liverpool canal by a collateral cut cal- led the Bury Extension. It is seated on the bank , of the Irweil, !» in. N. of Manchester. Pop. in' 1821, 10,583, beinp 3,511 more than in 1810, BUT 141 BUX tad the total population of the parish, which in- cludes hamlets, in 1821, was 34,581. Bury, St. Edmund, a borough in Suffolk, Eng. It took its name from St. Edmund the king, who was buried here ; and to his honour an abbey was founded, of which some noble ruins remain. Here are two parish churches, which stand in one church-yard ; in St. Mary's lies Mary, queen of France, wlio was married to Charles Brandon, duke of Suffolk. At this town the barons met and entered into a league against king John. Henry VI. called a parliament here in 1446, when Humphrey, duke of Gloucester, was imprisoned, and here he died, as supposed, by poison. The assizes for the county are held here ; and it has a free-school founded by Edward VI. The num- ber of inhabitants in 1811 was 7,986; and in 18*21, 9,999, and most of them were returned as employ- ed in trade and manufactures. It is seated on the Larke, a branch of the Ouse, 25 m. N. W. of Ipswich, and 71 N. N. E. of London. Buryens, St. a village in Cornwall, Eng. 5 m. W. S. W. of Penyance. It was once of great note, and had a college founded by king Athels- tan. The church is spacious, and contains many curious relics of antiquity. In its neighbourhood are 19 large stones standing in a circle, 12 feet from each other, and in the centre is one much larger than the rest. Pop. 1,188. BusheiVi or Bushirc, a town of Persia, in Far- Bistan, surrounded by a wall, with a few bastions. The English East India Company had formerly a factory here. The trade with Shiraz, by cara- vans, is considerable. It is situate on a narrow neck of land, in the gulf of Persia, 110 m. W. S. W. of Shiraz. Long. 51. 0. E. lat. 29. 20. N. Biishhill, t. Northampton, Co. Pa. Bushwick, t. Kings Co. N. Y. on Long Island, 3 m. from Brooklyn. Pop. 1,620. Bussorah. See Bassarah. Bute, an island of Scotland, in the frith of Clyde, separated on the north from the peninsula of Cow- al in Argyleshire by a narrow channel. It is fourteen miles long and four broad ; the north part hilly and barren, but the south fertile and well cultivated. The coast is rocky, and indent- ed with several safe harbours, chiefly appropriat- ed to the herring fishery. Rothsay is the capital. Buteshire, a. coanty of Scotland, consisting of the island of Bate, Arran, Great and Little Cam- bray, and Inchmarnoc, lying in the frith of Clyde, between the counties of Ayr and Argyle. This shire sends a member to parliament alternate- ly with Caithnesshire. Butjemback, a town of the Netherlands, 25 m. S. by E. of Aix-la-Chapelle. Btitler, an interior county in the W. District of Pennsylvania, the south-east point jetting upon the Alleghany River, 18 m. above Pittsburg. Pop. 14,683. The chief town, of the same name, in the centre of the county, is 242 m. W. by N. of Har- risburg But'er, an interior county in the west part of Kentucky, intersected from east to west by Green River, which falls into the Ohio. Pop. 3,055. M">rgantown, on the south bank of Green River, 144 W. by S. of Frankfort, is t!ie chief town. Butler, a frontier county nl l!j': S E. extremity ofthe state of Oiiio, bordering on Indiana. It is intersected from the north-west corner to the cen- tre ofthe south border by the Miami River. Pop- ulation, 27,044. Hamilton, on the east bank of the Miami, 107 m. W. S. W. of Columbus, and 12 north of Cincinnati, is the chief town. Butler, a county in Alabama. Pop. 5,634, Greenville is the capital. Also the name of 2 towns in Pa. and Ohio. Butler, the name of 2 towns in Ohio. Butrinto, a seaport of European Turkey, in Albania, and a bishop's see ; seated on the canal of Corfu, at the entrance of the gulf of Venice, 30 m. S. of Chimajra. Long. 19. 9. E. lat. 36. 49. N. Butternuts, p.t. Otsego Co. N. Y. 94 m. W. Albany. Pop. 3,991. Butter mere, a lake in Cumberland, Eng. eight miles S. W. of Keswick. It is two miles long, and nearly half a mile broad. On the west side it is terminated by a mountain, called, from its fer- ruginous colour, the Red Pike ; a strip of culti- vated ground adorns tue east shore ; at the north end is the village of Buttermere and a group of houses, called Gatesgarth, is seated on the south extremity, under an amphitheatre of mountain- ous rocks. Here Honister Crag is seen rising to a vast height, flanked by two conical mountains, Fleetwith on the east, and Scarf on the west side. Numerous mountain torrents create never-failing cataracts that thunder and foam down the rocks, and form the lake below. This lake is called the Upper Lake ; and, near a mile from it, to the north-east is the Lower Lake, called also Cro- mack-water. The river Cocker flows through both these lakes to Cockermouth. Buttertcorth, an appendage to the town of Roch- dale, in Lancastershire, Eng. Pop. 5,554. See Rochdale. Buttenant, a town and parish of Ireland, in the county of Cork. The town is 4 m. N. of Mallow, and in 1820 contained a population of 1 ,020 ; totcil of the parish, 5,049. Button Bay, the north part of Hudson Bay, through which attempts were made by Sir Thom- as Button, to discover a north-west passage to China, when he lost his ship, and came back in a sloop built in the country. It lies between 60. and 66. N. lat. Buttstadt and Buttelstatdt, two towns of Upper Saxonv. in Thuringia, seated on the Loss, 16 m. W. of Kaumburg. Bvtzhach, a town of Germany, in Wetteravia, seated in a marshy but fertile plain, 10 m. S. of Giessen, and 25 N. of Frankfort. Pop. about 3,200. Butzow, a town of Lower Saxony, in Mecklen- burg-Schwerin, seated on the Warna, 17 ra. S. W. of Rostock. Buxadewar, a strong fort of the country of Bootan, at the entrance of the mountains from Bengal. It stands on the top of a rock, 20 m. N. of Chichacotta. Buxar, a town and tbrt ot Hindoostan, in Ba- har, on the south bank of the Ganges, 72 m. W. of Patna. Buxtehude, a town of Lower Saxony, in the duchy of Bremen, on the river Este, 18 m. S. E. of Stade. Btixton, a village in Derbyshire, Eng. at the entrance of the Peak. It has nine wells that rise near the source of the river Wye ; and they are deemed one of the seven wonders of the Peak. Their waters, noted in the time ofthe Romans, are hot and sulphureous, temperature about 82 ; much company resort to them in the summer. The building for the bath was erected by George, earl of Shrewsbury ; and here Mary, queen of Scot- land, resided for some time. The duke ofDevon- shire has erected a beautiful building in the form of a crescent, under which are piazzas and shops. CAB 148 CAC A mile hence is another of the wonders, called Pool's Hole, at the foot of a mountain. The en- trance is low and narrow, but it presently opens to a cave of considerable height, and 696 feet long, with a roof resembling a Gothic cathedral. It contains many stalactitious concretions, and sev- eral curious representations both of art and nature, produced by the petrifying water continually drop- ping from the rock. iBuxton is 32 m. N. W. of Derby, and 160 N. N. W. of London. Resident pop. in 1821, 1,036. Buxton, p.t. York Co. Me. a little above the mouth of the Saco. Pop. 2,856. Buzanrois, a town of France, in the department of the Indre, on tlie east bank of the river of that name, 12 m. S. E. of Chatillon. Pop. 3,200. Buzzard's Baij, in the southern part of Massa- chusetts, is about 30 miles long and 7 wide. On the south it is bounded by a range of islands cal- led the Elizabeth Islands A canal 31-2 miles in length from the bottom of this bay to the waters of Massachusetts Bay would completely insulate the whole peninsula of Cape Cod and enable the coasting craft to avoid a long and dangerous navi- gation around the cape. But although such a comnmnication has been talked about for above an hundred years, the want of a good harb mr at the northern extremity will probably hind r its being undertaken. Byberry, t. Philadelphia Co. Pa. Bychow, a town of Lithuania on the west bank of the Dnieper, 180 m. S. S. W. of Wilna, and 8 S. of Mohilow. Byfield, a village in Essex Co. Mass. 5 ra. S. W. from Newburyport, containing Dummer Aca- demy, and another Female Seminary. Byker, an appendage to Newcastle-on-Tyne. Pop. in 1821, 3,852. See JVcwcastle. Byron, p.t. Gennesee Co. N. Y. 268 m. W. Al- bany. Pop. 1,939. Byron Island, an island in the Pacific Ocean, discovered by Commodore Byron in 1705. It is low, full of wood, and very populous. The na- tives are tall, well-proportioned, and clean ; and their countenance expressive of a surprising mix- ture of intrepidity and cheerfulness. Long. 173 46. E. lat. 1. 18. S. c CABARRAS, a small interior county of North Carolina, lying to the west of the Yadkin River. Pop. 8,796. Concord, 143 m. V/. S. W. of Ra- leigh, is the chief town. Cahezade Vide, a town of Portugal, in Alemtejo, with a castle, 12 m. S. W. of Portalegro. Cabell, a large mountainous county of the W. District of Virginia, bounded on the S. W. by the Big Sandy River, which divides it from Ken- tucky, and on the N. W. by the Ohio River, which divides it from the state of Ohio. It is about 50 miles in length from S. E. to N. W. and 25 in breadth. Pop. 5,884. Guyando, at the moutli of a river of the same name, which inter- sects the country its whole length, falling into the Ohio, is the chief town. Cabello, or Cavdlo. See Porto Cabello. Calienda, a seaport on the west coast of South Africa, subject to Portugal, 100 m. S. E. of Loan- go. Long. 12. 2. E. lat. 4. 5. S. Cabes, or Gabcs, a town of the kingdom of Tunis, near a gulf of the same name, 170 m. south of Tunis. Long. 10. 55. lat. 33. 40. N. Cabot, p.t. Caledonia Co. Vt. Pop. 1,304. CfflAra, a town of Spain, in Andalusia, with six convents, and a college for the study of philoso- phy and divinity. It is situate at the foot of a mountain, near the source of a river of the same name, 25 m. S. E. of Cordova. Cabra, a town of the kindom of Tombuctoo. It is a place of great trade, seated on the Niger, and serves as a port to the capital, 10 m. S. E. of Tombuctoo. Cabrera, one of the Balearic Isles, in the Medi- terranean, 7 m. S. of Majorca. It has a large har- bour, on the north side, defended by a castle. Long. 2. 55. E. lat. 39. 8. N. Cabul, a country of Asia, bounded on the west by Persia, north by the Hindoo-ko, east by Cash- mere and Lahore, and south by Candahar. It was anciently a province of Persia, afterward it was annexed to the Mogul empire till 1739, when it was restored to Persia by Nadir Shah. The coun- try is highly diversified, consisting of mountains covered with snow, hills of moderate height, rich plains, stately forests, and innumerable streams. It produces every article necessary for human life, with the most delicate fruits and flowers. It is sometimes called Zabulistan, from Zabul, one of the names of Ghizni. It now forms a part of Afghanistan. Cabul, the capital of the province of Cabul, and of the dominions of the sultan of the Afghans, seated near the foot of the Hindoo-ko on the river Attock, a branch of the Indus. It carries on a considerable trade, and is considered as the gate of India toward Tartary. In 1739, Nadir Shah took it by storm, and plundered it of great trea- sures. It is 170 m. N. E. of Candahar. Long. 68. 35. E. lat. 34. 30. N. Cacaca, or Kasusa, a town of the kingdom of Fez, with a fort upon a rock, 16 m. S. of Melilla, on the shores of the Mediterranean. Cacella, or Taceila, a town of Portugal, on the S. E. coast of Algarva, 6 m. E. by N. of Tavira, and 8 W. S. W. of Castro Marim. Caceres, a town of Spain, in Estremadura, seat- ed on the Sabrot, 22 ra. S. E. of Alcantara, on the road to Truxillo. Pop. about 8,000. Caceres, a town in the south part of the island of Luconia, capital of the provinc i Camarinos, and a bishop's see. Long. 124. 0. E. lat. 14. 33. N. Cachan, or Kashan, a town of Persia, in Irac Agemi, which has considerable trade in «<>lks, silver and gold brocades, and porcelain. iTeie are many Christians, and Guebres, or worship- pers of fire. (See Bachu.) It is seated in a vast plain, 55 m. N. by W. of Ispahan. Cac/iao, or Kcsho, the capital of the kingdom of Tonquin. It contains 20,000 houses, whose walls are of mud, and the roofs covered with thatch; a few are built with brick, and roofed with pantiles. The principal streets are very wide, and paved with small stones. The king has three palaces here, such as they are ; and near them are stables for his horses and elephants, i The house of the English factory is the best in the city; and the factories purchase silks and '^;^l. CAD 14S CAD lackered ware, as in China. It is seated on the river Hoti, 80 m. from the gulf of Tonquin. Long. 105. 11. E. lat. 21. 10. N. Cacheo, a town of the kingdom of Cumbo, on the west coast of North Africa, seated on the riv- er Cacheo, or St. Domingo, 50 miles from its mouth, between the Gambia and Rio Grande. It is subject to the Portuguese, who have three forts, and formerly carried on a great trade in wax and slaves. Long. 14. 55. E. lat. 12. 6. N. Cackoiro, a town of Brazil, in the government of Bahia. It is the mart for the northern gold mines, and stands on a small river, 42 m. N. W. of St. Salvador. Cacongo, a town of the kingdom of Loango, on the west coast of South Africa, seated near the mouth of a river, 40 m. S. S. E. of Loango. Cacorla, a town of Spain, situate between two mountains on the frontiers of La Mancha, Murcia, and Granada, 15 m. E. N. E. of Ubeda. Cadenac, a town of France, in the department of Mouths of the Rhone, 28 m. S. E. of Avignon. Cadenac, a town of France in the department of Lot, on the river Lot, 27 m. E. N. E. of Cahors. Cader Idris, a mountain of Wales, in Merio- nethshire, to the south of Dolgelly. The perpen- dicular height of which is 2,914 feet above the level of the sea; and on it are several lakes abounding in fish. Cadiar, a town of Spain, in Granada, 28 m. S. E. of Granada. Cadillac, a town of France, in the department of Gironde, with a castle, seated on the east bank of the Garonne, 15 m. S. E. of Bordeaux. Cadiz, a celebrated city and seaport of Spain in Andalusia, called by the Phoenicians, who found- ed it, Gadir, a fence or fenced place, and by the Arabs Gczira Cades, is the richest trading port of Spain, and one of its finest cities. It stands on the western extremity of a tongue of land project- ing from the isle of Leon, which on its south-east side was formerly connected with the main land by a bridge. The town is surrounded with a wall and irregular bastions, adapted to the variations of the ground. On the south side there are steep acclivities which render it inaccessible, and the landiag-place on the north is defended by sand- banks and sunken rocks. On the south-west point IS a range of rocks, partly covered at high water ; and the point of St. Sebastian is defended be a strong fort. At the neck of the isthinus, where it is most accessible, every precaution has been taken to secure it against hostile attacks ; and it may, therefore, be regarded as almost impregna- ble, lis spacious bay forms an excellent haven, and is divide'^. -nto two harbours communica'.ing with each othe'' ,^the one called the bav of Cadiz, the other that of Puntales. The entrance to each, as well as the town and port generally, are com n^ ided by the forts of St. Catherine, St. Se- bastisin, Chiclano, Matagorda, Puntales, and Fort Luis. The bay of Cadiz is tiie appointed resort of merchant vessels ; that of the Puntales is re- served for Spanish men of war, and merchantmen trading with America; a passage into it is not permitted to ships of foreign nations. The en- trance to this inner harbour is commanded on one side by the fort of Puntales, an isle formed by the Cortadura, and on the other by the fort of Mata- gorda. The Trocadero is an isle formed by the bay of Cadiz and the channel leading from Mata- gorda to Puerto Real. These, and other advan- tages of nature and art, render Cadiz the most co.nplete maritime station in Europe, while its position qualifies it as an emporium for the com* merce of both hemispheres. The city is an epis- copal see, including, however, only twenty-eight parishes ; its cathedral is ancient, and very mair- nificent : there are also thirteen convents, an academy of the fine arts, a nautical and mathe- matical school, an e.xcellent observatory, a naval and military asylum, a chirurgical institute, a botanic garden, a theatre, and thirteen hospitals. Since the year 1786, Cadiz has been much en- larged and improved. In 1808, the number of houses was 8,000, and that of the inhabitants, in- cluding many English and Germans, 75,000 ; but at the last census the population had sunk to 53,000, — a diminution in a great measure ascriba- ble to the loss of trade with the colonies. On the isthmus, near the town, are important saltworks, and some vineyards which produce good wine. There is a considerable tunny fishery. Among the inconveniences of Cadiz, that which is most severely felt by foreigners is the want of good spring water. Each house, indeed, has its cis- tern ; but the fresh water chiefly in request is brought in casks across the bay from Port St. Mary's. The streets are straight, and in general well paved and lighted, but in some parts narrow. The houses, with their small windows and pro- jecting slate roofs, have rather a gloomy appear- ^ ance, notwithstanding their whitened walls. The ^ principal square is that of St. Antonio. A fa- vourite luxury, during the summer heats here, is water cooled with snow brought from the distant mountains of Ronda. When Cadiz had become the centre of the com- mercial intercourse between Spain and the Indies, all the maritime nations of Europe established relations with it by means of resident consnls, agents, and correspondents. In 1795, there were 110 great commercial houses ; and about the same period, or a few years previous, the imports amounted to 100 millions of reals, and the exports to 270 millions. In 1804, the number of vessels that entered the port was 1,:}86. The battle of Trafalgar, in the following year, ruined the Sp»an- ish navy ; and the decline of Cadiz was accele- rated by the usurpation of Bonaparte, which afforded the South American states an opportuni- ty to declare their independence and open a direct intercourse with Europe. Few seaports can boast of higher antiquity. In the sea, near the isle of San Pedro, are still to be traced the ruins of the temple of Hercules and of the ancient Gades. The port was successively occupied by the Tyrians, the Carthaginians, and the Romans, who preserved to it the name of Gades. The Arabs, after their invasion of Spain, made themselves masters of the town, and held it until 12(i2, when it was taken from them by the Spaniards. In 169G, it was plundered and "burnt by the English, after which it was rebuilt and more strongly fortified. During the wars with England it was frequently blockaded, and once bombarded, but without success. From 1808, un til the return of Ferdinand VII., it was the rally ing point of Spanish loyalty ; and, on the advance of the French troops into Andalusia, the supreuie junta adopted strenuous measures for its defente, and obtained powerful reinforcements from Gib- raltar and Portugal. The French laid siege to Cadiz on the 6th of February, 1810, and, notwith- standing a determined fire from the ships, forts, and floating batteries, seized several strong p>oints along the bay, and in particular the fort of Mata- gorda, whence they determined to bombard Hm CAE eity, notwithstanding its great distance ; and mor- tars for this purpose were cast at Seville. Some shells and grenades were thrown ; but as the hou- ses of Cadiz were strongly built of stone, no con- flagration ensued, and the damage done was but inconsiderable. The possession of the isle of Leon was the object for which the most strenuous {(reparations were made on both sides, eis it must lave decided the fate of the city. These were continued until the autumn of 1812, when the 144 ,CAE and flows twice in 24 hours. The county ano^ city send each a member to parliament. Caermarthen, a borough of Wales, capital of Caermarthenshire. It is seated on the Towy, over which is a stone bridge, to which vessels of 200 to 300 tons burden may come up. It was fortified with a wall and a castle, now in ruins; and on the east side of the town, near the river, are the remains of a monastic building of consid- erable extent. There are iron and tin mines in victorious progress of Lord Wellington in the the neighbourhood. It is 24 m. S. E. of Cardi- centre of Spam compelled the French to depart from Andalusia, and abandon a siege which had been continued and resisted with extraordinary vigour and pertinacity. Few subsequent events occurred here of much importance. In 1820, Riego commenced the ill-starred military revolu- tion on the isle of Leon. In 1823, during a short blockade, the French, under the duke d'Angou- leme, carried the Trocadero. Since the return of an, and 220 W. by N. of London. Pop. in 1821, 8,906. Caernarvonshire, a county of North Wales, of an oblong form, the south part projecting into St. George's Channel, the north being bounded by the Irish sea, or what would now more properly be called Liverpool Bay, from the celebrity of the town of that name : the Menai Strait divides it from the Isle of Anglesea on the north-west, and Ferdinand VII. to absolute power, the trade of the river Conway divides it from Denbighshire ■^ '' ' ' -111- 1 1 .1 on the east, whilst part of the south-east side bor- ders on Merionethshire. This county, being the most rugged district of North Wales, may be truly called the Cambrian Alps. Its central part is oc- cupied by the famed Snowden, rising to the height of 3,571 feet above the level of the sea, and the prospects around are rude and savage in the hio-h- est degree ; but not without a mixture of beauty, when the dimensions of the vales admit the vari- eties of wood, water, and meadows. The soil in the valleys on the side of St. George's Channel is pretty fertile, especially in barley ; great num- bers of black cattle, sheep, and goats, are fed on the mountains ; and the sea, lakes, and rivers, abound with a variety of fish. Copper mines have been worked in various parts of these moun- tains, as well as lead; and quantities of stone, ex- cellent for hones, are dug near Snowdon ; to the dreary region of which the rich vale of Conway below forms a pleasing contrast. Caernarvon, a borough and seaport of Wales, capital of Caernarvonshire. It is seated within the Menai strait, near its entrance into Caernar- von bay, and carries on a considerable trade with Ireland, and the principal English ports, to which it exports vast quantities of slates. It has a cele- brated castle, built by Edward I. in which his son, Edward II. the first prince of Wales, was born. Caernarvon is governed by the constable of tlie castle, who is always mayor. Here are salt-water baths, and elegant hot and cold baths, which are much frequented during the season. It is 7 m S. W. of Bangor, and 244 N. W. of London. Long. 4. 20. W. lat. 53. 8. N. Pop. in 1821, 5,7?8. Caerphilly, a town of Wales, in Glamorganshire, The ruins of its celebrated castle more resemble that of a city than a single edifice ; a circular tower, about 75 feet in height, inclines 11 feet 6 inches from its base. It is seated between the Taafe and Rumncy, 7 m. N. of Cardiff", and IGO W. of London. Pop. 8\\meni to the Eng lish monarch of that time. From this period Cal- cutta gradually increased in population and im- portance up to 1756, when it was attacked by tlie soubah of Bengal, with an army of 70,000 horse and foot, and 400 elepha-nts, when the besieged were forced to abandon their posts, and retreat into the fort ; on which the enemy's troops entered the town, and plundered it for 24 hours. An order was then given for attacking the fort ; the garrison of which defended themselves bravely for some time; but many of them being killed and wounded, and their ammunition almost ex- hausted they were at last obliged to surrender and were all, to the number of 149, crammed into the Black Hole prison, a dungeon about 18 feet square , from v/hence only 23 came out alive in the morning. The rest were all suffocated from want of air. Calcutta, however, was retaken the next year; and, after the victory of Plassey, the inhuman soubah was deposed, and put to death by his successor, and the whole of the province of Bengal transferred to the Eng lish East India Company. Immediately aftei- this victory, the erection of a new fort, about a mile below the old one, was commenced, which is superior in extent and security to any fortress in India, containing commodious accommodation for 4,000 men. From this period Calcutta rapidly increased in extent and population. In 1798 the number of houses was 78,760, exclusive of the forts, since which time they have increased more than one half. The number of inhabitants, com- posed of people from all parts of the world, amount- ing to 600,000 or 700,000. The part inhabited by the English is elegantly built ; but the great- est part is built after the general fashion of the cities of India. Their streets are exceedingly confined, narrow, and crooked, with a vast num- ber of ponds, reservoirs, and gardens, interspers- ed. A few of them are paved with Isrick. The houses are built, some with brick, others with mud, and a still greater number with bamboos and mats; all which different kinds of fabrics, inter- mixed, form a very uncouth appcariince, and are very readily destroyed by fire. The brick houses are seldom above two stories high, with flat and terraced roofs ; these of mud and bamboos are only one story, and are covered with thatch. During the administration of the Marquis Welles- ley, at the commencement of the present century, a magnificent palace was erected at the distance of about a mile from the fort. The line of houses that surround two sides of the esplanade of the fort is also magnificent ; they are all on a large scale, and detached from one another. From the necessity of having a free circulation of air in a climate so extremely hot, the approach to the hou ses is generally by a flight of steps, with great OAC. 149 CAL proiectinw porticoes, or surrounded by colonnades and arcades, which give thera much tlie appear- ance of Grecian temples. Since the commence- ment of the present century, Calcutta has been greatly improved, both in appearance and in the salubrity of its air; the streets have been proper- ly drained, and the ponds filled ; thereby remov- ing a vast surface of stagnant water, the exhala- tions of which were particularly hurtful. Con- i Tuous to the old fort is a spacious square, on oni side of which is the college, founded also un- der I •* administration of the Marquis Wellesley 111 1801 ; another side of the square is occupied by building-s appropriated to tlie use of the junior servants ol^ie company, and the remainder is occupied by some of the principal traders. Cal- cutta is the residence of a bishop, who, assisted by three archdeacons, is intrusted with the eccle- siastical affairs of all the British possessions in Asia ; the cathedral is a spacious edifice. Here is likewise a supreme court of judicature, in which justice is dispensed according to the laws of Eng- land, by a chief justice and Uiree puisne judges. The natives of the province still retain their Hin- doo laws, as well as religion, and courts are duly appointed for the administration of justice Eiccord- ingly. The southern part of Calcutta is occupi- ed almost entirely by Europeans, who have adopt- ed a style of building at once magnificent in its appearance and well adapted to the climate. Eve- ry house is detached, inclosed with walls and front- ed with an elegant veranda shading a flight of steps. The northern part is chiefly inhabited by natives, whose dwellings are for the most part mere mud or bamboo cottages. The mixture of European and Asiatic manners, that may be ob- served in Calcutta, is curious : coaches, phaetons, single-horse chaises, with the palanquins and hack- eries of the natives, the passing ceremonies of the Hindoos, and the different appearance of the fakirs, form a sight more novel and extraordinary, perhaps, than any other city in the world can present. The Hoogly is navigable up to the town for ships of 400 to 500 tons, but those of greater burden lie at Diamond Point, about 50 miles below, their cargoes being conveyed to and from the town by lighters. Independently of its commer- cial intercourse with England, Calcutta main- tains an extensive intercourse with China as well as with almost every port in Asia, and islands in the eastern seas, with which an interchange is effected in every possible commodity that man- kind can desire, either for subsistence and com- fort, or to gratify the most refined and luxurious taste. Ship-building is also carried on to a great ex- tent ; there are several banking establishments to facilitate the operations of commerce, and in- surance establishments for its protection. The control of the governor-general and council of iJengal, at Calcutta, extends over the presidencies of Madras, Bombay, and Bencoolen ; the extent of the civil establishments attending the admin- istration of so extensive an empire, in addition to the military and commercial affairs of tlie place, necessarily give an importance to Calcutta beyond that of any city in Asia, except those of China and Japan. The new fort is in the lat. of 22. 35. N., and 8.S. 28. E. long., 1,030 m. N. N. E. of Madras, and about 1,100 E. N. E. of Bombay. Caldas, the name of several small towns in dif- ferent parts of Spain and Portugal, which, like the Badens of Germany, implies their contiguity to hot or medicinal springs : one 25 m. N. by E. •f Lisbon, another 10 m. N. E. of Castel Branco ; another contiguous to Montalegre, 60 m. N. E. of Oporto; another 15 m. N. of Barcelona; another 25 m. N. of Vigo. Catdecot, a village in Monmouthshire, Eng. sea- ted in a plain, five miles S. W. of Chepstow and noted for the massy remains of its castle. There are six other villages of the same name in differ- ent parts of England. Colder, a river of England which rises on the west border of Yorkshire, flows by Halifax to Wakefield, and eight miles below joins the Aire. It is navigable the greater part of its course. There are three or four rivers, and as many villa- ges, named Calder, in different parts of Scotland Caldolzburg, a town of Franconia, in the prin- cipality of Anspach, with a castle, 18 m. N. E. of Anspach. It is now included in the Bavarian circle of Rezat. Caldwell, p.t. Warren Co. N. Y. on Lake George, 56 m. N. Albany. Pop. 797. Also a town in Essex Co. N. J. Caldwell, an interior county in the western part of Kentucky, bounded on the south-west by the great Cumberland River. Pop. 8,332. Eddy- ville, on the north bank of the river, about 30 miles above its entrance into the Ohio, and 200 S. W. of Frankfort, is the chief town. Caiedon, a town in the parish of Aughloe, (sometimes called Caiedon,) south part of the county of Tyrone, Ireland. Pop. of the town in 1821, 856, and of the parish 7,148. Caledonia, a county in the north part of Ver- mont, the south-east part of which is bounded by the Connecticut River, which divides it from New Hampshire. Pop. 20,967. Danville, in the cen- tre of the county, abr the election of a king, according to the Union of.Calrnir. On an eminence, half a mile from tho town, is the ancient castle, now converted into a distillery. The cnief exports are deals and tar. It is seated near the Baltic, 190 m. S. S. W. of Stockholm. Long. 16. 22. E. lat. 56. 41. N. Ciihmii'.i, or Calimno, an island of the Grecian Archioolago, near the coast of Asia, 7 m. N. W. of Sta'nchio. Long. 26. 46. E. lat. 36. 56. N. Cain, East and West, townships in Chester Co. Pa. CiiJne, a bor )Ugh in Wiltshire, Eng. It has ei;rra Morena. It stands on a hill, towering above the whole settlement, 20 m. ]\. E. of An- duxar. Carolina, See Korth and South Carolina. Caroline a county of Maryland, bounded on the east by Kent county, state of Delaware, and on the west by the Tuckapo and Choptank Rivers, which fall into Chesapeak Bay. Pop. 9,070. Denton is the chief town. Caroline, an interior county in the District of Virginia, bounded on the north-east by the Rap- pahannock River, and south-west by the North Anna River. Its area is about 20 miles each way, or 400 square miles, and is tolerably fertile. Fop. 17,774. Above one half of tlie population are slaves. Bowling Green, is the chief town. Caroline, p.t. Tompkins Co. N. Y. 399 m. W. Albany. Pop. 2,633. Caroline Islands, a range of islands in the North Pacific Ocean, discovered in ]()8(j, by the Span- iards, in the reign of C'harles II. Tliey lie to the east of the Philippines, between 138. and 155, E. long, and &. and 11. N. lat. They are aboui 6\i in number, and populous; the natives resembling those of the Philippines. The most considerable island is Ilogoleu, about 90 m. long and 40 broad : the next is Yap, at the west extremity of this chain, but not above a third part of that size. They have been little visited by recent navigators. Caroon, Lake of. See Kairoun. Caroor. See Carvru. Carora, a city of Colombia, in the province of Venezuela, situate about 45 m. from the strait that separates the gulf from the lake of Mara- caibo, and 150 m. west of Valencia. It is inter- sected by a stream called the Morera, that runs east into the Caribbean Sea. The inhabitants, about 6,000 in number, subsist principally by means of cattle and mules, which they drive to the coast for transhipment to the West India islands. The surrounding country produces a variety of odoriferous balsams and aromatics, which under social arrangements might be made to constitute an extensive and reciprocal external commerce. Carpathian Mountains, a crand clyiin which jJivides Hungary and Tr.ansylvania from Poland on tne north and north-east, and from Moravia on the north-west, extending about 500 m. Carpendolo, a town of the Bresciano, on the Chiese, 15 m. S. S. E. of Brescia. Pop. about 4,000. Carpentaria, a large bay on the north coast of ,5f«»w Ho"«»>»d discovered, in J6)8 hf Dutch captain, named Carpenter. That part of the country which borders on the east side of the bay is also called Carpentaria. It has about 1 ,200 ra of coast, and some good harbour-j. It is frequent- ed by Chinese junks to fish for me Beech-le -mar, one of the most delicious of the finny tribe, which supcrabound at the entrance of this bay. Carpentrus , a town of France in the depart- ment of Vaucluse. It wj*"* '....lerly the capital of Venaissin, and a tlouop's see. It is seated on the Auson, at the foot of a mountain, 14 m. N. E. of Avignon. Pop. about 9,000. Car-pi, a town of Italy, in the Modenese with a fortifiied castle, and a good trade. It stands on a canal to the Secchia eight miles north of Modena. Carpi, a town of Italy, in the Veronese, where a victory was gained by the Austrians over the French, in 1701. It is seated on the Adige, 24 m. S. E. of Verona. Car rick on Shannon, a town of Ireland, capital of the county of Leitrim. It is a small place, seated on the Shannon, 78 m. W. N. W. of Dub- lin. Pop. in 1821,1,673. Carrick on Suir, a town of Ireland, in Tippera- ry, famous for its woolen cloth, called ratteen. It is seated on the Suir, 22 m. S. E. of Cashel, and 10 W. N. W. of Waterford. Pop. in 1821. 7,466. Carrickfergus, a borough and seaport of Ire- land, chief town of the county of Antrim, with a castle. It is seated on a bay of its name, in tne Irish channel, 88 m. N. by E. of Dublin, and 8 from Belfast. Pop. of the town in 1821, 3,711, and of the parish 8,023. Carrickmacross , a tovv'n of Ireland, in the coun- ty of Monaghan, 19 m. E. S. E. of Monaghan, and 44 N. by W. of Dublin. Pop. in 1821, 1,641. Carrion dc los Condes, a town of Spain, in Leon on the frontiers of Old Castile. It has ten parish churches, ten convents, and two hospitals ; and is seated on the river Carrion, 18 m. N. of Pla- centia, and 40 W. of Burgos. Carroll, a county at the western extremity of Tennessee, bordering on Wood Lake, contiguoua to the Mississippi River. Pop. 9,378. Hunting- don is the chief town Carrolton, p.t. Green Co. Illinois, 48 m.W.^^- of Vandalia. ~ Carrolville, p.t. Jefferson Co. Alab. Carron, a river of Scotland, in Stirlingshire ^ which rises on the south side of the Campsey hilla and flows into the frith of Forth, below Falkirk. Two miles from its source, it forms a fine cascade, called the Fall of Auchinlilly ; and near its mouth commences the Great Canal from the Forth to the Clyde. Carron, a village of ScotLind, in Stirlingshire, on the river Carron, two miles from Falkirk, cel- ebrated for the greatest iron-works in Europe. These works employ about 3,000 men ; and, on . an average, use weekly 800 tons of coal, 400 tons of ironstone, and 100 tons of limestone. All sorts of iron goods are made iiere, from the most trifling article to the largest cannon; and the short piece of ordnance called a carronade hence received lia name. The trade in coke and lime is also consid- erable. These works were erected in 1761, and are carried on by a chartered company. Carru, a town of Piedmont, in the province of Mondoni, 8 ni. S. S. of Bene. Pop. about 4,000, Cart, two rivers in Scotland, in Renfrewshire, distinguished by the appellation of Black and White. The Black Cart issues from the lake LochwinrfH-ii : tlie White Cart descends from the CAR 1(» CAb north-east angle of the county ; and they both flow into the Gryfe,afew miles before its conflu- ence with the Clyde. Cartago, a city and capital of Costa Rica, and a bishop's see. It stands on a river of the same name, 50 ra. from its mouth in the Pacific Ocean, and about the same from Lake Nicaragua. Long. , 84. 10. W. lat. 10. 15. N. Cartago, is also the name of a town in Colom- bia, in the valley of Popayan, about 100 m. W. of ■' Bogota. Pop. about 5,000. Cartama, a town of Spain, in Granada, at the foot of a mountain, near the river Guadala Medi- na, 8 m. N. W. of Malaga. Carter, a frontier county at the north-east ex- tremity of Tennessee, bounded on the east by the Iron, Yellow, and Stone mountains which divide it from North Carolina. It is intersected by the Watonga, a branch of the Tennessee River. Pop. 6,418. Elizabeth Town, on the west side of the county is the chief town. Carteret, a county of North Carolina, bordering on the Atlantic Ocean, south of Pamlico Sound. It is a swampy and dreary district. Pop. 6,607. Beaufort, is the chief town. Carteret Island, an island in the Pacific Ocean, Been by Captain Carteret in 1767. It is six leagues lonir from east to west. Long. 159. 14. E. lat. 8. '- 26. S. Cartersville, p.t. Cumberland Co. Va. on James river, 40 m. W. N. W. of Richmond. Carthage, p.t. Jefferson Co. N. Y. 177 m. N. W. \ Albany. Also a village in Monroe Co. N. Y. on the Genesee, a little below the falls. Also towns in N. C, Ten., and Ohio. Carthage, Cape, a promontory on ^he east coast of the kingdom of Tunis, near which stood the fa- mous city of Carthage, razed by the Romans, and . some of the ruins are to be seen on the coast. It is 10 m. N. E. of Tunis. Long. 10. 20. E. lat. 36. 60. N. Carthagena, a seaport of Spain, in Murcia, built by Asdrubal, a Carthaginian general, and named after the city of Carthage. It is the see of a bish- op, and a great mart for merchandise. It has the best harbour in Spain ; also the most considerable docks and magazines. The principal crops of ba- rilla are produced in its vicinity ; and a fine red earth, called almagra, used in polishing mirrors, and preparing tobacco for snuff. Carthagena was taken by Sir John Leak in 1706, but the Duke of Brunswick retook it. It is seated on a gulf of the same name, 27 m. S. of Murcia. Long. 1. 0. W. lat. 37. 35. N. and 240. S. S. E. of Madrid. Pop. about 25,000. Carthagena, a city of South A merica, in the New Colombian province of Magdalena. It is situate on an island off the shore of the Caribbean Sea, in the lat. of 10.25. N. and 75. 27. of W. long, about 70 m. S. S. W. of the mouth of the Magda- lena, and 180 N. N. E. of the Gulf of Darien. It has a commodious and safe harbour, and for near- ly three centuries has ranked among the most con- siderable cities of America. It was the port first resorted to by galleons from Spain during the mo- nopoly of the commerce of America with that country. It has experienced various alternations of fortune, having been several times captured, and was an object of severe contention between the royalist and republican forces from 1815 down to the pe.-iod of the final extinction of Spanish domination in America in 1823. The island is united to the main land by two wooden bridores. The houses are chiefly built of stone, and it has 22 several churches and convents, some of whicn ar* elegant edifices. Its harbour will doubtless con- tribute towards its retaining a high rank among the cities and seaports of the new republic. Pop. in 1826, about 26,000. Cartmd, a town in Lancashire, Eng. It has a spacious old church, with a curious tower, being a square within a square, the upper part set diagonally within the lower. It is seated among the hills called Cartmel Fells, not far from the sea, 14 m. N. by W. of Lancaster, and 254 N. N. W. London. Pop. 371, and of the parish 4,923. Carura, or Caroor, a town of Hindoostan, in ♦ the province of Coimbetore, with a neat fort, in which is a large temple. Much suwar-cane is raised in the vicinity. It is seated on the Amara- wati, eight miles above its confluence with the Cavery, and 37 N. E. of Daraporam. Carver, p.t. Plymouth Co. Mass. 40 m. S. Boston. Pop. 976. This town furnishes much bog iron ore, and several furnaces are employed in manufacturing the metal. Carwar, a town of Hindoostan, in the province of Canara, and a British settlement. It is seated near the mouth of the Aliga, 50 m. S. S. E. of Goa. Long. 74. 14. E. lat. 14. 52. N. Casac, or Cazac, a country in the dominion of Persia, on the frontiers of Armenia, governed by princes of its own, nominally subject to Persia. The inhabitants are descended from the Cossacs, and represented as a rude and barbarous people. Casac or Cazac Lora, is the name of the capital. Casagiande. a town of New Mexico, in the north part of New Navarre. Here is an immense edifice, supposed to have been built by the ancient Mexicans for a fortress : it consists of three floors, with a terrace above them ; and the en- trance is at the second floor, so that a scaling-ladder was necessary. Long. 113. 23. W. lat. 33. 40. N. Casale, a town of Piedmont, lately the capital of Lower Montferrat, and a bishop's see. Its castle, citadel, and all its fortifications have been demol- ished. It is seated on the river Po, 37 m. N. E. of Turin. Pop. about 15,000. Casale Maggiore, a town of Italy, in the duchy of Milan, on the river Po, 20 m. E. S. E. of Cre- mona. Pop. about 4,900. Casale Kuova, a town of Naples, in Calabria Ulteriore. An earthquake happened here in 1783, by which upward of 4,000 inhabitants lost their lives. It stands near the sea, 11 m. N. by W. of Oppido. \* There are numerous other towns in differ- ent parts of Italy either named Carole, or to which it is perfixed. Casbin, or Caswin, a town of Persia, in Irac Agmei, where several of the kings of Persia have resided. Nadir Shah built a palace here, inclosed by a wall a mile and a half in circumference ; and the town is surrounded by another four miles in circuit. It carries on a great trade, and is sea- ted near the south shore of the Caspian Sea, in a sandy plain, 280 m. N. W. of Ispahan. Long. 50. 10. E. lat. 36. 8. N. Pop. estimated at 60,000. Cascaes, a town of Portugal, in Estremadura, at the mouth of the Tagus, on the north bank, near the rock, 17 m. west of Lisbon. Pop. 2,500. Casco Bay, a bay of the state ofMaine, between Cape Elizabeth and Cape Small Point, leading into the harbour of Portland. It is 25 m. wide, and interspersed with a great number of small islands. Long. 69. 30. W. lat. 43. 40. N. Caserta, a town of Naples, in Terra di Laror*. C::ia no CAS H"re .8 a magnilicent royal palace : and a grand modern aqueduct, which furnislies a great part of the city of Naples with water. Most of the build- ings were greatly damaged by an earthquake in 1303. It is 15 m. N. of Naples. Pop. about 16,000. Casey, an interior county of the state of Ken- tucky. Pop. 4,342. Liberty is the chief town. Cashan. See Kasan. Cashel, a borough of Ireland, capital of the county of Tipperary, and an archbishop's see. It had formerly a wall ; and part of two gates are still remaining. The old cathedral is supposed to have been the first stone edifice in Ireland. A synod was held here by Henry I. in 1158, by which the kingdom of Ireland was confirmed to him. The new cathedral is an elegant edifice ; it has several other public buildings, and barracks for in- ^ntrv. It is seated on the east bank of the Suir, 43 m. N". N. E. of Cork, and 77. S. S. W. of Dublia. Pop. in 1821, 5,974. Cashgur, or Little Bokharia, a country of Usbec Tartary, which commences on the north and north- east of Cashmere in llindoostan (from which it is separated by the Himmaleh mountains) and ex- tends to 41. N. lat. Great part of it is a sandy desert ; the other parts are populous and fertile. Here are mines of gold and silver, which the na- tives do not work, because they are employed wholly in feeding cattle. The musk-animals are found in this country. It likewise produces dia- monds and several other precious stones. Ireken is the capital. Cashgur, a city of Usbec Tartary, formerly the capital of the country of the same name. It has a good trade with the neighbouring countries, and stands at the foot of the Himmaleh Mountains, 11m. S of Ireken. Long. 73. 25. E. lat. 41. 30. N. Cashmere, a province of Hindoostan, subject to the king of Candahar, or sultan of the Afghans, bounded on the west by the Indus, north by Mount Himmaleh, and east and south by Lahore. It is an elevated valley, 90 m. long and •")0 broad, lying between the 34th and 35th deg. of N. lat. and 73. to 76. of E. long, surrounded by steep mountains, which tower above the regions of snow. The pe- riodical rains, which almost deluge the rest of In- dia, are shut out of Cashmere by the height of the mountains, so that only light showers fall here : but these are sufficiently abundant to feed some hundreds of cascades, which are precipitated into the valley. The soil is the richest that can be conceived, and its productions those of the tem- perate zone. Numerous streams, from all quar- ters of the valley, bring their tribute to the Che- lum, a large navigable river, running from east to west, falling into the Indus. It contains several small lakes, some of which contain floating islands. But the country is subject to eartliquakes ; and to guard acrainst their most terrible effects, all the houses are built of wood. Among other curious manufactures of Cashmere is that of shawls ; and the delicate wool of which the finest are made is the product of a species of goat of this country, or of the adjoining Thibet. Here are bred a spe- cies of sheep, called Hundoo, which are employed in carry'no- burdens. The Cashmereans are stout and well made, but their features often coarse and broad : even the women are -^ \ deep brown complexion ; but they are gay and lively, and fond of parties of pleasure on their beautiful lakes. They have a language of their own, said to be an interior to that of the Sanscrit ; and a reli- ?ion too, it is thought, different fr"i i that of the Ilndoos. The superstition of the mhabitants has multiplied the places of worship of Mahadoe Beschan, and Brama. All Cashmere is holy land, and miraculous fountains abound. In addition to their shawls, in the manufacture of which about 16,000 looms are supposed to be employed, saffron, otto of roses, and some drugs, form the chief arti- cles of commerce. Cashmere, or Serinaghur, a city of Hindoostan, capital of the province or valley of Cashmere. Here are many fountains, reservoirs, and temples. The streets are narrow and dirty. The houses, many of them two and three stories high, are slightly built of brick and mortar, with a large in- termixture of timber ; and on the roof is laid a covering of fine earth, which is planted with a va- riety of flowers. This city is without walls, and seated on both sides of the Chelum, 285 m. E. by S. of Cabul. Long. 73. 11. E. lat. 33. 49. N. Cashna. See Cassina. Cashville, p.v. Spartanburg Dis. S. C. 110 m. N. Columbia. Caspe, a town of Spain, in Arragon, where Fer- dinand IV. was elected king of Arragon. It stands at the confluence of the Guadalupe and Ebro, 35 m. S. of Balbastro, and 44 S. E. of Saragossa. Caspian Sea, a large inland sea of Western Asia, bounded on the south by the Persian prov- ince of Mazandran, in the lat. of 36. 40. and north by the Russian government of Astracan, in the lat. of 46. 50., thus being about 700 m. in length from south to north ; its eastern and western boundaries are very irregular, extending from the long, of 46. 30. to 57., whilst the mean breadth does not exceed 260 miles, The eastern coast is indented by several bays, the more prominent of which are Calkan, in the lat. of 39., Alexander, in 43., and Mertvoi, or Koultjouk, in 45. N. The Persian province of Khorassan exterids along the east coast to the Bay of Balkan, and further north the east coast is occupied by the Turcomans, Kirgees, and other Tartar tribes; and the west coast by the governments of Ghilan, Baku, Dc-- bent, and the Caucasus. Numerous rivers flow into this sea from all points, the most important of which are the Oural, the Volga, and the former at its north extremity and the latter at the N. W. It contains several islands near both the eastern and western coasts, and the depth is very irregu- lar, being in some places unfathomable with a hue of 450 fathoms, whilst in other places the naviga- ^ tion is diflicult with vessels drawing only 10 feet of water ; the water is as salt as that of the ocean, with a bitter taste, which taste is ascribed to the prevalence of the naphtha on the western coast. (See Baku.) Its waters have no visible outlet, their equilibrium must therefore be maintained either by subterraneous channels, or by evapora- tion. Salmon, sturgeon, and other fish abound in all parts of this sea, and seals are extremely nu- merous. Of birds properly aquatic, it contains the grebe, the crested diver- the pelican, the cor- morant, and several species o/luII, while geese, ducks, storks, herons, crows, &o., frequent the shores. The Russiana are tl. < nly people who derive much benefit from this great natural basin, althouo-h so well calculated to facilitate an exten- sive and reciprocal intercour4e between all its surrounding nations ; and were a communication to be effected with the Black Sea, by means of ca- nals, Europe at large might participate in the ad vantages of an extended intercourse. Cassandria, a town of Holland, on the S. W. side of the island of Cadsand, at the mouth of the Zwin, three miles north of S' - s CAS 171 CAS ' Cassano, a town of Italy, in the Milanese, with a castle. Here prince Eugene, in 1705, was check- ed, attempting to force the passage of the Adda ; and in 1799 the French were defeated by the Aus- trians. It is seated on the Adda, 15 m. N. E. of Milan. Cassano. a town of Naples, in Calabria Cite- riore, 24 m. N. W. of Rossano, and 50 E. S. E. of Policastro. Cassay, or Meekleij, a country of Asia, bound- ed on the west by Bengal, north by Assam, east and S. E. by Birmah, and S. W. by Aracan. The inhabitants are called Mugguloos, a tribe of rude mountaineers little known. It is now subject to the Birmans. Munnypour is the capital. Cassel, a city of Germany, capital of Lower Hesse, and seat of the court and government of the electorate of Hesse. It is divided into the Old Town, Lower New Town, and Upper New Town ; the former towns are chiefly built in the ancient style, but the last is very regular and handsome The inhabitants are estimated at 25,000, and they have manufactures of linen, cloth, hats, procelam, &c. Here is a college, founded by the landgrave in 1709. The castle, or palace, the gardens, the arse- nal, the foundery, and the cabinet of curiosities, de- serve the attention of travellers. It was taken by the French in 1760 and restored at the peace in 17G3. It is seated on the Fulda, 40 m. S. E. of Paderborn. Long. 9. 25. E. lat. 51. 19. N. Cassel, a strong town in Germany, situate on \ the Rhine, opposite Mentz, with which it has a communication by a bridge of boats. It was ta- ken by the French in 1792, and retaken by the Prussians in 1793. Cassel, a town of France, in the department of Nord, with a fortified castle. Its stands on a moun- tain, rising like a sugar loaf, from the centre of a vast plain, whence may be seen 32 towns, and the German Ocean, though 50 miles distant. It is 10 m. N. E. of St. Omer, on the road from Lisle to Dunkirk. Pop. about 3,000. Casselle, a populous town of Piedmont, about six miles north of Turin, having a variety of man- ufactures ; number of inhabitants, about 9,000. Cassimi, or K«s/i7ia, an extensive empire, in the interior of North Africa, to the west of Bornou. It resembles Bornou in climate, soil, and natural productions, and in the colour, genius, religion, and government of the people. It is bounded on the south, by a large river flowing to the eastward, the celebrated Niger. Cassina, or Kashna, the capital of the empire of the same name. The chief trade is in senna, gold dust, slaves, cotton cloths, goat skins, ox ' and buffalo hides, and civet. It is 750 m. W. S. W. of Bornou, and about the same distance east of Tombuctoo and N. by E. of Old Calabar, tin. the coast of Guinea. Long. 11. 35. E. lat. 15. 40. N. Cassis, a town of France in the department of Mouths of the Rhone, with a small port on the Mediterranean, 9 m. S. S. E. of Marseilles. Pop. 2,3U0. Cassovia, oT Kaschau, a. strong town of Upper Hungary, with a fine arsenal, seated near the riv- ert Herat, 85 m. E. by N. of Schemnitz. Long. 20. 55. E. lat. 48. 40. N. Pop. about 8,000. Castagnol, a town of Piedmont, on the river Po, 8 m. south of Turin. Castamena or Castomoni, a town of Asiatic Tur- key, in Natolia, formerly a large city, but now much reduced in siz« and magnificence. I* is 240 miies cast of Constantinople. Long. 34. 22 E. Ixt. 41. 32. N. Castanowitz. See Costainitzo. CaMel a Mare, a town'of Naples in Principato Ci- teriore, where the ships of the royal navy are built. It stand on the site of the ancient Stabia, at the foot of a woody mountain, on the Bay of Naples 15 m. S. E. of Naples. Cartel a Mare, a town -of Sicily, in Val di Maz- ara, on a bay on the north coast, 30 m. W. by S of Palermo. Castei Arragoncsc, a fortified seaport of Sardin- ia, and a bishop's see. It was the first place ta- ken in this island, at the end of the thirteenth century, by the Arragonese, whence its name; but in 1767, the king ordered it to be called Castei Sardo. It stands on the north coast, 20 m. N. E of Sassari. Long. 9. 1. E. lat. 40. 56. N. Castei Baldo, a town of Italy, in the Paduan, on the river Adige, 30 m. S. W. of Padua. Casld Branco, a strong town of Portugal, in the S. E. part of Beira, with a castle and two churches. In 1762, it was taken by the Span- iards. It is situate between the rivers Vereza and Poncul, about 15 m. above their entrance into the Tagus, 62 m. S. E. of Coimbra. Long. 7. 22. W. lat. 39. 52. N. Castei de Vide, a town of Portugal, in Alemtejo 8 m. N. E. of Portalegre. Pop. about 6,000. Castei Follit, a town of Spain, in Catalonia, on an eminence near the river Fulvia, 15 ra. west of Geiona. Cartel Franco, a town of Italy, in Trevisano, 12 miles west of Treviso. Castei Gondolfo, a town of Italy, in Campagna di Roma, near the lake Albano. Near this place is the villa Barbarini, where are the ruins of an immense palace, built by the emperor Domitian. It is 10 m. S. by E. of Rome. Castei Jaloux, a town of France, in the depart- ment of Lot and Garonne, with a considerable trade in wine, honey, and cattle ; seated on the Avance, 20 m. E. by south of Bazas, and 32 W. by N. ofAgen. Castei Leone, a town of Italy, in the Cremonese, 18 m. north of Placenza. Pop. about 8,000. Castei JVuovo, a town of Dalmatia, on the gulf of Cattaro,12 m.N.by W.of Cattaro. Pop.about 2,000. Castei, or Castro JVuova, a town of Sicily, in Val di Mazara, seated on a hill, 18 m. S. S. W. of Termina. Cartel JVuovo di Carfagnana, a town of Italy in the Modense, with a strong fort; seated in the valley of Carfagnana, on the river Serchio, 18 m. N. of Lucca, and 37 S. S. W. of Modena. Castei Rodrigo, a town of Portugal, in Beira, 11 m. N. of Pinhel. Castei Rosso, an island in the Mediterranean, near the coast of Caramania, 90 m. E. of Rhodes. It is two miles long, and has a secure road and harbour. Long. 29. 21. E. lat. 36. 7. N. Castei Sarasin, a town of France, in the depart- ment of Upper Garonne, 30 m. W. N. W. of Toulouse. Pop. about 5,000. Castei Vetere, a town of Naples, in Calabria Ulteriore, 33 m. S. of Squillace. Castei Vetrano, a town of Sicily, in Val di Mazara. Here is a palace, in which is a consid- erable collection of old armour. It is eight miles E. by N. of Mazara. *^ Castei is prefixed to the names of se^ eral otJier towns in the several Italian states. Casteiaun, a town of Germany, in the cou? *' Spanheim, 23 m. S. S. W. of Coblentz. C!AS 178 CAS Castellane, a town of France, in the depart- ment of Lower Alps. Near it is a salt spring, from which the water issues in such abundance as to turn a mill at the very source. It is seated on the Verdon, in a hilly country, 20 m. S. E. of Digne. Pop. about 2,000. Castellazo, a town of Piedmont, 7 m. S. of Alessandria. Pop. about 4,700. Castellanetla, a town of Naples, in Terra d'Ot- ranto, J9 m. W. N. W. of Taranto. Castellara, a town of Italy, in the Mantuan, 6 m. N. E. of Mantua. Castellon de jimpurias, a town of Spain, in Cat- alonia, at the mouth of a river in the Gulf of Rosas, 8 m. W. by S. of Rosas. Castellon de la Plana, a town of Spain, in Va- lencia, 28 m. S. S. W. of the city of Valencia. It contains many vestiges of ancient grandeur, and is still populous, having upwards of 10,000 inhabitants. Castelnaudary, a town of France, in the depart- ment of Aude, on an eminence, at the foot of which is the grand basin of the Canal Royal. It is 15 miles west of Carcassonne. Pop. about .8,000. Caster, a town of Germany, in the duchy of Juliers, seated on the river Erst, 9 m. E. of Juliers. Castigleno, a town of Tuscany, in the Sien- nese, on a lake of the same name, which commu- nicates with the sea, and produces much salt. It is 12 m. S. by E. of Massa. Castiglione, a fortified town of Italy, in the Mantuan, with a castle. It was taken by the Austrians, in 1701 ; and the French defeated them near it, in 1706, and again in 1796. It is 20 m. N. W. of Mantua. Pop. about 4,000. Casri/c, the principal and most opulent of the kingdoms into which Spain was formerly divided. It now forms the two provinces of Old and New Castile ; the former having been recovered from the Moors some time before the latter. Castile, Old, a province of Spain, bounded on the north by Asturias, and Biscay, east by Na- varre and Arragon, south by New Castile, and west by Leon, being in extreme length from north to south about 240 miles, and 100 in mean breadth. It is subdivided into four inferior provinces, after the name of the four chief towns. The superficies and population of each province, in 1810, were as follows : viz. Sq. leag. Inhab. Burgos - - N. 642 470,588 Soria - - - E. 341 198,107 Segovia- - S. 290 164,007 Avilla - S. W. 215 118,061 Cuenca - - Toledo - S. La Mancha - E. 945 W. 734 S. 631 294 ,29'J 370,641 205,548 Old Castile - - 1488 950,763 The Ebro rises on the north part of Burgos, and forms the boundary of Old Castile, on the side of Biscay and Navarre. Several streams fall into the Ebro, but the waters of Old Castile run chief- ly to the westward, into the Douro. The chief productions of this part of Spain is wood, of which commodity about 6,000,000 lbs. are annually ex- ported to England. King-craft and priestcraft preclude all social exertion in this as well as every other part of Spain. Castile, JVeic, lies to the south of the preceding province, and is divided into five inferior provinces as follows : viz. Sq. leag. Inhab. Guadalaxara N. 163 121,115 Madrid - N. W. 110 228,528 New Castile - - 2583 1,220,114 The Tagus, Guadiana, and Xucar, all aflTord tr> New Castile the advantage of a facility of inter- course, which, to a social community, would be highly appreciated, but to a besotted and priest- ridden people they are of no avail. See each of the inferior provinces. Castillon, a town of France, in the department of Gironde, seated on the Dordogne, 25 m. E. f»f Bordeaux. Pop. 2,600. Castine, a seaport of the state of Maine, chief town of Hancock county, situate on Penobscot Bay, 65 m. W. S. W. of Machias. It has an ex- cellent harbour and commands the entrance to the Penobscot. Pop. 1,155. It was taken by the British in 1814, but restored at the peace in 1815. Long. 69. 0. W. lat. 44. 26. N. Castle Cary, a town in Somersetshire, Eng. 12 m. S. E. of Wells, and.113 W. by S. of London. Pop. 1,627. Castle Rising, a borough in Norfolk, Eng. The Market is now disused, its harbour choked up, and the castle, whence it has its name, is in ruins. It, however, returns two members to parliament. Pop. 343. It is seven miles N. E. of Lynn, and 103 N. N. E. of London. *■,* There are 24 other towns and villages in England to the names of which Castle is pre- fixed. Castlehar, a parish and town in the county of Mayo, Ireland. The parish, exclusive of the town in 1821 contained a population of 4,109, and the town 5,404, a considerable portion of whom are employed in the linen manufacture. The town is also the seat of assize, and a chief place in the county, having a spacious church, a handsome court-house, gaol, and cavalry barracks. It is situate at the east end of a small lake, 11 m. E. by N. of West-port and 113 W. by N. of Dublin. *^* There are about 20 other parishes, towns, and villages, in different parts of Ireland, to the names of which Castle is prefixed, but none of any particular importance. Castleton, a village on the peak of Derbyshire, five miles north of Tideswell, Eng. It is situate at the foot of a rock, above 250 feet high, on which are the remains of a castle, ascribed to William Peverel, natural son of the conqueror. Three of the seven wonders of the peak are in its neighbourhood ; the Devil's Cave, Mam Tor, and Elden hole. The first is in a cavern in the rock above mentioned, whose arched entrance is 42 feet high and 120 wide. It becomes narrower as it proceeds, and ths roof descends to within two feet of the surface of a brook ; this being passed over, another large cavern succeeds, with several high openings in the roof. It descends again to a second brook ; after which is a third cavern, called Roger Rain's House, because of the per- petual dropping : the length of the whole 'm north to south, and 30 in mean breadth ; it is n- tersected by the Washita and several other riv^-TS and lakes. Pop. 2,576. A town of the sane name, on the west bank of the Washita, is 260 f» p 2 CAT 174 CAT N. W. of New Orleans, by the course of the Mis- eissippi, and about 160 in a meridional line. Catalonia, a province of Spain, lying along the shore of the Mediterranean, in a N. N. E. direc- tion from the lat. of 40. 30. to 42. 30. N. separated from France on the north by the Pyrenees, and bounded on the west by Arrtigon, being in the shape of a right angled triangle, of which the Pyrenees are the base, and the seacoast the hy- pothenuse. It contains 1,003 square leagues, and in 1810, a population of 858,818. Barcelona is the chief town ; the other towns of note being Torto- sa, Lerida, Tarragona, Manresa, Gerona, and Rosas. The river Ebro intersects the south end of the province, and the united streams of the Pallaresa and Segre run from the Pyrenees into the Ebro near the frontier of Arragon. The Lobre- gat, Ter, and several other streams of minor note, fall into the Mediterranean. The Catalonians are the bravest, and least bigoted, and the most active and enterprising of the Spanish people ; but the subduing tendency of tlie national policy of Spain precludes all advance towards social improve- ment. The chief surplus products of the soil of Catalonia are cork, nuts and brandy ; woolens, hardwares, and cutlery, are manufactured for dis- tribution over the other parts of Spain, and par- tially for exportation. Catamandoo, a city, and capital of Nepaul, con- taining about 50,000 inhabitants, 200 m. due north of Patna. See Nepaul. Catanduanes , one of the Philippine Islands, lying off the S. E. coast of Luzon; it is about 30 m. in extent from north to south, and 20 in breadth ; the inhabitants are much employed in building of boats for the neighbouring islanders. Catania, a celebrated city on the east coast of Sicily ; it is a place of great antiquity, but has suf- fered greatly, as well by the eruptions of Mount iEtna, as by earthquakes ; it was nearly over- whelmed with lava from the former, in 1669, and in 1693 an earthquake destroyed a great portion of the city, and buried 18,000 persons in its ruins ; it appears, however, to have risen from each suc- ceeding disaster with increasing splendour, and in 1825 ranked among the finest cities in Europe. It is the see of a bishop, and seat of the only uni- versity in Sicily. The principal square, formed by the cathedral, college, and town-hall, is very grand ; it has about 30 convents and 50 churches, some of them fine edifices, a museum of natural history and antiquities, the remains of a Roman •amphitheatre, and other vestiges of ancient splen- dour, render it a place of peculiar interest to an intelligent and enquiring traveller. It is situate at the foot of Mount .Stna, on the south side, 35 m. N. of Syracuse, in the lat. of 37. 26. N. and 15. 15. of E. long. Pop. about 50,000. Catanzaro, a city of Naples, capital of Calabria Ulteriore, and the see of a bishop. The chief manufacture is silks of various kinds, and these, with corn and oil, are the principal articles of trade. It is seated on a mountain, near the gulf of Squillace, 42 m. S. E. of Cosenza. Long. 15. 48. E. lat. 39. 0. N. Cataicissa, or Hugheshurg, a town of Pennsyl- vania, in Northumberland county, situate at the mouth of the Catawissa Creek, on the east branch of the Susquehannah, 25 m. E. N. E. of Sunbury, and 100 N. W if Philadelphia. Catharinburg, a town of Russia, capital of a province of the same name, in the government of Perm. The chief gold mines of Siberia are in its vicinity, and above 100 founderies, chiefly for cop- per and iron. It is seated at the foot of the UraJ Mountains, on the east side, near the sourcf of the Iset,'310 m. W. S. W. of Tobolsk. Long HI. 25. E. lat. 56. 45. N. Catharine, p.t. Tioga Co. N. Y. 210 m. W. Al bany. Pop. 2,064, Catharinenslaf, a government of the Russian empire, divided into two provinces, namely, Catlt rinenslaf, which includes New Russia ; and the late government of Asoph, and Taurida, which includes the Crimea. Catharinenslaf, a town of Russia, capital of a government of the same name. It was built by the late empress Catharine, and is seated near the confluence of the Kiltzin and Samara, with the Dnieper, 178 m. N. E. of Cherson. Long. 35. 15. £. lat. 47. 23. N. Catherine, St. the principal island on the coast of the south partjof Brasil, with a harbour defen- ded by several forts. It is 27 miles long, but not more than 6 broad, but exceedingly fertile,; it forms a separate government of the Brazilian em- pire. Pop. about 30,000. There is a town of the same name, the chief place on the island. Long. 49. 17. W. lat. 27. 35. S. Cato, p.t. Cayuga Co. N. Y. 179 m. W. Albany. Pop. 1,781. Catoche, Eape, the N. E. promontory of Yuca- tan, where the English adventurers from Jamaica first attempted to cut logwood. Long. 87. 30. W. lat. 21.25. N. Catrine, a village of Scotland, 14 miles east of Ayre, on the river Ayr. Here is a flourishing cotton manufacture. Catskill, p.t. Green Co. New York, situate on the west bank of the Hudson River, nearly oppo- site to the town of Hudson, and 31 m. S. of Alba- ny. Pop. 4,861. Catskill Mountains, a branch of the Shawan- gunk ridge, being a detached portion of the great Apalachian chain of mountains ; forking oft" from the ridge toward the north near the Hudson, and afterwards making a bend towards the west. The general height of these mountains is about 3,000 feet, and they abound with the most beautiful scenery. The quarter most visited by travellers is at the eastern extremity of the ridge, where on a spot called the Pine Orchard, 2,274 feet above the waters of the Hudson, has lately been erected an elegant hotel called the Catskill Mountain House. Few places of fashionable resort present stron- ger attriictions to the tourist than this spot. A few years ago this delightful retreat was almost un- known and rarely visited, but by the hardy hunter in pursuit of the deer, the bear, and the wolf, who had hitherto maintained undisturbed possession of its cliffs and caverns. At length the tale of the extent and beauty of the prospect and the grand- eur of the scenery, drew the attention of individ- uals of taste, and the glowing descriptions they gave, effectually roused the attention of the pub lie. Each successive season the number of visit- ers increased till the temporary buildings, at first erected for their accommodation, gave place to a splendid Hotel, 140 feet in length and four stories high. This establishment was erected by the Mountain Association, at an expense of about $22,000. It occupies the Eastern verge of a table of rock some six acres in extent. An excellent line of stages is established to this place from Catskill, a distance of twelve miles. The ride to the foot of the mountam is not particularly inter- esting — but as you ascend, every moment devel opes something magnificent and new. The sides CAT 175 of the mountain, steep and seemingly inaccessible, tower far above you, clothed in tlie rich, deep foliage peculiar to such regions ; while below your path a clear stream runs, one moment bubbling 1 over its rocky bed, and the next leaping down in cascades to the valley. The road is extremely circuitous, and so completely hemmed in by the luxuriant growth of forest trees that the traveller is for a long time unable to judge of his progress in the ascent by any view of the country he has left. At an abrupt angle of the road, however, he oDtains at once a full view of the Mountain House — perched like the eyrie of an eagle among the clouds — or rather like the enchanted castle in a fairy tale ; seemingly inaccessible to mortal foot, still it reminds him of such terrestrial comforts as are sure to be acceptable after exercise in the pure air of the mountains. Another turn and it again disappears, and the traveller next finds himself on the level rock of the Pine Orchard, and approach- ing the Hotel from the rear. A moment more and he is on the edge of the precipice in front of the noble building. From this lofty eminence all inequalities of surface are nver-looked. A seem- ingly endless succession of woods and waters — farms and villages, towns and cities, are spread out as upon a boundless map. Far beyond rise the Tagkannuc Mountains, and the highlands of Connecticut and Massachusetts. To the left, and at a still greater distance, the Green Mountains of Vermont stretch away to the north, and their blue summits and the blue sky mingle together. The beautiful Hudson, studded with islands, ap- pears narrowed in the distance, with steam-boats almost constantly in sight ; while vessels of every description, spreading their white canvass to the breeze, are moving rapidly over its surface, or idly loitering in the calm. These may be traced to tlie distance of nearly seventy miles with the naked eye ; and again at times all below is en- veloped in dark cloud and rolling mist, which, driven about by the wind, is continually assuming new, wild, and fantastic forms. From the Pine Orchard a ride or walk of a mile or two brings you to the Kauterskill Falls. Here the outlet of two small lakes, leaps down a perpen- dicular fill of 180 feet — then glides away through a channel worn in the rock to a second fall of 80 feet. Below this it is lost in the dark ravine through which it finds its way to the valley of the Catskill. The waterfall, bold as it is, forms how- ever, but one of the many interesting features of this scene. Standing on the edge of the first fall, you look down into a dreary chasm whose steep sides, covered with the dark ivy and the thick foliage of summer, seem like a green bed prepar- ed for the reception of the waters. Making a circuit from this spot, and descending about mid- way of the first fall, you enter a footpath which conducts into an immense natural amphitheatre behind the waterfall. The effect of this scene is imposing beyond description. Far over your head projects a smooth surface of rock, forming a mag- nificent ceiling to this amphitheatre. In front is the ever-falling water, and beyond, the wild mountain dell with the clear blue sky above. Cattaraugus, a county toward the west extrem- ity of the state of New York, bordering on Penn- sylvania ; it is a square of about 35 miles each way. The Alleghany River, falling into the Ohio, is, however, navigable for more than 30 miles within this county, which will doubtless tend to excite industry, and thereby increase its population ; it is bounded on the north bv Catta- t:AU raugus River, or creek, which falls into the east end of I^ake Erie. Pop. 16,726. EUioitsville is the chief town. Cattaro, a town of Dalmatia, with a castle, seat- ed oij a gulf of its name, in the Adriatic, which forms two extensive and secure harbours. The town is built at the extremity of the inner basin, surrounded by rocks, and strongly fortified. It is 24 m. S. of Scutari. Long. 19? 15. E. lat. 42. 12. N. Cattegat, a gulf of the German Ocean, between Sweden and Jutland, extending for about 120 m. from north to south, and 70 from E. to W., through which the Baltic Sea is entered by three straits, called the Sound, the Great Belt, and the Little Belt. Cattaio, a town of Italy, in the Paduan, 5 m. S of Padua. Calterick, a village in West Yorkshire, Eng, near Richmond. It has a bridge over the river Swale, and a Roman highway crossed the river here, on the banks of which are the foundations of great walls, and a mount cast up to a vast height. Catwyck, a village of South Holland, on the German Ocean, near which the river Rhine is lost in the sands. It is six miles north by west of Leyden. Catzenellenhos-en, or Kutzenellenbogen, a town and castle of Germany, in the circle of Upper Rhine, which gives name to a county. The town has an iron mine near it, and is 10 m N. E. of St. Goar. Caub, a town of Germany, with a citadel ; seat- ed on the Rhine, 2 m. N. by E. of Bacharach. Cauca, a river of Colombia, rising near Popa- yan, in the lat. of 3. N. running north through the valley of Popayan, between the 2d and 3d ridges of the Andes, falling into the Magdalena about 120 m. above the entrance of that river into the Caribbean Sea in the lat. of 11. N. Caucasia, a government of Asiatic Russia, di- vided into the two provinces of Astracan and Caucasia. The province of Caucasia comprises the Cuban, and all that aistrict to the east and south, now in the possession of Russia, between the rivers Don and Cuban, and between the Black Sea and the Caspian, extending as far as the confines of Georgia. Caucasus, a chain of mountains extending from the mouth of the Cuban, in the Black Sea, to the mouth of the Kur, in the Caspian. Their tops are always covered with snow : and the lower paits abound in honey, corn, wine, fruits, gum, hogs, and horned cattle. The Caucasian moun» tains are inhabited by seven distinct nations, each speaking a different language : namely, the Tur- comans, the Abkahs, the Circassians, the Ossi, the Kisti,the Lesgius, and the Georgians. Caudebec, a town of France, in the department of Lower Seine, 18 m. W. by N. of Rouen. Pop. about 3,000. Caudette, a town of Spain on the frontiers of Murcia and Valencia, about 50 m. W. of Denia. Pop. about 6,000. Caudhully, a town of Hindoostan, in the prov- ince of Coimbetore. It is the first place of any note above the Ghauts, and a principal thorough- fare between the country below and that above those mountains. The inhabitants are chiefly traders. It is 60 m. S. E. of Seringapatam. Caughnaicaga, p. v. Montgomery county. New York, situated south the river Mohawk, 42 m. 2^ W. Albanv. C.'IAW 176 CEC Cauglinary, a town of Hindoostan, in Bengal, fying Itetween the Ganges and Burrampooter, 30 n N. W. of Dacca, and 146 N. E. of Calcutta. Caulabaugh, a town of the Afghan territory, on the west bank of the Indus, 110 m. N. of Moul- tan. Caune,, a town of France, in the department of Tarn, 20 m. E. N. E. of Castres. Pop. 2,500. Cauteres, a village of France, in the department of Upper Pyrenees, at the foot of the mountains, noted for its mineral water, 18 m. S. W. of Bag- neres. Cmivery, or Cavvery, a considerable river of Hindoostan, which rises amongthe western Ghauts, flows by Seringapatam, Bhawanikudal,and Tritch- inopoly, and enters the bay of Bengal, by a wide delta of mouths, which embraces the province of Tanjore, in the lat. of 11. N. Cava, a town of Naples, in Principato Citeriore, »t the foot of Mount Matelian, 3 m. W. of Salerno. Cavaillon, a town of France, in the department of Vaucluse ; seated on the Durance, 20 m. S. E. of Avignon. Pop. about 7,000. Ca.valeri, an island in the Archipelago, between the S. W. point of the island of Negropont and the continent of Greece. Long. 24. 17. E. lat. 38. '/. N. Cavalla, a town of European Turkey, on the coast of Ruiuelia, about 90 m. E. of Salonica. hop. about 3,000. Caver ijpatam,a.town of Hindoof,tan, in the Car- natic, seated on the Panaur, 80 m. W. S. W. of Arcot. There is anotlier town of the same name at one of the mouths of the Cxvery River, a few miles north of Tranquebar. Cavargere, a town of the Venetian territory, on the south bank of the Adige, near its entrance into the Gulf of Venice. Cavan, an interior county of Ireland, in the south part of the province of Ulster. It has sev- eral lakes ; two on the south side discharge their waters eastward by the Blackwater River into the Boyne, and others westward into Donegal Bay tlirough Lough Earn, which jets upon the north- ern boundary of the county. The Lagan River, which falls into Dundalk Bay, also intersects its Btjuth-east part ; it partakes but partially of the linen manufacture. The chief town, of the same name, is situate in the centre of the county, 30 miles due west of Dundalk, the same distance S. S. E. of Armagh, and 54 N. N. W. of Dublin. As the seat of assize for the county, it has a court- house, jail, and that indispensible appendage to an Irish town, a barrack. The population in 1821 amounted to only 2,322. There is no other town «i) the county containing even that number. See Irdand.- Cavendish, p.t. Windsor Co.Vt. on Black River. Pop. 1,498. Caviana, an island of South America, at the mouth of the river Amazon, 90 miles in circum- ference, and of a triangular form, with its base to the ocean. It lies under the equinoctial line, in long. 50. 20. W. Cavite, a seaport on the west coast of the is- land of Luconia. See Manilla. Cavor, a town of Piedmont, in the province of Pignerol. 8 m. S by E. of the town of Pignerol. Pop. about 7,00^ Catorvpour. a town of Hindoostan, on the wes- tern bank of the middle branch of the Ganges, 50 m. W. by S. of Lucknow. Cawood, a village in E. Yorkshire, Eng. on the river Ouse, 12 miles south of Tork. Here are the ruins of a very ancient castle, a manufacture for hop-bagging, and a good ferry over the river. Pop. 1,127. Caxamarca, a town of Peru, capital of a territo- ly of its name, in the province of Truxillo. Here the Spanish general, Pizarro, in 1532, prefidious- ly seized the Inca, Atahualpa, and the next year, after a mock trial, caused him to be publicly exe- cuted. It is 70 m. N. E. of the city of Truxillo. Long. 78. 20. W. lat. 7. S. Caxamarquilla, another considerable city of Peru, also in the province of Truxillo, about 40 m. S. S. E. of Caxamarca. Caxtamho, another city of Peru, in the pro- vince of Tarma, about 200 m. S. by E. of Cax- amarquilla, and 140 N. by E. of Lima. Caxton, a town in Cambridgeshire, Eng. 10 m. W. by S. of Cajnbridge, and 49 N. of London. It was the birthplace of Caxton, who introduced the art of printing into England ; and also of Matthew Paris, the historian. Pop. about 400. Cayamba, a town of Peru, in the province of Quito, 30 m. N. E. of Quito. Cayenne, a rich town and island on the coast of Guiana, capital of the French settlements there, bounded on the west by the Dutch colony of Surinam. The island is about .50 miles in circum- ference, separated from the continent by a very narrow channel. The surface is low and marsh}', and covered with forests. Cayenne pepper, su- gar, coffee, cloves, and the singularly elastic gum Ctalled caoutchouc, are the principal commodi- ties. The French settled here in 1625, but left it in 1654, and it was successively in the possession of the English, French, and Dutch ; but the latter were expelled by the French in 1677. It surren- dered to the English in 1809, but was restored to Fi-ance at the peace of 1814. Long. 52. 15." W. lat. 4. 56. N See Guiana, Cayte, a town of Brazil, in the government of Para, near the mouth of the Cateypera, 15 miles N. E. of Para. Long. 46. 12. VV'. lat. 0. 56. S. Cayuga, a county of the state of New York, the nortn end of which borders on Lake Ontario, extending south about 50 miles, .and being about ten miles in mean breadth, it contains about .500 square miles. Pop. 47,947. Auburn is the chief town. Cayuga Lake, bounds the west side of the above county for about 25 miles, extending about 10 miles further south into Tompkins county. It is three to four miles wide, and discharges its waters at the north end through Seneca River into Lake Ontario, from which the north end of Cayuga Lake is distant about 25 miles. The Erie canal runs past, near the north end of Cayuga. There is a town of the same name on the east bank, five miles west of Auburn. Cayuta, p.t. Tioga Co. New York, 173 m. W. Albany. Pop. 642. Cazauborn, a town of France, department of Gers, on the banks of the Adour, 80 m. N. N. E. of Bayonne. Cazenovia, the chief town of Madison county, state of New York, situate on the bank of a small lake, a few miles south of the line of the Erie canal, 130 m. W. by N. of Albany. Pop. 4,344. Cazeres, a town of France, in the department of Upper Garonne, about 35 m. S. W. of Tou- louse. Cecil, a county of the state of Maryland, at the head of Chesapeak Bay, being about 25 CEL 177 CEL miles from north to south, and 15 in mean breadth, forming the north-east extemity of the state ; bounded on the east by Newcastle county, Delaware, and west by the Susquehan- na River. Pop. 15,432. Elkton, is the chief town. Cecil, t. Washington Co. Pa Cazhnir, a town of Little Poland, in the pala- tinate of Lublin, seated on the Vistula, 80 m. E. of Zarnaw. Long. 22. 3. E. lat. 51. 0. N. Cedar Creek, a water of James River, in Vir- ginia, in the county of Rockbridge ; remarkable for its natural bridge, justly regarded as one of the most magnificent natural curiosities in the world. It is a huge rock, in the form of an arch, 90 feet long, 60 wide, and from 40 to 60 deep, lying over the river more than 200 feet above tlie surface of the water, supported by abutments as light and graceful as though the/ had been the work of Corinthian art. This bridge gives name to the county, and affords a commodious paosage over a valley ,wliich cannot be crossed elsewhere for a considerable distance. It is about 100 m. W. of Richmond, and 160 S. S. W. of Washing- ton city. Cedar Faint, a seaport of Maryland, in Charles county. Tlie exports are chiefly tobacco and maize. It is seated on the Potomac, 12 miles be- low Port Tobacco, and 40 south by east of Wash- ington. Cedogna, a town of Naples, in Principato Ulte- riore, at the foot of the Apennines, 20 m. N. N. Vt. ofConza. Cefalonia, or Cephalonia. the most considerabls of the Ionian Isles, in the Mediterranean, on tha coast of Greece, opposite the gulf of Lepanto It is 40 miles long, and from 10 to 20 broad, fer- tile in oil and muscadine wine. The capital is of the same name, on the south-east coast. Long. 20. 56. E. lat. 38. 12. N. Cefalu, a seaport of Sicily, in Val di Demona, and a bishop's see, with a castle ; seated on a promontory, 40 m. E. by S. of Palermo. Long. 13. 5d. E. lat. 38. 15. N. Pop. about 5,500. Celano, a town of Naples, in Abruzzo Ulteriore, near a lake of the same name, 30 miles in circum- ference. It is 15 m. S. of Aquila. Celaya, or Silao, a town of Mexico, situate on a spacious plain 6,000 feet above the level of tiie sea, a few miles N.N.W. of tlie city of Guana.xuato. Celhridge, a town of Irelani, in the county of Kildare, 10 miles W. of DubUn. Fop. in 1820, 1,2G0. Celebes, or Macassar, a very irregular and sin- gularly shaped island in the Eastern Sea, lying be- tween Borneo anJ the iVioluccas. I'lie centre of tlie island is inte.'jecled by tiie line of 120. of E. long, and 2. of S. lat. From tliis centre four tongues of territory project, terminating as fol- lows viz. Lat. Long. 1st, at Bontham, 5. 34. S. 120. 32. E. 2d, at Cape Lessen, 4. .54. S. 121. 28. E. 3d, at Cape Talabo, 0. 48. S. 123. 57. E. 4th, at Cape Rivers, 1. 15. N. 120. 34. E. 5th, from Cape Rivers another tongue projects eastward, in nearly a straight line wholly north of the equator to the long, of 125. 5. E. The centre from whence the tongues respectively di- verge, comprises an extent of territory of about 150 miles from north to south, and 110 from west to east, the mean breadth of the projections, each being about 55 miles, gives an aggregate extent of surface of about 67,000 square'' miles. The 23 Portuguese, who first doubled the Cape of Good Hope into the eastern seas in 1493, formed a set- tlement upon the south-west point of Celebes in 1512. The Portuguese were expelled by the Dutch in 1667, by whom the possession was called Macassar. They held it undisturbed till after the commencement of the present century, about which period the Eng'isli, in their turn, with one or two unimportant ex'-.eptions, dispossessed eve ry European state of their Asiatic possessions ; but all the former possessions of the Dutch in the eastern seas were restored by the English at the pea«e of 1815, and confirmed to them by treaty in 182.5. Celebes abounds in all the varieties of pro- ductions common to its climate and geographic al position. Minerals, gems, animals, vegetable*, esculent, ambrosial, and medicinal ; as well as reptiles, birds, and fishes, all abound to display the varied, liberal, and unsparing hand of crea- tion, and to afford to man all the means of the highest possible degree of human enjoyment. Yet these advantages are balanced by some dread- ful scourges. The great boa constrictor is an in- habitant of this island. He is 25 or 30 feet long, and proportionably thick. He is the most glut- tonous and rapacious, as well as the most for- midable of the serpent tribe. He has been known to kill and devour a buffalo. His strength is' prodigious, and he crushes his prey within the twinings of his enormous folds. A Malay sailor in 1799 was seized by a boa in this island, and almost instantaneously crushed to death. Before swallowing his prey, the serpent licks it over and covers it with a gelatinous substance, to make it slip down his jaws ; in this condition he will swallow a mass three times his own thickness When gorged in this manner with food, they crawl into some retreat, and fall into a stupid heOiVy sleep, in which they become so unwieldy and helpless that they may be easily ki3ea. Whilst the inhabitants are said to be brave, ingen- ious, high-spirited, daring in adventure, enter- prising in pursuit, and honest in dealing, and that to a degree which renders their martial character celebrated all over the eastern seas, they are, on the other hand, said to be suspicious, ciuel, and ferocious. An acquaintance with the natives of those islands in the eastern seas, with whom Eu- ropeans appear to have had no trading inter- course, leads to infer that the extension of the commerce of Europeans, with all their pretensions to scientific attainment and social refinement, hai» operated as a curse rather than a blessing ; rapine and cruelty, subjugation and misery, having marked its progress, and followed in its train^ wherever it has extended itself. Sa«h cannot b«. CER 178 CER V necessary consequence of commercial inter- course ; and when reciprocity and justice, instead of selfishness and chicane, shall constitute the basis of its pursuit, Celebes, in common with the whole eastern Archipelago, will afford an un- bounded field for exertion and enterprise. The total population of Celebes is supposed to amount to about 3,000.000, under the surveillance of sev- eral separate rajahs, among wliom polygamy and the other sensualities of Mahometanism generally prevail. The following are the principal towns or ports in each of the five projections previously described : 1st, Bon thin, Macassar, Maros, and Tannette. 2nd, Mountainous, and very thinly inhabited. 3rd, Ditto, ditto, Waya and Tayabo. 4th, Palos, Dondo ; fine and fertile. 5th, Bool, Castricom; and Manado, And of the main part of Me island are Bonny, Sofin, and Mamoojoo. The principal river of the island, the Chrinrana, falls into the Bay of Bony or Bugges, lohlcli see; and see also Tobo Ift * Tominie, Cambyna, and Bouton, other bays and islands connected with Celebes. Cell, or Maria Zell, a town of Stiria, with a cele- brated abbey, seated on the Saltza, 17 m. N. N. E. of Bruck. Cencda, a town of Italy, in Trevisano, 18 m. N. -\ ofTreviso. Cenis, a mountain of the Maritime Alps, in Savoy, which is a noted passage from the north ■■if. of France to Turin. The summit of the pass, which is about 9,000 feet above the level of the sea, is 35 m. W. J^'. W. of Turin. The facility of intercourse by this route was much improved by Napoleon. Centre, a county of the W. District of Penn- sylvania, being in conformity with its name, in the centre of the state. Its shape is an irregular square, about 35 m. each way. The main ridge of the Alleghany Mountains terminates in a bluff towards the north side of the county, near to which runs the vi'est branch of the Susquehanna River, a branch of which bounds all the west side of the county. Bald Eagle Creek intersecting it from S. J, to N. eastward of the mountain ridge. Pop. * 18,765. Bellefonte, is the chief town. Centre Harbour, p.t. Strafford Co. N. H. 110 m. from Boston : 70 from Portsmoutli. Pop. 577. *^* There are 8 towns called Centre, and 17 called Centrevillc, in the U. States. Cephalonia. See Cefalonia and Ionia. Ceram., one of the Molucca Isles, extending rem 128. to 130. 51. of E. long, being about 3 m. in mean breadth between the lat. of 2. 51. and 3.55. S. The island of Amboyna, on which the Dutch have their principal spice plantations, lies off the south-west end of Ceram, on which island, they endeavoured to destroy all the spice trees, and succeeded to a very great extent. Sago is now the prominent production of Ceram. The salan- fan, whose edible nests command such an exor- itant price in China is common in the island. Ccrdagtia, a district of the Pyrenees, partly in Spain, in the province of Catalonia, and partly in France, in the department of Eastern Pyren- ees. Puycerda is the capital of the Spanisli part, and Mont Louis of the French. Cere, St. a town of France, in the north-east corner of the department of Lot, 37 m. N. E. of Cahors,and 280 south of Paris. Pop. about 4,000. Cerenza, or Gcrcenaz, a town of Naples, in Cal- abria Citeriore, seated o-.i a rock, 10 m. north by west of Severino. Ccrci, a town of France, in the depiartment of Eastern Pyrenees, with a magnificent bridge of one arch over the Tet. Here the commission- ers of France and Spain met, in 1G60, to settle the limits of the two kingdoms. la 1794, the French defeated the Spaniards near th:A town. It is 14 ra. W. S. W. of Perpignan. Cerignola, a town of Naples, in Capitanata, celebratt'd by Horace for its excellent bread. Near this town is tiie ancient Salapia, the ruins of which are still called Salpe. It is 20 m. south of Manfredonia. Pop. about 12,000. Cerigo, (the ancient Cythera.) an island of the Mediterranean, lying off the S. E. promontory of the Morea ; it formerly belonged to the Vene- tians ; the French took possession of it in 1797 ; it surrendered to the English in 1809, and at the peace of 1815 was included in the Ionian repub- lic, under the protection of England. It is about 17 m. long from north to south, and 10 in breadth, mountainous, and but little cultivated. The inhabitants are principally Greeks, whose chief occupation is in attending to their flocks of sheep and herds of goats. There is a town of the same name near the south-end of the island, contain- ing about 1,200 inhabitants; the extreme south pomt of the island is in lat. 36. 9. and 22. 57. E. long. Ccrigotto, (the ancient W^gilia,) a small island, lying between the S. E. point of Ceriiro, and the N. W. point of Candia. Lat. 35. 51 N. and 23. 44. W. long. It is unproductive, and has but few inhabitants. Cerilly, a town of France, in the department of Allier, 25 m. west of Moulins, and 40 south by east of Bourges. Cerina, a seaport, (the ancient Ceryiiia,) on the north coast of Cyprus, and a Greek bishop's see, with a castle on an immense rock. The chief exports are barlej"^, silk, cotton, oil, and carob beans. It is 20 m. N. W. of Nicosia. Long. 32. 55. E. lat. 25. 45. N. Cerne Abbey, a town in Dorsetshire, Eng. It is surrounded by high chalk hills, and on the side of one of them is cut the figure of a man, 180 feet in height, holding a club in his rigiit hand^ and extending tlie other. Here was formerly a stately abbey, and part of its remains is now con- verted into a house and barn. It is seated on the river Cerne, 7 ra. N. N. W. of Dorchester, and 120 west by south of London. Pop. in 1821, 1,060. Cernetz, a town of Switzerland, in the cantf^n of Orisons, with a mineral spring; seated on the river Inn, 24 ni. S. E. of Coirc. Cerrito, a town of Naples, in Terra di Lavoro, with a cathedral and collegiate church, 5 m. N. N. E. ofTelesa. Certosa, a town of Italy, in tlie Milanese, Mith a celebrated Carthusian monastery, five miles north of Pavia. Cervcra, a town of Spain, in Catalonia, with a university, 34 m. north by west of Tarragona. Another on the borders of France and the Medi- terranean, eight miles north of Roses, and five or six o iRus in liitierent pnrts of Spain. C /ritf, a town of Italy, in Romagna, seated near the Gulf of Venice, whence canals are cut to ad nit sea wnter. from which much salt is made. It is 10 m. S. E. of Revenna Cervin, Mont, the most conical point of the Alps, in Savoy, contiguous to Mont Blanc. Cerninara, a town of Naples, in Principato Ulteriore, 12 m. S. W. of Benevento. C».l CJil Cesen*, a town of Italy, in Romaffna, seated on the Savio, 18 m. S. by E. of Ravenna. Ccsenatico, a sea-port of Italy in Romagna. In 1800, the inhabitants having arrested a messen- ger with despatches, the English set fire to the moles of the harbour, and destroyed 16 vessels. It is seated on the Gulf of Venice, 16 m. S. E. of Ravenna, and 8 E. of Cesena. Cessieaux, a town of France, in the department of l3ere,27 m. E. S. E. of Lyons. Cette, a sea-port of France, situate on the tongue of land, stretching along the coast of the depart- ment ofHerault, on the Gulf of Lions. A con- siderable quantity of salt is made from the water of the inlet. It has a manufacture of soap, and sugar refinery, and exports a considerable quanti- ty of brandy ; the canal of Langaedoc falling into the inlet, occasions Cette to be the medium of an extensive intercourse between the eastern and southern departments of France. Pop. about 8,000. The lighthouse is in lat. 43. 24. N. and 3. 42. W. long, and about 18 m. S. W. of Montpe- lier. Ceva, a town of Piedmont, with a fort. It was taken by the French, in 1796, and retaken by the Piedmontese peasants in 1799. It stands on tlie Tanaro, 8 m. S. E. of Mondova. Pop. about 5,500. Cevennes, a late territory of France, in the prov- ince of Languedoc. It is a mountainous country, and now forms the department of Gard. Ceiita, (the ancient Mylo, a town of Fez, at the N. W. extremity of Africa, opposite to Gib- raltar, from which it is distant only 14 m. It was taken from the Moors, by the Portuguese in 1409 ; it fell into the hands of the Spaniards in 1640, and confirmed to them by the treaty of Lisbon in 1668, and in whose possession it still continues. The Moors besieged it in 1694, and maintained a close blockade before it on the land side, for nearly 30 years, when they ultimately retired with great loss. Its fortress, like that of Gibraltar, to which it is considered a counterpart, maybe regarded as impregnable; and, as such, both are poetically termed the Pillars of Hercules. It has a tolerably good harbour for vessels not of very large burthen, in the lat. of 35. 54. N. and 5. 17. W. long. Cetjlon, an island of the Indian Ocean, lying cfF the south-west coast of the promontory of Hin- doostan, from which it is separated by the Gulf of Manara and Palk's Strait, about 90 miles in breadth. The form of Ceylon has not inaptly been compared to that of a pear, the north part forming the stem. It is 270 m. in extreme length from Point de Galle, in the lat. of 6. 4. to Point Pedro, in 9. 50. N. and 120 in extreme breadth between the long, of 80. and 81. 52. E. The early histoiy of Ceylon is involved in ob- scurity, but supposing it to be the Tayrobuna ad- verted to by Strabo, Pomponius, Mela, and Pliny, it must have ranked high in population and influ- ence among the nations of Asia, for ages antece- dent to the Christian era, having sent an embas- sy over land to Rome, in the reign of the emperor Claudius. It appears to have been visited by some Nestorian missionaries, in the ninth cen- tury. About the middle of the thirteenth century, it was visited by Marco Polo, a Venetian, wlio travelled over a great part of Asia, and afterwards published an account of his travels The informa- tion, however, which he communicated being of a general, rather than of a circumstantial nafure, but little was known of Ceylon, beyond its actual existence as an island, until after the disco e f of the passage by the Cape of Good Hope ; and its being visited by the Portuguese in 1505, who found it divided into several petty sovereignties which subsequently merged into one, under the title of the kingdom of Candy. The Portuo-uese held settle ments on different parts of the^coast for upwards of 150 years, when they were expel- led by the Dutch, who [wssessed themselves of the entire circuit of the coast for 10 to 20 miles from the sea, and the whole of the north part of the islands; confining the dominions of the king of Candy entirely to the interior. The Dutch pos sessions of the island all surrendered to the Enor- lish in 1796, after sustaining a siege of three weeks : and in 1815 a British force marched into the interior, took the king of Candy prisoner, de- posed him, and possessed his territory, thereby rendering the whole island a part of the British dominion. The entire revenues yielded by the island to the British government have been esti- mated at £250,000. The general character of the surface of the island of Ceylon is mountainous and woody, with an ample extent of soil ; and sufficiently intersected by streams of water, to afford the most abundant means of subsistence and comfort to a population more than tenfold its present extent. The most lofty range of moun- tains divide the island nearly into two parts, and terminates completely the effect of the monsoons, which set in periodically from opposite sides of them. The seasons are more regulated by the monsoons than the course of the sun ; for the coolest season is during the summer solstice, while the western monsoon prevails. Spring commences in October, and the hottest season is from January to the beginning of April. The climate on the coast, is more temperate than on the continent of Hindoostan ; but in the interior of the country the heat is many degrees greater, and the climate often extremely sultry and un- healthy. The finest fruits grow in vast plenty, but there is a poisonous fruit called Adam's apple, which in shape resembles the quarter of an apple cut out, with the two insides a little convex, and a continued ridge along the outer edges ; and is of a beautiful orange colour. Pep{)er, ginger, and cardamons are produced in Ceylon ; with five kinds of rice which ripen one aft*r another. One of the most remarkable trees in the island is the talipot, which grows straight and tall, and is as big as the mast of a ship; the leaves are so large as to cover 15 men ; when dried, they are round, and fold up like a fan. The natives wear a piece of the leaf on their head when they travel, to shade them from the sun ; and they are so tough that they are not easily torn. Every sol- dier carries one, and it serves for his tent : other trees and shrubs, some valuable for their timber, and others for their resin, gums, and flowers, are interspersed over every part of the island ; but the most important of all its vegetable produc- tions is the cinnamon tree, the bark of which is distributed over every part of the habitable globe. Ceylon also abounds with topazes, garnets, ru hies, and other gems ; besides ores of copper, iron, &c. and veins of black crystal. Common deer, as well as Guinea deer, are numerous ; but the horned cattle are both very small and scarce, six of them weighing altogether only 714 lbs. and one of these only 70 lbs. Yet the island pro- duces the largest and best elephants in the world, which occasionallv form an extensive branch of GET 180 CHA traffic to different parts of Hindoostan. The woods are infested by tigers. They abound also ivith snakes of a monstrous size, amonfj which is the boa constrictor, one of which has been known to destroy a tiger, and devour him at one meal. Spiders, centipedes, and scorpions also grow to an enormous size. Here the mantis, or creeping leaf, is met with; which is supposed to be a species of grasshopper, having every member of common insects, though in shape and appearance it greatly resembles a leaf: it is of a green colour. The sea coasts abound with fish. Alligators and all the lizard tribe are also numerous. The aborigines of Ceylon consist of two classes of people, the Cingalese and the Veddahs. The latter are still in the rudest stage of social life ; they live embosomed in the woods, or in the hol- lows of the mountains : hunting their sole employ- ment, and providing for the day their only care. Some of them acknowledged the authority of the king of Candy ; and exchanged with the Cingal- ese elephants' teeth and deer flesh, for arrows, cloth, &c. but this practice is not general, for two- thirds of them hold no communication with the Cingalese, and have an utter antipathy to strangers. They worship a particular god ; and their reli- gious doctrine seems to consist of some indistinct notions of the fundamental principles of the Braminical faith. In some places they have erect- ed temples ; but for the most part they perform worship at an altar constructed of bamboos, un- der the shade of a banyan-tree. The Cingalese, subjects of the kings of Candy, during the ex- istence of their reign, appear to have been, be- pond time of memory, a race of Hindoos, in- Vi'Qcted in all the arts of civil life, and maintain- 'lig, if not an ascendancy, a co-equality of influ- T « and importance with their continental aeigr.uours. The distinction of castes into 19 grades prevails among them as scrupulously as among the Hindoos. In their devotion they are Pagans ; and though they acknowledge a supreme God, they worship only the inferior deities, among which they reckon the sun and moon. In their temples are images, well executed, though their figures are" monstrous; some are of silver, copper, &c. The different sorts of gods have various priests, who have all some privileges. Their houses are small and low, with walls made of hurdles, smoothly covered with clay, and the roofs thatched. They hive no chimneys, and their furniture is only a few earthen vessels, with two copper basins, and two or three stools; none but their king having been allowed to sit in a chair. Their food is generally rice, and their common drink is water, which they pour into their mouths out of a vessel like a tea-pot, through the spout, never touching it with their lips. There are some inscriptions on the rocks, which must be very ancient, for they are not understood b^ any of the present inhabitants. The subver- sion of the native government of Ceylon, and the predilection of the English to force a distribu- tion of the products of British labour, over every part of the globe, are calculated to effect a great change in the tastes and habits of the Cingalese, the result of which it is difHcult to foresee. In addition to the various productions of Ceylon previovisly enumerated, connected with it is the pearl fishery, in the gulf of Manara, which is considered the richest source of that article in the world, and which, with cinnamon to the amount of 300,000 to 400,000 lbs. weight annually, consti- tutes the basis of its commerce, in exchange for European productions. The population is esti- mated at about 1,500,000; the principal towns me Colombo, Negombo, and Arrobo on the west coast, Trincomalee and Batacola on the east coast, Ma- gane and Matura at the south end, and Candy nearly in the centre of the island. Chabeuil, a town of France, in the department of Drome, with about 4,000 inhabitants, 8 m. S. by E. of Valhuce. Chablais, a fertile province of Savoy, bounded on the north by the lake of Geneva, east by Valois, south by Faucigny, and west by the Genevois. Thonon, 22 ni. E. N. E. of Geneva is the capital. Chahlis, a town of France, in the departmen. of Yonne, celebrated for its excellent white wine. It is 12 m. E. by N. of Auxerre. Cfiacao, a seaport at the N. E. end of the island of Chiloe, on the strait that separates it from the main land, in the lat. of 41 . 53. S Charhapoyas, a town of Peru, in the province of Truxillo, capital of a district lying east of the main ridge of the Andes. It is seated on a river, 160 m. N. N. E. of Truxillo. Long. 77. 30. W lat. 6. 20. S. Chaco, or Gran Chaco, an interior district of South America, bordering east on the Paraguay River, which, under the influence of the Incas, and more recently of the domination of the Spaniards, was a sort of country of refuge for the native Indians. Its length is estimated iit 750, and its breadth 450 miles. It is well watered, and yields most of the productions of other parts of Peru : it is now merged into the United pro- vinces of Buenos Ayres. Chaddeston, a township of Eng, in the parish of Oldham, Lancashire, with 5,124 inhabitants in 1821. See Oldham. Chafalia, properly Atchafalayn, a diverginor branch of the Mississippi river, which see. Chagang, a city of Birmah, with a small fort. It is the principal emporium for cotton, which is brought from all parts of the country, and em- barked here in boats up the river Irravvaddy into the province of Yunen. Here also is the only manufecture of marble idols, whence the whole Birman empire is supplied ; none being allowed to be made in any other place. It is situate op- posite Ava, the present capital, on the north side of the Irrawaddy, which here turns north and parts it from Ummerapoora, the present capital. Chagre, a town and fort on the isthmus, connect- ing, the two great divisions of the western hem- isphere, at the mouth of a river of its name, to the S. W. of Porto Bello, forming the easiest channel of communication between the Atlantic and Pacific Ocean. The fort was taken by Ad- miral Vernon in 1740. Long. 80. 17. W. lat. 9. 10. N. Chais Dleu, a town of France, in the depart- ment of Upper Loire, wHrh a celebrated Benedic tine abbey, 12 m. E. of Brioude. Chaico, a town of Mexico, 18 m. S. E. of the city of Mexico. Chaleur, Bay of\, a spacious bay on the west side of the Gulf of St. Lawrence, which di- vides the district of Gaspe, Lower Canada, from the province of New Brunswick. Miscou Island, at the entrance of the bay, is in lat. 48. 4. N. and 64. 14. W. long, from which point the bay runs about 80 miles further west, being about 20 miles in breadth, indented on the north by Cascapedia, and on the south by Nipesiguit bay. It receives several rivers, the principal of which is the Risti CHA 181 ' CHA gouche, at its head. Along the coast are numer- ous inhabitants whose occupation is fishing and ship-huilding. Cfialford, or Chafford, a village in Gloucester- shire, Eng. 2 m. S. E. of Stroud. It stands on the Stroud canal, and has a considerable manufac- ture of broad cloth. See Stroud. ChaUans, a town of France, in the department of Vendee, situate aoout 12 m. from the coast, and 21 m N. of Sables d'Oloone. Challone, a town of France, in the department of Mayenne and Loire, situate on the S. bank of the Loire, 30 m. E. N. E. of Nantes. Pop. about 5,000. Chalons sur Marne, a city of France, capital of the department of Marne, and lately an episcopal gee. It contains several public buildings and 12,000 inhabitants, who carry on a considerable trade in shalloons and other woolen stuffs. Here is an academy of the sciences, arts, and belles-let- tres. Chalons is seated on the river Marne, over which there is one very handsome, and two other bridges. It is 25 m. S. E. of Rheims, and 95 E. of Paris. Chalons sur Sa-one, a city of France, in the de- partment of Saone and Loire, with a citadel, and lately an episcopal see. It is the staple of iron for Lyon and St. Etienne, and of wines for exporta- tion. Here are various indications of Roman magnificence, particularly the ruins of an amphi- theatre. The city contains the old town, the new town, and the suburb of St. Lawrence. In the first is the court of justice, and the cathedral. Chalons is seated on the Saone, 70 m. N. of Ly- ons, and 170 S. E. of Paris. Pop. about 9,000. Chains, a town of France, in the department of Upper Vienne, with a castle. Richard I. of Eng- land, while preparing to besiege this place, re- ceived a wound in his shoulder, by an arrow, which proved mortal. It is 15 m. W. S. W. of Limoges. Cham, a town of Bavaria, seated on the river Cham, at its confluence with the Regen, 27 m. N. E. of Ratisbon. Pop. about 2,000. Cham, is also the name of a small town on the N. W. bank of the Lake of Zug, in Switzerland, and a town at the mouth of a small river, falling into the Gulf of Siam, on the west side ; it is also (or Ciwrn) the name of a district in Cochin China. Chambersburg, a town of Pennsylvania, Frank- lin county, situate in a hilly country, 30 m. S. W. of Carlisle. It is a flour isliing place and has manufactories of excellent cutlery. Chamberry, the capital of Savoy, with a castle, and a ducal palace. It is fortified by walls and ditches, and watered by manj' streams, which run through several of the streets. There are piazzas under most of the houses, where people may walk dry in tlie worst weather. It has large and hand- some suburbs ; and in the neighbourhood are some baths, much frequented ix\ summer. In 1742, the Spaniards made themselves masters of this capi- tal, but it was restored by the peace of 1748. It was taken in 1792 by the French, who were dis- possessed of it in 1799, but regained it in 1800. It is seated at the conflux of the Lesse and D'Albon, 27 ra. N. E. of Grenoble, and 85 N. W. of Turin. Pop. about 12,000. Loner. 5. 50. E. lat. 45. 33. N. Chambertin, a village of France, in the depart- ment of Cote d'Or, celebrated for its delicious wine. It lies to the south of Dijon. Chambly, a fort of Lower Canada, on the river Chambly, or Sorel, issuing from Lake Champlain. It was talf <^i by tlie Americans in 1775, and reta- ken by the English in 1776. It is 15 m. east o. Montreal; and a little higher on the same river is the fort of St. John, which is a frontier garrison. Chamneiskoi, a town of Asiatic Russia lying south of the south end of Lake Baieal, near the frontiers of Chinese Tartary. Chamouni, one of the elevated valleys of the Alps, about 3,300 feet above the level of the sea. It is at the foot of Mont Blanc, on the north side, and is watered by the Arve, and celebrated for" its herds of goats. There is a village of the same name in the bosom of the valley, on the banks of the Arve, 42 m. E. N. E. of Chamberry, and 35 S. E. of Geneva. diamond, St. a town of France, in the depart ment of Rhone, with a castle on the river Giez, 17 m. S. of Lyon. Champagne, a late province of France, 162 m. long and 112 broad; bounded on the north by Hainault and Luxemburgh, east by Lorrain and Franche Comte, south by Burgundy, and west by the Isle of France and Soissonnois. It now forms the departments of Ardennes, Aube, Marne and Upper Marne. *^* There are several small towns and vil- lages of the same name in different parts of France . Champaign, an interior county of the State of Ohio, about 20 miles in length, from east to west, and 10 broad ; it is intersected from north to south by Mad River, a branch of the Great Miami. Pop. 12,130. Urbana,50 m. W. N. W. of Columbus, is the chief town. Cfiampaneer, a city and capital of a district of the same name, in the province of Malwa, Hin- doostan ; it was formerly the capital of the rajahs of Guzerat ; ruins of temples and mosques renuain to attest its former consequence. It is 45 m. f'ue east of Canibray. Champion, p.t. Jefferson Co. N. Y. Pop. 2,342 Also a township in Trumbull Co. Ohio. Champlain, a lake of North America, which di- vides the north part of the state of New York from that of Vermont. It is 90 miles long, in a direc- tion due north, and 15 in its broadest part ; the mean width is about six miles, and its depth is sufficient for the largest vessel. It contains many islands, the principal ol" which, called North He ro, is 24 miles long, and from two to four wide It receives the waters of Lake George from the S. S. W. and sends its own waters a north course, through Chambly River, into the St. Lawrence. The land on its borders, and on the banks of its rivers is good. Although this lake lies between the lat. of 45. and 47. it is frequently frozen over so as afford a passage on the ice for two or three months in the year ; it is united with Lake Erie by a canal. Cliamplain, a town of New York, in Clinton County, situate on Lake Champlain, near its north extremity, 190 m. N. Albany. Pop. 2,456. Champlemy, a town of France, in the depart- ment of Nievre, near the source of the Nievre, 25 m. N N. E. of Nevers. Chancay, a seaport of Peru, capital of a district of the same name. It has a convenient port, 45 m. north by west of Lima. Chanctford, Upper and Lower, towns in York Co. Pa. Chanda, a town of Hindoostan, in Berar, seated on a branch of the Godavery, 78 m. S. of Nag- pour. Long. 79. 54. E. lat. 20. 2. N. Chanderee, a town of Hindoostan, capital of a Q i • •^A CHA 182 CHA district in the Malwa country, near the river Bet- v/ha. It is the residence of a rajah, and 170 m. S. of Agra. Long. 78. 43. E. Lit. '24. 48. N. Chandernagore, a town of Hindoostan, in Ben- gal It was the principa' French settlement in the Eaet Indies, and had f ,tron and iron mines, as well as salt-pits nnd crystal, are very common. Here are 5 cities of the first class and 85 of the second and third, ■fhe capital is Taiyouen-fou. Chantilly, a town of France, in the department of Oise, celebrated for a great pottery ; also for a fine forest and maornificent hunting-seat. It is 17 m. N. byE. of Paris. Chan-tung, a maritime province of the noi .h of China. It contains six cities of the first clats, and 114 of the second and third ; besides which there lire along the coast several forts and villageu of considerable note on account of their comni#< v, and a number of small islands in the Gulf of l,ea- otong, the greater part of which have very «.on- venient harbours. T'-is province has lary i man- ufactures of silk, and a kind of stuffs peculior to ♦his part of China. It is traversed by the impe- /lal canal. The capital is Tsinan. Chao-hing, a city of China, in the province of Tche-kiang which hao eight cities of the inird rank under its jurisdiction. It is situate near tne «ea coast, 730 m. S. by E. of Pekin. Long. 120. «. E. lat. 30. 10. N Chao-tcheo, a city of China, in the j^rovince of Quang-tong, situate between two navigable riv* ers, and celebrated for a monastery of the bonzes in its neighbourhood. It is 140 m. north of Canton. * Chajmla, a lake 15 miles in breadth and 55 in length, in the province of Guadalaxara, Mexico which discharges its waters by the Rio Grande de Santiago, into the Pacific Ocean, the east end of the lake is about 200 m. N. W. of the city ol Mexico. Chaparang, or Dsaprong, a city of Thibet, seated on the southern head of the Ganges, 90 miles westward from the Lake Mansaroar .vhence that branch is supposed to take its rise. It ia 160 m. N. N. E. of Sirinagur. Long. 79. 22. E. lat 33. 10. N. Chapel-en-lc-Frith, a town in Derbyshire, Eng., seated on the confines of the Peak, 17 m. S. E. of^ Manchester, and 107 N. N. W. of London. In 1821 it had three establishments for spinning of cotton, and two for the manufacture of nails, and a population of 3,234. Chapel Hill, p.v. Orange Co. N. C, 24 m. W. Raleigh. It is seated in an elev&ted and pleasant / country, and contains the University of North Carolina. This institution was founded in 1791. It has 9 instructers and 69 students. The libra ries iiave about 5,000 volumes. There are two vacations in June and December, of 10 weeks. Chapel Izod, a village on the bank of the Liffey, on the west side of Dublin. Pop. in 1821, 597 and the parish G27 more. Cha.rasm, or Kharizm, a fertile country of Usbec Tartary, bounded on the north by Turkestan, east * by Bokharia, south by Chorasan, and west by the ^' Caspian Sea. It is divided among several Tarta- rian princes, of Wtiom one takes the title of khan, with a degree of pre-eminence over the rest. Khiva is the capital, and the usual residence of » the khan in winter ; but during the summer he generally encamps on the banks of the river Amu. Charhorough, a village in Dorsetshire, Eng., 6 m. S. S. E. of Blandfc-*. In the grounds of a gentleman's seat here, is the house where the plan of the revolution of 1688 wa-s mnffirted. Charcns, one of the t/nitea rrovinces of South America, lying between the lat. of 18. and 21. S. and the Gist and 70th of W. long. Chuquisaca, or La Plata, is the chief town, near to which the main branch of the Pilcomayo has its source ; it is bounded on the west and south by the province of Potosi, and is in the centre of the chief silver mining district. Char, a Saxon word of somewhat uncertain de rivation ; there are about 60 towns and villages in different parts of Englarj] .^^Linnng with Char, probably ori.'i.-atlng in their having been situated in a woe j*rt of the country, where the operation oi chairing, or burning of wood for charcoal, was carried on. There is. a river call^^ the Char in Dorsetshire, /ailing into the r...i»r Channel at Charmouth, a little to liie west of Lyme Regis. Chard, a town in Somersetshire, Eng. It stand*, on an eminence above all the country between the two seas; and has a copious stream, w^^'ch mig.'it be easily conducted in a direction opposit« that which it now takes. It is 12 m. S. S. E. ot Taunton, and 1.39 W. by S. of London. Pop. of the town in 1821, 1,330, and of the parish 3,106. Charente, a department of France, including tb' late province of Angoumois. It is named from a river, which rises m Limosin, and runs by Au- ^:i CHA 183 CHA gouleme, Sayites, and Rociiefort, into the Bay of Biscay. Anorouleme is the capital. Pop-, about 4 32o,060. • Charente, Lower, a maritime department of France, consisting of the two late provinces of Aunis and Saintonge. Rochefort, Rochelle, and Marennes on the coasts, and Saintes and St. Jean d'Ano-ely, are tlie principal towns in this depart- ment, and in which the Isles of Re, and Oleron ^ are included. It is a fertile district, and exports a considerable quantity of brandy. Pop. 395,000. Chnrcnton. a town of France, about 5 m. S. E. of Paris, celebrated for its iron works There is another town of the same name in the department of Cher. . Charite, a town of France, in the department of Nievre, with manufactures of woolen and hard- ware. Here is a priory of Benedictine Clunistes, which once, in a season of scarcity, maintained the whole town by its bounty, and hence it derives « its name. It is seated on the east bank of the Loire, 15 m. N. by W. of Nevers. Pop. about 4,000. Charkow. See KJiarkoff. Cliarlburrj, a village five miles from Woodstock, in Oxfordshire, England. It holds four large cat- tle fairs annually. Pop. in 1821, ],;M8, and of the parish, 2,877, the greater part of whom are employed in the manufacture of gloves, and other articles of leather. Charlemont, a town of Ireland, in the county of Armagh, seated on the river Blackwater, 6 m. S. of Duno-annan, and 68 N. of Dublin. Pop. in 1821,628. Charlemont, a fortified town of France, on the frontier of the Netherlands, in the department of Ardennes, seated on a craggy mountain, by the river Meuse, 20 m. N. E. of Rocroy. Pop. about 4,000. Charleroy, a town of the Netherlands, in the county of Namur. It has been often taken. It is seated on the Sambre, 18 m. W. of Namur, and 32 S. of Brussels. Charles, Cope, a promontory of Virginia, form- ing the north point to the entrance of Chesapeak Bay. Long. 76. 14. W. lat. 37. 12. N. Charles, Cape, the north point of an island in the south channel of Hudson's Strait, leading into Hudson's Bay. Long. 74. 15. W. lat. 62. 46. N. Charles, a county in the S. W. part of the state of Maryland, lying between the Patuxent and Potomac Rivers. Pop. in 1820, 17,666. Port Tobacco, at the head of an inlet of the Potomac, 65 m. S. of Baltimore, is the chief town. ' Charles City, a -county of the E. District of Virginia, extending for about 15 miles along the north side of James River, being about 6 miles in mean breadth, bounded on the north by the Chick- ahoming River. The court-house of the county is 30 ra. S. E. by E. of Richmond. Pop. 5,504. Charles River, a small river of Massachusetts, falling into Boston haibour, on the N. W. side of the city. Charles, St. a parish of the E. District of Lou- isiana, lying on both sides of the Mississippi, bounded on the north by the lakes Maurepas and Pontchartrain ; it is a swampy district, contain- ing about 300 square miles. Pop. 5,107. The court-house of the district is 4-5 miles west of New Orleans. Also the name of a county in the state of Missouri, being a nook formed by the Missouri and Mississippi Rivers, opposite to the junction of the Illinois with the latter Pop. 4.322. The chief town of the same name, on the north bank of the Missouri, is 21 miles N. W. of St. Louis. Charleston, a maritime district of the state of South Carolina, extending for about 70 miles along the shore of the Atlantic Ocean, in a north- eastern direction, from the lat. of 32. 30. to 33. 5 N. and inland about 50 miles ; it is bounded on the north by the Santee River, and intersected by Ashley, Cooper, and one or two other rivers of inferior note. It contains a good deal of swampy land ; but is on the whole very productive in maize, rice, and cotton. The coast is broken into numerous islands, which yield a cotton of very superior quality, known by the name of Sea Isl and. Charleston, the chief city of South Carolina, stands upon a point of land at tb*; ^unction of Ashley and Cooper Rivers, with t good harbour, but difficult of entrance. It is regularly built, with many fine streets and elegant buildings. Its situation is low and flat, but the mildness of the climate, and the lively verdure of the country in the neighbourhood, make it a very agreeable resi- dence, except during the heat of summer. Most of the houses are furnished with a piazza extend- ing from the ground to the top, giving each story an open shaded walk. Except in the com- mercial part of the city, the houses are surround- ed with gardens, trees, and shrubbery, and their white walls gleaming among the green foliage give the whole a peculiarly romantic appearance. The most celebrated edifices of the city are the orphan asylum and the circular church. The society of the place is refined, intelligent, and affable. Charleston has considerable commerce,principally in the exportation of cotton. It is much resorted to in winter by visiters from the northern states and the West Indies. The shipping of this dis- trict amounted in 1828 to 32,445 tons. Pop. 30,280. It is 553 m. from Washington, in lat. 32. 47. N. long. 70. 54. W. There are also towns of this name in New York and Indiana. Charlestoicn, p.t. Middlesex Co. Mass., adjoining Boston, with which it is connected by three bridges. The compact part of the town is built on a peninsula partly along the foot of Bunker Hill. The main street is a mile in length, and at the south end is a large square. The town is irregular, but has many handsome situations. Here is the U. S. JVavy Yard, containing a spa- cious dock. The Massachusetts State Prison con sists of several piles of stone buildings, surround ed by a high wall, and stands in the western part of the town. The Massachusetts Insane Hospital, and the Ursuline Convent, are without the penin sula, upon elevated and beautiful situations Charlestown has many manufactures of leather cordage, pottery, &c. The Bunker Hill monu ment overlooks the town. (See Bunker Hill.) Pop. 8.787. There are 10 other towns of this name m the U. States. Charlestown is also the name of the principal town m the island of Nevis, and of a town of the island of Barbadoes. Charlestoicn, a town of Scotland, in Aberdeen- shire, much frequented by invalids for the bene- fit of goat's whey. It is seated near the Dee, 28 m. W. by S. of Aberdeen. Charleville, a town of Ireland, on the north boundary of the county of Cork. It has a Roman Catholic school, which in 1820 had 230 males and 177 female pupils, supported by voluntary sub scriptions ; it has 11 other schools Total popu CHA 184 CHA lation in 1820, 3,887. It is situate on the high road from Limerick to Cork, about 20 miles dis- tant from each, and 108 W. S. W. of Dublin. CharlevUle, a town of France, in the depart- ment of Ardennes. Here is a magnificent square, and in the centre a handsome fountain. It has extensive manufactures of fire-arms, and is seated on the Meuse, opposite Mezieres, 25 m. W. N. W. of Sedan. Pop. about 8,000. Charlotte, a county of the E. District of Vir- ginia, extending for about 2.5 miles along the north side of the Roanoke River, being about 12 miles in breadth, intersected by several streams falling into the Roanoke. Pop. 15,254. Marys- ville, about 70 m. S. S. W. of Richmond, is the chief town. There are also seven towns of this name in the U. States. Charlottenburg, a town of Brandenburg, in the middle mark, with a royal palace, and magnifi- cent gardens. It was built by Sophia Charlotte, the first queen of Prussia, on the river Spree, four miles west of Berlin. Ckarlotte-toicn, the capital of the isle of St. John, (now Prince Edward Island.) in the Gulf of St. Lawrence. It stands on a point of land, on the S. W. side of the island, which forms two bays. Long. G2. 50. W. lat. 46. 14. N. Charlotte-town, the capital of Dominica, for- merly called Roseau. In 1806, it was nearly de- stroyed by a hurricane. It is 21 m. S. E. of Prince Rupert Bay. Long 61. 23. W. lat. 15. 18. N. Charlotte Hall, p. v. St. Mary's Co. Maryland, 56 m. S. E. Washington. It has a large acade- my, patronised by the State. Charlottesville, p.v. Albemarle Co. Va. 86 m. N. W. Richmond, The University of Virginia is established at this place. It was founded in 1819. It has 9 instructers, 130 students, and a library of 8,000 volumes. It has a vacation in July and August of about 6 weeks. Charlton, there are upwards of 20 villages of this name in England. See Clmr. Charlton, p.t. Worcester Co. Mass. 52 m. S. W. Boston. Pop. 2,173. Also a p.t. Saragota Co. N. Y. 31 m. N. W. Albany. Pop. 2,023. Charlton Row, a township in the parish of Man- chester, Eng. containing in 1820, 8,209 inhabi- tants. See Manchester. Charmes, a town of France, in the department of Vosges seated on the Moselle, 8 m. E. of Mire- court. Charolles, a town of France, in the department of Saone and Loire, with a ruinous castle ; seated on the Reconce, 24 m. W. N. W. of Macon. Charost, a town of France, in the department of Indre, seated on the Arnon, 6 m. N. E. of Is- sondun. Charrouz, a town of France, in the department of Vienne, 25 m. S. of Poitiers. Cha.rtrins, t. Washington Co. Pa. Chartres, a city of France, capital of the depart- ment of Euro and Loire. The cathedral is one of the finest in France, and its steeple much ad- mired. The principal trade consists in corn. It is seated on the Eure, over which is abridge, the work of the celebrated Vauban, 45 m. S. W. of Paris. Pop. about 13,000. Charybdis, a famous whirlpool, in the strait of Messina, on the coast of Sicily, opposite the cele- brated Scylla, in Italy. According to the theme of ancient poets, it was very formidable to mari- ners ; but it is said to have been entirely removed Dy the great earthquake in 1783. Chatahoochec, a rapid river of the state of Geor- gia, which rises in the Apalachian mountains, on the frontier of Tennessee, and runs south for 300 ♦• miles to East Florida, where it is joined by the *<• Flint, and then their united stream takes the name of Apalachicola. It separates the state of Alaba- ma from that of Georgia for about 100 miles be- fore it enters Florida. CAa Chateau Cambresis, a town of France, in the department of Nord, with a palace belonging to « the bishop of Canibray. A treaty was concluded here in 1559, between Henry II. of France, and Philip II. of Spain. It is seated on the Scille, 14 m. S. E. of Cambray. Pop. about 4,000. Chateau Chinon, a town of France, in the de- partment of Nievre, with a considerable manufac- ture of cloth ; seated near the source of the Yonne, 36 miles E. by N. of Nevers. % Cliateau Dauphin, a strong castle of Piedmont, near the source of the Po, 16 m. W. by N. of Sa- luzzo. Chateavdun, a town of France, in the depart- ment of Eure and Loire, with a castle, built by the famous count of Dunois ; seated on an emi- nence nenr the Loire, 30 m. N. of Blois. It was entirely burnt dovi'n in 1723, but was speedily re- built. Pop. about 6,000. Chateau du Loir, a town of France, in the de- partment of Sarte, famous for a siege of seven years against the count of Mans. It is seated on the Loire, 22 m. S. S. E. of Mans. Chateaugay , a town of Franklin county, state of * New York, situate mid- way between Lake Cham- - plain and the St. Lawrence, 219 m. N. by W. of Albany. Pop. 2,016. There is a small river of the same name falling into the St. Lawrence. Chateau Gontier, a town of France, in the de- partment of Mayenne, with a castle, a mineral spring, and a trade in linens. It is seated on the Mavenne, 22ra. N. W. of Angers. Pop. about 5,500. Chateau London, a town of France, in the de- partment of Seine and Marne, with an Augustine abbey, seated on a hill, 30 m. south of Melun. Cha.tcavlin, a town of France, in the depart- ment of Finisterre, with a considerable trade in slates ; seated on the Auzon, 12 m. North of Quimper. Cha.teaurouo;, a town of France, capital of the department oflndre, with a castle. It has a man- ufacture of cl'th, and iron mines in its vicinity, and is seated in a pleasant plain, on the Indre, 35 m. S. W. of Bnurges, and 148 S. by W. of ' Paris. Pop. about 8,500. Chateau Sal ins, a town of France, in the de- partment of Moiirthe, with extensive saltworks, 16 m. N. E. of Nancy. Chateau Thierry, a town of France, in the de- fartment of Aisne, with a castle on an eminence, t is the birth-place of tiie celebrated Fontaine, and famous for a battle fought near it, in February, 1814, when a part of marshal Blucher's army Wias defeated with great loss, and driven through the town, by the French, under Bonaparte. It is seated on the river Marne, 57 m. E. S. E. of Paris. Pop. about 4,000. \* The names of several other towns in France are preceded by Chateau, a word meaning Castle ; but there are none that merit any partic- ular notice. Chatel, a town of France, in the denartment of , CHA 185 CHA Vo3ges seated on the Moselle, 8 m. north of Epinal. C/iatel Chalon, a town of France, in the depart- ment of Jara, 25 m. E. N. E. of Lons le Saunier CluUelleraidt, a town of France, in the depart- ment of Vienna, noted for its cutlery, watchmak- ing, and the cutting of false diamonds ; seated on the Vienne, over which there is one of the finest bridges in France, 22 m. N. E. of Poitiers. Pop. about 8,000. C/iatenoy, a town of France, in the department of Vosges, 6 ra. S. E. of Neufchateau. Chaihwm, a town in the county of Kent, Eng- land, situate on the south bank of the river Med- Tray, about eight miles above its confluence with the Thames. It is one of the stations for building, fitting, and victualling of the national marine ; and the apparatus and accommodation for this purpose, in conjunction with its fortifications, and marine artillery barracks, render it one of the most magnificent establishments of the kind in the world, and every way worthy of the distin- guished character of the British nation. The lo- cal advantages of its situation are very great, whilst the lines of the fortifications command the segment of a circle from the river of several miles in extent, and are as complete and efficient as art and execution can make them ; there are si.x slips for building ships of the first rate, and four docks for repairing ; and 12 to 15 first-rate ships are gen erally lying oiF the town. The dock-yard was first established in the time of Elizabeth ; and the Dutch, in the hey-day of their valour, in IG67, ascended with a naval force up the river, and did considerable damage. In 15.53 the fund for re- lieving the wounded in the naval service was es- tablished at Chatham ; but the chest (the term by which the accounts of the fund were called) was transferred to Greenwich in 18U2. In 1592 a hos- pital for decayed marines, shipwrights, and their widows was founded by Sir John Hawkins. — This hospital has been rebuilt during the present century, on a commodious and extensive scale. The town was very inconsiderable till after the i)eace with Holland, in 1G78. It increased great- y in population after the declaration of war a- gainst France in 1793, and in 1821 contained a population of 14,754, independent of Gillingham, which forms the boundary of the fortification on the east, containing a further population of G,363, and the city of Rochester on the west, with a further number of 9,300, to which it is immedi- ately contiguous. Chatham is 30 m. E. S. E. of London bridge, on the road from London to Do- ver. It has a weekly market on Saturdays, and two or three public breweries. See Gillingham, Rochester, and Sheerness. Chatham, au interior county of North Carolina, intersected by Cape Fear River. Pop. 15,499. — Pittsborough, is the chief town. Chatham, a maritime county of Georgia, bound- ed on the N. W. by the Savannah River, which divides it from South Carolina. Pop. 14.230. Chath-im., t. Strafford Co. N. H. on the E. side of the White Mountains Pop. 419 Chatham, p.t. Barnstable Co. Mass. on Cape Cod. Pop. 2,134. Chatham, p.t. Columbia county, New- York, on the east bank of the Hudson River. Pop. 3,538 ; 26 m. S. E. of Albany. Chatham, p.t. Middlesex Co. Conn, opposite Middletown. Pop. 3,646. Also towns in N. J., Pa. and S. C. Chalillon, a town of Pledmoat, 10 m. S. E. of U Aoust. There are several towns in France called Chatillon, which implies a town, and as such is generally a prefix, as Chatillon-sur Seine, sur Loire, &c. &c. implying Chatillon, or the town, on the Seine, Loire, &c. There are none that merit any particular notice. Chattonnatj, a town of France, in the depart- ment of Isere, 12 m. east of Vienne and 22 S. E of Lyons. Chatre, La, a town of France, in the department of Indre, with a woolen manufacture, seated on the Indre, 22 m. S. S. E. of Chateauroux. Pop about 4,000. Chatuworth, a village in the peak of Derby- shire, Eng. near the river Derwent, 6 m. west of Chesterfield. Here is a magnificent seat of the dukes of Devonshire, which, for its fine situation, park, gardens, fountains, &.c. is justly deemed one of the wonders of the peak. In its first age it was the prison of Mary, queen of Scots, for 17 years, and afterwards of the French marshal Tal- lard, taken prisoner at the battle of Blenheim. Chatteris, a town of Cambridgeshire, England, with a population of 3,283, in 1821. It is 75 m. N. by E. of London, and 11 W. of the city of Ely. Chatterponr, a town of Hindoostan, in the country of .\ilahabad, capital of the circar of Bundelcund. It is 130 m. W. S. W. of Allaha- bad Long 79.50. E. lat 25. 0. N. Chaudiere, a river of Lower Canada, which falls into the St. Lawrence about six miles below Quebec ; it rises on the frontier of the state of Maine ; it might perhaps easily be united with the Kennebeck, and thereby open a communica- tion between the St. Lawrence and Atlantic Ocean. Chaumont, a town of France, capital of the de- partment of upper Marne. Here is a manufac- ture of woolen cloth, and a trade in deer and goat skins. It is seated on a mountain, near the river Marne, 55 m. E. by S. of Troyes. Pop. about 6,000. It is also the name of another town in the department of the Loire, about 5 m. E. by N. of St. Etienne. Pop. about 5,000. It is also the name of several other towns in different parts of France. Chaumont, a town of Jefferson county, state of New York, beautifully seated at the head of a small bay, at the east end of Lake Ontario, 187 m. N. W. of Albany. ChMiintj, a. town of France, in the department of Aisne, on the river Oise, 20 m. E. of Noyon. Pop. about 450. Chatauqufi, a county at the S. W. extremity of the state of New York, bordering on the south on Pennsylvania, and west on Lake Erie. Pop. 34,687. Mayville is the chief town. There is a lake of the same name about 10 miles in length and two broad, in the centre of the county, which discharges its waters, by the Alleghany River, in- to the Ohio, although the N. W. end of the lake is within six or seven miles of that of Erie. Cliaux (le Fonds, a village of Switzerland, in the principality of Neufchatel. The inhabitants, about 3,000, make numerous watches and clocks ; and the women are employed in the lace manu- facture. It is seated in a fertile valley, 9 m. N. N. W. of Neufchatel. Pop. about 3,000. Chaves, a town of Portugal, in Tras os Montes, with two suburbs, and two forts. Between the town and the surburb Magdalena is a Roman stone bridge. It stands near the confines of Spain, on the river Tamega, 26 m. west of Braganza q3 CHE 166 CHE Chazy, a small river in Clinton county, state of New York, which falls into Lake Champlain. A town of the same name in Clinton Co. on the north bank of the river, is 171 m. due north of Albany. Pop. 3,097. Cheadle, a town in Staffordshire, Eng. Here is a large tape manufactory, and in the vicinity are several copper and brass works, and rich coal mines. Four miles S. E. are the ruins of Croxden abbey. It is seated in the most fertile part of the Moorland, 12 m. N. N. E. of Stafford, and 146 N. W. of London. Pop. in 1821, 3,8(32. Cheadle, a parish in Cheshire, Eng. lying on the S. W. side of Stockport {which see.) Pop. m 1821, 6,508. Chebucto Bay, Nova Scotia. See Halifax. Chedabucto Bay, at the east end of Nova Scotia, opening into the Atlantic Ocean, at the entrance of the Gulf of Canso, in lat. 45. 20. N. and 61. of W. long. Salmon river, which abounds in the estimable fish of that name, falls into this Bay. Chcdder, a village contiguous to Axminster, in Somersetshire, England. It is situate in a de- lightfully picturesque part of the county, on the S. W. side of the Mendip hills, and is deservedly celebrated for the excellence of its cheese. Pop. in 1821, 1,797. Cheduha, an island in the Bay of Bengal, on the -•.oast of Birmah, 45 m. long, and ten broad. It yields abundance of rice, and the most western point is in long. 93. 35. E. lat. 18. 56. N. Chego Miiddi, a town of Hindoostan, in the country of Cutch, at the mouth of the Caggar, 23 m. S. W. of Boogebooge, near the mouth of the eastern branch of the Indus. Chcitorc or Chitore, a town of Hindoostan, in the territory of Oudipour. It was the capital of the ranna, or chief prince, of the Rajpoots, in the days of his greatness ; and was a fortress and city of great extent, situate on a mountain : but it has been in ruins since the time of Aurungzebe, in 1681. It is 48 m. N. N. E. of Oudipour, and 88 S. S. W. of Agimere. E. loner. 74. 50. and 24 35. N. lat. Chelm, a town of Poland, in Red^Russia, cap- ital of a palatinate of its name and a bishop's see. In 1794, the Poles were defeated by the Prussians near this town. It is 100 m. E. S. E. of Warsaw. Long. 23. 29. E. lat. 51. 20. N. Chclmer, a river, in Essex, Eng. which rises near Thaxted, and flows by Dunmow and Chelms- ford, to Maiden, where it joins the Blackwater. Chelmsford, the county town of Essex, Eng. Here is a stately church, a magnificent shire- house, theatre, and barracks, an excellent conduit, and a free school founded bv Edward VI. It is situate at the confluence of the Can with the Chelmer, 29 m. E. N. E. of London. Pop. in 1821,4,994. Chelmsford, a town of Massachusetts, in Mid- dlesex county, situate on the south side of the Merrimac, over which is a curious bridije, at Paw- tucket Falls, connecting this town with Dracut. It is 28 m. N. N. W. of Boston. Middlesex canal from the Merrimac to Boston harbour, commen- ces at Chelmsford, which contributes considera- bly to its importance and interest ; there is an ex- tensive quarry of very fine granite in this vicinity. Pop. 1,387. Chelsea, a parish lying along the north bank of the Thames, to the S. W. of London, and of which it forms an integral part. This section of the metropolis is distinguished for its hospital for the support of decayed and maimed boI4 '^V8, founded in the time of Charles II. ; its chief pro moter was Sir Stephen Fox, who contributed £13,000 towards the building. It was finished in the time of William and Mary ; the building is a quadrangle, the wings extending towards the river , tlic base, wiiich is nearly 800 feet in ex- tent, is entered from the centre of the north front into a noble vestibule ; the east side is appropria- ted to a chapel, and the west to a hall, in which tlie inmates dine ; the wings, which are divided into wards, are each 3G0 feet in length, 80 wide, and three stories high ; the infirmary, other out- buildings and gardens compose an area of nearly 50 acres. Sir Oistophcr Wren was the architect, and in respect to prf)portion and convenience, the edifice is worthy of his Jiigh reputation, and the whole produces an imposing effect; but be- mg built mostly of brick, it is inferior in mag- nificence to the marine hospital at Greenwich. Tiie number of inmates is 336, exclusive of ofti- cers and the necessary attendants ; there are about 20,000 out-pensioners. In 1801 a milita- ry asylum, contiguous to the hospital, was estab- lished for the education of 1,000 children of non- commissioned officers and soldiers, towards the support of which the whole army contributes one day's pay per annum ; the building which is prin- cipally of brick, cost about £150,000. Chelsea is also distinguished for its Botanic garden, form- ed by Sir Hans Sloane, and presented by him in 1721, to the Apothecaries' Company of London, on condition of paying a quit rent of £5 per ann. and presenting annually to the Royal Socie- ty 50 different specimens of plants grown in the garden, until th'^ number of new specimens amounted to 2,000. This section of the metropo- lis, during the first 20 years of the present century exceeded most others in the increase of its pop- ulation, the number in 1821 having been 26,860, and in 1801 only 11,604. It is surrounded by extensive nursery grounds, which with the usual routine of shop-keeping, constitutes the chief oc- cupation of the inhabitants, among which are numbers of retired families on comparitively small incomes. A handsome new church, in theGothic style, was completed in 1825. The hospital is about two miles W. S. W. of Westminster Ab- bey, and four miles in the same direction from the Royal Exchange. Chelsea, p.t. Orange Co. Vt. Pop. 1,958. Chelsea, p.t. Suffolk Co. Mass. separated from the city of Boston by the harbour, and from Charlestown by Mystic river, over which is a very long bridge. Here is a United States Marine Hospital. Pop. 770. Chelsea Ijanding, a village in Norwich, Conn. 14 m. above New London, on the Thames. Cheltenham., a town in Gloucestershire, Eug. situate in a fertile vale, near the foot of Colds- wold Hills, 94 m. N. W. of London, on the road to Gloucester. Till within the present century it was an inconsiderable place, participating par- tially in the woolen manufactures of the neigh bouring district. It acquired some distinction by the discovery of a medicinal spring in 1740, and being visited by George III. in 1788, it be- came somewhat celebrated ; the population, how- ever, in 1801 amounted only to 3,076, since which it has greatly increased in numbers and import- ance, and in 1826 it was one of the chief resorts of gaiety and fashion in the kingdom; a theatre was erected in 1803; baths, assembly rooms, li- braries, public walks, and other attractions, have progressivelv b«»e" extended for the accommoda CHE wr CHE tnn of an increasing population, which in 1811 amounted to 8,325, and in 1821 to 13,396. Its waters, which increase in quantity in proportion to the demand for them, and increase of visitors, operate both as aperient and restorative, being impregnated with salts, st. phur, stee., and calca- reous earth. The parish church is an ancient and venerable structure ; there are several sectarian places of worship ; its market on Thursday, is well supplied with ever}' necessary. Chelum, or Behut, a river of Asia, the western- most of the five eastern branches of the Indus. It rises above Cashmere, flows through the prov- ince of that name, into that of Lahore, and joins the Chunaub, 16 miles below Kooshaub. This river is the Hydaspes of Alexander. Ckclva, or Chulilla, a town of Spain, situate on the north bank of the Guadalaviar, about 20 m. N. W. of Valencia. Chemnitz, OT Kemnitz, a town of upper Saxony, in Misnia, surrounded by walls and ditches. It has four suburbs, and a castle about a mile from the town. Great quantities of cottons and other fine stuffs are made here ; and the bleaching business is considerable. It is situate on a river of the same name, 38 m. S. W. of Dresden, and about the same distance S. E. of Leipzig. Pop. about 10,000. *^* There is another town of the same name in the north part of the circle of Leutmeritz in Bo- hemia, about 42 m. S. E. of Dresden. Chemung^, p.t. Tioga Co. N. Y. 190 m. W. Albany. Pop. 1,462. Chennngo, an interior county on the south side of the state of New York, it is i«tersected by a river of the same name, which flows from north to south into the Susquehanna ; population 37,406. Norwich is the chief town; there is also a town of the same name at the entrance of the river into the Susquehanna, in the adjoining county of Broome, N. Y . near the frontier of Penn- sylvania, 127 m. W. S. W. of Albany. Pop. 3,716. Chanwpatam, or Chinnypatam, a town of Hin- doostan, in Mysore, near which is a handsome stone fort. It has manufactures of sugar, glass, and excellent music-wire, and a great trade in the produce of the palm-gardens in its vicinity. It is 40 m. E. N. E. of Seringapatam. Chencour, or Chemkon, a town of Armenia, on the frontiers of Georgia, with a beautiful cas- tle, grand caravanserais, and several mosques, 160 m. N. E. of Erivan. Chen-si, or Shen-si, a western frontier province of China, lying between the lat. of 32. and 38. N. and 103. to llO. of E. long. It is bounded on the south by the province of Setchuen, and on the east partially by the province of Honan, but plainly by the Ho'ang-ho, or Great Yellow river, which divides it from Chan-si, on the north, part- ly by the great wall which divides it from Chinese Tartary, and on the west by the dreary country of the Monguls, containing an area of about 147,000 square miles. The Hoang-ho,in the eccentricity of its course, skirts the N. W. part of the prov- ince, running in a northerly direction ; whilst on the east side it runs a course due south. Numerous streams intersect this province in all directions, some falling into the Hoang-ho on the west, and some into the same river on the east, and others into the Kiang Kien, or Great River, which intersects the province of Setchuen ; a province so extensive, as may be expected, com- prises much diversity of soil and features. It abounds with drugs, rhubarb, musk, cinnabar" wax, honey, and coals ; of which last it containn inexhaustible veins. It has also rich gold mines, which, for political reasons, are not alfowed to h-a opened. It produces little rice, but plentiful crops of wheat and millet ;~ but is occasionally subject to long droughts, when clouds of locusts, from the forests of Mongul Tartary, destroy the entire vegetation of extensive districts ; the in- habitants, however, make a food of the locusts, and esteem them as a delicacy. The population is estimated at upwards of 30,000,000. Chen-yang, Chin-yan, or Mou-den, a city ofeast- ern Tartary, capital of a province of the same name, otherwise called Leatong. It is situate on the bank of a fine river, running south into the Gulf of Leaotong. The walls are 10 miles in cir- cumference ; and it is ornamented with several public edifices, and provided with arsenals and storehouses. It is 3o0 m. E. N. E. of Pekin. Long. 123. 5. E. lat. 41. 55. N. Chepello, an island in the Bay of Panama, about 20 m. from the city of Panama, which it supplies with provisions and fruit. Chepstoid, a town in Monmouthshire, Eng. It is seated on the side of a hill, on the Wye, near its confluence with the Severn. It was surround- ed by a wall, traces of which are observable ; and on a perpendicular rock are the remains of a large castle. Here was also a priory, part of which is' converted into a church, and comparatively it was in former times of much greater consequence than at present. It is now the port of entry for all the towns on the rivers Wye and Lug, and sends a few ships annually to the Baltic and British America, for timber, deals, &c. ; ships coast-way, a consid- erable quantity of timber, bark, Slc. and has two ship-yards, where vessels of 500 to 600 tons are generally in a course of building. The spring tides rise to the height of 70 feet ; the neaps are consequently attended with great inconvenience, and preclude it from materially extending its com- merce. There is a fine bridge of iron over the Wye, erected at the joint expense of the counties of Monmouth and Gloucester. It is about 10 m. N. of Bristol, and 130 W. N. W. of London. Pop inl821,3,0p8. Cher, an interior department in the centre •f France, including part of the late province of Berry. It receives its name from a river which ri^es in Auver^ne, and flows into the Loire, be low Tours. Bourges, 126 m. due S. of Paris, is the capital. It contains about 3,000 sq. m. and 230,000 inhab. Chirasco, a fortified town of Piedmont, capital of a fertile territory of the same name, with a strong citadel. It is seated on a mountain, at the confluence of the Stura with the Tanaro, 24 m. S. S. E. of Turin. Pop. about 11,000. Chcrhoury, a seaport of France, in the depart- ment of Manche, with an Augustine abbey. Here was a sea-fight between the English and French, in 1692, when the latter were beat, and upward of 20 of their men of war burnt, near Cape la Hogue. The English landed here in 1 758, took the town, with the ships in the basin, demolished the fortifications, and ruined the works for im- proving the harbour. These works were resum- ed on a stupendous scale, by Louis XVI. ; but their progress was interrupted by the revolution ; resumed again under Napoleon in 1803; and the works destroyed by the fury of the elementb ia 1808 ; after which a new plan of operations was resolved upon, by excavating a basin out of the . CHE life CHE reach of the violence of the ocean, which in 1813 was so far acconiBlishod, as to hold 50 sail of the line, having 50 feet depth of water. Other works of corresponding magnitude have since been carried on, and it now appears destined to become the chief naval station of France, and to rival in extent and magnificence every establishment of the kind in the world. Its situation is very advantageous, either for dispatching a fleet to any part of the world, west or south ; or for commanding the chan- nel between France and England. It is about 70 m. due south of the south side of the Isle of Wight, and 100 W. N. W. of Par s, in N. lat. 49. 39. and 1. 37. W. long. Cheribon, a seaport on the north coast of the Island of Java, about 150 m. N. of Batavia; it ex- ports large quantities of coffee. Clierokecs, an Indian tribe occupying an exten- sive tract of country, betweea the Chatahoochee and Tennessee rivers, at the S. extremity of the Apalachian chain. The Cherokees were among the bravest and noblest of the American race. This na- tion has been long distinguished, for being in ad- vance of the other Indian tribes in the arts of civilization. Some of their chieflains have been really great men, fully sensible of the disadvan- tages of their condition, and sagacious in devising means to remedy them. Among these chieftains, the lat.e Charles Hicks, and John Ross, now at the head of the nation, were pre-eminent. Under their directing counsels, and aided by the policy of the general government, they have outstrip- ped all the other tribes in the march of improve- ment. Advantageously situated in, the northwest of Georgia, and extending themselves into Alabama and Tennessee, they occupy a well watered and healthy country, conveniently divided into hill and dale. The northern part is quite mountain- ous ; but the southern and western parts are com- posed of extensive and fertile plaln.s, covered with the finest timber, and furnishing excellent pas- turage. The winters are mild, and the climate healthy. Large herds of cattle and horses are owned by the natives, and they are used for culti- vating the earth. Numerous flocks of goats, sheep, and swine, cover the hills. The valleys and plains furnish the best soil, and produce In- dian corn, cotton, tobacco, wheat, oats, and pota- toes. The natives carry on considerable trade with the adjoining states, and some of them carry their cotton down the Tennessee, and even down the Mississippi, to New Orleans. Apple and peach orchards are very common, and much at- tention is paid to gardens in the nation. There are many public roads in the nation, and houses of entertainment kept by the natives. Numerous and flourishing villages are to be Been in every section of the country. Cotton and woolen cloths, and blankets, are manufactured here. Almost every family raises cotton for its own consumption. Industry and commercial en- terprise are extending themselves through the nation. Different mechanical trades are pursued The population is rapidly increasing, and the fe- male character is much respected. The religion of the nation is Christian — that religion which, wherever it reigns, whether in Europe, Asia, Africa, or America, elevates its professors above those of other religions. Another proof is given by this people of their capacity of self improvement, in the alphabet in- vented by and west by Guaxaca, the extreme southern province of Mex- ico. The Andes run into this province in broken ridges at its S. E. extremity ; but towards its more western boundary, the grand mountain chain may be said to be completely divided. The Tabasco River rises at the foot of the termination of the mountain chain, runs first in a W. N. W. direction, and afterwards takes a northerly course through the province of Tabasco, into the Bay of Campeachy, thereby affording an advantageous opening with the Atlantic Ocean. Four or five other streams of inferior importance intersect the central and eastern side of the province, all uni- ting into one, near its northern frontier ; after wards running through the province of Tabasco, also into the Bay of Campeachy, there being no river of any note running out of Chiapa into the Pacific Ocean. With the exception of the S. E. part, Chiapa may be considered a level rather than a mountainous country, and exceedingly fertile; and having hitherto been uncursed with the discovery of any gold or silver mine, the native inhabitants are proportionably~ more nume- rous, more social, and exhibit more primitive characteristics than in any other part of the western hemisphere. Nearly all the animated creatures and vegetable productions common to the tropical section of this division of the globe, are common in Chiapa. The most prominent of the animal race is the horse, the breed of which, first introduced from Europe, is deservedly cele- brated, and cherished with great care by the in- habitants, with whom the horse constitutes their most important branch of traffic, great numbers being constantly sent into Mexico. When, in- stead of chicane and oppressive exactions, integ- rity and mutual reciprocity shall constitute the basis of commercial intercourse, no part of the world will aiford a fairer field for enterprize than the province of Chiapa. Its forests will supply abundance of cypress, cedar, pine, walnut, and other timber, whilst the cultivated parts will yield abundance of cotton, cocoa, coffee, sugar, and cochineal, with a boundless variety of aro- matic resins, gums, and dyes, to constitute fit and ample equivalents to exchange for the varied useful productions of European art. Most of the domestic animals and fowls common to Eu- rope, as well as the horse, have become natural- ized in Chiapa, and in greater plenty and excel- lence than in almost any other part of America south of the United States ; and its climate, in reference to its geographical position, being of a genial and moderate, rather than of an extreme temperature, it affords as favourable a domicile for a portion of the population of the denser in- habited parts of Europe as any part of the world. This territory is comprised within the republic ot Guatemala, or Central America, as it is some- times called. Chiapa, the chief town of the preceding prov- ince, is situate on the west side of the river Tabas- co, near the N. W. extremity of the province, in the lat. of 17. 5. N. and 92. 40. of W. long. The number of inhabitants is estimated at 20,000, chiefly Indians, hence it is called Chiapa de los Jndios, in contradistinction to another town about 20 miles west, called Chiapa de los Espanoles, in consequence of being inhabited chiefly by persons of Spanish descent: the latter jfe sometimes called Ciudad Real, and is the see of a bishop, having a stately cathedral, and several monastic establish- ments ; its population is, however, inconsiderable, not exceeding more than 2,000. Chiarenza, a town of European Turkey, in the Morea, on the river Sillus, situate near the sea, opposite the east end of the island of Cefalonia. Long. 21. 28. lat. 37. 46. N. Chiari, a town of Italy, in Bresciano, where the Austrians defeated the French in 1701. It is situate between two rivers which fall into the Oglio, on the east side, 14 m. N. N. E. of Crema. Pop. about 7,000. Chuiromonte, a town of Sicily, in Val di Noto, seated on a mountain 25 miles west of Syracuse ; it gave the surname to the family of the virtuoiw and amiable pope Pius VII. CHI 192 CHI Chiavari, a town of the territory of Genoa, situate at the mouth of a river falling into the gulf, about 20 m. S. E. of Geioa. It has seve- ral manufactures. Pop. about 8,000. Chiavenna, a town of Switzerland, capital of a country of its name, subject to the Grisons. It is a trading place, especially in wine and delicate fruits, being the principal communication be- tween the Milanese and Germany. The govern- or's palace and the churches are magnificent ; and the inhabitants are Roman Catholics. Here are the ruins of a once celebrated fortress, on the summit of a rock ; and close to the town is a rock of asbestos. It is seated on the banks of the river Maira, which falls into the north end of the Lake of Como. Pop. about 3,000. The district, which is mountainous, contains a population of about 18,000. Chicago, a town with a military post called Fort Dearborn, at the southern extremity of Lake Michigan in the state of Illinois. A river of the same name here flows into the lake. Chickasaws, a nation of American Indians, set- tled on the head branches of the Tombeckbe and Yazoo rivers, in the N. E. corner of the state of Mississippi; the N. W. extremity of their territo- ry jets upon the river of that name; they have seven towns, the central one of which is in long. 89. 43. W. lat. 34. 23. N. Their numbers have lately been on the increase and they are now about 4.000. They have many mills and work- 6hops,and pay considerable attention to agriculture. Cldchacotta, a fortified town of Bootan, on the south frontier, frequently taken and relinquished by the British India troops, in the war with the Booteeas in 1772. It is 48 m. S. by E. of 'Tas- easudon. Long. 89. 35. E. lat. 26. 35. N. Chichester, a city, the capital of Sussex, Eng. and a county of itself. It is a bishop's see, and has seven churches, beside the cathedral, a spacious edifice, 410 ft. in length, with a tower, surmounted by a spire rising to the height of 297 feet. The city is walled round, and had formerly four gates. It exports corn, malt, &c. has some foreign commerce, and a manufacture of nee- dles. The haven affords fine lobsters. It is seated in a plain, on the river Levant, near its entrance into an arm of the English Channel, 12 m. E. N. E. of Portsmouth, and 61 S. W. of London. Pop. in 1821, 7,362. Chichester, p.t. Merrimack Co. N. H. 45 m. N. W. Portsmouth. Pop. 1,084. Chielefa, a town of Independent Greece, in the Morea, near the Gulf of Coron. 14 m. W. of Colocythia. Chiem-Sce, a lake of Bavaria 35 miles in circum- ference. In the midst of it are two islands ; on one of them is a convent of Benedictine nuns, and on the other an Augustine monastery. It lies 22 m. W. N. W. of Salzburg, and discharges its waters by the river Alza, in a^ northerly direc- tion into the Inn. Chicri, a town of Piedmont, surrounded by an ancient wall, in which are six gates. It has four grand .squares, many churches and religious hou- ses, and considerable manufactures of cloth and silk. It is 7 miles east of Turin. Pop. about 11,000. Chieti. See Civita di Chicti. Chigioell, a village in Essex, Eng. 10 m. N. E. of London. It is noted for a free-school, founded by archbishop Harsnelt, who had been vicar of this place, and lies buried in the church. Pop. in 18?' 1,696. Chihtiahtia, a city in the province of DurangO, situate in the lat. of 28. 50. N. on the high roaa from the city of xVIexico to Santa Fe, about 700 m. N. N. W. of Mexico. Chihuahua is a considera- ble place, having several public buildings, and about 11,000 inhabitants. "The principal church is a beautiful edifice ; the surrounding country is productive in silver. Chilca, a small seaport of Peru, about 30 m. S. of Lima. Chile, a territory of the southern division of the western hemisphere, extending- from the lat. - of 24. 20. to 43. 50. S. and from 65. 50. to 74. 20. W. long, bounded on the w^-'t by the Pacific Ocean, and on the east by t{ ■* Andes, which di- vides it from the United Provinces of Buenos Ayres, being about 1 ,350 miles in length, from north to south, and 130 in mean breadth, in a po- sition from the south, of N. N. E. Antecedent to the irruption of the Spaniards into this part of the world, Chile was divided into several inde- pendent states, of whom the earliest information hitherto obtained respecting them, is, that in 1450 Upanqui, the then Inca of Peru, made in- roads upon the Chilian territory, and subdued the four northern provinces, at the southern boundary of which their progress was stayed by the brjivery of a tribe called the Promancians. The Peru- vians, however remained roasters of the four provinces, up to the period of },535, when it was first visited by the Spaniards, who invaded it from Peru with a force of ','70 Europeans and 15,000 Peruvians, under the .ommand of Alma- giso, the companion of Vin.rxo. Two-thirds of the number of this expediJon perished with fa- tigue on the march, the remainder, however, suc- ceeded in reaching the northern province of Chile, and the Spaniards were received by the inhabitants with cordiality and respect ; but the perfidy and baseness of Almagro indulged in the wanton massacre of some of the chief men of the country, and thereby raised the indignation of the whole population against him : and having in a general engagement with the Promancians, sus- tained a complete defeat, and dissatisfaction pre- vailing amono- > 'b troops, he returned to Peru in 1538. In 1540 nowever, Pizarro dispatched an- other expediti m, under the command of Val* divia, who, ?1er much resistance, succeeded in extending ' « arms as far as Mapocho, and from that peri' the Spaniards maintained possession of the CO ntry, though not without repeated con- flicts with the natives, and occasional reverse of fortune. Such has been the bravery of the Arau- cans, a tribe of Indians, occupying the southern part of the territory, from the lat. of 37. to 42. S. that up to the present time they have never been subdued. The last conflict in which they were engaged with the Spaniards was in 1773, in which great slaughter ensued, without a decided triumph to either party. From that period, however, tran quillity has generally prevailed, the Araucans having since then had a resident at Santiago, more m the character of representative of an m- deprndent nation, than a conquered or dependent province. In 1742, Don Josef Manto, the then Spanish governor, under whose administration peace and order generally prevailed, founded several new towns, and divided the country iato the 22 fol- lowing provinces, commencing at the north, viz 1. Copiapo 2. Huasco 3. Coquimbo 4. Cuscos 5. Pectorca 6. Quillota CHI 193 CHI 7. Melipilla 8. Rancagua 9. Colchagua 10. Curico 11. Maule 12. Canquenes 13. ItaU 14. Puchacay 15. Concepcion 16. Aconcagua 71. Santa Rosa 18. Mapocho 19. Isla de Maale 20. Chilian 21. Rere 22. Isla de la Laxa. The Chilians are gay and hospitable, and am highly fond of bull fights, music, and dancing. They sleep from noon till sunset, after which the shops and streets are lighted up, and all the pub lie places are thronged till midnight. Of these, the first five divisions extend from the Pacific Ocean to the Andes; Nos. 6 to 15 are bounded on the east by the seven remaining provinces, which with Concepcion, are bounded on the south by the Biobo River, in the lat. of 3C. 50. S.; the more southern portion of the territory to the lat. of 42. S., being occupied by the Arau- cans, and the island of Chiloe projecting into the Pacific Ocean forms the southern extremity of the territory, which is separated from Peru on the north, by the dreary Desert of Atacama. The Andes, which flank the whole eastern boundary, rises to an average altitude of 12,000 to 14,000 feet above the level of the sea, having in the course of this range 14 volcanoes in a state of constant eruption, and several others which emit occasionally. All of them are, however, too re- mote from the inhabited parts of the territory, either to occasion inconvenience, or inspire ter- ror, by the violence of their eruption. The sev- eral provinces are mostly divided from each other by ranges of hills, each intervening valley being intersected by one or more streams of water, con- tributing alike to the beauty and fertility of the country, which, as a whole, for diversity, beauty, and grandeur of feature, is unequalled in the world. Although the soil and cHmate of Chile are alike favourable to the culture and breed of all the fruits, grain, and animals conducive to the well-being, comfort, and enjoyment of society, its more distmguishing feature is the abundance of its mineral productions, in gold, silver, copper, tin, and iron. Such, however, for nearly three centuries, was the subduing and perverse policy of the Spaniards, that with means to command every comfort, the inhabitants of this fine and fertile territory were kept in a state of barbarism, and on the verge of want. The ties of Spanish bondage, however, now appear broken, never to be united. The first movement of resistance to Spanish authority, which took place in 1809, for some time, appeared likely to succeed without in- terruption ; but in 1814, a Spanish force from Peru subdued nearly the whole country, and held it again in subjection until 1817, when a force, in the cause of independence, under the command of general San Martin, entered Chile from Buenos Ayres, and turned again the tide of victory against Spanish domination. On the 12th of February, 1819, the Chilians formally renounced all obligation to Spanish authority, and declared themselves independent ; which the battle of Maypu, in the following April, not only confirm- ed to them, but enabled them to extend their arms, in pursuit of their oppressors, into Peru. Tlie new government is, however, for the pres- ent, too unstable to justify any positive conclusion as to the future destiny of the country. The population, according to a census taken in 1812, amounted to about 1 ,230,000, exclusive of some scattered tribes of Indians. Santiago, or St. Jago de Chile, (as it is sometimes written) in the province of Mapocho, in the lat. of 33. 20. is the chief city, to which Valparaiso, distant 100 miles west, is the seaport. The other seaports are Copiapo, Coquimbo, Concepcion, and Valdivia. 25 A traveller in Chile in 1820, has furnished ns with the following remarks : The merchants and other principal Inhabitants reside in the houses built along the base of the cliffs in Valparaiso, and along the streets of the Almendral. But the poorer people live chiefly in the Quebradas, or ravines. This class of society have been the least affected by the changes in the political state of the country, and retain, as we were informed, nearly the same manners and habits as before ; a circumstance which gave them a higher interest to us; and induced us frequent- ly to rove about, in the cool hours of the evening, amongst their ranchos, or cottages. We were every where received with the utmost frankness, and, as far as the simple means of the inhabitants went, with hospitality. They were chiefly brick- makers, day-labourers, and washerwomen, who were always gratified by the interest we took in their affairs, replying readily and cheerfully to our inquiries. Their first anxiety was that we should be seated, in order, to use their phrase, that we might " feel ourselves in our own house." Their next wish was that we should taste some- thing, no matter how little ; some offering us spirits, or milk and bread ; others, who could afford nothing else, presenting a cup of water. Yet, however wretched the cottage, or poor the fare, the deficiency was never made more appa- rent by apologies : with untaught politeness, the best they had was placed before us, graced with a hearty welcome. These ranchos, as well as the houses in the town, are built of large flat bricks dried in the sun ; and thatched with broad palm leaves, the ends of which, by overhanging the walls, afford shade from the scorching sun, as well as shelter from the rain. Each cottage is divided into two rooms ; one for the beds, and the otlier as a dining room ; a portion of the mud floor in this apart- ment is always raised seven or eight inches above the level of the other parts, and being covered with mats, serves as a couch for the siesta sleep- ers after dinner. In one cottage we found a young woman grind- ing corn in a very primitive mill, which consisted of two stones, one a large grooved block placed on the ground, the other polished, and about twice the size of her hand. The unground com appeared to be baked till it could be crunibled R CHI 194 CHI into powder between the finger and thumb ; this coarse flour, when mixed with water, made an agreeable drink called Ulpa. In some of the Quebradas, we occasionally dis- covered houses of a better class, generally occu- pied by elderly ladies of small incomes, who had relinquished the fashionable and expensive parts of the town, for more remote, though not less com- fortable dwellings. Nothing could exceed the neatness and regularity which prevailed in these houses, where we were often received by the inmates with a politeness of manners, indicating that they had known better days. These good ladies generally entertained us with the celebrated Paraguay tea, called mattee, a beverage of which the inhabitants are passionately fond. Before infu- sion, the Yerba, as it is called, has a yellow colour, and appears partly ground, and partly chopped ; the flavour resembles that of fine teaj to which, in- deed, many people prefer it. The mattee is made in an oval-shaped metal pot, about twice as large as an egg-cup, placed nearly full of water, on the hot embers of the brazier, which always stands in the middle of the parlour; when the water begins to boil, a lump of sugar burnt on the out- side is added. The pot is next removed to a filagree silver stand, on which it is handed to the guest, who draws the mattee into his mouth through a silver pipe seven or eight inches in length, furnished at the lower extremity with a bulb pierced with small holes. The natives drink it almost boiling hot, and it costs the stranger many a tear before he can imitate them in this practice. There is one custom in these mattee drinkings, to which, though not easily reconcile- able to our habits, a stranger must not venture to object. However numerous the companj' be, or however often the mattee pot be replenished, the tube is never changed ; and to decline taking mattee, because the tube had been previously used, would be thought the hciglit of rudeness. A gentleman of my acquaintance, becoming very fond of this beverage, bought a tube for himself, and carried it constantly in his pocket ; but this gave so much offence, that he was eventually obliged to throw away his private bombilla, as it is called, and follow the customs of the coun- try. The people in general, and particularly the peasantry, and the lower orders in the outskirts of the town, appeared to us much better bred than the corresponding ranks in other countries. In their domestic circle, they were at all times remarkably polite to one another; the children being respectful and attentive, and the parents considerate and indulgent. But this was con- spicuous only at home ; for, when abroad , the men were very negligent of good manners ; and, although actual rudeness was contrary to their nature, they were, in general, careless of the wishes of the women, and never sought opportu- nities of obliging them, nor seemed to take any pleasure in being useful on trivial occasions. This habitual inattention on the part of the young men, rendered the women, in some degree, dis- trustful of the civility with which strangers, as a matter of course, treated them; and, at first, we often observed a look of embarrassment and doubt, when we paid them the most ordinary at- tention. atdi, p.t Munroe Co. N. Y. 241 m. W. Alba- ny. Pop. 2/)10. Cliilha, a lake in the Doccan of Hindoostan, which bounds the five Circars on the north. It lies on the coast of the Bay of Bengal, and seema the effect of the breach of the sea over a flat san- dy surface, whose elevation was something above the level of the country within. It communicates with the sea by a very narrow but deep opening, and is shallow within. It is 40 miles long and 14 broad, with a narrow slip of ground between it and the sea. It contains many inhabited islands. On the N. W. it is bounded by a ridge of mountains, a continuation of that which ex- tends from the Mahanuddy to the Godavery River and shuts up the Circars towards the continent. Chilian, one of the seven inland provinces of Chile ; it is inconsiderable, and the least impor- tant of them all. The chief town, of the same name, is about 105 miles N. W. of Concepcion. A river of the same name intersects the province from east to west, falling ink) the Itata in the maritime province of Puchacay. ChiUicothe, the chief town of Ross County, Ohio, and second in rank in the state ; seated on a point of land formed by Paint Creek, and the west bank of the Scioto River, 70 miles by the water-course, above its entrance into the Ohio, it has several mills and manufactures in its vicin- ity. It is 45 miles south of Columbus, the capital ^ of the state, and 90 E. by N. of Cincinnati. Pop. 2,846. Chilian, a town of Switzerland, in the canton of Berne, at the end of the lake of Geneva or Leman. On a rock in the lake is an ancient castle, which has lately been used as a state pris- on, and is imortalized in the verse of Byron. It is 5 m. E. S. E. of Vevay. Chiloe, Island and Archipelago of; the Island of Chiloe forms the southern extremity of the territory of Chile, separated from the province of Araucan on the north by a channel four to five miles wide. It is 140 miles in length and about 50 in mean breadth, separated on the east from the main land by a gulf about 50 miles wide, containing 40 small islands, 15 uninhabited, form- ing the Archipelago of Chiloe. The total popu- lation is about 30,000. Castro, seated at the head of a bay, opening into the Archipelago, is the chief town. Chllpanzingo, a considerable town, 2,500 feet above the level of the sea, G5 m. N. by E. of Aca- pulco, on the road to Mexico. Chilques y Masques, a district of the province of Cuzco, Peru, lying east of the Apurimac Riv- er, having a ridge of the Andes for its east bound- ary. It is a fertile district, containing about lO.OOO inhab. Parino, in the lat. of 12. 45. S. and 71. 35. of W. long, is the chief town. Chiltern, a cliam of chalky hills in England, passing from east to west, out of Hertfordshire, through the middle of Buckinghamshire, to the Thames at Henley. This district formerly be- t longed to the crown, which, for time immemorial has had the nominal office of steward of the Chil tern Hundreds, by the acceptance of which a commoner vacates his seat in parliament. Chilvers Coion, a village in Warwickshire, Enir, '^ land, contiguous to Nuneaton, (which see.) Pop. in 1821,2,169. Chimay, a town of the Netherlands, in the for- est of Thierarche. Near it are mines of iron, with founderies and forges. It is seated near the French frontier, 12 m. N. W. of Ilocroy. Chimhorazo, commonly esteemed the highest peak of the Andes, is in the province of Quito, Col- ombia ; lat. 1. 50. S. On the 23d of June, 1797, this mountain was ascended, by the Prussian trav- CttI 196 CHI eller, Humboldt, to the height of 19,300 feet above the level of the sea, when a chasm several hun- dred feet wide prevented tlie summit being attain- ed ; the, extreme altitude of which is 21,440 feet. At the height attained, the cold was intense, and respiration rendered difficult by the extreme te- nuity of the air. The peak f Cancer, and the 121st of E. long. ; and the de- pendent islands, are the Loo Choo Group, the principal of which is about 150 miles in length, from north to south, and .30 to 40 in breadth, in the long, of 129. E. and the lat. of 26. N. Be- tween these and Formosa is another group 30 or 40 in number, nearly all of which are inhabited. Mountain ridges, run in various directions ovr nearly every part of China Proper : but the-.e are none remarkable for their altitude ; and, in and aggregate sense, it may l>e considered a lev- el, rather than a mountainous country. Of all the communities at present existing, that of China is unquestionably the most ancient, and, from a very early period it had obviously made great progress in the arts of socid' life , but of the origin of the community, nt-tliinar satisfactory is at present known ; for although their records appear to have been preserved with great care, the peculiarity, and formerly supposed difficulty of acquiring a knowledge of the written characters of their language (being svmbolic) together with the peculiarly jealous character of the people, had antecedent to the close of the 18th century, precluded Eufopeans from obtain- ing any correct knowledge either of the past or present extent and condition of the people. In the absence of all authentic, and correct data on the subject, numerous, vague, and exagger ated statements, relating alike to their antiquity and extent of numbers, obtained current belief in Europe ; but since the commencement of the I9th century, the supposed difficulty of acquiring a knowledge of tlieir language has proved er- roneous, and the details of the several local di- visions and institutions of the county are be- coming every year more extensively and accu- rately known. Of their origin, the most rational supposition, is, that about 4,000 years before the Christian era, the Chinese were among the first portion of the wanderinor tribes spread over the northern hem- isphere, dispersed from some of the populous dis- tricts of that time, who formed themselves into a social community ; whilst an examination of the localities and natural advantajjes of the ter- ritory of China Proper, as well with reference to the natural fertility of its soil, as the variety and adaptation to the wants of a social community, of its indigenous productions, will sufficiently ac- count for the numerical extent and peculiarity of manners of its population. By the writings of Confucius (the only Chinese that appears to have obtained immortalitj' among them) who flourish- ed 520 years before our era, China had then at- tained nearly, if not quite as iiigh a degree of sociality and refinement as prevails there at the present time. In the 15th century, China Proper may be considered as having been subjected to the arms of the Mongul Tartar chief Genghis Khan, who subverted the ruling power, and es- tablished a Tartar dynasty in the government of China ; but notwithstanding this change in the government instead of the territory of China yield- ing itself up as a dependent province of Tartary, the superior fertility of China brought Tartary into its subservience ; thereby reversing the usual result of conquest, and the conquerors became the dependents. The dynasty of Genghis 3 Je'y are with difficulty distin- guished from their subjects, their dress and food being the same, and their houses little better. The usdens are chosen by the princes from among the the people ; and are their officers, the executors of the law, the ministers of the legislature. Both the usdens and the people are proprietors of land. There does not appear to be any written law : the people are governed by a kind of common law, founded on a collection of ancient usages. They have a few manufactures ; and their tillage pro- duces scarcely sufficient for their own subsistence. The principal articles of commerce are sheep and horses, particularly the latter, which sell at a high price, being much esteemed. The balance of trade would, however, be considerably against them, were it not for the slaves they make in their predatory excursions. They have no mo- ney, and all their commerce is carried on by ex change. They almost universally subsist by rob- bery ,being trained to itfrom their very cradle. This disposition naturally produces a bold adventurous spirit : they are expert horsemen, and able war- riors, being in general stout and well made. i ^ , M i ^txJ \J M |_Wh/ Mil ^ w /I |L ^ r^^ ||\ , % s t^W^^ PT'^-r'"-- Their woman are famed for their beauty ; and chiefly supply the seraglios of Persia and Turkey. Those that are thus sold are, however, chiefly slaves, or their descendants. They sell from 20^ to 100/. according to their beauty. The women participate in the general character of the nation, taking pride in the courage of their husbands, and loading them with reproaches when defeated. They are kept extremely close ; and the greatest reserve subsists between the married pairs. Their habitations are usually two huts, one for the hus- band, and the reception of strangers ; and the other for the wife and family. The Circassians were formerly Christians ; but, for want of instruction and written laws, they confent themselves with a bare profession of being Christians or Mahome- tans. They have no letters of their own ; and those who wish to write their language are obliged to make use of Arabian characters. Cirdevillf., p.t. Pickaway Co. Ohio on the Scioto An ancient Indian fortress of a circular shape at this spot gave name to the town. Pop. 1,136. Cirencester, cominonXy called Ciciter, a borough in Gloucestershire, Eng. The ruins of the walls are ;yet visible ; it had also a castle and an abbey, and here three Roman roads, the Foss,Irvnn, a.nd /cnfwz'W, crossed each other. It is one of the greatest marts in the country for wool ; and has a manufac- ture of curriers knives, highly valued, and two pub- lic breweries ; the church is a very stately edi- fice. It is seated on the b,*nks of the little river Churn, 18 m. S. E. of Gloucester, and b9 W. of crv 203 CLA London. It communicates both with the Severn and the Thames, by a canal. Pop. in 1821, 4,987. Cirie, a town of Piedmont, seated on the Do- na, near the foot of the Alps, 8 m. N. N. W. of Turin. Pop. 3,500. Cirtknitz. See Czirnitz. Cismar, a town of Lower Saxony, in Holstein, seated near the Baltic, 17 m. north of Trave- munde. Citaddla, or Ciudella, a seaport and the capital of Minorca, surrounded by walls and bastions, with d good harbour at the N. W. point of the island. Long. 3. 11. E. lat. 39. 58. N. Citladdla, an inland town of the Venetian terri- tory, 25 m. N. W. of Venice. Pop. about 6,000. Citta di Castello, a city of Italy, with a castle, capital of a district of the same name, west of the Apennines, seated on th« Tiber, 27 m. S. W. of Urbino. Citta Kuova, a town of Italy, in the marquisate of Ancona, on the Gulf of Venice, 10 m. S. of Loretto. Citta JVuova, a seaport of Istria, and a bishop's see, seated on an isthmus, at the mouth of the Que- to, which forms a good harbour, 26 m. S. S. W. of Capo d'Istria. Long. 13. 47. E. lat. 45. 32. N. Citta Vecchia, a fortified city of Malta, formerly the capital of the island, and still the seat of the bish- opric. The most remarkable edifices are the pal- ace of the grand master, and the cathedral. Here are extensive catacombs, about 15 feet below the surface of the rock in which they are cut ; they contain streets formed with such regularity, that the title of Subterranean City has been given to this place. Near the city is the Grotto of St. Paul, divided into three parts by iron grates ; in the furthest part is an altar, and a statue of the saint, in white marble. This old city was consid- erably larger than at present ; for the new city, Valetta, being more conveniently seated, has drawn away the greater number of its inhabitants. It stands on a hill, in the interior of the island, 6 m. W. by S. of Valetta. City Point, p. v. Prince George Co. Va. on James River at the mouth of the Appomattox. Ciudad Real , a town of Spain, capital of Mancha. The inhabitants are noted for dressing leather for gloves. It is two miles from the Guadiana, and 98 S. of Madrid. Ciudad Real, a city of Chiapa. See Chiapa dos Espaa-noles. Ciudad Rodrigo, a town of Spain in Leon, and a bishop's see, seated on the river Aguada, on the frontier of Portugal. It was taken by the French in 1310, and retaken by the English in 1811 ; 50 m. S. W. of Salamanca. Civita Castdlana, a town of Italy, in the patri- mony of St. Peter, seated on a high rock, at the foot of which is a river that flows into the Tiber, 25 m. N. of Rome. Civita Cliieti, a city of Naples, capital of Abruz- zo Citeriore, and an archbishop's see. It contains four churches and nine convents, and is situate on a mountain, near the river Pescara, a few miles above its entrance into the Adriatic, 23 m. E. of Aquila, and i)6 N. of Naples. Civita di Friuli a town of Italy, in Friuli, seat- ed on the Natisona, 10 m. E. of Udina. Civita di Penna, a town of Naples, in Abruzzo Ulteriore, near the river Salino, 25 m. N, E. of Aquila. Civita Ducale, a town of Naples, in Abruzzo Ulteriore, on the River Velino, 10 m. W. of Aquila. Civita Mandonia, a town of Naples, in Calabria Citeriore, near which are the ruins of the famous city of Sybaris. It is seated on the Gulf of Tar- ento, at the influx of the Crati, 3 m. N. by E. of Cosenza. Civita Vecchia, a strong seaport of Italy, in the patrimony of St. Peter, with an arsenal. The chief exports are puzzolana, and a superior kind of alum, prepared at Tolfa. Here the pope's gal- lies are stationed, and it is a free port. It was ta- ken by the French in 1798, and retaken by the Austrians and Russians in 1799. It is 35 m. N. W. of Rome. Long. 11. 46. E. lat. 42. 5. N. Civitella, a town of Naples, in Otranto, 5 m. N. of Tar an to. Civra.y. See Sivray. Clackmannanshire, a county of Scotland, bonnd- ed on the S. and S. W. by the Forth, and on all other sides by Perthshire. It is nine miles long and six broad ; produces good com and pasture, and plenty of coal and salt. It has also veins of lead, cobalt, and antimony. Alloa is the princi- pal town. It has a population of 12,000, one third of whom are engaged in trade and manufactures. Clakmannan, a parish and town of the above county. The parish comprises nearly four-fifths of the county, and contains about 800 acres of woodland. The town is seated on an eminence, and has a harbour formed by the Devon, at its in- flux with the Forth. On the top of a hill, 190 feet above the level of the Forth, is a square tow- er, which derives its name from the illustrious Robert Bruce, whose great sword and casque are here preserved. It is 27 m. W. N. W. of Edin- burgh. In 1821 the parish contained 4,056 inhab- itants, about a fourth of which inhabited the town. Clagenfurt, a town of the Austrian empire, cap- ital of Lower Carinthia. It has a strong wall, and contains six churches and three convents. Here is a manufacture of cloth, and a considerable one of white lead. This town was taken by the French in 1797, and again in 1809, when they de- molished the fortifications. It, stands on the riv- er Glan, which falls into the Drave, 148 m. S. W. of Vienna. Pop. about 10,000. Clair, St.n lake of North America, between the lakes Huron and Erie, 90 miles in circumference. It receives the waters of the lakes Superior. Michi- gan, and Huron, and also of the River Thames, from Upper Canada, in the lat. of 42. 32. N. and discharges them, through the strait called Detroit, into the lake Erie. Clair, St. a county in the state of Illinois, the west side of which borders on the Mississippi Riv- er in the lat. of 38. 30. N. Pop. 7,092 Belleville is the chief town. St. Clair is also the name of a township in Alleghany County, and of another in Bedford County, both in Pennsylvania. Clairac, or Clavrac, a town of France, in the department of Lot and Garonne. Corn and to- bacco are cultivated, and a great deal of wine and brandy made here. It is seated in a valley, on the river Dort, 13 m. N. W. of Agen. Pop. about 6,000. Claiborne, a county of the state of Mississippi, bounded on the south by the Big Black, and north by the Yazoo Rivers, and on the west for about ^ miles by the Mississippi River, between the lat. of 32. and 33. north. It is about 8 miles oa.'y in mean breadth. Pop. 9,818. Port Giwc .16 ra. N. W. by W. of Monticello, is the ch*' *»« CLA 804 CLA Claiborne, is also the name of another county, on the north frontier of East Tennessee, intersect- ed in a N. E. direction by Clinch, a ridge of the Alleghany Mountains ; it is bounded on the south by Clinch River, and intersected on the N. W. by Powell's River, whose united streams, with the Holston, form the Tennessee River. Pop 8,470. Tazewell, north of the Mountain Ridge, and 222 m. E. N. E. of Murfreesborough, is the chief town. Clamicy, a town of France, in the department of Nievre. Before the late revolution, the chapel of an hospital in the suburb was the provision for the bishop of Bethlehem, who was fixed here in 1180, after the Christians had been driven from the Holy Land. Clamecy is seated at the conflu- ence of the Beuvron with the Yonne, 35 m. N. N. E. of Nevers. Pop. about 5,300. Clapfiam, a village in Surrey, an appendage to the British metropolis, 4 m. S. of London Bridge. It is composed of a number of very neat houses, built round an extensive common, presenting a very rural, picturesque, and interesting scene. The houses are occupied chiefly as the private residences of the upper class of shopkeepers, in- cumbents of public offices, and merchants of the metropolis. In proof of the agreeableness of its situation, the population, which in 1801 was 3,8G4, in 1821 was 7,151. Clapton, Upper and Lower. See Hackney. Clara, St. a small island of Peru, in the Bay of (Gruavaquil, 70 m. S. W. of Guayaquil. Long. 82. 20. W. lat. 2. 20. S. Clare, a town in SuflTolk, Eng. It is famous for the great men who have borne the title of earl and duke of it. Lionel, third son of Edward III. becoming possessed of the honour of Clare, by marriage, was created duke of Clarence ; and that title has ever since belonged to a branch of the royal family. Here are the ruins of a castle ; also of a priory, the house of which is now occupied by a farmer, and the chapel is a barn. Clare hiis a manufacture of baize, and is seated near the Stour, 15 m. S. of Bury St. Edmund, and 56 N. E. of London. Pop. in 1821, 1,487. Clare, a maritime county in the province of Munster, on the west coast of Ireland, bounded on the north by Galway Bay, and south by the Shannon. It contains a good deal of mountainous surface ; the valleys however are very fertile ; and it breeds more horses than any other county in Ireland, beside a great number of cattle and sheep. Ennis, 113 m. W. by S. of Dublin, is the capital. Although it has 70 m. of sea-coast, it has no fre- quented harbour, its principal outport being Lim- erick. For subdivision, population, &c. see Ire- land. Clare, a parish and town on the north bank of the Shannon, in the preceding county. The par- ish in 1821 contained 3,010 inhabitants. The town, at the head of a bay, in the Shannon, 3 m. S. of Ennis, contained 505 of the above inhabitants. There is also another parish of the same name in the county of Galway, intersected by the river Clare, which falls into Lake Corrib, about 5 miles north of the town of Galway. Population of this parish 3,146. Claremont, p.t. Sullivan Co. N. H. 97 m. from Portsmouth ; 100 from Boston. The principal village is situated on Sugar River, a branch of the Connecticut. It is a flourishing town, with man- ufactures of woolen and paper. Pop. 2,526. Claredon, a village in Wiltshire, Eng. near Salisbury. Here was once a royal palace, in which the parliament was several times conven- ed ; the first time by Henry II. in 1164, who en acted the laws called the constitutions of Claren- don, by which the power of the clergy was re strained. Claritza, a town of European Turkey, in Janna, at the mouth of the Fenco, in the Gulf of Saloni ca, 26 m. E. of Larissa. Clark, or Clarke, the name of seven counties in different parts of the United States, as follows, viz. with the number of inhabitants in each, and the chief town : — In Georgia 10,176 Watkinsville Alabama 7,584 Clarkesville Kentucky 13,052 Winchester Ohio 13,074 Springfield Indiana 10,719 Charlestown Illinois 3,940 Clark Arkansas 1,369 Clarke Clarkesville, or Clarksville, the name of 9 towns in N. Y., Pa., Va., Geo., Alab., Missouri, Ten., Ohio and Indiana. Clarkesborough, p.t. Jackson Co. Geo. Clarksburg, p.t. Berkshire Co. Mass. Pop. 315. Also towns in Maryland, Va., Geo., Ken., and Ohio. Clarkson, p.t. Monroe Co. N. Y. Pop. 3,251. Clarkstown, p.t. Rockland Co. N. Y. Pop. 2,298. Clatsops Fort, at the mouth of the Oregon River, in the Pacific Ocean, named after a tribe of Indians inhabiting the banks of that river. Claude, St. a town of France, in the department of Jura. It owes its origin to a celebrated abbey, which was secularized in 1742. The cathedral is extremely elegant ; and here are many public fountains with large basins. It is seated between three high mountains, on the river Lison, 35 m. N. W. of Geneva. Pop. about 3,700. There is another town of the same name in the depart- ment of Charente ; it is inconsiderable. Claverack, a town of New York, in Columbia county, seated in a large plain, near a creek of its name, 2 m. E. of Hudson. Pop. 3,038. Clavo, a town of the island of Corsica, 8 m. E. S. E. of Ajaccio. Clausen, a town of Germany, in Tyrol, with a castle. The adjacent country produces a fine red wine. It stands on the river Eisack, 8 m. S. W. of Brixen. Clnascn, a town of Germany, in the electorate of Treves, 5 ra. S. of Wittlick. Clausenburg, or Coloswar, a town of Tran. sylvania, where the states of the province genei- ally assemble. On one of the gates is an inscrip- tion in honour of Trajan. It suffered greatly bt fire in 1798, at which period it contained abou* 13,000 inhabitants. It is seated on the Samos,60 m. N N. W. of Hermanstadt, and 225 E. S. E of Vienna. Long. 23. 20. E. lat. 46. 55. N. Clausthal, a town of Lower Saxony, in the principality of Grubenhagen, and immediately contiguous to Zellerfeld. Here is a mint foi coining money ; and near it are some rich silver mines. It stands in the Hartz Mountains, 14 m. S. S. W. of Goslar, and 48 S. E. of Hanover. Pop. about 8,000. Clausz, a town of Germany, in the Traun quarter of Upper Austria, 17 m. S. W. of Steyn. Clay, or Cley, a village in Norfolk, Eng. seated on an arm of the sea, four miles N. N! W. of Holt. It has some large salt-works, and is fre- quented for sea-bathing. Pop. in 1821, 742. Clay, an interior county in the S. E. part of CLE 205 CLI Kentucky, containing about 1,000 square miles of surface, thinly inhabited. Pop. 3,549. The south fork of the Kentucky River has its source in this county. Manchester is the chief town. Claydon, there are five villages of this name in different parts of England, all inconsiderable. Clayton, there are eight townships and villages of this name in different parts of England, all inconsiderable. Clayton, there are eiffht townships and villa- ges of this name in difftrent parts of England, the most important of which is a township, con- taining 3,60!) inhabitants, in the parish of Brad- ford, Yorkshire, which see. The others are unim- portant. ClaysviUe , p.v. Washington Co. Pa. and Har- rison Co. Ken. Clayton, t. Perry Co. Ohio. ClaytonviUe, p.v. Rodin Co. Geo. %* There are eight other villages in different parts of England beginning with Clay. Clear, Cape, the south point of a small island off the south extremity of Ireland, in the lat. of 51. 20. N. and 9. 37. W. long. It generally forms the point of departure, or commencement of the reckoning of vessels sailing out of St. George's Channel to the westward. Clearfield, an interior county, in the west part of Pennsylvania, in which the western bank of the Susquehanna and several creeks have their source. Pop. 4,803. The chief town of the same name is about 200 m. N. N. W. of Philadelphia. Clearfield, t. Butler Co. Pa. Clear Stream, r. N. H. a branch of the Andros- coggin. Cleguerec, a town of France, near the north frontier of the department of Morbihan, 11m. N. W. of Pontivi. Pop. about 4,000. Cleohury, a town in Shropshire, Eng. seated on the river Rea, 28 m. S. S. E. of Shrewsbury, and 137 N. W. of London. Pop. in 1821, 1,602. Clerkemcell, one of the out-parishes, forming an integral part of the British metropolis, lying on the north side. The inhabitants, in 1801, amounted to 23,396, and in 1821, to 32,105, about 5,000 of whom were employed as lapida- ries, working jewellers, and in all the various branches of the manufacture of clocks, watches, and time-keepers, which are here made in greater perfection than in any other part of the world. In this district are two or three extensive dis- tilleries, serveral iron foundries, and various other manufactures, as also the works of the New Riv- er Company, which supply a great portion of the metropolis with water, conveyed by pipes into ihe several houses. Clerkenwell contains also d very elegant and spacious edifice, in which the sessions for the county of Middlesex are held ; two extensive prisons, one appropriated as a house of correction for juvenile offenders, and the other, which has recently been much enlar- ged, to general purposes. It has a theatre for pantomime and aquatic exhibitions, called Sadler's Wells, and was formerly distinguished for an extensive establishment of the Knights of St. John of Jerusalem. This was destroyed by the rebels under Wat Tyler, in 1381, except the principal gate tower, which still remains en- tire, and forms one of the most interesting fea- tures of antiquity connected with tlie metropolis. It has two churches, but neither of them remark- able for their architecture ; nor is the general asoect of this division of the metropolis in any way imposing to the eye ; but in the extent and value of its productions, it is entitled to rank among the most important. Clerke, or Sinde Isles, two islands near the entrance of Behring's Strait, between the coasts of Kamtschatka and North America. They were seen by Cook in 1778, and so named in hon- our of captain Clerke, his second in command. They were both inhabited, and not unknown to the Russians. Long. 169. 30. W., lat. 63. 15. N. Clermont, a city of France, capital of the de- partment of Puy de Dome, and a bishop's see. It is seated on an eminence, and sometimes call- ed Clermont Ferrand, since the town Montfer rand, about a mile dist-,ntto the N. E., was uni- ted under the name of a suburb ; the cathedral, public squares, and walks, are very fine, but the streets are narrow, and the houses built of stone of a gloomy hue. In the neighbourhood are some mineral springs : and that of the sub- urb St. Allyre, has formed a natural bridge over the brook into which it falls, so that carriages can pass over. Clermont is the birthplace of the celebrated Pascal, and has manufactures of rat- teens, druggets, serges, and leather. It is 215 m. S. by E. of Paris, and 10 W. of Lyons. Pop. about 16,000. Clermont, a town of France, in the department of Meuse, on an eminence by the river Ayr, 12 m. W. by S. of Verdun. Clermont, a town of France, in the department of Oise, on an eminence near the Bresche, 37 m. N. of Paris. Clermont is also the name of several other inconsiderable towns in different parts of France. Clermont, a county in the state of Ohio, the south end of which is bounded by the Ohio Riv- er. It is about 30 miles from north to south, and fi-om east to west. Pop. 20,466. Batavia is the chief town. Clermont, p.t. Columbia Co. N. Y. Pop. 1503. Clermont de Lodeve, a town of France, in the department of Herault, with manufactures of cloth and hats ; seated on an eminence near the Lo- arnere, 80 m. S. S. E. of Lodeve, and 24 W. of Montpelier. Pop. about 5,500. CZery, a town of France, in the department of Loiret, once famous for the pilgrimages to our lady of Clery. Here is the tomb of Louis XL, who appears in white marble as the saint and the patriot king. It is 9 m. S. S. W. of Orleans. Cleveland, p.t. Cuyahoga Co. Ohio, on Lake Erie, at the junction of the Ohio canal with the waters of the lake. Pop. 1,076. Cleves, a duchy of Westphalia, bordering on the S. E. part of Holland, divided into two parts by the Rhine. It is a fine country, varie- gated with hills, woods, fields, towns, and villa- ges, and the chief rivers are the Rhine, Lippe, and Roer. The capital is Wesel. Cleves, a city of Germany, and the capital of the duchy of Cleves. It is seated on the eas- tern side of three hills, two miles west of the Rhine ; and has a castle, built in the time of Ju- lius CiEsar. It is 70 m. N. N. W. of Cologne, and about the same distance E. by S. of Rotter- dam. Pop. about 5,000. Cleves, p.v. Hamilton Co. Ohio. Cliff, a Saxon word implying a rock or high ground. There are six villages in different parts of England so named, probably from theii situa- tion (in a relative sense) on high ground. There S CLO 206 CLU are three others named Clifford, in reference to their contiguity to a fordable stream ; and 22 na- med Clifton, implying towns on a cliff, or high ground. None of these demand any particular notice, except Clifton contiguous to Bristol, to which city it forms a beautiful and interesting ap- pendage ; as its name implies, it is built on an em- inence, at the foot of which, on the north bank of the Lower Avon, is a hot well, that contrib- utes greatly to its advantage, by the numerous visitors who seek to avail themselves of the ben- efits of its restorative properties. The buildings of Clifton are in general elegant and commodious, and from their elevated site command extensive and beautiful prospects. The population, which in 1801 was only 4,457, in 1821 amounted to 8,811. See Bristol. Clifford, t. Susquehanna Co. Pa. Clinch, a river of Tennessee^ flowing into the Tennessee river. Clinton, a county at the N. E. extremity of the state of New York. It is bounded on the east for about 35 m. by Lake Champlain, which divides it from Vermont, and on the north, for about 32 miles, by the conventional line that separates the United States from Lower Canada. Pop. 19,344. Pl'ttsburg is the chief town. Clinton, an interior county in the S. W. part of the state of Ohio, in which one of the branch- es of the Little Miami River has its source. Pop. 11,292. Wilmington, in the centre of the county, is the chief town. Clinton, p.t. Kennebec Co. Me. Pop. 2,125. Clinton, a village in Oneida Co. N. Y. 9 m. S. W of Utica. Hamilton College at this place was founded in 1812. It has 7 instructers and 77 students. The libraries have 6,000 volumes. There .are 3 vacations in January, May and August of 13 weeks. Commencement is in Au- gu.st. Clinton, is also the name of 7 other towns in N. C, Geo., Ten., Oliio and Indiana. Cluhero, a borough town in Lancashire, Eng. seated on the east bank of the river Ribble, at the foot of Pendle Hill, on the confines of York- shire. It is a place of some antiquity, having the ruins of a castle built by the Lacys, in 1178; but was comparatively insignificant, until the early part of the present century, at which period the cotton manufacture was introduced. The population which in 1801 was only 1,368, and in 1811, 1,767, in 1821 had increased to 3,213. At the latter period it had two extensive works for spinning of cotton yarn, three for man- ufacturing of ditto, and one for printing of ditto. At the same period a neat edifice was erected for a town-hall ; the church is also a neat edifice and it has a free grammar school. It communicates by a collateral cut with the Leeds and Liverpool canal, which facilitates the conveyance of large quantities of lime, dug in the vicinity of the town. It has a spring of water impregnated with sulphur. It holds a market on Saturday, and four fairs annually, and returns two members to parliament. It is 30 miles due north of Man- chester, and 20 E. N. E. of Preston. Cloglicr, a parish in the county of Tyrone, Ireland, which in 1821 contained 15,856 inhab- itants, including a decayed city of the same name with 524 of the number. The city, which is the see of a bishop, is 20 m. W. by N. of Armagh, and 76 N. N. W. of Dublin. Clan, there are about 100 parishes and towns in Ireland, beginning with Clon, among which the following are the most important, viz. : — Clonakilty, a town of the county of Cork, Ire« land, seated at the head of a bay on St. George's Channel. The principal part of the town is formed of a spacious square. Pop. in 1821, 4,033. It is 20 m. W. S. W. of Cork. Clones, a town of Ireland, in the county of Monaghan, 61 m. N. by W. of Dublin. Pop. in 1821,2,240. The parish of Clones extends into Fermanagh county, and contains an aggregate population of 15,362, including two other towns, viz. Royslea and Smilhsborough, containing about 250 persons each. Clonfert, a bishop's see, on the eastern confines of the county of Galway, Ireland. It is a miser- able place, containing only 31 houses, 36 miles east of Galway, and 70 west of Dublin. There is a parish of the same name, in the county of Cork, containing 12,324 inhab. Clonmell, a town partly in the county of Tip- ■ ferary and partly in that of Waterford, Ireland. .' t is seated on the banks of the river Suir, over which is a bridge of 20 arches, 22 m. W. N. W, of the city of Waterford and 82 S. W. of Dublin. It is the assize town for the county of Tipperary, and returns one member to the parliament of the United Kingdom ; and has considerable manu- factures of woolens, a lunatic and orphan asy- lum, several schools, and other publick buildings, It was the birth place of Sterne. Pop. in 1821, 15,890. Clonmines, a small village at the head of Ban- now Bay, 16 m. W. N. W of Wexford. Clojitarf, a town on the north shore of Dublin Bay, two miles east pf the city of Dublin. It has several neat residences in its vicinity, and is memorable in Irish history, for the last battle fought between the native Irish and the Danes, in 1015, which led to the expulsion of the latter from Ireland. Pop. 1,439. Cloy-penhurg, a town of Westphalia, in the principality of Munster, 32 m. N. E. of Lingen Closter Keuburg, a town of Austria, with an Augustine convent of regular canons. It has a yard for ship-building, and is seated on the Danube, 7 m. N. N. W. of Vienna. Closter Seven, or Kloster Zevcn, a town of the duchy of Bremen, memorable for a convention entered into between the duke of Cumberland, and the duke of Richelieu, commander of the French armies, in 1758, by which 38,000 Han- overians laid down their arms and were dispersed. It is 19 m. S. of Stade. Clond, St. a town of France, in the vicinity of Paris celebrated for its palace, which was the favourite residence of Napoleon. Clovally, a village in Devonshire, Eng. three m. E. N. E. of Hartland. It is built on the side of a steep rock, to which the houses seem fixed like pigeon-huts ; and it has a good pier on thfc west shore of Biirnstable Bay. Pop. 941. Cloye, or Clois, town of France, in the depart- ment of Eure and Loire, 5 m. S. W. of Chateau- dun. Clown, a. town of Ireland, on the east shore of Cork harbour, in the County of Cork, and a bish- op's see, 16 m. E. of Cork. Pop. in 1821, 1,847. Clundert, a town and fortress of South Hol- land, near an arm of the sea, called Hollands Diep. In 1793, it was taken by the French, who were obliged to evacuate it sooa after ; but it surrendered to them in 1795. It is 9 m. S. E. of Williamstadt. Clunij, a town of France, in the department of Saone and Loire, with a late famous Benedictine COB 907 COC abbey, seated on the Crosne, 13 m. N. W. of Macon. Cluses, a town of Savoy, in Faucigny, seated on the Arve, 22 ra. S. E. of Geneva. Clwyd, a river of Wales, which rises in the middle of Denbighshire, runs N. through a fertile valley of the same name, and having entered Flintshire flows into the Irish Sea, 6 miles below St. Asaph. Clyde, a river of Scotland, which rises in the south part of Lanarkshire, passes by Lanark, Hamilton, Glasgow, Renfrew, Dunbarton, and Port Glasgow to Greenock, where it enters an arm of the sea, called the Frith of Clyde. This river runs, for several miles, between high rocks, and in its course forms several cataracts : is de- servedlj' celebrated for its romantic and diversified scenery, and has several extensive cotton, and other works on its banks. At Glasgow it becomes navigable ; and 6 miles below that city it is joined by the Great Canal from the Forth. Clyde, Fritfi of, an inlet of the sea, between the coast of Ayrshire, and the Isle of Arran, which opens into the north channel, between the N. E. end of Ireland and Scotlj^nd. Clythness, a cape of Scotland, on the S. E. coast of the county of Caithness. Long. 0. 33. E. lat. 58. 16. N. Coango, a tributary stream of the great river Congo, in South Africa. It rises in Matamba, and runs a course nearly due north, falling into the Congo, about 100 m. above the Cataracts. It is supposed by some to be the main branch of the Congo. Coanzo, a river of Africa, which rises in the interior parts, crosses the kingdoms of Matamba and Angola, and enters the Atlantic in lat. 9.20. S. Coast Castle, Cape, the principal settlement of the English on the coast of Guinea, with a strong citadel. The Portuguese first formed an establishment here in 1610 ; but were soon after dislodged by the Dutch, who, in their turn, sur- rendered it to the English, in 1661. At the pre- sent period it appears increasing in commercial importance. It is in the lat. of 57. N. and 152. of W. long. Cohhc, the capital of the territory of Darfur, in Zahara, North Africa, situate on the borders of Mubia, 150 m. W. S. W. of Sennar, and 500 S. E. of Mathan. Long. 28. 8. E. lat. 14. 11. N. Cohbesseconte, r. a branch of the Kennebec, which runs into that river at Gardiner, Me. Cobhatn, a village in Surrey, Eng. on the river Mole, 7 m. S. W. of Kingston, ft has several handsome villas, two medicinal springs, and a manufacture of iron and copper. Pop. in 1821, 1,340. Cobi, called by the Chinese Sliamo, a \ast des- ert of Asia, extending from the 75th to the 110th degree of E. long, and lying between the 35lh and 25th of N. lat. The western part of this vast district borders on Bochara, and the S. W. on Thibet. The Chinese province of Kan-suh (lohich see) projects into this desert, and the N. E. part stretches toward the frontiers of Asiatic Russia; but its limits are on every side too imper- fectly defined to admit of any precise description. See, however, as well as Kan-suh, Kara-Kum and Shing-King. Cobija, a town of Peru, on the coast of the des- ert of Atacama with a good harbour for vessels carrying the metals from the neighbouring mines. It is 250 miles south of Arica. Lons. 34. 44. W. lat. 22. 20. S. jCoblentz, a strong city of Germany, in the cir cle of Lower Rhine, situate at the conflux of the Rhine and the Moselle ; with a bridge of boats over the former, and a stone-bridge over the latter. In the time of the Romans it was the station of the first legion by whom it was called Confluentes ; and after them, the residence of the successors of Charlemagne ; and at a later period, it was the capital of the grand duchy of Treves. It contains three large churches two of which are collegiate, a college, eight convents, &xi. It is memorable for having been the chief rendezvous of the French emigrant princes at the commencement of the revolution. It was taken by the French in 1794, who retained it until the peace of 1814, when it was assigned to Prussia. It transmits large quan- tities of excellent wine, timber, and iron, by the Rhine, into Holland. It is285m.VV. S. W.of Ber- lin, 420 W. N. W. of Vienna, and 260 E. S. E. of Paris. Long. 7. 32. £. lat. 50. 24. N. Pop. about 11,000. Coblentz, a town of Switzerland, in the district of Bayden, at the conflux of the Aar and the Rhine. It is 10 m. N. N. W. of Baden. Cobleskill, p.t. Schoharie Co. N. Y. Pop. 2,988. Cohre, El, a town of the island of Cuba, 10 m. W. of St. Jago. Coburg, Saxe, a principality, at the S. W. ex- tremity of the circle of Upper Saxony, projecting into the circle of Franconia. It is one of the petty states of the Germanic confederacy. Its area ia about 400 square miles ; the population in 1824 was 80,012 ; its quota of soldiery for support of the confederacy being 800 men, and its total rev- enue equal to about £.50,000. It emerged some- what from obscurity in 1816, by the alliance of its prince, to the Princess Charlotte of England. It is a tolerably fertile district, intersected by the river Itsch, which runs from north to south into the Mayne, and contains, besides several villages, the towns of Hilburghausen, Eisfeld, Sonneberg, Schalkaw, Ncustadt, Heldburg, Umerstadt, and Coburg ; and Koiiigsberg, with several villages insulated in the bishopric of Wurzburg. Coburg, the capital of the preceding principali- ty, is seated on the banks of the Itsch, 95 m. S. S W. of Leipzig, and has a college, a fort, and a castle. Here are manufactures of porcelain, and of petrified wood, with which the country abounds, and it carries on some trade in wool. The govern- ment offices and town house form part of the sides of a spacious square. Pop. about 7,000. Coca, a town of Spain, in Old Castile, with a strong castle for state prisoners ; seated among mountains, on the river Eresma, 22 m. N. W. of Segovia. Cochtibamba, a district of South America, lying between the 62nd and 68th degrees of W. long, and the 16th and 19th of S. lat. and forming a part of the Republic of Bolivia. It is watered by several streams, all running from south to north, uniting on the northern frontier, to form the river Mainore, running through the government of Moxos and Brazil, where after the union of the Guapare, it is called the Madeira, falling into me Amazon. Cochabamba is an exceedingly fertile district ; and the inhabitants, about 70,000 in num- ber, seem to perfer the pursuits of agriculture, rather than of mining. The chief town of the same name is situate on the western confines of the province, in the lat. of 18. S. and about 200 miles east of Arica. Cocheco, r. N. H. a branch of the SalmoQ Fall river. coc 908 COG Cocheim, a town of Germany, seated on the Moselle, 25 m. S. W. of Coblentz. Cochecton, t. Sullivan Co. N. Y. Pop. 438. Cockerel, a town of France, in the department of the Eure ; noted for a victory gained by Gues- clin over the king of Navarre, in 15G4. It is 7 m. E. of Evreux. Cochin, a province of Hindoostan, on the coast of Malabar, towards the southern extremity of the Peninsula; a chain of islands flanks the whole extent of the coast. It is a very fertile district, and yields abundance of rice, pepper, and cocoa nuts, and exoellent timber for ship-building. It was the first j-art of India where the Portuguese, after passing the Cape of Good Hope, formed a settlement; but their intrigues and extortions soon caused them to be repulsed from the main land ; but they were allowed, in 1503, to erect a fortification on one of the islands, in the lat. of 9. 57. N. The fort surrendered to the Dutch in 1C63, who, by their toleration of all religious pre- tensions, occasioned it to increase greatly in popu- lation. The natives of the province successfully resisted the Mahometan arms up to the period of 1776, when Hyder Alii, rendered them tributary ; and the exaction being enforced with increased vigour under Tippoo Saib, in 1791, the rajah sought tne protection of the English ; to whom the Dutch fort surrendered in 1795 and thereby the whole territory became subservient to the English. The fort is 120 m. S. by E. of Calicut. Cochin China, a maritime kingdom of Asia, ex- tending from Cape Varela-falsa, in the lat. of 12. 55. N. to Sinboo Bay, in the lat. of 16. N. ; it is bounded on the west by a high mountain ridge, running parallel with the coast its whole extent, at the distance of GO to 70 miles; this mountain ridge divides Cochin China from a vast desert, lying between the mountains and the great river Cambodia. The aborigines of Cochin China are called Moys, and reside chiefly on the western declivities of the mountains. To these strong holds they were driven, about the beginning of the 15th century, by the present possessors of the country. The aborigines are a savage people, and in features resemble the CafFres. The present inhabitants bear evident marks of being derived from the same stock as the Chinese ; their re- ligion is also the same, and most of their manners and customs. They are a courteous, affable, in- offensive race, rather inclined to indolence. The women are by far the most active sex, and mer- chants often employ them as their factors and brokers. The cities and towns have gates at the end of each street, which are shut every night. The houses are mostly of bamboo, covered with rushes or the straw of rice, and stand in groves of oranges, limes, plantains, and cocoa trees. Here is plenty of sugar, pepper, rice, yams, sweet po- tatoes, pumpkins, and melons; also ivory, musk, honey, and silk, and the edible birds'-nests. The climate is healthy, the summer heat being tem- pered by regular breezes from the sea. In Septem- ber, October, and November is the rainy season, when the low lands are suddenly overflowed by torrents of water from the mountains ; the inun- dations happen generally once a fortnight, and continue three or four days. In the three follow- ing months there are frequent rains, brought by cold northerly winds, which distinguish this country with a winter different from any other in the east. The inundations render the land fruit- ful, many parts producing three crops of grain in the year. Gold is taken almost pure from the mines, and there are rich silver mines. The country is intersected by rivers, which are well calculated for promoting inland commerce, yet not large enough to admit vessels of great burden ; but there are commodious harbours on the coast, particularly that of Turon, in the lat. of 16. 5. N. The vanity of tl»e Chinese induces them to con- sider Cochin as a tributary province of their em- pire ; but if any acknowledgment is made, it is merely nominal. The Cochin Chinese are the most brave and efficient of the eastern nations ; they have iiitherto held very little intercourse with Europeans, but carry on an extensive traffic with China and various parts of the eastern seas. CochransviUe, p. v. Chester Co. Pa. Cocke, a county of E. Tennessee, bounded on the S. E. by a ridge of the Apalachian Mountains, called the Smoky Mountains, which divide it from North Carolina. It is intersected by the Big Pigeon and French Broad Rivers, which unite their streams towards the N. W. boundary of the county. Pop. 6,048. Newport is the chief town. Cocker, a river which rises in the south of Cum- berland, Eng. flows through the lakes of Butter- mere, Cromack- water, and Lowes- water, and joins the Derwent, below Cockermouth. Cochermouth, a borough in Cumberland, Eng. It stands on the Cocker, at its conflux with the Derwent, and between two hills, on one of which is a handsome church, and on the other the re- mains of a stately castle. It has manufactures of shalloons, coarse linen and woolen cloths, leather, and hats. It returns two members to parliament, and is 30 m. S. W. of Carlisle, and 305 N. N. W. of London. Pop. in 1821, 3,770. Cocoiiato, a town of Piedmont, the birth place of Columbus, as some affirm, 20 m. east of Turin. Cod, Cape, is the northern extremity of a penin- sula, more than 120 miles in extent, and 10 to 15 in mean breadth, forming part of the state of Mas- sachusetts. Cape Cod and the main land form a very spacious bay, about 50 miles each way ; and Cape Cod and Cape Ann are the south and west points which form the open bay called Massachu- setts Bay, leading to the harbour of Boston : the outer side of the peninsula forming Cape Cod is flanked by shoals, which render the navigation thereabouts dangerous. A light-house, on the Cape Point, is in lat. 42. 3. N. and 70. 6. VV. long. Codogno, a town of Italy, in the Lodesan, duchy of Milan, near the confluence of the Adda with "the Po, 12 m. S. S. E. of Lodi. Codomvdi, a town of Hindoostan, in Coimbe tore, seated near the Cavery, a little above the in flux of the Noyelar, 23 m. S. E. of Bhawaniku dal. Codortis, a township in York Co. Pa. Coesfeld, a town of Westphalia, in the princi- pality of Munster, near the source of the Burkel, 18 m. west of Munster. Coerorrfcw, a fortified town of Holland, on th«» confines of Drenthe, Westphalia, and Overyssel, and one of the strongest places in the whole coun- try. It stands in a morass, on the river Aa, 33 m. S. by E. of Groningen. It is the capital of Drenthe. Coeymans, a. town in Albany County, New York, on the west bank of the Hudson River, 14 m. S of Albany. Pop. 2,723. Coffiesville, p. v. Clark Co. Alab. CojrircshaJl, a town in Essex, Eng. with a man ufacture of baize ; seated on the north bank of the river Blackwater, seven miles west of Colchester, and 44 E. N. E. of London. Pop. in 1821,2,896; /\ C501 «X) COL and a tillage of the same name, on the opposite side of the river, contains 362 inhabitants more. Cognac, a town of France, in the department of Charente, with a castle, where Francis I. was born. It is celebrated for excellent brandy, and seated on the Charente, 17 m. west of Angouleme, and 40 east by south of Rochefort. Cosne, a town of Piedmont, in a valley, and on a river of the same name. The mountains which surround it are rich in mines of iron and copper. It is six miles south of Aosta. Cogni, or Konieh, a city of Turkey, capital of Caramania, and the see of a Greek archbishop. The walls have 108 square towers at 40 paces dis- tance from each other; and it has two large suburbs, into one of which the caravans and strangers re- tire. It has upwards of 100 mosques, and though much declined of late years, it is still a place of great trade, and seated on the east side of a ridge of lofty mountains, in a country abounding in corn, fruit, pulse, and cattle, 280 m. S. E. of Con- stantinople, and about the same distance due east of Smyrna. Cofiasset, a town on the south coast of Massa- chusetts Bay, just without the entrance to Boston harbour, 25 m. S. W. of Boston. Cohasset has a tolerably good harbour ; but a ledge of rocks at its entrance renders its approach dangerous. Pop. 1,227. Cohoes Falls, a village eight miles due north of Albany, in New York ; it is seated on the banks of the Mohawk River, over which is a bridge, about a mile and a half above its entrance into the Hudson : about three-quarters of a mile higher up, the Mohawk, being about 350 yards wide, pours down its waters over a precipice in an unbroken sheet, a height of 70 feet perpendicular and next to Niagara, forms the grandest cascade in the state of New York. Coimhetorc, a province of the peninsula of Hin- doostan, lying south of Mysore, to which it was lately subject, but ceded to the English on the final defeat ofTippoo in 1799. It is 110 miles long and 70 broad ; and is divided by the river Noyelar into two districts. North and South, of which Bhawanikudal and Daraporam are the chief towns. Coimbetore, a town of Hindoostan, the ancient capital of the province of the same name. It was taken by general Meadows in 1790, and retaken in 1791 by Tippoo, who soon after destroyed the fort. It contains 2,000 houses, an extensive mud palace, and a tolerable mosque, built by Tippoo, who sometimes resided here ; but it has no large temple. The palace now serves as a barrack for a reffiment of British cavalry. The chief manu- factures are muslins, and cotton cloths ; and these, with cotton wool and thread, tobacco, sugar, and betel leaf are the principal articles of trade. It is 100 m. S. by E. of Seringapatam. Long. 77. 6. E. lat. 11.0. N. Coimfcrffi, a city of Portugal, capital of Beira, and a bishop's see, with a celebrated university, the only one in Portugal, transferred hither from Lisbon in 1306, where it was originally founded in 1290. The cathedral is magnificent, beside which there are nine churches, and eight con- vents. It stands on a mountain, on the river Mondego, over which is an elegant bridge about 25 miles above its entrance into the sea, 100 m. N. E. of Lisbon. It suffered considerably by the great earthquake in 1755. Pop. about 12,000. Coirt, or Chur, a town of Switzerland, capital of the canton of the Grisons. and a bishop's see 27 It is surrounded by ancient brick walls, with square and round towers, and divided into two parts, the least of which is of the catholic religion and the greatest of the protestant. The French surprised and defeated the Austrian army at this place in 1799. It is seated between two moun- tains, on the river Plessur, near the Rhine, 65 m. S. by W. of Constance, and contributes to render Coire a place of considerable traffic. It was the birthplace of Angelica Kauffman, the female pain- ter. Coitsville, a township in Trumbull Co. Ohio. Coikincr, a city of China, of the first rank, in the N. W. part of the province Yu-nan, 1,160 m. S. S. W. of Pekin. Colalico, t. Lancaster Co. Pa. Colapoor, a small independent state of Hindoos- tan on the coast of the Concan, bounded on the south by the Portuguese territory of Goa. The ra- jah of this district pretends to be descended from the founder of the Mahratta empire. The na- tives were formerly celebrated for their piracies ; Vingorla, the principal town, is in lat. 16. N. Colar, or Colorant, a town of Hindoostan, in Mysore, with a large mud fort, and the remains of a hill-fort. It is the birth-place of Hyder Aly, who erected here a handsome mausoleum for his father ; and near it is a mosque, and a college of of Mussulman priests. The chief manufactures are cotton cloths and muslins. It is 40. m. E. N. E. of Bangalore, and 140 W. of Madras. Long. 78. 9. E. lat. 13. 9. N. Colbene, a town of Tripoli, on the S. W. part of the Gulf of Sidra, 90 m. S. S. E. of Messurata. Colherg, a fortified seaport of Further Pomera- nia. It has a collegiate church, good linen man- ufactures, and considerable saltworks. The Rus- sians laid siege to this town in 1758 and 1769, without success ; but it surrendered to them after a long siege in 1761 , and was restored at the sub- sequent peace. It is seated at the mouth of the Persant on the Baltic, 60 m. N. E. of Stettin. Long. 15. 36. E. lat. 54. 9. N. Colchagua, the ninth in order of the provinces of Chile extending from the Pacific Ocean to the Andes, in the lat. of 34. 30. S. It is intersected by two or three rivers, falling into the Pacific ; but it has no port or harbour of note. Pop. about 15,000. San Fernando, about 50 miles from the sea, and 100 south of St. Jago, is the chief town. Colchester, a borough and market town in the county of Essex, Eng. pleasantly situate on a gentle eminence, on the west bank of the river Colne, about eight miles above its entrance into the English Channel. It is a place of antiquity, supposed to have been a Roman station ; and was formerly surrounded by a wall, some vestiges of which still remain, and contained a castle of great strength, supposed to have been built by a son of Alfred the Great, the remains of which now serve for a house of correction for petty of- fenders. Prior to the civil war, in the time of Oliver Cromwell, the wall, castle, and fortifica- tions were entire, and held out with great obsti- nacy against the parliamentary forces, until after Charles I. was beheaded in 1648, in which year it surrendered. The town sustained great dam- age during the siege. It is now by far the larg- est and most important town in the county, and has undergone great improvement within tho present century ; a spacious quay has been con- structed, and the river made navigable up to tho town for vessels of 90 to 100 tons ourthen. It is a port of entry for vessels from foreign parts, and 83 COL no COL has a custom house a little below the town ; but its external commerce is very inconsiderable. Its chief traffic in export is in oysters and grain, which it sends to the London market in great quantities, and receives in return every descrip- tion of shop goods for the supply of the town, and distribution over the surrounding country. It had formerly extensive manufactures of woolen stuff's, but the manufacture at Colchester is now trifling , no small share of its present importance is derived from the extensive intercourse of which it is a centre point between London, Harwich, Ip- swich, Yarmouth and Norwich. It is divided into 16 parishes, and has as many churches ; but four of them are not used, and only three are entitled to notice for their architecture. It has three bridges over the Colne, a spacious market place, town hall, corn exchange and a theatre. It has also an hospital, free grammar schools, water works, two public libraries, a botanical and phi- losophical institution, and several dissenting meet- ing houses. The town is governed by a mayor, recorder, town clerk, 12 aldermen, 18 assistants, and 18 common-councilmen ; and returns two members to parliament, the right of election being vested in the corporation and free burgesses not receiving alms. Its markets are on Wednesdays and Saturdays. Pop. in 1821, 14,016. It is 51 m. E. N. E. from London, 21 W. by S. of Har- wich, and the same distance S. S. W. of Ipswich. Colchester, a town of Vermont, in Chittenden County, on a Bay of Lake Champlain, at the in- flux of the Onion, 6 m. N. by E. of Burlington. Pop. 1,489. Colchester, a town of Connecticut, in New Lon- don County, 20 m. N. W. of New London. Pop. 2,083. Colchester, a township in Delaware County, New York, 91 m. S. of Albany. Pop. 1,424. Colchester, a town of Virginia, in Fairfax, County, on Ocquoquam Creek, three miles from its confltix with the Potomac, and 16 S. W. of Alexandria. Colding, or Kolding, a town of Denmark, in Jutland, formerly the residence of many Danish kings, who adorned it with several edifices. The harbour is choked up, and its commerce nearly annihilated. It is seated on the Thueths, near its entrance into a bay of the Little Belt, 30 m. E. N. E. of Ripen. Coldinghavi, a town of Scotland, in the county of Berwick, anciently noted for a nunnery, re- built by Edgar, king of Scotland, in 1098, Ebba, one of the abbesses, renowned in tradition for her charity, gave name to the neighbouring promon- tory called St. Abb's Head. It is 9 m. N. N. W. of Berwick. Pop. about 1,000. Cold Rioer, r. N. H. joins the Connecticut at Walpole. Colditz, a town of Upper Saxony, in Misnia, with manufactures of linen and stuffs, seated on the Mulda, 22 m. S. E. of Leipzig. Coldstream, a town of Scotland, in the county of Berwick. Here general Monk first raised the Coldstream regiment of guards, with which he marched into England to restore Charles II. It is seated on the Tweed, over which is a handsome bridge, 13 m. S. W. of Berwick. Coleagara, a town of Hindoostan, in the prov- ince of Coimbetore. It has two large temples, and is a considerable mart for the traders between Seringapatam and the country below the eastern Ghauts. It is 34 m. S. E. of Seringapatam. Colebrook, p.t. Coos Co. N. H. on the Con- necticut. Pop. 542. Colebrook Dale, a village in Shropshire, Eng. on the banks of the Severn, 2 m. N. by E. of Broseley, tchirh see. Colebrookdule, a township of Berks Co. Pa. Coleraine, a borough of Ireland, in the county of Londonderry, seated on the banks of the river Bann, about four miles above its entrance into the Atlantic Ocean. In 1821 the town and sub- urbs of Coleraine contained a population of 4,851, and the remainder of the parish 1,630 more. It participates largely in the linen manufactures, and its fabrics and bleach are in the highest es teem. The fall of the river Bann precludes it from affording much commercial advantage to Coleraine ; but this defect is in some measure compensated for by its salmon fishery, which is the most valuable in Ireland. Coleraine sends one member to the parliament of the United Kingdom; and is 25. E. by N. of Londonderry, and 108. N. by W. of Dublin. Coleraine, p.t. Franklin Co. Mass. Pop. 1,877. Colerain, a town of the state of Georgia, in Camden County. A treaty was concluded here, in 1796, between the United States and the Creek Indians. It is seated on St. Mary River, 35 miles W. by N. of the port of St. Mary, and 14 S. by E. of Louisville. Coleraine is also the name of a town in Hamil- ton County, Ohio, on the east bank of the Miami River, about 15 miles above its entrance into the Ohio, and 10 north of Cincinnati. ^^ There are 6 other towns of this name in the United States ; namely in Pa., N. C. and Ohio. ColeshiU, a town in Warwickshire, Eng. seated on a hill, by the river Cole, 10 m. E. of Birming- ham, and 105 N. W. of London, on the mail line of road to Liverpool. The church is an el- egant structure. Pop. in 1821, 1,760. ColesviUe, p.t. Broome Co. N. Y. Pop. 2,387. Also towns in Maryland and Va. Calford, a town in Gloucestershire, Eng. five miles E. S. E. of Monmouth, and 124 W. by N. of London. It has several iron forges in its vicinity. Colin. See Kolin. Colima, a town of Mexico, in the intendencia of Guadalaxara, on the frontiers of Valladolid ; it is seated at the foot of a volcanic mountain, about 300 miles due west of Ihe city of Mexico, under the banks of a small river, about 30 miles above its entrance into the Pacific Ocean, in the lat. of 18. 40. N. The intervening country be- tween the town and the sea is very fertile. Pop. of the town about 2,500. Coll, an island of Scotland, one of the He- brides, to the W. N. W. of Mull, 13 miles long and three broad. The greatest part is covered with heath, and abounds with rabbits ; and many black cattle are fed here. The castle of Coll is a strong square-built structure, and still in tolera- ble repair. Total pop. in 182], 1,264. Collakuas, a district of Peru, lying between Lake Titicaca, and the Pacific Ocean. It is a very mountainous district ; the Andes here diverging into several ridges, among which the Apuriniac and other streams, forming the head waters of the noble river Amazon, have their source. Caillo- ma, in the lat. of 15. 40. S. is the capital. Colle, a town of Tuscany, on a hill near the river Elza, 10 m. N. N. W. of Sienna. There are five other towns of the same name in differ- ent parts of Italy all inconsiderable. COL Colledfi, a town of Upper Saxony, in Thurin- gia, on the Unstrut, 19 in. N. by W. of Weimar. Colleton, a maritime district of South Carolina, south of Charleston ; it is intersected by the Edisto River, and is fertile in rice and cotton. Pop. 27,256. Collioiire, a town of France, in the department of Eastern Pyrenees, with a castle. It was talcen by the Spaniards in 1793, but retaken the next year. It has a small port on the Mediterranean, IG ra. S. S. E. of Perpi'gnan. ColUnsville, p.v. Huntingdon Co. Pa. CoUon, a well-built town of Ireland, in Louth County, with a stocking manufactory, and an ex- tensive bleach field, 2i} m. from Dublin. Pop. in 1821, 1,347. Collumpton, a town in Devonshire, Eng. with a considerable trade in woolen cloth. It is seat- ed on the river Culm, 12 m. N. N. E. of Exeter, and 160 W. of London. Pop. in 1821, 3,410. Colmar, a town of France, capital of the de- partment of Upper Rhine. It is surrounded by a wall, flanked with towers, near the river 111 ; and has various manufactures, 42 m. S. by W. of Strasburg. Pop. about 15,000. Colmar, a town of Germany, in the duchy of Holstein, 5 m. S . E. of Gluckstadt. Colmars. a town of France, in the department of Lower Alps, 20 m. E. N. E. of Digne. Colmitz, a town of Austria, 4 m. S. S. W. of Drossendorf Coin, a river of England which rises near Clare, in Suffolk, passes by Halstead and Col- chester in Essex, and after a course of about 40 miles enters the German Ocean, at the east end of Mersey Island. In the inlets and pools at the mouth of this river are bred the famous Colches- ter oysters. There are several small rivers of the same name in England. Colnbrook, a town in Buckinghamshire, Eng. seated on the river Coin, which falls into the Thames, 17 m. W. of London, on the road to Bath. Pop. in 1821, 2,817. Colne, a town in Lancashire, Eng. It is a place of great antiquity, having been selected for a Roman station, by Agricola. It is situate near the border of Yorkshire, within about a mile of the Liverpool and Leeds Canal. It formerly par- ticipated in the woolen manufacture, which, with- in the present century has given way to the more profitable pursuit of the cotton manufacture, in which branch, in 1821, there were seven large establishments for spinning and weaving, and twelve others for weaving only. The vicinity abounds in coals and slate. The population, which in 1800 was only 3,636, in 1821 had in- creased to 7,274. It is 21 miles N. by E. of Mancliester. Colocijthia, a town of Independent Greece,in the Morea, on the west side of a bay to which it gives name, 36 miles S. of Misitra. Long. 22. 24. E., lat. 36. 38. N. Colocza, or Kalotsha, a town of Hungary, on the east bank of the Danube, and an arch-bishop's see, 57 m. S. of Buda. Cologna, a town of Italy, in the Paduan, 26 m. W. by S. of Padua. Pop. about 6,000. Cologne, a late archbishopric and electorate of Germany, in the circle of the Lower Rhine ; bounded on the north by the duchy of Cleves and G«lderland ; on the south by the archbishopric of Treves, and from the south, in a N. N. W. direc- tion, for about 90 miles, by the Rhine, which divides it on the east from the duchy of Beror 211 COL and on the west it is divided by a very irregular boundary from the duchy of Juliers. It is not more than about 15 miles in mean breadth, and contains a good deal of forest, some mines of coal and iron, and parts of it are fertile in com, wine, and flax. Pop. about 220,000: it held a distinguished rank in the Germanic confederacy as early as the fourth century, and at the general partition in 1814, it was transferred to Prussia. Besides the city of Cologne, the other principal towns are Kemper, Lunne, Nuys, Brul, Mecken- heim, Bonn, «Src. Cologne, the chief town of the preceding ter- ritory, and one of the most ancient and celebrated cities of Europe, is seated on the west bank of the Rhine, in the lat. of 50. 55. N. and 6. 55. of W. long. 295 miles W. S. W. of Berlin, and 105 E. of Brussels. Antecedent to the ascendancy of the Romans over western Europe, the site of Cologne is supposed to have been the capital of a tribe called the Ubii ; and at a subsequent period, to have given birth to Agrippina, the mother of Nero ; in reference to whom the Romans named it Colonia ^grippinia. It joined the Hanseatic League at an early period of its formation ; and in the 13th century ranked high as a commercial city. After that period its commercial activity yielded to the influence of priestcraft and in dolence — persecution followed ; in 1485 the Jews, and in 1618 the Protestants, were expelled the city ; so that in 1794, when the French took pos- session of it, the ecclesiastics amounted to about 2,000 ; and besides the university, founded in 1388, nine collegiate churches, two abbeys, and an archiepiscopal seminary, it contained no less than 126 other monastic and religious establishments. The walls of the city are about seven miles in circumference ; but a considerable portion of the area is now converted into gardens and vineyards ; and although the perspective of the city on all sides is very imposing, on inspection it proves to be low and ill built. The town-hall, cathedral, and some of the churches are, however, stately and fine edifices. Cologne is connected with Duytz, on the opposite bank of the river, by a bridge of boats ; and contains within itself almost every branch of manufacture for domestic use ; it still carries on some traffic up and down the Rhine, from the waters of which it is liable to in- undation. The city was transferred with the ter- ritory of Cologne, to Prussia in 1814. Pop. about 40,000. It was the birth-place of Rubens. Colombe, St., the name of about 20 towns in diflTerent parts of France, all inconsiderable. Colombey aux Belles Femmes, a townof France, in the department of the Meurthe, and chief place of a canton in the district of Veselize, 15 m. S. W. of Nancy. Colombia, Republic of, an extensive territory, forming the whole northern part of the southern division of the western hemisphere commonly called South America, and includes what, pre- vious to 1811, constituted the vice-royalty of JVew Granada., and the captain-generalship of Caracas or Venezuela. In its extreme length from N. to S. Colombia extends from the shores of the Carribean Sea, in the lat. of 12. 30. N. to the Tunguragua, the main western branch of the great river Ama- zon, in the lat. of 5. S. and longitudinally from 59. to 83. W. From the 59th to the 68th of W. long, however, it extends only to 3. of N. la^. and its mean long, on the western side, or side jf tJi3 Pacific Ocean, will not exceed the line of 71. W.; these limits will give an aggregate extent of aur COL Ifcis COL face of about 1,200,000 square miles, or an area 14 times the extent of Great Britain ; but over this wide domain the human inhabitants are supposed not to exceed 3,000,000. In its north-western ex- tremity, it includes the Isthmus of Panama, with several spacious and commodious harbours. On its eastern extremity it is bounded by the Esse- quibo River, which divides it from French Guyana and the English and Dutch settlements of Deme- rara, Berbice, and Surinam ; from the 59th to the 6oth deg. of W. long., it is bounded on the south by a mountain ridge, which divides it from Por- tuguese Guyana, the most nortliern part of Brazil ; whilst the Tunguragua, or, as it is afterwards called, the Maranon River, divides it from Peru ; the whole of its western boundaries being washed by the Pacific Ocean, and its northern by the C5arribean Sea, and the N. E. by the Atlantic Ocean. The earlier history of this territory will be found more particularly adverted to under the heads of New Granada and Venezuela. A futile attempt was made by General Miranda to revolu- tionize Venezuela in 180(i; but it was not till 1811 that the people generally exerted themselves in favour of independence : from which period up to 1819, various sanguinary conflicts ensued be- tween the European Spaniards and the natives, with alternate success. It was on the 17th of Dec. 1819, that the two territories of New Grana- da and Venezuela became united under the title of the Republic of Colombia, and a popular repre- sentative government divided into legislative, executive, and judicial. On the 6th of May, 1821, in conformity with the fundamental law, the in- stallation of the general congress took place in the city of Rosario de Cucuta, but the seat of gov- ernment has since been established at Bogota. It was at Carabobo, on the 24th of June of the same year, that the last battle was fought which decided the downfall of Spanish domination, and independence of the Colombian Republic. The territory was at first divided into four parts ; viz. Quito, Cundinamarca, Venezuela and Spanish Guyana ; but it was afterwards divided into twelve provinces. The local circumstances of each pro- vince will be found under their respective heads. The aggregate features of the Colombian ter- ritory are, in the highest degree, grand and im- posing. The Andes, in a parallel ridge of about 200 miles in extent, between which is a valley twenty or thirty miles wide, at an elevation of about 9,000 feet above the level of the sea, enter at the S. W. extremity, in which direction the peaks of Chimborazo, Cotopaxi, and Antisana, rear their majestic heads, all south of the equa- tor ; and in the lat. of 2. N. the chain diverges into three ridges, the most easterly of which takes an E. N. E. direction towards the shore of the Carribean Sea, with which it runs parallel through seven deg. of long, to near the Delta of the Orinoco, opposite to the island of Trinidad. It is on the eastern declivity of this ridffe, which is called the Venezuelan elinin, at an altitude of 1,000 feet above the level of the sea, in the lat. of 4. 45. N. that Bogota is situate. Between this and the central ridge, which is called the Chain of Santa Martha, runs for a course of (550 m. the fine River Magdalena ; and between the Chain of Santa Martha and the main ridge, runs the River Cauca, which unites with the Magdalena at the foot of the Santa Martha Chain, about 150 miles above the entrance of the Magdalena into the Carribean Sea. From the lat. of 6. N. the main ndge of the Andes takes a N. by W. direc- tion into the isthmus that unites the two grand divisions of the western hemisphere, whilst anoth- er collateral ridge runs nearly due north towards Carthagena. Between these two ridges runs the river Atrato N. into the Gulf of Darien, the head waters of which river are contiguous to those of the St. Juan, which runs S. into the Bay of Cho- co in the Pacific Ocean, which rivers seem to form the most favourable means for effecting a water communication between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. East of the Andes, the country is intersected by innumerable streams, those in the south part running into the Maranon, or Amazon, and those in the north part into the Orinoco. From the extreme north the country is indented by a spacious bay called the Gulf of Maracaibo, which leads by a narrow strait into a spacious lake of the same name. This lake, which is about 180 miles in length and 70 in width, is bounded on the E. by the Venezuelan chain of the Andes, and on the W. by a ridge which di- verges from it in the lat. of 8. N. ; and with the lake forms a very distinguishing feature of the country. Numerous islands flank the coast of the Carribean Sea, from the long, of 61. to the Gulf of Maracaibo in the long, of 70. : the most easterly and important of these is Trinidad, in possession of the English, and near the entrance of the Gulf of Maracaibo is Curayao in possession of the Dutch. The rest may be considered as forming part of the Colombian territory, the most important being Margarita. The principal sea- ports on the side of the Atlantic and coast of the Carribean Sea, are Cumana, Laguira (the out- port of Leon de Caracas), Maracaibo, Carthagena, and Portobello ; and on the side of the Pacific Ocean, Panama, Bay of Choco, and, Guayaquil. The most important towns in the interior, be- sides Bogota, are Lojan, Juan de Bracomoros, Cuenca, Riobamba, Quito, Popayan, Merida, and Angostura. Colombia is not remarkable for any peculiar productions either animal or vegetable. Its ca- pabilities for supplying all that can contribute to the comfort and enjoyment of man, are liow- ever of the first order; while the elevated plains on the western side of the territory, afford the most agreeable temperature of climate. The S. W. section of the territory is rich in minerals, including both gold and silver ; but the most dis- tinguishing feature of surplus production, hith- erto, has been horses, mules, and horned cattle, which have been exported in large quantities to Jamaica, and all the other West India islands ; these, with an inconsiderable supply of cotton, wool, cocoa, (the best in the world), coffee, tobacco, and indigo, and some dye-woods, with silver to the amount of about 2 to 3,000,000 of dollars, making an aggregate return of about 6,000,000 dollars, constituted the aggregate extent of its ex- ternal commerce, at the period of 1826. It af fords, however, under social institutions, an un- bounded field for human exertion and enterprize ;• but although the integrity and independence of the Colombian Republic have been recognized by the United States of America, and provision- ally by England and other European States, its continued integrity is at present too equivo- cal, many of its measures too speculative, and some of its institutions, too incompatible with social welfare, to justify any very sanguine ex- pectations, as to its future prosperity. Colomhier, a town of France, in the department of the Upper Saone, and chief place of a canton COL 913 COL in the district of Vesoul, 4 m. N. E. of Vesoul, and 10 west of Lure. Cofomiers, a town of France, in the department of Seine and Marne, 18 m. S. E. of Meaux, and 40 E. of Paris. Colonna, Cape, the S. E. pointof Livadia, 30 m. S. E. of Athens. The name also of another cape on the east coast of Calabria, near the entrance to the Gulf of Tarento, in lat. 39. 6. N. Colonsa, a fertile island off the west coast of Scotland, to the west of Jura. It is separated on the south from that of Oronsa, by a narrow chan- nel, which being dry at low water, they may be considered as one island, about 12 miles long and abroad. Pop. in 1821,904. Coloor, a town of Hindoostan, in the circar of Guntoor, near which is a diamond mine. It is situate on the south side of the Kistnah, 13 m. N. W. of Condavir. Colorado, a river of Mexico, which falls into the Gulf of California, at its head, in the lat. of 33. N. The main branch, which is called the St. Ra- fael, has its source in the lat. of about 40. N. not far distant from those of the del Norte, the Arkan- sas and the Platte, all of which flow, south and west, into the Gulf of Mexico. There are six other branches, all of which have their source north of the 3f5th deg. ofN. lat. which fall into the St. Rafael, whose united stream may be considered the main branch of the Colorado ; about 50 miles above its entrance into the Gulf of California it is united by another stream, from the eastward call- ed the Gila. These rivers are said to afford sev- eral hundred miles of navigation for vessels of considerable burthen. Co'orado, or Red River, is also the name of another river, rising east of the Andes in the lat. of 32. S. running in a S. S. E. direction, through the red loamy plains of Pampas and Buenos Ayres in- to the S. Atlantic Ocean, in tlie lat. of 40. S. Colouri, an island of Greece, formerly called Salam's, near the coast of Livadia, seven miles long and two broad. The principal town is of the same name, on the south side, with an excellent harbour, 17 m. W. by S. of Athens. It was in the strait between this island and the main land that Themistocles defeated the Persian fleet. Colosxoar. See Clausenhurg. Colst.prworth, a village in Lincolnshire, Enor. on the Witham, 8 m. S. of Grantham, celebrated for being the birth-place of the famous Sir Isaac Newton. Columh, St. a town in Cornwall, Eng. seated on a hill 26 m. N. N. W. of Penrvn. and 249 W. S. W. of London. Pop. in 1821, 2,493. Columhia, District, a territory ten miles sqjiare upon both sides of the Potomac between Viro-inia and Maryland. It is under the immediate juris- diction of tlie United States, and contains the seat of the Federal Government. It comprises the cities of Washington, Alexandria and George- town. It is divided into 2 countries, Washing- ton and Alexandria, and contains a population of 39,8,^>S. Columbia, a county of the sta-te of New York, on the east side of the Hudson River, bounded on the east by Berkshire County. Massachusetts. It is about 3.0 m. from N. to S. and 20 from W. to E. Pop. .3!),9.")2. It is divided into 14 townships. It yields some iron at Ancram in the S. E. part of the county. Tlie city of Hudson (which see) on the east bank of the noble river of that name, is the chief place in the county. Columbia, a town of the district of Maine, in Washington County, situate on Pleasant River, near the Atlantic, 15 m. W. S. W. of MachiaB. Pop. 603. Columbia, p.t. Coos Co. N. H. on the Connecti- cut. Pop. 442. Columbia, a county in the state of Georgia, bounded on the E. by the Savannah Riirer, which divides it from Edgefield County, South Carolina, It is nearly a square of about 25 m. each way ; be- ing on the verge of the upland district. It is a healthy, agreeable, and fruitful county. Pop. 12,606. Columbia, a city of South Carolina, capital of Kershaw County, and the seat of government of the state ; is situate on the Congaree, just below the conflux of the Saluda and Broad rivers, 110 m. N. N. W. of Charleston, 170 S. W. of Raleigh, and 507 S. W. by S. of Washington. Long. 81. 10. W., lat. 33. 58. N. The College of South Car- olina at this place was founded in 1801. It has 9 instructors and HI students, with a library of 7,000 vols. It has one vacation in July, August, and September. Columella, a town of Pennsylvania, in Lancjis- ter County, situate on the Susquehannah, at Wright's Ferry, 12 m. W. of Lancaster, and 70 W. by N. of Philadelphia. Columbia, is also the name of a township in Herkimer County, New York, and of a town in St. Lawrence County, in the same state, 227 m. N. W. of Albany. Pop. 2,181. *^* There are 7 other towns called Columbia in the U. S. Columbia River. See Oregon. Columbiana, a county of the State of Ohio. It is a square of about 35 m. each way ; the S. E. corner jets upon the Ohio River at the point where it divides the state of Ohio from that of Virginia, the east side being bounded by Bea- ver County, in the state of Pennsylvania. It is intersected from the N. W. by Little Beaver Iliv- er, which falls into the Ohio at the point of union with Beaver County. The fertility and local ad- vantages of this county may be inferred from the increase of population since 1810, when it was 10,870, and in 1830, 35,508. There is a town of the same name in the north part of the county ; but the chief town is New Lisbon, on the north bank of Little Beaver River, in the centre of the county, 185 m. E. N. E. of Columbus. ColumbiaviUe, a village of Columbia Co. N. Y. on the Kinderhook Creek on the East bank of the Hudson just above the city of Hudson. Here are 11 manufactures, producing yearly 16,240,000 yards of calico, besides carpeting and flannels. Columbo, the maritime capital of Ceylon. In 1805, its site was the residence of a powerful na- tive chief, on whose territory the Portuguese first settled in 1517, and founded the present town in 16.38; the Portuguese in J 658, were expelled by the Dutch, and they surrendered it to the Eng- lish in 1796. The fort, upwards of a mile in cir- cumference, stands on the extremity of a peninsu- la, and is strong both by nature and art. The town is built more in the European style than any other garrison in India, and nearly divided into four equal quarters by two principal streets, to which smaller ones run parallel, with connecting lanes between them. The natives, who are very numerous, live in the old town, without the walla of the new, as in most of the maritime cities of the east. Its inhabitants comprise some of all nations, and the aggregate population is very considerable Here is a^'school for the propagation of the Chris- COM S)4 COM ti&n reliorion, and a botanical garden. Columbo 18 the chief place for the staple trade of the island. The articles exported are cinnamon, pepper, ar- rack, and coya rope, or cordage; also cocoa-nuts and oil, wax, honey, cardatnons, coral, ivory, fruit, *;c. Columbo is situate in a rich district on the west coast, towards the south part of the island. Long. 79. 49. E. lat. 7. 4. N. Colwnhus, p.t. Chenango Co. N. Y. Pop. 1,744. Columbus, a small county in the S. E. part of North Carolina, in the swampy district, through which runs the line dividing 'North from South Carolina. Pop. 4,141. AVhitesville is the capital. Columbus, the chief to An of Franklin County, Ohio, and seat of government of the state. It is pleasantly situate on a gentle eminence, on the E. bank of the Scioto River, just below the junc- tion of the Whetstone, 45 miles above, or N. of Chillicothe, and 418 W. by N. of Washington. A lateral canal extends from this place to the grand canal of Ohio. Pop. 2,437. *,* There are 6 other towns called Columbus in the U.S. Columna, a town of Russia, in the government of Moscow, and an archbishop's see, situate on the S. E. frontier ot the province, at the confluence of the Moskwa with the Oka River, 50 m. S. E. of Moscow. Colyton, a town of Devonshire, Eng. seated on the Cole, at its confluence with the Ax, 17 m. E. of Exeter, and 171 W. by S. of London. Pop. in 1825, 1,945. Com, or Kom, a town of Persia, in Irac Agemi, with several beautiful mosques, and some grand sepulchres, especially those of Seli I. and Abbas n. The trade is considerable; and the chief articles are fruit, both fresh and dry, the best soap in Per- sia, excellent sword blades, white porcelain, silks, and velvets. It is seated near the foot of a moun- tain, and on the banks of a river, in a fine plain, 110 m. N. N. E. of Ispahan. Comaehio, a town of Italy, in the Ferrarese, seated in a lake of the same name, lying between two mouths of the river Po, 27 miles E. S. E. of Ferrara. Comana. See Cumana. Combe Martin, a town in Devonshire, Eng. It is seated on an inlet of the Bristol Channel, sur- rounded by mines of iron and lead, the produce from which is shipped for Wales and Bristol. It is six miles E. of Ilfracomb, and 202 W. of London. Pop. in 1821, 1,023. Combourg-, a town of France, in the department of Ille and Vilaine, 25 m. S. S. E. of St Malo : it was the birth place of Chateaubriand. Combiconum, a town of Hindoostan, situate on the banks of the Cavery River, about 20 miles above its entrance into the sea. It was the cap- ital of the most ancient of tlie Hindoo dynasties ; it is now inconsiderable, but several ruins still remain to attest its former greatness. It is about 15 m. N. by E. of Tanjore. ComercoUy, a town of Bengal, near the south bank of the main branch of the Ganges, and about 100 m. N. by E. of Calcutta; it is one of the sta- .tions or factories of the English East India Com- pany, for collecting of silk and cotton manufac- tures. ComUla, a town of Hindoostan, in Bengal, and chief place of the country ofTibera. It is seated on a river that flows west into the Burampooter, 58 m. E. S. E. of Dacca, and 185 E. N. E. of Calcutta. Commetido, or Comnumi, a kingdom of Gxiinea, on the Gold coast, formerly a part of the kinafdom of Fetu. The natives are of a warlike disposition, and so numerous, that the king is said to be able to raise an army of 20,000 men. The capital, where the king resides, is called Grand Comiiien- do, or Guffb; four miles to the south of which, on the sea coast, is Little Commendo, where the English and Dutch have forts. It lies to the west of Cape Coast castle, in the lat. of 4. 54. N. and 3. 34. W. long. Commercy, a town of France, in the department of the Meuse, with a castle seated on the Meuse, 16 m. E. of Bar le Due. Pop. about 3,(500. Com,matau, or Cliomvtou, a town of Bohemia, in the circle of Saatz. Its alum pits, and the great quantities of fruit and vegetables raised here, are the principal part of its trade. It is 58 m. N. W. of Prague, on the road to Chemnitz. Como, a town of Italy, in the Milanese, and a bishop's see. It is surrounded by a wall, backed by a conical eminence, on which are the ruins of a castle. The cathedral is a handsome edifice of white marble, hewn from the neighbouring quar- ries. The inhabitants have manufactures of cot- ton and silk, and carry on some trade with the Gri- sons. Pliny was born here ; and, in his Letters, speaks of the delightful scenery of its environs It stands at the S. W. end of the Lake of Como, 18 m. N. of Milan, and 80 N. E. of Turin. Pop. about 15,000. Como, Lake of, a lake of Italy, in the Milanese, extending from the city of Como in a N. N. E. di- rection for about 35 miles : it varies in breadth from one to six miles, and receives from the north the river Maira, and from the east the Adda, both of which rivers fall into the lake at its N. E. end, and discharge their waters by an arm from near the centre, on the S. E. side ; this arm extends for about twenty miles from one to two miles wide and is called Lake Lecco, when it again narrows, and resumes the name of the Adda, till it falls into the Po, after a further course of aliout GO miles, a few miles above Cremona. Comorin, Cape, the most southern point of Hindoostan, in the lat. of 8. 4. N. and 77. 45. of E. long. Comorn, a strong town of Hungary, capital of a territory of the same name. It is seated on an island called Schut, formed by the confluence of the Wag with the Danube, 70 m. E. S. E. of Vienna. The castle is deemed one of the strong- est in Europe ; and has never surrendered to any besieging force. The town was taken by the sultan Solyman in 1543 ; and has since then been exposed to various conflicts and ravages ; alike from war, fire, and earthquake. It contains about 9,000 inhabitants, who carry on a considerable traffic with the surrounding country. Com,oro Islands, five islands in the Indian Ocean, between the coast of Zanguebar, and the north end of the island of Madagascar. They are called Hinzeuan, Mahota, Mohilla, Anorezeia, and Comora. See Hinzuan. Grand Comoro rises to the height of nearly 8,000 feet above the level of the sea. Compieirne, a town of France, m the depart- ment of Oise. Here is a palace, in which the kings of France often resided. The maid of Or- leans was taken prisoner here by the English in 14:50. It is seated near an extensive forest, on the east bank of the River Oise, over which is an elegant bridge, a little below the confluence of the Aisne,and 45 m. N. E. of Paris. CornposicUa, or St. Jago de ComposUlUi, a city CON 215 CON of Spain, capital of Galicia, and an archbishop's Bee, with a university. The public squares and chur^ UNIVERSITY j CON 816 CON Conde, a strong town of Fiance, in the depart- ment of Nord, with a fortress. It surrendered to the allies, after enduring the rigours of famine in 1793 ; but was retaken in 1794. Conde is seated on the Scheldt, at the indux of tlie Haisne, 7 m. N. by E. of Valenciennes, and 26 S. E. of Lisle. Pop. about 6,000. Conde, a town of France, in the department of Calvados, seated on the Noireau, 28 m. S. S. W. of Caen. Condecedo, or Lm Desconocida, a cape of Yuca- tan, on the east shore of the Bay of Campeche, 100 m. W. of Merida. Long. 91. 27. W. lat. 20. 50. N. ■Condesuyas , a town of Peru, capital of a dis- trict, in which is gathered a species of wild cochi- neal, that forms a great article of trade. It is 85 m. N. N. W. of Arequipa. Condom, a town of France, in the department of Gers, seated on the Baise, 26 m. N. N. W. of Auch, and 28 S. E. of Bordeaux. Condore, or Pido Condore, a fertile island in the China Sea, near the Coast of Cambodia, 9 miles long, and two where broadest ; and is sur- rounded by several islets. Buffaloes, hogs, veg- etables and water are to be had here. The Eng- lish had a settlement here in 1702 ; but the fac- tors falling out with the natives, most of them were murdered, and the rest driven thence in 1795. It has a spacious bay on the east side. Long. 107. 20. E. lat. 8. 40. N. Condrieu, a town of France, in the department of Rhone, celebrated for excellent wine, seated near the Rhone, 18 m. S. of Lyons. Pop. about 4,000. Conemaugh, there are 3 towns of this na me in Pa. There is also a creek of this name in the same state, on the banks of which, about 30 miles East of Pittsburg are saline springs from which salt is manufactured. Conestogo, a stream falling into the Susque- hanna in Lancaster Co. Pa. Also a town in the same county. Conewago, the name of two streams running from opposite directions into the Susquehanna in Pa. Also a town in York Co. Pa. Coneicango, the name of a town and a branch of the Alleghany river in Warren Co. Pa. Conflans, a town of Savoy, near the confluence of the Isere and Doron, 18 m. east of Cham- berry. Conflans, a town of France, in the department of Upper Saone, 12 miles north of Vesoul. Confolens, a town of France, in the department of Charente, on the River Vienne, 30 m. N. E. of Angouleme. Cong, a village of Ireland, in the county of Mayo, 24 miles south of Castlebar. It is seated on the north bank of Lake Corr, and was former- ly the residence of the kings of Connaught. The ruins of several churches and religious houses are yet visible. Pop. in 1821 , 508. The parish extends into the County of Galway ; and contained in 1821, an aggregate population of 7,568. Congaree, a river of South Carolina ; it is form- ed of the united waters of the Broad and Saluda Rivers, which after a course of about 40 miles, unite with the Wateree, in nearly the cen- tre of the state ; the united streams then take the name of the Santee. Congleton, a town of England in the county of Cheshire. It is seated on the banks of the River Dean, 161 m. N. W. of London, on the mail-coach road to Liverpool. In 1754 an extensive silk mill was erected here ; and in 1825 the number of mills for the like purpose exceeded thirty, with four or five for spinning of cotton : the weaving, also both of cotton and suk, has been partially established in the tdwn and neighbourhood. It has two tan- yards and various other manufactures dependent on the process of spinning. The pon. which in 1801 was 3,801, in 1821 had increased to 6,404. itis7m. S. S.W. of Macclesfield. Coneatt, t. Crawford Co. Pa. Congo, a country on the west coast of South Africa, between 4. and 15. deg. of S. lat. contain- ing the kingdoms of Loango, Congo, Angola, Matamba, and Benguela. It was discovered by the Portuguese in 1481 ; and is bounded on the north by Guinea, east by parts unknown, south by Bemba, and west by the Atlantic. It is some- times called Lower Guinea ; and the Portuguese have many settlements on the coast, as well as in the inland country. There are many desert pla- ces within land, in which are elephants, leo- pards, monkeys, and monstrous serpents ; but near the coast the soil is more fertile, and there are fruits of many kmds, beside palm-trees, from which wine and oil are made. The greatest part of the inhabitants go almost naked ; they wor- ship the sun, moon, and stars, and animals of different kinds ; but the Portuguese have made many converts. They are skilml in weaving cot- ton cloth, and trade in slaves, ivory, cassia, and tamarinds. Congo, properly so called, is only 150 m. broad along the coast, but is 370 inland. From March to September is called the winter season, when it rains almost every day ; and the summer is from October to March, when the weather is very hot. The principal rivers are the Zaire and Coanza. The capital is St. Salvador. See Zaire. Congo, a town of Persia in Laristan. It is a market for pearls, brought from Bahrin, and is seated on a river, which flows into the Persian Gulf, 90 m. W. by S. of Ormus. Long. 54. 30. E.,lat. 20. 36. N. Pop. about 7,000. Congress, t. Wayne Co. Ohio. Coni, a fortified town of Piedmont, capital of a territory of its name, with a strong citadel. Its trade is considerable, being the repository for all the merchandize from Turin and Nice, which is intended for Lombardy, Switzerland, and Ger- many. It is so strong by nature and art, that though frequently besieged by the French, they never could take it. In 1796 it was delivered up to the French, after their victory at Mondovi, as a hostage for the performance of a treaty ; and it surrendered to the Austrians in 1799. It fell again into the hands of the French in 1810, and was ce- ded to Sardinia at the general peace of 1814. It is seated on a rock, at the confluence of the Gez- zo and Stura, 35 m. south of Turin. Pop. about 10,000. Conjeveram, a town of Hindoostan, in the Car natic. The streets are tolerably wid? ; and on each side is a row of cocoa-nut trees. The inhab- itants are most of them Bramins belonging to two large temples ; there is also a small mosque of very neat workmanship. It is seated near the Pa- lear,24 m. E. of Arcot, and 44 W. S. W. of Mad- ras. Conil, a town of Spain, in Andalusia, on a bay to which it gives name. The inhabitants are much engaged in fishing, especially for tunnies; and beautiful crystalized sulphur is found here It is 18 m. S. S. E. of Cadiz. CON 8 Conisberg. See Konigsher^. Conisbroiigh, a village in West Yorkshire, Eng. 5 m. S. W. of Doncaster. It was formerly a place of note, and has large remains of an ancient castle. Pop. in 1821, 1,142. Coniston-mei e, a lake in Lancashire, Eng. 6 m. long and nearly one broad. It is in some places 40 fathoms deep, and abounds in excellent char. Near the head of it, on the N. W. side, is the village of Coniston, 3 m. W. by S. of Hawks- head , and north of the village rises the peak of Coniston Fell, to the height of 2,577 feet above the level of the sea. Connanght, one of the four provinces of Ireland, bounded on the south by Munster, east by the River Shannon, which divides it from Leinsler, north by Donegal and Sligo Bays, and west by the Atlantic Ocean, which indents it with nu- merous bays, giving it from three to four hun- dred miles of sea-coast, flanked by numerous islands. It contains a good deal of mountainous territory, and several lakes. For extent of sur- face, divisions, population, «fec. See IreJand. Connecticut, one of the united states of America, bounded on the N. by Massachusetts, E. by Rhode Island, S. by Long Island Sound, and W. by New York. It lies between 41. and 42. 2. N. lat. and 71. 20. and 73. 15. W. long. It is 88 miles in length, and 53 in mean breadth, ?rd contains 4,664 sq. miles. The surface of Connecticut is agreeably diversified by gently swelling hills and valleys, presenting to the eye of the traveller a constantly varying prospect ; and in some parts he hills rise to a height to claiming the denomination of moun- tains. The Housatonic mountains enter the state in the N. W. part, and continue southerly along the Housatonic river to the coast; this is but a ■ succession of eminences, spurs and branches, some of which are considerably elevated. The next, proceeding easterly, is the Greenwoods Range, which is not very high ; the summits in the north- ern parts are covered with evergreens ; the south- ern division is more rugged and less lofty than the northern. The third is broken and precipitous on its west- ern face, with gentle declivities on the eastern, this range divides into branches towards the S., which end in East Rock and West Rock, near New Haven. The fourth range extends from Hartford to New Haven, and is of the same geological character with the preceding, but is not continuous. It is of only a moderate height, but has a few bold elevations. This range is called the Middletown Mountains, though its separate parts have several distinct appellations. Passing W. of the Connecticut river, we come to the 5th, called the Lyme Range, being the height of land which separates the waters of the Connecticut from those of the Thames ; this range has also two branches toward the S., but in the N. is a distinct and continuous ridge, high- est in the northern part. The chief rivers are the Connecticut, the Hous- atonic and the Thames. The first mentioned is the only one that affords extensive navigation. New London harbour is the best in the state, yet it is but little frequented. Hartford and New Haven are the chief trading places. The climate of Connecticut is somewhat mild- er than in Massachusetts. The soil and agricul- tural pursuits are about the same. There are mines of iron in the state but they are little wrought. Copper and lead are also found here, and quarries of marble are wrought extensively. 28 CON Manufactures are in a flourishing state here. One of the largest manufacturing places is Middletown, where are made cotton and woolen cloths, paper, soap, combs, rifles, pistols, swords, also coffee- mills to the number of 200,000 annually, and band boxes 30,000. At Tarifville are manufactories of cotton and carpeting. At Norwich, are manufac- tories of flannel, cotton, leather, paper, iron, &c. At Manchester there are extensive cotton manu- factories. Vast quantities of tin ware are made in various parts of the state, and sent to every town in the Union for sale. At Canton is a man- ufactory of axes, which have acquired a reputa tion above all others in the United States. Near New Haven, at the foot of East Rock, is a gun factory, for several years occupied in manufactur ing muskets for the United States. It is re- markable for the excellence of its internal ar rangements, and the perfection of its various " mechanical processes. Wooden clocks also form a very thriving branch of manufacturing industry. In the single town of Bristol above 30,000 clocks are made annually, and whole ship loads are ex- ported at a time. Some of the clocks are of met- al, and the whole bring an average price of 8 dol- lars each. There are also in different parts of the state, ex tensive manufactories of hats, block-tin ware, and other things ; there are a multitude of small estab- lishments m different places devoted to the mak- ing of articles of various kinds. Most of the commerce of this state consists in the coasting trade, although New London has a considerable share in the whale fishery. The shipping enrolled and licensed in 1827, amounted to 56,708 tons. The domestic produce exported in 1828, amounted in value to 493,925 dollars. The imports for the year were estimated at 485,174 dollars. The internal trade is somewhat assisted by the Farmington Canal, which see. The state is divided into 8 counties. New Lon don, Middlesex, New Haven, Fairfield, Litchfield, Hartford, Tolland and Windham. The first four border on Long Island Sound. The number of towns and cities is 120. The pop. 297,711. Hart- ford, and New Haven are the capitals, and the le- gislature meet alternately at these places. The present constitution was adopted in 1818; before this time, the state was governed according to the colonial cliarter. The legislature is called the General Assembly, and consists of a Senate and House of Representatives. The representatives arc chosen in towns, according to numbers, and the senators by a general ticket. All elections are annual, and the qualifications for voting, amount to universal suffrage. The executive branch consists of a Governor, and Lt. Governor, cho- sen by the people. There is no religious test in office. The Congregationalists have 236 minis- ters ; the Baptists 78 ; the Methodists 40 ; the Episcopalians 58. There are some Unitarians, Universalists, Catholics and Shakers. There are colleges at New Haven and Hartford and many academies in different parts of the state. Tlie Connecticut School fund, arising from the sale of western lands belonging to the state, amounts nearly to 2,000,000 dollars. The income of this fund is appropriated by the constitution of the state, to the support of primary schools, and is divided among the different counties, in propor- tion to the number of children. The population, next to that of Massachusetts, is more dense than in any other part of the United States, notwith standing which great numbers axe constantlr CON 218 CON emigrating to Ohio and other parts of the western territory. This State was settled in 163G by emigrants from Massachusetts. See Hartford. The peo- ple are remarkable for thrift, ingenuity and enter- prise, and display with peculiar strength many prominent traits of the New England character. See JVeiD England. Connecticut, the largest river in New England, rising at the northern extremity of New Hamp- shire, on tlie boundary between that state and Canada. It runs southerly, dividing the states of New Hampshire and Vermont, after which it passes through Massachusetts and Connecticut to the sea at Long Island Sound. Its whole course is above 400 miles. It is navigated by sloops to Hartford 50 miles, by steamboats to Springfield in Vermont and by the help of im- provements in canals, it will soon have a steam- boat navigation of 200 miles. The valley of this river is from 5 to 4-5 miles in width, and its .surface is composed of a suc- cession of hills, vallies and plains. The interval lands begin about 12 or 14 miles from its mouth. These lands are formed by a long and continued alluvion of the river. The tributary streams of the Connecticut run every wiiere through a soft and rich soil, considerable quantities of which, par- ticularly the lighter and finer particles, are from time to time washed into their channels, by occa- sional currents, springing from rains, and melted snows. Wherever the stream moves with an uniform current, these particles are carried along with it ; but where the current is materially checked, they are in greater or less quantities deposited. In this mnnner, the interval borders of the river are formed. The form of most of them is elegant; a river, passing through them becomes almost of course, winding; the earth of which they are composed is of a uniform texture, the impressions made by the stream upon the margin entirely neat, and very comm >nly orna- mented with a fringe of shrubs and trees. Nor is the surface of these grounds less pleasing j their terraced form and undulations are eminent- ly handsome, and their universal fertility makes a cheerful impression on every eye. A great part of them is formed into meadows, which are here more profitable, and everywhere more beautiful than lands devoted to any other culture ; here they are extended from 5 to 500 acres, and are everywhere covered with a verdure, peculiarly rich and vivid. The finest and most abundant crops of hay are raised upon these intervals. There are many falls and rapids upon the Con- necticut, the lamest of which is a violent rapid called Bellows Falls, at a village of that name in Vermont. A canal passes round this obstruction on the western side. Most of the other rapids are also avoided by locks and canals. The scenery along the banks of the Connecticut is exceeding- ly varied and picturesque, and though many other streams surpass it in grandeur of features, yet for the variety, elegance and cheerfulness of the landscape which its borders everywhere exhibit, it may be regarded as one of the most beautiful rivers in the world. Its waters afford vast num- bers of the finest shad, and the taking (ff these fish furnishes occupation to many of the inhabitants along the river. iiorder are also nearly uniform; hence this border is almost universally a handsome arch, with a Connecticut, lake, N. H. the source of one of the branches of that river. Conecuh, a south frontier county of the state of Alabama, bordering on West Florida. Pop. 7,444. A river of the same name intersects the county, running south through West Florida into the Bay ofPensacola. Sparta is the chief town. Connor, a parish in the county of Antrim, Ire land, which, in 1821, contained a population of 7,123. There is a decayed town in the parish, for- merly a bishop's see. now united to Down. It it G m. north of Antrim. Pop. in 1820,239. Connorsmlle, p. v. Fayette Co. Ind. Conquest, ip.i. Cayuga Co. N. Y. Pop. 1,50~ Conquct, a town of France, in the department of Finisterre, witha good harbour and road. It is 12 m. W. of Brest. Conscite, a town of Italy, 12 m. S. of Padua. Pop. about 0,000. Consiglione, a town of Sicily, in Val di Mazara, 19 m. S. of Palermo. Constable., p.v. Franklin Co. N. Y. Pop. G93. CoH.s^///i, a town of Silesia, in the principality of Oels, 23 m. E. of Brieg. Constance, a fortified city Qf Suabia, seated on the south side of the Rhine^ bttween the upper and lower lakes of Constance, or the lakes of Constance and Zell. Though once flourishing in commerce, and celebrated in history, it now scarcely contains 4,0C0 inhabitants. Constance ia CON 219 CON famous for a council in 1514, which caused John Huss and Jerome of Prague to be burnt : and likewise condemned the doctrine of Wickliffe, ordered his bones to be burnt forty years after he was dead. It was formerly the capital of a secu- larized bi-shopric, extending on both sides of the Rhine ; that on the south is now included in the Swiss Canton of Thurgau ; and that on tiie north, with the city itself, now forms part of the circle of the lake in the territory of the Grand Duke of of Baden, 100 miles S. S. E. of Carlsrube, 80 E. of Basle, and 42 N. N. E. of Zurich. Constance, Lake of, the most considerable lake of Switzerland, which it separates from Suabia, that part excepted where the city of Con- stance is seated on its south side. It is divided into three parts. The upper and largest part is called Boden See ; the middle part is named Bodmer See ; and the lower part Unter See, Zeller See, or the lake of Zell. The upper lake, from Bre- gentz, at its eastern extremity to Constance, is 37 m. long, and l.^in its greatest breadth. Through this lake the Rhine flows, and enters tlie Zeller See, which IS IG m. long and 10 in its greatest breadth, [t is in some places 350 fathoms deep, and 100 generally; and like all the lakes in Switzerland is deeper in summer than in winter ; which is owing to the first melting of the snow from the adjacent mountains. It abounds with fish, and its trout are much esteemed; and besides the city of Constance, has many agreeable towns and villages on its banks. Constantia, p.t. Oswego Co. N. Y. on Oneida Lake. Pop. 1,193. Constantina, a town of Spain in Andalusia, with a castle on a mountain, 40 m. N. E. of Seville. Constnntina, the eastern province of the king- dom ot Algiers, and the largest and richest of the four. The greatest part along the coast is mountainous. In the mountains dwell free Ara- bian and Moorish tribes, of whom the Cabyles are deemed the most turbulent and cruel. As these free mountaineers possessed a superfluity of oil, soap, dried figs, and timber, the government of Algiers, which stood in need of these articles were formerly obliged in many things to show in- dulgence to these tribes. See Zaah. Constantina, a city of the kingdom Algiers, capital of the province of the same name. It is seated at the top of a steep rock, and there is no way to it but by steps cut out of the rock. The usual way of punishing criminals here is to throw them down the cliff. Here are many Ro- man antiquities, particularly a triumphal arch. Next to Algiers, this city is the most populous in the kingdom. It is 100 miles E. by S. of Aloriers. Long. 6. 24. E., lat. 36. 24. N. Constantinople, one of the largest cities in Eu- rope, and the capital of the Turkish Empire. It is of a triangular form : and seated between the Black Sea and the Sea of Marmora, on a neck of land that advances toward Natolia from which it is separated by a strait a mile in breadth. The Sea of Marmora washes its walls on the south, and a gulf of the strait of Constantinople does the same on the N. E. It was anciently called Byzantium, but the name was changed in the vear 330 by Constantine the Great, who made it the seat of the Roman empire in the east. It was taken in 1453 by the Turks, who have kept pos- session of it ever since. The grand signior's palace, called the seraglio, is on the sea side, sur- rounded by walls flanked with towers, and sepa- rated from the city by canals. It stands on the site of ancient Byzantium, the east point of the present city, and is three miles in circumference, consisting of an assemblage of palaces and apart- ments placed by the side of one another, without symmetry and without order. The principal en- trance of this palace is of marble, and is called Capi, that is the Porte (or gate), a name used frequently to express the court, or the empire. The castle of Seven Towers is a state prison, and stands near the Sea of Marmora, at the west point of the city from the seraglio ; and at the north-west point, without the walls, is the imperial palace of Aijub, or Atmcjdan, the (an- cient Hippodi-ome) witii a village of the same name. The number of houses in Constantinople is prodigious ; but in general, they are mean, and all of them constructed of wood, and the roofs covered with hollow tiles. The public edifices alone are built by masonrj' in a very solid manner. The streets are narrow, badly paved, and dirty ; and the people are infested with the plague al- most every year. __The inhabitants, who are va- riously said to amount to from 3 to 400,000, are half Turks, two thirds of the other half, Greeks or Armenians, and the rest Jews. Here are a great number of ancient monuiueuts still remaining; particularly the snperb temple of St. Sophia built in the sixth century, which is converted into a mosque, and will contain 100,000 persons conven- iently. Between the two mosques of sultan Sol- yman and Bajazet is the old seraglio, in which are shut up the wives of the deceased sultans, and also such women as have displeased the grand seignior. The bazaars, or bey.esteins, are large square buildings, covered with domes supported by arcades, and contain all sorts of goods, which are there exposed to sale. There is a market for slaves, the Jews are the principal mer- chants, wlio bring them here to be sold ; great numbers of girlsare brought from Hungary, Greece, Candia, Circassia, Mingrelia, and Georgia, for the service of the Turks, who generally buy tliem for their seraglios. The great square near the mosque of sultan Bajazet, is the place for public diversions. The gulf on the north-east of the city is the harbour, which runs up from the point of the seraglio to the village of Aijub, about four miles in length and half a mile wide where broadest. Aijub may be reckoned one of the suburbs, and has a mosque, in which is the tomb of sultan Othman. the founder of the empire. The suburbs of Galata and Pera, are on the other side of the harbour. The former extends alonor the entrance of the harbour, and is chiefly occu- pied by merchants ; and adjoining it on the east, is a cannon founder}', called Tophana. Pera stands behind these on an eminence, and is the place where the foreign ambassadors reside. In this part there are several houses where Euro- pean sailors, Greeks, and even Turks, go to drink and intoxicate themselves, notwithstanding the severity of the government in this respect. The circumference of this city is 14 miles, and 24 with the suburbs included ; and as they are built on ground which rises gradually, there is a view of the whole town from the sea. The city is sur- rounded by walls of freestone, here and there mixed with bricks, and flanked v\'ith 250 towers. There are 22 gates ; six on the land side, and the rest towards the harbour and sea. The palaces, mosques, bagnios, and caravanserais, are many of them magnificent. Constantinople is 780 miles in a meridional line S. E. of Vienna. Long. 28. 35. E., lat. 41. 1. N. Constantinople, Strait of, anciently the Thracian coo 2S0 COP Bosphorus, and forming the communication be- tween the Propontis, or sea of Marmora, and the Euxine or Black Sea. It is 20 miles long and lit- tle more than a mile wide ; and forms the sepa- ration here between Europe and Asia. At its en- trance on the west side is situate Constantinople, and on the other Scutari. Both its banks are lined with villages, where are seen some very handsome houses, almost entirely built of wood, and variously painted ; those belonging to the Turks are in white or red ; those of the Greeks, Armenians, and Jews, are of a blackish brown, for they are not allowed to employ the colours of the Mussulmen. At its termination in the Black Sea, are two forts opposite each other, to defend the passage. Constantinaw, a town of Poland, in Podolia, on the river Bog, 8 m. S. W. of Chmielnik, and 72 N. E. of Kaminifeck. ConstantinoiD, another town of Poland, in Vol- hina, on the River Sulucza, 30 m. W. by N. of the former. Contessa, a seaport of European Turkey, in Macedonia, advantageously located at the head of agulf of its name, at the influx of the Strimoon, 60 m. E. by N. of Salonichi, and 24G W. of Con- stantinople. Long. 24. 8. E., and lat. 40. 52. N. Contoocook, r. N. H. flows into the Merrimack near Concord. Contres, a town of France, in the department of Loire and Cher, 10 m. S. E. of Blois. Conty, a town of France, in the department of Somme, seated on the Seille, 14 m. S. S. W. of Amiens. Conversano, a town of Naples, in Terra di Bari, 12 m. S. E. of Bari. Conway, a river of Wales, which flows through . a fertile vale of the same name, along the whole eastern border of Caernarvonshire, and enters the Irish sea at Aberconway. Comoay, p.t. Strafford Co. N. H. on Saco river, 118 m. fr. Boston ; 7-5 fr. Portsmouth. Pop. 1,601. Conway, p.t. Franklin Co. Mass. 100 m. W. Boston. Pop. 1,563. Conynghum, p. v. Luzerne Co. Pa. Coma, a town of Naples, in Principato Ulte- riore, and an archbishop's see. It suffered so much by an earthquake in 1694, that the place where the cathedral stood is hardly known. Its principal commerce is in marble. It is seated near the head waters of the Ofanti River, 52 m. E. of Naples. Cooch Beyliar, a district of Bengal on the fron- tier of Bootan, which exhibits a melancholy proof of two facts frequently united ; the great facility of obtaining food, and the wretched indigence of the lower order of inhabitants. It became tribu- tary to the English in 1772. Beyhar, the chief town, is 260 m. N. by E. of Calcutta. Cook's Inlet, an extensive arm of the sea, on the N. W. coast of America, discovered in 1778, by Captain Cook, who traced it 70 leag. from its entrance, in long. 152. W. and supposed it to be the mouth of a large river, but it was further ex- plored in 1794 by captain Vancouver, who found its termination to be in long. 148. 43. W., lat. 61. 29. N. Cookstown, p.v. Fayette Co. Pa. Cooksville, p.v Anne Arundel Co. Maryland. Cook's Strait, a strait dividing the two islands of which New Zealand is composed : it is about four or five leagues broad. Coolspring, t. Mercer Co. Pa. Coolville, p.v. Athens Co . Ohio. Cooper, a county of the state of Missouri, and on the western frontier of the United States territory. It lies south of the Missouri River, and is bound- ed on the east by a mountain ridge, which di- vides it from Wayne County, and is intersected from west to east by Orange River. Pop. 6,019. Booneville on the south bank of the Missouri, in the lat. of 39. S. is the chief town. Cooper, a river of S. Carolina, falling into the harbour of Charleston. Cooperstoicn, a town of New York, chief of Ot sego County, situate at the S. W. end, and the . outlet of lake Otsego, 12 m. N. W of Cherry Val- ley, and 64 W. by N. of Albany. Coos, an island in the Archipelago, 56 m. N. W. of Rhodes, subject to the Turks. Long. 27.44. E., lat. 37.1. N. Coos, a county forming the whole of the north part of the state of New Hampshire. It is about 90 miles in length from north to south, and 28 in mean breadth ; it is bounded on the east by the state of Maine, and west by the Connecticut River, which divides it from Vermont, and north by the ridge of mountains which divides the United States territory from Lower Canada. On the southern confines of the county are the White Mountains, through which is a pass in one place not more than 22 feet wide, and appears cloven down to its very base, in a perpendicular line on one side, and on the other in an angle of about 45 deg. ; through this JVotch or Gap, as it is term- ed, a turnpike road has been constructed from the banks of the Connecticut River to the Atlantic Ocean at Portland, a route much used for the con- veyance of heavy produce on sledges in the wintei season ; and thus, whilst it forms one of the grand- est natural features of the world, it is rendered sub- servient to the medium of an extensive and an advantageous intercourse. Coos County is at present but thinly inhabited. The population, however, which in 1810, was only 3,991, in 1830 had increased to 8,390. Lancaster, on the east bank of the Connecticut river, is the chief town. Coosawatchie, a town of South Carolina, in Beaufort district. The courts formerly held at Beaufort are held here. It is seated on the Coo- saw, over which is a bridge, 20 m. N. W. of Beau- fort, and 60 W. S. W. of Charleston. Copenhagen, the capital of Denmark, built on a morass, and surrounded with several s«iall lakes. It was founded by some wandering fishermen, in the 11th century, and is now accounted the best built city of the north of Europe. It became the seat of the court and government of Denmark in 1443. The streets are well paved with a foot-way on each side. The greatest part of the buildings are of brick, and a few of free-stone ; the houses of the nobility are in jreneral splended, and built in the Italian style. The harbour is capable of containing 500 ships ; and the streets are intersect ed by broad canals, which bring the merchandize close to the warehouses on the quays. Copenha- gen contains four royal palaces, 19 churches, a great number of public buildings, and a universi- ty ; and, in 1826. about 90,000 inhabitants. The palace called Christiansburg, built by Christian VI., but burnt down in 1794, was an immense pile of building, of hewn stone, the wings and stables of brick, stuccoed. The hospital of Warlow is large and convenient, containing 330 beds, occu- pied by as many poor. The church is so placed, that service may be heard by those who are con- fined to their bed. The exchange is a large Gothic building ; vessels are brought very near it COP Til COR ♦ by moans of canals; and here the merchants assem- ble. The new royal market is the largest square in the city, and almost entirely composed of stately buildings ; as the academy of painting and sculpture, the theatre, the great hotel, the artil- lery house, «fec. and in the centre is a marble equestrian statue of Christian V. In the north suburbs is an obelisk of reddish stone, erected in 1793, by the city, to the honour of Christian VI. on his abolishing vassalage ; and around its pedes- tal are four female figures of white marble. The citadel is a regular fortification, with five bas- tions, a double ditch full of water, and several ad- vanced woiks. This city owes its present beauty to the fire of 1723, which destroyed five churches and 67 streets, having been rebuilt in a better style. It suffered greatly by fire in 1794 ; and again in the following year. The new part of the town, raised by Frederic V., is extremely beauti- ful. It consists of an octagon containing four uniform and elegant buildings of hewn stone, and of four broad streets leading to it, in opposite direc- tions. In the middle of the area stands an eques- trian statue of Fred. V. in bronze, as large as life, which is justly admired. The round tower built by Christian IV. and designed for an observatory, is a singular structure, not having a single step in it, though very lofly : its ascent is by a spiral road nearly fourteen feet wide, and one of their kings has driven in his carriage up and down it. On the interruption to the commerce of Holland, by the events of the French revolution in 1793-4, Copenhagen became the principal entrepot for the commerce of the north of Europe; and for this, no place can be more advantageously situated ; but Denmark becoming involved in the conten- tions of that period, and joining in a confederacy with Russia and Sweden against the naval as- cendancy of England, an English fleet, in March, 1801, was despatched to bombard Copenhagen, when, after considerable damage being done to the town, and 28 ships of war taken or destroyed, an armistice was entered upon, which led to a treaty of peace with all the northern powers, but not without operating as a severe check to the commercial enterprise of Copenhagen. In 1807, the British government, although at peace with Denmark, sent a fleet of 17 ships of the line, with frigates, which bombarded the city for three days, when 300 houses, the cathedral, and part of the university were destroyed, and as many more buildings greatly damaged. Eighteen Danish ships of the line, fifteen frigates, six brigs, and twenty-five gun-boats, with all the naval stores in the arsenal of Copenhagen, wore carried off by the British. This infamous act of treachery was committed under the pretence that the French "vould otherwise become masters of the Danish fleet. The city is five miles in circumference, seated on the east shore of the is^e of Zealand, at the entrance into the Baltic Sea, about 25 m. within the strait called the Sound, 'MO m. S. W. of Stockholm, and 500 N. E. of London. Long. 12. 35. E., lat. 55. 41. N. See £mak. Copiapo, the most northern province of Chile, *.mnded on the north by the great desert of Ata- cama, east by the Andes, and west by the Pacific Ocean, being about 260 m. from N. to S. from 24. 20. to 28. of S. lat., and about 90 in mean breadth, abounding in mines of gold, iron, copper, sulphur, tin, and lead. The chief town, of the same name, stands on the south side of a river, also of the same name, at its entrance into the Pacific Ocean, 490 m. N. by E. of Valparaiso. Long. 70. 50. W. lat. 27. 20. S. On the Andes, in a parallel lino with the town of Copiapo is a volcano, called the Volcano of Copiapo. Coppcnhruire, a town of Hanover, in the princi- pality of Collenberg, 10 m. E. by N. of Hamelen. Cupper-Mine River, a river of North America, which runs from south to north into the Icy Sea, in the long, of 111. 5. W., and 69. 7. of N. lat. Coppet, or Copet, a town of Switzerland, with a castle, on the west bank of the lake of Geneva, 10 m. N. of Geneva. The castle and barony be- came the property of M. Neckar, celebrated for his pretensions as a financier in the time of the French Revolution : both he and his daughter. Madam de Stael, lie interred here in a fine mau- soleum in the castle-garden. Coquet, a river of England, which rises on the borders of Scotland, crosses the centre of North- umberland, and enters the German Ocean, at Warkworth. Opposite its mouth is a small island of the same name. Coquimbo, or Serena, a seaport of Chile near the mouth ofa river of the same name, and the capital of a province also of the same name, rich in corn, and mines of gold and silver. The streets are shaded with fig-trees, palms, oranges, olives, &<;. always green. It is 260 m. N. by E. of Valparaiso. Long. 71. 19. W., lat. 29. 52. S. Corachie, Korachee, or Crotchey, a seaport of Asia, at the mouth of a creek which communi- cates, in the rainy season, with the Indus, on the western side. It is supposed to be the Sangada of Arrian, or Port of Alexander, and is now the principal out-port of the Afghans. The inhabi- tants are of an enterprising disposition, and it ap- pears to afford a favourable opening for commer- cial adventure. It is about 100 m. W. of Tatta, in the lat. of 24. 30. N. and 67. 15. of E. long. Corah, a town of Hindoostan, capital of a dis- trict of the same name, lying between the Jumna and the main branch of the Ganges, which came wholly into the possession of the English in 1801. It is a very fertile and productive district; the town is 98 m. N. W. of Allahabad. Corhach, a town in the Electorate of Hesse, cap- ital of the county of Waldeck. It is divided into the old and new town, and near it, on a mountain, is the castle of Eisenberg. The Hanoverians were defeated here by the French in 1760. It is seat- ed on the [tter, 22 m. W. of Cassel. Long. 9. 1. E., lat. 51. 16. N. Corbeclt,a. town of the Netherlands, in Brabant, 3 m. S. of Louvain. Corbeil, a town of France, in the department of Seine and Oise, seated on the Se^e at the con- flux of the Juine, 17 m. S. of Pans. Corbie, a town of France, in the department of Somme, with a celebrated Benedictine abbey, seated on the Somme, 10 m. E. of Amiens. Corbieres, a town of Switzerland, in the canton ofFriburg, 10 m. S. of Friburg. Corby, a town of Lincolnshire, Eng. 13 m. N. of Stamford, and 102 N. by W. of London. Cordilleras. See Andes. Cordova, an interior province of Andalusia, in the south of Spain, comprising an area of about 5,500 square miles, and in 1810 contained a popu- lation of 252,028. ' It is divided into nearly two equal parts, by the Gaudalquivir river, which in- tersects it from east to west : the N. W. part is mountainous, but the more southern part is ex ceedingly fertile in corn, fruit, wme, and olives It was formed into an independent kingdom by Abderame, a Moorish General, about the vear 695 t2 ♦ COR COR besides the city of Cordova, the other principal towns are Bujalance and Montilla. Cordova, City of, the capital of the preceding province, is seated on the north bank of the Gua- dalquivir, over which is a bridge of sixteen arch- es, built by the Moors. It was a considerable place in the time of the Romans , who surrender- ed it to the Goths, in 572. In G92 it was taken by Abderame, a Moorish general, who soon af- ter renounced the authority of the Grand Ca- liph of Damascus, and made the city of Cordova, the capital of a kingdom. It is now a bishop's see, and one of the finest cities of Spain. The circumference is large, but there are many or- chards and gardens within the walls. Tiie pal- aces, church, and religious houses are superb, J)articularly the cathedral, which is 534 feet In ength, and 387 wide, built by Abderame for a mosque, and it still retains the name of Mezquita. The square called the Plaza Magor, is surrounded by fine houses, under which are piazzas. The trade consists in wine, silk, and leather ; but is not so considerable as formerly. In the neigh- bourhood are a vast number of orange and lemon trees ; and here are the best horses in Spain. It was from hence that the leather called cordovan derived its name, the mode of manufacture being first introduced here by the Moors. Cordova is 130 m. N. E. of Cadiz, and 190 S. by W. of Madrid. Cordova, a town of Mexico, in the intendency of Vera Cruz, and a bishop's see. Here are up- wards of thirty sugar mills. It is seated on a riv- er which flows into the G^ulf of Mexico, 80 m. E. S. E. of Puebla de los Angelos, and 55 W. by S. of the port of Vera Cruz. Cordi)va, one of the eight intendencies of the Uni- ted Provincesof South America,extending through 9 deg. of lat. from 29. to 38. S. and 10 deg. of long. between 60. and 70. W. it comprises nearly the whole of the vast plain lying between the great river La Plata and the Andes. The principal towns are St. Louis and Mendoza, both on the route from Buenos Ayres to Santiago in Chile. There is also a town of the same name in the N. C. part of the province, in the vicinity of some salt lakes, and on the line of road from Buenos Ay- res to Potosi. Some scattered tribes of Indians roam over parts of this extensive district, but the aggregate population is very limited. Corea, a kingdom of Asia, bounded on the north by Chinese Tartary, on the east by the sea of Ja- pan, on the south by a narrow sea, which separ- ates it from the Japanese islands, and on the west by the Yellow Sea, which separates it from China. The west coast is flanked by innumerable islands. It is a peninsula, being surrounded on every side by the sea, except towards the north. It is gov- erned by a king, tributary to the emperor of Chi- na, and is divided into eight provinces, Hien-king, Ping-ngan, Hoang-hai, Kiang-yuen, King-ki, Tchu-sm, King-chan, and Tchuen-so, which con- tain 33 cities of the first, 53 of the second, and 70 of the third, rank. The towns are exceedingly populous, and the inhabitants follow nearly the same customs, and are of the same religion with the Chinese. The country abounds in corn and rice, of which last they have two kinds, one of which delights in water, and the other which is the better sort, is cultivated on dry ground, like corn. There are mines of gold and sil- ver in the mountains, and good pearl fisheries on the coast. The Coreans are well made, in- genious, brave and tractable. Thev are fond of dancing and music, and show great aptness for acquiring the sciences, which they cullivate with ardour. They are less fastidious and less cer- emonious than the Chinese, but equally jealous of admitting strangers into the country. Men of learning are distinguished from other people by two plumes of feathers, which they wear in their caps. Their women are less confined than those in Chi- na, and have the liberty of appearing in company with the other sex. In China, parents often marry children without their consent, but in Corea they choose for themselves. They never bury their dead till three years after their decease, but keep them in cofiins for that time. Corea extends from north to south from the lat. of 34. 30. to 42. 30. N. and from east to west from 125. to 129. of E. long King-ki-tao, nearly in the centre of the kingdom, is the capital. Corfe Castle, a borough in Dorsetshire, Eng. It is seated on a peninsula in the British Channel, called the Isle of Purbeck, on a river, between two hills. On one of these stands the castle, formerly a place of great importance, and where king Edward the Martyr was stabbed at the insti- gation of his mother-in-law. It has a large church which is a royal peculiar, not liable to any episco- pal jurisdiction. Great quantities of fine clay and stone are shipped here for the Staffordshire pot- teries. The town is governed by a mayor ; and every alderman that has served the office has the title of baron. It returns two members to parlia- ment, is 21 m. E. of Dorchester, and 116 W. by S. of London. Pop. in 1821, 1 ,465. Corfu, an island in the Mediterranean, near the coast of Albania, at the entrance of the Adriatic. Here is made a great quantity of salt ; and it abounds with vineyards, lemons, and olives. It was anciently known under the several names of Scheria, Phacia, and Corcyria. The Corey rians were an independent people, coeval with the proudest epoch of the Greeks. In the 14th cen- tury the island became subjected to the Venetians, in whose possession it continued until 1797, when it was ceded to the French, by the treaty of Campo-Formio. It capitulated to the Turks and Russians in 1799, and with six other islands, was constituted independent, under the title of Ionian Republic (which see.) Corfu, (the ancient Corcyra,) the chief town of the preceding island, is situate on the east side, on the shore of a spacious and secure harbour, for vessels of easy draught of water. The fortifica- tions are very strong. It is the seat of govern- ment of the whole of the Seven Islands, or Ionian Bepublic, and contains about 15,000 inhabitants. Lat. 39. 36. N., long. 19. 50. E. Coria, an episcopal town of Spain, in Estre- madura, seated on the Alagon, 120 m. W. S. W. of Madrid. Coringa, a town at the north extremity of the coast of Coromandel, having a commodious har- bour a few miles north of the main channel of the Godavery River, in the lat. of 17. N. Corinna, t. Somerset Co. Me. Pop. 1,077. Corinth, Isthmus of, a neck of land which joins the Morea to Livadia, and reaches from the Gulf of Le panto west, to that of Egina east. The nar- rowest part of it is six miles over; and on a mount here, called Oneius, were formerly celebrated the Isthmian games. There are still the ruins of a town upon it. and of the temples dedicated to the Sun, Pluto, Diana, Neptune, Ceres, and Bacchus. It is said Julius Cassar, Caligula, and Nero, at- tempted to cut a <;hannel through the isthmus ; con 9Si3 COR they therefore built a wall across it. called Hexa- milia, because it was six miles in length. This was demolished by Amurath II., rebuilt by the Venetians, and levelled a second time by Ma- homet II. Corinth, a town of the Morea, situate on the northern declivity of a mountain, sloping towards the Gulf of I^epanto and the preceding isthmus, to which it gives name. During the zenith of Grecian glory, Corinth justly ranked among the most important and magnificent cities of Greece : its temples, theatres, and fountains, were the admiration of every beholder. In the propor? tions and richness of their columns and porticos, architecture was perfected, leaving nothing for after ages to perform in that noble art, but to copy : and the Corinthian pillar or column now, more or less adorns every city of the civilized world. Corinth fell a prey to the fury of the Roman arms under Mummius in the year 146 B. C. ; and al- though Julius Cassar endeavoured to restore it to its farmer grandeur, in whose time it was visited by St. Paul, it has progressively sunk into a place of insignificance. It fell into the hands of the Venetians during the ephemeral career of their ascendency ; the Turks became masters of it in 1715, and it now forms a part of Independent Greece. It had formerly a port on the Gulf of Egina, called Cenchrea, as well as on that of Le- panto ; but the former is now little used. The ancient citadel, Jlcro- Cor intkus, still rem?Lms en- tire, and to a well-disciplined garrison, maybe con- sidered impregnable. Corinth is the seat of a Greek metropolitan and bishop. Pop. about 1 ,500. It is 65 m. E. by S. of Patras, and 48 W. by S. of Athens. Corinth, p.t. Penobscot Co. Me. Pop. 712. Also a p. t. in Orange Co. N. Y. Pop. 1,953. Also a p.t. in Saratoga Co. N. Y. Pop. 1,412. Cork, a maritime county forming the southwest extremity of Ireland, having upwards of 100 miles of sea-coast, indented with several very spacious and safe bays and harbours, openincrinto the .\tlantic Ocean. It is about 35 miles in mean breadth from south to north, and is intersected from east to west by two fine rivers, the Black- water and the Lee, with five or six others of in- ferior note. The following are the principal bays and harbours, beginning at the west: viz. Bantry, Dunmanney, Baltimore. Glandore, Ross,Clonakil- ty, Kinsale, Cork, and Youghal. Besides the city of Cork, the principal towns in the interior are Charleville, Mallew, Daneraile, Michelstown, Bandon, Cloyne, &c. Bandon, Mallow, and Youghal, each return one, and the city of Cork and the county each two members to the parlia- ment of the United Kingdom. The agriculture of this county, both in tillage and pasture, has been much improved since the middle of the eighteenth century, and in conjunction with the adjoining interior county of Tipperary, supplies a great portion of the Enrrlish marine with salt-beef and pork, more especially the former, and exports vast quantities of butter ; and since 1800, it has also exported a considerable quantity of grain. Some woolen manufactures are carried on for in- ternal consumption in the eastern part of the county, and during the present century, several efforts have been made to establish the cotton manufacture over the county generally'. For terri- torial extent, divisions, population, &c. see Ireland. Cork, City of, and capital of the preceding countv, supposed to have been first founded by the Danes in the 6th century, is beautifully and advantageously situate on the banks of the River Lee, about fiVe miles above its entrance into Cork Harbour. Cork, in conjunction with Ross, is a bishop's see. The city is divided into twenty-two parishes, which in 1821, contained a population of 100,058, being an increase of upwards of 35,000 since 1813, exclusive of 8,998 in eight of the pa rishes which extend beyond the stations of the city. Next to Dublin, Cork is the largest and most important place in all Ireland. During the twenty-four years' war, from 1793 to 1815, Cork Harbour was one of the chief rendezvous of the British navy ; and the extensive demand which that war created for salt provisions, enabled Cork to become the largest and most celebrated market in Europe for that article. The Cork beef contin- ues to be the chief source of supply , not only of the national, but of the commercial navy of the United Kingdom, and for long voyages and tropical climates, is preferred by the ships of all nations. As the cliief commercial town in the south-west of Ireland, Cork receives the surplus production, not only of the whole county, but of the greater part of those of Kerry and Tipperary, which it also supplies with such British and foreign pro- ductions as are received in exchange. Since the commencement of the war in 1793, the city has undergone great improvement, both in regard to public and private buildings. There are five bridges over the Lee ; that of St. Patrick is a fine structure. The exchange, custom-house, and town-hall, are all fine edifices. It has two thea- tres, several hospitals, and other public buildings. The cathedral, erected between 172-5 and 1735, is a stately edifice, and some of the parish churches are of the like character. The barracks on the north side of the city, situate on an eminence, present a very imposing aspect. Cork has a pub- lic brewery on a very extensive scale, and which makes also its own malt. The city is 125 miles southwest of Dublin, in the lat. of 51. 54. N., and 8.28. of W. long. Cork, Cove of, is that part of the harbour ot Cork usually occupied as the anchorage ground. The harbour, which is entered by a deep and nar- row channel, and defended by a strong fort on each side, is about nine miles from the mouth ot the River Lee, and about the same extent in breadth. At the upper end is an island called Great Island, from four to five miles long from west to east, and from two to three miles wide. At the west end of this island is a town called Cove, which, in 1821, contained 6,508 inhabitants, and the rest of the island 2,897 more ; and at the entrance of the channel between Great Island and the main land, are two small islands called Haul- bowline and Rocky Islands, strongly fortified, and inhabited by 950 persons ; and thus, whilst the natural positions of Cork Harbour are such as to afford accommodation for the whole British ma- rine, secure from the efi'ects of the elements, the fortifications render the shipping and the town equally secure from the irruptions of an enemy j and the surrounding shore being studded with neat and commodious residences render the whole as picturesque and agreeable as it is important in point of security and defence. Corleone, a large and well-built town of Sicily, in the Val di Mazzara. [t is 24 miles S. S. W. of Palermo. Pop. about 12,000. Corlin, a town of Further Pomerania, with a castle. It has considerable woolen manufactures, and is seated on the Persant, 10 m. S. E. of Colberg. Cormanlin, a town of Guinea, on the Gold Coast, large and populous. Here the Dutch have COR S24 COR a fort, which was taken by the English in 1665. Long. 0. 15. W., lat. 5. 30. N. Comcrw, a town of France, in the departmentof Indre and Loire, with a Benedictine Abbey; seat- ed on the Indre, 8 m. S. E. of Tours. Coma, a town of Asiatic Turkey, in Irak Arabi, seated on the Tigris, near its conflux with the Euplirates, 35rnilars, and he ventured to take a single peep, but was struck blind, and was ever after called Peeping Tom This improbable story is annually commemorated by the citizens of Coventry with great splendour, and a female, closely habited in fine linen of flesh colour, rides through the town, attended by a very numerous and elegant procession The window through which the tailor is said l(» ' «ive GOV VUi CRA gratified his curiosity is still shown, with his effigy always newly dressed for the procession which is on the Friday preceding Trinity Sunday. It had formerly extensive manufactures of woolens and worsted stuffs, now quite discontin- ued in this part of the country, they having been supplanted by the manufacture of ribbons,of which it IS the focus for the produce of from 17 to 18,000 looms. It has also, two tolerably extensive es- tablishments for the manufacture of watches, and four or five others of inferior importance. It has a canal communicating with the grand line of ca- nal navigation between London, Liverpool, and Manchester. It is situate on the verge of the great coal strata, running through all the northern part of the country. The vein is worked in abun- dance within five miles of the city of Coventry. The city is divided into two parishes, and the churches, contigious to each other, are both fine structures, mi)re particularly so that dedicated to St. Michael, which was twenty-two years in building, and finished in 1394. The spire is 303 feet high, and deservedly ranks among the most beautiful specimens of architecture in the king- dom. There is a third spire, the church to which, has long since been demolished ; but there is a third church with a stately tower, which serves as a chapel of ease to St. Michael. The three spires form beautiful and interesting objects in the perspective from the surrounding country for many miles, on all side^. The corporation con- sists of a mayor and nine other aldermen. St. Mary's Hall, in which the archives of the city are kept, and its business transacted, is an ancient and venerable edifice : the county hall is a neat Doric structure. It has a free-school and two hospitals, and had formerly a very extensive en tablishment of Carmelites, or Whitefriars, whosi; house, after lying in ruins many years, was con verted into a workhouse in 1806, at which period the two parishes were united for parochial purpo- ses. Coventry is united with Litchfield, as a bislj- op's see, but Coventry does not exhibit any eccle- siastical parade. It returns two members to parlia- ment. Its market on Friday is well supplied, and it has three fairs annually ; one on the Friday preceding Trinity Sunday, on the occasion of the procession of Lady Godivia, is numerously attended, and continues till the Friday following. Since 1820 the city has undergone considerable improvements in the widening, cleaning, and light- ing the streets, and several new buildinsrs have been erected. It is 10 m. N. by E. of Warwick, 18 E. S. E. of Birmingham, and 91 N. W. of Lon- don, on the mail-coach road to Liverpool. Coventry, t. Grafton Co. N. H. 100 m. fr. Ports- mo-ath. Pop. 441. Also a p.t. in Orleans Co. Vt. Pop. 728. Also a p.t. in Tolland Co. Conn. Pop. 2,119. Also a p.t. in Kent Co. R. I. Pop. 3,851. Also a p.t. Chenango Co. N. Y. Pop. 1 ,576. Also townships in Chester Co. Pa. and Portage Co. Ohio. Coveripnrum, a town and fortress of Hindoos- tan, in Mysore, on the south bank of the Cavery, 60 m. S. E. of Mysore. Long. 77. 38. E., lat. 11. 51 . N. Covert, p.t. Seneca Co. N. Y. Pop. 1,791 Covilham, a town of Portugal, in Bcira. It has a manufacture of woolen cloth, and is 18 m. S. W. of Gua^da. Covington, a county of the state of Mississippi, bounded on the north by the territory of the Choc- taw Indians, and intersected by the line of road from the Tennessee River to Lake Portchartrain, Pop 2,549. Williamsburgh is the chief town Also the name of a newly-formed county, in the state of Alabama, bordering on West Florida. Pop. 1,522. Montezuma is the chief town. Covington, p.t. Genesee Co. N. Y. Pop. 2,716 Also the name of 8 other towns and villages in Pa., Va., Geo., Ken., Illinois, Mississippi, and Louisiana. Cowbridge, a corporate kown of Wales, in Gla- morganshire. It is called by the Welsh, Port- saen, from the stone bridge over the river, which . soon after enters the Bristol Channel. Near it are the remains of Llanbithian Castle, of which * a massive gateway is now converted into a barn ; and about a mile distant, on a lofty hill, are the ruins of Penline Castle. Cowbridge is 12 m. W. of Cardiff, and 173 of London. Pop. in 1820, 1,107. Cowes, a seaport on the west side of the Isle of Wight at the mouth of the Medina, or Cowes. On the opposite side is the village of East Cowes, and at each place is a fort built by Henry VIII for the security of the island and road. Cowes has an excellent harbour, which is m-uch frequent- ed l)y ships to repair damages sustained at sea, ,, and to water ; and also a good trade in provisions &c. for the use of shipping. During the summer it is much frequented for the purpose of sea-bath- ing ; and here are a number of genteel lodging- houses, and an assembly room. It is 12 m. S. by E. of Southampton, 12 m. W. S. W. of Ports- mouth, and 86 S. W. of London. Pop. in 1821, 3,579. Coiclduraga, a town of Hindoostan, in Mysore, with a strong hill fort. It is surrounded by hilh and forests, and stands 12 m. S. of Niagara. Cowpens, in Union District S. C. at the north em extremity of the state, is a spot remarkable in the revolutionary history for one of the most decisive pitched battles in the whole contest. The Americans under Gen. Morgan here totally de- feated the British under Col. Tarelton, Jan. 11. * 1781. Cmcper skill, v. Robertson Co. N. C. Cozumel, an island on the east coast of Yucatan, where Cortes landed and refreshed his troops, be- fore he attempted the conquest of Mexico. It abounds with fruit, pulse, cattle and fowls, and is inhabited principally b,v native Indians. Long 87.19. W.,lat. 19. 40.T^. Cracaloa, the southernmost of a cluster of isl- ands in the entrance of the strait of Sunda. It consists of elevated land, gradually rising on all sides from the sea, and is covered with trees ex- cept a few spots, which have been cleared by the natives for the purpose of forming rice fields , and its coral reefs afford small turtle in abun- dance. The inhabitants are not considerable and their chief, like those of the other islands iu the strait, is subject to the king of Bantam. Cracoic, a city of Poland, capital of a palatinate of the same name, and a bishop's see, with an uni- versity. It was formerly the capital of Poland, where the kings were elected and crowned, but since the partition of Poland, it has become a republic under the protection of Austria, Rus- sia and Prussia. On a rock near the Vistula is the ancient royal palace, surrounded by brick walls and old towers, which form a kind of citadel. Adjoining is the cathedral, within the walls of the citadel, in which most of the sovereigns of Poland are interred. Though tho city and suburbs occupy a vast tract of ground, they scarcely contain 24,000 inhabitants. The CRA 229 CRE great square is spacious and well built, and many of the streets are broad and handsome ; but almost every building bears the mark of ruined grandeur. This devastation was begun by the Swedes in 170'2, when it was taken by Charles XII. ; but it has since experienced greater calamities, having been taken and retaken by the Russians and the confederates. When the general insurrection broke out in 1794, against the Prussian and Rus- sian usurpers of the Polish territory, Kosciusko, the cliief of the patriotic insurgents, expelled the Russian garrison from this city, on the 24 th of March, 1794 ; but having marched in the sequel to the protection of Warsaw, Cracow surrendered ■ to the Prussians, on the 15th of June. It is seat- . .'>n the Vistula, 130 m. S. S. W. of Warsaw. * 41 Long. 9. 50. E., lat. 40. 50. N. •• . Craftshurg, p.t. Orleans Co. Vt. Pop. 982. • Crail, a borough of Scotland, in Fifeshire, seated on the frith of Forth, 7 m. S. E. of St. Andrew. Crainburg, a town of Germany, in Carniola, with a castle, on the River Save, 18 m. N. W. of Laybach. Cramond, a village of Scotland, three miles north-west of Edinburg, at the mouth of the Amond, in the frith of Forth. It has a commodi- ous harbour, and considerable iron works. Cranberry, p.t. Middlesex Co. N. J. Cranbourn, a town in Dorsetshire, Eng. It stands near a fine chase, which extends almost to Salis- bury, 38 m. N. E. of Dorchester, and 93 W. of London. Cranhrook, a town in Kent, Eng. Here is a free-grammar school and a free-writing school for poor children, the former endowed by Queen Eli- zabeth. It is 13 m. S. of Maidstone, and 49 S. E. of London. Cranganore, a town and fort of Hindoostan, on the coast of Cochin. It was taken from the Portuguese in 1GC2, by the Dutch, who sold it in 1789 to the rajah of Travancore. It is seated at the mouth of a river, 30 m. N. by W. of Cochin. Long. 75. 58. E., lat. 10. 23. N. Cransac, a village of France in the department of Aveiron, celebrated for its mineral waters, 15 m. N. W. ofRhodez. Cranston, p.t. Providence Co. R. I. Pop. 2,651. Craon, a town of France, in the department of Mayenne near the River Oudon, 17 m. S. by W. of Laval. Crato, a town of Portugal, in Alemtejo, witii a priory belonging to the order of Malta, 14 m. W. of Portalegre. Craren. a county of North Carolina, the east end of which borders on Pamlico Sound. It is intersected by the Neuse River. Pop. 14,325. Newbern, on tlie west bank of the Neuse, is the chief town. Crawford. There are five counties of this name in different parts of the United States. 1. At the north-west extremity of Pennsylva- nia, bordering on the state of Ohio, intersected by French Creek, falling into the Alleghany River. Pop. 10,005, Meadville is the chief town. 2. In the state of Indiana, bounded on the east by Bi^ Blue River, the south end jetting upon the Ohio. Pop. 3,184. Fredonia is the chief town. 3. In the state of Illinois, extending westward from the Wabash River for about 80 m. being about 35 m. in breadth. Pop. 3,113. Pales- tine, on the west bank of the Wabash, is the chief town. 4. In theMichigan Territorj. Prairie du Chien is the chief town. Pop. 692. 5 In the interior of Ohio, intersected by the Sandusky River, which falls into Lake Erie : the Scioto falling into the Ohio, rises in the adjoining county. Pop. 4.778. Bucvrus is the chief town. Crawford, p.t. Orange "Co. N. Y. Pop. 2,019. Crawfordsville, p. v. INIontgomery Co. Ind. Crawford, a village in Kent, Eng. on the River Cray, two miles west by north of Dartford. Here are some calico-printing grounds, and a manufac- ture of iron hoops. Pop. in 1821, 1,860. Credilon, a town in Devonshire, Eng. with a considerable manufacture of serges. The church is a noble structure, and was formerly a cathe- dral. The town was almost destroyed by fire in 1769. It is seated between two hills, 8 m. N. W. of Exeter, and 180 W. by N. of London. Pop. in 1821, 5,515. Cree, a river of Scotland, which rises in the northern parts of the counties of Wigton and Kirkcudbright, forms the boundary between them and enters the head of Wigton Bay. Creek, or Muskogee Indians, one of the most nu- merous tribes of Indians of any within the limits of the United States of North America. They inhabit an extensive tract of country in the east- ern part of Alabama, and till within a few years possessed territories in Georgia, but this portion ot their lands they have relinquished by treaty. They are about 20,000 in number, and are ac- counted among the most warlike of the Aborigines. They have several pretty large towns containing from one to two hundred houses, and pay consid- erable attention to the cultivation of their lands. They raise cattle and live stock of various kinds as well as corn, rice, and tobacco. Creetown or FerryUncn, a^ imall port of Scot- land, in Kirkcudbrightshire. Here several sloops are constantly employed in the coasting trade. It stands on Wigton Bay, near the influx of the Cree, 12 m. W. by N. of Kirkcudbright. Creglingen, a town of Franconia, in the prin- cipality of Anspach, on the Tauber, 22 m. S. of Wurtzburg, and 30 N. W. of Anspach, now included in the Bavarian circle of the Lower Mayne. Creil, a town of France, in the department of Oise, on the River Oise, five miles east of Senlis. Creilsheim, a town of Franconia, in the princi- pality of Anspach, on the River Jaxt, 22 m. S. W. of Anspach, now included in the Bavarian circle of the Rezat. Crema, a fortified town of Italy, capital of Cre- masco, and a bishop's see. It is well built and pop- ulous, and seated on the Serio, 30 m. S. of Ber- gamo. Cremasco, a small territory of Italy, in the south part of the province of Bergamasco. It is near- ly surrounded by the Duchy of Milan, and fertile in corn, wine, flax, and hemp. Crema is the capital. Crcmieu, a town of France, in the department of Isere, at the foot of a mountain near the Rhone, 20 m. N. E.of Vienne. Cremnitz, a town in the north part of Lower Hungary, noted for its gold mines, 17 m. N. of Schemnitz. Pop. about 10,000. Crcmond, a city of Italy, capital of the Cre- monese, and a bishop's see, with a castle and a university. The streets are broad and strait^ adorned with some small squares, a few palaces^ 40 parish churches, and 43 convents of both sex- es. It stands in a deliglitful plain, wateied b» u CRl 230 CRO the Oglio, about a quarter of a mile from the Po, over which is a bridge of boats, defended by a fort. A canal passes through the town, and forms a communication between the tvvo rivers. Cre- mona has been several times taken. It has con- siderable manufactures of silk, and is peculiarly celebrated for the manufactures of violins. A tower, 372 feet in height, forms a prominent ob- ject over all the surrounding country. The Ro- mans established themselves here' in 291. B. C. It is 48 m. S. of Milan, and about the same dis- tance S. by W. of Mantua. Pop. about 30,000. Cremonese Territory, extends from the south in a W. N. W. direction, for about 45 miles, be- tween the River Po on the south, which divides it from the Duchy of Parma, and the Oglio on the north, which divides it from Bresciano ; the east end borders on the Duchy of Mantua, and the west on the small district of Cremasco. It is a very fertile country. Cremsier, a town of Moravia, with a fine castle and a convent, seated on the west bank of the River Marsch, 18 m. S. S. E. of Olmutz. Crepy, a town of France in the department of Oise, 17 m. S. of Compiegne. Cresapsburg, p. v. Alleghany Co. Maryland. Crescentino, a fortified town of Piedmont, on the north bank of the River Po, 20 m. N. E. of Turin. Cressy or Crecy, a village of France, in the de- partment of Somme, celebrated for the victory- over the French, gained by Edward III. in 1346. It is 32 m. N. W. of Amiens. Crest, a town of France in the department of Drome, on the River Drome, 16 m. S. S. E. of Valence. Crevddt, a town of Germany, at the north ex- tremity of the territory of Cologne. Near this nlace the French were defeated by the Hano- verians in 1758. It has considerable manufac- tures of linen. It is 32 m. N. N. W. of Cologne, and 7 from Dusseldorf. Pop. about 700. Creuse, an interior department nearly in the centre of France, so named from a river, which crossed from south to north, and flows in- to the Vienne. It contains the late province of Marche. Gueret is the capital. Creusen, a town of Franconia, in the princi- pality of Bayreuth, seven miles east of Bay- reuth. Creutzbury, a town of Silesia, in the principali- ty of Brieg, with a castle. It has a great trade in honey, wax, leather, and flax ; and is seated on the Brinnitz, 35 m. E. by N. of Brieg. Creutznack, a town of Germany, in the cir- cle of Upper Rhine. It has a trade in wine, salt, corn, wool, and tobacco. On Dec. 2, 171)5, this town was taken three times ; first, by the French, then by the Austrians, and again by the former. It is seated on the Nahe, 25 m. S. W. of Mentz. Crewkerne, a town in Somersetshire, Eng. In 1825 it had six considerable establishments for the manufacture of sail-cloth. It is seated near a branch of the Parret, 25 m. S. of Wells, and 132 W. S. W. of London. Pop. in 1821, 3,021. Crewsville, p.t. Goochland Co. Va. Crichdth, a town of Wales, in Caernarvon- shire, 18 m. S. S. E. of Caernarvon, and 244 IN. W. of I^ndon. Crickkoicell, a town of Wales, in Brecknock- shire. Near it are the ruins of an ancient castle. It is seated on the Usk, 10 m. S. E. of Brecknock, and 153 W. by N. of London. Pop. in 1821, 1,008. Cricklade, a borough in Wiltshire, Eng. seated near the Thames, and the Stroud Canal, 25 ni W. by S. of Oxford, and 84 W. by N. of London. Pop. in 1821,1,506. C'rief, a town of Scotland, in Perthshire, with manufactures of paper and thin linen, seated on the Erne, 18 m. W. of Perth. Crim, a town of the Crimea, supposed to be on the site of an ancient city that once gave Us name of Crim Tartary, or Crimea, to the whole peninsula of the Taurida ; after having, under '^ the name of Crimmerium, been the capital of a famous people, who gave laws to the greatest part of Europe. The modern town called Eski Krim (Old Crim) by the Tartars, is seated at the foot of an insulated mountain, 10 m. W. of Caffa. Crimea, or Taurida, the ancient Taurica Cher- ' sonesus, a peninsula of Europe, bounded on the • south and west by the Black Sea, north by the province of Catharlnenslaf, with which it com- municates by the isthmus of Prekop, and east by the Sea of Asoph and the Strait of Caffa. To- wards the end of the 11th century the Genoese settled in this country, but they were expelled by the Crim Tartars in 1474. See Caffa. These Tartars had been settled in the Crimea above two centuries before the expulsion of the Gen- oese. They were subjects of Batu Khan, grand- son of Zingis ; and their conquest was annexed to the kingdom of Kasan, ti41 the death of Tamer- lane in 1400, when Edegai Khan, an officer of that prince, took possession of it, and was suc- ceeded by Duelet Cherai, in whose family the sov- ereignity continued till the 18th century. The Khans however, were vassals, or tributary to the Turks, till the year 1774, when their inde- pendence was stipulated in the treaty of Cainargi. In 1783 the Russians took possession of the coun try with an army ; the following year it was ced- ed to them by the Turks ; and the peaceable pos- session of the whole was secured to them in 1791 by the cession of the fortress of Oczakow. The Crimea is divided into two parts by the river Salgir, whicJi runs from west to east. The north division is flat, poor, and fit for pasturage only. It has neither tree nor hillock ; salt lakes and flocks of sheep are its greatest riches. This dis- trict is bleak and cold in winter, and sultry and scorching in summer. The south part is moun- tainous ; but the valleys are astonishingly pro ductive. and the climate extremely mild, from the exclusion of those violent winds by which the north division is frequently incommoded. The lower hills, extending from Caffa to the east extremity of the country, are principally used in gardening, and produce excellent fruit. Beside.-i the port of Kertch, the road of Caffa, and the harbour of Balaclava, there is, near Sebastopol, one of the -finest harbours in the world The principal articles of export are corn, salt, hon- ey, wax, butter, horses, female slaves, hides, and furs, especially the Taviric lamb- skins, which are in high esteem. The Crimea now forms one of the two provinces of the government of Catha- rlnenslaf, under the name of Taurida. Symphe rodo] is the capital. See Russia. Croatia, a province of the Austrian Empire, bounded on the N. by the river Drave, which se- parates it from Lower Hungary, extending south for about 100 miles to the Adriatic : tlie Save intersects it from the west in an E. S. E. direc- tion, parallel with the Drave, at a distance ol about forty-five miles j the part north of tlie Save CRO 2ni CRO IS bv">unded on the east by Sclavonia, and on the west by Lower Stiria; and the part so\ith of the Save is bounded on the east by the Turkish pro- vince of Bosnia, and on the west by Lower Car- aiola : this part was ceded to France at the peace of Vienna in 1809, but restored to Austria at the general peace of 1815. Tlie mean breadth of Croatia is about sixty miles, and it^ superficial area 9,420 square miles, containing a population of about 800,000. It was called by the Romans Liliurnla, and subsequently formed part of Illyria and Sclavonia, and at a somewhat later period be- came an independent kingdom under the proti^c- tion of the eastern emperors. In 1087 it was conquered by Ladislaus, king of Hungary, and passed into the hands of Austria by its being made an integral part of Hungary in 1102. It is now divided into six counties, and the south- east part into six districts. It is in general a moun- tainous country ; containing some mines of iron and copper, and the best timber in Europe. The valleys are tolerably fertile, and the mulber- ry, prune, vine, and olive are interspersed over most parts of the country, and in parts flourish luxuriantly. Honey is collected in great quanti- ties on the banks of the Drave. The Port of Fiume, at the south-west extremity of the pro- vince, supplies the interior with such foreign pro- ductions as the inhabitants can command, in ex- change for their surplus produce, which is limit- ed both in value and extent. The capital of the country is Carlstadt, and the other principal towns are Warasden, Agrara, Petrinia, OgUiia, Zettin, &c. «fec. See Morlackia. Croghansville, v. Sandusky Co. Ohio, Croja, a town of European Turkey, in Albania, seated near the Gulf of Venice, 13 m. N. by E. of Durazzo, It was once tlie residence of the kings of Albania. Croisic, or Croisil,a. town of France in the de- toartment of Lower Loire, seated on the Bay of Biscay, between the mouths of the Loire and Vilaine, 35 m. W. of Nantes. Croix, St., a river of North America, which forms the north-east boundary of the United States, and runs into the Bav of Fassamaquoddy, in the lat. of 45. 0. N., and 67. 0. of W. long. Croix, St., one of the Virgin Islands, in the Car- ribean Sea, thirty miles long and eight where broadest ; lyinor forty miles east by south of St, Thomas, and about the same distance E. S. E. of Crab Island, off the S. E. end of Porto Rico, Columbus landed upon this island in one of his early voyages. It was successively held by the Spaniards, English, and Dutch. In 1651 it was bought for the knights of Malta, who sold it in 1664 to the French West India Company, by whom it was sold to the Danes in 1696 ; these held it till 1801, when it was taken by the English, and restored after the naval action off Copenhagen in the same year ; retaken in 1807, and restored again at the general peace of 1815. It is divided into about 3o0 plantations, yielding about 25,000 hogs- heads, or 16,000 tons, of sugar annually. The population in 1813 amounted to 31,387, of whom 23,000 were slaves. The chief town is Chris- tianstadt, on the north coast, with a fine harbour, defended by a fortress. Long, 65. 28, W,, lat. 17. 45. N. Croce, St., Croix, St., or Cruz, Santa. There are several towns, villages, and rivers of this name both in Europe and America, but all incon- siderable, Cromack-water, a lake in Cumberland between Buttermere- water and Lows-water, receiving the former at its south end by the river Cocker, and the latter at its north end. It is 4 m. long, and half a mile over ; with throe small isles, one of them a rock, and the other covered with wood. Half a mile from the south-west end is a waterfall, called Scale Force, between the mountains of Mell brake and Bleacragg. At the north-east corner is a stone bridge over its outlet, the Cocker. It abounds with char and red trout. Cromarty, a county of Scotland, 16 miles long and six broad, comprehending part of a peninsu- la on the south side of a frith to which it gives name. On the south and west it is bounded by Ross-shire, It is divided into five parishes, and contains about 6,000 inhabitants. The high- lands are healthy, and on the coast it is fertile and well cultivated. It sends one member to parlia ment alternately with' Nairnshire, The towns are Cromarty, Kirkraichael. Resolis, and Urqu- hart. Cromarty, a seaport of Scotland, and capital of the preceding county. The harbour is one of the finest in Great Britain, and has a commodious quay. Here is a considerable manufacture of hempen cloth, and a coasting trade in corn, thread, yarn, fish, and skins of various sorts. It stands at the mouth of the frith of Cromarty, 16 m, N, N. E. of Inverness. Long. 3. 50. W., lat. 57, 38, N. Pop. in 1821, 1,993. Cromer, a town in Norfolk, Eng, It formerly had two churches, one of which, with several houses, was swallowed up by the sea. The in- habitants are chiefly fishermen; and the best lob- sters on this part of the coast are taken here. It is seated on the German Ocean, 22 m, north of Norwich, and 129 north- east of London, and is frequented in the summer seaiion for sea bathing. Fop, in 1821, 1,023. Cromford, a village in Derbyshire, Eng, on the river Derwent, 2 miles north of Wirks worth. The Arkwrights have erected an extensive cotton mill at this place, and connected it by a canal with the Erwash and Nottingham canals, a qd t hereby -with the river Trent, Fop. in 1821, \jKl. Crompton, a township in the parish of Oldham, Lancashire, Eng, Pop. in 1821, 6,482. See Oldham. Cronach, a town of Bavaria, in the principality of Bamburg, near which is a mountain-fortress called Rosenberg. It is seated near the river Cro- nach, 11 m. N. of Culmbach, Cronhorg, a strong fortress of Denmark, on the Isle of Zealand, near Elsinore, which guards the passage of the sound. It is situate on the point of a peninsular promontory, opposite Helsingburg in Sweden, little more than two miles distant. In 1658 it was taken by the king of Sweden, and re- stored in 1660. In this fortress is a palace where queen Matilda was imprisoned till she was per- mitted to retire to Zell. Not far from this is Ham- let's Garden, said to be the spot where the murder of his father was perpetrated. Cronenherg, or Kronberg, a town of Germany, in the late electorate of Mentz, seated on a moun- tain, nine miles north-west of Frankfort. Cronstadt, a seaport and fortress of Russia, on the island of Retusari, in the Gulf of Finland. The harbour is the chief station of the Russian fleet. Here are great magazines of naval stores, docks, and yards for building of ships, a foundry for casting cannon balls, and an extensive marine hospital. The Man of War's Mole is enclosed by a strong rampart, built of granite, in the sea, CRO CUB and Peter's Canal, lined with masonry, is 1,050 fathoms long, 60 broad at the bottom, and 100 at the top ; it is 24 fathoms deep, and in this man- ner stretches 358 fathoms into the sea. At the end of the canal are two pyramidal columns, with in- scriptions relative to this great work. The town occupies the east part of the island, and the in- habitants are estimated at 40,000. It is 22 m. W. of Petersburg, of which it is the outport. Long. 29. 26. E., lat. 59. 56. N. Cronstadt, a town of Transylvania. See Brassau. Crooked Island. See Bahamas. Cropani, a town of Naples, in Calabria Ulteri- ore, 9ni. K. N. E. of St. Severino. Crosby, a village in Hancock Co. Me. Also a township in Hamilton Co. Ohio. Cross Creek, a township in Jefferson Co. Ohio. Crosne, a town of Austrian Poland, in the pa- latinate ofLemberg, 80 m. W. S. W. of Lem- berg. Crossen, a town of Brandenburg, in the New Mark, capital of a duchy of the same name, with a strong castle. It is seated on the frontiers of Silesia, near the conflux of the Bober with the Oder, in a country abounding with wine and fruit, 23 m. S. E. of Frankfort. Cross-fell, a mountain in Cumberland, Eng. 8 m. E. S. E. of Kirkoswold. Its extreme altitude IS 2,802 feet. At different elevations there are two extensive plains; and a third on the summit contains several hundred acres covered with moss and other vegetable prodHctions. The view from this height comprehends a great part of six coun- ties. A few yards below the summit is a spring called the Gentleman's Well. Cross Plains, p. v. Fayette Co. Ken. _ Cross River, p. v. West Chester Co. N. Y. Cross Roads, villages in Chester Co. Pa. and Kent Co. Maryland. Crosswick, p. v. Burlington Co. N. J. Crotona, or Croton, a seaport of Naples, on the east coast of Calabria Ulteriore, and a bishop's see, with a citadel. It has a trade in grain, cheese, oil, and silk, and is 15 m. S. E. of St. Severine. Long. 17. 27. E. lat. 39. 9. N. Crotoy, a town of France, in the department ofSomme,on the east side of the mouth of the Somme, 35 m. north-west of ahucjis. Crouch, a river in Essex, Eng. which rises near Horndon, and enters the German Ocean between Burnham and Foulness Island. The Walfleet and Burnham oysters are the product of its creeks and pits. Crowland, a town in Lincolnshire, Eng. Here was formerly an abbey of great note, and some stately ruins yet remain. The town consists of four streets, which jire separated by watercourses, and connected by a curious triangular bridge for foot passengers. The chief trade is in fish and wild ducks, which are plentiful in the adjacent pools and marshes. It is 11 miles north of Pe- terborough, and 93 north by west of London. Pop. in 1821, 2,113. Crowle, a town in Lincolnshire, Eng. seated on the Isle of Axholm, near the river Dun, 18 m. N. of Gainsborough, and 167 N. N. W. of Lon- don. Pop. in 1821, 1,961. Crown Point, a fort and town of New York, in Essex county. The fort was erected by the French in 1731 , on a point that runs north into Lake Champlain. It was reduced by the Eng- lish in 1759, taken by the Americans in 1775 and retaken by the English the year after. It is 123 m. N. of Albany. Pop. 2,041. Croydon, t. Sullivan Co. N. H. 80 m. fr. Ports mouth. Pop. 1,057. Croydon, a town in Surrey, Eng. It has an hospital and free-school, founded 'oy archbishop Whitgift ; and in the church are some monu- ments of the arch-bishops of Canterbury, who had here an ancient palace; which was alienated from the see in 1780 : the building and adjoining pre- mises are now occupied by some cotton manufac- tures. Croyden, is seated near the source of the Wandle, 10 miles south of London. Pop. in 1821 , % 9,254. Crowsville, p.v. Spartanburg Dis. S. C. Crozen, a town of France, in the department of Finisterre, situate on the promontory which forms the south boundary of Brest Harbour, 16 m. N. W. of Chateaulin. Pop. about 8,000, mostly sail- ors and fishermen. Cruachan, Ben, a mountain of Scotland, be- tween Loch Etive and the north end of Loch Awe, in Argyleshire. It has two conical peaks, one of which is 3,962, and the other 3,390 feet above the level of the sea. Cruces, a small seaport in the Gulf of Mexico, about 15 m. W. S. W. of Porto Bello. Crumlau, or Crumau, a town of Bohemia, in * the circle of Bechin, with a castle, seated on the Muldau, 12 m. south by west of Budwois. Crumlaw, or Cromau, a town of Moravia, in the circle of Znaim, with a castle, 10 m. N. N. E. of Znaim. Cruz, St. a sea-port of Morocco. The Portu- guese had a fortress here, which was taken from them by the Moors in 1536, and the emperor caused it to be destroyed in 1773. The harbour is safe and commodious. It is seated on a bay of the Atlantic, 130 miles W. S. W. of Morocco, and 65 S. of Mogadore. Long. 9. 30. W. lat. 30 28. N. Cruz, St. a seaport on the south-east side of Teneriffe, and the general residence of the gov- ernor of all the Canary Islands. It has a well- built pier and quay, and is defended by several forts and batteries. Long. 16. 16. W., and lat. 28. 27. N. ..." Cmz, St. a town of Peru, capital of a jurisdic- tion, in the audience of Charcas, and a bishop's see. The country is woody and mountainous ; but the town stands in a fertile valley, near the River Guapaix, 160 miles N. N. E. of Plata. Long. 65. 15. W., lat. 17. 26. S. Cr2iz, St. a town on the north side of the Island of Cuba, 50 m. E. of Havana. Cruz, St. an island in the Pacific Ocean. See Croce, St. Cuba, an ishnd of the West Indies lying be tween the lat. of 19. 42. and 23. 20. N., and ex- tending from 74. to 85. of W. long. The east end is bounded by a strait called the Windward Passage, about 65 m. wide, which dividee it from the north-west end of Hispaniola ; and the west end projects into the Gulf of Mexico, being about 100 miles from the promontory of Yucatan on the south, and the same distance from the promonto- ry of East Florida on the north. Its mean breadth, however, does not exceed 75 miles, comprising an area of about 52,000 square miles or a super- ficies, nearly equal to that of England and Wales. The island was first made known to Europeans by Columbus in 1492; and from the great extent of its coast from east to west, was at first supposed to form part of the western continent. It was, however, ascertiiined to be an island in 1508, by Nicholas Ovando, who sailed round it in that CUB 833 CUL year, and in about three years after it was taken jpossession of by a Spanish force from Hispaniola, under the command of Don Diego de Velasquez, who extirpated the natives ; after which the is- land remained, with but little interruption, in possession of the Spaniards, until 1741, when an unsuccessful attempt was made upon it by the Enorlish, to whom however it surrendered on the 13th of August, 17')2, after a desperate resistance of the Si)aniards, for about two months. It was restored to Spain in the following year, and has remained in their quiet possession up to 1826, hav- ing been but little affected by the events which ii .'> the entire subversion of Spanish domi- nation over every part of their continental pos- sessions in the western hemisphere. Since the period of 1791, when the mania of the French revolution extended to the neighbouring island of Hispaniola, numerous planters of that island fled to Cuba, which has ever since continued to im- prove in cultivation and increase in population, and its produce in sugar, coffee, and tobacco, since the commencement of the present century, has been very great and progressively increasing. The tobacco is unequalled in quality, and is chief- ly made into cigars. Mountain ridges pervade the whole island, ren- dering the face of the country exceedingly pic- turesque. It is tolerably well watered ; and, by social arrangements and well-directed exertion, it is capable of maintaining twenty millions of people in the highest degree of earthly enjoyment. In the woods are some valuable trees, particularly cedars of a large size ; and birds abound here, both in variety and number, more than in any of the other islands. The soil is fertile, and cattle, sheep, and hogs are numerous. There are copper mines in the mountains, and the forests are full of game. The principal ports are Havana, and Matanzas, on the north coast, near the west end ; and St. Jago de Cuba and St. Salvador, on the south coast, near the east end. In addition to its staple productions, of sugar, coffee, and tobacco ; ginger, long pepper, cassia, tamarinds wild cinnamon, mastic, aloes, honey, &c. Sec. are abundant. The lime grows plentifully in this island. It is produced by a small tree or rather shrub. Its fruit is a great favourite in the West Indies and its acid is sharper as well as more cooling than that of the lemon . Cuba, a town of Portugal, in Alemtejo, 36 m. S. by E. of Evora. Cubagua, a small island off the north coast of Colombia, between that of Margaretta and Cuma- na. Here the Spaniards, in 1509, established a fishery of pearl ; but the banks disappeared in in 1 524. The island is barren and nitrous. Long. yi. 10. W ht. 10. 5<). N. 30 Cuban, a river, which issues from the north side of the Caucasian Mountains, divides Cir- cassia from part of Taurica, and flows into the north extremity of the Black Sea, near the en- trance to the Sea of Asoph; it receives several tributary streams from the south. Cuban, or Cuban Tartary, a county in the Rus- sian province of Taurica ; bounded on the west by the sea of Taurica, north by the river Don, which separates it from Europe, east by the desert of Astracan, and south by the river Cuban, which divides it from Circassia. Cuckfield, a town in Sussex, Eng. 13 m. N. W. of Lewes, and 39 S. by W. of London. Pop. in 1821,2,385. Cuddalore, a town of Hindoostan, on the coetst of Carnatic, near the place where Fort St. David once stood. It was taken by the French in 1758, and again in 1783. It is 20 miles S. S. W. of Pondicherry. Long. 79. 55. E., lat. 11.41. N. Cuddapn, a town of Hindoostan, capital of a circar of the same name, ceded by Tippoo in 1792, to the nizam of the Deccan. It is 133 m. N. W. of Madras. Long. 78. 57. E., lat. 14. 23. N. Cudrefin, a town and bailiwick of Switzerland, in the canton of Bern, 21 miles west of Bern. Cuenza, a province of Spain, on the east side of New Castile, intersected by the River Xucar. Sq. miles, 11,884. Pop. 294,290. Cuenza, a city, bishop's see, capital of the preceding province : is seated on a high and craggy hill, on the banks of the Xucar, over which is an elegant stone bridge of five arches. The cathedral is a stately edifice, besides which there are several churches and six monasteiies. It is 90 m. E. by S. of Madrid. Pop. about 6,000. Cuenca, a town of Colombia and capital of a jurisdiction of the same name in the province of Quito, bounded on the west by the shore of the Bay of Guayaquil, and east by the Andes. The town is situate in a valley, about midway from the foot of the Andes and the shore of the bay and 176 miles south by west of the city of Quito, Pop. about 14,000 Cuernavaca, a town of Mexico, 40 miles south by west of the city of Mexico on the road to Acapulco. In the time of Cortes it was the capital of an independent state. It is situate on the southern declivity of the Cordilleras 5,400 feet above the level of the sea. The climate is delight- ful. ^ Cuiaha, a town of Brazil, in the province of Matto Grosso, seated on the west bank of the river Cuiaba, which falls into the Paraguay, in the long, of 56. W.,and lat. of 15. a5. S. The popu- lation is estimated at 30,000. There is a tolerably productive gold mine in the vicinity of the town. Cuilly, a town of Switzerland, in the canton of Bern, on the north-east side of the Lake of Gene- va, eight miles E. S. E. of Lausanne. Ctdenburg, or Karleribourg, a town of Holland, in Gelderland, on the south bank of the river Leok, 16 m. S. S. E. of Utrecht. Culiacan, a town of Mexico, seated near the source of a river of the same name, which, after a course of about 50 miles, falls into the Gulf of California, in the lat. of 24. 20. N. It is cele- brated in the Mexican history undei the name of HueicoUinacan, and as the capital of a popuKms and fertile district. Cullcn, a borough of Scotland, in Banffshire, at the mouth of the Culan or Cullen. It has manufactures of linen and damask, and a trade in U 2 CtJM SS4 CUM fresh and dried fish. Near it are seen three lofty spiring rocks, formed of flinty masses, called the Three Kings of Cullen. It is 13 m. west by north of Banff. Pop. in 1821 , 1,452. Cullera, a town of Spain, in Valencia, at the mouth of the Xucar, 21 m. south of Valencia. Pop. about 4,000. Ctilm, a city of Prussia, capital of a palatinate of the same name, and a bishop's see, with a Catho- lic university. It is seated on the east bank of the Vistula. 85 m. south of Dantzic. Long. 18. 30. E., lat. 53. 24. N. Culm is also the name of a town in Bohemia, in the west part of the circle of Saaz. It was near this place where the French gen'jral Van- damme was defeated by a corps of Austrians and Prussians, in August 1813. Culrnbach, a town of Franconia, formerly the capital of a principality of the same name. Near it, on a mountain, stands the fortress of Plassen- burg, where the archives of the principality were preserved, but they were removed to Bayreuth in 1783. Culrnbach is seated near the Weiss branch of the Maine, 13 m. N. N. W. of Bayreuth. Pop. about 3,800. Culmore, a town of Ireland, in the county of Londonderry, on the coast of Lough Foyle, five m. north by east of Londonderry. It is stated in a return made to parliament in 1821, to be extra- parochial, and exempt from tithe, and parish, and county rate. Pop. in 1821, 6C1. Culpeper, a county of the E. District of Vir- ginia, bounded on the north-west by the blue ridge of the Apalachian Mountains, and on the east by the Rappahannock River. Fairfax, is the chief town. Population of the county 24,026. Culross, a borough of Scotland, in Perthshire, in a district almost surrounded by Clack manan- shire. Here is a princely abbey, built in 1217. It is situate on the frith of Forth, 20 m. south of Perth, and 21 W. N. W of Edinburgh. Pop. in 1821, 1,611. Currmna, a sea-port of Colombia, and capital of the province of Orinoco. It is seated on an arid sandy plain at the entrance of a spacious inlet of the Carribcan sea, in the lat. of 16. 12. N. and 64. 24. W. long. Cumana has suffered much both by inundations and by earthquakes. On the 14th of Dec. 1707 about four-fifths of the town was destroyed. It is other ways advantageously situate for external commerce, which it carries on to some extent in cotton, cocoa, mules, cattle, &c. in exchange for the manufactures of Europe gene- rally. Pop. in 1826, about 20,000. Cumber, or Comber, a parish and town in the county of Down, Ireland. The town is pleasant- ly seated at the head of a small bay of Strangford Lough. Population of the town in 1821, 1,283, and of the parish 6,918 more. Cumberland, a maritime and mountainous coun- ty of the north of England, bounded on the north by the river Liddel, which separates it from Scot- land, and on the east by the counties of Northum- berland and Durham ; south by those of West- moreland and part of Lancashire, and east by the Irish sea. This county contains a good deal of dreary moor, but some of the valleys intersected by streams of water and interspersed with lakes are exceedingly picturesque, and very fertile. The two principal rivers are the Eden and Der- went, which abound with salmon and char. The mountains and moors are rich in minerals, espe- cially coals and lead. It has also a very valuable bed of plumbago, or blacklead. Sea Fell, the highest peak of the mountains, rises to a height of 3,1 66 feet above the level of the sea. Skcddau and Helvellyn also each rise to heights exceeding 3,000 feet, and five or six others approximate to 3,000 feet. Carlisle is the capital, where some considerable manufactures of cotton are carried on. The county also yields a surplus of cattle and about 200,000 chaldron of coals annually. The sea-ports are Whitehaven, Workington and Maryport ; and the principal towns in the interioi, Aldbton, Cockermouth, Penrith, and Wigton. Cumberland, is also the name of six counties in different parts of the United States of North Amer ica: viz. 1st. In the state of Maine, of which Portland is the chief town, .and formerly was the seat of gov ernment of the state. It is a maritime county, its area not exceeding 700 square miles, comprising a considerable suriace of lakes. The north-east corner of the county is bounded by the Kenebec River. Pop. 60,113. 2nd. At the S. extremity of New Jersey, bor- dering on Delaware Bay, in the lat. of 39. 15. to 39. 30. N. Pop. 14,091. Bridgetown is the capital. 3rd. In the E. District of Pennsylvania, bound- ed on the north by the Blue Ridge of the Alleghany Mountains, and on the east by the Susquehanna River. It is about 35 miles in extent from east to west, and 15 in mean breadth. Pop. 29,218. Car- lisle, is the chief town. 4th. In the E. District of Virginia, extending south from James River for 28 miles, to the Ap- pomattax River. The mean breadth of this county does not exceed eight miles. Carterville is the chief town. Pop. 11,689. 5th. In the interior of North Carolina, intersect- ed by Cape Fear River. Pop. 14,824. Fayette- ville is the chief town. 6th. In Kentucky, bordering on Tennessee, in tersected by the Cumberland River. Pop. 8,636 Burkesville is the chief town. Cumberland, p.t. Providence Co. R. I. Pop. 3,675. Also towns in Pa. and Va. Cuviberland River, which gives name to three of the above counties, rises on the west side of the Cumberland Ridge of mountains, which divide the south-east end of the state of Kentucky from that of Virffinia, in the lat. of 37. N., runs west for about 1§0 miles, when it leaves the state of Kentucky in a southerly direction, at the south- west corner of Cumberland County, into the state of Tennessee, through which it runs a course of about 150 m., when it re-enters the state of Ken- tucky in a north-west direction, and, after a fur- ther course of about 60 miles, falls into the Ohio about 50 miles above the entrance of that river into the Mississippi. From the source of the Cumberland River to its conflux with the Ohio, the distance in a direct line is 300 miles, being deg. of long, between 82. 15. and 88. 15. in the lat. of 37. N. but the distance by the course and windings of the stream is near 600 miles, 500 of which it is navigable for batteaux of 14 or 15 tons burthen. Cumherland Ridge, is the most westerly of tne Apalachian chain of mountains, and extends from the frontier of Georgia in the lat. of 35. N. in a E. N. E. direction, through the state of Tennessee, flanking the south-east end of the state of Ken- tucky, into Tazeville County, in the state of Vir- ginia, in the lat. of 37. 20. N. where it terminates in several knolls, which give rise to the streams that form the Big Sandy River. CUR S3b cus Cumberland, an island on the coast of Georgia ; the most southern territory of the United States on the Atlantic Ocean, previous to their posses- sion of the Floridas in July 1821. It is 15 miles long and two broad. Opposite its south extremity is the island of Amilla, and between them is the entrance to St. Mary's River, n the lat. of 30. 39. N. Cumberland, a town and fort of British Ameri- ca, in a county of the same name, forming the isthmus which unites Nova Scotia to New Bruns- wick. The fort is situate at the head of the bay of Fundy, on the east side of its northern branch, called Chignecto Bay. The isthmus is here about 15 miles across, easily admitting a canal to unite the Bay of Fundy with the Gulf of St. Lawrence. Long. G4. 10. W., lat 45. 45. N. Cumberland House, a station of the Hudson Bay Company, in the country of the Knisteneaux Indians, on the south-west side of Pine Island Lake, in the lat. of 54. N. and 102. of W. long. Cumbo, or Combo, a kingdom on the west coast of Africa, south of the river Gambia. The Por- tuguese have a settlement at Cacheo. Cumbray, Great and Little, two islands of Scot- land, at the entrance of the frith of Clyde, to the south-east of the isle of Bute. The former is six miles in circumference, has excellent freestone quarries, and the ruins of a cathedral dedicated to St. Columba. The latter lies a little to the south of the other, and on it is a lighthouse. Long. 4. 47. W., lat. 55 45. N. They are included in the county of Bute. Pop. in 1821, 657. Cumirna, a town of Piedmont, 12 miles south- west of Turin. Pop. about 4,500. Cumly, a fort and town of Hindoostan, in Ca- nara, seated between two rivers, at their entrance into a salt water lake, which is separated from the sea by a spit of sand. On the opposite side of the south river is the town of Kanyapura, to which it was formerly joined by a bridge. It is 15 m. S by E. of iVIangalore. Cummington, p.t. Hampshire Co. Mass. 102 m. W. Boston. Pop. 1,260. Cumree, t. Berks Co. Pa. Cundinamarca, one of the four great divisions into which the new republican territory of Colom- bia was first divided ; but since the division of 1823, when the country was divided into twelve provinces, it forms the central and metropolitan province of the republic. See Bogota. Cupar, a borough of Scotland, capital of Fife- shire. Here are manufactures of coarse linens, and a considerable tannery. It is seated in a rich valley, on the north side of the Eden, eight miles west by south of St. Andrew, and 30 N. N. E. of Edinburg. Pop. of the parish in 1821, 5,892 Cupar, in Angus, a town of Scotland, partly in Forfar, but chiefly in Perthshire, with a consider- able linen manufactory and tannery. It is seat- ed on the Isla, 12 miles north-west of Dundee, and 13 N. N. E. of Perth. Pop. 1821, 2,622. Curasao, an island in the Carribean Sea, lying off the coast of Colombia, near the entrance to the Gulf and Lake Maracaibo, 35 miles long and 12 broad, subject to the Dutch. It produces sugar, tobacco, and salt ; has numerous warehouses, which used formerly to supply the adjacent coast with the productions of Europe and Asia, and which still continue to do so to some extent. In 1800 some French having settled on part of the is- land, and becoming at variance with the Dutch, the latter surrendered the island to a single British frigate. It was restored to the Dutch, by the peace of 1802, and taken from them by a British squadron in 1807, and again restored by the peace of 1814. The principal town is St. Peter, at the north-east extremity of the island. Long. 69. 15. W., lat. 12. 52. N. Curico, the tenth in order to the provinces of Chile, the chief town of the same name is about 100 m. from the sea, in the lat. of 35. S., on the road from Concepcion to Santiago. Curia Muria, an island on the coast of Arabia Felix, opposite the mouth of the river Prim. Long. 55. 25. E., lat. 17. 0. N. Curisch Huff, a lake or bay of Prussia, separa- ted from the Baltic 3ea by a tongue of land, 70 miles in extent, in a N. N. E. direction but not more than from two to three miles wide ; the HaflT is about 30 miles wvde at the south end, pro- gressively narrowing to about a mile only at its outlet into its sea at Mennel. Cvrrah, a town of Hindoostan, in Allahabad, on the south bank of the Ganges, 36 m. north west of Allahabad. Current, a township in Lawrence Co. Arkan- sas. Currinsville, p. v. Clearfield Co. Pa. Currituck, a maritime country at the north-east extremity of North Carolina, the north end border- ing on the Great Dismal Swampof Virginia, and the south end on Albemarle Sound. This was formerly a very dreary district, but some of the land within the present century has been render- ed very productive in rice. Pop. 7,654. The county gives name to one of the inlets into Albe- marle Sound. Curupa, a town of Brazil, in the government of Para, seated on the south bank of the main chan- nel of the Amazon, 250 miles west of Para. Long 53. 10. W., lat. 1. 50. S. Curzola, an island in the Gulf of Venice, on the coast of Dalmatia, about 26 miles long. It abounds in wood proper for building ships, and produces good wine . At the east end is a forti- fied town of the same name, with a good harbour, Long. 17. 10. E., lat. 43. 6. N. Cusco, or Cuzco, a city of Peru, and a bishop's see, formerly the capital of the Incas, supposed to have been first founded by Manco Capac, in 1043. The Spaniards, under Pizarro, took possession of it in 1534. On a mountain contiguous to the north part of the city are the ruins of a fort and palace of the Incas, the stones of which are of an enormous magnitude. Cuzco is built in a square form, in the middle of which is the best market in all America : four large streets, which are perfectly straight, terminate in the square. It contains nine churches besides the cathedral, which is a noble structure. The number of in- habitants is about 30,000, of which one-half are original Americans. Streams of water run through the town, which are a great conveniency in a country where it seldom rains. It is seated near the source of a river falling into the Pilcomayo, on the east side of the first collateral ridge of the Andes, 350 miles east by south of Lima. Long. 71.47. W., lat. 1.3. 20. S. Cusldng, t. Lincoln Co. Me. Pop. 681. Citssnt, a town of France, in the departmenfdf Allier, 37 miles south by east of Moulins. Pop. about 4,000. Cuslee, a town of Bengal, on the south bank of the main branch of the Ganges, 100 miles north by east of Calcutta. It has considerable manufactures of silk. Cuslrin, a fortified town of Brandenburg, capi- cyp 936 CZE ^ Uil of the New Mark, with a castle. In 17C0 it was bombarded and almost destroyed by the Russians, and in 1806 it was taken by the French. It is seated amid morasses, at the conflux of the Warta with the Oder, 46 m. east by north of Berlin. Cutais, the chief town of Imeritia. The re- mains of the cathedral seem to prove that it was once a considerable place. It is seated on the Riona, 120 miles west by north of Teflis. Long. 43. 0. E., lat. 42. ^'>. N. Cutch, a country of Ilindoostan, governed by a rajah, and situate on the south-east of Sind ; the east branch of the Indus separated the two coun- tries. It extends along the north coast of the Gulf of Cutch, and is separated from Guzerat by the river Ban. It abounds witii hills, woods, and sandy wilds. The capital is Booge-booge, in the lat. of 23. 16. N., and 69. 2. of E. long. Cuttack, a maritime district of Hindoostan, ex- tending from Lake Chilca in the lat. of 19. 30. N. to the Subunreeka River which separates it from Bengal in the lat. of 21. 30. N., being bounded on the west by the province of Orissa. The rivers Coyle, Nuddy and Mahanuddy intersect it from west to east. It is a very fertile district, and has numerous and extensive manufactures of cotton ; but is more particularly celebrated as the chief district of Hindoo devotees, and containing the temple of Jagarnaut. The chief town of the same name, sometimes called Cuttack Benares is seated on an island formed by the Mahanuddy River, about fifty miles from the sea, in the lat of 20. 30. N. and 86. 10. of E. long. Besides Jagernaut the other places of note are Balasore, Masulipatam and Jagepoor. This district was familiar to the Mahomedans as early as the commencement of the thirteenth century, but continued in possession of the Hindoos till 1569, when it surrendered to Solyman Kerang, who annexed it to Bengal. In 1757 it was ceded to the Nagpore Mahrattas, and fell into the pos- session of the English in 1803. Population about 1,200,000. Cutterah, a town of Hindoostan in the province of Oude, 2o miles south by eiist of Bereilly, cele- brated for a decisive battle fought in its vicinity on the I8th of April, 1774, between the Rohillas and the British. Cuxhaven, a sea-port of Lower Saxony, in the Duchy of Bremen, situate near the point of the promontory formed by the mouths of the rivers Weser and Elbe. It is an insignificant place, but rendered of some importance as the station of the post office packets between England and the north of Europe. It is 60 miles N. N. W. of Hamburg. Lat. 53. 50. N., and 8. 40. of E. long. Cuyahoga, a stream of Ohio falling into Lake Erie at Cleaveland. The great Ohio Canal , passes along this river and joins the Lake at its mouth. See Ohio Canal. Cuyahoga, a county of Ohio bordering upon Lake Erie at the outlet of the above stream. Pop. 10,360. Cleaveland is the capital. Cycladcs, the ancient name of ten islands at the entrance of the Grecian Archipelago, between 36. and 38. of N. lat. Cynthiana, p.t. Harrison Co. Ken. Also a township in Posey Co. Ind. Cyprus, an island at the eastern extremity of the Mediterranean Sea, lying off" the coast of Syria, from which the eastern extremity of the island is distant 70 miles. It is 165 miles in ex- treme length, and 50 wide in its broadest part. but its mean breadth does not exceed 30 miles, giving an area of about 5,000 square miles, inter- sected by mountains and streams of water. The mountains are of considerable elevation, and the tops of some of them are covered with snow a great part of the year. The principal river runs from west to east, and is called the Pedia. Dur- ing the national career of Egypt, Persia, Greece, and Rome, Cyprus was the resort of the learned, gay, refined, and vicious, of those nations. Its preeminence declined with the fall of the Roman Empire, and from its being the abode of all that was refined in art, and voluptuous in every spe- cies of indulgence, yielding to a numerous pop- ulation abundance of every thing necessary to subsistence and a variety of the most delicious fruits ; it rapidly became a wilderness in compar- ison with its previous fertility, overrun by tribes of Arabs, who were driven from the island during the crusades, at the close of the twelfth century by Richard I. of England, who assumed the title of king of Cyprus. In 1480 it fell into the hands of the Venetians, at which period it is made the place and scene of a drama by the English dra- matic poet, Shakspeare. The Venetians surren- dered it to the Turks in 1570, in whose possession up to 1826 it still continued. Its present popula- tion is supposed not to exceed 60,000, about one- third of whom are Turks, and the remainder Greeks, who have three bishops and one arch- bishop. The principal towns are Pafo, or Bafa, at the west end ; Massarea, and Mancorta, or Fam- agousta, at the mouth of the Pedea towards the east end ; and Cerina, on the north coast of the island, and Lesscossia, or Viconia, the capital in the interior. Cyprus is still rich by nature, in mineral, animal and vegetable productions : the vine and olive, with a variety of other plants and flowers, esculent, ambrosial and medicinal, lux- uriate in a perfection equal to any part of the world, and superior to most parts. The wines possess a strong aperient quality, and require for- ty years to duly qualify them for the palate. The inhabitants carry on various manufactures in silk, cotton, and wool, and their carpets are deservedly esteemed for the variety, richness, and beauty of their colour. Cyr, St. a village of France, two miles from Versailles, celebrated for an abbey founded by Madame de Maintenon, who was the abbess till her death in 1719. *^* There are a number of towns and villages of this name in different parts of France, but all inconsiderable. Cz. For places sometimes written with Cz, see Cs and Tsch. Czaslav, or Tohaslau, a circle of Bohemia, bor- dering on Moravia, the N. end jetting upon th«» Elbe ; containing about 800 square miles of terri tory. It is intersected from east to west by the Yasawa, which river falls into the Moldau, and from north to south by another river which falls into the Elbe. Pop. about 180,000, chiefly agri- cultural. The chief town of the same name is seated in the north part of the circle, 8 miles S. of the Elbe, and 45 E. N. E. of Prague. The church has the highest tower of Bohemia. Near this place the king of Prussia gained a victory over the Austrians in 1742. CzenMochotc, or Czestochow, a town of Prus- sian Poland, near the frontier of Silicia and the source of the Warta ; near which there is a cele- brated convent, fortified and garrisoned. It sus- tained a seige against the Swedes in 1657, and DAG 837 'it!* DAH near it a battle was fou£rht in 1665. between the royal army of Poland and Lnbomirski, to the dis- advantacre of the former. It was srarrisoned by the French in 1812. It is 50 m. "N. N. W. of Cracow. Czcrcossi, or St. Czyrkossy, a town of Russia, in the Ukraine, with a castle, seated near the Dneiper, 85 m. S. E. of Kiow. Long. 32. 5. E., lat. 49. 20. N. Czernetz, a town of European Turkey, in Walachia, near the Danube, 140 m. W. by N. of Bucharest. Czcrnstz, or Kasckau, a town of Carniola, re- markable for its lake, which produces grass and corn every year. The lake is surrounded by mountains, and in dry seasons is from 20 to 26 miles in circumference ; but when full it is 40 miles round, and contains several islands, on the laro'est of which is a village. When the water subsides, buck-wheat is sown on the dry parts, and becomes ready for the sickle in six weeks, and the pasturage is not hurt by the water if it does not stay too long. The town is sitnatc at the north part of the lake, 20 m. S. by W. of Lay bach. Czcrnigov, or Tckemigov, a government of Eu- ropean Russia, bounded on the west by the Dnies- ter. The chief town of the same name is seated on the north bank of the Desna, which falls into the Dniester, 450 m. S. S. W. of Moscow, and 75 N. by E. of Kiev. Pop. about 5,000. Czersko, a town of Prussian Poland, in the palatinate of Masovia, seated on the west bank of the Vistula, 30 m. S. S. E. of Warsaw. Czertceniza, a town of Upper Hungary, famous for mines of opal, a noble gem not yet discovered in any other region of the globe. It is 15 m. N. of Cassovia. Czongrodt, or .IJt-Czonsrrad, a town of Hun- gary, at the influx of the Theiss and Korosh, 13 m. N. of Zegedin. Cz begins the names of several other towns in Poland, Russia and Austria. D DABER, a town of Hither Pomerania, in a circle of its name, 16 m. N. N. E. of Stargard. Dahul, a town of Hindoostan, on the coast of Concan, with a trade in pepper and salt, seated at the snoiith of a river, 75 m. S. by E. of Bombay. Long. 72. 54. E., lat. 17. 50. N. Dacca, a district of Bengal, lying between the main branch of the Ganges and the Burrampooter rivers. The chief town of the same name is seat- ed on the banks of a small river, which commu- nicates with the Burrampooter. It was once the capital of Bengal, and defended by a strong fort- ress, the remains of which appear. It has a vast trade in muslins and other cotton manufactures of the most delicate texture, manufactured from the cotton produced in the province. The coun- try round Dacca lies low, and is always covered with verdure during the dry months. It is 150 miles north-east of Calcutta. Long. 90. 32. E., lat. 23. 42. N. Darhdu, a town of Bavaria, where the king has a palace seated on a hill near the river Ammer, 10 m. N. N. W. of Munich. Dag-elet's Island, an island about nine miles in circumference, in the Japanese Sea, at about an equal distance from the tsle of Niphon and the Coast of the Corea, in the lat. of 37. 25. N. It was visited by La Perouse. It abounds with tim- ber, which the Coreans are supposed to use in buil ding of boats. Daa-cnharn, a village of Essex, England, on the north bank of the Thames, from the tide-water of which it is secured by an embankment. In 170.3 the embankment gave way, and inundated .5,000 acres of ground, which were reclaimed in 1715. lkiirhestan,?L province of Georgia, lying between the west shore of the Caspian Sea and the Cau- casian mountains. It is intersected by several small rivers falling into the Caspian. The inhab- itants are a brave and hardy race, and successful- ly resisted the arms of Nadir Shah in 1743. Its sovereignty is claimed by Russia, but the resolute- ness of the inhabitants renders it nominal rather than real. It has two considerable towns, Tasker and Derbent, on the shores of the Caspian. It is a fertile district, and under social institutions might be made an agreeable country. It is inter sected by the line of 42. of N. lat. Dago, or Dagao, an island in the Baltic, on the coast of Livonia, seven miles north of the Isle of Oesel, near the entrance to the Gulf of Finland. It is 20 miles in circumference, and has two cas- tles, called Dagerwort and Paden. Long. 22. 56. E., lat. 58.44. N. Dagon. See Ragoon. Dagsborough, p.t. Sussex Co. Del. Dahl, the finest river of Sweden , which flows through Dalecarlia, or Dalarne, and on the south confines of Gastricia, and enters the Gulf of Bothnia south of Gefle. Near Escarleby, not far from its mouth, it forms a celebrated cataract, little inferi or to that of the Rhine atLauffen. Dahlak, an island in the Red Sea, near the north end of the coast of Abyssina, 40 miles long and six broad. It is fertile, populous, and renmrkable for a pearl fishery. The inhabitants are blacks, and great enemies to the Mahometans. Long. 40, 10. E., lat. 15. 44. N. Dalme, a town of Prussia, at the south extremi tv of the middle mark, 45 m. S. of Berlin. Pop. about 3,000. Da/iomey, a kingdom of Guinea, supposed to reach 180 miles inland. The country is fertile, yielding a plentiful supply of farinaceous vegeta- bles and tropical fruits ; also indigo, cotton, su- gar-cane, tobacco, palm-oil and a variety of spi- ces. The religion of Dahomey consists of a jum- ble of superstitious ceremonies, of which it is im- possible to convey any satisfactory idea. The king of Dahomey is under a partial subjection to the king of the Eyeos. The government is per- haps the most perfect despotism in the world ; for the policy admits of no intermediate degree of subordination between king and slave, at least in the royal presence, where the prime minister prostrates himself with as much abject submission as the meanest subject. The king maintains & considerable standing army, commanded by an agaow, or general, and their subordinate ofiicers, who must hold themselves in readiness to take the field at the command of the sovereign. On extraordinary occasions, all the males able to bear DAL 238 DAM arms are obliged to repair tx) the general's stan- dard ; every caboceer marching at tlie head of his own people. Sometimes the Iting takes the field at the head of his troops ; and on very great em- ergencies at the head of liis women. In the differ- ent royal palaces, in Dahomey, are immured not less than 3,000 women ; several iiundreds of whom are trained to arms, under a female general and other officers. The general character of the Da- homans is marked by a mixture of ferocity and po- liteness; the former appears in the treatment of their enemies ; the latter they possess far above the African nations witli whom Europeans have hitherto had any intercourse. The leopard and hysena are common in tliis part of Africa, and commit great ravages, as sometimes do also a spe- cies of white ant. Grewlio, or Grivvhce,in the lat. ofG. 17. N., and 3. G. of E. long, is the principal sea port. Pop. about 6,500. Abomey, about 90 m. inlan I is the capital. Dufhcattie, a village of Scotland, 12 miles east by north of Kirkcudbright. It stands near the mouth of the Urr,in Solway Frith, and has a con- venient harbour for small vessels. Dahlia, a town of Sweden, capital of Dalia, sit- uate on the south-west side of Lake Wener, GO m. north by east of Gotheburg. Dalecarlia, or DaJarne, an interior province of Sweden, in the division of Sweden Proper, be- tween Nordland and the mountains of Norway. It is 270 m. long, and from 40 to 120 broad. The principal productions are wood, corn, and hemp ; and it contains many mountains, in which are mines of silver, copper, and iron. The capital is Fahlun. The manners of the people are distinct from tnose of other parts of Sweden. Daletoinn, p.v. Wilcox Co. Alab. Dalheiro, a town of the Netherlands, in the duchy of Limberg, capital of a territory of the same name, seated near the Meuse, 15 m. N. W. of Limburg. Dalen, a town of German)', in the duchy of Ju- liers, situate on the Bervine, which falls into the Meuse, 15 m. N. N. ^\ . of Juliers. Pop, about 3,700. Dalia, Daland, or Dalsfand, a province of Swe- den, in Gothland, to the west of W'ermeland and Lake Wener. It is eighty-five miles long and forty broad. The north part is full of moun- tains, forests, and lakes ; but to the south it produces corn sufficient for the inhabitants. Cat- tle, fish, butter, and cheese are the chief articles. The capital is Daleburg, or Amal, on the shore of the lake. Dalkeith, a town of Scotland, in Edinburgshire, ■with a great market, for corn and oatmeal. Here is Dalkeith house, the magnificent seat of the duke of Buc« leugh. It is seated on a strip of land between the north and south Esk, six miles south-east of Edinburgh. Pop. in 1821, 5,1(;9. Dalia, or DellM,, a district of lowland at tlie Del- ta of the Irrawaddy River; a town of the same name on the east bank of the main branch of the river, about 40 miles W. S. W. of Rangoon, manufactures a great quantity of salt. The soil is capable of being rendered very productive. It is at present much infested with wild animals. Dallas, a county of Alabama. Pop. 14,017. Cahawba is the chief town. Also a township in Luzerne Co. Pa. DalnuUia, a country of Europe stretching in a north-west direction, from the lat. of 42. to 44. N., along the east shore of the Adriatic Sea. It is a i»ountry of great antiquity, and formerly extend- ed inland to the lat. of 45. 39. N. and included parts jf Croatia, Bosnia, and Albania: the whole was incorporated with Hungary in the twelfth century. The Venetians afterwards made inroads upon the sea-coast, and in the 15th century the whole country, now commonly called Dalmatia, became subject to that republic. It was ceded to Austria by the treaty of Campo Formio in 1797; Austria ceded it to France in 1805. It fell again into the possession of Austria at the general par- titioning of 1814. This portion of Dalmatia, which IS all now understood by that name, has about 200 miles of sea coast, within the latitude above mentioned, being about 40 miles in meafi breadth, which gives an area of about 8 000 square miles, and is supposed to contain 350,(!0tf inhabitants. It is bounded on the east by the Bo- cana River, which separates it from Albania, and on the north by Bosnia and Croat'a ; west by Mor- lachia. It has several islaiids lying oft" the coast, the principal of which are Brazza, Lessena, Car- zola, Sabonelio and Meleda. It has some moun- tainous territory, containing marble, gypsum, iron and other minerals ; but parts are very fertile, and the mulberry, vine, and olive, flourish in consid- erable luxuriance. The principal river is the Narenta, which ris-js in Bosnia, and either this or the Bocana might easily be united with collateral branches of the Save, near its union with the Danube, and thereby open a water communica- tion by means of the latter, with the Black Sea , on one side, and the interior of Germany on the other, but military despotism and catholic subju- gation are incompatible with social improvements. The principal towns on the coast are Cattaro, Ra- gusa, and Spalatro, and in the interior Krin and Mostar. '■ Dairy, a village of Scotland, in Ayrshire, 7 m. N. N. W. of Irvine. It has a cotton manufac- ture, and near it are valuable coal mines, and a strong sulphureous spring. Pop. in 1821, 3,313. Dalsland. See Dalia. Dalton, a town in Lancashire, Eng. Here are the remains of an ancient castle, and near it are the magnificent ruins of Furness abbey. It is seated in a champaign country, not far from the sea, six miles S. W. of Ulverston, and 2G5 N. N. W. of London. Pop. in 1821, 714. Dalton, p.t. Coos Co. N. H. on the Connect! cut, at the 15 mile falls. Pop. 532. Dalton, p.t. Berkshire Co. Mass. Pop. 791. Damanhar, a town of Egypt, near the canal ot Alexandria, .32 m. E. S. E. of Alexandria. Daviar, a town of Arabia Felix, in Yemen, with a university, 00 m. S. by E. of Sana. Damariscutta, a river of Maine flowing into the sea between Penobscot and Casco Bays. Damascus, or (as it is called by the Arabs) Sham, a city of Syria, capital of a Turkish pacha- lic, and the see of^ a Greek archbi«hop. The form is an exact square, each side being a mile and a half long, and is supposed to contain from 180, 000 to 200,000 inhabitants, among whom are great numbers of Christians and Jews. It has three walls, now almost entirely ruined ; and of the several suburbs which it formerly had, there re mains only one, which extends three miles in length. Several streams flow across the fertile plains of Damascus, which water all the gardens, supply the public fountains, and are carried into every house. The houses are built of wood, with their fronts inward, where there is a court ; in- the streets there are only walls to be seen, but the ' insides are richly adorned. The most remarkubla • « DAM 239 DA» buildings are the caravanserais, which consist of long galleries supported by marble pillars, and surrounding a large square court. The castle is like a little town, having its own streets and hous- es : and the famous Damascus steel was kept here in a magazine. The mosques, of which there are about 200, are extremely handsome edifi- cies, the most stately of which was a christian church. One street runs across the city and sub- urbs in a direct line, on each side of which are shops, where all sorts of rich merchandise are sold. Several manufactures are carried on here, among which that of sabres and knives has been the most famous. Damascus is one of the most ancient places existing ; it is mentioned by Abra- ham 1917 years before the christian era, as the place near which he encountered the forces of Chedorlaomer king of Elam, (Persia,) and res- cued his nephew Lot with considerable treasure, which the Elamites had taken from the cities of the plain. It afterwards became the capital of an independent kingdom, and at a later period became subject to the Jews. It was conquered by the Romans ; and after the fall of the Roman empire, Damascus became the seat of the grand caliph of tlie Sarticens, who surrendered it to the Turkish emperor Selim, the third of the Otto- man dynasty about 1515. It has continued sub- ject to the Turks since that time. The pachalic which extends from the desert of Arabia, through five degrees of latitude to Aleppo, is considered the most valuable and important of all the Turk- ish possessions. The pacha makes an annual journey to Mecca, as the representative of the grand seignior. (See Si/ria.) Damascus is seated sixty miles from the sea, at Berut, in the lat. of 33. 30. N., 130 miles N. N. E. of Jerusalem, and 170 S. by W. of Aleppo. Damascus, towns in Wayne Co. Pa., Frederick Co. Md., and Logan Co. Ohio. Damaun, a sea-port of Ilindoostan, in the country of Baglana, at the entrance of the Gulf of Cambay. Aurungzebe besieged it about the middle of the seventeenth century, with an army of 40,000 men ; but the garrison sallying out on a part of his camp, guarded by 200 elephants, so terrified those animals by their fire-arms, that they turned on their masters, and trampled to death half his army. The Persees (see BarJni) have a celebrated temple here. It is subject to the Por- tuo-uese, and is sixty miles south of Surat. Long. 72. 47. E., lat. 20. 18. N. Damegan, or Damgan, a town of Persia, seated near the south shore of the Caspian Sea, in the district of Mazenderan. It is supposed once to have been the seat of government of the Parthian empire. It is 90 m. east by south of Ferrabad, and 300 north by east of Ispahan. Damgartin, or Damqard, a town of Hither Pomerania, with a castle-seated at the mouth of the Recknitz, 18 m. W. of Stralsund. Damietta, a town of Egypt, and a Greek arch- bishop's see, with a good harbour, atone of the eastern mouths of the Nile. It has several squares, various grand mosques, and public baths faced with marble. The rice mezelaoui, the finest in Egypt, is cultivated in the neighbouring plains. Here are likewise Indian stuffs, silk, sal ammoniac, wheat, &c. The Christians of Aleppo and Damascus carry on the principal trade, the Turks being indolent, and contenting themselves with occasional extortions. During the crusades, Damietta was frequently an object of contention. It surrendered to the French in 1798, since which period it has been on the decline. It is about ninety miles east of Alexandria, the same distance north by east of Cairo, in the lat. of 31. 26. N., and 31. 50. of E. long. Pop. about 30,000. Damvi, a town of Further Pomerania, which has a considerable trade in steel manufactures. It is seated at the south end of a lake of the same name, near the mouth of the Oder, 8 m. E. S. E. of Stettin. Pop. about 2,000. Damme, a town of the Netherlands, in Flan- ders, seated on the canal between Sluys and Bruges, 5 m. N. by E. of Bruges. Damme, or Jlppingedam, a town of Holland, in Groningen, seated on the Damster, near the mouth of the Ems, 14 miles N. E. of Groningen. Dampier's Land, in the lat. of 19. S., on the west coast of New Holland, so called from a nav- igator of that name, who visited it in 1688, and who reported having discovered a large river or deep inlet of the sea in that part, but the assertion yet remains to be confirmed. Dan, a river of North Carolina, rising in Vir- ninia and falling into the Roanoke near Mecklen- burg. Dana, t. Worcester Co. Mass. Pop. 623. Danhury, a village in Essex, England, 5 m. E. of Chelmsford, and 16 W. of the sea. It stands on the highest ground in the county, and the spire of the church serves as a sea-mark. Pop. in 1821, 1,005. Danhury, t. Graflon Co. N. H. 93 m. from Bos- ton. Pop. 786. Danhury, a town of Connecticut, in Fairfield County. This town, with a large quantity of military stores, was burnt by the British in 1777. It is 20 miles N. N. W. of Fairfield, and 65 N. N. E. of New York. Pop. 4,325. Danby, p.t. Rutland Co. Vt. Pop. 1,362. Dancali, a country in the east part of Abyssinia, at the entrance to the Red Sea. The soil is un- productive ; and its chief riches consist in fossil salt and honey. It is governed by a prince nomi- nally tributary to the negus, or emperor of Abys- sinia. Bailor is the principal town. Dandridge, p.t. Jefferson Co. Ten. Danielsville, p. v. Spotsylvania Co. Va. and Mad- ison Co. Geo. Danger, Isles of, three islands in the Pacific Ocean, seen by Byron in 1765, but so surrounded by rocks and breakers, that it was unsafe to land. The commodore supposed them to be the islands seen by Quiros, in the beginning of the seven- teenth century, and named Solomon's Islands. Long. 169. 28. W., lat. 10. 15. S. Dannemora, or Dammora, the most celebrated iron mine in Sweden. It produces from four to five thousand tons of iron of the very best quality annually. It is about thirty miles N. of Upsal. Dannenhurg, a town of Lower Saxony, in the duchy of Luneburg, capital of a district of the same name ; seated on the Jetze, near the Elbe, 30 m. E. by S. of Luneburg. Dansville, p.t. Steuben Co. N. Y. Pop. 1,728. Dantzic, a city of Europe, very advantageously located on the west bank of the Vistula, about five miles above its entrance into the Baltic Sea, in the lat of 54. 21. N., and 18. 38. of E. long. It is supposed to have been first founded by the Danes in the twelfth century, and for some time continued afiee and independent city. In 1454 it became subject to Poland, retaining, however, all its municipal institutions, and long continued to rank as the chief commercial city of the north of Europe, included in the Hanseatic league. At DAN 240 DAR the commencement of the eighteenth century it contained upwards of 100,000 inhabitants, more than 20,000 of whom were carried off by a pest in 1701). In 1734 it offered protection to Stanislaus, king of Poland, when it was besieged by the Rus- sians and Saxons, to whom it was forced to sur- render. In 1793 it was taken possession of by a Prussian force, who held it till 1807, when, after a long siege, it surrendered to the French, who, in their turn, were forced to surrender it to a uni- ted Russian and Prussian force, after the disaster- ous campaign of 1812-13, and in the following year (1814) it was confirmed in full sovereignty to rrussia. The easy navigation of the Vistula, and three or four considerable collateral rivers which intersect an extensive and fertile country, affords to Dantzic great commercial advantages. The chief product of the interior country is grain, of which article Dantzic has occasionally exported 500,000 quarters per annum, and the vicinity of the city contains some extensive granaries. It is al- so capable of affording very large supplies, of' timber, pearl-ash, flax, and hemp. It has several yards for ship building, but its commercial activi- ty has of late years very much declined. It has upwards of twenty churches, chiefly Lutheran, and several other public buildings. It is nearly surrounded by water, and two streams intersect the city, dividing it into three parts. The fortifi- cations are very strong by nature, and rendered formidable by art. Il is 90 m. W. S. W. of Kon- isburg, 2.50 N. E. of Berlin, and 190 N. by W. of Warsaw. Pop. iu 1825, 52,820. Danube, or Donau, (the lower part called Ister by Strabo,) the noblest river of Europe ; has its source in the territory of the grand duke of Baden on the eastern confines of the Black Forest, in the lat. of48. N , and 8. 15. of E. long. It pursues a winding course in a N. N. E. direction to Ulm, where it receives the Iller from the south, and be- comes navigable. From Ulm it bears north into Bavaria, to the lat. of 49. at Ratisbon, previously receiving the united waters of the Wartascl* and Loch from the south, and before passing Ratisbon it receives the waters of the Altmucht and of the Nab from the north. From Ratisbon it bears to the south, past Ilstadt into Austria, previously re- ceiving the Iser, Inn, and Salza, all from the south. Its course through the archduchy of Austria, past Vienna to Prcsburg, is rather circuitous; from Presburg it runs E. by N. for about 100 m. receiving several streams from the Carpathian mountain, when it takes a course due south through the heart of Lower Hungary, past Buda, for IGO miles to the lat. of 45. 25. Here it re- ceives the waters of the Drave from the west, and again bears to the east, receiving the Theiss, which divides Upper and Lower Hungary from the north, and the Save from the west at Bel- grade. From Belgrade it forms the boundary be- tween Hungary and Servia, then bears S. sepa- rating Bulgaria from Walachia, receiving nume- rous streams, both from the north and south. It again bears north to Galatz, near wh^ch it re- ceives the waters of the numerous rivers of Mol- davia and Bessarabia, falling into the Black Sea on the east, by several channels between the lat. of 44. 40. and 45. 30. N. in 29. 20. of E. long. The meridional distance from the source to the mouth of this river is 21 degrees of long., be- tween the lat. of 45. and 49., equal to about 1,000 English miles, but the course of the stream, by its continued windings, may be estimated at from 1,500 to 1,600 miles. It is navigable to Ulm, within 150 miles of its source, but political per- versions preclude the countries through which this noble river flows, from deriving much exter- nal advantage from its navigation. In the arch- duchy of Austria it forms several islands. Un- der the head of Dalmatia it is shown that it might easily be made to communicate with the Adriatic. It contains a great variety of fish, and is celebra- ted for its sturgeon, which ascend the river seve- ral hundred milei. Danube, Upper, Circle of, forms the south-west part of the kingdom of Bavaria, lying between 48 and 49. of N. lat. and 10. and 11. of E. long it comprises the S. part of the circle of Su- abia, the county of Pappenheim, and the principal- ity of Neuberb. It is watered by the Iller, Min- del, W^ertach, and the Lech, all running from south to north into the Danube, which gives name to the circle. The Iller might readily be united with the lake of Constance, and thereby open a wa- ter communication between the Danube and the Rhine. It is a district of capability, and of re- source, under a well-directed exertion of agricul tural pursuit. The principal towns are Gunsburg, Dillengen, Hochstadt, Donauwert, Pappenheim, Neuberg, Eichstadt, Nordlingen, &c. Danube, Lower, Circle of, another circle of the kingdom of Bavaria, comprises the east part of Lower Bavaria, and the bishopric of Passau. It lies on both sides of the Danube, between the lat. of 12. 30. and 13. 40. E. in the same parallel of lat. as the Upper Circle. The Iser and the Inn intersects the south part, which is considered the most fertile district of all Bavaria. Passau is the capital ; and the other principal towns are Strau- bing, Landau, Deckendorf, Osterhofen, &c. Pop about 400,000. Danube, Circle of. The source of the Danube also gives name to a circle in the territory of the grand duke of Baden, comprising part of the Black Forest. Willengen, 20 m. E. by N. of Fri- burg, is the capital. Pop. about 75,000. Danube, District of, one of the four great divi- sions of the kingdom of Wurtemberg, according to the distribution of 1818. Danvers, p.t. Essex Co. Mass. adjoining Salem. Pop. 4,283. It has many flourishing manufactures of cotton. Darby, the name of 4 townships, viz. in Dela- ware Co. Pa., Union, Madison, and Pickaway Cos, Ohio. Danville, p.t. Cumberland Co. Me. Pop. 1,128. Also a p.t. in Caledonia Co. Vt. Pop. 3,G31. Al- so a p.t. in Columbia Co. Pa. Also villages in Pittsylvania Co. Va., Mercer Co. Ken., Knox Co. Ohio and Hendricks Co. Indiana. Darabghcrd,a. town of Persia, in Farsistan, said to have been founded by Darius. It is large but not populous ; and surrounded by luxuriant groves of orange and lemon trees. Near it salt is found of various colours, white, black, red and green. A considerable manufacture of glass is carried on here. It stands 140 m. E. S. E. of Shiraz, on the road to Ormus. Long. 54. 56. E., lat. 28. 56. N. Darah, or Drnss, a country of Barbary, bound- ed on the north by Sus, east by Tafilet, south by Zahara, and west by the Atlantic. A river of the same name flows through it, which enters the At- lantic on the south side of Cape Non. The prin- cipal produce is indigo and dates. The rnhabi- itants are Arabs and Mahometans ; a.'*.d some of the districts are dependant on Morocco. Daraporam, a town of Hindoostan, capital of DAR 241 DAR the south part of Coimbetore. It has a large mud fort, and straight and wide streets. Much cotton and tobacco are cultivated in the vicinity, and the garden and rice grounds are considerable. It is seated at about an equal distance from the Mala- bar and Coromandel Coasts ; 42 miles E. S. E. of Coimbetore, and 106 W. ofTanjore. Long. 77. 40. E., lat. 10. 47. N. DansvUle, p.t. Steuben Co. N. Y. Pop. 1,728. Darda, a town and fort of Lower Hungary built bv the Turks in 1(536, and taken by the Aus- trians the next year. It is seated near the Drave, at the end of the bridge of Esseck, 8 m. S. of Barrany. Dardanelles, two castles of Turkey, the one call- ed Sestos. seated in Rumelia, the other called My- dos, in Natolia. They command the south-west entrance of the strait of Gallipoli, leading from the Grecian Archipelago, into the sea of Marmora, which separates Europe from Asia. Dardenne, p.t. Charles Co. Missouri. Darfoor, a kingdom of North Africa, on the borders of Nubia and Negroland, governed by a chief who calls himself sultan, and assumes the most extravagant titles. The wild animals are the lion, leopard, hyaena, wolf and bulFalo. The domestic animals are camels, goats, sheep and horned cattle. Considerable quantities of grain of different sorts are raised, and after the tropical rains the fertility is sudden and great. The peo- ple are very barbarous ; consisting of native tribes, of a deep black complexion, and woolly hair, though with features different from those of the Negroes, and of Arabs of various tribes. Polyga- my is not only established, but the intercourse of the sexes is totally destitute of decency. The most severe labours of the field are left to the wo- men'; and the houses, which are of clay covered with thin boards, are chiefly built by them. Salt is the general medium of commerce here, as gold dust is in other parts of Africa. Caravans travel between this country and Egypt. Cobbe is the capital, in the lat. of 13. 40. N., and 28. 30. of E. long. Darien, Gulf of , at the north-west extremity of the territory of Colombia, opening into the Carribean Sea. It runs inland about 80 miles, and is from 20 to 30 miles wide; under the do- mination of Spain, in South America, this gulf gave name to a province on the east side in the vice-royalty of New Granada, now comprised in the Colombian province of the Ysthmo, or Isth- mus. On the west shore of the gulf, at the mouth of the river Atrata, are the remains of a town founded by a company of Scotch adventurers in 1699, and although the most favourable spot in all South America, on the Atlantic side, for opening a water communication with the Pacific (see Choco) the project for forming a permanent establishment completely failed. It has been usual to confound the narrowest part of the cham of territory which unites the two grand divisions of the western hemisphere under the name of the Isthmus of Darien, but this is 200 m. west of the Gulf of Darien ; and the isthmus more proper- ly comes under the head of Panama (wkic/i see) and between the province of Darien and Panama lies the province of Terra- Fiiina, which, as well as South America, see also. Darien, p.t. Fairfield Co. Conn. Pop. 1,201. Darien, a town of the state of Georgia, in Liberty County, seated on the Alatamaha, not far from its mouth, and 47 m. S. S. W. of Savan- nah. Long. 81. 14. W., lat 31. 23. N. Darke, a frontier county of the state of Ohio, bordering on Indiana. It is about 33 miles from north to south, and 22 wide. Chief town, Gren- ville. Pop. 6,203. Darlaston, a parish of Staffordshire, England, contiguous t00, has been replanted and re- plenished with deer, and divided into six walks, extra parochial, over which proper rangers have b^en appointed. There is a village without the b.iundary of the present forest, one mile north of Newnham, caWed Little Dean, containing, in 1821, 807 inhabitants ; and contiguous is Mitcliel Dean, at which a market was formerly held on Mon- days. Pop. in 1821, 550. ** There are ten other villages in different parts of England named Dean, all inconsider- able. Dearborn, a frontier county at the south-east extremity of the state of Indiana. Lawrenceburg, the principal town, is seated on a point of land formed by the junction of the Miami with the Ohio River. The county is about 30 m. from south to north, and 15 in mean breadth. The N. E. part borders on the state of Ohio, and the S. E. on that of Kentucky. Pop. 14,578. Law- renceburg is the chief town Dearborn, p.t. Kennebec Co. Me. Pop. 616. Dehalpoor, a town of Hindoostan, capital of a district m the country of Moultan. It is situate on the great road from Delhi to Moultan, near the river Setlege. 80 miles south of Lahore, and 170 east by north of Moultan. LlA kerspys, shalloons, broadcloth, blond lace, and porcelain ; there is also a considerable ship-build- ing trade at Barnstable. The woolen cloth man- ufactures at Tiverton and Great Torington, and the wool-combing at Chumleigh, were formerly extensiv^e, but have now much decayed or van- ished. Besides the Tamar, which divides the county from Cornwall on the S. W., the other principal rivers falling into the English Channel are the Dart and the Exe, and into Bideford Bay, on the side of the Bristol Channel, the Torridge, and the Taw ; Devonshire contains one citj', Ex- eter. Devon, a river of Scotland, which rises in the S. E. part of Perthshire, and, after a course of 40 miles, enters the Forth at Clackmannan, only eight miles distant from its source. In Perthshire it forms some romantic waterfalls, called the De- vil's Mill, the Rumbling Bridge, and the Caldron- linn. Dcuren, a town of the Prussian states, in the duchy of Juliers, with manufactures of cloth and paper, and some iron works. It is 14 miles E. of Aix-la-Chapelle. Pop. about 3,500. Deutz. See Duytz. Deux Fonts, a late duchy of Germany, lying W. of the Rhine ; it is about 30 miles in length from N. to S., and 12 in mean breadth, and tole- rably fertile. It was ceded to France at the peace of Luneville in 1802, assigned to Austria at the general partitioning after the peace of Paris in 1814, and by Austria exchanged with Bavaria for other districts on the E. It now forms part of the Bavarian circle of the Rliine, and is supposed to contain from 50,000 to 60,000 inhabitants ; besides the chief town of the same name, the other prin- cipal towns are Kussel, Honiburg and New Horn- bach. Deux Fonts, the chief town of the preceding district or duchy, is seated at the confluence of the Hornbach with the Erlbach, a short distance above the entrance of the united stream into the Blise near the S. end of the duchy. Its castle, tlie former residence of tlie grand duke, is a state- ly edifice ; and it has two spacious churches, an academy, and an orphan house, and was formerly celebrated for a printing establishment, which pro- duced a valuable edition of the Greek and Latin Classics, since removed to Strasburg. Pop. about 5,000 ; Deux Ponts is 55 miles E. by N. of Metz, and 65 N. W. by N. of Mentz. Lat. 49. 15. N. and?. 22. of E. long. Deicangunge, a town of Bengal, on the W. bank of the Burrampooter, 110 miles N.N. W. of Dacca. Detcarcotta, a town and district of North Hin- doostan, between the Ganijes and the Jumna ; the town is seated on the W. bank of the main branch of the Ganges, 175 miles N. by W. of Dehli, and 90 N. W. of Sirinagur. De Witt's Land, the name given to about 10 de- grees of lat. of the N. W. part of New Holland, after the Dutch navigator of that name, who first made it known to Europeans. Dewshurgh or Dewsbury, a parish and town in the west Riding of Yorkshire, England. The parish which includes the townships of Osset, Soothill, and Clifton-cum Heartsliead, contain- ed in 1821, 16,261 inhabitants. The town of Dewsbury is a place of great antiquity, being mentioned as early as 626, when Paulinus, the first archbishop of York, preached Christianity to the inhabitants of the surrounding country ; it is now distinguished as the seat of an extensive commerce, having upwards of 50 establishment? for the manufacture of blankets, carpets, and other heavy woolen fabrics ; and Heckmondwike ad- joining, has 40 other establishments for the like purpose, chiefly blankets. Dewsbury is seated near the N. bank of the Calder river, 5 miles W. by N. of Wakefield, on the road to Halifax, and in 1821, the town contained 6,380 inhabitants. Deynse. a town of Flanders, seated on the S. bank of the Ly, 9 miles W. S. W, of Ghent. Deyrah, a town of Upper Hindoostan, on the frontier of Dehli, in the province of Sirinagur. Dcsaigne, a town of France, in the N. part of the department of L'Ardeche, 25 miles W. N. W. of Valence. Pop. about 3,500. Dexter, p.t. Penobscot Co. Me. Pop. 885. Dezensano, a town of Breciano, situated at the S. end of lake Garda, 15 miles E. of Brescia. Pop. about 3,500. Dezful, a populous town of Persia, in the pro- vince of Chochistan, seated on the banks of the Abzal, over which is an elegant bridge of 22 arch- es. Dezful is 130 miles N. by E. of Bassora ; the Abzal falls into the Ahwas, which joins tlie Tigris, at its junction with the Euphrates. Diadin, a town of Armenia, seated near the source of the Euphrates, and frontier of Persia, 80 miles S. S. W. of Erwan. Diakovar, a town of Sclavonia, about 20 miles S. S. E. of Essig, on the road to Brodo Pop. about 3,000. Diamond Harbour and Foint, on the Hoogly river, (see Calcutta). Diamond Isle, a small island lying off the S. W. point of Pegu, and S. E. point of the Bay of Bengal, in the lat. of 15. 51. N. and 94. 12. of E long. Diamond Point, the N. E. point of the island of Sumatra, at the entrance to the strait of Malacca, in the lat. of 5. 18. N. and 97. 48. of E. long. *^* There is a river of Sumatra, called Diamond river, falling into the strait a little S. of the point. The S. W. part of the island of Mar- tinique in the West Indies, in the lat. of 14. 25. N. and 61. 9. of W. long, is also called Diamond Point. Diano,a. town of Naples, W. o^'the Apennines, in Principato Citra, 15 miles Js. by E. of Poli- castro. Pop. about 4,500. Diarbekir, a district of Asiatic Turkey, in the province of Algazira, the whole of which extend- ing from 33. 20. to the lat. of 39. N. was for- merly called Diarbekir : and the Pasha or gover- nor of the province is still called the Pasha of Diarbek. It formed the ancient kingdom of Mesopotamia; but the district of Diarbekir is is now confined between the 37th and 38th de- grees of N. lat. ; it lies E. of the Euphrates, and IS intersected by numerous streams, forming the head waters of the Tigris. It is beautifully di- versified with mountains and vallies, and to a social people would form a most delightful resi- dence. Diarbekir, the chief city of the preceding dis- trict, or as it is called by the Turks Karle Amid, which signifies a black wall, in reference to a lofty wall of black stone with which the city was formerly surrounded, is seated on the banks of the main branch of the Tigris, in the lat. of 37. 55. N. and 39. 22. of E. long. 570 miles E. S. E. of Constantinople, and 180 N. E. of Aleppo. The Pasha resides in an extensive castle on the N. side of the city. Extensive manufactures of silk, wool, cotton, and leather, and in metals are DIE 253 OlM carried on at Diarbekir ; and their dyed fabrics in wool and cotton are justly esteemed for the beau- ty of their colours. As in most eastern cities, the streets are narrow and dirty, but many of the houses are spacious and elegant within. It contains several commodious bazaars, a magnifi- cent mosque, and also a noble cathedral belong- ing to the Armenians. As a place of residence ■ to Europeans it is considered among the most agreeable of all the Turkish cities. The popu- lation is variously estimated at from 40,000, to 80,000, consisting^ of Armenians, Kurds, Chris- tians, Jews, and Turks. Dickinson, p.t. Franklin Co. N. Y. Pop. 446. Also a township in Cumberland Co. Pa. Dickson, a County of West Tennessee, about 28 miles from N. to S. and 25 in breadth. Duck river, which falls into the Tennessee, washes all the S. part of the county, whilst the E. and W. -rorners of the N. side jet upon the great Cumber- land river ; a collateral ridge of the Alleghany mountains intersects the county from the S. E. to the N. W. Pop. 7,261. Charlotte, N. of the mountain ridge, is the principal town. Didier, St. a town of France at the N. E. ex- tremity of the department of Upper Loire, 40 miles S. S. W. of Lyons. Pop. about 3,200. %* There are three other small towns of the same name in different parts of France. Die, a town of France in the department of Drome, situate on the N. bank of the river Drome ; it is the seat of a prefect, and in 1825 contained 3,509 inhabitants. It produces excel- lent wine, and has a mineral spring in its vicini- ty. It is 30 miles S. W. of Grenoble, and 80 S. S. E. of Lyons. Dieburgh, a town of Hesse Darmstadt, seated on the N. bank of the Gerspienz river, 7 miles E. by N. of Darmstadt, and 18 S. S.E. of Frank- fort on the Maine. Diego, St. a town on the coast of New Albion, in the north Pacific Ocean, capital of a jurisdic- tion of its name. It stands in so barren a coun- try, that in the dry season cattle are sent up- ward of 23 miles for pasturage. The port aflfords excellent anchorao-e. Lon'»'. 116. 53. W. lat. 33. 12 N. Diemen's Land. See Van Diemen's. Diepkoltz, a town and castle of Westphalia, capital of a county of the same name. It has manufactures of coarse woolen and linen cloth, and stands on the river Hunte, near the lake Dummer, 30 miles N. W. of Mindcn, and 33 S. S. W. of Bremen ; the county comprises about 265 square miles, and contains about 15,000 in- habitants ; and now forms part of the kingdom of Hanover, the inhabitants subsist chiefly by breed- irg of cattle, which they drive down to the mar- kets of Holland. Dieppe, a sea port town of France, in the de- partment of Lower Seine, with a good harbour formed by the mouth of the river Arques, an old castle and two piers. The principal trade consists in fish, ivory, toys, and laces. It was bombarded by the English in 1694, and is not so considera- ble as formerly. It is situate on the coast of the English Channel, jpposite to Brighton, from whence packet boats sail daily to Dieppe dur- ing the summer season, forming the easiest route from London to Paris. Dieppe is 50 miles N. N. E. of Havre, 35 N. of Rouen, and 96 in a meri- dional line N. N. W of Paris, the lighthouse at the entrance of the harbour is in lat. 49. 55. 34. N. and 1. 4. 29. of £. long. ; it is the seat of a prefect, and in 1825 contained a population of 16,664. Dierdorf, a town of Westphalia, capital of the upper county of Wied, with a castle, situate on the Wiedbach, 10 miles N. N. W. of Coblentz. Diernstein, a town of Austria, with an Augus- tine convent, and the ruins of a casile, in which Richard I. of England was imprisoned. The French were repulsed here by the Austrians and Prussians in 1805. It is seated on the N. bank of the Danube, 17 miles N. of St. Polten, and 45 W. by N. of Vienna. Diesen, a town of Bavaria, on the W. side of the lake Ammersee, 10 ra. S. E. cf Lands- berg. Diesenhofen, a town of Switzerland, in Thur- gau, seated on the Rhine, 5 miles E. of SchafF- hausen. Diest, a town of the Netherlands, in Brabant, with considerable manufactures of cloth, stock- ings, &c. seated on the Demer, 82 miles E. N. E. of Brussels. Pop. about 6,000. Dietz, a town of Germany, in the Westerwald, capital of a county of the same name, with a strong castle. It is seated on the Lahn, 18 miles above its entrance into the Rhine, near Coblentz. Dieuze, a town of France, in the department of Meurthe, with wells of salt water, which pro- duce much salt. It is seated on the Seille, 22 m. N. E. of Nancy, and 50 W. N. W. of Strasburg. Pop. about 3,600. Diez, St. a town of France in the department of Vosges. It had lately a celebrated chapter, whose canons were obliged to produce proofs cf nobility. It is seated near the source of the Meurthe 30 m. S. E. of Luneville, and 45 S. ^y. Strasburg. It is the seat of a prefect, and in 1825 contained 6,823 inhabitants. Dio-hton, a town of Massachusetts, in Bristol county, situate near Taunton river, 7 miles S. S. W. of Taunton. Pop. 1,737. Upon the rocks on the margin of the river are some rude inscrip- tions, which the researches of antiquarians have not yet rendered intelligible. Dicrne, a town of France, capital of the depart- ment of Lower Alps, and a bishop's see. It is famous for its hot baths, and. seated on the Bleone, 30 miles S. by W. of Embrun, and 70 N. E. of Marseilles. Pop. in 1825, 3,621. Dijon, a city of France, capital of the depart- ment of Cote d'Or. The public structures, and particularly the churches, are very fine. The spire of St. Benigne is 370 feet in height. In front of the Palace Royale is the ancient palace of the dukes of Burgundy ; and at the gates of Dijon is a chartreuse, in which some of those princes are interred. Dijon is seated in a pleas- ant plain, which produces excellent wine, be- tween two small rivers, 48 m. N. E. of Autun, and 175 S. E. of Paris. Pop. in 1825, 22,397. Dili. See Delos. Dillenhurg, a town of Germany, in the Wes- terwald, capital of a county of the same name, rich in mines of copper and iron. It has a for- tress, on a mountain, the usual residence of the prince of Nassau-Dillenburg ; and is seated on the Dillen, 41 miles N. N. W. of Wetzler. Long. 8. 27. E., lat. 50. 42. N. Dill.ingen, a town of Suabia, with a catholic university, seated on the Danube, 17 m. N. W. of Augsburg. Now included in the Bavarian cir- cle of the Upper Danube. DiUiardsville, p.v. Rutherford Co. Ten. Dimotuc, or Damotica, a town of European Y DIS 254 DM Turkey, in Romania, and a Greek archbishop's see ; seated on a mountain, surrounded by the Meriza, 12 m. S. W. of Adrianople. Dinagepoor, the capital of a district, north of the Ganges in Bengal, 10 miles north of Mooshe- dabad. Dinan. a town of France, in the department of Cotes du Nord, seated on a craggy mountain, by the river Ranee, 20 miles south of St. Male. It is the seat of a prefect. Pop. in 1825, 7,075. Dinant, a town of the Netherlands, in the territory of Liege, with a castle, and eight church- es. The chief trade is in leather, and in the vicinity are quarries of marble and mines of iron. It is seated near the Meuse, 15 miles S. by E. of Namur, and 44 S. W. of Liege. Dinapore, or Danapoor, a military cantonment of Hindoostan, 11 m. W. ofPatna, ontiie S. bank of the Ganges. Dinasmoulhy , a town of Wales, in Merioneth- shire. It stands at the foot of a high precipice, on the river Dysi, 18 m. S. by W. of Bala, and 196 N. W. of London. Dindigul, a province of the peninsula of Hin- doostan, 80' miles long, and 40 broad, lying be- tween Coimbetore and Travancore, and chiefly fertile in rice. On the defeat of Tippoo, in 1799, it became subject to the British. Dindigul, a town of Hindoostiin, capital of the province of the same name, with a fortress on a rock. It is 40 m. N. by W. of Madura, and 77 S. E. of Coimbetore. Long. 78. 2. E. lat. 10. 24. N. Dincrelfingen, a town of Bavaria, seated on the Iser, 20 m. E. N. E. of Landshut. Dingle, a seaportandboroughof Ireland, in the county of Kerry. The chief exports are butter, beef, corn, and linen. It is seated at the head of an inlet, on the N. side of Dingle bay, 23 m. W. 3. W. of Tralee, and 1G4 S. W. of Dubhn. Pop. in 1821,4,538, and the parish 1,942 more. Long. iO. 38. W. lat. 51.58. N. Dingwall, a borough of Scotland, in Ross-shire. Some linen yarn is manufactured here, and there is a lintmill in the neighbourhood. It is seated at the head of the frith of Cromarty, 18. miles W. of Cromarty. Pop. in 1821, 2,031. Dinkelsbuhl, a town at the N. E. extremity of the circle of Suabia. It has a foundation of Teu- tonic knights, and a trade in cloth and reaping- hooks. It is seated on the Wernitz,22 miles S. S. W. of Anspach, and is now included in the Bava- rian circle of the Rezat Pop. about (j,.500. Dinwiddle, a county of the E. District of Vir- ginia, lying between Appomattox and Nottoway rivers. It is about 18 miles square. Pop. 18,037. Petersburg is the chief town. Dippolaisu>alda, a town of Saxony, 12 miles S. by W. of Dresden. Dlsentis, a town of Switzerland, in the canton of Grisons, with an abbey founded in the seventh century. It is situate near the source of the Low- er Rhine, 10 miles W. by S. of Ilantz. Dishley, a village in Leicestershire, Eng., two miles N. W. of Loughborough, rendered lanious by a native grazier and farmer, Robert Bakewell, (who died in 1795) from his successful experi- ments and practices in the improvement of live stock, more particularly sheep. Dismal Swamp, Great, extends about 30 miles ftom N. to S., and 10 broad between the Cliesa- peak and Albemarle Sound, partly in Virginia, and partly in North Carolina. It derived its name from its dismal aspect, being impervious in most parts, for trees and brushwood ; there is a pond in the centre about 15 miles in circumfer- ence. This territory abounds with noxious rep- tiles and wild animals ; within a few years a ca- nal has been cut through it from the Elizabeth River, falling into the Chesapeak to the Pasquo- tank, falling into Albemarle Sound ; this canal unites the harbour of Norfolk with Albemarle Sound : it is 23 miles long and is navigable for sloops. There is another swamp between Albe- marle and Pamlico Sounds, called the Little Dis- mal Swamp. Diss, a town of Norfolk, Eng. on the border of Suffolk. It is seated on the river Waveney, on the side of a hill, 19 m. S. of Norwich, anc 85 N. N. E. of London. Population in 1821, 2,764. Dissen, or Tissen, a town of Westphalia, in the principality of Osnaburg, where are salt works which belong to Hanover. It is 16 miles S. E. of Osnaburg. Ditmarsen, a district of the Duchy of Hol- stein, lying on the coast of the German Ocean, between the rivers Eyder and Elbe, it contains no towns of importance. Ditteah, a town and fortress of Hindoostan, in Bundelcund, on the frontier of Agra, about 120 miles S. by E. of the city of Agra. Diu, an island of Hindoostan, making the S. point of Guzerat, at the entrance of the gulf of Cambay, 3 miles long and one broad. On it is a fortified town of the same name, built of free- stone and marble ; and it contains some fine church- es, erected by the Portuguese, about the time they took possession of the island in 1515. The trade of the town, once so important, is almost entirely removed to Surat. It is ISO miles W. by S. of Surat, and 200 N. W. of Bombay. Long. 71. 5. E. lat. 20. 45. N. Dixan, town of Abyssinia, in Tigre, seated on the top of a conical hill, and inhabited by Moors and Christians. Their chief trade is steal- ing children, and carrying them to a market at Masuah, whence they are sent to Arabia or India. It is 34 miles S. of Masuah. Dix Cove, a British fort on the Gold Coast^ of N. Africa, 40 miles S. W. of Cape Coast Castle. Dirjield, p.t. Oxford Co. Me. Pop. 890. Dixmont, p.t. Penobscot Co. Me. Pop. 945. Dixmude, a fortified town of the Netherlands, in Flanders, celebrated for its excellent cheese and butter, it is seated on the Yper, 13 miles N. of Ypres and 11 S. of Ostend. Dixon, a township in Preble Co. Ohio. Dixville, an unsettled township in Coos Co.N.H. Dizier, St. a town of France, at the N. extremi- ty of the department of Upper Marne, seated on the Marne, 13 m. N. N. E. of Joinville, and 120 E. of Paris. The Marne is navigable from here to Paris which renders St. Di.ier a place of con- siderable commerce. Pop. ubfit 0,000. Djcbail, or Gebail, a town of Syria, seated near the coast on the site of the ancient Biblos, about 25 miles N. of Berus. It was a place of some importance during the reign of Solomon, the Biblos, having had at that time several vessels employed in the conveyance of wood for the building of the temple. The town was taken possession of by the Crusaders in 1100, and at present contains from 5 to 6,000 inhabitants. Djebel, or Gebel Hadda, Gebel Saade, and Gebel Amer Kemir, places of Mahometan devotion S. of Mecca. Dnieper, a river of European Russia (the an- DOL S53 DOM cient Borysthenes), rising near the northern front- ier of the government of Smolensk, in the lat. of 56. 20. N. and after a course of about 800 miles in a direction nearly due S. falls into the filack Sea, at Otchakov in the lat. of 46. 30. N. It is navigable from above the city of Smolensk, the whole of its remaining course, but is impeded by rapids within about 200 miles of its entrance into the Black Sea ; it receives a great number of trib- utary streams both from the E. and W., the prin- cipal of those on the E. are the Sotz, the Uiput, an 1 the Deszna; and from the W. the Berezina, and the Przypiec, by the latter and a canal, the wa- ters of the Black Sea are made to communicate with the Baltic. See Brazesc. Dneister, a river of Europe, (the ancient Tyros), rising on the N. side of the Carpathian mountains in Austrian Galicia, in the long, of 23. E. ; and from the long, of 26. 20. to 29. E. in a direction S. S. E. it divides the Polish Palatinate of Podo- lia, from Moldavia, when it takes its course near- ly due S. for about 100 miles past Bender, and dividing Bessarabia from the Russian province of Catharineslaef, falls into the Black Sea at Akermen, 100 miles W. of Otchakov, it is navi- gable the greater part of its course. Dolirzin, a town of Poland in the palatinate of Ploczko, or Polock, seated on a rock near the Vistula, 14 m. N. W. of Ploczko. Dokum, a town of Holland, in West Friesland, near the mouth of the river Ee, 10 rn. N. E. of Le warden. Dodbrook, a town of Devonshire, Eng. noted as being the first place where white ale was brew- ed. It stands on a rivulet, by which it is parted from Kingsbridge, 208 miles W. S. W. of Lon- don. Pop. 885. Dochlen, a town of Saxony, 35 miles S. E. of Leipzig. Population upwards of 4,000, chiefly employed in manufactures. Doel, a town of the Netherlands, in Flanders, on the river Scheldt, opposite Lillo, 7 m. N. W. of Antwerp. Doeshurg, a town of Holland, in Gelderland. It has been often taken ; and the reduction of it, in 1586, was the first exploit of the English for- ces sent by queen Elizabeth to the assistance of the Dutch. It is seated on the Yessel, 10 m. S. S. W. of Zutphen. Dofar, a town on the coast of Arabia, in the Indian Ocean, seated on the E. shore of a bay of the same name ; it is the residence of a sheik and exports some gum olibanum and other drugs. Lat. 16. 16. N. and 54. of E. long. Dogger Bank, a sand bank in the German Ocean, between Flamborough Head and the coast of Jutland; it is about 200 miles from W. to E. and 30 to 50 broad, having from 15 to 30 fathoms depth of water; it yields abundance of excellent cod to the English and Dutch fisher- men. A sanguinary but undecisive sea fight be- tween the Dutch and English, took place on this bank, on the 8th August, 1781. Dogliani, a populous town of Piedmont, 18 m. N. by E. of Mondovi. Dol, a town of France, in the department of Ille and Vilaine, situate in a morass, 5 miles from the sea, and 11 S. E. of St. Malo. Pop. about 3,500. Z)o/ce ^g'wa, a town of Piedmont, in the county of Nice, with a castle, seated on the Nervia, 5 m. N. of Vintimiglia. Dole, a town of France, in the department of Jura, on the river Doubs. It contains several public buildings, evidences of Roman magnifi- cence. Under the ancient regime of France, it was the capital of Franche Comte, until 1674, when Bensancon was made the capital. It is now the seat of a prefect ; and in 1825 contained 9,647 inhabitants. It is 70 miles N. by W. of Geneva, and 30 S. E. of Dijon. Dole Im, one of the loftiest peaks of the Jura chain of mountains, rising to the height of 5,600 feet above the level of the sea. Dolgelly, a town of Wales, in Merionethshire, with a manufacture of coarse woolen cloth, un- dyed called webbing. It is seated on the river Avon, on the foot of the mountain Cader Idris, 12 miles S. E. of Harleigh, and 208 N. W. of London, on the road to Caernarvon, from which it is distant 39 miles. The summer assizes for tlie county are held here. Population in 1821, 2,0!)3. DoUart Bay, a bay or lake separating East Fries- land, in Germany, from Groningen, in Holland. It was formed by an inundation of the sea, in 1277, when 33 villages are said to have been des- troyed. Domfront, a town of France, in the department of Orne, seated on a craggy rock, by the river Mayenne, 35 miles N. W. of Alengon, and 65 E. of St. Malo. It is the seat of a prefect. Pop in 1825, 1,670. Domingo, St. or Hispaniola, or Hayti, an islpnd of the West Indies, extending from Cape Engano, in the long, of 68. 20. W. to Cape Donna Maria, in 57. 26. W., this gives an extreme length of 408 English statute, or 346 geographical miles, but as the west end projects out in two promontories, the mean length will not exceed 275 English statute miles, between 18. and 20. of north lat. or a breadth of 135 statute miles ; these limits give an area of 23,760,000 English statute acres, being about three fourths the extent of England exclu- sive of Wales. The east end of the island is separated from Porto Rico, by the Mona, or Porto Rico channel, about 120 miles wide, and the northern promontory of the west end is separat- ed from the island of Cuba, by the windward passage about 60 miles wide ; and the southern promontory of the west end, is about 100 miles distant from the east end of the island of Jamaica. A chain of mountains extend from the extremity of the northern promontory of the west end to the S. E. end of the island and about the centre rise to the height of about 6,000 fbet above the level of the sea. Other mountain chains run in various directions, giving great variety of feature and climate to every part of the island, whilst streams of water intersect it in all directions, contributing alike to its beauty and fertility. There are four principal streams rising about the centre of the island, the Yuna flowing into Samana Bay in the E., the Yaque de Santiago, flowing to the N., the Artibonate to the W. and the Neibe to the S. This island was discovered by Columbus, on the 6th of December, 1492, after having touched at the Bahamas on his first voyage, and is mem- orable for being the first spot in America, which was colonized by Europeans. Columbus landed at Navidad near the extrem'ty of the N. W. prom ontory, where he left 38 of his comrades ; returning to Spain the following month. At this time the country was called Hauti by the natives ; Colum bus gave it the name of Espanola, or little Spain, hence Hispaniola. Columbus returned in No- vember following, and landed on the N. coast of the island in the long, of 71 near to the mouth DOM 256 DOM of a small river, which in compliment to his patroness, Isabella of Spain, he named after her. The avarice of the settlers soon excited the just in- dignation of the native inhabitants, whose resent- ment, however, was readily subdued by the more ample and destructive means of warfare of tlie Spaniards. Columbus returned to Spain in 149G, leaving his brother Bartholomew in com- mand of the settlement, who soon after removed to the southern coast, and founded the city of St. Domingo, which afterwards gave name to the whole island. The number of settlers from Spain increased rapidly, and the natives were compelled to the severest labour, which soon brought on dis- ease and premature death, and so fatal to life was the cruel policy of the Spaniards, that after a lapse of about 20 years, an efficient labourer scarce- ly remained on the island. Under this exigency, about 40.000 of the inhabitants of the Bahama Isles were decoyed from their homes to become labourers or slaves in St. Domingo ; but such was the perverse policy of the Spaniards ; that not- withstanding this acquisition, and 1,000,000 of native inhabitants, (some historians even carry the number as high as 3,000,000,) which the isl- and was supposed to contain on its first discovery in 1492, by the middle of the following century scarcely 150 remained alive ; whilst the Span- iards had progressively sunk into indolence, and the island was reduced again to a wilderness. The French obtained a footing on the W. end of the island about the middle of the 17th century, and resumed the culture of the sugar-cane which had been early introduced by the Spaniards from the Canary Islands, but had been entirely neglect- ed by them. By the treaty of Ryswick in 1(591 , Spain ceded to France all the west part of the island from the little river Pedernallo on the S. to the Capotillo falling into the Bay of Man- cenilla on the N., in the long, of about 71. 40. W., being about a tliird part of the island. After this period the French plantations progressively in- creased in number and importance, and in 1789 the population of the French part of the island had increased to 30,830 whites, 94,000, mulattoes, and 480,000 slaves, making a total of 534,8.30 inhabi- tants, whilst the total population of the Spanish part did not exceed 155,000, and in 1791, the fol- lowinor produce was exported to France : viz. 84,017,328 lbs. of coffee, 11,317,222 lbs. of cotton, 3,257,010 lbs. of indigo, 1,536,017 lbs. of cocoa, and 217,463 casks of sugar. From this period a new and important era in the history of St. Domingo commences. The deso- lating mania of the French revolution, had ex- tended to this island ; an insurrection ensued, in which upwards of 5,000 of the whites fell a prey to the fury of their slaves. In 1792 the national assembly of France proclaimed the political equal- ity of the negroes and whites ; in the following year three commissioners were despatched from France, who on their carrival in St. Domingo pro- claimed the emancipation of the slaves. Tliis served as a signal for the slaves to wreak their vengeance en their white oppressors, and on the 21st of June 1703, a force of 3,000 blacks entered Cape Francjois and began an indiscriminate slaughter among the white inhabitants, whilst the most cruel vengeance displayed itself over all that part of the island. In the midst of this confusion, the English at- tempted to establish their authority ; and a force from Jamaica succeeded in taking possession of Port au Prince, but after suffering mxich from disease and the resistance of the blacks, they aban doned the island in 1798. By this time the whole of the white population had become nearly extirpated, whilst the blacks, under the command of Rigaud and Toussaint L'Ouverture, had effect- ed considerable progress in military discipline On the 1st of July 1801. the independence of the island was formally proclaimed in the name of the republic of Hayti, when Toussaint L'Ouverture was appointed governor for life, with the power of naming his successor. On the 6th October, 1801, the French concluded a peace with England, and in the December following despatched a squadron with 20,000 men, under the command of general Le Clerc, to attempt the subjugation of St. Domingo. The troops landed in Samana Bay, at the E. end of the island. Le Clerc com- menced the campaign in February 1802, and fought with varied success until the following May, when a truce was concluded upon ; during which Toussaint was inveigled on board a ves- sel and conveyed to France, where he died in prison, in April, 1803. Suspicion of treachery in his death having been entertained against the French, hostilities recommenced with greater an- imosity than ever. Tlie command of the black troops devolved on Dessalines, and the English being now regarded as auxiliaries against the French, on the 30tli December 1803, the whole of the remaining French forces surrendered prison- ers of war to the English. Thus St. Domingo was again freed from all European oppression ; but new calamities now awaited it. On the 1st of January 1805, the gen erals and chiefs of the army entered into a solemn compact, in the name of the people of Hayti, re- nouncing forever all dependence on France. Dessalines was then appointed governor for life, and invested with extensive powers ; in Septem- ber following he assumed the imperial title of Jac- ques the 1st, Emperor of Hayti. His ambition and tyranny brought upon him the detestation of the people, and he was slain by a military conspi- racy in October 1806. He was succeeded by Christophe as " chief of the government," but Petion starting as a rival candidate for the su- preme authority, a severe battle was fought be- tween the forces of Petion and Christophe, on the 1st of January 1807, in which Petion was defeat- ed. In the same year Christophe was appointed chief magistrate for life, with the power of ap- pointing his successor, hni like his predecessor Dessalines he was not content with conditional power, and in 1811, he assumed the regal title of Henry I. King of Hayti, making the title heredi- tary in his family, and Sans tiouci, a village about 15 miles from Cape Francois, now called Cape Henry or Cape Hayti, the seat of his court an^ government. King Henry was both avaricious and cruel, and like Dessalines fell a prey to his own soldiery, who dragged him from his palace by force, and massacred him in October 1820. In the mean time, from 1801 to 1818, Petion after his defeat in 1807 retreated to the south of the west part of the island, and remained at the head of a considerable portion of the country. In 1816 he was appointed president for life, but died in May 1818, universa'ly lamented byallwhr had espous- ed his cause. He was succeeded by Boyer, who on the death of Christophe obtained the command and government of the whole of what was for- merly the French part of the island. In 1794 Spain ceded the whole of the remaining part of the island to France, but the troublea DOM ^7 DOM wliich ensued rendered the cession nominal, the French never having been able to take possession. The Spanish flag continued to wave over the fortress of the city of St. Domingo, until the 1st of December 1821, when the inhabitants issued a formal declaration of independence, and made overtures to the republic of Columbia, to be ad- mitted as an integral part of its confederacy, which proposition however was not acceded to. Such was the political state of St. DommJu at the pe- riod of 1822, about which time the French by in- trigue endeavoured again to regain an ascendan- cy in the island, and conceiving all attempts by force of arms likely to prove ineffectual, they suc- ceeded in inducing the Hay tians to agree to a pecu- niary indemnity, tor the loss of the plantations at the commencement of the revolution ; this after several years negociation, in 182.5, was settled at 120,000,000 francs, or about £.5,000,000 sterling, payable by instalments, and under regulations calculated to divert a great portion of the produce of the island into the lap of France on better terms than though she held the island in coloni al possession. Under the mild and judicious administration of president Boyer, Hayti promises to advance in prosperity and social influence; a college has been founded and liberally endowed at Cape Hay- ti, •'" which provision is made for mstruction in all trie languages, arts, and sciences, usually taught in the European establishments of the like kind ; public schools have been established in most of the principal towns of the west part of the island ; and be the future destiny of St. Do- mingo what it may, she is at present one of the most interesting subjects for contemplation in the world ; an age has hardly passed away since the bulk of the inhabitants were held in the most ab- ject and degraded state of bondage ; since when they have successfully resisted the arms of two of the most powerful nations of their time, and now n main pursuing a silent but steady course to- M rads giving a new and additionally important character to the social relations of the civilized world. Of its present extent of population and produce there is no satisfactory information. The popu- lation of the Spanish part of the island is suppos- e,d to have decreased considerably since 1785, and is thought, now, not to exceed 100,000. In speaking therefore of the island of St. Domingo or Hayti, as it is now again generallj^ called, all that is politically important in relation to pop- ulation and intercourse applies almost exclu- sively to the W. end or about one third only of the island ; the chief occupation of the compari- tively few inhabitants of the eastern, or greater part of the island, being that of attending to the breeding of cattle, which they drive to the markets of the more populous districts of the west. Under social institutions, and well directed ex- ertion, Hiiyti would doubtless prove adequate to supply the whole of Europe with an abundance of all the luxurious products common to a tropi- cal climate, whilst the artificial productions and conveniences which Havti would be able to com- mand in exchange, might make it the most de- lightful residence on earth. The temperature of the mountains ranges at a mean of about 70, and although in the plains it ranges at about 100, the pressure of the heat is considerably modified by the alternate land and sea-breezes ; the coast on all sides is indented with convenient bays and har- 33 hours The indigenous vegetable productions of St. Di mingo are various, beautiful and valuable ; its maiogany is unrivalled for its texture and beauty, and there is a satin wood proportionably superior to that of other parts of the world. The flowering shurbs are various, and no where sur- passed in beauty and fragrance ; vanilla and the plantain are both luxuriant; pine for ship building and house carpentry is abundant, whilst the cot- ton tree supplies the material for canoes. Of quadrupeds one only is known peculiar to the island, the agouti cat, in size less than the com- mon cat of Europe ; all the domestic animals of Europe, have, however, been introduced, and thrive exceedingly ; swine, horses, and horned cattle, all running wild in considerable numbers. The feathered race are numerous and beautiful in plumage, and more melodious than common with birds of tropical climates. There is a salt water lake of considerable extent between the French and Spanish part of the island, on the S. side, which as well as the plains and rivers of that side, abound in alligators and other reptiles of great size, and also in the noxious insects common to the situation and climate. The land tortoise is common, and the coast abounds in turtle and oth- er fish. Domingo, St., City of, is situate on the west bank of a river called the Ozama, in lat. and long. as previously laid down. The city was originally founded in 1496, on the opposite bank of the riv er, but afterwards moved to its present site. It is regularly laid out, and like most of the cities built by the t^paniards in this part of the world, the private houses have interior courts and flat roofs The cathedral, finished in 1540, is a ponderous ed- ifice ; the government house, hall of justice, bar racks, and arsenal, are all respectable buildings . it has also several convents, which have been mostly deserted by their inmates since 1794. The harbour is capacious, but exposed to the tempests from the S. W. The population, which at one time amounted to 25,000, is now reduced to half that number, and indicates decline rather than prosperity. It was sacked by the English Admi- ral Drake, in 1586, who obtained a ransom from the inhabitants of about £7,000 to prevent further . devastation. It has not experienced any marked vicissitudes since that period. *^* There are several other towns called St. Domingo in different parts of America, settled by the Spaniards, but all inconsiderable. Doviinica, one ot the West Indian Leeward Is- landsjlying N. of Martinique and S. of Guadaloupe, being about 34 miles from N. to S. and 10 in mean breadth. It was discovered by Columbus on Sun- day, November 3, 1493. A party of Frenchmen settled upon it about the beginning of the 17th century, who by cultivating the friendship of the natives, succeeded in the culture of the soil. At the treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle in 1743, it was agreed that it should be neutral, but the English took possession of it in 1750, and it was confirmed to them at the peace of 1763. It was captured by a French force from Martinique in 1778, but re- stored to the English in 1783, since when it has remained in their possession. It is very produc- tive of coffee of a choice quality, and yields some sugar. Charlotte Town at the moutli of a river towards the S. end of the island on the W. side, is in lat. 15. 18. N. and 61. 28. of W. long. Dominica, the largest of the islands of the Pa ■ cific Ocean, called the Marquesas. Long. 139. 2, W. lat. 9. 41. S. y 2 DON 358 DON Domino, St one of the Tremitti islands, in the gulf of Venice, 15 miles from the coast of Naples m the lat. of 42. 10. N. Domitz, a town of Lower Saxony, in Mecklen- burgh-Schwerin, with a fort seated at the conflu- ence of the Elde and Elbe, 25 m. S. 3f Schwerin. Dommel, a river of Dutch Brabant, which re- ceives the Aa below Bois le Due, and then flows into the Meuse. Domo d'Ossola, a town oi Italy, in the Milan- ese, with a castle, seated near the frontier of the Valois on the Tossa, 20 m. N, of Varallo. Domotica, or Dimottce, a large town of Europe- an Turkey, situate on tlie W. bank of the Maris- sa, 12 miles S. by W. of Adrianople. Pop. about 8,000. Dompaire, a town of France, in the department of Vosges, 10 m. AV. N. W. of Epinal. Doviremy, a town of France, in the department of Meuse, the birth-place of the celebrated Joan of Arc, the Maid of Orleans. It is seated on the Meuse, 5 m N. of Nenfchaleau Domvillcrs, or Danvillers a town of France in the tiepartment of Meuse, 14 m. N. of Verdun. Dun. a river of Europe (the Tanais of the an- cients,) which intersects the south-east provinces of Russia. It issues from the lake St. John, in the governmeut of Tula, and after a very circui- tous course of several hundred miles, flows into the sea of Azoph. Thi:< river has so many wind- ings, and such numerous shoals, as to be scarcely navigable, except in the spring, on the melting of the snows ; and flat-bottomed boats only, ex- cept in the same seas jn, can pass into the sea of Asoph. Don, a river of Scotland, which rises in the W. fart of Aberdeenshire, receives the Urie-water at nverary, passes by Kintore, and enters the Ger- man Ocean, at Old Aberdeen. Don, a river in Yorkshire, Eng. which rises on the borders of Cheshire, flows by Penistone, Shef- field, Rotheram, Doncaster, and Thorn, and joins the Ouse near its termination in the Humber. Donaghadee, a town and parish of Ireland, in the county of Down, it is seated on the coast 35 miles W. N. W. of the Isle of Man, and 23 W. by S. of the Mull of Galloway. It is celebra- ted as the mail packet station between Ireland and Scotland (See Port Patrick.) It has a custom house, and exports some cattle and other live slock to Scotland, but in other respects its com- merce is very inconsiderable, the receipt of cus- toms not equalling the expense. Population of the town in 1821, 2,795, and the parish 3,793 more ; on Mew island at the entrance of the har- bour, which has been made convenient for the packets, is a light house in the lat. of 54. 40. N. and 5. 24. of W. long. Donuldsonville, p. v. the capital of the parish of Ascension. Louisiana, on the Mississippi. Donaveschingen. or Doneschingen, a town of Suabia on the E. border of the Black Forest, in the principality of Furstcnburg. It is the chief residence of the prince ; in the court yard of whose palace are some springs, collected in a res- ervoir about 30 feet square, which has the honour of being called the head of the Danube. It is 13 m. N. N. W. of SchaflThausen. Donuicert, a strong town of Bavaria, seated on the N. bank of the Danube, at the influx of the Wernitz, 25 miles N. by W. of Augsburg ; here is a bridge over the Danube, which causes Dona- wert to be a place of considerable intercourse. Pop. about 2,500. Doncaster, a handsome town in the S. E. part of the west riding of Yorkshire, Eng. It is situate on the great high road from London to York and Edinburgh, on the S. bank of the river Don, over which are two handsome bridges. The principal street is about a mile in length ; the mansion house, in which the mayor and justices hold their sittings, is a spacious and elegant building; there is also a town hall, theatre, dispensary, hospital, and two or three other public buildings, and the church dedicated to St. George is a noble ed- ifice. Doncaster has 5 tan yards, several flax dressers, and some manufactures of sacking, car- pets, nails, &c. and its trade in corn is consider- able ; but the agreeableness of its locality ren- ders it more celebrated as a place of gaiety and fashion, than as a manufacturing or trading town The annual races are about the gayest in the kir(j- dom, and the frequent balls and concerts held in the mansion house make it the resort of all the fashion and gaiety of the surrounding country ; there are also about a dozen separate private es- tablishments for the education of young ladies and gentlemen ; these with its constant thoroughfare tend to render it a cheerful and an agreeable res- idence. It is 158 miles N. from London, 18 N. E. of Sheffield, 20 S. E. of Wakefield, and 37 S of York. The population, which in 1801 was 5.697, in 1821 had increased to 9,116. Market on Sunday. Dondra Head, the southern point of the island of Ceylon, in the lat. of 5. 55. 30. N. and 80. 42. of E. long. The land is low and densely popula- ted, but appears to have been of greater impor- tance than at present, there being the ruins of a magnificent Hindoo temple in the vicinity. See Matura. Donegal, a maritime county forming the N. W. extremity of Ireland ; it is about 70 miles in ex- treme length, but being indented by numerous bays and harbours, it has about 150 miles of sea coast ; the principal bay is called Lough Foyle. and divides Donegal from the county of London- derry, opening by a narrow strait into the north channel. Lough Swilly is another capacious bay, opening into the Atlantic Ocean, and Donegal bay, forms the southern boundary of the county, which is bounded on the E. and S. E. by the counties of Tyrone and Fermanagh. The river Finn intersects the centre of the county from W. to E. and then takes a northern course into Lough Foyle. Donegal is a mountainous and rather dreary district, and its inhabitants maybe consid- ered the rudest in Ireland, the greater portion speaking only their vernacular language. The mountains contain various minerals ; kelp is made upon the coast, which yields also a salicious sand used in the manufacture of glass ; the spinning of flax, the linen manufacture, and distillation of spirits prevail over the greater part of the coun- ty ; the principal towns are Lifford, Raphoe, Johnstown, Letterkenny, Ballyshannon, Donegal, and Killibegs ; at Ballyshannon is a valuable salmon fishery. It contains the ruins of several castles and other works of antiquity. For divi- sions, superfices, population, «fcc. see Ireland. Donegal, a town and parish of the preceding countv, seated at the head of a bay 111 miles N. W. of Dublin, and 25 S. W. of Lifford. Pop. of the town in 1821, 696, and of the parish 4,426. *^* There are four townships called Donegal in the state of Pennsylvania. Doneraile, a town and parish of Ireland, in the county of Cork. Near it are quarries of beautiful ORK 259 DOR yariejaled marble. It is situate on the Awbe?, which falls into the Black Water 19 miles N. W. of Cork, and 113 S. W. of Dublin. Pop. of the town in 1821,2,455, and the parish 1,419 more. Dongo'n, or Dungala, a town of Nubia, capital of a province of the same name. It contains 10,000 houses of wood, and is seated on the Nile, among mountains. 500 miles N. by W. of Sen- mar. The country is celebrated for a fine breed of horses, and the inhabitants for their skill in horsemanship. Tioncr. 32. 5. E. lat. 19. 25. N. Donjon, a town of France, in the department of Allier, 24 m. S. E. of Moulins. Donninglon, a town in Lincolnshire, Eng.' Much hemp is cultivated in the neighbourhood. It is 8 miles W. S. W. of Boston, and 106 N. of London. Pop. in 1821, 1,633. *^* There are 7 villages of the same name in different parts of England, the principal one in Leicestershire, with a population of 2.308. Donny Brook, one of the out parishes of the city of Dublin, celebrated for its annual saturna- lia or fair. Donzy, a town of France, in the department of Nievre, 22 m. N. of Nevers. Dooub, a term applied by the Hindoos to tracts of land lying between two rivers ; the most cele- brated tract is that lying between the Ganges and Jumna, in the provinces of Allahabad, Agra, and Dehli. Doon, a river of Scotland, which issues from a lake of the same name in Ayrshire, and enters the frith of Clyde, 2 m. S. of Ayr. Doran, a town of Arabia, in Yemen, on the side of a mountain, 28 m. S. of Sana. Dnral, a town of France, in the department of Upper Vienne, seated on the Abran, near its junc- tion with the Sevre,25 m. N. of Limoges. Dorchester, a borough and the capital of Dor- setshire, England. It was formerly much larger, and the ruins of the walls axe still to be seen in some places. It has three churches ; and a fine terrace-walk, planted with trees, almost surrounds the town, which has no manufactures, but is fa- mous for excellent ale. A little to the S. is a Roman amphitheatre, constructed of chalk and turf, supposed to be the most perfect in the king- dom. One mile to the S. W. is the Maiden cat- tle, another work of the Romans; there are three ramparts and ditches, nearly oval, and the whole area is 115 acres. Dorchester is seated on the river Frome, about 10 m. from the sea at Wey- mouth, 53 E.of E.^eter. and 120 W. by S. of London. Pop. in 1821, 2.743. Dorchester, a town in Oxfordshire, Eng. which was a station of the Romans, and ruined in the wars with the Danes. It was a bishop's see till 1086, when William the Conquerer translated it to Lincoln ; and it had five churches, though now but one, which was the cathedral. It is seated on the Tame, 3-4 of a mile above its junction with the Isis ; the united streams forming the river Thames, 10 miles S. E. of Oxford and 49 W. N. W. of London. Pop. in 1821, 8.54. Dorchester, a county of the state of Maryland, lying between the Nanticoke and Choptank riv- ers, on the E. side of Chesapeak bay. Pop. 18,685. The chief town is Cambridge, on the S. bank of the Choptank, 60 miles S. S. W. of Bal- timore. Dorchester, p.t. Grafton Co. N. H. 90 m. from Portsmouth. Pop. 702. Dorchester, p.t. Norfolk Co. Mass. adjoinins of large burthen by a bar. It is divided into three parishes ; Oliver Cromwell took it by stsrm in 1649, and it was near here where the decisiA'e battle was fought between the forces of William and James in 1691 , when the latter were defeated. See Boyne. Drog- heda is 24 m. N. of Dublin. Pop. in 1821, 18,300. It returns a member to the parliament of the United Kingdom. Droitwich, a borough in Worcestershire. Here are famous salt springs, which were in great celeb- rity at the period of the Norman conquest ; from these is made much jjeculiarly fine white salt. It is seated on the Salwarp, 7 m. N. N. E. of Worcester, and 116 W. N. W. of London. It is connected with the river Severn by a canal, 7 m. in length, and the Birmingham and Worcester canal runs at a short distance, and by this means the salt is distributed over all jKirts of the king- dom. Droitwich is divided into four parishes, and returns two members to parliament. Pop. in 1821,2,176. Drome, a Department of France, takes its ap- pellation from the river Drome, which crosses it, bounded by the department of the Upper Alps, Lower Alps, and Vaucluse ; the Rhone bounds it on the west. The country is high, full of mountains and valleys; the soil in many parts un- productive. Valence is the capital. Pop. ^3,372. Protestants, 34,000. Drome, or Druna, a r. of France, which rises near Valdrome, passes by Die, Pontaix, Saillans, Crest, Livron, «Stc., and falls into the Rhone about 11 m. S. Valence. Dromo, a small island in the Grecian Archipel- ago. Long. 24. E. lat. 39. 28. N. Dromore, a town and parish in the county of Down, Ireland ; the town is a bishop's see, the palace of the prelate is a stately edifice. It is 20 m. W. by N. of Downpatrick, and 66 N. of Dublin, on the road to Belfast. Pop. of the town DRU 264 DUB inl«yi, 1,861, and of the parish 12,769 more; there is anollier parish and town of the same name in the county of Tyrone. Pop. of the town 415, and of the parish 7,698. Droviore, p.t. Lancaster Co. Pa. Dronuro, a town of Piedmont, at the foot of the Alps, on the river Maira, 15 m. S. S. W. of Sa- lu.£zo, and about the same distance W. by N. of C-ini. It contains 6 churches, and has a fine bridge across tlie river. Pop. about 6,500. Drontheim, the most northerly of the four great diocesses of Norway, extending from the lat. of 62. 5. to 05. 20. N. being about 80 miles in mean breadth ; it is intersected by several small streams, and the coast is indented with numerous inlets and bays, and flanked with numerous islands ; although a dreary district, the industry of the in- habitants counteracts in a considerable degree the inhospitality of its position and climate. It is divided into 80 parishes containing a population of about 250,000, having considerably increased during the last and present century. The chief town of the same name is seated on a point of land, formed by a deep inlet, about 40 m. from the open sea, in the lat. of 63. 26. N. and 10. 22. ofE. long., 253 m. N. E. of Bergen, about the same distance due N. of Christiana, and 360 N. W. of Stockholm. It was the residence of the ancient kings of Norway, and is now the princi- pal trading town of the diocese, and exports a very considerable quantity of fir timber and deals, some pitch, tar, peltry, &c. It is the residence of the bishop of the diocese ; the cathedral is a state- ly edifice ; the houses are mostly built of wood, but the streets are commodious, and in the sum- mer season this town is not an unpleasant resi- dence. Pop. about 9,000. Drosendorf, a town of Austria, with an ancient castle, seated on the Toya, on the frontier of Mo- ravia, 10 m. N. of Horn. Drossea, a town of Brandenburg, in the New Mark, 14 m. S. E. of Custrin. Drum, the name of two parishes in Ireland, one in the county of JVIayo, and the other in Roscom- mon ; there are also about thirty other parishes, and several villages in different parts of Ireland beginning with Drum, such as Drumara, Drum- boe, Drumcannon, &c. &c. Drumsna, a town of Ireland, in the county of Lcitrim, seated on the E. bank of the Shannon, 4 m. S. E. of Carrick, and 73 from Dublin, it is rather a neat town. Pop. in 1821, 606. Drusenhcim,, a town of France in the depart- ment of Lower Rhine, seated on ihe Motter, near the Rhine, 15 m. N. by E. of Strasburg. Druses, a community of people in Syria, which had its origin in a fanatical persecution of a caliph of Egypt, against the Mahomedans. About the beginning of the 11th century, the ca- liph and his prophet (a native of Persia), both met a violent death, and such of their disciples (the Druses) as adhered to their tenets, fled for a refuge to the mountains of Lebanon,and-Antilibanus; from whence they successively made war against the Crusaders, the Sultans of Aleppo, the Mamelukes and Turks ; they were effectually subdued by Am- urath III. in 1588, who imposed a regular tribute upon them, appointing an emir or chief whom he invested with executive power, and held him re- sponsible for the payment of the tribute. This organization, however, the Druses soon turned against the Turks, with whom they have since been involved in repeated conflicts with alter- nate success ; they still maintain a nominal inde- pendence, occupying about 70 miles of coast from Saide the ancient Sidon, to Gebail or Djebail Bairut or Berut {which see) being their chief sta- tion. Their number is estimated at about 120, 000, all the males being trained to arms. Their language is the Arabic ; and they now appear to have but little religion of any kind, praying indif ferently in Christian churches or Turkish mosques, Dryburg, or Drilnirg, a town in the Prussian States, seated near the source of a stream, falling into the Weser, in the principality of Paderborn ; it is pleasantly located and distinguished for its baths ; 10 m. E. of the town of Paderborn. Drydcn, p.t. Tomkins Co. N. Y. Pop. 5,206. Duanesburgh, 'p.t. Schenectady Co. N. Y. Pop, 2,837. Dublin, a maritime and fertile county on the E. coast of Ireland, being about 30 miles in ex- treme length, and 13 in mean breadth. Its capital a city of the same name is the capital of all Ire- land, and in extent of population and architectu- ral display is the second city of the British domin- ions in Europe, but in other respects inferior to either Liverpool, Manchester, Glasgow, or Edin- burgh. For divisions, extent of superfices, popu- lation, &c. of the county of Dublin. See Ireland Dublin City, the capital of Ireland, is seated on the banks of the river Liffey, at its entrance into a bay of about 40 square miles in surface. The city lies up the river, about a mile from the bay, which is much more remarkable for its pictur- esque beauty on either side than for its navigable uses. This bay has been compared, rather idly, by some person in the first instance, with that of Naples ; and after him, still more idly, by a thou- sand others. It forms a vast semicircular basin about eight miles in diameter, perilous from its shallows and breakers ; which are, however, coun- teracted by a long and massive central mole run- ning into it, with a lighthouse at its extremity, and two piers on either side at its entrance. A bold peninsular promontory, called the hill of Howth, shelters it on the north, having a range of lowlands from its base skirting the sea, luxuri- antly wooded and varied, exhibiting here and there, a church, a mansion, or a pretty villa : whilst, on the south, it is bordered, at a short dis- tance, by the picturesque and beautiful range of hills called the Wicklow mountains. Dublin resembles the cities to be met on the continent much more than those of England, in the frequent juxtaposition of magnificence and meanness. TTae late Mr. Curran compared it to a man with a new coat over a dingy under dress Its square area of about two miles and a half con- tains more noble edifices, wretched habitations, and public charities, than will be found within the same compass elsewhere. It is in form a rectan- gle, divided by the river into two nearly equal parts. We will suppose the spectator in the open space called College-green, on the left bank of the river and eastern side of the city. Looking east- ward, he beholds the Ban^ of Ireland, formerly the parliament hou.=:e,on hi^left; and the Univer- sity immediately facing him, with a bronze eques- trian statue of king William between The Bank of Ireland presents a noble, simple, and really classic mass of Grecian architecture. Its principal front is a grand Ionic colonnade, 147 feet long, resting on an elevated plane, reached by a flight of steps. The front of the University, at a right angle with the Bank, is a long and florid Corintian fa- gade 3 the central columns surmounted by apedi- DUB S65 DUB ment, and the whole terminated by Corinthian pavilions, with coupled pilasters of the same or- der. An octagonal vestibule, with the museum on the right, leads from the town into the first of three squares, which is built of hewn stone, and contains three principal buildings ; — the chapel, presenting a beautiful Corinthian colonnade, on the left ; the theatre or examination-hall on the right, exactly corresponding ; and beyond this square, on the left hand, forming the smaller side of a rectangle, with a simple pilastered front, the hall in whicTn the fellows and students of the whole university dine. The library, though inferior to to many others in the number of volumes, is one of the most complete and precious in Europe ; containing rich materials of bibliography. It con- sists of two compartments ; the ancient library of the university, entered at one end, and present- ing a long and noble vista, with, on either side, a gallery and balustrade above. The books are admirably arranged in stalls beneath. At the re- mote end is a handsorne pavilion, containing the Fagel library, a gem in its kind, once the family library of the Fagels, Grand Pensionaries of Hol- land, and purchased by the university. There is, again, archbishop Usher's library, left by him to the university, of which he was the founder, — containing many books noted and commented on with his own hand. There is, lastly, a collection of valuable, or at least curious, manuscripts, Per- sian, Arabic, Chinese, and Irish. Graduates of the university only, as in the Bodleian, have the privilege of reading ; but studious strangers are admitted, upon a proper introduction to the provost and board. The chapel and theatre were built from the designs of sir W. Chambers ; the latter contains a monumental marble group in memory of provost Baldwin, full of grace, senti- ment, and beauty, and not sufficiently apprecia- ted or known. There are also some mediocre portraits, including one of Swift, in whom, by the way, his Dublin alma mater could discover only ill nature and incapacity. The spectator returns to his former place, goes up Dame-street, and meets at its extremity on the left hand tlie Royal Exchange, on an elevated site, a quadrangle of which the principal facade presents a Corinthian portico surmounted by Corinthian pilasters and a balustrade, over which is visible the summit of the dome. Tlie interior is a rotunda formed by twelve fluted Corinthian columns, and richly stuccoed. Immediately to the left is the Castle, the residence of the vice-regal court. The upper castle-yard or court is a quadrangle, with an Ionic structure crowned with a Corinthian tower and cupola, from which the vice-regal flag waves ; and on the opposite side a colonnade leads to the vice- regal apartments. In the lower chapel-yard is observed a Gothic chapel built by a living archi- tect of Dublin : it is a very graceful specimen of the pointed Gothic. Crossing the river to the north side, the Law Courts present theroselves; a noble edifice, ill- placed on a low sit«, looking immediately over the river : it is a modern building, the first stone having been laid by the duke of Rutland, lord lieutenant, in 1786. The whole faqade is 450 feet, with a central portico of Corinthian columns surmounted by a pediment, and allegorical statues over these, — the wings connected in a right line with the front by arched screen walls with areas behind. The hall a circular area, lighted from the top and surmounted by a dome with a mosaic ceil- ing, is paced round and round, or occupied in groups, by barristers, attorneys, and strangers, while business is proceeding in the several courts which are in the periphery of the hall. Return- ing on the same side, and descending with the river, Sackville-street, a spacious and even noble avenue, opens on the left. At about half its length appears Nelson's pillar, a heavy column, placed in its centre, with a perversness of absur- dity rarely seen to break a fine and complete view. The new Post-oflice, a fine building, with an Ionic fluted portico surmounted by a pediment and several allegorical figures, is in this street immediately near Nelson's pillar ; and at the re- mote end another handsome mass of buildings, comprises the Lying-in Hospital and Rotnnd» Assembly-rooms. A little further on are the King's Inns, comprising the record-ofiice and prerogative court; a recent edifice, with much of architectural and well-executed sculptural orna- ment. Having retraced his steps to the river, and followed its course a short way, the observer be- holds the Custom-house, with its principal front nearly at the water's edge — its centre a Doric portico, supporting an entablature and frieze rather too ornamental, with various allegorical groups single figures, — and a noble dome, supported by columns and surmounted at its vertex by a colos- sal statue of Hope, — placed there most inauspi- ciously, — for all idea of customs or commerce has been abandoned even in expectancy, and the building receives another destination. Crossing again to the left bank or south side of the town, the spectator should halt for a moment on Carlisle- bridge to view Sackville-street, — unfortunately broken and disfigured by Nelson's pillar, but adorned by its own breadth and elegance, — the portico of the Post-office, and the Rotunda in the distance ; the south front of the Custom-house, and a noble line of walled quays, over an innavi- gable river flowing into a bay without ships ; Westmoreland-street, with on either side a por- ^ tico of the bank and a pavilion of the university ; and d'Olier-street, with the Dublin Library, and a view of the front of the new square of Trini- ty-college. A little furthur on to the south is the theatre, a handsome building, and adapted to its purposes, built in 1821 by Mr. Henry Harris, whose name is honourably associated with the English drama. There are in Dublin five squares ; three on the south and two on the north side of the river ; of which one, called Stephen's-green, may be called magnificent, from its space, ornament, and edifi- ces. The river is crossed by seven bridges within the city, all, with one exception, modern and well built, and one of them of cast iron. Sarah's bridge, so called from Sarah, countess of West- moreland, who laid the first stone in 1791, is about a mile above the city ; consisting of a single arch, beautifully constructed and of very picturesque eff'ect. Dublin is an archiepiscopal see, and is sin- gular in the United Kingdom as having two ca- thedrals, both of which are more interesting for their antiquity and monumental associations than for their architecture. St. Patrick's cathedral, founded in 1190, but commenced in its present form in 1370, is a Gothic structure, beautiful only for its arched stuccoed ceiling ; and containing, among many other monuments, that of Jonathan Swift, dean of St. Patrick's, " one who loved virtue, liberty, and his country ; and here only re leased from the torture of his honest indiirnation." Christ-church cathedral, founded, it is stated, DUD 266 DUL in 1038, but constructed successively some centu- ries later, is a dilapidated Gothic edifice, contain- ing some interesting monuments : among them that of earl Strongbow, the first English invader of Ireland. There are, besides the two cathedrals, nineteen churches and two chapew of east ; of which few are deserving of particular notice. St. Andrew's is a vain and unfinished attempt after the church of the Rotunda at Rome St. Wer- burgh's exhibits the Ionic, Corinthian, and com- posite, in its faoade ; and contains tlie remains, but not the monument, of lord Edward Fitzge- rald. St. George's is a modern edifice, with a handsome Ionic fluted portico and a light and lofty steeple. There are in Dublin twenty Roman (Catholic chapels. The metropolitan chapel, built by sub- scription, and begun in 1816, is in the best taste, — a large edifice, with a simple but majestic Doric portico, resting on an elevated plane, approached by a flight of steps, and sustaining a marble pedi- ment. The places of worship for dissenting non- catholic congregations are also very numerous, and exceed, in proportion, the number in any other part of the United Kingdom. There are about a hundred public hospitals, and other be- nevolent institutions and private associations, for the relief, protection, reformation, and education of the poor. Dublin contains one public and two large sub- scription libraries ; the Dublin Society, for pur- poses of science and art ; the royal Irish acade- my, and several others. Literature, however, in Dublin is rather an accessory accomplishment than a profession : there is no authorship, no pub- lishing trade. The university sends forth well educated and disciplined generations, but does no more : the junior fellov/s are occupied with the " crambre repetita" of public and private lectures, and other academic duties, whilst the senior fel- lows I've in opulence and learned ease. The medical and surgical schools are well sup- plied with professors and all the other means of knowledge, — much frequented, and in high re- pute. Several attempts have been made in Dub- lin, but without success, to establish a school of art : men conscious of their genius, or who have proved it, migrate to London. From these may be singled out, without distinguishing invidious- ly, the president of the royal academy in London (Mr. Shee,) and Mr. Mulready. The chief manufactures of Dublin are, what are called Irish poplins, tabinets, silks, cottons, wool- ens, and hardware, — of which last the extent does not at all equal the excellence. Dublin occupies a square area of about 2 m. and a half. It is distant 102 m. from Belfast. 95 from Waterford, 122 from Limerick, and ir)G from Cork. Lat. 53. 21. N. Long. 6. 0. 15. W. Top. 200,000. Dublin, p.t. Cheshire Co. N. H. 70 m. fr. Bos- ton. Pop, 1,218. Also tov.-ns in Huntington, Bedford, Philadelphia and Montgomery Cos. Pa., Laurens Co. Geo. and Franklin Co. Ohio. ZJwAoJs, 8 county of Indiana. Pop. 1,774. Por tersville is the chief town. Dubro, a town of Russian Poland in the pro- vince of Volhynia, seated on the banks of a branch of the Przypiec, near the frontier of Galicia ; it was formerly celebrated for its great annual fair. It is 24 miles S. E. of Lucko. Pop. about 6,500, chiefly Jews. Duddingslon, a pleasant village on the S. side of Edinburgh, Scotland. Duderstadt, a town of Germany, in the territory of Eichsfeld, 18 miles E. of Gottinisen. Pop. about 4,000. s H Dudley, a town of Worcestershire, Eng., insu- lated in the county of Stafford, 10 miles W. by N. of Birmingham, and 128 from London. It is a place of antiquity, having the remains of a castle, built about the year 700 ; the neighbourhood abounds in coal, iron, and limestone, and the town participates largely in the manufactures of the dis- trict ; having about 20 establishments fo! the man- ufacture of nails, anvils, vices, tracery, and other heavy iron work ; 10 other establishments for th« manufacture of fenders and fire irons, 5 glas* houses, and two other establishments for glass cutting; 3 malt and coffee mill makers, 20 malt ing houses, &c. &c. It has two churches, that of St. Thomas, recently rebuilt, is a beautiful structure with a lofty spire. The pop. which in 1801, was only 10,107, and in 1811,13,925, in 1821 had increased to 18,211. Dudley, a town in Worcester county, Massa chusetts near the frontier of Connecticut, 20 m. S. of Worcester. Pop. 2,155. Dvffel, a town of the Netherlands, a few m. N of Malines. Pop. about 3,000. Duisburg, a town of Prussia in Cleves. Duke of York Island, an island in the Pacific Ocean, discovered by commodore Byron, in 1765, lying N. of the Friendly islands. Long. 172. 30. W. lat. 7. 56. S. Duke of York Island, an island in the Pacific Ocean, lying between New Britian and New Ire land, so named by captain Carteret, in 1767, The natives go entirely naked ; are stout, well made, and of a light copper colour ; their hair is woolly, but they dress it with grease and powder, and make it hang straight. Their huts are made chiefly of bamboo, and placed under the shade of cocoa-nut trees, with a fence before them, within which the plantain, banana, yam, sugar-cane, &c are cultivated. The island produces, besides the plants above-mentioned, betel-nuts, mangoes, bread-fruit, and guavas. Here are also dogs, hogs, poultry, and some spices. The nutmeg was seen by captain Hunter, who anchored in Port Hunter bav, in this island, in 1791. Long. 151. 20. E. lat 4. 7. S. -Dw/ie's CowKiy, in Massachusetts. See Martha's Vineyard. Dulas, a village of Wales in the isle of Angle- sey, 10 m. N. W. of Beaumaris. It stands on the Irish sea at the mouth of a river of the same name ; and is much frequented on account of tlie corn and butter trade, and for fern-ashes and kelp. Pop. in 1821, 220. *^* There are several small rivers in different parts of Wales, named Dw/as, and also a village in Herefordshire. Dulcigno, a town of European Turkey, in Alba- nia, seated at the mouth of the river Boina, 15 m. S. W. of Scutari, which see. Long. 18. 56. E lat. 42. 23. N. Pop. about 8,000. Duleck, a borough of Ireland, in the county of Meath, formerly the see of a bishop, but now an inconsiderable place. It is seated near the S. bank of the river Boyne, 3 m. S. W. of Drogheda, and 21 N. by W. of Dublin. Pop. of the town in 1821, 1,030, and of the parish 2,668 more. Dulken, a town of the Prussian states, lying about midway between the Rhine and the Maese, 20 m. N. by W. of Juliers.- Pop. about 4,000. DullfUn extensive parish in the highlands of Scotland, in the county of Perth, about 30 m. in DUM 867 DUN length, by 12 broad ; it is intersected hy the mili- tary road, from Sterling to Inverness, it contains a village of the same name on the N. bank of Loch Tay. Pop. of the parish in 1801, 4,05o, and in 1821, 4.508. Dulmen, a town of Westphalia, in the princi- pality of Munster, 14 m. S. W. of Munster. Pop. about 1,800. Dufverton, a town in Somersetshire, Eng. with manufactures of coarse woolen cloths and blankets, tt is seated near the Ex, 20 m. S. of Mlnehead, and 165 W. by S of London. Pop. in 1821, 1,027. Dulwich, a beautifully sequestered village in Surry, 4 m. S. of London. It is famous for a college, founded by Edward AUeyn a comedian, called the college of God's Gift ; to which is at- tached a gallery containing a beautiful collection of paintings; the village is seated in a vale. Pop. included with Camberweli, which see. Dtimarinc, a town of the island of Borneo, on the E. coast. Long. 117. 30. E., lat. 2. 10. N. Dumbarton, County of, sometimes called Dun- barton, formerly Lennox, formed a narrow strip of territory between the lowlands and highlands of Scotland, extending W. from near the Frith of Forth, for about 25 miles to the mouth of the Clyde, and then N. for about 25 miles more be- tween Loch Long and Loch Lomond, the mean breadth not exceeding 5 miles ; the grand canal from the Clyde to the Forth runs along the E. part of the county, which is divided into 12 par- ishes : the principal towns and villages are Cum- bernald and Kirkintilloch in the E. part ; Kirk- Eatrick, Killpatrick, Dumbarton, Cardcross, Bon- ill, and Kilmarnock in the centre ; and Rose- neath. Row, Lup, and Aroquhar in the N. The cotton manufacture is carried on in the central part of the county, and illicit distillation in the N. Dumbarton, the chief town of the preceding county, is a royal burgh, seated on the N. bank, of the Clyde, at the junction of the Leven, the outlet of Loch Lomond ; on a point of land form- ed by the junction of the two rivers is a castle, occupying a very commanding position, and formerly deemed the key of the pasturage be- tween the lowlands on the W., as well as com- manding the navigation of the Clyde. The town consists principally of one long street, in the form of a cresent, parallel with the Leven; over which is a handsome bridge of five arches. It has a handsome church, with a lofty spire erected at the close of the last century. Its prin- cipal manufacture is glass; a portion of the in- habitants are employed in the cotton manufac- ture in connexion with Glasgow. It has a con- venient port for small vessels, and a quay, but no custom house, being included in the port of Greenock. It is 12 miles W. N. W. of Glas- gow. Pop. in 1801, 2,541, and in 1821, 3,481. Dumbooc, or Domboo, a salt lake on the north frontier of Bournou, in the interior of North Africa, from whence much salt is carried to Agades and other parts of western Africa ; there I is a considerable town of the same name on the W. side of the lake, which is S. of the Tropic of Cancer, in the long, of 21. 50. E. Dumfries, a county of the S. of Scotland, being about 65 miles in extreme length from E. to W., and 30 in mean breadth its superficial area being 1,006 square miles ; it is bounded on the N. by the counties of Ayr, Lanark, Peebles, Selkirk, and Roxburg, and E. S. E. by the English border, W. S. W. by Kirkcudbrightshire, and S. by the Solway Frith : is intersected from N. to S. by three considerable rivers, abundant in salmon and trout, viz. the Nith, Annan, and Esk, all run- ning from the N. into Solway Frith, and is divid- ed into 44 parishes, including four royal burghs, viz. Dumfries, Annan, Lochmaber, andSanquha,, A great part of this county is mountainous, over- spread with heath, well stocked with game, and affording pasturage to numerous herds of sheep and black cattle, which are driven into England, in great numbers ; the valleys watered by the three rivers before mentioned, and the coast bor- dering on the Frith, are fertile both in pasture and tillage ; the mountains in the N. W. part of the county contain a bed of rich lead ore, yield- ing a small portion of silver ; coa and lime abound over the greater part of the county, and on the English border both copper and iron have been found ; the county also contains a vein of anti- mony, and two mineral springs. It has no man- ufactures of importance. Dumfries, a royal burgh, and chief town of the preceding county, seated on the E. bank of the river Nith, where that river forms the boun. dary between the counties of Dumfries and Kirkcudbright, and about 7 miles above its en- trance into Solway Frith. Dumfries is a port of entry, but its external commerce is inconsideru/- ble (except coastwise) ; it derives its chief impor- tance from being the assize town for the county of Kirkcudbright as well as for Dumfries, and from being the seat of the commissary and sher- iff court and of the Presbytery and Synod, while the agreeableness of its locality renders it the focus of gaiety and fashion for all the S. W. part of Scotland. It has 2 bridges over the Nith, one of them ancient, the other modern and elegant, 2 churches, a catholic chapel, and 4 dissenting places of worship. Its other public buildings are the town house, guild-hall, infir- mary, house of correction and lunatic asylum ; Dumfries is 38 m. W. N. W. of Carlisle, 75 S. W. of Edinburgh, 79 S. S. E of Glasgow, and 80 E. N. E. of Port Patrick. Pop. in 1801, 7,288, and 1821, 11,052. It is the place of interment of Burns, Dummer, t. Coos Co. N. H., 20 m. fr. Lancas- ter. Pop. 65. Dun, a to wo of France, in the department of Meuse, on the river Meuse, 15 m. N. N. W. of Verdun. Dun le Roi, a town of France, in the department of Cher, on the river Auron, 15 m. S. of Bouges. Dunamnnde, a town of Russia, in the govern ment of Riga. It formerly belonged to the duchy of Courland, but was taken by the Swedes in their wars with the Poles. In 1700 it was taken by the Poles, and retaken the next year by Charles XII. In 1710 it was taken by Peter the Great. Tt is situate at the mouth of the Dwina, 15 m. N. W. of Riga, to which it is the outport, and 20 N. of Mittau. Long. 23. 41. E., lat. 57. 5. N. Dunaburgh, a town of Russia, in the govern- ment of Vitepsk, seated on the E. bank of the Dwina, about 100 m. above Riga. The Rus- sians formed extensive entrenchments near this place in 1812, but abandoned them on the ap- proach of the French towards Moscow. Pop. about 6,000. Dunbar, p.t. Fayette Co. Pa. Dunbar, a town of Haddingtonshire, on the S. E. coast of Scotland, seated on the shore of a bay opening in the German Ocean, the har- bour, defended by a battery, is difficult of access, but safe and commodious when attained. It is a port of entry, but its foreign commerce is in- DUN 268 DUN considerable ; it has a yard for ship-building, a roperj'', soap work, one or two iron founderies; exports a considerable quantity of corn to the London market, and the inhabitants in the sea- son pursue the herring fishery with much indus- try. Here was anciently a castle, now in ruins, wliich stood on a rock, and before the use of artillery, was deemed impregnable. Under the rock are two natural arches, through which the tide flows ; and between the harbour and the cas- tle, is a stratum of vast basaltic columns of red Btone, interspersed with veins of jasper. Dun- bar is distinguished in various periods of Scot- tish history through several centuries, and was formerly deemed of much greater importance than at present. It was created a royal burgh about the middle of the 14th century. The parish ex- tends for about 9 m. along the coast, and in 1801 contained a pop. of 3.951, and in 1821,5,272. It is 27 m. E of Edinburgh, and 29 N. W. of Ber- wick on Tweed. Lat. 56. N. and 2. 30. of W. long. Dunbarton, p.t. Merrimack Co. N. H. 65 m. fr. Boston. Pop. 1,067. Dunblane, or Dumblane, a town of Scotland in Perthshire, formerly a bishop's see, with a mag- nificent cathedral ; it is 6 m. N. of Stirling. Pop. in 1821, 3,1 as. Duncanshj, or Dunijisby Head, the extreme N. E. point of Great Britain, in the lat. of 58. 40. N. and 3. 8. of W. long. Dancanville, p. v. Barnwell Dis. S. C. Dunchurch,a. village in Warwickshire, Eng. 80 m. N. W. of London on the mail coach road to Liverpool and to Holyhead, by Birmingham, which makes it a place of great intercourse ; it derives its name from its situation on the border of what was formerly an extensive heath, called Dunsmore heath, celebrated for a legendary tale of a cow of enormous size, which roamed upon it. Dundalk, a parish and town on the E. coast of Ireland, in the county of Louth, and of which it is the assize and chief town. The town is seated at the mouth of a small river, falling into a bay of the same name. It participates largely in the linen manufacture, and is distinguished for a manufacture of fine cambrics, established in 1737. It has a custom house, and an elegant town hall, and other public buildings. Pop. in 1821, 9,256, and the parish 3,096 more. It is 18 m. N. of Drogheda, and 12 S. of Newry. It re- turns a member to the parliament of the United Kingdom. DwruZcc, a seaport of Scotland, seated at the S. extremity of Angus, or Forfarshire, on the N. shore of the Frith of Tay, whicli forms a con- venient and commodious harbour for ships of large burthen. Next to Edinburgh and Glas- gow, Dundee is the most manufacturing and commercial town in Scotland ; independent of its extensive coasting trade, it imports a large quantity of flax and other products direct from the Baltic, and employs several ships in the Greenland whale fishery. Its manufactures con- sist of sail-cloth, cotton, bagging, osnaburgs and other heavy linen fabrics, and coloured sew- ing threads. The town consists of 4 principal streets, diverging from a square in the centre ; the public buildings are a town house, trades hall, infirmary, ophan and lunatic asylum, 3 churches, and a theatre. Dundee was erected into a royal burgh in 1165, and has been exposed to the repeat- ed ravages of the contending parties which have prevailed in Scotland since that period ; the last time it suffered from such cause was in the time of Cromwell, when it was taken by assault and given up to pillage by the troops under gen- eral Monk, who shared £(50 a man from the booty they obtained. It is 22 m. E. of Perth, and 42 N. E. of Edinburgh. Lat. 56. 27. N. and 3. 3. ot W. long. Pop. in 1801, 26,084, and in 1821, 30,575. Dundonald, a village S. of Irvine, in Ayrshire, Scotland, abounding in excellent coal. The cot- ton manufacture is also carried on in the villages. Pop. in 1801, 1,^0, and in 1821, 2,4o2. Dunfermline, a royal burgh of Scotland, in Fifeshire, seated near the S. W. extremity of the county about 3 m. from the north sliore of iho Frith of Forth. It is celebrated for its once mag nificent abbey, which fell a prey to the plunder ing army of Edward I., and as the place of inter- ment of Malcolm Canmore, the founder of the abbey ; 7 other Scottish monarchs, 5 queens, and several of the most eminent persons who figure in the Scottish history. Dunfermline has been celebrated in latter times for its extensive manu- facture of fine linen, and still ranks among the most important manufacturing towns of Scotland. The town is well built on an ciiiinence, and com- mands some beautiful prospects of the surround- ing country ; its jjublic buildings consists of a town house, an elegant guildhall, &c. It is 17 m. W. of Edinburgh. Pop. in 1801, 9,980, and in 1821, 13,681. Dungannon, a town of Ireland, in the S. E part of the county of Tyrone. It returns a mem ber to the parliament of the United King dom. It is 11 m. N. by W. of Armagh, and 73 from Dublin. Pop. in 1821, 3,243. Dungarvon, a town of Ireland, seated at the head of a bay, in the county of \Vaterford ; al- though the harbour is safe and convenient, it is not a port of entry, its principal trade consists of potatoes and fish, for the Duljlin market. It re- turns a member to the parliament of the United Kingdom, and is frequented in the summer sea- son for sea bathing ; the principal object of the town is the ruin of an ancient castle, 17 m. W. by S. of Waterford, in the lat of 52. 2. N. and 7. 35. of W. long. Pop. in 1821, 5,105. Dungencss, a celebrated promontory forming the S. E. point of the county of Kent, Eng. at the entrance into the straits of Dover ; the light- house is in the lat. of 50. 55. 1. N. and 0. 57. 48. of E. long. Dunkcld, a town of the highlands of Scotland, seated on the N. bank of the river Tay, in a de- lightfully romantic part of the county of Perth. — It was the capital of ancient Caledonia; and at an early period a Pictish king founded here a monastery of Ciildoes, which was converted into a bishopric by David I. in 1130, and for a length of time held the first rank in Scotland. The choir of the cathedral is still entire, and serves for the parish church. At a more recent period it was much frequented as a place of fashionable retreat, and for obtainmg goat's whey ; but this practice has ceased. The town and surrounding country is claimed by the Duke of Argyle, as his exclusive property, and as such, he has convert- ed the whole of the adjacent vicinity to his own immediate profit and gratification ; here is an elegant bridge of 7 arches over the Tay. Dun- keld is the chief market town of the highlands it is 15 miles N. of Perth, on the line of the mili- tary road to fort Augustus and Inverness. Poo in 1821, 1,364. DUN 269 DUR Dunkard, a township in Greene Co. Pa. Dunkirk, a seaport of France, in the depart- ment of Nord. It was taken from the Spaniards by the English and French in 1658, and put into the hands of the English, but sold to the French by Charles II. in 1662 Louis XIV. made it one of the best fortified ports in the kingdom ; but all the works are demolished, and the basins filled up), in consequence of the treaty of Utrecht, in 1713. The French afterwards resumed the works ; but they were ordered to be demolished at the peace of 1 763. They continued thus till the peace of 1733, when the works were again resumed ; and the next year it was declared a free port. The English attempted to besiege this place in 1793, but were obliged to retire with loss. Dunkirk is divided into the old and new town, is well built, has a sp.icious market place, and an elegant modern built church ; as a sea- port it is now but of little note. It is the seat of a prefect, and in 182.5 contained a population of 23,012; 16 m. E. by N. of Calais. Dunkirk, p. v. King and Queen Co. Va. DunlapsvUle, p. v. Union Co. Indiana. Dunleary See Kingstown. Dunmow a corporate town in Essex, Eng. It is seated on a hill, 13 m. N. N. W. of Chelms- ford, and 38 N. E. of London. Pop. in 1821, 2,409. Dunmow, Little, a village 2 miles from Dun- mow. It had once a monastery, built in 1103, and part of the priory now forms the parish church. This place is famous for the tenure of its manor; namely, that whatever married couple will go to the priory, and swear they have not repented of their marriage, within a year and a day after it took place, shall receive a flitch of bacon. Dunnet Head, an extensive promontory of Scotland, in the county of Caithness. Its N. ex- tremity, in the Pentland frith, is the most north- ern point of Great Britain. Long. 3. 29. W. lat. 58. 42. N. it gives name to a bay on the west ; on the E. shore of which is a village of the same name. See Thurso. Dunnose, a cape in the English channel, on the S. E. side of the Isle of Wight. Long. 1. 12. W. lat. 50. 37. N. Dunmhury, p. v. Lycoming Co. Pa. Dunse, a town of Scotland, the largest in Ber- wickshire. Here is a woolen manufacture, and a celebrated mineral well, similar to that of Tum- bridge in England. It is situate under a hill, near the river Whiteadder, 14 m. W. of Berwick, and 40 E. S. E. of Edinburgh ; it is distinguish- ed as the birth place of Joannes Duns Scotus, in 1274. Pop. in 1821, 3,773. Dunsinnan, or Dunsinane, a hill, 6 miles N. E. of Perth, in Scotland, 1,024 feet above the level of the sea ; immortalized by Shakspeare, in his drama of Macbeth. Dunstable, a town in Bedfordshire, Eng. It is of great antiquity, having been ruined by the Danes, and restored by Henry I., who made it a borough, but no members were ever sent to par- liament. The church is the remainder of a prio- ry, and opposite to it is a farm house, once a roy- al palace. Dunstable consists principally of one long street, and is celebrated for its manufactures of straw for bonnets, &.c. It is seated on the verge of a range of chalk hills, which extend across the counties of Bedford, Buckingham, and Oxford ; and large quantities of larks, are caught in its vicinity, and sent to the London market It is 33 miles N. N. W of London. Pop. in 1821 1,831. Dunstable, p.t. Hillsborough Co. N. H. on the Merrimack, 34 m. from Boston. Pop. 2,417. Dunstable, p.t. Middlesex Co. Mass. 25 m. N. W. of Boston. Pop. 593. Also a township in Lycoming Co. Pa. DunstanviUe, p. v. Edgefield Dis. S. C. Dunstaffnage, a castle of Scotland in Argj'le- shire, one of the first seats of the Pictish and Scottish monarchs. Here was long preserved the famous stone, used as the coronation seat of the Scottish monarchs, which was removed to Scone by Kenneth II., and thence by Edward I., m 1296, to Westminster abbey, where it now re- mains as an appendage to the coronation chair. Some of the ancient regalia still continue in the castle ; and near it is a small roofless chapel, of elegant architecture, where several of the kings of Scotland are said to be interred. It stands on a promontory, almost insulated, at the entrance of Loch Etive, 24 m. N. W. of Inverary. Dunster, a town in Somersetshire, Eng. It has a castle, an a steep knoll ; and at one corner of the terrace is an ancient turret, supposed to be part of the original castle, built in the time of William I. A priory stood on the N. W. side of the castle, part of which now serves for the parish church. It stands on the edge of a vale, near the Bristol channel, 20 m. N. W. of Taunton, and 161 W. of London. Pop. 895. Dunwich, a borough in Suffolk, Eng. It was formerly a bishop's see, and had many churches which have been swallowed up by the sea. The remains of two churches and a palace are the on- ly marks left of its former greatness. It is seated at the top of a loose 0118*24 miles S. of Yarmouth, and 100 N. of London ; it returns 2 members to parliament. Pop. in 1821, 200. *^* There are numerous other towns and villa- ges in England, the names of which begin with Dun, a Saxon word signifying a down or level place, or country. There are also a number more in Ireland, and Scotland, but none that merit any particular mention. Duplin, an interior county in the S. E. part of the state of North Carolina, watered by' the N. E. branch of cape Fear river. Pop. 11,373. Kenans- ville is the chief town. Duprcesville, Northampton Co. Va. Duquella, a province of Morocco, about 80 m. long and 60 broad, exceedingly fertile in corn and pasture. Durance, a river in the S. E. of France, which is formed near Briangon, of th'- rivulets Dure and Ance, and flows by Embrun, Tallard, Sisteron, Monsoquc, Cavaillon, and Avignon, into the Rhone. Durango, a town of Spain, in Biscay, 14 m. S. E. of Bilbao. Duranso, one of the 15 new divisions of Mexi- co, extended from the lat. of 24. to 32. N. compri- sing the greater portion of the late province of New-Biscay, intersected from S. to N. by the main ridge of the Andes. Its superficial area is computed at 129,247 square miles, and it. 1803 contained a population of 159,700. The chief town of the same name, is seated near the S. end of the province in the lat. of 24. 10. N. and 104. of W.long. at an elevation of 6,854 feet above the level of the sea. It is about 520 miles N. W. of the city of Mexico Pop. about 12,000. Durazzo, a town of European Turkey, capital of Albania, and a Greek archbishop's see. It has z2 DUR 270 DUX a ruined fortress, and a good harbour on the gulf of Venice, 50 m. N. of Alvona. Long. 19. 3(5. E. lat. 41. 25. N. Pop. about 5,000. Durbunffa, a town of Hindoostan, in Bahar, near the (rogary, 50 m. N. E. of Patna. Durbuif, a town of the Netherlands, in Luxem- burg, seated on the Ourthe, 25 m. S. by W. of Liege, and about the same distance E. by S. of Namur. Duren, or Deuren, a town of the Prussiaji states of the Riiine, on the E. banis of the Roer, in the duchy of Juliers, 15 m. E. of Aix-la-Chapelle. Pop. about 4,700. Durham, a maritime county, on the N. E. coast of England, bounded on the S. and S. W. by the river Tees, which divides it from Yorkshire ; the western extremity of the county jets upon West- moreland and Cumberland, and the rivers Der- went and Tyne divide it from Northumberland on the N. ; the line of the coast from the mouth of the Tees to the Tyne, is about 32 miles, but in its extreme extent from N. to S. the distance is 36 miles, and from E. to W. about 40 miles; be,' r, however of a triangular form, its superfi- cial area does not exceed 1,061 square miles. All the W. part of the county is mountainous, some of the peaks rising upwards of 2,000 feet above the level of the sea : from these mountains rises the river Wear, which by its circuitous course and collateral streams, waters all the interior parts of the county. The chief characteristic of this county, is the coal mines, which yield about two million tons annually, chiefly for the supply of London, and the E. and S. E. parts of Eng- land. The river and coasts abound in salmon and o)^>er excellent fish, while the E. and S. E. parts oi' the county yield a surplus of agricultural produce, both in grain and cattle : it owns also a considerable extent of shipping, employed chiefly in the conveyance of its coal, the value of which, including the freight and its supply of agricul- tural produce, together with some lead, iron, and mill-stones, constitute an exchangeable amount, exceeding £1,000,000 per annum. The principal towns besides the capital of the same name, are Stockton, Darlington, and Bernard castle, on the N. bank of the Tees; Gateshead, and South Shields on the S. bank of the Tyne ; Monk Wear- mouth, Bishop's Wearmouth, and Sunderland, at the mouth of the Wear ; Bishop's Auckland, Chester-le-Street, &c. iq the interior. Durham, City, the chief place, and capital of the preceding county, is seated on the banks of the river Wear, about the centre of the county, on the line of the great high road from London to Edinburgh, 10 miles from the sea in a direct line, about 20 from the mouth of the Wear by the course of the stream, 14 from the Tyne at Newcastle, 19 from the Tees at Darlington, 242 in a meridional line, and 255 by the line of road N. by W. of London. It was created a bishop's see, by a king of Northumberland prior to the conquest, who out of devotion conferred the whole county of Durham upon St. Cuthbert, a monk of Landisfarne, its first bishop, and his suc- cessors for ever. This grant was confirmed by William the Norman Conqueror, who constitu- ted it a principality, or county palatine ; hence the county is sometimes designated the principal- ity of Durham ; and the revenue of the see jus- tifies the appellation, it being the richest in Eng- land. The cathedral was founded towards the close of the 11th century, and is a magnificent ed- ifice, upwards of 400 feet in length, seated on an eminence 80 feel above the surface of the river; the principal tower is 214 feet in height. Besides the cathedral there are six other churches, three of them fine edifices, two Roman catholic, and several dissenting places of worship. Durham has also a stately castle, founded by William the Norman, now the bishop's palace, and several public buildings more immediately belonging to the city ; while the goal, house of correction, courts and governor's house for county purposes, have all been recently rebuilt in a handsome style. There are three bridges over the river; and on the whole, the city of Durham presents a very interesting and imposing aspect and is cele- brated in several pages of English history. It re- turns two members to parliament ; market nn Thursday ; it has no manufacture of importance. Pop. in 1801, 7,530, and in 1821, 9,822. Durham, p.t. Strafford Co. N. H. 11 m. fr. Portsmouth. Pop. 1,006. Also a p.t. Cumber land Co. Me. Pop. 1,731. Also a p.t. Middlesex Co. Conn. Pop. 1,116. Also ap.t. Green Co. N, Y. Pop. 3,039. Also a township of Bucks Co. Pa. Durkheim, a town of Germany, in the palati- nate of the Rhine ; seated on the river Hardt, 17 m. S. W. of Worms. Durkheim, or Tnrkheim, a town of France, in the department of Upper Rhine, where the French gained a victory over the Austrians in 1675. It IS 4 m. N. W. of Colmar. Dvrlach, a town Suabia, capital of Baden-Dur- lach, with a castle. It was formerly the seat of government of the grand Duke of Baden, who transferred his residence to Carlshrue, since the peace of 1814. Here are manufactures of porce- lain, cloth, and stuffs. It is seated on the Gies- sen, 15 miles N. N. E. of Baden. Long. 8. 35. E., lat. 48. 58. N. Pop. about 8,000. Dursle.y, a corporate town in Gloucestershire, Eng. In 1821 it had 3 establishments for draw- ing of wire, 4 for the manufacture of carding ma- chines, and 4 for the manufacture of woolen cloths; it had formerly a captle. It is 13 m. S. W. of Gloucester, 20 W. of Cirencester, and 108 from London. Pop. in J 821, 3,186. Durtal, a town of France, in the department of Mayenne and Loire. The chief trade is tan- ning. It is 16 m. N. E. of Angers. Dusky Bay, a bay on the S. W. coast of New Zealandf, in the Pacific Ocean. The country here is steep, and the hills near the sea-side are cover- ed with intricate and impenetrable forests. Abun- dance of excellent refreshments are found here • and it contains several coves and harbours. Long 166. 18. E., lat. 45. 47. S. Dusseldorf, a strong city of Westphalia, capital of the duchy of Berg. Contiguous to the palace is a celebrated gallery of paintaings. DussJedorf was taken by the French in 1795. It is seated on the river Dussel, near the Rhine, 25 m. S. of Wes- sel. [t was included in the sessions to P ussia m 1815, and is now the capital of a cirr t with about 356,000 inhabitants : that of the town about 20,000. Long. 6. 40. E., lat. 51. 12. N. Dutchess, a county of N. Y., extending for 45 m. along the E. bank of the Hudson river, and 22 in breadth. Poughkeepsie, the chief town, seat- ed near the banks of the river, is 60 m. N. of the city of N. Y., and 73 S. of Albany. Pop. 50,926. Dutton, a township in Penobscot Co. Me. Pop. G52. Duxbu.ry, I. Washington Co. Vt. Pop. 652. Duxbury, a town of Massachusetts, in Plymouth J2AS 271 EAT county, on the W shore of Massachusetts bay, with a harbour for small vessels, and a light-house at the S. extremity of the beach. It is situate S. bv E. of Plymouth, 3 m. across Plymouth bay. Pop. 2,705. Duyshurg, a fortified town of Westphalia, in the duchy of Cleves, with a Calvinist university. It has a considerable trade with Holland, and is seated on the Roer, near the Rhine, 12 m. S. by E. of Wesel. Duytz, a town of Westphalia, in the duchy of Berg, with a Benedictine abbey. It is inhabited chieSy by Jews, and seated on the Rhine, oppo- site Cologne. Dutfceland, one of the islands of Zealand, in Holland, E. of Schowen, from which it is separa- ted by a narrow channel. Dwina, a river of Russia, which runs from S. to N. into the White Sea, at Archangel. Dwina, another river of Russia, which issues from two lakes, one in the government of Twer, »nd the other in the government of Pskov, runs S. by W. to Vitepsk, then W. N. W. past Polotsk and Dunabourg, dividing the ancient province of Livonia on the N.,from Samigaliaon the S., and after a course of 450 m. in a. meri- dional line, and upwards of 600 by the course of the stream, falls into the gulf of Riga at Duna- maunde, a few miles below the city of Riga. Dyberry, a township of Wayne Co. Pa. Dyer, a county of West Tennessee. Pop. 1,904. Dyersburgh is the capital. Dynapoor, a town and fort of Hindoostan, in Bahar, near which is a diamond mine. It is seat- ed on the Ganges, 10 m. W. of Patna. Dysart. a borough of Scotland, in Fifeshire, with a good harbour. It has a considerable trade in coal, a salt work, a manufacture of checks, and some employ in building ships. The number of inhabitants in tne borough in 1821, was 1,658, and of the parish 4871 more. It is seated on the N. shore of the frith of Forth, 16 m. N. by £. of Ed- inburgh, and 20 S. W. of St. Andrews^ E EAGLE, a township of Hocking Co. Ohio. Eaglesham, a village of Scotland, in Renfrew- shire, 9 m. S. W. of Glasgow. It has bleaching- grouuds, and a considerable cotton manufacture. Pop. in 1821,1,927. Eaglesville, v. in Onondaga Co. N. Y. and Marengo Co. Alabama. EutinfT, with Old Brentford, a village in Mid- dlesex, having a great number of private schools for the education of the youths of the metropolis. Pop. of the parish in 1821, 6,608. See Brentford. Eaoowp., one of the Friendly islands, in the Pacific Ocean, discovered by Tasman in 1643, and by him named Middleburgh. The land gent- ly rises to a considerable height, presenting a beau- tiful prospect of extensive meadows, adorned with tufts of trees, and intermixed with plantations. Long. 174. 30. W., lat. 21. 24. S. Earl, townships in Bucks Co. and Lancaster Co. Pa. Earlston, a town of Scotland, in Berwickshire. Near it, on a rocky bank, stands Cowdenknows, an old building, now somewhat modernized ^ and on the adjacent knolls may be seen, the remains of its Broom, so renowned Scottish ditty. Earls- ton is seated on the river Leader; 35 m. S. E. of Edinburgh. Earn. See Erne. Easdale, a small island of Scotland, near the coast of Argyleshire, to the S. E. of Mull, cele- brated for its slate quarries, which abound throughout the whole island : it is also traversed in many places with basaltic veins and thin layers of quartzose and calcareous stones. Easenhall, a village in the parish of Monks Kirby, Warwickshire, seated near the river Avon, 4 m. N. by W. of Rugby ; the line of canal from London to Manchester and Liverpool passes through the hamlet. Easinsrtoo!d,9. town in the North Riding of York- shire, Eng. with a great trade in bacon and but- ter. It is 13 m. N. N. W. of York, and 208 N. by W. of London. Pop. 1821,1,912. Easthourn, a town in Sussex. Eng. noted for plenty of the birds called wheatears, and as a place of resort for bathing. Near it is a chaly- beate spring. In 1707 a tessellated pavement and a Roman bath were discovered here. It is seated near Beachy Head, in the English channel 15 m. E. S. E. of Lewes, and 61 S. S. E. of London. Pop. in 1821,2,607. East Cape, the most eastern extremity of Asia, on the W. side of Behring's strait, nearly opposite Prince of Wales Cape on the continent of America. Long. 92. 20. E. lat. 59. 17. N. East Chester, p.t. Westchester Co. N. Y. Pop 1,300. East Greenwich, p.t. Kent Co. R. I. Pop, 1,591. East Haddam, p.t. Middlesex Co. Conn. Pop, 2,763. East Hampton, p.t. Hampshire Co. Mass. Pop. 734. East Hartford, p.t. Hartford Co. Conn. Pop. 3,373. East JTffl»en, township, Essex Co. Vt. Pop. 33. East Kingston, p.t. Rockingham Co. N. H. Pop. 442. East Manor, a township of Lancaster Co. Pa. East JVantsviUe, a township in Chester Co. Pa East Sudbury, p.t. Middlesex Co. Mass. Pop. 944. East Windsor, p.t. Hartford Co. Conn. Pop. 3,537. Easton, p.t. Bristol Co. Mass. Pop. 1,756. Easton, p.t. Washington Co. N. Y. Pop. 3,753. Easton, p.t. Talbot Co. Maryland. Easton, p.t. Northampton Co. Pa. It is seated on the Delaware immediately above the Lehigh, and is a handsome town regularly laid out, with a large square in the centre. There are two bridges across the Delaware and Lehigh. The Delaware, Morris and Lehigh canals unite at this point, and afibrd it remarkable facilities for trade. Eastown, a township of Chester Co. Pa. Eastville, p. v. Northampton Co. Va. Eastwood ford, p. v. Union District, S. C. Eaton, p.t. Strafford Co. N. H. Pop. 1,432 Eaton, p.t. Madison Co. N. Y. Pop. 3..t58 Also townships in Luzerne Co. Pa. and Preble Co. Ohio EBR 272 EDD E'fdyciUe, p.v. Caldwell Co. Kentucky. EtUonton, p.t, Putnam Co. Geo. Eatontotcn, a village of Monmouth Co. N. J. Ehensburg, p v. Cambria Co. Pa. Easter Island, an isle in the Pacific Ocean, 12 leagues in circuit. It has a hilly and stony surface ; is naturally barren, and affords neither safe anchorage, fresh water, nor wood for fuel. Rats are the only quadrupeds, and there are but lew birds. The natives are industrious, and plant paper-mulberries and bananas, with regular fields of potatoes and yams. This island was seen by Davis in 1(586; it was visited by Roggewein in 1722, and by Cook in 1774. Long. 109. 57. W., lat. 27. 6. S. Eastport, p.t. Washington Co. Me. the most eastern point of the United states of America. The town is situated on Moose island, in Passama- quoddy bay, and is favourably placed for carrying on an extensive traffic, up the Passamaquoddy , and other rivers falling into the bay of Fundy. Lat. 44. 43. N. and 10. 5. or about 530 statute m. in a meridional line N. E. of Washington, in the Long, of 66. 49. W. of Greenwich. Pop. 2,450. Eastonness, a cape of England, on the coast of Suffolk, forming the N. point of Southwold bay. Eastwood, a parish of Renfrewshire, Scotland, seateu on the border of Lanarkshire, participat- ing largely in the cotton manufacture. Pop. in 1821,5,676. Eaton Socon, a town in Bedfordshire England, vnited with St. Neots, in Huntingdonshire by a handsome bridge over the river Ouse, 55 m. N. of London. Pop. of Eaton in 1821, 2,039, and of St. Neots, 1 ,255. Eause, a town of France, in the department of (Jers, 17 m. S. W. of Condom. Pop. 3,3.50. Ebeltoft, a town of Denmark, in Jutland, with a good harbour, on a bay of the Cattegat, 16. m. N. E. of Aarhus. Ebenezer, a town of Effingham county in Geo. situate on the Savannah 25 m. N. N. W. of Sa- vunnah. Ebenfurth, a town of Austria, on the Leyta, 22 m. S. of Vienna. Eberbach, a town of Germany, in the Lower Rnine, with a Cistertian abbey ; seated on the Keckar, llm. E. by N. of Hiedelberg, now in- cluded in the territorv of Baden. Ebermfinsfadt, a town of Franconia, in the prin- cipality of Bamberg, on the Wisent, near its en- trance into the Rednitz, 13 m. S. S. E. of Bam- berg. Eberstein, a town and castle of Suabia, 8 m. S. by E. of Baden. Ebervillc, a town of France, in the department of Puy de Dome, with a Benedictine abbey, seated on the Scioule, 8 m. N. of Riom. Ebingen, a town of Wertemberg, noted for its cheese, 7 m. S. of Hohenzollern Pop. about 3,800. Ebro, a river of Spain, the ancient Iberis, which rises in the mountains of Asturias on the confines of Leon, about 00 m. from the shore of the bay of Biscay, runs E. across the N. part of Old Cas- tile, and afterwards in a direction E. S. E., form- ing the boundary between that province and those of Biscay and Navarre: it then, in a S. E. direction, divides Arragon into nearly two equal parts, in- tersecting the S. part of Catalonia, and after a course of 300 m. in a meridional line, and about 400 by the course of the stream, past Logrono. Ca- lahorra, Tudfla and Saragossa. falls into the Med- iterranean a few m. below Tortosa. Tliere are several Islands off its mouth, and a canal runs par- allel with it through Arragon, used mor? for ir- rigation than navigation. The river is but little Used for navigable purposes, on account of its numerous shoaus and rapids. £cc/rs, a parish of Lancashire, Eng. consisting of five townships on the W. side of Manchester, (which see). Pop. in 1821, 23,331. EcdesalL Bierlow, a township in the parish of, and contiguous to Sheffield, Eng. on the S. W. side. Pop.inl801,5,362, and in 1821,9,113. See Sheffield. Ecclesfield, a town and parish 5 m. N. of Shef- field, the town in 1821 contained 7,163 inhabitants, and the remainder of the parish 5,333 more. See Sheffield. Eccle.sfechan, a town of Scotland, in Dumfrie- shire, noted for its great monthly market for cat- tle, 5 m. N. of Annan, and 15 E. of Dumfries. Pop. about 500. Ecclesho.il, a parish and town in Staffordshire, Eng. The bishop of Litchfield and Coventry has a castle here. It is seated on the river Sow, 7 m. N. W. of Stafford and 148 of London. The parish consists of 21 small townships ; the total pop. in 1821, 4,227, of which the town contained 1,254. Ecclesiastical State, or States of the Church. See Popedom, and Rome. Echoconno, p.t. Crawford Co. Geo. Echternach, a town of the Netherlands, in Lux emburg, on the river Sour, surrounded by moun- tains, 18 m. N. E. of Luxemburg. Ef.ija, an episcopal and populous town of Spain, in Andalusia, with manufactures of leather and shoes, and a trade in wool and hemp. It is seated on the Xenil, 62 m. E. N. E. of Seville. Eqhardsberfr, a town and castle of Upper Saxo- ny, in Thuringia, 10 m. S. W. of Naumburg. Eckernforde, a seaport of Denmark, in South Jutland, on a bay of the Baltic. Near the town in a fresh-water lake, which is connected with the bay. It is 14 m. N. W. of Kiel in Holstein. Long. 10. 1. W., lat. 54. 33. N. Eckmuhl, a small town of Bavaria, near to which Bonaparte defeated the Austrians in Apr. 1809 : it is 13 m. S. by E. of Ratisbon, and about the same distance W. of Straubing S. of the Danube. Economy, a beautiful little village in Beaver Co. Pa. on the Ohio, a few m. below Pittsburg. It is inhabited solely by the sect of Harmonists under the celebrated Rapp. The village is regu- larly laid out with wide and rectangular streets. The houses are mostly of wood. The inhabitants are Germans, and are very industriously occupied in manufacture, and husbandry. They have a woolen and cotton manufactory with steam ma- chinery on a large scale, also breweries, distille- ries, tanyards, «fec. The buildings for these are generally of brick. Here is also a handsome church, and a spacious building with a hall for concerts, a museum, a mineralogical collection, a mathematical school, a library and a school for drjiwing. Considerable attention is paid to the cultivation of grapes, and close to the village is a hill covered with vineyards. All their property is held in common. They carry on an extensive trade with the neighbouring county, and are in a very thriving condition. Pop. about 800. Eddenburs, p-v. Portage Co. Ohio. Ednm.fi town of North Holland, famous for its red rind cheeses ; seated on tiie Ey, near the ZnvdcrZee. 11 m. N. N. E. of Amsterdam. Eddystove, the name of some rocks in the En- EDI 273 EDI glish channel, lying S. S. W. from the middle of Plymouth soand, at the distsnce of 14 m. On the principal rock (for the rest are under water) Mr. Winstanley built a light-house in 1700, which was destroyed by a storm in 1703, and the projec- tor perished in it. In 1709 anotlier, built of wood, was erected by Mr. Rudyard, which was consumed by fire in 1755. Witliin four years after, one was built by Mr. Smeaton, wliich also was burnt down in 1770; and another, of stone, was completed by him in 1774, which has hither- to withstood the fury of the elements. The building to the height of 33 feet from the foun- dation, is a solid mass of stones, engrafted into each other ; above this are four rooms, one over the other, and at the top a gallery and lantern. It is nearly 80 feet high ; and its distance from the Ram Head, the nearest point of land is 12 m. Long. 4. 24. W., lat. 50. 8. N. Eden, p.t. Hancock Co. Me. Pop. 957. Also a p.t. in Erie Co. N. Y. Pop. 1,066. Edenhurg, p. v. Johnson Co. Indiana. Edenton, a town of North Carolina, capital of Chowan county ; it formerly gave name to an extensive district now divided into 8 or 9 coun- ties, in the N. E. corner of the slate. It is sit- uate on Albemarle sound, at the mouth of the Chowan, 110 m. E. by N. of Raleigh. Long. 77. 5. W.,lat. 32. 38. x\. Edessa, or Vodena, a town of European Turkey in Macedonia, once the residence of the Mace- donia>< kings. It is seated near the Viestrieza, 44 m. W. N. W. of Salonichi. Long. 22. 3. E., lat 40. 50. N. Edsu'i ion, p.t. Dukes Co. Mass. on the island ofMirthd's Vineyard. Pop. 1,509. Edgbanon, an out-parish of the town of Bir- mingham, {which see.) Edgecomh, p.t. Lincoln Co. Me. Pop. 1,258. Edgecomb, Mo-ant, a hill on the W. side of the harbour of Devonport, from the summit of which is an enchanting prospect of the surrounding country and the English channel. Edgecombe, an interior county on the E. part of N. Carolina, intersected by "Tar river. Pop. 14,933. Tarborough is the chief town. Edgefield, a district of S. Carolina, bounded on the S. W. by the Savannah river, comprising about 1,500 square m. of surface. Pop. 30,511. The chief town of the same name in the centre of the county, is 63 m. E. S. E. of Columbia, and 140 S.S. E. of Sivannah. Edgchill , a village in Warwickshire, Eng. 14 m. S. of Warwick, memorable for the first battle fought between Charles I. and the parliament, in 1642 ; from the brow of the hill there is an exten- sive and delightful prospect over the vale of Red horse. Edgricarc, a town in Middlesex, Eng. It stands on the Roman road, leading to St. Albans, 8 m. N. W. of London. Edinburghshire , or Mid Lothian, a county of Scotlind, bounded ou the N. by the Frith of Forth, E. by the shires of Haddington, Berwick, and Roxbnrg, S by those of Selkirk, Peebles, and Lanark, and W. by Linlithgowshire. It is divi- ded into 31 parishes, comprising an area of 354 square miles. The soil is fertile, and produces corn of all sorts with plenty of grass; also coal, iron, limestone, and black marble. The princi- pal rivers are the N. and S. Esk, Leith, Amond, and Gala, all flowing into the Frith of Forth. See Scotland. Edinburgh, the capital of Scotland stands on 35 the southern shore of the Frith of Forth about ft mile and a half from the sea. The situation of this interesting city is worthy of the capital of such a romantic land. Built on three lofty emi- nences, the interior arrangment of its streets and public edifices, and the surrounding scenery, af- ford a spectacle of the greatest beauty and variety. The castle, from which it originated, is built on the rocky verge of the central hill, and marks, with Holyrood-house on the opposite side, the limits of the Old Town. The northern division is occupied by the New Town, which is as remarkable for the neatness of its buildings and the elegance of its streets and squares as the more ancient quarter is for its closeness and irregularity. The two divisions are connected by a bridge thrown over the inter vening hollow, and an artificial hillock called the Mound. The southern quarter is less distinguished for regularity of plan than the New Town, but con- tains several important public buildings,and is join- ed to the other parts of the city by Bridge-street, formed of the north and south bridges, which re- spectively cross the two lakes, now dry, that former- ly' separated the different eminences, on which it stands. About a mile and a half distant is the Frith of Forth. On the east rise, the precipitous rocks named Calton-hill, Arthur's-seat, and Salisbury- crags ; the Corstorphine-hills bound the prospect on the west ; and the Pentland mountains, with those of Braid, form the romantic landscape of the south. The principal part of the Old Town consists of the High-street, which is more than a mile long, and in some parts ninety feet wide ; of Cowgate, which runs parallel with the former; and of innumerable lanes and alleys which form the communication between these great avenues. Owing to the narrowness of the inferior streets, and to the extreme height of the houses in the larger ones, this quarter of the city has to stran- gers an unpleasant appearance ; but when viewed without relation to the advantages of domestic comfort, there is something very imposing in its massy extent of building ; while the beautiful bridge across the southern valley, covered as it is on each side by rows of handsome houses, offers an object as picturesque as it is singular. The New Town is intersected by George-street, which is terminated by St. Andrew's-square on the east, and Charlotte-square on the west, and is 115 feet wide. The principal streets parallel with this are Prince's-street and Queen-street, which are cross- ed by others of proportionate width and extent. But every year is adding to the size and beauty of this elegant capital. The road by which it is con- nected with Leith has become a street, and the new road over the Calton-hill has opened another magnificent passage for its growing wealth. Of the public buildings of Edinburgh the most interesting are the palace and abbey of Holyrood. The former is a quadrangular edifice, surrounding a spacious court, the sides of which are ornamen- ted with piazzas. The west front is supported by circular towers at the angles, and has a portico and cupola resting on Doric columns. It was in a small apartment of the north-west tower that Rizzio was murdered while attending the unfor- tunate queen Mary ; and the bedchamber which she occupied, with some relics of its furniture, are still shown. The great gallery is 150 feet long by 72 wide ; and is now used by the nobility when they elect their sixteen representatives in parlia- ment. Of the ancient abbey only the walls re- main standing, but the spot marked out as itsbu' rial-ground possesses the dust of a long line of EDI 274 EGG kings. The rastle is at present employed as a ?iarrack, and can hold about 3,000 men. It was once a place of great strength ; the rock on which it is situated being near 200 feet above the plain beneath, and in some places overhanging the base. Palisades, a dry ditch surmounted by a draw- bridge, and two batteries to protect the gate, form the principal defences of the fortress ; the area of the whole occupying about seven acres. Of the religious edifices of Edinburgh, the church of St. (iiles is the principal and tiie most ancient. Charles I. made it the cathedra] of the new diocese, and it was a collegiate church as early as the year 14()6. It is built in the form of a cross, and occupies one entire side of the Par- liament-square. The most remarkable circum- stance connected with it is, that it is divided into four parts, each of which is a distinct church. It is here also that the General Assembly is held, and that the affairs of the Scottish church are or- dered by its ruling ministers. The part of the building most admired is the elegant tower and spire, which rise from the centre of tlie edifice to the heiglit of IGl feet, and are ornamented by richly wrought arches. Of the other churches it is only necessary to mention that of Trinity col- lege, founded by Mary of Gueldres in 1462, a no- ble Gothic structure ; and those of St. Andrew's and St. George, which are elegant buildings of modern erection. Besides these, which belong to the national church, there are six episcopal chapels, of which St. Paul's and St. John's, rais- ed within late 3'ears, are amongst the grandest of modern structures : the former is after the mod- el of King's college chapel, Cambridge ; and the latter is a parallelogram, the parts of which are composed in richest Gothic style. A Roman Catholic chapel built in 1814, is greatly admired for a similar species of architecture ; and almost every class of dissenters has its appropriate place of worship. The university was founded in the year 1582, but at that period had only one professor : anoth- er, however, was soon after appointed, and then a third, till the number increased to twenty-seven, the present establishment. The original building belonging to the university was so ill adapted to its increasing celebrity, that in 1789 it was part- ly taken down, and a new structure commenced ; but from want of funds the work was for many years delayed, and was not till of late resumed, and then on a diminished scale. The university library contains more than 50,000 volumns; and the number of students is, on an average, 2,000. Next to this establishment we may mention the high school, founded in the sixteenth century, and consisting of a rector, four masters, and near 500 scholars. The charitable institutions are numerous, and some of them richly endowed. The hospital, es- tablished by the celebrated jeweller of James VI., George Heriot, is a handsome Gothic edifice ; and under its venerable roof 180 boys are boarded and educated with benevolent care. Watson's hospital is also on a similar plan ; and there are others for the support of decayed tradesmen, their wives, and daughters. Of the literary and scien- tific institutions of Edinburgh, the Royal, Anti- quarian, and Wernerian societies are deservedly distinguished; and there is no other city in Europe where the men of letters and scientific ability bear so great a proportion to the number of the in- habitants. No particular manufacture is carried on in this city ; the working and trading classes being chief ly supported by the production and sale of the more general articles of domestic use. Edinburgh sends one member to parliament. Distance N. N. W. of London 39(5 miles. Lat. 55. 58. N. Long. 3. 12. W. Pop. in 1821, 112,335. See Lcith. Edisto, a river in South Carolina, which after a course of about 140 m. falls into tlie Atlantic Ocean by two channels, about 40 m. S. of Charleston. The island, formed by the diver- gence of the stream, contains about 3,000 inhabi itants, the greater part of whom are slaves. Edmonton, a village of Middlesex, England, C m. N. of Shoreditch Church, London, on the great high road to Edinburgh. It has notliing but its thoroughfare to entitle it to notice. Pop. in 1801, 5,093, and in 1821,7,900. Edwards, a county on the E. frontier of the state of Illinois, bounded by the great Wabash river, 35 m. from S. to N. and about 30 in mean breadth, the little Wabash intersects the W. side of the county ; and towards the S. part, between the two rivers. Pop. 1,G49. Albion is the capi- tal. Edwardsville, a village in Madison Co. Illinois.' Also a township in Greenville Co. Upper Can- ada. Eecloo, a populous town of the Netherlands, 11 m. N. by W. of Ghent. Effcrdlng, a town of Austria, with a castle, seated near the S. bank of the Danube, 12 m. W. of Lintz. Effingham, a village in Surry, Eng. 12 m. N. E. of Guilford. It was once a much larger place, and supposed to have contained IG churches, wells, cavities like cellars, having been frequently found in the neighbouring fields and woods ; and in the present church are some ancient stalls and monuments. Effingham, a county in the state of Georgia, bordering on the Savannah river, its area compri- ses about 500 sq. m. Pop. 2,969. Willoughby is the chief town. Effingham, p.t. Strafford Co. N. H. 67 m. fr. Portsmouth. Pop. 1,911. Egein, a town and castle of Germany, in the duchy of Mao-deburg, on the river Bode, 16 m. S. S. W. of Magdeburg. Egenhurg, a town of Austria, noted for good wine, 13 m. S. W.ofZnain in Moravia. Eger, a river in Germany, which rises in the principality of Culmbach, running in an E. N. E. direction through the circle of Saaz, and after a course of about 120 miles falls into the Elbe, near Leutmeritz. Eger, a fortified town at the western extremity of Bohemia, in the circle of Saaz, with a castle and college. It was taken by the French in 1742, but they were forced to evacuate it the next yecf through famine. Here are manufactures of lea ther, hats, cloths, and stuffs ; and its mineral wa- ters are famous. It is seated on the Eger, 90 m. W. bv N. of Prague. Long. 12. 27. E., lat. 50. 5. N. Pop. about 8,000. Egerseg Szala, a town of Lower Hungary, seat- ed on the banks of the Szala, which falls into the S. end of lake Balaton. Egg, an island of Scotland, one of the Hebrides, to the S. of Skye, 5 m. in length, and from 2 to 3 in breadth. It is partly flat, and partly hilly and rocky, with some basaltic pillars. The low grounds are fertile. Egg Harbour River, Great and Little, the former constituting the S., and the other the EGY 275 EGY N. boundary of Gloucester county, New Jer- sey; the harbours opening into the Atlantic Ocean, in the lat. of 3!). 17. and 39. 30. N. On both these harbours are towns of the same name. Egham, a village of England, in Surry, 18 m, from Hyde Park Corner, London, on the great western road. Eglingen, a town of Suabia, capital of a lord- ship of the same name, 8 m. N. of Dillengen. Eglisau, a town and castle of Switzerland, in the canton of Zurich, seated on the Rhine, 13 m. N. of Zurich. Egment op den Hoef, a village of North Hol- land, 3 m. W. by S. of Alkmaer. It appears to have been a considerable town, but was destroyed in 1573, by the enraged Spaniards, after their failure before Alkmaer. It now exhibits exten- sive and picturesque ruins perhaps the only ruins in all Holland. Near it are two other villages ; Egmont op Zee, a in. to the W. on the sea-coast , and Egmont Binnen, nearly two m. to the S.; where a bloody but undecisive battle was fought, in 1799, between the allied English and Russian army, and the French and Dutch. E^remont, a town in Cumberland, Eng. On the W. side is an artificial mount, with the ruins of a castle ; and 3 m. S. E. of the town, in the wooded vale of the Calder, are the remains of the Calder abbey. Egremont, is seated near the Irish sea, on the river Eden, 5 m. S. S. E. of Whitehaven, and 289 N. W. of London. Egremont, p.t. Berksnire Co. Mass. Pop. 889. Egypt, a country comprising the N. E. extrem- ity of Africa, having about 400 m. of coast, be- tween Alexandria, and El Arish, including the indentations of lakes and bays ; Cape Bourlos its N. extremity is in lat. 31. 3G. N., from which point it extends inlajid to the frontier of Nubia, in the lat. of about 24. 30. giving a length of about 503 m. while its boundaries E. and W. are very un defined. It is divided from Asia, at its N. E. ex- tremity, by an extensive desert, and further S. by the gulf of Suez, and the Red sea, (see Suez.) It is bounded on the W. by the deserts of Barca and Libya, and parts of Africa but I'.ttle known, and in its extreme limits from W. to E. may be considered as comprising about 2 degrees of long, or 122 statute m. between 31. and 32. E.; the inhabited parts however, do notexceed more than 15 to 25 m. on each side of the Nile, which runs in a direction N. by W. through the whole ex- tent of Egypt, except for about 120 m. above its entrance into the Mediterranean, where it diver- ges into two main and numerous collateral chan- nels. This is called the Delta of the jYile, com- prising an areaof about 12,000 sqiiare m. studded over, the greater part, with towns and villages. in the marshes of this region grows that remark- able reed grass celebrated in ancient times by the name of papyrus, the leaves of which affordej the first materials for making paper. It has a tapering stem surmounted by a tuft or plume of hairy leaves. This country, so celebrated in history for its fertility, its policy and arts, appears first to have attained pre-eminence under tiie renowned Sesos- tris about 1720 years antecedent to the christian era. For nearly four centuries prior to this period. Egypt appears to have been divided into several petty sovereignties, under what was then termed Hycsos or Shepherd Kings, of whom Amasis al Thetmosis was the first who gained an ascend- ancy over his compeers ; this ascendancy was acquired about 100 years prior to that of Sesostris ; and it appears to have been the de- scendants of Amasis who were ruling in Egypt at the time of the dearth in western Asia, when Jacob and his family established themselves in the valley of Gessen, or Goshen, east of the Nile. From the descendants of Amasis and Sesostris sprung the race of the Pharoahs, who ruled over Egypt for 12 centuries, until Cambyses king of Persia, became master of it, 525 years B. C By the Pharaoh's all those wonderful structures were raised, and works perfected, which we cannot behold without astonishment. These are, the pyramids, the labyrinths, the immense grottos in Thebaid, the obelisks, temples and pompous palaces, the lake Mceris, and the vast canals, which served both for trade, and to irrigate the land. After this conquest, Cambyses demolished the temples, disinterred the remains of Amasis and burnt them, and persecuted the priests. This country continued under the Persian yoke till the time of Alexander of Macedon, who having conquered Persia, built the city of Alexandria. He was succeeded by Ptolemv, the son of Lagos, 324 years B. C. Ten kings of that name succeed- ed each other, till Cleopatra, the sister of the last Ptolemy, ascended the throne ; when Egypt be- came a Roman province, and continued so till the reign of Omar, the second caliph of the successors of Mahomet, who drove out the Romans after it had been in their hands 700 years. When the power of the caliphs declined in the 13th century, Saladin set up the empire of the Mamelouks who in time became so powerful, that they ex- tended their dominions over a great part of Afri- ca, Syria, and Arabia. Next, about 1570, Egypt yielded to the arms of Selim, the 2nd emperor of the Turks, under whose dominion it still continues. The present inhabitants are composed of four different races of people; the Turks, who assume to be masters of the country ; the Saracen Arabs, who were conquered by the Turks ; the Copts, who were descended from the first Egyptians that became Christians ; and the Mamelouks, who were originally Circassian or Mingrelian slaves, and being the only military force, continu- ed for centuries to be the real masters of the country ; and Egypt had been for many years, distracted by the civil wars between the different contending beys, by which its 24 provinces were governed. The famous Hassan Ali, the Turkish admiral, gained several victories over them in 1786 ; but though he repressed, he could not totally subdue them. The French invaded Egypt in 1798, under Bonaparte, who defeated the beys in several engagements ; but after the departure of Bonaparte, a strong British force arrived to aid the country, and the French were expelled in 1801. But the Turkish Pacha, finding the EGY S76 EIB power of the Mamelouks broken by their con- flicts with the French, partly by treachery and partly by force, succeeded in driving them out of E butter, cheese, and corn. It is seated on a river of the same name, near its entrance into the Frlsche Half, 30 m. E. S. E. of Dantzic. Long. 19. 30. E. lat. 54. 18. N. Pop. about 18,000. Elbonen, a town of Bohemia, in the circle of Saatz, with a citadel ; seated on a mountain, by the river Eger, 10 m. N. E. of Egra. Etbridge, p.t. Onondaga Co. N. Y. Pop. 3,357. Elbum, a town of Holland, in Gelderland, on the E. coast of Zuyder Zee, 10 m. N. E. of Har- derwick. Elche Alhufera de, a town of Spain, in Valen- cia, 10 m. W. S. W. of Alicant. Elchingen, a village of Suabia, on the N. bank of the Danube, about 5 m. N. E. ofUlm, where a battle was fought between the French and Austrians in 1805, which obtained for Ney, one of Bonaparte's generals, the title of duke of El- chingen. Elda, a town of Spain, in Valencia, 20 m. W. N. W. of Alicant. Elderton, p.t. Armstrong Co. Pa. Eldridge, p. v. Buckingham Co. Va. Also a township in Huron Co. Ohio. Elephanta, called by the natives Gharipoor, an island on the W. coast of Hindoostan, 5 m. froin Bombay. It contains one of the most celebrated temples of the Hindoos. The figure of an ele- phant of the natural size, cut coarsely in stone, appears on the landing place, near the foot of a mountain. An easy slope then leads to a subter- ranean temple, hewn out of the solid rock, 80 feet long, and 40 broad, the roof supported by rows of pillars 10 feet high. At the further end are gigantic figures of the three Hindoo deities, Brahma, Vishna, and Seva, which were mutilated by the zeal of the Portuguese, when this island was in their possession. Elephanta was ceded to the English by the Mahrattaa Eleuths, a kingdom of Tartary, lying to the N. W. of Chinese Tartary. It was conquered in 1759 by the emperor of China. See Kalmucs. Elgin, a borough of Scotland, capital of Mur- rayshire, and formerly the see of a bishop. Here are many large old buildings over piazzas. Its cathedral was one of the most magnificent struc- tures in Scotland ; of which its rums are a sufli- cient proof. Twomiles to the N. E. on the banks of a lake, is the palace of Spynie, formerly the residence of the bishop, of which some rooms are still pretty entire. Elgin stands on the Lossie, 5 m. from its port at Lossiemouth, where there is a tolerable harbour, whence much corn is expor- ted. It is 38 m. E. N. E. of Inverness, and 163 N. of Edinburgh. Elginshire. See Murrayshire. Elinge, a village of Hampshire, Eng. at the head of Southampton bay, 5 m. W. of Southamp- ton. Here are docks for building and repairing ships, and store-houses for merchandize and corn, in which last it carries on a considerable trade. Elie. See Ely. Elizabeth City, a. smaM county of Virginia, for- ming the promontory between the mouths of York and James rivers upon Chesapeak bay. Pop. 5,068. The chief town is called Hampton, and gives name to the celebrated anchorage ground called Hampton Roads, at the entrance of James river. — A town of the same name is seated on the Pasquotank river, in North Carolina, which is uni- ted with Chesapeak Bay, by the canal cut through the Great Dismal Swamp. Elizabeth Islands, small islands near the coast of Massachusetts, bearing N. W. of Martha's Vine- yard, and belonging to Dukes county. They are about 16 in number ; the chief of which are Nas- hawn, Pasqui, Nashawenna, Pinequese, and Cha- tahunk. Nashawn, the largest, supports a con- siderable number of cattle and sheep, and is fa- mous for excellent cheese and wool. It is two miles from the continent, and the N. point 6. m. W. S. W. of Falmouth. Long. 70.38. W.,lat. 41.34. N Elizabeth, p.t. Essex Co. N. Y. Pop. 1,729. Elizabethtown, a town of New Jersey, in Essex county, with a handsome presbyterian church, an episcopal church, and an academy. It is situate on a creek of Newark bay, 14 m. W. S. W. of the city of New York. Pop. 3,451 . Elizabethtmcn, a town of North Carolina, chief of Baldwin county, seated on the W. bank of Cape Fear river. 36 m. S. by W. of Fayette ville. and 48 N. W. of Wilmington. Elizabethtown, or Hagerstoten, a town of Mary- land, chief of Washington county. It has a con- siderable trade with the western country, and the neighbourhood produces the finest Orinoko to- bacco. It is situate in a vallev, 70 m. W. N. W of Baltimore, and 80 N. N. W. of Washington Also townships and villages in Lancaster Co. Pa. Alleghany Co. Pa. Bladen Co. N. C. Hardin Co. . Ken. Carter Co. Ten. Gallaway Co. Missouri ; and Hamilton Co. Ohio. Elk, a river of Maryland, which falls into the head of Chesapeak bay. It has been lately united with the Delaware, by a Canal. Elk, a township in Athens Co. Ohio. Elk River, a. township in Columbiana Co. Ohio. Elk Creek, a township of Erin Co. Pa. Elkholn, p.v. Montgomery Co. Missouri. Elkland, a town of Lycoming Co. Pa. Elk Lick, a township of Somerset Co. Pa. Elk Marsh, p.v. Fauquier Co. Va. fiLS 279 £MB Elk Ridge, p.t. Anne Arundel Co. Maryland. Elklon, villages iu Todd Co. Ken. and Giles Co. Ten. Elkton. a town of Maryland, chief of Cecil coun- ty with a considerable trade, particularly in wheat. It is situate at the conflux of the head branches of the Elk, 13 miles from its raouth in Chesapoak bay. and 47 S. W. of Philadelphia. Long. 7C. 20. W. iat. 39. 40. N. Ellery p.t. Chatauque Co. N. Y. Pop. 2,001. Ellesinere, a town in Shropshire, Eng. with a considerable trade in malt. It has a canal from Shrewsbury, which passes hence, by Wrexham and Chester, to the estuary of the Mersey. The town is seated on a lar^e mere, 16 miles N. N. W. of Shrewsbury, and 178 N. W. of London. Pop. in 1821,6,056. E'lichpour, or EUishpoor, a town of Hiodoos- tan, in Berar, capital of a circar of the same name, subject to the Nizam of the Deccan. It was formerly the capital of Berar, and is 154 m. N.E. of Aurungabad. Long. 78. 5. E., Iat. 21. 12. N. EllicoU, p.t. Chatauque Co. N. Y. Pop. 2,101. Ellinaton, p.t. Chatauque Co. N. Y. Pop. 1,27!). Ellington, p.t. Tolland Co. Conn. Pop. 1,455. Elliot, p.t. York Co. Me. Pop. 1,845. Also the name of a missionary station in the eastern part of Mississippi. EUisbum, p.t. Jefferson Co. N. Y. Pop. 5,292. Ellisville, p. v. Nicholas Co. Ken. EUore, a town of Hindoostan, capital of one of the Circars, on the bay of Bengal. It is 32 miles north of Masulipatam. Long. 81. 15. E., Iat. 16. 43. N. Ellsworth, p.t. Hancock Co. Me. Pop. 1,385. Also a township in Trumbull Co. Ohio. Elnhoven, a town of Bohemia, capital of a ter- ritory, in the Circle of Saatz, with a castle on a rock, by the river Egra, 38 miles W. S. W. of Saatz. Long. 12. 50. E., Iat. 50. 20. N. Elne, a town of France, in the department of Eastern Pyrenees. It suffered greatly in the civil wars, during the reign of Louis XI. and is 8 miles S. by E. of Perpignan. Elora, a town of Hindoostan, in Dowlatabad, celebrated for its wonderful temple cut out of the natural rock. It is 15 miles N. of Aurungabad. Elphin, a town of Ireland in the county of of Roscommon, and the see of a bishop, 16 m. N. of Roscommon. Elrich, a town of Upper Saxony, in Thuringia, capital of the county of Hohenstein. It stands on the river Zorge, 12 m. N. N. W. of Nordhausen. Long. 10. 43. E., Iat. 51. 38. N. Elsflet, a town of Westphalia, at the conflux of the Hunlorf with the Weser, 13 m. E. N. E. of Oldenburg, and 12 N. W. of Bremen. Elsborough, t. Salem Co. N. Y. Elsinburg. See Helsinburgh. Elsinore, a town in Denmark, seated on the Sound, in the isle of Zealand. It is the most commercial place in Denmark, next to Copenha- gen, being the residence of a considerable num- ber of foreign merchants, and the consuls of the principal nations trading to the Baltic. A little to the E. is the fortress of Cronborg, which guards the Sound. Every vessel as it passes, pays a toll at Elsinore, in return for which, the crown takes the charge of constructing light- houses, and erecting signals to mark the shoals and rocks, from the Categat to the entrance into the Baltic. Elsinore has no harbour, but a good and safe road, and is 22 m. N. of Copenhagen. Long. 12. 35. E., Iat. 56. 9. N. See Cronborg. - Eisner, White and Black, two rivers of Upper Saxony, the first rises near the northern frontier of Franconia and runs N. nearly parallel with and E. of the Saal, into which it fills about 18 m. N. W. of Leipzig ; this river proved very disastrous to the French troops, on their retreat after the battle of Leipzig, in October 13] 3.— The Black Elster rises near the Spree in Upper Lusatia, and after a winding course E. of the Elbe, falls into tliat river in the duchy of Saxony. Elsterberg, a town on the W. bank of the White Elster, near its source, 7 m. N. of Plauen. Elsterioerda, a town and castle of Upper Sax- ony, in Misnia, on the E. bank of the Black Els- ter, 24 m. N. by W. of Dresden. Eltham, a town in Kent, En^. Here are the remains of a palace, in which Edward II. often resided, and his son, John of Eltham, was born; it is now in part converted into a farm house, and the stately hall forms the barn. It is 8 m. S. W. of London Bridge. Pop. in 1821, 1,883. Elvas, a strong frontier town of Portugal, in Alemtejo, and a bishop's see, with a castle. Here is a cistern so large, that it will hold water enough for the town for six months. The water is brought by a Moorish aqueduct, three miles in length, which, in some places is supported by several stories of arches. On the side of it is a forest of olive-trees, among which are walks and fine mountains. Elvas was bombarded by the French in 1706. A royal academy for young gentlemen was founded here in 1733. It is seat- ed near the Guadiana, 15 m. W. of Badajos, and 118 E. of Lisbon. Pop. about 16,000. Elvira, a township in Union Co. Illinois. Elwangen, a town of Suabia, near the S. frontier of Franconia, with a castle on a moun- tain ; seated on the Jaxt, 18 m. N. W. of Nord- lingen. Ely, a city in Cambridgeshire, Eng. and a bishop's see. It is seated on the Ouse (which is navigable hence to Lynn) in the fenny tract, call- ed the Isle of Ely. The spring assizes are held here. It is a county of itself, including the ter- ritory around it, and has a distinct civil and crimi- nal jurisdiction, of which the bishop is the head. It has a fine cathedral, but is otherwise a mean place. Tt is 17 m. N. of Cambridge, and 67 N. by E. of London. Pop. in 1821 , 5,079. Ely, or Elie, a town of Scotland, on the S. E. coast of Fifeshire, with a good harbour, with up- wards of 20 feet water at common tide, but has little trade. It is opposite to N. Berwick, and forms the N. point of entrance to the Frith of Forth. Elyon, p.v. Jefferson Co. Alabama. Elyria, p.t. Lorrain Co. Ohio. Elze, a town of Lower Saxony, in the princi- pality of Hildesheim, seated on the Leine, 12 m. S. W. of Hildesheim, and 20 S. of Hanover. Emanuel, a county of Georgia. Pop. 2,681. Swainsborough is the capital. Emboly, or Jemholi, a town of European Turkey, in Macedonia, and a Greek archbishop's see. "It is the ancient Amphipolis ; and is sometimes call- ed Christopolis. It is seated on the Strumona, at its entrance into the gulf of Contessa. Long. 23. 55. E., Iat. 40. 59. N. Embden, p.t. Somerset Co. Me. Pop. 894. Embrun, a city of France, in the department of Upper Alps. It'has a fortress built by Louis X IV. and is seated on a craggy rock, near the river Du- rance, 17 m. E. of Gap. It is the seat of a pre- fect, and in 1825, contained 3,002 inhabitants 1^ ENG 280 ENG Emden, a strong town of Westphalia, capital of K. Friesland. It has a good harbour and a safe road at the mouth of the Ems ; and considerable manufactures of stockings, soap, leather, and cot- ton. The greatest part of tiie inhabitants are Calvinists, but there are some Lutherans, Papists, and Jews. It was a free port under the protec- tion of the United Provinces, but in 1744 they sold their right to the king of Prussia. It was a neutral port during the early part of the war be- tween England and France, which began in 1793. It is now included in the kingdom of Hanover ; population about 12,000. It is 28 m. E. N. E. of Gronincen, and 47 W. N. W. of Oldenburg. Long. 7. 8. E., lat. 53. 20. N. Emmaus, a village of the Moravians in Lehigh Co. Pa. Emmendingen, a town of Suabia, in Brisgau, and chief town in the marquisate of Hochberg, seated on the river Ens, 10 m. N. by W. of Fri- burg. Emmerick, a strong town of Germany, in the duchy of Cleves. It has a considerable trade with Holland, and is seated on the Rhine, 22 m. N. W. of Wescl. Emmittshurg, p.v. Frederick Co. Maryland, 50 m. N. W. Baltimore. Ems, a river of Westphalia, which rises in the territory of Paderborn, and after a course of about 150 m. in a N. N. W. direction, flows at Emden, into the Dollart, a bay of the German Ocean. Ems, or Embs, a town of Germany, in Tyrol, near which are some baths impregnated with sulphur. It is 10 m. S. E. of the lake of Constance. Encheysen, a town of N. Holland, on the Zuider Zee. It was once a flourishing place ; but its harbour being now obstructed by sand, it has lost its former consequence. It wab taken by the Eng- lish in 1799. It is 27 m. N. E. of Amsterdam. Endeavour Strait, a strait of the S. Pacific Ocean, which separates New Guinea from the N. E. point of New Holland. It received its name from captain Cook, who explored it in 1770. Its length, is 10 leagues, and its breadth about five, except at the N. E. entrance, where it is contract- ed to less than two miles, by the islands called Prince of Wales Islands. Zndingen, a town of Suabia, in Brisgau, near the Rhine, 7 m. N. N. E. of Old Brisach. Enfield, a town in Middlesex, Eng. It was once famous for an extensive royal chase, disfor- ested in 1779 ; and had a royal palace, of which little now remains, the front having been taken down in 1792, and its site occupied by some houses. It is 10 m. N. of London. Pop. 8,227. Enfield, p.t. Grafton Co. N. H. 105 m. fr. Bos- ton. Pop. 1,492. Enfield, p.t. Hampshire Co. Mass. Pop. 1.058. Enfield, a town of Connecticut, in Hartford county, situate on the E. bank of the Connecticut, 16 m. N. by E. of Hartford. Pop. 2,129. Enfield, p.t. Tompkms Co. N. Y. Pop. 2,332. Also a village in Halifax Co N. C. Engudina, or Inthal, a delightful valley of Swit- zerland, in the canton of Grisons, extending along the banks of the river Inn, from its source to Tyrol. It is divided into Upper and Lower, the chief towns are Zurz and Cernetz. Ena'ion, a town of France, in the department of Aveiron, on the river Lot, 14 m. N. N. E. of Rhodez. It is the seat of a prefect, and in 1825 contained 3,261 inhabitants. •Esferance, p. v. Schoharie Co. N. Y. Ei'posenda, or Esparuletula, a sea-port of Portu- gal, in Entre Douro e Minho, at tiie mouth of the Cavado, 22 m. N. of Oporto. Long. 8. 21. W., lat. 41 . 32. N. Esquimaux, a people of North America, chiefly inhabiting Labrador, the shores of Hudson's bay, the country between Gulf Welcome and Mac- kenzie's River, and probably Bhering's Straits. To the S. they extend as far as Slave Lake, and, to the N., the territory which they occupy is bounded by an icy sea, if such a sea really exists, or else they extend their wandering excursions into a frozen desert. A permament establishment of this nation was met with by Captain Ross, at Prince Regent's Bay, in lat. 76. N. ; and their huts were numerous in many parts of Melville Island, in lat. 75. N. The latter officer observed them frequently in the islands of the Archipelago of Barrow's Straits, though their timidity preven- ted any intercourse. Little, squat, and feeble, the complexion of these Polar men partakes less of a copper hue, than of a reddish and dirty yel- low. Their huts, which are of a circular form, and are covered with deer-skins, can only be en- tered by creeping on the belly. Yet the rude necessities of the climate have suggested to this feeble race many contrivances which do honour to their ingenuity. The snaio-house, or the com- fortable, and comparatively speaking commodious dwelling, which they construct from the frozen snow that surrounds them, affords a favourable e.xample. The rapidity and neatness with which they raise these edifices, and render them imper- vious to the rigorous atmosphere around, is tru!y admirable; and these edifices, when finished, af- ford their inhabitants a similar protection to that which the vegetable world receives from a cover- inor of snow. The Esquimaux of Prince Regent's Bay, and of the Arctic Highlands, are entirely ig- norant of boats and canoes, affording, it is said, a unique instance of a fishing tribe unacquainted with the means of floating on the water. Ross advances strong grounds for considering them as the true aboriginal race, from whence all other Esquimaux are derived. They seem utterly ig- norant of the nations to the' south, and may b« considered as an independent tribe, separated by ESS 286 EST almost impassable mountains from the regions of South Greenland, and extending beyond the most northern inlet of Baffin's Bay. They are almost entirely destitute of religious ideas. The othei tribes have canoes made of the skins of the sea calf, which sail with great swiftness. These sav- ages patiently work a grey and porous stone into the shape of pitchers and kettles. The edges of these vases are elegantly ornamented. They preserve their provisions of meat in bags, filled with whale oil. Those who live near the mouth of Mackenzie's River, shave their heads, a pecu- liar custom, but not sufficient of itself to prove an Asiatic origin. Esquimnux Bay, a bay on the S. coast of Lab- rador, at the entrance to the straits of Belleisle from the gulf of St. Lawrence. Long. 57. 59. W., lat. 51.30. N. Esqinviaux Islands, a cluster of small islands in the gulf of St. Lawrence, off the entrance to the bay. Esserr, or Eszek, a trading town of Sclavonia, with a strong castle. It has a wooden bridge over the .'^rave, into Lower Hungary, and the marsh- es, 8 m. in length, and 80 feet in breadth, with towers at a quarter of a m. distant from each oth- er. It is a difficult pass, and several battles have been fought here between the Turks and Ger- mans. Esseg was taken from the Turks in 1087, since which time it has continued in the hands of the house of Austria. It is seated on the river Drave, 100 m. W. N. W. of Belgrade, and 136 S. of Buda. Long. 19. 16. E., lat. 30. 45. N. Pop. about 9,000 Essen, a town of Westphalia, in the duchy of Berg. Here are several Catholic churches and convents, but the inhabitants are chiefly Luther- ans. It is 8 m. E. of Duysburg. Essens, a town of Westphalia, in East Fries- land, near the German Ocean, 20 m. N. N. E. of Emden. Essequiho, a river of Dutch Guiana, on which is a settlement of the same name, in lat. 7. N. long. 58. 30. W. It formerly belonged to the Dutch, but was ceded to the English in 1814. The river is 300 m. long and 20 wide at its mouth but incommoded with shoals. The whole dis- trict is fertile and well cultivated, producing cof- fee, cotton, sugar and cocoa. Essex, a maritime and beautifully fertile coun- ty of England. It is bounded on the S. by the river Thamf^s, which divides it from the county of Kent. The county is nearly a square, the area of which is 1,532 square m. It possesses a variety of soil and face of country. The S. W. part is occupied principally by the two forests ot Epping and Hainhault, and is noted for its butter, which takes the name of Epping butter. The N. W. part from Saffron- Walden to Ca,mbridge, is famous for the growth of saffron ; and for a kind of triple crop of coriander, carraway, and teazle, which are all sown together, but come to matu- rity at different periods. The middle part is a fine corn country, varied with gentle inequalities of surface, aud sprinkled with woods. The part bordering on the Thames and the sea consists chiefly of marshy grounds, which afford excellent pasturage, being secured from the inroad of the tides by embankments. Its contiguity to the metropolis, affords it a facile and advantageous market for its surplus produce of grain, seeds, calves, butter, poultry, potatoes, fruit, wild fowl, and oysters, all of which it supplies in a greater proportion than any other county in the kingdom ; vet, notwithstanding all the advantages of fertil- ity, abundance, and contiguity to market, pau- perism and crime prevail to an equal extent to any, and to a much greater extent than in most other parts of the kingdom. The manufacture ot baize and other worsted stuffs was formerly car- ried on over the greater part of this county, but * since the middle of the 18th century it h:is pro- gressively declined, and is now almost extinct. It has large establishments for the printing of calico, and mills for making sheet lead. Essex is aLso the name of a county in Upper Canada, forming a promontory at the southern extremity of the province, and nearly surrounded by lakes Erie, and St. Clair, and Detroit river. Essex is also the name of five counties in differ- ent parts of the United States of America : viz. First in Vermont, bounded on the E. for about 45 m. by the Connecticut river, and bounded on the N. by Lower Canada; its mean breadth is about 20 ni. Population 3,981 : chief town Guild- hall. Second, forming the N. E. part of the state of Massachusetts, bordering on New Hampshire and the Atlantic Ocean; it is intersected by the Merrimack river, and contains several large towns: viz. Newburyport, Ipswich, Gloucester, Marblehead, Salem, and Beverly. &c. Popula- tion 82,887. Salem is the chief town. Third, in New York, bounded on the E. for 52 m. by lake Champlain. Population 19,187. The court house is at Elizabethtown, in Pleasant Val- ley. Fourth, in New Jersey, bounded on the W., N. and E. by the Passaic river ; its area is only about 150 square m. Pop. 41,028. Newark, is the chief town ; its contiguity to New York renders it the most populous and important part of the Slate. Fifth, in the E. District of Virginia, on the S. W. bank of the Rappahannock river, along which it extends about 3(1 m. being about 8 m. in mean breadth. Pop. 10,531. Tappahannock, is the chief town. Essex, p.t. Chittenden Co. Vt. Pop. 1,664 Also a village in Middlesex Co. Conn. EssHngen, a village of Austria, on the N bank, of the Danube, about 6 m. E. S. E. of Vienna, between which and Aspern a sanguinary battle was fought between the French and Austrians, on the 21st and 22nd May, 1809. Esslincren, a town of Suabia, in the kingdom of Wurtemberg. Here are several convents, but the inhabitants are chiefly Lutherans. It has three extensive suburbs, and its district yields good Neckar wine. It is seated on the Neckar, 8 m. S. E. of Stuttgard. Pop. about 7,000. Estain, a town of France in the department of Meuse, 12 m. E. N. E. of Verdun. Estakar,a. town of Persia, in Farsistan, capital of a district of the same name. Near it are the magnificent ruins of ancient Persepolis. It is 50 m. N. E. of Shiras. Long. 53. 40. E.. lat. 30. 5. N. Estavmjer, a town and baliwick of Switzerland, ^. in the canton of Friburg, with a fine castle, seated * on the lake of Neufchatel, 13 m. W. of Friburo-. < Este, a populous town of tlie Venetian territory, 14 m. S. S. W. ofPadua. Estella, an episcopal town of Spain, in Navarre, with a castle and a university; se.ated on the Eaa, 15 m. W. S. W. of Pamplona. Lonff. 2. 2- W., lat. 42. 38. N. Estepa, a town of Spain, in Andalusia, with an ancient castle on a mountain, 18 m. S. of Eciia. and 58 E. of Seville. ETA 287 EUH Estepona, a town of Spain, in Granada, near the coast, 20 m. W. S. W. of Marbella. Eslerabad. See Jlstcrabad. Esthonla, or Revel, a government of the Russian empire, bounded on the W. by the Baltic, N. by the gulf of Finland, E. by Ingria, and S. by Livo- nia. After having been long an object of bloody contention between the Russians, Poles, and- Swedes, it was confirmed to the latter by the peace of Oliva in 16(50 ; but it was subdued by Peter the Great in 1710, and finally ceded to Rus- sia in 1721. It is divided into 4 circles. Revel is the capital. Esthwaite-tcater, a lake in Lancashire, Eng. be- tween Hawkshead and Windermere-water. It is two m. and a half long, and half a m. broad, in- tersected by a peninsula from each side, jetting far into the lake. On the banks are villages and scattered houses, pleasantly situate under woods and hanging grounds clothed with verdure, all heightened by the strong back ground of rocky mountains. No char are found in this lake, though it is connected with Windermere-water. Estill, an interior county in the E. part of the state of Kentucky, intersected by the Kentucky river ; its area is about 500 square m. Pop. 4,618. Irvine is the chief town. Estillville, p.v. Scott Co. Va. Eslremadura, a province of Spain, extending from the lat. of 37. 56. to 40. 15. of N. lat, bounded on the W. by the Portuguese province of Alemtejo and part of Beira. It is about 90 m. in mean breadtli, giving an area of 14,400 square m. The pop. in 1820, was returned at 428,493. The N. end is Intersected by the Tagus, and the S. by the Guadiana ; it seems a country of great capability. Tlie vine, olive, and corn, all luxuriate witliin its limits. Cattle and fine wool are the chief articles of trade; and great herds of black swine are fed on the hills, which are covered with oaks. Ba- dajoz, near the Portuguese frontitT, is the capital, and the other principal towns are Plazencia, Coria, Alcantara, Albuquerque, Truxillo, Merida,01iven- za, Xeres, and Llerena. Extremadura, the metropolitan province of Por- tugal, lying on both sides of the Tagus ; its area is about 700 square m. and the pop. in 1810, was returned at 826,630. The part S. of the Tagus is mountainous and unproductive, whilst the N. although in parts mountainous, is exceedingly fertile ; the vine, olive, orange, lemon, and other delicious fruits, as well as corn, millet, and le- gumes, abound. Besides Lisbon, the capital of the province, and of all Portugal, the other principal towns are Leyria, Thomar, Abrantes, Santarem, and Alenquer, all N. of the Tagus, and Setubal near. the coast on the S. Estremos, a town of Portugal, in Alemtejo, and one of the strongest in the kingdom, being sur- rounded by ten bastions. An earthenv/are is made here, generally esteemed for its beauty and fine smell ; and in tlie vicinity are quarries of beautiful marble. It is 18 m. W. of Elvas. and 100 E. of Lisbon. Pop. about 0,500. Eszek, or Eszeg. See Esse!ian gulf, but would unite its waters with the Mediterranean on one side, and the Caspian sea on the other. The ancient Babylon was seated on its banks. See Si/ria. Irak-Arahi. and Roum, and Tigris. Ettre, a department of the N. of France, so na- med from a river which intersects the E. part, fall- ing into the Seine, about 15 m. above Rouen ; the Seine then forms its northern boundary to its en- trance into the sea. Eure, however, may be con- fciaered a manufacturing and agricultural, rather than a maritime department. It is divided into live arrondissements. Evre and Ltiire, an mterior departrnent of France, bordering on the preceding province, on the S. It is so named from the two rivers, the Ecre and the Loire, both of which rise within the department; the Loire flowing to the S., and the Eure to the N., as described in the preceding article. Europe, one of the five grand divisions of the globe ; the extreme limits of which , are Cai>e MaUpan, S. in 3G. 23. N. and 22. 29. E., Cape St. Vincent, W. in 37. 3. N. and 9. 2. W., Cape North, N. in 71. 10. N. and 25. 50. E., Cara River, E. in 66. 30. N. and 63. 30. E. The longest meridional line, that could be drawn across Eurone, would be from Europa point, in the strait of Gibraltar , - which divides Europe from the N. W. extremity ♦ of Africa, in the lat. of 36. 7. N., and 5. 20. of W. long., to the Cara river, in the long, of 63. 30. E. in the lat. of 66. 30. N. This line, the angle of which is N. E. bearing E. would intersect the iulfs of Dantzig, Riga, and Finland, and the lakes ladoga and Onega ; and its length would be \, 3,065 geographical, or 3,546 Englisli statute m. The longest line that could be drawn from S. to N. would be from Cape Matapan at the S. extrem ity of the Morea, to Cape North, at the northern extremity of Finniark : this line would intersect the gulf of Riga, the entrance to the gulf of Fin- land, and the N. E. shore of the gulf of Bothnia ; and its length would be 2,090 geographical, or 2,423 English statute m. The boundaries of Eu- rope, however, on all sides, are extremely irregu- lar, jetting out into several great peninsulas, so that if it was resolved into a square, the sides would not exceed 1,600 geographical m. each way. It is bounded on the N. by the Arctic Sea, W. by the Atlantic Ocean, S.from the long, of 5. W. to 35. E. by the Mediterranean Sea, and E. by Asia. Among all the divisions of tl;e globe, Europe is that in which perhaps the works of external na- ture are on the smallest scale, and in which cer tainly the development of mind is the greatest. " A mere adjunct of the immense Asiatic conti- nent " — to use the words of the most illustrious geographer of modern times — " the whole penin- sula could hardly contain a basin large enough ■ for the Nile, the Kiang, or the Amazon. Its loftiest mountains cannot be compared in height, or in extent to the Andes, or Himalayas. If all its downs and uncultivated lands were added to the sandy plains of Africa, the augmentation might be wholly imperceptible. The productions of the animal, vegetable, and mineral kingdoms are here few and insignificant. Its mines do not abound in gold ; the diamond is not found among its minerals. There are not more than fifteen or twenty species of quadrupeds that belong exclu- sively to Europe, and these are not of the most useful kind. Sonne animals, as the horse, the ox, the sheep, and the dog, have been greatly improv- ed by the care and influstry of man ; but the most valuable natural productions have been im- ported from other quarters of tlie world. The silk-worm was brought from India, fine wool from Mauritania, the peach from Persia, the orange from China, and the potato from America. If it is rich, its wealth has been derived from the produce or spoils of other countries." Pre- senting a less extent of surface than Asia, Africa, or America, this continent shows that surface more crowded with men, improved by cultivation, en- riched by productive industry, and extensive com- merce, embellished with mighty cities, and splen- did works of art, illumined with the reflections of genius, and invested with irresistible preponder- ance in the scale of political importance. In oth- er regions, we contemplate, amid the great physi- cal features of the scene, A world of wonders, where creation seema No more the works of Nature, but her dreamt. In Europe, we behold a yet more elevating spectacle,— spirit asserting its supremacy oyer body,— and man, the lord of nature, pursuing most gloriously the high destiny originally as- signed him ' to replenish the earth, and to sub- due it.' In other regions, it is matter we wonder EUR 289 EUR at ; in Europe, it is rnind we admire. Here hu- manity has her chosen seat, and from hence have emanated her noblest gifts. The superficial extent of Europe has been va- riously estimated by different geographers. Our want of information respecting the extent of some countries, and the doubts regarding the real boun- daries between Europe and Asia, noticed above, increase the difficulty of statin^precisely the ex- tent of surface belonging to Europe. Kitchen reckons 3,258,033 English square miles ; Hassel, 3,331 ,579 ; and Crome, 3,796,349. Perhaps, not- withstanding its irregularity of form, we may as- certain the superficial area of this continent with tolerable accuracy, by reducing it to an oblong square. If for angles of this square, be taken the North Cape in Norway, and the town of Ekate- rineburg in the Russian government of Perm, Bordeaux in France, and Cape Solomon the east- ern extremity of the Island of Crete, the sides of this parallelogram will measure 2,100 m., and 1,500 m. respectively, and will enclose a super- ficies of 3,150,000 square m. ; and the different portions of land excluded horn this measure- ment, will amount to about 300,000 square m., making in all a superficial extent of 3,450,000 square m. Europe thus embraces about one- sixteenth part of the whole terrestrial surface of the globe ; and, with all its islands, does not exceed in superficial extent, the Australian con- tinent. Europe is particularly distinguished by the seas and numerous gulfs that wash its shores, and the number and extent of its inland waters. Hence the facility with which the commercial in- tercourse of nations is here conducted ; and hence too the influence which Britain has been enabled to exert over the political destinies of Europe, as a great maritime power. Europe has an abun- dance of inland lakes. The greater pi.rt of them are situated in Switzerland, Upper Italy, Ger- man}', Russia, and Sweden ; but very few of them can be compared, in point of extent, to those found in other parts of the world. The largest European lake is the Ladoga, in Russia, which has a superficial extent of C,340 square m. ; the Onega, in the same country, is about half that size, and greatly exceeds the largest of the re- maining lakes. The accumulation of lakes, or insulated pools of water, in some places of Europe, is very remarkable. Some Russian governments possess an incredible number. They are less nu- merous in the western parts of Europe. But in Iceland, a hundredth part of the territory is occu- pied by lakes. Europe is Abundantly watered, though its rivers are greath' inferior in size to those of the other continents. In fact, this con- tinent is too much intersected by the sea, and presents too small a mass of land, to abound in such magnificent streams as are found elsewhere. In the eastern part only, where it stands con- nected with the great Asiatic mass of land, is found any considerable breadth of contiguous territory, and here also do we find its largest rivers. The greater part of Europe is a mountainous surface ; but the masses which tower up in the south greatly exceed those of the north. The plains of Europe are much inferior in dimensions to the same physical feature in the other conti- nents. With the exception of the wide valley of the Theiss, and the basin of the Po, we do not recognise any extensive plain on the south of the Sudetic chain ; but an enormous plain extends from the mouth of the Rhine, over the whole of northern Germany and the greater part of Poland, 37 to the foot of the Uralian chain. The difTereuce in general elevation between northern and south- ern Europe maj' be illustrated by stating, that if the waters of the Atlantic Ocean were to rise ] ,500 or 1 ,600 feet above their present level, the whole of northern Europe, with the exception of the mountainous districts of Norway and Scot- land, would be laid under water ; while southern Europe, on the contrary, being higher than the level of such inundation, would form one or two large and high islands. The most elevated dis- tricts in Europe are Switzerland and Savoy. In the comparatively level countries of Europe, ex- tending from Iceland to the Caspian sea, the mountains rise in insulated groups ; while in the southern and central parts of this continent, ti from Etna in Sicily, to the Blocksbergof the Haiz, and from the Strait of Gibraltar, to the Bosphoius, all the mountains belong to one great connected system. In this quarter are the Alps, — the high- est, and beyond comparison the most extensive range of mountains in Europe, though scarcely exceeding t e-half of the average height of the great South American chain under the equator. Perpetual ice commences here at the elevation of 7,000 or 8,000 feet. At the height of 10,800 feet the ice disappears, and the atmospheric vapour, congealed as it descends, covers the gi'ound with eternal snow. The Alps extend over a space of 13,000 square miles. They branch out, in vari- ous angular directions, into the Maritime, Cot- tian, Graian, Peninne, Lepontine, Swiss, Rhe- tian, Norian, Carnian, Julian, and Dinarian Alps, which again spread out in many secondary chains. The Apennines, stretching in a vast crescent through the whole length of the Italian peninsula, and evidently connected with the mountains of Sicily, may be regarded as a southern branch of the Alpine scries. The average height of this chain is about 5,000 feet. A second great chain stretches its branches over the whole peninsula of the Pyrenees. The two outer bulwarks of this peninsula — which consists of a central plain ele- vated from 2,000 to 4,000 feet — are the moun- tains commonly called tiie Pyrenees, stretching between France and Spain on the north, and the Alpujarras or Sierra J^evadn of Spain^h tJie south. The mountains of Auvergne, whi(>. are connect- ed with those of Vivarais and the Cevennes, are united to the Pyrenees by the Logere. At the other extremity of Europe, three chains of moun- tains meet together, collectively called Argen- taro, at a point nearly equidistant from the Danube, the Adriatic, and the jEgean Sea. This central point may be considered as the nucleus of all the mountain in European Turkey. From it pro- ceeds the ancient Heemus or modern "Balkan, eastwards to the Black Sea. A second range runs N. W. till it joins the Carnian Alps; and a third runs southwards through the peninsula, dividing tlie northern continent of Greece into two parts of nearly equal breadth, and passing into the islands of the Archipelago. As the Hellenic Mountains, with the exception perhaps of Athos and Olympus, have never been accurately meas- ured, it is impossible to determine whether or not they are higher than the Apennines. Mount Orbelus, the northern boundary of the country, has, according to Pouqueville, its summit perpetu- ally covered with snow, and must therefore, ac- cording to the laws that fix the lower limit of con- gelation, exceed 8,500 feet of elevation. Nona of the other Hellenic Mountains, however, wheth er they be insulated or disposed in groupa and EUR 390 EUR ranges, attain the line of perpetual snow. The Carpathian and Hercynian Mountains are sepa- rated from the Alps and the Hellenic Mountains by the Danube. This wild range, the general elevation of which is from 4,000 to 5,000 feet, completely encircles Transylvania, and is con- nected with the Sudetes or Giant Mountains of Silesia, and the Erzgcbirge or Metallic Mountains of Saxony. The mountains of Russia have no visible connexion with the other European moun- tains. The wocdy heights of Valdai and Duder- hof seem to form their centre, from which a num- ber of secondary branches diverge, like radii, in- to the surrounding country. The British, Irish, and Icelandic mountains are all of secondary rank. There are only three volcanoes properly so called, in Europe ; viz. Etna, Vesuvius, and Hecla. Besides these, however, there are nine jukds in Iceland, and two mountains upon Strom- boli and Milo, which emit flames. Some natural- ists assert that there are two great subterranean fires under Europe, one of which cuts the first meridian of the Arctic polar circle, and the other extends under Italy and the Mediterranean, to- wards the Archipelago. The greater part of Europe is situated withia the northern Temperate zone ; about a twelfth part only of its superficies extends within the Arctic polar circle. Although the astronomical climates are greatly modified in this part of the world by physical causes, we may, in taking a general view of the climate of Europe, consider it divided into four different districts, the boun- daries of which are defined by parallels of latitude. The Arctic district of Europe extends over a superficies of about 400,000 square m., and the warm district may be esti)nated at .540,000 square ni ; while upwards of 1 ,500,000 square m. belong to the cold, and 1)70,000 to the temperate. With the exception perhaps of Australia, Europe in natural fertility of soil, and variety and richness of pr »i.Lciions, is much inferior to any other di- vision o' i;,e earth. Zimrnermann asserts that it has oniy s^vfeen species of indigenous animals,, and these chif»riy mice and bats. Some species of wild animals have entirely disappeared before the increase? of pripulation, while others have be- come extrei. "-ly rare Tlie Fallow Deer are found in greatest abundance in England. Yet here they are diminisiiing. — And according to Aristotle, the lion was once found in Greece, but it no longer exists in Europe. The buffalo, the elk, the stein-buck, and the beaver, are becoming daily more rare in Europe ; and the varieties of game — which once seemed to possess, under the protection of merciless tyrants, a fuller right in the soil than man himseir — are now confined to jaster limits. The rein-deer and dog are the uu\v domestic animals of tlie Polar zone. The walrus, white bear, and blue fox, appear on the shores of the Frozen Sea. The horse is found to the G6th parallel, but in the high latitudes is reduced to a dwarfish stature; cattle too lose their horns in the northern regions, and shrink in size ; even man himself appears here an infe- rior species, whether physically or morally con- sidered. Some Asiatic animals are found in the neighbourhood of the Caspian and Sea of Azof. The black bear, the urus, and the wolf, are the most formidable wild animals now known *^^-vK/55C:>=:^^T5ri^--«iV6^ in Europe. The jackal is found in all the warm regions ; and the lynx and wild-cat attain con- siderable dimensions in the Italian forests. Eu- rope, though not wholly free of dangerous rep tiles, suffers less from their presence than any other region of the globe. The chameleon is one of the most singular European reptiles The mosquito is troublesome in the highest north ; and flights of locusts occasionally arrive in Taurida from the African or Syrian coast. Europe is in- debted for its most valuable plants to other climes. Originally it probably possessed little more tlian forest-trees, a ie-w shrubs, and some species of grass. The cereal and leguminous plants are now universally cultivated, and garden-herbs are here usually of finer quality than elsewhere. The vine is successfully cultivated at Witzenhausen under 51. 21. 30., and at Zullichau under 51. 58. ; but, with these exceptions, wine manufactured above the 5()th parallel does not deserve the name. The northern countries furnish good materifils for the carpenter and ship-builder. The forest-trees of the warmer climate are tamarisks, carubes, sumachs, mastics, the cork-tree, pianos, syca- mores, and cypresses. Ever}' species of the infe- rior and superior metals, and even several of the more precious minerals, are fr^uiid in Europe. Hungary and Transylvania possess the nobler ores; Russia, Sweden, and Norway, abound in iron ; England produces copper and tin ; and Scotland, lead. There are likewise extensive mines of rock-salt, alum, saltpetre, and coal, in Europe. It is difficult to estimate the precise amount of the population of Europe, notv.'ithstanding the accuracy with which the census of most coun- tries has been taken : for we do not possess a census of contemporary surveys, and in Turkey the population can only be loosely estimated from the number of hearths paying tax to the Porte. The population-returns of Russia, Hungary, Spain, EUX 291 EVO and Transylvania, are very old. In 1787, Zim- merinann estimated the population of Europe at 144,000,000; at present, according to Malta Brun, it is not likely to be overrated at 205,1)00,000. In 1810, Hassel estimated it at 180,550,000. Per- haps 200,000,000 will be pretty near the truth, which gives an increase of 56,000,000 in 40 years. Tliis population is not equally concentrated throtiohout Europe. Thus, in the Duchy of Lucca, it is in the ratio of 238 to a square m. ; while in Iceland and Faroe it is only 4 2-3. ; in the Netherlands it is as 212, in Great Britain as 178, and in Sweden and Norway as 10 to the square . m. Upon the whole, the south of Europe is more populous than the north in proportion to its extent : and must continue so, as the means of subsistence are procured with so much greater facility in the countries of the for- mer than in those of the latter. The climate of Norway is quite as favourable to longevity as that of Lucca ; but the one comprehends a vast tract of rugged, uiitillable surface, — the other is a warden throughout. In almost every European State, we find the citizens divided ioto four distinct classes. The first is that of the nobility, which exists in every State, v/ith the exception of Norway and the Turkish empire. Nobility is, in most cases view- ed in Europe as an hereditary rank ; but it can be acquired by the will of the sovereign, and even, in some instances, purchased by money. The clergy form the second cl.ass of the commu- nity. The third is that of the citizens, or inhab- itants of towns, which in most countries enjoys peculiar rights and privileges. The fourth and lowest class includes the peasants, and forms the mass of the population in every country. Eurville, a town of France, department of Up- per Marne, 5 m. S. E. of St. Dizier. Euskhchen, a town of the Prussian states, 23 m. m. S. E. of Juliers. Eustace, an island which forms, with a long point of land, the entrance to the harbour of St. Augustine, in E. Florida. Eustalia, St. one of the least of the Leeward Isl- ands, in the West Indies, 10 m. N. W. of St. Chris- topher. It is a mountain in the form of a sugar loaf, whose top is hollow, yet for its size, it is one of the most valuable of all the Carribees. To- bacco is cultivated on its sides, to the very sum- mit ; and hogs, kids, rabbits, and all kinds of poul- try, are in great abundance. It has a town of the same name, with a good fort. It was taken by the English in 1781, who pillaged the inhabitants, and confiscated all private property ; it was soon after retaken by the French, and restored to the Dutch, in 1783 ; again taken by the English, in IS'll, and again restored to the Dutch, attne gen- eral peace of 1814. Eutin, a town of Lower Saxony, in Holstein, near the side of a lake, 20 m. N. N. W. of Lu- bec. Euxine, or Black Sea, a large inland sea, divid- ing Europe from Asia, between the latitudes of 41. and 47. N. extending E. from the long, of 28. to 41 . 25., giving an extreme length from W. to E. of 006 geographical, or 702 British statute m. On the W. it washes the coasts of Romania, Bul- garia, and Bessarabia ; and on that side receives the waters of the Danube: at the N. W. corner it receives the waters of the Dneister, and the Dnieper, which flow through the southern prov- inctis of European Russia ; and from the N. be- tween the lonjritudes of 33, and 37. E. projects the peninsula of the Crimea, or Russian provmce of Taurida. A narrow strait at the eastern ex- tremity of tliis peninsula, leads into the sea of Azof, into which flows the river Don : the N. E. part of the Euxine, washes the coast of Circassia, and the territory of the Abkhas; the eastern ex- tremity washes the coast of Mingrelia, which con- tributes to the waters of the Euxine by several streams, the most important of which is the Roni or Pliasis : the S. part washes the coasts of the Turkish provinces of Armenia, Roum, and Natolia which contribute the waters of the Kisil-Jermak, and numerous other rivers of inferior note. The Euxine communicates with the Mediterranean, first by the narrow strait of Constantinople into the sea of Marmora, and from thence by the Dar- danelles, the ancient Hellespont, or Tliracian Bos- phorus, into the Grecian Archipelago. The nav- igation of the Euxine appears to have been more general in past than at the present time, the PhcE- nicians, Egyptians, Greeks, Romans, Venetians, and Genoese, all appearing to have maintained an extensive intercour.se with the inhabitants on its shores. In 1476, when the Turks drove the Gen- oese from the Crimea, they precluded all inter- course through the straits of Constantinople, and claimed an exclusive riglit of navigation within. In 1774 the Russians, and in 1784 Austria obtained by treaty an equal right of navigation, which at the peace of Amiens was extended to all nations ; and since the peace of 1814 a considerable traflic has been carried on from the port of Odessa, between the rivers Dniester and Dneiper, with the Medi- terranean and with England ; but the other parts of its extensive shores are but little frequented, and but little known, though doubtless suscep- tible of aflbrding a rich field for well-directed en- terprize and exertion. Euzct, a town of France, in the department of the Gard, and the chief place of a canton, in the district of Uzes, 9 m. W. N. W. of Uzes. Evansv'dl e, p.t. Vanderburg Co. Indiana. Evaux, a town of France, in tne departmen; of Creuse, near which is a mineral spring ana baths. It is 25 m. E. of Gueret. Evanshurg, p. v. Crawford Co. Pa. Evcrcttsville, p. v. Albermarle Co. Va. Everdlng. See Ejfcrding. Kverfdd, or Elverfeld, a town of Westphalia, in the duchy of Berg, near the river Wipper, 18 m. E. of Dusseldorf. Evergham, a populous town of the Netherlands, 7 m. N. of Ghent. Ercsham, a borough in Worcestershire, Eng- land. Here are three churches, and it had form- erly an abbey, of which some remains are still visible. A remarkable battle was fought here in 1265, between prince Edward, afterward Edward I., and Simon de Montfort, earl of Leicester, in which the earl and most of his adherents were slain. Evesham is seated in a fertile vale, and is nearly surrounded by the Avon. The vale is mostly appropriated to gardens, and supplies vast quantities of fruit and vegetables for the Worces- ter, Bath, Bristol and other markets. It has also some extensive flour mills, worked by the water of the Avon, over which there is here a bridge of 7 arches. It is 14 m. S. E. of Worcester, and 100 N. W. of London. It returns two mem- bers to parliament. Evc.shatn. t. Burlington Co. N. J. Evora, a fortified city of Portugal, capital of Alemtejo, and a bishop's see, with a university. Some remains of the ancient Roman wall are VAC 292 FAH visible , part of a temple of Diana, of which there are seven entire pillars standing, is now converted into butchers' shambles ; and the fa- mous aqueduct built by Sertorius, still conveys a noble stream of water to the city. Evora is seated in a pleasant country, surrounded on all sides by mountains, 65 m. E. byS. of Lisbon. Long. 7. 50. W., lat. 38. 28. N. Evoramonte, a town of Portugal, in Alemtejo, situate on a rock, 8 m. W. S. W. of Estremoz, and 23 N. N. E. of Evora. Evereux, a town of France, capital of the depart- ment of Eure, and a bishop's see. The cathedral is a handsome structure. The trade consists in corn, linen, and woolen cloth ; and it has manu- factures of cotton, velvets, and tick. It is seated on the Iton, 25 m. S. of Rouen, and 55 N. W. of Paris. Pop. in 182.^, 9,728. Ezcell, a town in Surrv, Eng. contiguous to Ep- som, 6 m. W. of Croydon, and 13 S. S. W. of London. Ex, a river rising in the forest of Exmoor. in Somersetshire, Eng. and leaving the county below Dulverton, runs through Devonshire, by Tiverton, Exeter, and Topsham, whence itforn.s an estuary to the Engliah channel, at Exmouth. Exeter, a city of England, and the capital of Devonshire, on the river Ex. It was formerly the seat of the W. Saxon kings, who resided in the castle, called Rougemont, from the colour of the hill on which it is built. It was encom- passed by walls, and four gates, two of which are now pulled down. With its suburbs it contains 19 churches, beside the cathedral, which is a magnificent fabric. It is governed by a mayor, has 13 companies of tradesmen, and formerly car- ried on an extensive commerce in woolen stuffs to Spain, &c. ; but its commerce end manufactures have materially declined since the close of the 18th century, and its present importance is deriv- ed from the agreeableness of its locality, occasion- ing it to be much resorted to by the neighbour- intr gentry : an elegant new bridge crosses the river. The public buildings consists of a guildhall, county hall, hospital, lunatic asylum, &c. &c. It is situate 9 m. above the entrance of the river into the sea, 43 m. E. of Plymouth, 87 S. W. of Bath, and 168 W. S. W. of London, by way of Salisbury. Pop. in 1821, 23,479. Exeter, p.t. Penobscot Co. Me. Pop. 1,438. Exeter, p.t. Rockingham Co. N. H. on Exeter river, a branch of the Piscataqua. It has several manufactures, and the sadlery business is carried on to a great extent. Some vessels are built here, the river being capable of floating down those of 500 tons. Here are an academy, and a court- house, 15 m. S. W. of Portsmouth, and 47 N. of Boston. Pop. 2,759. Also a p.t. in Washington Co. R. I. Pop. 2,389. Also a p.t. m Otsego Co. N. Y. Pop. 1,690. Also a p.t. in Luzerne Co Pa. Also a township in Berks Co. Pa. and villages in New Hanover Co. N. C. and Harrison Co. Indiana. Exidetiil, or Exciderfil , a town of France, in the department of Durdogne, 20 m. N. E. ofPeri- gueux, and 32 S.of Limoges. Exilles,a. strong town of Piedmont, with a fort- ified castle on a mountain, which guards one of the passes into the country. It is seated on the river Doire, 37 m. W. N. W. of Turin. Exmouth, a village in Devonshire, Eng. on the E. side of the mouth of the river Ex, 10 m. S. S. E. of Exeter. It is much frequented for the benefit of sea-batlnng. Eybenschitz, a town of Moravia, in the circle of Znaim, on the river Ollawa, 12 m. S. W. of Brunn. Eydcr, a river and canal that separates Jutland from Holstein. The river rises in Holstein, and flows W. by Rendsburg, Fredericstadt, and Ton- ningcn into tlie German Ocean. The canal pas- ses E. from Rendsburg to a bay of the Baltic, a little N. of Kiel. These jointly afford a safe inland navigation across the country, between the Baltic sea and German Ocean. Eye, a borough in Suffolk, Eng. Here are the ruins of a castle and a Benedictine abbey. The women are employed in making bonelace. It is a mean place, 20 m. N. of Ipswich, and 89 N. E. of London. It returns two members to par- liament. Pop. in 1831, 1,882. Eyemouth, a town of Scotland, in Berwick- shire, with a harbour for vessels of small burden and a trade in corn and meal. It is seated at the mouth of tlie Eye, 8 m. N. by W. of Ber- wick Eylau, a town in E. Prussia, 20 m S Ko nigsberg ; famous for a bloody battle between the Russians and French, Oct. 7, 1807. Eymoutiers, a town of France, in the depart- ment of Upper Vieiine, with a considerable trade in skins, leather, and rags ; seated on the Vienne, 20 m. N. of Limoges. Eyndhoven, a town of Dutch Brabant, at the conflux of the Eynds with the Dommel, 13 m S. E. of Bois le Due. E]iwanowitz, a town of Moravia, in the circle of Olmutz, 27 m. S. S. W. of Olmutz. Ezagen, a rich and ancient town in the king dom of Fez, 60 m. S. of Tetuan. Ezel, an island in Russia, in the Baltic sea, of a triangular form, about 8 m. in circumference. Long. 40. E., lat. 58. 20. N. Ezy, a town of France, in the department of the Eure, 15 m. S. E. of Evreux. F FAABORG, a seaport town of Denmark, on the S. coast of the island of Funen, in a flat but fer- tile country. The principal trade is in provis- ions. It is 17 m. S. of Odence. Long. 10. 16. E., lat. 55. 12. N. Fabius, p.t. Onondaga Co. N. Y. Pop. 3,071. Fabriano, a town of Italy, in the marquisite of Ancona, famous for its excellent paper. It is 25 m. N. E. of Foligno. Factoryville, p.v. Tioga Co. N. Y. Faenza, a city of Italy, in Romagna, and a bishop's see, with an old fortress. The cathedral stands in the great square, and has a steeple 5 stories high, with balustrades. In 1796 it was taken by the French; and afterwards taken by the troops of the pope. In 1797, the pope's troops were defeated and expelled. Faenza is famous for fine earthen ware. It is seated on the Amona, 20 m. W. S, W. of Ravenna. FaJdun, a towr of Sweden, capital of Dalecar- FAl 293 FAL lia. Near it is a large copper mine, deemed the most ancient in Europe ; also a manufacture of green and blue vitriol. It is situated in the midst of the rocks and hills, between the lakes Run and Warpen, 110 m. N. W. of Stockholm. Pop. about 4,000. Faifo, a town of Cochin China, and a place of great trade ; situate on a river that flows into the bayof Turon, 30 m. S. E. of Turon. Fairbank, p. v. Chatauque, Co. N. Y. Fairfax, a county of the E. District of Virgin ia lying W. of the Potomac river, bounded on the E. by the district of Columbia. Its area ia about 400 square rn. Pop. 9,206. Fairfax, p.t. Franklin Co. Vt. Pop. 1,729. Also towns in Fairfax and Culpepper Cos. Va. Fairfield, a county at the S. W. extremity of Connecticut, bounded in a W. S. W. direction by Long Island Sound, and N. N. E. by the Housatonick river. It is divided into 18 town- ships. Pop. 46,950. The chief town of the same name is seated on the W. bank of a creek in Long Island Sound, 22 m. W. S. W. of New Haven. It was burnt by a party of tories and British in 1777. Pop. 4,246. Fairfield, is also the name of an interior coun- ty in the south part of Ohio, in which the Hock- hockings river and a tributary of the Scioto have their sources ; it extends about 20 m. from N. to S., and 15 in mean breadth. Pop. 24,788. Lan- caster is the chief town. Fairfield, a district of South Carolina, lying between the Catawba and Broad rivers. Pop. 21,546. Wanesborouffh is the chief town. Fairfield, p.t. Herkimer Co. N. Y. Pop. 2,265. Also towns in Cumberland Co. N. J. ; Crawford, Westmoreland and Adams Cos. Pa. ; Rockbridge and Nelson Cos. Va. ; Columbia and Putnam Cos. Geo. ; Jefferson, Columbiana, Highland, Tusca- rawas, Greene, Butler, and Licking Cos. Ohio. Nelson Co. Ken. ; Franklin Co. Indiana, and Wayne Co. Illinois. Fairford,& town of Gloucestershire, Eng. The church was founded in 1493, by John Tame, a merchant of London, purposely for the reception of some glass, taken by one of his vessels, in a ship going to Rome : it has 23 windows, beauti- fully painted with subjects chiefly scriptural, de- signed by tiie famous Albert Durer. It is seated near the Coin, 2.5 m. S. E. of Gloucester, and 80 W. by N. of London. Pop. in 1821, 1,547. Fairhavin, p.t. Rutland Co. Vt. Pop. 675. Also a p.t. Bristol Co. Mass. on Buzzard's Bay opposite New Bedford. Pop. 3,034. Fairhead, the N. E. point of Ireland, rising 631 feet above the level of the sea, in lat. 55. 44. N., and 6. 2. of W. long. It is opposite to Raughlin Island. Fair Isle, a small island in the Northern ocean, between the Shetland and Orkneys, from both which its high towering rocks are visible. On the E. side the duke of Medina Sidonia, admi- ral of the Spanish armada, was wrecked in 1588. Fairlee, p.t. Orange Co. Vt. Pop. 6.56. Fairley, a village of Scotland, on the coast of Aryshire, 12 m. N. W. of Irvine. It has a small harbour ; and the strait in the frith of Clyde, formed by the coast and the Cumbray isles is call- ed Fairley Road. Fairport, p. v. Geauga Co. Ohio, on lake Erie. It has a good harbour for small vessels. Fairtown, a village in Cumberland Co. N. J. Fairview, a township in York Co. Pa. Also a Tillage in Erie Co. Pa. on the lake. Also a vil- lage in Brooke Co. Va. ; and a village in Guern sey Co. Ohio. Faisarvs, an island in the river Bidassoa, which separates France from Spain. It is also called the Isle of Conference, because Louis XIV. and Philip IV. here swore to observe the peace of the Pyrenees, in 1660, after 24 conferences be- tween their ministers. It is considered as a neu- tral place, and is situate between Andaye and Fontarabia. Fakenham, a town in Norfolk, Eng. situate on a hill, by the river Yare, 9 m. from the coast, 20 N. W. of Norwich, and 108 N. N. E. of Lon- don. Pop. in 1821, 1,635. FaJaise, a town of France, in the department of Calvados, with a castle, and one of the finest towers in France. It is the birth-place of Wil- liam the Conqueror, and has a good trade in ser- ges, linen, and lace. It stands on the river Ante, 20 m. S. E. of Caen, and 115 W. of Paris, it is the seat of a prefect. Pop. in 1825, 9,912. Fale, a river in Cornwall, which flows by Grara- pound and Tregony to Falmouth, where it forms a fine haven in the English channel. Falkenau, a town of Bohemia, in the circle of Saatz, with manufactures of alum, sulphur, and vitriol; seated on the river Egra, 12 m. N. E. of Egra. Falkenberg, a town of Sweden, in Holland at the mouth of the Athran, on the Categat, oppo- site to the isle of Anholt, 17 m. N. by W. of Halmstadt. Falkenberg, a town of Brandenberg, in the New Mark, with a castle, seated on the Drage, 32 m. E. by N. of New Stargard. Falkenberg, a town of Silesia, in the principal- ity of Oppein, with a castle, 14 m. S. by E. of Brieg. Falkenstein, a town in Germany, in a county of the same name. It stands a little to the N. of Winweiler, 24 m. W. by S. of Worms. Falkenstein, is also the name of a town in the Vogtland, near the N. W. frontier of Bo- hemia. Falkiopinfr, a town of Sweden, in W. Gothland, 56 m. E. of Uddevalla. It is memorable for a bat- tle fought in 1388, between Margaret, queen of Denmark, and Albert, king of Sweden, when the latter was defeated and taken prisoner with his son. Fa'kirk, a populous town of Scotland, in Stir- lingshire, famous for its trysts, held thrice a year at which 60,000 head of black-cattle have been sold at one tryst, beside a great number of sheep and horses. It is seated near the Carron and the Great canal, 12 m. S. E. of Stirling. The royal armv was defeated near this place in 1746. Pop. about 12,000. Falkland, a town of Scotland, in Fifeshire, with some linen manufactures. Here are the ruins of the royal palace in which James V. died in 1582 ; some of its apartments are still inhabited. It is 20 m. N. of Edinburgh. Falkland Islands, two large islands, surrounded by a great number of smaller, lying in the Atlan- tic ocean, to the E. of the strait of Magellan. The smaller of the two large islands lies E. of the other, from which it is separated by a channel called Falkland Sound. These islands were probably seen by Magellan, but Davis is deemed the discoverer of the min 1592. They were visit- ed by sir Richard Hawkins, in 1594 ; and in 1765, commodore Byron made a settlement here ; but in 1770, the Spaniards forcibly dispossessed 2 b2 FAM 294 FAR the English. This affair was settled by a csnven- tion, and the English regained possession ; but in 1774, it was abandoned, and the island ceded to Spain. Since the commencement of the 19th centurj they have been uninhabited. Fall Creek, a stream in New York which runs into Cayuga Lake. The falls upon it consist of a violent rapid which after descending for a mile and a half, falls perpendicularly in a cataract of 90 feet. The view is very grand and pictur- esque. Falling Spring, a cascade in Virginia upon a small creek which rises about 20 m. from the warm spring and runs into Jackson's River. This stream falls over a precipice 200 feet in perpen- dicular height, and the sheet of water is thrown so far forward that a person may walk dry be- tween the cataract and the rock. Falling Waters, p. v. Berkeley Co. Va. FaU.owjield, East and JVeat, two townships in Chester Co. Pa. Fallowjield, townships in Washington and Crawford Cos. Pa. FJl River, a village in the town of Troy, Mass. (which see.) Falls, townships in Bucks Co. Pa. and Mus- kingum and Hocking Cos. Ohio. Fallsington, a village in Bucks Co. Pa. Fallstown, p. v. Iredell Co. N. C. Falmouth, a seaport on the E. coast of Corn- wall, Eng. It has a noble and extensive harbour, communicating with a number of navigable creeks, and its entrance is defended by the castles of St. Mawes and Pendennis. It is a town of great traffic, much improved by its being the sta- tion of the Post Office packets to the S. of Eu- rope, the West Indies and x^merica. It stands on the Fale, at its entrance into the English channel, 14 m. N. N. E. of the Lizard Point, 10 S. of Tru- ro, and 269 W. S. W. of London. Long. 5. 2. W., lat. 50. 8. N. Pop. in 1821, 2,543. Fcdmoulh, a town of the island of .Tamaica, on the N. coast, and on the S. side of Martha Brae harbour. Long. 77. 3!^. W., lat. 18. 31. N. Falmouth, a town of the island of Antigua, on the S. coast, with a forlified harbour. Long. 62, 0. W., lat. 16. 55. N. Falmouth, a seaport of Massachusetts, in Barn- stable county. It is situate on the W. side of a small bay, 70 m. S. S. E. of Boston. Long. 70. 32. W., lat. 41. 36. N. Pop. 2,548. Falmouth, p.t. Cumberland Co. Me. Pop. 1,966. Also villages in Strafford Co. Va. and Pendleton Co. Ken. Falae Bay, a bay between the cape of Good Hope and Cape False, frequented during the prevalence of the N. W. winds in May. Long. 18. 53. E., lat. 34. 10. S. False Cape, a promontory 20 m. E. of the Cape of Good Hope. Long. 18. 44. E., lat. 34. 16. S. Falster, a fertile island of Denmark, 60 m. in circumference, near the entrance of the Baltic, off the N. end of Zealand, and between the is- lands Moen and Laland. Nykoping is the capi- tal. Its area is about 185 square m. and pop 16,500. Fa.lsteroo, a town of Sweden, in Schonen, chiefly known for its lighthouse, at the entrance of the Baltic from the Sound, 22 m. S. S. VV. of Lund. Long. 12. 48. E., lat. 55. 22. N. Famagusta, a town on the S. E. coast of the island of Cyprus, and a Greek bishop's see, with a harbour defended^ by two forts. It was taken by the Turks, mAh7\ after a siege of 10 months. when they flayed the Venetian governor alive and murdered the inhabitants, though they sur- rendered on honourable terms. It is 62 m. S. by E. of Nicosia. Long. 33. 35. E., lat 35. 10. N. Famars,n village of France, in the department of Nord ; near which the French were defeated by the allies in 1793. It is 3 ni. S. of Valen- ciennes. Fanne.t, p.t. Franklin Co. Pa. Fano, a fortified town of Italy, in the duchy of Urbino, and a bishop's see. Here are an ancient triumphal arch, handsome churches, and fine pal- aces. It is seated on the gulf of Venice, 13 m, E. of Urbino, and 32 N. W. of Ancona. Fop about 7,500. Fanoe, an island of Jutland, at the entrance of the Little Belt from the Categat. Fantees, Fantin, the Gold Coast of Africa, from Cape Three Points, to Anconah, was formerly called Fantin; but since 1811, it has more com- monly been called Ashantee. The Fantees occu- py the coast, and the Ashantees the interior. See Ashantee. Faoua. See Foue. Faouet, a town of France in the department of Morbiham, 21 m. N. by W. of L'Orient. Fa.reham, a town in Hampshire, Eng. Sloops and smaller vessels are built here ; and it has a considerable trade in coal, corn, canvas, and ropes. It is seated at the N. W. point of Portsmouth harbour, 5 m. N. N. W. of Gosport, and 37 W. by S. of London. Farewell Cape, the most southerly promontory of Greenland, at the entrance of Davis strait. Long. 42. 42. W., lat. 59. 38. N. F'arexcell Cape, a promontory of the N. end of the island of New Zealand. Long. 172. 41. E., lat 40. 37. S. Fargtau, St. a town of France, in the depart ment of Yonne, with a castle, 10 m. S. E. of Au.xerre. Farim, a county of Africa, to the S. of the riv- er Gambia. It has a town of the same name, on the river St. Domingo, about 130 m. above its en trance into the sea. Long. 14. 30. W., lat. 12 10 N Farlijsville, a village in Charlotte Co. Va. Farmersville, p.t. Cattaraugus Co. N. Y. Pop 1,005. Farmington, p.t. Kennebec Co. Me. Pop. 2,340. Farmincrton, p.t. Strafford Co. N. H. 26 m. N. W. Portsmouth. Pop. 1,464. Farmington, a town of Connecticut, in Hart- ford county, with a large congregational church, situate on the river Farmington, which below the town receives the Cambridge, and then acquires the name of Windsor river. It is 10 m. W. S. W. of Hartford, and 22 E. of Litchfield. Pop. l,90L Farmington Canal, in Connecticut and Massa- chusetts, extends from New Haven to Westfield in Massachusetts, passing for a considerable dis- tance along the valley of Farmington River, whence it has received its name. It is intended to prolong the canal to Northampton, on the Con- necticut, which will make its whole length about 90 m. ; at present its extent is nearly four fifths of this distance. The transportation upon it is al- ready considerable, but as it does not fully meet the expectations of the projectors, the completion of the work will probably be delayed for a time. Farmington, p.t. Ontario Co. N. Y. Pop. 1,773. Also towns in Trumbull and Belmont Cos. 'Ohio. Farmville, p. v. Prince Edward Co. Va .^ FAW 295 FEL Farnhum, a town in Surry, Eng. on the border of Hampshire. It has a castle, situate on an emi- nence, belonging to the bishop of Winchester. Farnham is celebrated for its plantations of hops, and has a great trade in corn. It is seatea on the Wey, 38 m .W. S. W. of London. Farnham, p. v. Richmond Co. Va. Alsp a town in Bedford Co. Lower Canada. ' ' Faro, an island of Swedeif, in th# Baltic, off the N. E. end of the island of Gothland, about*30 m. in circumference, populous, '^nd feiiue. The principal town has the same name, and is situate on the S. E. coast. Long. 19. 27. fc^., lat. 57. 50. N Faro, a town in Portugal, in Algarve, and a bishop's see. It has some trade in almonds, figs, oranires, and wine ; and is seated on the^ulfof Cadiz, 20 m. S. W. of Taviiria. Long. 7. 54. W., lat. 36. 52. N. Faroer Isla.nds. See Feroe Islands. Faro of Messina, the strait between Italy and Sicily, remarkable for having the tide ebb and flow every six hours, with great rapidity, though it is but 7 m. over. It is so named from the faro, or lighthouse, on Cape Faro, and its vicinity to Messina. Farr, a town of Scotland, in Sutherlandshire, at tile head of a bay of its name, on the N. coast, 52 ni. N. by VV. of Dornoch. Farringdon, a town in Berkshire, Eng. seated on an eminence ; vast quanties of hogs are fatten- ed in its neighbourhood. It is (3S m. W. by N. of London. Farrowville, p. v. Fauquier Co. Va. Fars, or Farsistan, a province of Persia, bound- ed on the E. by Kerman, N. by Irac Agemi, W. by Kusistan, and the gulf of Persia. It is very fertile in the centre ; mountainous on the N., where are a great number of wild swine ; and the land so sandy on the S. as to produce little else than palm-trees. In the forests is a tree from which mastic is gathered, and emeralds are com- mon. Shiras, {which see), is the capital. Fartash, a town of Arabia Felix, in Hadramant, at the foot of a cape of the same name in the In- dian ocean, 150 m. E. of Shibam. Long. 51. 50. E., lat. 15. 30. N. Fasano, or Fasiano, a populous town of Naples, near the coast of the Adriatic in Terra di Bari, 15 m. S. S. E. of Polignano. Fale, a township in Clermont Co. Ohio. Fattipour, a town of Hindoostan, in the prov- ince of Agra. Here the emperors of Hindoostan, when in the zenith of their power, had a palace which is now in ruins; and on a hill is a grand mosque, built by the emperor Acbar. It is 22 m. W. by S.of Agra. Faucigny, a town and castle of Savoy, in a dis- trict of the same name ; seated on the Arve, 14 m. S E. of Geneva. Fauquemont. See Valkcnhurg. Fauquier, a county of the E. District of Virgin- ia, bounded on the W. by the Rappahannock riv- er, and N. W. by the Blue Mountains : it is about 35 m. in length, and 12 in mean breadth. Pop. 26,379. Warrenton is the chief town of the county. Faverneij, a town of France in the department of Upper Saone,8 m. N. of Vesoul. Favognana, an island, 15 m. in compass, off the W. end of Sicilv, with a fort and a good har- bour. Long. 12."25. E., lat. 33. 16. N. Faiocettstown, p.v. Columbiana Co. Ohio. Fawn, p.t. York Co. Va. Faydl, one of the Azores, or Western Islands, which suffered greatly by an earthquake, in 1764. Its capital is Villa do Ilorta, the S. E. point of the island ; is in lat. 38. 31. N., and 23. 42. of W. long. It is very fertile, and exports large quantities of wine. Fayette, the name of five counties in the United States. 1st, at the S. W. corner of Pennsylvania, bound- on the E. by the Laurel Ridge of the Allegha- ny mountains ; W. by the Slonongahela river, and S. by Monongahela county, Virginia. It is nearly a square of about 32 m. each way. Pop. 29,237. Union, 186 m. W. by S. of Harrisburgh, is the chief town. 2nd, in Georgia, bounded on the W. by f^lint river, which divides it from the territory of the Creek Indians. Pop. 5,501. Fayette ville is the chief town. 3rd, in the S. W. part of Ohio, W. of the Scio- to river. Pop. 8,180. Washington, the chief town, is 40 m. S. W. by S. Columbia, and 35 N. W. ofChilicothe. 4th, in the interior of Kentucky, E. of Ken- tucky river. Pop. 25,174. Lexington, {which see) is the chief town. 5th, in the E. part of Indiana. Pop. 9,112. Connersville, 65 m. S. E. by E. of Indianopolis is the chief town. Fayette, p.t. Kennebec Co. Me. Pop. 1,049. Also a township in Seneca Co. N. Y. Pop. 3,216. Also a township in Alleghany Co. Pa. Fayettevilie, a town oiN. Carolina, in Cumber- land Co., capital of a district, formerly called Frto, and 30 N. by E. of Aveiro. Feldkii -h, a town of Germany, in Tyrol, capi- tal of a coimty of the same name. It is seated on the river ill, near its entrance into the Rhine. 19 m. S. of the Lake of Constance. Feld^burg, a town and castle at the N. E. ex- tremity of Lower Austria, with a fine palace, seated on the Teya, 18 m. E. of Laab. FER 296 FER Feliruda, one of the Lipari islands, in the Med- iterranean, 28 m. W. of Lipari. Felipe, St, a populous town of Colombia, seated on the banks of a river falling into the Carribean sea, about 100 m. W. of Caracas. Felipe, St. See Xativa. Felix, St., an island in the Pacific ocean, N. N. W. of Juan Fernandez. Long. 8(5. W. lat. 2C S. Felletin, a town of France, in the department of Creuse, with a manufacture of tapestry. It is 20 m. S. S. W. of Evaux, and 21 S. S. E. of Gueret. Fcllin, a town of Russia, in Livonia, on the river Pernau, C2 m. S. E. of Revel. Felsherg, a town of Germany, in Hesse-Cassel with an ancient castle on a rock, 12 m S. ol Cassel. Felso-Banya, a village of Upper Hungary, near the frontier of Transylvania, celebrated for a gold mine in its vicinity. Feltri, a town of Italy, capital of Feltrino, and a bishop's see. It is fortified, and seated on the Asona, a small stream, falling into the Piave from the W., 30 m. N. W. of Treviso. Long. 11. 55. E., lat. 4(5. 3. N. Pop. about 5,000. Feltrino, a district of Italy, lying between Bel- unese, Trevisano, Vicentino, and the principality of Trent. It abounds in mountains, in which are iron mines. Feltri is the only place of note. Ff.mern, a fertile island of Denmark, at the en- trance of the Baltic, from the passage of the Great and Little Belt. It is 10 m. long and 5 broad, separated from the coast of Holstein by a narrow channel, called the Femern Sound, Borg is the chief town. Pop. of the island about 7,50&. Femme Osage, a village in St. Charles Co Missouri. Fcucstrana-e, or Fenestrange, a town of France, in the department of Meurte, on the river Sarre, 40 m. E. by N. of Nancy. Fenestrelle, a town and fort of Piedmont, seated on the Cluson, 18 m. W. of Turin. Fenner, p.t. Madison Co. N. Y. Pop. 2,017. Feraliad, a town of Persia, capital of the prov- ince of Mazenderan. The environs produce su- gar, cotton, and silk. The inhabitants, about IG, 0>j0, are principally descendants of Georgians and Arn^enians. It ia seated among the mountains which bound the Caspian sea to the S., 12 m. from that sea, and 2.S0 N. of Ispahan. Long. 52. 21. E., lat. 36 54. N. Fercula, or Forcula, a town of the kingdom of Tafilet, E. of Morocco, and the principal place of a district. It is 50 m. W. of Sigilmessa. Long. 4. 30. W., lat. 31. 40. N. Ferdinand, a township, in Essex Co. Vt. Also a township in St. Louis Co. Missouri. Fere, a town of France, in the department of Aisne, famous for its powder mill and school of artillery. Near it is the castle of St. Gobin, in which is a manufacture of fine plate-glass. Fere is seated' at the conflux of the Serre, with the Oise, 20 m. N. of Soissons, and 75 N. E of Paris. Ferentino, or Fiorenzo, a town of Italy, in Cam- pagna di Roma, 3 m. W. of Alatri, on the high road from Rome to Naples. Fertttc, a town of France, in the department of Upper Rhine, on the river 111, near its source, 40 m. S. ofColmar. Ferguson, a township in Centre Co. Pa. Fermanagh, a fcountj of Ireland, in the province of Ulster, bounded on the N. by the counties of Donegal and Tyrone, E. by Monaghan. S. by Cavan. and W. by Leitrim, the N. W. end jetting upon Donegal Bay ; it extends from the S. in a N. W. direction about 3(5 m. being about 24 in mean breadth, one-fourth of its area is occupied by />ough Erne, which discharges its w.T.t,ers into Donegal bay , dividing the county into nearly two equal parts. In the centre of the county, the water narrows so as to admit of the two parts being united by a bridge, see EnniskUlen. The linen manufacture, and the raisingi of cattle, and hemp, are the chief employ of the inhabitants. The county is navi- gable throughout, by means of Lough Erne, but its uneven surface, and numerous bogs, render it difficult for travelling. Enniskillen is the capital and only town of importance in the county. Fermo, a town of Italy, in the marquisate of Ancona, and an archbishop's see, with a good trade in corn, wool, «fec. It has a harbour on the gulf of Venice, and is 17 m. S. E. of Macerata. Long. 13. 50. E., lat. 43. 7. N. Pop. about 7,000. Fremosella, or Formosella, a town in Snain, in the province of Leon, seated on the N bank of the Tormes, near its entrance into Douro. Fermoy, a town of Ireland in the county of Cork, seated on the banks of the Blackwater, 106 m. N. W. of Dublin, on the road to Cork, from which it is distant 17 m. This place has risen from an inconsiderable villaffe since the commence- ment of the war in 17i}3, to a town of 6,702 inhabi- tants in 1821. Fernando JVoronha, an island in the S. Atlantic, 100 leagues from Cape St. Roque, the N. E. point of the province of Pernambuco. Long. 32. 33. W., lat. 3. 56. S. Fernando Po, an island of Africa, on the coast of Benin, 30 m. long and 20 broad. Loner. 7. 36. E., lat. 3. 6. N. Ferney, a village of France, in the department of Ain, a few m. N. W. of Geneva, celebrated as having been the residence of Voltaire. Ferns, a town of Ireland, in the county of Wexford, and a bishop's see united to Leighlin. It is seated on the Bann, near its conflux with the Slanev, 17 m. N. of Wexford, and 30 S. S. W. of W'icklow. Ferae Islands, a cluster of 22 small islands in the Northern Ocean, between the Shetland Islands and Iceland, in 5. and 8. W. long., and 61. and 63. N. lat. subject to Denmark. Seventeen are habitable, each of which is a lofty mountain, divided from the others by a deep and rapid cur- rent. Some of them are deeply indented with secure harbours all of them steep, and most of them faced with tremendous precipices. They produce agate, jasper, and beautiful zeolites. The surface consists of a shallow soil of remarkable fertility ; yielding plenty of barley and fine grass for sheep. No trees above the size of a juniper, or stunted willow will grow here; and the only quadru- peds are sheep. Vast quantities of sea fowls frequent the rocks, and tlie taliing of them furnishes a peri- lous employment for the inhabitants. The exports are snlted mutton, tallow, goose-quills, feathers, eiderdown, knit woolen waistcoats, caps, and stockings. To the S. of these islands is aconsid erable whirlpool. Pop. in 1820,5,265. Ferzabad, or Firvzabad , a city of Persia, in Farsistan, formerly of considerable reputi;, and yet contains a number of fine tombs, gardens, and buildings. It is seated in a fertile country, 60 m. S. by W. of Shiras, on the route to Ormus Long. 53. 0. E., lat. 28. 50. N. Ferrara, a city of Italy capital of a duchy of the same name, and an archbishop's see, with a strong citadel, and a university. Its broad streets, FEV 297 FEZ and nninber of fine buildings, evince that it was formerly a flourishing place, but the present in- habitants are few in proportion to its extent. In the middle of the city is a palace, surrounded bv walls flanked with towers and ditches. The cathedral is remarkable for its antiquity. In the Br-nedictine church, Ariosto the poet is interred. Ferrara was taken by the French in 17!)6; in I7i)9 it was retaken by the Austrians, but shortly after surrendered to the French. It is seated near the Po, 25 m. N. E. of Bologna. Long. 12. 36. E., lat. 44. 50. N. Ferrara. or Ferrarese, a duchy of Italy, bound- ed on the N. by the Po, which divides it from Polesino di Rovigno, W. by the Mantuan, S. by tiie Bolognese and Riniagna, and E. by the gulf of Venice. It had its own dukes till 1597, when (Element VIII. united it to the apostolic cham- ber. The air is unwholsome, on account of the marshes which the abject condition of the inhab- itints precludes from draining. Ferrara is the capital. Ferrendlna, a town of Naples, in Basilicata, nenr the river Basianto, 25 m. S. W. of Matera. Ferrisburir, a township in Addison Co. Vt. Pop. 1,822. Ftrro, or Hierro, the most westward of the Canarv Islands, above 18 m. in circumference. It is not fertile, but produces some corn, sugar, fruits, and legumes. The inhabitants make use of water collected in cisterns during the rainy seasons, for there is no spring in the island. Voyairers speak of a fountain tree in the middle of the island, and say that in the night much water distils from its leaves. Some geographers have taken their first meridian from the W. extremity of this island. Long. 17. 52. W., lat. 27. 47. N. Ferrol, a sea port of Spain, in Galicia, on a bay of the Atlantic. Its harbour is one of the best in Europe, and here the Spanish squad- rons frequently rendezvous in time of war. The town is surrounded on three sides by the sea, and strongly fortified on the other. In 1800 the English made an unsuccessful attempt on this place. It is 20 m. N. E. of Corunna, and 305 N. W. of Madrid. Long. 8. 4. W., lat. 43. 28. N. Ferryshridge, a large village in West Yorkshire, Eng. on the S. side of the .Aire, over which is a noble bridge, 21 m. S. by W. of York, and 174 N. by W. of London. Ferrijport, a village of Scotl.and, in Fifeshire, on the frith of Tay, 4 m. below Dundee, and 9 N. N. W. of St. Andrews. It has a considera- ble manufacture of brown linens ; and a ferry over the Tay, well frequented before the bridge at Perth was built. Ferte sur Aube, a town of France, in the depart- ment of Upper Marne, seated on the Aube, 22 m. W. by S. of Chaumont, and 33 E. S. E. of Troyes. %* There are seven or eight other towns in France named Fcrte, all prefixed to some other name, as in the case of Aube, to distinguish them from each other. Festenberg, a town of Silesia, in the principality of Oels, 14 m. N. W. of Wartenburg. Fetliard, a borough of Ireland, in the county of Tipperary, 8 m."S. E. of Cashel, and 86 S. S. W. of Dublin. Pop. in 1820, 2,878. Fethard, a. hoTough of Ireland, in the county of Wexford, on the W. side of Bannow bay, 14 m. S. by E. of New Ross. Feversham, a town in Kent, Eng. on a creek fellinff into the mouth of the Thames, much fre- 38 quented by small vessels. It is a member of the port of Dover, and governed by a mayor. The church is in the form of a cross, and the interior well worthy of observation ; and here is a free grammar-school founded by queen Elizabeth. It has a market on Wednesday and Saturday ; ia famous for the best oysters for laying in stews ; and has several gTinpovvder mills in its neighbour- hood. Here are the remains of a stately' abbey, built by king Stephen, who was interred in it with his queen and son. James II. embarked here in disguise, after the success of the prince of Orange; but the vessel was detained by the populace, and the king conveyed back to Lon- don. Feversham is 47 m. E. by S. of London. Pop. in 1820, 3,919. Feurs, a town of France, in the department of Loire, seated on the Loire, 13 m. E. N. E. of Montbrison. Fr.ijstrkz, or Windisch Fistntz, a town and castle of Germany, in Lower Stiria, on a river of the same name, 17 m. N. N. E. of Cilley. Fcr, a kingdom of Barbary, at the N. W. ex- tremity of North Africa, bounded on the W. by the Atlantic, N. by the Mediterranean, E. by Algiers, and S. by Morocco and Tafilet. It ex- tends upwards of 400 m. from E. to W. and is about 150 in breadth ; is divided into 9 provinces, and forms part of the empire of Morocco. The country is full of mountains, particularly to the W. and S. where Mount Atlas lies; but it is populous and fertile, producing citrons, lemons, oranges, dates, almonds, olives, figs, raisins, honey, wax, cotton, flax, pitch, and corn in abun- dance. The inhabitants breed camels, beeves, sheep, and the finest horses in Barbary. At the extreme N. point is the town and fortress of Ceuta, garrisoned by the Spaniards, (see Ceuta) ; the principal places on the Atlantic coast are Salee and Larache ; Melitta and Tangier, on the coast of the Mediterranean; and in the interior Mequinez, Fez, and Teza. Fez, the capital of the kingdom of Fez, and one of the largest cities in Africa. It is composed of three towns called Beleyde, Old Fez, and New Fez. Old Fez is the most considerable, and con- tains about 80.000 inhabitants. New Fez, foun- ded about the 13th century, is principally inhab- ited by Jews, who trade with the Moors, not- withstanding the contempt with which they are treated by them. Old Fez was founded in 793 by Sidy Edris, a descendent of Mahomet and Ali, whose father fled from Medina to avoid the proscriptions of the caliph Abdallah. The palaces are magnificent; and there are numerous mosques, one of which, called Carubin, is one of the finest edifices in the empire. The houses are built of brick or stone, and adorned with mosaic work : those of brick are ornamented with glazing and colours like Dutch tiles, and the wood-work and ceilings are carved, painted, and gilt The roofs are flat ; and every house has a court, in which is a square marble basin. Here are two colleges for students, finely built of marble, and adorned with paintings. The hospitals and pub- lic baths are numerous, many of which are state- ly structures. All the traders live in a separate part of the city ; and the exchange, full of all sorts of rich merchandise, is as large as a small town. The gardens are full of all kinds of fra grant flowers and shrubs. The Moors of Fez are clothed like the Turks ; and though more polish- ed than their countrymen, are vain, superstitous, and intolerant. The wants, whom they pretend FEZ 298 FIG to have bctii buried in the city, serve them for a pretext to forbid its entrance to Jews and Chris- tians ; and an order from the emperor is necessary to jfain adinission. Arabic is better spoken here than in other parts of the empire; and the rich Moors send their children to the schools at Fez, where they gain more instruction than they could do elsewhere. Fez is the centre of the trade of this empire; and hence caravans jjo to Mecca, carrying ready-made garments, leather, indigo, cochineal, and ostriches feathers, for which they bring in return silks, muslins, and drugs. Other caravans go to Tomhnctoo, and the river Niger. They travel over such dry barren deserts, that every other camel carries water. Their com- modities are salt, cowries, wrought silk, British cloth, and the woolen manufactures of Barbary. Fez is seated in a circular valley, watered by a river, and surrounded by mountains, 160 m. S. S. W. of Gibraltar, and "240 N. E. of Morocco. Long. 4. 4.5. W., lat. 33. 40. N. Fczzan, an interior kingdom of North Africa, lyincr betvsreen the great deserts of Zahara and Libya bounded on the N. by Tripoli to the Ba- shaw of which province Fezzan pays an annual tribute of 4,000 dollars. It is an extensive plain, encompassed by mountains, except to the W. ; and to the influence of these heights it may be owing, that here, as well as in Upper Egypt, no rain is ever known. Though the character of the surface (which in general is a light sand) and the want of rain, may seem to announce sterility, yet the springs, are so abundant, that few regions in the N. of Africa, exhibit a richer vegetation. The greatest length of the cultivated part is about 300 m. from N. to S., and 200 from E. to W. From wells of 10 or 15 feet deep, with which every garden and field is furnished, the husband- man waters the productions of his land; among these are the date tree, the olive, lime, apricot, pomegranate, fig, maize, barley, wheat, pompions or calabash, carrots, cucumbers, onions, and gar- lic. Among the tame animals are the sheep, cow, goat, camel, ass, and a species of the domes- tic fowl of Europe. The wild animals are the ostrich, and antelopes of various kinds. A mul- titude of noxious animals infest the country ; ad- ders, snakes, scorpions, and toads, swarm in the fields, gardens, and houses ; the air is crowded with mosquitos ; and persons of every rank are over-run with vermin. The heat of the climate in summer is ihtense, and the S. wind is scarcely supportable even by the natives ; and in winter a penetrating N. wind prevails, which drives to the fire even the natives of a northern country. Tempests of wind are frequent, which whirl up the sand and dust so as to give a yellow tinge to the atmosphere. The towns are chiefly inhabit- ed by husbandmen and shepherds ; for though they also contain merchants and artificers, yet agriculture and pasturage are the principal occu- pations. The houses are built of clay, with a flat roof composed of boughs of trees, on which a quantity of earth is laid. The natives are of a deep swarthy complexion ; their hair a short curly black, their lips thick, their noses flat and broad, and their skin emits a fetid effluvia; they are tall, and well shaped, but weakly, indolent, and inactive. Their dress is similar to that of the Moors of Barbary. In their common intercourse, all distinctions of rank seem forgotten ; the she- reef (or governor) and the lowest plebeian, the rich and the poor, the master and the servant, Gonvcriv familiarly, and eat and drink together. Generous and hospitable, let his fare be scanty or abundant, the Fezzaner is desirous that others should partake of it; and if twenty persons were unexpectedly to visit his dwelling, they must all participate as far as it will go. When thej' settle their money transactions, they squat upnn the ground, and having levelled a spot with their hands, make dots as they reckon : if they are wrong, they smooth the spot again, and rejicat the calculation. Gold dust constitutes the ciiief medium of payment ; and va,lue in that medium is always expressed by weight. In religion, tlioy are rigid, but not intolerant Mahometans. The government is monarchical ; and its powers are administered with such a temperate hand, that the people are ardently attached to their sovereign. Mourzouk, is the capital. Fiano, a town of Italy, in the patrimony of St. Peter, on the Tiber, 1.5 m. N. of Rome. Fianono, a town of Istria, on the S. W. coast, 17 m. N. ofPola. Fiascone, a town of Italy, in the patrimony of St. Peter, noted for fine muscadine wine ; seated on a mountain near lake Bolsena. 12 m. N. W. of Viterbo. Ficherulolo, a fortified town of Italy, in the Ferrarese, seated on the Po, 12 m. W. of Fer rara. FicktcJhcrg, a mountain in Franconia, one of the highest mountains in Germany. It extends from near Barcnth, to Eger in Bohemia, about 16 m., and is covered with pines and other trees. Ficleicier, an island near the W. coast of Nor- way, 22 m. long and 4 broad, with a town of the same name, 48 m. W. N. W. of Drontheim. Long. 10. 40. E., lat. 03. 44. N. Fife, a maritime county on the £. coast of Scotland, forming a peninsula between the frith of Forth and Tay, it extends from the mouth of the river Forth, in a N. N. E. direction, about 40 m., and is about 12 m. in mean breadth. Some linen manufactures are carried on in the S. W. parts of the countv, (see DumfermJine), but as a whole it is an agricultural rather than a manufac- turing district ; it produces coal and lime in abundance, and copper, lead, iron, and other minerals are also found in different parts of the county though but partially worked ; a beautiful grey marble, cornelian, agates, and jasper, are oc- casionally met with, and fishing on its coasts and its rivers is assidiously pursued by the inhabit- ants. For divisions, rental, population, ifec. see. Scotland. Cupar is the assize town. Figantolo, an island in the gulf of Venice, near the coast of Istria. Long. 13. 47. E., lat. 45. 18. N. Figrac, a town of France, in the department of Lot, with a Benedictine abbey ; seated on the Selle, 22 m. E. of Cahors. It is the seat of a prefect, and in 1825, contained 6,153 inhabitants Fighter, (ir Fi.hig, a town of Barbary, in Bile- dulegerid, at the foot of the mount Atlas on the S. The inhabitants carry on a great trade with the merchants of Morocco and Fez, and with the negroes. It is 240 m. E. S. E. of Mequinez. Long. 1. 5. W. lat. 32. 20. N. Figueras, or St. Fernando de Figueras, a strong town and important fortress of Spain, in Catalo- nia. It surrendered to the French in 1794, with- out firing a shot. It is 10 m. S. by W. of Roses, and 25 due S. of Perpignan. Figucro dos Vinhos, a town of Portugal, in Es- tremadura, celebrated for its wine ; seated among mountains, near the frontier of Beira, and the river Zezere, 22 m. E. of Thomar. FIN FIN Finale, a sea-port of Genoa, with a strong cita- del, two forts, and a castle. It was the capital of a marquisate, and annexed to the duchy of Mi- , . Ian in 1G02, but sold to the Genoese in 1713. In 174G, it was taken by the king of Sardinia, and restored in 1748. It is 30 m. S. W. of Genoa. t Long. 8. 25. E., lat. 44. 14. N. Pop. about 7,0l)U. Finale, a town of Italy in the Modenese, on an island formed by the river Panaro, 22 m. N. E. of Modena. Fincastle, p.v. a village of Bottetourt Co. Va. 190 m. N. W. of Richmond. Finistcrre, Cape, a cape of Spain, forming the extreme N. W. point of that country, projecting into the Atlantic Ocean, from the province of Galicia. It was thought by the ancients, to have no country lieyond it, and therefore they gave it this name which signifies the Land's-end. Long. 9. 17. W., lat. 42. 54. N. Finlsterre. a maritime department of France, which includes part of the late province of Bre- tagne. It is the most westerly part of France, and bounded on three sides by the sea ; on the N. it forms the boundary to the entrance of the English channel. It is divided into five arron- dissements, of which Quimper, Brest, Morlaix, Chateaulin, and Quimperle, are the seats of the prefects. The other principal towns are Lesne- ven, Landenieau, and Carhaix. For pop. &c. see France. Finland, a country of the North of Europe, ex- tending from the lat. of 60. to 6U. 30. N., and in its extreiae breadth from the long, of 21. to 31. 30. E. It is bounded on the S. by the gulf of Finland, and W. by the gulf of Bothnia ; iM. by Lapland, and E. by the Russian provinces of Wilburg and Olonetz ; it formerly belonged to Sweden and was divided into two great parts, the N. called E. Bothnia, (see Bothnia,) and the S. ? Finland Proper, which contains several conside- rable towns, of which Abo is the chief and capi- tal of the whole country, (see Abo.) The other , ■ towns are Nystadt, Raumo, and Biorncborg, on the shore of the gulf of Bothnia, and Helsinfors, Borgo and Louisa, on the shore of the gulf of ^ Finland. There are also 4 or 5 considerable towns in the interior. About one-third of the area of Finland Proper is composed of lakes. The • contiguity of Finland to the maritime capital of the Russian empire, had long rendered it an ob- ject of jealousy to the Russians, and in 1808 they overran it with so formidable a force as to com- pel the Swedes to consent to a formal cession of the whole country, and it Jiow forms one of the 50 governments of the Russian empire. It is di- * vided into 13 districts, containing together in 1825, a pop. of 980,000, who contributed a reve- nue of 3,200,000 rubles, equal to about £130,000. The Finns have been supposed to be nearly re- lated to the Lapps ; but though they are equally diminutive in stature, the fair hair, either yellow, flaxen, or almost white, added to the brave and warlike character of the Finn, evidence him to be of a diiferent origin. Tacitus describes the ancient Finns as a people " whose ferocity was extraordinary, and poverty extreme ; having herbs for their food, skins for their covering, and the ground for their couch : re- fardless of man and of gods," continues he, " they ave attained the very difficult condition of not having a single wish to form." The modern Finn is honest, laborious, and ca- pable of cndurino great hardship ; but he bears the reproach of being sometimes obstinate and in- flexible. The Lutheran form of Christianity was introduced among the Finns by the Swedes; and since the annexation of their country to Rus- sia, no attempt has been made to change their mode of religious worship. Dr. Clarke describes the costume of the Finnish peasants as very elegant. Among the men it consists of a jacket, with pantaloons, buskins, and a sash, worn as a girdle, round the loins. The sash, though generally yellow, is sometimes red, and sometimes variegated with flowers. The buskins are bound about the ankles with scarlet garters, ending in a black tassel. The jacket and pantaloons are generally white ; though blue, black, and grey, are also used. A few of the men appear in long white coats bound with the Don Cossack sash. The women wear a short scarlet or striped vest, made as gaudy as possi- ble, with large and loose sleeves of very white linen, and white hoods or kerchiefs upon their heads. The vests are often of silk or rich damask, embroidered with large brocade flowers. i^ y^'iKUSi L ^ ^f\ if^^iM^fe f^^^R A^U I/i /a^^fc^^ 'H jtlLififj '^ /' ''^ iflR w9 v^ll '^^l.lfl* 5jg^A_,* i?^ ^ J^B«aCK!^S« ^^^^^M~^ '^ir^^l TnHa ''iiTiri' iS^^^^ 's^sZi^^^^^m The Finns, like their neighbours, exhibit a scat- tered population, and a rude state of society. The cottages consist of dismal huts, with walls made of the round trunks of trees, barely stripped of their bark, and rather resembling a casual pile of timber, than a human dwelling. The interstices are caulked with clay and moss ; a few glazed windows are occasionally seen ; but their place is more generally supplied by square open cran- nies. " In fact," says Mr. James, from whom this account is derived, " the felling of the timber is the only part of the labour which a peasant thinks it behoves him to calculate upon, when about to erect his habitation." Of the Finns who inhabit the islands of the Baltic, the last quoted writer thus speaks : — '* The cottages of the islanders are rough-hewn log- hoiises ; and they are themselves a people appa- rently of such simple manners and habits, as their secluded situation and scanty number might lead one to expect; each rustic householder is provi- ded with the tools and implements of a dozen nec- essary arts or professions ; performing for him- self, with equal address, the duties of carpenter, shoemaker, tailor, fisherman, miller, baker, &c. Their corn mills are of simple form, and driven by sails constructed of wooden planks ; and their mill-stones are shaped like the querne, or old Cel- tic machine for grinding with the hand. Luxu- ries, such as ochre paint for their cabins, or coats of woolen cloth, where sheepskins will sufiice, FIS 300 FLA are not common. Caps of the most ordinary fur serve as a covering for their heads ; and for their feet, the want of shoes is supplied by a mis-sha- pen bag of dried seal-sliin. The harness of their horses consists of nothing more tiian a plain col- lar attached to the shafts of the cart or sledge, through which, when the horse's neck is thrust, he has only to proceed : this contrivance answers ail the purposes of draught, for neither here nor in Sweden is the animal trained to resist the weight of a carriage on the descent, however steep it may be." Finlayville, a village of Mecklenburgh Co. N. C. Finlcy, a township of Washington Co. Pa. Finnet/sviUe, p. v. Rutland Co. v t. Finrnark, the most northern section of Europe, jetting into the Arctic Ocean ; it formerly be- longed to Denmark, but with Norway was ceded to Sweden, in 1815. The coast is flanked with islands, and indented with bays. It comprises about 400 sq. m. of surface, but the inhabitants, a mixed rtTce of Finns, and Laplanders, do not ex- ceed 2t),()00, who principally inhabit the coast, fishing and hunting constituting their chief em- ployment : the S. part bordering on Lapland is mountrinous. North Cape, its extreme northern limit, and also of Europe, is in the lat. of 71. 10. N., and 25. 50. of E. long. Finow, a town of Brandenburgh, in the Ucker Mark. It has a canal, by which the Oder and Havel are united. It is 28 m. N. W. of Custrin. FiontJa, a town of Asiatic Turkey, in Natolia, and a bishop's see, on the gulf of Satalia, 25 m. S. W. of Satalia. Fiorenzo. See Fcrentino. Fiorenzo, St. a sea-port on the N. W. coast of Corsica, defended by walls and a tower. It was taken by the English and Corsicans, from the French, in 1794. It is 7 m. W. ofBastia. Fireplace, p.v. Suffolk Co. N. Y. Fisher sjield, p.t. Merrimack Co. N. H. 95 m. fr. Boston. Pop. 793. Fisldng Creek, p.t. Columbia Co. Pa. Fishing Ford, p.v. Bedford Co. Ten. Firosepour, a town of Hindoostan, in Moultan, seated on the Setlege, at the influx of the Beyah, 20 m. W. of Depalpour, and 150 E. by N. of Moultan. Fishhack, a town of Switzerland in the Valais, 27 m. E. of Sion. A battle was fought in this neighborhood betu'een the Swis, and Amadeus, Duke of Savoy in which the Swiss were victori- ous Fishers Islands, in Long Island Sound, opposite to Stonington harbour in Connecticut. It is 10 m. long and 2 broad, with a fertile soil, and is annexed to the township of Southhold, in Long Island, and belongs to the State of New York. Fishguard, a town of Wales in Pembrokeshire. Here is a good pier, with every convenience for ehip-building, and a considerable trade in herrings, corn, nnd bu ter. It is situate on a steep cliff", on a bay of St. George's channel, 16 m. N. E. of St. David, and 249 W. by N. of London. Pop. in 1821,1,837. Fishausen, a town of Prussia, with a royal cas- tle, seated on the Frische Haff", 21 m. W. of Konis- berg, and 5 N. N. E. of Pillau. Fishkill, a town of New York, in Dutchess coun- ty, on a creek of the same name, 5 m. E. of Hud- son river, and CO N. of New York. Pop. of the township 8.292. Fishkill Tending, a village of Dutchess Co. N. y. on the Hudson opposite Newburg. Fish Lake, p.v. Delaware Co. N. Y. Fish River, Great, a river of Southern Africa flowing South into the ocean East of the Cape of Good Hope. The limits of the Cape Colony extend a little beyond it to the East. Fissato, a sea-port of Barbary, in the province of Tripoli, 90 m. N. W. of Tripoli. Long. 12. 10. E., lat. 33. 50. N. Fistclla, a fortified town of Morocco. The in- habitants carry on a great trade in fine garments. It is 125 m. N. E. of Morocco. Long. 5. 55. E. lat. 32. 27. N. Fitchhurg, p.t. Worcester Co. Mass. 48 m. N. W. Boston. It has some manufactories. Pop. 2,180. Fitzwilliam, p.t. Cheshire Co. N. H. on the Massachusetts border, 05 m. N. W. Boston. Pop. 1,229. Fium. See Fayotim. Fiume, a sea-port of Austrian Istria, with a cas- tle, and many fine churches and convents. It is noted for wine, good figs, and other fruits ; and has a sugar refinery, and a wax manufacture. The harbour is formed oy tl>e river Fiumara which enters the bay of Carnero, at the extremity of the Adriatic. It is 37 m. E. of Capo distria. Long. 14. 12. E., lat. 45. 38. N. Pop. about 12,000. Fladstrand, a sea-port of Denmark, in North Jutland, with a harbour defended by three forts, just within the entrance to the Cattgat. It is 30 m. N. N. E. of Alburg. Long. 10. 29. E., lat. 57. 33. N. Flaggtoicn, p.v. Somerset Co. N. J. Flamborough, a factory of the Hudson Bay Company, on Hayes river, 70 m. from its mouth, on the W; side of Hudson Bay. Long. 90. 5. W. lat. 56. 8. N. Flamborough Head, a lofty promontory on the coast of Yorkshire, Eng. whose snow-white cliff's, rising from 300 to 450 feet above the level of the sea, are seen at a great distance from shore, and afford shelter to innumerable multitudes of sea- fowls. The lower parts contain vast caverns, and on the summit is a litrht-house, 5 m. E. N. E.of Burlington. Long. 0.2. W.,lat. 54. 8. N. There is a village of the same name, contiguous to the cliffs. Pop. in 1821, 917. Off this headland the celebrated John Paul Jones in the American Frigate Bonne Homme Richard, captured the British Frigate Serapis after one of the most des- perate battles ever fought. Fiamstead, a village in Hertfordshire, Eng. Pop. in 1821, 1,392. It was a place of some im- portance at the time the Romans were in pos- session of England. The house in Greenwich Park, in which is the Royal Observatory, and » from whence the English meridional line of lon- gitude is drawn, is commonly called Fiamstead House after the name of its first astronomer. See Greenwich. Flanders, & country of Europe, bounded on the N. by the mouth of the Scheldt, and N.' W. by the North Sea or German Ocean, lying between the lat. of 50. 40. and 51. 20. N. and 2. 15. to 4. 15. of E. longitude. The early history of this coun- try is involved in considerable obscurity ; it has, however, for several centuries ranked among the most fertile, populous, and civilized parts of Eu- rope, it was formerly known under three divisions, of French, Austria, and Dutch Flanders j the French, or S. part, was comprised in the late province of Artois, now the department du Nord, or N. The Austrian comprised the centre from «< rLE 301 FLO E. to W. ; and the Dutch the coast off the mouth of the Scheldt ; the whole country \vas overrun by the Frencii in the early part of the war which commenced in 1793, and confirmed to them by the treaty of Campo Formio in 1797. After the treaty of Luneville in 1801,Austrian and Dutch Flanders were divided into two departments; Lys on the W. and Scheldt on the E. and incor- porated with the French Empire. At the gener- al partitioning of this part of Europe ,which follow- ed the peace of 1S14, those two departments were ceded to the new kingdom of the Netherlands, and were called the Eas^ and West Flanders. For their subsequent history, see JVetherlands. The area of the E. part comprises about 1,080 square ra., and contains about t)00,000 inhabitants. It is divided into four circles, of which Ghent, Dender- nionde, Oudenarde and Eecloo, are the chief towns ; the other places of note are Sluys, Arden- berg, Phillipina, and Sas Van Ghent on the shore of tlie mouth of the Scheldt; and Deynse, Ren- aix, Grammont, Sotteghem, Alost, and Watteren in the S. The river Scheldt which rises in the French department, of Aisne enters the S. W. corner running N. by E. to Ghent in the centre of the province, and then nearly due E. till it changes its course to the N. forming the bounda- ry of the province on the side of Brabant ; towards the S. the surface is slightly undulated, but north- ward it is an entire level intersected by canals, communicating both with the North Sea and the mouth of the Scheldt. West Flanders is bounded on the S. and S. W. by the French department ; on the N. and N. W. by the North Sea ; the area of this province is about 1,500 square m., containing 530,000 inhabi- tants. It is also divided into four circles, of which Bruges, Furnes, Ypres, and Courtray are the chief towns, the other places of note are the sea-ports of Nieuport and Ostend; the latter is regarded as the maritime portal of this part of Europe. This like E. Flanders is a level country; in the S. E. part, fine thread, lace, and linen cambrics are manufactured to a great extent for exportation ; over all the oth- er parts of the two provinces, fishing, agriculture and manufactures are assiduously pursued, and tend to render the inhabitants among the most soci- al and best conditioned in Europe. The language of the common people is peculiar, a mixture of Dutch and French ; but in the towns the French is most generally spoken. The Catholic religion prevails through both provinces ; the clergy are a tolerant and respectalsle body. Flanders, p. v. Morris Co. N. J. Flatbush, a. town of N. Y., chief of King's coun- ty, Long Island. The Americans were defeated near this place by the British in 1776. It is situ- ate amid garden-grounds, 5 m. S. by E. of New York. Pop. 1,143. Fladnnds, a township of Kings Co. N. Y. on Lorj^ Island. Pop. 596. Flattery, Cape, on the W. coast of North Amer- ica, discovered by Cook, in 1778 ; and so named, because he was disappointed at not finding a har- bour. Long. 124. 57. W., lat. 48. 25. N. Flamgny, a town of France, in the depart- ment of Cote d'Or, with a Benedictine abbey ; seated on a mountain, by the river Ozerain, 27 m. W. N.W. of Dijon. Fleche, La, a town of France, in the depart- ment of Sarte. Here was a noble college, built by Henry IV., at which Descartes was educated ; the centre is now converted into a town-house, and one of the wings rebuilt as a prytaneum, or military school for soldiers' children. It is sea- ted on the N. bank of the Loire, and is the seat of a prefect. Pop. in 1825, 5,387. It is 80 m. E. N. E. of Nantes. Fteckeroc, Justeroe, or Fleckeren, an island in the Scagerack, near the coast of Norway, a few m. E. of Christiansand. Between the island and the continent is a most excellent harbour, de- fended by a fortress. Long. 8. 18. E., lat. 53. 4. N. Fleet, a river of Scotland, in Kirkcudbrightshire which issues from a small fake of the same name, and enters Wigton bay, below Gatehouse. On its W. side are the vestiges of a camp, adru- idical circle, and a vitrified fort. Fleming, a. county of Kentucky. Pop. 13,493. Flemingsburg is the capital, 50 m. N. E. of Lex- ington. Flcmington, p. v. Hunterdon Co. N. J. Fletcher, a township of Franklin Co. Vt. Pop. 793. Flenshurg, a seaport of Denmark, in the duchy of Sleswick, with a strong citadel, and a harbour at the head of a bay in the Little Belt, at its en- trance into the Baltic. It is a place of great com- merce, 15 m. N. N. W. of Sleswick. Long. 9. 47. E., lat. 54. 52. N. Pop. about 15,000. Fleurance, a town of France, in the department of Gers, on the river Gers, 3 m. N. of Auch. Fieurus, a village of the Netherlands, in Na- mur, 6 m. N. E. of Charleroy. Here, in 1690, a victory was gained by the French over the allies ; and in 1794, the Austrians were defeated in a general attack of the French posts. Flie, or Vlieland. an island on the coast of Hol- land, N. of the Texel, at the middle of the en- trance of the Zuider Zee. i^/mf, a county at the N. E. extremity of Wales, bounded in a N. W. direction by the estuary of the river Dee, and N. by W. by the Irish sea. It is the smallest county in Wales, its superficies being only 243 sq. m. It is, however, rich in coal, copper and lead, and since the commence- ment of the present century, the cotton manu- facture has been introduced, and the pop. du- ring the 20 years, 1801—1821 has increased 3G per cent. The principal towns are Mold, Holy- well, Hawarden, and St. Asaph {etich of which see), there is also a town called Flint, formerly the chief town of tlie county, though now a small place. It has the county-goal, but the assizes are held at Mold. Here are the remains of a royal castle, in which Richard 11. took shelter on ariving from Ireland ; but on leaving it he was delivered into the hands of his rival, afterv/ard Henry IV. : it stands on a rock close to the sea, and is governed by a constable, who is also mayor of the town. Flint has no market, but is well frequented as a bathing-place. It is seated on the estuary of the Dee, 12 m. W. N. W. of Ches- ter, and 195 N. N. W. from London. Pop. in 1821,1,612. Flint, a river of the state of Georgia, which rises in the country formerly occupied by the Creek Indians, runs S. W. and joining the Chat- ahoochee, at its entrance into E. Florida, forms the Apalachicola. Flintstone, p. v. Alleghany Co. Maryland. Flix, a town of Spain, in Catalonia, strong both by nature and art. It stands on a peninsula formed by the Ebro, and the side where the rivei does not pass is covered by mountains, and defen- ded by a castle. It is 23 m. N. of Tortosa. Floddon, a. field in the parish of Kirknewlon, Nortliumberland, Eng. 5 m. N. N. W. of Wool- 2 C FLO SOS FLO cr, on which a battle was fought between the English and Scots in 1513, in which James IV. was killed, with many of his nobility, and 10,000 men. Florae, a town of France, in the department of Lozere, 13 m. S. of Mende, and 55 N. of Montpelier. It is the seat of a prefect. Pop. in 182.5, 2,082. Florence, a celebrated city of Italy, capital of Tuscany, and an archbishop's see, with a citadel, and a university. It was first founded by the soldiers of Sylla, embellished and enlarged by the triumvirs ; destroyed by Totila, and rebuilt by Charlemange. The circumference is about C m. and the fortifications consist of only a wall and a ditch, with two or three forts which command a part of the town. It is divided into two unequal parts, by the river Arno, over which are four handsome bridges. The quays, the buildings on each side, and the bridges, render the part through which the river runs by far the finest; but every part is full of wonders in the arts of painting, statuary and architecture. The envi- rons are beautiful, rich, and populous. Some of the Florentine merchants, formerly, were men of great wealtii ; and one of them, in the middle of the fifteenth century, built that noble fabric, which, from the name of its founder, is still called the Palazzo Pitti. It was afterwards purchased by the Medici family, who made some enlarge- ments ; and it thence became the residence of tiie grand dukes of Tuscany. The Palazzo Vecchio, or old palace, contains a room 172 feet long, and 70 wide, for public entertainments. The beauties and riches of these palaces, in all that is masterly in architecture, literature, and the arts, especially those of painting and sculpture have been often described. The celebrated Venus of Medici, the standard of taste in female beauty and proportion, stood in a room called the Tri- bune ; this, with other masterpieces of sculp- ture, was carried away to Paris, but restored with most of the other works of art at the general peace in 1815. There are other rooms, whose contents are indicated by the names they bear; as the cabinet of arts, of astronomy, natural histo- ry, medals, portraits, porcelain, antiquities, &c. Beside the Medicean library begun by Julius de Medici, and greatly augmented by duke Cosmo I., there are several other copiow.s libra- ries, especially those in the two Benedictine and Carmelite convents. The Florentine Academy and the Academia della Crusca were instituted to enrich the literature and improve the language of Tuscany ; the latter is so named because it rejects like bran all words not purely Tuscan. The cathedral, the churches, and other public buildings, contain paintings and sculpture by the first masters in Italy ; and the chapel of Lorenzo is perhaps, the most expensive habitation that ever was reared for the dead, being incrusted with precious stones, and adorned with the workman- ship of the best modern sculptors. The manufac- tures of Florence are chiefly silks, satins, gold and silver stuffs, and damask table cloths. It has a considerable trade in fruits, oil, and excel- lent wines. Florence is 45 m. E. N. E. of Leg- horn, which is its out-nort, and 125 N. W. of Rome. Long. 11. 3. E., lat. 43. 46. N. Pop. in 1825, 75,207. Florence, p.t. Oneida Co. N. Y. Pop. 964. Also a village in Alabama, the ca|)ital of Landerdale Co. on the Muscle Shoals of Tennessee Pvivcr. Also a village in Huron Co Ohio. Florent, St. a town of France, in the department of Mayenneand Loire, with a Benedictine abbey; seated on the Loire, 20 m. W. S. W. of Angers. Florentin, a town of France, in the department of Yonne, at the conflux of the Armance and Armancon, 15 m. N. £. of Auxerre, and 80 S. E. of Paris. Florentino, or Fiorentino, a province of Tusca- ny ; bounded on the N. W^. by the republic of Lucca and the Modenese ; N. E. by the Apen- nines, and S. by the Siennese. Pop. about 580,- 000: besides Florence the capital, the other prin- cipal towns are Leghorn, Pisa, and Pistoia. Flares, or Mangeyle, an island of llie East Indies, one of the chain {hat forms the S. boundary of the Java and Banda seas, 108 m. long and 45 broad, lying to the E. of that of Sumbawa. On the S. side, near the E. end, is a town named Larantuca. Long. 121. 56. £., lat. 8. 50. S. Flores,a. fertile island, one of the Azores, so called from the abundance of flowers found upon it. Lagens is the most populous town, but St. Cruz is the capital. Long. 31. 0. W., lat. 39. 34. N. Florida, a Territory of the United States,and the most southern portion of the country. Its south- ern point is in 25. N. lat., and it extends N to 3J. It lies between 80. 25. and 87. 20. W. long, and contains, about 45,000 sq. m. It is shaped some- what like an L, the southeastern part being a pe- ninsula washed by the ocean on the E., and the Gulf of Mexico on the W. Its boundaries on the N. are Georgia, and Alabama. It has been usual to consider this territory as consisting of two divi- sions, East and West, but there is at present no political distinction. The land is low and generally either sandy or swampy. On the coast it is mostly barren. There are many savannas covered with a thick growth of grass and flowers. In the swampy tracts the cane brakes are of an enormous height and thick- ness. The reed canes are sometimes 30 and 40 feet high. The ponds and bayous are in summer covered with aquatic plants, and abound with al- ligators. The uplands of the interior are the most fertile and bear the name of hamwoc lands from the tufts or swells which they exhibit. The greater part of the surface is a pine barren ; this is a la.nd with a grey and reddish soil producing coarse grass and a scanty growth of pine trees. Almost every part of the county affords abundance of timber, as pitch pine, live oak, cypress, &c. Two thirds of the country are covered with pine for- ests. The magnolia is a very common and beautiful tree, and grows to the height of 100 feet with a straight trunk surmounted by a conical mass of dark green foliage covered over with large milk- white flowers. Orange trees also flourish here, and about St. Augustine and on the borders of ma- ny of the lakes and savannas are many beautiful groves of them. Limes, grapes, and figs, grow wild. The long moss or Spanish beard which hangs in festoons upon the branches of the live oak and pine, affords a good material for stuffinor. This country is very thinly inhabited, and har- dly any thing is known from experience as to its capabilities for agriculture ; but it is thought to be excellently adapted to the culture of tobacco, cot- ton, indigo, rice, and sugar. At present the chief objects of attention among the planters, are maize, rice, potatoes, beans, melons, &c. The olive and cotfee have been tried here and the former will undoubtedly succeed. FLO 303 FOI The climate is very hot, although in the north- ern parts water sometimes freezes. In the peninsu- la the most delicate orange trees bear fruit in full perfection. In the lower parts the air is moist, and in the neighbourhood of the rice fields it is unhealthy. From October to June the weather is most delightful. The southern extremity is subject to the hurricanes of the West Indies. The largest river is the St. Johns, which rises in tiie centre of the peninsula and flows north- easterly to the sea ; it passes through several lakes and its current is gentle. The Apalachicola pas- ses through West Florida into the Gulf of Mexico. Many small streams rise in the pine forests and fall into the inlets of the Gulf The springs which irive rise to these rivers are very remarka- ble for their size and depth. See Wakulla Fountain. The only towns of consequence are St. Augustine on the eastern coast, and Pensacola on the western. There is a chain of low islands or sand banks skirt- ing the whole coast, but they afford few good harbours. Off cape Sable, which is the southern- most point of the peninsula, are a cluster of islands • at some distance from the land, on one of which, called Key West, was lately established a naval station of the United States. Florida is divided into 15 counties. The Gov- ernor is appointed by the United States, and there is a legislative council of 16 members. Talla- hassee is the seat of government. It has one del- egate in Congress. The Pop. is 34,723, of whom 15,510 are slaves. The commerce of the territory is inconsiderable. The shipping in 1828 amoun- ted to 2,781 tons. The imports for 1829 were 153,642 dollars. The exports of domestic produce, 38,163 dollars. Total exports 56,086 dollars. This territory was discovered in 1497. It was first settled by the Spaniards in 1524. Some set- tlements were made by the French about 30 years afterwards, and they established themselves in the neighbourhood of the spot where St. Augiistine now stands in 1564. The Spaniards however, ex- • pelled the French. In 1763 Florida was ceded to Great Britain, and retained by that power till 1781 when it was reconquered by the Spaniards. In 1821 Spain ceded it by treaty to the United States as an indemnity for spoliations upon our com- merce ; and the following year it was made a ter- ritorial government. Florida Cape, is on the E. coast of East Flori- da, in the gulf of the same name, in the lat. of 25. 41. N.. and 80. 5. of W. long. ; 90. m. N E. of Cape Sable, and about 30 W. of the N. W. end of the Great Bahama Bank. Florida, Gulf of, is the passage out of the gulf of Mexico into the Atlantic Ocean, between the N. W. coast of the Island of Cuba, and the Bah^ ma Bank and islands on the E., and the promon- tory of East Florida on the W. Through this passage the great body of waters flowing into the gulf of Mexico from the Mississippi, Colorado, and Rio del Norte, set, in a continual stream, running at the rate of 4 to 5 m. per hour: the stream continues to run along the eastern coast of North America, to the lat. of 42., when the current is dispersed by the great bank of New- foundland. The gulf passage is from 30 to 130 m. wide, the narrowest part being between Cape Florida, and the Great Bahama Bank before men- tioned. Florida Ketjs, or Martijrs Islands and Reefs, are the Bhoals and sand-banks flanking the southern extremity and E. coast of the promontory of East Florida, as previously described. Florida, p.t. Berkshire Co. Mass. Pop. 454. Also a p.t. Montgomery Co. N. Y. Pop. 2,838. Florisaiit, a village m St. Louis Co. Missouri, on tlie Missouri. Flour, St. a city of France, in the department of Cantal, and a bishop's sec. Good knives are made here, and it has a considerable trade in corn. It is seated on a mountain, 35 m. S. of Clermont, and 108 N. by W. of Montpelier. It is the seat of a prefect. Pop. in 1820, 6,372. Flour Town, a village in Montgomery Co. Pa. Floyd, a county of Kentucky. Pop. 4,262. Prestonburg is the capital. Also a county of In- diana. Pop. 6.363. New Albany is the capital Floijd, p.t. Oneida Co. N. Y. Pop. 1,699. Floyd^sburg, a village in Jefierson Co. Ken. Flushing, a strong sea-port of Dutcli Zealand, in the island of Walcheren, on the N. side of Western Scheldt, the entrance of which it de- fends. It has a good harbour, and a great canal runs through the town, which is deep enough to admit loaded vessels. The stadihouse is a superb building, after the model of that of Amsterdam. Flushing was the birth place of admiral De Ruy- ter, and has a capacious harbour and basin for ships of the largest burtiien. It is one of the na- val depots of the Netherlands. Its trade is chiefly smuggling. Pop. about 6,000. It is in lat. 51. 27. N.,and 3. 34. of E. long. Flushing, a town of New York, in Queen's countv. Long Island, situate on the E. side of Hell-gate, 7 m. E. by N. of New York. Pop. 2,820. Flushing, p. v. Belmont Co. Ohio. Fluvanna, a county of the E. District of Vir- ginia, N. of James river, at the foot of the first ridge of the Alleghany mountains. Pop. 8,221. Palmyra is the chief town. Fochabers, a town of Scotland belonging to Murrayshire, though seated on the E. side of the river Spey. It is 8 m. E. by S. of Elgin, and 22 W. of BanflT. Fochan, a populous village of China, in the vi- cinity of Canton. Fochea, or Foggia, a sea-port of Asiatic Tur- key, in Natolia, with a castle. The Venetians beat the Turkish fleet near this place, in 1(550 It is seated on the gulf of Smyrna, at the influx of the Hermus, 28 m. N. W. of Smyrna. Long. 26 39. E., lat. 38. 44. N. Foedwar, a town of Hungary, seated on the W. bank of the Danube, opposite Colocza, 40 m S. of Buda. Pop. 2,500. Fogaras, a town and castle of Transylvania, on the river Alauta, 30 m. N. by E. of Hermadstadt. Foggia,, a town of Naples, in Capitanata. It is a staple for corn and wool, and seated near the Cerbero, 20 m. S. of Manfredonia j it suffered greatly by an earthquake, in 1732. Pop. about 17,000. Foglesville, a village in Lehigh Co Pa. Foglia, a river of Italy, which rises on the con fines of Tuscany, crosses the duchy of Urbino, and enters the gulf of Venice, at Pesaro. Focrlizzo, or Foglino, a town of Piedmont, 5 m. N. W. of Chivasso, and 13 W. of Crescentino. Fogo. See Fuego. Fohr, or Fora, an island of Denmark, about 12 m. in circumference, near the coast of Sleswick, in the German Ocean, 65 m. N. of Heligoland. Pop. about 5,500. Long. 8. 31. E., lat. 54. 44 .N. Foix, a late district of France, in Languedoc, adjoining the Pyrenees. It now forms, with Couserans, the department of Arriege. FON 304 FOR Foix, a town of France, capital of the depart- ment of Arriege. Here is a manufacture of coarse woolen cloths, with some copper-mills. It is seat- ed on the Arriege, near the foot of the Pyrenees, 42 m. S. by E. of Toulouse. Fo-kien a maritime province in the S. of China, bounded on the N. by Tche-kiang, W. by Kiang- si, S. by Quang-tong, and E. by the China Sea. The climate is warm ; and yet the air is so pure, that no contagious diseases ever prevail. It pro- duces musk in abundance, precious stones, quick- silver, iron, and tin ; also gold and silver, but it is forbidden to dig for these. It has fine plains ; and industry fertilizes even the mountains, the greater part of which are cut into terraces, rising above each other. Its valleys are watered by springs and rivers from the mountains, which the husbandman distributes with great skill, to refresh his rice : he has even the art to raise his water to the tops of the mountains, and to convey it from one side to the other, by pipes made of- bamboo. The people speak a different language !n most of the cities, each of which has its particular dialects. The language of the mandarins is that which is spoken every where; but few understand it in this province : however, it produces a great num- ber of literati. It contains 9 cities of the first and GO of the third class. Fou-tcheo is the capital. FoleshiU, a parish in the county of the city of Coventry, Eng. lying on the N. side of the city, and intersected by the Coventry canal. Pop. in 1820, 4,937, almost exclusively employed in the riband manufacture. Foligno, a town of Italy, in the duchy of Um- bria, famous for its sweetmeats, paper mills, and silk manufactures. It is seated on the W. side of the Apennines, near a fertile plain, 69 m. N. of Rome. Folkingham., a town in Lincolnshire, Eng. Here are the ruins of an ancient castle. It is seated on a rising ground, 18 m. W. S. W. of Boston, and 106 N. of London. Pop. 759. Folkstone, a town in Kent, Eng. It had once five churches, four of which liave been destroyed by the incursions of the sea. The inhabitants are chiefly employed in fishing. Dr. Wm. Harvey, the celebrated discoverer of the circulation of the blood, was born here in 1578. It is a member of the port of Dover, governed by a mayor, and a little to the W. is Sandgate castle, built by Henry VIII. It is seated on the English channel, 8 m. S. W. of Dover, and 72 E. by S. of London. Pop. in 1821, 4,232, chiefly dependent on fishing and smuggling for support. Fondc, a town of Naples, in the Terra di Lavoro, seated on the ^ippian Way near the sea coast, 65 m. S. S. W. of Rome. Fong-tsiang, or Fontcheou, a city of China, in the province of Chen-si. Its district contains eight cities of the second and third class. It is seated on the Hole Ho, which falls into the Yel- low river, 560 m. S. W. of Peking. Long. 106. 57. E., lat. 34. 36. N. Fong-yang, a city of China, in the province of Kiang-nan. It incloses within its walls several fertile little hills ; and its jurisdiction comprehends five cities of the second, and 13 of the third class. It is seated on a mountain which overhangs a river falling into the Hongts Hou, 70 m. N. E. of Na-king. Long. 11(). 58. E., lat. 32. 52. N. Fons, a town of France, in the department of jA)t, 5 m. N. W. of Figeac. Fontainbleau, a town of France, in the depart- ment, of Seine and Marne, celebrated for its fine palace, and a hunting seat of the sovereigns of France. It stands in the midst of an extensive forest, 35 m. S. S. E. of Paris. It is the seat of a prefect. Pop. in 1820, 6,439. Fontaine V Evequc a town of the Netherlands, in the territory of Liege, 6 m. W. of Charleroi. Fontanetto, a town of Piedmont, 7 m. E. of Crescentino. Fontarabia, a sea-port of Spain, in Biscay, on the frontiers of France, from which it is separated by the river Bidassoa, which forms a harbour at its mouth, in the bay of Biscay. It stands on a peninsula, at the foot of the Pyrenean mountains, and is so strong both by nature and art as to be accounted the key of Spain, on that side ; but il opened its gates to the French in 1794. It is 22 m. S. W. of Bayonne, and 62 E. by N. of Bilbao Long. 1. 47. W., lat. 43. 23. N. Fontenay Ic Comte, a town of France, in the de- partment of Vendee. It has a woolen manufac- ture, and its fairs are famous for cattle. It is seated on the Vendee, 25 m. N. E. of Rocfielle, 55 W. by S. of Poitiers, and 215 S. E. of Paris. It is the seat of a prefect. Pop. in 1820, 7,470. Fontenoy, a village of the Netherlands, iu Hainault, 4 rn. S. E. of Tournay. It is celebra- ted for a battle between the allies and the French in 1745, in which the former were defeated. Fontcvrault, a town of France, in the depart- ment of Mayenne and Loire. Here is a famous abbey, in the church of which, several kings and queens of France lie interred. It is 7 m. S. £. ot Saumer. Fora, an island of Denmark, on the W. coast of S. Jutland, between those of Sylt and Nord- strand. It is of an oval form, 20 m. in circum- ference, and the chief place is Utersen. See Fohr. Forcheim, a strong town of Franconia, in the principality of Bamberg, with a fine arsenal. It surrendered to the French in 1796, but the Aus- trians compelled them to abandon it soon after- ward. It is seated at the conflux of the Wisent and Rednitz, 16 m. S. S. E. of Bamberg, and is now included in the territory of the king of Ba- varia. Fordinghridge, a town in Hampshire, Eng. with a manufacture of checks and bed-ticks ; seated on the Little Avon, 10 m. S. of Salisbury, and 88 W. by S. of London. Pop. in 1820, 2,444. Fordsvilh, a village in Pearl River, Marion Co. Mississippi. Foreland, North, a promontory of Kent, Eng. the E. point of the isle of Thanet. It is the most southern point of the port of London ; and a line thence extended N. to the point called the Nase, in Essex, forms the mouth of the Thames. Here is around brick tower, nearly 80 feet high, erect- ed by the Trinitv-house for a sea-mark. Long. 1.29. E., lat. 51 ."22. N. Foreland, South, another promontory of Kent. It is called South, in respect to its bearing from the other Foreland, which is 13 m. to the N. Be- tween these two capes is the noted roadstead, call- ed the Downs. Forest Towns, four towns of Suabia, in Brisgau, situate on the Rhine and the confines of Switzer- land, at the entrance of the Black Forest. Their names are W^aldschut, LaufFenburgh, Seckingen, and Rheinfelden. Foresterton, a village in Burlington Co. N. Y. Forfar, a borough of Scotland, capital of An- gusshire. It contains many neat modern houses FOR 305 rou and has manufactures of coarse linens and shoes. It is situate in an extensive plain, nearly in the centre of the county, 14 m. N. by E. of Dundee. Forfarshire. See Angusshire. Forges, a town of France, in the department of Lower Seine, celebrated for its mineral waters. It is 24 m. N. E. of Rouen. Forio, or ForUario. See Ischia. Forti, a town of Italy, in Romagna, seated on the frontier of Tuscany, in a fertile country, near the river Rones, 11 m. S. S. W. of Ravenna. Formentera, an island in the Mediterranean, belonging to the crown of Spain. It is situated to the south of Ivica, from which it is separated by a channel 4 m. wide. Formosa, an island in the China Sea, lying be- tween 120. and 122. E. long., and 22. and 25. N. lat., and separated from the province of Fo-kien, in China, by a channel about SO m. where nar- rowest. It is 280 m. from N. to S., and 70 in its broadest part, but is greatly contracted at the S. extremity. It is subject to the Chinese, who, however, did not know of its existence till the year 1430. A chain of mountains, running its whole length, divides it into two parts, the E. and W. The Dutch built the fort of Zealand, on the W. part, in 1G43. They were driven thence, in 1661, by a Chinese pirate, who made himself master of all the W. part. In 1682 the whole island submitted to the emperor of China. It contains extensive and fertile plains, watered by a great number of rivulets from the mountains. It produces abundance of corn and rice, most of the Indian fruits, many of those of Europe, to- bacco, sugar, pepper, camphire, and cinnamon. Wholesome fater is the only thing wanting in Formosa. The inhabitants rear a great number of oxen, which they use for riding, from a want of horsos. This island was almost totally destroy- ed by a furious hurricane and dreadful inundation of the sea. Taiouang, at the S. W. end of the island, is the capital. Formosa, Cape, the point of land between the bights of Benin and Biafra, in the gulf of Guinea. Lat. 4. 15. N., and 5. 10. of E. long. One of the Bissagos Isles on the W. coast of North Africa, is • also called Formosa. Lat. 11. 30. N., long. 16. 10. W Farnovo, a town of Italy, in the duchy of Par- ma; near which, in 1495, Charles VIII. of France obtained a victory over the princes of Italy. It is8m. W. S. W. of Parma. Forres, a royal burgh of Scotland, in Murray- Bhiru, neatly built on an eminence, on the river and near the bay of Findhorn, which is its port. It has manufactures of linen and thread, and a valuable salmon fishery. A little W. of the town is a column, called Sweno's stone, covered with antique sculpture, and said to have been erected in memory of a victory obtained over the Danes, in 1008. Forres is 12m. W. by S. of Elgin, and 12 E. of Nairn. Pop. in 1821, 3,.540. Forsta, a town of Lusatia, with a castle. It has manufactures of woolen and linen cloths and carpets, ana stands on a little island in the Neissa, 15 m. S. S. W. of Guben, and 54 N. E. of Dres- den. Forteventura, or Fuerteventura, one of the Ca- nary Islands, 65 m. in length, and of a very irre- gular breadth, consisting of two peninsulas, joined by an isthmus J2 m. in breadth. Its chief pro- duct is the barilla plant, it also produces some wheat, barley, beeves, and goats. The S. W point is in long. 14. 31. W., lat 28. 4. N 39 Forth, a river ot Scotland, which rises .n the mountain Ben liomond, in Dumbartonshire, flows E. in a sinuous course by Stirling and Alloa, and meets the German Ocean a little below Alloa, where it forms a noble estuary, called the Frith of Forth. The Forth is navigable for vessels of 80 tons, as far as Stirling bridge, and for merchant vessels of any burden, as far as Grangemouth, where there is a communication between this river and the Clyde, by a canal. Forth, Frith of, the estuary above mentioned, is about 10 m. in mean breadth, that is, reckon- ing the entrance from North Berwick on the S., to Elie Ness on the N., the distance from which two points is about 8 m. ; from this line to the Queensferry, where it narrows to a m. and a half, the distance is about 28 m. and from Queensferry to Grangemouth the distance is about 12 m. the water spreading again to the extent of 3 to 4 m. Between Queensferry and the line of Elie Ness are a number of islands, the most celebrated of which, are Inch Garvie, Inch Colm, and Inch Keith ; on the latter, and on the Isle of May, without the line of Elie Ness, are light-houses, and these, as well as most of the other islands, contain ruins of castles or religious houses. St. Abb's head on the S., and Fife Ness on the N., distant from each other 35 m. are by some con- sidered as forming the points of entrance to the Frith of Forth. Fortrose, a borough of Scotland, in Rosshire, situate on the Murray Frith nearly opposite Fort George, to which there is a regular ferry. It is composed of two towns, Rosemarkie, and Cha- nonry ; the former a very ancient borough, and the latter one, a bishop's see. Two small parts of the ancient cathedral remain, one used as a burial- place, the other as a court-house and prison. It IS 9 m. S. S. W. of Cromarty. Fort Ann, a township of Washington Co. N. \ Pop. 3,210. Fort Edieard, in the same Co. Pop. 1,816 Fort-Roijal, the capital of Martinique, on the W. side of the island, with one of the best har- bours in the West Indies, defended bv a strong citadel. Long. 61. 9. W., lat 14. 36. N. Fort-Royal, the capital of the island of Grana- da. See St. George. Fossano, a town of Piedmont, with a citadel, seated on the Store, 10 m. N. E. of Coni. It has manufactures of silk. Fosse, a town of the Netherlands, in Namur, situate between the Sambre and Meuse, 7 m. N. W. of Namur. Fossamhrone, a town of Italy, in the duchy of Urbino, with a castle on a mountain, near the river Metro, 10 m. S. E. of Urbino; the vicinity is very productive of silk. Fossum, a town of Norway, in the government of Aggerhuys, noted for rich mines of cobalt, 35 m. W. of Christiania. Foster, p.t. Providence Co. R. I. 15. m. W Providence. Pop. 2,672. Fotheringay, a village in Northamptonshire, Eng. 3 m. N. of Oundle, near the Nen Hore are the ruins of a castle in which Richard III. was born, and Mary Queen of Scots tried and be headed. In the church are interred two dukes of York ; Edward, killed at Agincourt in France, and Richard, slain at Wakefield. Foue, or Faoua, a town of Lower Egypt, seat- ed on the W. branch of the Nile, 25 m. S. by E. of Rosetto. Fmicreres, a town of France, m the department 2 c2 FOX 306 FRA of Hie and Vilaine, with an ancient castle. In 1802, it was taken by John, king of England. It 'N seated on the Coesnom, 25 m. N. E. of Rennes, and laO W. by S. of Paris. It is the seat of a prefect. Foula, or Fowla. See Fula. Fuuii, Pholey, or Foulak. a country of Africa, extending on both sides of the river Senegal about 500 m. from E. to W. ; the boundaries from N. to S. are unknown. It is populous and fertile. The Foulahs are, in general, of a tawny complexion, though many of them are entirely black. Some lead a wandering 1 ife, and roam about the country with large droves of cows, sheep, goats, ana horses : others are dexterous at hunting wild Deasts ; the teeth of elephants, and the skins of lions, leopards, and tigers, being articles of trade. Their arms are bows and arrows, lances, swords, daggers, and occasionally a kind of small fusee. They are praised by travellers for tlieir hospitali- ty : nor is their humanity in other respects less commendable ; for if one of their countrymen have the misfortune to fall into slavery, the rest join stock to redeem him. The king of this country is called the Siratick ; and though he seldom ap- pears with the badges of majesty, he has great authority, and is as much respected as any one on the coast. Foidnnss, a small island on the S. E. coast of Essex, Eng. formed by the river Crouch, at its en- trance into the mouth of the Thames. It has a village, with a church, 8 m. E. by N. of Rochford. Pop. in 1821,565. Foidskam, a town in Norfolk, Eng. 3 m. N. E. of London. Four Cantons, Lake of the. See Waldstadter Sea. Fournedux Island, a small island in the Pacific ocean. Long. 143. 2. W., lat. 17. 11. S. Fou-tchf.ou, a city of China, in Fokien, and the most considerable in that province, on account of its trade, the convenience of its rivers and port, and the number of its literati. It is the residence of a viceroy, and has under its jurisdiction nine cit- ies of the third class. It is sealed near the mouth of a river falling into the China sea, 435 miles N. E. of Canton, and 1 ,030 S. by E. of Peking. Long. 119. 4. E., lat. 26. 4. N. Fmt-tcheou, another city of China in Kiangsi, formerly one of the most beautiful cities in China, but almost ruined by the invasion of the Tartars. It is 240 m. N.W. of the other Fou-tcheou, and 835 m. S. of Pekin. Long. 115. 56. E., lat. 27. 55. N. Foiceij, or Faimj, a river in Cornwall, Eng. which rises four miles S. E. of Camelford, passes by Lostwithiel, and after a winding course of about 40 m. enters the English channel, at Fowey . Fowcij, a borouirh and sea-port in Cornwall, Eng. with a considerable trade by the pilchard fishery. The harbour is defended by St. Cathe- rine fort, on the summit of a steep pile of rocks, and an adjoining battery The streets are so narrow, and with such sudden turnings, that no wheeled carriages can be admitted. The church is a spacious structure. It is seated at the mouth of the Fowev, which forms a capacious harbour, 32 m. S. W. of Launeeston, and 239 W. by S. of London. Long. 4. 37. W., lat. 50. 19. N. Foiolcr, p.t. St. Lawrence Co. N. Y. Pop. 1,447 Also a township in Trumbull Co. Ohio. Fo/J)orough, p.t. Norfolk Co. Mass. on a branch of Taunton river 25 m. S. Boston. Pop. 1,099. Fozcroft, a. township in Penobscot Co. M«. Pop. 677. Fox Islands, a group of islands in the Northern Archipelago. They are 10 in number, between the coast of Kamtschatka and the W. coast of America, between 52. and 55. N. lat. Each is- land has a peculiar name ; but this general name is given to the whole group, on account of the great number of black, grey, and red foxes, with which they abound. The dress of the iniiabitants consists of a cap, and a fur coat which reaches down to their knees : some wear a cap of party co- loured bird-skin, upon which is left part of the , wings and tail. On the forepart of their hunting and fishing caps, they place a small board, like a screen, adorned with the jawbones of sea-bears, and ornamented with glass beads, which they re- ceive in barter from the Russians. They feed upon the flesh of all sorts of sea animals, and gen. erally eat it raw. The provision intended foi' keeping, is dried without salt, in the air. Their weapons are bows, arrows and darts ; and for de- fence, they use wooden shields. The most per- fect equality reigns among them : they have nei- ther chiefs nor superiors, neither laws nor pun- ishments. They live together in families, and societies of several families united, which form what they call a race, who, in case of attack or defence, mutually aid each other. They have a good share of plain natural understanding ; and seem cold and indifferent in most of their actions ; yet if an injury, or mere suspicion, rouse them from this phlegmatic state they become furious and revengeful. The Russians call these islands the Lyssie Ostrova. *^* There is a cluster of small'but beautiful, fertile and romantic islands, called Fox islands, in Penobscot Bay, Maine. Forford, a town of Ireland, in the county of Mayo, on the river Moy, 8 m. E. N. E. of Castle- bar. Pop. in 1821, 1,024. Fay, St. a town o{ France, in the department of Gironde, on th« river Dordogne, 38 m. E. of Bordeaux. Foyers, or Fyers, a river of Scotland, in the county of Inverness, which rises a iew m. E. of fort Augustus, and flows into Loch Ness. About 2 m. before its entrance into the lake is the Fall of Floyers, one of the highest in the world, being 207 feet in height, in one unbroken stream. Foylc, a river of Ireland, formed by the con- flux of the Fin and the Mourne, at LifFord, in the county of Donegal. It passes by St. Johns- town and Londonderry, and 4 m. below expands into a bay, called Lough Foyle, of an oval form, 14 m. long and 8 broad, which communicates witli the ocean by a short and narrow strait. Fraga, a town of Spain, in Arragon, strong by situation, having the river Cinca before it, whose high banks are difficult of access, and at its back a hill, which cannot easily be approach»»<^v with cannon. Alphonso VII., king of Arragon was killed here b}' the Moors, in 1134, when Iv besieged this town. It is 63 m. E. S. £. of Sara- gossa. Fragos, a town of Portugal, in Estremadura, 7 m. S. W. of Santarem. Framingham, p.t. Middlesex Co. Mass. 20 m. S. W. Boston. Pop. 2,213. Framling ham, a. town of Suffolk, Eng. It lias the remains of a castle. To this place the prin- cess Mary retired, wljen lady Jane Grey was pro- claimed queen ; and here she found that power- ful support, which soon seated her on the throne. It is 30 m. E. of Bury, and 87 N. E of Ie, and unfit for cultivation. This fine territory is nounded from Dunkirk to the Rhine, in the lat. of 59. N. a distance of 290 m. in a direction E. S. E. of Netherlands and the Prussian provinces of the Rhine; about 100 m. of this frontier nearest to Dunkirk is an open plain without any natural barrier ; further S. the inroad is more or less impeded by forests. From the lat. of 49. the Rhine in a direction S. by W. for about 110 m. divides France from the territory of the grand duke of Baden ; from the lat. of 47. 40. to 43. 42. it is divided from Switzerland, Savoy, and Piedmont, by collateral ridges of the Alpine mountains ; the S. E. extremity is bounded by the little river Var tvhich divides France from the county of Nice The meridional distance from this point to the eastern extremity of the Pyrenees is 220 statute m., but the indentations of the Mediterranean sea, give an extent of sea- coast on that side of France, near to, if not ex- ceeding 3(10 m. The Pyrenean mountains in a direction W. by N. for 250 m. next form the southern boundary of France, dividing it from the Iberian peninsula of Spain and Portugal ; the little river Bidassoa forms the boundary at the S. W. extremity, and W. from the mouth of this river in the lat. of 43. 22. and 1. 47. of W. long, to the isle of Ush^nt, in the lat. of 43. 28. and 5. 3. ofW.lonor. France is bounded by the Atlantic Ocean ; and N. W. from the Isle of Ushant to Dunkirk by the English channel. The meridional distance from the Bidassoa to Ushant is 390 m., and from Ushant to Dunkirk 380 m., but the indenta- tions of the sea will give about 500 m. of coast on each side of the isle of Ushant, and with the S. E boundary on the Mediterranean an aggre- gate extent of sea-coast of about 1,300 m., and a circumference of about 2,200 m. The sea-ports are Dunkirk, Calais, Boulogne, Dieppe, Fecamp, Havre, Caen, Cherburgh, St. Maloand Morlaix,on the coast of the English channel; Brest, Quimper, L' Orient, Nantes, Rochelle,Rochefort, Bordeaux, and Bavonne, on the coast of the Bay of Biscay or Atlantic Ocean, and Marseilles and Toulon in the Mediterranean ; Cherburgu, Brest, Roche- fort, and Toulon are the chief stations of th« French national marine. Every part of France is intersected by riverp flowing in all directions. Taking them in geo- graphical order from the N. tiie first entitled to notice are the Moselle and the Meuse, both of which rise in the N. E. part of France, and take circuitous courses northerly into the Netherlands, the former falling into the Rhine, and tlie latter into the N. Sea. The Somine is an inconsidera- ble river running W. N. W. into the English channel. The next in order and imporlance is the Seine which also runs in a W. N. W. direc- tion into the English channel, being joired in its course by the Marne. Aube, and the Oise, on the N.,and by the Yonne and the Euro on the S. The Orne,and two or three other rivers of inferior note also fall into the English channel. The no- blest river in all France is the Loire, which rises in the S. and flows in a dire(!tion N. by W. for about 250 m., when it takes a direction nearly due W. for about 250 m. more, falling into the Atlantic Ocean. It receives in its course numer- ous tributary streams, the most considerable of which, are the Allier, running parallel with it from the S. for about 180 m., and the Cher, Indre, Creuce, Vienne, and Sevre, all from the S., and from the N. it receives the Lower Loire, Sarthe, Mayenne, and a few others of a smaller size. In the S. the united streams of the Lot, the Tarn, and Garonne, with several others of inferior note, form the Gironde which falls into the Bay of Biscay, being joined from the E. below Bordeaux by the Dordogne and Ille. Between the Loire and the Gironde the Charente, and between the Gironde and the Pyrenees the Adour, each with numerous tributary streams also fall into the Bay of Biscay. The Rhone rising near Mount St. Gothard in Switzerland, after forming the lake of Geneva it enters France on the S. E., and after a course of about 80 m. to Lyons, first S. and then W. it takes a course nearly due S. from Lyons, for about 150 m. falling into the Mediter- ranean ; being joined at Lyons by the Saone from the N., and below Lyons from the E. by the Isere, the Drome, and the Durance. The Seine is united with the Loire by a canal as is the Garonne with the Mediterranean sea. Since the revolution which commenced in 1789, France has been divided into 86 departments, each department into 3 to 6 arrondissements, the total being 363 , the arrondissements into 2,669 cantons, and the cantons into 38,990 communes. Accor- ding to censuses of the population taken in 1789, the numbers were 26,300,000, and in 1820, 30,451, 187 ; this number, taken in reference to the ex- tent of surface over which it is spread, renders France, relatively, more than one-third less popu- lous than England and Wales. With the exception of the S. E. departments bordering on the Alpine territories of Swit- zerland, Savoy, and Piedmont which are elevat- ed, France may be regarded as a level, rather than a mountainous country, and in many respects, alike in a geographical, political, and social sense, as bearing a similar relation to Europe that the fine and fertile plains and people of China do to Asia. Over all the S. E. part of the country the vine, al- mond, olive, and mulberry, luxuriate and bring forth fruit in the higfhest decree of perfection, and the vine and a variety of delicious fruits flour- ish over the greater part of the country, to the 49th degree of lat. FRA 908 FRA Wild animals are not numerous in France, from the want of larjje forests and extensive mountains. The black ar>d brown bears are found among the Pyrenees and the l_ynx among the Alps. The badger digs its den in the remotest woods, rnd the mole is abundant in the most fruitful fields. The forests of the Vosges and the woods upon the Moselle afford a shelter to several species of squirrels. And the Siberian flying squirrel, which issues from its retreat in the night and springs from branch to branch is not uncommon among the Alps. The hamster rat is one of the most per- nicious of the tribes in existence. He makes ex- traordinary ravages among the crops and will sometimes amass in his den an hundred pounds of grain. All the large forests are inhabited by the wolf, the most destructive of the carnivorous animals in France. Almost every species of bird common to Europe is found here. The flamingoes from Africa ap- pear in flocks on the shores of the Mediterranean. The becaficoes or fig-peckers, so much esteeemed by the epicure are abundant in the south. That fine songster, the nightingale, is by no means rare. Larks are so abundant that the markets are often stocked with them for food, and the business of taking them with bird-lime affords employment to great numbers of people. The red partridge is common in the central and western departments, and the grey in the southern. Woodcocks and snipes frequent the woods and marshes. The ring ouzel is a bird of passsage and feeds upon insects and berries, but is particularly fond of the grapes of this country. The goldfinch, the lin- net and the bulfinch may be added to the list of singing birds. Of hawks there is a variety, and among; them may be mentioned the goshawk who is of a slender and elegant figure and very destructive to small game. This bird is also found in Germany and occasionally in Great Britian. The N. and N. W. departments are productive in every kind of grain, pulse and legumes ; man- ufactures of silk, wool, linens, leather, and met- als, are carried on over all parts of the country, and since the termination of the war in 1814, the cotton n anufacture has been progressively in- creasing, and is now carried on to a great extent. In addition to these internal resources, France exclusively enjoys the abundant produce of the islands of Martinique and Guadaloupe in the West Indies ; she also holds in colonial possession Cay- enne in South America ; Goree and Senegal on the coast of Africa ; and the isle of Bourbon in the Indian Ocean ; and draws considerable supplies of produce from Brazil, the United States of Amer- ica, parts beyond the Cape of Good Hope, the Levant, and other parts of the world, in exchange for her surplus produce of wines, brandy, silks, and various manufactures. Exempt from all those extremes of climate which in several parts of the world militate against physical exertion, as well as vegetation, France may be considered as pos- sessing within itself all the means of commanding a higher degree of human enjoyment than can be obtained in any other part of Europe, and equal to what can be obtained in any other part of the globe. For centuries prior to the Christian era, this part of Europe appears to have been inhabited by a numerous and hardy race of people, those oc- cupying the interior being denominated Celts. The first important notice which history furnishes of them is in 22.5 B. C. when the Gauls who in- habited part of Piedmont and the north of Italy, invited the people then occupying the banks of the Rhone to aid them in repelling the aggressions of the Romans ; and from thus being brought in contact with that powerful and enlightened peo pie, they acquired the name of Transalpine Gauls, in reference to their territory lying W. of the Alps, and in contradistinction to the ancient Gauls, who were designated the Cisalpines. In 106 B. C. the Cimbri and Teutones from the north of Germany marched through Transalpine Gaul into Spain, rav.aging the country on their wa}', but being driven back by the Ccltil)eriaiis, they divided their forces with the view of pene- trating into Italy in two directions : the Teutones directed their course to the S. E. when they were opposed by Marius, between the mouths nf the Rhone and the Durance, and experienced a complete defeat, losing 200,000 men on the field of battle, and 80,000 more taken prisoners. From this period the Romans extended their arms and their arts over the greater part of the country, and in 59 B. C. the Roman senate conferred on Julius Caesar the government of all Transalpine Gaul for five years ; two j'ears after this, the whole western coast from the Seine to tlie Loir»* FRA 309 FRA became effectually subdued to Roman control, and in five years more, by awarding honorary distinctions to the principal cities, and distri- buting bribes to the leading chiefs, the whole country became reconciled to the Roman gov- ernuient. It was afterwards divided into 17 mili- tary divisions. As the power of the Romans declined, Transal- pine Gaul again became exposed to the inroad of the different tribes on the N. E. In the year 406, a tribe of Burgundians from the banks of the Vistula crossed the Rhine and took possession of that part of the country, afterwards named Bur- gundy, and in 420 another tribe from Franconia, under the command of Pharamond entered from tiie N. E. From 450 to 452 it was ravaged by the -Huns under Attila, who on laying siege to Or- leans was brought to battle by Meroveus, who defeated Attila with a loss of 200,000 men. In 482 Clovis, a Franconian and^escendant of Me- roveus, possessed himself of all the places in Transalpine Gaul, previously held by the Ro- mans, and in 492 marrying Clotilda, daughter of Chilperic, king of the Burgundians, became king of the whole country now called France. Clotilda at the time of her marriage had embraced Chris- tianity, and in 496 Clovis initiated himself in its mysteries through the means of St. Remi, and was baptized at Rheims on Christmas eve of that year : hence the custom of the coronation at Jlheims of the kings of France through a period .of more than 1,300 years. Clovis was the first of a race of 17 kings who reigned over France in regular succession, denominated the Merovingian race, in reference to their descent from Meroveus. Jn 732 France was ravaged by the Saracens un- der the command of Abaalrahman, when Eudes, ■duke of Aquitain, implored the assistance of Charles Martel, duke of Austrasia who brought Abdalrahman to battle between Tours and Poiters, and defeated him, as history informs us, with the loss of 375,000 men, Abdalrahman liimself being slain on the field of battle. In 737 the crown of France devolved to Charles Martel, whose manly spirit, however, disdained regal parade. He ruled France for four years under the title of duke ; he died in 741 , and was succeeded by an imbecile named Childeric, whose authority in 752 was superseded by Pepin, and this person became the first of a race of 13 kin "-s denominated Carlavin- gians. Pepin died in 763, and was succeeded by Charlemagne the renowned, crowned emperor of jthe Romans, or of the West, at Rome, in 800. On the death of Louis V. in 986, after a reign of one year, the crown of France descended to Charles, an uucle of Louis, but in consequence of his having vassalated himself to the emperor .Otho III. he was precluded from its accession, and the crown was conferred by election on Hugh Capet, who became the first of another race of 14 kings termed the Capetian. Charles IV. the • last of the Capets in regular succession dying in J334, without male issue, the crown devolved on Philip of Valots, who was the first of 7 kings of that race. In 1498 it devolved on the duke of Orleans, who became Louis XII. and was the first of another race of 6 kings. On the death of Henry III. in 1539, the succession was again broken, when the crown devolved on Henry of Bourbon, in whose line it continued until the de- caoitation of Louis XVI. on the 21st of January, 1793. For some centuries antecedent to this period, (' ranee had been divided into 32 provinces of very unequal extent, each with a distinct local admin* istration. The period of their formation does not appear. At the time the Romans first entered France, it was divided into four great parts, viz. Narbonensis, comprising the S. E., Aquitain the S. W., Celtica the interior, and Gallia Belgica the N. The division into 17 provinces took place under Augustus, the first emperor of Rome, and some of the Roman names continued as late as the 13th century, John, king of England, in the preamble to Magna Charta, being styled duke of Normandy and Aquitain. Austrasia, over which Charles Martel presided in the 8th century, ap- pears to have comprised part of the N. E. of France, and what now forma part of the Prussian Provinces of the Rhine. Subsequent to the pe- riod of the accession of Clovis in 481, the country appears to have been exposed to a continuity of internal dissensions ; and when these had subsi- ded, the vain glory which France acquired under Charlemagne, increased the jealousy of the neigh- bouring powers, and excited external broils. In 912 the N. W. coast was invaded by a northein tribe called Normans who retained possession of that part of the country afterwards called Nor- mandy ; and in 1060, William the duke of this province, invaded, conquered, and became king of England. This event subsequently led to violent contests between England and France. Louis VII., in 1137, embarked in the crusading mania of that period, and in 1334 on Charles IV., the last of the Capets, dying without male ia^ue, Edward III. of England, set up his claim to the French crown. The battles of Cressy and Poitiers in 134G J*id 1355 js-sulted frojn this pre- tension. At the battle of Poitiers, John, king of France was taken prisoner, but afterwards ran- somed for 3,000,000 crowns of gold, equal to £1,500,000. A respite from external war followed this negociation, but internal broils again ensued, and in 1415 Henry V. king of England, availed himself of prevailing dissensions to renew the claim of Edward to the French crown, and on the 25th of October of that year, the French forces experienced a decisive defeat at Agincourt. Henry followed up his victory by the capture of several of the most important towns in Normandy, and in 1420 the succession to the crown waa ceded to him by treaty. In 1422 he assumed the regency of France ; but he dying at Vienne on the 30th of August of that year, his brother suc- ceeded him in the regency during the minority of his son Henry VI. who was crowned king of France at Paris, on the 7th of December 1431. The English influence had, however, previously experienced a considerable check, by the singular and daring exploits of Jeanne of Arc, celebrated as the maid of Orleans, and by 1451, Calais was the only place in France held by the English. Her kings, however, retained the title of king of France until the peace of Amiens, in 1801-8. After having succeeded in driving the English from the French territory, France embroiled her- self in the contentions of her northern and east- ern neighbours ; but a general peace pervaded all Europe during the latter part of the 16th cen- tury, by the treaty of Cambray in 1559. The rest- less spirit of the French government during the reigns of Francis II., Charles IX., and Henry III., the three last kings of the Orleans race, directed their wantonness and cruelty against their own protestant subjects. This persecution was allay ed for a time by Henry IV. the first of the Bour- bons, who ascended the throne in 1589, ande( FRA 310 FRA wliose conciliatory policy, the interests of France became more consolidated than at any former pe- riod. Henry, however, was assassinated by a fanatic in lOlO, when fresh disorder ensued, and France attain was seen involved in all the conten- tions of the European states, and of England with her American colonies, which took place in the interval of that period. It was immediately after the general peace of Europe in 1783, when the English American colonies obtained an honorable independence, that the triple oppression of the crown, the no- bles, and tlie clergy became intolerable to the French people. The finances became inextricably embarrassed, and the States General or assembly of the repre- sentatives of the people according to an ancient but disused custom, were called together in 1789. From the consideration of fiscal affairs they were led to the discussion of political rights and theo- ries of government. The revolution followed, and its events form the most tragic and bloody page in all modern history. This occurrence in- volved France in a war with almost all Europe, and her effbrts single handed against thistremen- doue odds excited the astonishment of the world. Among those who contributed more especially to the eclat of the French armies. Was a young officer, Napoleon Bonaparte, who, on his return to Paris, after his successful campaign in Italy, was intrusted with the command of a vast ar- nia;nent to the shores of Egypt, and when he re- turned in 1799 was mainly instrumental in form- ing a new constitution under a Triune consulate, senate and legislative feody, in-which he himself was appointed one of the consuls. In October, 1801, a peace was signed with England, which proved, however, of short duration. War was renewed in 1803, when Bonaparte was appointed Consul for life, with power to nominate his suc- cessor ; this, however, fell short of his ambition, and in May of the following year he was pro- claimed Emperor of France. On the 1st of October, 1805, he again headed a powerful army against the German States ; detached the minor powers from the Germanic confederacy, and united them to his own interest, under the new title of the Confederation of the Rhine. In 1808, he marched an army of 80,000 men into Spain, and placed one of his brothers on the throne of that country ; another brother he had caused to be crowned king of Holland ; another king of Westphalia, and a brother-in-law king of Naples. The whole of the Netherlands he had annexed to France, in 16 departments ; and on the king of Holland resigning his crown in 1809, the whole of that country, with tbe coast of Germany, as far as the Elbe ; the states of the papal church, and the greater part of the north of Italy, were also decreed integral parts of the French empire, in 28 additional departments. The emperor of Austria, imagining that the di- vision of the French forces into Spain afforded him an opportunity of avenging the repeated de- feats he had sustamed, provoked a new contest in 1809, when Napoleon again took the field against the Austrians, and on the 5th of July completely defeated them. A treaty of peace followed, in which the daughter of the emperor of Austria was ceded in marriage to the conqueror of her father's capital. The birth of a son in 181 1 seemed for a time to render permanent the fortunes of Napoleon and his family ; but an ill-fated ambi- tion led him. in 1812, to march an army of 300,000 men into Russia. After repeated and severe con flicts he reached Moscow, the acient capital of that empire, on the 14th of September. By the or- der of the governor, this city was secretly set on fire, and the desolation by which Napoleon found himself surrounded induced him to withdraw his forces. They were overtaken with snow storms before they could reach the frontiers, whilst the Russians on their rear subjected them to continued disasters ; and in the end destroyed the finest ar- my which ever assembled in Europe. In the mean time the French troops in the peninsula were ex- posed to frequent defeats ; and, by 1814, Napoleon and his troops had not only been driven with- in their own frontier, but a united Russian, Prussian, and Austrian army entered France from the N. E., the British, Spanish, and Portuguese armies entered it from the S. W., and Napoleon, seeing the tide of fortune completely set against him, immediately abdicated the sceptre. The is- land of Elba was assigned to him as a residence in full sovereignty for life, with an income of about £200,000 per annum. On the 3rd of May, 1814, Louis XVIII., who had been exiled in Eng. during the consular and imperial dynasty, arrived in Paris to resume the throne of his ancestors. On the 5th of March, 1815, Napoleon secretly lan- ded at Frejus, and marched without interruption to Paris, from which Louis fled at midnight on the 20th. Napoleon arrived the same evening ; on the 27th the national council annulled his abdi- cation, and called upon him to resume his impe- rial functions. On the 29th he abolished the Af- rican slave trade ; on the 12th of June he left Paris, to take the command of an army on the N. E. frontier , but, after a whole day's severe fight- ing, on the 18th his line was broken, his troops thrown into confusion, and the palm of victory left with the allies, who marched again upon Paris, which they reached on the fith of July. Napoleon again abdicated the imperial sceptre, and on the 29th of June quitted Paris never to return. Louis again resumed the sovereignty on the 18th of July; on the 25th of the same month Napoleon surrendered to the commander of a British ship of war, and was afterwards carried to the island of St. Helena, in the Atlantic Ocean, where he died on the 5th ofMa,y, 1821. Louis XVIII. died in September 1824, and was succeeded by his brother Charles Philip (Count d'Artois) under the title of Charles X., whose in- creasing infringement of the rights of the people at length aroused universal indignation, and ex- pelled him from the throne he had so unworthily filled, and the country he had laboured to enslave. The form of government since 1814 resembled that of Britain — the power being vested in the king, the chamber of peers, and the deputies. To strengthen himself in the chamber of peers, Charles X. increased it by creations : to weaken the people he invaded the elective franchise and shackled the press. In August 1829 he dismissed M. Martignac's administration because it wouid not go all lengths against the people, and appoint- ed another of ultra royalists, under his natural son Prince Polignac. The first act of the depu- ties, on the meeting of the chambers in March 1830, was an address praying for the dismission of the ministers. The king answered it haughtily and dismissed the chambers. Finding that the new chamber was likely to thwart his views still more than the former, he determined to strike a decisive blow, and on Sunday, July 25, he signed three ordinances — the first abolishing the FRA 311 FRA freedom of the press — the second dissolving the chamber of deputies, which had never assem- bled — and the third abrogating the most important rights of the elective franchise. — This, however, was the last act of his misrule. A revolution en- sued The people were victorious. The govern- ment of Charles was overturned, and himself left to drag out the remains of his days in ignominious and unpitied banishment ; while the sceptre was placed in the hands of a constitutional monarch, Louis Philippe I. — formerly the duke of Orleans. This revolution has already had a powerful influ- ence on other states, and promises to open the way to the most important changes on the conti- nent of Europe. A distinguishing feature of the present order of government is its perfect tolera- tion in religious matters. The religion of the sov- ereign and the court is the Roman Catholic, but the teachers of all other sects of Christians are now supported by government. A considerable number of priests hiive recently separated them- selves from the Romish pale, and the number of Protestants is increasing daily- France exhibits an imposing picture of physical, moral, and social power, which the philosopher and philanthropist will view with mingled feelings of hope and fear ; with hope, that she will hence- forward be as assiduous to acquire glory in pursu- ing the arts of peace, and the attainments of so- cial order, as she has heretofore been in the pur- suit of conquest and political aggrandisement ; and with fear, lest intrigue, priestcraft, and sel- fish ambition should again obtain an ascendancy, and predominate over the riglits and interests of the people. It is not easy for American readers to acquire any just knowledge of the character of the Frencii. English travellers have written much upon this nation, but they are not to be trusted. The French people in many respects occupy the first rank among the European nations. The in- fluence of this country may be compared to that of ancient Greece over the civilized world. The French language is the language of courts and ambassadors, and almost a common medium of intercourse among the different members of the flfreat European family. This universality of their language with the affability and agreeable manners of the people their courtesy to strangers, the concentration of men of science and litera- ture from all quarters at their capital, no less than geographical position of the country, all combine to render France more immediately central in point of influence and example than any other nation in the world. It was a true saying of Napoleon, that a revolution in France is a revolu- tion in Europe. The French are slender, active, well-propor- tioned, and rather shorter than their neighbours. Their eyes and hair are black, and their complex- ion brown or sallow, which it has been thought, gave rise to the custom of painting the face amonor the ladies. The women in France are celebrated more for their vivacity and wit, than for personal beauty. The superior people are very attentive to the exercises of dancing, fencing, and ridinnr, in all which they generally excel in point of gracefulness. * Nothing appears to the French more odious than *j||aniformity, on which account the changes among them are so frequent, that it is impossible to de- scribe any particular dress as that which is adopt- ed as a standard. Notwithstanding the fickleness of fashion at Paris, and other large cities of the empire, the great mass of the people in distant provinces, always faithful to ancient manners, smile, under the enormously large hat, at the new modes which rise and fall almost every day among their more polished compatriots. Paris sets the fashions of all Europe, and an immense trade in articles of dress and new pat- terns is carried on by tailors, mantua-makers, and milliners. Every week has its new female fash- ions, and every month its new male fashions ; all say they, for the good of trade. Brutal battles, quarrels, and noisy drunken fellows, are nuisances seldom met with. The lower class of people behave to each other with a surprising degree of civility. The unhappy females who roam the streets at nights, are nei- ther obtrusive, rude, nor riotous. At the theatres, the tranquillity of the audience is seldom inter- rupted : people go for the wise purpose of being pleased, and with the good-humoured disposition to be satisfied. These places of amusement are, doubtless, much indebted for their tranquility to the national sobriety of the French. Politeness and good manners may be traced, though in different portions, through every rank. This however, does not form a more remarkable and distinguishing feature in the French nation- al character, than the vivacity, impetuosity, and fickleness, for which the ancient, as well as the modern inhabitants of Paris, have been noted. Sunday is but slightly observed in France, at any season ; and very slightly indeed in harvest. Some go to church for about an hour ; but, be- fore and after no great marks of Sabbath are per- ceptible. This is to be regretted : a day of rest is at least an excellent political regulation ; good for man and beast ; but in France all the theatres and places of amusement are open, and more frequented than on any other day in the week. The scrupulous honesty of the lower and mid- dling classes in restoring any lost property to its owner, is worthy of particular remark. The postilions, coachmen, servants, &c. may general ly be trusted with confidence. The tradesmen also, though they ask more than they mean to take for their goods, would cheerfully and unask ed, restoreto you your purse, umbrella, cane.or any thing you might have left in their shop by acci- dent, and this, if not reclaimed for a considerable time. The temperate mode of life pursued by the French, their geographical position and agricul- tural pursuits, exempt them from any great vari- ety and severity of disease. The fact is f xein FRA 318 TRA plified not less in the happy constitution of the people, than in the advanced age at which the majority of those persons die in France, whom it is an object to record, from the abiUties of the individual.or the rank which he may have held in society. " He was only 56 or 60, ' is a com- mon r.rmula of French biography. The Cardin- al de i'leuri died at 90; the President d'Henanlt at 96; Crebillon, the son, at 70 ; Condamine at 74 ; Voltaire at 84 ; the Marquis du Deffand at 84. Men of 70 and 80 have usually as much life and playfulness in France, as their grand-chil- dren. France, Isle of, a late province of France, so called, because it was bounded by the rivers Seine, Marne. Oise, Aisne, and Ourque. It now forms the foui departments of Oise ; Seine ; and Oise ; Seine and Marne ; Seine, and Paris. France, Isle of, or Mauritius, an island in the Indian ocean, 400 m. E. of Madagascar. It was discovered by the Portuguese ; but the first who settled here were the Dutch, in 1598. They call- ed it Mauritius, in honor of the prince Maurice, their stadthol-ler ; but, on their acquisition of the Cape of Good Hope, they deserted it ; and it continued unsettled till the French landed here in 1730, and gave it the name of one of the finest provinces in France. It is 150 m. in circumfer- rence. The climate is healthy ; but the soil not very fertile. There are many mountains, some of which are so high, that their tops are covered with snow ; they produce the best ebony in the world. The valleys are well watered with rivers, and are made very productive by cultivation, of which sugar is the principal object. The town and harbour, called Port Louis, are strongly for- tified ; but in the hurricane months the harbour cannot afford shelter for more than eight vessels. Here are large store-houses, and every thing nec- essary for the equipment of fleets. This island was taken by the British in 1801, and confirmed to them by the treaty of Paris, in 1814. In 1819 the pestilential cholera was introduced into this island from India and carried off 7,000 of the inhabitants. According to an account presented by the colonial department to the British parlia- ment, in the session of 182.5, the island was divi- Qed into 8 districts, containing a pop. of 87,503, m the proportion of 65,769 slaves, 13,475 free blacks, and 10,359 whites, exchisive of J, 310 troops. Port Louis on the N. W. coast of the island, is in lat. 20. 10. N. and 57. 29 of E. long. See Bourbon. Franceslown, p.t. Hillsborough Co. N. H., 60 m. from Boston. Pop. 1,540. Franche Comte, a late province of France, bounded on the N. by Lorraine, E. by Alsace and Switzerland, VV. by Burgundy, and S. by Bresse. It is 125 m. long and 80 broad, and abounds in corn, wine, cattle, horses, mines of iron, copper, and lead. It now forms the three departments of Doubs, Jura, and Upper Saone. Franchcmont, a town of the Netherlands, in the territory of Liege, 12 m. S. E. of Liege. Franciade. See Denis, St. Francis, a village of St. Genevieve Co. Missouri. Francis, St., a tributary stream of the great riv- er Mississippi, rising in the state of Missouri, in the lat. of 37. 45. N., running parallel with the Midsissippi on the W., at the distance of about 40 m. and enters it after a course of about 220 m., 45 ra. above the entrance of the Arkansas. Francis, St., a river of Lower Canada, rising in the lake Memphramago-jc, which spreads into the state of Vermont. The St. Francis, after a course of about 200 m. falls into St. Lawrence, about mid- way between Montreal and Quebec, and will probably some future day, be united by a canal with the Connecticut. Francis, St., a river of Brazil, which rises W. of the Brazilian Andes, in the province of Minas Geraes, in the lat. of 20. S., runs N. through the province of Bahia, to the frontier of Pernambuco^ when it takes a course E. by S., dividing that province from Bahia, and after a course ol neai 1,000 m. falls into the Atlantic ocean, in the lat of 11. 20. S. It has a number of towns ant? set tlements, chiefly on its head waters. Francisco, St., a seaport of New Albion, „ai ital of a jurisdiction of its name, with a citadel, i-iorg". 122. 8. W., lat. 28. 18. N. *^* There are a number of other rivers, bayp, towns, and settlements, in different parts of Amer . ica, named afler St. Francis by the Spaniards, Por- tuguese, and French. Frangois, a village of Wayne Co. Missouri. Fran<;ois, Cape, now called Cape Haytien, the principal seaport and city of what was formerly the French part of St. Domingo. It is seated on the N. coast of the island, in the lat. of 19. 46. N. and 72. 15. of W. long. Before the sanguinary revolt of the negroes in 1793, it contained 8 to 900 houses of stone or brick, and 8,000 free inhabitants, exclusive of about 12,000 slaves : but in 1793, the whole of the white inhabitants, who could not ef- fect their escape, were massacred by the blacks. It was named Cape Henry by Christophe in 1811 , and during his reign it was deemed the principal port of the island, though inferior to Port au Prince in commercial importance. Its quota of the contribution towards the 30 millions of dol- lars be paid to France in ten years, from the 1st of January, 1827, as an indemnity for the sacri- > fice of their plantations by the revolt in 1793, is 208,451 dollars annually. It is 84 m. due N. of Portau Prince, and 134 W., 30 degrees N. of the city of St. Domingo. The harbour is secure and commodious, and the environs rich in tropical productions. Franconia, one of the ten circles into which the German Empire was formerly divided, lying be- tween the lat. of 48. 45. and 50. 55. N. It is bounded on the N. by Upper Saxony, E. by Bo- hemia and the palatinate of Bavaria, S. by Suabia, and W. by the circles of the Rhine. The middle is fertile in corn, wine, and fruits; but the bor ders are full of woods and barren mountains. The Franks, who conquered France, in the early part of the 15th century, came from this province, and gave their name to that countiy. It compri- ses about 11,000 sq. m. and was formerly divided into 2 principalities, 3 bishoprics, 7 counties, and 3 lordships ; but at the general partitioning of this part of Europe, after the peace of Paris in 1814, the greater part of Franconia vi/as assigned to Bavaria, and the remainder to VVurtemberg, Baden, Hesse, and Saxe Coburg. The river Mayn, which falls into the Rhine, intersects it from E. to W., the Rednitz from S. to N., falling into the Mayne, and the Altmuhl, falling into the Danube, intersects the S. E. Nuremburg was considered the capital. Francker, a town of Holland, in Friesland, with a castle and a university. The public buildings and palaces are magnificent, and it has 2 naviga- ble canals, communicating with the Zuyder Zee and Lee warden, it is 5 m. E. of Harlingen. Fop. about 4,000. FRA 313 FRA Francknau, a town of Germany, in Upper Hesse, 2i; m. S. W. of Cajssel. Franckcnburg, another town in Hesse, 5 m. W. S. W. of Franckenau. Franconia, p.t. Grafton Co. N. H. 140 m. N. W. Boatou. Pop. 443. There are two iron manufac- tories in this town, consisting of blast furnaces, air furnaces, forges and trip hammers. The ore is taken from a mountain 3 at. from the furnace, and is the richest in the U. States, yielding from : 56 to 63 per cent, and the mine is inexhaustible ; "* 15 tons of iron are made in a week. There is a mineral spring 2 m. from the furnace, and in the , neighbourhood are other iron works. The Pro- file Mountain in this town is a curiosity, being a ■» ruggea peak, 1,000 feet high, with a front of sol- id rock, representing in a side view a profile of the human face, every feature of which is con- spicuous. Franconia is also the name of a town- ship in IVIontg:)mery Co. Pa. Frankenburg, a town in Upper Saxony, in Misnia, with a considerable manufacture of wool- en stuffs, 7 m. N. N. E. of Chemnitz. Fran/fenthal, a town of Germany, in the palat- inate of the Rhine. It has rich manufactures of stuffs, silks, cloths, &c., and a canal to the river Rhine. It was taken by the French in 1793, and retaken by the allies in 1794. It is seated 2 m. W. of the Rhine, and 7 S. of Worms. Frankenhausen, a town of Upper Saxony, in Thuringia, with some extensive salt-works ; sit- uate on a branch of the Wipper, 26 m. N. of Erfurt. Pop. about 3,000. Frankenstein, a town of Germany, in the pal- atinate of the Rhine, 9 m. S. E. of Kayserslautern. Frankenstein, a town of Silesia, in the princi- pality of Munsterberg, on the river Bautze, 13 m. W. S. W. of Munsterberg. Frankford, towns in Sussex Co. N. J., Phila. Co. Pa., Green Brier and Hampshire Cos. Va. Frankfort, p.t. Waldo Co. Me. on the Penob- scot. Pop. 2,487. Also a p.t. Herkimer Co. N. Y. Pop. 2,620. Also a p.t. Franklin Co. Illinois, 45 m. N. W. Shawneetown. Also villages and towns in Beaver Co. Pa., Morgan Co. Va., and Guernsey Co. Ohio. Frankfort on the Maine, a fortified city of Ger- many, in the circle of the Rhine. It is divided by the river Maine, 25 m. above its entrance into the Rhine, into two ptrts, which communicate oy means of a stone bridge ; the larger part, on the N. side is called Frankfort, and the smaller Sachsenhausen. It contains several palaces and courts belonging to princes and counts ; and here the ki ngs of the Romans have generally been elect- ed and crowned. The chief structure is the town- house, in which is preserved the golden bull, the origin of the fundamental laws of the empire. All religions are tolerated at Frankfort, under certain restrictions ; but Lutheranism is the established faith ; though the principal church is in the pos- session of the Roman Catholics. The Jews, 8 to 9,000 in number, were formerly confined to a par- ticular corner of the city ; but since 1796, they . have resided indiscriminately in all parts. Frank- fort is one of the most considerable trading places in Europe, and has two great fairs every year. It was taken in 1759, by the French, who evacuated it in 1763. It was several times taken and retaken by the French and Austrians, in the war of 1793 — 1814. Since tlie peace of the latter year, it has been declared the permanent seat of the Germanic diet ; and as such most of the Europe- an states have a minister resident here. It was 40 the birth place of Goethe ; and also of the family of the Rothschilds, who, daring the war between 1807 and 1815 and ten years subsequent thereto, became the greatest money jobbers in Europe. Frankfort is in lat. 50. 7. N. and 8. 32. of E. long. Pop. about 40,000. Frankfort on the Oder, a town of Brandenburg, in the Middle Mark, with a famous university ami a noble academy. It has three great fairs, and the exclusive right of navigation up the Oder to Breslau. Here are two suburbs called Lebus and Guben, and a bridge over the Oder. In 1759, it was taken by the Russians and Austrians, and in 1806, it fell into the hands of the French ; but fell to Prussia on the retreat of the French army from Moscow in 1812. It is 45 m. E. by S. of Berlin, and 72 S. of Stettin. Pop. about 12,000. Frankfort, the chief town of Franklin county, Kentucky, and seat of the legislative assembly of the state. It is regularly laid out, and stands on the E. bank of the Kentucky, 60 m. from its con- flux with the Ohio, and 415 m. W. by S. of Wash ington. Pop. 1,937. Franklin, the name of 15 American counties The following are tlie states in geographical or- der, with the population of each, and name of its chieftovvn. Vermont, 24,525, St. Albans. . ., Massachusetts, 29,344, Greenfield. New York, 11,312, Malone. Pennsylvania, 35,103, Chambersburg. Virginia, 14,911, Rockymount. North Carolina, 10,665, Louisburg. Georgia, 10,135, Carnesville. Alabama, 11,078, Russelville. Mississippi, 4,622, Franklin. Tennessee, 15,644, Winchester. Kentucky, 9,251, Frankfort. Ohio, 14,766, Columbus. Indiana, 10.199, Brookville. Illinois, 4,081 , Frankfort. Missouri, 3,484, Union. Franklin, is also the name of 34 towns, villages and townships in different parts of the United States. Franklinville, p. v. Cattaraugus Co. N. Y. Frankstown, a township in Huntingdon Co. Pa. Frascati, a town of Italy, in Campagna di Roma, seated on the side of a woody mountain ; it is a bishop's see, always possessed by one of the 6 el- dest cardinals ; and in its neighbourhood are some of the most magnificent villas in Italy, and asem inary richly endowed by Cardinal York. The ancient city of Tusculum is supposed to have stood above Frascati ; and between the ruins and the town, it is generally believed, was the Tuscu lum of Cicero, where some Greek monks in th« 11th century, built a convent on the ruins of his house. Frascati is 12 m. S. E. of Rome. Pop. about 9,000. Frascrhurg, a town of Scotland, in Aberdeen- shire, with a small but excellent harbour, and a manufacture of linen yarn. It is seated on the German Ocean, a little S. of the point of Kin- naird Head, and 38 m. N. of Aberdeen. Pop. iij 1821,2,831. Fratta Maggiore, a populous village in the vi- cinity of Naples. Frauenburg, a town of E. Prussia, in the bish- opric of Ermland, on the Frisch Haff, 14 m. N. E. of Elbing, and 4 W. of Braunsberg. Cop- ernicus died here in 1543. Frauenfeld, a town of Switzerland, capital of 2D -m^ FR£ 314 FRE the canton of Thurgau, with a castle. It is seat- ed on an eminence, by the river Murg, 19 m. N. E. of Zurich, and 8 W. of Constance Frauenstein, a town of Upper Saxony, in Mis- nia, on the river Boberisch, 20 m. S S. W. of Dresden. Fruustadt, a town of Poland, in the palatinate of Posen, w^hich has a great trade in wool and ox- i n. Near this town a battle was gained by the Swedes over the Saxons, 170G. It stands on the frontiers of Silesia, 20 m. N. W. of Glogau, and 55 8. S. W. of Posen. Frcdclferff, a town of the duchy of Westphalia, on the river VVenne, 23 m. S. S. E. of Arensberg. Frederica, p. v. Kent Co. Del. 12 m. E. Dover. Fitderica, a town of the state of Georgia, in Glynn county, and on the W. side of St. Simon island, with a safe and commodious harbour, 64 m. S. W. of Savannah. Long. 80. 50. W., lat. 31. 6. N. Frederica, or Fridericia, a town and fortress of Jutland, at the entrance of the Little Belt, from the Categat, in the lat. of 55. 35. N., and 9. 44. of E. long. All ships entering the Little Belt, are here broundom. Gabel, a fortified town of Bohemia, which com- mands the pass into Lusatia. It is 8 m. S. of Zittau. Gahes, or Gals. See Cabes. Gabian, a village of France, in the depart- ment ol Herault, 9 m. N. W. of Beziers. It has a mineral spring ; and near it is a rock from which issues petroleum. Gabon, a country of Guinea, bounded on the N. hy Majombo, E. by Anziko, S. by Loango, and W. by the Atlantic. It has a river of the same name, which enters the Atlantic a little N. of the equinoctial line. The chief town is Sette. Gadamis, a town of Barbary, in Biledulgerid, capital of a country of the same name. It is 170 m. S. W. of Tripoli. Long. 10. 40. E., lat. 30. 40. N. ^ Gadebusch, a town of Lower Saxony, in Meck- lenburg, near which the Swedes defeated the Danes and Saxons in 1712. It is 16 m. N. N. W. of Schwerin. Gaeta, a strong town on the W. coast of Naples, in Terra di Lavoro, with a fort, a citadel, and a harbour. It was taken by the Austrians in 1707, by the Spaniards in 1734, and by the French in 1806. It is seated at the foot of a mountain, on the gulf of Gaeta, 30 m. N. W. of Capua. Long. 13.47. F., lat. 41.30. N. Gaildorf, a town of Franconia, in the lordship of Linburgh, with a castle near the river Koeher, 13 m. W. of Elwangen. Gaillac, a town of France, in the department of Tarn, celebrated for its wine. It is seated on the Tarn, which is here navigable, 10 m. S. W. of Alby. It is the seat of a prefect, and in 1885 contained /,310 inhabitants, Gaillon, a town of France, in the department of Eure, with a magnificent palace, belonging to the archbishop of Rouen. It is 11 m. N. E. of Evreux,and 22. S S. E. of Rouen. Gaines, p.t. Broome Co. Kentucky. Gainesville, p.t. Genesee Co. N. Y. Pop. 1,820. Gainsborough, villages in Frederick Co. Va. and Jackson Co. Ten. Also a township of Lin- coln Co. Upper Canada. Gainsboroutrh, a town in Lincolnshire, Eng. Heated on the Trent, over which is a handsome stone bridge. It is a river-port of some conse- quence, being accessible to vessels of sufficient size to navigate the sea ; and serves as a place of export and import for the N. part of the county, and for Nottinghamshire. It is 17 m. N. W. of Lincoln, and 149 N. by W. of London. Pop. in 1801, 4,506, and in 1821, 5,893. Gainsburg, p. v. Christian Co. Ken. Gairloch, a large bay of Scotland, on the W, coast of Ross-shire, which gives name to a tract of land near it. The fishing of cod, and other white fish, is here very considerable. Galacz, or Gala, a town of European Turke}^, in Moldavia. In 1790, it was taken by the Rus- sians, after a bloody battle. It is seated on a lake near the conflux of the Pruth with the Danube 55 m. W. of Ismael, and 120 S. S. W. of Bender, Long. 28. 24. E., lat. 45. 24. N. Galapagos, a cluster of islands, in the Pacific Ocean, near the coast of Colombia. They lie under the equator, and the centre island is in long. 85. 3(). W. They are uninhabited, but are frequently visited by the South Sea whale ships for fresh water and provisions. The largest is 60 or 70 m. long and 50 broad. They are in general barren ; but some of the highest have a stunted brushwood, and all of them are covered with the prickly pear-tree, up- on which a large species of land-tortoise lives and thrives in a wonderful manner. The most accu- rate and full account of these curious animals is contained in a very amusing book, Delano's Voyages and Travels, printed at Boston, in 1817. Captain Delano says, — '■ The Terrapin, or as it is sometimes called, the Land-Tortoise, that is found at the Galapagos Islands, is by far the largest, best, and most numerous, of any place I ever vis- ited. Some of the largest weigh three or four hundred pounds-; but their common size is be- tween fifty and one hundred pounds. Their shape is somewhat similar to that of our small land-tortoise, which is found upon the upland, and is. like it, high and round on the r/ack. They GAii 319 GAL have a very long neck, which, together with their head, has a disagreeable appearance, very much resembling a large serpent. I have seen them with necks between two and three feet long, and when they saw anything that was new to them, or met each other, they would raise their heads as high as they could, their necks being nearly vertical, and advance with their mouths wide open, appearing to be the most spiteful of any reptile whatever. Sometimes two of them would come up to each other in that manner, so near as almost to touch, and stand in that position for two or three minutes, appearing so angry, that their mouths, heads, and necks appeared to quiver with passion, when, by the least touch of a stick against their necks or heads, they would shrink back in an instant, and draw their necks, heads, and legs into their shells. This is the only quick motion I ever saw them perform. I was put in the same kind of fear that is felt at the sight or near approach of a snake, at the first one I saw, which was very large. I was alone at the time, and he stretched himself as high as he could, opened his mouth, and advanced towards me. His body was raised more than a foot from the ground, his head turned forward in the manner of a snake in the act of biting, and raised two feet and a half above its body. 1 had a musket in my hand at the time, and when he advanced near enough to reach him with it, 1 held the muz- zle out so that he hit his neck against it, at the touch of which he dropt himself upon the ground, and instantly secured all his limbs within his shell. They are perfectly harmless, as much so as any animal I know of, notwithstanding their threatening appearance. They liave no teeth, and of course they cannot bite very hard. They take their food into their mouths by the assistance of the sharp edge of the upper and under jaw, which shut together, one a little within the other, •BO as to nip grass, or any flowers, berries, or shrubbery, the only food they eat. Those who have seen the elephant, have seen the exact re- semblance of the leg and foot of a terrapin. I have thought that I could discover some faint re- semblance to that animal in sagacity. They are very prudent in taking care of themselves and their eggs, and in the manner of securing them in their nests; and 1 have observed on board my own ship, as well as others, that they can easily be taught to go to any place on the deck, which may be wished for them to be constantly kept in. The method to effect this is, by whipping them with a small line when they are out of place, and to take them up and carry them to the place as- signed for them ; which, being repeated a few times, will bring them into the practice of going themselves, by being whipped when they are out of their place. They can be taught to eat on board a ship, as well as a sheep, or a goat ; and will live for a long time, if there is proper food provided for them. This I always took care to do, when in a place where I could procure it. The most suitable to take on board a ship, is prickly pear-trees; the trunk of which is a soft, pithy substance, of a sweetish taste, and full of iuice. Sometimes I procured grass for them, iither of these being strewed on the quarter- deck, the pear-tree being cut fine, would imme- diately entice them to come from all parts of the deck to it ; and they would eat in their way, as well as any domestic animal. I have known them live several months without food ; but they always, in that case, grow lighter, and their fat diminishes, as common sense teaches, notwith- standing some writers have asserted to the con- trary. Their flesh, without exception, is of as sweet iind pleasant a flavour as any that I ever eat. It was common to take out of one of theiH; ten or twelve pounds of fat, when they were open- ed, besides wliat was necessary to cook them with. This was as yellow as our best butter, and of a sweeter flavour than hog's lard. They are the slowest in their motions of any animal 1 ever saw, except the sloth. They are remarkable for their strength) one of them would bear a man's weight on his back and walk with him. I have seen them at one or two other places only. One in- stance was, those brought from Madagascar to the Isle of France; but they were far inferior in size, had longer legs, and were much more ugly in their looks, than those of the Galapagos Islands. Galdshids, a town of Scotland, in Selkirkshire with a manufacture of woolen cloth, known by the name of Galashiels Gray. It is seated on the Gala, near its conflux with the Tweed, 5 m.N. of Selkirk. Galbally, a village of Ireland, in the county of Limerick, 23 m. S. E. of Limerick. Pop 412. Galen, a township of Seneca Co. N. Y. Galicia, a late province in the S. W. part of Poland, lying between the lat. 48. and 51. N. and 19. and 26. of E. long. It is bounded on the S. in a direction W. by N. by the Carpathian mountains, which divides it from Hungary ; the W. end jets upon Silesia, the Vistula river forms part of its northern, and the Bug part of its east- ern boundary ; the S. E. extremity is divided by the Bukowine district from Moldavia, and the Dneister river intersects the S. E. part. This territory was forcibly seized by the Austrians in 1772, and incorporated into the Austrian domin- ions, under the appellation of the kingdom of Galicia and Lodomiria. The mountainous parts possess fine pasture ; the plains are mostly sandy, but abound in forests, and are fertile in corn. The principal articles of traffic are cattle, hides, wax, and honey ; the country also contains mines of copper, lead, iron, and salt, of which the latter are the most valuable. Its limits comprise up- ward of 32,900 sq. m., the pop. about 3,750,000. It is divided into East Galicia and West Galicia, of which the capitals are Lemburg and Cracoy. Galicia, a province of Spain, forming the N W. extremity of the Peninsula, bounded on the N. and W. by the Atlantic Ocean, on the E. by Asturias and Leon, on the S. by the Portuguese province of Tras-os-Montes, and on the S. W. by the river Minho, which divides it from the Por- tuguese province of Entre Douro e Minho. Its extreme length from the mouth of the Minho river in 41. 52., to Cape Ortegal, the exterme northern limit of Spain in 42. 46. N., is 133 statute m. , and its extreme width from the frontier of Leon to Cape Finisterre, the extreme western hmit of Spain in the lat. of 42. 56. IS., and 9. 17. of W. long, is about 120 m.; but the mean length and breadth does not much, if at all, exceed 100 m. : its area therefore comprises about 10,(Hi0 sq. m. ; the pop. in 1810 amounted to 1,142,630. It is one of the most mountainous districts in Spain, yielding abundance of fine timber, and various minerals. The whole extent of its coast is in- dt nted with fine bays and harbours. Ferrol, 25 ni. S. S. W. of Cape Ortegal, is one of the prin- c:pal stations of the Spanish national marine GAL 320 GAL the port of Cornnna is on the S. W. side of the same bay, in which the harbour of Ferrol is situ- ate : the most important harbour on the W. coast is Vi(To bay, about 50 m. S. of Cape Finisterre, and a few m. N. of the mouth of the Minho. Santiago, or St. Jago de Compostella, 35 m. S. of Cor' nna, and 300 N. W. of Madrid, is the cap- ital 'if ..he province ; the other principal towns are >/:)ndoneda and Betanzos in the N. E., Lugo 35 ni. E. of Santiago, Orense on the S., and Ciudad Tuy on the N. bank of the Minho, and Bayona on a southern inlet of Vigo bay. GitlUsch, a town of Russia, in the government of Kostroma, on the S. side of a lake of itg name, m m. E. N. E. of Kostroma. Long. 42. 54. E., lat. 57. 5G. N. Gall, St. a small hut populous canton of Swit- rerland, the E. end bordering on a lake of Con- stance, between the cantons of Thurgau, and Ap- penzel. Its population in 1825, amounted to 134, OOO, its quota of troops 2,630. Gall, St. or St. Gallen, a town of Switzerland, capita! of the canton of St. Gall. It has a rich ab- bey, whose abbot formerly possessed the sover- eignty of the town. The town is entirely protes- tant ; and the subjects of the abbot whose territory is distinct, are mostly catholics. The abbey is sit- uate close to the town ; and in its library are many curious manuscripts. The town has an extensive trade, arising chiefly from its linen and cotton manufactures and bleaching grounds. It is seat- ed in a narrow valley, on two small streams, 35 m. E. of Zurich. Long. 9. 18. E., lat. 47. 21. N. Pop. about 10,000. Galla, an extensive territory of Africa, com- prising all the S. part of Abyssinia ; the limits on the S. and W. are very undefined : the inhab- itants are among the rudest and uncivilized of any in Africa. Gallam, a town of Negroland, capital of a king- dom of the same name, on the river Senegal. The French built a fort here, which was ceded to the English in 1763. During the American war it was taken by the French, but restored in 1783. Long. 10. 0. W., lat. 14. 35. N. Gallatin, a county of Kentucky, bounded on t!ie N. for about 35 miles by the Ohio river, which divides it from the state of Indiana. Pop. 6,680. Port William, on the east bank of the Kentucky river at its entrance into the Ohio, 45 m. N. N. W. of Frankfort, is the chief town. Gallatin, is also the name of another county in the state of Illinois. Pop. 7,407. It is celebrated for its salt springs, from which vast quantities of salt are made. Equalit}' is the chief town. Gallatin, a township in Columbia Co. N. Y. Pop. 1,588. Also villages in Sumner Co. Ten. and Copiah Co. Mississippi. Gallatin's River, one of the head water streams of the Missouri rising in the lat. of 44. N. and 110. 5. of W. long., upw.ards of 3,000 miles by the course of the river, above the entrance of the Missouri into the Mississippi. Gallia, a county on the S. E. border of the state of Ohio, bounded by the Ohio river, where it receives the great Kanahwa from Virginia. Pop. 9,733. Gallipolis, on the Ohio is the chief town. Gaile, or Point de Gidle, a sea-port on the S. coast of Ceylon, in a rich and beautiful district, with a strong fort and a secure harbour. It is populous, and in point of trade ranks next to Co- lumbo. The chief branch of its traffic consists in the exp'ration of fish to the continent; but a great part of the products of the island are also shipped here for Europe. It is 85 m. S. by E. of Columbo. Long. 80. 10. E., lat. 6. 0. N. Gailipoli, a strait between European and Asia- tic Turkey, the ancient Hclhspont. It forms the communication between the Archipelago and the sea of Marmora, and is defended at the S. W entrance by two castles. It is here 2 m. over, and is 33 m. long. See Dardanelles. Gailipoli, a town of European Turkey, which gives name to the preceding strait, is seated near its opening into the sea of Marmora. It is the residence of a pacha, and the see of a Greek bishop. It contains about 10,000 Turks, 3,500 Greeks, beside a great number of Jews. It is an open place, with no other defence than a sorry square castle. It was the first place in Europe possessed by the Turks; 100 m. S.W. of Con- stantinople." Long. 26. 59. E., lat. 40. 26. N. Gailipoli, a sea-port of Naples, in Terra diOt- ranto, and a bishop's see. This place is a great mart for olive oil, and has a manufacture of muslins. It is seated on a rocky island, on the E. shore of the bay of Tarento, md joined to the main land by a bridge, protected by a fort, 23 m. W. of Otranto. Long. 18. 5. E., lat. 40. 20. N. Pop. about 9,000. Gallipolis, p.Vi Gallia Co. Ohio, on the Ohio river. Galloway, a district of Scotland, now divided into East and West Galloway, or Kirkcudbright shire, and Wigtonshire. It was famous for a par- ticular breed of small horses, called galloways. Galloway, Mull of, the extreme S. W. point of Scotland, in the lat. of 59. 38. N., and 4. 50. of W. long. It forms the W. point of entrance to Luce bay, and the E. point of entrance to the North Channel, between the Irish Sea, and the Atlantic Ocean. Galloicay,J^ew, a borough of Scotland, in Kirk- cudbrightshire, on the river Ken, 18 in. N. of Kirkcudbright, and 80 S. W. of Edinburgh. Pop. in 1821, 941. Galmier, St. a town of France, in the depart- ment of Loire ; with a medicinal spring of a vi- nous tiiste, 18 m. E. of Montbrison. Galston, a populous village of Ayrshire, Scot- land, seated on the banks of the river Irvine, 3 m S. S. E. of Kilmarnock. Galum, p.v. Jackson Co. Illinois. Galway, a maritime county, in the province of Connaught, on the W. coast of Ireland, being about 100 m. in extreme length from E. to W. the W. part projecting into the Atlantic Ocean, is a mountainous and dreary district, but the inland part is in general fertile both in grain and pasture ; next to Cork it is the largest county in Ireland, comprising 989,950 acres, and in 1821 contained a pop. of 337,374. It is bounded on the E. by the river Suck, which divides it from Roscommon, and the Shannon on the S. E. divides it from Tip- perary, lake Corrib divides the W. from the E. part of the county ; beside the county town of the same name, the other principal towns are Tuam, Athenry, and Loughrea. Galway, the chief town of the preceding coun- ty, is seated on the banks, of the outlet of lake Corrib into Galway bay, 12() m. due W. of Dublin. It was formerly surrounded by strong walls ; the streets are large and straight, and the houses are generally well built of stone. The harbour is de- fended by a fort Here is a coarse woolen and linen manufacture, and a considerable trade in kelp. The salmon and herring fishery is also considerable. It is divided into 3 parishes, and is GAN 3S1 GAU a coiinty of itself, having a separate jurisdiction. The principal church, which its collegiate, is a spacious gothic edifice ; it has several catholic establishments of friars and nuns, a county infirm- arv. exchange, and several other public buildings. Pop. in 1820, 27,775. Galway Bay, extends about 20 m. from W. to E.. and is from 7 to 20 m. wide ; the South Arran Isles stretch across the entrance. Galway, p.t. Saratoga Co. N. Y. Pop. 2,710. Gambia, a noble river in Africa, falling into the Atlantic Ocean by several channels between the lat. of 12. and 13. 45. N. Cape St. Aiary, the S. point of entrance to the main channel, is in the lat. of 13. 8. N. ; and 16. 33. of W. long. The banks for about 100 m. from the mouth are low and swampy, but higher up, the river flows through a delightfully fertile country, interspersed with numerous towns and villages. At a distance of about 400 m. from its mouth, the navigation is impeded by falls, and above them but little is known of its course. Gambron. See Gomhron. Gnna, Ganara. See Ghana. Ganah, a town of the empire of Cassina, in the interior of North Africa, 230 m. N. by E. of Agades. Long. 14. 30. E., lat. 24. 40. N. Gandershcim, a town of Lower Saxony, in the duchy of Brunswick- Wolfenbuttel, with a celebra- ted convent, 17 m. S. W. of Goslar. Gandia, a town of Spain, in Valencia, with a small university ; seated on a river, near its en- trance into the gulf of Valencia, 32 m. S. E. of Valencia, and 48 N. by E. of Alicant. Pop. about 6,000. Gandicotta, or Wandicotta, a town and fortress of Hindocstan, in the circar of Cuddapa, near which is a diamond mine. It is seated on a lofly mountain, by the river Pennar, 33 m. W. N. W. of Cuddapa. Gangapatnam, a town of Hindoostan, in the Carnatic, at the mouth of the Pannar, 94 m. N. of Madras. Long. 80. 12. B., lat. 14. 24. N. Gangea, or Ganja, a town of Persia, in the province of Eviran, 105 m. S. by E. of Teflis. Leng 45. 50. B., lat. 41. 10. N. Ganges, a celebrated river of Asia, which has Its source in two springs, on the W. side of Mt. Kentaiffe, in Tibet, in the lat. of 34. N., and 82. ofE. long. The 2 streams take a W. direction for 300 m. when meeting the ridge of Himmaleh, they tnrn S., unite their waters, and form what is properly called the Ganges, from the Hindoo word Ganga, which signifies a river ; a term giv- en it by way of eminence. This great body of water now forces a passage through the ridge of Himmaleh at the distance of 400 m. below the place of its first approach, and rushing through a cavern, precipitates itself into a vast basin, at the hither foot of the mountain. The Ganges thus appears, to incurious spectators, to have its source from this chain of mountains. Superstition has fiven to the mouth of the cavern the form of the cad of a cow ; an animal held by the Hindoos in great veneration ;, and it is therefore called the Gangotri, or the Cow's Mouth. From this place it takes a S. E. direction through the country of Sirina^ur, until, at Hurdwar, it finally escapes from this mountainous tract in v/hicK it has wan- dered 800 m. From Hurdwar, whf^re it gushes through an opening in the mountains, and enters Hindoostan, it flows 1,200 m. with a smooth nav- igable stream, through delightful plains, to the bay of Bengal, which it enters by several mouth( the soul, and which was composed of nearly the whole of Europe. The victories of the French broke up this alliance, and rendered France more powerful than ever. Eng- land stirred up a second coalition in 1799, but was herself forced into a peace, and the treaty of Amiens was signed in 1802. A new coalition arose under her auspices in 1305, and new victories and new aggrandizements on the side of the French ai, the expense of their neighbors were the result. In 1807 the fourth English coalition was broken by the treaty of Tilsit. In 1809 a fifth was formed, and ended in the treaty of Vienna by a new ac- quisition of territory for France. Finally after a perseverance which exhibits in a striking view the power of England, and the immense resources within her reach, the sixth coalition, renewed in 1813, terminated in the fall of the French em- pire, the restoration of the house of Bourbon, and the treaty of peace concluded at Paris in 1814. The British constitution, is a piece of mosaic work belonging to different epochs : it is the {rreat charter of Henry I, modified a century ater and forced upon the acceptance of king John. It is the charter confirmed with great al- terations by Henry III, and sanctioned by Ed- ward I. Its completion is the Declaration of of Rights in 1G88. It possesses however, the ad- vantage of not impeding the developement of any social faculty, of securing every liberty, by the unrestrained exercise of that of the press, and of exalting the character of the subject by placing his life and property under the safeguard of the laws. The king of England joins to the dignity of supreme magistrate, that of head of the church. The former gives him the right of making war and peace, alliances and treaties, raising troops, assembling, proroguing, adjourning, and dissolving parlament, appointing all officers, civil and military, and the chief Ecclesiastical digni- taries, and pardoning or commuting the punish- ment of criminals : the latter gives him power to convoke national and provincial synods, who un- der his approbation, established dogmas and dis- cipline. The parliament enjoys the prerogative of proposing laws, but no law has any validity till approved by the king. On the other hand the will of the sovereign or his ministers, and the an- nual aeniand for supplies cannot take the shape of a law till under this form they have been sanc- tioned by the votes of both houses. The king may increase not only the number of peers, but even that of the commons, by authorizing a city to return members to parliament. He arrives at majority at the age of eighteen, and on his acces sion to the throne must sanction all the laws passed during his minority. Females as well as males possess a hereditary right to the crown. Tiie responsibility of the ministers, not an empty phrtase in England, secures the inviolability of the monarch: the ministers are four in number, and independantof one another : — the First Lord of the Treasury, or prime minister, who has under his direction the taxes, the custom house, the stamp office and the post office ; — the Secretary of State for foreign affairs ; — the Home Secretary, who has the direction of colonial affairs excepting those of the East Indies, — and the Secretary at War whose authority extends over the concerns of India. A council is organized to examine whatever relates to Indian affairs, and another superintending the business of commerce and the colonies, is composed of enlightened individuals who combine among themselves the interests of agriciJture, industry and commerce, and study unceasingly the wants and tastes of every people for the purpose of making them in some way sub- servient to British industry. The House of Com- mons consists of 658 members, of whom 489 rep- resent England, 24 the principality of Wales, 45 Scotland, and 100 Ireland. At the present moment Great Britain is ap- proaching a fearful crisis. Her trade is embar- rassed, her subjects disaffected, and her political institutions threatened by the example of popular revolt in the neighboring countries. The Whigs have once more come into power, and a ministry preside in the national councils whose avowed and leading object is to effect an essential change in the government. A struggle for life and death has commenced between the popular and aristoc ractical bodies. The checks and balances which political theorists have bfeen accustomed to con- sider as apart of the British constitution, have begun to give distinct evidences of their conflict- ing tendencies ; and the hostile operation of dis- cordant elements seems to promise collision and not equilibrium. The whole aspect of affairs is such as to warrant the belief that the present gov- ernment of Great Britain cannot last. Grcn.t Burrington, p.t. Berkshi«-e Co. Mass. Pop. 2,276. Great Bay, a lake in N. H. formed by the waters of the Swamscot, Winnicot and Lam- prey rivers. It is 4 m. wide. — Another lake connected with the Winipiseogee. Grehenstein, a town of Germany, in Lower Hesse, on the river Esse, 12 m. N. N. W. of Greece, a territory of the S. E. extremity of Europe, and 2,000 years ago the most celebrated portion of that quarter of the globe, it having suc- cessfullj' combated the myriad armies of Persia and tiie east, and extended its arts and its arms eastward to the banks of the Indus. As the glo- ry of Egypt declined, that of Greece rose to its meridian, to be eclipsed in its turn by the as- cendancy of Rome, till in the 15th century it be- came tributary to the Turks. The main land of Greece extends from the lat. of 36. 25. to 42. N, or about 400 m., and is about 1 10 in mean breadth. In the days of Grecian celebrity, it was divided into four great parts, viz. Macedonia, Thessaly, Livadia, and the Peloponnesus, exclusive of the ORE 345 GRE island of Candia, and the Archipekffo. Under the Turks it was divided into four pacnalics, viz. Salonica, Joannina, Egropos or Negropont, and Tripolizza. It will be proper, before we speak of modern or Independent Greece, first to describe the whole of the country in Europe inhabited by the descendants of the ancient Greeks. This region is a sort of peninsula lying between the Archipelago and the Ionian sea. Its northern boundary is rather indefinite. Pindus, now Metzova,-is probably the nucleus of the mountains in the Greek peninsula; its rocks, forests and poetic fountains have of late given rise to many interesting observations, but Its elevation is still unknown. The numerous val- lies on its sides are covered with trees ; snow falls generally during the month of October on all its summits, and two of them, Dokimi and Peristera, are covered with snow almost the whole year; their height may be vaguely estimated at eight or nine tliousand feet. The mountains of Epirus ex- tend to the shores of the sea ; Thessaly is encom- passed with hills, and forms an amphitheatre on which seventy-five towns were in ancient times built. Olympus or the modern Lacha is not, according to Xenagoras, more than 5,760 feet ; according to Bernouilli it is 6,1'20 high ; its rugged and pre- cipitous rocks give it a picturesque and sublime appearance ; the pass of Platamona on the north of Olympus, is encompassed with perpendicular rocks, that rise to the height of 3.000 feet ; the fa- mous pass of Tliermopyla; is not so imposing, but neither can vie with the one in the ancient Meg- aris, between the Scironion rocks and the Salon- ic gulf. Dark and steep rocks hang above the sea, the waves resound beneath their base, the travel- ler walks along a narrow path near these precipi- ces, and appears suspended between the ocean and the sky. The erect and steep summits of the ancient Parnassus or the present Liakoura are very lofty, but although they hat^e been seen by many trav- ellers, they have been measured by none. The middle districts of the Peloponnesus form an ele- vated ridge, and several mountainous groups arise from it; of these Culmos or the ancient Cyllene is said to be the highest central point, and Cape Matapan or the ancient Tienarus, which extends farthest to the south, forms the southern extremi- ty of the European continent. The coasts of Albania descend gradually towards the gulf of Drino, and rise suddenly near the en- trance of the Adriatic. Rocks are heaped above rocks, their summits reiich to the clouds, their sides are rent by lightning, the sea which wash- es them is always tempestuous, and the shores are covered with the wrecks of vessels. Such are the Acroceraunian mountains, so much dread- ed by the ancients ; they are now better known by the name of the Monte de Chimera. The coasts of the Ionian islands are for the most part very steej), the calcareous rocks of Leucade rise from the bottom of a deep and stormy sea ; they were the cause of much alarm to mariners in the time of jEneas and Ulysses, they are con- sidered dangerous even in the present day. The island of Candia or Crete is supposed to be a continuation of the mountainous districts which extend along Greece and the Peloponne- sus, and the Cyclades are said to be the scattered fragments of two small chains, the one of which extends from Athens, the other from Euboea: 44 thus, as we remove from Hemus, the range be- comes gradually irregular, or termirtates in de» tached hills and abrupt rocks ; the marks of those changes and revolutions which have altered the surface of our globe are apparent in the south of Greece. [t has been maintained that there are some ve- ry high mountains in the Archipelago, a learned Greek physician declares that the summits of the mountains in the island of Andros a-e covered all the year with snow. If that statement were cor rect, it might be concluded that the most elevated points in the whole of Greece are situated in that island ; philosophers might expect to find there the remains of an immense volcano, an Etna that has been extinguished for ages. So extraordina- ry a fact requires to be confirmed by better evi- dence before it can be generally believed ; the au- thor may have perhaps confounded these moun- tains with others in Euboea. The vale of Tempe extends from the south-west to the north-east, its length is about fi>rty stadia or a league and a half; its breadth, although in general a stadium and a half, is in one place not more than a hundred feet. The calm streams of the Peneus water the valley under the shade of poplars or plane trees, near rocks overspread with ivy, and green and fertile hills ; several ver- dant and beautiful islands have been discovered on the river, but its banks are suddenly contract- ed, rocks are confusedly heaped on rocks, and its streams are precipitated with a loud noise across a narrow pass, but beyond it the waters resume their tranquil course, and mingle with the sea. Tlie following tradition was very generally be- lieved in ancient times ; the Peneus, it is said, having at one period no outlet, formed a great lake, which covered a part of Thessaly, particu- larly the Pelasgic plain to the south of Larissa. The valley of Tempe was opened by an earth- quake, the lake flowed into the sea, and the dry land gradually appeared. The inhabitants of that region instituted a festival to commemorate an event by which the face of their country had been changed. Theophrastus having observ- ed that the climate of Thessaly was colder in his time, attributes it to the artificial channels, by means of which the stagnant waters had been drained; some of the poets corroborate that opin- ion, and claim for Hercules the glory of having opened a passage for the Peneus. According to some authors, the deluge in the time of Deuca- lion extended over the whole earth ; it is more generally supposed to have been a partial inunda- tion of Thessaly, which lasted three months ; it may be accounted for by admitting that the chan- nel of the Peneus was blocked either by an earth- quake during which some rocks were overturned and thus formed an effectual barrier for its course, or by excessive rains, which occasioned a sudden and extraordinary augmentation of its waters. The cave of Trophonius, a long time the abode of superstition, is still to be seen in Bcetia, and that of Corycius is situated to the north of Del- phi ; although very deep, almost the whole of it is illumined by the light of day ; it is so large that all the inhabitants of Delphi went to it for shel- ter during the invasion of Xerxes. Every part in the neighbourhood of Mount Parnassus abounds in caverns, which were held in great veneration by the common people ; it has been supposed that mephitical vapours issued from the spiracles near the celebrated cave of the oracle, above which the pythoness sat on the sacred tripod j the natural 6R£ 346 GRE effect of the exhalations was to occasion convul- sions and those ecstacies which have accompanied in every age the gift of prophecy. Greece is situated between two seas, and is not for that reason exposed to excessive droughts ; but tlie cold is often more intense than in Italy or Spain, and the cause is owing to its being on two sides with the great range of the continpnt,the tem- perature of which in equal parallels is always low- er towards the centre, and also to its proximity to two great mountainous chains. Usemuis and Taurus. The temperature of Greece varies greatly in different districts, it has been said that the cli- mates of all the regions in Europe are concen- trated in that country ; the waters of the Dan- ube and the Ilebrus are frozen in winter ; the Rus- sians who crossed Mount Haamqius had recourse to their furs to protect them against the cold ; but on the other hand, spring and summer are the only seasons on the coast of Attica. " The notes of the nightingale are herd in verdent plains where the cold of winter is unknown, and rude blasts never felt ; the branches of fruit trees en- circled with ivy or the tendrils of the vine shel- ter these vallies from the burning rays of the sun. Bacclms and his joyous votaries wander in the groves ; the narcissus and the glittering, crocus, which adorn the wreaths of the gods are always in flower. Venus and the muses meet on the magic banlis of the Cephisus; its winding streams, flowing through a thousand channels, water fertile meads." Sophocles. The traveller, after having crossed the heights of Thermopylffi, enters into Greece Proper; the climate is more oppressive, water is scarcer, but the soil is fruitful ; oil is the most valuable pro- duction in the southern provinces, and that of Attica is su5)eriorto every other, but a thick hoar- frost rises occasionally from the Archipelago and is destTiictive to plants ; it falls in the form of dew and penetrates into the roots and sap, the leaves become yellow, the flowers decay, or if they ri- pen, the fruit is of little use. The oil export- ed annually from Attica was calculated to be worth 300,000 piasters ; that from the Morea about 400,000. Corinth is still famed for its rai- sins, Arcadia for its cheese, and Mount Hymet- tus for its honey. The soil of Attica is covered with aromatic plants, and that circumstance ena- bles us to account for the excellence of its honey; it is sweeter than that of other countries, retains its aromatic fragrance, and, although of a red colour, is perfectly transparent. The same coun- try might rival Spain in the fineness of its wool ; the goat thrives on its hills, the uncultivated lands are over-run with thyme, serpillum and marjoram, the Albanian shepherds lead their flocks in summer to these pastures. The breed of goats was improved in the time of the Byzantine em- perors by the mixture of the African and Asia- tic race, but it has not since been sufiiciently crossed ; the breed of sheep in Livadia and Arcadia is the best, that of Attica the worst. The view from Mount Parnassus is extensive, a traveller saw from it Olympus, the Ionian Isl- ands and the Cyclades ; he might have observed beneath him the town and gulfof Lepanto, and on the east amidst flowery meads, the populous town of Livadia in the province of the same name. Corinth, its two gulfs and rocky isthmus, which so niany sovereigns have in vain endeavored to cut, still command the entrance into the Pel- oponnesus or Morea, which has been styled by the Slavonic tribes who oenetrated into it during the Byzantine empire, the maritime country. We observe in that region the agreeable town of Argos and Napoli de Romania, or as it is some- times called the Gibraltar of Greece. Three hun- dred vessels may ride at anchor in its harbour. Napoli de Malvoisia and its great inland bay, the populous town of Misitra on the valley of the Eurotas, the present Vasili-Potamo or royal river and Tripolitza, where a pacha resided with impu- nity near the ruins of Mantinea. The towns on the south-west coast are Calamata on the fruit- ful plains of Messenia, Navarino which still re- tains its admirable harbour, Gnstouni towards the west in the fertile fields of Elis ; but Patras, a place of greater trade than any of them contains 8,000 souts. Maga-Spileon, a convent partly cut in a rock, the gloomy lake of Stymphali and ma- ny other places renowned in history are situated in the interior of that rich peninsula, of which the produce in corn, grapes, figs, wine, oil, cot ton, silk and many other articles amounted to fifteen millions of piasters. The Greeks, who wander among the ruins of their ancient glory, have at last shaken off the Turk- ish yoke ; heroic deeds both on land and sea, convinced every one that they had awaked from their long lethargy, but as in ancient times, their efforts have been enfeebled by internal discord ; the modern Greeks have unfortunately inherited the vanity, inconstancy and treachery of their fathers. Nature has not denied them high intel- lectual endowments ; poets and orators are borr amongst them, but their natural abilities are nol improved by cultivation : sarcasm and raillery supersede argument, and in their deliberations, a frivolous expression, a single word or gesture is sufficient to make them unmindful of their most important interests. The Moraites are less vola- tile than the townsmen of Romelia, and better fitted to enjoy the blessings of freedom under a good government. The Athenians have not lost their ancient urbanity, their accent is more har- monious than any other in Greece, their language is less diffuse, and for that reason more energetic. Their appearance is nearly the same as that of their ancestors, the women of Athens are still distinguished by their light figures, the oval form of the face, the regular contour, the straight line that marks the profile, full black eyes, high forehead, red lips, small hands and feet; they are equally graceful in the mnurnfiil dance of Ariadne and in the rapid mazes of the Romaikn. The simplicity jf the ancient dress is in some degree retained ; a white tunic descends from the neck and a white mantle covers the arms and falls GRE 347 GRE ovftr the shoulders, a handkerchief tied loosely round the head does not conceal their jet-black hair ; but the barbarous empire is typified in a clumsy and ill-placed girdle, red trowsers and a heavy Turkish cloak. The Greek revolution broke out in 1821, and a National Congress assembled at Epidaurus the bame year. On the 1st of January , 1822, this Con- gress published a constitution for the Greek na- tion. From this period a bloody and devastating war was waged against them by the Turks for a period of seven years. At length the govern- ments of Russia, France and Great Britain inter- fered. The Turkish marine was annihilated at the battle of Navarino, a French army occupied he Morea, and Greece became an independent state under the protection of the three powers in 1829. Independent Greece comprises the Morea and the territory without the isthmus, bounded on the north by a line beginning at the mouth of the river Aspropotamus, the ancient Achelous, and passing up the south-eastern bank of that river to Angelo Castron. Thence it passes througii the lakes Sacarovista and Vrachori, to mount .\rtoleria and thence along the valley of Caloiiri, and tlie top of mount CEta to the gulf ofZeitoun. The western Sporades and Cyclades are also included ; the whole forming a territory about double the extent of the state of Massachu- setts, and containing a population of 650,000. The government in its present state is provision- al and experimental. During the war it was elective and republican, but the three protecting p-)wer3 have recently made attempts to establish a monarchy in Greece. The Prince of Sa.xe Co- burg was offered the crown but declined it. Grexce, p.t. Monroe Co. N. Y. Pop. 2,574. GreegvlUe, p.v. Loudon Co. Va. Greene, the name of 11 counties in different parts of the United States. The following are the States in which they are situated, with the population of each county and the name of the chief town. New York, 20,525 Catskill. Pennsylvania, W. Dis. 18,028 Waynesburc. N.Carolina, 6,313 Snow Hill.' Georgia, 12,551 Greenesborouorh. Alabama, 15,026 Erie. Mississippi, 1,849 Leaksville. Tennesiee,E. 14,410 Greenville. Kentucky, 13,718 Greensburg. Ohio, 15,084 Xenia. Indiana, 4,353 Bloomfield, Illinois, 7,664 CarroHton. Greene, is also the name of a town in Kennebec : Co. Me. Pop. 1,324. A village in Chenango Co. N. Y., townships in Greene and Beaver and Franklin Cos. Pa. and 12 townships in Ohio. *^* In Maine and Ohio the above name is spelt Green. Greenfield, p.t. Hillsborough Co. N. H. 62 m. fr. Boston. Pop. 946." Green Bay, an arm or bay of Lake Michigan, on the N. W. side, about 90 m. in length. At its junction with the lake is a group of" islands. The bay is navigable for vessels of 200 tons. Greenburg, p.t. Westchester Co. N. Y. Pop 2,195. Greenbush, p.v. Windsor Co. Vt. Greenbush, p.t. Rensselaer Co. N. Y. on the Hudson opposite Albany. Pop. 3,216. Green Castle, p.v. Franklin Co. Pa. Also a village in Fairfield Co. Ohio. Greenfield, p.t. Hillsborough Co, N. H. Pop, 946. Also a p.t. Franklin Co. Mass on the Con- necticut, 2u m. above Northampton Pop. 1,540. Also a p.t. Saratoga Co. N. Y. Pop. 3,151. Also towns and villages in Bedford and Erie Cos. Pa., Nelson Co. Va., Fairfield, Gallia and Highland Cos. Ohio. Greenfield Hill, a village in Fairfield Co. Conn. 6 m. W. Bridgeport. Green Hill, p.v. Campbell Co. Va. Greenland, a country in theN. E. part of Amer- ica, extending probably to the pole. It was dis- covered in the tenth century, by the Nor vegians, who planted a colony on the eastern c ast ; and the intercourse between this colony and Denmark was continued till the beginning of the 15th cen- tury : in tiiat century, by the gradual .ncrease of the arctic ice, the colony became cor pletely im- prisoned by the frozen ocean ; while on the W. a range of mountains and plains, covered with perpetual ice, precluded all access. This settle- ment contained several churches and monaste- ries, and is said to have extended about 200 miles in the S. E. extremity. In more recent times the western coast washed by the waters of Davis' Straits and Baffin's Bay, was chiefly explored by Davis and other English navigators; but there was no attempt to settle a colony. In 1721, a Norwegian clergyman, named Egede, proceeded to this dreary countr}', where he continued till 1735, preaching to the natives; and his benevo- lent example has been since followed by several missionaries. The country is said to be inhabit- ed as far as 76. N. lat. but the Danish and Mo- ravian settlements are chiefly in the S. W. ex- tremity. This country, in reality, is nothing more than a mass of rocks intermingled with immense blocks of ice, thus forming at once the image of chaos and of winter. Icy Peak, an enormous mass of ice, rises Hear the mouth of a river, and diffuses such a brilliancy through the air, that it is distinct- ly perceived at the distance of more than ten leagues. Icicles, and an immense vault, give this edifice of crystal a most magic appearance. An uninterrupted chain of mountains traverses the part of Greenland with which we are acquainted. There are innumerable gulfs, but none of them advance towards the eastern coast. The three points called Stag's Horn, are descried at sea at the distance of five-and-twenty leagues. The rocks are rent into fissures, which, in general, are per- pendicular, and are rarely more than half a yard in breadth, and contain a great quantity of spar, quartz, talc, and garnets. The rocks are com- monly composed of granite, clay slate, and pot- stone, arranged in vertical beds. The Greenland .Museum at Copenhagen has received from this country a very rich mineral of copper ore, schist us of the nature of mica, a coarse marble, and ser- pentines, together with asbestos, amianthus, crys- tals, and black schorl. Greenland likewise fur- nishes us with a new and curious mineral, the fiuute of alumina. A vast mine of sea-coal has been discovered in the island of Disco Three hot springs are the only volcanic indications that have hitherto been observed. During the short season of summer, the air, which is very pure on the mainland, is obscured in Uie islands by fogs. The flitting glimmer of the aurora borealis, in some degree softens the gloomy horror of the polar night What has been termed the smoke of ice, is a va pour which rises from the revices of marine ice ' The rare occurrence of ra ' the small quantity of 6RE ■now, ari3 the intense degree of cold produced by the east-north-east wind, lead us to suspect that the most eastern parts of Greenland form a great archipelago, incumbered with perpetual ice, which for many centuries, has been piled together by the winds and currents. There is some land that admits of cultivation ; and probably barley might be made to grow in the sauthern part of the country. The mountains are covered with moss to the north, but the parts that have a soutliern exposure produce very good herbs, gooseberries, and other berries, in abundance, and a few little willows and birch. Not far from Ju- lianshaal . is a valley covered with birch ; but the tallest of the trees are only eighteen feet high. Near the Danish colonies cabbages and turnips are cultivated. The most remarkable. animal of this region is the White Lear, the largest of his tribe. These animals are sometimes 12 feet in length and are distinguished for their tremendous ferocity. Some- 348 ORR has two large ivory tusks in the upper jaw which weigh from 10 to 30 pounds each. They are hunt- times they are seen on floating ice out at sea, and are often in this manner conveyed to Iceland. At sea they prey upon fish, seals, and the carcases of whales. On land they devour deer and other animals, yet they often feed upoji berries. In winter they dig themselves dens under the snow or ice and sleep till the sun appears in spring. Among the animal kingdom we also meet with large hares, which are excellent eating, and afford a good fur; rein-deer of the American variety, great numbers of foxes, and large dogs, that howl instead of barking, and are employed by the Green^ landers in drawing their sledges. An immense number of aquatic birds live near the rivers, which abound with salmon. Turbots and small herrings swarm in every di- rection in the sea. The natives have been suppli- ed with nets, and now begin to experience their utility. In north or west Greenland, the Danes and natives go in companies to the whale-fishing ; but this tumultuous, and, to the natives, far from lucrative occupation, spreads vice and misery through this district. The natives of the south confine themselves to hunting the seal. The flesh of this animal is their principal food; its skin fur- nishes them with dress, and at the same time they construct their boats of it ; thread is made of its tendons, and its bladder is converted into bottles ; its fat is sometimes used as a substitute for butter, and at other times for tallow ; and even the blood itself is considered by the Greenlander as excellent for making broth ; in fact, he cannot possibly com- prehend how any one can live witliout the sea-dog, which, to liim , is like the bread-fruit tree to the Otaheitan, or wheat to the inhabitants of Europe. The Walrus, or Morse, called also the Sea Cow, is very common in these parts. - It is much larger than the seal and is generally found iti company with that animal. Like the elepiiant the Walrus ed for their fat, and are sometimes encountered yc herds of an hundred. When wounded they be- come exceedingly furious, and bite the lances of the hunters in pieces with their teeth. When in great numbers they will sometimes attack boats and attempt to overturn them. The Greenland Company, established at Copen- hagen, estimate its annual revenue at 104,000 rix- dollars, (20,000 to 25,000 pounds Sterling;) ana the exportations alone have amounted to 50, or 100,000 rix-doUars, without including the produce of the whale fishery. The expenses of the com- pany are estimated at 16,000 pounds Sterling. The natives are of a very low stature, have long black hair, small eyes, a flat face, and a yellowish brown skin, evidently indicating them to be a branch of the Esquimaux or Samoiedes of America. This connexion is particularly proved by their lan- guage, which is also remarkable for the copious- ness of its grammatical forms. The Greenlanders have not preserved any posi five trace of a communication with the Scandina- vian colony, whose establishments they invaded ^nd destroyed. The sun, they consider to be a deified female, and the moon, a man, conforma- bly with the belief of the Goths, which diftereii from that of the other Scandinavians; but as we find a God called Lvnus, or Men, among even the classical nations themselves, this analogy either proves too much or nothing. As to ourselves, we have, on the contrary, recognized in the Green- lander, a crowd of characteristic circumstances, which demonstrate his connexion with the Esqui- maux, even with those that live at the remotest distances from them. The fishing implements employed by the inhabitants of Russian America, among others, are made exactly like those of the Greenlanders. Both of these people, too, make use of the bladder of the sea-dog, distended with wind, and attached to the javelin with which they strike tlie whale, in order that it may thus serve to prevent the animal, when once he is wounded, from remaining any length of time plunged under water. A similar invention observed both at the eastern and western extremity of North America, must lead us unavoidably to infer that an habituai communication is kept up between those distant tribes. The little boats used by the inhabitants of Oonalaska, in Prince William's inlet, (the Tchougatchian Gulf of the Russians,) by the Es- quimaux of Labrador and the Greenlanders, are ail precisely of the same construction, and resem- ble a box formed of slight branches and covered on every side with the skin of the sea-dog. They are twelve feet long, but only a foot and a half wide. In the middle of the upper surface there is a hole surrounded by a wooden hoop, with a skin attached to it, which admits of being drawn to- gether like a purse, by means of a thong. It is in GRE 349 GKE this hole that the rower places himself. Supplied with a single oar, which is very thin, three or four feet long, and becoming broader at the two sides, the navigator, or to speak more correctly, the man- fish, paddling rapidly to the right and left, advances in a straight line across the foaming waves in the midst of the tempest itself, without incurring more risk than the whales and phocse of whom he is become the companion and rival. This invention, which was admired by Captain Cook, and is adopt- ed in part by the Norwegian and Danish pilots, could not possibly have made its appearance by mere chance under exactly the same form, among all the tribes of the northern extremities of Ameri- ca. These tribes consequently, must have the same common descent, and must long have com- municated together. The present character of the Greenlanders is an indefinable mixture of good and bad qualities ; while their attachments to their national customs, opposes the influence of foreign civilization. The Greenlanders bitterly accuse the Danes and other navigators of having brought among them the double scourge of small-pox and spirituous liquors. The present well regulated Da.nish administration follows a plan of cofenization calculated for estab- lishing order and happiness ; but the ancient defects and modern vices of the Greenlanders present- great obstacles to the system. Almost m entirely destitute of every idea of religion and of §■ law, our religious worship appears in their eyes, nothing but a useless ceremony, while they look upon our criminal punishments as an unjust abuse of power. The malefactor appears to them to be sufficiently punished, when in a public assembly, he is loaded with reproaches. The missionaries confess that the conversion of the Greenlanders advances slowly, and exerts but little influence over their moral ideas. Fot some years back however, the preaching of natives educated as missionaries, has been productive of a happy change. The Moravians have also succeeded in a remarkable manner in engaging the affections, and reforming the conduct of this simple people, who are gifted with considerable quickness of per- ception. The commercial administration, by in- troducing numerical calculation, and even paper money, have given them new notions with regard to property. In the southern part of the country, they have been taught to make barrels and con- struct boats. The name of their ancient divinity, Torngarsook, to whom they never offered any worship, is already forgotten as well as the malevo- lent goddess without a name, who was supposed to inhabit a palace at the bottom of the sea, guard- ed by terrific sea-dogs. Even a kind of philosophy has introduced itself among tliem, and various new opinions exist concerning a future slate and the transmigration of souls. The freethinkers of Greenland v/ill not admit the prevalent belief that there is a paradise, where the soul in a state of happy indolence, is nourished with the heads of sea-dogs. The priests and sorcerers, called ^«- gekok, and the malevolent enchanters denomi- nated lUseets, are daily losing their influence. Perhaps the period may not be far distant, when the sublime devotion of the virtuous Egede will meet with its reward, and a Christian and civil- ized people will at length inhabit this memorable colony, the most northern that the Europeans have ever established. A mild and pure glory will then recompense Denmark for the pecuniary sacrifices which this struggle with the elements has cost her, a struggle into which she has been drawn by a pious zeai,and the influence of historical recol- lections. Greenland, p.t Rockingham Co. N. H. 5 m. from Portsmouth. Pop. 681. Grttmlaw, a town of Scotland, capital of Ber- wickshire, though a small place. Here are the remains of two religious houses. It is seated on the Blackadder, 8 m. S. W. of Dunse, and 36 S. E. of Edinburgh. Green Mountains, a branch of the Apalachian chain in Vermont, extending through the state from N. to S. In the southern part they consti- tute a single range, but toward the centre of the state they divide into two branches and pass off" separately into Canada. The eastern slope of tho mountains is watered hy the tributaries of tiie Connecticut, and the western slope by the streams falling into Lake Champlain. The highest point is Kiilington Peak, near Rutland, 3,924 feet above the sea. Camels Rump, between Montpelierand Burlington, and Mansfield Mountain in the same neighbourhood, are each above 3,500 feet high. Throughout the state these mountains are from 10 to 15 miles in breadth They are every where intersected with valleys, abounding in springs and streams, and exhibiting that perpetual verdure which has conferred upon them their name. Their sides are completely covered with woods, and their rocky summits are clad in a coat of green moss. The trees appear old, but small ; they are all of the evergreen sort, pine, spruce, hemlock and fir, intermixed with shrubs and bushes. Vegetation decreases on approaching the top of the mountains; the trees diminish in size, and fre- quently terminate in a shrubbery of spruce and hemlock, two or three feet high, with branches so interwoven as to prevent all passage through them. Trees of this height with shrubs and vines pro- ducing berries, and a species of weed called win- ter grass, mixed with the moss of rocks, are all the vegetation which the mountains produce. The sides of the mountains are generally rugged and irregular ; some of them have large aper- tures and caves. The thick, green moss which coats their tops, is so compact and firm, and lies in such extensive beds, as to reach from rock to rock, and they will sometimes bear the weight of a man without being broken through. These immense spongy masses receive the moisture sup- plied by the clouds and rain, and while a part of it runs down the sides of the mountain, much of it is absorbed, and penetrates the whole mass. In this manner, several of these mountains are con- tinually wet on their tops, and have large marshy spots, which are the constant resort of water fowl during the warm season. The roads across them are frequently wet and miry, when the valleys below are dry. The mountains exhibit but few rocky or sterile tracts, and affbrd generally excellent pasturage for sheep and cattle Greenock, the chief sea-port of Scotland, in Ren- frewshire, at the mouth of the Clyde, with a small fort for the defence of the harbour. Here are sev- eral dry docks, and the building and rigging of ships is much followed. It has a great trade ; and the fisheries, particularly for herrings, and the Newfoundland fishery, are carried on to a great extent. In 1801 the number of inhabitants was 17,458, and in 1821, 22,038. It is 24 miles W. by N. of Glasgow, of which it is the port. Long. 4. 47. W., lat. 55. 56. N. Green River, a stream of Kentucky falling into the Ohio, about 250 m. itx length. 2(3 GRE 350 GRE Greensboreugk, p.t. Orleans Co. Vt. 30 m. N. y. Montpelier. Pop. 7b'l. Also towns in Caro- line Co. Maryland, Mecklenburg Co. Va., Guilford Co. N. C, Green Co. Ala., and Greene Co. Geo. Greeiisburgh, p.t. Westchedler Co. N. Y. Pop. 2,195. Also towns in Westmoreland and Green Cos. Pa., Greene Co. Ken. and Decatur Co. ind. Greensted. a village in Essex, Eng. 1 m. W. of Ongar, remarkable for its little church, (built prior to the Conquest) the walls of which are formed of the trunks of trees. Greenville, a frontier county of the E. District of Virginia, bounded on the 5r. by the great Not- toway river, and S. by North Carolina ; super- fices about 300 square miles. Pop. 7,117. Hicks- ford IS the chief town. Greenbp, a frontier county, the extreme N. E. point of Kentucky, with a superfices of about 800 SKjuare miles. Pop. 5,853. Greenupsburg is the chief town. Greenville, a district at the N. W. extremity of South Carolina ; superfices about GOO square miles. Pop. 16}476. The chief town of the same name in the centre of the county is 95 m. W. N. W. of Columbia.* Greenville, p.t. Greene Co. N. Y. Pop. 2,565. Also towns and villages in Providence Co. R. I., Luzerne and Somerset Cos. Pa., Sussex Co. N. J., Augusta Co. Va., Pitt Co. N. C, Greenville and Darlington Districts, S. C, Greene Co. Tenn., Muhlenberg Co. Ken., Darke Co. Ohio, Floyd Co. Ind., Bond Co. Illinois, Jefferson Co. Mis- sissippi and Butler Co. Alabama. Greenwich, formerly a district town, but now an appendage to the British metropolis. It is seated in the county of Kent, on the S. bank of the Thames, 5 m. below London Bridge. It is celebrated for its hospital for wounded and decayed seamen of the national marine, which is one of the finest architectural edifices in the world. The buildings consists of four distinct piles, two along the bank ot the river, with a noble terrace in front 860 feet in length ; between these two piles is a lawn 270 feet wide ; the two other piles are built behind, projecting into the square or lawn, so as to form a quadrangle with an opening in the centre, which is terminated by an elegant building more recent- ly erected for a naval school ; behind this on the summit of a hill, is the royal observatory, from whence the English mariners reckon thoir longi- tude : a beautiful colonnade adjoins the buildings in the interior of the quadrangle, and immediate- ly contiguous is a spacious park most beautifully undulated and planted with trees, affording the most delightful promenades and interesting pros- pects, whilst the liberality and economy of the establishment is in every way worthy of the celebrity it has acquired, and the interest inspired by the beauty and magnificence of the edifice and its surrounding objects. Here was once a royal palace, in which Edward VI. died, and queen Mary and queen Elizabeth were born : it has been long pulled down, and on part of its site now stands the house belonging to the ranger of the park. Here is a college, for the maintenance of 20 decayed housekeepers ; and another called Queen Elizabeth college. In 1799, the chapel qf the hospital, the dining-hall, and eight wards were destroyed by fire ; but the whole were soon re- built. The town is irregularly built, and with the exception of the church, which is a noble structure, and the hospital, has nothing to recom- mend it to particular notice. Since 1820, one or two new churches have boen built, and the town fenerally has undergone some improvement, op. in 1801, 14,339, and in 1821, 20,712. See Bluckheath, and Deptford. The observatory is in thelat. of50. 29. N. Greenwich, p.t. Hampshire Co. Mass. Pop. 813. Also a town in Fairfield Co. Conn. Pop. 3,805. Also 2 towns in Kent Co. R. I. called East and West Greenwich. Pop. of the former ] ,591 ; of the latter 1,817. Also a town in Washington Co. N. Y. Pop. 3,850, and towns in Gloucester and Cumberland Cos. N. J., Berks Co. Pa. and Charleston District S. C. Greenwood, a township of Oxford Co. Me. Pop 694. Also a town in Columbia Co. Pa. Greenshurg, p. v. Beaver Co. Pa. Gregstown, a village of Somerset Co. N. J. Greiffen, a town of Switzerland, on a small lake of its name, 9 m. E. S. E. of Zurich. Greiffenberg, a town of Brandenburgh, in the Ucker Mark, on the river Sernitz, 13 m. S. S. E. of Prenzlo, and 23 N. N. E. of Berlin. Greiffenberg, a town of Silesia, in the principal- ity of Jauer, with a fortress on a mountain. It is celebrated for its linen manufactures, and seated on the Queiss, 28 m. W. S. W. of Lignitz. Greiffenhagen, a town of Further Pomerania, on the river Oder, 12 m. S. of Stettin. Greifswalde. See Gripswald. Grein, a town of Austria, on the Danube, 28 m. E. of Lintz. Greit. See Graitz. Grenada, an island in the West Indies, the last of the Windward Caribbees, and 30 leagues N. W. of Tobago. It is 20 m. long, and 13 broad, finely wooded, and the soil suited to produce sugar, tobacco, and indigo. It was taken from the French in 1762, confirmed to the English in 1763, taken by the French in 1779, and restored to the English in 1783. In 1795, the French landed some troops, and caused an insurrection in this island, which was not finally quelled till June 1796. St. George is the capital. GrenadiUas, or Grenadines, a cluster of islands in the West Indies, dependent on Grenada, and situate between that island and St. Vincent. They are upwards of 20 in number, most of them fertile, and capable of producing cotton, coffee, indigo, and sugar. The most considerable is Cariacou Grenade, a town of France, in the department of Upper Garonne, seated at the junction of the Save with the Garonne, 17 m. N. W. ef Toulouse. Pop. 3,925. Grenoble, a city of France, capital of the de- partment of Isere, and a bishop's see, with a fort- ified castle. The leather and gloves that are made here are highly esteemed. It is seated on the Isere, over which are two bridges to pass into fhe part called Perriere, a large street on thf side of the river. It is the head quarters of the 7lh military division, and seat of the Cour Royale for the department of the Upper Alps, Dromr, and Isere ; 300 m. S. S. E. of Paris, 60 from Lyons, and 100 due W. of Turin. Fop. in 1822, 23,602. Gretna-Green, a village of Scotland, in Dum- friesshire, near the mouth of the Esk, and on the borders of Cumterland. It has long been famous for the clandestine marriages of fugitive lovers from England, which are usually performed by two illiterate and drunken mechanics in the vil- lage, who have no form in the operation, except- ing the entry of the name of the parties in a school-boy's copy-book. All their inquiries turn .« GRI 351- GRO upon the lensrth of the applicant's purse, that thej may know how to regulate their demand ; as they are not usually nice as to fees, any sum from half-a-crown to 100 guineas will be accept- ed, provided in all cases it is as much as they can get. It is 10 m. N. of Carlisle. Greussen, a town of Upper Saxony, in Thurin- gia, on the river Helbe, 15 m. N. of Srfurt. GretjsriHv, p. v. Huntingdon Co. Pa. Gr'-ffi ishurg.ip.v. Culpeper Co. Va. Grimaud, a town of France, in the department ofVar, 12 m. S.W. ofFrejus. Grimbergtn, or Grumherghpn, a town of the Netherlands, in Brabant, with an abbey and a castle, () m. N. of Brussels. Gr'mnui, or Grutnma, a town of Upper Saxony, In Misnia, with a trade in wool, linen, thread, and flannel, seated on the Mulda, 14 S. E. of Leip- zig. . Grhnmen, a town of Hither Pomerania, 16 m. S. of Stralsund. Griinbsy, a borough in Lincolnshire, Eng. It has a large church, like a cathedral, and a good ' trade in c.->al and salt. The harbour, at the mouth of the Huinber, ha^ been improved. It is 35 m. N. E. of Lincoln, and 1G8 N. of London. It re- turns two members to parliament. Pop. in 1821, 3,064. Grimsby, a town of Lincoln Co. Upper Cana- da. Grindf.nwild . a village of Switzerland, in the canton of B^rn, seated among mountains, at the foot of a celebrated glacier, 5 m. S. E. of Thun. Grindon, a village of Eng. in that part of Dur- ham called Norhamshire, 6 m. S. W. of Berwick. To the S. of it, at a place called Grindon Rigg, are 4 upright stone pillars, funeral monuments of the chieftains slain in a famous victory gained here over the Scots, in 1-558, by the earl ot North- umberland and his brother. Grinsfearf,£a.st, aborough in Sussex, Eng. Here is Sackville college,a large stone building, founded by the duke of Dorset, in 1616, for 24 aged per- sons of both sexes. It is seated on a hill, 20 m. N. of Lewes, and 29 S. of London. It returns two members lo parliament. Grinton, a mountainous and mineral parish in the north riding of Yorkshire, Eng. comprising the four townships of Grinton, Melbecks, Muker, and Reith, seated near the head waters of the Swale river. Pop. of the parish in 1820, 5,300. Grinton is 8 and Muker about 20 m. W. of Rich- mond. Gripswald, or Griefioalde, a town of Hither Pomerania, with a good harbour, and a university. It is se.ated on the river Rik. which is navio-able to the Baltic, 14 ra. W. of Walgost, and 22 S. E. of Stnilsund. GrisonSy a new canton of Switzerland, boui^ed on the S. by Milan and Venice. E. and N. by Ty- rol, and W. by U;e cantons of Claris, Uri, and Tes- «n. It formerly included the Valteline, and the ccuntles of Cniaverna, and Bormio, now included in the Austrian dominions. The country was formerly divided mto three leagues, namely, the Grey Lfagae, the League ot Gods House, and the League of the Ten Jurisdictions; each of them had a distinct internal government, and they were connected as one republic by an annual diet, held alternately at the towns of Coire, Hantz, and Da- vos. But in 1803, the constitution was changed by the French, and the country made an addi> tional canton of Switzerland. The inhabitants, amounting lo about 73,000 are partly Calvinists and partly Catholics ; but the former are most nn merous. The principal subsistence of the peas- antry is by breeding oxen, most of which are sent to -Vlilan. The capital is Coire. The Rhine and the Inn both have their source in the Grisons. Grodno, the principal town, tiiough not the capital, of Lithuania. It has the appearance of a decayed town, containing a mixture of wretched hovels, falling houses, and ruined palaces, with magnificent gate ^«ays, remains of its ancient splen- dour. A» few habitations in good repair, make the contrast more striding. Here is a college and physic garden. In the new palace, built by Au- gustus III. the diets were sometimes 'leld ; par- ticularly the last in 1793, which was compelled, at the point of the bayonet, to consent to the sec- ond partition of Poland ; and here, in 1795, Stan- islaus III. formally resigned his crown. Grodno is now subject to Russia. It is seated partly in a plain, on the river Niemen, andpartly on a inoun- tain, 140 m. N. E. of Warsaw. Long. 24. 25. E., lat. 53. 28. N. Pop. about 5,000. Grisicold, a township of N^w London Co. Conn, on the Thames, 8 m. below Norwich. Pop. 2,212. c Gruhnde. a town of Hanover, neat which is a monument of stone, erected in memory of a battle* fought here in 1421. It is seated on the Weser, 9 m. S. of Hameln. GroU, a small town of Holland, in Gelderland. A duty is collected here on all merchandise pass- ing through it for Germany. It is seated on the Slink, 20 m. E. by S. of Zutphen. Gronfiines, a seigniory of Hampshire Co. U. C. on the St. Lawrence, 45 m. above Quebec. GroningeTi,Xhe most N. E. province of Holland, bounded on the E. by East Friesland, W. by Friesland, N. by the German Ocean, and S. by Drenthe It is divided into 2 parts, called Gron- ingen and Omelands. . The excellency of this country consists in pastures which feed a great Dtfmber of large horses. Groningen. a city of Holland, capital of the province of the same name, with a citadel and uni- versity. It is seated on the rivers Hunse and Aa, and has a communication, by a canal, with a bay of the German Ocean, at the distance of 10 m. by which large quantities of butter are export- ed. The inhabitants are computed at 20,000. It is 96 m. N. E. of Amsterdam. Long. 6. 35. E., lat. 5:}. 12. N. Grossa, an island in the gulf of Venice, near the coast of Dalmatia. 25 m. long and 2 broad. Long. 15. 7. E., lat. 44. 18. N. Grossenhat/n, or Hayn, a town of Upper Saxo- ny, in Meissen, with manufactures of cotton and woolen cloths, seated on the Roder, Bra. N of Meissen. Grossetto, a town of Tuscany, in the Siennese, with a castle, situate near the sea; 30 m. S. W. of Sienne. Griitkau, a town of Silesia, in the district of Neisse. The forests round this town are the jomt property of all the inhabitants. It is 16 m. N. N. E. of Neisse, and 30 S. of Breslau. Groton, t. Grafton Co. N. H. 45 m. from Con- cord. Pop. 689. Also a p.t. Caledonia Co. Vt. 18 m. E. Montpelier. Pop. 836. Also a p.t. Mid- dlesex Co. Mass. 35 N. W. Boston. Pop. 1,925. Also a p.t. New London Co. Conn. Pop. 4,7r>0. Also a p.t. Tompkins Co. N. Y Pop. 3,597, and a township in Huron Co. Ohio Grove Hill, p. v. Warren Co. N. C. Groveland.nt. J.Jvin£ston Co. N. Y. Pop. 1,703 GUA 352 GUA Groyne. See Corunna. Grubenliagen, a town and castle of Hanover. The castle is now in ruins. It is 7 m. S. by W. of Eimbick. Grubenhagen, a principality of Iliinover, at the S. extremity of the circle of Ijower Saxony, com- prising a portion of the Hartz mountains The principal towns are Osterode, Grund, Clausthal, Cellerfold, &c. Grunberg, a town of Germany, in the electorate of Hesse, where the kings of tlie Merolingian race and Charlemagne held their court. It is 10 m. E. of Giesen. Grunberg, or Grumberg, a populous town of Silesia, in the principality of Glogau, surrounded with vineyards. Here is a manufacture of cloth, and a great trade in vinegar and dried fruits. It is 30 m. N. W. of Glogau. Grundc, a town of Hanover, in the mountains of Hartz, 4 m. W. of Clausthal. Grunhayn, a town of Upper Saxony, in Misnia, with a trade in copper and lead, 16 m. S. by VV. of Chemnitz. Gruningen, a town in the canton of Zurich, Switzerland, with ja. castle on an elevated rock, 10 m. S. E. of Zurich. Grunstadt, a town of Germany, in the circle of Upper Rhine, county of Leinintren, 22 m. N. N. W of Spire, and 25 S. of Mentz. Gruyeres, a town and bailiwic of Switzerland, in the canton of Frisburg, with a castle on a hill. It has a great trade in cheese, and is 15 m. S. W. of Frisburg. Gryfe, a river of Scotland, which rises in the S. W. angle of Renfrewshire, runs over several precipices into the lower country, falling into the felack Cart, near the town of Paisley. Guadalaxara, an interior province of Spain, forming the N. W. part of the kingdom of New Castile. Superfices 163 square leagues, with a pop in 1810, of 121,115. The chief town of the same name is seated on the banks of the river Henares, 30 m. N. E. of Madrid. It has a wool- en manufacture. Pop. about 12,000. Guadalaxara, one of the 15 intendencies or di- visions of Mexico, bounded on the W. by the Pa- cific Ocean. Superfices 73,628 sq. m. with a pop. in 1803 of 630,.500. It is intersected by the San- tiago river, or Rio Grande. The chief town of the same name is seated on the W. bank of the Santiago, in the lat. of 21. 19. N., 70 m. N. of Chapala, and 275 N. W. of the city of Mexico. Pop. about 20,000. Guadaloupe, a town of Spain, in Estremadura, with a celebrated convent ; seated on a rivulet of the same name, 34 m. E. by N. ofTruxillo. Guadaloupe, one of the Leeward Carribean isl- ands, in the West Indies, between Antigxia and Dominica. It is divided into two parts by a strait, called the Salt River. At this place the land on each side is not above 4 m. broad, .ind by this strait the sea on the N. W. communicates with that on the S. E. The S. W. part is 60 m. long and 24 broad ; and tlie N. E. part is much the same. The soil is exceedingly good, and well watered near the sea, by rivulets, which fall from the mountains, and produces large quantities of sugar, cotton, and coffee. On this island is a vol- cano, called the mountain of Sulphur ; and on its E. side are two mouths, which open into a pit of sulphur : the blacks who sell brimstone fetch it from this pit. The French settled on this island in 1635. It was taken by the English in 1759, but restored in 1763 ; again taken by the English in 1794, but evacuated the next year. The Eng lish again took it in 1810 ; and, in order to allure the Swedes into the late coalition against France, gave them this island. It was, however, by the consent of Sweden, restored to France in 1814. Basseterre, at the S. W. extremity of the island, is the capital. Lat. 16. N., 61. 48. W. long. Guadalquivir, a river of Spain which rises in the S. part of New ^astile, flows through the kingdoms of Jaen, Cordova, and Seville, and en- ters the bay of Cadiz at San Lucar, after a course of about 300 m. Guadarrama, a town of Spain, in Old Castile. It has a great trade in cheese, and is seated on the Guadarrama, 25 m. N. W. of Madrid." Guadiana, a river which rises in New Castile, in Spain, crosses Estremadura into Portugal, and, separating Algarve from Andalusia, enters the bay of Cadiz at Ayamonte. Guadix, a town of Spain, in Granada, and a bishop's see. It contains three parishes and six convents, and is situate in a rich country, on a river of the same name, .36 m. E. N. E. of Gran- ada. Guam, the chief of the Ladrone Islands, in the Pacific Ocean, 100 m. in circumference. The Spaniards have a garrison here ; but the inhabi- tants are almost all natives of the country, and reputed to be skilful in building boats. It abounds with excellent fruit, and has several good har hours. Umata is the capital. Long. 143. 15. E lat. 13. 10. N. Gua.manga, a city of Peru, capital of an interior province of the same name. It is famous for its mines of silver. It is 180 m. E. S. E. of Lima. Long. 74. 5. W., lat. 13. 20. S. The province in 1795 contained 111,.')59 inhabitants, of whom 75,284 were native Indians, and 29,620 Mestizoes. Guanahani, or Cat Island, orve of the Bahama Islands, the first land of America, discovered by Columbus in 1491, and named by him St. Salva- dor. See Bahamas. Gua.norc, an interior town of Colombia, seated on a branch of the Apure River, 195 m. S. W. of Caracas, and 130 E. of Merida. Pop. estimated at 12,000. Guanaxuato, a small interior province of Mexi- co, containing only 6,878 sq. m. but a pop. of 517, 300 ; it is the most densely populated part of the country, and is considered the most productive mineral district in Mexico. The chief city, of the same name, is seated on the eastern declivity o^the Cordilleras, upwards of 6,800 feet above the level of the sea, in the lat. of 21. N., and 101. 55. of W. long., giving a mean distance from the city of Mexico of 190 geographical, or 214 British statute m. Pop. about 40,000, exclusive of about 30,000 more, employed in, or dependant on, the mi "s in its immediate vicinity. Guancavelica, an interior province of Peru, E. of the maritime range of tiie Andes, extending about 190 m. from N. to S. between the lat. of 12. 20. and 14. 30. S., and is about 50 m. in mean breadth ; it is thinly populated but has mines of quicksilver. The chief city, of the same name is seated in an elevated glen of the Andes, in th( lat. of 13. 5. S., and 74. 35> of W, long., 170 m S. E. of Lima. Guanuco, a town of Peru, capital of a fruitfu district of the same name. It is 172 m. N. N. E of Lima. Gwirco. See Gagnete. Guarda, a town of Portugal, in Beira, and a bishop's see. It is strong by nature and art, and GUA 358 QUA has a stately cathedral, 138 m. N. E. of Lisbon. Guardafui. See Gardefan. Gmistalla, a fortified town of Italy, capital of a small duchy, included in that of Parma, with an ancient decayed castle. It is seated near the river Po, 19 m. N. E. of Parma. Guasteca. See Panuco. Guatemala, a province of South America, hav- ing about 400 m. of sea-coast on the shore of the Pacific Ocean, between the lat. of 14. and 17. N., being from 30 to 50 in breadth ; it forms part of the chain of territory which connects the two great divisions of the western hemisphere, and was formerly with several other provinces included in the government of Mexico ; but, since the subversion of Spanish authority in the western world, it has been formed into an independent re- public, by the name of Central America. This re- Snblic is bounded N. by Chiapa and Yucatan in Icxico, and the bay of Honduras ; E. by the Gulf of Nicaragua and Colombia, and S. and W. by the Pacific Ocean. It contains about 150,000 sq. m. It is divided into 5 states. Guatemala, Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua and Costa Rica : these are subdivided into 45 districts. The name of Guatemala, or more correctly Quaukitemallan, that is to say, the place full of trees, originally belonged to a single district. The S'paniards applied it to a Captain- Generalship, which bore the title of kingdom, and to one single province, comprehended within this kingdom. The province of Guatemala, properly so called, extends from the confines of Guaxaca to those of Nicaragua, along the Pacific Ocean. The climate m general is hot and moist. The plains are fertile, both in American and European fruit of a delight- ful flavour. The maize produces 300 for one, as w'.'ll as the cocoa. Indigo of a superior quality is produced there, and the annotto is cultivated. The forests with which the mountains are covered give shelter and food to animals that nre still im- perfectly known ; and many nondescript shrubs are met with, from which they distil valuable bal- bams. Many ports on the South Sea afford this province trreat facility for carrying on an advan- tageous commerce with Peru, Terra Firma, and New Spain. The coasts abound with fish, but fishing is not followed with any considerable ac- tivity. Tliey likewise neglect their silver mines, which are said to be rich ; but they collect the sulphur that floats on thi> surface of several lakes. The whole province is filled with volcanoes, and exceedingly subject to earthquakes. Guatemala is the capital, and is the see of an archbishop, and the seat of a University. The ancient city was destroyed on the 7th June, 1777, by one of the most tremendous earthquakes of which wo have any record. From the 3d of June the agitated sea had risen from its bed ; the two volcanoes adjacent to the town appeared to boil ; one of them shot out torrents of water, the other, waves of blazing lava. On every side the earth was seen to gape in deep fissures. At length, after five days of unutterable anguish, the abyss opened, and the town, with all its riches, and 8.000 fam- ilies, was instantly swallowed up, while torrents of inud and sulphur, rushing over the ruins, ob- literated forever all vestiges of its former existence. The spot is now indicated by a frightful desert. The ne v/ city is built at the distance of four leagues from the site of the old town. We must not omit noticing Amat'ttlan, or the town of letters, so call- ed in consequen-e of the talent which the Indians, its inhabitants, displayed for carving hieroglyphicg 45 on the bark of trees. The district of Soemmsco, ef which the chief place is Guaguetlan, produces the best cocoa of all America; but very little of it is met with in commerce. In the district of Quesalte- nango, very fine alum and sulphur are found. Solola produces the best figs in the kingdom, and a good deal of cotton is spun there. Two volca- noes are met with in the vicinity, the one called Atitun, and the other Solola. The district of Such- itepec, fertile in annotto, is subject to excessive rains. In the forests very large trees are met with, from which a fragrant odour is diffnsed, and odori ferous resin distils. DiflTerent varieties of gum, balsam, incense, and dragon's blood are also col- lected. Canes of a hundred feet long are found, and of such a thickness, that from one knot to another twenty -five pounds of water are contained. The bees of this region make a very liquid honey, which, after becoming acid, is made use of, they say, instead of orange juice. The forests are in- fested with wild animals, amongst which Alcedo distinguishes the Tapir or Daiita. When enraged, the animal shows his teeth like the wild boar, and, it is asserted, cuts through the strongest tree. Its skin is six fingers thick, and when dried, resists every kind of weapon. Very large bears are also met with. The province of Honduras is very little known. It extends from that of Vera Paz to that of Nica- ragua. The first Spanish navigators perceiving a great number of pompions floating down the banks of the river, called it the Coast of HiLueras, that is to say, the Coast of Pompions. The most western part of this province contains the little Spanish towns of Comayaguaand of Truxillo. The latter of these has been built near a lake, where floating islands, covered with large trees, move from place to place at the discretion of the wind. Near the river Silmn, caverns have been discovered, or rather immense subterranean galleries, which run under several mountains, and a])pear to have been hollowed out by ancient currents. The in- terior of the country is inhabited by a savage and ferocious nation, the Mosquito- Samhos. The coasts, especially near Cape Gracias a Dios, are occupied by another tribe of Indians, whom the English navigators denominate the Coast Mosquitoes ^^BF^ ^^^^Ty»-. "^-"^iii^-iiy^^-iggFr^^^W^H This appellation originates in the insupi^ortablf! cloud of mosquitoes, or stinging flies, that here torment the wretched inhabitants, and compel them to pass one part of the year in boats on the river. The Mosquito Indians of the coast, a tribe governed by aristocratic chiefs, do not reckon more than fifteen hundred warriors. We are un acquainted with their notions of religion ; but, ac- cording to the older voyagers, they divided the year into eighteen months and twenty davs ; ana 2g2 GUA 364. GUE they termed the months Toalar, that is to say, a moveable thing, — a very remarkable denomina- tion, because it evidently approaches the word lol, by which the ancient Scandinavians designated the feast that terminated the year, — a term ap- parently analogous with tcheel or cijcle. Similar divisions of the year into eighteen months pre- vailed among the Aztecs of Mexico. Each month consisted of twenty days, and five complementary days were added at the end of the year, which was denominated Cempohualilhuitl, from cemjwIiuaUi, twenty, and ilhuitl, festival. The cazique of these Mosquitoes, who inhabit the coast between Black River and Cape Gracias a Dios, lately sold or transferred that territory to a person of the name of Gregor MacGregor, who had attained some notoriety in the late Colombian struggle for lib- erty. According to the respectable testimony of Go- mara, and almost all the accounts and maps that have been published, the great lake of Nicaragua, is covered with beautiful and populous islands, amongst which only one contains a volcano,named Ovio thiit always continues burning ; it has no out- let towards the South Sea ; all its waters descend- ing by the river St. John, in the direction of the North or Atlantic Sea. This river, the scene of Nelson's earliest exploits, forms about thirty falls before it reaches the marshy shores of the sea, where a pestilential air, and Indians distinguished alike for their perfidy of character, and the feroci- ty of their disposition, fill the most intrepid navi- gators with alarm. The lake, then, is situated on a plateau, but at what elevation.'' " The coast of Nicoya," says Dampier,"is low. and covered with shrubs. To reach San Leon de Nicaragua one must walk twenty miles across a flat country, co- vered with mangroves, pasture land, and planta- tions of the sugar cane." These remarks of a ju- dicious observer appear to indicate thnt there is no considerable chain of mountains between the Lake of Nicaragua and the Pacific Ocean. The physical geography of this country is unquestion- ably possessed of great interest, and yet it is to- tally neglected. Among the numerous volcanoes of this country, that of Masaija, three leagues (Castilian) from Granada, and ten from Leon, appears to be the most considerable. Its crater, which is half a league in circumference, and 250 fathoms in depth, ejects neither cinders nor smoke. The matter, which is perpetually boiling within it, diff'uses so intense a light through the air that it is visible at the distance of 20 leagues. So much, in fact, does it resemble gold in a state of fusion, that the first Spaniards actually supposed it to be this met- al, the object of their anxious search; and stimu- lated by their avaricious temerity, vainly attempt- ed to seize, with iron hooks, some of this very sin- gular lava. No mines have as yet been discovered in the province of Nicaragua ; but it is fertile in every description of fruit, and abounds in large and small cattle, especially in mules and horses. They also carry on a great trade in cotton, honey, wax, ani- seed, sugar, cochineal, cocoa, jalt, fish, amber, turpentine, and petroleum, together with different balsams and medicinal drugs. The palm trees grow to a colossal size. Leon, the capital, is sit- uated on the margin of a lake, wiiich empties it- self into the Nicaragua. It inhabitants, rich, vo- luptuous, and indolent, derive but little advantage from the excellent port of Roalejo, formed by a bay of the South Sea. The province of Costa Rica contains no mines, and hence it has been said that this name has been ironically applied to it ; but its extensive forests of building timber, its rich pastures, and picturesque scenery, afford abundant reasons for this appellation. Cattle, and especially hogs, swarm here to an extraordinary degree. In tne Gulf of Salinas the muscle yielding purple is caught. Guatemala declared itself an independent state in 1823. The government bears a close resem- blance to that of the United States. The Con- gress consists of a Senate and House of Representa- tives. The executive are a President and Vice Presi- dent chosen for 4 years. The government however is little more than nominal, the country having been lately in a perpetual state of turbulence and dis- sension. The population is about 1 ,800,000. Guatemala, city, the capital of the above repub- lic, commonly called Guatemala La Nueva, or New Guatemala, stands on a little stream called the Yacas flowing into the Pacific. It is in lat. 14. 40. N. and long. 91. 25. W. It is handsomely built, with regular streets and many elegant public buildings. It was greatly damaged in 1830 by an earthquake. Previous to that event it contained 40,000 inhabitants. Guaxaca, a province of the chain of territory now forming the republic of Guatemala, compris- ing about 28,000 square miles, extending from sea to sea. The chief city of the same name is seat- ed on the banks of a river, which falls into the gulf of Mexico, in the lat. of 17. 15. N., and 96. 20. of W. long., 450 m. N. W. of'the city of Gua- temala. Gumijuil, one of the 12 provinces of Colombia, according to the division of 1825, bordering on the Pacific Ocean, comprising the S. W. part of the republic. The capital or chief town of the same name, is seated on the W. bank of a river falling into a gulf or bay of the same name, about 20 m. from the sea. Guyaquil is the sea-port of Quito, from wiiich it is distant about 150 m. S. S. W. The surrounding country produces an abundance of the finest cocoa, of which large quantities are exported to all parts of Europe. Lat 2 11. S., W. long. 79. 40. Pop. about 20,000. Guayra la, or Luguira, a sea-port of Colombia, on the shore of the Carribean sea, and in the new province of Venezuela. It is in lat. 10. 37. N., and 6(5. 58. of W. long., 7 m. N. of the city of Leon de Caracas, of which it is the sea- port ; it exports large quantities of cocoa to Europe, and mules and cattle to the West India Islands; and although the harbour is inconveni- ent, the traffic is considerable. Pop. about 6,000. Guben^ a town of Lusatia, capital of a circle of its name, which yields great quantities of excel- lent red wine. It is seated on the Lubst near it<» conflux with the Neisse, 24 m. N. E. of Cot- bus, and 68 S. E. of Berlin. Pop. about 6,000. Gudensherg, a town of Germany, in Lower Hesse, 10 m. S. S. W. of Cassel. Guerande, a town of France, in the department of Lower Loire, with a considerable trade in salt. It is 3 m. from the Atlantic, and 40 W. by N. of Nantes. Pop. 7,252. Guerche, a town of France in the department of lUe and Vilaine, 20 m. E. S. £. of Rennes Pop. 3,980. Gueret', a town of France, capital of the depart- ment of Creuse. It is seated on the river Creuse, 35 m. N. E. of Limoges, and ICO S. by W. of Paris. Pop. 4,014. ^ GUI 355 GUI Guernsey, an island in the English Channel, 35 in. S. W. of Cape la Hogue, a promontory of the N. coast of France. It formed part of the dukedom of Normandy ; but Henry I. of England, annexed it to Great Britian, to which it has ever since continued an appendage, although the lan- guage, dress, manners, and form of government of the ancient Normans still continues. The is- land is about 36 m. in circumference, well de- fended by natural rocks ; the surface is consider- ablv varied, generally fertile, and breed a consid- erable number of small cattle. It is divided into 10 parishes, which in 1821 contained an aggre- gate population of 20,827. St. Peter's port, on the E. side of the island, in lat. 49. 33. N., and 2. 40. of W. long., is the chief place of the is- land, containing more than one half of the total population. The principal point of intercourse with England is Weymouth, from which it is dis- tant 72 m. Guernsey, an interior county in the E. part of Ohio, containing about 650 square m. It is in- tersected by Will's Creek, a branch of the Musk- ingum. The population, which in 1810 was only 3.S51, in 1830 had increased to 18,036. Cam- bridcre, the chief town, in the centre of the coun- ty, is 85 m. due E. of Columbus. Gueta, or Hueta, a town of Spain in New Cas- tile, 52 m. E. by S. of Madrid. GugUniren, a town of Suabia in the kingdom of Wurteinberg, situate on the Zaber, 20 m. N. of Stuttgard. Guiana, an extensive territory of South Amer ica, comprising the whole country between the two orreat rivers Amazon and Orinoco, extending W. from the Atlantic Ocean through 16 degrees of long. Prior to the war between England and France, which commenced in 1793, this extensive territory was divided between Portugal, Spain, France, and Holland ; the Portuguese claimed the whole country lying N. of the Amazons, to about 1. 40. of N. lat. By a treaty in 1801, a line of demarcation was agreed upon between France and Portucral, this line extended from the island of Carporv in the lat. above mentioned, through about 8 degrees of long. From this line French Guiana, extends along the coast to the Maroni river, in the lat. of 5. 44. N., giving about 300 m. of sea-coast, but westward it is not more than 130 m. wide. Duith Guiana, next extends along the coast from the river Maroni in 5. 44. of N. lat., and 53. 55. of W. long., to Cap« Nassau, in 7. 34. N., and 58. 54. of W. long, giving about 360 m. of sea- coast, and a mean breadth of about 170 m. : and Spanish Guiana comprised the coast from the river Maroni, to the Delta of the Orinoco, and all the country W. of Dutch and French Guiana, as far as the 68 degree of W. long. Portuguese Guiana now forms part of the empire of Brazil. French Guiana surrendered to the EngHsh in 1809, but was restored at the peace of 1814 ; see Cayenne The Dutch had formed four settlements upon their portion of the territory, viz. Surinam, Ber- bice, Demarara, arid Essequibo. along the banks of four several rivers of those names, which also surrendered to the English during the war. At the peace of 1814, Surinam was restored to the Dutch, and all the rest confirmed to England by treaty. The greater portion of this vast territory is comprised of extensive swamps and low lands of unbounded fertility, of which various kinds of animals, reptiles, and insects, are the chief pos- sessors, the human inhabitants being very limit- ed, except upon the rivers Surinam, and Demerara. The coast, from its lowness, is lubject in manj places to inundations ; the land, at the distance of several leagues from the sea, is deluged by the tides. The sailor loses sight of the capes or promontories at a short way from the shore ; but ships can approach them without danger, for the distance may be ascertained with sufficient accu- racy by means of the sounding line. The turbid appearance of the sea is owing to the great quan- tity of alluvial matter borne down by rivers. The mangrove grows on the low grounds, in which the sea water remains stagnant; several fens oi marshes, occasioned by the inundations of rivers, are covered with reeds, that afford shelter to the cayman and different sorts of water fowl. The dry season lasts from the end of July to Novem- ber, and the rainy season corresponds with the winter months in Europe , but the most violent rains fall sometimes in January and February; the weather is dry and agreeable during the month of March and the beginning of May ; this j)eriod has, for that reason, been (^nominated the short summer. The whole of April and the latter part of May are subject to continued rains. The cli- mate of Guiana is not liable to tlie excessive heat of the East Indies, Senegambia, or the Antilles. It is well known that the trees which bear fruit during the whole of the year in this country, yield more abundant crops in particular seasons, as the orange, the lemon, the guava, the laurus persea, the sapota, the aniiona and others, which grow only in cultivated lands. The trees in the woods and all those in a wild state bear fruit but once a year, and the greater number of them at a season that corresponds with our spring ; the most remarkable of these trees are the grenadilla and different species of palms. The mango and other East Indian plants thrive in Guiana, nut the fruits of Europe, with the exception of the grape, the fig and pomegranate, are not adapted to the climate. The first European settlers observed in this county three specieT of the coffee tree, the Coffea guyanensis, Coffea pariculata, and Coffea occidentalis ; a fourth kind from Arabia was after- wards added by the colonists. Many aromatic plants were imported by the earlier settlers ; the country produces in abundance cloves, cinnamon, and different sorts of pepper. The tree which produces the Cashew nut bears a considerable re- semblance to the walnut, and Ine leaves have nearly the same scent. It bears a sort of apple at the end of which grows the Cashew nut, enclosed in two shells, between which is a native inflam- mable oil, so caustic as to blister the skin. The kernel has a fine flavour, and is used to give a GUI 356 GUI pleasant taste to chocolate and many products of cookery. The cocoa tree grows spontaneously on the east of the Oyapok ; indigo and vanilla are indigenous to the soil ; manioc and cassada are considered the best alimentary plants ; the potato, the igname, two kinds of millet and the tayove are also very nutritive. The quadrupeds of Guiana are the same as those of Brazil and Paraguay. M. Bajon states, that the jaguar is smaller in this country than in any other part of America ; he adds, that it can bring an ox to the ground, but that it is afraid of man, and never ventures to attack him. Sted- man on the other hand observes, that these ani- mals sometimes carry off negro women, and too frequently their children, while they are working in the fields. The cougar, or red tiger of Suri- nam is less than the jaguar, but resembles it in its hal)it3, and is equally ferocious. The tiger- cat is a very beautiful animal of the same class ; it is not much larger tlian the common cat, and of a yellow colour with annulated black spots ; like the rest of its kind, it is lively, mischievous, and untatneable. It is evident, from Stedman's account of the jaguaretta, that he supposes it to be dilft-ront from Ihe jaguar ; but this opinion is contrary to the common one and to that of the most celebrated naturalists, who consider the jaguaretta to be the same animal as the jaguar. The ant bear is indigenous to the country ; the two species, which are best known are the ta- manda and the tamanoir ; the former is almost eight feet in length ; it attacks the jaguar, and seldom leaves its hold without destroying it. The cancrophagus, or dog-crab, frequents the sea- shore and uses its feet very dexterously in draw- ing shell-fish out of their cavities. There are many species of monkeys in Guiana; the guata is, perhaps, the most remarkable from its like- ness to man ; a fanciful traveller takes notice of a striking resemblance between these animals and Indian old women. The guata has short ears, four fingers on its hands, and five toes on its feet ; the extremity of its tail is of a spiral form, and enables it to suspend itself on the branches of trees. Some naturalists maintain that the orang- outant; has been observed in Guiana, but this is by no means certain, and many well-informed travellers are of a different opinion. Three spe- cies of deer are said to be indigenous to the coun- try, and one of these, (the rMriacon,) resembles the roe-buck in size and form. The agouti and paca are considered the best game in Guiana. The cahiai is an amphibious animal armed with strong tusks, and covered with bristles; it has been classed as a species of cavey on account of its not having a tail. The peccary or Mexican hog has an orifice on its back containing a fetid liquor not unlike musk, for which reason it has been called the porcus mosch.iferus ; they go to- gether in herds and sometimes lay waste orchards aiid cultivated fields. The Indians slioot them with poisoned arrows. The boa, or, as it is called in the country, the aboma, is a large amphibious snake about forty feet in length, and four or five in circumference ; it is indifferent as to its prey, and destroys, when hungry, any animal that comes within its reach ; the negroes consider it excellent food, and its fat is converted into oil. The rattle snake and dip- sas are the most noxious reptiles in Guiana ; the sting of the latter is not always fatal, but it pro duces fever accompanied with excessive thirst, from which circumstance it has derived its name ; Guiana is besides infested with serpents, lizards, and alligators. Waterton the traveller has given us an account of his amusement in riding upon the back of one of these latter animals. Those that have visited Holland and Lower Holstein, may form an imperfect notion of the Dutch and British settlements in Guiana ; — a vast plain covered with plantations, or enamelled with a rich verdure, bounded on one side by a dark ridge of impene- trable forests, and watered on the other by the azure billows of the ocean. This garden, between the sea and the desert, is intersected by a great many streams confined by dikes, and separated from each other by excellent roads or navigable canals. Each habitation seems to be a village, from the number of small buildings attached to it, and the natural beauties of the country form a striking contrast with its rich cultivation. The revolted negroes have established several petty republics in the interior ; although the inhabit- ants of these states go naked, they live in abun- dance. They make their butter from the fat of the palm-tree worm, and extract good oil from the pistachio nut. They are not only skilled in the chase, but are expert fishermen, and acquaint- ed with the art of curing their provisions. Like the Hindoos, they obtain salt from the ashes of the palm-tree : and if a sufficient quantity of that article cannot be procured, they season their food with red pepper. The palm-tree furnishes them with plenty of wine ; their fields are covered with rice, manioc, ignames and plantains. The mani- cole supplies them with all the materials of which their huts are constructed ; their cups of gourds are made from the calabash tree, and a sort of net-work woven by an insect, serves them for hats. The ncbecs or bancs, so common in the forests, are converted into cordage. Guienne, a late province of France, 220 m. long and 85 broad, on the S. W. coast, of which Bor deaux was the capital. It now forms the depart- ment of Gironde, Lot and Garonne, Dordogne, Lot, and Aveyron. Guildford, a borough in Surry, Eng. It is sea- ted on the Wey, on the side of a hill, and had a GUI 357 GUI castle and a palace, now in ruins ; here is also part of a monastery, which is still occupied. The summer assizes are alternately held here and at Croydon ; but the election of members for the county is always held here. It is a well built town, with two churches, and an elegant town hall. The Wey is navigable to the Thames, and the trade in timber and corn is considerable. It IS 23 m. W. S. W. of Croydon, and 2:) S. W. of London. It returns two members to parliament. Pop. 3,161. Guilford, an interior county of North Carolina, a sq. of about 25 m. each way ; it is well irrigated by the head waters of Cape Fear river. Pop. . 18,73.3. Greensborough is the chief town. * Guilford, p.t. Penobscot Co. Me. Pop. 655. * - Also a p.t. Strafford Co. N. H. Pop. 1,827. Also a p.t. of Connecticut, in New Haven county, sit- uate on a bay in Long Island Sound, 17 m. E. by S. of New Haven. Pop. 2,344. Also a p.t. Chenan- go Co. N. Y. Pop. 2,634. Also townships in Franklin Co. Pa. and Medina Co. Ohio. Gulllac, or Gaillac, a town of France, seated on the N. bank of the river Tarn, in the department of Tarn; it is the seat of a prefect. Pop. 7,310. It is 35 m. N. E. of Toulouse, and 15 W. by S. of Alby. Gulmaraens, a town of Portugal, in Entre Douro e Minho, which has formerly been the res- idence of its kings. It is divided into the old and new town, the former situate on an eminence surrounded by walls. Here is a manufacture of linen in liigh estimation. The public buildings are magnificent, and the collegiate church is said to be founded on the ruins of a temple of Ceres. It is 10 m. S. E. of Braga and 25 N. E. of Oporto. Guinea, Upper, an extensive region of North Africa, comprising about 1,500 m. of sea coast, from Cape Mesurado, in the lat. of 6. 26. N., and 10. 30. of W. long., to the Calabar river, in 4. 10. N., and 6. 42. of E. long., and from thence S. to the equator ; of the interior parts of this country either N. or S. very little is known. The coast of Upper Guinea, from Ca[)e Mesurado, to Cape Palmas, a range of 240 m., is called the Grain Coast, from the vast quantity of grains of paradise or Guinea pepper which it was found to produce on first being visited by Europeans-, further E. • for upwards of 200 m. is called the Tooth or Ivory Coa.st, from the large quantity of fine elephants teeth which are brought to its markets ; eastward of the Ivory Coast to the meridional line, is cal- led tlie Gold Gold, from the gold dust which is found in its rivers; and eastward of the meridio- nal line is called the Slave Coast, from the exten- sive traffic in slaves which was formerly carried O.J from thence by the English, Spaniards, French and Americans, to the West Indies and America. This extensive tract of territory is occupied by various tribes and communities of negroes; the most numerous are the Fantees who occupy the coast from Cape Mesurado to the meridional line ; from a long continued intercourse with Eu- ropeans, the Fantees have acquired strong trad- ing habits, and among them most of the trading nations of Europe have formed settlements pro- tected by forts. In the rear of the Fantees are the Ash.antees, who, although they appear to be one people, live in continued hostility with each otiier. North of the Ashantees, is a tribe called the Chambas, who are represented as an amiable and industrious people, diligent in the pursuit of agriculture ; and it was from this peaceful and social occupation from which the Ashantees were wont to drag the people' to the coast as slaves, whea that traffic was carried on by the English. The cessation of this traffic seems to be the cause of the revenge of the Ashantees who acted as robbe'-s and >' the northward of which is inliabited by the Jaboos, a V'y industrious people, who manufacture great q'laiiliues of cotton cloth, and whose country is ■well ciiklivated, and rich in all the products of agricuhure; east of the Jaboos is the kingdom of^ Benin, supposed to be very extensive, the cap- ital of the same name is about 40 m. from the coast, the sea-port being Gatto; further east, extending to the 10th degree of longitude, are the kingdoms of Warre, and Old and New Calabar. It wjpcz, Malemba, Loango, Congo, Benguela, &e. &c., it is from this part of the coast, from whence the Brazilians still continue to draw 30 or 40,000 slaves annually. Malemba, in the lat. of5.24. S., and 12. 20.ofE. long., is represent- ed as having a very salubrious climate, and as affording the most favourable spot on the whole western coast of Africa for the residence of Eu- ropeans. Off this coast, N. of the equator, are the GUI K>3 islands of Fernando, Po, Princes, and St. Thomas, which also afford favourable situations, from whence to dispense the blessings of civilization and social order. The Pintado, or Guinea Hen, now well known and domesticated in Europe GUI and America, was originally from this country and is still found wild in various parts. All the rivers are filled with crocodiles, called by some travellers caymans ; they are generally So feet long, according to Cavazzi ; there are some also which never enter the water, but hunt fowls, sheep, and she-goats. In another place, however, he states, that there are lizards which differ very little from crocodiles. Cameleons are found in great numbers, and are considered very venomous. The flying lizard, or palm-rat, a pret- ty little animal, is an object of religious worship ; the rich preserve it with great care, aud exhibit it to the adoration of the people, who offer it pre- sents. Frogs and toads are of an enormous size. Monstrous serpents infest these inhospitable countries. The boa, or boma, in length from 25 to 30 feet, and 5 in thickness, darts from trees upin men and animals, swallowing them at once, and in its turn becomes a prey to the negroes, who attack it during its digestion, or burn it by setting fire to the woods at the termination of the tains. It wages an interminable war against the croco- diles. The bile of another species of serpent is mortal witliin 24 hours. Travellers who are fond of the marvellous, represent it as blind, and de- scribe it with 2 heads ; they mean the ampkisbaina,. The mamba, as thick as a man's thigh, is 20 feet long, and very nimble. It instinctively chases the n'damba, and devours it whole and alive. This last is only an ell long, with a wide and flat head like the viper, and the skin beauti- fully spotted ; its poison is very subtle. The n'bambi, is one of the most venomous ; is with difficulty distinguished from the trees themselves, the trunks of which it entwines, lying in wait for its prey. It is reported that the touch only ofthe leTita, a variegated viper, is followed by death, but that the bite of the animal is its antidote. The country swarms with scorpions and centipedes ; the former oflen creep inl o houses and books. The fleas, bugs, and flies of Europe, are not found in Guinea; there are, however, gnats and moschetoes in abundance, which form one of the plagues ofthe country. The sting of the banzo, of the same size as our gadfly is said to be mortal. Different species of very formidable ants infest both men and animals. Malefactors, who are sometimes bound and exposed to them, are con- sumed to the bones in one day. The insondior insongongi, enter the trunk of elephants, and cause them to die in extreme madness. The sting of the inzeni, which are a black and very large •pecies, produces violent pains for some hours. The salale (ants,) small, round, red, and white, or* the most dangerous ; they insinuata them- selves every, where, and destroy linen, merchan- dise, furniture, and even houses, the wood wqrk of which they hdllow out, leaving nothing but an external shell. According to Grandpre, they have the instinct to fill up with clay the stakes which support the houses, to prevent their fall. Fire alone, and marble, can resist their devouring teeth ; but furniture may be secured by placing the feet in pans of water. " In a country so infested with noisome and de- structive insects, it is pleasant to know that one, at least, of considerable utility exists ; it is a sca- rabsEus, of the size of a cockchafer, which ccm- ^ tributes essentially to the salubrity of the atmoa, phere, by making deep holes, and buryintr in . them all impure and corruptible matters under * ground ; it is the more valuable in consequence • *■ . of its wonderful fecundity. Numberless swarms --* ", of bees wander in the forests, occupying the hollows of trees, — and it is only necessary to drive them away by lighting fires under them, and thus take their honey. Grasshoppers are esteemed as food by the natives, and are not despised even by Europeans. The ostrich and peacock are esteemed by the negroes. In Angola, the king has reserved the sole privilege of keeping peacocks. There are both brown and red partridges, which iiave the peculiarity of perching upon trees. The quail, pheasant, thrush, the widow and cardinal birds are found in abundance. The cuckoo differs from ours in its note. The Cuculus indicator, found in every part ofthe torrid zone, here bears the name of sengo. The parrot varies much as to size, colour, and voice. Very different from those we see in cages ; strong, nimble, and bold, they fly with great rapidity, and are very formidable to other birds, which they attack, and lacerate most unmercifully in the combat. The different species of the turtle doves, pigeons, fowls, ducks, and geese of this country are not well distinguished. The idle disposition ofthe natives has never thought' of profiting by the use of the eggs of fowls in domestic economy. The hen, left to herself, deposits her eggs where she pleases, and runs undisturbed about the fields with her chickens in search of food. Among the fisher birds, is the pelican, the puffin, and gulls of every variety. The skin of the pelican, ap- plied to the stomach, is said to restore its vigour • It is astonishing to behold the immense num- ber of eagles, vultures, falcons, hawks, and other birds of prey, which hover over the woods when set on fire by the negroes, and snatch from the ^ midst ofthe flames quadrupeds and serpents half roasted. According to the report of travellers, who have given a very superficial account of birds, the number of owls, screech owls, and bats, is also considerable. Among the quadrupeds, the hippopotamus af- fords the negroes an agreeable dish ; which, on meagre days, is not unacceptable to Europeans. The, wild boar {engalli,) of which there are sev- eral varieties, is a scourge to the country. The hog, introduced by the Portuguese, is less remark- able for its size than for the goodness of its flesh. The blacks rear a few guinea-pigs. Though originally a native of hot climates, this animal lives and breeds in temperate and cold countries. Its skin is of little value, and the flesh although sometimes eaten, is indifferent food. They are so cleanly that much of their timeis'spent in lick- ing and smoothing each other's fur. They feed on all sorts of herbs, especially ob parsley, which 4r GUI 359 GUZ thej prefer eyen to bran, flour or bread. They are also exceedingly fond of apples and fruits. Like the rabbit they eat precipitiJIely ; little at a '--^^^"i:2> time, but very often. They are very prolific and multiply astonishingly. A single couple will produce one thousand in a year. The use of the horse, the ass, and the mule is a nullity to the negro, who dares not even venture to mount them. Whether negroes or Portuguese, the in- habitants find it preferable to be carried about in hammocks. Guinea, JVcjc, or Papua, an island of the South Pacific Ocean, to the N. of New-Holland, from which it is separated by Endeavour Strait, it is next in size to New-Holland, extending S. E. from the equator, to 12. S. lat., and from 131. to 1.53. E. long., a length of more than 1,200 miles,by a medial breadth of perhaps 300; but the coasts of the eastern part are far from being completely in- vestigated. The northern part is said to have been discovered by the Spaniards, in 1528, who had sailed from Mexico to explore the Spice Is- lands. The coasts are generally lofty ; and in the interior, mountain rises above mountain ; but the whole appears covered with such luxuriance of wood and herbage, as can scarcely be conceiv- ed. The cocoa, sago, bread-fruit, and plantain tree, beside most of the trees, shrubs, and plants, conmion to the islands in the South Pacific Ocean, are found here in great perfection. This island is the chosen residence of the singular birds of paradise, which breed here during the wet mon- soon, and in the dry migrate in flocks westward, to the smaller islands, particularly Arroo. Here are also elegant parrots ; and pigeons that almost equal a turkey in size. The inhabitants of the northern part are called Papous : whence the name of the country. They seem to have the true Malay complexion and features; but in general are of horrible appearance, and great ferocity. Their language and habitations resemble thdse of Bor- ,neo, &c. On the west the women seem the most industrious in making mats, and pots of clay, which they afterward burn with dry grass or brushwood ; and they even wield the axe, while the men are indolent, or engaged in the chase of wild hogs. In the interior is a race called Hara- forus, who live in trees, which they ascend by a notched pole, drawing it after them to prevent surprise. On this extensive territory, so favoured by nature, there is no European settlement. The chief commerce is with the Malays and Chinese, from whom they purchase blue and red cloth, axes, knives, and other instruments. Their returns are ambergris, tortoise-shell, small pearls, birds of paradise, and other birds, which the Papu- ans dry with great skill. Some slaves are also ex- ported, probably captives taken in intestine wars. Guingamp, a town of France, in the depart- ment of Cotes du Nord, seated on the Trieu, 18 m. S. of Treguier, and 23 W. by N. of St. Brieux. It is the seat of a prefect. Guipuzcoa, a district of Spain, forming the N. W. part of Biscay, comprising a superfices of 52 sq. leagues. Pop. in 1809, 104,491. St. Se- bastian is the capital. Guise, a town of France, in the department of Aisne, with a castle, seated on the Oise, 18 m. E. of St. Quintin. Guislain, St. a town of the Netherlands, in Hainault, seated in marshy land, on tQe river Haine, C m. W. of Mons. Gujunat, or Gujurat, a town of Hindoostan, in Lahore, 60 m. N. by W. of Lahore, on the road to Benares. Gumhinnen, a town of Prussia, capital of a gov- ernment of the same name in Lithuania. It has manufactures of cloth, and is seated on the Pissa, which falls into the Pregel, 75 m. E. by S. of Ko- nigsberg. The superfices of the government of Gumbinnen, comprises upwards of 6,000 square miles, with a population of aoout 350,000. Pop. of the town about 5,000. Gvvi Springs, a village in Orange Co. Va. Gumurginia, a populous town of European Turkey, in Rumelia, near the sea-coast, 190 m. due W. of Constantinople. Gundelfingcn, a t^wn of Bavaria, situate on the Brenz, near the Danube, 17 m. W. S. W. o* Donawert. Guntoor, a district of Hindoostan, formerly the most southern of the circars, intersected by the river Kistnah, on the western coast of the Bay of Bengal. Thechief town of the same name ia seated S. of the Kistnah, 45 m. W. by N. from Masulipatara. See Circars. Chintzhuro , a town of Suabia, with a castle. It stands on the river Guntz, near its conflux with the Danube, 6 m. W. of Burgau, and 14 E. ofUlm. Gunzenhansen, a town of Franconia, in the principality of Anspach, seated on the Altmuhl, near a forest, 16 m. S. S. E. of Anspach. Gurau, a town of Silesia, in the principality of Glogau, with good cloth manufactures, and a great trade in corn. In 1759 it was reduced to ashes by the Russians. It stands on an eminence, by the river Bartch, 19 m. E. of Glogau. Gjtrci-, a town of Germany, in Carinthia, and lately a bishop's see ; seated on the river Gurck, 20 m. N. by W. of Clagenfurt. Chirckfeld, a town of Germany, in Camiola, with a castle on a hill, situate on the Save, 28 m. S. E. ofCilley. Gurgistan. See Georgia. Gurief, or Gouriev, a town of Russia, in the government of Astracan, with a good harbour; seated near the Caspian Sea, between the mouths of the Ural, 210 miles E. by N. of Astracan. Long. 51. 56., lat. 47. 37. N. Gvrrah, a town of Hindoostan, in the province of Allahabad, situate near the river Nerbuddah, 190 m. S. S. W. of Allahabad. Long. 80. 23. E., lat. 23. 9. N. Crurrumconda, a town of Hindoostan, lately subject to the regent of Mysore, but ceded bv the Nizam to the British in 1799. It is 73 m. N. E. of Bangalore, and 112 W. N. W. of Madras Long. 78. 36. E., lat. 13. 47. N. Gustavus, a township of Trumbull Co. Ohio. Gustrow, a city of Lower Saxony, in the duchy of Mecklenberg-Schwerin. The chief courts of judicature for the duchy are held here ; and it has an elegant ducal palace. It is situate on the Nebel, 29 m. E. N. E. of Schwerin. Long. 12. 13. E., lat. 53. 47. N. Gutta, a town of Hungary, seated on the Wag, in the island of Schut, 16 m. N. W. of Comorn. Guzerat, a province of Hindoostan, which is a peninsula, 200 miles long and 140 broad, formed HAC 360 HAD by the Arabian Sea and the gulfs of Cambay and Cutch. The W. part is mountainous and woody, and inhabited by a wild hardy race, governed by rajahs of their own ; but the largest and finest part is included within tlie extensive empire of the Mahrattas. Amedabad is the capital. Gicalior, a fortress of Hindoostan, in a district of the same name, in the province of Agra, situa- ted on a rock about four miles in length, but nar- row, and nearly flat on the top, with sides almost perpendicular, from 200 to 300 feet above the surrounding plain. The rampart conforms to the edge of the precipice all around; and the only entrance is by steps running up the side of the rock, defended on the side next the country by a wall and bastions. The area within is full of no- ble buildings, reservoirs of water, wells, and cul- tivated land ; so that it is a little district within itself. At the N. W. foot of a mountain is the town which is well built. This fortress is con- sidered as the Gibraltar of the east ; but, in 1780, major Popliam took it by an unexpected noctur- nal escalade, and in 1804, it capitulated after a practicable breach was made through its walls by colonel Henry^hite, It was afterwards given up to the Mahrkttas by lord Cornwallis. It is 80 m. S. ofAgra. Long. 78. 28. E., lat. 26. 15. N. • Gicinnett, a county of Georgia. Pop. 13,220. • Lawrenceville is the capital. Gy, a town of France, in the department of the Upper Saone. Pop. 2,701. Gyfhorn, a town of Lower Saxony, in the duchy of Luneburg, seated near the junction of the Iser with the Aller, 20 m. N. of Brunswick, Gyon. See Gijon. Gyongyos, a town of Hungary, 21 m. W. S. W ofErlau. Pop. 8,000. Gyula, or Julia, a town of Hungary, situated on an island in the river Kores, or Korash, with a castle. Pop. about 2,000. It is 92 m. W. S. W. of Colossvar. Gzat, or Ghjat, a town of Russia, in the gov- ernment of Smolensk, 140 m. E. N. £. of Smo- lensk H HA A, a small island in the North Sea, near the north coast of Scotland, three miles and a half S. E. of Farout Head. Haag-, a town of Bavaria, capital of a county of the same name. It is seated on a hill, 26 m. E. by N. of Munich. Long. 12. 15. E., lat. 48. 7. N. Haarlem, or Hacrlcm. See Harlem. Haastrecht, a village of South Holland, 3 m. E. of Gosida. Pop. about 1,200. Habergham, Eves, a township of England, in Lancashire, 2 rn. W. of Burnly, and 208 W. N. W. of London. Pop. about 4,612. Hahelschwerdt, a town of Silesia, in the county of Glatz, on the river Neisse, 9 m. S. of Glatz. Habolicketto , a village in Hancock Co. Missis- sippi. Hucha. See Rio de la Hacha. Hachenburg, a town of Germany, m the county of Sayn, with a castle, 20 m. N. N. E. of Cob- lentz. Hacketstown, a town of New Jersey, in Sussex county, seated on the Musconekunk, 22 m. W. of Morristown. Hackinsack, a town of New Jersey, chief of Bergen county, with a Dutch and episcopal church, and a flourishing academy. It is situate on a river of the same name, 20 m. N. W. of New York. Hackney, a village and parish of Middlesex, Eng. an appendage to London, 2 m. N. E. of Shore- ditch Church. It has several hamlets, the princi- pal of which are. Upper and Lower Clapton on the north; Dalston, Shackwell,and Kingsland on the west; and Homerton on the east. It has a handsome modern church, begun in 1792, and a chapel of ease erected in 1810. The term Hack- ney Coach was derived from the circumstance of this village being the first near the metropolis, that was accomodated with carriages of that de- scription. It has a receptacle for lunatics. St. John's palace, an ancient edifice in Well Street, IS said to have been the residence of the prior of the order of St. John of Jerusalem. . In this par- ish, south of Leabridge are the Temple Mills, so called from having formerly belonged to the Knights Templars Pop. 22,494 Haddam, a town of Connecticut, in Middlesex county, on the E. side of Connecticut river, 18 m. N. by E. of Saybrook. Pop. 2,830. Hadenham, two parishes of England, the one in Buckinghamshire, 47 m. from London; the other in Cambridgeshire, 62 m. from London. Haddington, a royal borough of Scotland, capi- tal of the county of the same name on the Tyne, 17 m. E. of Edinburgh, and the first stage on the road to London. It consists of four principal streets, which intersect each other at nearly right anorles, and has a considerable manufacture of coarse woolen cloth. Part of a monastery here is occupied as a parish church, which is a large and venerable building. It has a town house and county hall ; there are also two bridges over the Tyne. The site of the ancient abbey of Hadding- ton, is about a mile E. of the town, founded in 1178. In conjunction with Dunbar, North Ber- wick, Jedburgh, and Lauder, it sends a member to parliament. Here the celebrated John Knox was born. Haddingtonshire, or East Lothian, of which the preceding is the capital, a county of Scotland, 25 m. long and 15 where broadest ; bounded on the W. by Edinburghshire, N. by the Frith of Forth, E. by the German Ocean, and S. by Berwickshire, and comprises an extent of about 297 sq. m. It is divided into 24 parishes, and contained in 1801, apop. of29,686, and in 1821, 35,127. The soil is in many places doubly productive ; rich crops are raised on the surface, and mines of coal are inexhaustible. Tiie southern part is mountainous, comprehending the north side of Lammermuir hills; but these high grounds feed many sheep It is inrersected by numerous streams, but the principal river is the Tyne. The chief towns are the three royal burghs of Haddington, North Ber- wick, and Dunbar. Haadovjield, p. v. Gloucester Co. N. J. Hadcnville, a village in Goochland Co. Va. Hadersleben, a town of Denmark, in Sleswick, with a citadel, on a small island, in a narrow bay of the Baltic, 30 m. E. by S. of Ripen. Hadit, or Hadice, a town of Syria, on the Eu- phrates, 115 m. W. of Bagdad. «t HAI «G1 HAL Hailley, or Hadleigh, a town of Suffolk, Eng. It is seated on the Bret, 20 ni. At:£ - of Bury, and 64 iN. E. of London. Pop. in^ll, 2,929. Hadleij, a village in Essex, I^^- ^ ™- ^- ^- °^ Rochona. Here are some ruins of a castle, on the brow of a hill, on a channel of the Thames be- tween Canvey island and the shore. * Hadleij, p.t. Hampshire Co. Mass. on the Con- necticut, opposite Northampton. It contains an academy. Pop. 1,886. Also a town in Saratoga ■ Co. N. Y. Pop. 829. Hadramaunt, a province of Arabia Felix, on the sea-coast, between Yemen on the W., and Oman on the E. Some parts are dry and desert, others are extremely fertile with well watered valleys. The chief products are frankincense, gum arabic, dragons blood, myrrh, and aloes. Shibam is the capital. Hmmus, a famous ridge of mountains in Euro- pean Turkey, separating Bulgaria from Romania. Haerlehecke, a town of the Netherlands, in Flan- ders, on the Lys, 23 m. S. W. of Ghent, on the road to Courtray , from which it is distant 3 m. Pop. in 1821, about 3,000. Haff, a lake or bay of Prussia, in Pomerania, divided into great and little, at the mouth of the Oder, between which and the Baltic are situated the islands of Usedom and Wallen. It is 36 m. in length, and its greatest breadth 9. Hagen, a town of Westphalia, in the county of Mark. It has manufactures of cloth, and stands on the VoUme, 13 m. S. of Dortmund. Hagerstown, p.t. Washington Co. Maryland. It is a handsome town with the houses generally of stone and brick. The territory around it is fertile. Hagetman, a town of France, in the department of Landes, 18 m. S. of Mont de Marsan, in the vi- cinity of which are some silver mines. Pop. in " 1821", about 2,:350. Hairiar, a to wn of Arabia Deserta, 1 60 m. N. by W. of Medina. Hague, a town of South Holland, which may compare with the handsomest cities in Europe in the magnificence of its palaces, the beauty of its streets, the pleasantness of its situation, and the politeness of its inhabitants. It is seated 2 m. from the sea, and there is a pavement across the sand hills, with trees on each side, which leads to Scheveling' on the sea-shore. There are 14 churches and some charitable institutions. The Castle of Ryswick, from which tlie treaty known by that name received its appellation, is al>out a mile and a half S. E. of the town. It was lately with Brussels, the alternate seat of government. It suffered greatly by the revolution under Bona- parte, but the inhabitants threw off the French yoke in 1813. It is 30 m. S. W. of Amsterdam, and 7 S. by W. of Leyden. Hague, p t. Warren Co. N. Y. Pop. 721. Al- so a township in St. Lawrence Co. N. Y. and a village in Westmoreland Co. Va. Haguenau, a fortified town of France, in the department of Lower Rhine, with a citadel ; seat- ;. ed on the Motter, 15 m. N. of Strasburg. There arc manufactures of tobacco, madder, and earth- enware. Haimlmrg, a town of Austria, with a castle on a mountain, near the south bank of the Danube, 27 m. E. by S. of Vienna. Pop. about 2,700. Haina, or laina, a river of St. Domingo, which falls into a bay of the same name, 12 m. W. of St. Domingo. Hoi-nan, an island in the China Sea, to the N. 46 of the gulf of Tonquin, and to the S. W. of th« province of Quangtong, from which it is 12 m. distant. It is 400 m. in circumference. The soil of the N. part is level ; but in the S. and E. are . mountains, among which are valleys that produce' two crops of rice every year. There are mines of gold and lapis lazuli, which last is carried to Canton, to paint the porcelain. There are also several kinds of wood, the most valuable of which is that called by the natives hoali, and by Euro- peans rose or violet wood. It produces the same fruits as China, beside sugar, tobacco, cotton, and indigo. Among the animals is a great black ape, with features resembling those of the human face ; but the common sorts of apes are grey, and very ugly. Hainault, a province of the Netherlands; bounded on the N. E. by Brabant, N. W. by Flan- ders, S. W. by France, and E. by the territories of Liege and Namur ; it comprises an extent of 1,700 sq. m., and is intersected by the Scheldt, the Sambre, and the Haine. Its mineral productions are considerable, and there are several manufac- tures. The chief towns are, Tournay, Mons, and Charleroi. It was formerly divided into Austrian and French Hainault, and in 1814 was ceded by Austria to the Netherlands, in 1815 it received an accession of Beaun'ont, Merbe, Le Chateau, and Dour, formerly belonging to French Hainault. Hajosh, a town of Hungary, in Cumania Minor, 65 m. S. by E. of Pest. Hajypoor, the chief town of the district of the same name, seated on the N. E. bank of the Ganges at its confluence with the Gunduck. Halasz, a town of Hungary, in Cumania Mi- nor, 17 m. E. of Hajosh. Pop. about 8,700. Halberstadt, a town of Prussia, in Lower Sax- ony, capital of the principality of the same name, which was formerly a bishopric. The cathedral is a superb structure ; here are three regular ab- beys, and two nunneries, and the Lutherans have -fit? churches. It is seated on the Hotheim, 32 m. S. E. of Brunswick on the road to Leipzig. Haldensleben, JS'ew, a town of Prussia, in Lower Saxony, in the Duchy of Magdeburg, on the river Ohra, 14 ra. N. N. W. of Magdeburg. HaldeJtstein, a town of Switzerland, in the country of Grisons, seated near the Rhine, 4 m. N. of Coire. Halen, a town of the Netherlands, in Brabant, seated on the river Geet, 17 ra. E. JN. E. of Louvain. Hales, a village of Gloucestershire, Eng. 2 m. N. E. of Winchcomb ; noted for the remains of its abbey, which formerly was very magnificent, and had great privileges. Halesfard, p. v. Franklin Co. Va. Halesowen, jin insulated town of Shropshire, in Worcestershire, Eng. with a manufacture of nails, and pearl and horn buttons. The poet Shenstone was born and buried here ; and near it is the Leasowes, in the decoration of which his whole fortune was spent. It is 10 m. N. E. of Kidder- minster, and 127 N. W. of London. Halestcorth, a town in Suffolk, Eng. It has a canal to Southwold, and is seated near the river Blyth, 28 m. N. E. of Ipswich, and 101 of London. Haleysbridge, p. v. Southampton Co. Va. Halfmoon, a township in Centre Co. Pa. Halibut Island, an island in the Pacific Ocean, off the coast of Alaska, so named by Cook, on ac- count of the number of fish of that name caught here. It is seven leagues in circumference, and 2 11 HAL sat HAM very low and barren. Long. 164. 15. "W., lat. 64. 58. N. Halifax, a town in the west riding of Yorkshire, Eng. It is a very large parish, containing 12 chapels of ease; the inhabitants are principally employed in the woolen manufacture. This town is the great mart for shalloons and worsted stuffs in great variety. It has a market-house, called Piece Hall, and various others for particular goods. The church is a venerable building, and contains a number of ancient monuments. A handsome new church was built in 1798. It is about three quarters of a mile long, and is seated in a hilly country, near a branch of the Calder. 40 m. W. S. W. of York, and 107 N. bv W. of Lon- don. Pop. in 1801, 8,88G, and in 1821, 12,028. Halifax, a city and the capital of Nova Scotia. It stands on the W. side of Chebucto bay, which is larore enough to shelter a thousand men of war. An island at the mouth of the harbour is so strong- ly fortified, as to bid defiance to all attack, and the town is protected on the land side by a fort, and several batteries, which render it impregnable. The streets are parallel and at right angles. At the N. extremity is the king's yard, supplied with stores of every kind for the royal navy. The in- habitants are estimated at above 15,000. It is COO m. N. E. by E. of New York, and 90 E. of Anna- polis. Lat. 44. 44., long. 63. 36. Halifax, an interior county of North Carolina, bounded on the N. E. by Roanoke, near the north- ern boundary. Pop. 17,738. The chief town Halifax, is 130 m. N. E. by E. of Raleigh. Halifax, a county of the E. District of Virginia, bordering on North Carolina, and bounded on the N. E. by the Roanoke. Pop. 28,032. Its chief town. Bannister, is 134 m. S. W. by W. of Rich- mond. Halifax, p.t. Windham Co. Vt. Pop. 1 ,562. Al- so a p.t. Plymouth Co. Mass. Pop. 709. Also a village in Dauphin Co. Pa. Also a p.t. Halifax Co. N. C. on the Roanoke, 70 m. from the sea. Halitz, a town of Poland, in the palatinate of Lemberg, with a castle. Since 1773 it has been included in the new kingdom of Galicia. It is seated on the Dneister, GO m. S. S. E. of Lem- berg. Halland, a province of Sweden, on the W. coast of Gothland. It is 60 m. along the coast, but not above 18 in breadth. The country is in general mountainous, with considerable woods of oak and birch. Hamstadt is the cap- ital. Hallaton, a town in Leicestershire, Eng. 12 m. E. S. E. of Leicester, 90 N. by E. of London. Halle, a town of Lower Saxony, in the duchy of Magdeburg, with a famous university. It has large salt-works, and manufactures of starch, linen, and flannel. It is seated on both sides of the Saale, over which there are five bridges, 18 m. N. N. W. of Leipzig, and 46 S. S. E. of Magdeburg. Halle, a town of Suabia, noted for its salt-pits, and the famous protestant league concluded here •in 1610. It is seated on the Kocher, among rocks and mountains, 32 m. N. E. of Stuttgard. Halle, a town of Germany, in Tyrol, famous for its salt-mine ; seated on the Inn, 6 m. E. N. E oflnspruck. Halle, a town of the Netherlands, in Hain- ault, seated on the Senne, 10 m. S S. W of Brussels. Hallein, a town in Bavaria, in the duchy of Salz- burg ; seated on the Salza, among moantains that abound in mines of salt, 8 m. S. by E. of Salzburg. ^k /fa//e5;Brmo-,l^fown of Lower Saxony, in the principality of C^lenberg, at the source of the Haller, 16 m. S. S. W. of Hanover. HalloweU, p.t. Kennebec Co. on the Kennebec, 40 m. at its mouth. Pop. 3,964. It has a con- siderable commerce in the exportation of lumber. Hallstille, p. v. Montgomery Co. N. Y. Also a village in Dauphin Co. N. C. Halmstadt, a sea-port of Sweden, capital of Halland. Here are flourishing woolen manu- » factures, and a profitable salmon-fishery. It *: stands at the mouth of the Nissa, on a bay of the Categat, 82 m. S. S. E. of Gothenburg. Long. 12. 52., lat. 56. 40. 6 6.^ Halstead, a town in Essex, Eng. seated on the side of a hill, on the river Coin, 16 m. N. of Chelmsford, and 46 N. E. of London. Haltercn, a town of Westphalia, in the prin- cipality of Munster, seated on the Lippe, 22 m. S. W. of Munster. Halton, a town in Cheshire, Eng. It had a stately castle, belonging to the duchy of Lancas- ter, which maintained a large jurisdiction round it, by the name of Halton Fee ; birt all that re- mains is now a prison. It is seated near the Mersey, 13 m. N. E. of Chester, and 195 N. N. W. of London. Haltichilsth, a town of Northumberland, Enor. seated on a hill, on the S. branch of the Tyne, 35 m. W. of Newcastle, and 315 N. by W. of London. Ham, a strong town of Westphalia, capital of the county of Mark. It is a place of good trade, and has extensive bleaching-grounds. In 1761, the French were defeated near this place by the troops of Brunswick. It is seated on the Lippe, 20 m. W. of Lipstadt. Long. 7. 57. £., lat. 51 40. N. Ham, West, a village and parish of England in Essex, on the river Lea, 5 m. from the Royal Exchange, London. In 1801, the pop. was re- turned at 1,960, and in 1821, 9,753. Ham, a town of France, in the department of Somme, with a strong castle, seated on the Som- me, 70 m. N. N. E. of Paris. Ifnmadan, See J}madan. Haniuh, a town of Syria, the residence of the ^ .« schiek, with the title of emir. The best houses, the mosques, and the castle, are built of black and white stones. The river Assi, formerly call- ed Orontes, runs close by the castle and fills its ditches, which are cut deep into the solid rock The inhabitants have a trade in linen of their . own manufacture. It is seated among hills, 78 m. S. S.W. of Aleppo. Hamamet, a town of the kingdom of Tunis, on a gulf of the same name, 37 in. S. of Tunis. Long. 10. 15. E., lat. 36. 13. N. Hamhledon, a town in Hampshire, Eng. 15 m. S. E. of Winchester. Hamburg, a free and imperial city of Germa- ny, in Lower Saxony, seated on the north bank of the Elbe, about 55 m. from its mouth, consist- ing of the old and new town ; both nearly of an equal size. Most of the houses are built after the manner of the Dutch, and richly furnished with- in. The principal streets of the old town have long and broad canals, which are filled by the tide. It is seated on the river Elbe and Alster, and the latter, a tributary stream of the Elbe, before it enters the town by sluices, forms a fine basin. Here is a celebrated college, au HAM 363 UAM arsenal, a bank, and a handsome exchange. The established religion is JLj^heran, but all denominations are tolerated. ^Beside the five principal churches, there are «Wen smaller ones for p:irticular occasions, some of which belong to hospitals of which there are a great number. It has a libriury containing about 100,000 volumes. The cathedral of Our Lady is a very fine structure. The city is well fortified, and on the ramparts are handsome walks, planted with rows of trees. On the east is the suburb of St. George, and on the west the Hamburger Berg. Hamburg, from its situation, has all possible advantages for for- eign and domestic trade ; particularly from its couimunication, by the Elbe, with some of the principal navigable rivers of Germany ; and hence it is one of the most commercial places in Europe. The number of vessels that frequent its port is about 2,000. It is distinguished for its sugar- refinery, and it has manufactures of cotton stockings, gold and silver lace, silk, linen, hand- kerchiets, sail-cloths, thread, ribands, and velvets. The commerce however, received a severe shock in 180(5; and since that the city itself has been almost reduced to ruin. Previous to the year 1806, this city became the depot of all the con- tinental commerce, and numbers of merchants flocked here from every part of Europe, bring- ing their property along with them, as to a place free from military sway, and secure from the warlike commotions which then agitated Europe ; but after the defeat of the Prussians at the battle of Jena, the French took possession of it, and af- terwards annexed it to the empire. In 1313, on the advance of the Russians into Germany, the French evacuated the town, and the Russians immediately entered. In May following, the French laid siege to it for more than a month, when the Russians finding it impossible to defend it any longer, retired. The French, on re-enter- ing, began to strengthen the fortification ; and after the battle of Leipzig, the commander, marshal Davoust, hearing of the approach of the allies, made preparations for a long siege. For this purpose he destroyed the suburbs and gardens ; and expelled all the inhabitants who ■were not able to provide provisions for six months. On the restoration of the Bourbons, however, the French garrison was withdrawn, and the place delivered up to the allies in May, 1814 ; since which it has recovered its former in- dependence and activity. This city suffered much from the pestilential cholera in the autumn of 18:U. Itis55m. N. E. of Bremeu, and 40 S. W. of Lubeck. Pop. about 115,000. Lat. 53. 84., long. 9. 58. Hamburg, p.t. Erie Co. N. Y. Pop. 3,348. Also villages in Sussex Co. N. J. and Berkes Co. Pa. Hamdrn, p. v. Delaware Co. N. Y. Hamellnirg, a town of Franconia, in the princi- pality of Fulda, seated on the Saale, 20 m. W. N. \V. of Schweinfurt. Hamctn, a strong town of Lower Saxony, at the extremity of the duchy of Brunswick, of which it is the key. Here are manufactures of stuffs, silks and stockings. The fortress surren- ♦^ dered to the French in 1806. It is situate ».t the confluence of the Hamel with the Weser, 28 m. S. W. of Hanover. Ha-mi, a province of AVestern Tartary, sur- rounded by deserts, yet accounted one of the most delightful countries in the world. Its rice and fruits, particularly the melons and dried raisins, are in high esteem in China. It is tributary to that country ; and its capital is of the same name Long. ;«1. 44. E., lat. 42. 55. N. Hamilton, a town of Scotland, in Lanarkshire, with a noble seat belonging to the duke of that name. It has a trad« in cabinet work, and the making of shoes ; and the women are famous for the spinning of linen yarn, and making thread lace. It is seated on the Avon, near its conflux with the Clyde. It has a handsonje parish church, and an elegant town house and prison, and a commodious market place. It was made a royal burcrh in 1548 by Queen Mary. It is 11 m. S. E. of Glasgow, and 37 W. S. W. of Edinburgh. Pop. in 1801, 5,008, and in 1821, 7,613. Hamilton, a county of East Tennessee, bounded on the S. E.by the river Tennessee. Pop. 2,274. The chief town, Brainerd, is 102 m. S. E. of Murfreesborough. Hamilton, a county in Ohio, bounded on the S. by the river Ohio, and intersected by the Great Miami river. Pop. 52,321. Cincinnati is the chief town. Hamilton, is also the name of a county in New York. Pop. 1,324. The court house in the cen- tre of the county, is 80 m. N. W. by N. of Alba- ny. There are several townships of the same name in Lower Canada. Hamilton, p.t. Essex Co. Mass. 10 m. N. W. Salem. Pop. 743. Also a p.t. Madison Co. N. Y. Pop. .3,220 Also villages in St. Lawrence and Cataraugus Cos. N. Y, Also townships and vil- lages in T'ranklin and Northampton Cos. Pa., Mar- tin Co. N. C, Warren and Franklin Cos. Ohio. Hamiltonville, a village of Huntington Co. Pa. Hampden, p.t. Penobscot Co. Me. Pop. 2,020. Hampden, a county of Massachusetts. It lies on both sides of Connecticut river and is bounded S. by the state of Connecticut. It contains 585 sq. m. and a pop. of 31,640. Springfield is the chief town. Hammam,, Leef, a town of the kingdom of Tu- nis, celebrated for its baths ; 12 m. W. of Cabes. Hammam, Mcskoutcen, a town of the kingdom of Tunis, with a celebrated hot bath, seated near a mountain, rich in lead ore, 16 m. S. of Tunis. Hammersmith^ a large village in Middlesex, Eng; seated on the north bank of the Thames, and one of the appendages of the metropolis, 3 m. and a half west of Hyde Park Corner. Here also is a nunnery, established originallv as a boarding schoo 1 for young ladies of the lloman Catholic persuasion ; and toward the river are a number of handsome seats and villas. Here is a charity school, a workhouse, and several places ■ f wor- ship for dissenters. The chapel is near the cen- tre of the town. Here also was the celebrated villa of Brandenburg House, in which her late majesty Queen Caroline died. Pop. in 1801, 5,600, and 1821, 8,809. Hamont, a town of Netherlands in the late bish opric of Liege, 20 m. W. by N. of Ruremonde. Hampshire, a maritime county of England, bounded on the N. by Berkshire, E. by Surry and Sussex, S. by the English Channel, W. by Dor- setshire and Wiltshire. It is nearly square, ex- cept a projection on the S. W. ; is divided into 39 small hundreds, and 253 parishes ; and has one city, Winchester, and 20 market towns. It sends, with the Isle of Wight, 26 members to Parliament. This county has a great variety of soils, but the principal part is chalk. The Dor- setshire border has large tracts of heath ; and to- ward the sea are great quantities of marsh land, HAN 2rA HAN but very fertile ; and all the remainder is excellent land. It is one of the most fertile and populous counties in England. On tlie downs, of which a ridge runs almost across the county, are fed plenty of sheep : but the stock is considerably de- creased, owing to enclosures. Besides wheat, barley, and hops, it is famous for bacon, honey, and timber ; the last in particular, on caccount of its great woods, of which the principal are the New Forest, and the Forest of Bere. The princi- pal rivers are the Avon, Test, Itchen, and Stour. The principal harbours, of which there area great number along the coast, are Portsmouth and Yar- mouth. Southampton is deemed the county-town, but the assizes ore held at Wincliester. SeeJVcw Forest and Wight. Hampshire, JVeio. See Keio Hampshire. Hampshiie, a county in Massachusetts, inter- sected by the Connecticut River, bounded by the counties of Hampden, Berkshire, Franklin and Worcester. Its chief town, Northampton, 94 m. W. of Boston, is seated on the W. side of the Connecticut. Pop. 30,210. Hampshire, a county in the W. District of Vir- ginia, bounded on the N. E. by the river Potomac, and by the counties of Morgan, Frederic and Har- dy. Pop. 11,279. Its chief town is Romney. Hamp.itcad, a village of Middlesex, Eng. 4 m. N. N. W. of London, from Tyburn turnpike, formerly famous for its medicinal waters. Itmtiy be considered one of the appendages of the me- tropolis, being a favourite residence of the mer- chants and citizens. It is seated on the side of a hill, on the top of which is a fine heath that com- mands a delightful prospect ; and in the vicinity are many elegant scats and villas. In the win- dows of an ancient edifice, called the Chicken House, are painted in stained glass, portraits of king James I. and the duke of Buckingham, of the former of whom it is said to have been a hunt- ing seat. Hampstcad, p.t. Rockingham Co. N. H., 30 m. W. Portsmouth. Pop. 913. Hampstead, p. v. King George Co. Va. Hampton, a sea-port of Virginia, in Elizabeth count}', near the mouth of James river, 29 m. S. E. of'Williamsburgh. Long. 76. 17. W. lat. 37. 5. N. • Hampton, a sea-port of New Hampshire, in Rockingham county, on a river of its name, near the sea. It subsists by the cod and mackerel fish- eries ; and is 12 m. S. by W. of Portsmouth. Long. 70. 45. W., lat. 42. 55. N. Pop. 1,103. Hampton, p.t. Windham Co. Conn. Pop. 1,101. Also a p.t. Washington Co. N. Y. Pop. 1,069. Also a town of Elizabeth City Co. Va. at the mouth of James River. Hampton Roads, at this place afford a convenient station for shipping ard afforded a shelter to the enemy's blockading squadron during the war of 1812; but they are now strongly fortified against any hostile intru- sion. Hamptonville, p.t. Surrey Co. N. C. Hampton, a village in Middlesex, Eng. on the N. bank of the river Thames, 13 m. S. W. of Lor Jon. It is famous for a royal palace, called Hampton court, originally and magnificently built Dv cardinal Wolsey, who gave it to Henry VIII. Tf'he remains of the old palace are only some of the domestic offices, the principal part being taken down in 1690, and the present palace erected by William III. Tiie buildings, gardens, and parks are 4 m. in circumference. Hanfiu, a strong town of Germany, in Hesse Cassel, capital of a fertile county of the same name. It is dlv^|d into the old and new town, and in the formlHI a magnificent castle. It has manufactures o^Wolen stuffs, stockings, porcelain and tobacco; and a trade in corn, iron, and tim- ber. It is seated on the Kintzig, near ifs conflux with the Maine, 13 m. E. N. E. of Frankfort on the Maine. Pop. about 12,000. Hancock, a County of Maine lying on the coast round Penobscot Ba)'. Pop. 24,347. Castine is the chief town. Also an interior County of Georgia. Pop. 11,822. Sparta is the chief town. AlsoaCounty of Ohio. Pop. 813. Findlayisthe chief town. Also a county of Mississippi. Pop 1,961. Pearlington is t)»e capital. Also a town in Hillsborough Co. N. II. 35 m. from Concord. Pop. 1,316: in Addison Co. Vt. Pop. 472: in Berkshire Co. Mass. Pop. 1,053: in Delaware Co. N. Y. Pop. 766 : and in Washington Co. Maryland. Hancocksvillc, p. v. Union Dis. S. C. Hang-tcheou, a city of China, of the first class, capital of the province of Tche-kiang. It is 12 m. in circumference, exclusive of its suburbs ; contains it is said a million of inhabitants, and is the general en)pnrium of all articles that pass between the northern and southern provinces. Here are extensive shops and warehouses ; and it has a great trade in dj'ed cottons and nankins, silks, rice, pnd otlier grain. It is seated between a large basin, that forms the S. extremity of the grand canal, and a small lake, called See-hou,700 m. S. by E. of Peking. Long. 120. 20. E., lat. 30. 20. N. Haicliinsonville, p. v. Claiborne Co. Mississippi. Havnibai, a township of Oswego Co. N. Y. Pop. 1,794. Hanover, a territory in the N. of Germany, bounded on the N. E. by the river Elbe, N.W. by the German Ocean, S. W. by Dutch Friesland and Prussian Westphalia, and S. E. by Saxony. Since 1815 it has been divided into the provinces of Calenberg, Gottingen, Luneburg, Hoj'a and Diephollz, Hildesheim, Osnaburg, Verden, Duchy of Bremen, Bentheim, East Friesland, Lingen, and the lordship of Meppen. The chief towns are, Hanover the capital, Embden, Hildes- heim, Luneburg, Osnaburg, Gottingen, Zell, Clausthall, Goslar, Eimbeck, and Hameln. In the S. is the mountainous tract of the Harlz, cov- ered with forests, and with the exception of which the whole country is a vast plain. (See article Hartz). Towards the N. are numerous barren heaths ; l-ut the valleys in the S. are very fertile. This country abounds in extensive mines of sil- ver, iron, ccpper and lead. The iron mines are the most valuable, and bring annually to the rev- enue about £115,000 sterling. The principal riv- ers are, the Elbe, the Weser, and the Einbs with their tributary streams, and the chief lakes, Steinheim and Dummer. The corn cultivated isniuch the same as in Brit- ain. The extensive heaths of Luneburg produce honey annually to the amount of j£40,00(). The chief^manufactures are thread, linen, woolens, pa- per, and glass. The exports are linen, iron, cop- per, timber, horses, and black cattle. The imports are linen, broadcloth, silk and jewelry. The revenue of Hanover is about £1,000,000. The prevailing religion is the Lutheran ; but all denominations are tolerated. The Catholics amount to 150,000, and the Calvinists to 40,000. In every village elementary schools are eslablish- eliar height and appearance, and connected by a reef of coral rocks, dry at low water. The planta- tions are numerous and extensive. These islands extend from N. to S. about 19 m. and lie between 174. 24. and 174. 15. W. long., and lat. 19. 39. and 19. 53. S. Hapsai, a town of Russia, in the government of Revel, seated on the Baltic, opposite the island of Dago, 45 m. S. W. of Revel. Hapsburcr, an ancient castle of Switzerland, on a lofty eminence, near Schintznach. What is left of it is now inhabited by the family of a peasant. This castle was the cradle, as it were, of the house of Austria, whose ancestors may be traced back to the beginning of the 13th century, when Rodolph, count of Hapsburgh was elevated to the empire ol Germany and archduchy of Austria. Haran, or Charan, a town of Asiatic Turkey, Diarbek, known in Scripture as the country of Laban. To this place Crassus retired after his defeat by the Parthians, and not far from it he was killed. It is 25 m. E. by S. of Orfa. Harborough, a town in Leicestershire, Eng. It is seated on the Welland, 15 m. S. of Leicester, and 83 N. by W. of London. Harburg, a town of Hanover, in the daoky of Luneburg, with a strong castle. It has manufac- tures of silk, stockings, wax and tobacco ; and a great trade in timber with Hollanu. In 1757 It was taken by the French, and retaken the same year by the Hanoverians. It is seated on the Seeve, at its conflux with the Elbe, opposite Ham- burg, 29 m. N. W. of Luneburg. Harcourt, a town of France, in the department of Calvados, 12 m. S. by W. of Caen. Hadberg, a town of Germany, in Stiria, 12 m. S. S. W. of Friedberg, and 25. E. S. E. of Gratz. Hardegson, a town 'tf the province of Calen- 2h2 HAR 366 HAR berg, with a considerable manufacture of leather, 10 m. N. W. of Gottingen. Hardenberg, a town of Westphalia, in the duchy of Berg, 16 m. E. N. E. of Dusseldorf Hardenberg, a town of liolliind, in Overyssel, situate on tfie Vecht, 10 m. S. W. of Covoerden. Hardenioyck, a fortified town of Holland, in Gelderland, with a university. It has a trade in corn and wool, and is seated on the Zuider Zee, 30 m. N. N. E. of Arnheim, and 33 E. by S. of Amsterdam. Long. 5. 8. E., lat. 52. 20. N. Hardiman, a county of West Tennessee. Pop. 11,628. Bolivar is the capital. Hardin, a. county of Kentucky. Pop. 13,1'18. Elizabethtown is the capital. Also a county of W.Tennessee. Pop.4,8(i7. Savannah is the cap- ital. Also a county of Ohio. Pop 500. Hardy is the chief town. Also a village in Shelby Co. Ohio. Hardinberg, p. v. Dearborn Co. Indiana. HardinsviUe, p.v. Hardin Co. Ten. Hardiston, a township of Sussex Co. N. J. Hardwick, p.t. Caledonia Co. Vt. Pop. 1,216. Also a township of Worcester Co. Mass. Pop. 1,885. Towns in Warren Co. N. J. and Ryan Co. Geo. Hardy, a county of the W. District of Virginia, bordering on Maryland. Pop. 6,798. Its chief town is Moorfield. Haretcood, a village in West Yorkshire, Eng. on the river Wharf, 8 m. N. of Leeds, and 204 from London. Here are the remains of an ancient castle ; and in the church is the monument of Sir William Gascoyne, who committed Henry, prince of Wales, to prison, for affronting him while he sat administering justice. Near it is Harewood- house,the noble seat of lord Harewood. Pop. in 1821, 1,063. Harfleur, a town of France, ia the department of Lower Seine. Its fortifications have been long demolished, and its harbour nearly choked up. It stands on a small river, near the mouth of the Seine, 36 m. N. W. of Rouen. Long. 0. 12. E., lat. 49. 30. N. Harford, a town of Maryland, m a county of the same name, situate on Bush river, 25 m. E. J*. E. of Baltimore. Pop. of the county 16,315. Harford, p.t. Susquehanna Co. Pa. Harihara, or Hurryhun, a town of Hindoostan, in Mysore, with a fort, in which is a celebrated temple. It stands on the E. side of the Toom- buddra, which here separates Mysore from the country of Mahrattas. In the vicinity much cot- ton wool is cleaned and spun into thread. It is 130 m. N. E. by N. of Mangalere. Harlan, a county of Kentucky. Pop. 2,928. Harlardturg, a village in Mercer Co. Pa. Harleigh, a town of Wales, capital of Merioneth- shire. It is a poor place, though governed by a mayor, and has a castle, built by Edward I. al- most entire, on a rock, projecting into St. George's channel. It is 26 m. S. E. of Caernarvon, and 231 N. N. W. of London. Harlem, Haarlem, or Haerlem, a fortified city of North Holland, memorable for the siege it held out against the Spaniards in 1573, for 10 months, before it capitulated. It has broad regular streets, and many canals ; and is noted for its velvets, damasks, worsted stuffs, and bleaching-grounds. A communication has been opened with the lake of Harlem, Amsterdam, and Leyden, by means of navigable canals. It was formerly strongly fortified, but public promenades have been formc^d of the ramparts. The chief public buildings are the stadthouse, the royal palace, and some char- itable institutions. It has 15 churches, one of which, called |he great church, is the largest in Holland, and tts the grandest organ in Europe , it contains 8,000 pipes, and 68 stops. Harlem is seated near a lake of the same name, 12 m. W. of Amsterdam. Long. 4. 37. E., lat. 52. 22. N. Harleston, a town in Norfolk, Eng. seated on the Wavenay, 16 m. S of Norwich, and 99 N. E. of London. Harlesville, a village in Marion Dis. S. C. Harlem, or Haerlem, a village in Newyork Co N. J. on tiarlem river, 7 m. from the city. Also a township in Delaware Co. Ohio. Harligcn.a. fortified sea-port of Holland, in Frier land, of which, next to Lewarden, it is the larg- est and most populous. It has flourishing man- ufactures of paper and canvass, and is seated on the Zuider Zee, 66 m. N. N. £. of Amsterdam, and 15 W. of Lewarden. Long. 5. 20 E., lat. 53 10. N. Hurlingcn, p.v. Somerset Co. N. J. Harlow, a town in Essex, Eng. On a common 2 m. from the town, is a famous fair on the 9th September, called Harlow Bush fair, much re- sorted to by the neighbouring gentry. It is 23 m. E. of London. Harmony, p.t. Somerset Co. Me. Pop. 925; also a p.t. Chatauque Co. N. Y. Pop. 1,988; a p.v. Sussex Co. N. J. ; a village of Butler Co. Pa, ; a township of Clarke Co. Ohio ; a villao-e in York district S. C. and a village in Posey Co. Indiana. See J^'ew Harmony. Harper's Ferry, a village in Jefferson Co, Va. on the Potomac, at the spot where the river breaks through the Blue Ridge Here is an armory and a manufacture of muskets established by the United States. Har-pcr afield, p.t. Delaware Co. N. Y. Pop. 1,936. Also a town in Ashtabula Co. Ohio. Harpersville, a village in Broome Co. N. Y. Harpcth, p.v. Williamson Co. Ton. Harpcwell, a township in Cumberland Co. Me. Pop. 1,353 Harlington, p.v. Washington Co. Me. Pop, 1,118. Also a township in Bergen Co. N. J. Harponclly, a town of Hindoostan, capital of a district of the same name, in the Mysore country. At the partition of tliis country, in 1799, Harpon- nelly was ceded to the Mahrattas. It is 26 m. S. S. W. of Bijangur. Harrington, a small port m Cumberland, Eng. on a creek of the Irish sea, which admits vessels of 120 tons burden up to the houses. Coal, lime, iron-stone, and fire-clay, are sent hence to Ireland and Scotland. It is 6 m. N. of Whitehaven, and 8 W. S. W. of Cockermouth. Pop. in 1820, 1,845. Harriorpour, a town of Hindoostan, in the east- ern extremity of Orissa, capital of the district of Mohurbunge. It is 90 m. N. N. E. of Cuttack, and 130 W. S. W. of Calcutta. Harrodsbiirg, a town of Kentucky, in Mercer county, at the head of Salt river, 30 m. S. of Frank- fort. Harrow on the Hill, a village in Middlesex, on the highest hill in the county, commanding a de- lightful prospect of the metropolis, 10 m. W. N. W. of London. It has a celebrated free school. Harrotngate,a. village in the West Riding of Yorkshire, Eng. 2 m. W. of Knaresborough. It is famous for medicinal springs, one of which is chalybeate, and the other the strongest sulphure- ous water in Great Britain. Here are several HAR 367 HAR larire buildings, with a theatre, &c. for the accom- modation of the numerous visitants in the sum- mer. It is 211 m. N. by W. of London. Pop. in 1801, about], 195, and in 1821, about 1,834. Hiirtetiste/m, a town and castle of Upper Saxony, in Misaia, 6 m. S. of Zwickau. Hartford, a county of Connecticut, lying upon Connecticut river, with the northern part bound- ed by Massachusetts. It contains about 740 sq. tn. Pop. 51,141. Hartford is the capital. Hartford, city, the capital of the above county, and jointly with New-Haven, the seat of govern- ment of Connecticut. It stands on the western bank of the Connecticut at the head of sloop navi- g'ltion. Pop. 9,780. It is handsomly built and con- tains many fine public edifices, among which are a Gothic church, much admired for its architecture ; a stite house, a deaf and dumb asylum, a retreat for the insane, and a seminary called Washington College. This institution was founded in ]82f3. It has 9 instructers and 70 students. Its libraries have 0,200 volumes. It has 3 vacations in April, August and December, of 11 weeks. Com- mencement is in August. Hartford enjoys a con- siderable commerce with Boston, New York and the southern cities. The bookselling trade is carried on here extensively, and there is much in- land traffic with the towns on the Connecticut and in the neighbourhood. On the opposite bank of the river is East Hartford which is connected with the city by a bridge. The inhabitants point out to the stranger an ancient oak tree in the southern part of the city which bears the name of the Charter Oak, from the following circum- ^fe^^'^^^fc m^ stance. In 1686 Sir Edmund Andros was sent by James IT. to seize the charters of the New-Eng- land colonies. On arriving at Hartford he con- vened the legislature and declared his mission. Delays were practised till evening, when the in- strument was brought into the hall and laid upon the table, but before Andros could lay his hand upon it, a signal was given and all the lights were immediately overturned. When they were re-lighted the charter was no-where to be found. It had been secretly conveyed away and hidden in the tree above mentioned, where it remained safely till the deposition of Andros and the acces- sion of King William III. Hartford, is also the name of a town in Wash- ington Co. N. Y. Pop. 2,420; in Oxford Co. Me. Pop. 1,297; Windsor Co. Vt. Pop. 2,044, and towns in Pulaski Co. Geo., Ohio Co. Ken., Trumbull and Licking Cos. Ohio, and Dearborn Co. Ind. Hartland, p.t. Somerset Co. Me. Pop. 718. Also a town in Windsor Co. Vt. Pop. 2,503 ; in Hartford Co. Conn. Pop. 1,221 ; and in Niagara Co N. Y. Pop. 1,584. * Hartleton, p.t. Union Co. Pa. HartsviUe, villages in Bucks Co. Pa. and Sum ner Co. Ten. HartsviUe, a village of Dutchess Co. N. Y. Harticich, p.t. Otsego Co. N.Y. Pop. 2.772. Harrishurg, the seat of government of the state of Pennsylvania, is in Daupiiin Co. and situated on the eastern bank of the Susquehanna, 96 m. from Philadelphia. It is regularly built and has a handsome state house and other public edifices. A bridge here crosses the Susquehanna. Pop. 4,311. Harrishurg, is also the name of a township in Lewis Co. N. Y. Pop. 712 ; and villages in Lan- caster Dis. S. C. and Ocatahoola Parish, I^oui- siana. Harrisborov.gh,a village of Richmond Co. Geo. Harrison, a county of the W. District of Vir- ginia, divided into East and West. East Harri- son iias a pop. of 10,119, West Harrison 4,558. Clarksburg is the seat of justice for both. Also a county of Kentucky. Pop. 13,180. Also a coun- ty of Ohio. Pop. 20,920. Cadiz is the chief town. Also a county of Indiana. Pop. 10,288. Cory- don is the capital. Also the name of 18 towns in the United States, 13 of which are in Ohio. Harrisonburg, p. v. Rockland Co. Va. Harrisonviile, p. v. Monroe Co. Illinois. Harrisville,v'\\\a.ge.s in Butler Co. Pa., Bruns- wick Co. Va., Harrison and Medina Cos. Ohio. Harrodsburg, p. v. Mercer Co. Kentucky. Hart, a county of Kentucky. Pop. 5,292. Hartland, a town in Devonshire, Eng. Near it is Hartland abbey, which includes the siie and some portion of the ancient abbey. It is seated near the Bristol channel, on a promontory called Hartland Point, 28 m. W. S. W. of Barnstaple, and 217 W. by S. of London. Lat. of the point 55. 1., long. 4. 30. Hartlepool, a sea-port of Eng. in the county of Durham, about 6 m. N. of the mouth of the Tees. In the vicinity are coal mines, and a large flour manufacture. It is seated on the German Ocean, partly surrounded by rocks and hills, 19 m. E. S. E. of Durham, and 258 N. by W. of London. Long. 1.10. W., lat. 54. 41. N. Hartley, a sea port in Northumberland, Eng. 6 m. N. W. of Tynemouth. Its prosperity is chiefly owing to the mineral productions of the neigh- bourhood. A haven has been constructed half a mile to the N. whence coal is shipped to London ; and a canal is cut through a solid rock to the har- bour. Here are also large salt, copperas, and glass works. About a mile to the N. W. stands Seaton Delavel, a magnificent and modern struc- ture, equalled by few in the kingdom, the interior of which was destroyed by fire a few years ago. HartsviUe, p. v. Bucks Co. Pa. Also a p.v. Sumner Co. Tenn. Hartwick, p.t. Otsego Co. N. Y. Pop. 2,772. Hartz, a mountainous tract lying chiefly in the S. of Hanover, extending from Goslar to Hartz- gerode, 70 m. long, and 20 broad. It is part of the ancient Sylva Hercynia, and still covered with large forests, the timber of which is of great importance in supplying the numerous mines, and forges with fuel. (See Hanover.) There are ma- ny natural curiosities in the Hartz. The caverns of Scharsfeld and Baumann are the most interest- ing. The magnetic rocks of llsenstein, and the Brocken or Blocksberg mountain also deserves no- tice, the latter of which commands a prospect of about 8,000 sq. m. Hartzgerode, or Harzgerode, a town of Upper HAT 968 HAV Saxony, in the principality of Anhalt-Bernburg, situate near the Hartz mountains. It has a mine- office and a castle, and is 23 m. S. W. of Brenburo-. Pop. about 1,800. Harvard, p.t. Worcester Co. Mass. Pop. 1,601. Harvard University. See Cambridge. Hartcick, p.t. Barnstable Co. Mass., on Barnsta- ble Bay. Pop. 2,464. Harwich, a sea-port and borough on the coast of Essex, Eng. It has a capacious harbour, in which a great number of the largest ships may anchor, and a convenient dock for the building of men of war. Much company resort hither for the purpose of sea-bathing, and it is the principal place of embarkation for Holland and Germany. The entrance into the harbour is defended by a battery and Languard Fort. The town is seated on a tongue of land, opposite the united nioutlis of the Stour and Orwell, which are navigable 12 m. above the town, 42 m. E. by N. of Chelmsford, and 17 E. N. E. of London. Long. 1. 13. E., lat. 51. 56. N. Pop. about 4,010. Harwinton, p.t. Litchfield Co. Conn. Pop. 1,516. Haslemere, a borough in Surry, Eng. 12 m. S. W. of Guildford, and 42 of London. It sends two members to parliament. Pop. in 1821, about 880. HasUngden, a town in Lancashire, Eng. with considerable manufactures of linen, woolen, and cotton It is 16 m. N. by W. of Manchester, and 204 N. N. W. of London. Hnssdt, a fortified town of Holland, in Ove- ryssel, seated on the Vecht, 6 m. N. of Zwoll. Hasselt, is also the name of a town of the Neth- erlands, in the province of Liege, 15 m. W. N. W. of Mcestricht. Pop. about 6,000. Hasscr, or Asocrghur, a town and fortress of Hindoostan, province of Candeish, 20 m. N. of Burhampoor. Hassfurt, a town of Franconia, in the principal- ity of Wurtzburg, on the N. fZ. bank of the river Maine, 8 m. E. of Schvveinfurt. Pop. about 1,jOO. Hasslach, a town of Suabia, in the Brisgau, on the river Kintzig, 14 m. S. S. E. of Gengenbach, 20 N. E. of Friburg. Hastcnhcck, a town of Lower Saxony, in the duchy of Brunswick, near which ihe French gain- ed a victory over the duke of Cumberland, in 1757. It is 5 m. S. E. of Hamelin. Hastings, a borough on the eastern extremity of Sussex, Eng. It is one of the Cinque Ports, and had once a castle, now in ruins. The harbour, formerly of much consequence, is now only an indifferent road for small vessels. The town is commanded by a strong fort, has two churches, and is a fashionable watering place, which is now the chief source of its prosperity. In 1066, a bloody battle was fought here, between Harold II. of England, and William, duke of Normandy, in which the former lost his life and kingdom. Has- tings sends two members to parliament, and is seated between a high cliff towards tlie sea, and a high hill towards the land side, 24 m. of Lewes, and 64 S S. E. of London. Long. 0. 38. E., lat. 50. 52. N. Hatborough, p.v. Montgomery Co. Pa. Hatchersville, p.v. Chesterfield Co. Va. Hatches, p.v. Onslow Co. N. C. Also a town- ship in Montgomery Co. Pa. Hatchy, a tributary stream of the Mississippi, which it joins in Tennessee. Hatfield, p.t. Hampshire Co. Mass. on the W. tide of the Connecticut, nearly opposite Hadley, to which place there is a ferry. It is 5 m. of Northampton. Pop. 893. Hatfield, a to\i|p in Hertfordshire, Eng. It for- merly belonged to the bishop of Ely, m whose palace Elizabeth resided, and was thence conduct- ed, on the death of Mary, to ascend the throne. She procured the alienation of this manor; and James I. exchanged it with Sir Robert Cecil, af terwards earl of Salisbury, for Theobald ; and on the site of the episcopal palace, that nobleman built the magnificent seat called Hatfield-house. It is seated on the river Lea, 20 m. N. by W. ot London. HatJiaz, a town of Hungary, in the county of Szaboltz, 11 m. N. of Debretzin. The number of inhabitants are about 4,000, and chiefly Calvinists. Hatherley, or Hatherlcigh, a corporate town in Devonshire, Eng. with a woolen manufacture. It is sealed on the river Oke, 28 m. N. W. of Exeter, and 200 W. by S. of London. Hatras, a fort and tower of Hindoostan, province of Agra, 18 m. S. S. W. of Coel, and 35 N. E. of Agra. /fftttem, a town of Holland, in Gelderland, seated on the Yssel, 4 m. S. W. of Zwoll. Pop. about 2,400. Hatteras, a cape on the coast of North Carolina, in the lat. 35. 7. N., and long. 75. 30. It is beset with dangerous shoals. Hattigcn, a town of Westphalia, in the county of Mark, seated on the Roer, 22 m. E. N. E. of Dusseldorf. Pop. about 2,000. Hatvan, a town and fort of Upper Hungary seated on a mountain, 28 m. E. N. E. of Buda. Hatzfeld, a town and castle of Germany, in Upper Hesse, capital of a county of its name seated on the Eder, 17 m. N. N. W. of Marburg and 60 N. E. of Coblentz. Havana, a city and sea-port on the N. W. part of Cuba, two m. in circumference, and the capital of the island. The houses are elegant, built of stone, and there are 11 churches richly ornament- ed, 2 hospitals, a dock-yard, lazaretto, and other public buildings. The harbour is capable of con taining upwards of 1,000 vessels, and the entranc* which is so narrow that only one ship can enter at a time, is defended by two strong forts, called the Moro and the Puntal ; there are also many other forts and platforms, well furnished with ar- tillery. A citadel of great strength is erected near the centre of the town, which contains the captain general's palace, and where the treasure is deposited. Here all the ships that come from the Spanish settlements rendezvous on their return to Spain. This city was taken by the English in 1762, but restored to the Spaniards in 1763. It is seated on the W. side of the harbour, and water- ed by two branches of the river. This town ex- ceeds, in point of commerce, every other town in Spanish America. Pop. about 70,000. Lat. of fort Moro, 28. 9., long. 82. 15. Hcivant, a town in the S. E. extremity of Hamp- shire, Eng. 7 m. N. E. of Portsmouth, and 66 S. W. of London. Pop. in 1821, 2,099. Havelberg, a town in Brandenberg, in the mark of Pregnitz, seated on the Havel, near its conflux with the Elbe. Many vessels for the navigation of the Elbe are built here, and great quantities of wood sent hence to Hamburg. It is 37 m. N. N. W. of Brandenburg. Pop. about 2,000. Havcrford, a township of Delaware Co. Pa. Haverfordwest, a borough of Wales, in Pem brokeshire, seated on the side of a high hill. It is a county of itself, governed by a mayor, con HAV 369 HAT tains three parish churclies, and has a considera- ble trade, and sends one member to parliament. The assizes and county gaol are kept here ; and it had once a wall and castle, now in ruins, the latter built in the reign of Stephen. It is seated on the Cfeddnw, which is navigable for vessels of small burden as high as the bridge, and which soon after enters a creek of Milford haven, 15 m. E. S. E. of St. David, and 263 W. by N. of London. Long. 5. 0. W., lat. 51. 50. N. Haverhill, p.t. Grafton Co. N. H. on the Con- necticut, 3o m. N. W. of Dartmouth College. Pop. 2,153. Haverhill, p.t. Essex Co. Mass. on the Merrimack, 12 m. above Newburyport. Pop. 3,912. This is a pleasantly situated town and has considerable ship building and trade by the river. It was set- tled in lt>40 and suffered much in the early Indian wars. In 1698 the Indians attacked and set fire to the town. A troop of them approached the house of a Mr. Dustan, who at that time was abroad in the fields. He flew to the house, which contained his wife and eight children. He direct- ed the children to escaj>e as fast as possible while he attempted to save his wife who was sick in bed. Before this could be done, the savages were at hand. He flew to the door, mounted his horse, seized his gun and hastened away with his chil- dren. The Indians pursued and fired upon them, but Dustan returned the fire and keeping himself in the rear of his troop of little ones held the savages at bay till he had retreated to a place of safety. Mrs. Dustan with her infant, six days old and their nurse, fell into the hands of the In- dians. The child was soon dashed against a tree and killed. The Indians divided into several parties for subsistence ; and Mrs. D.ustan and her nurse, and a boy taken from Worcester, fell to the lot of a family of twelve, with whom they travelled through the wilderness to an island at the mouth of Contoocook river, in the town of Boscawen, N. H. wliere they encamped for the night. Just be- fore daylight, finding the whole company in a pro- found sleep, she arose and armed herself and com- panions with the Indian tomahawks, which they wielded with such destructive effect, that ten of the twelve were instantly despatched ; one woman esi,apiiig, whom they thought they had killed, and a favourite buy was designedly left. They took the scalps of the conquered enemy, and taking a canoe for their own use, and cutting holes in one or more that were left, to prevent pursuit, they descended the river, and arrived home in safety. She received a reward of 50 pounds from the treasury of the colony'. The place whence they were taken, is about one m. north of the town; it is still owned by her descendants, and part ot the house is still standing. 47 Hareril, a town in Suffolk, Eng. on the bordeni of Essex, with a manufacture of checks, cottons, and fustians. It is 16 m. S. W. of Bury, and 59 N. E. of London. Haverstraw, p.t. Rockland Co. N. T., on the Hudson. Pop. 2,306. Havre de Grace, a very important and commer- cial sea-port of France, in the department of Lower Seine, with a strong citadel, a good arsenal, and storehouses for the construction and arming of ships. It is surrounded by lofty walls, and large ditches filled with water. The harbour has par- ticular advantages above all others on the coast ; for the water does not begin to ebb till near three hours aft#r the full tide. It is capable of contain- ing a great number of the largest vessels. This town was bombarded by the English in 1694 and 1759. It is seated at the mouth of the Seine, 45 m. W. of Rouen, and 112 N. W. of Paris, of which it is the sea-port. Long. 0. 6. E., lat. 49. 29. N. Pop. 21,000. Havre de Grace, a town of Maryland, in Hart- ford county, on the W. side of the Susquehanna, at the head of Chesapeak bay, 37 m. N. E. of Bal- timore. Hansen, a town of Suabia, in Brisgan, on the river Kintsig, 22 m. N. N. E. of Friburff. Hausnickriertel, on the quarter of ifausruck, a circle of Upper Austria, bounded on the N. E. by the Danube, S. E. by the quarter of Traun, S. W. by Bavaria, and N. W. by the quarter of Inn, comprising a superficies of 733 square m. Pop. about 109,000. The chief town is Lintz. Hauterive, a town of France, in the department of Upper Garonne, seated on the Arriege, 18 m. S. of Toulouse. Haioarden, a town of Wales, in Flintshire, with a considerable manufacture of earthenware, and a foundery for cannon. On an eminence between the town and the river Dee, are the remains of an ancient castle. It is 7 m. W. of Chester, and 196 N. W. of London. Hawick, a town of Scotland, in Roxburghshire, with manufactures of carpeting, woolen stockings, and tape. It is seated on the Tiviot, where it re- ceives the small river Slitridge, by which it is di- vided into two parts, and over which there are two bridges. It has a parish church, and three chap- els for dissenters. It is 21 m. S. W. of Kelso, and 47 S. S. W. of Edinburgh. Hatcke, p.t. Rockingham Co. N. H., 2 Om. S. W. Portsmouth. Pop. o2S. Hawkesbury, a river of New Holland, which empties itself into Broken Bay, on the eastern coast. It is navigable upwards of 100 m. for small vessels. See Broken Bay. Haickskead, a town in Lancashire, Eng. Here is a neat town house, and an excellent free school, founded by archbishop Sandys, a native of this place. It is 24 m. N. N. W. of Lancaster, and 276 N. N. W. of London. HaickiJis, a county of East Tennessee, border- ing on Virginia, watered by the rivers Holston and Clinch. Pop. 10,949. Rogersville, is the chief town. Haidey, p.t. Franklin Co. Mass. Pop. 1,037. Haics-water, a lake in Westmorland, Eng. S. of Penrith, 3 m. long, and half a mile over income places. It is almost divided in the middle by a promontory of inclosures, so that it consists of 2 sheets of water. . ' Hay, a town of Wales, in Brecknockshiie. It had a fine castle, now demolished^ and about 3 m. be- low is th« ruin of Clifford castle, where fair Rosa- HEB 376 HEI mond was born. Hay is seated on the Wje, over which there is a bridge, 15 m. N. E. of Brecknock, and 15fi W. N. W. of London. Haycock, a township of Berks Co. Pa. Haijmurket, p. v. Prince William Co. Va. Also a. village in Muskingum Co. Ohio. Hayes, a township of Centre Co. Pa. Haye, a town of France, in the department of Indre and Loire. It is the birthplace of Des Car- tes, and seated on the Creuse, 25 m. S. of Tours. Harjn. See Orossenha.yn. Hayjiiehen, a town of Upper Saxony, 30 m. W. by S. of Dresden. Pop. about 2,450. Haysvillc, p. v. Franklin Co. N. C. Haywood, a western county of North Carolina. Pop. 4,59'). Also a county of West Tennessee. Pop. 5,356. Brownville is the capital. Haytcoodshorough, p. v. Chatham Co. N. C. Hayti. See Domingo, St. Hazehronck, a town of France, in the department of Nord, 18 m. W. of Lisle, and 19 S. of Dunkirk. Pop. 7,000. Headford, a town of Ireland, in the county of Gahvay,42 m. N. of Galway. Hean, a town of Tonquin, on the river Hoti, 20 m. S. E. of Cachao, and GO N. W. of the gulf of Tonquin. Heap, a township of England, in Lancashire, 3 m. S. K. of Bury, and 194 N. W. by N. of Lon- don. Pop. in 1801, 4,283, and in 1821, G,000. //ea«/t, p.t. Franklin Co. Mass. Pop. 1,199. Hebrides, or Western Islands, a large cluster of islands, situated in the Atlantic Ocean, on the W. coast of Scotland, extending from the lat. of 55. 17. N., to 58. 29. They are upwards of 300 in number, and contain about 2,000,000 acres. The chief of these are, Lewis and its circumjacent islands, belonging to Rosshire ; Harris, N. and S. Uist, Benbecuiar, St. Kilda, Bara, Sky, Raaza and Egg, attached to Inverness-shire ; Cana, Rum, Muck, Coll, Tirey, Mull, Jura, Colonsay, Isla, Gighu, and Cara, belonging to Argyleshire ; and Bute, Arran, Greater and Less Cambray,and In- charmock, which compose the shire of Bute. The ancient history of the Hebrides is connected with much uncertainty. They were governed by inde- pendent princes of their own, until the destruction of the Picts, by Kenneth II., and for several cen- turies were the resort of pirates ; and their chief- tains were long lawless and seditious, till they were at last brought under the controul of the royal power. The influence of the independent chieftains of the Western Isles was completely destroyed by the act of parliament in 1748, which abolished all heritable jurisdictions. About 86 are inhabited, and are computed to contain about 70,000 inhabitants. Hebridees, JVew, islands in the South Pacific Ocean, lying between 14. 29. and 20. 4. S. lat., and 166. 41. and 170. 21. E. long. They were discover- ed by Quiros, in 1606, and considered as part of a southern continent, under the name of Tierra Australba, del Espiritu Santo. Bougainville vis- ited them in 17()8, and found that the land was not connected but composed of islands, which he called the-'Great Cyclades. Cook, in ]774,ascer- taine^tkefeTctent and situation of the whole group and^ftv^ihem the name they now bear. The ^pHBcjpal . Islands are Tierra del Espiritu Santo, and MaHi(y)llo, -beside several of less note, some of whiA are fr«ri#18 to 25 leagues in circuit. In generaMlfey Sre" Btrh^ and mountainous, abound- ing wfth wbod,'w.'rar, and the usual productions of the tropical islands. The inhabitants are of very different appearances at different islands , but are chiefly of a slender make and dark col- our, and most of them have frizzled hair. Their canoes and houses are small, and poorly construct • ed ; and except their arms, they have scarcely any manufacture, not even for clothing. They are, however, hospitable and good-natured, when not prompted to a contrary conduct by the jeal- ousy which the unusual appearance of European visitors may be supposed to excite. Hebron, a town of Syria, in Palestine, with a Christian church, said to contain the tombs of Abraham and Sarah, to which the Mahometans, as well as Christians, come on pilgrimage. Con- • stantine built a church here, the walls of which are still standing. It is 25 m. S. of Jerusalem. Hebron, p.t. Oxford Co. Me. Pop. 915. Also a town in Grafton Co. N H. Pop. 538. Also a p.t. Tolland Co. Conn. Pop. 1,939. Also a p.t. Washington Co. N. Y. 50 m. N. E. Albany. Pop. 2,685. Hechingen, a town and castle of Suabia, which gives name to a branch of the family of Hohen- zollern, and is the residence of the prince. It is seated on the Starzel, 4 m. N. of Hohenzollern, and 30 S. of Stuttgard. Pop. about 2,600. Hecla, Mount. See Iceland. Hector, p.t. Tompkins Co. N. Y. Pop. 5,212. Hcdemora, a town of Sweden, in Dalecarlia, with a manufacture of gunpowder, seated on the Dahl, 30 m. S. S. E. of Fahlun. Hedon, a borough in East Yorkshire, Eng. seated on a creek of the Humber, 6 m. E. of Hull, and 179 N. by W. of London. It sends two members to parliament. Hedsjaz, or Hejaz, a division of Arabia, ex- tending along the Red Sea, from Arabia Petrsea to Yemen. It contains Mecca, the capital, and Medina. Heermund, or Hindmend, a river of Persia, in the province of Sigistan, which after a westerly course of about 400 m. falls into the lake of Zereh or Durrah. Heidelberg, a township of Berks Co. Pa. Also a village in Lebanon Co. and a township in York Co. Pa. Heidelberg, a city of Germany, in the circle of Lower Rhine, with a celebrated university. It has manufactures of woolen stuffs, carpets, silk stockings, velvet, and soap. It was the capital of the palatinate, and celebrated for a great tun, which held 800 hogsheads. The city has undergone so many calamities by war and fire, that it is not so large as formerly. The protestant electoral house becoming extinct in 1693, a bloody war ensued, in which the castle was ruined, and the elector removed his residence to Manheim. The French took possession of this town in 1800, and in 1803 it was given to the elector of Baden. It is seated on the Neckar, over which is abridge, 12 m. S. E. of Manheim, and 52 S. of Frankfort. Pop. about 10,000. Heidelsheim, a town of Germany, in Lower Rhine, 17 m. S. of Heidelburg. Pop. about 1,800. Heilbron, a town of Suabia, in the kingdom or Wurtemberg. It is a handsome place situate in a country yielding good wine, and derives great advantages from its baths. It stands on the Neckar, 25 m. N. of Stuttgard. Pop. about 6,000. Hcilbrunn, a town of Franconia, in the princi- pality of Anspach, with a medicinal spring, 10 ra. £. N. E. of Anspach. HEL 371 aCL ffeiligenheil, a town of Prussia, in the pro- rince of Natangen. It is famous for fine beer and white bread, and seated on a small river which soon after enters the Frisch Haff, 32 ra. S. W. of Konigsberg. ndligenbers, a town of Suabia, in the princi- pality of Fufstenberg, 12 m. N. N. E. Con- stance. Heiligcnhafen, a town of Lower Saxony, in Holstein, seated on the Baltic, opposite the isl- and of Femeren, 40 m. N. of Lubec. Lat. 54. 27. N., long. 10.48. E. Hedigcnstadt, a town of Lower Saxony, capi- tal of the territory of Eichfeld, with a castle and a college. It is seated at the conflux of the Geisland with the Leine, 17 m. S. E. of Got- tingen. He'dsbertr, a town of Prussia, in the province of Ermeland. In 1703 Charles XII. of Sweden fixed his head-quarters here. It is seated on the Alia, 45 m. S. of Konigsberg. Helder, a town of North Holland, with a strong fort which defends the entrance of the Texel. In September, 1799, the fort was taken by the English, and the whole of the Dutch fleet lying in the Texel surrendered to them, for the service of the prince of Orange ; but the English aban- doned the fort in November following. It is situate on the N. W. point of the province, op- posite the W. end of Texel island, 24 m. N. of Alcmaer, and 45 N. by W. of Amsterdam. Long. 4. 34. E., lat. 53. 0. N. Helena, p. v. Phillips Co. Arkansas. Helena, St. an island in the Atlantic Ocean, 27 m. in circuit, belonging to the English East India Companv. It lies between the continents of Africa and Saulh America, about 1,200 m. W. of the former, and 1,800 E. of the latter; and was disfovered by the Portuguese, in 1-501, on St. Helena's day. Afterward the Dutch v/«re In possession of it till 1600, when they were ex- pelled by the English. In 1673 the Dutch re- took it by surprise ; but it was soon after recov- ered. It has some high mountains, particularly one called Diana Peak, which is covered with wood to tiie very top. There are other hills also, which bear evident marks of a volcanic origin, and some have huge rocks of lava, and a kind of half vitrified flags. The climate of St. Helena is temperate, being exempted from the extremes of heat and cold, from thunder and lightning and hurricanes. It is moist, however, and only about one day in three is illumined by sunshine. The interior valleys and little hills are covered with verdure, and interspersed with gardens, orchards, and various plantations. There are also many pastures, surrounded by inclosures of stone and filled with a fine breed of small cattle, and with English sheep ; goats and poultry are like- wise numerous. Tlie inhabitants do not exceed 3,000, including nearly oOO soldiers, and 1,600 blacks, who are supplied with corn and manufac- tures by the Company's ships in return for re- freshments. The town, called James-town, is small, situated at the bottom of a bay on the S. side of the island, between two steep, dreary mountains. The principal street is well built and contains about 30 houses, at the top of which two other streets branch off" to the east and west. In the latter are the barracks, the hospital, and several shops, stored with every kind of com- modities. On the left side of the parade are situated the govermnent-house and the main guard-room, in the former of which the gover- nor and public officers reside. The church is situated in front of the gateway, by which the town is entered, and near it there is a small theatre. St. Helena is particularly celebrated for having been the prison of Napoleon, the late emperor of France, and for being the place in which he breathed his last, and where his mortal remains are deposited. He died in May, 1821. Lat. of James-town, 16. 55. S., long. 5. 43. Helena, St. one of a cluster of islands on the coast of S. Carolina, composing the parish of St. Helena, in the district of Beaufort. Pop. 8,799 Helens, St. a village in Hampshire, Eng. at the E. end of the Isle of Wight, 2 m. N. E. of Bra- ding. It has a bay or road of considerable note as a rendezvous for ships that are outward bound. Helens, St. a village in Lancashire, Eng. 3 m. N. E. of Prescot. In and near it are a variety of manufactures ; particularly an extensive copper- work, and a still larger one at Bavenhead, for casting plate-glass. The Sankey canal begins at the coalmines here, and takes a circuitous course by Newton to the Mersey, below "Warrington. Helier, St. the capital of the island of Jersey, seated on the E. side of the bay of St. Anbin, with a harbour and a stone pier. It has of late rapid- ly increased from a small village to a respectable town. The inhabitants are computed to be 10,000, and have manufactures of woolen, stockings, and caps. At the top of the market-place is the statue of George II. ; and in the church, where prayers are read alternately in English and French, is a monument to the in^napry of major Pierson, wIjo fell here'in the moment of victory. Besides the church there are chapels for dissenters. There are three gazettes published weekly in French, and one in English. Long. 1. 58. W., lat. 49. 11. N. See Jersey. Helier, St. a little island near the town of the same name, in the bay of St. Aubin, on the S. side of Jersey. It took its name from Elerius, or Helier, a holy man who lived in this island, and was slain by the Pagan Normans. His cell, with the stone bed, is still shown among the rocks; and in memory of him, a noble abbey was founded here. On the site of this abbey now stands Eliz- abeth castle, the residence of the governor, and garrison of Jersey. It occupies the whole is- land, which is near a mile in circuit, and is sur- rounded by the sea at every half flood ; and hence, at low water, is a passage to the town of St. He- lier, called the Bridge, half a mile long, formed of sand and stones. Heligoland, or Helgoland, a group of small is- lands in the German Ocean, off the coast of Den- mark, to which they formerly belonged ; but now to Great Britian. They are situated about 28 m. from the Weser, the Elbe, and the Eyder. The principal island which is divided into the Cliff and Lowland, is about 2 m. and a half in circum- ference, and on it is erected a light-house, which is visible nearly 30 m. distant. Heligoland has two good harbours, and to the east of the smaller island, called the Downs, is good anchorage in 48 feet of water. The number of inhabitants ia about 2,000 who live chiefly by fishing and acting as pilots. Lat. of the light-house, 54. 11 . N., long. 7.55. Heliopolis, or Materea, a village of Egypt, 4 m. E. N. E. of Cairo, where the French gained ade cisive victory over the Turks in 1800. Here id a celebrated spring of fresh water, said to be the only one in Egypt; and, according to tradition HEL 372 HEN the Holy Family came here on their flight from Herod, and bathed the child Jesus in this fountain. Hellam, a township of York Co. Pa. Hellcrstown, p. v. Northampton Co. Pa. HeUeh, a town of Asiatic Turkey, in Irak Ara- oi, situate on both sides of the Euphrates, with a bridge of communication. It is supposed to stand on the site of the ancient Babylon. The surround- ing gardens are so covered with fruit trees, par- ticularly palms, that the town appears as if seated in a wood. It is 73 m. S. by E of Bagdad. Pop. about 12,000. IleUgate, a strait near the W. end of Long Is- land Sound, 8 m. N. by E. of New York. It is narrow and crooked, with a bed of rocks extend- ing quite across ; but, at proper times of the tide, ships of any burden may pass through this straight. Hclliii, a town of Spain, province of Murcia, 44 m. N. W. of .Viurcia. Pop. about 6,000. Helviershausen, a town of Germany, in Low- er Hesse, on the river Diemel, 20 m. N. of Cassel. Helmont, a town of Dutch Brabant, with a strong castle, on the Aa, 17 m. S. E. of Bois le Duc.°Pop. about 25,000. Helmsdale, a river of Scotland, which issues from several mountain-lakes in Sutherlandshire, and rolls over its rocky bottom to the Ord of Caithness. At its mouth in the German Ocean is a good salmon fishery. Helmsley, a town in the north riding of York- shire. It h;i6 the remains of a castle, and is seat- ed on the Rye, 20 m. N. of York, and 218 N. by W. of London. Pop. about 1,500. Hdmstadt. a town of Lower Saxony, in the duchy of Brunswick, with a university, 22 m. E. of Brunswick. Pop. 5,300. Helsinhurgh, a sea-port of Sweden, in Schonen, seated on the Sound, nearly opposite Elsinore. Here is a ferry across the Sound to Denmark, and it has manufactures of ribands, hats, and boots. It is 5 m. N. E. of Elsinore and 32 N. W. of Lund. Pop. about 2,000. Long. 12. 4S. K., lat. 56. 3. N. ^ Helsinfors, a sea-port of Sweden, in Finland, and the chief town in tlie province of Nyland. It has a commodious harbour in tlie gulf of Fin- land, and an immense fortress. It is 110 m. E S. E. of Abo. Long. 25. E., lat. 60. 5. N. Pop. 3,200. Helsigia, or Hdaingland, a province of Swed- en, in Nordland, 210 m. in length, between Dale- carlia and the gulf of Bothnia, and from 50 to 80 in breadth, and comprises a superficies of about 4,470 square miles. It has extensive forests and many iron mines. The chief articles of trade are iron, flax, linen, tallow, butter, tar, deal, and tim- ber. Pop. about 52,000. The principal town is Hudswickswald. Helston, a borough in Cornwall,Eng. It stands on the river Loe,near its entrance into Mount Bay, and is one of the towns appointed for the coinage of tin. A little below it is a harbour, where ves- sels take in their lading. It sends two members to parliament. It is 11 m. S. W. of Falmouth, and 274 W. by S. of London. Long. 5. 15. E., lat. 50. 7. N. Pop. about 2,000. Helvetia. See Sicitzerland. Helvoctslvys, a strong sea-port of South Holland, on the S. side of the island of Voorn. Here some of the Dutch men of war are laid up in ordinary ; and it is the general port for the English packets from Haxwicn to Holland. It surrendered to the French in 1795; and is 7 m. S. by W. of BrieL Long.4.0.E., lat. 51.46. N. Hampsted, or Hemel Hempsted,&coTpoTa.te town in Hertfordshire, seated among hills on tlie river Gade, 18 m. W. of Hertford, and 23 N. W. of London. Pop. about 4,000. Hem, a city of Syria, surrounded by walls 3 m. in circuit ; but the present buildings only take up about a quarter of the area in the N. W. quar- ter. To the S. of the town is a large ruined cas- tle, on a high round mount, faced with stone. It is seated on a small river, which runs into the Orentes, 100 m. S. of Aleppo. Htmpjield, a township of Lancaster Co. Pa. Also a township in Westmoreland Co. Pa. Hempstead, a county of Arkansas. Pop. 1,423. Arkansas is the chief town. Hempstead, p.t. Queens Co. N. Y. on Long Is- land. Pop. 6,215. Henderson, Si county in the western part of Ken- tucky, on the S. E. bank of the Ohio, and inter- sected, by the Green River. Pop. 6,649. Hen- dersonville is the chief town ; 138 ra. W. by S. of Frankfort. Henderson, a county of W. Tennessee. Pop. 8,741. Lexington is the capital. Henderson, p.t. Jefferson Co. N. Y. Pop. 2,428. Also a village in Montgomery Co. N. C. Hendersonsville, villages in Nottoway Co. Va., Newbury Dis. S. C. and Sumner Co. Ten. Hendricksville, p. v. Westmoreland Co. Va. Heneagas, Great and Little, two of the most southern of the Bahama Islands. Lat. of the former, S. W. point, 20.56. N.,long. 73. 40. W., lat. of the latter, W. point, 21. 29. N., long. 73. 6. Heng-tcheou, a city of China, of the first rank, in the province of Hou-quang. The chief manu- facture is paper. It is seated on the river Heng, 265 m. N. by W. of Canton. Henin Leitard, a town of France, department of Pas de Calais, 6 m. N. W. of Douay. Pop. about 2,400. Henley upon Thames, a town in Oxfordshire, Eng. The church is a large ancient building, the tower of which was built by Cardinal Wolsey ; the houses are modern and the streets spacious The principal trade is in corn, flour, malt and beech wood. It is seated on the Thames over which is an elegant stone bridge, 24 m. S. E. of Oxford, and 35 W. of London. Henley, or Henley in Jtrden, a town in War- wickshire, Eng. seated on the Alne, 15 m. S. by E. of Birmingham, and 101 W. N. W. of London. Henlopen,Cape, the S. W. side of the entrance of Delaware Bay. Lat. 38. 46. N., long. 75. 12. W. Henntberg, a town of Upper Saxony, in a county of the same name. Some ruins of the castle of its ancient counts are yet to be seen. It is 12 m. S. S. W. of Meinungen. Pop. of the county, which comprises a surface of 850 square m. about 100,000. Hennebon, a town of France, in the department of Morbihan, with a great trade in corn, iron, honey, &c. It is seated on the Blavet, 6 m. N. E. of L'Orient. Pop. about 5,000. Henniker, p.t. Merrimack Co. N. H. Pop. 1,725. Henrichemont, a town of France, in the depart- ment of Cher, seated on the Sauder, 15 m. N. N. E. of Bourges. Pop. about 2,987. Henrico, a county of the E. district of Vir- ginia, bounded on the S. W. by James River, N. by Hanover, and E. by Charles city. Pop. 28,798. Richmond is the cliief town. HER 373 •^*^ HER Henrietta, p.t. Monroe Co. N. Y. Pop. 2,302. fordshire is almost entirely an agricultural coun Henry, a county of the E. District of Virginia, ty. About nine-tenths of the land are in a stata • bordering on North Caxolina, intersected by Ir- of cultivation, and it excels in almost every de^ vine, or Smith's River, and the N. and S. branch- es of Mayo River. Pop. 7,100. Its chief town, IS Martinsville. Henry, a county of Kentucky, bounded on the N. W. by the Ohio, and on the E. by Kentucky River. Pop. 11,395. Newcastle, is the chief town . Henry, a county in Alabama, bounded on the E. by Chatahoochy River, which separates it from Georgia, and watered by the Choctaw and Yel- low Water. Pop. 3,955. Columbia is the chief town. Henry, Cape, the S. cape of Virginia, at the entrance of Chesapeak bay. Long. 76. 12., lat. 36 57. Heppenheim, a town of Germany, in the circle of Lower Rhine, situate on the Eisbach, 12 m. E. of Worms. Pop. 3,200. partment of husbandry. The face of the county is rich and picturesque ; the climate is mild and the soil extremely fertile, which arises from the subsoil of limestone on which it rests. Hops are cultivated, and the apples producing the cider, for which Herefordshire is celebrated, grow in greater plenty than in any other country. Red and yellow ochres are often met with. Fuller's earth is dug near Stoke, and on the borders of Gloucestershire iron ore is found. It is watered by several streams, the chief of which are, the Wye, the Munner and the Lug. Before the invasion of the Romans, Herefordshire was in- habited by the Silures, a brave {)eople, who long checked the progress of the Roman arms ; but be- ing at last overcome ,they retired into the fastne.«ses of Wales. It was a part of Mercia, one of the Heptonstall , 9. township in the west riding of kinjrdoms of the Saxon Heptarchy. Pop. in 1811 Yorkshire, Eng. 8 m. W. of Halifax. Pop. in 94,073, and 1821, 103,231 1821 , 4,543. Herakli. See Ereldi. Herat, a city of Persia, in Chorasan, or Khoras- san, of which it was formerly the capital. The neighbouring country produces excellent fruit ; and roses are in such plenty, that it is called Sur- gultzar, or the City of Roses, it has a considerable manufacture of carpets. It is situate on a river of the same name, 300 m. S. -E. of Mesched, on the high road from Persia to Hindoostan. Heratdt, a maritime department of France, so named from a river which runs into the gulf of Lions, in the Mediterranean. It is part of the late province of Languedoc ; and the capital is Montpelier. It contains 2,830 sq. m. Pop. about 300,000. Herbenumt, a town of the Netheplands, in Lux- emburg, with a castle on a mountain, near the river Semoy, 3 m. N. N. W. of Chiny. Herbiers, Ifs, a town of France, in the depart- ment of La Vendee, :35 m. N. E. of La Roche. Herborn, a town of Grermany, in the circle of Upper Rhine, with a celebrated Calvinist acade- m V, and manufacture of iron ; seated on the Dille, 8 m. S. S. E. of Dillenburg. Pop. about 2,000. Herculaneum, an ancient city of Naples, total- ly overwhelmed by an eruption of Mount Vesuv- ius, in the beginning of the reign of the emperor Titus. Its situation was long doubtful till 1711, when something of this city was discovered by a peasant digging a well in his garden ; and from 1738 to the present time, researches being fre- quently made by digging, a great number of manu- script, paintings, statues, busts, domestic utensils, instruments of husbandry, «Stc. have been found. The village of Portici now stands on part of its site. It is 5 m. E. by S. of Naples. See Pompeii. Hercyna, a river of Greece in Bseotia, with two streams, the larger called by the ancient Lethe, and the smaller Mnemosyne. Herefordshire, a county of England, bordering on Wales, and bounded on the N. by Shropshire, E. by Worcestershire, S. by Monmouthshire, and Gloucestershire, and W. by the counties of Brecknock and Radnor. It contains 556,400 acres, and is divided into 11 hundreds and 221 parishes. It has one city, Hereford, and 7 mar- ket towns, Leominster, Ross, Weobly, Ledbury, Kington, Bromyard, and Pembridge, and sends 8 members to parliament ; two for the city of Hereford, and two for the boroughs of Weoblv, and Leominster and two for the county. Here- Hereford, an ancient city, and chief town of Herefordshire, Eng. seated on the N. bank of the Wye, over which there is a stone bridge of six arches. It has manufactures of gloves, flannels, and hats. It was anciently defended by a castle, which is now destroyed, and only part of the walls remain. It has four churches, the princi- pal of which is the cathedral, a large and venera- ble structure, and there are also several places of worship for dissenters. It has also an infirma- ry, a county gaol, a house of correction, and a lunatic asylum and a free grammar school. The city is in general well built, the streets wide, and the environs delightful. It sends two mem- bers to parliament. Hereford, from its situation on the borders of Wales, suflFered much fi-om the wars between that country and England, and in later times, from the contests between the houses of York and Lancaster, and the civil broils in the time of Charles I. It is 135 m. W. N. W. of London, and 30 N. W. of Gloucester. Pop. in 1811, 7,306, and in 1821, 9,090. Herenthals, a town of the Netherlands, in Bra- bant, on the river Nethe, 20 m. N. E. of Lou- vain. Herford, or Herforden, a town of Westphalia, in the county of Ravensberg, with a nunnery belonging to the protestants of the confession of Augsburg. It has a trade in ale and linen, and is seated on the Warra, at the influx of the Aa, 20 m. S. W. of Minden, and 11 m. E. N. E. of Ravensberg. Pop. about 6,000. Hericourt, a town of France, in the department of Upper Saone, 15 m. S. E. of Lure, and 27 E. of Vesoul. Herjadalen, a district on the N. of Sweden, now included in Gefleborgstsen, and bounded on the W. by Norway, and N. by Jemptland. It con- sists of an extensive valley watered by the Ljusna and Ljugna. It is mostly covered with wood, and abounds in cattle, game, and fish. Territorial extent 3,200 square m. with a pop. of only 4,000. Herinnes, a town of South Brabant, with 3,300 inhabitants, 17 m. S. W. of Brussels. Herisau, a town of Switzerland, in the canton of Apjjenzel, with manufactures of fine linen and muslin, 12 m. N. W. of Appenzel, and 8 S. W. of St. Gall. Pop. about 6,500. Heriura, a town of Hindoostan, in Mvsore, seated on the Vedawati, 22 m. W. N. W. of Sera. Herkimer, a county of New- York on the Mo- hawk river. Pop. 55,869. The chief town of 2 I H£R 374 HES the county has the same name and a pop. of •i,486. Herman, a township of Penobscot Co. Me. Poi). 535. Ilernianstadt, a strong city of Transylvania, and a bishop's see. It has a large church, built by Maria Theresa, with a globe and steeple not easily described. In the great square is the house of the governor, in the best German style, containing many good pictures. It is seated on the Szeben, 230 m. E. S. E.of Buda,and 67 S. S. E. ofColover. Pop. 1G,000. Hcrmsdorf, two large villages of Silesia, the one 38 m. N. by W. of Breslaw, and the other 40 m. W. by S. of the same place. Hermstadt, a town of Silesia, in the principality of Wolau, on the river Bartch, 10 m. N. W. of Trachenberg, and 38 N. by W. of Breslaw. HcrndoTsville, p.t. Scott Co. Ken. Hcrngrund, or Ilerrengrund, a town of Upper Hungary, seated among mountains, with rich mines of copper, 28 m. N. by E. of Schemnitz, and 4 N. JS. W. of Neushol. Hcr7iAM«, a village in Lusatia, 12 m. N. N. W. of Zittau. It was founded in 1722, by some per- secuted Moravian brethren in the fields belong- ing to count Zenzendorf, who they considered as their bishop and father ; and they were for some time called Hernhutters, as this place continued their principal nursery. Hernosand, a sea-port of Sweden, in Angerma- nia, situated on an island in the gulf of Bothnia, which is joined to the continent by a bridge. It was formerly a staple town, and has a consid- erable trade in linen. In 1710, 1714, and 1721, it was burned by the Russians. It was 240 m. N. oy W. of Stockholm. Long. 17. 53. E., lat. 02. 38. N. Hernosand is also the name of an extensive gov- ernment of Sweden, of which the preceding is the capital, comprising the provinces of Angermann- land, Jemptland, and Medelpad, containing 18,- 000 sq. m. with only 100,000 inhabitants. Hero, JVortk and South, two islands in Lake Champlain. Herstal, or Heristal, a town of the Netherlands in Leiare, seated on the Maese, 4 m. N. of Leige. Pop. 4>50 Hertford, p. v. Perquimans Co. N. C. Hertford, an interior county of England, ex- tending in a north-easterly direction, about 32 m. in length, and 16 in mean breadth ; bounded on the S. by Middlesex, E. by Essex, N. by Cam- bridge, and Bedford, and W. by Buckingham and part of Bedford. It contains 337,920 acres, is di- vided into eight hundreds, 135 parishes, and has 19 market towns, the chief of which are St. Al- bans, Hertford, Ware, and Royston. It sends six members to ptirliament, two for the county, and two for each of the two boroughs. The north part is hilly, forming a scattered part of the chalky ridge, which slopes towards London. A number of clear streams take their rise from the S. side. Flint stones are scattered in great profusion over the face of this county ; and beds of chalk are fre- quently to be met with. The soil, however, with the aid of proper culture, is favourable to wheat and barley, which come to as great perfection here as in any part of the kingdom. The W. part is, in general, a tolerable rich soil and under excellent cultivation. The principal rivers are, the Lea, Stort, and Coin, and the artificial one called the New River. The Grand Junction Ca- nal passes through the S. extremity of the coun- ty. Corn is the principal object of agriculture, and a great trade in malt is carried on. The man- • ufactures are inconsiderable. Pop. in 1821, 129,714. Hertford, or Hartford, a borough, and the cap- ital of Hertfordshire, with a market on Saturday. It is seated on the Lea, which is navigable for barges, as it was once for ships. In 879 the Danes erected two forts here, for security of their d^ ships ; but Alfred turned the course of the river, so that their vessels were left on dry ground. Edward, the eldest son of Alfred, built a castle • here, which has been oflen a royal residence. — .' The town is governed by a mayor, and had for- merly five churches, but now only two. Here is a fine hospital belonging to Christ's hospitul iu London ; also a noble shire hall, and a large coun ty gaol. About a mile to the E. is a basin of water called ChadweJl, which is the head spring of the New River, and at the distance of two miles and a half on the London road is the East India College for the education of 100 students. — Hertford is 21 m. N. of London. Pop. in 1811 3,900. Hertford, a county of North Carolina, border ing on Virginia, and bounded on the N. E. by ^ . Chowan Paver. Pop. 8,541. Windsor is the capital. Hertzberg, a town of Lower Saxony, in the principality of Grubenhagen, with manufactures ot arms and iron tools ; seated near the Hartz moun- tains, 21 m. S. S. W. of Goslar. Hertzberg, a town of the duchy of Saxony, with a trade in saltpetre, wool, and cloths ; seated on the Elster, 14 m. N. N. E. of Torgau, and 28 S, E. of Wittemberg. ^ Herve, a town of the Netherlands in the prov- ince of Liege, 8 m. W. N. W. of Limburg. Herzgovina, a large tract of country stretching along the east shore of the Adriatic, from N. W. to S. E. The southern part belongs to the Turks, and the rest to the Austrians. Hesdin, a strong town of France, in the de- partment of Pas de Calais, seated on the Canche 12 m. S. E. of Montreuil. Pop. including the suburbs, 5,000. Hesse Cassel, a territory in the west of Ger- many, bounded by Hanover, the Prussian States, Franconia, Nassau, and Hesse Darmstadt, com- prising an extent of 4,350 square miles. The chief towns are Cassel, the capital, Marburgh, Fulda, and Hanau. It is chiefly composed ot Upper and Lower Hesse, the grand duchy of Fulda, the district of Hanau, and the lordship ot Schmalkalden. The country is rather moun- tainous, and produces abundance of wood and minerals, among which are copper, silver, iron, cobalt, salt, pitcoal, and marble. Pop. in 1817, was 545,000, of whom the greater number arfe Calvinists. Hesse Darmstadt, or the grand duchy ofHesse, a district of Germany, belonging to Hesse Cassel, like which it is far from being compact; being di- vided by a strip of land into two parts, stretching from east to west. It contains about 4,000 square miles. The chief towns are Darmstadt and Gies- sen. Its acquisitions by the French revolution were considerable. It is mountainous like Hesso Cassel, and is equally productive of minerals. The principal rivers are the Rhine, Maine, Lahn, Niddu, and the letir. Pop. about 600,000, of whom the greater number are Lutherans. Hesse Homhvrg, a small principality of Ger- many, near Frankfort, belonging, with the title HIG 375 HIM of land^ave, to the yonnger branch of the house of Hesse Darmstadt. Pop. about 21,000. Hettstadt, a town of Upper Saxony, on the Wipper, 9 m. N. of Eisleben. Hiiekelejn, or Hoekelun, a town of South Hol- land, seated on the Linghe,5m. N. E. of Gorcum. Hcusden, a strong town of South Holland, seat- ed on the Meuse, with a castle. It was taken by the French in 1795; and is 8 m. N. W. of Bois le Due. Hexham, a town in Northumberland, Eng. with a trade in tanned leather, shoes, and gloves. It had formerly a famous abbey, some parts of which yet remain. Near this place, in 1463, was fought a battle, between the houses of York and Lancaster, in which the latter was defeated. — Hexham is seated on the river Tyne, a little be- I'lW the junction of the North Tyne with the S.uth, 22 m. VV. of Newcastle, and 235 N. N. W. of London. Pop. in 1811, 4,855. Hnjdenheim, a town of Suabia, in the duchy of Wirtembursr, witli a castle, on the river Breuz, IGm. N. N. E.ofUlm. Heydcnsfeld, a town of Franconia, on the river Maine, 3 m. S. of Wurtzburg. Hcymertsen, a town in the circle of Lower Rhine, situate on the Erffl, 11 m. S. of Cologne. Hc'jst-op-acn-Berg. a towa of the Netherlands, m South Brabant, on the Neelhes, 11 m. N. E. of Mechlin. Pop. 5,300. HitUslown, a village of Middlesex Co. N. J. Hihemia, p.v. Callaway Co. Missouri. Hickman, a county of E. Tennessee, bounded on the N. by Duck river. Pop. 8,132. Vernon is the capital. Hickman, a county of Kentucky. Pop. 5,193. Hicksford, p.v. Greenville Co. Va. Hielmar, a lake in Sweden, 40 m. in length. Hieres, a town of France, in the department of Var, seated near the Med iterranean sea ; but its harbour being choked up, it is now much decay- ed. It is 9 m. E. of Toulon. Lat. 43. 7. N., long. 6. 7. E, Hieres, a cluster of islands, in the Mediterrane- an, on the coast of France, opposite the town of Hieres. The four principal ones are called Por- querollos, Porteros, Bagueau, and Titan. Hierro. See Ferro. Higham Ferrers, a borough in Northampton- shire, Eng. It had formerly a castle, now in ruins ; and is seated on an ascent, near the river Nen, 25 m. E. S. E. of Coventry, and 65 N. N. W. of London. Highgute, a village in Middlesex, Eng. con- tiguous to London, seated on a hill, five miles and a half N. W. of St. Paul's Cathedral. Here lord chiefbaron Cholmondely built a free-school in 1.5G2, which was enlarged in 1570, by Sandys, bishop of London, who also added a chapel. In the vicinity are several elegant villas, the resi- dences of wealthy citizens. Highland, a township of Muskingum Co. Ohio. Highlands, an appellation applied to the moun- tainous tract in the N. and N. W. part of Scot- land, by which it is distinguished from the Low- lands in the E. and S. E. It is divided into W. and N. Highlands, the former comprehending the shires of Argyle and Bute, and part of Perth and Dumbarton, with the islands attached to them, and the latter containing the shires of Inverness, Ross, Sutherland, the districts of Atholl, Ran- noch, and isles of Sky, Lewis, and those annexed to Inverness, and Ross. Its extent is 200 m. in length, and 90 in mean breadth. The proportion of arable land is small, and is found chiefly on the borders of the lakes and rivers. Hightstown, p.v. Middlesex Co. N. J. Higuey, a city on the E. part of the island of St. Domingo, formerly of some importance, but now greatly decayed. It is situated on a river of the same name, 90 m. E. by N. of St. Domingo. Hijellee, the chief town of a district of the same name in Bengal, seated on an island near the western bank of the river Hoogly, near its mouth. It has an extensive salt-manufactory. Lat. 21. 51. N., and long. 88. 7. Hillturghauscn, a town of Upper Saxony, in the principality of Coburg. It is subject to the duke of Saxe-Hiiburghausen, who has a palace here, and seated on the Werra, 20 m. N. N. W. of Co- burg. Hildfskeim, a city of Lower Saxony, capital ol a principality of the same name. It was lately an imperial city, and a bishop's see. It is divided into the old and new town, and seated on the Irneste, 20 m. S. E. of Hanover. Hilliardstawn, p.t. Nash Co. N. C. ^ HilUiam, p.t. Overton Co. Tenn. HilLsborniigh, a county of New Hampshire, bor- dering on Massachusetts. Pop. 37,7G2. Amherst is the capital. HUhhoTongh, p.t. Hillsborough Co. N. H. Pop 1 .7112. Also towns and villages in Somerset Co N. J., Caroline Co. Md., Loudon Co. Va., Orange Co. N. C, Jasper Co. Geo., Franklin Co. Tenn., Highland Co. Ohio., Montgomery Co. Illinois. Hillsborough, a town of Ireland, in the county of Down, 20~m. S. W. of Belfast. Hillsdale, p.t. Columbia Co. N. Y. Pop. 2,546 H'Utun, a village of Charles Co. Marj'land. Hilton, an island on the coast of S. Carolina opposite Beaufort District,20 m. long and 5 broad. Hiltown, p.t. Bucks Co. Pa. Himmaleh, a vast chain of mountains, extend- ing from the 7ord degree of E. long, to the borders of China, and separating Hindoostan from Thibet and Tartary. That part which forms the northern boundary of India, is a continuation of the same range with that to the west of the Indus, known among the Afghans under the name of Hindoo Coosh. To the east of that river, it increases in height, and assumes a character of additional grandeur, both from that circumstance and from its great extent in every direction. It forms, in fact, one of the sublimest features in the structure of the old con- tinent and of the globe. Here a long range of summits, covered with perpetual snow, presents itself to the Hindoo, who has in all ages raised towards it an eye of religious veneration. All the names by which it is distinguished are derived from the Sanscrit term Hem, signifying snow. Hence have arisen the name Imnus and Emodrts among the ancients, and Himmaleh, Himadri, Himachal, and Himalaya, of the moderns. The river Indus passes through a series of narrow de- files in lat. 55. which scarcely offer any interrup- tion to the mountain chain. The direction of the mountain is eastward, as far as the north-east point of the valley of Cashmere : from this point, its direction is to the south-east, extending along the sources of all the rivers which run across the Punjab to fall into the Indus, with the exception of the Sutledge, which, like the Indus itself, rises on the N. side of the range, and takes its passage across its breadth. Pursuing the same direction the Himmaleh mountains cross the heads of the HIM 376 HIN Jamna, the Ganges, and their numerous tributary rivers. Farther east, they seem to be penetrated by several rivers, as the Gonduh, the Arum, the Teesta, and Cosi, and the Burrampooter. The geography of the countries to the east of this last river is so little known, that it is a question whether the same mountain range is continued any farther. It seems agreed that, if it is contin- ued, its height ceases to be equally great; it is probable, however, that a continuation of it ex- tends along the northern frontier of the provinces of Quang-si and Quang-tong all the way to the Chinese sea, declining gradually as it advances to the east. The following are the heights of some of the Eiaks which have been ascertained : hawalagivri, or the White Mountain, near the sources of the Gonduk river, above the level of the sea, - - 26,862 Jamootri, ------ 8r>,.')00 Dhaiboon, seen from Catmandoo, - 24,708 Another peak seen from the same capital, 24,62.') Another near to the preceding, - - 23,262 A third in the same vicinity, - - 23,052 Peak St. George, - - - - 22,240 Thus the Himmaleh mountains exceed in eleva- tion the Andes of America ; that of Chimborazo, the highest of tlie latter, not exceeding 21,470 feet above the sea. Through this stup(>ndous chain there are different passes, but all of them la- borious to travel, and some highly dangerous. One of the most practicable is that which in its upper part, follows the bed of the river Sutledge. To the east of this, there are some practicable only at a favourable season, and where the trav- eller still runs the hazard of being caught in a fall of snow, or otherwise perishing with cold. Through the whole mountainous tract, and even before ascending much above the inhabited parts, the traveller is liable to be attacked with an alarm- ing failure of respiration, from the great rarity of the air, an affection attributed by the natives to various fanciful and sometimes superstitious cau- ses. Some of the most difficult passes are occa- Bionally traversed by marauding parties from the one side of the Himmaleh to carry off the properly of the inhabitants on the other. Such passes ex- ist between Ncpaul and Thibet,or that stripe lying close to the north side of the Himmaleh which is inhabited by Bhootees, and may probably come under the name of Bootan, a name of which we are not at present able to assign the exact local extent. Here there are also one or more easier passes chiefly along the beds of the rivers Gon- duk, Arum, and Teesta. Hence armies have crossed from Nepual to attack the territory of Thi- bet, and a Chinese army has in return invaded and subjugated Nepaul. The difHcully of access to these regions, heightens the ardour of the ad- miring Hindoo, actuated in some degree by curi- Dsity, but much more by superstition, to b'lthe himself in the icy streams which give origin to the Ganges or its mighty tributaries ; to contem- plate the mystic rock, which so closely resembles the hind quarters of a bullock, and is reputed to have been the result of a holy transmutation of a divine being, a scene where it is reckoned a merit to make a voluntary sacrifice of life, by precipita- ting the body over the fatal crag. Superstition has in many instances chosen to cherish its pro- {(ensities in localities signalized as the origin of arge and fertilizing rivers. No where is this carried so far as in this mountainous tract, and it must be confessed, that in no locality is the sub- lime character of the scenery so much in unison with such feelings. In the Hindoo Pantheon, Himmaleh is defined, and is described as the father of the Ganges, and of her sister Ooma, the spouse of the destroying power Siva, the favourite object of propitiatory adoration. Uinchinbrook Isle, an island on the west coast of America, in Prince William's Sound. Lat. 60. 24. N , and long. 142. 35. to 146. 10. W. Hinchinbroo/c Isle, one of the New Hebrides, in the Pacific. Ocean. Long. 168. 38. E., lat. 17. 85. S. Hinckley, a town in Leicestershire, Eng. It has a large church, with a lofly spire ; and had formerly a castle and walls, traces of which are still to be seen. Here is a considerable manufac- ture of common stockings, thread, and worsted It is seated on an eminence, 12 rn. S. W. of Lei« cester, and 09 N. N. W. of London. Hindelopen, a town of the Netherlands, in Friesland, seated on the Zuider Zee, 21 m. S. S. W. of Lewarden. Hindia, a town of Hindoostan, capital of a countrv of tlie same name, in Candeish ; situate on the'S. bank of the Nerbudda, 90 m. N. N. £. of Burhampour. Hindoostan, or India, and by the Aborigines, called Bliaratta, a region of Asia, which com- prises all the countries between the mountains of Tartary and Thibet on the N., Bootan, Assam, and the bay of Bengal, on the E., the Indian Ocean on the S., and the same ocean and Persia on the W. But this country must be considered under the three grand divisions of Hindoostan Proper, the Deccan, and the Peninsula. Hindooston Pro- per includes the provinces of Bengal, Bahar, and all those that lie to the N. of the river Nerbudda ; the principal of v/hich are Agimere, Agra, Alla- habad, Cashmere, Dehli, Guzerat, Lahore, Malwa, Moultan, Oude, and Sindy. The Deccan has been extended to the whole region S. of Hindoostan Proper ; but in its most restricted sense, it means only the countries situate between Hindoostan Proper and the river Kistna. See Deccan. The tract S. of the river Kistna, is generally called the Peninsula ; although its form does not authorize that appellation : it includes a small part of Gol- conda, Mysore, and tiie Carnatic, with Madura, and other smaller districts ; the W. coast being called tliat of Malabar, and the E. that of Coro- mandel. The sheiks possess Lahore, part of Moul- tan and Delhi; the king of Candahar, Cashmere, Cabul, Sindy, and part of Mijultan ; Berar and Orissa, Malwa, Candeish, Visiapour, and part of Agimere and Guzerat, are in the possession of the Mahrattas ; and the nizarn of the Deccan posses- ses Golconda, part of Dawlatabad and Berar. The British possessions are Bengal, Bahar, part of Allahabad, and Orissa, the Nortliern Circars^ the Jaghire in the Carnatic, the countries north and south of Calicut, Bombay, and the island of Salsette. The allies of the British are the Rajahs of Mysore, Tanjore, Madura, Travancore, Tritch- inopoly, the nabobs of Oude and Arcot, and the district of Cochin. Tlie principal rivers are the Ganges, the Indus, Nerbudda, Puddar, Taptee, Caggar, Mahanada, Godavery, Kistna. The chief mountains are the Himmaleh, the western and eastern Ghauts, and those which divide Bengal from Ava. The number of inhabitants is upwards of 100,000,000, of which the greater proportion are idolaters, and are divided into three great sects; the first worship the Triad, Brahma, Vishnu, and Siva; the second are the followers HIN 3J77 HIN of Boodh, whose principal tenet is the doctrine of transmigration ; the Jains are the third, who chiefly worship Pariswanath ; the other class of inhabitants are Mahometans, of whom there are about the eighth part of the number of Hindoos. To give an idea of the modern revolutions in the empire of Hindoostan, it is proper to observe, that from a pure Hindoo government, it became, at last, a Mahometan state, and continued to be so, under various dynasties, till the beginning of the 18th century. The first irruption of the Maho- metans was in the year 1000. From this period the provinces of Hindoostan were held rather as tributary kingdoms, than as provinces of the same empire; and the conquest of the Deccan, in par- ticular, was for ages an object of considerable im- portance to the emperors. In 1389 the Mogul Tartars, under the conduct of Timur, or Tamer- lane, invaded Hindoostan ; but the conquest of the country was not effected till 1525, by sultan Baber, one of his descendants, who, from this cir- cumstance, was the founder of the Mongul dy- nasty ; and hence Hindoostan has been called the Mongul Empire, and its chief, the Great Mogul. The illustrious Acbar, his son, failed in his attack upon the Deccan ; an attempt in which many of his successors were equally unfortunate, and which tended, in the sequel, to the decline and dissolu tion of the empire. In 1615 emperor Jehangire, his son, received Sir Thomas Roe, as the first English ambassador, and the Portuguese had, by this time, acquired considerable settlements in Bengal and Guzerat. In the reign of his grand- son Aurungzebe, which lasted from 1660 to 1707, the empire attained its full extent ; his authority reached from 10 to 35 degrees in lat. and nearly as much in long., and his revenue exceeded 32, 000,000?. sterling. But in the course of 50 years after his death, a succession of weak princes and wicked ministers reduced this astonishing empire to very narrow limits, and deprived it of all its power and splendour. In consequence of the intrigues of the nizamof the Deccan, Nadir Shah, the Persian usurper, invaded Hindoostan in 1738. In the reign of Ahmed Shah, successor of Ma- homed Shah, the entire division of the empire took place ; nothing remaining to the house of Tamerlane but the city and small territory of Delili. The last imperial army was defeated by the Rohillas, in 1749. The Jats, a Hindoo tribe, founded a state in Agra; Oude was seized by Mahomed Kooli ; and the Mahrattas, beside their ancient domains in the Deccan, obtained great Sart of Malwa, Guzerat, Berar, and Orissa. The longul empire was now become nearly nominal ; and the emperors, from this period, must be re- garded as of no political consequence, otherwise than as their names and persons were made use of, by different parties, to promote their own views ; for the name and person of the emperor retains a considerable degree of veneration among the bulk of the people in Hindoostan. Ahmed was deposed in 1753, and his successor was de- posed and murdered in 1760. He was succeeded, however, by his son Shah Ahlum, who was alter- nately dependent on the contending powers, and more particularly upon the English, who obtained from him a grant of the provinces of Bengal, Bahar, Orissa, and the Circars. This prince died in 1806, and was succeeded by his second son, Acbar Shah. The Mahometans or Musselmans, whom the Eng lish improperly call Moors, are represented to he of a detestable character. The Hindoos, or Gen toos, are of a black complexion ; their hair is long, their person straight and elegant, and their eoun tenance open and pleasant. They differ materiaUr from all other nations, by bei-^ar divided into tribes or castes. The four principal tribes are tha Brahmins, Soldiers, Labourers, and Mechanics : and these are subdivided into a multiplicity of in- ferior distinctions. There are Brahmins of variouu degrees of excellence, who have the care of reli- gion allotted to them, and are held sacred by tiio rest ; some of these acknowledge the errors that have crept into their religion, own one Supreme Being, and laugh at the idolatry of the multi- tude, but insist upon the necessity of working upon the weaknesses of the vulgar; yet the gen- erality of them are as ignorant as the laity. Such as are not engaged ia worldly pursuits are a very superstitious, innocent people, who promote chai- ity as much as they can, both to man and beast; but those who engage in the world are generally the worst of all the Gentoos ; but, persuaded tliat the waters of the Ganges will purify them from their sins, and being exempt from the utmost ri- gour of the courts of justice (under the Gentoo governments) they run into much greater exces- ses. The Soldiers are commonly called Rajah- poots ; that is, descended from rajahs. They are much more robust than the rest, have a great share of courage, and a nice sense of military honour, which consists, among them, in fidelity to those they serve. Fighting is their profession ; they readily enter into the service of any that will pay them, and will follow wherever he leads ; but should their leader fall in the battle, their cause is at an end, and they run off" the field without any stain of their reputation. The English East India Company have many battalions of them in their service ; they are called Sepoys, and are clothed and disciplined in the European manner. The Labourers include farmers, and all who cultivate the land. The Mechanics include merchants, bankers, and all who follow any trade ; these again are subdivided into each profession. Besides these, are the Hallachores, who cannot be called a tribe, being rather the refuse of all the tribes. They are a set of unhappy wretches, who perform all the vilest offices of life, bury the dead, and carry away every thing that is polluted. All the dif- ferent tribes are kept distinct from each other by insurmountable barriers : they are forbidden to intermarry, to cohabit, to eat with each other, or even to drink out of the same vessel with one of another tribe. Every deviation from these points subjects them to be rejected by their tribe, renders them polluted forever, and obliges them, from that instant, to herd with the Hallachores. The men- bers of each caste adhere invariably to the profes- sion of their forefathers , from generation to gen- eration the same families have followed, and still continue to follow, one uniform manner of life. To this may be ascribed that high degree of per- fection conspicuous in many of the Indian man- ufactures ; and also that striking peculiarity in the state of Hindoostan, the permanence of its insti- tutions, and the immutability in the manners of the inhabitants. The Hindoos vie with the Chinese, in respect to the antiquity of their na tion. Their institutions of religion form a com plete system of superstition, upheld by everything which can excite the reverence of the people. The temples consecrated to their deities are mag- nificent ; their religious ceremonies splended ; and the absolute dominion which the Brahmins have obtained over the minds of the people is support ed by the command of the immense revenues witk 212 HIN 178 HIN Tvhich the liberality of princes, and the zeal of pilgrims and devotees, have enriched their pago- das. The dominion of religion extends to a thou- sand particulars which, in other countries, are governed by the civil laws, or by taste, custom, and fashion. Their dress, their food, the com- mon intercourses of life, their marriages, and pro- fessions, are all under the jurisdiction of religion. The food of the Hindoos is simple, consisting chiefly of rice, ghee (a kind of imperfect butter), milii, vegetables, and oriental spices. The war- rior caste may eat of thn riesh of goats, sheep, and poultry. Other supennjr castes may eat poultry aad fish; but the inferior castes are prohibited from eating flesh or fish of any kind. Their greatest luxury consists in the use of the richest spiceries and perfumes, of which the great people are very lavish. They esteem milk the purest of food, be- cause they think it partakes of some of the pro- perties of the nectar of their gods, and because they esteem the cow itself almost as a divinity. Their manners are gentle. They are taught by their religion that matrimony is an indispensable duty in every man who does not entirely separate himself from the world from a principle of devo- tion ; and, as none but male descendants can per- form the obsequies to the manes of their ancestors, it is tliought an irreparable calamity to die with- eut male issue. Scarcely any state can be more degrading than that of Hindoo females. Till three years after the nuptial age, a girl is entirely at the disposal of her father. When married, she is im- mured in her husband's dwelling ; her dependence upon him is perpetual and entire ; she is not per- mitted to eat in his presence, and is considered not as a companion to aid him in enduring the evils of life, but as a slave to bear children, and be subsevient to his rule. Polygamy is tolerated ; but females, except among the Nairs, are not per- piitted to marry a second time. A husband can dismiss his wife at any time ; but there is nothing that can dissolve the wife from her matrimonial engagement. The inhuman custom of women burning themselves on the funeral pile of their deceased husbands has however been recently prohibited in the presidencies of Fort William and Madras ; and the progress of Christianity affords reason to hope for the speedy abolition "of other revolting practices. The code of Gentoo laws, with their sacred books, the Veidam and the Shastah, are written in the Sanscrit language, which is very copious and nervous, although the style of their best authors is wonderfully concise. Hindoostan, towards the N., is pretty temperate, but hot towards tlie S. ; and it rains almost con- stantly for three months in the year. Its pro- ducts are diamonds and otlier precious stones, silks, spices, aromatics, drugs, maize, rice, and sugar ; and the chief manufactures muslins and calicoes. The great forests and marshy districts are peo- district he inhabits. The mountain bear is even more terrible than the tiger ; he inhabits the Ghauts and is probably a sort of hyaena. The common bear is found in the forests of the south, wolves and jackals are common in the interior parts. The serval or panther cat which inhabit? this country is little known. The lynx and car acal inhabit the northern provinces. The rhinoc eros seeks amid the mud and water of the marsh es a shelter from the scorching heat of the cli- pled with elephants. The tiger is common in Malabar and Bengal and is the scourge of every mate. He is a much rarer animal than the ele- phant, and is never seen in troops like that ani- mal. He never attacks men unless when provok- ed. Hindoostan swarms with serpents, and almost every river and lake abounds in crocod iles. Hindoostan, p.v. Martin Co. Indiana. Ilinesville, p.v. Patrick Co. Va. Hingham, a town in Norfolk, Eng., 14 m. W. of Norwich, and 99 N. E. of London. Hingham, p.t. Plymouth Co. Mass., 13 m. S. E Boston. Pop. 3,357. It is situated on a small bay communicating with Boston harbour. It is actively engaged in the mackerel fishery, and has long been famous for the manufacture of buckets. Hing-hoa, a city of China, of the first rank, in the province of Fo-kien. The vicinity furnishes abundance of rice, lichi, and silk. Hinkley, p.v. Medina Co. Ohio. Hinsdale, p.t. Cheshire Co. N. H., 96 m. from Boston. Pop. 937. This place was formerly nam- ed Fort Dummer and Bridgman's Fort, and suffer- ed much during the Indian wars. Also a p.t. Cattaraugus Co. N. Y. Pop. 919. Hi merger sdnf, a town of Saxony, in Meissen, 8 m. E. of Freyburgh. HinzHan, Joanna, or Anjouan, one of the larg est of the Comoro Islands, situated off the east- ern coast of Africa. It is of a triangular form; and the whole island appears to have undergone the action of a volcano, the rocks being every where volcanized. It is entirely mountainous, but is covered with vegetation, which reaches even to the summit of the highest conical hill. The coasts can be approached with safety. The sovereign of Hinzuan takes the title of sultan, and formerly ruled over the whole group of tlie Comoro Islands. His subjects view him with the most profound respect, and never approach him without kneeling, and touching the earth with their forehead. The nobles are on a familiar foot- ing with the king, and must be consulted on ma ny occasions. The natives are in general tall, ro bust, and well made; they "have long black hair, piercing eyes, and are of a colour between olive and black. They profess Mahomedism ; but the native African worship of feticl-es is still very prevalent. They are courteou- and hospitable, and all shipwrecked mariners he e been received with the greatest kindness The "pine apples are most delicious, and the other fruiis are excellent. Yams and sweet potatoes are in abundance ; also goats and poultry. The bullocks are of a moder- ate size, are excellent food. This island is often frequented by Europeans, and particularly by Eng IKMk 379 HOG Iish Teasels, for the sake of procuring water and provisions. The commodities in demand are arms, toys, looking-glasses, shirts and blue and red cloth. Saltam is the capital. Long. 41. 30. Clat. 12. 54. S. Hio, a town of Sweden, in Grothland, seat- ed on the lake Wetter, 145 m. S. W. of Stock- holm. Hiorring, a decayed town of Denmark, in N. Jutland, 27 m. N. N. \\ . of Aalborg. Hiram, p.t. Oxford Co. Me. Pop. 1.026. Also a village in Portage Co. Ohio. Hirschberg, a town of Prussian Silesia, in the principality of Jauer, famous for its mineral baths. In the neighbourhood are extensive bleach- > ing-grounds, and next to Breslau it is the most ' considerable trading town is Silesia. It is seated ■ ©n the Bolder, 23 m. S. W. of Jauer. Hirschfeld, a town of Germany, in Lower Hesse, capital of a principality of the same name, depending on a famous abbey, which was secular- ised in a favour of the house of Hesse-Cassel. It is seated on the Fulda, 34 m. S. by £. of Cassel. Long. 9. 42. E., lat. 50. 50. N. Hirscholm, a town of Denmark, in the island of Zealand, with a castle, 12 m. N. of Copen- hagen. Hischorn, a town of Hesse-Darmstadt, with a castle ; seated on the Neckar, 7 m. E. of Hei- delberg. Hispaniola. See Domingo, St. Hi^sar, a town of Hindoostan, in the country of Dehli, capital of a district of the same name ; seated near the river Sursoory, 112 m. W. N. W. of Dehh. Long. 75. 40. E., lat. 29. 5. N. Hit, a town of Syria, near which is a spring of naphtha and bitumen. It stands on a river of the same narae, which soon after joins the Eu- phrates, 100 m. W. by S. of Bagdad. Hitchin, a town of Hertfordshire, Eng. with a great trade in malt. It has a handsome parish church, and several meeting-houses. 15 m. N. N. W. of Hertford, and 34 N. W. of London. Hithe, or Hythe, a borough in Kent, Eng. It is one of the principal Cinque Pons. Near it are the remains of Saltwood Castle, now turned into a farm house, barns, &c. In consequence of the harbour becoming gradually choked up, the trade declined ; and the town itself was almost annihi- lated by pestilence and famine. At present, how- ever, it is a thriving and respectable place. It is 10 m. W. S. W. of Dover, and 68 S. E. of Lon- don. Iloai-king, a city of China, of the first rank, in Ho-nan. 320 m. S. W. of Peking. Long. 112. 34. E.,lat. 35. 6. S. Hoain-gan-foo, a city of China, of the first rank, in Kian-nan. It is seated in a marshy, and in- closed by a triple wall. The suburbs extend to the distance of a league on each side of a canal, and from their extremity a kind of port on the Hoaag-ho. The canal, being above the level of the city, occasions perpetual danger of inunda- tion. 515 m. S. S. E. of Peking. Long. 118. 4. E., lat. 53. 30. N. Hoan^ho, a large river of Asia, also called the Yellow River, from the quantity of clay which it devolves. Its sources are two lakes, situate among the mountains of that part of Tartary known by the name of Kokonor, in about 35. N. lat. It pursues a N. E. direction to about 42. N. lat., and after running due E. it suddenly bends S. penetrating China to a latitude nearly parallel to its aouice ; tuxd then it pursues an easterly di- rection till it enters the Eastern Ocean, 100 m. to the N. of the mouth of the Kian-hu. The length of its course is estimated at 2,000 m. At 70 m. from the sea, where it is crossed by the great ca- nal, the breadth is little more than a mile ; but it is so rapid and shallow as to be scarcely navi- gable. Hoboken, a village in Bergen Co. N. J., on the Hudson, opposite New York, and noted as the spot where many duels have been fought. Hochberg, a castle of Baden, situate on a moun- tain, 2 m. N. E. of Emmeddingen. Hochst, a town of Germany, in Nassau, with an extensive tobacco manufacture ; seated on the Maine, 6 m. W. of Frankfort, and 17 N. E. of Mentz. Hochstadt, a town and castle of Bavaria, fa- mous for a single victory gained near it by the duke of Marlborough, in 1704, and which the En- glish call the battle of Blenheim, from a village 3 m. S. W. of this place. It is seated on the Dan ube, 17 m. S. W. of Donawert. Hochstadt, a town and castle of Bavarian Fran- conia, in the principality of Bamberg, on the riv- er Aisch, 2.'^m. S. S. W". of Bamberg. Hockkncking, a river of Ohio, flowing into the Ohio, 200 m. below Pittsburg. It is navigable for boats. Hocking, an interior Co. of Ohio. Pop. 4,606. Logan is the chief town. Also a township of Fairfield Co. Ohio. Hoddesdon, a town in Hertfordshire, Eng. seat- ed near the river Lea, 4 m. S. E. of Herdford, and 17 N. by E. of London. Hodeida, a town of Arabia, in Yemen, with a harbour for small vessels, on the Red Sea, 90 m. N. N. W. of Mocha. Long. 43. 30. E., lat. 14. 10. N. Hoei-tcheou, a city of China of the first rank, in Kian-nan, famous for its tea, varnish, and jap- aned work, 625 m. S. of Peking. Hoei-tcheou, a city of China, of the first rank, in Quang-ton, 1,010 m. S. of Peking. Hoekelm. See Heukelum. Hoff, a town of Bavaria, in the principality of Bayreuth, with manufactures of cotton, linen, and fine paper. The adjacent country has quarries of excellent marble. It stand on the Saale, 32 m. N. N. E. of Bayreuth. Hoff", a town of Moravia, in the circle of Ol- mutz, with a great trade of wool, 23 m. N. E. of Olmutz. Hog Island, one of the smaller Shetland islands near the coast of the mainland. Hog Island, is also the name of several other islands ; one in Pamlico Sound, near the coast of North Carolina. Long. 76. 36. W., lat. 34. 56. N. — on the E. side of lake Champlain, 9 m. long and about 3 broad ; near the coast of Virffinia. Long. 75. 42. W., lat. 37. 30. N. ;— in Rhod"e Isl- and, in Narraganset Bay, 2 m. in circumference ; — in the Eastern Sea, near the coast of Palawan. Long. U. 36. E., lat. 10. 18. N. ;— in the Eastern Sea, 40 m. in length, and 3 in breadth, 60 ni. W. of Sumatra. Long. 95. 50. E., lat. 2 30. N. ;— in the Eastern Sea, lying ofi"the N. E. extremity of Java, 20 m. in circumference. Long. 114. 55. E., lat. 7. 5. S. ; — in the Eastern Sea, near the W. coast of Saleyer, 15 m. in length, and 6 in breadth. Long. 170. 45. E., lat. 6. 12. S— on the W. coast of India, not far from Pigeon Island. Long. 74. 37. E., lat. 14 2. N. Hog Islands, a cluster of small islands near tha S. W. coast of Ireland, and county of Kerry, be- •ilk.' HOL 3S0 HOL t-wneen Ballinaskelling Bay and the mouth of Kenmare River, 4 m. from Hog's Head. Hoganshurg, p. v. Franklin Co. N. Y. Hogestotcn, p. v. Cumberland Co. Pa. Hague, Cape la, the N. W. point of Normandy near which Admiral Rooke burnt 13 French men of war, in 16!)2. Long. 1. 52. W., lat. 49. 45. N. Hogenberg, an ancient castle of Suabia, in a county of its name, now belonging to Wurtemberg; situate near the source of the Necker, 10 m. S. E. of Rothweil. Hoheniitiden, a town of Bavaria, near which the French gained a great victory over the Austr'ans, in 1800. It is 22 m. E. of Munich. HoherJohe, or Holach, a district of Franconia, abounding in wine, corn, wool, and cattle. It now belongs to the kingdom of Wurtemburg. The castle of its ancient counts stood close by the villageof Holack, near Uffenheim. The chief town is Ohringen. Hohenmaut, a town of Bohemia, on the river Meyta, 13 m. E. of Chruddin. Hohenstein, an ancient castle of Saxony, situ- ate on a mountain, at the foot of which is the village of Neustadt, 5 m. N. E. of Nordhau- sen. Hohentwiel, a fortregs of Wurtemberg ,surround- ed by the county of Nullenberg. Its fortifica- tions were destroyed by the French in 1800. It stands on a mountain, 9 m. E. N. E. of ScafF- faausen. HokcnzoUern, a town of Germany, in a princi- pality of the same name, with a castle on a moun- tain the seat of the ancient counts of Hohenzollern. It is seated on a branch of the Neckar, 16 m. S. by W. of Tubingen. Long. 9. 8. E., lat. 48. 2d. N. Hohnslein, a town of Saxony, on the river Mul- da, 11 m. N. E. of Zwickau. Hokesville, p. v. Lincoln Co. N. C. Ho-Jeein, a city of China, of the first rank, in the province of Pe-tcheli, situate between two rivers, 85 m. S. of Peking. Long. IIG. 23. E., lat. 38. 40. N. Hola, a town of Iceland, and a bishop's see, at the mouth of a river, on the N. coast. Long. 19. 20. W., lat. 65.40. N. Holbfijich, a town of Lincolnshire, Eng. with a considerable trade in corn and wool. 12 m. S. by E. of Boston, and 109 N. by E. of Lon- don. Holbeck, a sea-port of Denmark, in the island of Zealand, with a good harbour, from which great quantities of corn are annually exported. 30 m. W. of Copenhagen. Holden, p.t. Worcester Co. Mass. 6 m. N. of Worcester. Pop. 1,718. HoLdsworthy, a town in Devonshire, Eng. seat- ed near the canal from Bude harbour, between two branches of the Tamer, 43 m. W., by N. of Exeter, and 214 W. by S. of London. Holderness, p.t. Grafton Co. N. H., on Sqnam Lake. Pop. 1,409. Hole in the Wall, a village of Talbot Co. Mary- land. Holland, an important province of the Nether- lands, which has often given name to the Seven United Provinces. It is divided into two parts, North and South Holland ; and is bounded on the N. and W. by the G«rman Ocean, on the E. by the Zuyder Zee and the ci-devant state of Utrecht, and on the S. by the Meuse, and Dutch Brabant ; extending from lat 51. 40. to 53. 10. N. ; its longitude is about 180 m. E. of London. It contains 90 walled towns, beside many others, and above 400 villages. Before the Revolution in 1796, six large cities had seals in the states general; viz., Dort, Haerlem, Delft, Leyden Amsterdam, and Gouda. The number of inhabi- tants was estimated at 800,000. They also reach- ed this number in 1801 ; but in 1817 they had been reduced by the war to 748,000. The divi- sions into the two governments of South and North Holland was recognised by the constitu- tion of 1814: the former contains 1,170 sq.m. with 389,000 inhabitants, and is divided into the six districts of the Hague, Leyden, Rotterdam. Dort, Gorcum, and the Briel ; while Holland which in official papers, is called by its ancient name of West Friesland, contains 930 sq. m. with 359,000 inhabitants, and is divided into the four districts of Amsterdam, Haerlem, Hoorn, and Alkmaar. The whole province is a continu- ed flat; and, but for the constant care in forming ditches and canals, it would be hardly -apable of cultivation; some part of it lies even lower than the sea, from which it is secured by dikes, 25 or 30 feet high, and as many broad at the top. Tho climate is moist and variable, and in various places, {Jarticularly in North Holland, unfavora- ble to health. The winters are severe, and the rivers are almost every season rendered unnavi- fable, for several weeks together, by the ice. 'he soil is rich, consisting of a deep fat loam ; but, owing to the humidity of both soil and cli- mate, tillage is very limited. Wheat, madder, tobacco, hemp, and flax, are raised, but the chief agricultural wealth of the country consists in the pastures, which feed great number of cows ; the making of butter and cheese being a princi- pal occupation. The meadows are generally un- der water during the winter, and the inhabitants only discharge them from it by mills adapted as in the fenny parts of England to this particular purpose. pfl ® r^rMiffl^^ 2^i^^m. mM§ rff™^ ■:W^H^ ^?tW^ f^„,- '" '^^^^~ ^^^S The natives of the United Provinces are of good stature, and inclined to be corpulent, but they are remarkable in general for a heavy, awk- ward mien ; their features are regular, and their complexions fair. The better sort of people imitate the French fashions in their dress ; but those who are stamped with the genuine charac- ter of their native country, never fail to load themselves with enormous incumbrances of clothes. The hats of the woman are as large as tea-boards, projecting forward on each side so as to overshadow face and body. They ar« chiefly HOL 381 HOL of straw, with two broad ribands, not tied, but pendent from the sides. This hat forms a striking conf^rast with the short dress, of.which the milk- maids sold in our shops is a faithful picture. Both men and women wear at least two waistcoats, with as many coats, and the former cover their limbs with double trowsers. The dress of the young girls is the most singu- lar, especially at the time of any festival or hol- iday. In speaking of these, an amusing writer observes, that any one would have supposed that the figures which appeared were masques, or de- signed as caricatures. Imagine, says he, a short figure, with more breadtli than goes to the pro- portion of elegance, and with very little altera- tion in the width downward to the waist, the pet- ticoats descending only half way below the knee. Imagine further, a round small face covered with a hat of three feet in diameter, perfectly circular, and applied t j the head in a part contiguous to the circumference. Then conceive a number of these figures in motion, brandishing their hori- zontal hats, rolling their diminutive ej'es, and affecting a thousand ridiculous graces under cover of this extensive canopy. The tout ensemble may bring to the recollection those sculptural vagaries in which human figure is made the prop of a ca- tliedral seat, the support of a wainscot pulpit, or the stand of a mahogany table. The Dutchman, living in continual danger of inundation, and of losing not only the fruits of his industry but his life, becomes habitually pro- vident. His foresight is admirable, his persever- ance not to be conquered, and his labours, unless seen, cannot be credited. They astonish the more, when the phlegm of his temper and the slowness of his habits are considered. View the minuteness of his economy, the solicitude of his precaution, and the inflexibility of his methodi- cal prudence ! Who would not pronounce him in- capable of great enterprise .' He builds himself a dwelling ; it is a hut in size, and it is a palace in neatness. It is necessarily situated among damps upon a flat, and perhaps behind the bank of a sluggish canal ; yet he writes upon it, " My Goenege, " My delight; " Landlust, " Country pleasures, " Land figlU, " Country prospect, or some other inscription, that might characterize the vale of Tempe, or the garden of Eden. He cuts his trees into fantastic forms, hangs his awnings round with small bells, and decorates his Sunday jacket with dozens of little buttons. Too provi- dent to waste his sweets, he cunningly puts a bit of sugar-candy in his mouth, and drinks his tea as it melts; one morsel serves, let him drink as long as he pleases. Around him is every token of care, caution, and cleanliness; but none in his domestic Yiabits, of magnificence, or grandeur of design. The Dutch are usually distinguished into five classes ; the peasants and farmers ; seafaring men ; merchants and tradesmen ; those who live upon their estates, or the interest of their money ; and military officers. The civet cat which is a native of the hottest climate of Africa, and Asia, is frequently reared in Holland where a great pro- fit is obtained by their perfume. The civet of Amsterdam is better than that of the I.ievant or East Indies. Holland is said to have derived its name from the vast and thick forests of wood with which it was at one time covered ; Holtlant, in German, signifying woodland. In the middle ages it was governed by its counts or earls ; in the loth century it became subject to the house of Burgundy ; it passed afterwards to Austria ; and finally jomed the other provinces that declared for independence. On the invasion of Holland by the French, in the beginning of 1795, the stadt- holder with his family took refuge in England. Holland was subsequently under various forms of the French domination. At length the people became weary of this connexion. The events of 1S13 had weakened the power that bound them ; the people rose ; their fetters were broken ; and a provisional government was formed at Amster dam on the 18th of November. William Frede- rick, of Nassau and Orange, landed from Eng- land at the close of the same month, entered Amsterdam on the 2nd of December, and was pro- claimed Sovereign Prince of the United Nether- lands, which had formerly been subject to the dukes of Burgundy, were re-united under the prince of Orange, as William I., king of the Netherlands, and these countries continued under one government till 1830. For an ac- count of the revolution of that year, See JVcfAer- lands. Holland, a strong town of E. Prussia, seated near the river Weeske, 14 m. S. S. E. ofElbing. Holland, JVew, an island of the South i^'ucific Ocean, and the largest known land that does not bear the name of a continent. It extends from 109. to 153. E. lonir., and from 11. to 39. S. lat., or 2,730 m. from W. to E., and 1,960 from N. to S. When this vast island was first discovered is un- certain. The Portuguese and Spaniards appear to have visited it in the sixteenth century, but it was the Dutch who first made it known to Europe. In the beginning of the seventeenth century they traced the N. and W. coasts ; and what was deemed, till lately, the S. extremity, was discov- ered by Tasman in 1642. Captain Cook, in 1770, explored the E. and N. E. from 38, S., and ascer- tained its separation fromNew Guinea ; and in, 1773, captain Furneaux, by connecting Tasman's discoveries with Cook's, completed tUe circuit. But the supposed S. extremity, which Tasman discovered by the name of Van Diemen Land, was found, in 1798, to be an island, separated from New Holland by a channel forty leagues wide, named from the discoverer. Bass's Strait Different parts of the coast have been called by the names of the discoverers, &c. The eastern coast, called New South Wales, was taken pos- session of in his majesty's name by captain Cook, and now forms a part of the British dominions See IVahs, JVe,w South. Holland, a township of Orleans Co. Vt. Pop. 422. Also apt. Hampden Co. Mass. Pop. 453, Also a p.t. Erie Co. N. Y. Pop. 1,070. Holley p.t Genesee Co. N. Y. HoUulaysburg, p. v. Huntingdon Co. Pa. Hollis, p.t. Hillsborough Co. N. H. Pop. 7,501. HoUiston, p.t. Middles'ex Co. Mass. Pop. 1 ,304. HoUodale, a river of Scotland, in the county of Sutherland, which rises in the mountai-ns on the borders of Caithness and flows N. into a bay of the North Sea, forming, for several miles, in the latter part of its course, the boundary between the two counties. i. >-' HOL HOL Holm. Cullram, a town in Cumberland, Eng. Bometimes called Holm-Abbey, from the celebra- ted abbey that formerly stood here, the remains of which have beon converted into the parish church. It is seated near the mouth of the Wa- \er, 12 m. N. of Cockermouth, and 310 N. N. W. of London. Holmesburor, p. v. Philadelphia Co. Pa. Holmes's Hole, a harbour in the island of Mar- tha's Vineyard, which See. Holmesville, p. v. Pike Co. Missouri. Holstebroe, a town of Denmrak, in North Jut- land, situate on a shallow river which runs into tlie North Sea. The principal trade is in corn, oxen, and horses. It is 24 m. W. of Wiburg, and (58 N. of Ripen. Holstein, a dutchy at the N. extremity of Ger- many belonging to Denmark, 100 m. long and 50 broad ; bounded N. by Sleswick, E. by the Daltic and the dutch of Saxe-Lauenburg, S. by tl»e duckies of Bremen of Luneburg, and W. by the German Ocean. Its principal rivers are the Elbe, the Eyder, and the Stor. It is a fruitful country, and well seated for trade, having some considerable harbours, particularly those of Ham- burg, Lubec, and Kiel ; and frorn the latter is a canal to the Eyder at Rensburg, by which there is a free navagation from the Baltic to the Ger- man Ocean. Pop. in 1818, 3<30,000, most of whom are Lutherans. Hotston, a river of the United States which rises in the Alleghany mountains in Virginia, and flows S. S. W. into the State of Tennessee, where it takes a more Southerly course to Knoxville, and 35 m. below that town is joined by the Clinch, when their united waters take the name of Ten- nessee. It is navigable for boats of 25 tons up- wards of 100 m. On its banks are several iron works; and the adjacent country abounds with iron ore, and has sundry lead mines. Holt, a town in Norfolk, Eng. with an excellent free school founded by Sir John Gresham. It is situate in a fertile district, 24 m. W. N. W. of Norwich, and 119 N. E. of London. Holy Island, an island on the coast of England, 6 m. S. E. of Berwick upon Tweed, but belong- ing to the county of Durham. It is 3 m. long and 2 broad ; the soil rocky and full of stones •, and at low water it is accessible by horses and carriages. It has a town called Kilo, and a castle on a high rock, under which is a commodious har- bour, defended by a block-house. On this island are considerable remains of a stately monastery, called Lindisfarne, and here was anciently a bishop's see, removed with the body of St. Cuthbert, first to Chester le street, and afterwards to Durham. Holyhead, a seaport and cape of Wales, in the isle of Anglesey. It derives its principal support from the expenditure of passengers to and from Ireland, being the usual place of embarkation for Dublin, and the station of the government pack- ets to and from that city, distant about 20 leagues. In the neighbourhood is a large vein of white Fuller's earth, and another of yellow. Among the principal objects of interest are the venerable ruins of a hermitage, two chapels, and the remains of a Dutch wall ; these, with the light-house and suspension bridge, attract the at- tention of strangers. The church, near the verge of the cliff, is a handsome structure of the thir- teenth century : here are also 4 chapels for dis- senters, a free school, and some almshouses. Pop. n 18-21, 4,007. 267 m. N W. of London. Long. 4. 40 W., lat 53. 23. N. Holyoke, Mount, an eminence near Northamp- ton in Massachusetts. It is about 800 feet high, and may be easily ascended in a carriage. On the summit is a building erected for the accomo- dation of visitors who resort hither in summer to enjoy the beautiful prospect which the mountain affords. Southwardly is seen Connecticut river, retiring under the shade of Mount Tom, whiten- ed below by South Hadley Falls; beyond which is the hill at Springfield. The river makes seve- ral turns, and on the horizon are 2 very distant peaks, which are supposed to be East and West Rocks, at New-Haven, about 70 m. distant. NoHheast is seen Monadnoc Mountain in Ncm'- Hampshire ; and the view toward the east is 'w terrupted by the neighbouring peaks of Mount 4 Holyoke. North, you look up the charming val- ley of the Connecticut ; bordered by distant ranges of*^ hills and mountains, varied by a few isolated peaks, covered with the richest coat of vegetation, and scattered witli villages and innumerable farm houses. The river makes a beautiful serpentine course from where it first appears at the foot of Sugar Loaf Mountain, and Mount Toby, until it reaches the village of Hadley, which lies in full view ; and then taking a bold sweep to tl'.e west, and flowing 4 m. it returns to tlie end of the street, only a mile distant from where it first meets it. The whole peninsula is rich and fertile, and covered with cultivated fields of wJieat, corn, grass, &c. without being disfigured by fences, according to the custom prevalent here- abouts ; this is the richest sight upon the river, particularly when viewed in connexion with the scene immediately below, where the river flows on, almost immediately under our feet, and the western shore presents the extensive Northampton meadows, a mile wide. Following the current with the eye, in the West south west, it forms a still more remarkable peninsula, although one of inferior size : the Hockanum Bend being a turn measuring 3 m. in circuit while the isthmus is •*• only 46 rods across, or 150 yards. In the com- *■ . pass ol^this view, from the north to the west and south, numerous village spires are seen, with lev- el fields, orchards, and gardens, almost without number; and the whole scene is so bounded with mountainous ridges, as to seem to justify tho opinion of geologists, who say that it was onco covered with an extensive lake, until the water forced a passage between Mounts Tom and Holy- oke. Northampton is seen about west-north- west, with Round Hill ; and towards the right, the top of Saddle Mountain, in the distance. There are also others still further north, particu- larly Haystack and Bare Mountain. More than 30 church steeples may be counted here. Holywell, a town of Wales, in Flintshire, with a market on Friday. It has a neat parish church- and 4 places of worship for dissenters. From its vicinity to the mines, and the extensive manufac- tures carried on in the neighbourhood, it is be come the most flourishing town in the countv, Its name was derived from the famous well of St. 'Winifred, concerning which so many fables and superstitious notions have prevailed, bu* which is certainly a very remarkable spring, bursting out of the ground with great impetuosi- ty, at the foot of a hill, and discharging upwards of 29 tons of water every minute. The waters have long since lost their reputation for miracu lous healing powers, but are much esteemed by the manufacturer, being now applied to the pur pose of turning several mills for the working of HON 383 HOO copper, making brass wire, paper, and snuff, and spinning cotton. It is 10 m. E. of St. Asaph, and 207 N. W. of London. Holzapfel, a town of Germany, in the duchy of Nassau. It is situate on the Lahn, at the foot of a mountain, on which is the tower of an ancient castle, the original seat of the princes of Nassau, 4 ra. N. E. of Nassau. Holzminden, a town of the state of Brunswick, in Wolfenbuttel, with considerable iron works. It is seated at the conflux of the Holz with the Weser, 28 m. N. W. of Gottingen. Hiimburg, a town of Germany, in Hesse-Cas- sel, with an iron forge and a glass manufacture, 20 m. S. of Cassel. — Also a town of Prussia, in the duchy of Berg, 48 m. S. E. of Dusseldorf — And a town of Bavaria, in Deux Fonts ; seated on a mountain, 5 m. N. \V. of Deux Fonts. Ho-nan, a province of China, bounded on the N. by the provinces of Pe-tcheli and Chsin-si, E. b ' Kiang-si and Chantong, S. by Hou-quang, and W. by Chensi. As every thing that can contri- bute to render a country delightful is found in this province, and as it is situate almost in the centre of the empire, the Chinese call it Tong-hoa, The Middle Flower. Besides Cai-fong, its capital, it contains eight cities of the first class and 102 of the second and third. Honan, a city of China, of the first class, in the province of Honan, 360 m. S. W. of Peking. Long. 112. 9. E., lat. 34. 44. N. Honaicera, or Onore, a town of Hindoostan, in Canara, seated in an inlet of the sea, which spreads into a lake, and includes a number of islands. It was formerly a place of great commerce, but was demolished by Tippoo after he had recovered it by the treaty of Mangitlore. Here is now a custom- house, and a few shops ; also some merchants who live scattered near the banks of the lake, and sell rice, pepper, cocoa, and betelnuts, &c, to the trading vessels that come from Goa, Rajaputra and Bombay. It is 50 m. N. by W. of Kandapura, and 84 S. S. E. of Goa. Hondtchoote, a town of France, departmei;^ of Nord,near which a part of the allied troops were surprised and defeated in 1793. 7 m. S. E. of Dunkirk. Honduras, a province of lyjexico, 490 m. long, and 1.50 broad bounded on the N. by a bay of its name, E. by the Atlantic, S.by Nicaragua, and W. by Guatemala and Vera Paz. The country consists of mountains, valleys and plains, water- ed by numerous rivers ; and is exceedingly fer- tile. The vineyards bear thrice a year, and the soil in many parts yields 3 crops of maize ; other productions are wheat, peas, cotton, wool, log- wood, with excellent pastures, honey, wax, and provisions of all kinds. Honduras was formerly one of the most populous countries in America, but at present, though so fertile, is almost desert- ed. The capital is Valladolid, or Comayuguas. Honduras Bay, is that gulf of the Carribean Sea between the peninsula of Yucatan and Cape Honduras. It is well known from the colonies settled on it by the British for the cutting down of mahogany and dye woods. The trees°are cut at the wet season of the year, and afterbeing drag- ged from the forest to the banks of the rivers, they are made into rafts and floated to the shore. The growth of the logwood here is extremely rapid, so much so that it is said to attain maturity in 5 or 6 years, when it is cut and sent to Europe in logs. Besides the mahogany and logwood tree, Hondu- ras Bay, produces 2 or 3 kin«& of the mangrove, as the red, white, and black. Cedeira are large and abundant, and are commonly used in ship- building. The palmetto, the sapadilla, and the sea-grape trees, are all found very nseful ; as are also the bullet-tree, the iron-wood-tree, the cala- bash-tree, and the button-wood-tree. The althea grows at a considerable distance from the coast, and is generally made i nto rafts for floating the log-wood to the sea. The tree tl»at exudes the resinous substance called coutchouc, or elastic gum, from which Indian-rubber is made, grows plentifully in several provinces of Guatemala, particularly in various parts of Honduras. In ad- dition to those may be enumerated the locust-tree, the fustic, the cocoa-nut-tree, the cabbage, and the silk-cotton-trees, besides which both trees and shrubs of a medicinal nature grow in great variety and profusion. The soil which has been brought under cultivation is extremely fertile, and the climate is superior to a great part of the Amer- ican continent. The shores abound with aquatic birds of different kinds. Myriads of swallows are found in some parts, particularly in Honduras, during the periodical rains. The humming-bird is seen in most of its splendid varieties, and the oxilis, one of the most minute and beautiful of this elegant tribe, is very common. The number offish, insects, and reptiles, is also great. Honey Brook, p.t. Chester Co. Pa. on the bead streams of the Brandy wine. Honeuscille, p. v. Shenandoah Co. Va. Honfieur, a seaport of France, in the depart- ment of Calvados. The harbour is very capa- cious, at the mouth of the Seine ; and its princi- pal trade is in lace. 8 m. N. of Pont I'Eveque. and 110 N. W. of Paris. Long. 0. 15. E., lat. 49 24. N. Honiton, a borough in Devonshire, Eng. cele- brated for the manufacture of broad lace. The church is half a mile from the town, but it has al- so a chapel belonging to the establishment, and three meeting-houses for Independents, Baptists, and Presbyterians. A fire happened here in 1747, which consumed three-fourths of the town ; and another, in 1705, destroyed nearly 180 buildings. It is situated in a delightful vale on the river • Otter, )G m. E. of Exeter. Market on Saturday. Hooghly, a river of Hindoostan, formed by the two westernmost branches of the Ganges, named the Cosimbazar and Jellinghy, which unite at Nuddea. It flows by Hooghly, Chinsura, Chan- dernagore, and Calcutta, to the bay of Bengal, and is the only branch of the Ganges that is com- monly navigated by ships. Hooghly, a city of Hindoostan, in Bengal, now nearly in ruins, but possesing many vestiges of fomer greatness. In the beginning of the eighteenth century, it was the great mart of the export trade of Bengal to Europe. It is seated on the river Hooghly, 25 m. N. of Calcutta. Hoogstraten, a town of the Netherlands, in Bra- bant, 15 m. N. of Herentals. Hookertown, p. v. Greene Co. N. C. Hookset, p.t. Merrimack Co. N. H. on the Merri- mack, 52 m. fr. Boston. Here is a beautiful cata- ract, round which a canal passes. Pop. 880. Hookstown, villages in Beaver Co. Pa. Balti- more and Talbot Cos. Md. and Greene Co. N. C. Hoom, or Horn, a seaport of N. Holland on the Zuyder Zee, with manufactures of woolen cloths and carpets, and a considerable trade in cattle, butter, cheese, herrings, and other fish. 20 m. N. N. £. of Amsterdam. Hoosack Mountain, a ridge in the western part HOR 384 HOT of Massachusette passing through the trtate from Vermont to Connecticut. Hoosack, a stream rising in Vermont and fal- ling into the Hudson, 8 m. above Lansinburg. Hope, a river of the island of Jamaica, which runs into the sea 5 m. S. of Kingston. ffo/»e, p.t. Waldo Co. Me. Pop. 1,541. Also towns in Durham Co. N. C. and Gaspe Co. L. C. Hope jidvance Bay, a bay in Hudson's Strait, 100 m. W. of Cape Cliidley. Hope Bay, a bay at the N. E. corner of Nootka Sound. — Also a bay in the English Channel, on the coast of Kent, between Sandwich and Rams- gate. Hope Cape, a cape of Hudson's Bay, at the en- trance of Repulse Bay Hopefield, p. v. Phillips Co. Arkansas, on the Mississippi, opposite Chickasaw Bluff. Hope Islands, two small islands on the coast of New Holland. Lat. 15. 41. S. Hopeton, p.t. Yates Co. N. Y. Pop. Hopeioell, the name of 13 towns and villages in the United States, viz. in Ontario Co. N. Y. Pop. 8,20:2. Cumberland and Huntingdon Cos. N. J. York, Washington, Cumberland, Bedford and Huntingdon Cos. Pa. Fauquier Co. Va. York Dis. S. C. Perry, Licking, and Muskingum Cos. Ohio. Hopkins, a county of Kentucky. Pop. 5,763. Madison ville is the capital. Hopkinsville, a township of Caledonia Co. Vt. Also villages in Powhatan Co. Va. and Christian Co. Ken. Hopkinton, p.t. Merrimack Co. N. H. on Con- toocook river. Pop. 2,474. Also a p.t. Wash- ington Co. R. I. pop. 1,777. Also a p.t. Mid- dlesex Co. Mass. Pop. 1 ,809. Also a township in St. Lawrence Co. N. Y. Pop. 827. Horaidan, a town of Persia, in the province of Farsistan, 76 m. N. W. ofShiras. Horb, a town of Wurtemberg, with a consider- able trade in woolen (roods, seated on the Neck- ar, 51 m. W. S. W. of Tubingen. Horeb, mountain of Arabia Petrea, a little to the W. of Mount Sinai. Plere are two or three fine springs, and a great number of fruit-trees. Horn, a town of Austria, with a trade in beer, made of oats ; seated on the Tiffer, 48 m. W. N. W. of Vienna. Horn, a town of the Netherlands, in the prov ince of Liege, 3 m. W. N. W. of Ruremonde. Horn, Cape, the southern extremity of South America, forming part of Hermite Island, on the coast of Terra del Fuego. Long. 68. 13. W., lat. 55. 58. S. Hornachos, a town of Spain in Estremadura, near the river Malachel, 30 m. S. S. E. of Merida. Hornbcrg, a town of Baden, in the Black For- est, with a fortress on a mountain ; seated on the Gutlash, 12 ra. N W. of Rothweil. Hornlmrg, a town of Prussian Saxony, on the Use, 8 m. S. of Wolfenbuttel. Hornby, a small town in Lancashire. Eng. situ- ated on the bank of the Wenning, 9 m. N. E. Lancaster. The principal object of attraction is Hornby Castle, erected, as is supposed, by Nicho- las deMont Begons,80on after the conquest. Here was formerly a weekly market on Friday, which has merged in the fair for cattle every alternate Tuesday. Horncastle, a town in Lincolnshire, situated in an angle formed by the confluence of the Bane and the Waring, with a market on Saturday. It was a Roman station, and part of the wall is still remaining. Here are a church, four meeting- hou- ses, a dispensary, &c. 21 m. E. of Lincoln, and 136 N. of London. Hornellsviile, p. v. Steuben Co. N. Y. Hornsea, a town in E. Yorkshire, nearly sur- rounded by an arm of the sea, and much resorted to during the bathing season. Near it is a mere^ . two m. long and one broad, famous for its pike and eels. 16 m. N. of Hull, 193 N. of London. Hornorsville, p. v. Culpeper Co. Va. Horntown, p.v. Accomac Co. Va. Horry, an eastern District of South Carolina. Pop. 5,323. Conwayborough is the Capital. Horseneck, a village of Essex Co. N. Y. on the Passaic. Horscns, a seaport of Denmark, in N. Jutland, on the Categat, having manufactures of woolen goods, and a considerable trade. 20 m. S. S. W of Arhusen. Horsham, a borough in Sussex, Eng. Here is the co.unty gaol; and the spring assizes are held- here. It is seated on the Ad?ir, 20 m. N. W. Brighton, and 36 S. of London. Horsham, a township of Montgomery Co. Pa. Horstmar, a town of Westphalia, with a castle, * and a collegiate church ; seated on an eminence 15 m. N. W. of Munster. Hosick, p.t. Rensselaer Co. N. Y. on Hoosack river. Pop. 3,582. Hot Spring, a country in Arkansas. Pop. 458. It is named from several Springs in the territory which have a temperature equal to that of boiling water. The water has no mineral properties but is remarkably limpid. Hottentots, Country of the, a large region in the S. extremity of Africa, extending N. oy W. from the Cape of Good Hope, beyond the mouth of Orange River, and from that cape, in an E. N E. direction, to the mouth of the Great Fish Riv- er, which parts it from CafFraria. It is bounded on the W., S., and E., by the Atlantic, Southern, and Indian oceans, and on the N. by regions very little, if at all explored. The Hottentots are as tall as most Europeans, but are more slender ; and the characteristic mark of this nation is, the smallness of their hands and feet, compared with the other parts of their body. Their skin is of a yellowish brown hue, resembling that of a Euro- pean who has the jaundice in a high degree. There are not such thick lips among the Hotten- tots as among their neighbours the Negroes, the Caflres, and the Mozambiques ; and their mouth is of the middling size, with the finest set of teeth imaginable. Their heads are covered with hair more woolly, if possible, than that of the Negroes. With respect to shape, carriage, and every mo tion, their whole appearance indicates health and content. They are excellent swimmers and dx vers, and practise bathing several times in the day. The women braid or plait their hair as an HAT 386 HOU additional eleffance, and adorn themselves with necklaces of shells. Both the men and women generally go bareheaded, and seldom wear any * ^hoes. Both sexes wear rings on their arms and legs, chiefly made of thick leather straps, cut in a circular shape ; but rings of iron, copper, or brass, of the size of a goose-quill, are considered more genteel. Girls are not allowed to use any rings till they are marriageable. Their habitations are • adapted to their wandering pastoral life. They "• are merely huts, resembling a round beehive, from 18 to 24 feet in diameter, and so low that a mid- dle-sized man cannot stand upright in them. The fire-place is in the middle, and they sit or lie round it in a circle. The low door is the only place that admits the light, and the only outlet that is left for the smoke. The order of these huts in a kraal, or clan, is most frequently in the form of a circle, with the doors inward ; by which means a kind of yard is formed, where the cattle are kept at night. Such are the Hottentots in the vicinity of the Cape of Good Hope. In 1778, lieutenant Paterson visited a Hottentot village in Little Namaqua Land, in the N. W. part of the country ; it consisted of 19 huts and about 150 in- habitants. The ensign of authority worn Dy their chief was a cane with a brass top, given to him by the Dutch East India Company. The Hottentots amused them, part of the night, with music and dancing : their visitors, in return, treated them with tobacco and dacka, or hemp leaves, which they prefer even to tobacco. Their music was produced from flutes, made ot the bark of trees, of difierent sizes. The men form them- selves into a circle, with their flutes ; and the women dance round them. Among ether tribes of Hottentots are the Bosjesmans, who inhabit the mountains in the interior part of the country, N. E. of the Cape, and live by hunting and plun- der. On this account they render themselves odious to the planters, and are pursued and exter- minated like wild beasts, or made slaves of when taken alive. Their habitations are not more agreeable than their manners or ma.xims ; bushes and clefts in rocks serve them by turns for dwell- ings. Many of these savages are entirely naked ; but some of them cover their body with the skin of any sort of animal. Being ignorant of agricul- ture, they wander over hills and dales after cer- tain wild roots, berries, and plants, which they eat raw ; also caterpillars, termites, locusts, gras-shop- pers, snakes, and spiders. Another tnoe of Hot- tentots, near the mouth of Orange River, were observed bv lieutenant Paterson, in his journey to the N. W. in 1799. Their huts wen- loftier, and thatched with grjiss ; and were furnished with stools made of the back-bones of the gram- pus. Their mode of living is in the highest de- gree wretched, and they are apparently the most dirty of all the Hottentot tribes. Their dress is composed of the skins of seals and jackals, the flesh of which they eat. When a grampus is cast ashore, they remove their huts to the place, and subsist upon it as long as any part remains. They smear their skin with the oil, the odor of which is so powerful that their approach may be perceived some time before they appear in view. To the N. of the country of the Bosjesmans, and on the banks of Orange River, is another tribe called Koras, who may be reckoned to rank high- er than any of the other Hottentots known in the S. of Africa. Their features are of a superior cast ; they are more cleanly in their appearance, and neater in their dress and domestic utensils ; 49 their huts are also constructed with greater care, and with a view of being more durable. They seem to be a mixed breed, between the Hottentot and Caffre. The Hottentots, in general, are described as a mild, simple, affectionate, and in- oflensive race ; but extremely indolent in their habits, and limited in their faculties. Where, however, any sort of effort has been made to cul- tivate their powers, and give them a feeling of hope and liberty in their occupations, they have been found active, intelligent, and useful. No traces of religion appear to have been retained by this people. But Christianity has been introduced, through the exertions of the Moravians and other missionaries, who have recently endeavoured, with some degree of success, to ameliorate the condition even of some of the wilder tribes, who inhabit the N. and N. W. of the colony. ' The country possessed by the Europeans is considera ble; extending from the Cape of Good Hope, N. to lat. 30, and E. to the Great Fish River, about 550 m. in length, and 230 in breadth. The whole is naturally barren and mountainous ; but tiie in- dustrious Dutch overcame all natural difliculties, and it produces not only a sufficiency of all the necessaries of life for the inhabitants, but also for the refreshment of all the European ships that touch at the Cape. The year is considered as di- vided into two seasons, termed monsoons : the wet monsoon, or winter, begins in March ; and the dry one, or summer, in September. Among the quadrupeds of this country are antelopesj* which go m large herds ; buffaloes ; camelopardalises ; the gemsbock, a species of antelope, which has remarkably long sharp horns, and, when attacked by dogs, will sit on its hind quarters, and defend itself; wild dogs, which travel in herds, and are very destructive to sheep ; elephants ; elks ; hye- nas ; the koedo, an animal rather larger than a deer, of a mouse colour, with three white stripes over the back, and the male having very larore twisted horns ; lions ; jackals ; tigers ; the quaggti, a species of zebra, but more tractable ; rhinoce- roses ; horses ; domestic horned cattle ; common sheep, and a peculiar sf>ecies of sheep covered with hair instead of wool. The hippopotamus, or river-horse, is frequently seen here. Among the birds are vultures, ostriches (whose egss are excellent food), and the loxia, a species of gregari- ous bird. Among the insects are a species of ter- mites, which do no injury to wood as in the East Indies, but, by raising a number of hills, they im- pede the progress of vegetation. The black or rock scorpion, is nearly as venomous here as any of the serpent tribe, of which there are numerous kinds. Huuat, an island of France, between Belleisle and the continent. It is 10 m. in circumference, and is defended by a fort. Houdain, a town of France, department of Fas de Calais, 9 m. S. of Bethune. Hmidan, a town of France, department of Seine- et-Oise, 21 m. W. of Versailles. Hounsjield, a township of Jefferson Co. N. Y. Pop. 3,415. Hounslow, a town in Middlesex, Eng., situate on the edge of a heath of the same name, on which are' many vestiges of ancient encamp- ments, 10 m. W. by S. of London. Hovsatonic , a river rising in Massachusetts and flowing through Connecticut into Long Island Sound. It is navigable for small vessels 12 m. HoustonvUle, p. v. Iredell Co. N. C. Also a village in Pendleton Uis. S. U 2K HUB 366 HUD Hou-q%iang, a province of China, which occu- pies nearly the centre of the empire, and ia divi- ded into two parts, the N. and S., by the river Kian-ku. It is a flat, open country, watered by lakes, canals, and rivers ; and lias plenty of wild fowl and cattle. The soil is remarkably fertile ; gold is found in the sands of the rivers ; and there 16 such a variety of all sorts of commodities that it is called, by the Chinese, the store-house of the empire. It contains 15 cities of the first class, and 114 of the second and third. Vou-tchang is the capital. Ilourn, Loch, an arm of the sea, on the W. coast of Scotland, in Inverness-shire, extending 20 m. inland from the sound of Skye. Houssa, a considerable town of Negroland, cap- ital of a country of the same name, extending along the N. side of the Niger. It is 200 m. if. of Tombuctoo. Long. 4. 20. E., lat. 16. 10. N. Hou-tcheou, a city of China, of the first class, in the province of Tche-kiang. The quantity of silk manufactured here is almost incredible, and it is the chief place for making writing pencils. It stands near a large lake, called Tai, 110 m. S. E. of Nan-king. Long. 120. 15. E., lat. 30. 55. N. Hotoard, a county of Missouri Pop. 10,844. Fayette is the Capital. Howard, p.t. Steuben Co. N. Y. Pop. 2,364. Also a township of Centre Co. Pa. Hoioden, a town in E. Yorkshire, Eng. It gives name to a small district called Howdenshire. The bishops of Durham had formerly a palace here, the remains of which are now occupied as a farm- house. Here is a large church, like a cathedral, part of which is in ruins. It is seated near the Ouse, and surrounded by a level country in a high state of cultivation, 21 m. S. S. E. of York, and 175 N. by W. of London. Howe, Cape, the promontory at the S. E. end of New Holland. Howell, a township in Monmouth Co. N. Y. Howlurul, a township of Trumbull Co. Ohio. Hoxfer, a fortified town of the Prussian states, on the Weser, 23 m. E. by N. of Paderborn. Hoy, one of the Orkney Islands, situate between the island of Pomona and the N. coast of Caithness- shire. It is 15 in. long and 6 broad. Here is a stupendous rock, called the Beary ; and on the W. coast is a great conic hill, called Hoy Head, which is a seamark. Long. 3. 9. W., lat. 58. 46. N. Hoya, a town of Hanover, capital of acounty of the same name. It is seated on the Weser, 37 m. N. W. of Hanover. Long. 9. 20. E., lat. 52. 47. N. Hoyer, a town of Denmark, in the duchy of Sles- wick, celebrated for its oyster-fishery, 4 m. W. of Tonderen. Hoyersicerda, a town and castle of Lusatia, on the Black Elster, 17 m. N. N. W. of Bautzen. Hoym, a town and castle of Saxony, in the prin- cipality of Auhalt, seated on the Godel, at its junction with the Selke 7 m. E. of Quedlinburg. Hradisch, a town of Moravia, capital of a cir- cle of the same name, which produces excellent wine. It is a frontier fortress towards Hungary, and stands on an island in the river Moraw, 30 m. S. S. E. of Ohnutz. Long. 17. 30. E., lat. 49. 7. 9. Hualiine, one of the Society Islands, in the S. Pacific, 30 leagues from Tahiti. It is 21 m. in compass, and has a commodious harbour, called Owharra Bay, on the W. coast. Long. 151. 8. VV , lat. 16. 44. S. Hubbard, a township of Trambull Co. Ohio. Hubbardston, p.t. Worcester Co. Mass. 45 m. W.Boston. Pop. 1,674. Hubbardton, p.t. Rutland Co. Vt, 40 m. N. W. Windsor. Pop. 865. , Hubert, St., a town of the Netherlands, in Luxemburg, with a celebrated obbey, seated in the forest of Ardennes, on the rivulet Homme, 14 m. W. of Bastogne. Hubertsberg, a town of Saxony, in Meissen, with a magnificent hunting-seat, built by Augus- tus HI., then electoral prince, 22 m. E. of Leip zig. Huddersficld, a populous and flourishing town in W. Yorkshire, Eng. Here is a large circular hall, in which narrow and broad cloths, serges, kerseymeres, &c., manufactured in the town and neighbourhood, are weekly exposed to sale. It stands on the Colne, 3 m. from the Calder, from which it has a canal to Ashton-under-Line. In addition to the parish church, two others have been erected — Trinity Church, in J819, and Christ Church, completed in 1824 ; and there are several meeting-houses for the different denomi nations of dissenters. The charitable institutions are numerous, and a mechanic's institutute was established in 1825, to which a valuable library has since been attached. It is 41 rn. S. W. of York, 25 N. E. of Manchester, and 189 N. N. W. of London. Hudson's Bay, a bay of North America, lying between 51. and 69. N. lat., discovered in 1610 by captain Henry Hudson. The entrance of the bay, from the ocean, is between Resolution Isle on the N. and the Labrador coast on the S., form- ing the E. extremity of the strait distinguished by the name of its great discoverer. It commu- nicates on the N. by two straits with Baffin's Bay , on the E. side it is bordered by Labrador, on the S. W. by New South Wales, and on the W. by New North Wales. These countries, included under the name of New Britain, abound with animals whose skins and furs are far superior in quality to those found in less northerly regions In the region to the westward Captain Franklin discovered that beautiful little animal which he named Parry's Marmot in honour of the celebrat- ed navigator of that name. It bears a strong resemblance to the striped squiril. The natives are called Esquimaux and northern Indians ; and are materially different from the southern tribes. In 1670 a charter was granted to a company for the exclusive trade to this bay. The territories claimed by this company are stated by some wri- ters to extend from 70. to 115. of W. long, and as far as 49. S. lat., thus comprehending a length HUS 387 HUN ■ of 1,300 or 1,400 geographical m. by a medial breadth of 3oO m. Animated by a prospect of gain, the company have pushed their discoveries into the interior, and thus has a knowledge of these vast wilds been obtained!, beyond what any other motives would have supplied. In Decem- ber, 1770, Mr. Hearne set out from Prince of Wales Fort to explore a river that the Esqui- maux, who came to the company's factories to trade, had broughtto their knowledge, and which, on account of much copper being found near it had obtained the name of Copper-mine River. Under the convoy of those Indians, he arrived at this river in June 1771, and traced it till he came in sight of the Arctic Ocean, finding it encumbered with shoals and a bar at its mouth, which is in long. 119. W., lat. 72. N. In 1789 Mr. Mackenzie, another officer of the company, explored the country still more to the W. ; and entering a river (now called after his name), which is the outlet of the Slave-lake, he traced it to its mouth in the Arctic Ocean, where it forms a wide estuary in long. 135. W., lat. 71. N. Further discoveries have been made by Capt. Franklin. Hudson, a city of New York, in Columbia county with considerable manufacturing busi- ness. The streets are spacious, and cross each other at right angles ; and the houses are sup- plied with water brought in pipes from a spring 2 m. distant. The trade is considerable, and vessels of the largest size can unload here. It is seated on an eminence, on the E. side of Hud- son River, Pop. 5,392. 30 m. S. of Albany, and 120 N. of New York. Hudson, villages in Caswell Co., N. C. and Portage Co. Ohio. Hiulson, a river of the United States, which S asses its whole course of 300 m. in the state of few York. It rises between the lakes Ontario and Champlain, and flows S. by Albany, and Hudson, and enters the Atlantic Ocean at New York. It is navigable for ships to Hudson, and for sloops to Albany, and is one of the finest nav- igable streams in the world. Hudwickstcald, a seaport of Sweden, the chief town of Helsingia, with a good harbour, on the gulf of Bothnia. The inhabitants carry on, an advantageous trade in timber, flax, linen, butter, fish, &c. 185 m. N. by W. of Stockholm. Long. 17. 4G. E., lat. 62. 6. N. ' Hue, or Huefo, the capital of Cochin China, with a royal palace. The inhabitants blacken their teeth, thinking it a shame to have them white, like dogs. It is seated in a beautiful plain, and divided into two parts bv a largs river, 30 m. from its mouth, in the Chiiia Sea. Long. 107. 25. E., lat. 16. 25. N. Huelva, a town of Spain, in Andalusia, on the coast of the Atlantic, between the mouths of the Odiel and Tinto, 53 m. W. of Seville. Huen, an island in the Baltic, with one scat- tered village, 3 m. from the coast of Sweden, and 9 S. S. E. of Elsinore. It is 6 m. in circumfer- ence, and was ceded by the Danes to the Swedes, in lGo8. See Uranibur^. Huesca, an old fortified town in the N. of Ar- ragon, in Spain, situated in a plain on the Isuela. Its works have gone into ruins,but it is still a bish- op's see, has a university, two large schools, a ca- thedral, and 6,800 inhabitants, with manufactures of cloth and leather. 30 m. N. E. of Saragossa. Huescar, a town of Spain, in Granada, with a castle, 42 m. N. E of Guadix Htussen, a town of Holland, in Guelderland, seated on the Rhine, 7 m. N. E. of Nimeguen. Hueta. See (xueta. Huednberg, a t»wn of the Austrian States, in Carinthia, 20 m. N. N. E. of Clagenfurt. Huffingen, a town of Baden, in the principal- ity of Furstenburgh 4 m. N. N. \V. of Furs tenburg. Hull, p.t. Plymouth Co. Mass. on a peninsula at the extremity of Nantasket Beach, on the S. side of Boston Bay. Pop. 198. Hughesbtirgh. See Catawissa. Hull, or Kingston upon Hull, a borough and sea- port in East Yorkshire, Eng. Tlie commerce of this place is considerable, and it is deemed the fourth port in the kingdon. Besides its commu- nication with the Yorkshire rivers and canals, it has access also to the Trent, and all its branches . so ti'iat it has the itnport and export trade of many of the northern and midland counties. The for- eign trade is chiefly to the Baltic ; but it is also one of the privileged ports for trading to the East Indies, and has traffic with the southern parts of Europe, and with America. More ships are sent hence to Greenland than from any other port, that of London excepted. The harbour is artificial ; and here are docks for building and repairing ships. Among the public buildings are the Trini- ty-house, for the relief of seamen and their wid- ows, an armoury, a naval storehouse, a custom- house and an exchange. It is seated on the north- ern side of the Humber about 20 m. from its mouth, the town extending almost in a direct line along the river Hull, and lying on a level tract of ground, washed on two of its sides by the Hull and the Humber. It is now well secured from inunditions by embankments. 38 m. S. £. of York, and 171 N. of London. Hulledyepura, a town of Hindoostan, in Cana- ra, seated in a plain of rice-ground to the E. of a considerable creek, which runs N. from the en- trance into Honawera Lake, 55 m. N. by W. of Kandnpura. Hulmsmlle, p.t. Bucks Co. Pa. Hulpcn. a town of the Netherlands, in Brabant, 10 m. S. E. of Brussels. Hulst, a town of tlie Netherlands, in Dutch Brabant, strong by its situation and fortifications. It was shamefully surrendered to the French in 1747, and taken by them in 1794. It is seated on a plain, which may be overflowed, and on a ca- nal that communicates with the Scheldt, 15 m. W. N. W of Antwerp. Hultschin, a town of Silesia, near the river Op- pa, 13 m. E. of Troppau. Humber, a river formed by the junction of the Trent and Ouse. It is a large estuary, which divides Yorkshire from Lincolnshire, and enters the Gorman Ocean at Spurn Head. Hummelstown, a township of Dauphin Co. Pa. Humphreys, a county of W. Tennessee. Pop. 6,189, Reynoldsburgh is the capital. Humphreystille, p.t. New Haven Co. Conn. It has manufactures of woolen. Also villages in Chester Co. Pa. and Union Dis. S. C. Hundsmarck, a town of the Austrian States, in Styria, near the river Muehr, 17 r:. W. by S. of Judenbursj. Himefetd, a town of Germany, in the district of Fulda, with a collegiate church. 10 m. N. of Fulda. Hungary, a countr}' of Europe, forming an im- portant part of tht Austrian dominions. At differ* HUJ^ 388 HUN ent periods this name has been applied with a very different signification. In the fourteentli and fifteenth centuries Hungary comprised part of mod- ern Poland and European Turkey, and was divi- ded into ten separate governments, or kingdoms, viz. Hungary Proper, Croatia, Sclavonia, Dal- matia, Bosnia, Bulgaria, Moldavia, Galicia, and Lodomiria, besides the principality of Tran- sylvania. Several of these provinces have long since been detached from Hungary ; but that country has still a close political and military connexion with the Austrian provinces of Scla- vonia, Croatia, and Dalmatia. This kingdom (for sucli it is still termed) is surrounded by moun- tams, except on the S. where its frontier is along the Danube and the Drave. It is bounded on the W. by part of Germany, N. by Galicia, E. by Transylvania and Wallachia, and S. by Turkey. Sclavonia, and Croatia; and has a territorial ex- tent of 84,500 square m. It vs^as formerly divided into Upper and Lower Hungary ; but this divi- sion has been superseded by that of the following circles : — I. Circle this side the Danube 2. Cir- cle beyond the Danube ; 3. Circle this side the Theyss ; 4. Circle beyond the Theyss ; 5. Prov- ince of Sclavonia; 6. Province of Croatia. These are divided into counties, of which there are thirteen in the first circle, and eleven in each of the others. The principal rivers are the Danube, the Drave, the Marosch, the March, the white Kor- esch, the Izamos, the Theyss, the Waag, and the Temes. The chief lakes are Balaton and Nieusi- cdl, W. ; Palitsch on the S. W., and Grunsee or the Grun Lake among the Carpathians. There arealso several extensive marshes here, as that of the Isle of Schut on the W. and that of Saxetje on the E. of the kingdom. Tlae climate among the moun- tains is ot course bleak ; but in the S. it is in general mild ; in the sandy districts extremely Jiot; on the banks of the rivers and near tlie marshes there is much humidity : indeed this is a prevailing characteristic of the climate of the level part of Hungary. The country abounds in all the necessaries of life, and the wine, especial- ly that called Tokay, is excellent. There are mines of gold, silver, copper, and iron ; and also of opal at Czerweniza, which gem is peculiar to this country. There is such plenty of game that hunting is allowed to all. The trade princi- paily consits in cattle, hogs, sheep, flour, wheat, rye, wool, and wine ; and these are almost whol- ly sent to the Austrian provinces. The com- merce of the country is fettered by no inter- nal taxes, a circumstance of which the Hun- gjirians are very proud ; but the Austrian government has environed it with custom houses, where a duty of one and one-third per cent, is gathered on all goods that pass into it from the other Austrian states. We may thus see that the encouragement of manufactures within the king- dom will never, voluntarily become the policy of that government. The kingdom of Hungary can easily raise an army of 100,000 men. The horsemen are called Hussars, and the foot Hey- dukcs. The government is hereditary in the house of Austria, and the established religion is popery, though there are a great number of pro- testants. No country in the world is better sup- plied with mineral waters and baths ; and those of Buda, when the Turks were in possession of it, were reckoned the finest in Europe. Hungerford, a town in Berkshire Eng. with a good trade by its canal navigation. John ot Uaunt granted a charter by the gift of a brass bu- gle horn, which is blown annually for the inhao itants to elect the constable, who is the chief offi cer. It is seated on the Kennet, 22 ra. S S. W of Abingdon, and 64 W. of London. //wTHwo-Men, a town of France, in the depart ment of Upper Rhine, seated on the Rhine. The strong fortress of Huninguen, which for a long time held out against the allies in 1815, was af- terwards demolished in consequence of a stipula- tion in the treaty of Paris. 2 m. N. of Basel, and 14 E. of Altkirch. Hunmanhy, a town in East Yorjishire, Eng. The town is pleasantly situated on a rising ground, surrounded by a fine wood on the N. W., within two miles of the sea, and contains many good houses. 39 m. N. E. of York, and 207 N. ol London. Hunter, p. v. Greene Co. N. Y. Pop. 1,1(G0. Hunterdon, a county of New Jersey, on the Del- aware. Pop. 31,006. Trenton is the chief town. Hunterstown, a village in York Co. Pa. and a township in St. Maurice Co. L. C. Huntersville, villages in Pocahontas Co. Va. and Lincoln Co. N. C. Huntingdon, a borough and the capital of Hun- tingdonshire, Eng. with a market on Saturday, and a great trade in corn, coals, wood, &.c. It was once a large place, said to have had 15 churches, which are now reduced to two ; and there are the cemeteries of two other parishes, in one of which is an ancient steeple. Huntingdon is the birth-place of Oliver Cromwell. It is seat- ed on the river Ouse, over which is a stone bridge to Godmanchester, 16 m. W. N. W. of Cambridge and 59 N. by W, of London. Huntingdon, a county in the W. district of Pen- sylvania. Pop. 27,159. The capital has the same name. Huntingdon, towns in Adams, Luzerne and Westmoreland Cos. Pa. and Carroll Co. Ten. Huntingdonshire, a county of England, 25 milee long and 20 broad; bounded on the N. W. and N. by Northamptonshire, E. by Cambridgeshire, and S. W. by Bedfordshire. It contains 240,000 acres ; is divided into four hundreds, and 107 parislies ; and has six market towns. It sends four members to parliament. The principal riv- ers are the Ouse and Nen. The S. E. part con- sists of beautiful meadows. The middle and west- ern parts are fertile in corn, and adorned with woods; and the upland part was anciently a fur- est, peculiarly adapted for hunting. Tlie N E. part consists of fens, which join those of Ely ; but they are drained, so as to aff'ord rich pastur- age, and even large crops of corn. In the midst of them are some shallow pools abounding with fish; and a lake six miles long and three broad, called Whittloseanicre. The principal commod- ities are corn, malt, and cheese ; and it fattens abundance of cattle. Huntington, p.t. Chittenden Co. Va. on Onion river. Poo. 929. Also apt. Fairfield Co. Conn. Pop. 1,369. A p.t. Sutiblk Co. N. Y. Pop, 5,582. Also towns in Laurel Dis. S. C, Gallia, Ross and Brown Cos. Ohio. Huntingtown, p. v. Calvert Co. Maryland. Huntley, a town of Scotland, in Aberdeenshire, with a manufacture of linen cloth; seated on the Bogie, near its conflux with the Deveron, 35 m. N. W. of Aberdeen. Huntshurg, a village in Franklin Co. Vt. near the Canada line. Also a village in Geauga Co. Onio. HuntsvUle, villages in Otsego Co. N, Y., Sur- ICE 389 ICE rey Co. N. C, Laurena Die. S. C, Madison Co. Alab., and Robertson Co. Tenn. Huntspill, a town in Somersetshire, Eng. 7 m. N. of Bridgewater, and 143 tV. by S. of London. Hurdwar, a town of Hindoostan, in the prov- ince of Dehli, where the Ganges first enters the country. It is 100 ra. N. by E. of Dehli. Long, 78 23 E.,lat. 29. 55. N. Huron, a lake of North America, which lies between 80. and 85. W. long., and 43. and 48. N. lat. It lias a communication with Lake Michi- gan and Lake Erie. Its shape is nearly triangu- lar, 250 m. in length, and its circumference 800 miles. On the N. side is a chain of islands 150 miles long, called Manitoualin by the Indians, who consider them as sacred : on the S. W. is Saginau Bay, and a little more to the N. W. is Thunder Bay so called from the frequent thunder that IS heard there. Huron, a county of Ohio, lying upon Lake Erie. Pop. 13,345. Norwalk is the capital. Hurst Castle, a fortress in Hampshire, 4 m. S. of Lymington. It stands on the extreme point of a neck of land, about a mile distant from the Isle of Wight. In this castle Charles I. was con- fined previously to his being brought to trial. Hv^, or Hussu, a town of European Turkey, in Moldavia, the see of a Greek bishop. Here Peter the Great made peace with the Turks in 1711. It is situate on the Pruth, 70 m. S. W. of Bender. Long. 28. 34. E., lat. 46. 35. N. Hussingahad, a town of Hindoostan, in the province of Malwah, on the S side of the Nerbud- dah, 140ra. N. W. ofNagpore. Long. 77. 54. E.,lat. 22. 42. N. Hussum, a sea-port of Denmark, in the duchy of Sleswick, with a strong citadel. It has a trade m horses and oxen, and manufactures of leather, cotton, and linen. It stands on the river Ow or Aue, near the German Ocean. 16 m. W. of Sles- wick. Long. 9. 20. E., lat. 54. 36. N. Huttany,n. town of Hindoostan, in the province of Visiapour. It is surrounded by mud ram- parts, and has a citadel, and a spacious caravan- sera. 30 m. S. S. W. of Visiapour. Long. 75. 6. E., lat. 17. 5. iN. Huttonsville, p.v. Randolph Co. Va. Huy, a town of the Netherlands, in the territory of Liege, with many paper mills, and iron foun- deries. It is seated on the Maese, 12 m. W. S W. of Liege. Hyannis, p.t. Barnstable Co. Mass., on the S. side of Cape Cod. Hijattstown, p.v. Montgomery Co. Maryland. Hyde, a county of North Carolina, lying on Pamlico Sonnd. Pop. 6,177. Lake Landing is the seat of justice. Hyde Park, p.t. Dutchess Co. N. Y. on the Hudson. Pop. 2,554. Also a village in Halifax Co. N. C. Hyderabad, a populous city of Hindoostan, cap- ital of Golconda, and the metropolis of the Dec- can. The suburbs, which are very large, are oc- cupied by merchants and tradesmen. It stands in a plain, on a river that runs into the Kistna, 310 ni. N. N. W. of Madras. Long. 78. 52. E., lat. 17. Hi. N. Hyderabad, a fort of Hindoostan, in the pro- vince of Sinde, and the usual residence of the prince of Sinde; situate near the Indus, 6 m. E. of Nusserpour, and 62 N. E. of Tatta. Hydra, a small island of Independent Greece, the ancient Aristeia. It lies on the eastern coast of the Morea about 3 m. from the shore. It is a barren rock, but was an important naval station of the Greeks during the war of the revolution. The town of the same name contains 13,000 in- habitants. The houses are built on the side of a rocky hill and make a very picturesque appearance* The inhabitants are enterprising, and engaged altogether in naval aflairs. A Greek newspaper is printed here. Hypolite, St., a town of France, in the depart- ment of Gard, seated on the Vidourle, near its source, 12 m. S. W. of Alais. Hypolite, St., a town of France, in the depart- ment of Doubs, on the river Doubs, 40 m. E. by N. of Besaneon. Hys, a town of Asiatic Turkey, in the Arabian Irak, on the Eiphrates, 120 m. S. of Bagdad. Hythe. See Hithe. IBARRA, the capital of a fertile province of the same name in South America, is situated on an extensive and delightful plain, watered on the E. by the river Taguando, and W. by Ajavi. The streets are wide and convenient, and the buildings of good construction. 42 m. N. E. from Quito. Iberville, an outlet for the overflowing waters of the Mississippi, during the seasons of inunda- tion, entering Lalie Maurepas. Iberville, a parish of Louisiana. Pop. 7,050. The chief town has the same name. Iberia, Kew, a village of Louisiana, in the dis- trict of Attakapas, 200 m. W. of New Orleans. Iberian Mountains, the most extensive mountain range of Spain, beginning to the W. of the Ebro, and extending to the shores of the Mediterranean. Ibiza. See Ivica. Iburg, a email town of Hanover, in the princi- pality ofOsnaburg, 10 m. S. W. of Osnaburg. Iceland, an island of the North Atlantic Ocean, belonging to Denmark, extending according to Henderson from lat. 63. 20. to 67. 20., and be- tween 15. 30. and 22. yj. W. long. It is of an ir- regular oval figure, about 380 m. in length, and 230 in its greatest brea>l'li. For two months to- gether the sun never sets ; and in the winter it never rises for the same space, at least not entirely. The coast is indented all round with numerous deep gulfs, bays, and creeks, several of which form excellent harbours. The island is mountainous, stony, and barren ; but in some places there are excellent pastures. The chief rivers are in the E. part ; the Skalfanda. Oxarfird, and Bruna, all flowing from S. to N. Some are white with lime, others smell of sulphur. The principal moun- tains, clothed with perpetual snow, are called Yokuls; and of these Snafial, hanging over the sea on the S. W. coast, is esteemed the highest, being computed at 6,860 feet. Mount Hecla, about 2,000 feet in height, \n the most noted, and is a volcano : there are also several other volcanoes and the convulsions caused by them in 1783 were so dreadful and multiplied that it was feared the island would fall to pieces ; the eruptions were 2k2 10A 390 ILH the most tremendous of any recorded in history. The last eruption, which was less terrific in its consequences, occurred in December 1821. The climate is not extremely cold, but the seasons are variable. The sea, at a small distance from the shores, is seldom frozen ; and very little ice is ever seen near the W. coast, notwithstanding is prox- imity to Greenland. Iceland is governed as a dependency of Denmark, and is divided into four Erovinces, 19 shires, and 184 parishes. The in- abitants were estimated at 50,092 in 1824. Their houses are at a distance from each other, and many of them deep in the ground ; but they are all miserable hovels of turf, without windows, and those of the common class are such wretched dens that it is wonderful how anything in the human form can breathe in them. The Danes trade with the natives for hides, tallow, train oil, whalebone, and seahorses' teeth, which are as good as ivory. The established religion is the Lutheran, and there are 300 churches in the island. The dis- tressing scarcity of bibles which had long pre- vailed, was relieved, in 1815, by a liberal distri- bution from Britain, which were received with the greatest thankfulness. The principal school, held at a place called Bessestadt, near the W. coast, has three masters, who teach the classics, the- ology, and the Danish language ; and societies have been formed for the cultivation of literature. Icolmkill, or lona, one of the Hebrides, near the S .W. point of the isle of Mull, only 4 m. long, and one broad. Here are the ruins of an angustine nunnery, monastery, and cathedral, said to have been founded by St. Columba, about the year 735 ; also a small ch-yiel dedicated to St. Oran, con- taining many marble tombstones of the great lords of the isles ; and adjoining it is a cemetery, in which many ancient kings of Scotland, Ireland, and Norway, are buried. Other ruins of monas- tic and druidical edifices can be traced ; and many places are pointed out, noted for particular acts of St. Columba. This island was the retreat of learning, during the Gothic ignorance which per- vaded Europe, after the overthrow of the Roinan Empire ; and the seminary whence issued those pious monks and laymen who again revived learning, and propagated Christianity through many kingdoms of Europe. Ida, a lofty and pointed mountain in the middle of the island of Candia, famous in ancient times as being tne place on which Jupiter was brought up, ana wbere there was a temple dedicated to C^hele. Ida, a mountain of Asiatic Turkey, 140 m. to the W. of Olympus. Idanha a JVcuva, a town of Portugal, in Beira, 3 m. S. W. of Idanha a Velha. Idanha a Vellia, a town of Portugal, in Beira. The French took it by assault in 1704. It is seated on the Ponsul, 25 m. E. of Castel Branco. Long. fi. 14. W., lat. 39. 39. N. Idria, a town of the Austrian states, in Carnio- la, celebrated for its rich quicksilver mines, 20 m. E. N. E. of Gorz. Idstein, a town of Germany, in the duchy of Nassau, with a castle, the residence of the duke ; situate in a district containing several forests and iron works, 16 m. N. of Mentz, 22. S W. of Wetzlar. If, an island in the Mediteranean, on the coast of France, the most eastern of the three before the harbour of Marseilles, and well fortified. Itrlau, a fortified town of Moravia, capi-tal of a circle of the same name, with two convents and a college. Good cloth is manufactured here, and the commerce in corn and hemp is considerable. It is seated on the Igla, 40 m. W. N.W. of Brinn. Long. 15. 32. E., lat. 49. 28. E. Iglesias, a town of the island of Sardinia, and a bishop's see, 37 m. W. S. W. of Cagliari. Long 8. 39. E., lat. 39. 18. N. Uior. See Johore. Ikery, a town of Hindoostan, in Mysore, lor- merly the capital of a principality. It was of a great size, surrounded by three concentric walls; but, the court being removed to Nagara, the in- habitants willi ngly followed, and the town was depopulated. Ila. See Ma. llak, or Jalak, a town of Nubia, on the Nile, supposed by some to be the ancient Meroe. Long. 34. 30. E., lat. 18. 48. N Ilanz, a town of Switzerland, in the Grisons, capital of the Grey League. It is seated on the Rhine, 23 m. S. W. of Coire. Ilchester, or Ivelchester, a borough in Somer- setshire, with a market on Wednesday. It is a place of great antiquity, and the birth-plnce of the celebrated Roger Bacon. The election of the county members is held here, and here also is the county gaol. It is seated on the Ivel, IG m. S. by W. of Wells, and 122 W. by S. of London. Ildefonso, St., a town of Spain, in New Castile, noted for a magnificent summer palace, built by Philip V. ; and for a large manufacture of glass, belonging to the crown. It is 5 m. N. of Uzeda, and 40N. W. of Madrid. Ildefonso, St., a town of Mexico, in the prov- ince of Guaxaca. seated on a mountain, 70 m. E. N. E. of Guaxaca. Ilderton, a village in Northumberland, Eng. 4 m. S. of Wooler. On a hill near it is a .semicircu- lar encampment, defended by two high rampiers of earth, and a deep fosse, with an inner circle of stones, which appear uncemented. The area is about 100 yards diameter, and contains many re- mains of buildings. Ilfracomb, a sea-port in Devonshire, Eng. It has a spacious natural basin, with a good pier and quay, projecting into the Bristol Channel. This port employs a number of brigs and sloops, chiefly in carrying ore from Cornwall, coal from Wales, and corn from Bristol; also a number of fish- inff skiffs. It is 49 m. N. N. W. of Exeter, and 202 W. of London. Ilheos, a province of Brazil, S. of that of All Saints Bay. Its chief town of the same name is ILL 8»l ILL ■eated at the mouth of the river llheos, 130 m. S. S. W. of St. Salvador. Long. 40. 15. W., lat. 14 55. S. //AmcA, a town of Poland, in the Palatinate of Cracow, remarkable for its silver and lead mines, 15 m. N. W of Cracow. lUe, a town of France, in the department of Eastern Pyrenees, on the river Teck, 10 m. W. of Perpigiian. Ille-et-Vilaine, a departmentof France, contain- ing partof tiie late province of Bretagne. It takes its°name from two rivers, which unite at Rennes, the capital of the department. Iller, a river of Germanj', which rises in Tyrol, runs N. through Bavaria, and joins the Danube near Uhn. fllescas, a town of Spain, in New Castile, 15 m. S. S. W. of Madrid, and 15. N. N. E. of Toledo. Illinois, a river of North America, formed by the junction of several streams near the S. end of Lake Michegan : after taking a S. W. coarse of 250 m. it enters the Mississippi, 30 m. above the influx of the Missouri. Illinois, one the United States, bounded on the N. by the N. W. Territory. E. by Indiana. S. by Kentucky and W. by the State and Territory of Mi^sjuri. It extends from 37. to42 30. .\. lat. and from 87. 17. to 91. 50. W. long. 350 m. in length and ICO in mean breadth and containing 56,000 sq. m. The Mississippi washes its western, and the Ohio its southern border, and it is travers- ed by the Illinois and Kaskaskia rivers. The N. E. corner touches upon Lake Michigan. This • State is not traversed by any ranges of hills or mountains ; the surface in general is level, but in a few instances uneven, and approaching to hilly. It may be arranged under three general heads. 1. The all uvions^of rivers, which are from one to eight rn. in width, in son^ip places elevated, and in° others low, and subject to inundation. Tliey consist of an intermixture of woods and prairie. The soil is almost invariably fertile — such are the ranks, on the Mississippi, Wabash, Illinois, Kaskaskia, Ax. 2. .A.fler leaving the alluvions, and rising to the * bluffs' which bound them, is a tract of level land, elevated from fifty to one hun- dred feet, and which is sometimes called ' table land.' The greater proportion of this is prairie, which m some places is dry, and in others wet and marshy, depending upon the convexity or "oncavity of the surface. Tlie soil is less fertile 1,'iaji that of the alluvions, but is generally prefer- erl by emigrants. The tract of country between the Mississippi and Kaskaskia rivers belongs to this class. 3. In the interior and towards the n jrthern part of the State, the country becomes rouifh and uneven. It consists of an intermixture of woods and prairies, diversified with gentle or ahr-jpt slopes, sometimes attaining the elevation o*' hills, and irrigated with a number of streams. The most of the country which lies south of a line •Jrawn from the mouth of the Wabash to the mouth of the Kaskaskia, is covered with timber. A verv few prairies, and those inconsiderable in point of size, may be found immediately south of this line. Crossing that line, the timber is found to decrease in quantity, and the prairies to expand ; yet the latter are still comparatively small, wholly unconnected with each other, and their outlines distinctly marked by the thick for- ests which surround and separate them. Advanc- ing to the north, the prairie surface begins to prcdommate ; the prairies now become lar»e, and conununicate with each other like a chain of lakes, by means of numerous avenues or viatas; still, however, the traveller is surrounded by tim- ber ; his eye never loses sight of the deep green outline, throwing out its capes and headlands ; though he sees no more than dense forests and large trees, whose deep shade almost appalled him in tiie south. Travelling on from the centre of the State to its northern limit, we find ourselves surrounded by one vast prairie. In the country over wliich we have passed, the forest is inter- spersed with these interesting plains ; here, tlie prairie is studded with groves and copses, and the streams fringed with strips of woodland. The eye sometimes wanders over immense plains cov- ered with grass, discovering no other oh]ei t on which to rest, and finding no limit to its vision but the distant horizon ; while more frequently it wanders from grove to grove, and from one point of woodland to another, charmed and refreshed by an endless variety of rural beauty. The growth of the bottom lands consists of black wal- nut, ash of several species, hackberry,elm, (white, red, and slippery.) sugar-maple, honey-locust, buck-eye, catalpa, sycamore, cottonwood, peccan, hickory, mulberry, several oaks — as, over cup, bur oak, swamp or water oak, white, red or Span- ish oak ; and of the shrubbery are red-bud, papaw, grape vine, dogwood, spice bush, hazle, green- brier, &c. Along the margin of the streams, the sycamore and cottonwood often predominate, and attain to an amazing size. The cottonwood is of rapid growth, a light, white wood, sometimes u.sed for rails, shingles, and scantlings, not last- ing, nor of no great value. Its dry, light wood is much used in steam-boats. The northern portion of Illinois is said to be inexhaustibly rich in mineral productions, while coal, secondary limestone, and sandstone, are found in every part. Iron ore is often found in the southern parts of the State, and is said to ex- ist in considerable quantities near the rapids of Illinois. Native copper in small quantities has been found on Muddy river, in Jackson county, and back of Harrison ville, in the bluffs of Mun- roe county. One mass weighing seven pounds was found detached at the latter place. A shaft was sunk forty feet deep in 1817, in search of this metal, but without success. Red oxide of iron, and oxide of copper were dug out. Crystalized gypsum has been found in small quantities in St. Clair county. Quartz crystals exist in Gallatin county. Silver is supposed to exist in St. Clair county, 2 m. from Rock-Spring, from whence Silver creek derives its name. In the early set- tlements by the French, a shaft was sunk here, and tradition tells of large quantities of the pre- cious metal being obtained. In 1828, many jjer- sons in this vicinity commenced digging, and be- gan to dream of immense fortunes, which however vanished during the following winter. They dug up considerable quantities of hornblende the shining specula of which were mistaken for sil- ver. Lead is found in vast quantities in the north- ern part of Illinois, and the adjacent territory. Here are the richest lead mines hitherto discover- ed on the globe. This portion of country lies principally north of Rock river and south of the Wisconsin. Dubuque's and other rich mines, are west of the Mississippi. There i.pe"s dominions, were erected into a government by the French, and called the Cisalpine Republic. This repub- lic was overturned in 1799, but restored afler the battle ofMarenga, in 1800. In 1802 it receiveeda new constitution, under the name of the Italian Republic, and Bonaparte, then first consul of France, was elected president. In 1805 the Ital- ian Republic was erected into a kingdom, and the emperor of France assumed the title of king of Italy. In December following, the Austrian part of the Venetian states was added to its terito- ries, by the treaty of Presburg. The kingdom was divided into departments, and the city of Milan was the capital. But the subsequent chan- ges which took place in Europe again deranged the political situation of this country. The king- dom of Italy was overturned ; and the country is now divided into the following states : — The« Lombardo- Venetian kingdom, the kingdom of Sardinia, the States of the Church, or pope's dominions, the Two Sicilies, the grand duchy of Tuscany, the states of Modena, the states of Par- ma, the duchy of Lucca, and the republic of San Marino. Italy, as to climate, has been divided into four separate regions. The first of these embraces the basin of the Po, extending about 260 m. in length, and 150 in its greatest breadth ; being bounded by the Alps and Apennines on the N. W. and S., and open to the Adriatic on the E. Here the almos phere is uniformly serene and briijht ; and, be- '(ag tempered by refreshing breezes from the adja- cent heights, the climate is altogether one of the most salubrious and delightful in the whole world. The second region includes the Tuscan and Ro- man territories, being screened on the N. bv the Apennines, and more exposed to the heats of summer than to the rigors of the winter. Frost and snow are here experienced ; but the temper- ature is sufficient to mature the orange, the fig, and similar fruits. The third district contains Campania Felix, and its dependencies, where the vegetable treasures of nature are also found in the greatest perfection, the air uniformly mild and serene, and a peculiar glow of l)eauty per- vades the landscape. The fourth division extends from the Apennines to the Adriatic, and embraces the southern districts of the peninsula. Here the aloe, the palm, and other prMuctions of a south 2l8 ITA 408 IVE *fn climate flourish ; but, when the sirocco blows, tne heats are overcoming to a s tranger from al- most any other part of Europe. The climate of Italv also experiences much diversity from elevation and local circumstances. The general aspect of the country is highly beautiful and pic- 1uresq\ie. The Alps and Apennines diversify this j>oninsula with almost every possible combination of hill and valley, rivers, lakes, and romantic scsenery. Northern Italy is broken into bold and rugged acclivities by the former, from the south- ern face of which decsend the streams that form the Po and various other classical rivers. To- wards the southern extremity of Italy, the Apen- nines diverge into two branches, one of which advances eastward to Capo de Leuca, and the oth- er southward to the straits of Messina. Several detatched mountains, among which is the celebra- ted Vesuvius, here over-hang the gulf of Naples, and discharge their liquid fires into its waters The Apennines are, in many parts, clothed with trees to their summits ; in other places tliey are more precipitous, and attain the altitude of ice and snow. The principal rivers are the Po, Tiber, Adige, Brenta, Piave,and Tagliamento, and there are several fine lakes, as the Maggiore, Lugano, Como, Garda. Perugia, Bracciano, and Celano. The soil, in general, is very fertile. It produces a great variety of wines, and the best oil in Eu- rope ; excellent silk in abundance ; corn of all sorts but not in such plenty as in other countries ; oranges, lemons, citrons, pomegranates, almonds, raisins, sugar, figs, peache§, apricot"?, pears, apples, filberts, chesnuts, &c. The olive is one of the most valuable productions of Italy. The Tuscans were the first that exported olive oil in any quanti- ty ,on which account U is still called, Florence oil. Tliere is something peculiarly mild and graceful in the appearance of the olive tree, even apart from its associations. The leaves are somewhat like those of the willow, only they are more soft portation ; and great sums of money are expended by travellers in the purchase of pictures, curiosi- ties, relics, antiquities, &c. No country has pro- duced better, politicians, historians, poets, musi- cians, painters, and sculptors ; that is, since the revival of the arts and sciences, exclusive of those of ancient times. The Italians are generally well proportioned; but of their complexion they can- not boast. Witli respect to dress they follow the fashions of the countries on which they bor- and delicate. The flowers are as delicate as the leaves. They come in little spikes from buds between the leaf stalks and spikes. The ma tured-wood of the olive is hard and compact though rather brittle, and has the pith obliterated like box. Its colour is reddish, and it takes a fine gloss, on which accounts the ancients carved it into statues of their gods. The moderns make it into snuffboxes and other trinkets. This coun- try also yields good pastures, abounds with cattle, sheep, goats, buffviloes, wild boars, mulss, and horses. The forests are well stored with game ; and the mountains have not only mines of iron, lead, alum, sulphur, marble of all sorts, alabaster, jasper, porphyry, &c., but also gold and silver, with a great variety of aromatic herbs, trees, shrubs, and evergreens. Wine, oil, perfumes, fruits, and silks, are the principal articles ofex- der, or to which they are subject. They are ve- ry affable, courteous, ingenious, sober, and ready- witted ; but extremely jealous, vindictive, lasiv- ious, ceremonious, and superstitious Masquer des, gaming, horse-races, and conversazione or assemblies, are the chief diversions of the Italians, excepting religious exhibitions, in which they are pompous beyond all other nations. The establish- ed religion is the Roman Catholic, but all other sects are now tolerated : the number of archbish- ops in the whole country is 38 ; and that of the suffragans indefinite, as may be truly added of the inferior ecclesiastics. Their language, a cor- ruption of the Latin, is remarkable for its smooth- ness, and is said to be spoken in its greatest pu- rity at Florence. Further particulars of this country will be found under the names of its par- ticular divisions, as JVaples. &c. Italy, Austrian. See Lombardo- Venetian King' dom. Italy, p.t. Yates Co. N. Y Pop. 1,092. Itamarca. See Tamarica. Itclten,or Aire, a river in Hampshire, Eng. which enters the bay of Southampton, at the town of that name. Ithaca, or Tliiaki, one of the Ionian Islands. It is as rugged and barren as it was in the times of Ulysses, who was a native of this island. It has about 8,000 inhabitants, who are the most indus- trious in the Ionian Islands. Ithaca, p.t. Tompkins Co. N. Y. on Cayuga Lake. Pop. 5,270. It has several manufactories, and is surrounded by beautiful scenery. There are some beautiful cataracts in the neighbour- hood. Itzekoe, a town of Germanv, in Holstein, be- longing to Denmark, with a fortress. A duty is exacted here from all ships coming up the Stoer, on which river it is seated, 12 m. N. N. E. of Gluckstadt, and 31 N. W. of Hamburg. Ivangorod. See Narva. Ivanitz, a town of Croatia, seated on the IjOnia, ■ 42 m. N. E. of Carlstadt. hdchester. See II Chester. Ives, St., a. borough in Cornwall, Eng. seated on a JAO 403 JAE bay of the same name, celebrated for its extensive pilchard fishery. It is governed by a mayoi;, and h;is a market on Wednesday. The church is a handsome building close to the sea. Here are al- so meeting-houses for Independents and Metho- dists, and a good grammar school, founded by Charles I. In the vicinity of the town is Tregan- ny Castle ; and one mile from this mansion on the summit of a lofty hill, is a pyramid erected by the late J. Knoll, esq., who died in 1811, and di- rected by will that at the end of every 5 years an old woman, and 10 girls under 14 years of age, dressed in white and accompanied by music, should walk in processsion from the market-house to this pyramid, vvhi»re they should dance, and sing the 100th Psalm. For this he bequeathed certain freeholds, and vested them in the minis- ter, to whom and the port collector he bequeath- ed £10 for a dinner. 8 m. N. E. of Penzance, and 277 W. by S. of London. loes, St., a town in Huntingdonshire, Eng.with a market on Monday ; seated on the river Ouse, 6 m. S. E. of Huntingdon, and 59 N. by W. of London. loiQii, an island of the Mediterranean, 56 m. S. W. of Majorca. It is about 60 m. in circumfer- ence, and mountainous ; but fertile in corn and fruits. A great quantity of salt is made here, highly esteemed for its whiteness. The capital, of the same name, which stands on the S. side of the island, is well fortified, and has a convenient harbour. Long. 1. 25. E., lat. 38. 52. N. Ivingkoe, a town in Buckinghamshire, Enof. with manufactures of bonelace. It is 6 m. S. W. of Dunstable, and 33 N. W. of London. Icera, an ancient town of Piedmont, with a fort, citadel, and castle. It is a bishop's see, and con- tains a cathedral, four other churches, and several religious houses. It is seated on the Doria, be- tween two hills, 20 ra. N. of Turin. Lonw. 7. 48 E., lat. 45.22. N. Ivry, a town of France, in the department of Eure, with a late Benedictine abbey ; seated on the Eure, 12 m. S. E. of Evreux, and 50 N. W. of Paris. hry, a town of France, in the department of Cote 'd Or, 9 m. S. E. of Arnay le Due. Ixworth, a town in Suffolk, Eng. with a market on Friday, 7 m. N. E. of Bury St. Edmund, and 77 N. E.' of London. Izery, St., a town of France, department of Aveiron, 6 m. N. W. of Vabres. Izeron, a town of France, department of Rhone, 10 m. S. W. of Lyons. Izininsk, a town of Sibera, in the province of Okhotsk, defended by lofty palisades, and wooden bastions, provided with cannon and military stores. The commerce consists of furs, and the skins of reindeer. It is seated on the Izengen, 15 m. from its mouth, and 520 N. E. ofOkhotsk. Izquintenanno, a town of Mexico, in the prov- ince of Chiapa. The country about it produces cotton and a great number of pine-apples. It is 100 m. S. E. of Chiapa. JAALONO, a town of France, in the depart- ment of Marne, 9 m. W. of Chalons. Jabaz, n. town of Asiatic Turkey, in Natolia, SO m. N. W. of Angora. JabJunkau, a town of Silesia, in the principali- ty of Teschen, on the river Elsa, with a fort near it, called Jablunkau Schauz, which defends a defile toward Hungary. It is seated between high mountains, 11 m. S. S. E.of Teschen. Jacca, a town of Spain, formerly the capital of Arragon, seated on a river of the same name, among the Pyrenees. It is a bishop's see, and is defended by a citadel. 45 m. N. by E. of Saragossa. Jaci d' AmiUa, a town of Sicily, in Val di Dem- ona, 10 m. N. N. E. of Catania. Jackson, a county of Georgia. Pop. 9,000. Jeffer- son is the capital ; a county of Ohio. Pop. 5,974, the chief town has the same name ; a county of Indiana. Pop. 4,894. Brownstown is the capital ; a county of Illinois. Pop. 1,827. Brownsville is the capital ; a county of West Tennessee. Pop. 9,902. Gainesborough is the capital, a county of Alabama. Pop. 12,172 ; a county of Mississippi. Pop. 1,789. Also the name of 24 towns and vil- lages, namely in Washington Co. N. Y. Pop. 2,054. Lebanon Co. Pa., Jackson, Franklin, Wayne, Pickaway, Pike, Knox, Champaign, Monroe, Stark, Perry, Montgomery, Preble, and Mus- kingum Cos. Ohio, Jackson Co. Ind., Cape Girardeau Co. Miss. Madison Co. Ten., Clark Co. Alab., Hinds, Co. Miss., and Feliciana Parish, Lou. Jacksonborouvh, villages in C jlleton Dis. S. C, Scnven Co. Greo., Campbell, Co. Ten. Jacksonburg, p. v. B utler Co. Ohio. Jacksonville, p. v. Tompkins Co. N. Y., Lehigh Co. Pa., Hood Co. Va., Telfair Co. Geo., Duvall Co. £. Florida, Fairfield, Adair, and Belmont Cos. Ohio, and Morgan Co. Illinois. Jacobsburg, p.t. Belmont Co. Ohio. 21 m. from Wheeling. Jaaibsdorf, a town of the Prussian states, in Pom- erania, 3m.S. E. of Jacobshagan and8E.ofZachan. Jacobshagon, a town of the Prussian states, in Pomerania, 14 m. S. of Daber. Jacobstadt, a town of Russia, in Finland, with a convenient harbour, and a thriving trade. 50 m. N. N. E. ofWasa. Jacobstown, p. v. Burlington Co. N. Y. 15 m. S. Trenton. Jacurso, a town of Naples, in Calabria Ultra, 8 m. W. of Squillace. Jaen,9. province of the eastern part of Andalu- sia, surrounded by the provinces of La Mancha, Murcia, Granada, and Cardova. Its territorial extent is 4,760 sq. m. ; and its pop. about 207,000. This province, though badly cultivated, produ- ces wine, oil, silk, and corn, especially along the Guadalaquivir, which is the largest river in the province. Jaen was formerly a kingdom ; and the king of Spain, still takes the title of king of Jaen, although it is now included in the govern- ment of Andalusia. Jaen, a fortified city of Spain, in Andalusia, capital of the above province. It is a bishop's see, and the residence of the magistracy of the province. It is seated at the foot of a mountain, on the river Guadalbulon, 36 in. N. ot Grana- da. ^ JAG 404 JAM Jafa, a fertile country of Arabia, N. W. of Aden and of Hadramaut ; it was formerly under the dominion of the imam ; but in the end of the 17th century the inhabitants made themselves independent, and are now governed by three petty chif^fs, who have also conquered a part of tJie province of Hadramaut. J'iffa. anciently called Joppa, a town of Asia, in Palestine, situated near the coast of the Med- iterranean, with a small citadel. It was formerly a celebrated city, and is frequently mentioned in the Scriptures. It has long been inhabited by Turks and Arabs, with a mixture of Greeks, Maro- nites, and Armenians, The houses are small and surrounded with the ruins of the ancient walls and towers. The Franks, Greeks, and Armenians have small convents for the reception of pilgrims of different nations. The principal comm^erce is in grain, particularly rice from Egypt Jaffa was laid waste in the crusades, and afterwards destroyed by an earthquake. In pro- fane history it is said to be the place whence Perseus delivered Andromeda. It was taken by the French, under Bonaparte, in February 1739, but they held possession 40 days only. It is 12 m. N. W. of Gaza, and 33 W. of Jerusalem. Jaffna, a. town of Ceylon, capital of Jaffnapa- tam, whence are exported great quantities of to- bacco, and some elephants, which are accounted the most docile of any in the world. The Dutch took it from the Portuguese in 1G58 ; and it was taken by the English in 1795. It is seated on a river navigable fo~r large boats, 100 m. N. of Can- dy. Long. 80. 10. E., lat. 9. 45. N. Jafnapatam, a district in the N. part of Ceylon fertile in fruit and vegetables, and said to be the most populous and healthy in the island. Sever- al small islands are politically connected with this district; and between it and the Candian provinces are numerous woods, inhabited by a savage race, called Vaddahs, supposed to be the aborigines of the country. Jaffrabad, a town of Hindoostan, in Guzerat, near the mouth of a river, noted for large oysters, 37 m. E. N. E. of Diu. Jascrnaut. See Jvgs^rnavt. Jaffrey. p.t. Cheshire Co. N. H. C>2 m. N. W. Boston. Pop. 1,353. In this town is Monadnock Mountain, which see. Near the mountain is the Monadnock mineral spring, which is slightly im- pregnated with carbonate of iron and sulphate of soda. Yellow ochre is thrown out by the spring, and many tons of it have been exported. Here are also cotton and woolen manufactures, oil mills, &c. JaserndorJ, a town and castle of Silesia, seated on the Oppa, 13 m. N. W. of Troppau. Long. 17. 44. E., lat. 50. 0. N. Jago, St., the most fertile province of Chile, extending 45 m. in length from E. to W., and 36 in breadth from N. to S. It is bounded on the E. by the Andes, W. by Melipilla, N by the prov- ince of .Aconcagua, and S. by the river Maypo. Corn, wine, and fruits are produced here in great quantities. The mountains abound in the pre- cious metals, and here are also mines of copper, tin, and lead The province is watered by the Mapacho, and Colina, and several other fine streams. Jago, St., the capital of the above province, and a bishop's see. Besides the cathedral, there are three parish churches, and 8 monasteries. The inhabitants, about 46,000, are chiefly native Americans and Spaniards. Here are several canals, and a dike, by means of which they water the gardens, and cool the streets. It is seated in a beautiful plain, at the foot of the Andes, on the river Mapocho, over which is a handsome bridge which connects several suburbs with the city. The commerce is considerable, and the markets are well supplied with all kinds of pro- visons. 53m. E. S. E. of Valparaiso. Long. 69. 48. W., lat. 33. 15. S. Jaere, this city being a mart between Egypt and India. The ships from Suez seldom proceed further than this port, and those, from India are not suffered to advance to Suez. The English ire permitted to trade here ; but, in consequence of the numerous exactions to which they aresub- [ected, the trade has greatly declined. By the treaty with the Porte the duty is 5 per cent., but under various pretences it is raised to 12. 34 m. W. S. W. of Mecca, of which it is the port. Long 39. 15. E., lat. 2L 29. N. Jinbala, a town of Negroland, capital of an is- 'md so called, which is formed by two branches »f the Niger that separate at leaving the lake Dib- ble, and unite again about 15 m. from Tombuctoo The town is a resting place for traders between Tombuctoo and the western parts of the country It stands on the W. branch of the Niger, 80 m S. W. of Tombuctoo. Long. 0. lO.'fc., lat. at,. 4, N. Jionpour,a. town of Hindoostan, capital of a cir- car of the same name, in Allahabad. It is seated on the Goomty ; and not far from the conflux of that river with the Ganges is the fort of Jionpour, on a high bank commanding the bridge over the Goomty. This place was at one time the seat of an empire ; and sultan Shirk! built the great mus- jud, or mausolc-um, which is still remaining. Tiie stone bridge over the Goomty consists of sixteen pointed arches ; and on the top of it are many lit- tle shops on both sides. It was built in 1567, anc* has hitherto withstood the force of the stream, which, in the time of the rains, frequently flows over the bridge ; and in 1774 a brigade of the British army passed over it in boats. Jionpour ia 48 m. N. W. of Benares. Long. 82. 55. E., lat 25. 45. N. Joachim, a village in Jefferson Co. Missouri. Joachim^thal, a town of Bohemia, in the circle of Saatz, noted for its mines and a manufacture of lace. 15 m. N. by E. of Elnbogen. Joachimsthal, a town of Brandenburg, in the Ucker mark, 36 m. N. N. E. of Berlin. Joanna. See Hinzuan. Joannina, or Janina, or Janina, a city of Euro- pean Turkey, and the capital of Albania, stand? upon the banks of a lake, the ancient Acherusia, the waters of which are discharged into a subter- ranean abyss. The town is 2 m. in length and half a m. in breadth and contains a pop. of 40,000 engaged in the exportation of oil, wool, corn, tobacco, and the importation of manufactured goods. This place was the capital of the celebrated Ali Pacha, and was visited by Lord Byron in bis early travels in the East. Jobstown, p V. Burlington Co. N. Y. Jozktrrim., a town of Bavaria, province of the Rhine, situate on an eminence, near the Rhine, 9 m. S. E. of Landau. Johan-georgen-sladI , a town of Saxony, in the circle of Erzgebirge, celebrated for its mines, and for a considerable manufacture of lace. 13 m. S. S. E. of Zwickau. Johannesburg, a town of Germany, in the duchy of Nassau, celebrated for the vineyards in its environs, which were bestowed by the emperor on prince Metternich in 1316. It has a citadel, and is seated on the river Pych, near the lake Spirding, 95 miles S. E. of Konigsberg, and 13 W. of Mentz. Long. 22. 39. E,, lat. 53. 16. N. John, a township of Franklin Co. Missouri. Johnsburg, p.t. Warren Co. N. Y. Pop. 985. John, St., one of the Philipoine islands, E. <.'/ Mindanao. Long. 126. 32. E., lat. 9. 30. N. John, St., a small island in the W. Indies, N. of St. Croix, belonging to the Danes. It has 3 town and spacious harbour. John, St., or Prince Edward, an island in tht 5. part of the gulf of St. Lawrence, having New Brunswick on the W., Nova Scotia on the S. and Cape Breton on the E. It is 60 miles long and 30 broad, and fertile, with several streams In 1745 it surrendered, with Cape Breton, to the English. The capital is Charlotte Town. John, St., a river which rises in the N. W. part of the district of Maine, flows N. E. into New Brunswick, where it soon takes a S. S. E. course, and enters the bay of Fundy, at the city of S' JON 411 JUA John. It IS navigable 60 m. for sloops of 50 tons, and about 200 for boats ; and affords a com- mon and near route from the province of New ;jj^. Brunswick to Quebec. John, St., a city of New Brunswick, situate at the mouth of the river St John, in the bay of Fundy. It stands in a high situation and is regu- - )arly built. The harbour is open throughout the year and the city carries on an extensive com- merce. Long. (x>. 15. W., lat. 45. 12. N. John, St., the chief town of Newfoundland, sit- uate on the E. side of the island. It has a good harbour, entirely land-locked, and defended by several forts, in one of which the governor of the island resides. This town suffered very severely by repeated fires during the years 1816, ltJ17, and 1818. Long. 52. 26. W., lat. 47. 32. N. Jokn, St., the capital of Antigua. It is one of the most regular towns in the VV. Indies, and has the most commodious harbour in the Leeward isl- ands. Long. 62. 4. VV., lat. 17. 4. N. John, St., a town and fort of Lower Canada, on the W. bank of Chambly or Richelieu River, at the N. end of Lake Charaplain. In 17iKi it was made the sole port of entry and clearance for all foods imported from the U. States into Canada, t is 20 m. E. by S. of Montreal, and 110 N. by E. of Crown Point. Long. 73. 20. VV., lat. 45. 25. N. e John d' Acre, St. See Acre. Johnshaven, a. village of Scotland, in Kincard- • ineshire, with a harbour for small vessels, 4 m. S. S. W. of Bervie. It was formerly a great fishing town, but is now more noted for an extensive man- ufacture of canvas. Johnson, p.t. Franklin Co. Vt. on Lamoil river. Pop. 1,070. Johnson, a county of Illinois. Pop. 1,596. Vienna is the capital. Johnsonburg, p. v. Warren Co. N. J. 74 m. N. Trenton. Johnston, a county of North Carolina. Pop. 10,938. Smithfield is the capital. Johnston, p.t. Providence Co. R. 1. 5 m. N. Prov- idence. Pop. 2,1)4. Also a township of Trum- bull Co. Ohio. Pop. 400. Johnstown, p.t. Montgomery Co. N.Y. 25 m. N. W. Schenectady. Pop. 7,700. Also a p.v. Cam- bria Co. Pa. and a p.t. Licking Co. Ohio. Johnstown, a town of Upper Canada, extending nearly a m. on the river St. Lawrence. It is 50 m. N. E. of Kingston, and 100 S. W. of Mon- treal. Long. 75. 10. W., lat. 44. 42. N. Johnstown, St., a borough of Ireland, in the coun- ty of Donegal, on the river Foyle, 5 m. S. S. W. of 'Londonderry. Johor, or Jor, a town of the peninsula of Ma- laya, destroyed by the Portuguese in 1603, but subsequently rebuilt ; it is seated near the S. coast, 150 m. S. £. of Malacca. Long. 103. 30. E., lat. 1.35. N. Joigny, a town of France, in the department of Yonne, surrounded by thick walls, and seated near the Yonne, 17 m. S. S. E. of Sens. Joinville, an ancient town of France, in the de- partment of Upper Marne, situate on the Marne, 25 m. S. W.of Bar-le-Duc,and 125 S. E. of Paris. Long. 5. 20. E., lat. 43. 20. N. Jotucar, a town of Spain, in Granada, 7 m. N. E. ofMotril. Jonasville, a village of Alleghany Co. Maryland. Jones, a county of North Carolina. Pop. 5,628. Trenton is the capital. Also a county of Georgia. Pop. 13,342. Clinton is the capital. Jonesborough, a town of Tennessee, capital of the county of Washington, seated near the foot of the Iron mountains, »6 m. E. by N. of Knoxville. Long. ft2. 40. W., lat. 36. 8. N. Junesborough, a village in Jefferson Co. Alab. Joncsburg, p.v. Camden Co. N. C. and Union Co. Illinois. Jonkioping, a town of Sweden, in Smaland, and the seat of justice for Gothland. It has a strong citadel, and a manufacture of arms. The houses are chiefly of wood ; and on the roof are spread layers of birch bark, covered with turf or moss, many of them producing herbage, and some orna- mented with flowers. It is seated near the S. end of the lake Welter, 80 ra. W. N. VV. of Calmar. Jijodpour, a town of Hindoostan, capital of a district of the same name, in tiie province of Agi- mere. It carries on a considerable trade by means of caravans witli Guzerat and tlie Deccan. The rajah is now one of the British allies. It is seated near a branch of the Pudda, 100 m. W. S. VV. of Agunere. Long. 73. 18. E., lat. 26. 8. N. Juj/pa, a village of Hartford Co. Maryland, 16 m. N. E. Baltimore. Jordan, a river of Syria, which rises in Mount Libanus, and flows S. through the lake of Tiberias, to the Dead Sea. Jordan, a village of Onondaga Co. N. Y on the Erie Canal, 10 m. N. Skenealeles. Jorjan, or Korgan, a town of Persia, in Astera- bad, bordering on the Caspian Sea. It is 60 m. E. by N. of Asterabad, and 320 W. of Mesched. Long. 56. 5. E., lat. 15. 56. N. Jorkau, a town of Bohemia, in the circle of Saatz, celebrated for its breweries. On a moun- tain by the town is the magnificent castle of Rothenhaus. 5 m. N. of Commotua. Josselin, a town of France, in the department of Morbihan, 25 m. N. N. E. of Vannes. Jouarre, a town of France in the department of Seine-et-Marne, 10 m. S. E. of Meaux, and 35 E. of Paris. Joud. See Jchut. Joue, a town of France, department of Indre-et- Loire, 3 m. S. of Tours. Joue du Plaid, a town in the department of Orne, 5 ra. S. W. of Argentan. Jougue, a town in the department of Doubs, 8 m. S. of Montarlier, and 22 E. S. E. of Salins. Jougues, a town in the department of Mouths of the Rhone, 12 m. N. E. of Aix. Joura, an island in the Grecian Archipelago, 10 m. in circuit, and 2 S. W. of Andros. Jouy, a town of France, in the department of Seine-et-Oise, 3 m. S. of Versailles. Jouy le Chatel, a town in the department of Seine-et-Marne, 10 m. N. W. of Provins. Jouy sur Morin, a town in the department of Seine-et-Marne, 15 m. S. E. of Meaux. Jotix Mount. See Jura Mount. Joyeuse, a town of France, department of Ar- deche, seated on the Beaune, 27 m. S. W. of Privas. Juan, St., or Desarmadero, a river of Mexico, which is the outlet of the lake Nicaragua. It flows, from the S. E. corner of the lake, in an easterly direction, between the province of Nica- ragua and Costa Rica, into the Carribean Sea. Juan, St., a town of Mexico, in the province of Nicaragua, situate at the head of the river St. Juan, 110 m. E. of Nicaragua. Long. 84. 45 W. lat. 11. 15. N. Juan de Fuca, Strait of, a large bay or gulf of the Pacific Ocean, on the W. coast of N. America. The entrance is in long. 124. 55. W., lat. 48. 25. N JVO 412 JCL Jttan de la Frontera, St., a town of Chile. Its territory contains mines of gold, and a kind of almonds that are very delicate. It is seated near the lake Guanacho, on the E. side of the Andes, 150 m. N. of Mendoza. Long. 68. 40. W., lat. 31. W. S. ^ Juan de Porto Rico, St., thfe capital of the isl- and of Porto Rico, with a good harbour, defended by several forts. It is a bishop's see ; and is well built, and better inhabited than most of the Spanish towns. It was taken by sir Francis Drake, and afterwards by the earl of Cumber- land ; but, losing most of his men by sickness, he was obliged to abandon it. In ICl.'j the Dutch took and plundered this city, but could not retain it. It stands on a peninsula, on the N. coast of the island. Long. (36. 45. W., lat. 1«. 29. N. Juan dr. Ulua, St., a small island in the gulf of Mexico See Vera Cruz. Juan Fernnndcz, an island in the Pacific Ocean, 36 leaorues eastward of the island of Masafuero, and 3bO W. of the continent It is supposed to have been inhabited by a Spaniard, whose name it retains ; but it is more remarkable for having been the residence of Alexander Selkirk, a Scotch- man, whose life and adventures furnished De Foe with the ground-work of that admirable no- vel, Robinson Crusoe. The island is about 40 m. in circumference, and at a distance appears like a naked rock ; but there are intersecting val- leys covered with wood, and a great number of g )ats on the side of every hill. In 1766 a set- tlement was made by the Spaniards on the N. and highest part of this island, at Cumberland Bay, which is defended by batteries. The town is fiituate in a fine valley, between two high hills, and every house has a garden, with arbors shaded with vines. Long. 78. 52. W., lat. 33. 40. S. Juho, a kingdom of Africa, on the coast of Ajan, with a capital of the same name, subject to the Portuguese. Long. 43. 20. E., lat. 0. 50. N. Jucatan. See Yucatan. Judenhurg, a town of Upper Styria, capital of a circle of the same name, with a handsome cas- tle. The public buildings, with the square, are magnificent. This town was taken by the French in 1797. It suffered dreadfully from fire in 1807 and 1818. It is seated on the Muer, 40 m. W. of Gratz. Long. 14. 24. E., lat. 47. 10. iN. Judith, Point, the Cape at the entrance of Nar- raganset Bay on the West. Here is a light house. Judoinne, a town of the Netherlands, i-n S. Brabant, near which are the ruins of an ancient castle. It is seated on the Geele, 13 m. S. S. E. of Louvain. Jundispore, a town of Hindoostan, in the prov- ince of Bahar, 20 m. from Patna. Juggernaut, a place of Hindoo worship, on the coast of Orissa, district of Cuttack^ with a pop. es- timated at 30,000. It is one of the most celebrated places in India. All the land within 20 m is consid- ered holy ; but the most sacred spot is enclosed with a stone wall 21 feet high, and forms nearly a square, being 656 feet long and 026 wide. Within this area are about 50 temples, dedicated to various idols; but the most conspicuous buildings consist of one lofty stone lower, 184 feet high and 28 1-2 feet square inside, and two adjoining stone build- ings with pyramidal roofs. The tower is oc- cupied by the idol Juggernaut, his brother Bul- budra, and his sister Subudra, and the other buildings are used for purposes connected with the worship. Adjoining is also a low building ou pillars (with a fabulous animal in the centre;' which is intended as an awning to shelter the entrance from the rays of the sun ; and after this is another, where the food prepared by the pilgrims is dailjr brought previous to distribution. The temple of Juggernaut was erected by rajah Anung Bheem, in A. D. 1198; it was taken by tiie British, together with the town, in 1803. The roofs are ornamented in a singular style, with representations of monsters : the walls of the temples, which are not visible beyond the enclo- sure, are covered with statues of stone. Each side of the boundary wall has a large gateway in the centre ; but the grand entrance is in tha eastern face. The idol Juggernaut is made of wood, and is probably the coarsest image in tht> country, having a frightful black visage, with a distended mouth. The figure docs not extend below the loins, and it has no hands, but two stumps in lieu of arms, on which the priests oc- casionally fasten hands of gold : a Ciiristian is almost led to think that it was an attempt to see how low idolatry could debase the human mind. When two new moons occur in Assaur (part of June and July), which is said to happen about once in 17 years, a new idol is always made. After the wood is made into a proper form by common carpenters, it is entrusted to certain priests, who are protected from all intrusion. The process is a great mystery. One man is selected to take out of the old idol a small box, said to contain the spirit, which is conveyed in- side the new ; and tlie man who does this is always removed from the world before the end of the year. On certain festivals the images of Juggernaut, Bulbudra, and Subudra, are superbly dressed and placed in an immense moveable tower, which the pilgrims drag to a certain dis- tance, and then return t<' the temple. During these processions many of the infatuated devotees fall under the wheels of the machine, and are crushed to death. There are two principal festi vals (the Swinging and Car festivals) and eleven minor ones annually. The concourse of pilgrims to this shrine is immense ; and the revenue de- rived from them by the British government is said to exceed £12,000 per annum. A road has been recently completed from Calcutta to Jug- gernaut, great part of the expense being paid by a rich Hindoo (rajah Sookmoy Roy) on condition that the road should be named after him. Jug- gernaut is seated a few m. N. E. of the Chilka Lake, 300 m. from Calcutta. Long. 85. 54. E., lat„ 19. 49. N. JuLfar, a town of Arabia, in the province of Oman, situate on a bay of the gulf of Persia, 100 m. N. W. of Oman. Long. 56. 14. E., lat. 25. 55. N. Julien, St., a town of France, in the department of Jura, 18 m. S. by W. of Lons le Saulnier. Julien du Sault, St., a town of France, in the department of Yonne, seated between two moun- tains, covered with vines, near the river Yonne, 6 m. N. W. of Joigny. Juliers, a very fertile duchy of Westphalia, now forming part of the Prussian province of the Lower Rhine, adjacent to the territories of Aix- la-Chapelle, Liege, and Cologne. It contains 1,600 square m. and 200,000 inhabitants. Flax is cultivated, and made into fine linen, which is sent to Holland, and afterwards sold as the fabric of that country; there are also manufactures of, cloth, ribands, brass, iron, and wire. This duchy was ceded, in 1648, to the palatine of Neuburg KAO 413 KAF m whose family it continued cTown to the peace of Luneville, when it was given to France, but in 1815 it was transferred to Prussia. Jtiliatown, p v. Burlington Co. N. Y. Tuliers, a small town of the Prussian states, in the government of Aix-la-Chapelle, and formerly capital of the preceding duchy ; seated on the Roer, 22 m. W. of Cologne. Long. 6. 25. E., lat. 50. 55. N. Jtdiusburg, a town of Prussian Silesia, with a castle, 4 m. N. of Oels. JaineUa, a town of Spain, in the province of Murcia, 22 m. S. VV. of Murcia. Jitiniege, a town of France, in the department of Lower Seine, with a late celebrated Benedictine abbey ; seated on the Seine, 12 m. S. W. of Rouen. Jiimmoo, or Jumho, a town of Hindoostan, capital of a flourishing district of the same name, which is governed by an independent Hindoo chief: it is a place of considerable trade, being seated on the banks of a small river on the high road from Cashmere, to Dehli. 80 m. N. E. of Lahore. Jumna, a river of Hindoostan, which rises in the mountains of Serinaghur, flows S. E. by Dehli and Agra, and joins the Ganges at Allahabad. Junagur, a town and fortress of Hindoostan, in Guzerat, 170 m. S. W. of Amedabad. Long. 70. 33. E., lat 21. 48. N. Juniaia, r. a branch of the Susquehanna from the west. It rises by several head streams in Bedford county, and joins the Susquehanna 10 m. above Harrisburg. Its banks are rocky and precipitous, and the scenery along its course is very picturesque. Juniata, a township of Perry Co. Pa. on the above river, 20 m. from Harrisburg. Junius, p.t. Seneca Co. N. Y. Pop. 1,581. Junien, St., a town of France, in the depart- ment of Upper Vienne, with manufactures of woolens, leather, hats, &c. It is seated on the nver Vienne, 20 m. W. of Limoges. Junkseilan, or Junkseylon, an island in the In- dian Ocean, near the S W. coast of Siam, about (iO m. long and from 10 to 20 broad. The soil is luxuriant, and it has a considerable trade in ivory and tin. The principal town, of the same name, is situate on the N. part of the island, and has a harbour capable of receiving vessels of a moderate size. Long. 98. 0. E., lat. 8. 10. N. Jura, one of the western isles of Scotland, N. E. of the island of Islay, on the coast of Argyle- shire. It is 26 m. long, and 7 broad, and is com- posed of huge naked rocks, piled one on another m the utmost disorder. The mountainous ridges occupy the centre of the island, extending along its whole length, and terminating in four moun- tains, called the Paps of Jura, which areof acon- io form and of stupendous height. The west side of the island is uninhabited. The whole of the £. side forms a pleasing scene, and the coast is indented with bays and harbours. The only pro- ducts are oats, barley, potatoes, and flax. A few wild roes are still seen here. Jura, a department of France, including part of the late province of Franche Comte. It contain* mines of iron of a superior quality, mines of cop- per and lead, and many quarries of black marble, jasper, aud alabaster. It takes its name from Mount Jura. Lons le Saulnier is the capital. Jura, Mount, a chain of mountains which be- gins in the canton of Zurich, in Switzerland, ex- tends along the Rhine into the canton of Soleure and the principality of Neufchatel, branches out toward the Pays de Vaud, separates liiat country from France, and continues beyond the frontiers of the Genevois as far as the Rhone. In the Pays de Vaud this chain forms many elevated al- leys ; particularly one on the top of that part call- ed Mount Joux, which is watered by two pictur- esque lakes, the large^-t called Joux, and the oth- er Brenet. These mountains have different names in different parts of their course in Swi*.z- «rland. Jussey, a town of France, in the department of Upper Saone, situate on the Amance, 17 m. N. W. of Vesoul Jussy, a town of France, in the department of Yonne, 5 m. S. of Auxerre. Justin, St., a town of France, in the department ofLandes,27 m. W. of Condom. Juterhock, a town of the Prussian provii.ce of Brandenijurg, where in 1813 a battle was fought between the French and the allies. It is seated on the Rohrbach, 18 m. N. E. of Wittenberg. Juthia. See Siam. Jutland, a province of Denmark, bounded on all sides by the sea, except towards the S., where its boundary is the duchy of Sleswick. The name Jutland, was formerly applied to the whole penin- sula forming the mainland of the Danish domin- ions, but it is now confined to the northern part of the peninsula, extending from 55. to 58. N. lat. It is Kbout 180 m. in length, and from 70 to 90 in breadth ; and is divided into four dioceses or dis- tricts, each of which has a bishop and governor. The prevailing religion is the Lutheran. The country i» generally low, and, except the rocks on the E. coast, presents little picturesque scene- ry. In the E. are fine woods of oak, beech, fir, art of Maryland, on the east- ern shore of the Chesapeake. Pop. 10,502. Ches- tertown is the capital. Also a county of Lower Canada lying on the St. Lawrence, opposite Mon- treal. Also a county of Upper Canada extend- ing to the N. and W. without any defined limits. Kent, p.t. Litchfield Co. Conn, on the Housa- tonic, 44 m. W. Hartford. Pop. 2,001. Also a p.t. Putnam Co. N. Y. Pop. 1,928. Kent Island, in the northern part of Chesa- peake Bay. It contains about 30,000 acres and is comprised within the county of Queen Anne. Kentucky, one of the United States, bounded N. by Illinois, Indiana and Ohio; E. by Virginia, S. by Tennessee, and W. by Missouri. It extends from 36 30. to 39. 10. N. lat. and from 81. 50. to 89. 26. W. long. Is 300 m. in length from E. to W. and 150 in mean breadth, and contains 42,000 sq. m. It is washed by the Ohio on the whole of its northern limit and traversed by the Licking, Kentucky and Green rivers. The Cumberland and Tennessee intersect the western extremity. The former rises in the eastern part of the state and passes into Tennessee after which it returns, and flows through Kentucky into the Ohio. The eastern boundary is formed by the Cumberland Mountains, and the eastern portion of the state is generally mountainous. The soil rests upon a bed of limestone from 3 to 10 feet below the sur- face. This substance is also mixed up in the soil and imparts to it a warm and exciting quality which with the help of moisture gives a remarka- ble freshness and vigour to the vegetation. The centre of the state contains a tract of 150 m. in length and 50 in breadth, which for beauty of land- scape and richness of soil surpasses any region of the same extent in the western country. Along the Ohio between Salt and Green rivers is a large tract called the ' barrens' on account of its defi- ciency in wood, yet here the land is generally good, and covered with grass. In many parts of the state however, there are not wanting sterile and mountainous tracts unfit for cultivation. The general appearance of the county is remarkably picturesque, being diversified by hills and dales in the most charming manner. The woods have a delightful appearance and resemble groves pro- miscuously arranged by art for the effect of a pleasure ground. The trees are walnut, cherry, honey-locust, buckeye, pawpaw maple, cotton wood, mulberry, elm, ash, hawthorn, sycamore, &c. In the early part of spring the woods are covered with the purple flower of the red bud and the white blossoms of the dogwood. Grape vines ol prodigious size climb the trees, and in early times the country was covered with a thick canebrake. This state does not furnish many mineral pro- ductions, yet it is said to contain much iron and some lead and coal. Salt springs are common, but little salt is manufactured from them. Ther* KEN 418 KEN are sov\e medicinal springs near Lexington, and Harrodsbuig. The suriace of tlie country in many parts exhibits remarkable cavities or de- pressions called sink-holes ; these are something in tlie shape of inverted cones, 'and appear to be caused by perforations in the limestone rock be- neath, which have occasioned the soil above to sink. The sound of running water has sometimes been heard at the bottom of these cones. But the most remarkable natural curiosity is the Mam- rnolh Cace, near Green River, which has been traversed for Ifi m. under tlie earth vvitlioul reach- ing the end. The sides and roof are formed of a smooth limestone rock perfectly white. Some of Its apartments are 8 acres in extent and 100 feet high Others contain columns of brilliant spar and stalactites GO or 70 feet in height. Tlie earth in the cave is strongly imprcgiiaiod witii saltpetre, and here was found some years since an Indian mummy in perfect preservation. The wheat raised in this state is of the finest kind. Maize is produced in great abundance. Hemp and tobacco, are, next to flour, the staple productions ol" tlie country. Some cotton is also cultivated. The manufactures are woolen and rotten cloth, cordage, bagging, maple sugar, saltpetre, paper, whiskey, leather, &c. The trade of the slate is very flourishing. Agricultural and manufactured products are exported by steam- boats and other river craft to New Orleans, and herds of cattle arc driven across the mountains to the Atlantic States. The legislature of Kentucky is styled the Gen- eral Jlssemhbj, and consists of a Senate and House of Representatives. Tlie Senators are chosen for 4 years and the representatives for one. The Governor is chosen for 4 years ; one fourth of the Senators are renewed annually. Elections are popular, and suftrage is universal. Frankfort is the seat of government, and Louisville is the largest town. The other large towns are Lexing- ton and Maysville. There are colleges at Lex- ington, Danville, Augusta, Princeton, Bardstown, and Georgetown. The Baptists are the most nu- merous religious sect: they have 2.SD ministers ; the Methodists 77; the Presbyterians 70; the catholics 30 and the Episcopalians 5. The state is divided into 83 counties, and contains a popu- lation of088,844,of whom above lf)5,350 are slaves. This state was originally a part of Virginia and was admitted into the Union as a state in 1792. The first settlement within its limits was made by the celebrated Daniel Boone in 1775. M ■hBHhBI^^ lEi^ i H| ""-asvBmsE n^ H ^^B^^^K.' «B|,„ '.^^ Nt^^!^ ^1 IB ^^^^HpL^^^BH^^^k 9 ^1 ^IBH^^^Sl! m ■H pWs^Wfe^ ^^^^ :~'?5i He was a native of Maryland, and as early as 176!) made a visit to this country. In 1770 he wa*" living alone in the woods, the only white man in Kentucky. The next year he with his brother explored the country as far as Cumber- land river, and in 1773 Boone had collected a company of 45 persons who attempted to form a settlement but they were attacked by the Indi- ans and lost their cattle. In 1775 he built a fort on the spot where Boonsborough now stands, and this was the first effectual settlement in the state Boone was afterwads taken prisoner by tlie sava ges but escaped and arrived at Boonsborough after a journey of 160 m. through the woods which he performed in 4 da}!s, eating but a single meal in that time. He was after- wards actively engaged in warfare with the Indians wlio continually annoyed the early settlers with hostilities. Being subsequently vex- ed with law suits respecting his title to the land in his possession, he retired to the banks of the Missouri ; and led a solitary life among the forests. " We saw him" sa3's Mr. Flint '■ on those banks with thin grey hair, a high fore- head, a keen eye, a cheerful expression, a singu- larly bold conformation of countenance and breast, and a sharp and commanding voice, and with a creed for the future, embracing not many articles beyond his red rival hunters. He apjieared to us the same Daniel Boone, if we may use the expression, jerked and dried to high preservation, that we had figured, as the wanderer in the woods, and the slayer of bears and Indians, lie could no longer well descry the wild turkey on the trees, but his eye still kindled at the "hunter's tale, and he remarked that the population on that part of the Missouri was becoming too dense, and the farms too near each other, for comfortable range, and that he never wished to reside in a place where he could not fell trees enough into his yard to keep up his winter fire. Dim as was his eye, with age, it would not have been diffi- cult, we apprehend, to have obtained hiin as a vol- unteer on a hunting expedition over the Rocky Mountains. No man ever exemplified more strongly the ruling passion strong in death." He died in"] 822 aged 85. Kentucky River, ris es among the mountains in the eastern part of Kentucky, and flows north westerly into the Ohio. It is a very rapid stream and for a great part of its course flows between high and perpendicular cliffs of limestone. It has a navigation of 150 in. and at its mouth is 450 feet in width. Keppel Bay. a bay on the E. coast of New Hol- land, which communicates with Port Curtis. Kercolan^ , an island in the Indian Ocean, about 80 miles in circumference. The face of the country is diversified with steep hills and extensive valleys, and is every where covered Vv'itli trees and verdure. The inhabitants are Malays. Long. 126. 30. E.,Iat. 4.28. N. Kerguelen's Land, an island in the Southern Ocean, which, on account of its sterility, captain Cook, who visited it in 1779, would have denomi- nated the Island of Desolation, but tha., he was unwilling to rob M. Kerguelen of the honour of its bearing his name. On the N. £. coast is a good and safe bay, named Christmas Harbour Long. 69. 30. E., lat. 49. )H). S. Kerlcvk, a town bf Curdistan, the capilcil of a government, and residence of a pacha. It is sur- rounded by walls, and defended by a castle, 135 m. S. S. E. ofBetlis. Kerman, the ancient Caramania, a province ol Persia, lying on the gulf of Persia. The northern part is barren, but towards the S. the land ii fertile. Kerman, or Sirgan, a city of Persia capital of KSX 419 KID the foregoing province, celebrated for its beautiful pottery, carpets, and stuffs. It is 120 m. N. by W. of Gombron. Long. 55. 15. E., lat. 29. 20. N. Kernesville, p. v. Northampton Co. Pa. Kerpen, a town of Prussian Westphalia, in the duchy of Juliers. It has a collegiate church, and is seated on the Erft, 10 m. E. S. E. of Juliers. Kerrscille, a village in Lawrence Co. Ohio. Kerry, a county of Ireland, in the province of Munster, bounded on ihe E. by the counties of Limerick and Cork, W. by the Atlantic Ocean, N. by the Shannon, which separates it from Thomond, and S. by Desmond and the Ocean. Its greatest length is about 67 m. and its maximum breadth 62, comprising about 1,040,437 statute acres, or 1,631) square m. The southern part is plain, and fertile in corn ; but the greater part is mountainous, and chiefly adapted for grazing. Considerable quantities of beef, butter, hides, and tallow, are exported from its excellent harbours. Tralee is the capital. Kerry, a parish of Wales, in Montgomeryshire, situate in a beautiful vale of the same name, 3 m. from Newton. Kershaw, a District of South Carolina. Pop. 13,515. Camden is the capital. Kcrtch, a sea-port and fortress on the £. coast of the Crimea. The fortress is of great importance, as one of those commanding the passage which forms the coiumunication between the Black Sea and the sea of Asoph. It is 60 m N. N. E. of Caffa. Long. 36. 24. E , lat. 45. 15. N. Keschhn, a sea-port of Arabia Felix, in Hadra- maut, 80 m. E. of Shibam. Long. 50. 50. E., lat. 15. 25. N. Kesh, or Schs, a town of Usbec Tartary, in Bukharia, once the ordinary summer residence of Timur, who surrounded it with walls, and built a new palace in 1379. It is 30 m. S. by W. of Sam^rcandi Kc.ssel, a town of the Netherlands, in the pro- vince of Antwerp, with a handsome castle, seated on the Maese, 7 m. N. of Ruremonde. Kesseldorf, a village of Saxony, 7 m. W. of Dresden, celebrated for a victory gained by the king of Prussia over the Saxons, in 1745. Keswick, a town in Cumberland, Eng. ; seated in a vale of its name, near tlie rapid river Greta. This vale is much visited bv the admirers of na- ture : here is the lake of Keswick, or Derwent- water; and to the N. of this soars the lofty mountain Skiddaw, one of the most distinguished in England. Keswick has manufactures of cotton, linen, and coarse woolen goods, and an establishment for making some of the finer tex- tures has been recently opened. About a mile and a half to the S. of the town is a remarkable arrangement of rude granite stones, wliich form a circle, called the Druids' temple. It is 25 m. N. W. of Kendal, and 293 N. N. W. of London. Kettering, a town in Northamptonshire, Eng. with manufactures of tammies, serges, lutestrings, &c. It is 12 m. N. E. of Northampton, and 74 N. W. of London. Kei/sckberg, or Kiade, a town of Prussian Sax- ony. 6 m. S. E. of Mersburg. JCe70, a village in Surrey ,°Eng. 6 m. W. by S. ■oT London. The royal palace of Kew, taken down- in 1823, was a favorite retreat of George III., who enlarged the gardens, and united them with those of Richmond. The bot^mic garden, chiefly for exotics, is one of the finest"in the world. Kexholm. Sea fViburjr. Kexkofm, a town of Russia, in Finland, formeifjr the capital of the Swedish province of Carelia and now of a Russian government. It is seated on two islands in the River Woxon, which here flows into lake Ladoga. 90 miles N. of Peters- burg. Long. 30. 25. E., lat. 61. 3. N. Keynsham, a town in Somersetshire, Eng. with a trade in malt : seated on the Chew, at its con- flux with the Avon, 5 m. S. E. of Bristol, and 114 W. of London. Keysville, a village of Charlotte Co. Va. 70 m. S. W. Richmond. Key-lVest, a. small island in the Gulf of Mexico, near the southern extremity of the peninsula of East Florida. A settlement was made here by the United States government with the design of making it a naval station, but it has been abandoned, from the unhealthiness of the spot. Kkarlioff, or Charkoio, a town of European Russia, capital of a government of the same name : seated on the small rivers Kharkoff and Lapan, 400 m. S. by W. of Moscow. Khorassan. See Cho. K/tvm. See Cam. Kia-king, a city of China, of ihe first rank, in the province of Tche-kiang. Canals are cut through most of the streets ; and passengers are sheltered from the sun and rain by beautiful piazzas. The silk manufactures are very exten- sive, and the trade considerable. It is 590 m. S. S. E. of Pekin. Long. 120. 14. E., lat. 30 50. N. Kiakta, n.io\vn of Asiatic Russia, in the govern- ment of Irkutsk. It has a considerable fur trade and is the centre of the Russian and Chinese coio merce. It stands on a small river, near its conflu* with the Sclenga, 75 m. S. S. W. of Sclcnginsk Long. 106. 30. E., lat. 50. 20. N. Kiangari, a town of Asiatic Turkey, in Nalolia, chief place of a sangiacat, with a castle on a rock 230 m. E. of Bursa. Long. 34. 47. E., lat. 39. 56. N. _ _ ^ Kiang-nan, a province of China, bounded on the W. by Ho nan, S. by Tche-kiang and Kian-si, E. by the gulf of Nan-king, and N. by Chantong. It is of vast extent, and contains 14 cities of the first rank, and 93 of the second and third, which are all places of considerable trade, the whole country being intersected by lakes, rivers, and canals. Its silks, cottons, japanned goods, and paper, are in high esteem. Nan-king is the capital. Kiang-si, a province of China, bounded on the N. by Kiang-nan, W. by Houqnang, S. by Quang- tong, and E. by Fokien and Tche-kiang. The N. part contains the great Po-yang lake, and some extensive morasses ; the middle and S. parts are mountainous, but intermixed with fertile and well cultivated valleys. It contains 13 cities of the first rank, and 78 of the second and third. It is celebrated for its porcelain, which is the finest and most valuable of the empire. Nan-tchang is the capital. Kiun-ku, or Yavg-tse-kiang, the largest river of Asia. It flows E. during the first part of itj course along the borders of China, after which it enters the empire, and passing through the grand central provinces falls into the gulf of Irong-ming, in the eastern sea. Kihurg, a town of Switzerland, in the canton of Zurich, with a castle, seated on the TheofT, 14 m. E. N. E. of Zurich. Kickapoos, a tribe of Indians in Illinois and the neighborhood. They have about 600 wairiors. Kidderminster, a corporate town in Worcester- shire, Eng. It has long been celebrated for it* kiL 420 KIL carpet manufacture, which has been brought to grreat jjerfection. A fine specimen of carpet weav- ing', delineating the Descent from the Cross, is placed over the altar m St. George's chapel, re- cently erected. The Staffordshire and Worcester- shire canal passes this place. It is seated on the river Stour, 14 m. S. E. ot Bridgenorth, and 126 N. W. of London. KUlge, or Kej, a fortified town of Persia, capital of the province of Mecran, seated on the Nehenk, 530 m. S. W. of Candahar. Long. 63. 20. E., lat 26. 15. N. Kidtr ell y, a, town of Wales, in Caermarthenshire. It stands on a creek of the Bristol Channel, and has a canal to some collieries, whence coal is brought down and exported. Ilere are also an iron foundery and a tin mill. On the opposite bank of the creek, where the old town formerly stood, are the remains of a castle. It is 8 m. S. of Caermarthen, and 220 W. by N. of London. Kiel, a strong town of Denmark, capital of the duchy of Holstein, with a castle, and a university. It stands on a peninsula, in a bay of the Baltic, and has a commodious harbour for ships of the largest size. It is one of the most commercial places in Holstein ; and its trade is augmented by means of the Eyder canal to Rendsburg. Kiel is 37 m. N. W. of Lubec, and 46 N. by E. of Ham- burg Long. 10. 16. E., lat. 54. 21. N. Kien-niiijr , a city of China, of the first rank in the province of Fo-kien. At the time of the con- quest of China by the Tartars it sustained two sieges, and was at last taken, and all the inhabi- tants put to the sword. It was afterwards re-es- tablished by the Tartars, and is now a place of considerable trade. It stands on the river Min- Iio, 260 m. S. E. of Nan-king. Long. 117. 2. E., lat. 27. 5. N Kien-txhang, a city of China, of the first rank, in the province of Kiang-si, seated in a fertile country, 340 m. S. S. W. of Nan-king. Long. 118. 20.E., Iat27. 35. N. Kieou-kiang, a city of China, of the first rank, in the province of Kiang-si, situate on the Kian- ku, immediately above the influx of the Poyang- hou. It is the rendezvous of all the barks which pass to and from other places in this province, and the provinces of Kiang-nan and Hou-quang. It is 250 m. S. W. of Nan-king. Long. 116. 0. E., lat. 29. 64. N. Killiarchan, a village of Scotland, on the W. side of Loch Winnoch, 5 m. S. W. of Renfrew. It is inhabited chiefly by weavers, and has exten- sive bleach fields. Kilbride, a town of Scotland, in Lanarkshire, noted for its cotton manufactures, and for being the birthplace of Dr. William Hunter and his brother John, celebrated anatomists. It is 6 m. S. by E. of Glasgow. Kilcalmoncll, a town of Scotland,in Argyleshire. 17 m. N. of Campbelton. Kilfiu, St. one of the Hebrides, 28 m. to the W. of North Uist. It is 3 m. long and 2 broad, fenced about with one continued perpendicular face of rock, of prodigious height, except at the landing place on the S. E., where there is a nar- row and steep passage to a vill.age on the top of a rock. The surface of the island is hilly ; but it feeds many sheep, and produces plenty of barley and potatoes. Many of the inhabitants live chief- ly by fishing, and catching wild fowl. In the latter employment, they are incredibly adventu- rous. Being let down by a rope from the summit o< the precipitous rocks, they clamber along their fronts m search of the eggs and nests of various birds. St. Kilda is the most remote of the Heb- rides, and is about 140 m. from the nearest point of the mainland of Scotland. Long. 8. 23. W., lat. 57 43. N. Kildare, a county of Ireland, in the province of Leinster, about 37 m. long, and from 12 to 20 broad; bounded on the E. by Dublin and Wick- low, W. by King's county, and Queen's county, N. by East Meath, and S. by Carlow. The prin- cipal rivers are the Liffey, Barrow, and Boyne. It is a very fertile and arable country. It sends 2 members to the imperial parliament. Kildare,^ borough of Ireland, capital of the fore- going county, and a bishop's see. It is chieflr supported by frequent horseraces on what is cab ed the Curragh, a fine turfy plain, containing up wards of 5,000 acres, which feeds a great number of sheep. 27 m. S. W. of Dublin. Long. 6 57. W.,lat. 53. 9. N. Kilfenora, a small town of Ireland, in the coun- ty of Clare, and a bishop's see united with Killa loe. 12 m.' N. W. of Ennis. Kilgarron, a town of Wales in Pembrokeshire, now inhabited principally by fishermen. Here are the remains of an ancient and celebrated cas- tle, on a high rock. It is seated on the Tivy, 30 m. N. of Pembroke, and 231 W. N. W. of Lon- don. Kilham, a parish in East Yorkshire, Eng. 31 m. E. N. E. of York. Kilia, a fortified town of European Russia, in Bessarabia, with a good trade in wool, goat's hair, tallow, wine, corn, &c. It is situated on the most northern branch of the Danube, 86 m. S. W. oi Bialogorod. Kilkenny, a county of Ireland, in the prov- ince of Leinster, about 40 m. long and 20 broad ; bounded on the E. by Carlow and Wex- ford, W. by Tipperary, N. by Queen's county, and S. by Waterford. It sends 2 members to par- liament. The surface is in general level and the soil fertile. It is particularly noted for its coal which makes no smoke in burning. The princi- pal rivers are the Barrow, Suire, and Nore. Kilkenny, a city of Ireland, capital of the above county, situate on the river Nore, over which are two bridges. Irishtown, on the E. side ol'the riv- er, is joined to it, and both together form a large and pleasant place. It had formerly a bishop ; and the cathedral, which stands in Irishtown, bf longs to the bishop of Ossory. The chief manufactures are coarse woolens and fine blankets. 20 m. N. of Waterford. Long. 7 32. W. lat. 52. 36. N. Kilkenny, t. Coos Co. N. H. among the White Mountains. Pop. 27. Also a village in St. I^aw rence Co. N. Y. and a township in Leinster Co Lower Canada. Killala, a sea-port of Ireland, in the county of Mayo and a bishop's see united with Achonry. It stands on a fine bay of the Atlantic, to which it gives name. 24 m. N. of Castlebar. Long 9. 4. W., lat. 54. 8. N. Killaloc, a town of Ireland, in the county of Clare, and a bishop's see united with Kilfenora. ' It is seated on the Shannon, over which is a bridge of 19 arches, 10 m. N. N. E. of Limerick. Killarney, a town of Ireland, in the county of Kerry, much frequented on account of the ad- joining lake. 14 m. S. E. of Tralee. Killarney, a beautiful lake of Ireland, in the county of Kerry, otherwise called Lough Lean, from its being surrounded by high mountains. It is divided into three parts, called the Lower. Mid- KIL 421 RiM die, and Upper Lake. The northern, or lower lake, is G m. long and 3 broad. On the side of one of the mountains is O'SuUivan's Cascade which falls about 70 feet into the lake with a tremendous roar ; and opposite this cascade is the island of Innisfallen. The promontory of Muc- russ divides the upper from the Lower lake, and, ■ on passing round its extremity into the upper lake, there is a celebrated rock, called the Eagle's Nest, _.f which produces wonderful echoes. The upper ■'5 lake is 4 m. long and 2 broad, and from the moun- .ains descend a number of beautiful cascades. The islands in this lake are numerous, and afford an amazing variety of picturesque views. The cen- tre lake is small in comparison with the other two, ind cannot boast of equal variety ; but the shores are indented with bays, surrounded by dark groves of trees The E. boundary is formed by the base of Mangerton, down the steep side of which de- •Bcends a cascade, visible for 150 yards : this fall 'of water is supplied by a circular lake, near the summit of the mountain, called the Devil's Punch- bowl, which is considered one of the greatest curiosities of Killarney. Kilicullen, a town of Ireland, in the county of Kildare, on the river LifFey, over which is a bridge. 9 m. E. S. E. of Kildare, and 25 S. W. of Dublin. KUlingly, p.t. Windham Co. Conn. 45 m. E. Hartford. Pop. 3,261 . Killington Peak. See Green Mountains. KUlingworth, p.t. Middlesex Co. Conn, on Long 'Island Sound, 26 m. E. ISew Haven. Pop. 2,483. Killmallock, a town of Ireland, in the county of Limerick, formerly one of the best built inland towns in the kingdom, but much decayed. 16 m. S. of Lim^erick. KiUony, a town of Ireland, in the county of Sligo, 6 m. S. of Sligo. KUlou kUB 428 KUO It is seated on a small river, which falls into the Yenisei. Krasnoiarsk, a town and capital of a district in the government of Aslracan, Asiatic Russia. It is situated on an island formed by branches of the Volga. Long. 48. 30. E., lat. 46. 30. N. KrusnoslaiB, a town of Poland, in the palatinate of Lublin, 26 m. S. S. W. of Chelm. Kraupen,ai town of Bohemia, in the circle of Leutmeritz. It has considerable tin mines id its vicinity, and is 17 m. W. N. W. of Leutmeritz. Krauthcim, a town and castle of Germany, In Baden, on the river Jaxt, 15 m. S. W. of Mergen- theim. Kreiderville, p. v. Northampton Co. Pa. Krekith, a corporate town of Wales, in Caernar- vonshire, seated on the Irish Sea, near Traeth- Arnawar Bay, where a castle formerly stood, now in ruins. 13 m. S. by E. of Caernarvon, and 234 N. W. of London. Krempe, a town of Denmark, in Holstein, seat- ed on a river of the same name, 5 m. N. of Gluck- stadt. Krems, or Crems, a town of Austria, with alum works, and manufactures of velvet, silk stuffs, and excellent thread. It is seated on a river of the same name, at its conflux with the Danube, 48 m. W. N. W. of Vienna. Long. 15. 36. E., lat. 18. 24. iN. Kmnbertr. See Cronennerg. Kropp, a large manufacturing village of Aus- trian Illyria, in Carniola, circle of Laucach, seat- ed on a river of the same name. Kiotosckin, a town and castle of Prussian Po- land, near the borders of Silesia, 28 m. W. of Kalisch. Krotzka, a town of European Turkey, in Servia, on the S. side of the Danube, 15 m. S. E. of Belgrade. Krumlau. See Crumlau. Kruszwlca, a town of Russian Poland, in the palatinate of Brzesc, with a castle, noted for be- ing the birthplace of Piast, who from the station of a private citizen, was elected king of Poland in the year 842. It is seated on a lake called Goplo, which supplies the Netz with a great part of its water. 28 m. W. of Brzesc Litov. Ktcifa, a small walled town of Syria, on the borders of the desert, supposed to be the ancient Adarisi, 22 m. E. N. E. of Damascus. Kua.ra, a province of Abyssinia, situated near the banks of the Bahr-el-Abiad. It is very moun- tainous and unwholesome, but abounds in gold, which is brought from the neighbouring coun- tries. The governor is one of the great officers of state, and has absolute power in his own province. Kuhbees, a city of Persia, in Seistan, in the midst of a great sandy desert, on the road from Kerman to Herat. 160 m. S. E. of Yezd. Kuhesha, a strong town of Asia, in Daghistan, situate on a hill, between high mountains. Its inhabitants call themselves Franki (Franks, a name common in the E. to all Europeans), and form a republic. They are excellent artists, and make very good fire-arms, sabres and several arti- cles in goid and silver, for exportation. They have, likewise, for their own defence, small cop- per cannons, of three pounds calibre, cast by themselves. They coin Turkish and Persian silver money, and even rubles, which readily pass current, because they are of the full weight and value. Kubesha is considered as a neutral town, where the neighbouring princes can deposit their treasure with safety. In 1725 it acknowledjed the sovereignty of^ Russia, but without paying any tribute. Long. 47. 49. E., lat. 42. 30. N. KuJ/in, a town of Hungary, in the Bannat, opposite Semendrla, with 2,400 inhabitants, who carry on a brisk trade with Turkey. Kuhin, a town of Hungary, in the district of the Tsaikists. Long. 19. 18. E., lat. 49. 14. N. Kufstein, a strong town of Austria, in the Tyrol, with a castle on a rock. It surrendered to the French and Bavarians in 1805. It is seated on the Inn, on the frontiers of Bavaria, A^ ra. S. S E. of Munich. Long. 12. 15. E., lat. 47. 30 N. KuUa, a country of Central Africa, to the S. E of Wangara, traversed by a river of the same name. It was represented to Browne as an im portant state, but he did not enter it. Kulsheim, or Kulzheim, a town of Baden, in the principality of Leiningen, 40 m. E. S. E. of Heid- elberg. Kumania, Great and Little, two districts in the central part of Hungary, separated from each other by a considerable tract of country as well as by the river Theyss. Great Kumania comprises a superficialextent of 420 sq. m. with 13.000 in- habitants. Little Kumania is however the more extensive district, comprising an area of 1,000 sq. m., and a pop. of 41,000. The Calvinlst is the prevailing religion in both districts. Kundapvra, a town of Hindoostan, in Canara, and the chief place in the northern part of the province. It is seated near the mouth of a river of the same name, which here expands into a lakej and forms a number of Islands. It is the port for all goods coming from, or going to Naga- ra ; but the bar will not admit vessels that draw more than 12 feet. It is 30 m. W. S. W. of Mangalore. Long. 74. 45. E., lat. 14. 24. N. Kunersdorf, a village of Brandenburw, in the Middle Mark, 3 m. E. N. E. of Frankfort on the Oder. Here, in 1759, was fought one of the most bloody battles on record between the Prussians and Russians, in which the king of Prussia, after a great slaughter of the enemy for upwards of six hours, was in the end obliged to quit the field with the loss of all his cannon and 20,000 men. Kunka, a district of Hindoostan, in the prov- ince of Orissa, situate on the sea-coast, near the Point Palmyras. Being much intersected by rivers, the rajah successfully maintained his inde- pendence agaln.?t the Mahrattas, but surrendered to the British In 1805. Kunkagur, the capital of the above district, and the residence of the rajah, situate on the sea coast. Long. 87. 5. E., lat. 20. 50. N. Kunting, a town of Bavarian Franconla, in the principality of Eichstadt, at the conflux of the Schwarz,ach with the Altmuhl, 12 m N. E. of Eichstadt. Kungee, a town of Hindoostan, in the province of Dehll, and district of of Slrhind. It is sur- rounded by a mud wall and deep ditch, but was taken by the British in 1809, withont resis- tance. Kuno,a. fortress of Japan, in the island of Nip- hon 60 m. W. S. W. of Jeddo. Kunowitz, a town of Moravia, on the Olschowa 37m.S. by E. ofOlmutz. Kuopin,a. town of Sweden, m Finland, capital of Savolax, and that part of Carelia remaining to Sweden. It is situate on the W. side of an ex KUR 429 KTR tensive lake 200 m S. E. of Ulea. Long. 29. 10. E., lat. 63. 20. N. Kufferberg, a mine-town of Prussian Silesia, in the principaTity of Jauer, on the river Bober, 17 •n. N. W. of Jauer. Kur, (the ancient Cyrus), a river of Persia, which rises in the Caucasian Mountains, passes by Tefflis, and flows S. E. to the Caspian Sea. At its mouth are several inlets, liable to be over- flowed in the spring. Karda, a town of Hindoostan, in the province of Guzerat. near the N. W. frontier, about 3 m. S . of Theraud. Kurdistan, a country lying partly in Armenia and partly in Persia, along the eastern bank of the river Tigris, and comprehending great part of ancient Assyria. Its limits are not precisely as- certained ; but it may be viewed as bounded or the N. by Armenia, on the E. by Persia, on tha S. by Arabian and Persian Irak, and on the W by Diarbekir, or, as it is sometimes called, Alge- zira. It is divided into two parts, viz.. Lower Kurdistan, or the western division, which is in- cluded in the pachalic of Bagdad, and corres- fonds nearly to the whole of the ancient Assyria roper; and Ardelan, which extends from the small river Sharook to the Turkish district of Zohaub. The surface is diversified by mountains and valleys ; and the soil is in some places fertile and well cultivated ; but it abounds with deserts, and, except in the neighbourhood of the towns, is barren and desolate. Wheat and barley are the grains most commonly raised. The inhabi- tants are not subject either to the Turks or Per- sians. Some live in towns and villages, and others rove from place to place, having tents like the wild Arabs, and being robbers like them. The tribes are ruled by a number of their own princes or chiefs. They are proud of their descent; and demand a premium for their daughters on giving them in marriage. Their character and circum- stances seem to have undergone little change since the most remote times. Xenophon is sup- posed to refer to them under the name of Cardu- chai, a people who opposed the retreat of the 10,000 Greeks. Their religion is partly Chris- tianity and partly Mahomedism. Altunkupri is the capital. The chief towns are Kerkook, Soly- mania, Beltis, Erbile, Amadia, Sennah, &c. Kureh, a town of Asiatic Turkey, in Nato- lia, 34 m. W. of Sinob. Kuriles, a long chain of islands at the eastern extremity of Asia, extending from the southern point of Kamtschatka to the isles of Jesso or Matsmai, an island of Japan. They lie between 42. and 51. of N. lat., and the whole length of \he range is said to be nearly 900 m. Exclu- di»'e of the very small ones, they are 22 in num- ber. They are annexed to the government of Irkutsk, and pay a tribute of furs and sea calves, which is collected every three years; the Rus- sian authority however can only be considered as extending over 19, the three most southerly be- longing rather to Japan. The northernmost, called Shoomska, is three leagues from Cape Lo- patka : the next, named Paramousic, is consid- erably larger than Shoomska. Those two islands were first visited by the Russians, in 1713, and the rest have been gradually discovered since that period. Some of these islands are fertile, wooded and abound in fish and game ; while others are destitute of water and uninhabitable, but are occa- sionally visited by the islanders for the sake of hunting foxes and otters. The natives are ve y hairy, wear long beard, and live entirely upon seals, fish, and the produce of the chase. They are hospitable and docile ; but pusillanimous and unable to support misfortune with fortitude. Their houses and customs resemble those of the Kamtschatdales. They have some trade with the Chinese, Japanese, and Russians. Kuron, a chain of mountains in Asiatic Turkey. See Tamus. Kursk, a considerable town of European Rus- sia, capital of a government of the same name. It has 16,000 inhabitants, a Protestant consistory, and 16 churches. The export trade is very con- siderable, amounting to about £150,000 sterling per annum. It is seated on the river Tuskara, 240 m. S. of Moscow. Long. 37. 8. E., lat. 51, 40. N. Kusistan, or Chusistan, a province of Persia, bounded on the N. by Irac-Agemi, E. by Farsis- tan, S. by the gulf of Persia, and W. by Ira»^- Arabi. The N. part is mountainous, the S. flat and marshy. Tostar is the capital. Kutah. See Chiutaja. Kuttenhcrg, a town of Bohemia, seated near a mountain, in which are silver mines. 5 m. N. W. of Czaslau. Kultore, a celebrated town and fortress of the N. of India, capital of a district of the same name, in the province of Cafiristan. It is situated on the summit of a perpendicular rock, and was with great difliculty taken by Timur in the end of the 14th century. 100 m. N. E. of Cabul, and 280 N. W. of Lahore. Long. 70. 17. E., lat. 35. 27. N. Kuty, a town of Austrian Poland, in Galicia, on the Czeremosz, with extensive manufactures o Russia leather. 01 m. S. S. E. of Halicz. Kuynder,a. town and fortress of the Nether- lands, in Friesland, situated on a river of the same name, at its entrance into the Zuyder Zee, 23 m. S. of Lewarden. Long. 5. 32. E., lat. 52. 41. N. Kuzneck, a town of Siberia, capital of a prov- ince of the same name, in the government of Kolivan. It has manufactures of iron, and stands on the Tom, at the influx of the Kondoma, 130 m. E. S. E. of Kolivan. Long. 85. 50. E., lat, 54. 16. N. Kylmrg, a bailiwic of Switzerland, including the whole of the N. E. part of the canton of Zu- rich. It is divided into 47 parishes, and is pro- ductive, particularly in fruit and wine. Kylhurg, a town of the Prussian province of the Lower Rhine, situated on the river Kyll, 30 m. N. N. E. of Luxemburg. Kyll, a small river of Germany, which rises be- tween the frontiers of Limburg and Juliers, and falls into the Moselle, 4 m. below Treves. Kymmencnord, an extensive province of Finland equal in extent lo the half of Scotland, but con- taining only 115,000 inhabitants. It extends along the river Kymmene. Kyn, a small island in the Baltic, on the coast of Russia, about 5 m. in length, 40 m. N. by E. of Riga. Kyndee, a town of Hindoostan, in the province ofBahar, and district of Ramgur. Long. 86. 5. £.,lat. 24. 15. N. Kyneton. See Kington. Kyranur, a town and fortress of Hindoostan, in the province of Gundwaneh. It belongs to one of the Goand chiefs, who is tributary to the rajah of Nagpore. It is situate near the Lucknow Hills, 95 m S. E. of Ruttunpore. Long. 81. 32. E.,lat. 21. 27 N. LAB 430 LAC Kyranty, & town of Bengal, in the district of Morung, and W. by Nepaul. It was conquered Cooch Bahar, on the Durlah River. Long. 88. by the rajah of Nepaul in 1769, but is very little 50 E., lat. 26. 45. N. known to Europeans. Kyraut, a district of Hindoostan, bounded N. by Kyritz, a town of the Prussian states, in Bran- the Himmaleh Mountains, E. by Bootan, S. by denburg. 46 m. N. W. of Berlin. LAAB, a town of Lower Austria, on the river Toya, 39 rn. N. by W. of V.'enna. Long. 16. 20. E., lat. 48. 43. N. Laos, a town of Austrian Illyria, in Carniola, with a trad« in salt, leather, and horses. 12 m. S. of Laubach. Lausphe, or Lasp/ie, a town of Germany, in the Prussian states, seated on the Lahn, 75 m. E. of Cologne. iMudia, a town of Austrian Italy, seated on the Adirge, 20 m. N. N. W.of Ferrara. Laber, a river of Bavaria, in Franconia, which rises near Neumark. and falls into the Danube at Sinzing, above Rati^bon. Labfs, a t'jwn of Prussia, in Pomerania, with manufactures of cloth ; seated on the Reca, 35 m . N. E. ofStargard. Labia, a town of European Turkey, in Servia, 70m.S. W. ofNissa. Labiau, a town of East Prussia, with a strong castle, seated at the mouth of the Deine, near the Curische Haff, 25 m. N. E. of Konigsberg. Labrador, a country of North America, on the E. side of Hudson Bay. The general aspect of the country is most dreary : the surface is moun- tainous and rugged, and covered with large stones, and the soil is poor. Coarse plants, adapted to the nourishment of deer and goats and other wild animals, are its chief productions. The cli- mate, in only lat. 47. N., is excessively cold dur- ing winter. The ice begins to disappear in May, and about the middle of July conunences hot weather, which at times is such as to scorch the face of the huntern. Mock suns and halos are not unfrequent ; and the night is enlivened by the aurora borealis, which spreads over the whole sky. No country is better furnished with large, safe, and convenient harbours, or supplied with better water. The numerous islands along the E. coast abound with eider ducks and other wa terfowl, and also with hares, foxes, and dee;. The animals are not numerous ; the most com- mon are reindeer, bears, wolves, tigers, foxes, beavers, otters, lynxes, martens, ermines, wild cats. The Labrador jumping mouse is common to this country and to all the interior as far as Slave lake. Eagles, hawks, owls, geese, bustards, ducks, partridges, and all kinds of wild fowl are numerous. The fishes are whales, morses, seals, cod, and a white fish preferable to herrings ; and in the rivers and fresh waters are pike, perch, carp, trout, &c. During the 3 months of summer there is a variety in the color of the several ani- mals, but in winter everything, animate and in- animate, is white. The trees of Labrador are mere shrubs, with the exception of the black, white, and red spruce, silver fir, birch, and aspen. A few vegetables are produced, and various kinds of fruit. A beautiful spar, called Labrador stone, was discovered by the Moravian Missionaries, who have successuilly exerted themselves in im- proving the condition of the natives. They have now 3 settlements on these inhospitable shores, the total pop. of which is about 600. The natives are called Esquimaux. They have no fixed aboc'->, but rove from place to place, and sometimes coine as far as Newfoundland. Tliey are of a difFeren. race from the other native Americans ; for the other tribes have no beards, but these have them so thick and large that it is diflScult to discover ' any feature of their faces; they are likewise the only savages that eat their food in a raw state. They are of a middling stature, generally robust, lazy, and of a brown color. Their head isr large, and their face round and flat ; they have thick lips, a flat nose, long black hair, large shoulders, and uncommonly small feet. They are always well clothed; forthere is nothing to be seen but part of their faces and their hands. They have a sort of shirt made of the guts offish, with a coat of bear or bird skins, and a cap on their head. They have likewise breeches made of skins, with the hair in- wards, and covered with furs without ; also two pair of boots, one over another, of the same sort of skins. In summer, they have nothing to cover them in the night ; and in the winter, they lodge in tents made of hides, or in caves. The dress of the women is nearly the same as that of the men. They are very superstitious, and have some sort of sacrifices They acknowledge two invisible essences j the one has the origin of good ; the other, to whom they pay the most hom- age, as the origin of every species of evil. Their chief employment is hunting and fishing. Tliey are very covetous ; and pay so little regard to private property as to take every advantage of bodily strength to rob their neighbours, not only of their goods but their wives. In other respects they are the mildest tribe, or nation, that is to be found on the borders of Hudson Bay. Murder, which is so common among all the tribes of south- ern Indians, is seldom heard of among them. A murderer is shunned and detested by all the tribe and is forsaken even by his relations and former friends. The women perform the most laborious offices ; they pitch the tents, carry or haul bur- dens, make or mend clothes, and prepare the vict- uals. When any thing is prepared for eating, the wives and daughters are never served till all the males have taken what they think proper. Laby, a considerable town of Western Africa, in the kingdom of Foota Jalloo. It is upwards of 2 m. in circumference and contains 5,0(0 inhabi- tants, who are employed in the manufactuie of narrow cloths, and various articles in iron, silver, wood, leather, &c., and carry on a good trade with Tombuctoo, which is four months' journey beyond. Laccadives, a group of small islands in the In- dian Sea, lying W. of the coast of Malabar, dis- covered by Vasco de Gama, in 1449. They are 32 in number : and are inhabited hy a race of Mahomedans called Moplays, whose chief tralfic is in the produce of the cocoa palm, such as oil, cables, and cordage; and in dried fish. These are sent to the continent of India, whence they **» LAD 431 LAH E ,et rice, &c., in return; and also to Mascat, in arge boats, which bring back dates and coffee. Calpeny, one of the largest, is 170 m. W. of Co- chin. Long. 73, 32. E., lat. 10. 0. N. LMcedogna. See Cedogna. Lacepedes Islands, a group of islands on the N. W. coast of New Holland : the largest is about 9 m. long. A long chain of rocky reefs and great sand-banks proceed from their termination. Many whales, sea serpents, and fishes of different kinds, are seen in the surrounding sea. Long. 117. 8. E., lat. 16. 43. S. Lacfodery, mountains of Ireland, on the E. side of the country of Kerry, 12 m. E. of Tralee. LMchen, a town of Switzerland, in the canton of Schweitz, near which are some mineral springs, and petrifactions : it is seated on the lake of Zurich. Lachen, a large village of the Bavarian circle of the Rhine, district of Spire, 3 m. S. E. of Neu- stadt. Lachsa, or Lascha, a division of Arabia, occu- pying nearly the whole of the southwestern coast of the Persian Gulf, and extending to a consid- erable distance inland. Great part of the interior consists of sandy plains ; but the coast is fertile, and well peopled. The chief productions are dates, rice, and cotton. The asses and camels are esteemed to be of an excellent breed, and some thousands of the latter are annually exported to Syria. The extensive piracies committed by the inhabitants of this country were so intolerable tint in 1809 the British fitted out an expedition for the purpose of chastising them. They sailed to Ras-el-Khima, the principal port on this coast, which they took by assault, burned 70 vessels, and made considerable plunder. Lacsha was formerly subject to Turkey, but the inhabitants have now shaken off the yoke, and their sheik is one of the most powerful princes of Arabia. L/ichsa, a city of Arabia, capital of the above province, and the residence of the sheik. It is well built, and seated on the Astan, which flows into a considerable bay of the gulf of Persia, op- posite the isle of Bahrein. Long. 48. 40. E., lat. 26. 20. N. Lack, a town in Mifflin Co. Pa. Lackawanna, or Lackaioannock, a small stream in Pennsylvania flowing into the Susquehanna. In this neighborhood are large coal mines, for a description of which see Pennsylvania. Lackaioaken, a small stream of Penns)'lvania flowing into the Delaware 174 m. above Phila- delphia. Also the name of a township in Pike Co. Pa. on the above stream. Laconia, p. v. Harrison Co. Indiana. Ladenburg, a town of Germany, in Baden, seated on the Neckar, 8 m. N. W. of Heidelberg. Ladona, a lake of Russia, between the gulf of Finland and the lake Onega. It is 140 m. long and 80 broad. The shores of the lake are flat, but the navigation is very dangerous on account of quicksands. This induced Peter I. to cause a canal to be cut from the S. W. extremity of this lake to the river Neva, by which it has a commu- nication with the gulf of Finland. It was begun in 1718, and finished in 1732 ; and is 67 m. long, and 70 feet broad. Ladona, j\ew, a town of Russia, in the govern- ment of Petersburg, seated on the Volkhof, be- tween the lake and canal of liadoga. Old Ladoga, an inconsiderable place, is higher up the Volkhof. New Ladoga is 56 m. E. of Petersburg. Long. 31. 42. E., lat. 60. 0. N. Ladrones, or Marian Islands, islands of the Pa- cific Ocean, lying between 145. and 148. E. Ion., and between 13. and 22. N. lat. They were dis- covered by Magellan in 1521. He touched first at the island of Guam, where the natives stole some of his goods, which caused him to name these islands the Ladrones, or Islands of Thieves. Besides the other fruits natural to the soil and climate, nere is the bread-fruit tree in abundance. The names of the principal islands are Say pan, Tinian, Guam, and Rota. Ladrones, is also the name of a cluster of small islands in the gulf of Sa, at the southern extremi- ty of China. They are the resort of pirates, who have long set the naval power of China at defiance. In 1805 they had acquired possession of the whole island of Hainan and the southern part of For- mosa. La FargeviUe, p.v. Jefierson Co. N. Y. Lafayette, a parish of Louisiana Pop. 5,606 Vermilionville is the capital. Lafourche, a bay on, or river of Louisiana, one of the mouths of the Mississippi. Lafourche Interior, a Parish of Louisiana, lying upon the Gulf of Mexico. Pop. 5,500. Thiba- deauville is the capital. Lanvasco, a town of the Sardinian states, in Piedmont, 24 m. S. of Turin. Lagny, a town of France, in the department of Seine-et-Marne, with a late famous Benedictine abbey ; seated on the Marne, 15 m. E. of Paris. Lagos, a seaport of Portugal, in Algarva, with a castle. Here the English fleet bound to the Mediterranean usually take in fresh water. OflF the cape near this town, in 1759, admiral Bosca- wen defeated a French fleet. It is 130 m. S. S. E. of Lisbon. Laguna. See Ckristophe de Laguna, St. Lagunes of Venice, the marshes or lakes in Italy on which Venice is seated. They communicate with the sea, and are the security of the city. There are about 60 islands in these Lagunes, which together make a bishop's see. Eurano is the most considerable, next to those on which Venice stands. Lahn, a river of Germany, which rises in Hes- se-Cassel, and flowing by Marburg, Wetzlar, and Nassau, falls into the Rhine above Coblentz. Lahn, a town of the Prussian states, in Silesia, near which is the castle of Lahnhaus. It is seat- ed on the Bober, 10 m. N. N. W. of Hirschberg. Laholm, a seaport of Sweden, in Holland, with a castle ; seated on the Laga, near its entrance into the Categat, 12 m. S. S.' E. of Halmstadt. Long. 12. 56. E., lat. 56. 31. N. Lahore, a province of Hindoostan, bounded on the W. by Candahar, N. by Cashmere, E. by Sirinagur and Dehli, and S. by Moultan. It is of\en called Panjab, or the country of Five Rivers. Jt is extensive and fertile; aftbrding, in addition to all the necessaries of life, wine, sugar, and cot- ton wool. In the tract between the Indus and the Chelum are salt mines, which afford pieces of rock salt, hard enough to be formed into vessels, &c. See Panjab. Lahore, a city of Hindoostan, capital of the above province, and of the country of the Seiks. It was the residence of the Mahomedan conquer- ors of Hindoostan, before they had established themselves in the central parts of the country ; and owes its chief improvements to Humaioon, the father of Acar, who made it his residence during a part of his troublesome reign. The city and its suburbs form a circumference of 7 m It LAM 432 IOlH in Burronnded by walls of brick, and adorned with beautiful edifices and gardens. Here are manu- factures of cotton cloths and stuffs of all kinds, and of very curious carpets. It is situate on the S. bank of the Rauvee, 210 m. S. of Cashmere. La.hr, a town of Germany, in the grand duchy of Baden, which was only a village in 1780 ; but is now an active manufacturing town. The man- ufactures are of woolens, linens, cotton, tobacco, and leather. 18. m. S. S. E. of Strasbiirg. Laino. a town of Naples, in Calabria Citra, near a river of the same name, 19 m. W. N, W. of Cassano. Lairdsville, p.v. Oneida Co. N. Y. Lake, towns in Stark, Wayne and Logan Cos- Ohio. Lake Pleasant, a township of Hamilton Co. N. Y. Pop. 266. Lai-tcheou, a city of China, of the first rank, in the province of Chang-tong, with a convenient harbour on the Yellow Sea. It stands on a pro- montory, 255 m. S. E. of Pekin. Laland, an island of Denmark, situated at the entrance into the Baltic, near the coast of Zea- land. It is about 60 m. in length by 14 in breadth, and is reckoned the most fertile spot in the Danish dominions. It produces plenty of all sorts of grain , particularly wheat and peas. The climate, how- ever, is considered unhealthy, on account of the damp. Laland forms a part of the bishopric of Funen. Naxkow is the capital. Laland, an island near the N. coast of the island of Sumatra, in the strait of Malacca. Long. 99. 20. E., lat. 1. 4.5. N. Lamhach, a town of Austria, on the Traun, 24 m. S. S. W. ofLaintz. LamhaJle, a town of France, in the department of Cotes du Nord, with a good trade in cattle, linen, and parchment. 11 m. E. S. E. of St. Brieux. Lamhayeque, a town on the coast of Peru, with upwards of 10,000 inhabitants, the generality of whom are poor Spaniards. Mulattoes, and Indians. It is 95 m. N. N. W. of truxiUo. Long. 79. 35. W. , lat. 6. 45. S. Lambesc, a town of France, in the department of Mouths of the Rhone, 12 m. N. of Aix. Lambeth, a village in Surrey, Eng. on the River Thames, opposite Westminster. Here the arch- bishop of Canterbury has an ancient palace. By the vast increase of buildings, Lambeth is now joined to the metropolis, in a direction to each of the three bridges. Here are numerous extensive manufactories, and various places of public amuse- ment, particularly the celebrated Vauxhall Gar- dens. Lamhourn, a town in Berkshire, Eng. seated on a river of the same name, 15 ra. S. W. of Abing- don, and 65 W. of London. Lamego, a town of Portugal, in Beira, and a bishop's see, with a strong citadel, two cathedral churches, and four convents. Here the states as- sembled to confirm the election of Alfonzo Hen- riquez, the first king of Portugal, and enacted the fundamental laws, now forgotten. It is seated on the Balsamao, 50 m. E. of Oporto. Long. 7. 30. W., lat. 41. 12. N. Lamermuir, a mountainous ridge in Scotland, which divides the county of Berwick from that of Haddington for above 20 m., and terminates on the W. at SoutraHill, which is elevated 1,000 feet above the sea level. These hills are bleak and barren, affording but scanty pasture for sheep. Lamlash, a town of Scotland, on the S. E. coast of the isle of Arran, on a bay of its name, which forms an excellent harbour for vessels of any size. It is sheltered from the sea by a lofty islet, 2 m. long, called Holy Isle. Lamail, or LamaiUe, a river of Vermont, ris- ing in Caledonia county and flowing into Lake Champlain opposite the southern extremity of South Hero. Lampa, an extensive and mountainous district of Peru, in the intendancy of Cuzco. The cli- mate is cold, and it is ch'.eSy valuable for its pas- tures. The chief town, of the same name, is 90 m. S. of Cuzco. Long. 81. 44. W., lat. 16. 55 Lampangui, a lofty mountain of the Chilian Andes, celebrated for its rich mines. 240 m. from Valparaiso. Lumpedosa, an island in the Mediterranean, be- tween the coast of Tunis and the island of Malta. It is about 21 m. in circuit, and is pleasant and fertile ; but it is uninhabited. It has an excellent harbour, sheltered from all winds except the N. Long. 12. 24. E., lat. 35. 40. N. Lampertheim, a village of Germany, in Hesse- Darmstadt. 9 m. S. E. of worms. Lampeter, a towship of Lancaster Co. Pa. Lampon, a town of Sumatra, capital of a dis- trict belonging to the king of Bantam. The Dutch have a resident here. It is situate on a bay of the same name, in the strait of Sunda, 180 m. S. E. of Bencoolen. Long. 104. 15. E., lat. 5. 40. N. Lamprey, a river of Rockingham Co. N. H. fall ing into Great Bay at Durham. Lampsaco, a town of Asiatic Turkey, in Natolia, celebrated for its wine ; seated on the sea of Mar- mora, 6 m. from the Dardanelles. Lamspringe, a town of Hanover, in the princi- pality of Hitdersheim, situate at the source of the rivulet Lame, 17 m. S. of Hildersheim. Lanark, a borough of Scotland, and the county- town of Lanarkshire. Since the intoduction of the cotton manufacture, many new houses have been built. It is seated on an eminence, near the river Clyde, 22 m. S. E. of Glasgow, and 30 S. W. of Edinburgh. Long. 3. 43. W., lat. 55. 42. N. Lanarkshire, a county of Scotland, bounded N. and N. W. by Renfrew, Dumbarton, and Stirling, N. E. by Linlithgow and Edinburgh, E. by Pee- bles, S. by Dumfries and S. W. by Ayrshire. It is 52 m. in its greatest length, and 33 in its great- est breath, comprising a superficial extent of 870 sq. m., or 556,800 English acres. On the whole, it is mountainous and heathy, but pleasant and agreeably diversified, exhibiting landscapes inier- mingled with wood and water, hill and dale. It contains as much curious, romantic, and varied scenery, as any in Scotland; but the falls of the Clyde are particularly interesting to a stranger. The climate is rather moist, and the S. W. wind is the most prevalent. The county is divided in- to three districts, called the Upper Middle, and Lower wards, and contains 41 parishes. The riv- er Clyde runs through the whole extent of the county, dividing it into two nearly equal parts. It abounds in lead, iron, and coal. Lancashire, a maritime county of England, bounded S. by Cheshire, E. by Yorkshire, N. by Westmoreland, and W. by the Irish Sea. It is 74 m. from N. to S., and its greatest breadth is 44 m. It contains 1,155,840 acres ; is divided into 6 hun- dreds, and 63 parishes ; has 27 market towns , and sends 14 members to parliament. It is a coun- ty-palatine, under the title of the Dutchy of Lan LAN 433 LAN caster : the only duchy of EnglatVu (that of Corn- wall excepted) which is not merely titular. This county comprises a variety of soil and face of country ; but upon the whole, is one of the least favoured by nature. The hundred of Furness, which is separated from the rest by Morecambe bay, is a wild and rugged region, stored with quantities of iron ore and slate, and covered with a growth of underwood, which is cut in succes- sion, and made into charcoal. The E. part, be- tween the Ribble and the Mersey, comprising the ancient forests of Wyresdale and Bowland, is mountainous and generally barren ; but the S. part of the tract between these two rivers is flat. Much of this is a fertile country, though occaison- ally deformed by black turf bogs, here called mos- ses, some of which are of large extent, and impass- able in wet seasons. In the N. E. part of this di- vision are some lofty hills, the most noted of which is Pendle Hill. The remaining part is varied with hill, dale, and moor. Among its products, is a species of coal, called cannel, highly valua- ble as fuel, and capable of being manufactured in- to candlesticks, cups, snuff-boxes, &c. As a com- mercial and manufacturing county, it is superi- to any other in the kingdom. Its principal man- ufactures are linen, silk, woolen, and cotton goods, shalloons, bays, serges, tapes, hardware, plate-glass, «&c. Of the commerce of this county, it may suffice to observe that Liverpool is the sec- ond port in the kingdom. The principal rivers are the Mersey, Irwell, Ribble, Loyne, Levern, Wyre, Hoeder, Roche, Duddon, Winster, and Ken ; and it has two considerable lakes, Winan- dermere and Coniston-mere. It has numerous canals, and had the honour of exhibiting the first regular one in the kingdom, which was begun by the duke of Bridgewater in 1758. Lancaster, di borough and the capital of Lai»cas- shire. It is seated on the Loyne, or Lune, which forms a port for vessels of moderate burden. Tlie parish church of St. Mary is a fine structure, on the side of a hill, on the summit of which is a no- ble castle, serving both as the shire-house and the county goal. Here are also two chapels belong- ing to the establishment, and several dissenting meeting-houses. On the top of the castle is a square tower, called John of Gaunt's Chair, whence there is an extensive prospect. Among the modern iriiprovements are an extensive quay, with large warehouses, and a commodious and el- egant bridge over the river, in place of the old one, now in ruins. The canal from Kendal, winds round the E. part of the town, and is conveyed over the river by an aqueduct of 5 arches, each of 70 feet span. Besides numerous other charities, there is a count}' lunatic asylum, a handsome stone erection on Lancaster Moor, opened in 1816. It has a chapel attached, and the hospital is capa- ble of accommodating 300 patients. 5 m. from this place is Dunald-milUhole, a cave at the foot of a mountain, into which a large brook runs and passes 2 m. under ground before it appears again : some of its vaults are so high that they resemble the roof of a church, and in other parts so low tiiat they can be passed only by creeping on the hands and feet. Lancaster depends for its support princi- pally on its trade and manufactures and the county business. The merchants trade chiefly to Ameri- ca, the West Indies, and the Baltic. It is noted for the making of mahogany cabinet ware, and has manufactures of sail cloth, cordage, linens, &c. The cotton manufacture is also gaining jpound. and ship-building is carried on to a con- 55 siderable extent. It is 53 m. N. W. of Manches- ter, and 240 N. N. W. of London. Lancaster, a handsome town of Pennsylvania, capital of a county of the same name. It is a pleasant and flourishing place, situate in a fertile and well cultivated country, and contains a court house, a jail, two banks, and nine places of wor- ship. A college was founded here in 1787, but the buildings are now appropriated to schools Here are manufactures of guns and other hard- ware ; and about a mile distant is a large cotton manufactory. The town has considerable trade, which increases with the population of the sur- rounding country. It is seated near Conestoga Creek, which runs into the Susquehanna, Gl m. W by N. of Philadelphia. Long. 76. 32. W., lat. 40. 2. N. Lancaster, a county in the E. District of Penn- sylvania. Pop. 76,558, the capital has the same name. Also a county of the E. District of Vir- ginia. Pop. 4,800. Ako a District of South Carolina. Pop. 10,361. Lancaster, p.t. Coos Co. N. H. on the Connec- ticut, 40 m. above Dartmouth College. Pop. 1,187. Also a p.t. Worcester Co. Mass. a branch of Nashua river 36 m. N. W. Boston Pop. 2,016 Also a p.v. Fairfield. Co O^io, apt. Garrard Co Ken. a p.v. Smith Co. Ten. and a township in Glengary Co. U. C. Landaff, a township of Grafton Co. N. H. on the Connecticut, 62 m. N. Concord. Pop. 951. Laner.rota, one of the Canary isles, 30 m. long and 10 broad. It is very high, and has a good harbour at the N. E. end. Long. 13. 26. W., lat. 29. 14. N. LancianOjO. town of Naples, in Abruzzo Citra, on a river of the same name. It is an arch- bishop's see, and has a good trade, and two great annual fairs. 84 m. N. by E. of Naples. Long. 14. 30. E., lat. 42. 16. N. Landau, a small but strong town of the Bava- rian circle of the Rhine, well known in mlitary history. It was formerly imperial, but was ceded to Louis XIV. in 1680, and afterwards fortified by Vauban. In 1702, 3, 4, and 13, it was alter nately taken by the Austrian and French, but was confirmed to France at tlie peace of 1713. In 1793 it was attacked but without success by the Prussians and Austrians. The French ceded it to Bavaria in 1815. It is seated on the Queich 56 m. N. N. E. of Strasburg, and 347 N. E. of Paris. Long. 8. 7. E., lat. 49. 12. N. Landau, a town of Lower Bavaria, situate on an eminence on the Iser. Long. 12. 37. E., lat. 48. 36. N. Landau, a small town of Germany, in West- phalia, near the Watter. Long. 9. 5. E., lat. 51. 12. N. Landeck, a town of Prussian Silesia, in the county of Glatz. 27 m. S. W. of Neisse. Landelles, a town of France, in the department of Calvados, seated on the Vire, 28 m. S. W. ot Caen. Lararfcw, a town of the Netherlands, in S. Bra- bant, famous for an obstinate battle fought near it in 1693, in which the French under marshal Luxemburg defeated the allies commanded by William HI. of England, and also for a battle in 1793 in which the French were defeated by the Austrians. It is seated on the river Becke, 19 m. S. E. of Louvain. Landernau, a seaport of France, in the depart ment of Finisterre, with considerable manufac tures of linen, leather, and paper. It is seated- 30 LAN 434 LAN at the mouth of the Elhorn, 23 m. N. E. of Brest. Landeron, a town of Switzerland, in the canton of Neufchatel, at the S. W. extremity of the lake Neufchatel 7 m. N. E. of Neufchatel. Lnndes, a department of France, bounded W. by the Atlantic, and on its other sides by the de- partments of Gironde, Lot-et- Garonne, Gers, and Lower Pyrenees. It is divided into the three ar- rondisseraents of Mont de Marsan, Dax, and St. Sever, and has an area of 3,700 sq. m., with 250,000 inhabitants. The principal rivers are the Adour and the Douze, which traverse it from E. to W. To the S. of these rivers the soil is tolera- bly fertile, producing wine, fruit, and corn, but on the N. it is perfectly sterile. The forests are extensive ; and the climate is generally warm. The exports are wood, turpentine, tar, wax, cat- tle, wool, and brandy. Landisburg, p.v. Perry Co. Pa. Landrecy, a strong town of France, in the de- partment of Nord. It was beseiged in vain by prince Eugene, in 1712. In 1794 it was taken by the allies ; but shortly after evacuated. It was one of the barrier fortresses occupied by the al- lies after the second treaty of Paris. It is seated on the Sambre, 18 m. E. by S. of Cambray, and 19 S. by E. of Valenciennes. Landriaf Konigingratz, on the Little Elbe, with some ex- tensive manufactures of cambric and gauze. Langenau, Upper and Lmcer, two populous vilages of Prussia, in Silesia, 11 m. S. of Glatz. Lano-e7irtM,a longand straggling village of Gt-r many, in Wurtemberg. It contains 3,600 inhab- itants, are mostly weavers, 10 m. N. N. E. ofUlm. Langenberg , a town of the Prussian province of Cleves and Berg. 15 m. N. E. of Dusseldorf Langenburg, a town of Germany, in Wurtem- berg, with a magnificent castle ; seated on the river Jaxt. 32 m. W. of Anspach. Langensalza, a town of Prussian Saxony, capital of Thuringia, with a castle, and manufactures of silk, woolen, cotton, &c. It stands on the Sal- za, near its confluX with tiie Unstrut, 14 m. W by N. of Erfurth. Long. 10. 42. E., lat. 51. 5. N. fMugenlhal, a town of Switzerland, in the can ton of Bern, in the neighbourhood of which are some medicinal springs. 18 m. N. E. of Bern. Langcnzenn, a town of Germany, in Bavaria, on the river Zenn, and near the Rednitz, 20 id. N. E. of Anspach. LAO 43S LAP Langholm, a town of Scotland, in Dumfriesshire, with an extensive cotton manufacture ; seated on the Esk, on the borders of England, 20 m. N. by W. of Carlisle. Langonge, a town of France, department of Lozere, 21 m. N. E. of Mende. LMngon, a town of France, department of Gi ronde, with an extensive trade in wine and brandy. It has a good harbour and is seated on the Garonne, 10 m. N. of Bazas. Langport, a town in Somersetshire, Eng., situ- ate on a hill, by the river Parrett, which is navi- table for baro-es to the Bristol Channel. 10 m. . E. of Bridge water, and 128 W. by S. of London. Langres, a town of France, department of Up- per Marne. Its cutlery wares are in high esteem. It is seated on a mountain, near the source of the Marne, 40 m. N. E. of Dijon. Long. 5. 19. E., lat. 47. 52. N. Languard Fort, a strong fort of England, situ- ate on a sandy point of land on the Suffolk side of the harbour of Harwich, but within the limits of Essex. At high water it is surrounded by the sea, and becomes an island nearly a m. from the shore. It was erected for the defence of the port of Harwich, and has a garrison, under the com- mand of a governor. iMnguedoc, a province of the S. of France, di- vided at the revolution into the departments of Upper Garonne, Aude, Herault, Gard, Lozere, and Ardeche. It extends on the E. to the Rhone, and W. to the border of Gascony, and comprises a superficial extent of 16,000 sq. m. The Upper or Western Languedoc had Toulouse for its capi- tal ; and the Lower or Eastern, Montpelier. Lanier, a township of Preble Co. Ohio. Lanjan, or Lanckang, a city, and the capital of the kingdom of Laos, at least of the southern part, to which it gives name. The king's palace 18 said to be of vast extent, and the houses of the fxandees are also large, and highly ornamented, t is situate on the W. side of the river Mecon, 400 m. N. N. W. of Cambodia. Long. 101. 38. E., lat. 18. 30. N. Lanmeur, a town of France, department of Finisterre, 6 m. N. E. of Morlaix. Lannltis, a town of France, department of Finisterre 19 m. N. of Brest. Lanrion, a town of France, department of Coles du Nord, with a trade in wine, hemp, and butter. In the neighbourhood are mines of iron and sil- ver. It is seated on the Guer, 39 m. W. N. W of St. Brieux. Long. 3. 27. W., lat. 48. 44. N. Lanrtoy, a town of France, department of Nord, 6 m. E. N. E. of Lisle. Lansargues, a town of France, department of Herault, 9 m. W. of Montpelier. Lansdown, a mountain in Somersetshire, Eng. 4 m. from Bath, 813 feet high. Lansing, a township of Tompkin's Co. N. Y. Pop. 4,020. Lansinburgh, p.t. Rensselaer Co. N. Y. It contains four churches, a court-house, a jail, and an academy ; and is seated on the E. side of the Hudson, opposite the S. branch of the Mohawk, 9 m. N. N. E. of Albany. Pop. 2,663. Lazno, a town of the Sardinian states, in Pied- mont, on the river Stura, over which is an ele- gant bridge, 12 m. N. W. of Turin. Lao, a town of the island of Cuba, 25 m. W. of HavannaL. Lao, or Leao, a city of China, of the second rank, in the province of Chan-si. Long. 119, 57 E., lat. 37. 4. N. Laon, a decayed town of France, capital of the department of Aisne, with a castle. The princi- pal trade consists in corn and wine. It is cele- brated for a battle fought under its walls, between the French and allies, in March, 1814. It is seated on a mountain, near the Ardon, 77 m. N. E. of Paris. Long. 3. 43. E., lat. 49. 34. N. Laos, a kingdom of India beyond the Ganges, extending from 12 to 18. N. lat., and bounded by Laktho, Siam, Cambodia, Tonquin, and Cochin- China, to the last of which it is nominally sub- ject. It is surrounded by mountains covered with forests ; but the country is in general flat, and the soil fertile, being watered by numerous rivulets from the mountains and a number of canals from the Mecon, which flows from N. to S. through the whole region. It abounds in rice, fruit, honey, wax, and cotton ; and the principal drugs are benzoin and lac. Gold and silver are found in certain places of the river ; and it has mines of iron, lead, and tin. It is very thinly in- habited, the greater part of the population con- sisting of migrating tribes, who wage an almost constant internal warfare. The religion, lan- guage, and manners are much the same as in Siam. Lanjan is the capital. Lapland, a northern region of Europe, now he- longing to Russia and Sweden, bounded on the N. by the Arctic Ocean, E. by the White Sea, S. by Sweden, and W. by Norway and the Atlantic. It was formerly divided into three parts, Russian, Swedish, and Danish (or Norwegian) Lapland. The first, the most dreary region of the wliole, consisted of three districts, Bellamoreskoi, Mare- manskoi, and Terskoi ; but these are now all in- cluded in the general appellation of the circle of Kola, which includes also the tract on the E. of the Torneo called Kemi-Lapmark, which was ceded by Sweden in 1809. Swedish Lapland, or Lapland Proper, is subdivided into six provinces, now comprised in the government of Umea. Nor- wegian Lapland, or Finmark, the most northerly of all, now belongs also to Sweden. The general aspect of LapLand is mountainous. The principal rivers are, the Tornea. which issues from a lake of the same name, and, after a course of 300 m., falls into the gulf of Bothnia ; the Tana, and the Alten, both of which fall into the Frozen Ocean. The lakes are numerous, and many of them very extensive. The maritime districts are of uniform and rather mild temperature ; but in the interior the winter is intensely cold : in the most northern parts the sun remains below the horizon from the 20th of November to the 10th of January ; and the whole country is covered with snow and ice from the beginning of September to the middle of March. In summer the sun continues two months above the horizon ; and in the valleys and plains the heat is excessive, favoring the production of numerous insects, particularly moschetoes, which greatly infest the inhabitants. Barley is the com- mon grain, but rye and oats are also cultivated in some places, and a few culinary vegetables are raised. The trees are fir, birch, larch, and small beech, which form vast though not thick forests. Metals and minerals are found in abundance : gold has been found at Suappavara ; copper, iron, lead, zinc, and plumbago, are found in various places ; and in the S. of Swedish Lapland several mines are wrought. Among the other internal produc- tions of this country are limestone, marble, gyp- sum, rock-crystal, jasper, amethysts, and garueta LAP 436 LAS The animals of this country are much the same as tho«!e of Norway ; but the rein-deer may more properly be said to belong to Lapland. The sin- gular usefulness of this animal in a great measure recompenses the Laplander for the privation of the other comforts of life. The rein-deer in sum- mer live upon leaves and grass, and in winter upon moss, which they dig up from under the snow; yet upon such scanty fare they will perform a journey of inconceivable length. The animal is fixed to a kind of sledge, shaped like a small boat, in which the traveller, well secured from cold, is laced down ; and taking the reins, which are fas- tened to the horns of the animal, in one hand, and a kind of bludgeon, to keep the carriage clear of ice and snow, in the other, he sets out, and con- tinues his journey with incredible speed, the ani- mals choosing the road and directing their course with very little trouble to the traveller. Their milk and cheese are nutritive and pleasant ; their flesh is well tasted food, whether fresh or dried ; their skin forms excellent clothing both for the bed and body ; and their intestines and tendons supply their masters with thread and cordage. The Laplanders are rather lower in stature than the more southern Europeans. The men are of a swarthy and dark complexion ; their hair is black and short, their mouth wide, and their cheek hol- low, with a longish pointed chin. The women are in general well made, complaisant, chaste,and ex- tremely nervous. In their manner of life the Lap- landers are divided into fishers and mountaineers. The former, in summer, fix their habitations in the neighbourhood of some lake, from which they draw their subsistence, and in winter live in the woods. The latter seek their support on the moun- tains, and possess herds of rein-deer more or less numerous. They are active and expert in the chase; and the introduction of fire-arms has al- most abolished the use of the bow and arrow. Besides looking after the rein-deer, the fishery, and the chase, the men are employed in making canoes, sledges, harness, cups, bowls, &c. ; and the women in making nets, drying the fish and meat, milking the deer, making cheese, and tan- ning hides. Like the Icelanders, they consider their country the finest in the universe. They live in tents composed of several poles or beams of wood, which meet at the top and support each other ; the fire-place consists of a few stones, and is always in the middle of the hut, a hole being at the top for the smoke to pass. When travelling, and exposed to the inclemency of the weather, they throw a covering over the head, neck, and shoulders, leaving only a small opening, through which they see and breathe. In their dress they use no kind of linen. The men wear close breeches, reaching down to their shoes, which are made of untanned leather, pointed and turned up before. Their doublet is made to fit their shape ; it is open at the breast, and over it they WvJar a close coat, with narrow sleeves, the skirts of which reach down to the knees and are fastened round them by a leathern girdle, ornamented with plates of tin and brass. To this girdle they tie their knives instruments for making fire, pipes, and other smoking apparatus. The dress of the women is the same as that of the men, with the exception of a few ornamental peculiarities. All the Swedish and Norwegian, as well as the greater number of the Russian Laplanders, bear the name of Chris- tians ; but their religion is full of superstition, and a compound of Christian and Pagan ceremonies. Their language has an afiinity with the Finnish, but is greatly intermixed with others. They trade with the Swedes and Norwegians, whom they supply with the skins and furs of quadrupeds, such as ermines, sables, martens, squirrels, foxes of various colors, bears, lynxes, and wolves ; and re- ceive in return meal, cloth, spirituous liquors, to* bacco, and various utensils. lAiprairie, a Seignory of Huntingdon Co. L. C. on the St. Lawrence opposite Montreal. Lar, a town of Persia, capital of Laristan, with jt a castle on a rock, chiefly celebrated for the man- ufacture of muskets and cloth. It was once a maarnificent city, but is now in ruins. Some hand- some houses still remain, and the bazar is said to be the noblest structure of the kind in Persia Long. 43. 40. E., lat. 27. 30. N. Larachra, or Laraish, a strong town in the king- dom of Fez, with a castle and a good harbour. Here are magazines for the refitting of vessels, but no docks for building. It is seated near the mouth of the Lucos, 46 m. S. by W. of Tangier. Laredo, a town of Spain, in Biscay, with a good harbour, 30 m. W. N. W. of Bilbao. JLaro^o, a town of Scotland, in Fifeshire, on a bay of tlie same name, at the opening of ihe frith of Forth, which is a safe roadstead for ships of all descriptions. The town has a manufacture of lin- en and checks. 8.m. S. S W. of S'. Andrew. Largs, a town of Scotland, in Ayrshire, with a samll harbour cm the frith of Clyde. It is memo- rable for the defeat of the Norwegians, in their last invasion of this county, in 12G3. It is 15 m. N. W. of Irvine. Larino, a town of Naples, in the Molise, 25 m. -E. N. E. of Molise. Larissa, a town of Greece, capital of Thessaly and an archbishop's see , with a palace, and some handsome mosques. It was famous as the resi- dence of Achilles, and retains its former name. The inhabitants, estimated at 25,000, carry on a large trade. It is seated on the Peneus, 75 m. S. by W. of Salonica. Long. 22. 47. E., lat. 39. 48 N. Laristan, a small province of Persia, extcndinor along the northern shore of of the Persian Gulf The soil is so impregnated with acrid substances, and so destitute of water, that it is the most un- productive province of the kingdom. Those who inhabit the coast are addicted to piracy, and live under their own sheiks, paying the king only a trifling tribute. Lar is the capital. Lame, a town of Ireland, in the county of An- trim, at the mouth of a river of the same name, 8 m. N. of Carrickfergns. Larnica, a town of Cyprus, the second in the island, and the emporium of its commerce, the bay on which it is situated forming one of the best roadsteads in the island. It has no good wa- ter but is supplied from a distance by an aqueduct Long. 33. 45. E. lat. 34. 50. N. Lurry Bundar, a town of Hindoostan, on the N. branch of the Indus, called the Pitta. 56 m. W. of Tatta. Long. 66. 42. E. lat. 24. 43. N. Larta. See Arta. Larvigen, or Launnigen, a sea-port of Norway, in the bishopric of Christiania. It is a place of considerable trade, and has productive iron works. It stands at the conflux of two rivers, near the sea, 74 m. S.S. W. of Christiania. La Salle, a seignory of Huntingdon Co. L. C 12m.S. Montreal. Lasenbourg, a town of Savoy, on the river Arc, at the foot of Mount Cenis, the passage of which is the principal support of the inhabitants. The LAU 437 LAO Bun IS bidden from the inhabitants of this town, by the mountains, during two months in the year. It is 20 m. N. N. W. ofSusa. Lassa, or Lahassa, a city of Asia, capital of Great Thibet. It is not large, but the houses are spacious and built of stone. About 7 m. to the E. of the city, is the mountain of Putala, on the sum- mit of which is the palace of the grand Lama, the higii priest of Thibet, whose authority is as great over almost all the regions of Tartary and Thibet as that of the pope was formerly over Eu- rope. Lassa is seated on a spacious plain, on a river that flows S. into the Sanpoo, 680 m. N. N. E. of Calcutta. Long. 91. 25. E.,lat. 29. 30. N. Lassahr, a town of Prussia, in Pomerania, on a lake of the same name, 33 m. S. S. E. of Stral- Bund. Lassam, a town of Java, on the N. coast, through which flows a fine navigable river. It has a considerable trade. 419 ra. E. of Bata- via. Lnssay, a town of France, in the department of Mayenne, 12 m. E. N. E. of Mayenne. Lasselsville, p. v. Montgomery Co. N. Y. Lastres, a town of Spain, iu Asturias, near a eape of the same name, on the bay of Biscay. 35 m. E. N. E. of Oviedo. Laswaree, a town of Hindoostan, in the prov- ince of Dehli, where a desperate battle was fought in 1803, between the British under long Lake, and the Mahrattas under Dowlat Row Scindia, in which the latter were totally defeated. Labacunna, a town of Peru, capital of a district of the same name. The streets are broad and straight ; the houses only one story high, and arched, on account of the frequency of earth- quakes, one of which overturned the whole place in 1698. It contains manufactures of cloth and baize, &c., and exports great qxiantities of salt pork : the vicinity is n jted for making fine red earthenware. 50 m. S. of Quito. Long. 18. 16. W., lat. 0. 56. S. Latakia, the ancient Laodicea, a seaport of Syria, and a bishop's see. It has beautiful re- mains of antiquity, and a considerable trade, es- pecially in tobacco though the harbour is become too shallow for large vessels. It stands on the S. side of a small penmsula, 75 m. S. W. of Aleppo. Long. 24. 30. E., lat. 35. 40. N. Latimore, a township of Adams Co. Pa. Lallakoo, Old and JVew, two towns in CafFaria about 900 m. N. E. of Cape Town. They are about 50 m. apart, and are inhabited by a sav- age race called Bootshuanas, or Matchappees. See Leelakoo . Lattij Airhany, a barren district of Hindoostan between the provinces of Agimere and Moultan, inhabited by a tribe of Hindoos, supposed to be the aborigines of the country. Lniibach, a town of Germany, in Hesse-Darm- stadt, with a castles, 10 m. E. by S. of Giessen. Lauhach, one of the two governments of Aus- trian Illyria, containing nearly 640,000 inhabi- tants. It is divided into the circle of Laubach, Newstadtl, Adelsberg, Clagenfurt, and Vil- lach. Laubach, or Laybach, a strong town of Austrian Illyiia, capital of the preceding government. The castle, called the Old Fort, stands on a mountain, and is now used ouly for a prison. It has manu- factures ofsilk, leather, and excellent cloth, fn 1821 a congress was held here for deliberating on the aflTairs of Italy, and attended by the em- m perors of Russia and Austria. It its seated on a river of the same name, 38 m. S. E. of Clagen- furt. Long. 14. 35. E., lat. 46. 11. N. Lauban, a walled town of Upper Lusatia, on the frontiers of Silesia. It has a good trade in cloth, yarn, and linen, and is seated on the Queiss, 14 m. E. S. E. of Gorlitz. L/iuda, a town and castle of Germany, in Baden, on the river Tauber, 18. m. S. W. of Wurtz- burg. Lauder, an ancient royal burgh of Scotland, in Berwickshire. The castle, originally built by Edward I. as a fortress, is now the seat of the earl of Lauderdale. It is seated on a river of the same name, 21 m. S. E. of Edinburgh. L«Mrferrfn/e, a county of Alabama. Pop. 11,782 Florence is the capital. Lauenburg, a duchy in the N. of Germany, on the right bank of the Elbe, adjacent to Hamburgh and included since 1815 in the Danish dominions, of which it forms the southern extremity. Lauenburg, the capital of the foregoing duchy. There is only one wing of the ancient castle, where the dukes resided, now remaining. Great quantities of merchandise are sent hence to Lubec, by means of the Steckenitz. It stands on (be Elbe and Steckenitz, 35 m. E. S. E. of Hamburgb. Long. 10. 50. E., lat. 53. 22. N. Lauenburg, a town of Prussia, in Pomerania, on the Leba, 37 m. W. by N. of Dantzic. Long. 17. 48. E., lat. 54. 27. N. Lauff'en a town of Austria, in the duchy of Salzburg, with a fine castle, seated on the Salza, 12 m. N. N. W. of Salzburg. Lauffen, a town of Switzerland, in the canton of Zurich, with a castle. Here is a celebrated cataract of the Rhine, the perpendicular height of which is about 60 feet, in the breadth 300. It is 3 m. S. by W. of SchafFhausen. Lniiffenbuig, a strong town in the S. W. ex- tremity of Germany, with a ca-'tle. It is seated on a rock, on the Rhine, which divides it in two parts. Here is a small cataract, noted for the beauty of the scenery. 26 m. W. Schafiliausea. Long. 8. 2. E., lat. 47. 35. N. Laughlinton, a village of Westmoreland Co. Pa. 23 m. E. Greenburg. Lfiwrht.on. a village in W. Yorkshire, Eng. on a high" hill, 6 m. E" S. E. of Rotherham. It is noted for its church, whose curious tower and spire are seen at the distance of 60 m. Lauingen, a town of Bavaria, in the principali- ty of Neuberg, seated on the Danube, 3 m. W. of Dillingen. Lnunceston, a borough and the capital of Com wall, Eng. It is seated on the side of a hill, ou the Attery, which falls into the Tamar, 3 m. be low the town, 28 m. N. of Plvmoiilh, and 214 W. by S. of London. Long 4. 12 W., lat. 50. 38. N. Launceston, a town of Van Diemen's Land capital of Port Dalrymple, seated at the junction of the Esk and Tamar, and containing 400 inhab- itants. Launy, a town of Bohemia, near the river Eper, 10 m. E. N. E. of Saaz. Laupen, a town of Switzerland, in the canton of Bern, at the conflux of the Sanden and Sense, 5 m. S. W. of Bern. Laurel, p. v. Sussex Co. Del. Laurel Mountains, one of the western Apa- lachian ranges in Pennsylvania. They are of a moderate height and covered on the eastern side with laurel trees. 2o2 LAY 438 LEA Laurenceourg, villages in Armstrong Co. Pa. Franklin Co. Ken. arva Dearborn Co. Indiana. Laurens, a district of South Carolina. Pop. 20,863. Also a county of Greorgia on the Oconee river. Pop. 5,578. Dublin is tne capital. Laurens, a township of Otsego Co. N. Y. Pop. 2,231. Laurensville, p. v. Laurens Dis. S. C. Lauirnuen, a town of Germany, on the river Laur, 11 m. N. E. of Schweinfurt. Laurington, a village of Marlborourgh Dis.S. C. Laurvin, a town of Norway, in the province of Aggerhuys, 55 m. S. of Christiania. Lausanne, a city of Switzerland, capital of the canton of Pays de Vaud, and a bishop's see, with a famous college. It stands on a very uneven tract of land, formed by three small hills ; and lofty parts afford the most subline views in na- ture. The cathedral, the town-house, and other public buildings, are magnificent, 30 m. N. E. of Geneva, and 42 S. W. of Bern. Long. 6. 45. E.,lat. 46. 31. N. Lausanne, a township of Northampton, Co. Pa. on the Lehigh. Lautcnburg, a town of W. Prussia, in the pala- tinate of Culm, 4 m. E. by S. of Culm Lauter, a river which rises in the Vosges moun- tains, and forms the boundary between France and Germany, on the W. of the Rhine, into v/hich it falls at Lauterburg. Lauterbach, a town of Bohemia, in the circle of Saatz, noted for excellent tin mines. 9 m. S. y. W. of Carlsbad. Lauterbach, a town of Germany, in the grand duchy of Saxe-Weimar, with a trade in linen and woolen cloth ; seated on the Vogelsberg, 15 m. W. N. W. of Fulda. Lauterbrunn, a village of Switzerland, in the canton of Bern, 6 m. S. of Interlachen. It is seated in a romantic valley of the same name, celebrated for its cataract, called Staubbach. Lauterburg, a town of France, department of Lower Rhine. It stands on the Lauter, near its conflux with the Rhine, 14 m. S. of Laudau. Laugerte, a town of France, in the department of Lot, 20 m. S. W. of Cahors. Laugun, a town of France, in the department of Lot-et- Garonne, 17 m. N. E. of Marmande. ImvuI, a town of France, capital of the depart- ment of Mayenne. It is surrounded by an old vvall, and has two old castles, five churches, and three hospitals, with a monastery established in 1815. Linen of all kinds and qualities is manu- factured here ; and the neighbouring quarries produce green marble,or black, veined with white. It is seated on the Mayenne, 40 m. W. of Mans. Long. 0. 45. W., lat. 48. 5. N. Laramunde, a small town of Austrian Illyria, in Lower Carinthia, seated on the Drave, 23 m. E. of Clagenfurt. Laveld, or Lafeld, a village of the Netherlands, in the province of Liege, 4 m. W. of Maestricht. In 1747 the French obtained a victory here over the allies, commanded by the duke of Cumber- land. Lavello, a town of Naples, in Basilicata, 90 m. E. by N. of Naples. LnvevJiam, a town in Suffolk, Eng. with manu- factures of hempen cloth and woolen yarn. Here is a spacious market place, with a cross in the Cfntre; but the market has long been disused. The town is situate on an eminence, at the foot of which runs the river Breton, 12 m. S. by E. of Bury St. Edmund, and 62 N. E. of London Lavenza, a town of Italy, in the principality o' Massa, with a citadel ; seated at the mouth of the Lavenza, on the gulf of Genoa, 6 m. W. N. W. of Massa. Lavington, a town in Wiltshire, Eng, 4 m. S. of Devizes, and 90 W. by S. of London. Lavis, a town of the Austrian states, in Tyrol, at the conflux of the Lavis with the Adige, 7 m. N. of Trent. Lavoro, Terra di, a province in the N. W. part of Naples, bordered on the W. by the Tuscan Sea ; and containing 1,720 square m. with 520,000 inhabitants. It is proper for tillage, whence it took its name ; and is fertile in excellent wines and fruits. There are also mineral springs, atu' mines of sulphur. Capua is the capital, and Gae- ta is the chief sea-port. Lawrence, a county of Ohio. Pop. 5,360 Bur- lington is the capital. A county of Indiana Pop. 9,237. Bedford is the capital. A county of W, Tennessee Pop. 5,412. Lawrenceburgh is the capital. A county of Arkansas. Pop. 2,806. Jackson is the capital. A county of Mississippi. Pop. 5,321. Monticello is the capital. A county of Alabama. Pop. 14,984. Moulton is the capital. A country of Kentucky. Pop. 3,897. Louisa is the capital. A county of Illinois. Pop. 3,661. Law- renceville is the capital. LawreTice, towns and villages in Stark, Tuscar- awas and Washington Cos. Ohio. Hunterdon Co. N. Y. and Clearfield Co. Pa. Lawrenceburg, towns in Armstrong Co. Pa. and Dearborn Co. Indiana. Lawrenceville, villages in Tioga, Alleghany Co. Pa. Nansemond Co. Va., Montgomery Co. N. C, Gwinnett Co. Geo., Madison Co. Ohio. Lawrence, St., a large river of North America, proceeding from Lake Ontario, from which it runs 700 m. to the gulf of St. Lawrence, in the Atlan- tic. Its mouth is 100 m. wide ; and it is navigable for ships of war as far as Quebec, which is 360 m. and vessels from Europe ascend to Montreal which is 180 m. further. In its course it forms a great variety of bays, harbours, and islands, many of which are fruitful and extremely pleasant See (Quebec, Montreal, &c. Lawrence, St., Gulf of, is formed between the* western part of Newfoundland, the eastern shores of Labrador, the eastern extremity of ihe province of New Brunswick, part of the province of Nova Scotia, and the island of Cape Breton. It com- municates with the Atlantic Ocean by three dif- ferent passages. Lawrence-krk, a town of Scotland, in Kincar- dineshire, with manufactures of lawn, cambric, thread, &c., and a large bleach-field. It is seated on the small river Leuther, 8 m. N. of Montrose. Lawstitle, p.t. Susquelianna Co. Pa. 10 m. N. Montrose. Laicgersville, p. v. Schoharie Co. N. Y. Laxcmburg, a town of Austria, with a palace, seated on the Snechat, 17 m. S. of Vienna. Laybach. See Lauhach. Lea, a river of England, which rises near Lu- ton, in Bedfordshire, flows to Hertford and Ware, and, dividing Essex from Hertfordshire and Mid- ' dlesex, enters the Thames below Blackwall. % Leacock, p.t. Lancaster Co. Pa. 56 m. W. Phil- '^- adelphia. Lead mines. This name is given to a tract of country on the Upper Mississippi which contains inexhaustible quantities of lead ore. The tract is more than 200 ra. in extent. The chi,:.'f mines are in the neighbourhood of Galena in the North LEA 439 LEC Western part of Illinois. Here are the richest lead mines hitherto discovered on the globe. This portion of country lies principally north of Rock river and south of the Wisconsin. Dubuque s, and other rich mines, are west of the Mississippi. Native copper, in large quantities, exists in this rejrion, especially at the mouth of Plum creek and on the Peekalonokee. Plum creek is a small creek, of Illinois about 40 miles above Rock river, which runs into the Mississippi. Peekatonokee is a branch of Rock river. For many years the Indians, and some of the French hunters and traders, had been accustomed to dig Jead in these regions. They never penetrated much below the surface, but obtained considera- ble quantities of the ore, which they sold to the tra- ders. In 1823, the late Col. James Johnson, of Great Crossings, Ky. obtained a lease of the United States Government, and made arrangements to prosecute the business of smelting, with con- siderable force, which he did the following sea- son. This attracted the attention of enterprising men in Ilhnois, Missouri, and other Stales. Some went on in 1826, more followed in 1827, and in 1828 tlie country was almost literally filled with miners, smelters, merchants, speculators, &c. Such was the crowd of adventurers in 1829, in this hitherto almost unknown and desolate region, that the lead business was greatly overdone, and the market for awhile nearly destroyed. Fortunes were made almost upon a turn of the spade, and .ost with equal facility. The business is now re- viving, and probably will be prosecuted in fu- ture more in proportion to the demand for lead. The following table shows the amount of lead made annually at these diggings, from 1821, to Sept.30, 1830. Pounds of lead made from 1821, to Sept. 30, 1823, 335,130 Do. for year ending Sept. 30, 1824, 175,220 Do. do. do. 1825, 664,530 Do. do. dn. 1826, 953 842 Do. do. do. 1827, 5,182,180 Do. do. do. 1823, 11,105.810 Do. do. do. 182<), 13,343,150 Do. do. do. 1830, 8,323,098 Total, 40,088,860 The government formerly received ten per cent, in lead, for rent. It is now reduced to six per cent. These lands will soon be surveyed, and probably sold, which will add greatly to the stability and prosperity of the mining business. LeadhiUs, a. villnge of Scotland, in Lanarkshire, situate amid mountains, in which are rich mines of lead. Here is a public library, fitted up by the miners, who work only eight hours in a day, and employ much of their spare time in reading. It is supposed to be the highest inhabited place in Britain, being about 2,000 feet above the level of the sea. It is situate on the road from Glasgow to Dumfries, 18 m. S. of Lanark, and 44 S. of Glasgow. Lcadville, p.v. Randolph Co. Pa. Leakesville, p.v. Rockingham Co. N. C. 105 m. N. W. Raleigh. Lcanu.ngton Priors, a town in Warwickshire, Eng. Here are some saline springs, with warm and cold baths, a pump-room, and other accom- modations for genteel company. It is seated on the river Learn, near its confluence with the Avon, 2 m. E. of Warwick and 89 N. W. of London. Leao-tong. See Chen-yang. m Leasburg, p.v. Caswell Co. N. C. 84 m. N, W. Aaleigh. Leat/ierhrad, a town in Surrey, Eng. Here ig a bridge of 14 arches over the river Mole, which a little above is said to make its re-appearance above ground. 18 m. S. S. W. of London. Lcatkes- water, or Wlthburn, a fine lake in Cum berland, Eng. lying S. E. of Keswick. It is nar- row and irregular, about 4 m. in length, skirting the foot of Helvellyn, and receiving numerous torrents from that huge mountain. The singular beauty of this lake is its being almost intersected in the middle by two peninsulas, which are joined by a neat wooden bridge. Its outlet at '.he N. end joins the river Greeta, which runs into the Derwent below Keswick. Lf.avenicorth , p.v. Crawford Co. Indiana. Leba, a town of Prussia, in Pomerania, on a river of the same name, which, after forming a lake 15 m. in circumference, enters the Baltic Sea. 16 m. N. N. W. of Luenburg. Lfbanon, p.t. York Co. Me. Pop. 2,391. p.t. Grafton Co. N. H. Pop. 1,868. p.t. New London Co. Conn. Pop. 2,552. p.t. Madison Co. N. Y. Pop 2,249. p.t. Huntingdon Co. N. Y. p.t. Leba- non Co. Pa. 25 m. N. E. Harrisburg. Also towns and villages in Russell Co. Va. Washing- ton Co. Geo., Warren, Meigs, and Ashtabula Cos. Ohio. Washington Co. Ken., Wilson Co. Tenn. and St. Clair Co. Illinois. Lebanan, a countv of the E. District of Penn- sylvania. Pop. 20,o46. Lebanon is the capital. Lebida, a sea-port of Africa, in the territory of Tripoli, with a good harbour and an old castle. It is seated on the Mediterranean, 30 m. S. E. of Tripoli. Lebrixa, or Lebrija, a town of Spain, in Anda- lusia, with a castle, seated in a territory abound- ing in olive-trees that produce the best oil in Spain, 20 m. S. by W. of Seville. Lehis, a town of Prussia, in Brandenburg, seat- ed on the Oder, 5 m. N. of Frankfort. Lrxnsello, a town in the state of Genoa, 22 m. N. E. of Genoa. Lecce, a city of Naples, in Otranto, and a bish- op's see. It is the residence of the governor of the province, which by some is called Lecce in- stead of Otranto. 17 m. N. W. of Otranto, and 195 E. S. E. of Naples. Long. 18. 20. E., lat. 40. 36. N. Lecco, a town of Austrian Italy, in the Milan- ese, with several flourishing manufactures. It is seated on the E. branch of the lake Como, 15 m. E. N. E. of Como. Long. 9. 23. E., lat. 45. 5. N. _ Lech, a river of the Bavarian states, which rises in Tvrol, divides Suabia from Bavaria, and enters the Danube below Donawert. Lechlade, or Letckhide, a town in Gloucester- shire, Eng. A canal from the Severn joins the Thames near this town, and the traffic here, on both, is considerable in cheese, corn, and coal. It is seated at the confluence of the Lech with the Thames, as in. E. bv S. of Gloucester, and 76 W. by N. of London. Lechnitz, a town of Prussian Silesia, in the province of Oppeln. Near it is the convent of St. Annenburg, much resorted to by pilgrims. It is seated near the Oder, 17 m. S. S. E. of Op- peln. Leek, a river of Netherlands, which branches off from the Rhine at Deurstede, and enters the Maese, 10 m. E. of Rotterdam. Lectoure, a strong town of France, department of Gers, with manufactures of leather, and some trade in corn and wine. It in situate on a moua* LEE 440 LbH tain, near the river Gers, 16 m. N. of Auch. Long. 0. 37. E., lat. 43. 56. N. Ledlmry, a town in Herefordshire Eng. with a considerable manufacture of ropes and sacliing. The navigable canal from Gloucester to Hereford passes by this town, which is situate near the S. extremitj' of the Malvern Hills. 16 m. E. of Hereford, and 129 W. N. W. of London. Ledesma, a small but strong town of Spain, in Leon, seated on the Torraes, 20 m. S. W. of Salamanca. Lee, a river of Ireland, which rises on the con- fines of Kerry, flows E. to Corls, and falls into Cork Harbour. Lee, a county of the W. District of Virginia. Pop. G,46l. Jonesville is the capital. Also a township of Strafford Co. N. H. Pop. 1,009. p.t. Berksliire Co. Mass. 140 m. W. Boston. Pop. 1 ,825. p.t. Oneida Co. N. Y. Pop. 2,514. township in Athens Co. Ohio. Leeds, a flourishing town in West Yorkshire, Eng. It stands on the river Aire, over which is a stately stone bridge. It is the principal of the clothiwg towns in Yorkshire, and the mart for the colored and white broad cloths, of which vast quantities are sold in its two cloth halls, within the space of an hour, without the least confusion. Leeds has flourishing manufactures of carpets ; al«o some mills for the cutting of tobacco, and several potteries. In the neighbourhood are numerous collieries, and great quantities of coal are sent to York and Hull. 3 m. N. N. W. of the town, on the river Aire, stands the remains of that venerable pile, Kirkstal Abbey, embower- ed in groves of oak. A canal passes hence to Liverpool, by which and the river this town has a communication with the Irish Sea and the Ger- man Ocean. 24 m. S. W. of York, and 189 N. W. of London. Long. 1 . 34. W., lat. 53. 48: N. Leeds, a parish in Kent, Eng. which had form- erly a castle and a priory : some ruins of the lat- ter still remain., 5 m. S. W. of Maidstone and 40 from London. Leeds, p.t. Kennebec Co. Me. Pop. 1,685. Also a village in Gloucester Co. N. J. on the coast. Leedsto n, p. v. Westmoreland Co. Va. 105 m. W. Washington. Leefotro, the most fertile of the Hapaee islands, in the South Pacific. It is not above 7 m. in length, and only 2 or 3 in breadth, but is superior in many respects to Annamooka. The inhabi- tants are treacherous, and have frequently attemp ted to seize European vessels. Long. 185. 49. E., lat. 19. 49. S. Leek, a town in Staffordshire, Eng. It has a brisk trade, and manufactures of bandanna and other handkerchiefs, ribands, twist, and buttons. It is seated on the Churnet, 21 ra. N. of StaflTord and 154 N. N. W. of London. Leer, or Lehr, a town of Hanover, in East Friesland, on the river Leda, which soon alter joins the Ems. 14 m. S. E. of Emden. Leerdam, a town of the Netherlands, in South Holland, seated on the Ling'i/', 11 m. S. of Utrecht. Leerort, a fortress of Hanover, in East Friesland, sealed at the conflux of the Leda with the Ems, 10 m. E. by S. of Emden. Leers, or Liers, a town of the Netherlands, in the territory of Liege, near which the allies were defeated by the French in 1746. 4 m. N. of Liege . Leershurg, p.t. Loudon Co. Va. 46 m. N. W. Alexandria, also towns in Harrison Co. Ken., Washington Co. Ten., Tuscarawas, Champaign " and HigTiland Cos. Ohio. LeeviUe, p. v. Schoharie Co. N. Y., p. v. Camp- bell Co. Va., p.v. Lexington Dis. S. C, p. v. Lawrence Co. Indiana. Leetukoo, or Lattakoo, a town of Southern Africa. The old town of this name was until lately the most remote place known in the Botshuana country. The inhabitants, when visited by Mr. Campbell and others in 1813, appeared to have made consider- able progress in the arts and civilization. Soon after they removed to a more suitable situation, several miles distant, in a southern direction, and founded New Leetakoo. On his return, in 1820, ' he found this new town occupied by about 8,000 persons, collected from various tribes. The women perform most of the agricultural labor ; while the men milk the cows, make the clothes, and go to war. New Leetakoo is 800 m. N. E.- of Cape Town. Lectoicn, p.v. Jefferson Co. Va. Leeuice, a fortified town of the Netherlands, in South Brabant. It is seated in a morass on the river Geete, 12 m. E. of Louvain. Leeward Islands, such of the Carribee Islands in the West Indies, as commence at Porto Rico, and extend to Dominica. Lefooga. See Leefpgo. Legkorn, a strong city of Italy in the grand duchy of Tuscany, and a bishop's see. It has a good harbour, and is the greatest commercial depot of Italy. The Jews, who are numerous and rich, have a handsome synagogue and schools ; the Greeks and Armenians have churciies of their own ; and no religion is disturbed. The inhabi- tants are computed at 66,000. The town is sup- plied with excellent water brought from the moun- ' tains of Colognole by means of a long and expen- sive aqueduct, constructed by government. The streets are wide and straight, and almost all the houses of the same height. There are so many canals, that some have given it the title of New Venice. At a little distance is a light-house, on a small island. The trade consists of foreign goods, as cotton, sugar, cocoa, spices, sulphur, and alum; and in home productions, as essences, oils, wine, straw hats, cloth, juniper berries, oranges, lambs' and goats' skins, and coral. In 1741 this city suffered greatly by an earthquake. The neighbouring marsiies have been rendered fit for culture by means of canals, which have al- so been useful in dissipating the noxious effluvia : but the air is still far from healthy. 140 m. N. W. of Rome, and 46 W. of Florence. Long. 10. 17. E., lat. 43. 33. N. Lcgnano, a town of Austrian Italy, in the Veronese, with a fortress regularly constructed. The town is populous, and carries on a considera- ble trade, particularly in grain, which is greatly facilitated by means of a canal from the Adige to the Po. It is seated on the Adige, 22 m. fcJ. E. of Verona. Leilmitz, a town of the Austrian empire, in Low- er Styria, seated on the Sulm, 16 m. S. of Gnatz. Leki.gk, a river of Pennsylvania running into the Delaware from the N. W. In this neigh- bourhood are large coal mines, for an account of which see Pennsijlvania. Lehlgk, a county of the E. District of Pennsyl vania lying upon the river above mentioned. Pop 22,2()(). Allentown is the capital. Lekighton, a village of Northampton Co Pa on the Lehigh, 36 m. N. W. Easton. # Leicester, a borough and the capital of Leices- -■?' LEI 441 LEI la tershire, Eng. In the civil wars the walls were in a great measure demolished ; the castle was also dismantled, the hall and kitchen beinston. Pop. 1,782. Here is a manufactory of wool cards. Also a township of Jjivinir.ston C ). N. Y. on the Genesee. Pop. 2.042. Also a township of Addison Co. Vt. oa Otter Creek. 42 m. N. W. Windsor. Pop. 638. Leigh, a town in Lancashire, Eng. with consid- erable manufactures, particularly of fine jeans, in imitation of those of India, fustians, and other cot- ton articles ; and a great traffic by its canal navi- gation. 12 m. W. of Manchester, and 198 N. W. of London Leiirh, a small sea-portin Essex, Eng. opposite the E. extremity of Canvey Island. It is noted for ovslers, and has a good road for shipping. 18 m. S". S. E. of Chelmsford, and 39 E. of London. Leigh, a parish of England, in Worcestershire 4 1-2 m. W. by S. of Worcester. 56 Leighhn, Old, a decayed town of Ireland, in thii county of Carlow, 9 m. N. E. of Kilkenny. Leighhn Bridge, a village of Ireland, in the county of Carlow, with tne ruins of an ancient abbey, and also of a strong castle ; seated on the river Barrow, 7 m. S. of Carlow. Leighton Buzzard, a town in Bedfordshire, Eng. The trade consists in corn, cattle, lace, platted st'Taw, «!k.c. About half a m. distant are the re- mains of a Roman camp. It is seated on the Ouse, 18 m. S. of Bedford and 41 N. W. of London. Lein, a town of Germany, in the duchy of Nas- sau, 4 m. N. E. of Welburg. Leiningen, a small town of the Bavarian circle of the Rhine, 30 m. S. of Mentz. Leinster,^ province of Ireland, 104 m. long and 56 broad ; bounde-d on the E. and S. by St. George's Channel. W. by Connaught and Muns- ter and N. by Ulster. It contains the counties of Carlow, Dublin, Kildare, Kilkenny, King's coun- ty, Longford, Lough, East Meath, West Meath, Wexford, and Wicklow. Dublin is the capital. The principal rivers are the Boyne, the Barrow, the Liffey, the Noire, and the May. Leipa, a town of Bohemia, with manufactures of porcelain, glass, fine cloth, and cotton. 47 m. S. E. of Dresden. Leipheim, a town of Bavaria, on the S. bank of the Danube, 12 m. N. E. of Ulm. Leipiiic, a walled tov^-n of Morvaria, near the river Beczwa, 14 m. E. S. E. of Olumtz. Leipzig, Circle of, a province of the kingdom of Saxony, bounded E. by the circle of Meissen, S. by that of the Erzebirge and the principality of Altenburg, and W, and N. by the Prussian part of Saxony. It comprises 14 bailiwics, and is the seat of considerable manufactures. Leipzig, a city of Saxony, in the circle of Meisu sen, with a famous university, and a strong cita- del, called Pleyssenburg. It carries on a consid- erable trade ; and has three great fairs every year, which last a fortnight each. The number of in- habitants exceeds 30,000 ; and the principal man- ufactures are silk, gold, and silver stuffs, linen and cotton printing, leather, and paper. There are six handsome colleges belonging to the univer- sity, besides the private colleges; and the exchange is a fine structure. Leipzig was taken by the Prussians in 1745 and 1756. The Austrians, in 1756, besieged it in vain ; they took it two years after, but were soon obliged to give it up. Leip- zig is celebrated for two of the greatest battles recorded in history having been fought in its vi- cinity, between the French and allied armies, on the 16th and 18th of October, 1813, which were followed by the capture of the town and the rear-guard of the French army, on the follow- ing morning, and also the king of Saxony and his family, who were made prisoners. It is seat- ed in a plain, on the river Pleysse, 64 m. W. N. W. of Dresden, 90 S. W. of Berlin, and 180 N. E. of Frankfort on the Maine. Long. 12. 21. E., lat. 51. 19. N. Tjeiria, a town of Portugal, in Estremadura, and a bishop's see, with an ancient castle on an eminence. 77 m. N. N. E. of Lisbon. Long. 8. 34. W., lat. 39. 48 N. Liisziiig, a town of Saxony, m Meissen, with manufactures of cloth, lace, stockings, &c. It is seated on the Mulda, 24 m. E. S. E. of Leip zig and 32 N. W. of Dresden. \eith, a sea-port of Scotland, on the frith o< Forth. 2 m. N. N. E. of Edinburgh, of which it is the port. It is situate at the mouth of the river *:■ *., LEM 442 LEO Leith, which torras the harbour, and divides the town into N. and S. Leith, which communicate by two draw-bridges. The harbour is secured by a noble stone pier, and it is accommodated with wet and dry docks and other conveniences for ship-building, which is carried on to a considera- ble extent. Here are also manufactures of ropes, canvas, carpets, glass, shoes, leather, soap, and candles, and several iron forges. There are three churches, an episcopal chapel, three meeting- houses, a magnificent banking-house, an hospital for disabled seaman, rebuilt in 1817, and numer- ous charities. A little to the E. of the town are the baths, which are constructed upon a grand scale, and in a style of great elegance. The har- bour is defended by a martello tower and to the W of the citadrtl is a b.attery for the protection of the shipping. The commerce of Leith is very con- siderable ; and the vessels employed in the Lon- don trade are, in general, of a large size ; but the largest ships are those employed in the Green- ^ land whale fishery. To foreign parts are export- ed lead, glass ware, linen, woolen stuflTs, and a variety of other goods. Long. 2. 56. W., lat. 55. 54. N. Leitmeritz. See Leutmeritz. LeUomisckel. See Leutmlschel. Leitrim, a county of Ireland, in the province of < Jonnaught, bounded on the N. by Donegal Bay, N. E. by Fermanagh, E. by Cavan, S. E. by Longford, S. W. by Roscommon, and W. by Sligri. Its greatest length is about 54 English m., and its maximum breadth 20. It contains 21 par- ishes, and an area of 407,260 English acres. Tlie northern parts are mountainous and uncultivated but they abound with inexhaustible veins of lead, iron, and copper ore, and have likewise some coal mines. The S. is level and fertile. The county is traversed by the river Shannon, abounds with small lakes and rivers, has some productive iron- works, and feeds great herds of cattle. It re- turns two members to the imperial parliament. Carrick is the capital. Leitrim, a village of Ireland, from which the preceding county has its name, and formerly a place of some note. It is seated on the Shannon, 4 m. N. of Carrick, and 82 W. N. W. of Dub- lin Leinslip, a town of Ireland, in the county of Kildare. It has a noble castle with large gardens, on one side of which is a fine waterfall, called the Salmon Leap. Near it is the ruins of the church and castle of Confy. It is seated on the LifTey, 8 ra. W. of Dublin. Lr.mburg, or Leopold, a town of Austrian Po- land, formerly the capital of Red Russia, and now of Galicia and Ladomeria. It is well fortified, and defended by two citadels, one of which is on an eminence without the city. The cathedral, churches, and public buildings are magnificent; and the inhabitants, computed at 44,000, of whom 14,000 are Jews, carry on a considerable trade, ft is the see of a Roman Catholic archbishop, and has also an Armenian and Russian bishop. It is seated on the Pelton, 72 m. S. S. E. of Chelm, and 159 E. of Cracow. Long. 24. 26. E., lat. 49. 51. N. Lemgow,a. town of Prussia, in Westphalia, and in the principality of Lippe-Detmold, with some cloth and stuff manufactures, and a considerable trade in printing and bookselling. It is seated on the Beya, 17 m. S. of Minden. »■!, Lemnos, or Stalimene., an island of the Archi- pelago, lying near .ju? «tr*it of Gallipoli, 15 in. long and 11 broad. The poets made it sacred to Vulcan, who was hence called Lemnius Pat^r. It was also celebrated for its labyrinth, of which not a trace remains. The air is pure, and tlie produce consists of corn, oil, cotton, and a v.-irie- ty of fruits. It has two harbours on the S. coast and an extensive roadstead *! the N. Its capi- tal is of the same name, and is a metropolitan see. Long. 25 28. E., lat. 40. 3. N. Lempster, p.t. Sullivan Co. N, H. 40 m. W. Concord. Pop. 999. Lem'tngton, a township of Essex Co. Vt. on the Connecticut,6.5 m. N. E. Montpelier. Pop. 182 Lemon, a township of Butler Co. Ohio, on the Miami. Pop. 2,870. It contains the villages of Middleton and Monroe. Lend, a river of Asiatic Russia, in the govern- ment of Irkutsk, which rises in the mountains to the N. W. of the lake Baikal, flows N. and N. E, to Yakutsk, where it is 5 m. wide, and proceed- ing N. N. W., enters the Frozen Ocean by sever-' al mouths. Lenawee, a county of Michigan. Pop. 1,591. Tecuinseh is the capital. Lenczicz, a strong town of Poland, with a fort on a rock. It stands in a morass on the river Biusa, 77 m. W. of Warsaw, and 110 N. by W, of Cracow. Lenham, a decayed market town in Kent, Eng. seated on an eminence, at the source of the Len, 10 m. E. of Maidstone, and 44 S. E. of Lon- don, Lennep, a town of the Prussian states, in the province of Cleves and Berg, on a river of the same name, 20. m. E. S. E. of Dusseldorf. Lenoir, a county of'North Carolina. Pop. 7,935. Kingston is the capital. Lenox, p.t. Berkshire Co. Mass. 6 m. S. Pitts- field, and 147 W. Boston. Pop. 1,355. It is a very neatly built town and has manufactures of woolen and iron. Also a p.t. Madison Co. N. Y. on Oneida Lake. Pop. 5,039. Also towns in Sus- quehanna Co. Pa. and Ashtabula Co. Ohio. Lenox, a county of Upper Canada lying upon the Bay of Quinte on Lake Ontario. Lenox Castle, p.t. Rockingham Co. N. C. Lenoxville, p.t. Carteret Co. N. C. on Core Sound. LeTis, a town of France, department of Pas de Calais, 10 m. N. W. of Douay. Lentini, an ancient town of Sicily, in Val di Noto. It is a small remainder of the ancient Leontium, and situate at the foot of a height, oa the top of which Charles V. built a new town, called Carlentini. Lentini was greatly damaged by an earthquake in 1693. It is seated on a river of the same name, 17 m. S. W. of Catania. Lentzhura-, a town of Switzerland, in the canton of Aargau, with a castle, and manufactures of lin- en, cotton, tobacco, «&c. It is seated on the Aa, 6 m. E. of Aargau. Lenfzen, atown of the Prussian province of Bran- denburg, near the Elbe, 74 m. N. W. of Berlin. Leohen, a town of the Austrian states, in Upper Styria, situate on the Muhr, 20 m. N. W. of Gratz. Leobschuz, a town of Prussian Silesia, with a trade in corn and yarn, 10 m. N. N. E. of Jagern- dorf. . Leogane, a town and fort, with a good harbour on the N. side of the S. peninsula of St. Domin- go. It w.as taken by the British in J 796. 26 ra. S. S. W. of Port au Prince. Long. 72. 37. W lat. 18. 38. N. LE? 443 LE3 Leomin iter, vl borough in Hertfordshire, Eng. with a trade in cloth, gloves, hats, hops, leather, cider, &c. The church is spacious, and has a beautitui altar-piece by Rubens. Here are also four meeting-houses, two charity schools,and two free schools, one of them endowed by Queen Mary. It is seated on the Luw, 26 m. W. of Worcester and 1:57 N. W. of London. Leominster, p.t. Worcester Co. Mass. 20 m. N. Worcester, on Nashua river. Pop. 1,861. It has manufactures of combs and other articles. Lton, an important N. W. division of Spain, still retaining the title of a kingdom, bounded on the JN. by Asturias, W. by Galicia and Portugal, 5. by Estremadura, and E. by Old Castile. It is 200 in. long and 170 broad, and divided into al- most two equal parts by the River Duero. It is divided into the districts of Leon, Salamanca, Pa- lencia, Zamora, Toro, and Valladolid. Leon, the capital of the above province, and a bishop's see, was formerly richer i>i)d more popu- lous than at present. Its cathef'ral which is ad- mired for its elegant lightness, contains the tomb of 37 kings and one emperor. 171 m. N. by W. of Midrid. Long. 5. 3d. W., lat. 42. 36. N. Leon, Isle of, an msulated tract on the S. W. coast of Spain, separated from the mainland by a canal and nver, 10 m. in length, and from 20 to 30 feet in depth. The defence thus afforded against an enemy in possession of the mainland (as vvds the case of the French in 1810) is farther strengthened by the salt marshes, which extend to the eastward, and are impassable except along a causeway. See Cadiz. Leon, a town on the above island. The popu- lation including St. Carlos, is said to amount to 40,000, whose chief support arises from the works carried on at the neighbouring arsenal and dock- yard of Caracas. 11 m. S. E. of Cadiz. Long. 6. 12. W., lat. 36. 27. N. Leon, a city of Guatemala, capital of the prov- ince of Nicaragua. In the vicinity is a mountain with a volcano, which sometimes ozcasions earth- quakes. It is a commercial place, seated near tlie N. W. extremity of the lake Nicaragua, 30 m. from the Pacific Ocean. Long. 87.20. W., lat. 12. 30. N. Leon, New, a province in the S. part of New Mexico, having the gulf of Mexico on the E., Pa- nuco on the S., and New Biscay on the W. It is little known. Leonard, St., an ancient town of France, de- partment of Upper Vienne, with manufactures of paper and cloth ; seated on the Vienne, 10 m. N. E. Limoges and 195 S. of Paris. Lconardstown, p.v St. Mary's Co. Maryland, on the Potomac, (^ m.. S. E. Washington. LeoTiardsville, p.v. Madison Co. N. Y. 95 m. N. W. Albany. Leonberg, a town of Germany, in the kingdom of Wurtemberg, situate on the Glem, 6 m. W. of Stuttgard. Leopoldstadt, a town and fortress of Hungary, seated on the Waag, 56 m. E. of Vienne. Lcpnnto, a sea-port of Greece, in Livadia, and an archbishop's see. It is surrounded with high walls, and defended by a castle on an eminence. The produce of the adjacent country is wine, oil, corn, rice, leather, and tobacco. It is seated at the entrance of a gulf of the same name, 100 m. W. N W. of Athens and 360 S. W. of Constan- tinople. Long. 22. E., lat. 38. 30. N. Leper's Isle, one of the New Hebrides, in the Pacific Ocean. Long. 168. 5. E. lat. 15. 23. S. Le Ray, a township of Jefferson Co. N. T. 20 m. N. E. Sackett's Harbour. Pop. 3,430. Lerena, or IJerena, a town of Spain, in Estre- madura, at the foot of a mountain, and the source of the Malachel, 50 m. S. of Meridaand 63 N. of Seville. Long 5. 59. W , lat. 38. 7. N. Lerida (the Ilerda of Lucan) , an ancient town of Spain, in Catalonia, and a bishop's see, with a university and a castle. Near this place are the remains of a palace of the kings of Arragon. It is seated on a hill, on the river Segra, 69 m. S. S. E. of Saragossa and 200 N. W. of Madrid. Long 0. 25. E., lat. 41. 32. N. Lerins, two islands in the Mediterranean, or the coast of France, 5 m. from Antibes. That nearest the coast, which is the larger island, is called St. Margaret ; the smaller is called St. Ho- norat, and has a Benedictine abbey. Lerma, a town of ''pain, in the province of Burgos, with a palace, seated on the Arlanza, 23 m. S. of Burgos. Lernica, a town of Cyprus, formerly a large city, as appears from its ruins. It is situate on the S. coast of the island, wiiere there is a good road, and a small fort, for its defence, 30 m. S. W. of Famagusta. * Le Hoy, p.t. Genesee Co. N. Y. 10 m. E. Bata- via. Pop. 3,909. Also a township of Geauga Co. Ohio. Lerwick, a town of Scotland, capital of the Shetland Islands, situate 014 the spacious harbour called Brassa Sound. It is the rendezvous of the fishing busses and vessels employed in the her- ring fishery. Near the N. end of the tov^n is Fort Charlotte, which comma.nds, the N. entrance to Brassa Sound. Long. 0. 56. W., lat. 60. 12. N. Lescar, a town of France, d^'p.artment of Lower Pyrenees, seated on a hill, 3 m. N. W. of Pau and 42 S. E. of Bayonne. Lesquistan, or Daghistan. See Dagkistan. Lesitrnau, a. town of France, departmentofAude, 11 m. vV. of Narbonne. Lestwa, an«island in Ihe gulf of Venice, on the coast of Dalmatia, 65 m. long and 14 broad. It contains great quantities of different kinds of mar- ble and produces wine, oil, figs, almonds, oranges, saffron, aloes, honey, &c , in great abundance > but salt-fish is the chief article of commerce. The capita], of the same name, has a good harbour, and contains 1 .200 inhabitants. 20 m. S. of Spalatro. Long. 16. 20. E., lat. 43. 33. N. Leskeard, a borough in Cornwall, Eng. with manufactures of leather and yarn. It is one of the largest and best built towns in the country, had formerly a castle, now in ruins, and is one of the coinage towns for tin. Besides the church which is a large and noble edifice, here are three places of worship for dissenters, a free grammar school, two national schools, and a charity school for poor children. In the vicinity are several ex- tensive sheep-walks. 16 m. N. W. of Plymouth and 225 W. by S. of London. Long. 4. 42. W., lat. 50. 27. N. Lesparre, a town of France, department of Gi ronde, near which are found transparent pebble*, known by the name of Medoc stones. It is 13 m. N. N. W. of Bordeaux. Lessines, a town of the Netherlands, in Hain ault, famous for its linen manufacture ; seated on the Dender, 28 m. S. W. of Brussels. Lesticithiel, or Lostwithiel, a borough in Corn wall, Eng. with a tolerable woolen manufacture Here is the stannary goal, and the county courls are held here. It is seated on the river Fowey, LEV 444 LEW which was formerly navigable, but is now choked up with sand. 22 m. N. E. of Truro and 232 W. by S. of London. Lctart, a townsliip of Meigs Co. Ohio. Lettere, a town of Naples, seated at the foot of a mountain, 12 m. N. W. of Salerno. Letterkenny, a township of Franklm Co. Pa. 5 m. N. W. Chambersbug. Leubus, a town of Prussian Silesia, with a cele- brated Cistercian abbey ; seated on the Oder, 30 m. N.N. W. of Breslau. Leucate, a town of France, department of Aude, situate near the Mediterranean, on the N. side of -a lake of tlie same name, 20 m. N. E. of Perpignan. Leuch, or Leuk, a town of Switzerland, in the Valais, much frequented on account of its hot mineral springs. It is seated on an eminence near the Rhone, 20 m. E. S. E. of Sion. Leiise, a town of the Netherlands, in Hainault, seated on the Dender, 14 m. N. W. of Mons. Leutkirch, a town of Germany, in Wurtemburg, with two suburl)s, and a good linen trade. It is seated on the Eschach, whicli runs into the Iller, 22 m. N. E. of Lindau. Leutmeritz, or Leitiaeritz, a town of Bohemia, capital of a circle of the same name. The circle is such a delightful country that it is called the Bohemian Paradise ; it produces excellent wine, and contains warm baths, tin-mines, and precious stones. The town is well built and populous, and is seated on the Elbe, 3Gm. N. E. of Prague. Long. 14. 17. E., lat. 50.32. N. Leutviischel , a town of Bohemia, in the circle of Chrudim, with manufactures of cloths and dye- stuffs, and extensive distilleries. 20 m. E. S. E. of Chrudim. Leutch, a town of the Austrian states, in Car- niola, 8 m. S. S. E. of Idria. Lcvana, p. v. Brown Co. Ohio. Levant. This word properly signifies the East ; but it is used, when speaking of trade, for Tur- key, in Asia, comprehending Natolia, Syria, the island of Cyprus, &c. The Levani Sea means the E. part of the Mediterranean. Levant, p.t. Penobscot Co. Me. 10 m. N. W. Bangor. Pop. 747. Levek. See Cambodia. Leven, a river in Lancashire, Eng. which issues from the S. extremity of Windermere- water, and flows into Morecambe Bay. Leten, a river of Scotland, in Dumbartonshire, which issues from Loch Lomond, and enters the estuary of the Clyde below Dumbarton. Leven, a river of Scotland, which rises in Kin- ross-shire, flows through Loch Leven, and crosses Fifeshire to the town of Leven, where it enters Largo Bay. Lrven, a town of Scotland, in Fifeshire, with a good harbour, and some sliare in the coasting and Baltic trade. It stands on the W. side of Largo Bay, at the influx of the river Leven, 7 m. N. E. of Dysart. Leven, Loch, a lake of Scotland, in Kinross- shire, upwards of 10 m. in circumference, and somewhat of a circular form. It has several small islnnds, on one of which is a ruinous castle, where Mary, queen of Scots, was confined by the confederate lords, after she had separated from Bothwell ; and on another, named St. Serfs Isle, is the ruin of a priory. On the E. side of the lake, near its outlet, stands the ruinous monastery of Portmoak. LeBcnirorth, a village in Crawford Co. Indiana, •n the Oliio. 68 m. below Louisville. Leverett, p.t. Franklin Co. Mass. 10 m. S. E, Greenfield. Pop. 939. Levenings, a village of Philadelphia Co. Pa. 8 m N. W. Philadelphia. Levroux, a town of France, department of Indre, 11 m. N. of Chateauroux. Lewarden, a strong town of the Netherlands, capital of Friesland. It has several canals in the streets, which, being continued to the sea, and to the most considerable towns in the province, are a great assistance to its trade. Many of the build- ings, as well public as private, are magnificent. It IS seated on the Ee, 28 m. W. of Groningen. Long. 5. 48. E., lat. 53. 13. N. Lewentz, a town of Hungary, on a river of the same name, 25 m. N. E. of Gran. Leices, a borough in Sussex, Eng. It had far merly 12 parish churches, now reduced to six, in- cluding those of the adjoining villages of South- over and Cliff. It is a very ancient place, and vestiges of its walls and castle, and of an extensive priory, still remain. Here are 7 meeting-houses for dissenters ; also a handsome county-liall, a free grammar school, a good charity school, sev- eral charitable institutions, and a theatre. On a hill, about a mile from the town, is the race ground, which is accounted one of the best in England. Near this town was fought a battle in 1263, when Henry III. and his son (afterward Edward I.) were made prisoners by the earl of Leicester. Lewes is situate at the edge of the South Downs, 8 m. N. E. of Brighton, and 49 S. of London. Long. 0. 2. E., lat 50. 55. N. Leiois, one of the most considerable of the Western Islands of Scotland, parted by two arms of the sea into two divisions, the southern ot which is called Harris, and the northern Lewis : the former is annexed to the county of Inverness, but Lewis belongs to Ross-shire. It is about 60 m. in length from N. to S., and from 10 to 15 in breadth. The country in general is wild, bleak, bare of wood, and little fitted for cultivation. Bear, oats, peas, rye, and potatoes, are the pro- ducts of the soil. The hills are covered with heath, which affords shelter for various sorts of game. The lake and streams abound with salmon, large red trout, &c., and there are good fisheries on the W. coast, which is annually visited by millions of herrings. The inhabitants amount to 13,942, whose principal employment is the rearing of sheep and black cattle, and the fishery. There are several small villages, but Stornaway is the only town. The promontory at the N. extremity of the island is called the Butt of Lewis. Long. 6. 32. E., lat. 58. 33. N. Leicis, a county of New York. Pop. 14,958. Mar- tinsburg is the capital. A county of the W. Dis- trict of Virginia Pop. 6,241. Weston is the capi- tal. A county of Kentucky on the Ohio. Pop. 5,206. Ciarkesburg is the capital. Lewis, p.t. Essex Co. Vt. 60 m. N. E. Montpe- lier, p.t. Essex Co. N. Y. 6 m. N. Elizabethtown. Pop. 1,305. p.t. Brown Co. Ohio. Pop. 2,022. Lewisberry, p v. York Co. Pa. Lewisburg, p.t. Green Brier Co. Va. 250 m. W. Richmond, p. v. Union Co.Pa.on the Susquehanna, 7 m. above Northumberland, p. v. Muhlenburg Co. Ken. on Green River. Lewisham, a village in Kent. Eng. which from its pleasant situation, and its proximity to the metropolis, has become the residence of several opulent citizens, who have many elegant houses here. 5 m. E. of London. Lewiston, p.t. Lincoln Co. Me. at the falls of LEY 445 LIB the Androscoggin, 30 m. W. Wiscasset. Pop, 1,549. Also a p.t. Niagara Co. N. Y. on Niagara river opposite Queenstown, at the head of ship navigation from Lake Ontario. Pop. 1^28. p.t Montgomery Co. Missouri. Leteistown, p.t. Sussex Co. Del. on Delaware Bay, 3 m. within Cape Henlopen. This town was bombarded by the British fleet during the late war, but without any effect. Salt is made here by solar evaporation. Also a p. v. Mifflin Co. Pa. on the Juniata, 55 m. N. W. Harrisburg. Letcisville, p. v. Brunswick Co. Va. 70 m. S. Richmond, p.v. Chester Dis. S. C. 72 m. N. Columbia, p.v. Blount Co. Tenn. 176 m. E. Murfreesborough. Lexington, p.t. Middlesex Co. Mass. 11 m. N W. Boston. Pop. 1,541. This town will be ever memorable in American history, as the spot where the first blood was shed in the revolutionary con flict. This took place on the 19th April 1775. A monument has been erected on the green at Lex- ington in commemoration of the event. Lexington, a town of Kentucky, chief of Fay ette county, and formerly the capital of the state It has six edifices for public worship, a university, and a court-house. The trade is considerable, and the manufactures numerous and flourishing. Pop. 6,104. Near this town are to be seen curious sepulchres, full of human skeletons, which are fabricated in a method totally different from that now practised by the Indians. In the neighbour- hood are the remains of two ancient fortifications, with ditches and bastions ; one containing about six acres of land, and the other nearly three. Pieces of earthen vessels, a manufacture with which the Indians were never acquainted, have also been ploughed up near Lexington. These, with the fbrtifications and the sepulchres, have been urged as an argument that this country was formerly inhabited by a people farther advanced in the arts of life than the present Indians. Lex- ington stands in a fine tract of country, on the head waters of Elkhorn River, 24 m. E. S. E. of Frankfort, the present capital. Long. 84. 55. W. lat. 38. 15. N. Transylvania University at this place was founded in 1798. It has 6 instructers and 93 students Its libraries have 3,850 volumes. It has 2 vacations in spring and autumn. Com- mencement is in September. Lexington, p.t. Greene, Co. N. Y. Pop. 2,248. p.t. Henderson Co. Tenn., Rowan, Co. N. C, Og- lethorpe Co. Greo., Erie Co. Pa., Richland and Stark, Co, Ohio. Scott Cos. Indiana and Boone Co. Missouri. Lexington, a town of Virginia, chief of Rock- bridge county, situate near the N. branch of James River, 150 m. W. by N. of Richmond. Washington College at this place was founded in 1812. It has 23 students ; the library is small. It has 2 vacations in autumn and winter. Com- mencement is in April. Lexintrton. a District of South Carolina. Pop. 9,076. Leyden, a city of the Netherlands, in S. Hol- land, seated on the ancient bed of the Rhine, which here almost expires in a number of small channels. It is famous for the long siege it sus- tained in 1574, against the Spaniaids, during which 6,000 of the inhabitants died of famine and pestilence. In honour of this siege a university was founded in 1575, celebrated for its colleges, botanical garden, anatomical theatre, astronomical observatory, cabinet of natural history, and valua- ble library : in 1807 it was almost destroved by the blowing up of a vessel loaded with gunpow- der. The principal church is a superb structure, and the old castle, town-house, custom-house and house for orphans, deserve notice. Here arc excellent manufactures of soap and indigo ; and the vicinity produces the best Dutch butter and cheese. It stands on 50 islands, and has 145 bridges, the greatest part built of freestone. ' The inhabitants are estimated at 50,000. Leyden is 4 m. E. of the German Ocean, and 20 S. W. of Amsterdam. Long. 4. 28. E., lat. 52. 8. N. Leyde.n, a town of Franklin Co. Mass. 117 m. N. W. Boston. Pop. 796. Also a p.t. Lewis Co. N. Y. 33 m. N. Utica. Pop. 1,502. Leypa, a town of Bohemia, in tlie circle of Leut- meritz, seated on the Pubietz, 23 m. E. N. E. of Leutmeritz. Leyta, one of the Philipoines, aboat 40 leagues in length, and 95 in circumference. Its soil on the E. side, is very fertile : but the high moun- tains that interseet it from E. to W. occasion so great an alteration in the climate, thai, when the inhabitants of one part of the island reap, the others sow , and they have two plentiful harvests in the year, to which the rivers descending from the mountains not a little contribute. The isl- and contains 9,000 inhabitants, who pay tribute in rice, wax, &c. Long. 124. 40. E., lat. 10. 50. N. Liam-po. See Mittg-po. Libanus, or Lebanon, a. lofty mountain of Syria, extending from the vicinity of Tripoli to the bor- ders of Palestine, about 30 or 40 m. from the sea. Its height is very considerable, the summit is cov- ered with snow a great part of the year. Few specimens now remain of those magnificent ce- dars for which it was once so celebrated. Near Damascus there are immense caverns, one of which can contain 4,000 men. To the E. is a parallel chain called Antilibanus. Libatta, a town of Guinea, in the country ef Gabon, seated near the mouth of a river of the same name, 120 m. N. W. of Sette. Long. 8. 54. E.,lat. 0. 58 S. Libau, a town of Courland, on the Baltic, with a harbour for small ships. The chief articles of commere are hemp and linseed. It is seated on a peninsula, 50 m . N. of Memel, and 80 W. of Mittau. Long. 21. 25. E., lat. 56. 30. N. Liberia, a district on the coast of Africa so nam- ed from its being colonized by liberated captives and free people of colour. Under the auspices of a colonization society, in America, the first set- tlers proceeded to Africa in 1822. Cape Mesu- rado, in lat. 6. 18. N., was purchased of the na- tives ; the plan of a town, afterwards called Mon- rovia, was formed ; and as fresh emigrants arriv- ed they purchased additional tracts of country. The greater part of the early settlers from Amer- ica were men of eminent piety, and their just, humane, and benevolent policy, has given them an uncommon influence over the native tribes. In 1827 this sable community had risen complete- ly above the pressure of urgent necessities. Mon- rovia was rapidly improving in accommodations and increasing in magnitude, and several fresh towns were already springing up. The soil is extremely fertile : the natives of the country, without tools, without skill, and with little labour, raising more grain and vegetables than they can consume and often more than they can sell. Cattle, swii:<», fowls, ducks, goats, and sheep, thrive without feeding, and require no other care than to keep them .rom straving. Cotton, coffee, 2P LIT 446 UE indigo, and sugar-cane, are all the spontaneous growth of tlie forests, and may be cultivated at pleasure, to any extent, by such as are disposed. The same may be said of rice, Indian corn, Gui- nea corn, millet, and too many species of fruits and vegetables to be enumerated. Add to all this that winter is here unknown, the hills and plaints are covered with perpetual verdure, and nature is constantly pouring her treasures, all the year round, into the laps of the industrious. The trade and commerce extend to the coast, to the interior parts of the continent, and to foreign vessels, and is already valuable and fast increa- sing. The chief exports are rice, palm oil, ivory, tortoise shell, dyewoods, gold, hides, wax, and a small amount of coffee. The imports consist of the products and manufactures of the four quar- ters of the world. The harbour is seldom clear of European and American shipping; and the bustle and thronging of the streets show some- thing already of the activity of the smaller sea- ports of the United States. Mechanics of nearly every trade are carrying on their various occupa- tions, and not a child or youth in the colony but is provided with an appropriate school. The most recent accounts from Liberia are exceeding- ly encouraging as to tlie health, commerce, and prosperity of the colony. Fresh emigrants are constantly arriving, who are immediately suppli- ed with employment, or if sick, removed to a spacious Infirmary. The piety of the first settlers has continued to spread, and the standard of mor- als consequently remains high. The Sabbath is carefully regarded, and Sunday schools have been established for the bensfit of the native children. The cheerful abodes of civilization and happiness — the flourishing settlements — the sound of Christian instruction, and scenes of Christian worship, which are heard and seen in this land of brooding pagan darkness — a thousand contented freemen, united in founding a new Christian empire, happy themselves, and the instrument of happiness to others — while they refresh the hearts cannot fail to encourage the brightest anticipa- tions of Christian Philanthropists. [Jherf.y, a county in the E. part of Georgia, with 7,2.34 inhabitants ; the chief town is Ricebr)rough. Liberty, a township of Sullivan Co. JS. Y. on the Delaware. Pop. 1 ,277. Also towns and vil- lage in Adams and Tioga Cos. Pa., Bedford Co. Va., Trumbull, Delaware, Fairfield, Highland Clinton, Crawford, Butler, Jefl^erson and Mont- gomery Cos. Ohio, Union Co. Indiana, Casey Co. Ken., Marion and Smith Cos Ten., and Amite Co. Mississippi. Liberty Hall, p. v. Pittsylvania Co. Va ., Pendle- ton Dis. S. C. and Morgan Co. Geo. Liberty Hill, p. v. Kershaw Dis. S. C. and Green Co. Alab. Libertytotcn, p. v. Frederick Co. Maryland. Liberthen, a town of Hungary, with rich mines of copper and iron, and productive springs of blue vitriol. 122 m. E. by N. of Vienna. Liboncro, a town of Africa, on the Lufuna, near the sea, 50 m. S. S. W.ofBombi. Libourne, a town of France, department of Gi- ronde, with manufactures of light woolen stuffs, and a trade in wine and brandy It is seated at the conflux of the Iller with the Dordogne, 20 m. K. N. E. of Bordeaux. LiihficUl. See Litchfield. Litchstcl.l, or Litchstollcn, a town of Switzerland, m the canton of Basel, seated on the Ergetz, 7ni. S E. of Basel Lichtenau, a town of Germany, in Hesse-Caa- sel, 15 m. S. E. of Cassel. Lichtenau, a town of Franconia, in the territory of Nuremberg, with a fortress on the Bezel, 6 in. E. of Anspacn. Lichtenberg, a town of Franconia, in the prin- cipality of Bayreuth. In the neighbourhood are medicinal springs, quarries of marble, and mines of copper and iron. It is seated on the Selbnitz, 18 m. N.E. ofCulmbach. LiclUcvfels, a town of Bavarian Franconia, with a trade in timber ; seated on the Maine, 15 m. N. E. of Bamberg. Lichtenstein, a town of the Swiss canton of St Gall, seated on the Thur, 27 m. E. S. E. of Zurich Long. 9. 5. E., lat. 47. 16. N. Lischtenstcin, a town of Saxony, in the circle of Erzgebirge, with a castle on a mountain, 6 m. N. E. of Zwickau. Lichtenvord, a town of the Netherlands, in Guelderland, 42 m. S. of Leipzig. Lick, a township of Jackson Co. Ohio, so nam- ed from the number of salt licks within its limits. Licking, a branch of the Ohio, falling into that river opposite Cincinnati. Licking, a county of Ohio. Pop. 20,864. New- ark is the capital. Also towns in Licking and Muskingum Cos. Ohio. Lickville, p.v. Greenville Dis. S. C. Licola, a lake of Naples, formerly famous for excellent fish ; but, in 1538, an earthquake hap- pened, which changed one part of it into a moun- tain of ashes, and the other into a morass. It was anciently known by the name Lucrino, or the Lu- crine Lake. Liconia, a village of Harrison Co. Indiana. Lida, a town and castle of Lithuania, in the fovernment of Grodno, 56 m. S. of Wilna. Long. 5. 34. E.,lat. 53.50. N. Liddel, a river of Scotland, in Roxburghshire, and the only one in the county that flows south- ward. It forms the boundary with England for 5 m., till it enters the Esk, from Dumfries-shire, 3 m. above Longtown in Cumberland. Lidford, a village in Devonshire, Eng. formerly a borougii, with a castle. It is seated on the riv- er Lid, at the edge of Dartmoor Forest. 7 m. N. of Tavistock. Lidkoping, a town of Sweden, in W, Gothland, on the S. side of the lake Wenner, at the mouth of the Lida, 80 m. N. E. of Gotheburgh. Licbenwald, a town of Prussia, in Brandenburg, near which commences the Finow Canal, that unites the rivers Oder, Finow, and Havel. It is seated on tlie Havel, 25 m. N. of Berlin. Libcnwerda, a town of Prussian Saxony, with a castle, seated on the Elster, 38 m. N. N. W. of Dresden. Liebenzell, a town of Wurtemberg, near which is the bath of Zell. It is seated on the Nagold, 17 m. W. by N. of Stuttgard. Lieberose, a town of Lusatia, with a castle, seated on the Spreewald, 20 m. W. of Guben. Liebstadt, a town of W. Prussia, with a castle, 45 m. S. S. E. of Marienburg. Liege, a province of the Netherlands, bounded by the grand duchy of Luxemburg, the Belgic provinces of Namur, S. Brabant, and Limburg, and the Prussian province of the Lower Riiine. It is fertile in corn and fruits and contains mines of iron, lead, and coal, besides quarries of marble. Liege, a large, ancient, and strong city or" the Netherlands, capital of the above province. Her© LIG 447 I.1M the river Meuse is divided into three branches, which after passing through the city, under sev- eral bridges, unite again. Liege is 4 m. in circumference, and has 16 gates : it has also 10 large suburbs, in which and the city there were formerly a great number of churches and religious houses, part of which are suppressed. The mag- nificent cathedral contains many relics ; and tlie other public structures are the castle, the council- house, the hotel de ville, and the arsenal. There are manufactures of arms, clock-work, nails, cloth, leather, glass, «fcc., and a brisk trade. In 1792 the French took the city ; they were driven thence in 1793, but entered it awain in 1794 ; and it was afterwards annexed to France. In 1814, however, Liege, with its district, was delivered up to the allied forces. It is GO m. W. S. W. of Cologne. Long. 5. 35. E., lat. 50. 38. N. Lieffnltz. See Lignitz. Lien-tclieou, a city of China, of the first rank, in the province of Quang-tong. Its territories bor- der on the kingdom of Tonquin, from which it is separated by inaccessible mountains. It is seated on the Lien-kiang, which forms a convenient harbour for Chinese barks, 325 ni. W. S. W. of Canton. Long. 108. 40. E., lat. 21. 40. N. Liere, a town of the Netherlands, in the pro- vince of Antwerp, with manufactures of woolen and cotton, besides extensive breweries and dis- tilleries, and a trade in cattle. It is seated at the junction of the Great and Little Nethe, 10 m. S. E. of Antwerp. Liesse, a town of France, department of Aisne, famous for an image of the Virgin, to which a great number of pilgrims used to resort. 7 m. E. of Laon. Liffeij, a river of Ireland, which rises in the county of Wicklow, runs W. into Kildare, where it has a cataract near Leixslip, and then turning N. E. passes through the county and city of Dub- lin, below which it enters the Irish Sea. Lifford, a borough of Ireland, in the county of Donegal, situate on the Foyle, 11 m. S- S. W. of Donegal. Ligne,A town of the Netherlands, in Hainault, on the river Dender, 15 m. N. W. of Mons. LigneroUes, a town of France, department of AUier, 4 m. S. of Montluoon. Lignieres, a town of France, department of Cher, with a collegiate church and a castle, 24 m. S. of Bourges. ■Lignitz, or Leignitz, a government of Prussian Silesia, including the former principalities of Glogau, Sagan, Lignitz, Karolath, with part of those of Jauer and Upper Lusatia. It is divided into the circles of Lowenburg, Bunzlau, Gold- berg, Lignitz, Luben, Glogau, Sprottau, Sagan, Friestadt, Grunburg, Gorlitz, Rothenburg, and Lauban. The climate is mild, and the soil in ma- ny places fertile : it is neccessary, however to im- port corn. Lignitz, an ancient town of Prussian Silesia, and capital of the government of the same name, with a considerable trade in cloth and madder. It is surrounded by an earthen mound, and has four gates, but is not fortified. The old palace of the princes, though within the town is surrounded with a distinct moat and high wall. The other remark- able objects are the castle, the council house, the two Lutheran churches, the Catholic church of St. John, and the superb chapel where the dukes of Lignitz and Brieg were buried. Here is also an academy founded by Joseph I., for the educa- tion of the sons of Silesian gentlemen, whether Protestants or Catholics. It is seated at the con flu ence of the Katzbach. and the Schwarf.zwassar, 30 m. W by N. of Breslau, and 1 10 N. E. of Prague. Long. 16 12. E., lat. 51. 12. N. Ligny, a village of the Netherlands, in the prov- ince of Naraur, celebrated for a sanguinary en- gagement between the French and Prussians, on 16th of June, 1815, which was the prelude to the battle of Waterh)o, 3 m. N. E. of Fleurus, and 11 W. N. VV. of Namur. Ligny, a town of France, department of Meuse, with a castle, and a collegiate church. Tlie in- habitants are estimated at about 3,000. It is seat- ed on the Orney, 9 m. S. E. of Bar le due. Ligonia, villages in Somerset Co. Me. and Westmoreland C> Pa. Ligonta, a village iii Amelia Co. Va. Ligore, a town of the Malay peninsula, sub- ject to Siam, situate on a river of the same name. Long. 100. 35. E., lat. 8. 18. N. Ligueil, a town of France, department of Indre-et-Loire. 21 m. S. of Tours. Lilians, a town of France, department of Somme^ 18 m. E. of Amiens. Lilienthal,a. town of Saxony, on the river Warp, 10 m. N.N. E.of Bremen. Lille. See Lisle. Lillers, a town of France, department of Pas de Calais, seated on the Navez, 17 m. N. W. of Arras. LiVZo, a fortof tlie Netherlands, in Brabant, on the N. side of the Scheldt, 9 m. N. N. W. of Antwerp. Lilley Point, a village of King William Co. Va. Lima, a province of Peru ; bounded N. by Trux- illo, E. by the Andes, S. by Arequipa, and W. by the Pacific Ocean. Lima, the capital of Peru, and an archbishop's see with a university. This city was founded in 1534, by Pizarro, who gave it the name of Ciu- dad de los Reyes, or City of the Kings. This Spanish name it retains in all legal deeds, but is better known to foreigners by tiiat of Lima. It is 4 m. long and 2 broad, and surrounded by brick walls, with ramparts and bastions. The streets are handsome and straight : the houses are gen- erally only of one story high, in consequence of the earthquakes. They have flat roofs, and trees round them to keep off the sun. The river forms canals in the streets, which run to most of the houses, and serve to water the gardens, &Ai. The churches and convents are extremely rich ; and many images of the saints are of gold, adorned with jewels. Here are the courts of the viceroy and the archbishop, the royal mint, and the court of the municipal body. All the provinces remit their product and manufactures to Lima, and are supplied hence with the neccessary commodities. The inhabitants, estimated at 50,000, are rich, fond of dress and splendid retinues, and extreme- ly superstitious. Lima is 90 m. from the Cordil- leras, end 850 S. by E. of Quito. Callao is its port. Long. 76. 49. W., lat. 12. 1. S. Lima, p.t. Livingston Co. N. Y. 16 m. W. Ca nandaigua. Pop. 1,764. Limale, a town of the Netherlands, in Bradani, seated on the Dyle, 13 m. S. E. of Brussels. Limatady. See JVewton Limavady. Limhurg, a province of the Netherlands, bound ed by Prussia and the provinces of S. and N. Brabant, Liege, and Antwerp. It contains an area of 1 ,500 sq. m. with 290,000 inhabitants. It has good arable ground, and abounds in a fine breed of cattle and contains mines of iron and lead . Limburg, a town of the Netherlands, capital of the province of that name, with a castle built of UM 449 LIN marble. Here is a manufacture of woolen cloths, and it is famous for excellent cheese. In the neighbourhood are quarries of different kinds of marble, and good mines of calamine coal. Lim- burg was taken by the French in 1793 ; but in 1814 tliey delivered it up to the allies. It is seat- ed on a mountain near the river Weze, 20 m. E. of Liege. Long. 6. 3. E., lat. 50. 23. N. Linilurff, a town of Germany, in the duchy of Nassau, with a fine cathedral. The Austrians defeated the French on the heights near this place in 1766. It is seated on the Lahn, 26 m. N. W. of Frankfort. Lime, a town in Dorsetshire. See Lyme Regis. Limekilns, a town of Scotland, in Fifeshire, on the coast of the Forth. It is famous for great lime-works, has a good tide harbour for small vessels, and is 4 m. S. W. of Dumfermline. Limerick, a county of Ireland, in the province of Munster, bounded on the N. by the river Shannon, which separates it from the county of Clare, W. by Kerry, S. by Cork, and E. by Tip- perary. It is 50 English m. long, from £. to W., and 32 broad from N. to S., and contains an area of 970 square m. with 218,432 inhabitants, ex- clusive of the city of Limerick. It is divided into 10 baronies, and 125 parishes, and sends two members to parliament. The principal rivers are the Deel, Maig, Comogue, Feale, Gal, and Black- water, besides the noble river Shannon, which may rather be said to flow by the county. The surface of the county is tolerably level, but shel- tered on the S. E. by a range of mountains called the Galteas ; and the fertility of the soil is prover- bial. To the N. of the Galteas lies the tract of land denominated «for its fertility the Golden Vein, and on the banks of the Shannon lie the carlaghs, or swamps, on which a quantity of man- ure is annually deposited by the overflowing of the river. Limerick, a city of Ireland capital of the above county, and generally considered the metropolis of the province of Munster. It was formerly well fortified, and reckoned the second city in the kingdom, but has long since yielded that rank to Cork. Limerick is a county of itself, and a bishop's see, and is divided into the Irish and English town, the latter being built on an island of the Shannon called King's Island. The inhab- itants are estimated at upwards of 40,000, and it has a market on Wednesday and Saturday. The linen, woolen, and paper manufact-ures are carried on to a great extent ; and the export of provisions is considerable. Besides the cathedral aad other churches, it has a modern episcopal palace, many hospitals, and other handsome public structures. King William was obliged to raise the siege of this city in 1690; but in 1691, the garrison sur- rendered on a very honorable capitulation. It is 40 m. S. S. E. of Galway,and 94 W. S. W. of Dublin. Limerick, p.t. York Co. Me. Pop. 1,426 ; p. v. Jefferson Co. N. Y. and a township of Montgom- ery Co. Pa. 25 m. W. Philadelphia. Limestone, a county of Alabama, on Tennessee river. Pop. 14,843. Atliens is the capital. LimitKTton, p.t. York Co. Me. on the Saco, 22 m. W. Portland. Pop. 2,320. Limmut, a river of Switzerland, formed by the junction of the Mat and the Linth, the former issuing from the N. W. extremity of the lake Wallenstadt, and the latter flowing from the S. The Limmat flows N. W., passes through the lake of Zurich, and unites with the Aar below Baden Limne, or Limpne, a village in Kent. Eng. near it are the remains of a fortress called Stutfall Castle. It was formerly a port, but is now 2 m. from the sea. The Roman road from Canterbury, callea Stanes Street, ended' here. 3 m. S. W.ofHithe, and 64 S. E. of London. Limoges, an ancient town of France, depart ment of Upper Vienne. It is a trading place, and the inhabitants are estimated at 20,000. It is seated on the Vienne, 110 m. E. of Bordeaux. Long. 1. 20. E., lat. 45. 50. N. Limosin, or Limousin, a late province of France, divided into the Upper and Lower Limosin, the former of which is cold and hilly, but the latter is temperate and fertile. It contains mines of lead, copper, tin, and iron, and now forms the departments of Upper Vienne and Correze. Limoux, a town of France, department of Aude, with manufactures of woolen, leather, and soap. It is seated on the Aude, 50 m. S. £. of Toulouse. Lincoln, a city and the capital of Lincolnshire, Eng. It is situate on the river Witham, is divi- ded into Upper and Lower Town, and has two suburbs. Formerly it contained 52 churches, now reduced to 15. It is a bishop's see, and the dio- cese, though much reduced, is still the largest in England. The cathedral stands on the brow of the hill, and is admired for its rich and light arch- itecture. The great bell of the cathedral, called Tom of Lincoln, required 15 able men to ring it, but has been forbidden to be used, in consequence of the decay of the tower in which it hangs. Here are several meeting-houses for different de- nominations of dissenters, a catholic chapel, a national school erected in 1814, and several other schools and charitable institutions. Of the castle, built by William I., few vestiges remain, but the ruins of religious houses are so numerous that the very barns, stables, &c., are built with arch- ed doors and windows. Newport Gate, on the N. side of the city still remains, and is one of the noblest remnants of Roman architecture left in Britain. Lincoln js a county of itself, governed by a mayor. The chief trade is in coal, brought by the Trent and Fossdike ; and oats and wool, which are sent by the Witham. Here is a small manufacture of camlets. It is 32 m. N. E. of Nottingham, and 131 N. by W. of London. Long. 0. 25. W., lat. 15. 53. N. Lincoln, a county of Maine, on the Kennebec, and washed by the ocean. Pop. 57,181. Wis- cassetis tlie capital ; a county of N. Carolina on the Catawba. Pop. 22,625. Lincolnton is the cap ital ; a county of Georgia, on the Savannah. Pop. 6,137. Lincolnton is the capital ; a county of Kentucky on Green river. Pop. 11,012. Stanford is the capital ; a county of W. Tennessee, on Elk river. Pop. 22,086. Fayetteville is the capi- tal ; a countyof Missouri on the Mississippi. Pop 4,000. Troy is the capital. Lincoln, a township of Grafton Co. N. H. Pop. 50; a township of Addison Co. Vt. Pop. 639; a town in Middlesex Co. Mass. Pop. 709 ; and a town in Mercer Co. Ken. Lincolnshire, a large maritime county of Eng- land, bounded on the N. by the Humber, which divides it from Yorkshire. It contains 2,888 sq. m., is divided into 30 hundreds, and 630 parishes ; has one city, and 31 market towns ; and sends 12 members to parliament. The coast is flat, and at low water may be seen the submarine relics of a forest, which is a great natural curiosity. The principal rivers are the Humber, Trent, Witham, LIN 449 LIP Welland, and Ancholm. This country is divided into three districts, called Holland, Kesteven, and Lindsey, The air is various. The soil, in many places, is very rich, the inland part producing corn m great plenty, and the fens coleseed, and very rich pastures ; whence their breed of cattle is larger than that of any other county of England, except Somersetshire • their horses are also excellent, and very large ; their sheep are not only of the largest breed, but are clothed with a long thick wool, peculiarly fitted for the worsted and coarse woolen manufactures, and many of the unimprov- ed fens are devoted to the rearing of geese, the quills and feathers of which are sent in immense quantities to the London and other markets. In the N. W. part, the rivers Trent, Dune, and Idle, form an island, called ^Axholm, which is a rich tract, and produces much flax. To the N. E. is a large tract ofheathy land, called the Wolds, in which great flocks of sheep are bred. The southern portion is for the most part enclosed and well inhabited. Lincolnshire has no consid- erable manufactures, and its trade is almost con- fined to the exchange of its produce for manufac- tured and grocery goods, and other consumable commodities. Lincolnton, towns in Lincoln Co. N. C. and Lincoln Co. Geo. Lindau, a town of Bavaria, with a castle and wall, deemed to be Roman works. The French took possession of this city in 1796 ; and it became subject to Bavaria in 1805. It is a trading place, seated on an island of the lake of Constance, join- ed to the mainland by a long bridge, 25 m. E. S. E. of Constance, and 75 S. W. of Augsburg. Long. 9. 41. E., iat. 47. 32.N. Limlau, a town and castle of Germany, in the principality of Anhalt-Kothen, 5 m. N. of Zerbst. Lindeness. See Naze. Linden, p. v. Marengo Co. Alabama. Linde.nfels, a town or Germany, in Hesse-Darra- stadt, 22 m. N. N. E. of Manheim. Lindlcyslotcn, p. v. Steuben Co. N. Y Lindisfarne. See Holy Island. Liagf.n, a county of Germany, in Westphalia, divided into Upper and Lower, and partly belong- ing to Prussia, and partly to Hanover. Lingen, a town of Hanover, with an excellent Calvinist academy. A little to the N. of it is a passaore over the Elbe, called the Lingen Ferry. It is "seated on the Elbe. 40 ra. N. N. W. of Munster. Ltn-keang, a citv of China, of the first rank, in the province of kiang-si. It is thinly inhabit- ed ; but it is of some note, on account of one of its villages being the general mart for all the drugs sold in the empire. It is seated on the Yu-ho, 410 m. N. by E. of Canton. Long 115. 0. E., Iat. 27. 58. N. Linkioping, a government of Sweden, corres- f»onding nearly to the old province of East Goth- and. It lies along the Baltic, and contains 3,280 sq. m. with 160,000 inhabitants. Linkioping, a town of Sweden, capital of the foregoing government, and a bishop's see. It is defended by a castle, and stands on the river Stoeng, near the lake Roxen, 112 m. S. W. of Stockholm. Lintithgmr), a borough of Scotland, capital of Linlithgowshire, seated on a rising ground, over- looking a lake at its E. end. It has manufactures of leather, and m the neighbourhood are an ex- tensive printfield, bleachfield, and two distille- 57 ries. Here the kings of Scotland had one of their noblest palaces, now in ruins; but the room is still shown in which queen Mary was born. Lin- lithgow is 17 m. W. of Edinburgh. Long. 3. 33. W., Iat. 56. 0. N. Linlithgowshire, or IVest Lothian, a county of Scotland, 20 m. long and 12 broad; bounded on the N. by the frith of Forth, S. E. by Edinburghshire, S. W. by Lanarkshire, and N. W. by Stirling- shire. It is divided into 13 parishes, and con- tains about 20,000 inhabitants. The surface is finely diversified with hill and dale : it is fertile in corn and pasture, and produces coal, iron, lime- stone, and lead. The chief rivers are the Avon, and Amond. Linnhe, Loch, an arm of the sea, on the W. coast of Scotland, which separates the counties of Argyle and Inverness. It extends in a N. E. di- rection from the sound of Mull to Fort William, where it takes a northerly direction, and acquires the name of Loch Eil. Another branch, in a south- easterly direction, is called Loch Leven. This lake is bounded on each side by lofty mountains. The island of Lismore lies at its entrance, and in it are interspersed several smaller ones. Linnich, a town of the Prussian states, in the duchy of juliers; seated on the river Roer, 5 m. N. N. W. of Juliers. Lin-tchein, a city of China, of the second rank, in the province of Chan-tong, seated on the great canal. Here is an octagonal tower, divided into eight stories, the walls of which are covered on the outside with porcelain. 187 m. S. of Pekin. Linton, a town in Cambridgeshire, Eng. seated on the river Granton, 10 m. B. E. of Cambridge and 40 N. by E. of London. Lintz, the capital of Upper Austria, and a bish- op's see, has two castles, and considerable woolen manufactures. The French became masters of it in 1741 and again in 1800. It is seated on the right bank of the Danube, over which is a wooden bridge, 96 m. W. of Vienna. Long. 14. 16. E., Iat. 48. 21. N. Lintz, a town and citadel of the Prussian states, in the late electorate of Cologne, seated on the Rhine, 23 m. S. S. E. of Cologne. Lions, Gulf of, in the Mediterranean, lying along the French coast between Spain and Italy. It was named thus from the furious storms to which it is subject, yet is commonly incorrectly written Lyons, as if called after the city of that name which is nearly 200 m. inland. Lipari Islands, a cluster of islands in the Med- iterranean, lying to the N. of Sicily, to which they politically belong. They are all of volcanic origin, were feigned to be the residence of ^Eolua ana Vulcan, and formerly called iEolian Islands. They are 12 in number; and nearly as follows, in the order of their size : Lipari, Stromboli, Vol- cano, Salini, Felicuda, Alicuda, Panaria, Volcan- ello, Vacheluse, Lisca, Dattolo, and Tila Navi. They produce great quantities of alum, sulphur, nitre, cinnabar, and most kinds of fruits, particu- larly raisins, currants, and figs. Some of their wines are much esteemed, particularly the Mal- vasia. Lipari, the largest and most fertile of the Lipari islands, about 15 m. in circumference. It has not suffered from subterraneous fires for ages past though it every where bears the marks of its for- mer volcanic state. It abounds with the currant grape ; cotton also grows here ; and great quanti- ties of pumice are exported. It has a town of the same nama, which is a bishop s sec, and stands 2p3 LIS 450 LIS on the S. E. side of the island, 26 m. N. N. E. of Patti, in Sicily. Long. 15. 30. E., lat. 38. a5. N. LipnOy a town of Poland, in the palatinate of Ploczko, 33 m. N. N. W. of Ploczko. Lipourec, a town of Poland, in the palatinate oi Cracow, 22 m. W. of Cracow. Lippe, a river of Westphalia, which flows W. hy Paderborn, Lippstadt, Ham, and Dorsten, and joins the Rhine above Wesel. Lippe- Detrnold, a principality of Germany, in Westphalia, bounded by the Prussian stales and Hanover, and containing an area of 430 square ni. with 73,000 inhabitants. It is mountainous almost throughout, and contains large forests ot oak and beech. Lippsprinable of containing 1,000 ships in the greatest sai'ety, is defended by two forts; and before the entrance to the city is the fort of Belem. Near this is a grand aqueduct, between two hills, which coaveys water to a great reservoir at one of the extremities of Lisbon. In the middle of the city, on one of the hills, is a citadel, which commands the whole place. The cathedral, on another emi- nence, is ancient and gloomy ; but the riches of the Portuguese have rendered it magnificent. The royal palace, which fronts the river, is large and magnificent, and contains a library, collected iit vast expense by John V. Lisbon was almost destroyed by an earthquake in 1755, but has been handsomely rebuilt. It contains many beautiful edifices, 40 parish churches, 99 chapels, 75 con- vents of both sexes, and about 200,000 inhabitants. There are public walks, two theatres, and a circus for the bull-fights. The manufactures are in a backward state, but the trade is very considerable, and many foreign merchants, both catholic and protestant, reside here ; this city being the grand magazine of all goods brought from Brazil, and the colonies belonging to Portugal. In December 1807 it was entered by the French, who retained ^ possession till August 1808, when they evacuated it after the battle of Vimeira, in which they were defeated by the British. The inhabitants of Lis- bon are described as superstitious, vindictive, and meanly acquiescing under power. In the early part of the revolution they made a noble stand for freedom, but have since submitted without resistance to the usurper Don Miguel. See Por- tugal. 178 m. W. bv N. of Seville, and 255 S.- by W. of Madrid. Long. 9. 5. W., lat. 38. 42. N. Lisbon, p.t. Lincoln Co. Me. on the Androscog- in. Pop. 2,432. p.t. Crafton Co. N. H 80 m. N. Concord. Pop. 1,585. p.t. New London Co. Conn. 7 m. N. Norwich. Pop. 1,]6(). p.t. St Lawrence, Co. N. Y. on the St. Lawrence, 3 m. below Ogdensburg. Pop. 1,891. also a village of Lincoln Co. Geo. on the Savannah. Lishurn, p. v. Cumberland Co. Pa. Lisburn, a town of Ireland, in the county of Antrim, with manufactures of linen, cloth, mus- lin, and cambric. It is seated on the Laggan, 8 m. S. W. of Belfast. Lisca, or Lisca Bianca, one of the Lipari isl- ands, 3 m. S. W. of Stroraboli. It is a small des- ert spot. Lislcux, a town of France, department of Calva- dos. It has a good trade, particularly in linen cloth, and is seated on the Touque, 12 m. from the 8ea,and 40 S. W. of Rouen. Long. 0. 14. E., lat. 49. 9. N. Lisle, a strong city of France, in the department of Nord, and one of the most commercial towns in France. The inhabitants are estimated at 60,000. Its citadel is supposed to be the strong- est in Europe, next to that of Turin. The streets and squares are adorned with noble buildings, particularly the Great Square and the Little Square ; and among the public structures are the exchange, a magazine of vast extent, and a gene- ral hospital. Tne manufactures are numerous, comprising camlets, serges, cotton, linen, silk, velvet, lace, &c. Lisle was taken by the allies in 1708 ; but was restored by the treaty of Utrecht, in 1713, in consideration of the demolition of the fortifications of Dunkirk. In 1782 it sustained a severe bombardment from the Austrians. It is seated in a rich and marshy soil, on the Deule, 18 m. E. of Tournay, and 145 N. N. E. of Paris Long. 3. 4. E., lat. 50. 38. N. Lisle, p.t. Broome Co. N. Y. Pop. 4,393. Lismore, one of the Hebrides of Scotland, at the entrance of Loch Mull,on the coast of Argyle- shire. It has a fertile island, 9 m. long and 2 broad, and was anciently the residence of the bishop of Argyle. Lismore, a borough of Ireland, in the county of Waterford, and a bishop's see united to Water- ford. The cathedral is spacious and handsome, but the town is now a small place. It stands on the Blackwater, 26 m. N. K. of Cork. Lisonzo, a river of Austrian Italy, in Friuli, which enters the gulf of Trieste. Lissa, an island in the gulf of Venice, on the coast of Austrian Dalmatia. Here is a fishery of pilchards and anchovies, and it produces excellent wine and abundance of oil and almonds. It is 56 m. W. of Ragusa. Long. 17. 0. E., lat. 42. 59. N. Lissa, a town of Prussian Poland, near the borders of Silesia. In 1707 it was laid waste by the Russians j but it has been rebuilt, with great improvement, and carries on a great trade. It is (55 m. W. of Kaliseh. Long. 16. 35. E , lat. 52. 0. N LIT 45t LIV Lissa, a village of Prussian Silesia, on the Weistritz, 6 m. N. W. of Breslau, celebrated for a victory gained by the Prussians over tlie Aus- triaiis in 1757. Litchfield, a city of Staffordshire, Eng. It is a county of itself, and, united with Coventry, forms an episcopal see. It has 3 parish churches, be- sides the calliedral, which is a beautiful structure, and walled in like a castle. Litchfield is the birthplace of two celebrated contemporaries, Sam- uel Johnson and David Garrick. The city is governed by two bailiffs, &c., and sends 2 mem- bers to parliament. It is seated on both sides of a small river, which soon afterwards joins the Treat, IG m. N. of Birmingham, and 119 N. W. of London. Long. 1. 44. W.,lat. 52. 41. N. LUclifield, a mountainous county of Connecti- cut, bounded N. by Massachusetts, E. by Hartford county, S. E. by New Haven county, S. W. by Fairfield county, and W. by New York. The soil is fertile, yielding large crops of wheat and Indian corn, and affording fine pasture. Pop. 42,855. Litchfield, the capital of the above county, sit- uated in an elevated plain. It is a good agricul- tura' town, and contains numerous mills and manufacturing establishments. 8 m. N. N. W. of New Haven. Pop. 4,458. Litchfi^d, a township of Hillsborough Co. N. H. Pop. 505 ; a township of Herkimer Co. N. Y. 10 m. S. Utica. Pop. 1,750; p.t. Lincoln Co. Me. Pop. 2,308, also villages in Bradford Co. Pa. and Gray- son Co. Ken. Lithuania, the former name of an extensive tract of country lying between Poland and Rus- sia, now forming the three Russian governments of Wilna, Grodno, and Minsk. It was divided into Lithuania Proper and Samogitia; and in 15G!) was united to Poland, under one elective king. It is a flat country, fertile in corn, and produces honey, wood, pitch, and vast quantities of wool ; also excellent little horses which are never shod, their hoofs being very hard. There are vast forests in which are bears, wolves, elks, wild oxen, lynxes, beavers, wild cats, &c. ; and eagles and vultures are very common. Litiz, a village of Pennsylvania, in Lancaster county, and a settlement of the Moravians, 66 m. W. by N. of Philadelphia. Litschau, a town and castle of Austria, on the frontiers of Bohemia, 23 m. N. W. of Horn. Li.'tau, a town of Moravia on the river March, 9 m. N. N. E. of Olmutz. Little Britain, a township of Lancaster Co. Pa. Little Compton, p.t. Newport Co. R. I. on the eastern point of Narraganset Bay. Pop. 1,378. Little Creek, a township of Sussex Co. Del. Little E^g Harbour, a township of Burlington Co. N. Y. lying upon the sea; with a harbour and river of the same name, navigable for small craft. Little Falls, a village of Herkimer Co. N. Y. on the Mohawk, 8 m. below Herkimer. Little Plymouth, p. v. King and Queen's Co. Va. 60 m. N. E. Richmond. Little Rock, the capital of Arkansas Territory, «o named by antiphrasis from the enormous mas- ses of rock around it. The town stands on the southern bank of Arkansas river, 120 m. from the mouth of the stream. 400 m. S. W. St. Louis, 300 N. W. Natchez. Lat. 34. 17. N., and 1,068 m. W. of Washington. Littleton, p.t. Grafton Co. N. H. on the Con- necticut. 75 m. N. Concord. Pop. 1,435. p.t. Middlesex Co. Moss. 28 m. N. W. Boston. Pop. 947. p.v. Sussex Co. Va. 36 m. S. E. Rich mond. • Little Valley, a township of Cattaraugus Co. N. y. Pop. 337. Little York, p.v. Montgomery Co. Ohio. 77 m. S. W. Columbus ; p.v. Harding Co. Ken. 90 m. S. W. Frankfort. Livadia, a province of Independent Greece, to the north of the Morea, comprising Attica, Bceo- tia, Phocis and Locris. The town of the same name is situate E. of Mount Helicon. 50 m N. W. Athens. Pop. 4,000. Livenza, a river of Austrian Italy, which runs on the confines of Trevisano and Friuli, and en- ters the gulf of Venice between the mouth of the Piava and the town of Caorlo. Livermore, p.t. Oxford Co. Me. 18 m. N. E. Paris. Pop. 2,456. Liverpool, a city in Lancashire, Eng. with mar- kets on Tuesday, Wednesday, and Saturday. Up to the close of the seventeenth century it was a very inconsiderable place, having only one church, which was a chapel of ease to Walton, a village 3 m. off. In 1669 an act was passed to make it a distinct parish, and erect a new church. Since this period it has been gradually advancing in importance ; and, with respect to population and commerce, it is become the second port in the kingdom. It extends 3 m. aJong the E. bank of the river Mersey, and about a mile in average breadth; contains 23 churches and chapels for the establishment, a much greater number of meet- ing-houses for dissenters, five Roman catholic chapels, and a Jews synagogue. Among the public buildings, which comprise numerous speci- mens of architectural taste, the most important are the town-hall, exchange buildings, lyceum, Wellington rooms, corn exchange, infirmary, St. John's market, blue coat school, dispensary, asy- lum for the blind, theatre, athenseum, music hall, news room, custom-house, and a borough gaol on the Howardian plan. The streets are generally spacious, some of them elegant, and the greater part lighted with gas. At the head of the insti- tutions for literary and scientific pursuits is the Royal Liverpool Institution, opened in 1817 at an expense of £;50,000. To enumerate the asylums for the wretched and unfortunate, of every de- scription and denomination, would be altogether incompatible with our limits. The increase and prosperity of Liverpool have been greatly promo- ted by the enterprise and skill of its inhabitants, by its local advantages, commanding the trade of Ireland and America, and by the wisdom of the corporation in abolishing all exclusive laws, and encouraginw every species of industry and com- mercial talent. The principal manufactures, be- sides those connected with the shipping, which employ an immense number of persons, are fine porcelain, watches, glass, iron, salt, copperas, «&,c. The watch movement and tool business is almost confined to this part of the country ; and the breweries, soap-works, brass and iron founderies, sugar-houses, &c., are on an extensive scale. Few towns possess accommodations for shipping at all comparable to Liverpool : it has, at present, six docks, the Dry Dock, Sallhouse Dock, King's Dock, Queen's Dock, George's Dock, Prince's Dock, North Dock, and Brunswick Dock, which with their basins occupy nearly 100 acres of land. The estuary of the Mersey may be properly term- ed an arm of the sea, opening to this port a ready access to the Western Sea, and ships of any bur- den may come up fully laden to tlie town; while LLA 452 LOA r the system of canal navigation opens a communi- • cation inland with all parts of the kingdom. This port is now estimated to engross a fourth part of the foreign trade of Britain, a sixth of its general trade, and to furnish one-twelfth of the sliipping : its customs amount to nearly £4,000,000, and its exports exceed even those of the metropolis. The town is governed by a mayor, and sends two members to parliament. 48 m. S. of Lancaster, and 206 N. W. of London. Long. 3. W., lat. 53 22. N. Liverpool, a town of Nova Scotia, in Queen's county, with a harbour at the mouth of a river of its name, 58 m. N. W. of Halifax. Long. G4. 15 W., lat. 44. 10. N. Liverpool, villages in Onondaga Co. N. Y., Perry and York Cos. Pa. and Medma Co. Ohio. Livimrston, a county of New York, on Genesee river. 1?op. 27,709. Genesee is the capital ; a county of Kentucky on the Tennessee and Ohio. Pop. (),(507. Salem is the capital. LiviiKTston, a township of Columbia Co. N. Y. on the l1udson,40 m. S. Albany. Fop. 2,087 ; also a village in Essex Co. N. J. ' Livingstonville, p. v. Schoharie Co. N. Y. Livonia, a province of Russia, which, with that of Esthonia, has been reciprocally claimed and possessed by Russia, Sweden, and Poland, and, for more than two centuries, was a perpetual scene of the most bloody wars. It was finally wrested from the Swedes by Peter the Great, was con- firmed to the Russians by the peace of Nystadt in 1721, and now forms the government of Riga, or Livonia. It is 250 m. long and 150 broad; bounded on the N. by the government of Estho- nia, and S. by Courland. The land is fertile, but is only partially cultivated : the products are rye, barley, flax, and linseed. In the forests are wolves, bears, elks, reindeer, stags, and hares. The domestic animals are numerous ; but the sheep bear very bad wool. The peasantry are in a state of great degradation. Livonia, p.t. Livingston Co. N. Y., 20 m. S. W. Canandaigua. Pop. 2,665. Also a village in Washington Co. Indiana. Lizard, a peninsula on the S. coast of Cornwall and the most southern point of land in England. On it are two light-houses, and the Lizard Point iff in long. 5. 11. W., lat. 49. 58. N. Lizier, St., a town of France, department of Arriege ; seated on the Salat, 50 m. S E. of Auch. Long.' 1.9. E., lat. 43. 0. N. LJanarth, a town of Wales, in Cardiganshire, 15 m. E. by N. of Cardigan, and 223 W. by N. of Jjondon. Llanheder, a corporate town of Wales, in Card- iganshire, with a considerable traffic in horses, cattle, hogs, salted butter, and tanned and raw hides. It is seated on the Teife, over which is a bridge into Caermarthenshire, 27 m. E. of Cardi- gan, and 209 W. by N. of London. IJanduff, an ancient city of Wales, in Glam- organshire, being an episcopal see, but it is a small place, and has no market. The body of its ancient cathedral was rebuilt in 1751, but with- out cross aisles. Near it are some ruins of the ancient castellated mansion of the bishop. It is seated on the Taafe, and has the benefit of a tolera- bly good harbour, which opens into the Severn. 2m. N. W. of Cardiff, and 163 W. of London. Long. 3. 13. W., lat. 51. 29. N. Uandilo-vinor, a town of Wales, in Caermar- thenshire, with a considerable manufacture of flannel. Near it are the picturesque remains of Dinevwar Castle, formerly the residence of the native princes of Wales. It is seated on the side of a hill, on the river Towy, 13 m. E. of Caer- marthen, and 202 W. of London. Llandovery, a town of Wales, in Caermarthen shire. It is seated on the Towy, at its conflux with the Braun, 26 m E. N. E. of Caermarthen, and 191 W. of London. Llanelhj, a town of Wales, in Caermarthen- shire, with a considerable trade in iron and coal, seated on a creek of the Bristol Channel, 16 m, S. S. E. of Caermarthen, and 217 W. of Lon don. Llanfair, a town of Wales. It is seated on the banks of the rivers Verniew, 14 m. W. of New- ton, and 180 W. by N. of London . Llanfyllain, a town of Wales, in Montgomery shire, seated in a flat, among hills, near the river Cain, 15 m. N. by W. of Montgomery, and 186 W. of London. Llanguddoc, a town of Wales, in Caermarthen shire, 18 m. E.byN. of Caermarthen, and 195 W. of London. Llangollen, a town of Wales, in Denbighshire Near it, on a steep mountain, are the remains of Castle Dinas, once a stong place ; and about 2 m. distant is the beautiful ruin of Valle Crucis ab- bey. The town stands on the Dee, over which is a beautiful ancient bridge, 2 m. S. S. W. of Wrexham, and 182 N. W. London. Llanidloes,a.townofW?i\es,in Denbignshire with a considerable manufacture of fine flannels, &c. It is seated at the confluence of the Severn and Clewedog, 13 m. S. W. of Newton, and 188 N W. of London. Llanrwst, a town of Wales, in Denbighshire, Here are two churches, and the town is the cen tre of the business of the vale of Conway. It is seated on the Conway, over which is a bridge, into Caernarvonshire, 20 m. W. S. W. of Den high, 220 N. W. of London. Llantrisstnt, a town of Wales, in Glamorgan shire. It had a castle, which is nearly destroyed, 12 m. N. W of Cardiff, and 171 W. of Lon don. LlMugharm, a town of Wales, in Caermarthen- shire. It stands at the mouth of the Towy, where, on a low rock, are the ruins of an ancient castle ; and on the other side the river are the remains of that of Lanstephan. Llau£rharm is 7 m. S W. of Caermarthen, and 223 W. by N. of Lon don. Llerena, a town of Spain, in Estremaaura, 63 m. N. of Seville. Uoydsville, p.v. Otsego Co. N. Y. 90 m. W. Albany. Llwgor, or Uychwyr, a corporate town of Wales, in Glamorganshire, on the left bank of a river of the same name. It was the Leucarum, of Antoninus. 312 m. W. of London. Lo, St., a town of France, department of La Manche, with manufactures of serges, shal- loons, ribands, and gold and silver lace ; seated on the Vire, 125 m. W. by N. of Paris. iMando, capital of the Portuguese settlement in Angola. It has a good harbour formed by the island of Loando, lying a little off the coast. The town is large and handsome, considering the country, containing 3,000 houses, built of stone, and covered with tiles, beside a vast num- ber of huts made of straw and earth. 260 m. S. S. W. of St. Salvador. Long. 13. 15. E., lat. 8. 50. S. Loando, an island in the Atlantic near the coast LOG 453 LOD of Angola, about 20 m. long and only one broad, and divided from the continent by a narrow chan- nel. Goats and sheep are numerous. It produ- ces no grain, but yields the best water in all the neighbourhood. Loango, a kingdom of Western Africa, to the N. of the river Zaire or Congo. It includes Loan- go proper, and the districts of Mayomba and Malembo, which are subject to the king of Loan- go : and is said to extend more than 400 m. along the coast, from the Zaire to Cape St. Catherine. Tlie climate is said to be very fine, and never subject to hurricanes, nor even to violent winds. Rain rarely occurs, but the dews are sufficient for vegetation. The land is fertile, yielding with very little of agricultural skill or labour, three crops of millet in a year. The potato and yam are abundant; and there are a great number of trees whence palm-wine is drawn. The women cultivate the ground, sow, and get in the harvest. The inhabitants are well-made, mild, and tracta- ble. Loango, the capital of the above kingdom, with a harbour, at the mouth of the Quilla. The streets are wide, and lined with palm-trees, bananas, and baoava. The houses are oblong, and have only a grrtund floor ; separated from each other, and fenced round with a hedge of palm-twigs, canes, or bulrushes. In the centre of the city is a large square, fronting the royal palace, which forms another square, a mile and a half in com- pass, surrounded by a palisado of stately palm- trees. The principal trade consists in elephants' teeth, palm-cloth, copper, tin, lead, iron, and slaves. It is 230 m. W. N. W. of St. Salvador. Long. 12.30. E., lat. 4. 40. S. Latino, or Lovano, a town of the Sardinian states, in the territory of Genoa, near the sea, 6 m. S. S. W. of Finale. Lolitiu, a tow/i of W. Prussia, with a castle, where the bishop of Culm resides. 45 m. E. by N. of Culm. Lnbau, a town of Saxony, in Upper Lusatia, which has a trade in grey, striped and white lin- ens, 13 m. S. E. of Bautzen. Lobenxteia, a town of Saxony, in the circle of Voio-tland. seated on the Lennitz, 22 m. N. N. E. of 6nlinbach. Long. 11. 52. E., lat. 50. 21. N. Loioa, a town of Spain, in Estreinadura, seat- ed on the Guadiana, 22 m. E. of Badajoz. Lohstadf, a town of Saxony in the circle of Meissen, 10 m. S. S. E. of Leipzig. Lohurg, a town of Prussian Saxony, in the government of Magdeburg. 22 m. E. of Magde- burg. Lncana, a town of the Sardinian states, in Piednont, sjatcd in a fine valley, on the river Or'.;o, 25 m. S. of Aosta. Locarno, a town of Italy, capital of a bailiwic, belonging to the Swiss. It contains three con- vents, and a small Franciscan monastery, on a rock overhanging the valley, and commanding a view of the lake Maggiore. 5G m. N. by W. of Milan. Long. 8. 31. E., lat. 46. 10. N. Locltahar, a district of Scotland, in Inverness- shire, bounded on the E. by Badenoch, W. by Moydart, N. by Glengary,and S. by Lo^n. The country is bleak, mountainous and rugged. The inhabitants pay little attention to any commerce, except the sale of their black cattle; and the only lands cultivated are a few acres around the huts of those who tend their flocks. Here the Pre- tender erected his standard in 1745. Locher Moss, a morass of Scotland, in Dum- fries-shire, 12 m. long and 3 broad, extending doTVt# by Dumfries to Solway Frith, and divided into two parts by a river called Locher Water, which abounds with excellent pike. Oak, fir, birch, and hazel trees, also anchors, pieces of vessels,&c., have been dug up in different parts of this moss Laches, a town of France, department of Indre et- Loire, with a strong castle on a rock. In the collegiate church is the tomb of the celebrated Agnes Sorel, mistress of Charles VII., to whose patriotic exhortations that monarch owed almost all his glory. Loches is seated on the Indre, near a forrest, 15 m. S. of Amboise, and 20 S. W. of Tours. Lochmabcn, a borough of Scotland, in Dumfries- shire, with a manufacture of coarse linen ; seated on the W. side of the Annon,9 m. N. E. of Dum- fries. Lochrida, or Ocrida, a town in the province of Albania, and a Greek archbishop's see. It is well fortified, and seated on a hill, near a lake of its name, G2 m. S. E. of Durazzo. Long. 20. 40. E., lat. 41. 40. N. Lochia, a sea-port of Sweden, seated on a bay of the gulf of Bothnia, 30 m. S.of Tornea. Long. 24. 16. E., lat. 64. 20. N. Lochwinnoch , a town of Scotland, in Renfrew- shire, with a considerable manufacture of cotton. It is seated on Castle Semple Loch, 6 m. S. W. of Paisley. Lochy, Lock, a lake of Scotland in Inverness- shire, 14 m. lonff, and from one to 2 broad. Out of it flows the River Lochy, which, about a mile below, receives the Spean, and their united stream enters Loch Eil at Fort William. Lochenitz, a town of Prussia, in the province of Brandenburg, on the river Rando, 16 m. N. £. of Prentzio. Locke, p.t. Cavuga Co. N. Y. 23 m. S. E. Au- burn. Pop. 3,310'. Lockcrby, a town of Scotland, in Dumfries- shire, with a trade in linen and woolen cloth ; seated near the Annan, 12 m. E. by N. of Dumfries. Lockport^ p.t. Niao-ara Co. N. Y. on the Erie Canal. 296 m. W." Albany. Pop. 3,823. Here are the most remarkable works on the canal, con- sisting of 10 locks overcoming an ascent of 60 feet in the canal. Besides these there is an ex- cavation through the mountain ridge for 3 ra. cut in the rock. The town is a place of consid- erable trade. Pop. 3.823. Lockicood, p. v. Sussex Co. N. J. 78 m. N. Tren- ton. Lode, a town of Switzerland in an elevated valley of the same name, in the canton of Neuf- chatel, famous for watchmakers, lace weavers, goldsmiths, cutlers, and enamellers. It is 9 m. N. W. of Neufchatel. Loddon, a town m Norfolk, Eng. 8 m. S. E. of Norwich, and 112 N. E. of London. Lodeve, a town of France, department of He- rault, with manufactures of silk, liats,&c. During the late war it supplied a great part of the ch.Ji- ing for the army. It is seated on the Largues, 30 m. W. bv N. of Montpelier. Long. 3. 20. E. lat. 43. 43. N. Lodl, a town of Austrian Italy, in the govern- ment of Milan, capital of a province of the same name, and a bishop's see, with a fortress. It has manufactures of porcelain, and the Parmesan cheese made here is esteemed the best of its kind The French defeated the Austrians at this place m 1796; It is seated on the Adda, 18 m. S. E of Milan. Long. 9. 30. E., lat 45. 18. N. LOI 454 LON *• Lmtimont., p.v. Abbeville Die. S. C. 134 m. W. Columbus. Jjodomeria. See Gnlicia. Loffingen, a town of Germany, in Baden, with & medicinal bath. 3 m. W. S. W. of HuifFengen. U)fsta, a town of Sweden, in the province of Upland, with extensive iron works. These works were destroyed by the Russians, in 1719, but have since been again erected. It is 39 m. N. of Upsal. iMgan, a county of Ohio. Pop. 0,442. Belle Fontaine is the capital. A county of Kentucky. Pop. 13,002. Ru33elville is the capital. Also viU.ages in Hocking Co. Ohio. Wayne Co. Mis- souri and Centre Co. Pa. Log'urail, a town of Scotland, m Perthshire, notf'd for its distillation of whiskey ; seated on the Tnnimel, 22 m. iV. N. W of Perth. Logroiio, a town of Spain, in the province of Burgos, seated on the Etiro, in a country abound ing with excellent fruits and good wines, G2 m. E. of Burros, and 15-') N. N. E. of Madrid. Long. 2.20. E.,Iat. 42. 22. N. Lo^rono, a town of Ciiile, capital of Melipilla Long. 71. IG. \V.,lat. 33. 38. N. l^'kagur, a celebrated fortress of Hindoostan, province of Dowlatabad, now belonging to the British, 20 m. N. W. of Poona. Loheia, a town of Arabia, in Yemen, on tne coast of the Red Sea. It has a great trade in coffee, brought from the neighbouring hills : in the vicinity is a mountain which affords a con- siderable quantity of mineral salt. It has no har- bour, and the smallest vessels are obliged to an- chor at a distance from the town. 130 m. N. N. W. of Mocha. Long. 42. 50. E., lat. 15. 42. N. Loja. See Loxa. Loir e-et- Cher, a department of France, bounded on the N. E. by the province of Loiret, N. W. by that of Sarthe, S. by that of Indre, S. E by that of Cher, and S. W. by that of Indre-et- Loire. It takes its name from the rivers Loire and Cher ; the former of which joins the Sarthe above An gers ; and the latter runs into the Loire, 10 m. below Tours. Bloia is the capital. Loire, the principal river of France, which rises in the de|)artrnent of Ardeche, and falls into the Atlantic about 40 m. below Nantes, watering a vast plain of more than 600 m. and dividing France almost into two equal parts. By means of the central canal, it establishes a communication between tlie Atlantic and Mediterranean, and facilitates the commercial operations of the king dom. Loire, a department of France, adjoining those of Rhone and Isere. It has its name from the river Loire, which flows N. through its whole length. Montbrison is the capital. Loire, Upper, a department of France, com- prising the Velay and that part of the Cevennes dependent on the former province of Languedoc. It takes its name from the river Loire, which flows through it from the S. to the N. E. Le Pay is the capital. Loire, Infcrieure, a department of France, con- taining part of the ancient province of Bretagne. it has its name from the river Loire, whicli crosses it from E. to W. and then enters the ocean. Nantes is the capital. Loiret, a department of France, comprising part of the former province of Orleanois. It has its name from a small river that runs into the Loire. Orleans is the capital. Loitz, a town of Prussia, in Pomerania, with a •astla seated on. the Peene, 35 m. S. of Stralsund. Lnldong, a town and fortress of Hindoostan, on the N. E. border of the province of Dehli, and on the river Pattereah, 8 m. above its conflux with the Ganges, and 100 N. N. E. of Dehli. Long. 78. 38. E., lat. 29. 47. N. Lokeren, a large town of the Netherlands, in E. Flanders, with various manufactures and a con- siderable trade. It is seated on the Darme, 12 m N. E. of Ghent. Lombardo- Venetian- Kingdom, or Austrian Italy, a kingdom of Italy, belonging to the house of Austria. It is bounded on the E. by Illyria, S. E. by the Adriatic, S. by the states of the church, Parma, and Modena, W. by Piedmont, and N. bj Switzerland and Austria; and is divided into Goil. Longford, a .'ounty of Ireland, in the province of Leinsler, 25 m. long and 20 broad; bounded on the N. W. by Leitrim, N. E. by Cavan, S. E. by West Meath, and W. by the river Shannon, which parts it from Roscommon. It is divided into 25 parishes, contains 107,576 inhabitants, and sends two members to parliament. The vOuntry in general is fertile, but interspersed in some parts with bogs, morasses, and forests; the flat parts, along the Shannon, are subject to in- undation. It contains several lakes, and besides the Shannon is watered by the Inn}', the Camlin, the Fallen, and numerous inferior streamlets. Oats form the chief article of agricixllural export. Longford, a borough of Ireland, capital of the above country. Much linen is manufactured in the town and neighbourhood, and great quantities of flax sent to other parts. It is seated on the Camlin, 70 m. (English) W. N. W. of Dublin. Long. 7. 40. W., lat. 52. 48. N. Longforang, a town of Scotland, in the S. E. corner of Perthshire, on the frith of Tay, 4 m. W. by S. of Dundee. Long [aland, an island belonging to the State of New York, extending along the coast of Connecticut, from S. W. to N. E., about 140 m. in length and 10 m. in average breadth. It is di- vided into three counties. King, Queen's, and Suffolk. At theW. extremity it forms the bay of NewYork. On the side of the ocean the island is bordered by an im.nense beach of sand. In other parts,it is much indented with numerous bays; and Gardiner's Bay, with several others, occupies an extent of near 30 m. at the E. end. These bays also encompass many islands, several of which are of considerable extent. A ridge or drain of 58 low hills extends from the west end to the eastern extremity. The waters are stored with a vast abundance and variety of fish, and Long-Island has long been celebrated for its wild fowl and various forest game. Much of the land in the east is a light sand, still clothed with vast forests of pine: and in these are found abundance of game.' East of the Hempstead plains, the island is cov- ered with shrubby oaks and pines, called the brushy plains ; and here are found the grouse, or, heath-hens. Farther eastward, towards Islip and Fire-place, are streams where there is good trout fishing; and towards the centre of the island, is plenty of wild deer, that are hunted and killed by way-laying them as they are driven along by hounds. In October and November, brent, wild geese, and other waterfowl, are killed in great num- bers along the bays and inlets. Deer cannot lawful- ly be killed on Long Island from January to July ; nor heath-hens, partridges, quails, or woodcocks, from 1st April to 5lh October. The face of the country on the north side of the island is hilly, and in some places full of rocky boulders ; while on the south, the country is mostly free from large stones, and presents a gradual slope towards the ocean, which appears to have formerly washed the base of the hills. Long Island Sountl, is from 3 to 25 m. broad, ex- tending the whole length of Long Island, and di- viding it from Connecticut. It communicates with the Atlantic at the E. end of the island, and with the harbour of New York at the W. Long Lake. See Rain Lake. Longmeadoip, p.t. Hampden Co. Mass. on the Connecticut, 6 m. below Spring^field. Pop. 1,257. Long-nan, a city of China, of the first rank, in the province of Se-tchuen, Long. 104. 18. E., lat. 32. 22. N. LoTignor, a town of Staffordshire, Eng. seated near the river Dove, 31 m. N. by E. of Stafford, and 152 N. N. W. of London. Longtown, a town in Cumberland, Eng. seated on the Esk, 9 m. N. of Carlisle, and 310 N. N. W. of London. Ijongtoicn, p.v. Rowan Co. N. C. 150 m. W. Raleigh. Longue, a town of France, department of Maine- et-Loire, 7 m. N. of Saumur. Longuion, a town of France, department of Moselle. Here is a considerable iron forge and cannon foundery. 10 m. S. W. of Longwy, and 36N. W. ofMents. Longwy, a town of France, department of Mo- selle with a castle. It is divided into the Old 2Q LOR 458 LOR and New town, the latter of which is fortified. It is seated on a rocky eminence, on the river Chiers, 32 m. N. N. W. of Mentz. Long. 5. 44. E., lat. 49. 32. N. Lonicera, p. v. Baldwin Co. Geo. Lons le Saulnier, a town of France, capital of the department of Jura. It derives its name from the salt springs in its vicinity, and is seated on the Solvan, 62 m. S. E. of Dijon. Long. 5. 30. E., lat. 46. 37. N. Loo, a town of the Netherlands, in W. Flanders, 10 m. N.N. W. ofYpres. Loo-choo, or Lieou-kiou, the general name of 36 islands lying between Formosa and Japan. The Great Loo-choo is 50 m. long and from 12 to 15 broad ; the others are inconsiderable. They were very imperfectly known to Europeans, till visited by captain Hall and Mr. M'Leod on their return from the late embassy to China. The climate and soil seem to be among the happiest on the irlobe. The fruits and vegetable productions are of the most exquisite description. The inhabi- tants are diminutive in their stature, but strong, and well made. Their disposition appears to be peculiarly gay, hospitable, and affectionate, but they showed that strong aversion to receive stran- gers into their country which is characteristic of Cliina, Japan, and all the neighbouring regions. The king is tributary to China, and the govern- ment resembles that of the Chinese. The capital is Kin-tching, about 5 m. from its port of Napa- kiang. Long. 127. 52. E., lat. 26. 14. N. I^oe, East and West, two decayed boroughs in Cornwal, Eng. separated by a creek, over which is a narrow stone bridge. They are supported chiefly by the pilchard fishery, and an inconsid- erable coasting trade. Together they send as man}^ members to parliament as the city of Lon- don. The market, held at East Looe, is on -Sat- nrdav. 13 m. W. of Plymouth, and 233 W. by S. of London. Lookout, Cape, a cape of N. Carolina, S. of Cape Hatteras, and opposite Core Sound. Long. 76.48. W., lat. 34. 22. N. Lookout Afountain, a ridge in the Northwestern part of Georgia extending to Tennessee river. Looz, or Loolz, a town of the Netherlands, in the province of Liege, 14 m. N. N. W. of Liege. Lopaf.ka,Cape, the S. extremity of Kamtschatka. Long. 156. 45. E., lat. 51. 0. N. See Kuriles. Lopham, Korth and South, two adjoining par- ishes in Norfolk, 4 m. S. E. of East Harling. Lopo Gonsalve, Cape, a long and narrow pen- insula on the coast of Guinea, low, flat, and cov- ered with trees. It affords a good harbour, and near the cape is a village, where provisions are plentiful. Long. 8. 30. E., lat. 0. 45. S. Loop, p.v. Giles Co. Va. 274 m. W. Richmond. Lorn, a town of Spain, in Seville, on the Gua- dalqiiivir, 28 m. N. E. of Seville. Loramie, a township of Shelby Co. Ohio. Lorain, a county of Ohio. Pop. 5,696. Elyria is the capital. Lorhus (the ancient Larihus Colonia), a town of the kingdom of Tunis, with a castle, and fine remains of antiquity. It is seated in a plain, fer- tile in corn, 150 m. S. W. of Tunis. Long. 9. 0. E., lat. 35. 35. N. Lorra, a town of Spain, in Murcia, divided into the Upper and Lower I'own. The former has narrow, crooked, and ill paved streets; the latter is regularly and neatly built. It contains nine churches and several monasteries, and has exten- sive manufactures of saltpetre. In 1802 the bursting of an immense reservoir, containing water for the purpose of irrigation, occasioned much damage to the town. It is seated on an eminence near the Sengonera. 40 m. W. S. W. of Murcia. Long. 1. 22. W., lat. 37. 25. N. Lord Howe's Group, an extensive group of islands, in the S. Pacific, thickly covered with wood, among which the cocoa-nut is very distin- guishable. The natives are of a dark copper colour; their hair tied in a knot on the back of the head ; and they seem to have some method of ta- king off the beard ; for they appear as clean shaved. Their arms and thighs are tattooed in the manner described by Captain Cook of some of the natives of the islands he visited in these seas ; and some are painted with red and white streaks. — They wear a wrapper round their mid- dle. Long, from 159. 15. to 159. 37. E., lat. 5. 30. S. Lord Howe's Island, an island in the Pacific Ocean, discovered in 1788 by lieutenant King. Many excellent turtle have been caught here on a sandy beach ; and it abounds with a variety of birds, which were so unaccustomed to be disturb- ed that the seamen went near enough to knock them down with a stick. At its end are two high mountains, nearly perpendicular from the sea, the southernmost named Mount Gower. About 14 m. to the S. is a remarkable rock, named Ball's Pyramid, which at a distance had much the appearance of a steeple. The island is 3 1-2 m. long and very narrow. Long. 159. 0. E., lat. 31. 36. N. Lorenzo, San, a town of Mexico, province of New Biscay, with 500 inhabitants, whose employ- ment consists in cultivating the grape. — There are numerous settlements and inconsiderable islands of this name in South America. Loren, a town of Austrian Italy, in Rivigo, on the Adige, 20 m. E. of Rivigo. Loretto, a fortified town of Italy, in the papal states. The cathedral contains the Casa Santa or Holy House, in which it is pretended l;lie vir gin Mary lived at Nazareth. According to the legend, it was carried by angels from Galilee into Dalmatia, and thence to the place where it now stands. This house, or chapel, is 31 feet long, 15 broad, and 18 high; the inner part very old^but cased with marble on the outside. The famous lady of Loretto, who holds the infant Jesus in her arms, stands upon the principal altar, in a niche of silver; this statue is of cedar wood, three feet high, but her face can hardly be seen, on account of the numerous gold and silver lamps around lier. She is clothed with cloth of gold, set oflT with jewels ; and the little Jesus is covered with a shirt, holds a globe in his hand, and is adorned with rich jewels. Those who go on pilgrimage to Loretto, after having performed their devotion, make the Virgin a present ; so that the treasure of this chapel is immensely rich. The inhabitants of this town subsist principally by agriculture and gardening, and many of them are shoemakers, tailors, and seller? of chapl'sts. Loretto was taken by the French in 1796, and the church despoiled of its treasures : even the Virgin was carried away but restored in 1802. It is seated on a mountain, 3 m. from the gulf of Venice, 12 S. E of Ancona, and 115 N. E. of Rome. Long. 13. 36. E., lat. 43. 27. N. Loretto, p.v. Essex Co. Va. 75 m. N. E. Rich- mond. Lorgues, a town of France, in Provence, on the Argens, 16 m. W. of Frejus. LOU 459 LOU V Orient, a fortified modem sea-port of France, department of Morbihan. It is built with consid- erable regularity ; the streets are wide, the public squares spacious and handsome, and the harbour large, secure, and easy of access. Formerly it was a very flourishing town, the French East In- dia Company making it the exclusive entrepot of their imported goods. It has still some trade, and is a place of importance on account of its maga- zines for the navy. The chief manufacture is of salt. The British made an unsuccessful attempt upon it in 1746. It is seated on the bay of Port Louis, at the influx of the Scorf, 340 m. W. by S. of Paris. Long. 3. 20. W., lat. 49. 44. N. Lorrock, a town of Germany, in Baden, 6 m. N. E. of Bak. Lorraine, an extensive district of the N. E. of France, between Champagne and Alsace, and now forming the departments of Meurthe, Moselle, and Vosges. It abounds in all sorts of corn, wine, hemp, flax, and rape-seed. Lorraine, p.t. Jefferson Co. N. Y. 20 m. S. E Sackett's Harbour. Pop. 1,727. Lossiemouth , a village of Scotland, in Murray shire, at the mouth of the river Lossie, 7 m. N E. of Elgin, of which it is the port. Lost Creek, a township of Miami Co. Ohio. Lot, a river of France, which rises in the de- Eartment of Lozere, begins to be navigable at Ca- ors, and enters the Garonne near Aiguillon. Lot, a department of France, consisting of the former district ofQuercy,in Guienne. It takes its name from the river Lot, which crosses it from E. to W. It is bounded on the N. by Correze, E. by Cantal and Aveyron, S. by Tarn-et Garonne, and W. by Lot-et-Garonne and Dordogne. Its pastures feed numerous flocks, which consti- tute a great part of the commerce. The climate is mild and healthy ; and the soil, consisting of fat rich earth, is cultivated with horses, and yields more than sufficient for its population, estimated at 275,296. Cahors is the capital. Lot-et-Garonne, a department of France, inclu- ding part of the former province of Guienne, bounded on the N. by Dordogne, E. by Tarn-et- Garonne, S. by Gers, and W. by Landes and the Gironde. It has its name from the rivers Lot and Garonne. Its pastures are but indifferent, and artificial meadows are little known. The land, being much covered with heath, is cultivated with oxen ; and a large proportion of the department is incapable of cultivation, consisting of rugged hills or sandy deserts. Agen is the capital. Lotinbiere, a seignitory of Buckingham Co. L. C. on the S. side of the St. Lawrence, 40 ra. above Quebec. Lothian. See Haddingtonshire, Edinburghshire, and Linlithgowshire. Loudeac, a town of France, department of Cotes du Nord, 25 m. S. of St Brieux. London, a county of the E. district of Virginia, on the Potomac, adjoining Fairfax, Berkley, and Fauquier counties. It is about 50 m.in length and 20 in breadth. Pop. 21,938. Leesburg is the chief town. Loudon, a town of France, department of Vien- ne, 30 m. N. W. of Poitiers. Loudon, p.t. Merrimack Co. N. H. on the E. side of the Merrimack, 45 m. N. W. Portsmouth. Pop. 1 ,642 ; also a p.v. Franklin Co. Pa. 63 m. S. W. Harrisburg. Loudonvilie, p.t. Richland Co. Ohio. Loughborough, a township in Frontenac Co. u.c. Loughborough, a town in Leicestershire, Eug. It has a large church, with a handsome lower, seven meeting-houses for dissenters; also a free grammar school, and a charity school. The chief manufactures are those of cotton spinning, lace, and hosiery. By means of the Loughborough canal, the river, and rail-roads, it carries on a brisk trade particularly in coals. Many of the houses have an old and irregular appearance, but great improvement have lately taken place. It is seated near the Soar, 11 m. N. of Leicester, and 109 N. N. W. London. Loughrea, a- town of Ireland, in the county of Galway, near a lake of the same name, 15 m. S. W. of Galway. Loti/fflTis, a town of France, department of Up- per Saone, situate on a kind of island between the rivers Seilles. Vaillere, and Solman, 18 m. S. E. of Chalons. Louisa, a county of tlie E. district of Virginia. Pop. 16,151 ; also a p.v. Lawrence Co. Ken. 180 m. E. Frankfort. Louis, Fort, an important barrier fortress of France, in Alsace, on the Rhine, 12 m. E. of Haguenau. Louis, St. an island of Africa, at the mouth of the river Senegal, witiia fort, built by the French. It was taken in 1758 by the English, and ceded to them in 1763. In the American war, it was taken by the French, and kept by them after the peace of 1783. It is flat, sandy and barren. Long. 16. 15. W., lat. 16. 0. N. Louis, St. a sea-port and fortress of St. Domingo, on the S. W. coast, at the head of a bay of its name. The exports are coffee, cotton, and indigo, 70 m. W. S. W. of Port au Prince. Long. 73. 32. W., lat. 18. 16. N. • Louis, Fort, an importaiA barrier fortress in the N. E. of France, consrracted by Vauban in 1686; on an island in the Rhine. 12. m. E. Haguenau. « Louis lie Ramsay, seiginory, Richelieu Co. Low- er Canada. Louisiade, an archipelago in the eastern seas, lying S. E. of New Guinea, and extending about 400 m. in length, by about 160 in breadth. The centre lies nearly under 10. S. lat. and 152. 25. E. long. Z,om/5, Si. a lake of N. America, formed by the i 'unction of the Ottawa with the St. Lawrence, t is 12 m. long and 6 broad. Louis, St. a river N. America, which has its source near the eastern head waters of the Mis- sissippi, and falls into lake Superior, on the west shore. It is navigable 150 m. Long. 91. 52. W., lat. 46. 44. N. Louis de Maranham, St., r sea-port of Brazil capital of the island of Maranham, and a bishop's see, with a strong castle. It is the residenc« of a captain general, and contains a custom-house and treasury. The churches and convents are numerous, and the houses, though only one sto- ry high, are many of them neat. The hai+)our is tolerably large, but the entranc*- is difficult. It stands on the E. side of the river Mearim, near the Atlantic Ocean, hono. 43. 37. W., lat. 2. 30. S. LoMtsa , a town of European Russia, on a bay of the gulf of Finland, 30 m. E. N. E. of Hef- singfors. Louisburg, the capital of the island of Cape Breton, with a citadel, and an excellent harbour, nearly four leagues in circumference. It was ta- ken by the English in 1745, restored to the French LOU 460 LOU in 1748, taken by the English in 1758, and ceded to them in 1763. The chief source of trade is the cod-fishery. Long. 59. 55. W., lat. 45. 54. Louiaburg,T).t. Franklin Co. N. C. on Tar river, 23 m. N. E. Raleigh. Louisiana, one of the United States, bounded N. by the territory of Arkansas and the State of Mississippi, E. by Mississippi, S. by the Gulf of Mexico, and W. by the Mexican province of Tex- as. It extends from 29. to 33. N. lat. and from 89. to 94. W. long, and contains 48,220 square miles. It is intersected by the Mississippi, Red iind Washita rivers and many inferior streams ; the western limit is wa.slied by the Sabine. Three quarters of this state are without an ele- vation, that can properly be called a hill. The pine woods generally have a surface of a very particular character, rising into fine swells, with ta- ble surfaces on the summit, and valleys from thir- ty to forty feet deep. But they are withoutany par- ticular range, and like the waves of a high and reg- ular sea. The alluvial soil of course is level, and the swamps, which are onlv inundated alluvions, are dead flats. A range of hills commences in gentle elevations in Opelousas, rises gradually and diver- ges towards the Sabine. In the vicinity of Natchi- toches it preserves a distance, intermediate between the Sabine and Red rivers,and continues to increase in elevation to the western parts of the state. Seen from the pine hills above Natchitoches, tiiey have in the distance, the blue outline, and the general aspect of a range of mountains. Another line of hills, not far from Alexandria, commences on the north side of Red river, and separating between the waters of that river and Dugdemony, unites with another line of singular shaped mamelle hills, that bound the alluvions of the Washita, as bluffs, gradually diwrging from that river as they pass beyond the western limits of the state. That very remote part of the parish of Natchito- ches, called Allen's settlement, is a high and roll- ing country. There are also considerable hills •)eyond the Mississippi alluvions east of that "iver. But, generally speaking, Louisiana may )e considered as one immense plain, divided, as feepects its surface, into pine woods, prairies, al- luvions, swamps, and hickory and oak lands. The pine woods are general) v rolling; some- times, but not often level. They have almost ■n variably a poor soil. The greater proportion of the prairies is second rate land. Some of those west of Opelousas, and between Washita and Red river are even sterile. Some parts of the prairies of Opelousas are of great fertility, and those of Attakapas still more so. As a general fact, they are more level, than those of the upper country. A large belt of these prairies neartlie gulf is low, marshy, and in rainy weather inundated. A very considerable extent of them has a cold clayey soil, with a hard crust near the surface. In other places the soil is of inky blackness, and disposed in the hot and dry season to crack in fissures of a size Ij admit a man's arm. The bottoms are generally rich, but in very different degrees. Those of the Mississippi and Red river, and the bayous connected with those streams, are more fertile and productive, than the streams west of them, and between them and the Sabine. The fertility of the richer bottoms of the Mississippi and Red river is sufficiently attested by the prodigious growth of the timber, the lux- uriance, size and rankness of the cane, and the •otton. th« tangles of vines and creepers, the as- stonishing size of the weeds, and the strength of vegetation in general. The most fertile district of Louisiana is a belt of land called the coast lying along the Mississip- pi in the neighbourhood of New Orleans. It con- sists of that part of the bottom or alluvion of the Mississippi, which commences with the first cul- tivation above the Balize, about forty miles below New Orleans and extends 150 m. above the city. This belt, on each side of the river, Is secured by an embankment called a levee, from six to eight feet in height, and sufficiently broad, for the most part to furnish a fine high way. — The river in or- dinary inundations would cover the greater part of this belt from two to six feet in depth. It is from one to two miles in width, and perhaps a richer tract of land in the same extent can not be found on the globe. The levee extends some- thing higher on the west, than on the east side of the river. Above the levee on the east bank of the river are the parishes of Baton Rouge, and East and West Feliciana. The latter parish re ceived its name from its pleasant surface of fertile hills and valleys, and its union of desirable cir- cumstances for a planting country. This parish presents a spectacle, very uncommon in this coun- try ; the hills are covered with laurels, and for- est trees, that denote the richest soils and which are uncommonly productive. Here are some of the richest planters and best plantations in the state. The mouth of Bayou Sarah, the point of ship- ment for this region, sends great quantities of cotton to New Orleans. Some of the plantations on this Bayou have from five to eight hundred acres under cultivation, worked by a large num- ber of hands. West of the Mississippi, the Bayous Lafourche and Placquemine, effluxes, or outlets from the Mississippi, have the same conformation of banks and the same qualities of soil with the parent stream; and, where not inundated, are equally fertile. The sugar cane thrives as well upon , their banks. No inconsiderable portion of Atta- kapam is of great fertility, as are smaller portions of Opelousas, which is, however, more generally adapted to become a grazing country. TheTeche, which meanders through Opelousas and Attaka- pas has generally a very fertile alluvion, the low- er courses of which are embellished with fine plantations of the sugar cane. On the Atchafal- aya the lands are rich, but too generally inun- , dated. The Courtableau, running through Ope- lousJis, has probably as rich a soil, as is to be found ^ji m that parish. Approaching Red River from Opelousas, by Bayou Boeuf, we find on that bayou a soil, which some consider the richest cotton land in Louisiana. Ba3^ou Rouge has also a fine soil, though it is as yet principally in a state of nature. Bayou Robert, still nearer to Red river, is of extraordinary fertility, and the cane brake along its bank is of astonishing luxuriance. Bayou Rapide, which gives name to the parish, through which it runs, is a beautiful tract of land : and the belt on either bank is laid out along its whole course in fine cotton plantations. The bottoms of Red river itself are well known, as having a soil of extraordinary fertility : and the lower courses of this river constitute the paradise of cotton planters. The colour of the soil is of a darkish red, and appears to derive its great fertility from a portion of salt intimately mixed with it, and from its peculiar friability. It derives its red colour from red oxide of iron. It is a wide and deep valley, covered, while in LOU 461 LOU a state of nature, with a dark and heavy foresi Its soil has been accumulating for unknown ages from the spoils of the Mexican mountains, and the vast prairies through which it rolls in its up- per courses. All the bayous of Red river, and they are numerous almost beyond computation, partake of the character of the main river. Vast extents of marsh interpose between the sea and the cultivable lands. The lakes and in. lets and sounds are connected by an inextricable tissue of communications and passes accessible by small vessels and bay craft, and impossible to be navigated except by pilots, perfectly acquainted with the waters. tThe shore is indented by num- berless small ba}-s,very few of them affording suf ficient water to shelter vessels. Berwick's bay is the only one that has any considerable extent. A very great proportion of the surface of this state is covered with prairies. Almost all these prairies are connected, and form, like the waters of the Mississippi, a family, through which the connection of all the branches may be traced. The prairies, that are included under the general name of Attakapas, are the first, that occur west of the Mississippi. The parish of Attakapas is situated in these prairies. The name implies * man eater,' in the language of the savages who formerly inhabited it, and who are reported to have been cannibals. It is an immense plain of gra8s,spreading from the Atchafalaya on the north to the gulf on the south. Its contents are com- monly stated at 5,000 square miles. But it is thought this computation is too large. Being open to the gulf, it is generally fanned by the refreshing breezes of that sea. Its aspect of ex- treme fertility, its boundless plain of grrss, its cheering views, its dim verdant outline, mingling with the blue of the sea, white houses seen in the distance, innumerable cattle and horses grazing in the plain, or reposing here and there under the shade of its wooded points, has an indescriba- ble pleasantness to the traveller, who has been toiling on his way through the tangle, and the Bwamps, and along the stagnant lakes, and the dark and deep forest of the Mississippi bottom. All at once he leaves the stifling air, the musche- toes, the rank cane, the annoying nettles, and the dark brown shade, and emerges into this noble and cheerful plain, and feels the cool and salu- brious breeze of the gulf. Opelousas prairie is still larger than tne other, and computed to contain nearly 8,000 sq. m. It is divided by bayous, wooded grounds, points and bends, and other natural boundaries, into a num- ber of prairies, which have separate names and marks of distinction. Taken in its whole ex- tent, it is bounded by the Attakapas prairie on the east, pine woods and hills on the north, the Sabine on the west, and the gulf on the south. The soil, though in many places very fertile, is in general less so than the former. It atones for that deficiency by being more salubrious, be- ing generally deemed the healthiest region in the state. There are here considerable cotton planta- tions, and some of indigo ; and the parish which bears its name, is one of the most populous in the state. The people of the other parish are de- voted to the growth of the sugar cane. This is the centre of the land of shepherds, and the par- adise of those who deal in cattle. The greater number of the people are chiefly devoted to that employment and they number their cattle by thousands. Bellevu* prairie ia partly in Opelousas. partly in Attakapas. Calcasiu and Sabine prairies are names that designate the different forms, shapes and openings of this continuous line of prairies, as it stretches along the settlements from the Plac- quemine to the Sabine. Some of them, as Opelousas, are of immense extent. That of the Sabine is boundless to the vision. Calcausiu is seventy miles long by twen- ty wide. They are generally so level, as to strike the eye as a perfect plain. They have, however, slight swells and declinations, sufficient to carry the water from them. Though after long rains they are extremely wet, and immense tracts are covered with water. They have a gentle and imp>erceptible slope towards the gulf, and gener- ally terminate, before they reach the shore, in wet marshes, into which, when the south wind blows, the sea is driven. These marshes are cov- ered with a luxuriant growth of tall, reedy grass, called cane grass. — In various parts of these pra- iries, there are islands of timbered lands. They generally have an appearance of such regularity and beauty, that a stranger is with difficulty con- vinced, that they are not clumps of trees, planted out in circular, square, or triangular form for the beauty of their appearance. It would be impossi- ble to convey to one, who has not felt it, an idea of the effect produced by one of these circular clumps of trees, seeming a kind of t')wer of ver- dure,rising from an ocean of grass. Wherever a ba- you, or a stream crosses the prairie, it is marked with a fringe of timber, which strikes the eye of an observer, like the lines of trees in landscape paint- ing. All the rivers, lakes and bayous of Uiis State abound with alligators. On Red river before it was navigated by steamboats it was not uncommon to see hundreds at a time along the shores or oq the immense rafts of floating or stranded timber^ groaning or uttering their bellowing noises like thousands of furious bulls about to fight, and hud dling together so closely that the smaller ones would get upon the backs of the larger. At one period thousands of them were killed for the sake of their skins which were made into leather for shoes, boots, &«. But it was found that this leather was not sufficiently fine and close grained to keep out the water. The alligators, are some- times 12 and 15 feet in length, and are found in all the states south of North Carolina. The climate of Louisiana is hot and moist. In summer it is extremely unhealthy, especially in the neighbourhood of marshy spots It is how- ever favourable to almost every vegetable pro- duction of warm countries. Here flourish the sugar cane, orange, lemon, cotton-plant, to- bacco, rice, maize, sweet potato, &^ Sugar and cotton are the staple articles of cultivation. The sugar cane is principally raised upon that tract called the coast, upon the shores of the gulf, and upon the bayous of the Mississippi. The capital invested in sugar estates was estimated in 1828 at 45.000,000 dollars : the produce of sugar for the 2q2 LOU 462 LOU •ame year, was 88,878,000 pounds. The com- merce of the state consists in the exportation of these products, and a great variety of others fcrought down the Mississippi from thi» western states. New Orleans is the centre of commerce for the state. The imports for 1829 were vahied at 6,857,209 dollars; the exports of domestic pro- duce at 10,898,183 dollars; total exports 12,386,- 060. The shipping of the state in 1828 amounted to 51 ,903 tons. The pop. is 215.575. of whom 109,631 are slaves. The inhabitants of the state consist of remnants of th« former Spanish and French possessors m- termixed with Americans. The French are very numerous and exhibit in their manners the cus tomary gaiety and volatility of that nation. This is one of the few states in the Union where the slaves exceed the freemen. The Catholics are the most numerous religious sect ; they have above 20 parishes in the state. The Baptists have 14 ministers; the Methodists 6; the Presbyterians 5, and the Episcopalians 3. The state is divi- ded into the Eastern and Western Districts, which are subdivided into 31 parishes. New Orleans is the seat of government. The Legislature is styl ed the General Assembly, a.nd consists of a Senate and House of Representatives. The senators are chosen for 4 years and the Representatives for 2. The Governor is chosen for 4 years, and is elect- ed by the legislature from the highest two previ- ously voted for by the people. Suffrage is univer- sal. There are colleges in this state at Jackson, and New Orleans, but general education has re- ceived littl^ care. This state consists of the Southern part of the extensive country purchased by the United States from France in 1803 for 15,000,000 dollars. It was first settled by^the French, and afterwards occupied by the Spanish, but subsequently came again into the hands of the French. Louisiana under its present limits was admitted into the Union as a state in 1812. Louisiana, p. v. Pike Co. Missouri, on the Mis- sissippi. 96 m. N W. St. Louis. Louisville, p.t. Jelferson Co. Kentucky, on the south bank of the Ohio, at the falls. This is a busy and flourishing town, situated upon a slop ing plain at the junction of Beargrass Creek with the Ohio. The chief declivity of the falls begins a quarter of a mile below the town. The three principal streets run parallel with the river, and command a pleasant view of the opposite shore. The streets are paved with blocks of lime-stone. The buildings are mostly of brick. The town has considerable manufactures and a thriving river trade. Pop. 10,352. Louisville and Portland Canal, passes round tne falls of the Ohio, through the town above men- tioned to Portland below. It is 2 m. in length and is cut through a limestone rock. It has sever- al locks which overcome a descent of 24 feet. It admits the passage of the largest steam-boats and thus opens a line of free navigation from Pittsburg to the sea. This canal was finished in 1831. Louisville, p.t. St. Lawrence Co. N. Y. on tne St. Lawrence, 30 m. below Ogdensburg. Pop. 1,076. Also a p.t. Jefferson Co. Geo. 50. m. S. W. Augusta. Louistown, a village in Talbot Co. Maryland. Louis, St. a county of Missouri, on the Missis- sippi. Pop. 14,907. Louis, St. the capital of the above county, and the chi«f eoramercial town in the state of Mis souri, stands on the Mississippi, 18 below the mouth of the Missouri, on a gently rising ground and is accessible by steam-boats from New Orleans at the lowest stages of the water . The town was founded by the French from Canada m 17G4 and many of the inhabitants are still French. Here is a Catholic college and cathe- dral. A considerable part of the western fur-trade centres here, and the town is otherwise well situ- ated for commerce. The passage to New Orleans is 1,200 m. by the river, and there are 6 steam-boats constantly plying between these two places. There are also the same number constantly running between this place and Louisville, besides others to different places. The town is regularly k.d out and extends 2 m. along the river. Pop. 5,85^. Lat. 38,26. N., long. 89. 56. W. Louie, a town of Portugal, in Algarva, sur- rounded by antique walls, and seated on a river of the same name, 10 m. N. W. of Faro. Lou-ngan, a city of China, of the first rank, in the province of Chan-si, situate near the source of the Qneyho, 270 m. S. S. W. of Pekin. Long. 116. 56. E., lat. 31. 46. N. Lourde, a town of France, department of Upper Pyrenees, with a castle on a rock, 10 m. N. W. of Bagneres. Louristan, a mountainous but fertile district, of Irak, in Persia, bordering upon Khusistan. It is abundantly watered, and the pastures are most luxuriant, but agriculture is quite neglected. The inhabitants are a barbarous and independent race, and reside always in tents. The only town is Korumabad. LoMjme,p.t. Grafton Co. N. H. on the Connecticut, 8 m. N. Dartmouth College. Pop. 1.804. p.t. N. London Co. Conn. at the mouth of the Connecticut Pop. 4,098 ; a township of Jefferson Co. N. Y. on L. Ontario. Pop. 2.872 ; and a township in Huron Co. Ohio. Lymford, a gulf of Denmark, in N. Jutland, whicli has a narrow entrance from the Cattegat, and extends 80 ra. across the country, widening gradually, and forming several branches ; the W. end is 20 ra. long, ana separated from the North Sea only by a narrow bank. Lijmington, a borough in Hampshire, Eng. It is seated on a river of its name, a m. from the sea, and the harbour will admit vessels of 300 tons burden. Thechief trade is in salt ; and it is much resorted to in summer for sea-bathing. Near it are the remains of a Roman camp ; and in 1744 nearly 200 lbs. weight of their coins were discov- ered here in two urns. It is 18 m. S. S. W. of Southampton, and 88 S. W. of London. Lynchburg, p.t. Campbell Co. Va. on James River, 118 m. W. Richmond. Also villages in Oldham Co. Ken. and Lincoln Co. Ten. Lyndehoroucrh, p.t. Hillsborough Co. N. H. 10 m. N. W. Amherst. Pop. 1,147. Lyndhurst, a village in Hampshire, Eng. on the N. side of the New Forest, 9 m. W. S. W. of Southampton. Here are the king's house and the king's stable.^, the latter very large; and all the forest courts are held here. Lyndon, p.t. Caledonia Co. Vt. 32 m. N. E. Montpelier. Pop. 1,822. Lyneville, p.v. Granville Co. N. C. 60 m. N. Raleigh. Lynn, or Lynn Regis, a borough and sea-port in Norfolk, Eng. By the Ouse, and its associated rivers, it supplies most of the midland countries with coal, timber, and wine; and, in return, ex- ports malt and corn in great quantities : it also par- takes in the Baltic trade and Greenland fishery. Lynn has a large market-place, with an elegant cross. It is 42 m. W. N. W. of Norwich, and 96 N. by E. of London. Long. 0. 24. E., lat. 52. 46. N. Lynn, p.t. Essex Co. Mass. 10 m. N. E. Boston. Pop. 6,138. This town is noted for its manufac- ture of shoes, of which between one and two million pair are made annually. It lies upon the coast, and is connected by a long beach with the peninsula of Nahant. Lynn, a township of Lehigh Co. Pa. bordering on Berks and Schuylkill Cos. Lynn Creek, p.v. Giles Co. Ten 68 m. W. Murfreesboro. Lynnfield, p.t. Essex Co. Mass. 11 m. N. Boston Pop. 617. Lyonnois, a former province of France, lying on the W. side of the Saone and Rhone, 30 m. in length, and 17 in breadth. This province, with Forez and Beaujolois, now forms the department of the Rhone and the Loire. Lyons, a city of France, capital of the depart- ment of Rhone, and the see of an archbishop. Many antiquities are still observed, wliich evince its Roman origin. It was long considered as the second city of France in beauty, size, and popula- tion, and superior to Paris in trade, commerce, and manufactures. The quays were adorned with magnificent structures ; the cathedral was a ma- jestic Gothic edifice ; and the town-house was one of the most beautiful in Europe. The other prin- cipal public buildings were the exchange, the custom-house, the palace of justice, the arsenal, a theatre, a public library, two colleges, and two hospitals. The bridge which unites the city with the suburb de la Guillotiere is 1^60 feet long; and there are three other principal suburbs, six gates, and several fine churches. Such was Lyons in June 1793, when it revolted against the national convention. Being obliged to surrender, in Oc- tober, the convention decreed that the walls and public buildings should be destroyed, and the name of the city changed to that of Ville Affranchie The chiefs of the insurgents had fled, but several of ihem were afterwards taken ; and of 3,528 per- sons, who were tried before the revolutionary tri- bunal, 1,682 were either shot or beheaded. In 1794, however, on the destruction of the faction of the jacobins, the convention decreed that the city should resume its ancient name, and that measures should be taken to restore its manufac- tures and commerce. In 1795 the friends of those who were so wantonly put to death in 1793 aveng- ed their fate b}' a general massacre of the judges of the revolutionary tribunal, and of all the ja- cobins who were then confined in the prisons of Lyons. Notwithstanding, Lyons has begun to resume its ancient celebrity, and is now a place of very great trade, which is extended not only through France, but to Italy, Switzerland, and Spain ; and there are four celebrated fairs every year. The chief article of manufacture now is that of silk: the others are gold and silver bro- cade, plain, double, and striped velvet, richly em- broidered taflfeta, and satin ; also gold and silver laces or galoons, gauze, hats, ribands, leather, car- pets, and colored paper. The printing and book- selling of this place are the next to Paris in im- portance. It was the scene of several actions between the French and Austrians in 1814 ; and on the return of Bonaparte from Elba in 1815 the princes of the house of Bourbon were obliged to withdraw. It was also the scene of dreadful riois in the latter part of 1831. This city is seated at the conflux of the Saone with the Rhone, 15 m. N. of Vienne, and 280 S. E. of Paris. Lon^: MAL 476 MAN oy the Avon, over which it nas 6 bridges, 26 m. E. by N. of Bristol, and 96 W. of London. JVfa/oJie, p.t. Franklin Co. N. Y. 50 m. N. W. Plattsburg. Pop. 2,207. Malo. St., a. sea-port of France, department of Ille-et-Vilaine, with a strong castle. It has a large harbour, difficult of access, on accoxint of the rocks that surround it, and is a trading place of great importance. It was bombarded by the English in 1693, but without success. In 1758, they landed in Cancalle Bay, went to the harbour by land, and burnt above 100 ships. St. Malo is seated on an island, united to the mainland, by a causeway, 44 m. N. N. W. ofRennes. Long. 2. 2. W., lat. 148. 39. N. Malpas, a town in Cheshire, Eng. It has a handsome church, an independent chapel, an hospital, a grammar school, and a national school ; and is seated on a hill, near the river Dee, 15 m. S. E. of Chester, and 165 N. W. of London. Malplaquct, a village of France, department of the North, famous for a victory gained over the French by the duke of Marlborough, in 1709, 9 m. S. E. of Mons. Malta, n.n island in the Mediterranean, between Africa and Sicily, 20 m. long and 12 broad, form- erly reckoned a part of Africa, but now belong- ing to Europe. It was anciently little else than a barren rock, but is now become a fertile island. The principal objects of cultivation are lemons, indigo, saffron, cotton, and vines which produce excellent wine. The number of inhabitants is said to be about 90,000, who speak Arabic and Italian. After the taking of Rhodes, the emperor Charles v., gave this island to the grand master of the order of St. John of Jerusalem. It was attacked in 1566 by the Turks, who were obliged to aban- don the enterprise with the loss of 30,000 men. It was taken by Bonaparte in the outset of his ex- pedition to Egypt on the 12th of June, 1798, when he found in it 1,200 canons, 200,000 lbs. of pow- der, two ships of the line, a frigate, four galleys, and 40,000 muskets : besides an immense trea- sure collected by superstition ; and 4,500 Turk- ish prisoners, whom he set at liberty. It was Boon afterwards taken by the British ; was stip- ulated to be restored to the knights at the peace of Amiens, but retained in consequence of pre- tended dangers from France. In 1803 the war re commenced between the two nations, and the treaty of Paris, in 1814, confirmed the possession of it to Great Britain. Malta is exiremely well fortified ; the ditches, of a vast size, are all cut out of the solid rock, and extend many miles. Valetta is the capital. Malta, a township of Kennebec Co. Me. 8 m. E. Augusta, p.t. Saratoga Co. N. Y. 7 m. W. Sar- atoga. Pop. 1,517. Malton, New, a borough m N. Yorkshire, Eng. with a considerable trade in coals, corn, butter, &c. Here are two churches, four dissenting meeting houses, a free school, and a national school. It is seated on the Derwent, over which is a stone bridire to the villacre of Old Malton, 18m.N. E. of York, and 214 N. by W. of London. Malvern, Great and Little, two villages in Wor- cestershire, Eng. The former is 8 m. W. by S. of Worcester, and had once an abbey, of which nothing remains but the gateway of the abbey and the nave of the church, now parocliial ; the lat- ter is seated in a cavity of the Malvern hills, 3 m. from Great Malvern. Between Great and Little Malvern are two celebrated ch.alybeate •prings. one of which is called the Holy Well. Malvern Hills, a range of hills in the counties of Worcester and Hereford, Eng. extending about 9 m. in length and from 1 to 2 m breadth. They appear to be of limestone and quartz, and the high- est point is 1,313 feet above the surface of the Severn. Malwah, a province of Hindoostan, bounded N. by the provinces of Agimere and Agra, E. by Al- lahabad and Gundwaneh, S. by Knandeish and Berar, and W. by Agimere and Guzerat. It is 250 m. in length by 150 in breadth, and is one of the most extensive elevated, and diversified tracts in Hindoostan. Till lately the whole territory belonged to the Mahrattas. .Waifitew, a town of France, department ofLo- zere ; seated on the Truyere, 12 m. N. N. E. of Mende. Mamahating, p.t. Sullivan Co. N. Y. 23 m. W. Newburg. Pop. 3,062. Mamuroneck, p.t. Westchester Co. N. Y. on Long Island Sound. 23 m. N. E. New York. Pop. 838. Mamars, a town of France, department of Sarthe, seated on the Dive, 14 m. W. of Belles- me. Man, an island in the Irish Sea, 30 m. long and 12 broad. It contains 18 parishes under the ju- risdiction of a bishop, called the bishop of Sodor and Man, who is sole baron of the isle, and pos- sesses other important privileges, but has no seat in the British parliament. The air is healthy, and the soil produces more corn than is sufficient to maintain the inhabitants, who are a mixture of English, Scotch, and Irish. The commodities of the island are wool, hides, butter, tallow, black marble, slate, limestone, lead, and iron. Some manufactures of coarse hats, cotton goods, and linen cloth, are carried on in different parts : but its principal trade arises from the herring fishery. The duke of Athol was formerly lord of this isl- and, the sovereignty of which he sold, in 1765, to the crown. The chief towns are Castletown, Douglas, Peele, Ruthin, and Ramsay. It is 18 m. S. of Scotland, 40 m. N. of Wales, 30 W. of England, and 26 E. of Ireland. Ma.rwur, a small island in the Indian Ocean, on the N. W. side of Ceylon. From this island a bank of sand, called Adam's Bridge, runs over to the continent of Hindoostan, which can be passed only by boats. The sea to the S. of this, between the continent and the island of Ceylon, is called the gulf of Manaar. — The Portuguese obtained possession of the island in 1560 : but it was taken by the Dutch in 1658, and in 1795 by the English. Long. 79. 3. E., lat. 9. 6. N. Manachia, or Magnisa the ancient Magnesia, a town of Asia Minor, formerly the capital of the Greek empire , seated at the foot of a mountain, on the river Sarabat, 20 m. N. E. of Smyrna. Long. 27. 6. E., lat. 38 45. N. Manahainliin, p. v. .Monmouth Co. N J. 54 m. SE Philadelphia. Manellan, a township of Fayette Co. Pa. Manapar, a town of Hindoostan, district of Tinevelly, situate on a point of land projecting in- to tlie gulf of Manaar, 40 m. S. E. of Palamcotta. Long. 78. 17. E., lat. 8. 39. N.— Also a town in the province of Tanjore. Long. 78. 30. E., lat. 16. 39. N. Manasquam, p. v. Monmouth Co. N. J. 50 m. N. E. Philadelphia. Manbona, a town of Eastern Africa, situate on the sea-coast, 60 m. S. of Sofala. Long. 35. 39 E.. lat. 21. 15. S. MAN 477 MAN % Mancester, a village in Warwickshire, Eng. near ^Atherstone. It was a Roman station, and here several coins have been dug up : seated on an eminence near the Anker, 106 m. from London. ^a/icAa, a territory of Spain, lying S. of Old Castile, and N. of Andalusia. It is divided into Upper and Lower, and is nearly surrounded by mountains, producing antimony, vermilion, and mercury. The country is an immense plain, in- tersected by ridges of low hills and rocks; but it is well cultivated, and produces corn, olives, and wine. The inhabitants are affable, and great lov- ers of music and dancing ; audit was here that Cervantes made his hero, Don Quixote, perform his chief exploits. Manche, a. department of France, including the W. part of Normandy, and comprising about 2,500 sq. m., with 600,000 inhabitants. It is almost sur- rounded by the English Channel. St. Lo is the capital, but Cherburg the largest town. Manchester, a large town in Lancashire, Eng. seated between the rivers Irk and Irwell. It is a place of great antiquity, and has attained great- er opulence than almost any of the trading towns in England, but is neither a corporation nor a borough. It has long been noted for various branches of the linen, silk, and cotton manufac- tures, and is now principally conspicuous as the centre of the cotton trade. The labours of a very populous neighbourhood are collected at Man- chester, whence they are sent to London, Liver- pool, Hull, Slc. These consist of a great variety of cotton and mixed goods, fitted for all sorts of markets, both at home and abroad, spreading over a great part of Europe, America, and the coast of Guinea. Manufactures of tapes and oth- er small wares, of silk goods, and of hats, are al- so carried on at Manchester. Its chief ornaments are the college, the exchange, the collegiate church, another large chruch, and a spacious market-place. The churches and chapels of the establishment, several of which are recent erec- tions, are 19 in number. Here are also upwards of 40 places of worship for different sects of dis- senters and three for Roman Catholics; one of the latter, opened in 1820, is a beautiful edifice, erected at a cost of £10,000. The charity schools and Sunday schools are numerous. The most important of the otlier charitable institutions are the Manchester General Infirmary and Dispen- sary — The Lunatic Asylum — the Fever Hospital — the Lying-in Hospital — the Strangers' Friend Society — the Samaritan Society — the Lock Hos- pital — the female Penitentiary, and the School for Deaf and Dumb, instituted in 1825. Of the in- stitutions for the promotion of literature and sci- ence, the principal are — the Literary and Philo- sophical Society — the Society for the Promotion of Natural History, and the Royal Manchester In- stitution. The Mechanics' Institute is in a very flourishing state ; and there are several valuable libraries, particularly the College Library and the Portico. Manchester is governed by a borough- reeve, two constables, a deputy constable, &c., and contains several courts of law. It has risen to its present consequence entirely by its manu- factures. In respect to population it ranks next to London: in I82I it contained 133,788 inhab'- tants. By the Irwell it has a communication with the Mersey and all the late various exten- sions of inland navigation. Itis36m. E. by N. of Liverpool, and 186 N. N. W. of London Long. 8 10. W., lat. 53. 27. N. Manchester, p.t. Bennington Co. Vt. 22 m. N. Bennington. Pop. 1,525. p.t. Essex Co. Mass. 30 m. N. E.Boston. Pop. 1,238. p.t Hillsborough Co. N. H. Pop. 877. p.v. Niagara Co. N. Y. at the falls, p.t. Ontario Co. N. Y. Pop. 2,811. p.v. Oneida Co. N. Y. 8 m. S. W. Utica, and towns in York Co. Pa., Baltimore Co. Maryland, Chester- field Co. Va., Sumter Dis. S. C. Clay Co. Ken., Adams and Morgan Cos. Ohio, Dearborn Co. Ind., and St. Louis Co. Missouri. Mandal, a town of Norway , capital of a province in the government of Bergen ; seated near the mouth of a river of the same name, 60 m. W. S. W. of Christiansand. Long. 7. 42. E., lat. 58. 2. N. Mandan, a fort and Indian village of N. Amer- ica, on the Missouri, where captains Lewis and Clarke had their winter encampment, when on their expedition to the Missouri. Long. 100. 50. W., lat. 47. 20. N. Mandur, a district of the island of Celebes, on the W. and N. coast, bounded W. by the straits of Macassar, and E. by a tract of desert moun- tains. Mandinaro, a country in the W. part of Negro land, at the sources of the rivers Niger and Sene- gal. Not only the inhabitants of this state, but the bulk of the people in many other districts in the western part of Africa, are called Mandingoes, probably from having originally emigrated from this country. They are of a mild, sociable, and obliging disposition : the men are above the mid- dle size, well-shaped, strong, and capable of en- during great labour ; the women are good-natur- ed, sprightly, and agreeable. The dress of both sexes is composed of cotton cloth of their own manufacture. Polygamy is common, but the wo- men are not under that restraint which preva-.ls in many other countries^ Most of the towns con- tain a mosque, where public prayers are offered ; and abentang, or coffee-house, where public busi- ness is transacted. The private houses are built of mud, with a conical bamboo roof, thatched with grass. The language of the Mandingoes is said to be copious and refined, and is generlly under- stood in all the regions of Western Africa. Mandshars, or Mandsheus, a branch of the Mon- gul Tartars, whose ancestors conquered China in the thirteenth century, but were expelled by the Chinese in 1368. They inhabit the three provin- ces of Eastern Tartary, and retain the customs they brought from China. Manfredonia. a sea-port of Naples, in Capita- nata, with a castle and a good harbour. All sorts of vegetables are in abundance, and most of the corn exported from the province is shipped here. It is seated on a gulf of the same name, 30 m. E. i\. E. of Lucrea. Long. 16. 12. E., lat. 41. 31. N. Mana-filore, a town of Hindoostan, in the prov- ince of Canara, seated between the two arms of a fine lake of salt water, each of which receives a river from the Ghauts ; but the bar at the entrance into this harbour will not admit vessels drawing more than ten feet. It is a place of great trade : the principal exports are rice, betel-nut, black pepper, sandal-wood (from the country above the Ghauts.) cinnamon, and turmeric. Here are the ruins of a fort which Tippoo Sultan ordered to be demolished in 1784. In this town a treaty of peace was signed between Tippoo and the English in 1784 : in 171)9 it came into the hands of the British, and is now the residence of the jud^*?, collector, &c., of S. Canara. It is 130 m.. N. N W. of Calicut, and 190 S. S. E. of Goa. Long. 75. 4 E., lat. 12. 50. N. MAN 478 MAN Mangea, an island in the S. Pacific, 5 leagues in circumference. In the interior parts it rises into small hills, and captain Cook, by whom it was dis- co^'ered in 1777, represents it as a fine island ; but he did not find a landing place. Long. 158. 16. W., lat. 21.27. S. Manhebn, a town of Baden, and capital of the circle of the Neckar. The streets are spacious, straight, and well paved ; the houses are elegant and uniform. The palace is a magnificent struc- ture, with a cabinet of natural curiosities and a gallery of pictures. The inhabitants are compu- ted at 24,000. Manheim was frequently taken and re-taken by the French and Austrians in the late wars ; and was finally ceded to Baden in 1802. It is 17 m. N. of Spire, and 42 S. of Frankfort. Long. 8. 31. E., lat. 49. 29. N. Mankeim, p t. Herkimer Co. N. Y. on the Mo- hawk. Pop. 1,937. p.t. Lancaster Co. Pa. and townships in York and Seiiuylkill Cos. Pa. Mnnica, an inland kingdom in the S. E. part of Africa, bounded on the N. by Mocaranga, E. by Sofala and Sabia, and S. and W. by unknown recrions. It- is said to abound with mines of gold, and has a river and capital of the same name ; but it is l.tt'e known to Europeans. Manickdurg, a town and fortress of Hindoostan, in the province of Berar, 5 m. S. E. of Chanada. Manickpatam. a town of Hindoostan, in the prov- ince of Orissa, 12 ra. S. W. of Juggernaut. Manickpore, a town of Hindoostan, capital of « district of the same name in the province of Al- lahabad ; seated on the Ganges, in lat. 19. 40. N., long. 85. 36. E. Manlius, p.t. Onondaga, Co. N. Y. Pop. 7,375. Manilla, the capital of the island of Luconia, as well as of the other Philippine islands, and the see of an archbishop, who is commonly the Span- ish viceroy. It is well fortified, and defended by the castle of St. Philip. The number of Christian inhabitants is estimated at 12,000. Most of the public structures are built of wood, on account of he frequent earthquakes, by one of which, in (.617, a mountain was levelled, and in 1C25 a third part of the city was overthrown by another, when 3,000 persons perished. This city is seated near the lake Bahia, on the E. side of a bay, on the S. W. coast. The bay is a circular basin, 10 leagues in diameter, and great part of it land locked , but the part peculiar to the city, called Cavete, lies 9 m. to the S. W. On account of the pure and mild temperature of the air, it is deemed the most healthy of all the European settlements in the East. Long. 120. 52. E., lat. 14. 36. N. Manningtree, a town in Essex, Eng. The prin- cipal imports are deals, corn, coal, and iron. It is seated on a branch of the Stour, called Man- ningtree-water, 11 m. W. of Harwich, and 60 E. N E. of London. Mannhartsbcrg, a mountain chain of Austria, beginning at the frontier of Moravia, and termin- ating at the Danube. The products are corn, saf- fron, and wine. The chief towns are Crems and Kloster-Neuburg. Manosque, a town of France, department of Lower Alps, near the Durance, with a castle, 25 m. N. E. of Aix. Manpurry, a town and fort of Hindoostan, in the district of Dooab, seated on Issah, 54 m. E. of Agra. Manresa, a town of Spain, in Catalonia, with a castle, and manufactures of silk, hats, gunpowder, &c. ; seated at the conflux of the Cardonero with the Lobregrat, 20 ra. N. W. of Barcelona. Mans, a town of France, capital of the depart- ment of Sarthe, and the see of a bishop. It con- tains 18,000 inhabitants, and was formerly much more populous. Il has excellent poultry, and its wax and stuffs are famous. It is seaied'on a high hill, near the Sarthe, 20 m. S. of Alencon, and 75 W. by N. of Orleans. Long. 0. 9. E., lat. 48. 0. N. Mansaroar, a lake of Thibet, from which the southernmost head of the Ganges was long sup- posed to issue. It is about 115 m. in circumfer- ence, and lies about 79. E. long, and 34. N. lat. Mansfdd, a town of Prussian Saxony, in the government of Merseberg, with a decayed cast'-* on a high rock • seated on the Thalbach, 8 m. N. N. W. of Eisleben. Mansfield, a town in Nottinghamshire, En? with a trade in corn and malt, and maniil'aclurcs of lace, hosiery, and cotton spinning. Here are a commodious church, five meeting houses, a grammar school, two charity schools, and 12 almshouses. Coins of several Roman emperors have been dug up near this town, and the relics recently discovered afirjrd indisputable proof tliat the Romans had a station in the vicinity. It communicates with the Pinxton Canal by a rail- way 7 m. in length ; and is seated on the edge of the forest of Sherwood, 14 m. N. of Nottingham and 138 N. by W. of London. Mansilla, a town of Spain, provine of Leon, 10 m. S. S. E. ofLeon. Mansora, a town in the kingdom of Fez, seated near the mouth of the Guir, 60 m. W. of Me- quinez. Mansoura, a town of Lower Egypt, with a con- siderable trade in rice and sal ammoniac, built by the Saracens, during the crusades, as a bulwark acralnst the Christian?. It is seated on the E. side of the Nile, 24 m. S. «. W. of Damictta and CO N. of Cairo. Mantaca. See Mataca. Mantes, a town of France, department of Seine- et-Oise, with a bridge over the Seine, the great arch of which is 120 feet wide. The wines of its vicinity are famous. It is 31 m. N. W. of Paris. Mantua, a province of Italy, contiguous to the duchies of Parma and Modena, fertile in corn, flax, fruits, and excellent wine. It comprises a superficial extent of 880 square m. with 214,000 inhabitants ; but the former duchy of Mantua was of greater extent.. It was governed by the Gonzago family, with the title of duke, till Charles IV., taking part with the French in tli« dispute relating to the succession of Spain, was put under the ban of the empire, and died in 1708. Having no heirs, the house of Austria kept possession till 1800, when the French ob tained it, after the battle of Marengo, but the Austrians obtained possession of it again in 1814. Mantua, a city of Austrian Italy, capital of the above province. It is seated on an island in the middle of a lake, 20 m. in circumference and two broad, formed by the Mincio ; and so very strong by situation, as well as by art, that it is one of the most considerable fortresses in Europe. The only way into this city is by means of two moles or bridges, each of which is defended by a fort and other works. The city is well built, and most of the streets are spacious, regular, and well paved. In the cathedral are paintings by the most celebrated masters; the church of St. An- thony is famous for relics ; and the Franciscan church is one of the most elegant of that order in MAR 479 MAK Italy. Here are many other churches, numerous convents, a synagogue for the Jews, who live in a distinct quarter, a university, the ancient ducal palace, with its gallery of paintings, &c. Virgil was born at a village near this city. Mantua sur- rendered to the French in 1797 (after a siege of eight months), was taken by the Austrian and Russian army in 1799, again ceded to France in 1801, and finally delivered ud to the Austrians in 1814. It is 35 m. N. E. of Parma and 70 E. S. E. of Milan. Long. 10 50. E., lat. 45. 10. N. Mantua, a village in Blockley township adjoin- ing Philadelphia. Mantua, p.t. Portage Co. Ohio, on the Cuyaho- ga, 148 m. N. E. Columbus. Pop. 949. Maouna,one of the Navigator's Islands, in the S. Pacific. Here, in 1787, La Perouse met with his first fatal accident ; captain Langle, Lemanon the naturalist, and 9 sailors being massacred by the natives. Long. 169. 0. W., lat. 14. 19. S. Manuaiho, a province of S.America now forming part of the Venezuelan province of the Colombian republic, and extending N. to the Carribean Sea. The soil is in many places exceedingly fertile, and the climate, although excessively hot, is not on the whole unhealthy. The inhabitiints are es- timated at about 100,000. Maracaibo, the capital of the above province, with a harbour which can only admit small vessels, ow- ing to the obstruction of a sand bar. It has a mean appearance, some of the houses being cover- ed with tiles, others with reeds. The climate is hot, and the storms of thunder and lightning that frequently occur are accompanied with tremend- ous rains. It is seated on the outlet of the lake of its name, 60 m. W. S. W. of Caracas. Long. 71.46. W.,lat. 10. 30. N. Maracaibo, a lake of Caracas in the province of Venezuela. It is 150 m. lon^ and 90 where broad- est, with a circumference of 4-50 ; and is naviga- ble for vessels of the greatest burden. The banks are sterile, and the air insalubrious ; but the wa- ter is fresh, except in stormy weather, when the waters of the sea are forced into it. It communi- cates with the gulf of Venezuela, by a strait which is defended by strong forts, and has several Spanish towns seated on its borders. Maracay, or Maracao, a town of Colombia, in the province of Venezuela, in the neighbourhood of which are plantations of cotton, indigo, coffee, corn, &c. ; seated on the E. side of the lake Val- encia, in the valley of Aragoa. Maraga, a well built city of Persia, province of Aderbijan, with a spacious bazaar, a glass man- ufactory, and a handsome public bath ; situated at the extremity of a well cultivated plain, open- ing to the lake of Urumea, from which it is dis- tant 10 or 12 m., and 68 m. N. of Tabreez. Long. 46. 25. E., lat. 37.20. N. Maraniiam, a northern province of Brazil, which comprehends a tfertile and populous island of the same name, 112 m in circumference. The French settled here in 1612; but they were soon expelled by the Portuguese. St. Luis de Maranham is the chief town. Maranon. See Amazon. Marano, a sea-port of Austrian Italy, in the province of Udma ; seated on the guli of Venic«, 27 m. S. by E. of Udina. Long. 13. 5. E., lat. 45. 52. N. , ^ Marans, a town of France, department of Lower Charente, with a brisk trade in salt, malt, corn, and meal ; seated on the Sevre, in the midst of salt marshes, 12 m. N. N. E. of Rochelle Marant, or Amarant, a town of Persia, in th« province of Adirbeitzan, containing 2,.>00 houses, each with a garden ; situate near a river, and wa- tered by canals. Cocliineal is found in its neigh- bourhood. The inhabitants say that Noah was buried here. It is 50 m. N. of Tauris. Long. 47. 46. E., lat. 39. 7. N. Marasa, a town of W. Africa, in Wangara, on the N. side of the Niger, 160 m. N. E. of Ghan- ara. Long. 17. 10. E., lat. 15. 50. N Marasch, a town of Asiatic Turkey, in Carama nia, the capital of a sangiacate and the see of a bishop. It is 180 m. E. by S. ofCogni. Long. 37. 25. E., lat. 37. 24. N. Marathon, a village of Attica, formerly a city, famous for tlie victory obtained bv Miltiades with 10,000 Athenians over 500,000 "Persians, B. C. 490. Itisafewm. N.N. E. of Athens. Marathon, p.t. Lawrence Co. Alab. on the Ten- nessee. 35 ni. W. Huntsville. Maravi, a lake of Eastern Africa, W. of Mo zambique, reported to be about 40 m. in breadth, and of much greater length. At its S. extremity is a district with a town of the same name. Long. 3. 10. E., lat. 13. 10. S. Marawar, a country of Hindoostan, situated on the eastern coast, opposite Ceylon, and between 9. and 10. of N. lat. It is 66 m. in length by 40 in breadth ; and is included in the collectorship of Dindigul. The chief towns are Ramnad and Tri- patore. Marawina, a river of Guiana, noted for a curious pebble, known by the name of the Marawina dia- mond, which, when polished, is often set in rings, <&c. It enters the Atlantic in long. 53. 43. W., lat. 5. 58. N. Maruzion, or Market Jtw, a town m Cornwall, Eng. The parish church of St. Hilary is about 2 m. distant ; but the town has a chapel of ease beside several meeting houses for dissenters. It is seated on Mount Bay, 4 m. E. of Penzance and 279 W. byS. of London. Marbella, a town of Andalusia, seated at the mouth of the Rio Verde, with a harbour, defended by a castle, 23 m. S. W. of Malaga. Marbleliead, p.t. Essex Co. Mass. 19 m. N. E. Boston and 4. S. E. Salem. Pop. 5,150. This town lies close to the sea and has a safe but small harbour. It carries on a very active fishing business. Here is a bank, an academy and 5 churches. Marbletoicn, p.t. Ulster Co. N. Y. on Esopus creek, 70 m- S. W. Albany. Pop. 3,223. Marbmuf, a town of France, department of Eure, 12 in. N. of Conches. Marboz, a town of France, department of Ain, 12 m. N. ofBourg. Marbrook, a river in Shropshire, Eng. which joins the Severn below Bridgenorth. Marburg, a town of Germany, capital of that part of Upper Hesse which belongs to the elector of Hesse-Cassel. It has a fortified castle on the top of a mountain, a university, an academy, a Lutheran, a Calvinist, and a catholic church, an hospital, two infirmaries, and an orphan house. It was taken by the French in 1757 ; surrendered to the allies in 1759; and again taken by the French in 1760. It is seated on the Lake, 47 m. S. W. of Cassel. Long. 8. 50. E., lat. 50. 48. N. Marburyville, p. v. Feliciana Co. Lou. 83 m. N. W. New Orleans. MarceUin, St., a town of France, department of Isere ; seated on the Isere, at the foot of a hill In an excellent wine country, 30 m. S. S. E. of Vi- enne MAR 480 MAR Mareellus, p.t. Onondawo Co. N. Y. 4 m. N. E. from Skeneateles Lake. Pop 2,626. March, a town in Cambridegshire, Eng. with a considerable trade in corn, coals, and timber. Near this place three urns full of burnt bones and some small Roman conis were dug up in 1730. It is seated on the Nen, in the isle of Ely, 26 m. N. N. W. of Cambridge and 81 N. of London. Marchburg, or Mahruurg, a town of the Aus- trian States in Styria, capital of a circle of its name, with two castles. In its vicinity are good vineyards. It is seated on the Drave, 36 m. S. S E. of Gratz. Long. 15. 38. E., lat. 46. 48. N. Marche, a town of France, department of Vos- ges ; situate near the source of the Mouzon, 20 m. S. of Neufchateau. Marchtck, a town of Lower Austria, with an old castle ; seated on the March, on the frontiers of Hungary, 23 m. E. by N. of Vienna. Marciennes, a town of the Netherlands, prov- ince of Hainault; seated on the Sambre, 18 m. £.by S. of Mons. Marchirnnes, a town of France, department of Nord, seated in a morass, on the river Scarpe, 9 m. W. N. W of Valenciennes. Marcianisi, a town of Naples, in Terra di Lavo- ro, 13 m. N. N. E. of Naples. Marcigny, a town of France, department of Saone-et-Loire, near the river Loire, 32 m. W. of Macon. Marco, St., a town of Naples, in Calabria Citra, seated on the Senito, 22 m. N. of Cosenza. Marcou, St., two small islands in the English Channel, near the coast of France, 7 m. S. E. of La Hague. Marcus Hook, p. v. Delaware Co. Pa. ou the Del- aware, 20 m. below Philad. Mardike, a village, of France department of Nord, seated on a canal, to which it gives name, 4 m..W. by S. of Dunkirk. Mardin, a town of Asiatic Turkey, in the dis- trict of Bogdad. It stands on a high and steep hill and is surrounded by a wall. March, the capital ol a district of Arabia, in Ye- men. It is 100 m. S. E. of Sanaa. Long. 47. 20. E., lat. 15. 44. N. Marengo, a village Austrian Italy, in the gov- ernment of Milan, famous for a decisive victory gained by the French over the Austrians, June 14, 1800. It is 3 m. S. E. of Allessandria. Marengo, a county of Alabama. Pop. 7,742. Linden is the capital. Marengo, p. v. Seneca Co. N. Y. Marennes, a town of France, department of Lower Charente, remarkable for the green-finned oysters, found near the coast. It is 25 m. S. of La Rochelle and 270 S. W. of Paris. ( Maretimo, an island in the Mediteranean, on the W. coast of Sicily, 12 m. in circumference. It has a castle, with a few farm-houses, and pro- duces much honey. Long. 12. 15. E., lat. 38. 5. N. Margaretta, a township of Huron Co. Ohio. 110 m. N. E.ColuBibus. Margaret's Island, in the N. Pacific, was discov- ered by captain Magee, in the ship Margaret, of Boston, in his voyage from Kamtschatka, in 1780. Long. 141. 12. E., lat. 24. 40. N. Margarita, an island near the coast of Curaana, about 40 m. long and 15 broad, discovered by Columbus in 1498. The continual verdure ren- ders it pleasant ; but it has no fresh water. The inhabitants are principally mulattoes and the orig- inal natives. The pearl fishery, was once prose- cuted to a great extent, but in 1620 the Dutch landed and burnt the town and castle, since which it has greatly declined. Its chief import- ance arises from its situation, as all vessels from Europe bound for Cumana, Barcelona, and La Guira, must pass through the channel which sep- arates it from Cumana. Its ports are Painpatar, Pueblo de la Mar, and Pueblo del Norte. It was the scene of several sanguinary battles between the independants and the royal troops under general Morillo, who was defeated with great loss near Pampatar, and obliged to retire to the continent. Ascension is the capital. Long. 64. to 65. W., lat. 10. 56. N. Margate, a town in Kent, Eng. on the isle of Thanet, with a brisk trade in corn, coals, fish, tim- ber, iron, tar, &c. It is a member of the port of Dover, and owing to the great resort to it, for sea bathing, for which its situation is well adapted, it has rapidly increased in population and wealth. The harbour has been, greatly improved, and the town is protected from the inroads of the sea by a stone pier. There are regular passage boats to and from London, and during summer a number of steam packets. It is situate on the side of a hill, 17 m. E. E. N. of Canterbury and 71 E by S. of London. Long. 1.22. E., lat.5]. 24. N. Marguerite, a small uncultivated island on the S. E. coast of France, opposite Antibes, with a strong castle, in which " the man with the iron mask ' was for some time confined. Long. 7. 3. E., lat. 45. 31. N. Mari, Loch, a lake of Scotland, in Ross-shire, 16 m. long, and from 1 to 2 broad. There are 24 small islands in it. Maria, a river of N. America, which rises in the Rocky Mountains, and, after a course of 500 m. falls into the Missouri, 54 m. below the Great Falls. Maria, Cape, a small island on the N. coast of New Holland, in the gulf of Carpentaria. Long. 135. 53. E., lat. 14. 50. S. Maria, St., an island in the Indian Ocean, near the E. side of Madagascar. It is 45 m. long and 7 broad, well watered, and surrounded by rocks. The air is extremely moist; for it rains almost every day. It produces rice, sugar-canes, legu- mes, pine-apples, tobacco, &c., and on the coasts are found white coral and ambergris. Long. 50. 20. E., lat. 17. 0. S. Maria, St., the most southern island of the Azores, which produces plenty of wheat, and has about 5,000 inhabitants. It has a town of the same name. Long. 25. 9. W., lat. 36. 57. N. Maria, St. , a town of Congo, capital of the king- dom of Matamba. It stands on a river that flows into the Coanzo, 310 m. E. of Loanda. Long. 18 0. E., lat. 8.50. S. Mariagalante, one of the Carribee islands, be- longing to the French. It extends 16 m. from N. to S. and 4 from E. to W. On the E. shore are lofty perpendicular rocks; and about half its sur- face is barren mountains. It is indifferently wa- tered, but produces tobacco, cotton, coffee, and sugar. It was taken by a British frigate in 1808. The S. end is 30 m. N. by E. of Dominica. Long. 61. 12. W., lat. 15. 52. N. Marian Islands. See Ladrone. Marie aux Mines, a town of France, department of Upper Rhine, divided into two parts by the river Laber. It is 14 m. N. W. of Colmar. Marienburg, a strong town of W. Prussia, in the government of Dantzic, with a brisk trade It is seated on the E. branch of the Vistula, 24 m. S. E. of Dantzic. Jiong. 19. 1. £., lat. 54.2. N - MAR 481 MAR Mariertburg, a town of Saxony, in the circle of Erzgebirge, near which are mines of silver, iron, vitriol, and sulphur. It is 35 m. S. W. of Dresden. •Mariestadt, a town of Sweden, capital of the province of Scarborg, seated on the lake Wenner, • 35. m. S. E. of CarlsUdt,and 162 S. W. of Stock- aolm. Long. 14. 25. E., lat. 58. 28. N. Mariemcerder, one of the two governments into which W. Prussia is now divided. It is a long tract, of very irregular form, lying N. of Poland and S. of Pomeraniaand the government of Dan t- zic. Area 6,880 sq. m. Marieiuperdtr, a neat town of W. Prussia, cap- ital of a government and circle, with a spacious palace, built in the old Gothic style. The cathe- dral is the largest cliurch in the kingdom of Prus- sia, being 320 feet long ; and by its strong breast- works seems to have formerly served as a fortress. In 1709, Peter the Great,and Frederic I. of Prussia, had an interview at this place. It is seated near the Vistula, 90 m. S. W. of Konigsberg. Lonof. 18.52. E., lat. 53. 50. N. Marietta, p.t. Washington Co. Ohio ; it is beau- tifully situated at the confluence of the Muskin- gum and Ohio, but is subjected to the incon- venience of being annually overflowed by the rising of the river. This town was the firft set- tlement of any consequence made in the state, yet it is not a large place and of late years has rather declined than increased. Pop. 1,914. Also vil- lages, in Onondaga Co. N. Y. and Lancaster Co. Pa. on the Susquehanna, 13 m. W. Lancaster. Marignano, a town of Austrian Italy, in the government of Milan, seated on the Lambro, 10 m. S. E. of Milan. Marina, a town of Italy, in the papal states, with a castle, 10 m. E. S. E. of Rome. Marion, a District of S. Carolina. Pop. 11,208. A couutyofOhio. Pop. 6,558. Marion is the capi- tal. A county of E.Tennessee Pop. 5^16. Jas- per is the capital. A county of Alabama. Pop. 4,056. Pikeville is the capital. A county of Mis- sissippi. Pop. 3,701. Columbia is the capital. A county of Indiana. Pop. 7,181. Indianapolis is the capital. A county of Illinois. Pop. 2,021. Salem is the capital. A county ofMissouri. Pop. 4,839. Palmyra is the capital. Marion, p.t. Twiggs Co. Geo. 34 m. S. W. Mil- ledgeville, p.v. Marion Co. Ohio, 48 m. N. W. Columbus, pv. Cole Co. Missouri, 145 m. W. St. Louis. Marissa, or Maritza, a river of Romania, which lows by Philipopoli, Adrianople, and Eno, into the Archipelago. Mark, a territory of Prussian Westphalia, bound- ed N. by the principality of Munster, E. hy the duchy of Westphalia, aiid S. and W. by ttiat of Berg. Ham is the capital. Mark, St.,s. sea-port and jurisdiction on the W. side of St. Domingo. The town is one of the pleasantest on the island ; and the houses are built of freestone, which is abundant in the neigh- bouring county . It is situate on a bay of the same name, 53 m. S. W. of Cape Francois. Long. 72. 40. W., lat. 19. 20. N. See also St Mark. Marksborough, p.v. Sussex Co. N. J. 70 m. N. Trenton. MarL^iUe, p.v. Avoyelles Parish, Lou. Market, Jew. See Marazion. Marlborough, a borough in Wiltshire, Eng. Here king John had a castle, in which a parlia- ment was held in 1267, when the Statute of JV»%rle- bridge for suppressing riots was enacted. The town contains two churches, several laeeiin? 61 * houses, a free grammar school, a Lancasteriau school, &c. It is seated on the Kennet, 26 m. N. of Salisbury and 74 W. of London. Marlborough, p.t. Cheshire Co. N. H. Fop. 822 p.t. Windham Co. Vt. 9 m. S. W. Brattleborough. Pop. 1,218. p.t. Middlesex Co. Mass. 28 m. W Boston. Pop. 2,074. p.t. Ulster Co. N. Y. on the Hudson.' 90 m. S. Albany. Pop. 2,272. p.t Hartford Co. Conn. 17 m. S. E. Hartford. Pop. 704. Townships in Montgomery Co. Pa. and Delaware Co. Ohio, and a village in Calvert Co. Maryland, 45 m. S. Baltimore. Marlborough, a District of S. Carolina on the Great Pedee. Pop, 8,578. Marlborough, East, and West, townships in Chester Co. Pa. 30 m. S. W. Philad. Marlborough, Upper, p.v. Prince George's Co. Maryland, on the W. branch of the Patuxent. 12 m. S. E. Washington. Marlborough, Fort, an English factory, on the W. coast of the island of Sumatra, 3 ra. E. of Bencoolen. MarloxD, a borough in Buckinghamshire, Eng. with a manufacture of black silk, lace, and pa- per. It is seated near the Thames, over which Is a bridge into Berkshire, 17 m. N. of Aylesbury and 31 W. of London. Marlow. p.t. Cheshire Co. N. H. on Ashuelot, river, 46 ra. W. Concord. Pop. 645. Marmande, a town of France, department of Lot-et-Garonne, with a brisk trade in corn, wine and brandy It is seated on the Garonne, 25 m. S. E. of Bordeaux. Long. 0. ll. E., lat. 44 20. N. Marmora, or White Sea, the ancient Propontis, an inland sea between Europe and Asia, which communicates with the Archipelago by the strait of Gallipoli, and with the Black Sea by the strait of Constantinople. It is 120 m. in length and 60 in breadth. Marmora, an island in the above sea, 30 m. in circumference, with a town of the same name. Long. 27. 34. E., lat. 40. 28. N. Marne, a department of France, including part of the former province of Champagne, and the district of Brie. It takes its name from a river which rises near Langres, and falls into the Seine a little above Paris. Chalons is the capital. Marne Upper, a department of France, includ- ing the S. E. part of the province of Champao-ue and Brie. Chaumont is the capital. Maro, a town of the Sardinian states, in the province of Oneglia, seated in a valley, 8 m. N. W. of Oneglia. Marples, a township of Delaware Co. Pa. 14. m. W. Philadelphia. Marquartstein, s.\.oyvXi of Bavaria, with an an- cient castle, seated near the river Acha, 22 m. W of Salzburg. Marquesas, 5 islands in the Pacific Ocean, nanri' ed St. Christina, Magdalena, St. Dominica, St. Pedro, and Hood. The first four were discoverec. by Quiros in 1595, the last by Cook in 1774 St. Dominica is much the largest, about 48 m. in cir- cuit. Captain Cook, in his second voyage, laj some time at Christina, in long. 136. 9. W., ana lat. 9. 55. S. It is high and steep, but has many valleys, which widen towards the sea, and art covered with fine forests to the summits of the in terior mountains. The products of these islands are breadfruit, bananas, plantains, cocoa-nuts, scarlet beans, paper-mulberries (of the bark of which their cloth is made), casuarinas, with other tropical plants and trees. The inhabitants are 2 S MAR 482 MAR well made, strong, and active ; of a tawny com- plexion, but look almost black by being punctur- ed over the whole body. Their language, man- ners, customs, k MAR 484 MAS roads extend from Baltimore toward the Ohio and Susquehanna. This state was settled in 1G63 by catholics who fled from persecution in England. The present constitution was formed in J 776. Maryland.pX. Otsego Co. N. Y. 67 m. W. Albany. Maryport, a town ki Cumberland, Eng. with a good harbour. In 1750 it was only a poor fishing town ; but it has now upwards of 5,0U0 inhabitants who employ upwards of 130 vessels, from 50 to 250 tons burden, in the coal or coasting trade. Here are three ship-yards, and some manulac- tures ; and near the town is the Roman station, Virosidum, where several altars and statues have been dug up. Besides tlie parish church, here are 5 meetinghouses, and a national school. Ma- ryport is situate at the mouth of the Ellen, in the Irish Sea, 28 m. S. W. of Carisle and 312 N. N. W. of London. Long. 3. 22. W., lat. 54. 35. N. Marijville, p.v. Charlotte Co. Va. 60 m. S. W. Richmond. Marysville, p.v. Campbell Co. Va. 160 m. S. W. Richmond, a town of Union Co. Ohio, 27 m. N. W. Columbus, p.v. Harrison Co. Ken. 35 m. N. E. Lexington, p.v. Blount Co. Ten. 12 m. S. Knoxville. Marza, a town of Sicily, in Val di Noto, noted for its salt ; 10 m. S. by W. of Noto. Mas d' Agenois, a town of France, department of Lot-et-Garonne, on the river Garonne, 24 m. N. W. cV Agen and 50 S. E. of Bordeaux. Mas d' Asil, a town of France, department of Arriege, with a benedictine abbey seated on the Clisse, 8 m. S. W. of Pamiers. Masafuero , an island in the Pacific Ocean, 80 m. W. of Juan Fernandez. It is high and moun- tainous but lowest to the N., and at a distance appears like a hill or rock. It is uninhabited, except by numerous seals and goats. There is also plenty of wood, but difficult to be got off; the heavy surf allows of no good landing place. Long. 81. 40. W., lat.33. 40. N. Masbate, one of the Philippines, about 80 m. in circumference ; the natives are tributary to the Spaniards. Long. 123. 25. E., lat. 12. 18. N. Masltrough, a village in W. Yorkshire, Eng. on the river Uon, adjoining the bridge of Rother- ham. Here are considerable iron works, where all sorts of hammered and cast-iron goods are made. Mascara, the western province of Algiers, 370 m. long and 130 broad. It is dry, barren, and moun- tainous, except on the N. where there are plains abounding in corn, fruit, and pastures. The S. parts are inhabited by independent wandering tribes, particularly the Angad tribe. Mascara, the capital of the above province, with a strong castle, in which the bey resides. In 1732 it was an inconsiderable place ; but is now populous and flourishing. It is not so large as Tremesan, but surpasses it in beauty, having a great number of good houses and mosques. It is seated in a fertile district, 45 m. E. S. E. of Or- an and 190 S. W. of Algiers. Long. 0. 40. E,, lat. 35. 54. N. Mascat, a sea-port on the E. coast of Arabia, with an excellent harbour. It has a castle on a rock, and is very strong both by nature and art, though the buildings are mean. It was taken, in 1508, by the Portuguese, who retained it for a century and a half. The cathedral, built by the Portuguese, Is now the imaum's palace. There is no vegetation to be seen on the sea-coast near il, and only a ievf date trees in a valley at the back of the town, though the inhabitants have all things in plenty The bazaars are covered with the leaves of date trees, laid on beams which reach from the house tops on one side to those of tlie other. The inhabitants are Mahomedans. Great Britian recognises the flag of Mascat as neutral, and in time of war it has often been the medium of communication with the enemies' ports. It is seated on a small bay of the Arabian Sea. Lonw. 59. 20. E., lat. 23. 30. N. Masham, a town in N. Yorkshire, Eng. with manufactures of coarse wook-u cloths ; seated on the Ure, 7 m. S. E. of Middleham and 21b N. N. W. of London Mashanagur, a town of Candahar, province of Cabul, situate on the Seward, 48 m. N. of Attock and 130 E. S. E. of Cabul. Long. 71. 7. E., lat 33. 54. N. Maskelane Isle, a small beautiful island, in the S. Pacific, Iving off the S. E. point of Mallicollo, one of the New Hebrides. Long. 167. 59. E.,lat. 16. 32. S. Masmunsler, a town of France, department of Upper Rhine, 25 m. S. S. W. of Colmar. Mason, p.t. Hillsborough Co. N. H. 36 m. S. Concord. Pop. ] ,403 ; a village in Pike Co. Miss. Mason, a county of the W. district of Virgin- ia. Pop. 6,534. Point Pleasant is the capital. A county of Kentucky. Pop. 16,205. Washington is the capital. Masoa Hall, p.v. Orange Co. N. C. 52 m. N. W. Raleigh. Masonviile, p.t. Delaware Co. N. Y. Pop. 1,145. Masovia, a palatinate of Poland, bounded by Prussian Poland, the palatinates of Sendomir and Kalisch, and Vistula. The name formerly includ- ed a province of much greater extent. Warsaw is the capital. Massa, a town of Italy, capital of the duchy ot Massa Carrara which is famous for its quarries oi fine marble. The town and its territory belonged to Tuscany, but they are now independent. It is seated on the river Frigido, 3 m. from the seaatnd 30 N. by W. of Leghorn. Long. 10. 10. E., lat. 44. 2. N. Pop. of the duchy 29,000 ; of the cap. 7,000. Massa, a town of Tuscany, in Siennese. Borax and lapis lazuli are found in the neighbourhood. It is seated on a mountain near the sea, 35 m. S. W. of Sienna. Long. 11. 3. E., lat. 4a 5. N. Massachusetts, one of the New England States bounded N. by N. Hampshire, E. by the ocean, S. by the ocean and the states of Rhode Island and Connecticut, extending from 41. 23. to 43. 52. N lat. and from 09. 50. to 73. 10. W. long. 190 m. in extreme length from E. to W. and 90 in breadtk and containing 7,500 square miles. The Green Mountains extend from Vermont into the western part of this state where they form two ridges cal' led the Hoosac and Tagkannuc Mountains. Far- ther to the East the White Mountain range en- ters from New Hampshire and passes southerly to the east of Connecticut river, dividing below Northampton into the Mount Tom, and Lyme ran- ges. There are no considerable ridges further east, but several detached eminences are scattered here and there, the most easterly of which is Mount Wachusett in Princeton. The highest point is Saddle Mountain, an eminence of the Tagkan- nuc ridge in the north-western corner of the state ; this is 4,000 feet in height, few of the other peaks exceed 3,000. The rivers of Massachusetts are the Connecticut which intersects the western MAS 485 MAS part, the Merrimack which enters at the north-east and meets the sea in this state, and the Housatonic which rises in the west and passes into Connecti- cut. The Pawtucliet and Taunton which flow into Narraganset Bay, the Charles and Neponsct flowing into Boston harbour. The climate exhib- its considerable extremes of heat and cold ; all the rivers are frozen for 3 months in winter, and the ground is commonly covered with snow dur- ing that time. The spring is wet, fog^y and dis- agreeable ; pleasant, settled weather is not gen- erally expected before the middle of May. The summers are hot and vegetation is rapid ; the au- tumn is serene and delightful ; winter sets in at the end of November. The climate is salubrious with the exception of its tendency to aggravate pulmonary complaints. The soil in the interior is generally good, and along the valley of the Connecticut, it is uncom- monly rich. The south-eastern part consists of the narrow peninsula of Cape Cod, which projects into the sea in the shape of a man's arm bent in- ward at the elbow and wrist ; it is 75 m. in length and from 5 to 20 in breadth ; the soil of this part is almost entirely sand and produces little vege- tation except pine shrubs, coarse grass and whor- tleberry bushes. Agriculture is well understood and skillfully practised m Massachusetts ; no state in the Union surpasses it in this respect. The farms are generally from 100 to 200 acres and are almost universally the property of the culti- vators ; there are many agricultural societies in the state whose exertions to promote skilful and thrif- ty husbandry have been productive of the best ef- fects. Cattle-shows and exhibitions of the various products of the soil and of household manufacture are also held in many parts of the state. The ar- ticles of cultivation are maize, wheat, rye, barley, oats, potatoes, pulse and garden vegetables in great varieties : hay is afforded in great quanti- ties. In minerals this state is not very productive, ''.ron is produced in the south ; chiefly from bog ore ; copper and lead have been found in the inte- rior but they are not at present wrought ; marble Is abundant in the west, and granite of the best quality abounds at Chelmsford and Quincy. Soap stone and slate are produced in the interior parts, and the island of Martha's Vineyard furnishes argillaceous earth for the manufacture of alum. The roads in this state are excellent, and the means of internal communication are facilitated by canals. Middlesex canal extends from the Merrimack to Boston harbour : Blackstone canal extends from Worcester to Providence and seve- ral canals pass round the obstructions in the Merri- mack and Connecticut. The first railroad built in the United States was in this state, and extends from the granite quarriei at Quincy to Neponset river. A railroad has also been commenced from Boston to Lowell, and another is projected from Boston to Providence. In commerce this state is the second in the Union, and in tonnage of shipping, the first. The imports for 1329 were valued at 12,520,744 dollars. The exports of domestic produce at 3,949,751 dol lars, total exports 8,254,937 dollars. The shipping in 1828 amounted to 429,513 tons. The fisheries are also very productive, and every sea-port in the state is engaged in them. The cod and mackerel fisheries occupy above 1,000 vessels and the whale fishery 4G0 ships. The product of the fisheries in 1829 was estimated at 1,<)70,922 dollars. In man- ufactures this state has the second rank : the fab- rics are cotton, woolen, carpeti..g, paper, glass, iron, copper, lead, hats, leather, hosiery, lace, duck, chemical preparations, &c. The largest establishments are at Lowell on the Merrimack, 15 m. above Haverhill. This town has been recently founded, and by means of its manufac- tures has experienced a very rapid growth ; a small cotton manufactory was first established here in 1813, and others were added a short time afterwards ; at present the place continues to in- crease and bids fair to equal any of the interior towns in the United States. "The manufactures of Lowell are chiefly cotton, of which more than 14,000,000 yards are made annually. Here are also made carjjeting.cassimeres, satinets, &.c. At Waltham, near Boston, are large manufactures of cotton, principally sheeting and shirting; about 3^000,000 yards are made annually. At Troy are large manufactures of cotton, woolen and iron. At Taunton are manufactures of calico, iron, cop- per, and lead. At Amesbury are manufactures of flannel, and there are others of woolen and cot- ton at Southbridge, Milbury, Ware, M, Dudley, Northampton, and a great number of other towns. In many places on the coast are manufactures of salt by solar evaporation. Upon Cape Cod, and in the neighbourhood of New Bedford, more than 600,000 bushels are made yearly. There are colleges in this state at Cambridge, Williamstown and Amherst, a Theological insti- tution at Andover, and between 50 and GO incor- porated academies in diflTerent parts. General edu- cation receives the greatest care ; common schools are maintained by law in every town. The reli- gious sects are not so numerous as in most other parts of the Union. The Calvinistic Congrega tionalists have 154 ministers ; the Unitarians 140; the Baptists 110; the Methodists 71 ; the Univer- aalists46 ; the Episcopalians 30 ; and there are one or two other sects. Remnants of some of the In- dian tribes still remain in this state ; they are about 750 in number and live principally on the island of Martha's Vineyard and on the southerly coast of Cape Cod They are under the guardiaa- 2s2 MAT 486 MAT ■hip of thf, state government and have missiona- ries residing among them. Massachusetts was first settled at Plymouth in Dec«*mber 1G20, and this establishment was the germ of all the New England colonies. The state received its name from Massasoit, an Indian Sa- chem with whom the first settlers made a treaty which was faithfully observed for 50 years. The American revolution began in this stale with the battle at Lexington in 1775. The British were driven from Boston the next year, and an inde- pendent governmoit was established which pre- served the colonial form till 1790. A conven- tion of delegates in that year framed the pres- ent constitution, v. hich was slightly revised in 1820. Massachusetts is divided into 14 counties. The pop. is 610,014. Tfiere are 305 towns in the state. The legislature consists of a Senate and House of Representatives, the members of which as well as the Governorand Lieutenant Governor are cho- sen yearly. Elections are popular, and suffrage is universal. Boston is the capital. The other large towns are Salem, Newburyport, New Bedford, Charlestown, Cambridge, Gloucester, Plymouth, Lynn, Marblehead, Nantucket, Northampton, Springfield, and Haverhill. Mfissachusetls Bay, a bay of the foregoing state between Cape Ann, and Cape Cod. Massnfra, a town of Naples, in Terra d'Otranto, 16 m. N. W.of Taranto. Ma^sena, p.t. St. Lawrence Co. N. Y. on the St. Lawrence. Pop. 2,070. Masserano, a town of the Sardinian states, in Piedmont. 40 m. N. N. E. of Turin. Masserne Mountains, a branch of the Ozark range ,extending east and west through the western part of Arkansas Territory. Masseube, a town of France, department of Gers, 14 ra. S. of Auch. Massingales, p. v. Sullivan Co. Ten. Masuah, a town of Abyssinia, situate on an isl- and on the coast of the Red Sea, with an excel- lent harbour, distributed into three divisions. The hou.ses, in general, are built of poles and bent grass, as in the towns in Arabia. Long. 56. 36. £., lat 15. 35. N. Masulipatam, a c' »,r ar d ?ea-port of H i ndoostan , in the district of Cond-pii v. with a good harbour and a considerable trade .r. chintzes, painted lin- ens, &c. It formerly belonged to the French, but was taken by the British in 1769. It is seated near one of the mouths of the Kistna, 73 m. S. W. of Rajamundry. Long. 81. 15. E., lat. 19. 10. N. Masvaux, a town of France, department of Up- per Rhine, at the foot of the Vosges mountains, 10 m. N. ofBefort. Mata, a town of Spain, in Valencia. Near it is a lake of the same name, noted for the immense quantity of salt that it produces. The town stands on the sea-coast, 28 m. S. S. W. of Alicant. Mataca, or Matanca, a commodious bay on the N. coast of the island of Cuba, 35 m. E. of Havana. Long. 81. 16. W., lat. 23. 12. N. Matala, a town and cape on the S. coast of the island of Candia, 30 m. S. of Candia. Long. 24. 51. E., lat. 34. 46. N. Matumha, a country of Africa, in Congo, bound ed on the N. by Congo Proper, E. by parts un- known, S. by Bemba and Benguela, and W. by Angola. The chief town is St. Maria. Matamushet,a village in Hyde Co. N. C. Matunzas, a sea-port on the N. coast of CuOU8ian4 which discharges its waters into Lake Pont.cliar train by a strait 7 ra. long • the lake is 12 xn. in length and 7 in breadth, witn a depth of 12 feet. Mauriac, a town of France, department of Can tal, famous for excellent horses; seated near the Dordogiie, 29 m. E. of Tulle. - Maurice, St., a town of Switzerland, in the Va- lais, situate on the Rhone, between two high mountains, 16 m. N. W. of Martigny. Maurice, St., a river of Lower Canada, flowing into the St. Lawrence. Also a county lying upoa the same river. Maurice, p.v. Cumberland Co. N. J. on a stream near the sources of many of its rivers. The coun-,pof the same name, falling into Delaware Bay try is generally fertile. Mauritius. See France, Isle of. Mmtumatf, a sea-port in the island of Jeso, cap- Maurua, one of the smaller Society Islands, in ital of a province of the same name, tributary to the S. Pacific. 14 m. W. of Bolabola. Long. J52. Japan. Long. 13S. 55. E., lat. 42. 0. N. 32. W., lat. 16. 25. S. Ma'.ura. a sea-port of Ceylon, with a small fort. Maury, a Co. of W. Tennessee. The country round is exceedingly wild, and abounds in elephants, which are here principally caught for exportation. It is seated at the mouth of the Melipu, near the southern extremity of the island, 25 m. E. S. E. of Galle. Long. 80. 28. E., lat. 5. 53. N. Matura, a town of Hindoostan, in the province of Adeal of apti ' tude for the exercise of the arts of imitation, and still greater for those of a purely mechanical na- ture. When an Indian has attained a certain degree of cultivation, he shows great facility in acquiring information, a spirit of accuracy and precision, and a particular tendency to subtilize, or to seize on the minutest differences in objects that are to be compared with each other. He reasons coldly and with method ; but he does not evince that activity of imagination, that lively freshness of sentiment, that art of producing, which charac- terises the people of Europe and many tribes of African negroes. The music and dancing of the indigenous natives partake of that want oTcheer- fiilness which is so peculiar to them. Their singing is of a melancholy description. More vi- vacity, however, is observed in their women than in their men ; but they share the evils of that state of subjection to which the sex is condemned among most oj those nations where civilization is still imperfect. In the dance women take no part ; they are merely present for the sake of offering to the dancers the fermented drinks which they themselves had prepared. The Mexican Indians have likewise peserved the same taste for flowers that Cortez noticed in his time. We are astonished to discover this taste, which doubtless indicates a taste for the beautiful, among the people in whom a sanguina- ry worship, and the frequency of human sacrifices appears to have extinguished every feeling con- nected with sensibility of mind and the softer af- fections. In the great market of Mexico, the na- tive does not even sell fish, or ananas, or vegeta- bles, or fermented liquor, without his shop being decked out with flowers, which are renewed every succeeding day. The Indian shop-keeper appears seated behind a perfect entrenchment of verdure and every thing around him wears an air of the most refined elegance. The Indian hunters, such as the Mecos, the Apaches, and the Lipans, whom the Spaniards comprehend under the denomination of Indios bravos, and whose hordes in their incursions which are often made during night, infest the frontiers of New Biscay, Sonora, and New Mexico, evince more activity of mind, and more strenirth of character, than the agricultural Indians. Some tribes have even languages, the mechanism oi which appears to prove the existence of ancient civilization. They have great difficulty iji learn- ing the European idioms, while, at the same time they express themselves in their own with an ex- treme degree of facility. These same Indian chiefs, whose gloomy taciturnity astonishes the observer, will bold a discourse of several hours, whenever any strong interest rouses them U MEX 497 MEX break the_r habitual silence. T^is whole coun- try was long under the dominioii^f Spain, and governed bj a viceroy. The first attempt to as- sume independence took place in 1810. In 1824 a federal government was established. Numer- ous disturbances have since arisen, and the coun- try is still far from being in a settled state. Mexico, the capital of the above country. It was a flourishing city before the Spaniards enter- ed the country, and was seated on several islands, in a salt-water lake, called Tezcuco, to which there was no entrance, but hy three cause-ways, 2 m. in length each. The circumference of the city, exclusive of the suburbs, was formerly above 10 m. and it contained at least 6D,000 houses, with several large temples, and three palaces. It was taken by Ferdinando Cortez, in 1521, after a siege of nearly three months, and, as the Mexicans de- fended themselves from street to street, it was al- most ruined, but was afterwards rebuilt by the Spaniards. The water in the neighborhood of the city has dried up, and Mexico is usiw three miles distant from the shores of the lake. The streets are wide and straigJit, but badly paved. The houses present a magnificent appearance, being built of porphyry and amygdaloia. Several palaces and private mansions have a majestic effect, and its churches glitter with metallic riches. The cath- edral surpasses, in this respect, all the churches in the world ; the balustrade which surrounds the great altar being composed of massive silver. A lamp of the same metal, is of so vast a size that three men go into it when it is to be cleaned ; and it is enriched with lions' heads, and other or- naments of pure gold. The statues of the Virgin and the saints are either made of solid silver, or richly gilded, and ornamented with precious atones. Palaces, mansions of great families, beautiful fountains, and extensive squares, adorn the interior of this city. To the north, near the suburbs, is the principal public promenade, or Alameda. Round this walk flows a rivulet, for- ming a fine square, in the middle of which there is a basin with a fountain. Eight alleys of trees terminate here, in the figure of a star. But in consequence of an unfortunate proximity, imme- diately in front of the alameda, the eye discovers the Qucmadero, a place where Jews and other victims of the terrible Inquisition, were burned alive. This detestable tribunal was finally abol- ished by the Emperor Auguslin Iturbide in 1820. In the fine evenings, during the dry season, the environs of the city present a scene of pleas- ure, gaiety, and bustle, scarcely to be paralleled ; hundreds of canoes, on the canal of Chalco, of various sizes, mostly with awnings, crowded with native Indians, neatly dressed, and their heads erowned with the most gaudy flowers, are seen passing in every direction; each boat, with it« musician seated on the stern, playing on the gui-tar, and some of the party singing, dancing, or both united. Revolution has had its usual op- eration here; it has reduced the overgrown, bus insecure wealth of the rich, to an independent protected competence ; but it has also wiped away the tears, and broken tlie chains which galled th* innocent people whose labours had amassed it. M. de Humboldt saw erecting, in the greax square of Mexico, an equestrian and colossal sta tue of the king of Spain, by ..M. Tolza, "a statue, says he, " which, by its imposing mass, and the noble simplicity of its style, might adorn the first cities of Europe. According to the accounts of Spanish authors, balls, and games of hazard, arA pursued with ardour, while the more noble en jovments of the drama are less generally relished. To vivid paiisions the Mexican Spaniard adds a great funu ot stoicism. He enters a gaming- house, loses all his money upon a single card, and then takes out his cigar from behind his ear, and smokes .is if nothing had happened. Mexico preserves few monuments of antiquity. The ruins of aqueducts, the stone of sacrifices, and the calender stone, both of which are placed in the great square of the city ; manuscripts, or hieroglyphical tables, badly preserved in the ar- chives of the vice-regal palace ; and finally, the colossal statue of the goddess Teo- Yaomiqui, lying on its back in one of the galleries of the Univer- sity, are all that remains worthy of notice in this city. But, to the north-east of the town, and of the lake Tezcuco, on the little hills of Teotihuncan, are seen the imposing remains of two pyramids, consecrated to the sun and moon, and, according to some historians, constructed by the Olmec, ^n ancient nation that came to Mexico from the east, that is to say, from some country situated on the Atlantic Ocean. The pyramid, or house of the sun, (Tck8 and a descent of 107 feet from the summit level. It was begun in 1793 and finished in li:i04, at a cost of above 700,000 dollars. Middlclon, a town in Lancashire, Eng. The church is aa ancient edifice ; and there are five meeting-houses, and a free grammar school. It has the cotton trade in all its branche.s, a large twist manufacture, considerable bleaching works, some manufactures of silk, and extensive dye- works. It stands on the Rochdale Canal. G ni. N. by E. of Manchester and I'JO N. N. W. of London. MiddJeton, a town of Ireland, in the county of Cork, situated on the N. W. angle of Cork har- bour. 13 m. E. of Cork. Middleton, p.t. Strafford Co. N. H. 28 m. N. E. Concord. Pop. 562; p.t. Rutland,Co. Vt. 36 m. W. Windsor. Pop. 919; p.t. Essex Co. Mass. 9 m. N. W. Salem. Pop. 607 ; p.t. Delaware Co. N. Y. Pop. 2,333 ; two townships N. and S. in Cumber- land Co. Pa. and a township in Columbia Co. Pa. Middletmvn, p.t. Middlesex Co. Conn, on Connecticut river, 15 m. below Hartford. Pop. 6,876. The town stands on a bend of the river, and has manufactures of cotton, woolen, swords, rifles, &c. On the opposite bank of the river are quar- ries of freestone. Also towns and villages in Newport Co. R. I. Pop. 915; Orange Co. N. Y. ; Brookhaven, Suffolk Co. N. Y. ; Monmouth Co. N. J. 50 m. E. Trenton ; Dauphin, Washington, Bucks, Delaware and Susquehanna Cos. Pa. Newcastle Co. Del.; Frederickand Dorchester Cos. Md. ; Frederick Co. Va. ; Sullivan Co Ten.; Jef- ferson Co. Ken.; Butler and Hamilton Cos. Ohio. Middlfloicn Point, p.v. Monmouth Co. N. J. 14 m. N. W. Shrewsbury. MiddleviUe, p.v. Herkimer Co. N. Y. 90 m. N. W. Albany. Middleicay, p.t. Jefferson Co. Va. MiddJcwich, a town in Cheshire, Eng. The trade of the place is chiefly derived from the surrounding neighbourhood, which is a great farming district ; to which may be added the ex- tensive salt works, and some silk factories. Here are a spacious church, three meeting-houses, and a free grammar school. The Trent and Mersey Canal runs through the town, and it is seated on the Croco, near its confluence with the Dane, 24 m. E. of Chester, and 167 N. W. of London. Midhurst, a borough in Sussex, seated on the Arun, 50 m. W. by S. of London. Midnapour, a town of Hindoostan, in Orissa, capital of a district of the same name. It is seat- ed near a river that flows into the Hoogly, 70 m. W.by S. of CalcutU. Long. 87. 25. E.', lat. 22. 30. N Midtraji, a town in Liberty Co. Geo. 30 m. S. Savannah. Mies, a town of Bohemia, in the circle of Pil- acn, on the river Nisa, 18 m. W. of Pilsen. Mifflin, a co-unty of the W. district of Pennsyl- vania. Pop. 21,529. Lewistown is the cap- ital. Also towns in Alleghany, Cumberland, Ly- coming Franklin, and Dauphin Cos. Pa. and Richland and Pike Cos. Ohio. Mifflinburgh, p.t. Union Co. Pa. p.v. Columbia Co. Pa. Mifflivtotim, p.v. MifHin Co. Pa. Mikalida, a town of Asiatic Turkey, in Nato- lia, with a fort ; situate on a river which runs into the sea of Marmora, 55 m. W. by S. of Bursa. Mi'an, or the Milanese, a country of Italy bound- ed on the N. by the Alps, E. by the Venetian territory, S. by the Apennines, and W. by Piedmont. The soil is every where fertile in corn, wine, fruits, rice, and olives; and there are also plenty of cattle. The rivers are the Seccia, Ti- cino, Adda, Oglio, and Po. There are likewise several lakes, the three principal of which are those of Maggiore, Como, and Lugano. Milan, with other countries in Italy, was long comprised under the general name of Lombardy. In the 14lh century it became a duchy. The campaign of prince Eugene, in 1706, put it in possession of the house of Austria, to whom, with the excep- tion of the Sardinian Milanese, it continued sub- jfct during 90 year.s, until the victories of Napo- leon in 1796. In 1797 it was formed into four de- partments, as the Cisalpine republic ; but in 1814 after several other changes,the part belonging to the king of Sardinia was restored,and the remain- der incorporated with the Lombardo- Venetian Kingdom, or Austrian Italy. The Austrian Mi- lanese forms, along with the duchy of Mantua and the Valteline, the government of Milan. It is divided into 8 delegations, and contains 7.700, sq. m., with 2,100,000 inhabitants. The Sardinian Milanese, which lies to the W. of the Austrian, is divided into 9 districts, comprising an area of 3,300 square miles, and containinij 560,000 in- habitants. Milan, a city of Italy, capital of the Lombardo- Venetian Kingdom, and the see of an archbishop^ The city is 10 m. in circumference ; but the gar- don grounds are so extensive that it does not con- tain above 140,000 inhabitants. It stands in a de- lightful plain, between the rivers Adda and Tici- no, which communicate with the city by means of two canals. The cathedral, in the centre of the city, is a splendid specimen of Gothic archi- tecture, and, next to St. Peter's at Rome, is the most considerable in Italy. This vast fabric is built of white marble, supported by 50 columns, and adorned, within and without, by a prodigious number of marble statues. The other public buildings are the university, several colleges, the convents, the hospitals, the theatres, the mansions of the minister of finance, of the minister of the interior, and of the archbishop, and the former du- cal palace, now the residence of the Austrian viceroy. In the Pi:izza di Castello is an arena in imitation of the amphitheatre of Verona, which is capable of containing 30,000 spectators. The college of St. Ambrose has a library, which, be- sides a prodigious number of manuscripts, con- tains 60,000 printed books i and its superb gal- lery is adorned with rich paintings. The chief trade of Milan is in grain (especially rice), cattle, and cheese ; and the manufactures of silk and velvet stuflfs, stockings, handkerchiefs, ribands, gold and silver lace and embroideries, woolen and linen cloths, glass, porcelain, &c. It has been many times taken in the wars that have desola- ted Italy. The French took it in 1796. It was retaken by the Austrians and Russians in 1799; but again posses.sed by the French in 1800, and retained by them till the fall of Napoleon in ]8J4. It is 280 m. N. W. by N. of Rome. Long. 9. 12. E., lat. 45. 28. N. Milan, p.v. Huron Co. Ohio. 123 m. N Columbus. MIL 501 MIL Milazzo, or Melazzo, a sea-port of Sicilv, in Val di Demona. It is divided into the Upper and Lower Town : the former stands on a proraonto- xy and is fortified ; the latter has a fine square, with a superb fountain. It stands on a rock, on the W. side of a bay of the same name, 20 m. W. of Messina. Long. 15. 24. E., lat. 38. 12. N. Milborn-port, a borough in Somersetshire, Eng. It has manufactures of woolen cloth, linen, and hosiery ; and is seated on a branch of the Parret, 2 m. E. by N. of Sherborn and 114 W. by S. of London.,^. Milbv^^jjfii. Somerset Co. Me. 92 m. N. E. Portland'Pop. 1,006. Mildenhall, a town in Suffolk, En^. ; seated on the Larke, a branch of the Ouse, 12 m. N. W. of Bury and 70 N. N. E. of London. Miles, a township of Centre Co. Pa. MVesburgh, p.t. Centre Co. Pa. 33 m. N. W. Lewistown. Mileto, a town of Naples, in Calabria Ultra, nearly destroyed by an earthquake in 1783. 8 m. N. E. of Nicotera. Milford, a town of Wales, in Pembrokeshire. It is elegantly and uniformly built, and stands on the N. side of Milford Haven, a deep inlet of the Irish Sea. The haven branches off into so many creeks, secured from all winds, that it is esteem- ed the safest and most capacious harbour in Great Britain. At the entrance on the VV. point, called St. Ann's, is an old lighthouse, and a blockhouse. Here the earl of Richmond, afterwards Henry VII., landed, on his enterprise against Richard III. A quay and several good buildings have been constructed by a company from Nantucket, who have formed an establishment here for the southern whale fishery. Milford,p.t. Hillsborough Co. N. H. 27 m. S. Con- cord. Pop. 1,303. Here are manufactures of cotton and screwsl p.t. Worcester Co. Mass. IS m. S. E. Worcester. Pop. 1,380^ p.t. New Haven Co. Conn, on Long Island Sound, 9 m. S. W. New Haven. Pop. 2.256. The town has a good harbour for small vessels with some commerce and a quar- ry of marble; p.t. Otsego Co. N. Y. 76 m. W. Albany. Pop. 3,025 ;also towns in Hunterdon Co. N. J. ; Pike, Bucks, Mifflin, Lehigh, and Somer- set Cos. Pa. ; Kent. Co. Del.; Greenville Dis. S.C; Ashtabula, Union, Butler, Hamilton, and Cler- mont, Cos. Ohio. Milhmt,a. town of France, department of Avey- ron, seated on the Tarn, 50 m. N. W. of Montpelier. Mil.haud, a town of France, department of Gard, seated on the Vistre, 9 m. S. W. of Nismes. MUltsch, a town of Prussian Silesia, seated on the river Bartsch, 27 m. N. N. E. of Breslau. Long. 17. 23. E., lat. 51. 32. N. Millboro, p. v. Washington Co. Pa. MiUborough,p.v. Bath Co. Va. ; p. v. Sussex Co Va. Millbury, p.t. Worcester Co. Mass. 6 m. S. Worcester, 40 m. S. W. Boston. Pop. 1,611. Here are manufactures of woolen, paper, oil, leath- er, black lead, nails, scythes, mill-saws, &c. Mill Creek, a hundred of Newcastle Co. Del. ; p.v. Berkley Co. Va. and townships in Hamilton and Union, Coshocton and Cuyahoga Cos. Ohio. MiUedgeville, p.t. Baldwin Co. Georgia, and the capital of the state. It stands on the Oconee, 312 m. above the mouth of the Alatamaha. Pop. .1,599 The river is navigable from here to the sea for boats of 30 tons, and the town has a considerable trad« in cotton. Miller, a county of Arkansas. Pop. 358. Millerslmrg, vilUoes in Holmes Co. Ohio ; Ilip- ley Co. Ind and Bourbon Co. Ken. Miller's River, a branch of the Connecticnl in Worcester and Franklin Cos. Mass. Millerstotcn, villages in Lebanon, Perry, and Lehigh, Cos. Pa. Millfarm, p.v. Caroline Co. Va. Millsay, p.v. Bullock Co. Geo. Millsborough, p.v. Sussex Co. Del. Miltsjiela,a. townsiiip of Coos Co. N. H. Pop. 33. .1/«7/s/o«c, p.v. Somerset Co. N. J. 14 m. N. E. Princeton, on a river of the same name flowing into the Raritan. Mitlsmlle, p.v. Cumberland Co. N. J., Gennesew Co. N. Y. ; King George Co. Va. and Butler Co. Ohio. Millwood, p.v. Frederick Co. Va. on the Shenan* doah. Milo, p.t. Penobscot Co. Me. Pop. 331. Milo, the ancient Melos, an island of the Gre- cian Archipelago, 18 leagues in circumference, with one of the best and largest harbours in the Mediterranean. It produces plentiful crops of corn, excellent fruit, and wine ; abounds in very good cattle, especially goats, and has mines of iron, and sulphur. In this island are curious subter- ranean galleries, the roofs of which are covered with genuine capillary or plume alum, ind the crevices of the rocks filled with pure sulphur. Here are two bishops : one of the Greek, and the other of the Latin church. At the commence- ment of the 18th century the inhabitants amount- ed to above 20,000, but since that period it has declined. It now belongs to Independent Greece, yet a considerable time must elapse before it can recover its former opulence and splendor. The population of the whole island does not at present exceed 1,200. On the E. side of the island is a town of the same name, 60 m. N. of Candia, and 100 S. by E. of Athens. Long. 25. 0. E.. lat. 36. 41. N. Miltenberg, a town of the Bavarian states, prin- cipality of Leiningen, with a castle on a nill ; seated'on the Maine. 20 m. S. S. E. of Aschaf- fenburg. Miltliorpe, a town m Westmoreland,Eng. seated on the Cetha, near the mouth of the Ken. It is the only port in the county, and hence the fine Westmoreland slates and other commodities are exported. The manufactures consist chieflv o-f sacking, twine, and paper : in the vicinity are limestone and marble quarries. 255 m. N. N. W. of London. Milton, a town of Kent, Eng. It is noted for excellent oysters ; and much corn, &c. is ship- ped here for the London markets. It is a place of great antiquity, and was the residence of the king of Kent, and of Alfred, who had a palace here. 14 m. N. E. of Maidstone, and 40 E. of London. Milton, p.t. Norfolk Co. Mass. 7 m. S. Boston, on Nepnnset 'iver which is navigable hence to the sea for vessels of 150 tons. Here are manu- factures of paper and chocolate. Pop. 1 ,565. Mil- ton Hill in this town, is an abrupt and rocky emi- nence, from which one of the most enchanting prospects ir the world may be eujoyed, compris- ing the city and bay of Boston, the ocean, and a wide extent of country delightfully variegated with hills, valleys, cultivated fields, towns and villages. In very clear air the White Moun- tains of New Hampshire have been discoTered from this spot. MTlf 502 MIN Milton, p.t. Chittenden Co. Vt. on L. Cham- plain, at the mouth of the Lanioil. Pop. 2,100; p.v. Litchfield Co. Conn. 5 m VV. Litchfield ; p.t. Saratoga Co. N. Y. Pop. 3,07'J ; p.v. Ulster and Cayuga Cos. N. Y. ; also towns and viliajros in Morris Co. N. C, Northumberland Co. Pa., Sus- sex Co Del., Albemarle Co. Va., Rnckin.nrliam Co. N. ( - , S townships in Ohio. Milton jibhas, or Ahbeif Mittnn, n village in Dor- setshire, Eng. 7 m. S. W. of Bl:indf.>rd It form- erly had an abbey, founded by king Athelstan, but the whole was swept away, except the cliurch in 1771, by the earl of Dorchester, who erected on it» site a large Gothic mansion. Tlie village, with its cliurch and almshouse, were built by the same noblrmar.. Mina, a town of Persia, province of Kerman, surrounded by a wall with towers, and seated on the Ibrahim, near its entrance into the gulf of Ormus, 190 m. S. of Kerman. Long 56. 50. E., lat 26. 40. N. .¥/««, p.t. Chatauque Co. N. Y. Pop. 1,318. Minos, a town of S. America, in Buenos Ayre.s, seated near the source of the river St. Lucia, 31 m. N. E. of Maldonado. Long. 55. 5. W.. lat. 34. 21. S. Minasville, p.t. Montgomery Co. N. Y. Minos Geraes, a province of Brazil, bounded N. by Bahia, W. by Goiaz, and S. by the Parai- buna. It extends 600 or 700 m. from N. to S. nearly the same- from E. to W., and contains 3D0- 000 inhabitants. This vast territory produces gold and diamonds in abundance ; also iron, anti- mony, bismuth, platina, chromate of lead, &c. The soil is likewise rich, producing in the valleys sugar, cotton, &c. t and in the higher grounds wheat, and generally all kinds of European grain. Minch, an arm of the sea, on the W. coast of Scotland, which separates the Isle of Sky from Lewis Island. Minching Hampton, a town of Gloucester- shire, Eng. with a considerable manufacture of cloth. It is pleasantly situated on a declivity, 10 m. W. of Cirencester and 98 W. of London. Mincio, a river of Italy, which flows S. from the lake Garda, forms the lake and marshes that surround Mantua, and afterward runs into the Po. Minckendorf, a town of Austria, on the Tries- sing, 6 m. E. N. E. of Baden. Mindanoo, an island in the Eastern seas, and one of the Philippines, about 300 m. long and 108 broad. The coast is indented by numerous bays, and the interior is intersected by chains of lofty mountains, with intervening plains that afford pasture for immense herds of cattle. The sides of the hills and valleys are stony, and yet there are tall trees, of kinds unknown in Europe. Some of the mountains yield very good gold; and the valleys are well watered witn rivulets. Rice is produced in abundance ; as are also plantains, cocoa-nuts, sweet potatoes, and all the fruits com- mon to tropical climates. There are neither lions nor tigers, but horses, beeves, buffaloes, goats, hogs, deer, &c., are numerous. The fowls are ducks, hens, pigeons, parrots, parroquets and tur- tle-doves, besides many small birds. The inhabi- tants are generally of a low stature, with little heads, small black eyes, short noses, and large mouths. Their hair is black and straight, and their complexion tawny, but more inclined to yel- low than that of other Indians. The chief trades are goldsmiths, blacksmiths, and carpenters, who can build pretty good vessels. Polygamy is prac- tised. The government is partly feudal and part- ly monarchical. The prevailing religion is Ma- homedism,but the Spaniards have been in posses- sion of a large portion of the sea-coast to the W., N. and N. E., where they have planted colonies of Christians. Mindnnoo, the capital of the above island, and the residence of the sultan and his 5i0]«rt, i^about G m. up the Pelansry. Opposite stan||gJ|£^own of Selangan. Long. 124. 40. E., la^^Kv. MindcUieim, a town in Bavaria, ^IBBB castle on a mountain, situate between the rivers Iller "'nd Lech, 25 m. S. W. of Augsburg. Mindcn, a government of the Prussian slates comprising the N. E. part of the province of West- phalia and the former principalities of Mjnden, Paderborn, Rittberg, and Corvey, the bailhwrc of Reckeberg, and the lordship of Rheda. It has an area of 2,000 sq. m. divided into 13 districts, with 330,000 inhabitants. The soil in general is fer tile, and the pasturage good. Mindf.n, the capital of the above government is one of the oldest towns of Germany, and, while the see of a bishop, formed a petty republic. Its convenient situation for trade and navigation its. breweries, sugar-houses, and wax manufactures, are great advantages to the inhabitants. iVear this town prince Ferdinand, of Brunswick, de- feated the French in 1759. It was occupied in 18()(i by the French, and finally ceded to Prussia in 1814. It is seated on the Weser, 43 m E. of Osnaburg. Long. 8. 56. E.,lat. 52. 19. N. Minden, a township of Montgomery Co. N. Y. Pop. 2,507. Mind oro, one o£ the Philippines, separated from Luconia by a narrow channel. It is mountainous, and abounds in palm-trees and all sortte of fruits. The inhabitants are pagans, and pay tribute to the Spaniards. Minersville, a village in Schuylkill Co. Pa. sur- rounded by extensive coal mines. Minerva, a township of Essex Co. N. Y. Pop. 358 ; p.v. Mason Co. Ken. Minehead, p.t. Essex Co. Vt. on the Connecti- cut. Pop. 150. Mine Skifiholeth, p.v. Washington Co. Missouri, 55 m. S. W. St. Louis. Here is one of the rich- est lead mines in the country. Minehead, a borough and sea-port in Somerset- shire, Eng. It has a good harbour on the Bristol Channel, and carries on a trade in wool, coal, and herrings. 31 m. N. of Exeter and IGO W. by S. of London. Long. 3. 34. W., lat. 51 . 12. N. Mingrelia, a country of Asia, bounded W. by the Black Sea, E. by Imeritia, S. by the river Phasis, and N. by (Jeorgia. It is governed by a prince who is tributary to Russia. The face of this country, its products, and the customs and man- ners of the inhabitants, are similar to those of Georgia. Minko, a river of Spain, which rises in the N. E. part of Galicia, passes by Lugo, Orense, and Tuy, and dividing Galicia from Portugal, enters the Atlantic at Caminha. Minie, a town of Egypt, on the lefl bank of (he Nile, 90 m. S. of Fayoum. Minisink, p.t. Orange Co. N. Y. on the Dela- ware. Pop. 4,979. Minorvino, a town of Naples, in Terra di Bari, 24 m. W. S. W. ofTrani. Minorca, one of the Balearic islands, lying 50 m. MIR 503 MIS to the N. E. of Majorca. It is 30 m. long ana 12 broad ; and is a mountainous country, with some fruitful valleys. Some corn is raised, but the principal products of the island are wine, wool, cheese, and various fruits. It has been frequently in the hands of the British, by whom it was taken without the loss of a man in 17!>8, but given up at the peace of 1802. Ciudadella is the capital ; but Mahon claims greater consequence, on ac- count of ils excellent harbour. Port Mahon, which is defended by two forts. Long. 3. 48. E., lat. 39. 51 . N. Minot, p.t. Cumberland Co. Me. Pop. 2,908. Minsk, an extensive province of European Rus- sia, comprehending the old palatinate of Minsk and portions of Polotzk, Novogrodek, and Wilna. It extends from the Dwina N. to the province of Volhynia, comprises an area of 37,000 sq. m is divided into ten circles, and contains 9.50,000 in- habitantA^ The surface, productions, &c. are the same as in Lithuania. Minsk, the rxpital of the foregoing province, with two citadels, is seated on the Swislocz, 80 m. S. E. of Wilna and 310 E. N. E. of Warsaw. Long 27. 58. E., lat. 53. 46. N. Mintaon, an island in the Indian Ocean, 40 m. long and 14 broad, on the W. coast of the island of Sumatra. Long. 97. 38. E., lat. 0. 25. S. Mioss, a lake of Norway, in the province of Hedemarke, 90 m. in circumference. It is almost divided by a peninsula, and contains a fertile isl- and 10 m. in circumference. Miquelon, a small desert island, S. W. of Cape Ray in Newfoundland, ceded to the French in 1763, for drying and curing their fish. They were dispossessed of it by the English in 1793, but it was restored to them in 1802. Lonor. 56. 10. W., lat. 46. 42. N. Mira, a town of Portugal, in Beira, 16 m. N. W. of Coimbra. Miranda, a. town of Portugal, in Tras os Mon- ies, seated on a rock, on the river Douro, 32 m. E. S. E. of Braganza. Long. 6. 32. W., lat. 41. 46. N. ^ ^ ' Miranda de Corvo, a town of Portugal, in Beira, 13 m. S. E. of Co-mbra. Miranda de Ehro, a town of Spain, in the pro- vince of Burgos, with a castle ; seated in an ex- cellent wine country, on the river Ebro, over which is a handsome bridge. 34 m. N. E. of Burgos. Mirande, a town of France, department of Gers. Wool, down, and the feathers of geese, are ils prin- cipal articles of trade. It is seated on an emi- nence, near the river Baise, 13 m. S. W. of Auch. Mirandela, a town of Portugal, in Tras os Mon- ies. 22 m. S. W. of Braganza. Mirandola, a city of Italy, in the Modenese, cap- - ital of a province of its name, and a bishop's see, with a citadel and a fort. Besides the cathedral, it contains many fine churches and convents. It is 18 m. N. N. E. of Modena. Long. 11. 19. E., lat. 44. 52. N. Miravd, a town of Spain, in New Castile, with a strong castle ; seated on the side of a hill, 16 m. S. by W. of Placentia. Mirebeau, a town of France, department of Up- per Vienne, 14 m. N. by W. of Poitiers. Mirebeau, a town of France, department of Cote d'Or, 13 m. N. of Dijon. Mirecourt, a town of France, department of Vosges, famous for its violins and fine lace ; seat- ed on the Modon, 15 m. W. N. W. of Epinal. Miremont, a town of France, department of Dordogne. Near it is a remarks' ''e cavern, call- ed Ciuseau. It is seated near ihe river Vizere, 15 m. E. of Bergerac. Mirepoix, a town of France, depitment of Ar- riege ; seated on the Gers, 15 ra. E. N. E. of Foix, and 43 S. S. E. of Toulouse. Mirow, a town of Saxony with a «astle, 11 m. W. ofStrelitz. Misa^no. a town of Naples, in Otranlo, 6 m. S. S. E. of Ostuni. Misitra, or Mistras, a town of Independent Greece, once the capital of the Moreaand a place of importance, but it is now decayed. It is 90 ra. S. E. Lepanto. In the neighbourhojd are to be seen the ruins of ancient Sparta. Misnia. See Meissen. Mississippi, a river of the United States, rising in a number of head streams between 47. and 48. N. lat. and flowing into the Gulf of Mexico. It is more than 3,000^m. in length and receives from the west the Missouri, which on account of its superior length is sometimes considered the main stream rather than a branch of the Mississippi. The oiher tributaries of the Mississippi are the Ohio, Illinois, Arkansas, and Red river with a great many inferior streams. The falls of St. Anthony, are in the upper part of its course, and have a perpendicular descent of 17 ft. ; below the point the river is navigable for vessels of 30 tons to the sea. It runs but a little distance from its source, before it becomes a considerable stream. Below the falls of St. Anthony, it broadens to half a mile in width ; and is a clear, placid and no- ble stream, with wide and fertile bottoms, for a long distance. A few miles below the river Des Moines, is a long rapid of nine miles, which, for a considerable part of the summer, is a great im- pediment to the navigation. Below these rapids the river assumes its medial width and charac- ter from that point to the entrance of the Missou- ri. It is a still more beautiful river, than the Ohio, somewhat gentler in its current, a third wider, with broad and clean sandbars, except in the time of high waters, when they are all covered. At every little distance, there are islands, sometimes a number of them parallel, and broadening the stream to a great width. These islands are many of them large, and have in the summer season an aspect of beauty, as they swell gently from the clear stream. — a vigour and grandeur of vegetation which contribute much to the magnificence of the the river. The sandbars, in the proper season, are the resort of innumerable swans, geese and wa- ter fowls. It is. in general, a full mile in width from bank to bank. For a considerable distance above the mouth of the Missouri, it has more than thai width. Altogether, it has, from its alternate bluffs and prairies, the calmness and transparency of its wa- ters, the size and beauty of its trees, an aspect of great amenity and magnificence. Where it receives the Missouri, it is a mile and a half wide. The Missouri itself enters with a mouth not more than half a mile wide. This uni- ted stream below, has thence to the mouth ot the Ohio, a medial width of little more than three quarters of a mile. This mighty tributary seems rather to diminish, than increase its width ; but it perceptibly alters its depth, its mass of waters, and wholly changes its character. It is no long- er the gentle, placid stream, with smooth shores and clean sandbars ; but has a furious and boiling current, a turbid and dangerous mass of sweeping waters, jagged and dilapidated shores, and, where- ever its waters have receded, deposites of mud. MIS 604 MIS It remains a sublime object of contemplation. The noble forest still rises along its banks. But its character of calm magnificence, that so delighted the eye above, is seen no more. The bosom of the river is covered with prodi- gious boils, or swells, that rise with a whirling motion, and a convex surface, two or three rods in diameter, and no inconsiderable noise, whirling a boat imperceptibly from its track. In its course, accidental circumstances shift the impetus of its current, and propel it upon the point of an island bend or sandbars. In these instances, it tears up the islands, removes the sandbars, and sweeps away the tender, alluvial soil of the bends, with all their trees, and deposites the spoils in anotlier place. At the season of high water, nothing is more familiar to the ear of the people on the river, than the deep crash of a land-slip, in which larg- er or smaller masses of the soil on the banks, with all the trees, are plunged into the stream. The circumstances that change the aspect and current of the river, are denominated, in the vocabulary of the watermen, chutes, races, chains, sawyers, planters, points of islands, wreck heaps and cy- press bends. The divinity most frequently in- voked by boatmen, seems to have imparted his name oftener than any other to the dangerous pla- cesalongthe river. The 'Devil's' race paths,tea-ta- ble, oven, &c. are places of difficult or hazardous navigation, that frequently occur. They are se- rious impediments to the navigation of this noble stream. Such is its character from Missouri to the Balize ; a wild, furious, whirling river, — nev- er navigated safely, except with great caution. On the immense wreck heaps, where masses of logs, like considerable hills, are piled together, the numerous wrecks of boats, lying on their sides and summits, sufficiently attest the character of the river, and remain standing mementos to caution. Boats propelled by steam power, which can be changed in a moment, to reverse the impulse and direction of the boat, are exactly calculated to ob- viate the dangers of this river. No person, who descends this river for the first time, receives clear and adequate ideas of its grandeur, and the amount of water which it car- ries. If it be in the spring, when the river below the mouth of the Ohio is generally over its banks, although the sheet of water that is making its way to the gulf is, perhaps, thirty miles wide, yet finding its way through deep forests and swamps that conceal all from the eye, no expanse of wa- ter is seen, but the width, that is curved out be- tween the outline of woods on either bank ; and it seldom exceeds,and oftener falls short of a mile. But when he sees, in descending from the falls of St. Anthony, that it swallows up one river after another, with mouths, as wide as itself, without affecting its width at all ; when he sees it receiv- ing in succession the mighty Missouri, the broad Ohio, St. Francis, White, Arkansas, and Red rivers, all of them of great depth, length and vol- ume of water ; when he sees this mighty river absorbing them all and retaining a volume, appar- ently unchanged, — he begins to estimate rightly the increasing depths of current, that must roll on in its deep channel to the sea. Carried out of the Balize, and sailing with a good breeze foi hours, he sees nothing on any side, but the white and turbid waters of the Mississippi, long after he is out of sight of land. From its source to the falls of St. Anthony, it runs alternately through wild rice lakes and awainyg by limestone bluifs and craggy hills ; occasionally through deep pine forests, and beau- tiful prairies ; and the tenants on its borders are elk, buffitloes, bears and deer, and the savages that pursue them. In this distance, there is no a civilized inhabitant on its shores, if we except the establishments of Indian traders, and a g(ar- rison of the United States. Buffiiloes are seldbm seen below these falls. Its alluvions become wide, fertile, and for the most part, heavily tiin bered. Like the Ohio, its bottoms and bluffii gen- erally alternate. Its broad and placid current if often embarassed with islands, whicli are gener ally rich alluvial lands, often containing from five hundred to a thousand acres, and abounding with wild turkeys and other small game. From. 100 m. above the mouth of the Missouri, it would be difficult for us to convey an idea of the beauty of the prairies, skirting this noble river. Tliey are a perfect level ; and are in summer cov cred with a luxuriant growth of grass and flowers without a tree or bush. Below the mouth of the Ohio, in the season oi inundation, to an observing spectator a very strik- ing spectacle is presented. The river sweeps along in curves, or sections of circles, of an extent from six to twelve miles, measured from point to point. The sheet of water, that is visible between the forests on either side, is a mile wide. On a calm spring morning, and under a bright sun, it shines, like a mass of burnished silver. Its edges are distinctly marked by a magnificent outline of cot- ton wood trees, generally of great size, and at this time of the year, of the brightest verdure. On the convex, or bar side of the bend, there is ger erally a vigorous growth of willows, or young cotton wood trees, of such astonishing regularity of appearance, that it always seems to the in- experienced spectator, a work of art. The water stands among these trees, from ten to fifteen feet in height. Those brilliant creatures the black and red bird, flit among these young groves, that are inundated to half their height. Nature is carrying on her most vigorous efforts of vegetation below. If there be wind or storm, the descending flat and keel boats immediately make for these groves, and plunge fearlessly, with all the head- way they can command, among the trees. Should they be of half the size of the human body, struck fifteen feet from the ground, they readily bend before even a frail boat. — You de- scend the whole distance of a thousand miles to New Orleans, landing at night in fifteen feet water among the trees ; but, probably, in no in- stance within twenty miles of the real shore, which is the bluff". The whole spectacle is that of a vast and magnificent forest, emerging from a lake, with its waters, indeed, in a thousand places in descending motion. One of the most striking peculiarities of this river, and of all its lower tributaries, is the uni- formity of its meanders, called in the phrase of the country, its ' points and bends.' In many instances these curves are described with a precision, with which they would have been marked off" by the sweep of a compass. The river sweeps round, perhaps the half of a circle, and is precipitated from the point, in a current diagonally across its own channel, to another curve of the same regularity upon the opposite shore. In the bend is the deepest chan- nel, the heaviest movement of waters, and what is called the thread of ihe current. Between this thread and the shore, there are generally counter currents, or eddies; and in the crumbUiw and MIS 5« MIS tender alluvial soil, the river is generally making in the level country is insalubrious. Stagnant w»- inroads upon its banks on the bend side. Oppo- ters are abundant, and the intense heat of the Bite the oend there is always a sandbar, matched, summer engenders bilious diseases. In the eleva- in the convexity of its conformation, to the con- ted parts the climate is healthy and pleasant. cavity of the bend. Here it is, that the appear- The northern and central portions of this state ance of the young cotton wood groves have their are occupied by the Choctaw and Chickasaw most striking aspect. The trees rise from the Indians; the former tribe number about 21,000 shcre, showing first the vigorous saplings of the present year; and then those of a date of two and three years ; and trees rising in regular gradation to the most ancient and lofty point of the forest. These curves are so regular on this, and all the rivers of the lower country, that the boatmen and Indians calculate distances by them; and instead of the number of miles or leagues, they estimate their progress by the number of bends they have passed. The navigation upon this river is very great. Ships seldom ascend higher than Natchez. The number of steam-boats upon the Mississippi and its tributaries is about 300. Their size is from 540 tons downward. The passage from Cincinna- ti to New Orleans and back, has been made in 19 days. From New Orleans to Louisville the shortest passage has been 8 days and 2 hours, the distance being 1,650 m. and against the current. The steam-boats have generally high-pressure power, and many fatal explosions have happened souls and the latter 3,600 ; civilization and useful arts have made considerable progress among them ; their agriculture is in a thriving state, and they have commodious houses, shops, schools and churches, and support a missionary. They occu- py some of the best land in the state Mississippi is divided into 26 counties and ha> a population excluding Indians, of 136,806. The slaves are 65,659. Jackson, on Pearl river, is the seat of government. Natchez is the only con- siderable town. The legislature is styled ihe General Assembly, and consists of a Senate and House of Representatives. The senators are elected for 3 years and one third of the number are renewed each year. The representatives are chosen yearly. All residents of one year are vo- ters ; clergymen are excluded from office. The Baptists are the largest religious sect, they have 58 churches; the Methodists have 23 preachers; the Presbyterians 25; the Episcopalians 4, and there are some Cat^iolics. Education is provided for by a literary fund ; public schools are main- tained in some of the large towns, and there is a college at Washington near Natchez. The com- erce of the state is directed to the outports of Louisiana and Alabama. Mississippi was erected into a territorial government in 1798. It was ad- mitted into the Union in 1817. Mississippi, towns in Phillips and Arkansas Cos. Arkansas Ter. Missionary Stations. See appendix. Missisagaignn, one of the head streams of the Mississippi rising near the W. end of Lake Su- perior. Missiscoui, a river of Vermont flowing into the N. part of L. Champlain. Missolonghi, a town of Independent Greece, on the N. side of the Gulf of Lepanto, opposite Patras. It has a shallow harbour, and is surrounded by marshes. It was taken and retaken several times by the Turks and Greeks during the war of the revolution. Here Lord Byron died in 1824. There is another town of this name in the Morea. Missouri, a river of the United States, which, taken in connexion with the Mississippi, into. upon these waters. The first steam-vessel here was built in 1810. New Orleans is the outport of this river, and the largest city on its banks. Its waters pass into the Gulf by several channels which in- tersect a flat marshy tract. The main entrance is at the Balize. Misiissippi, one of the United States, bonnded N. by Tennessee, E. by Alabama, S. by Louisia- na and W. by Louisiana and Arkansas. It ex- tends from 30.10. to 35. N. lat. and from 80. 30. to which it flows, is the longest river on the globe ; 81. 35. W. long. 335 m. in length from N. to S. and its length from the highest navigable stream to 150 in breadth, containing 45,760 sq. m. It is wa- the gulf of Mexico being 4,491 m., its length to tered by the Mississippi on the western boundary, the junction with the Mississippi is 3,096 in. It the Yazoo and Big Black rivers, branches of the rises in the Rocky Mountains, nearly in the same Mississippi, the Pascagoulatfnd Pearl which flow parallel with the Mississippi. The most authen- into the Gulf of Mexico, and the head streams of tic information we have yet had of the sources the Tombeckbee rise in the N. part and pass into of this mighty river, is from its first intrepid Alabama. There is a small extent of coast lying American discoverers, Lewis and Clarke. What upon Lake Borgne at its outlet into the Gulf, may properly be called (he Missouri seems to be along which are scattered a few low sandy islands formed by three considerable branches, which but there is no sea-port of consequence in the unite not far from the bases of the principal ran^ state. Nearly the whole country is an alluvial flat, and the shore of the Mississippi in the north is an immense swamp 70 m, in width. In the N. E. part are some hilly, broken tracts. A great part of the soil is a pine barren, but the river intervals ges of the mountains. To the northern they gave the name of Jeflerson, to the middle, Gallatin,and to the southern, Madison. — Each of these brancheH forks again into a number of small mountain jtieams. It is but a short distance from some of are rich and productive. Sugar-cane is raised in "These to the head waters of the Oregon, on tlio the south. The middle parts produce figs, grapes, other side of the mountains. A person may drink tobacco, maize, sweet potatoes, rice, and indigo, from the spring sources of each, without travelling Cotton is raised in all parts, and is the staple ar- more than a mile. After this junction, the river tkle of cultivation. The climate is hot. moist and continues a considerable distance to be still a foam 64 2U MIS 50b MIS inj mountain torrent. It then spreads into a broad and comparatively gentle stream full of isl- ands. Precipitous peaks of blackish rock frown aboTC the river in perpendicular elevations of 1 ,000 feet. Tiie mountains, whose bases it sweeps, are covered with pines, cedars, and firs ; and moun- tain sheep are seen bounding on their summits, where they are apparently inaccessible. In this distance the mountains have an aspect of inex- pressible loneliness and grandeur. The river then becomes almost a continued cataract for the distance of about 17 m. In this distance its perpendicular descent is 3G2 feet. The first fall is 98 feet ; the second, 19; the third, 47; the fourth, 26. These falls are next to Niag- ara the grandest in the world. The river contin- ues rapid for a long distance beyond. The Roche Jaune, or Yellow Stone, is probably the largest tributary of the Missouri. It rises in the same ranges of mountains with the main river, and has many points of resemblance to it. It enters from the south by a mouth 850 yards wide. It is a broad, deep, and sweeping river ; and at its junction appears the larger of the two. Its course is commonly calculated at 1,600 miles. But tiie size and length of all these tributaries are probably over rated. Its shores, for a long distance above its entrance, are heavily timbered, and its bottoms wide, and of the finest soil. Its entrance is deemed to be 1,880 m. above the mouth of the Missouri; and it was selected by the gov- ernment, as an eligible situation for a military post, and an extensive .settlement. While bears, elk, and mountiiin sheep, are the principal ani- mals seen along this part of the river. The oth- er tributaries are the Kansas, Platte, Osage, Lit- tle Missouri, Running Water, White and Milk Rivers. At the point of junction with the Yellow Stone, the Missouri has wide and fine bottoms. But its banks are for the most part destitute of timber, and this for a long series of years will prevent its being inhabited. The 'Gates of the Rocky Moun- tains.' through which the Missouri seems to have torn itself a passage, are commonly described as among the sublimest spectacles in the world. For nearly 6 m. these mountains rise in black and per- pendicular masses 1,200 feet above the surface of tiie river. The chasm is little more than 250 yards wide ; and the deep and foaming waters of the Missouri rush through the passage, as if it were a cataract. The heart of the beholder is chilled, as he contemplates, in these wild and uninhabited regions, this conflict between the river and the mountains. The smooth and black walls of the cleft rise more than twice as high as the moun- tains on the Hudson,below West Point Every pas- senger up that river has been impressed with the grandeur of that scene in the midst of ameni- ty and life. What then must be the sensations of the passenger through the gates of the Rocky Mountains, who witnesses the proofs of this con- flict of nature, in a region three hundred leagues from civilization. Vast columns of the rock^are torn from the mountains and lie along the banks of the river. The bottoms of the Missouri have a character, very distinguishable from those of the Upper Mis- sissippi. They are higher, not so wet, more sa*- oy, witli trees which are not so large, but taller and straighter. lis alluvions are something nar- rower , having for the first 500 m. a medial width of more than 4 m. Its bluffs, like those of the Other river, are generally limestone, but not bo perpendicular; and have more ^ndency to run into the mamelle form. The bottoms abound with deer, turkeys and small game. The river seldom overflows any part of its banks, in this distance It is little inclined to be swampy. There are much fewer lakes, bayous, and small ponds, than along the Mississippi. Prairies are scarcely seen on the banks of the river, within the distance of the first 400 m. of its course. It is heavily timbered, and yet from the softness of the wood, easily cleared The water, though uncommonly turbid with a whitish earth, which it holds in suspension, soon and easily settles, and is then remarkably pure, pleasant and healthy water. The river is so rapid and sweeping in its course, and its bed is compos- ed of such masses of sand, that it is continually shifting its sandbars. A chart of the river, as .t runs this year, gives little ground for calculation, in navigating it the next. It has numerous islands and generally near them is the most difficult to be stemmed. — Still more than the Mississippi be- low its mouth, it tears up in one place, and depos- ites in another ; and makes more frequent and powerful changes in its channel, than any other western river. Its bottoms are considerably settled for a dis- tance of 400 m. above its mouth. That of Chara- ton is the highest compact settlement. But the largest and most populous settlement in the state is that called Boone's Lick. Indeed, there are American settlers, here and there, on the bottoms, above the Platte, and far beyond the limits of the state of Missouri. Above the Platte the open and prairie character of the country begins to de- velope. The prairies come quite into the banks of the river; and stretch from it indefinitely, in naked grass plains, where the traveller may wan der for days, without seeing eitlier wood or water. — The ' Council BluSs' are an important mil itary station, about GOO m. up the Missouri. Be- yond this point commences a country of great interest and grandeur in many respects ; and de nominated, by way of eminence, the Upper Mis souri. The country is composed of vast and al most boundless grass plains, through whichstretcb the Platte, the Yellow Stone, and the other rivers of this ocean of grass. The savages of this region have a peculiar physiognomy and mode of life. It is a' country, where commence new tribes of plants. It is the home of buff'aloes, elk, white bears, antelopes and mountain sheep. And its in- exhaustible supplies of game make it the paradise of hunters. Sometimes the river washes the ba- sis of the dark hills of a friable and crumbling soil. Here are found, as Lewis and Clarke, and other respectable travellers relate, large and sin- gular petrifactions, both animal and vegetable. — On the top of one of these hills they found (he petrified skeleton of a huge fish, 45 feet in length MIS 507 MIS The herds of gregarious animals, particularly the buffaloes, are innumerable. Such is the gen- eral character of the country, until we come in contact with the spurs of the Rocky Mountains. As far as the limit's of the state, this river is ca- pable of supporting a dense population, for a con- siderable distance from its banks. Above those limits it is generally too destitute of wood, to be- come habitable by any other people than hunters and shepherds. All the great tributaries of this river are copies, more or less exact, of the parent stream. One general remark applies to the whole country. The rivers have a narrow margin of fertility. The country, as it recedes from the river, becomes more and more sterile, sandy and destitute of water, until it approximates in char- acter towards the sandy deserts of Arabia. Missouri, one of the United States, lying west of the Mississippi, and intersected by the great river from which it takes its name. It is bounded N. and W.bythe Territory of Missouri, E. by Illin- ois, Kentucky and Tennessee, and S, by Arkan- sas ; extendinnr from 36. to 40. 30. N. lat. and from 89. to 94. 10. W. long. 270 m. in length and 220 'n breadth. It contains 00,000 sq. m. The Mis- Hissippi -washes the eastern boundary, the other principal streams are the branches of the ]V|is- souri and this river. The Ozark Mountains ex- tend south-westerly from this state into Arkansas, and there are some mountain ridges toward the east. A large extent of this great state in i\M •outh-east angle commencing above New Man- rid, and ext€!jiding down the greatt .swaqip, an^ tteough the alluvial region, a considerable dis- .OTlce back frem the Mississippi, is low, ssvampy, fun of lakes, and in many places subject to be in- undated. Beyond that region, which is generally marked by aTbotd line of rolling and fertile high lands', the country gradually rises into high flint knobs, still rising beyond that region to the moun- tainous country of the lead mines. This country extends to the Osage and its tributaries. Beyond this the country is broken and hilly ; until we open upon the boundless belt of open prairies, which spreads beyond the western limits of this state. The best portion, and the most inhabited parts of the state are between the Missouri and Mississippi. This vast tract is no where moun- tainous. It contains great tracts of alluvial and hilly prairies. It is for the most part a surface, delightfully rolling and variegated. There is no part of the globe, where greater extents of coun- try can be traversed more easily, and in any di- rection by carriages of any description, where there are no roads, and that is yet in a state of nature. One specific difference between the soil of this country, and the country bordering on the Ohio is, that the land here contains a much greater pro- portion of sand, is more loamy and friable, and the soil is not so stiff. There are tracts over all this country, where we find the 'slayey soils of Ohio and Kentucky. But they are small. The roads generally, run over tracts, where th? falling rain and snow are so readily absorbed, even in the win- ter, that the people are not troubled with the deep and almost impassable roads, that we find in those states. The rich uplands are of a darkish grey colour ; with the exception of the great tract about the lead mines, where the soil, composed of decom- posed pyrite, is reddish, and of a colour brighter than Spanish brown. The poorer uplands are generally covered with white oak, and that small shrubby species of oak denominated here pin oak. It is usually a stiffer and more clayey soil than the other ; and it is of a light yellow colour. There are two extensive tracts of that fine kind of tim- bered upland alluvion, which constitutes the finest central portions of Kentucky. The one is, per- haps, fifteen or twenty miles in extent. It is south- west of the mine country, and is called Brilevue settlement. The other tract is much larg'ir, and is called in this country the Boone's lich settle- ment. There are smaller extents of this kind of land, spread over all the state. In a state of na- ture, it strikes the eye delightfullj'. The surface rolls gently and almost imperceptibly. It has the same trees and shrubs, and the grand vegetation, that designite the rich alluvions; and at the same time it has the diversified surface, and the asso- ciated ideas of health, and springs of water that are naturally connected with the notion of up- lands. These lands are timbered with the same trees which the alluvions bear. Like those, they are surmounted with grape vines, and are free from underbrush. The graceful pawpaw, the persimon, and the wild cherry tree, all denoting rich soils, abound in these regions ; and they are nearly as fertile as the bottoms of the Missouri, or the Mississippi. The prairies are generally level and of an inter- mediate character between the richer and the poorer uplands. The alluvial prairies are univer- sally rich, and nearly as fertile as the bottoms. Some tracts of the upland prairies are rich But there are scarcely any lands in this state suffi- ciently level for cultivation, that have not ferti- lity enough to bring good crops of corn without manure ; and in many instances the poorer lands are better for wheal than the richer. The grand- est objects of nature will, probably, not excite so much surprise in the mind of a traveller from the Atlantic states, as tl .e first view of a prairie. Ri- ding, day after day, through forests, where the small improvements made in the wilderness scarcely interrupt the general aspect of woods, he opens at once upon the view of a boundless hori- zon. . In the early periods of summer, he beholds outstretched under his eye a perfectly level plain, of the most sofl and beautiful verdure, covered with a thousand flowers of every scent and hue. Here and there, in the skirts of the prairies, and oflen in their centre are clumps of oaks, and pec- cans and black walnuts, disposed in forms so re- gular, and irenerally circular, as could not fail to delight the eye of an admirer of the ancient style of gardening. He is unprepared for such a view, seen in such strong contrast with dark and lonely forests. It is, after all, impossible to convey by description the impression, which these views create. In these vast and beautiful prairies, or on the verge of the bluffs, that overlook them he MfS 6W MIS beholds at once a verdant and sleeping ocean of grass, vast rivers rollitiff their mighty masses of waters througli the dark forests, romantic hills stretching away in the distance, and here and there a cabin or a house throwing up its column of smoke, and the cattle, horses and sheep sleeping about it. A grander spectacle is exhibited when in the autumn the Indians set fire to the dry grass. The flames leap forward with astonishing rapidity and spread in all directions. The hunter or the traveller is unable to escape by their utmost speed and the wild horses, deer and buffaloes are oflen overtaken and burnt to death. The lead mines of this state are highly produc- tive. They are connected with that great min- eral tract which extends from the N. W. part of Illinois into the adjacent territories, and which the reader will find described under the head of Lead Mines. The richest mines in this state are in the neighbourhood of Potoi, upon Big river, a small stream flowing into the Maramec. The ore is found not in veins, aut in detached masses from 2 to 20 feet below the surface. About 3,000,000 pounds are annually smelted. Coal is found in abundance along the Missouri, and ii"on in every part of the state. Manganese, zinc, antimony, and cobalt accompany the lead ore ; salt, nitre, soapstone, plumbago, barytes, pumice stone, gyp- sum, flint and marble are alsfl produced here. Tlie climate is generally salubrious, and the air uncommonly dry ; but the weatlier is subject- ed to greater extremes of cold and heat than in the other western states. Wheat and maize are the staple articles of cultivation ; flax, hemp and cotton are also raised. Missouri is divided into 33 counties. The pop- ulation is 140,074, of whom 24,990 are slaves. The capital is Jefferson , the largest town is St. Louis. The legislature is called the General As- sembly, and consists of a St nate and House of Representatives. The senatfirs are chosen for 4 years and the representatives for 2. The Gov- ernor is chosen for 4 years and is ineligible for the next term. Elections are popular and suf- frage is universal. The Baplists have 67 minis- ters in this state ; the Metliodists 23 ; the Presby- terians 10 ; the Episcopalians 3, and there are some Catholics. There is a college at St. Louis and a few seminaries of learning exist in other parts. This state was originally a part of the Territory of Louisiana. It was admitted into the Union in 1821 . Missouri Territory, the name given to that vast extent of wild country beloneing to the United States which lies west of all the settled districts and east of the Rocky Mountains. It is bounded N. by the British possessions, E. by Michigan, Illinois, and the state of Missouri, S. and S. W. by Mexico and W. by the Rocky Mountains. It ex- tends from 36. 30. to 49. N. lat. and from 90. to 112. W. long, and is estimated to contain 800,000 sq. miles. A great part of this immense territory i-s intersected by the river Missouri and its numerous branches. The north-western part is traversed by a mountain ridge which branches from the great Rocky Mountain chain, about the 42d degree of latitude, and extends north-westerly towards Lake Winnipeg. The eastern part is a level country. From 200 to 400 miles west of the Mississippi, the land is partly covered with forests. Beyond this limit commences a vast ocean of prairies, and the country is mostly a plain in some parts fertile and covered with grass, and in others a barren desert of saad. The surface and soil of this vast extent ol conn try is different from any other of the same dimen- sions on the globe. The lower courses of all the rivers, that enter the Mississippi from this region, are wooded. In proportion, as we ascend towards the mountains, the wood becomes more scarce, and the upper tributaries of these streams run through open prairies. There is, also, a fertile belt along the banks of all these streams ; but in proportion as we diverge from them, the land becomes more sterile and parched. We some- times may travel whole days, without seeing water. Great portions of this country may be al- most likened to the Sahara of the African deserts. There is, however, in the most sterile parts a thin sward of grass and herbage. Countless droves of buffaloes, elk and deer, range upon these vast prairies. These will probably, in some future period of our national existence be replaced by herds of domestic cattle, and flocks of sheep, fol- lowed by moving bands of shepherds. Almost tlie whole course of the Missouri, Platte and Yellow Stone are through a rich soil. The same may be affirmed of Red river. The upper courses of the Arkansas are through the most sterile re- gion of this ocean of prairies. In a country of such immense extent, generally level, naked and open, the climate must of course in a great measure correspond to the latitude. The first climate, beyond the state of Missouri, and the territory of Arkansas, is mild and temperate. The belt beyond has nearly the climate of New England. Still further towards the mountains, it is Canadian. Pike and other travellers speak of encountering storms of sleet and hail in the sum- mer, near the sources of the Arkansas. When- the winds blow from the west over the summits of these mountains, the cold they occasion is extreme. Wild horses are abundant in various parts of this country. Lewis and Clarke in their expedi- tion saw many of them on the plains of the Mis- souri, and Major Long observed whole troops up. on the prairies still firther south. The Indians are abundantly supplied with them, many of which are very fleet, and capable of great endu ranee. A savage warrior mounted on one of these with his long spear, makes a very formida- ble appearance. The Indians take no pains to breed horses, but supply themselves by catching and taming as many as they want. A metliod sometimes adopt- ed by hunters for taking the wild horse, is to shoot the animal through the neck, using the recpuisite care not to injure the spine. A horse may re- ceive a rifle ball through a particular part of the neck, without sustaining any permanent injury, the blow, is however, suflicient to occasion a tein- MIS • 60» MIS porary saspension of the powers of life, during which, the animal is easily taken. This is call- ed creasing ; and requires for its successful per- formance, no small degree of skill in the use of the rifle. Major Long remarKS, fnat in tVie habits of the wild horse, we find little unlike what is seen in the domestic animal. He becomes the most tim orous and watchful of the inhabitants of the wil- derness. It would appear from the paths that are seen, that they sometimes perform long journeys. Wild horses were once numerous on the Koo- tanny Lands, near the northern sources of the Co- lumbia, on the eastern side of the Rocky Moun- tain Ridge, but of late years they have been al- most eradicated in that quarter. They are not known to exist in a wild state to the northward of the fiftv-second or fifty-third parallel of latitude. Tlie Kootannies are acquainted with the Spanish and American mode of taking them with the laso. Major Long mentions that horses are an object of particular value to the Osages. For the purpose of obtaining these animals, which in their wild state preserve all their fleetness, they go in a large party to the country of the Red Canadian River, where they are to be found in considerable numbers. When they discover a gang of the norses, they distribute themselves into three par- ties, two of which take their stations at diiierent and proper distances on their route, which by pre- vious experience they know the horses will most probably take when endeavouring to escape. This arrangement being completed, the first party commences the pursuit in the direction of their colleagues, at whose position they at length ar- rive. The second party then continues the chase with fresh horses, and pursues the fugitives to the third party, which generally succeeds in so far running them down, as to noose and cap- ture a considerable number of them. Immense herds of bison, elks, deer, and other wild animals occupy these vast plains. Of these the bison is the most remarkable from the incred- ible numbers in which they feed together. Some- times 40 sq. m. of territory have been seen com- pletely covered with them. At the period when the Europeans began to make settlements in North America, this animal was occasionally met with on the Atlantic coast; but even then it appears to have been rare to the eastward of the Apala- chian Mountains ; for Lawson has thought it to be a fact worth recording, that two were killed in one season on Cape Fear River. As early as the first discovery of Canada it was unknown in that country. Theodat, whose history of Can- ada was published in 163G, merely says, that he was informed that bulls existed in the remote wes- ern countries. Warden mentions that at no very distant date, herds of them existed in the western part of Pennsylvania, and that as late as the year 17G6they were pretty numerous in Kentucky. The bisons wander constantly from place to place either from being disturbed by hunters, or in quest of food. They are much attracted by the soft tender grass, which springs up after a fire has spread over the giruirie. In winter they scrape away the snow wit!i their feet, to reach the grass. The bulls and cows live in separate herds for the greater part of the year ; but at all seasons, one or two bulls generally accompany a large herd of cows. The bison is in general a shy animal, and takes to flight instantly on winding an enemy, which the acuteness of its sense, of smell enables it to do from a great distance. They are less wa ry when they are assembled together in num- hers, and will then often blindly lollow their lead- ers, regardless of, or trampling down the hunters posted in their way. It is dangerous for the hun ter to show himself after having wounded one, for it will pursue him, and although its gait may be heavy and awkward, it will have no difficulty in overtaking the fleetest runner. While feed- ing, they are often scattered over a great extent of country, but when they move in a mass, they form a dense and almost impenetrable column, which once in motion, is scarcely to be impeded. Their line of march is seldom interrupted even by con- siderable rivers, across which they swim without fear or hesitation, nearly in the order that they traverse the plains. When flying before their pursuers, it would be in vain for the foremost to halt, or attempt to obstruct the progress of the main body, as the throng in the rear still rushes on- ward, the leaders must advance, although destruc- tion awaits the movement. The Indians take ad- vantage of this circumstance to destroy great quan- tities of this favourite game, and certainly no mode could be resorted to more efiectually de- tructive, nor could a more terrible devastation be produced, than that of forcing a numerous herd of these large animals, to leap together from the brink of a dreadful precipice, upon a rocky and broken surface, a hundred feet below. When the Indians determine to destroy bisons in this way, one of their swiftest footed and most active young men is selected, who is disguised in a bison skin, having the head, ears, and horns adjusted on his own head, so as to make the de- ception very complete, and thus accoutred, he stations himself between the bison herd and some of the precipices that often extend for several miles along the rivers. The Indians surround the herd as nearly as possible, when at a given signal, they show themselves and rush forward with loud yells. The animals being alarmed, and seeing no way open but in the direction of the disguised Indian, runs towards him, and betaking to flight dashes on to the precipice, where he suddenly secures himself in some previously ascertained crevice. The foremost of the herd arrives at the brink — there is no possibility of retreat, no chance of escape; the foremost may for an instant shrink-- with terror, but the crowd behind, who are terri- fied by the approaching hunters, rush forward with increasing impetuosity, and the aggregated force hurls them successively Into thegulf where certain death awaits them. The grizzly bear is a native of this territory and is the most ferocious of all hit tribe. He is twice as large as the black bear, with enormously large paws and teeth. He is the monarch of the Rocky 2u2 MIS 510 MOB Moan tains aa the lion ieof tlie deserts of Africa. The Indians regard him witii the utmost terror. His enormous strength enables him to kill and drag away a bison, whom he buries m a pit dug for the purpose. His extreme tenacity of life ren- ders him still more dangerous ; for he can endnie repeated wounds which would be instantaneously mortal to other beasts, and in that state, can rap- idly pursue his enemv. So that the hunter who fails to shoot him through the brain, is placed in the most perilous situation. One evening the ni^i ir the hindmost of one of Lewis and Clark's cs-m-es perceived one of these bears lying in the open ground about three hun- dred paces from the river ; and six of them, who were all good hunters, went to attack him. Con- cealing themselves by a small eminence, they were able to approach within 40 paces unperceiv- ed ; four of the hunters now fired, and each lodged a ball in his body, two of which passed directly through the lungs. The bear sprang up and ran furiously with open mouth upon them ; two of the hunters, who had reserved their fire, gave him two additional wounds, and one breaking his shoulder-blade, somewhat retarded his motion. Before they could again load their guns, he came so clope on them, that they were obliged to run towards the river, and before they liad_gained it the bear had almost overtaken them. Two men jumped into the canoe ; the other four separated and concealing themselves among the willows, fired as fast as tliey could load their pieces. Se- veral times the bear was struck, but each shot seemed only to direct his fury towards the hun- ter ; at last, he pursued them so closely that they threw aside their guns and pouches, and jumped from a perpendicular bank, 20 feet high, into the river. The bear sprang after them, and was very near the hindmost man, when one of the hunters on the shore shot him through the head, and finally killed him. When they dragged him on shore, they found that 8 balls had passed through his body in different directions. On one occa- sion Capt. Lewis was walking at some distance from the river when a huffe bear sprang sudden. .J upon him. He had no resource but flight, and plunging into the river, ho hoped thus to escape , bat QkR bear pursued him in the water, and would not give up the pursuit, until Capt. Lewis turned round and threatened him with a spear which he had in his hand. He than thought it best to re turn, and lied into the thicket. This territory is inhabited by various Indian tribes, the most numerous of which are the Sioux. The whole number of the Indians is estimated at 1.50,000. The United States have military posts in different parts. It constituted a portion of the great territory of Louisiana purchased of the French. Missouri, towns in Clark and Hempstead Cos Arkansas. Missouriton, a town in Howard Co. Missouri. Mistahin Cape, the S. point of the eastern-most oi the Hermit Islands, about 9 m. E. N. E. ol Cape Horn. Mistaken Point, a promontory on the W. of Cape Race, at the S. E. point of the island of New- foundland. Mistassm, Lake, a laKe of New Britain, lying E. of the S. part of James' Bay, and surrounded by mountains called the Great Mistassins. It is above 2i30 m. in circuit, of a very irregular shape, being much intersected by long and narrow pro- jections of land, and contains several islands. It is formed of the Mistassin and other rivers from the mountains, and its outlet is the river Rupert. Mistretta, a town of Sicily, in Val di Demona, 50 m. E. S. E. of Palermo Mitcham, a village in Surrey, Eng. 7 m. S. W. of London. It is seated on the Wandle, on which are some snuflF-mills and calico-printing manu- factories. Mitcheldean, a town m Gloucestershire, Eng. seated at the N. extremity of the forest of Dean, 12 m. "W. of Gloucester and 116 W. by N. of London. Mitchelstown, a town of Ireland, m the county of Cork, with a college for 12 decayed gentlemen and 16 gentlewomen. It is 23 m. N. E. of Cork and 26 S. S. E. of Limerick. Mittau, a town of Russia, capital of the govern- ment of Courland, the residence of Louis XVIII for several years during his e.xile. The walls and moats of the town >j.re decayed, the houses, for the most part, have no particular elegance; and a great many gardens and open places are contain- ed within its circuit. Here are two Lutheran churches, a beautiful Calvinist church, and a Catholic church. It is seated on the Aa, 45 m. E. of Goldingen and 270 N. N. E. of Warsaw. Long. 23. 50. E., lat. 56. 40. N. Mittenwahl, a town of Siberia, on the Neisse, l8m.S. of Glatz. Mittcnwald, a town of Bavaria, capital of the county of Werdenfels ; seated on the Iser, 12 m. N. of Inspruck. Mitti^rburg, a town of Austrian Illyria, with a castle on a rock, 30 m. S. V.. of Trieste Mobile, p.t. Mobile Co. Alabama, and tne only considerable town in the state. It stands on the W. side of a large bay to which it gives its name, and has a good trade principtally in the exporta- tion of cotton. Steam-boats ply between this place and New Orleans, as well as the towns on the river above Mobile. This town was founded by the Spaniards about the year 1700, The yellow fever is oflen prevalent here Lat. 30. 37. N. long. 88. 18. W. Pop. 3,194 Mobile, a river of Alabama, formed by the junc- tion of the Alabama and Tombeckbee, 40 m. above the town of Mobile. It enters Mobile Bay by several channels. The western channel is called MO£ Bn MOH the Mobile ; the eastern i» called the Tensaw, and has the greatest width ana depth. Mobile Bay is 3(( m. long and 12 broad; it has two entrances from the Gulf of Mexico, the deepest of which J as 18 feet of water. .Vr- managh. Its area includes 179,600 Irish acres, part of which is occupied by woods and bogs, and a third part taken up by Lough Erne. A great part is, however, in a high state of cultivation, and the population amounts to about 180,000. It contains five baronies, is divided into 20 parishes, and sends two members to parliament. Monaghan, the capital of the foregoing county, was fortified with a castle and a fort, in the reign of queen Elizabeth. It is 40 m. S. W. of Belfast and 60 N. N. W. of Dublin. Long. 6. 49. W., lat. 54. 16. N. Monaghan, a township of York Co. Pa. Monaster, a town of the kingdom of Tunis, seat- ed near the sea. 70 m. S. E. of Tunis. Long. 11. 6. E., lat. 35. 50. N. Monastervan, a town of Ireland, in the county of Kildare, situate on the Barrow, near the grand canal, 19 m. N. of Carlow and 32 S. W. of Dublin. Monhlanc, a town of Spain, in Catalonia, on the river Francoli, 17 m. N. of Tarragona. Moncallier, a town of the Sardinian states in Piedmont, seated on an eminence near the Po, 5 m. S. E. of Turin. Moncalvo, a town of Piedmont, province of Montferrat, seated on a mountain, 12 m. S. W. ofCasaland30 E. ofTurin. Moncaon, a town of Portugal, in Entre Douro e Minho" with a strong castle ; seated near the Minho, 24 m. N. of Braga. Monchabon, a city of Birmah, and during a short period its capital, is surrounded by a wall and ditch, but is chiefly celebrated as the birth-place of Alompra, who afterwards became the deliverer of his country and the conqueror of Pegu. It is 40 m. N. of Ummerapoora. Moncon, a town of Spain, in Arragoti, v.ith a castle, 6 m. S. of Balbastro and 50 N. E. of Sar- agossa. Moncontmir, a town of France, department of Cotes du Nord, 12 m. S. S. E. of St. Bricux. Monadnock, mountain, usually called the Grand Monadnock, is situated in the towns of Jaffrey and Dublin, in Cheshire Co. N. H. about 22 m. E. from Connecticut river, and 10 N. of the Southern boundary of this state. The direction of the ridge is N. E. and S. W. The mountain is about 5 m. long from N. to S. and 3 m. from E. to W. According to Professor Dana, who visited the moun- tain in 1816, its base is 1,452, and its summit 3,450 feet above the level of the sea. The mountain is composed of talc, and mica slate, distinctly strati- fied. Garnet, schorl, feldspar, and quartz, occur in various parts. On the E. side, plumbago is found in larore quantities. Crucibles and pencils have been manufactured from it, but for the latter, it proves not very good. The summ.it when seen at a distance of 4 or 5 m. appears rounded and destitute of those high cliffs and mural precipices belonging to granitic mountains. The prospect from the pinnacle is very extensive ; thirty ponds of fresh water, some of which are so large as to contain islands of 8 or 10 acres, may be seen from it, in the immediate vicinity. Near the base of the mountain, is the " Monadnock Mineral Spring." Moncimtour, a town of France, department «f Vienne, 27 m. N. W. of Poitiera. MON 514 MON Mondego, a river of Portujral, which has its source near Guardo, crosses iJeira by Coimbra, and enters the Atlantic, near a cape of the same name. Its banks were the theatre of great mili- tary movements between the French and British in ISlOandlSll. Mondonedo, a town of Spain, in Gallicia, and a bishop's see ; 60 m. N. E. of Compostella and 115 N. W. of Leon. Long. 7. 10. W., lat. 43. 30. N. Mondovi, a fortified town of Piedmont, capital of a province of its name and a bishop's see. In 1796 the French gained a victory here over the Austrians, which made them masters of the states of the king of Sardinia. It is seated on a moun- tain, near the river Ellero, 14 m. E. of Coni. Long. 8. 3. E., lat. 44. 2.'>. N. Moruiracron, a town of Spain, in Guipuscoa, near which are some medicinal springs and a famous mine of excellent iron. It is seated on the Deva, 24 m. S. S. W. of St. Sebastian. Mondragane, a town of Naples, in Terra di La- voro, celebrated for its medicinal waters. 13 m. N. W. of Capua. Monfia, an island on the coast of Zanguebar, to the N. E. of Quiloa, tributary to Portugal. Long. 40.50. E.,lat. 7. 50. S. Monjlanquin, a town of France, department of Lot-et-Garonne, 20 m. N. N. E. of Agen. Monforte, a town of Spain, in Galicia, with a castle, 19 m. N. of Orense. Monforte, a town of Portugal in Beira, 17 m. S. E. of Castel Branco. Monforte, a town of Portugal, in Alemtejo, 21 m. S. of Portalegra. Monforte, a town of Portugal, in Tras os Mon- ies, 30 m. W. of Braganza. Mongkyr, a celebrated town and fortress of Hin- doostan, capital of a district of its name in the province of Bahar, seated on the S. bank of the Ganges, which in the rainy season forms here a prodigious expanse of fresh water. The town, as distinct from the fortress, consists of 16 different bazaars, or market-places, scattered over a space of about a mile and a half long and a mile wide. The population is estimated at 30,000. Since 1816 this has formed one of the stations of the Baptist Missionary Society, whose exertions have here been attended with a pleasing degree of success. 80 m. E. by S. of Patna and 300 N. W. of Cal- cutta. Long. 86. 36. E., lat. 25. 24. N. Mongolia, or Western Chinese T«rtarj/, is bound- ed on "the N. by Siberia, E. by Eastern Tartary, S. by the Great Wall of China and Leatong, and W. by Independent Tartary, and occupying most of the space between China and Asiatic Russia. Almost the whole territory consists of a level plain, which borders on the Altai and other mountain chains that form the Russian frontier. The inhabitants are decidedly distinguished both from the Turks and Tartars. They have neither towns nor houses ; but wander in hordes, and live under tents, which they remove from one place to another, according as the temperature of the different seasons, or the wants of their flocks, require. They pass the summer on the banks of rivers, and the winter at the foot of some mountain or hill which shelters them from the piercing N. wind. Their ideas of honour, per- haps less ridiculous than those of our contempo- raries, induce them rather to be content with the food which their flocks supply them, than culti- vate the earth. During the summer they live onlj on milk, using without distinction that of the cow, mare, ewe goat, and camel. Their or- dinary drink is warm water, in which a little coarse tea has been infused ; with this they mix cream, milk, or butter, according to their circum- stances. They have also a method of making a kind of spirituous liquor of sour milk especially of that of the mare. The Monguls are free, open, and sincere. They pride themselves chiefly on their dexterity in handling the bow and arrow, mount- ing on horseback, and hunting wild beasts. Policr- amy is permitted amonasses ; p.v. Sussex Co. N. J. 93 m. N. Trenton; p.v. Essex Co. Va 72 m N. E. Richmond. Monstiers. See Moustiers. Mont Blanc, a stupendous mountain of the Pennine Alps, in Savoy, so called from its white appearance. It is supposed to be higrliest in Eu- rop>e, being 15.673 feet above the level of the sea. Mont Ditiipkin, a town of France, department of Upper .\lp3, seated on a craggy mountain al- most surrounded by the Durance, 16 m. S. of Brianeon. Mont de Marsan, a town of France, capital of the department of Landes, seated on the Midouse, 30 m. N. E. of Dax. Long. 0. 30. W., lat. 43. 55. N. Mont St. Michel, a strong town of France, de- partment of Manche, built on a rock in the sea, which is accessible at low water. 10 m. S. W. of Avrinches. Long. 1. 30. W , lat. 48. 37. N. Montiihanr, a town of Germany, in the duchy of Nassau, with a fine palace, 7 m. N. of Nassau. MorUagu Island, one of the New Hebrides, in the S. Pacific, near Sandwich Island. Long. 163. 31. E., lat. 17. 26. S. Montagu Island, an island in the N. Pacific, 50 m. long and 12 broad, near the W. coast of N America, at the entrance of Prince Willi.am Sound. Long. 174. 30. W, lat. 60. 0. N. Montaigu. a town of France, department of Ven dee, 18 m. S. S. E. of Nantes. Montaigu, a town of France, department of Puy de Dome, 33 m. N. N. W. of Clermont. Montaigu, or Sckrrpenheuel, a town of the Netherlands, in S. Brabant, famous for an image of the Virgin, visited by a great numb«r of pil- grims. 14 m. N. E. of Louvain. Montalegre, a town of Portugal, in Tras os Montes, 25 m. N. E. of Braga and 42 W. of Bra- ganza. Montalvan, a town of Spain, in Arragon, with a strong citadel, seated on the Rio Martin, 44 m. S. of Saragossa and 92 N. by W. of Valencia. Montalvao, a town of Portugal, in Alemtejo on the borders of Spain, 18 m. N. N. E. of Por- talegre and 108 from Lisbon. Montargis, a town of France, department of Loiret, adjacent to the river Loing, from which a navigable canal proceeds to the Seine. It is seated near a fine forest, 15 m. S. of Nemours and 62S. by E. of Paris. Montauban, a town of France, department of MON 816 MON Tarn-et-Garonne, with a celebrated Protestant university. It is the see of abidhop, restored in 1817. Here are manufactures of silk stockings, stuffs, serges, shalloons, «&c. This town was taken from the Huguenots in 1629, and the forti- fications were demolished. In the reign of Louis XIV. it was depopulated by the dragonnades, and in 1815 it suffered much from a persecution rais- ed against the Protestants by an infuriated rabble. It IS sealed on an eminence, on the river Tarn, 20 HI. N. of Toulouse and 30 S. of Cahors. MontbeAiurd, a town of France, department of Duubs, witli a castle on a rock. It has a gjod trade in linen, leather, and cutlery, and near it is a considerable iron mine. It is seated at the con- fluence of the Savoureuse with the Luzine, which soon after joins the Doubs, 10 m. S. S. W. of Be- CDrt and 47 N. E. of Besangon. Long. 6. 56. E., lat. 47. 30. N. Monthrlson, a town of France, capital of the de- partment of Loire, celebrated for its medicinal waters. It is seated on the Vezize, 40 m. W. S. W. of Lyons Long. 4. 7. E., lat. 45. 34. N. Monldidier, a town of France, department of Somme, seated on a mountain, 22 ra. S. S. E. of Amiens and 58 N. by E. of Paris. Monte Alcini), a town of Tuscany, famous for producing the best wine in Italy, called Mus- catella di Monte Alcino. It is 24 m. S. S. E. of Sienna. Monte Jllto, a town of Italy, in Ancona, 14 m. S- S. W. of Fermo. Monte Christo, a town, river, bay, and cape on the N. side of St. Domingo. The cape is a high hill, in the form of a tent, called by the French Cape la Grange. Long. 71. 50. W., lat. 19. 54. N. — Also a chain of mountains in St. Domingo, extending from Monte Christo Bay to the bay of Samana. Monte Falco, a town of Italy, in the papal states, near the river Clitumno, 12 m. W. of Spoleto. Monte Fiascone, a town of Italy, in the papal states, near the lake Bolsena, 12 m. N. N. W. of Viterbo. Monte Fossoli, a town of Tuscany, in the Pisano, 18 m. E. by N. of Leghorn. Monte Leone, a town of Naples, in Calabria Ul- tra, and a bishop's see, 12 m. N. N. E. of Nico- tera. Monte Leone, a town of Naples, in Principato Ultra, 9 m. N. of Benevento. Monie Marano, a town of Naples, in Principato Ultra, near the river Cahore, 18 m. S. of Bene- vento. . Montre Peloso, a town of Naples, in Basilicata, near the river Basiento, 14 m. E. of Acerenza. Monte Santo. See Mhos. Monte Verde, a town of Naples, in Principato Ultra, 16 m. N. E. of Conza. Monte Video, a sea-port of Banda Oriental, at the mouth of the Rio de la Plata, and the capital of the territory. The town is surrounded by a strong wall, and the principal trade consists in hides. It is seated at the foot of a lofty conical moun- tain, on the N. side of the river, 140 m. E. of Bue- nos Ayres. Long. 53. 25. W., lat. 34. 35. S. Montechio, a town of Austrian Italy, in the pro- vince of Brescia, near which the French defeated the Austrians in 1796. 10 m. S. E. of Brescia. Montego Bay, a sea-port, on a bay of the same name, on the N. side of the island of Jamacia. Long. 78. 0. W., lat. 18. 30. N. Montelimart, a town of France, department of Drome, with an ancient citadel, and manufac* tured of wool, silk, and leather. It is seated in a fertile plain, near the Rhone, 25 ra. S. of Valence and 50 N. of Avignon. Montemor o JVovo, a town of Portugal, in Alera- tejo, on the Canna, 15 m. W. N. W. of Evora and 55 E. of Lisbon. Montemor o Fe^Ao, a town of Portugal, in Beira, with a castle, seated on the Mondego, 106 m. N. by E. of Lisbon. Monlercau, a town of France, department of Seine-et-Marne, celebrated for a battle fought here on the 17th of February 1814, between the allies and the French, in which the former were defeat- ed with great loss. It has a trade in corn, &c., and is seated on the Seine, at the influx of the Yonne, 15 m. S. E. of xMelun. Monterey, a sea-port of New Albion, in a juris- diction of its name. It comprehends an area of 300 yards long by 250 wide, is walled round, and has a fort, with a small kind of blockhouse a lit- tle above the top of the wall, at each corner of the square. It stands on the S. E. part of a spa cious bay of its name. Long. 121. 34. W.. lat. 37 6. N. Montesa, a town and fortress of Spain, in Valen- cia, 9 m. W. S. W. of San Felipe. Montesquieu, a town of France, in the depart- ment of Upper Garonne, 15 m. S. S. E. of Toulouse. Montesquiou, a town of France, department of Gers,ll m. W. S. W. of Auch. Montezuma, p.t. Cayuga Co. N. Y. on the Erie canal. 12 m. W. Auburn. Montferrand, a town of France, now forming a suburb to Clermont, which see. Montferrat, a duchy of Italy, forming a part of the Sardinian states, and bounded by Piedmont, the Milanese, and Genoa, from which last it is separated by the Apennines-. It i s very fertile and well cultivated, abounding in corn, wine, oil, and silk. Montfort, a town of France, la the department of Seine-et-Oise, 16 m. W. of Versailles. Montfort, a town of France, department of Ille- et-Vilaine, 12 m. W. ofRennes. Montfort, a fortified town of the Netherlands, in Utrecht, seated on the Yssel, 7 m. S. W. of Utrecht. Montfort, a town of the Austrian States, in Ty- rol, 6 m. N. of Feldkirch. Montgatz, or Munkacs, a town of Hungary, with a fortress, composed of three castles, seated on a craggy rock. It is encompassed by a great mo- rass ; and was defended three years by the wife of count Tekeli, the leader of the Hungarian mal- contents, near the clo.se of the seventeenth century. [t is 152 m. E. S. E. of Cracow. Long. 21. 55. E., lat. 48. 26. N. Montgomery, a county of New York Pop. 43, 595. Johnstown is the capital; a county of the E. District of Pennsylvania. Pop. 39,404. Norristown is the capital ; a county of Maryland. Pop. 19, 816. Rockville is the capital ; a county of the W. district of Virginia. Pop. 12,304. Christians- burg is the capital, a county of Ohio. Pop. 24,252. Dayton is the capital, a county of Kentucky Pop. 10,221. Mount St?rling is the capital ; a county of W. Tennessee. Pop. 14,365. Clarkes- ville is the capital ; a county of Alabama. Pop. 12,694. Montgomery is the capital ; a county of Missouri. Pop. 3,900. Lewistown is the capital ; a county of Illinois. Pop. 2,950. Hillsborough is the capital ; a county of Indianna. Pop. 7,386. Crawfordsville is the capital. MON 517 MON Montgomery, p.t Franklin Co. Vt. Pop. 460 ; p.t. Hampden Co. Mass. 12 m. N. W. Spring- field. Pop. 579 ; p.t. Orange Co. N. Y. Pop. 3,887. Also towns and villages in Somerset Co. N. J., Montgomery and Franklin Cos. Pa., Rich- mond and Franklin Co. Ohio, and Montgomery Co. .\labama. Montgomery, a borough of Wales, capital of Montgomeryshire. Here are the ruins of a cas- tle which was destroyed in the civil wars. Of late years the town has received considerable improve- ments ; the market-house has been enlarged, and a new county gaol erected ; many of the buildings are large and handsome. It stands on the side of a hill, at a short distance from the Severn, 168 m. N. W. of London. Montgomeryshire, a county of Wales, 36 m. lonff and 34 broad. Though barren and moun- tainous in many parts, it has a greater mixture of fertile vale and plain than several of the Welsh counties. Its riches proceed from its sheep and wool, the hilly tract being almost entirely sheep- walks ; and the flocks, like those of Spain, are driven from distant parts to feed on them during the summer. This county also affords mineral treasures, particularly lead ; and it abounds with slate and lime ; but there is no coal. Its princi- pal rivers are the Plynlimmon, Severn, Vyrnew, and Tannat, all of which are noted for affording a variety offish, particularly salmon. Montgorneryville, p. v. Gibson Co. Indiana. Montguyon, a town of France, in the depart- ment of Lower Charente, 43 m. S. S. E. of Saintes. Montkello, p.t. Sullivan Co. N. Y. 40 m. W. Newburg; p.t. Fairfield Dis. S. C. 35 m. N. Co- lumbia ; p.v. Jasper Co. Geo. 32 m. N. W. Mil- ledgeville, p.v. Lawrence Co. Mississippi. 10 m. E. Natchez; p.t. Wayne Co. Ken. 100 m. S. Frank- fort ; p.v. Lawrence Co. Arkansas. Also the seat of the late President Jefferson, Albermarle Co. Va. 2 m. E. CharloUesvihe. Montiel, a town of Spain in New Castile, 22 m. W. of Alcaraz and 70 E. S. E. of Calatrava. Montignac, a town of France, in the department of Dordogne, on the Vezere, 21 m. E. S. E. of Perigeux. Mantilla, a town of Spain in Cordova, 18 m. S. S. E. of Cordova. MontivlUiers, a town of France, department of Lower S^ine, on the small river Lazarde, 6 m. N. of Havre. Montjoy, a town of the Prussian province of Lower Rhine, with a fortified castle on a hill ; sit- uate amon;T rugged rocks, 16 m. S. S. E. of Aix- la-Chapelle. Montlicu, a town of France, in the department of Lower Charente, 40 m. S. S. E. pf Saintes. Montiouis, a town of France, department of Up- per Pyrenees, with a regular fortress on a rock, at the foot of the Pyrenees, for the protection of the frontiers. It is 40 m. W. by S. of Perpignan and 430 S. of Paris. Long. 2.5. E., lat. 42. 30. N. Montlucon, a town of France, department of A'- lier, with manufactures of lace, ribands, serge, &c., seated on the Cher. 35 m. W. S. W. of Mou- tins. Montluel,a. town of France, department of Ain, on the Seraine, 9 m. S. E. of Trevoux. Montmarault a town of France, department of Allier, 28 m. S W. of Moulins. Montmedy, a town of France, department of Meuse, seated on the river Chiers, which divides it into Upper and Lower Town, 21 m. N. of Ver- dun. Montmirel, a town of France, department of Marne, rendered memorable for two severe bat- tles fought in its vicinity between the French and the allies on the 12th and 14th of February, 1814. It is 33 m. W. by S. of Chalons sur Marne and 55 E. of Paris. Monlmoienci, a small stream flowing into the St. Lawrence from the N. 9 m. below Quebec. Here is a beautiful cztaract with a perpendicular descent of 246 feet. Montmorency, a town of France, department of Seine-et-0-3e, 10 m. N. of Paris. Montmorillon, a town of France, department of Vienne, seated on the Gartempe, 25 m. S. E. of Poitiers. Montona, a town of Austrian Illyria, in Istria, 16 m. E. S. E. ofUmago. Montpelier, one of the largest, richest, and most beautiful cities of France, in the department of Herault, and a bishop's see, with a university in which is a celebrated school of medicine, and a botanic garden, the first establishment in Europe. Here are also one of the great provincial schools, a special school of medicine erected in 1801, an anatomical theatre, an extensive library, a liter- ary society, &c. The town-house is remarkable for its halls, which are embellished with fine paint- ings. The number of inhabitants is computed at 33,000. Its trade consists in silks, blankets, car- pets, cotton goods, gauzes, hides, &c. The air is extremely healthy, and a great number of invalids flock hither from all parts. Montpelier is the seat of the departmental administration, and is situa- ted on an eminence between the small rivers Lez and Merdanson, about 5 m. from the Mediterra- nean, with which it communicates by the Canal de Grave. 30 m. S. W. of Nismes and 47 N. E. of Narbonne. Long. 3. 58. E., lat. 43. 37. N. Montpelier, p.t. Caledonia Co._ Vermont, and the seat of government for the state. It has a central situation on Onion river; the site is low and surrounded by hills. The town has consider- able manufactures and 2 weekly newspapers. Pop. 1 ,792. Montpelier, p.v. Hanover Co. Va. and Rich- mond, Co. N. C. Also the seat of President Madi- son in Orange Co. Va. Montreal, a district of Lower Canada, compri- sing the counties of York, Efiingham, Leinster, Warwick, Huntingdon, Kent, Surrey, Bedford, Richelieu, and Montreal. Montreal, a fertile island and county of Low- er Canada in the river St. Lawrence, 30 m. long and 10 broad; surrendered by the French to the English in 1760. Montreal, city, stands on the eastern side of tLe above island. It makes a fine appearance from a dis- tance with its compact mass of buildings, roofed with sheets of tin, and overtopped by church spires glittering with the same metal. Behind it rises a mountain spotted with orchards. The houses are mostly of stone, or plastered to resemble it, and are low with a heavy look ; the streets are narrow. The cathedral is the largest church in North America except that of Mexico; it is 255 feet long and 134 wide and is capable of contain- ing 10,000 people. The college is a large edifice of stone, and has 300 students. The General Hos- pital or Convent of the Grey Sisters was establish- ed in 1753 and is under the management of a Supe- rior and 19 Nuns. The other objects worthy of notice are Nelson's Monument, the Museum, and the Parade, a beautiful public ground. This city is the principal depot of the Northwestern Fur 2 X MOO 518 MOR Company, and carries on a large trade with tlie Unitijd States. A rapid in tlie river below, is a great impediment to the commerce with Quebec. Montreal was taken from the French by the En- glish under General Amherst in 17D0. In 1775 it was taken by the Americans under General Montgomery, but shortly after abandoned. It is 120 in. S. W. of Quebec, 220 N. by W. of Boston. Lat. 45. 31. N. Long. 73. 35. W. Pop. in 1825, 24,000. Montreal, a town of Spain, in Arragon, with a castle, seated on the Xiloca. 25 in. N. of Albara- cin. Montreal, a town of Sicily, in Val di Mazara, and an archbishop's see ; seated on a rivulet, 5 m. W. of Palermo and 50 N. E. of Mazara. Montreuil, a strong town of France, department of Pas de Calais, on a hill, near the mouth of tiie Canche, 20 in. S. E. of Boulogne and 36 S. of Calais. Montrenll Bellay, a town of France, department of Maiiie-et-Loire, on the Touet. 10 m. S. S. W. of Saumur. Montrkhard, a town of France, oepartment of Loir-et-Cher, with a castle ; seated near the Cher, 12 m. S. E. of Amboise. Montrose, a borough and sea-port of Scotland, in Anguss-shire, at the mouth of the S. Esk, over which is a bridge. A little above the town the river expands into a wide lake, called the Basin, into which the tide flows, so that at high water tlie town is almost surrounded by the sea. Of late years fine quays have been erected, and two light-houses. The harbour is very commodious, and has a dry and wet dock. Here are conside- rable manuiactures of canvass ropes, sheeting, linen, and thread. The salmon fisheries on the N. and S. Esk form a valuable branch of com- merce. Montrose, p.t. Susquehanna Co. Pa. and a vil- lage in Cumberland Co. N. C. Montsaur.hc, a town of France, department of Nie«rre, 15 m. N. E. of Chateau-Chinon. Montserrado. See Mcsurado. Monfserrat, a mountain of Spain, in Catalonia, on wliich is a monastery with a chapel, dedicated to the Virgin, resorted toby numbers of pilgrims. It is 26 m. N. W. of Barcelona. Muntserrat, one of the Leeward Carribee Isl- ands, discovered by Columbus, and so named by hiin from lis resemblance to the mountain men- tioned in till"- preceding article. It is about fl m. in length and breadth ; and the hills are covered with cedar and other trees. It belongs to the English, and is 30 m. S. W. of Antigua. Long. 61. 7. W., lat. 16. 48. N. Montville, p.t. Waldo Co. Me. 30 m. N. E. VVis- casset. Pop. 1,743; p.t. New London Co. Conn. 9 in. N. W. New London. Pop. 1,967. Monza, a town of Austrian Italy, in the gov- ernment of Milan, famous for the treasury of St. John the Baptist, where among other things, is the iron crown of the kingdom of Lombardy. Charlemagne was crowned here with it in 1774 and Napoleon in 1805. It is seated on the Lam- bro,8 m. N. E. of Milan. Mooers, p.t. Clinton Co. N. Y. Pop. of the town and Ellenburgh, 1,222. Moon, Mountains of the, mountains of Africa, extending from VV. Africa, through Abyssinia, to the Indian Sea. Tiiey are higher than those of Atlas .W«o/i, a township of Alleghany Co. Pa. Moore^ a township of Northampton Co. Pa. Moore, a county of N. Carolina. Pop. 7,753- Carthage is the chief town. Mooresborough, p. v. Rutherford Co. N. C. Moorsburg, p. v. Columbia Co. Pa. Moorstown, p. v. Burlington Co. N. J. 9 m from Philadelphia. MoorsviUe, p. v. Limestone Co. Alabama. 130 m. N. Tuscaloosa. Moorfield, p.t. Harrison Co. Ohio ; a township of Clark Co. Ohio ; and a village in Nicholas Co. Ken. 45 rn. N. E. Frankfort. Moorfield , p.t. Hardy Co. Va. 53 m. S. W. Win- chester. Moorsburg, a village of Hawkins Co. Ten ''d m. N. E. Knoxville. Moorshedabad, a city of Hindoostan, the capi-:rs Kerha, Cettina, Niranta, and among the inland moun- tains of Dalmatia. The Morlachi are said to be extremely superstitious, and if injured or insulted, implacable; but hospitable, and in a liigli degree capable of gratitude: the most pleasing trait of character among them is friendship, which they have even made a kind of religious article ; fat the Sclavonian ritual contains a particular bene- diction fir the solemn union of two male, or two female friends, in the presence of the congrega- tion. The male friends, thus united, are called probratimi, and the female posestreme, which mean half-brothers and half-sisters. From these consecrated friendships among the Morlachi, and other nations of the same origin, arose, as it should seem, the sworn brothers, a denomination fre- quent among the common people in many parts of Europe. Segna is the capital. Morlaix, a town of France, department of Fin- isterre, with a castle and a tide harbour. The church of Notre Dame is a singular structure, and the hospital very handsome. It has a consid- erable trade in linen, hemp, and tobacco, and is seated on a river of the same name, 30 ra. E. N. E. of Brest. Long. 3. 45. W., lat. 48. 33. N Morocco, an empire of Africa, comprenending a considerable part of the ancient Mauritania, bounded W. by the Atlantic, N. by the Mediter- ranean, E. by Algiers, and S. by the Sahara. Its greatest length is above 590 m. but it is no where more than 260 broad. The soil though sandy and dry in some places, is fertile in others ; and the fruits, as well as the pastures, are excellent but the country is not properly cultivated. The inhabitants are Mahomedans, of tawny complexion, robust, and very skilful in managing a horse and wielding a lance: they are jealous, deceitful, su- perstitious, and cruel. There are a great number of Christian slaves and some merchants upon the coast, besides a multitude of Jews, who car- ry on almost all the trade, especially by land, with the negroes, to whom they send large cara- vans, which travel over vast deserts, almost des- titute of water. Besides woolen goods, their commodities are Morocco leather, indigo, cochi- neal, and ostriches' feathers ; in return for which they have silks, muslins, calicoes, coffee, and drugs. In the deserts are lions, leopards, goats and'' serpents of .several kinds. The fruits are dates, figs, almonds, lemons, oranges, pomegra- nates, and many others. There are also much MOR 520 MOS flax and hemp, but very little timber. The empe ror is absolute, his will being a law, and lie often exercises great cruelties. His naval force con- eista chiefly of rovers, who now and then take large prizes. He can bring 100,000 men into the fifld, half of whom are foot and half liorse ; but they are poorly armed ana know but little of the art of war. The recent capture of Algiers by the French will no doubt entirely change tlie politi- cal character of this despotic government. Morocco, a city of the foregoing empire, seated in a beautiful valley, formed by achain of moun- tains on the N. and those of Atlas on the S. and E. Though not equal to Fez in magnitude and population, it is generally considered the capital, being the most usual residence of the emperor. It has nothing to recommend it but its great ex- tent and the royal palace. It is surrounded by strong walls, 8ni. in circumference. The mosques are very numerous and some of them magnifi- cent. The best houses are enclosed in gardens ; but the generality of them serve only to impress the traveller with the idea of a miserable and de- serted city. The Jews, who are numerous, have a separate town, walled in, and under the charge of an alcaid, appointed by the emperor. It has 2 gates, which are regularly shut every evening at nine, after which hour no person can enter or de- part. Morocco is 90 ni. E. of Magador and 400 S. of Gibraltar. Long. 7. 15. W., lat. 30. 57. N. Moron, a town of Spain, in Andalusia, with a castle : near it is a mine of precious stones. It is 30 m. S. E. of Seville. Morotoi, one of the Sandwich Isles, 7 m. W. N. W. of Mowee. Yams are its principal produce ; but it has little wood. The coast, on the S. and W. sides forms several bays. Long. 117. 14. W., lat. 21. 10. N. Morpeth, a borough of Northumberland, Eng. It stands on the N. bank of the Wansbeck, and on the opposite side are the parish church and the ruins of a castle. Here are also a chapel of ease, a Roman Catholic chapel, two meeting-houses, a free grammar scliool founded by Edward VI., an English free school erected in 1792, a dispensary opened in 1817, and a mechanics' institute com- menced in 1825. The other principal buildings are the town-hall, and the new county gaol, house of correction, &c. 15 m. N. of Newcastle and 289 N. by W. of London. Morris, a. county of New Jersey. Pop. 23,530. Morristown is the capital. Also townships in Huntingdon, Greene and Washington Cos. Pa. Morrison, a township in Jackson Co. Ohio. Morristown, p.t. St. Lawrence Co. N. Y. Pop. 1,618; p.t. Morris Co. N. J., 19 m. N. W. New York ; p.v. Belmont Co. Ohio. 120 m. E. Colum- bus. Morrisville, p.v. Madison Co. N. Y., Bucks and Green Cos. Pa., and Fauquier Cj. Va. vVorsortrt, a town of Naples, in the Mojise, 14 m. N. E. of Molise. Mortagne, a town of France, department of Orne, famous for its serges and tanneries. 19 m. E. N. E. of Alengon and 70 W. S. W. of Paris. Mortagne, a town in the department of Nord, seated at the conflux of the Scarpe and Scheldt, 8 m. S. E. ofTournay. Mortagne, a town m the department of Lower Charente, on the Gironde, 24 m. S. S. W. of Saintes. Mortagne, a town in the department of Vendee, where a battle was fought between the royalists and republicans, in 1793, in which the former are said to have lost 20,000 men. It is 36 m. N. of Fontcnay le Comte. Mortain, a town in the department of Manclie, on the rivulet Lances, almost surrounded by craggy rocks, 18 m. E. of Avranches. Mortare, a town of the Sardinian Milanese. 22 m. S. W. of Milan. Mortay, or Martero, an island in the Eastern Seas, formerly subject to the Sultan ofTernate. It is 80 m. in circumference, and thinly inhabited, but full of sago trees, which are cut by the peo- ple of Gilolo. Long. 128. 23. E.,lat. 2. 15. N. Mortlach, a village of Scotland, in Banffshire, where Malcom 11., in memory of a victory gained over the Danes, founded a bishopric, which was translated to Aberdeen by David I. ; the ancient cathedral is now used as the parish church. 6 m. S. W. of Keith. Morviedro, a town of Spain , in Valencia, on the site of the ancient Saguntum, with the ruin of a Roman amphitheatre, &c. It is seated on a riv- er of the same name, 15 m. N. of Valencia. Mosa, a town of Arabia, in Yemen, 25 m. N. by E. of Mocha. Mosambique, a straight or channel of the Indi- an Ocean, between the E. coast of Africa and the island of Madagascar. It is the narrowest in the middle, where it is 240 m. over. Mosambique, a city and sea-port, the principal settlement of the Portuguese on the E. coast of Africa. It stands on an island of the same name, not more than 3 m. in length and half as much in breadth, and about 2 m. from the continent. The city is handsome, and the buildings well con* structed, especially the churches and convents : the fort, or castle, is about a niusket shot from the city. The Portuguese have generally a good garrison here, a well stored magazine^ and a large hospital for sick sailors. Their ships always call here in going to the E. Indies; and the harbour is so commodious that whole fleets may anchor and provide themselves with all necessaries. Long. 41. 8. E, lat. 1.5. 5. S. Mushach, a town of Germany, in the grand duchy of Baden, with a castle, and manufactures of cloth and salt; seated on the Neckar 18 m. E. of Heidelberg. Mosburg, a town of Bavaria, seated at the conflux of the Amber with the lser,24m. N. E. of Munich. Moscovy. See Russia. Moscow, formerly a duchy, but now a govern- ment of Russia ; bounded on the N. by the gov- ernment of Tver, E. by that of Great Volodimir, S. by the govern ;nent of Kaluofa and Resan, and W. hy those of Tver and Sinolensko. It is a fruitful country, and a considerable portion is laid out in gardens and orchards. Moscoio, the capital of tiie above government, and formerly of the whole empire. Previous to the invasif-n of the,French, it was the largest city in Europe, the circumference within the rampart that enclosed the suburbs being 20 m.; but its pop. did not correspond with its extent. It contained, within the ram parts ,300, 000 souls and was the most populous city in the empire, notwithstanding the residence cf the court was at Petersburg. Moscow is rendered memorable in history, for one of the most extraordinary events that ever took place. In June 1812, the French entered Russia with such an immense army that they threatened to sweep every thing before them like a torrent ; and it was generally expected that if they once reached this MOS 521 MOS city, which would aflora vast resources for their army, as well as comfortable quarters for the win- ter, the object of the war would have been com- pleted. On the 8th of September the battle of Borodino took place ; victory decided in favour of the French, and the Russians retreated off the field, leaving Moscow to its fate. The road being thus left open, the French entered this city, on the 14th of the same month with little opposition. But a sad reverse of fortune now took place, which preserved the Russian empire from ruin, and pav- ed the way to the downfall of the French military power over Europt. The city was set on fire by the Russians, so that the French were compelled to attempt their retreat, at the moment they thought themselves securely entrenched for the winter. Nothing now remained but to offer terms of peace to the Russians, which were rejected ; they next proposed an armistice, which was refus- ed ; and, on the 19th of October following, they commenced their calamitous retreat from Moscow. The conflagrations destroyed upwards of three parts of the town ; and, shocking to relate, more than 30,000 sick and wounded soldiers, who were in the hospitals, perished in the flames. The old city was distributed into 5 divisions, all of which, not excepting the suburbs, have been rebuilt, with wider streets and greater uniformity in the pri- vate dwellings, and the population has nearly reached its former magnitude. The divisions are — 1. The Kremlin, in the central and highest yart of the city, surrounded by high walls of stone and brick, 2 m. in circumference. The division contained the ancient palace of the czars, where Peter the Great was born ; also the cathedral with seven towers, besides other churches, the patriarchal palace, and the arsenal. The pal- ace escaped the conflagration of 1812, but was damaged by the French on their leaving Mos- cow ; it has since been rebuilt, with improve- ments. 2. The Khitafforod, much larger than the Kremlin, contained^ the university, the print- ing-house, and many other public buildings, with all the tradesmen's shops. 3. The Bielgo- rod, or White Town, ran round the two preced- ing divisions, and took its name from a white wall, by which it was formerly surrounded. 4. The Somlaingorod environed all the other three quarters, and was so denominated from a circu- lar rampart of earth by which it was encompassed. The last two divisions exhibited a grotesque group of churches, conv«*nts, palaces, brick and wooden houses, and mean hovels. 5. The Sloboda, or su- burbs, formed a vast exterior circle round all the parts already described, and were invested by a low rampart and ditch. These suburbs contained, besides buildings of all kinds, orchards, gardens, corn-fields, much open pasture, and some small lakes, which give rise to the Neglina. The Mos- kwa, from which the city takes its name, flows through it in a winding channel ; but, excepting in spring, is only navigable for rafts. It receives the Yausa in the Semlainogorod, and the Neglina at the western extremity of the Kremlin ; but the beds of both these rivulets are nearly dry in sum- mer. Moscow exhibited an astonishing degree of extent and variety, irregularity and contrast ; Bome parts had the appearance of a sequestered desert ; others of a populous town ; some of a contemptible village ; others a great capital. The streets, in general, were very long and broad ; some of them paved ; others, particularly in the suburbs, were formed with trunks of trees or boarded with planks like the floor of a house. 66 The places of divme worship, ioclud'ing chapels, amounted to above 1,500: of^ these 484 were pub- lic churches, some built of brick, stuccoed or white-washed, but the greater part were ot wood, painted red some had domes of copper, others of tin, gilt or painted green, and many were roofed with wood. They were richly orna- mented within ; and the pictures of the saints were decorated with gold, silver, and jirecious stones. Some of their bells were of a stupendous size; they hung m belfries detached from the church, were fixed immoveably to the beams, itnd rung by a rope tied to the clapper. In the cath- edral of St. Michael, tne sovereigns of Russia were formerly interred, their bodies being deposit- ed in raised sepulchres, in the shape of coffins, above the pavement. The cathedral of the As- sumption of the Virgin Mary was the most mag- nificent in the city, and had long been appropri- ated to the coronation of the Russian sovereigns. The foundling hospital, founded by Catherine II., was an immense pile of building, of a quad- rangular shape, and capable of containing 8,000 foundlings. Since the fire, the churches and cVapels are less numerous than before, but those which have been rebuilt occupy the former sites. Moscow is the centre of the inland commerce of Russia, particularly connecting the trade between Europe and Siberia. The principal manufactures are those of silk, linen, cotton, paper, leather, and sugar. Moscow suffered severely from the pes- tilential cholera in 1831. Its present pop. is about 300,000. The navigation to this city is formed by the Moskwa, which flows into the Occa, near Kolomna, and that river communicates with the Volga and also by a canal to the Don, which riv- er communicates with the sea of Asoph. 425 m. S. E. of Petersburg. Lontr. 37. 33. E., lat. 55. 46. N. Moscow, p.t. Somerset Co. Me. Pop 405 ; p.t. Livingston Co. N. Y. near Genesee river, 30 m. above Rochester ; also a village in Clermont Co. Ohio. Moselle, a department of France, including part of the former province of Lorraine. It takes its name from a rtver, which rises in the Vosges, wa- ters Epinal and Toul, receives fne Meurthe be- low Nancy, and, passing by Metz, Thionville, and Treves, enters the Rhine at Coblentz. Metz is the capital. Mosenla, a town in Persia, in Khusistan, 22 m. S. W. ofSuter. Moskirch, a town of Germany, in the grand duchy of Baden, where the Austrians sustained a defeat in 1300. 22 m. N. Stuttgard. Moskoe, an island on the coast of Norway, sep- arated from the mainland by the Vestfiord. On its coast is the whirlpoolof Maelstrom, which see. Mosquito Shore, a tract of country of the east- ern coast of Honduras. It is well watered by navigable rivers and lakes ; abounds in fish, game, and provision* of all sorts ; furnishes every neces- sary for raising cattle and stock ; and is clothed with woods producing timber for every purpose at land or sea. The soil is superior to that of the W. India Islands, the climate more salubrious and the destructive ravages of hurricanes, and earthquakes are here unknown. It received its name from the immense swarms of mos- chetoes which are the torment of the inhabi- tants and compel them to pass a great part of their lime in boats upon the rivers. Tlie Mos- quito Indians of this coast are governed by aris- tocratic chiefs, and number about 1,500 warriors. 2x2 MOU 623 MOD This eoantiy was held by the English for 80 years, but was ceded to Spain in 17^, in consid- erKtion of certain cessionson the coast of Yucatan. It is now included in the Guatemalan Republic. See Guat.enuila. Moss, a sea-port of Norway, in the government of Aprgerhuys, at the mouth of a river of its name, on the E. side of Christiania Bay. Here are many saw i.iills and a large iron foundery. 23 m. S. of Christiania. Long. 10. 48. E., lat. 58. 38. N. Mossula, a town of the kingdom of Congo, at the mouth of the Onzo, 220 m. S. W. of St. Sal- vador. Long. 12. 10. E., lat. 7. 50. S. Mostar, a sea-port of Dalmatia, and a Greek archbishop's see ; seated on the Narenza, 20 m. N. E. of Narenza. Long. 18. 37. E., lat. 43.48. N. Mosul., a town of Asiatic Turkey, in Diarbeck, surrounded by high walls and defended by a cas- tle and citadel. The houses are in several places gone to ruin ; but it has a great trade, particularly in cloth, and all sorts of cottons and silks. At some distance from Mosul is a mosque, in which they pretend the prophet Jonah lies ; and they believe this town stands on the site of the ancient Nine- veh. It is seated on the Tigris. 130 m. S. E. ol Diarbekir and 190 N. E. of Bagdad. Long. 43. 30. E., lat. 36. 20. N. Motkerkill, a hundred of Kent Co Del. Fred- rica is the chief town. Motir, one of the Molucca Islands, 20 m. in circumference, and valuable for its spices. Lonur. 127. 0. E., lat. 0. 10. N. Motril, a sea-port of Spain, in Granada, with a good harbour, seated on the Mediterranean, 37 m. S. E. of Granada. Long. 3. 28. W., lat. 36. 32. N. Mottn, a town of Austrian Italy, in the Trevis- ano, at the conflux of the Mottigano and Livenza, 18 m. N. E. ofTreviso. Motta, a town of Naples, in Capitanata, 3 m. E. S. E. Volturara. Mottling. See Metling. Mfuah,& town of Arabia, in Yemen, and the residence of a prince ; seated in a fertile coun- try, 90 m. S. E. of Sana. Long. 46. 35. E., lat. 14. 20. N Moudon, a town of Switzerland, in the canton of Vaud, with a castle on the summit of a moun- tain, 12 m. N. N. E. of Lausanne. Moidins, a town of France, capital of the de- partmerft of AUier. Its manufacture of cutlery IS in great esteem ; and the houses of the late Chartreux, and of the Visitation, are magnifi- cent. It is seated on the Allier, over which is & fine bridge, 30 m. S. of Nevers and 225 S. S. E. of Paris. Long. 2. 20. E., lat. 46. 34. N. Moulins en Gilbert, a town in the department of Nievere, at the foot of the mountains of Morvan. 5 m. S. W. of Chateau Chinon. Moulins la Marche, a town in the department of Orne, 24 m. N. E. of Alengon. Mouttan, a province of Hindoostan boundeed by Lahore, Afghanistan, Agimere, Sinde, and Beloo- chistan. Its products are cotton, sugar, opium, galls, sulphur, &c. In many parts there are fine camels, and a breed of excellent horses. It is gov- erned by a nabob, tributary to the Afghans. Moultan, the capital of the above province, sur- rounded with a fine wall 40 feet high and four miles in circumference, is strongly fortified, and has a Hindoo temple of great celebrity. It is fa- mous for its silks and carpets, and is situate in a pleasant and well cultivated district, 4 m. S. E. of the Chenob,or Acesinies River, and 210 S. W of Lahore. Long. 70. 40. E., lat. 29. 52. N. Moulton, p.v. Lawrence Co. Alabama. Moultonborough, p.t. Strafford Co. N. H. on Lake Winipisiogee. 36 m. N. Concord. Pop. 1,452. Mountain Islann. a village of Scott Co. Ken. Mountain Shoals, p.v. Lawrence Dis. S. C. Mount Airy, p.v. Surrey Co. N. C. 172 m. N. W. Raleigh. MouTit Bay, a bay in the English channel, on the S. coast of Cornwall, between Land's End and Lizard Point. Within rises a lofty peninsu- lated rock, called Mount St. Michael, near the town of Marazion, to which there is a diy passage at low water. Mount Bethel, a village of Somerset Co. N. J. also two townships, Upper and Lower, in North- nampton Co. Pa Mount Carmel, p.t. Edwards Co. Illinois. Mount Clemens, a village of Macomb Co. Mich- igan. Mount Desert, a fertile island on the coast of the state of Maine, in Hancock county, 15 m. long and 12 broad. It is intersected in the mid- dle, by the waters flowing into the S. side from the sea; and the N. part is separated from the mainland, by a strait 9 m. wide. Pop. 1,603. Mount Clio, pv. Sumter Dis. S. C. 52 m. E Columbia. Mount Elon, p.v. Darlington Dis. S. C. 77 m N. E. Columbia Mount Gilead, p.v. Loudon Co. Va. Mount Henry, p.v. Montgomery Co. Ten. 67 m. N. W. Murfreesborough. Mount Holly, p.t. Rutland Co. Vt. 20 m. W. Windsor. Pop. 1,318 ; p.t. Burlington Co. N. J 18 m. E. Philadelphia. Mount Hope, an eminence in Bristol R. I., cel- ebrated in the early history of New England, as the residence of the Indian Sachem Metacom or king Philip. It stands on the shore of a wide branch of Narragansel Bay. Mount Hope, p. v. Orange Co. N. Y.; p.v. Shenan- doah Co. Va. Mount Horeb, p.t. Nelson Co. Va.; p.v. Jasper Co. Geo. Mount Jackson, p.v. Beaver Co. Pa. Mount Joy, towns in Lancaster and Adams Cos. Pa. Mount Laurel, p.v. Halifax Co. Va. Mount Morris, u.v. Livingston Co. N. Y. Pop. 2,534. re V Mount Mourne, p.v. Iredell Co. N. C. MoutU Pilot, p.v. Sumner Co. Ten. Mount Pisgah, p.v. Iredell Co. N. C. and Wil- cox Co. Alabama. Mount Pleasant, p.t. Westchester Co. N. Y. on the Hudson, 33 m. above New York. Pop. 4,932 ; also towns and villages in Lancaster, Westmore- MOU 5S3 MUI knd and Wayne Cos. Pa., Queen Anne Co. Ma- ryland, Shenandoah, Spotsylvania and Halifax Cos. Va., Rockingham Co. N. C, Fairfield Dla. S. C, Baldwin Co. Geo., Jefferson Co. Ohio, Mar- ten Co. Ind., Maury Co. Ten., Wilkinson Co. Mis- sissippi, Baton Rouge Parish, Louisiana. Mount Prospect, p.v. Edgecombe Co. N. C. Mount Republic, p.v. Wayne Co. Pa. Mount SdIus, p.v. Hinds Co. Mississippi. Mount Sterling, p.v. Switzerland Co. Ind. ; p.v. Montgomery Co. Ken. Mount Upton, p.v. Chenango Co. N. Y. Mount Vernon, p.t. Kenneb. c Co. Me. 14 m. N. W. Augusta. Pop. l,43i) a township of Hills- borough Co. N. H. Pop. 71)3 ; p.v. Chester Co. Pa ; p.t. Knox Co. Ohio ; p.v. Rockcastle and Bul- litt Cos. Ken. ; p.v. Posey and Jetferson Cos. In- diana. Mount Vernon, once the residence of Washing- ton, and the sjwt where his remains are entomb ed. It is on the south side of the Potomac, in Fair- fax Co. Va., 15 m. from the city of Washington. The house is a plain wooden building surrounded by handsome lawns and gardens. The tomb is a rustic excavation in the earth with a front of brink and totally devoid of ornament. Mountcille, p.v. Loudon Co. Va Mount Vintage, p.v. Edgefield Dis. S. C. Mount Washington. See White Mountains. Mount Washington, a township of Berkshire Co. Mass. 130 m.S. W. Boston. Pop. 345. It forms the S. W. corner of the state of Massachusetts. Within its limits stands Mount Washington, one of the summits of the Tagkannuc ridge, about 3,000 feet high. Mount Zion, p.v. Union Co. Ken., Hancock Co. Geo., and Monroe Co. Missouri. Mountmellick, a town of Ireland, in Queen's county inhabited principally by Quakers. The wool-combing, malting, and tanning business, the cotton manufacture and bleaching are carried on here. It is seated on a stream which falls in- to the Barrow, 5 m. N. of Maryborough and 42 W. S. W. of Dublin. Mountrath, a town of Ireland, in Queen's coun- ty. In its neighbourhood are some iron works ; but the woolen manufacture forms the principal trade. 23 m. N. of Kilkenny and 47 W. S. W. of Dublin. Mountsorrel, a town of Leicestershire, Eng. seated on the Soar, at the foot of a high mount or rock, of a sorrel-coloured stone, with which the town is chiefly built and paved. It is 7 m. N. of Leicester, and 102 N. W. of London. Moura, a town of Portugal, in Alemtejo, with an old castle, 34 m. S. S. E. of Evora. Mouraon, a town of Portugal, in Alemtejo, with a castle, on the borders of Spain, 2d m. E. by S. of Evora. Mourzouk, the capital of Fezzan, with a fort- ress, in which is the sultan's p.alace. It is situate on a rivulet, and supplied with water from a mul- titude of springs and wells. The medley which is present to the eye, of the vast ruins of ancient buildings and the humble cottages of earth and sand that form the dwelling of the present Arab inhabitants, is singularly grotesque and strange. It is surrounded by a high wall, with three gates, at which is collected a tax on all goods (provisions excepted) that are brought into the city. Its commerce, which is considerable, consists of for- eign n»erchandise brought by the caravans from Cairo, Bornou, Mesurata, and other smaller troops of traders. Mourzouk is 290 m. S. Mesurata. and 700 N. W. ofBornou. Lonff. 15. 35. K., lat, 27.54. N. Moustiers, a town ot France, in the department of Lower Alps, with a manufacture of porcelain ; seated between two craggy mountains, 9 m. E. of Riez. Mouzon, a town in the department of Ardtnnes, with a manufacture of serges ; seated on the Meuse,9 m. S. E. of Sedan. Minoee, one of the t^andwich islands, 162 m. in circumference. A low isthmus divides it into two circular peninsulas, of which the eastern is double the size of the western. The mountains in both rise to a great height, but the country presents an appearance of verdure and fertility. Near the W. point of the smaller peninsula is a spacious bay, with a sandy beach shaded with cocoa-nut trees. Long. 175. 56. W., lat. 20. 53. Maya, a mountam of S. America, from which, during the great earthquake in February, 1797, such a flood of water burst forth that it totally swept away Pelile, and the celebrated plantation of St. Ildefonso, where 1,000 persons perished. Moyalicn, a town of Ireland, county of Down, with a manufacture of linen. 3 m. from Porta- down and 63 from Dublin. Moyamensmg, t. Philadelphia Co. Pa. It is a suburb of the city on the south. Moyenvic, a town of France, department of Meurthe, noted for its salt spring, 2 m. E. S. E, of Vic and 16 E. of Nancj. . Mozyr, a town of Russian Lithuania, m the government of Minsk, on the river Prynec, 150 m. S. S. E. of Minsk. Long. 29. 30. E., lat. 52. 10. N. Moscislaw, a town of Russian Lithuania, in the government of Mohilef, formerly the capital of a palatinate. It is seated on the Sofz. 30 m. S. of Smolensko and 64 E. by N. of Mohilef. Long. 32. 32. E., lat. 54. 28. N Mucidan, a town of France, m tne department of Dordogne, on the river Ille, 18 m. S. W. of Perigueux. Murk, one of the Hebrides of Scotland, 4 m. S. W. the isl. of Egg. It is 3 m. long and a m. broad , the soil in general is good, and the black cattle thrive well. Kelp is burnt on its shores, and much oil extracted from the livers of the sunfish. Mudania, or Mundania, a town of Turkey, in Natolia, on a gulf of the sea of Marmora. The commerce is very considerable in grain, fruit, wine, saltpetre, silk, and the manufactures of Bursa, which are brought here for exportation. It is 17 m. N. of Bursa. Long. 29. 10. E., lat. 40. 27. N. Mugeln, J^ew, a town of Saxony, in Meissen, with a castle called RugethaL 18 m. W. by N of Meissen. Mugia, a town of Spain, in Galicia, on the W. coast, 40 m. W. N. W. of Compostella Muglia, a town of Austrian Illyria, in Istria, with a castle, and a harbour for barges, 5 m. S. E. of Trieste. Muglitz, a town of Moravia, in the circle of Olmutz, 22 m. N. N. W. of Olmutz. Muhlbcrg, a town of Prussian Saxony, in the government of Merseberg, with a castle, situate on the Elbe, 30 m. N. W. of Dresden. Muhldorf, a town of Bavaria, on the Inn, 33 m. S. S. E. of Landshut. MuhlenJterg, a county of Kentucky. Pop. 5,341 . Greenville is the capital. Muirkirk. a town of Scotland, in Ayrshire, with MUN 524 MUN manufactures of iron, coal and tar, on the river Ayr, 26 ni. E. of Ayr. Mujaxar, a sea-port of Spain, in Granada, with a strong castle on a mountain ; seated on a bay of the Mediterranean, 40 m. N. E. of Almeria. Lonir. 1. 55. W., lat. 37. 7. N. Muldau, or MoUlau, a river of Bohemia, which rises on the confines of Bavaria and, after receiv- ing; a number of rivers, enters the Elbe opposite Mslnick. Malhausen, a city of Prussian Saxony, in the government of Erfurt. It was formerly an im- perial city, but fell to Prussia in 180'2 and was confirmed to that power in 1814. Here are va- rious manufactures and some flourishing schools. It is seated in a fertile countr^^ on the Unstrut, 29 m. N. W. of Erfurt. Long. 10. 37. E., lat. 51. 10. N. Mulhausen, a town of France, department of Upper Rliine, with manufactures of printed linens and cottons; seated in a fertile plain on the Ille, 24 m. S. of Colmar. Mulivaddy, a river of Ceylon, which rises at the foot of a high mountain, called Adam's Peak, about GO m. N. E. of Columbo, flows westward, and enters the sea by several branches. The largest of these, called the Mutwal, runs into the sea 3 m. from the fort of Columbo, and is navi- gable for boats upwards of 35 m. Mull, one of the Hebrides of Scotland, 28 m. in length and in some places of equal breadth, se- parated from the mainland of Argyleshire by a narrow passage, called the Sound of Mull. There are many good natural harbours ; and the ruins of several ancient castles are to be seen. The soil is for the most part, rocky and barren ; but the hills abound with springs, and are covered with sheep and cattle ; these, with the fishery, and a considerable quantity of kelp, are the arti- cles of commerce. The principal place is Tober- mory . MulllcohUl, p.v. Gloucester Co. N. J. 17 m. S. W. Philadelphia. MuUingar, a borough of Ireland, capital of W. Meath. It is a place of good trade, and stands on the river Foyle, 38 m. W. of Dublin. Long. 7. 50. W., lat. 53. 30. N. Midhivia, a river which rises in Mount Atlas, divides the empire of Morocco from the kingdom of Algiers, and runs into the Mediterranean Sea. Malrose, a town of the Prussian province of Brandenburg, seated on a canal cut between the Spree and Oder, 10 m. S. W. of Frankfort. Multnomah, a branch of the Oregon or Colum- bia river, which falls into the main stream about 100 m. from the ocean. Its course and length are but invperfectly known. Mumpers, p.v, Franklin Co. Pa. Muncklie.rfT, a town of Bavarian Franconia, in the principality of Bayreuth,16 m.E. of Culmbach. Miinchrnher!^, a town of Prussia, in Branden- burg, with silk and woolen manufactures, 34 m. E. of Berlin. Muncij creek, p.t. Lycoming Co. Pa. Munda., a town of Spain, in Granada, 30 m. W. N. W. of Malaga. Mundn.n, a town of Hanover, in the duchy of Brunswick, situate on the Werra, at the influx of the Fulda, where their united streams form the Weser. Good millstones are found in the neigh- bourhood of the town. In the war of 1756 it was several times in the hands of the French, by whom it was again occupied in 180.5. It is 10 m. N E. of Cassel and 13 S. W. of Gottingen. MunderJdngen, a town of Germany in Wurtem- berg seated on the Danube, 9 m. N. of Buchau. Mundu, a town of Hindoostan, capital of a dis- trict, of the same name, extending from 22. to 23. N. lat., in the province of Malwah. It was an- ciently the capital of the province, and was then 22 m. in circuit, and contained many mouments of ancient magnificence, but it is fallen much to decay. It occupies the top of a large and lofti mountain, 25 m. S. of Ougein and 110 N N W of Burhampour. Long. 75T47. E., lat. 22. 50. N Munfordsvilte, p.v. Fart Co. Ken. Munglore, a town of Afghanistan, in the prov ince of^Cabul, 125 m. m. of Cashmere and 135 E. of Cabul. Long. 71. 15. E., lat. 34. 15. N Mungul/iaut, a town of Bengal, with a manu- facture of coarse cotton cloths, situate on the Durlab, 20 m N. N. E. of Rungpour. Muiunli, one of the finest towns in Germany, and capital of the kingdom of Bavaria. It con- tains nearly 60,000 inhabitants. Tlie houses are high, and the streets spacious, with canals in ma- ny of them. The palace is a stupendous struc- ture, the interior magnificently adorned ; and the cabinet of curiosities, the museum, the library, and the arsenal, merit attention. The cathedral of Notre Dame contains the tomb of one of the emperors, of black marble, adorned with statues of bronze. Institutions for charitable, literary, and scientific purposes are numerous. The large market-place, in which is the town-house, is very beautiful. Manufactures of silk, velvet, woolen cloth, and tapestry, are carried on. Near the city are two other palaces, Nymphenburg and Schles- heim. Munich has often suffered in the wars of Germany, and in 1796 and 1800 it was taken by the French. It is seated on the Iser, 33 m, E. S. E. of Augsburg and 62 S. by W. of Raiis- bon. Long. 11. 30. E., lat. 48. 10. N. Munkacs. See Montgutz. Munnerstadt, a town of Germany, in Franco- nia, situate on the Lauer, 13 m. N. of Schwein- furt. Munntjpour, a town of Birmah, capital of the province of Cassay. 210 m. N. N. W. of Umme- rapoora, and 410 E. by N. of Calcutta. Long. 94. 40. E., lat 24. 30. N. Munsingen, a town of Germany, in the king- dom of VVurtemberg, with a castle, 20 m. W. of Ulm. Munster, a province of Ireland, 135 m. long and 120 broad; bounded on the N. by Connaught, E. by Leinster, and S. and W. by the Atlantic. It contains the counties of Clare, Tipperary, Water- ford, Cork, Limerick, and Kerry. The principal place is Cork. Munifter, a government of the Prussian prov- ince of Westphalia. It contains 2,820 sq. m. and is divided into 10 circles or districts — Munster Proper, Tecklenburg, Wahrendorf, Beckum, Ludinghausen, Koesfeld, Recklinghausen, Berk- en, Allans, and Steinfurt. The chief rivers are the Ems and Lippe. The country is level, with some agreeable heights, but no mountains ; and it has fruitful plains, fine woods, extensive heaths that feed much cattle, and good quarries of stone. This government consists, for the greater part, of the ancient bishopric of its name which on the secularisation of church property, in 1802, was divided between Prussia, the duke of Oldenburg, and several other princes, all of whom became subject to Prussia in 1815. Munsler, the capital of the foregoing govern- ment. The caihedral, the library of the chapter, MUR 525 MYS and many antiquities are worthy of notice. In 1535 a tailor, called John of Leyden, king of the anabaptists, made himself master of the city ; but it was retaken in 1536 after 14 months' siege, when John and two of his associates were tortur- ed to death with red-hot pincers. The famous treaty, called the treaty of Westphalia, which ended the 30 years' war, was concluded here in 164S. In the war of 1756 this city sustained sev- eral sieges and was taken in 17513. In 1806 the French laid the inhabitants under a heavy contri- bution, and stripped the churches of their plate. Munster is seated on the Aa, 50 m. E. N. E. of Wesel and 52 W. N. W. of Paderborn. Long. 7. 36. E., lat. 51. 58. N. Munster, a town of Switzerland, in the cantons of Lucerne, 12 ra. N. N. W. of Lucerne. Munster, a town of Switzerland, canton of Grisons, 15 m. N. of Bormio. Munster, a town of France, department of Up- per Rhine, 6 m. W. of Colmar. Munster, p. v. Cambria Co. Pa. Munster Eyfel, a town of the Prussian states, in Westphalia, 16 m. S. S. W. of Cologne. ^Munster Mienfeld, a town of the Prussian prov- ince of Lower Rhine, 12 m. S. W. of Coblentz. Munstp.rberg, a town of Prussian Silesia, in the government of Reichenbach, rich ingrain, flax, hemp and hops. It is seated on the Ohlau, 13 m. N. W. of Neisse. Long. 17. 3. E., lat. 50. 31. N. Mur, or Muhr, a river which rises in the duchy of Salzburg, crosses Styria,and falls into the Drave near Canischa, in Hungary. Mur de Barrez, a town of France, in the de- partment of Aveiron, 32 m. N. by E.of Rhodez. Miirano, a town of the Lombardo- Venetian kingdom, on an island of the same name, one of largest of the Lagunes of Venice. Here the fa- mous Venetian looking-glasses are made. It is 3 m. N, by E. of Venice. Murat, a town of France, in the department of Cantal, seated on the Alaignon near its source, 13 m. N. W. of St. Flour. Murcia, a province of Spain bounded N. by New Castile, E. by Valencia, W. by Andalusia and Granada, and S. by the Mediterranean. It is 90 m. long and 58 broad ; and the principal river is the Segura. The soil is dry, and it produces little corn or wine ; but oranges, citrons, lemons, olives, almonds, mulberries, rice, pulse, and sugar aro plentiful. It has also a great deal of silk. The yale of Murcia is celebrated for the variety and ichness of its culture. Murcia, the capital of the foregoing province, and a bishop's see. The inhabitants are compu- ted at 60,000. A number of hands are employed in the working of bassweed, and there is also an extensive establishment for twisting silk, and a refinery of salt-petre. There are fine gardens about the city, in which are the best fruits in Spain. It is seated on the Segura, over which is a bridore, 27 m. N. of Carthagena and 212 S. E. of Madrid. Long. 1. 16. W., lat. 37. 58. N. Murfreesborough, p.t. Rutherford Co. Ten. and formerlv the seat of government for the state. 32 m. S. E". Nashville and 160 W. Knoxville. lat. 25. 52. N., long. 86.35. W. It is situated in a level and fertile country, producing wheat, cotton, and tobacco. Also a p.t. Hertford Co. N. C. on the Meherrin. Muro, a town of Naples in Basilicata, seated at the foot of the Apennines, 12 m. S. E. of Conza. Mur OS, a town of Spain, in Galicia. at the mouth of the Tambro,29m. W. by S. of Compof- tella. Murray, p. v. Gennesee Co. N. Y. 25 m. N. E Batavia. Murray Frith, a considerable inlet of the sea, on the coast of Scotland, between Tarbetness in Ross-shire, on the N., and Brough-Head in Mur- rayshire on the S. It extends in a S. W. direction as far as Inverness, and thence W. to the town of Beaulie, where it receives the river of that name. Murrays/iire, or Elginshire, a county of Scot- land, 50 m. in length and 20 along the coast ; bounded on the N. by the Frith of Murray, E. by Banffshire, S. by Inverness-shire, and VV. by tliat county and Nairnshire. It is divided into 12 parishes, and the number of inhabitants is about 30,000. The S. part is mountainous and occu- pied by forests ; but the greater part is rich, and produces wheat, barelv, oats, and flax. The chief rivers are the Spey, Findhorn, ana Lossie. The county town is Elgin. Murrays-cille, p. v. Alleghany Co. Pa., West- moreland Co. Va., Buncombe Co. N. C. Murten. See Morat. Musa, a walled town of Arabia, in Yemen, 18 m. E. of Mocha. Muska, a town of Prussia, in TJpper Lusatia, with a castle, seated on the Neisse 2o m. N. N W of Gorlilz and 52 N. E. of Dresden. Muskingum, a river of the state of Ohio, which runs S. into the Ohio, at Marietta, where it is 230 yards wide. It is navigable by large barges 110 m. from its mouth, and by small boats 45 m. further to the lake at its head, whence, by a short portage, a communication is opened to Lake Erie. Muskingum, a county of Ohio. Pop. 2J,325 Zanesville is the capital. Messelburg, a sea-port of Scotland, in Edinburg- shire, near the mouth of the Esk, over which are three bridges to the suburb of Fisherrow. It en- joys many privileges, and has even incorporated trades. Besides the parish church, here are an episcopal chapel and four other places of worship The principal manufactures are of salt, starch, earthen ware, and leather. 5 m. E. of Edin- burgh. Mustagam, or Mustygannim, a sea-port of Al- giers, in the province of Tremecen, with three castles, 140 m. W. S. W. of the city of Algiers. Long. 0. 30. E., lat. 36. 20. N. Musuela, a town of Spain, in Andalusia, situate on the river Guadalquivir, 7 m. N. E. of Joea and 50 N . of Granada. Muteodu, a town of Hindoostan, in Mysore, noted for its manufacture of the glass used for making the rings which are worn on the wrists of the native women. It is 34 m. W. of Sera. Muyden, a fortified town of the Netherlands, in S. Holland, seated on the Zuyder Zee, at the in- flux of the Vecht, 6 m. E S. E. of Amsterdam. Myconi, an island of the Grecian Archipelago, 30 m. in circumference. The soil is dry, and the mountains are of great height. Here are plenty ©f partridges, quails, woodcocks, turtledoves, rab- bits,and wheatears; also excellent grapes and figs. The harbour is open, and deep enough for the largest ships to ride secure from the N. wind. Long. 25. 21. E., lat 37. 38. N. Myerstown,p.v. Lebanon Co. Pa., 31 m. E. Har- risburg. Mysol, one of the Moluccas, of a triangular form, with a bold shore. The villages are built in NAE 526 NAG the water upon posts, and there are forests visi- ted by the birds of paradise, which are caught in great numbers. Long. 130. 0. E., lat. 2. 0. S. Mysore, an extensive province of Hindoostan, lying between 11. and 15. N. lat., and now sur- rounded by the British territories of the Madras Presidency, while the existing rajah is also de- p^ .dent on British protection. Tlie country i.- in ft-; •=~al dry, rugged, mountainous, and barren; ut there are several rivers and mountain torrents, which by artificial means serve to water rice- grounds, gardens, &c. In the forests are many eli^phants, and tigers are common. Oxen, buffa- loes, and goats are numerous, and in the N. E. part many sheep are bred ; but horses and asses are few. The chief products are rice, cotton, pep- per, cocoa, and betel-nut, sugar-cane, butter, and oil. The whole of this country, with some other territi^ries to the N. and E., and the provinces of Coiinbetore, Malabar, and Canara, were subdued by Hyder All, a Mussulman, who usurped the throne of Mysore in 175'), and made Seringapatam his capital. He was succeeded by Tippoo Sul- tan, who continued his father's state of warfare. On tlie termination of a war, in 1792, Tippoo agreed to pay thirty lacks of rupees, and to cede one half of his dominions to the English and their allies, the Mahrattas and the nizam of the Deccan. In 1799, a new war taking place, his capital was taken by the English, on the 4th of May, and himself killed in the assault. A partition of his remaining territories took place, and, on the .'?Oth of June following, Kistna Rajah, then only five years old, was placed by the British on the throne of his forefathers. The dominions of the raj.ah of Mysore are now divided into three great districts, Patana to the S., Nagara to the N. W., and Cha- trakal to the N. E., so called from the three places where the chief offices are situate. The Patana district is by far the largest, and of itself com prises a much greater extent of territory than w£.< ever before subject to the Mysore family. Mysore, the capital of the foregoing province," was ruined by Tippoo Sultan ; but since the Eng- lish restored the ancient family in 17r'9, and made it the rajah's seat of government, the town and fortress have been rebuilt, and the population ia rapidly increasing. Mysore is 10 m. S. of Serin- gapatam. Long. 7G. 50. E., lat. 12. 15. N. Mytilene. See Metelin. Mijlon, at town in N. Yorkshire, Eng. 2 m from Aldborough.. N NAAS, a borough of Ireland, in the county of Kildare, where the assizes are held alternately with Athy. It was anciently the residence of the kings of Leinster. 17 m. S. W. of Dublin. Long. 6. 42. W., lat. 53. 13. N. J\l'ub, a river of Germany, which flows S. through the kingdom of Bavaria, and enters the Danube a little above Ratisbon. Nabal, a town of the kingdom of Tunis, cele- brated for its potteries. Near it are several re- mains of antiquity. It is seated near the sea, 32 m S. S. E. of Tunis. Long. 10. 19. E., lat. 53. 13. N. Nabburg, a town of Bavaria, on the river Nab, 10 m. E. S. E. of Amberg. Kablous, a town of Palestine, capital of a coun- try which was the ancient kingdom of Samaria. It is the residence of a scheik, who farms the tri- bute to the pacha of Damascus. Here is consid- erable trade, and the manufactures flourish more than in most cities of the east. The soil of the surrounding country is fertile, and producos a great ;eal of corn, cotton, olives, and some silk. Nablous is 24 m. N. of Jerusalem and 90 S. S. W. of Damascus. L^yng. 35. 24. E., lat. 32. 20. N. Kaco, a town of S. America, in Mexico, 50 m. N. W. ofValladolid. JVacoirdoches, a small town in Texas, 120 m. W. of Natchitoches in Louisiana. J^adir, a town of Egypt, on the W. branch of the Nile, 28 m. N. N. W. of Cairo. J^aefels, a town of Switzerland, in the canton of Glaris, near which, in 1388, an unparalleled victory was obtained by 350 troops of Glaris, as- Bi8t«d by 50 Schweitzers, over 15,000 Austrians. In memory of this heroic achievement, a chapel »vas built on the spot, which was rebuilt in 1779. 4 m. N. of Glaris. Naerdrn, a strong town of the Netherlands, in S. Holland, at the head of the canals of the pro- vince, of which it 18 considered the key. In 1572 it was taken by Fernande de Toledo, son of the duke of Alva, and all the inhabitants were mas- sacred. In 1672 it was taken by the French, and retaken by the Prince of Orange the following year. It is seated on the Zuyder Zee, 14 m. E. S. E. of Amsterdam. Long. 5. 11. E., lat. 52. 19. N. JVaoramangala, a town of Hindoostan, in Mysore, with a citadel in the centre, both fortified with mud walls. In the outer town a wide street ex- tends all round, with short lanes on each side to the outer and inner wall. In the fort are two large temples and a ruinous palace. 30 m. N. of Seringapatam. JVagara, or Hyder-nagara, a city of Hindoostan, capital of the district of Bednore. It was former- ly called Bidderuru, and by Europeans Biddenore ; but received its present name in 17(')3, on beino- taken by Hyder, who made it his principal arsenal and a place of great magnitude and comnu^rce. It afterwards declined, being neither the seat of a court nor of any public works, except the mint. In 1783 it was taken by the English, and re-taken soon after by Tippoo ; but on his final defeat, in 1799, it was ceded by the English to the rajah of Mysore. 70 m. N. by E. of Man galore and 150 N. W. of Seringapatam. Long. 75. 8. E., lat. 13 48. N. JYagaz, a town of Candahar, province of Cabul, on the Cowmull, 79 m. W. by N. of Attock ano 120 S. of Cabul. JYagera, a town of Spain, in Old Castile, with a fort, 3 m. N. VV. of Calahorra and 138 N. of Madrid. Nagold, a town of Germa.;y in the kingdom of Wurtemberg, with a ruined castle ; situate on a river of the same name, 15 m. W. of Tubingen. J^agore, a city of Hindoostan, capital of a district of the same name in the province of Agimere. 50 m. N. W. of Agimere. Long. 74. 15. £., lat. 27. 9. N. JVu.gjwre, a city of Hindoostan, capital of the Eastern Mahratta territories. It is extensive and populous, but meanly built; and. excepting a small citadel, is open and defenceless. StiO m W. by S. of Calcutta Long. 79. 46. E.,lat.2l.9.N "NAM 527 NAN Kagpore Chuta, (or Little,) a district of Bahar, Hindoostan, constituting the S. W. British fron- tier, and included in the collectorship of Ramg- hur, * It is one of the wildest and least cultivated districts of British India. Kagybanja, a town of Hungary and one of the royal free towns. The gold and silver mines are of great produce, and money is coined here. It is 30 m. N. E. of Zatmar. Long. 22. 54. E., lat. 48. 10. N. JVahant, a peninsula in Massachusetts Bay, 8 m. N. E. Boston. It belongs to Lynn in Essex Co. and is united to the continent by a narrow isthmus of sand called Lynn Beach. The penin- sula has a rocky, uneven surface, and is adorned with many summer cottages belonging to the in- habitants of Boston. During the summer months it is greatly frequented by visitors. Two spa- cious and elegant hotels built of stone, afford ex- cellent accommodations, and steam-boats pass every hour in the day between Nahant and Bos- ton during the season. JVahe, a river of Germany, which rises in the territory of Treves, above Birkenfeld, and enters the Rhine at Bingen. JVaAre, a town ankfort. Long. 7. 52. E.. lat. 50. If. N. JVassau, p.t. Rensselaer Co. N. Y. 15 m. S. E Albany. Pop. 3,2r)4. JVassau, an island in the Indian Ocean, on the W. side of the island of Sumatra, about 120 m. in circumference. It abounds with forests, and pre- sents an enchanting verdure. Tlie inhahitsints are dissimilar from their neifflibours; for they approach the simplicity of manners and personal appearance of the Otaheitans, while their 'olor is like that of the Malays. Long. 99. 40. E., lat. 2. 50. S. JSassuck, a town of Hindoostan, in the province of Guzerat, 95 m. S. S. W. of Surat. Long. 73. 49. E., lat. 19. 50. N. Kata, a sea-port of Terra Firma, in the province of Panama, seated in a fertile country, on the bay of Panama, 08 m. S. W. of Panama. Long. 81 5 W., lat. 8. 36. N. Kaiul, a country on the S. E. coast of Africa, lying N. E. of the Cape of Good Hope, inhabited by a tribe of Caffres. It is about 500 m. in length, and near the middle is a river and also a bay ol the same name. Long. 31 . 30. E., lat. 29. 0. S. J^CaUhez, p.t. Adams Co. Mississippi, on the HAT 531 NBA eastern branch of the river Mississippi, 156 m. above New Orleans by land, and 322 by the river. It is the only large town in the state, and has a great trade in cotton. Steam-boats and river ship- ping frequent this place in great numbers, and make it one of the busiest towns upon the river. It is situated upon a bluff 300 feet above the river and is surrounded by a level country. It is often visited by the yellow fever. A branch of the United States Bank is established here. Pop. 2,790. JVatchitoc'ies, a parish of Louisiana. Pop. 7,926. The capital is the following. J^atckUochr^, p.t. on Red River, Lou. 35 6 m. N. W. New Orleans. It is the frontier town of the United States toward Mexico, and the centre of communication for the land trade with that coun- try. It was settled above a century ago, and its inhabitants are composed of French, Spanish and Indian descendants intermingled with native and emigrant Americans. Its trade with Mexico con- sists in the exportation of manufactured goods, snirits and tobacco, for which it receives in re- turn, silver bullion, horses and mules. This town is the resort of many fugitives and desperate char acters from the United States, but the stationary Dopulation is respectable. J^atkk, p.t. Middlesex Co. Mass. 18 m. S. W. Boston. Pop. 890. JVatolia, a country formerly called Asia Minor. It is the most western part of the great continent of Asia, bounded N. by the Black Sea, E. by the Euphrates, S. by the Mediterranean, and W. by the Archipelago and the Sea of Marmora. It is crossed by a chain of mountains, formerly called Taurus, from VV. to E., and watered by a great number of rivers. The soil is generally fertile, producing fruits of various kinds, corn, tobacco, cotton, and silk. The whole country has suflFered severely from Turkish oppression. J\attam, a town and fortress of Hindoostan, in tJie district of Dindigal, 45 ni. S. S. W. of Trich- inopoly. Nattore, a town of Bengal, seated on the river Attri, 47 m. E. N. E. of Moorshedabad. JVatural Bridge, p. v. Rockbridge Co. Va. 176 m. W. Richmond. See Rockbridge. Nauen, a town of Prussia, in Brandenburg, 18 m. W. N. W. ofBerUn. Miumberg, a town of Germany, in Hesse Cassel, situate on the Eider, 16 m. W. S. W. of Cassel. JVaumburg , a town of Prussian Saxony, in the government of Merseburg, formerly capital of a duchy of the same name. It has a small citadel, and its cathedral is remarkable for its fine altars, paintings, and subterranean chapels. The chief manufactures are leather, soap, starch, gunpowder, turnery wares, &c. ; and its town carries on a brisk trade. It is seated on the Saale, 18 m. W. S. W. of Merseberg. Long. 12. 0. E., lat. 51. UN. JVaumhurg, a town of Prussian Silesia, in the government of Leignitz, on the river Quels, 11 m. N. W. of Lowenburg. JVavan, a town of Ireland, in the county of Meath, seated at the conflux of the Blackwater with the Boyne, 7 m. N. E. of Trim and 25 N. W. of Dublin. Kavarino, a sea-port on the W. coast of the Morea, with a large harbour defended by two forts. It is memorable for the destruction of the Turkish and Egyptain fleet, by the English, French, and Russians, in 1827. It is seated on a hill, 10 m. N. by E. of Modon and 88 S. W. of Corinth. Long. 21. 25. E , lat. 37. 5. N. JVavarre, a province of Spain, containing thft greater part of the ancient kingdom of Nav"arre. It is 75 m. long and 60 broad. Though a moun tainous country, abounding in game and iron mines, some valleys produce good corn and ex- cellent wine. Pampeluna is the capital. JVavarre, JVew, a former province of Mexico, now divided into various modern intendancies. JVavarreins, a town of France, department of Lower Pyrenees, on the Gave d' Oleron, 26 m. S. E. of Bayonne. JYamgatar s Islands, a cluster of ten islands in the Pacific Ocean, discovered by Boiiafainville, and explored by Perouse in 1787. They are calletl by the natives Opoun, Leone, Fanfone, Maouna, Oyalava, Calinasiie, Pola, Shika, Ossamo, and Ouero. Opoun, the most southerly and easterly of these islands, lies in long. 169. 7. \V., lat. 14. 7. S. Maouna, Oyalava, and Pola, may be num- bered among the l.irjrest and most beautiful isl- ands of the S. Pacific. They combine the ad vantages of a soil fertile without culture and a dinrite that renders clothing unnecessary. The inhabitants are a strong and lusty race ; scared v a man is to be seen among them less than six feet high, and the women are in proportion. In dis- position they are thievish, treacherous, and fe- rocious. Tiieir villages are situate on creeks, bv the seaside, and have no paths between t.hem ; so that they pass from one to another in their canoes, and thus are almost constantly on t!ie water. Their canoes, houses, Jkc. , are well constructed : and they are much i7iore advanced in internal policy than any of the islands in this ocean. See Maouna. JVaxia, or Kaxos, an island in the Grecian Ar- chipelago, 15 m. in length and 50 in circumfer- ence. It is fertile in grain, wirte, oil, cotton, and silk ; and its plains abound with orange, olive, lemon, cedar, citron, pomegranate, fig, and mul- berry trees. It has a great many villauen ; but the population of the whole island does not ex- ceed 10,000. The highest mountain is Zla, which signifies tiie mountain of Jupiter : but there are no antiquities, except some small re- mains of a temple of Bacchus. J^axia, the capital of the above island, and one of the most beautiful places in the Archipelao-o. It has two archiepiscopal sees, the one Greek and the other Latin. Here is no harbour, but the trade is consideriible in barley, wine, oil, fias. cotton, silk, flax, cheese, salt, oxen, sheep, and mules. It stands on the S, side of the island, and is de- fended by a castle. Long. 25. 32. E., lat. 37. 8. N. j^ayakanahully, a large square town of Hindoos- tan, in Mysore, with a citadel in the centre, both strongly fortified with mud walls. In tlie town a wide street extends all round, and has short lanes on each side. It has a manufacture of coarse cotton cloth, and in the vicinity are many palm gardens. It is 34 m. S. W. of Sera. Nazareth, a town of Palestine, celebrated as the residence of Christ, in the early part of his life. It is now a small place, where the monks of St. Francis have a convent. 50 m. N. N. E. of Jerusalem. Nazareth, Upper and Lower, two townships in Northampton Co. Pa. 7 m. N. W. Easton. The inhabitants are Moravians, and here was their first settlement in the country. Naze, or Lindeness, the most southern promon- tory of Norway. Long. 7. 20. E., lat. 57. 30. N. Neagh, Lough, a lake of Ireland, 20 m. long and NEF 532 NE(S Jf) broad, lying in the counties of Armagh, Down, Antrim, Londonderry, and Tyrone. Tiie river Bann flows through it. JVeaf/t, a corporate town of Wales, in Glamor- ganshire. In the neighbourhood are iron forges, smelting works for copper, and coal mines; and on the other side of the river are the extensive remains of an abbey. A great quantity of coal is exported hence in small vessels. It is situate on the river Neath, near the Bristol Channel, 27 m. S. VV. of Brecknock and 198 W. of London. Neath, a river of Wales, which rises in Breck- nockshire, and runs through Glamorganshire, by the town of Neath, into the Bristol Channel. JVeb, a river in the Isle of Man, which runs into the Irish Sea at Peel Castle. JVebio, or Ncbblo, a ruined city on the N. side of the island of Corsica, 1 mile from St. Fiorenzo. Nehra, a town of Prussian Saxony, in Thurin- gia, on the Unstrut, 12 m. N. N. VV. of Naumburg. JVcckar, a river of Germany, which rises in Wurtemberg, flows by Rothwiel, Tubingen, Es- slingen, Heilbron, and Heidelberg, and enters the Rhine at Manheim. This river gives name to three departments of Wurtemberg, Upper, Lower, and Middle, and also to the two following circles. Neckar, a circle of the grand duchy of Baden, comprehending that part of the Lower Palatinate lying to the E. of the Rhine. Manheim is the capital. JVec/car, one of the four circles of Wurtemberg, comprehending the W. part of the kingdom, ac- cording to the division made in 1818. JVeckargemund, a town of Baden, on the Neck- ar, 5 m. E. of Heidelberg. Keckarsulm, a town of Wurtemberg, seated at the conflux of the Neckar and Sulm, 5 m. N. of Heilbron. Nedroma, a town of Algiers, in the province of Mascara, surrounded with magnificent ruins. It is 50 m. W. S. W, of Oran. Long. 0. 38. W., lat. 35. 40. N. NedsjrA, an extensive province of Arabia, bounded N. by the desert of Syria, E. by Lachsa, S. by Hadramaut and Yemen, and W. by Heds- jaz. The soil is various, and in many parts very fertile. The Bedouins inhabit a great part of this province ; the remainder is mountainous, and contains a great number of towns, almost every one of which has its own chief. JVeedham, a town in Suff()lk, Eng. seated on the Orwell, 9 m. N. W of Ipswich and 74 N. E. of London. Mcdhanifp.t. Norfolk Co. Mass. 12 m. S.W. Bos- ton. Pop. 1,420. It is seated on the river Charles, and has manufactures of paper. Needles, a cluster of rocks in the English Chan- nel, at the W. end of the Isle of Wight, so called from their height and sharp extremities. Here is a light-house. Long. 1. 33. W., lat. 50. 44. N. JVetheekow, one of the Sandwich Islands, in the N. Pacific, five leagues W. of Atooi. The E. coast is high, and rises abruptly from the sea: the rest of it consists of low ground, except a round bluff" head on the S. E. point. Long. 160. 15. W., lat. 21.50. N. Neerwinden, a village of the Netherlands, in N. Brabant, a little N. by W. of Landen. Hence the two celebrated battles of Landen are some- times called by the name of Neerwlnden. See Lanilen. Nefta, a town of the kingdom of Tunis, 250 m. S by W. of Tunis. Long. 9. 25. E., lat. 30. N. Negapatam, a city of Hindoostan in the dis- trict of Tanjore, on the coast of Coromandel. It was first a colony of the Portuguese, but was ta ken by the Dutch ; and the latter were disposses- sed of it by the English in 1782. The port is not extraordinary ■, but most of the different nations in India are liere settled, and trade under the pro- tection of the fort. The Wesleyan Methodists have two missionaries here. It is 50 m. E. of Tanjore and 1C6 S. by W. of Madras. Long. 79. 56. E., iat. 10. 46. N." JVegara, a town of the isle of Borneo, capital of the kingdom of Banjermassing ; situate on the E side of the river Banjer, 60 m. N. of the town of Banjermassing. Long. 114. 0. E.,lat. 1. 40. S Negombo, a sea-port on the W. coast of the isle of Ceylon, with a fort built by tiie Portu- guese. It was taken in 1640 by the Dutch, who evacuated it to the English in 17i)6. It is 16 m. N. of Columbo. Long. 79. 55. E., lat. 7. 20. N. Negrais, an island on the E. side of the bay of Bengal, at the mouth of Basien River, the most western branch of the Irrawaddy, with an excel lent harbour. Long. 94. 30. E.,"lat. 16. 0. N. JVegril Point, the aiost westerly promontory of the island of Jamaica. Long. 78. 23. W., lat. 18 17. N. Negro Cape, a promontory of Africa, on the coast of Benguela, being the most southerly country to which the Europeans usually resort to purchase slaves. Long. ]1. 40. E., lat. 16. 15. N. Negroland , or Nigritia, a large country in the interior of Africa, through which the river Niger flows from W. to E. It is called by the Arabs Soudan, a word of similar import to the' European appellation, signifying the Land of the Blacks It extends from long. 10. W. to 27. E., and from lat. 10. to 25. N. ; being bounded on the N. by the Zahara and the mountains which separate it from the states of Barbary , on the E . by Nubia and Abyssinia, on the S. by countries unknown and Guinea, and W. by Guinea, Fouli, and Zaha- ra. Of this vast country little is known more than the names of some oi'the towns and greatkingdoms of which it is composed. Some parts, particularly on the river Niger are said to be exceedingly fer- tile; other parts are represented as sandy and desert. Among the animals of the territory may be no- ticed the Panther, a fierce insidious and cruel an- imal who attacks not only beasts, but man, taking the precaution always to approach him from be- hind. Major Denham saw one killed in this country, above 8 feet in length. The principal territory known is Bornou. The general charac- ter of the negroes, who are the inhabitants of this region, is that of levity. They do not appear to want the feelings of humanity, nor are they more destitute of sagacity than other people of an equal degree of education ; but as their country sup- plies them with food by a very slight degreu oi NEI 533 NEP industry, and there is little occasion for clothing in 1807 it surrendered to the French ; and was fin ainid the heat of their climate, they have a gener al habit of seeking present pleasure, and no care for the future. The only necessary of life that appears to be deficient is salt, which is the more wanted among them in consequence of their sub- sisting chiefly on vegetable food ; and it is a pro- verbial expression of a man's riches to say that he eats salt with his food. This important article thev receive from Zahara by caravans of trading Tellicherry. ally ceded to Prussia in 1814. It is seated on river of the same name, 48 m. S.by £. of Breslau. Long. 17. 20 E., lat. 50. 24. N. JYeitra, a town of Hungary, and a bishop's see with a castle and a college. It is situate on ariv er of the same name, 34 m. N. of Gran. JVelisuram, a town'of Hindoostan, on the W. coa.st, 33 m. N. E. of Mangalore and 40 N. W. of Ar.ibs. They also receive arms, hardware, glass- es, and trinkets, from the W., by the Europeans, and. in the interior, by the caravans of Cairo, Fezzan, and Morocco. For these they give in re- turn gold dust, ivory, and elephants' teeth. The Nellenhurg, a former landgraviate of Suabia, now belonging to Baden. JVellenburg, a town of Wurtemberg, formerly the capital of a landgraviate of Suabia, with a citadel on a mountain, 22 m. N. of Constance kind of government that exists among the negro Long. 9. 5. E.,lat. 47. 57. N nations is by no means uniform. Many districts are governed by a number of independent petty chiefs, who are engaged in frequent wars with eacli other. In other places, the talents of indi- vidual chieftains have been able to reduce consid- erable tracts of territory -under their dominion; and hence some flourishing towns have sprung up. Many of the towns are fortified with ditches and high walls. Domestic slavery prevails in a very great degree among all the negro states. When the tropical rains fall, or are so deficient that the sun burns up the face of the country, it is not uncommon for parents to sell their children, and even themselves, for bread. A free man may also lose his liberty by being taken prisoner in war, or on account of the crimes of murder and sorcery ; and also in consequence of insolvency. The knowledge of the negroes, with regard te religion and all speculative subjects, is extremely limited ; but they have much superstition, and are implicit believers in witchcraft and magic. Negropont, an island in the Grecian Archipela- go, too m. in length and 18 in breadth, anciently called Euboea. It is near the N. coast of Livadia, and separated from it by the strait of Euripus over which is d bridge. It abounds in corn, wine, oil, and fruits. It forms a part of Independent Greece. Kegropont, a strong city, capital of the above island, and an archbishop's see, with a good har- bour. The walls of the city are 2 m. and a half the Shannon, 19 m in circumference, but the suburbs are much larg- of Cashel. er. It is seated on a strait of the same name, 30 m. N. K. of Athens an^ 260 S. W. of Constanti- nople. Long. 24. 8. E., lat. 38. 30. N. J^ehavcnd, a town of Irak, in Persia, famous for a battle fought near it between the caliph Omar and Yex Degerd, king of Persia, in (i;-58, when the latter lost his life and kingdom. It is 200 m.N. W. of Ispahan. Long. 48. 10. E., lat. 34. 20. N JVcUora, a town and fortress of Hindoostan, in the Carnatic, near the Pennar, 85 m. N. by W. of Madras. Long. 79. o7. E., lat 14. 26. N. JVelsoii, a county of the E. District of Virginia. Pop. 11,251. Livingston is the capital. A county of Kentucky. Pop. 14,916. Bardstown is the cap- ital. JVelson, p.t. Cheshire Co. N. H. 33 m. S. W. Concord. Pop. 875. ; p.t. Madison Co. N. Y. Pop. 2,445 ; p.v. Portage Co. Ohio. Also townships in Buckingham Co. L. C. and Fork Co. U. C. JS'elson's River, in North America, forms the out- let of Lake Winnipeg, and flow? into Hudson's Bay in lat. 57. 2. N. Taken in connexion with the Saskatchewan, its most distant head stream, its extreme length is 1,500 m. J^elsonville, p .v. Athens Co. Ohio, 54 m. S. E. Columbus. JVcl son's fort, a British factory at the mouth of Nelson's River. JVemcpa, a village of Greece, in the Morea, 20 m. S. W. of Corinth, anciently celebrated for its games. Nemours, a town of France, department of Seine-et-Marne, with an old castle ; seated on the Loing, between two hills, 45 ra. S S, E. of Paris. JYenagh, a town of Ireland, in the county of Tipperary, with a castle, seated on a branch of N. E. of Limerick and 23 N. JVeocastro, a town and fort of Romania, on the strait of Constantinople, 12 m. N. of Constantino- ple. JVeot's, St., a town in Huntingdonshire, Eng and a considerable trade in coal ; seated on the Ouse, over which is a strong bridge, 56 m. N. N. W ofLondon. Ktoundah, a town of Birmah, with manufac- Neidenherg, a town of Prussia, in the govern- tures of japanned ware, seated on the Irrawaday, ment of Konigsberg, with a castle on a mountain, 4 m. N. N. E. ofPagham. 75 m. E. of Culm. Long. 20. 20. E., lat. 53. Nepaul, a kingdom of Northern Hindoostan, 22. S. bounded N. by the Himmaleh Mountains, S. by J^eidenstein, a. town of Germany, in Hesse Cas- the provinces of Bahar, Cude, and Dehli, E. by sel, 9 m. S. S. W. of Cassel. Bootan, and the territory of the rajah of Si Kim. Jfeira, one of the Banda Islands, and the seat of The soil is productive and in some places yields their government. It has a spacious harbour, two crops in the year. The mountains of Nepaul but diilicult to be entered ; and ships anchor un- der the cannon of two forts. Long. 129. 30. E., lat. 4. 50. S. JVeisse, a city of Prussian Silesia, in the govern- ment of Oppeln. It is a place of great strength, and one of the finest towns in Siles\a. The inhab contain mines of copper and iron ; and, although commerce is not encouraged, it sends to Bengal ivory, wax, honey, resin, timber, bastard cinna- mon, cardamoms, walnuts, &c. ; and takes, in return, muslins and silks of Bengal, carpets, spi- ces, tobacco, and European goods. In 1814, in itants carry on a cohsiderable trade in linens and consequence of the repeated encroachments of the wine. This place was taken in 1741 by the Prus- Nepaulese, the British invaded their territories, ■ians, who after the peace, in 1742, built a citadel, and dictated to them a treaty of peace in lol6. to which they gave the name of Prussia. In 1758 it By this treaty Nepaul is limited on the W to the was besieged by the Ausirians, but inefFectually ; river Gogra ; the British have gained possesfifm 2 T 3 NET ^ NET «f the province of Kemaon, and a British envoy constantly resides at t.'atlamandoo, the capital of Nepaul. Kepean Island, a small island in the S. Pacific, opposite Port Hunter, on the S. coast of Norfolk Island. JVepi, a town of Italy, in the papal states, re- markable for some Roman ruins, and a fine mod- ern aqueduct; seated on the Trigilia, 20 m. N. of Rome. JS'epanset, a river of Massachusetts flowing into Boston Bay. It is naviguble for vessels of 150 tons to Milton, 4 miles. Mpoiiset, a village in Norfolk Co. Mass. on the above river, 6 m. S. Boston. It lies within the limits of Dorchester and Milton, and has some manufactures. J\'escopeck, p.t. Luzerne Co. Pa. JVeshaTHork; a town of Mercer Co. Pa. JVerac, a town of France, department of Lot-et- Garonne, divided by the river Baise into Great and Little Nerac. In the feudal times this was the residence of the lords of Albert, whose stupen- dous castle is now in ruins. 16 m. W. S. W. of Agen and 67 S. E. of Bordeaux. JS'erbudda, a river of Hindoostan, which issues from a lake on the S. confines of the province of Al- lahabad, flows W. for 700 m. and enters the gulf of Cambay below Baroach. jyereheim, a town of Wurtemberg, with a late Benedictine abbey on a mountain, whose abbot was a prelate of the empire. It is 15 m. W. N. W of Donawert. J^ericia, a province of Sweden bounded by Su- bormania, Westmania, VVermland, and W. and ' E. of Gothland. It is now included in the gov- ernment of Orebro. Keronde, a town of France, department of Loire. 24 m. W. of Lyons. JVerondes, a town in the department of Cher, 19 m. E. S. E. of Bourges. Kershinsk, a town of Siberia, capital of a prov- ince of the same name, in the government of Ir- kutsk, with a fort. The adjacent country is mountainous, but yields excellent pasture for cat- tle ; and there are some considerable lead and silver mines. It is seated at the confluence of the Nercha with the Shilka, 440 m. E. of Irkutsk. J^esle, a town of France, department of Somme, on the Lingon, 25 m. E. S. E. of Amiens and 66 N. by E. of Paris. JVess, Loch, a lake of Scotland, in Inverness- shire, 22 m. long and from 1 to 2 broad. The depth is very considerable ; and the high hills on each side present a delightful view of wood, pas- ture, cultivated lands and rugged precipices. It was agitated in an extraordinary manner during the great earthquake at Lisbon in 1755. Its out- let, at the N. extremity, is the river Ness, which runs into Murray Frith, below Inverness. J^Testved, a town of Denmark, in the island of Zealand, 38 m. S. W. of Copenhagen. Netherlands , or Lojo Countrifs, a kingdom of Europe, established in 1814, bounded on the W and N. by the German Ocean, E. by Hanover and the Prussian territories of the Lower Rhine, and S. by France. It was composed of the former re public of Holland, the 10 provinces constituting the Austrian Netherlands, the grand duchy of Luxemburg, and the former principality or bish- opric of Liege : it was divided into the provinces of Holland, £. Flanders, W. Flanders, Hainault, S. Brabant,Liege, Limburg, N. Brabant, Antwerp, Guelderlaud, Friesland. Namur, Overysscl, Gro- ningen, Zealand, Utrecht, Drenthe, and Luxem burg. The surface of the country, especially the northern provinces, is uncommonly level, and is covered with woods, corn fields, and vast meadows of the freshet verdure. The maritime provinces have undergone great physical revolutions, espe- cially from the retreat and encroachments of the sea, along with the changes in tlie course of the Rhine. So lately as the 15th century, a great salt-water lake was suddenly formed to the S. E. of Dort, which overwhelmed 72 villages, and 100,000 inhabitants are supposed to have perished. To prevent the recurrence of such dreadful ca lamities, the Dutch began to secure their coasts, as also the banks of the great rivers, by dikes, or mounds of earth, the erection of which has been justly considered one of the greatest efforts of human industry. The climate in the maritime provinces is humid and variable ; in the interior it is more constant. The summers are warmer, and the winters colder than in England. The soil is in genllowed, and ended with the formal separation of Belgium from Hol- land. The crown of Belgium has been succes- sively offered to the Duke of Nemours, a son of Louis Philippe, and Prince Leopold, but the af- fairs of the country remain in so uncertain a condition that nothing satisfactory can be stated as to its present situation or future prospects. The population of the kingdom of the Nether- lands in lb28 was 6,977,500. Belgium com- prised about 3 5ths of this number In 1831 a census of Holland gave 2,445,550. JVeuburg, called also the Younger Palatinate, formeily a duchy of the German empire, but now incorporated in the Bavarian circles of Upper Danube and Regen. JVettftur^, a town of Germany, in Bavaria. It stands on a hill, on the Danube, and has two galea, but the fortifications are a chiefly gone to decay. The castle is a large building, and contains a hall of extraordinary size, embellished with portraits. It is 11 m. W. of Ingolstadt and GO S. W. of Am- berg. Long. 11. 13. E., lat. 48. 43. N. jXeuburg, a town of Bavaria, seated on the Schwarza, 19 m. E. S. E. of Amberg. Xeuchuteau, a town of France, department of Vosges, seated in a soil fertile in corn and good wine, on the river Meuse, 25 m. S. wT of Nancy. j\euchateau, a. town of the Netherlands, in Lux- emburg, 16 m. S. W. of Bastogne and 30 W. N. W. of Luxemburg. Xcuckatd, or jYeufchatel, a canton of Switzer- land, between the lake of Neuchalei and the bor- ders of France. It is a hilly country, and is wa- tered by several lakes and rivers. The soil is not equally fertile ; but there are large vineyards that produce white and red wine, of excellent quality. The pastures on the mountains feed a great num- ber of cattle, and there are plenty of deer in the forests. The inhabitants are Protestants, except in the two districts of Landeron and Cressier, where the Catholics are predominant. This dis- trict, along with that of Vallengin, was formerly a separate principality. On the death of tlie duch- ess of Nemours, in 1707, the sovereignty was claimed by Frederic I. of Prussia, as heir to the prince of Orange, and his right was acknowledg- ed by the states of the country, whose privilesres and alliances he confirmed. In 1806 Neuchatel was ceded by the king of Prussia to the French marshal Berthier, and the grantwas confirmed by Napoleon. In 1814 it was rescued from this sub- jection, and the congress of Vienna acknowled. London. Xewmarket, p.v. Rockingham Co. N. H. 15 m. W. Portsmouth. Pop. 2,013 ; also towns nnd vil- lages in York Co. Pa.. Dorchester Co. Md. Spotsylvania Co. Va., Frederick Co. Md., She nandoah Co. Va., Maryland Co. Oiiio, Wash ington Co. Ken., and Jefferson Co. Ten. JVew) Marlborough, p.t. Jl?rkshire Co. Mass. 48 m. S. W. Boston. Pop. 1,656. J^ew Milford, p.t. Litchfield Co. Conn. 18 m. S. W. Litchfield. Pop. 3,979. J^ew Mills, p.v. Burlington Co. N. J. JS'eicnharn, a town in Gloucestershire, Eng. on the Severn, 115 m. N. W. London. J^txcnstoicn, a township of Dauphin Co. Pa. New Orleans, a Parish of Louisiana. Pop. 46, 310, the capital is the following. JVew Orleans, city, the capital of Louisiana, J stands on the Mississippi, 105 m. from its mouth . by the windings of the stream and 90 in a direct line. The river here makes a considerable bend to the N. E. and the city occupies the north- western bank, although its situation is east of the general course of the stream. The site is low and marshy, which makes the place insalubrious, and in the summer most of the inhabitants remove from the city. It is regularly built and is com- posed of three divisions, the city proper and the fauxbourgs or suburbs of St. Marie and Marigny. In the city the houses are built in the French and Spanish style, and covered with white and yellow stucco. The fauxbourg St. Marie is built after the American fashion, and does not jBter in ap- pearance from one of the Atlantic ernes. Here are a larsre catholic cathedral, a handsome pres- byterian"church, a French and English theatre, a college, a convent of Ursuline nuns, an orphan asylum, and many charitable institutions. The commerce of the city is very gre^t, as it is the outport of all the states lying on the Mississippi and its waters. Here are sometimes 1 ,500 flat boats from the upper country loaded with all sorts of agricultural produce; 50 steamboats, are often counted at a time in the river. The foreign ex- ports consist of all the various productions of the southern and western states, but the most i^JLpr- tant articles are sugar and cotton. The Cfmal Carondelet extends from the Mississippi at this place to Lake Pontchartrain 2 m. and affords a naviffation for small vessels to the ocean. A rail- road 4 1-2 m. in length also passes between the same places and joins the lake at an artificial har- bour. Both these communications are perfectly straight and the variation of level on the railroad is only 16 inches. The population of New Orleans is of a very miscellaneous character. Dissipation prevails to a high degree. Half the inhabitants are blacks or muliittoes, and there arc more French than Ameri- cans. The neighbourhood is a swamp, and the soil on which the city is built is so spongy that water rises at a few feet below the surface, and tlie buildings have no cellars. With all these disadvantages added to the unheallhiness of the spot, it continues rapidly to increase, and will doubtless soon become one of the most important commercial cities in the world. It was founded by the French in 1717. The British landed an army for the purpose of attacking it in 1814 but were totally defeated by General Jackson, a few miles below the city on the 8th of January 1815. New Orleans is in lat. 29. 57. N., long. 00. 8. W., 322 m. by the river belowNa4.ehez ; 1 ,189 be- low St. Louis ; 991 below the mouth of the Ohio ; and 1,933 below Pittsburg. It is 1,260 m. S. W. Washington. Pop. 46,310. ^"ew Pah, p.t. Ulster Co. N. Y. 7 m. S. Pough- kesDsic. Pop 5 105 NEW 543 NEW Aetc Paris, p.T. Preble Co. Ohio. 92 m. S. W. Columbus. Ktio Philadelphia, p. v. Tuscarawas Co. Ohio. 56 m. N. E. Zanesville. Also a village in Hardin Co. Ken. JVercport, a borough in Hampshire, Eng. and the chief town in the Isle of Wight. It stands on the River Cowes. A borough in Cornwall. 214 in. S. W. London. A town of Monmouthshire. 118 m. N. W. London. A town of Wales in Pembrokeshier. 250 m. N. W. London. J^'etoport, p.t. Penobscot Co. Me. Pop. 897 ; p.t. Sullivan Co. N.H. Pop. 1,913; p.t. Herkimer Co. N. Y. 21) m. N. Herkimer. Pop. 1,863; p.t. Cumberland Co. N. J. 84 m. S. W. Trenton ; t. Luzerne Co. Pa. ; p. v. Perry Co. Va. and Indiana Co. Pa. ; p.v. Newcastle Co. Del., 3 m. S. W. Wilmington ; p.v. Charles Co. Maryland, 40 m. S. £. Washington; p.v. Washington Co. Ohio; p.v. Vermilion Co. Indiana ; p.v. Cooke Co. Ten. ; p.v. Franklin Co. Missouri. J^eicport, a county of Rhode Island. Pop. 16 534. Newport is the capital. J\^eitport, p.t. one of the chief towns in Rhode Island. It stands near the southern extremity of the island which gives its name to the state, upon a harbour formed by the entrance of tne main channel of Narraganset Bay. This is one of the finest harboAs in the world, lying close to Ihe sea, and always accessible ; the entrance is de- fended by several strong forts. Newport formerly enjoyed a very active commerce, but this has great- ly declined, and the town has a decayed look. The legislature of the state sit here occasionally, and many people resort hither in summer for the purity and mildness of the air. Here are 11 churches, and some manufactures of cotton and lace. Pop. 8,010. Neicport, p.v. Campbell Co. Ken. on the Ohio, opposite Cincinnati. It is finely situated on an elevated plain, and contains an United States ar- senal^ and a well endowed academy. JVeic Portage, p.v. Medina Co. Ohio, 114 m. N. E. Columbus. New Portland, p.t. Somerset Co., Me. Pop. 1,215. Keicport Pagmel, a town in Buckinghamshire, Eng. with manufactures of bone lace. It is seated on the Ouse, 51 m. N. W. London. JVew Preston, p.v. Litchfield Co. Conn. 43 m. W. Hartford. A'rio Prospect, p.v. Bergen Co. N. J. 88 m. N. E Trenton. Js''etD Providence, p.t. Essex Co. N. J. 12 m. N. W. Nev/ark. See also Providence. JSeic Richmond, p.v. Clermont Co. Ohio, on the Ohio, 20 m. S. E. Cincinnati. JVc7c Rochelle, p.t. Westchester Co. N. Y. 20 m. A. E. New York. Pop. 1,274. JVetc Rowley, p.v. Essex Co. Mass. 35 m. N. E. Boston. J^Tew Rumley, p.t. Harrison Co. Ohio, 130 m. N. E. Columbus. JVewry, a borough of Ireland, in the county of Down, 49 m. N. Dublin. JS'ewry, a township of Oxford Co. Me. Pop. 345. .Veto Salem, p.t. Franklin Co. Mass. 81 m. N. W. Boston ; p.v. New London Co. Conn., Onta- rio Co. N. Y., Fayette Co. Pa., Randolph Co. N. C. and Jefferson Co. Ohio. JVew Scotland, p.v. Albany Co. N. Y. 9 m. from Albany. JVeicaVant, a village of Durham, Eng., 5 m. from Darlington. Jferc Sharon, p.t. Kennebec Co. Me. Pop. 1,599- J^'ew Shetland, or JVcio South Shetland, a cluster of Islands iA the Antarctic Ocean, lying to the S. E. of Cape Horn, in about lat. 65. S. Their exist- ence was first made known to the world in 1820, although it is said tlie American South Sea whalers had been accustomed to visit them for some years previous. They are but little known, yet have lieen found to extend 200 m. from E. N. E. to W. S. W. The land exhibits marks of vol- canic action and consists of lofty summits, crown- ed with snow and ice. Seals are abundant in tlua neighbourhood. JS'ew Shorcham, a town in Newport Co. R i on Block Island. Pop. 1,885. .Veifl South U^ale^. See WaJes. Kew Switzerland, a village in Switzerland Co. Ohio, on the Ohio, 05 m. below Cincinnati. JVewton, a town of Wales in Montgonieryshire, 169 m. W. N. W. London. Also towns in Lan- cashire and Cheshire, Eng., a borough in the Isle of Wight, and a to",vnsliip of York Co. L. Canada. Ketoton, p.t. Middlesex Co. Mass. on Charles River, 9 m. W. Boston. Pop. 2,377. Here are manufactures of paper, iron, and snuff. Also towns in Harrison Co. Ken., Licking, Hamilton, Miami, Trumbull, and Muskingum Cos. Ohio, and villages in Essex Co. N. J. and Bucks Co. Pa. jYewton Bushel, a town in Devonshire, Eng. 15 m. S. W. Exeter. Kewton Stncart, a town of Scotland in Wigton- shire, 26 m. N. E. Portpatrick. JS'ewtown, a township of Rockingham Co. N. H. 10 m. N. W. Newburyport. Pop. 510; p.t. Fair- field Co. Conn. 25 m. N. W. New Haven. Pop. 3,099; p.v. Tioaa Co. N. Y. ; p.t. Queens Co. N. Y. on Long Island, 8 m. E. New York. Pop. 2.610. The orchards of this place produce the finest apples in the world. Also towns and vil- lages in Gloucester and Sussex Cos. N. J., Bucks and Cumberland Co. Pa., Frederick and Worces- ter Cos. Maryland, King and Queen and Loudon Cos. Va., Hamilton and Licking Cos. Ohio. Kerctown Slevenslmrg, p v. Frederick Co. Va. JVewtown Trap, p.v. Frederick Co. Maryland. J^'ew Trenton, p.v. Franklin Co. Indiana. JV'eio Vernon, p.v. Morris Co. N. J. JVewj Village, p.v. Sussex Co. N. J. JVetcville, p.v. Herkimer Co. N. Y. ; p.v. Cum- berland Co. Pa. ; p.v. Barnwell Dis. S. C. JVeio Washington, p.v. Clarke Co. Indiana. Js'ew Windsor, a township of Orange Co. N.,.Y Pop. 2,310. }few Woodstock, p.v. Madison Co. N. Y. JVew Years Islands, a number of small islands near the N. coast of Stalen Land, in lat. 54. 41. S., long. 04. 28. W JVeic Y'ork, one of the United States, bounded N. by Lake Ontario and Lower Canada, E. by Vermont, Massachusetts, and Connecticut, S. by Pennsylvania and N. Jersey, S. W. and N. W.by J^akesErie, and Ontario, and Can!*«la. It extends from 40. 30. to 45. N. lat. and from 73. to 79. 55. W. long. It is 340 m. in length from E. to W. and 304 in breadth, and contains, including Long island, 45,085 sq. m. This state is mountainous in the eastern part, where it is traversed by a branch of the Apalachian chain, called tJie Shawangunk ridge, different portions of which are known by the name of the Highlands, and Catskill Moun- tains. SeeCatskill. In the north-eastern part are the Peruvian Mountains, which lie around the sources of the Hudson, and separate the waters of Lake Chaoiplain from those of the St. Lawrence. NEW 544 ■KEVf The most of the western part is level, but on the borders of Pennsylvania are some hilly tracts. Par- allel with Lake Ontario there runs an elevation called the Ridge, about 70 in. in length ; it is not more than 30 fleet above the surrounding country, and 100 feet in width, and extends from Niagara rivor to the Genesee. The mountains exhibit granite, gneiss, limestone and mica slate ; the western and central districts are secondary, and the southern mostly transition. Iron, tin, lead, and plumbago are found in tlie mountainous parts ; coal, gypsum and slate occur along the Hudson, with some native silver. Antimony and arsenic have also been discovered. The eastern part is watered by the Hudson, which rises on the western side of Lake Cliam- plain, and flows southerly to the sea at New York ; the Mohawk, from the west, is its chief brtanch. The Genesee crosses the stale from Pennsylvania and runs into L. Ontario. Black river and the Oswegatchie, water tlie northern parts; the Onon- daga receives the waters of a number of small lakes toward the west, and discharges them into Lake Ontario : the head streams of the Susque- hanna have their source in this state. A great extent of the north western limit is washed by Lakes Erie and Ontario ; on the north-eastern border lies Lake Champlain, dividing it from Ver- mont, and in the same quarter is Lake George. In the west are the smaller lakes of Oneida, Sken- eateles, Owasco, Cayuga, Seneca, Crooked, Ca- nandaigua and Chatauque, many of which are adorned with beautiful scenery. The soil in a great part of the state is excel- lent; on the Mohawk are alluvial tracts of re- markable fertility : in the west are the Genesee flats which are no less rich. In the north it is clayey ; about Albany are some tracts of sandy Elain inter.spersed with marshes. The valleys ave a rich black mould ; along the Hudson in the southern part, the soil is gravelly with rich alluvial tracts. About one fourth of the land is under cultivation ; wheat is the chief article of culture ; maize, rye, barley, oats, flax, buckwheat, hemp, &c. are also raised. The climate of this great state is more diversified than perhaps that of any other in the union. The northern part feels the severity of a Canadian winter ; the south has a climate comparatively mild. About Albany the winter begins toward the middle of December and ends early in March. Hay is cut early in July, and the maize ripens in September and Oc-' tober. The Hudson is frozen in winter. This state abounds in mineral springs, the most celebrated of which are in the neighbourhood of Saratoga, which See. There are in the western part, many which discharge inflammable air. See Burning Sprinirs. Salt springs are also common, and salt is manufactured in great abundance at various places. See Salina. The internal trade of the state is facilitated by many canals, the lar- gest of which unites the itudson with Lake Erie. See Erie Canal. The Northern canal connects Lake Champlain with the Hudson, and is G3 m. in length The Delaware and Hudson canal ex- tends from Port Jervis, on the Delaware to the Hudson ; it has a further extension to Honesdale, in Pennsylvania, and its whole length is 108 m. There are also canals which open a communica- tion between the Mohawk and Lake Ontario through Oneida Lake. Four railroads are in a process of construction The Mohawk and Hud- son Railroad, betweer the Hudson at Albany and the Mohawk at Sche aectady 15 miles ' — the Ca- najoharie and Catskill Railroad from Canajohari*' on the Erie canal to Catskill on the Hudson 74 m. ; — the Hudson and Delaware Railroad, from Newburgh on the Hudson to the Delaware ; — the Troy and Bennigton Railroad, from Troy on the Hudson to Bennington in Vermont. These im- provements with the admirable position of the great outport of the state at the mouth of the Hudson, have given the trade of New York an unexampled activity, and it has already become one of the most flourishing states in the Union. The commerce is chiefly transacted through the single sea-port of New York ; but there is also much trade by the way of the lakes. The imports into the state in 1828 were valued at 38,719,644 dollars ; the exports of domestic produce at 13,920,627 dollars; total exports 23,834,137 dol lars. The shipping in the same year amounted to 354,771 tons. Thus in amount of foreign trade New York surpasses every state in the Union, al though in tonnage of shipping Massachusetts is superior. The manufactures consists of cotton, woolen, clotlis, iron, salt, paper, glass, leather, &.c. The chief establishments are at the following places. At Columhiaville near Hudson,are 11 factories pro- ducing yearly 16,240,000 yards of calico, with car- peting and flannels ; — atMatteawan near Fishskill are manufactured broadcloths unsurpassed for fine- ness in the country ; — at Catskill carpeting and pa- per ; — at Walden are produced yearly 140,000 yards of flannel; ,360,000of sheeting and 30,000 of broad- cloth ; — at Schenectady are made yearly 400,000 yards of cotton cloth, 30,000 lbs. of yarn, with carpeting, satinet and paper. There are also manufactures of cotton, iron, &c. at Ramapo, /Al- bany, Troy, and many other places. The yearly value of the manufactures without reckoning do- mestic fabrics is estimated as follows, cotton 3,000, 000 dollars; woolen 3,000,000; iron 4,000,000; paper 500,000 ; hats 3,000.000; boots and shoes 5,000,000 : leather 3,000,000 ; window glass 200, 000. The domestic manufactures in 1825 amount- ed to nearly 5,000,000 dollars. The state is divided into 8 districts and 56 coun- ties. The towns and cities are 762. The popu- lation is 1,913,508 of whom 46 are slaves. There ' are also about 5,000 Indians in the western parts. The capital is Albany. The other large towns are New York, Brooklyn, Troy, Hudson, Pough- keepsie, Newburgh, Rochester and Buff"alo. The legislature consists of a Senate and an Assembly ; the senators are chosen for 4 years, one fourth of the numbers being renewed annually, and the mem- bers of the Assenibly for one year. The Govern- or and Lt. Governor are chosen for 2 years and are elected by the highest number of votes given, al- though less than a majority. The clergy are ex- cluded from office. Elections are popular and suflfrago is universal. The most numerous religi- ous sect are the Presbyterians, who have 587 chur- ches ; the Baptists have 539 ; the Episcopalians 120 ministers ; the Lutherns 27, and the Reform- ed Dutch 54 churches. Education is provided for by a Literary Fund producing yearly 6,000 dollars, which sum is divided among the incor- porated academies. There is also a common school fund ; and 200,000 dollars raised from this source and from taxes, are annually appropriated for the support of public schools. There are in the state 36 incorporated academies and 8,000 common schools which aflTord instruction to 400,000 chil- dren. There are 4 colleges in the state, at New York, Schenectady, Clinton, and Geneva NEW 543 NEW Kew York was first settled bj the Dutch, who established themselves at Albany, and on the isl- and of Manhattan, where the city of New York now stands, about 1G12. The English, disputed their claim to the country, and Charles II. made a grant of it to his brother the Duke of York. A strong force was sent against the colony, and the Dutch unable to offer resistance, peaceably sub- mitted. The name of the colony was changed from New Netherlands to that of New York. It passed again into the hands of the Dutch for a short period, but finally became established under the English government. It was the theatre of some of the most important military operations during the American revolution, and the territory was not wholly abandoned by the British till the conclusion of peace. The present constitu'^oi "" the state was established in 1821 . JVcjo York, city, in the above state, the chief city in the western world for population, wealth anil commerce, is situated in the south-western ex- tremity of the state, upon a wide harbour at the 3iouth of the Hudson, communicating with Long Island Sound and the ocean by two entrances. The city stands on the southern point of the isl- and of Manhattan which is washed on one side by the Hudson, and on the other by the strait called East River, which separates it from Long Island, and affords a navigable communication between New York harbour and Long Island Sound. The harbour extends 9 m. S. of the city to the sea. The first settlement was made at the southern ex- tremity, consequently that portion of the city is composed of narrow, crooked, inconvenient streets, and unsightly old buildings ; but the more modern parts, and especially those which have grown up within 20 years, are regular and commodious. The finest street is Broadway, which traverses the whole city in a straight line from N. to S. be- ing 3 m. in length and 80 feet in breadth ; it is occupied chiefly by shops and elegant public build- ings, and few streets in the world equal it for the eplendor, bustle and fashion it exhibits. The Bat- tery is an enclosed promenade on the shore at the Bouthern extremity of the city ; it is planted with trees, and though not extensive, is pleasant, much frequented, and offers a delightful view of the harbour. The Park is a triangular enclosure of 11 acres in the centre of the city ; upon one side of this Btands the City Hall, an elegant structure with a front of white marble ; it is 216 feet long and 105 broad, and is one of the finest buildings in the country. The Merchants' Exchange m Wall Btreet is handsomely built of white marble. The United States Branch Bank is also a fine marble structure. St. Paul's Chapel is esteemed one of the finest buildings in the city ; its spire is 23-1 feet high. St. John's Chapel has a spire 240 feet 6y in height, and is the most costly church in the city, having been built at the expense of 900,000 dollars. St. Patrick's Cathedral, a Roman Catho- lic edifice, is the largest of all the churches, and is of stone, 120 feet long and 80 wide. There are more than 100 additional churches, some of them very costly. Trinity Church is a Gothic edifice of stone, and belongs to the oldest and richest episcopal establishment in America, possessing a property to the amount of several millions oF dollars. Columbia College at New York, was founded in 1757, and till the Revolution, was called King's College. It has a President and 5 professors. The libraries contain 14,000 volumes. The stu- dents are 124. This institution is well endowed. Commencement is in August ; there is but one vacation of about two months immediately after- ward. The college building is of stone, stuccoed, and contains lodgings for the professors, with a chapel, library, museum, lecture rooms, &c. but the students do not reside in it. The grounds at- tached to the college are extensive. The New York Institution comprises a large edifice, 200 feet in lenrrth, in the rear of the City Hall, and occupied by the Literary and Philosophi- cal Society, the Historical Society, the Academy of fine Arts, the Lyceum of Natural History, the Museum, and the Deaf and Dumb Asylum. The Historical Society have a library of 10,000 volumes. The New York Society Library in Nassau street has 20,000. The State Prison is on the eastern bank of the Hudson, in the upper part of the city, and is a large stone building, enclosed by a spa- cious yard. The almshouse is at Bellevue, on East river, and comprises three stone buildings, the largest of which is 320 feet in length. The Hospital is a large and well regulated establish- ment, and has a library of 4,000 volumes. The ciU' rises with a moderate ascent from both rivers. "The view in approaching it by the Nar- rows from the sea is particularly fine. The bay contains many small islands, with forts and castles upon them, and the lofty spires of the city are visible at a great distance. The water is every- where deep and the current rapid ; it has not been frozen over for 50 years. The commerce of the city is very great, as may be gathered from the following items. During the year 1830, there ar- rived 1,489 vessels from foreign ports; sailed for foreign ports 1,138 ; entered coastwise 1,332 ; clear- ed coastwise 3,474 ; total arrived and departed 7,433. The revenue collected at the custom house in 1829 was 13,052,676 dollars; being more than half the whole revenue of the United States from foreign commerce. The city expenditure by the municipal government in ISiO, was 1,033,419 dol- lars. The population by the census of 1830, was 207,021 in the city and county which take in the whole island of New York. Brooklyn, on the Long Island shore of East river, is properly a suburb of the city, and contains a population of 15,396. Packets sail from New York, to Liverpool and London every week; to Havre every 10 days; and to Hull, Greenwich, Belfast, Vera Cruz, Car- thagena, and all the chief ports of the United States at different times. Fifty steam-boats constant- ly pass between New York and the towns on the Hudson, Long Island Sound and other waters in the neighbourhood. There are 61 banks in the city, 28 insurance companies ; 463 schools ; 40 bookstores ; 450 lawyers ; 98 clergymen ; 50 auo tioneers : 300 oyster shops ; 56 lottery offices 2z2 VET 546 NIC SiWO Heanied gtoceriea and taverns; 2,380 li- censed cartmen and porters ; 2,110 paupers in the almshouse. The real estat* of the city is valued at 87,()03,389, dollars, the personal estate at 37,G84, 938 dollars; total, 127,288,518. Most of the pf.Tiodicals are newspapers ; the whole number is 48, eleven of which are daily. The bookselling trade is thriving, and there are some establishments, in which the republication of English works is carried on upon a very large scale. One of these has issued between 4 and 000,000 volumes in a year. The number of pub- lic schools does not exceed a dozen ; their annual expense to the city is 25,905 dollnrs. This de- ficiency however, in the means of common edu- cation, is in some degree made up by a large number of charity scliools. The Lyceum of Natural History, and the New York Atheneum, are respectableassociations for the promotion of science and literature. The Chamber of Com- merce is an incorporated body of merchants, who devote themselves to the study of mercantile af- fairs. Many other institutions for various objects we can only mention by name, as the institution for the Deaf and Dumb; the Horticultural Socie- ty; the National Academy of the arts of Design ; the Asylum for the Insane, and many charitable institutions. The government of the city is com- posed ofa Mayor, 10 Aldermen, and 10 Assistants. The rapid increase in population and trade which New York has experienced within a few years, and its commanding position for a commer- cial mart, added to the increasing facilties for in- ternal navigation, and the growing prosperity of the back country, must secure it a permanent supe- riority over all other cities in the United States. Its population exhibits a great diversity of char- acter. The ancient Dutch settlers have left tra- ces of their national manners among their de- cendants, and the numbtr of foreigners constant- ly residing here is very great. The most nume- rous are the Irish, who are estimated at 20,000. The French and Spanish are next in number. The city was founded by the Dutch in 1G14, and was by them called New Amsterdam. It was taken by the English in 1G()4, and received the name of New York. It is in lat. 40. 42. 40. N. long. 74. 0. 45. W., 210 m. S. W. Boston, 90 N. E. Philad., 227 N. E. Washington, 140 S. Albany, and 390 S. Montreal. JVew) York, p t. Albemarle Co. Va. 23 m. W. Charlotte ; a village in Cliampaign Co. Ohio; p. V. Montgomery Co. Ten. 110 m. N. W. Mur- freesborough. JVeto Zealand. See Zealand.. JVei//an^, a town in Suffolk, Eng. 57 m. N. E. of London. It has some manufactures. Mytracht, a town of Upper F ungary, capital of « eoant7,.40 m. N. £. Presburg. Nezpique, a river of Louisiana flowin/f into the Mermentau. JVoan King Fou, a city of China, capital of the western part of the province of Kiang Nan. J^ganlo Fou, a large city of China in the prov- ince of Hou Quang. 420 m. W. by S. of Nankin. jYiaa-ara, a river of North America, connecting Lakes Erie and Ontario. It is 35 m. in -length and flows northerly ; about midway between the two lakes it separates into two channels forming Grand Island. A short distance below the union of these channels are the celebrated falls ol Niag ara universally allowed to be the grandest cata ract in the world. Half a mile above the falls, the river is a furious rapid which sweeps away to certain destruction, every thing involved in it ; tho the river is here three quartere ofa mile broad, and from this point it rushes down with increased velocity to the fall where it leaps in one immense mass down a perpendicular precipice IGO feet in depth, with a roar that may be heard 40 miles. The cataract forms an irregular semicircle, the deej.est hollow of which is called the Horse Shoe Fall, and is on the Canada side. At the brink of the fall stands a small island, called Goat Island, which breaks the great sheet of water as it rushes over the precipice, but the waters unite again be- fore they reach the bottom. A bridge is thrown across the falls from the American side to the isl- and. On the British side a few yards below is a projection called Table Rock, commanding a maor- nificenl view of the falls. From this rock a spiral staircase leads down to the foot of the cataract where visitors may pass under the fall between the sheet of water and the rock. The path leads far under the excavated bank of the river, which in some places forms a roof overhanging 40 feet. The fall of such an immense mass of water, pro- duces violent whirls in the air, and the spray is driven out with such force that no one can ap- proach the edge of the cataract without being drenched to the skin. It is difficulteven to draw a breath here, and in entering this tremendous cavern there is danger of being blinded by the strong driving showers of spray ; the greatest distance to which it is possible to penetrate with- in the sheet of water is 150 feet. The banks of the river for several miles below the falls are per- pendicular precipices of rock, and there is reason to believe that the cataract was formerly much farther down the river, the rock having gradually worn away to the present spot. A cloud of spray is continually rising from the foam of waters and exhibiting in the sunshine a brilliant rainbow. The island upon the summit is about a mile in circumference, and is covered with trees. In summer crowds of visitors are continually resort- ing hither from all parts of the world ; and thera are many public houses in the neighbourhood for their accommodation. Mas, a small island, near the W. coast of the island of Sumatra. Long. 97. 0. E., lat. 0. 40. N. JVtfte, a town of Denmark, in N. Jutland 9 m W. S. W. of Alburg. JVibiano, a town of Italy, in the duchy of I'arma 16 m. S. W. of Piacenza. Jficaragua, a province of Guatemala, bounded on the N. by Honduras, E. by the Atlantic Ocean, S. E. by Costa Rica, and S. W. by the Pacific Ocean. It is 400 m. from E. to W. and 120 from N. to S. It is well watered by lakes and rivers, and produces plenty of sugar, cochineal, and fine chocolate. Leon de Nicaragua is the capital. Meat dgiM, a lake in the foregoing province N?e 547 NID 350 m. in circumference. It is interspersed witli islands, and abounds in fisiies,but is infested with crocodiles. The S. W. extremity is only a few leagues from the Pacific Ocean, and the S. E. end communicates with the Atlantic Ocean by the river St. Juan. jyicaragua, a city of the foregoing province, sit- uate at some distance S. W. of the lake, and near the mouth of a river, on the Pacific Ocean, 120 m. S. E. of Leon de Nicaragua. Long. 86. 10. W., lat. II. 15. N. J^icoria, an island of the Grecian Archipelago, between Samos and Tina, anciently called Icaria. J't is 50 m. in circumference, and full of rocks. Lonir. 26. 30 E., lat. 37. 40. N. JVicastro, a town of Naples, in Calabria Ultra, with an ancient castle, 17 m. S. S. E. of Cosenza. Aire, a countv of Sardinia, bounded by the Var, the Miritime Alps, the territories of Genoa, and the Mediterranean. It was anciently an appendage of Provence in France, but afterwards passed to the king of Sardinia. It is 36 m. long, and 18 broad ; and contains about 100 000 inhabitants. J^ice, an ancient, handsome, and considerable town, on the confines of France and Ilaly, capital of the foregoing province. It has a strong citadel built on a rock, and on the W. it is fortified with a wall and ditch. On the E. side of the rock is the harbour, called Limpia, from a small river that runs into it. The inhabitants export oil, silk, wine, cordials, rice, oranges, lemons, and all sorts of dried fruits. It was taken by the French in 1792, retaken by the Austrians in 1800, but evac- uated in a week afterwards. It is very agreeably situated, 4 m. from the mouth of the Var, 83 S. by W. of Turin, and 83 E. of Aix. JYicf, a city of Natolia. See Isnic. JiTithaburg, a town of Persia, famous for a mine of turquoise stone in its neighbourhood. It is 37 m. S. of Mesched. Nicholas, a county of the W. district of Virgin- ia. Pop. 3,349. A county of Kentucky. Pop. 8,8.32. Carlisle is the capital. Ni.choJasmlle, p.t. Jessamine Co. Ken. 30 m. S. E. of Frankfort. Nicholas, St., one of the largest and most pleas- ant of the Cape Verde Islands, between St. Lucia and St. Jago. It is 75 m. in length ; and is the residence of the bishop of the isles. Long. 14. 10. W., lat. 16. 32. N. Nicholas, St., a town of France, in the depart- ment of Meurthe, with a handsome church, to which pilgrims formerly resorted. It is seated on the Meurthe, 7 m. S. E. of Nancy. Nicholas, St., Mole, a town, harbour, and cape, at the N. W. extremity of St. Domingo, com- manding the strait called the Windward Passage. The harbour is strongly fortified by nature and art ; and ships of any burden may ride at anchor in the basin, even during a hurricane. It was ta- ken by the English aided by the French royalists, in 1793. but evacuated in 1798. Long. 73. 30. W.. lat. 10.49. N. Nicholas Island, a small island on the N. coast of the island of Cuba. Long. 79. 40.W., lat. 33. 50. N. Nirolmr Islands, a group of 19 islands on the E. Bide of the bay of Bengal. They are almost en- tirely uncultivated ; but the cocoa-nut, the mel- lori or lerum (a kind of bread-fruit), and other tropical fruits grow spontaneously ; there are also yams and sweet potatoes, and the edible birds' nests so much esteemed in China. Dogs and hogs are the principal animals. The inhabitants «e tall and well proportioned, with black eyes, black lank hair, and dark copper-coloured skins. They live in little huts, having no towns, and go quite naked, except a cloth about the waist wilh a small string hanging down behind. These is- lands extend northward, from the N. point of Sumatra. The largest, which gives name to the rest, is 25 ra. long and 10 broad. Its extremity is in long. 94. 3. E., lat. 6. 39. N. Nicojack Cave, in Georgia, is situated in an em- inence called Racoon Mountain. Its mouth is 50 feet high and 160 feet wide. It is many miles in depth and the floor is covered with a stream of water throughout its whole length. Three miles within is a cataract, beyond which visitors hav*^ not penetrated. The rock is limestone. Nicolaaef, a city of Russia, in the government of Catharinenslaf, founded by Catherine II., on the S. side of the Ingul, at its conflux with the Bog. The public buildings and a number of private houses are constructed of a white calcareous stone, but the rest of the houses are of wood. This place, being of easier access by water for vessels than Cherson, is now the capital of the naval es tablishment of the Black Sea. The admiralty, with a long line of magazines, workshops, wet and dry docks, and every necessary department for shipping are placed along the bark of the Ingul. It is 30 m. N. N. E. of Oczakow and 45 N. W.ot Cherson. Long. 30. 46. E., lat. 46. 58. N. Nicola, St., the most considcable of the isles of Tremeti, in the gulf of Venice. It has a har- bour, defended by a fortress, in which is an abbey with a church. Long. 15. 37. E., lat. 42. 10. N Nicolsburg, a town of Moravia, with a castle oa a mountain , 12 m. E. N. E. of Laab. Nicopoli, a town of Bulgaria, famous for the first battle fought between the Turks and the Christ- ians in 1396, when the emperor Sigismund was de feated, and had 20,000 men killed. It is seated on the Danube, at the influx of the Osma, 60 m. S. S. W. of Bucharest and 150 N. N. W. of Adri- anople. Long. 25. 43. E., lat. 44. 16. N. Nicopoli, or Glanish, a town of Turkish Arme nia, built by Pompey in memory of a victory gained over Mithridates. It is 15 m. S. of Erzerum. Nicosia, the capital of Cyprus, seated near the mountain Olympus. From the time of Con- stantine the Great till 1567, it was 9 m. in cir- cumference ; but the Venetians, finding it too ex- tensive, reduced it to 3, and fortified it with 11 bastions and 3 gates ; all the rest they razed to the foundation, demolishing temples, palaces, and the most beautiful monuments. In 1570, it was besieged 45 days by the Turks, and thea taken by a general assault. The church of St. Sophia is a fine old Gothic structure. The baza- ar is extensive, well supplied with provisions, and remarkably clean. Lon. 33. 26. E., lat. 35. 14. N. Nicosia, a towTi of Sicily, in Val di Demona, 12 m. S. of Cofalu. Nicotera, a town of Naples, in Calabria Ultra, near the coast of the Mediterranean, 35 m. N. N. E. of Reggio, and 135 S. E. of Naples. Long. 16. 30. E., lat. 38. 34. N. Nicoya, a town of Guatemala, in Costa Rica, situate on a small river, which runs into the bay of Salinas, where there is a pearl fishery. It is 98 m. W. N. W. of Cartago. Long. 83. 49. W., lat. 10. 40. N. Nicsara, a town of Turkey, in Caramania, and' an archbishop's see, 10 m. N. of Tocat. Long.. 36. 9. E., lat. 39. 25. N. Nidau, a town of Switzerland in the zaniow NIG 548 NIL nf Bern, with a castle ; situate on the lake of Biel,I5 m. N. W. of Bern. JVidda, a town of Germany, in Hesse Darm- stadt, seated on a river of tiie same name, 20 m. N. E. of Frankfort. Kiebla, a town of Spain, in Seville, near which is a considerable copper mine ; seated on the Tin- to, U m. N. N. W. ofMoguer and 40 W. of Se- ville. JVkmeck, a town of Brandenburg, on the river Ada, 16 m. N. of Wurtemberg. J\l'lrmecz, a strong town of Moldavia, situate on a mountain, on a river of the same name, 76 m. W. S. W. of Jassay. Long. 26. 10. E., lat. 46. 58. N. J^Tiemen, a river which rises in Lithuania, and passes by Biellca and Grodno ; it then runs throui^h part of Samogitia and E. Prussia, and en- ters the Curisch HafFby several mouths, of which the principal and most northern is called the Russ. J^ienlnirg, a strong town of Hanover, capital of the county of Hoya, with a considerable trade in corn and wool; seated on the Weser, 37 m. S. S. E. of Bremen. Long. 9. 25. E., lat. 52. 39. N. Nienhurg, a town of Prussia, in the government of Munster, seated on the Dinkel, 33 m. N. W. of Munster. Kifnburg, a towti of Germany, in the duchy of Aniidlt-Kothen, seated in the Saale, 8 m. N . W. of Kothen. JVienkaus, a town of Hanover, in the district of Paderborn, with a castle, formerly the residence of the prince: seated on the Lippe, 2 ra, N. N, E. of Paderborn. JVr.eper. See Dnieper. Jfi.ester. See Dniester. JVicMporf, a sea-port of the Netherlands, in W. Flanders, at the mouih of the Yperlee. Here are sluices, by which the country can be laid under water. The inhabitants principally subsist by the herring fishery, and by making nefs and ropes. 9. m. S. W. of Ostendf. Long. 2. 45. E., lat. 51. 8. N. J^ieuport, a town of the Netherlands, in S. Hol- land, seated on the river Lech, 15 m. E. of Rot- terdam. JVterre, a department of France, including the greater part of tiie province of Nivernois. Its takes Its name from a small river, which rises near Champlemy, and runs into the Loire, at Nevers, the chief town of the department. J'figtr, a celebrated river of Africa, rising near Mount Lamba in the country of the Snulimas, on the northern declivities of the Kong Mountains. No geographical problem ever presented a more fruitful subject for conjecture, doubt, hypothesis, and research, both critical and e.^perimental, than the course and termination of this mysterious river. Until the travels of Mungo Park in 1796 it was even disputed whether it flowed East or West. This traveller although he estiiblished the fact of its easterly direction, and proceeded some distance along its banks, yet was unable to make any further discovery respecting its termination. Attempts made by other travellers were followed by no better success, and Park in his second jour- ney into the country lost his life. Many authors were of opinion tliat the river flowed into a great central lake, and iiad no communication with the sea; others sought for arguments to show that its waters were swallowed up by the sands of the de- sert; at one time the belief was very prevalent that it flowed a great distance south and ran into the ocean by the river Zaire or Congo ; the Brit- ish government even despatched an expedition under Captain Tuckey to proceed up the Congo and make discoveries, but nothing satisfactory was the result. The travels of Lamg, Denham, and Clapperton failed to settle the long disputed point, and an impenetrable cloud of mystery con- tinued to hang over the subject til) 1830 when the frand discovery was efi*ected by Richard and ohn Lander, the former of whom had been the servant of Clapperton in his African travels, and who attended him on the expedition in which he lost his life These travellers in March 1830 penetrated into the country till they reached theNiger,and proceed- ed down the stream till they arrived at the Bight of Benin, a termination which had been fixed upon many years before by a German theorist named Reichard, although his reasoning was grounded upon false data. The Niger, or Quorra, or Joliba, for it is called by all these names, is thus ascer- tained to flow into the Atlantic ocean in about 5. N. lat. It discharges its waters by several chan- nels, forming a great delta like the Nile, Ganges and Mississippi; the channel by which the Lan- ders arrived at the ocean, has been hitherto known as the river Nun, and the delta is 240 m. in ex- tent along the coast, from the river Benin to that of Old Calabar; the inland extent of the delta is about the same, and the whole territory is inter- sected by various arms of the river, such as are called bai/ous on the lower course of the Missis- sippi. The banks of these streams are generally overflown, and the land is covered with mangrove trees growing in the water ; the whole surface is low, flat and swampy. For the first half of its course the Niger flows in a N. E. course ; between 15. and 16. N. lat. it turns to the E. and afterwards pursues a southerly direction to the sea. It flows by the cities of Scgo, Jenne, Tombuctoo, Boussa, Yaoori, Nyfl^e,Rabba, Egga, and Kisnce, at which last place the delta commences. It receives from the N E. a branch called the Tshadda, which the Landers saw in a state of inundatiim 2 or 3 miles in width. It is now very evident that neither Herodotus, Pliny .or Ptolemy ever had any knowledge of this river, and that the name of Niger ought no longer to be applied to it. Its most common name in Africa is the Quorra. Kigono, a town of Italy ,in the duchy of Modena, 22 m. S. W. of Modena. Nigritia. See JVrgroland. JVi/e, a great river of Africa, which, according to the most authentic accounts, rises in the mountains of the Moon. It runs througli the lake Dembea, then makes a circuit towards its source, which it leaves 25 m. to the E., and en- ters into Nubia, through which country it takes a circuitous course, and forms some considerable cataracts. It then flows almost directly S. through Egypt, till it arrives at Cairo ; and a little below that city it divides into two great branches, vv'hich with the Mediterranean Sea.fornis the island called Delta. Tiie ancients reckoned eleven mouths of the Nile, of which seven were considerable ; but at prt sent there are only two that are at all times navigable, and those are alRosettaand Datnietta The fertility of E there is a z* NIP 649 NOA nal called Khalis, which is opened when the water is high enough ; thence it is conveyed into res- ervoirs and cisterns, and is afterwards distributed into the fields and gardens, as occasion requires. Nile, a township of Scioto Co. Ohio. JVimeguen, a town of the Netherlands, in Guel- derland, with a citadel, an ancient palace, and several forts The churches are in general hand- some structures ; and the town-house is remark- able for its beauty and magnificence. The inhab- itants subsist chiefly by brewing ale, and their trade with Germany. The city is celebrated in history on account of several treaties of peace concluded here, particularly in 1C78. ft was taken by the French in 1794. It stands on the Waal, 35 m. E. S. E. of Utrecht. Long. 5. .51. E., lat. 51. 52. N. JVimishillen, a township of Stark Co. Ohio. A'imptsch, a town of Prussian Silesia, which fives name to a circle in the principality ofBrieg. t has a castle on an eminence and is seated on the Loch, 26 m. S. W. of Brcslau. JVineveh, p. v. Frederick Co. Va. JVing-Koue, a city of China, of the first rank, in the province of Kiang-nan, noted for its manufac- tures of paper, made of a species of reed . Its dis- trict is very hilly, but pleasant ; and the surround- ing mountains, covered with woods, produce ex- cellent medicinal plants. It is seated on a river, which runs into the Kiang-hu, 537 m. S. by E. of Pekin. Long. 118. 25. E., lat. 31. 2. JS. J^ing-po, called by Europeans Liampo, an ex- cellent sea-port of China, and a city of the first rank in the province of Tche-kiang. The silks manufactured here are much esteemed in foreign countries especially in Japan, where they are ex- changed bv the Chinese for copper, gold, and sil- ver. It is seated on the E. coast, opposite Japan, 660 m. S. S. E. of Pekin. Long. 120. 18. E., lat. 29. 58. N. Ninguta, a city of Eastern Tartary, in the prov- ince of Kirin, with considerable trade, particu- larly in the valuable plant ginseng, which abounds in the neighbourhood. It is seated on the Hurha, 110 m. N. E. of Kirin. Long. 124. 40. E., lat. 44. 30. N. JVinian, Sf. a town of Scotland , in Stirlingshire, with manufactures of leather, cotton cloth, and nails. 2 m. S. E. of Stirling. JVinove, a town of the Netherlands, in E. Flan- ders, on the Dender, 13 m. W. of Brussels. JYto, an island of the Grecian Archipelago, to the S. of Naxia, anciently called Nos. It is 35 m. in circumference, and fertile in corn, but has very little wood or oil. The regular manners of the inhabitants, who are all Greeks, revives an idea of the simplicity of the primitive ages ; and their kind treatment of strangers appears to be trie genuine remains of ancient hospitality. jWom, a. town of Switzerland, in the canton of Bern, with a manufacture of beautiful porcelain. 12 m. N. by E. of Geneva. J\''ions, a town of France, department of Drome, with a mineral spring called Pontias, and some manufactures of soap and woolen cloth. It is seated at the foot of a chain of mountains, on the river Aigues, 21 m. E. S. E. of Monteliraart. JViorl, a town of France, capital of the depart- ment of Deux Sevres, with manufactures of drug- gets, serges, and other coarse woolen goods. It IS seated on the Sevre Niortoise, 31 m. E. N. E. of Rochelle and 46 W. S. W. of Poitiers Long. 0. 33. W., lat. 46. 20. N. Mphon, the largest island of Japan, 750 m. long and froii 150 to 300 broad, containing 55 proviuces. It was discovered in 1542, by the Portugnese, who were cast ashore by a tempest. The chief town is Jedo. Mpissing, a lake of Upper Canada lying N. E. of Lake Huron,^and flowing into it. JVitchnei-JVovogorod. See JVovogorod. Msibin, or JVhbin, a town and fortress of Asiatic Turkey, in Diarbeck, now greatly decayed. It is seated in a vast plain, 78 m. S. E. of Diarbekir. J\'isida, a small island in the gulf of Naples, very fertile, and laid out in slopes and terraces like a large garden. It has a harbour, called Porto Pavone, 5 m. W. S. W. of Naples. JViskayuna, a village in Schenectady Co. N. Y. 12 m. N. W. Albany, on the Mohawk, inhabited by the Shakers. It is built with great neatness and beauty upon a level spot of about 2,000 acres, divided into 4 farms. The fields are fenced in right lines, and everything displays the utmo.st order and regularity. The inhabitants dress in the usual Quaker drub, and cultivate garden stuffs, seeds, «Stc. Thej' have also manufaclures of vari- ous household wares which are executed with great skill and excellence. All their property is held in common. Pop. 446. jXismes, a city of France, capital of the depart- ment of Card, and a bishop's see. Here are nu- merous monuments of antiquity, of which the amphitheatre, built by the Romans, is the princi- pal. There are likewise the ruins of a temple ot Diana, and a grand tower. The Maison Quarree, or the Square Hou^^, is one of the finest pieces of architecture of the Corinthian order in the world. Here are manufactures of silk, stuffs, stockings, cloth, leather, &,c., and a considerable trade in silk, corn, dried fruits, oil, and wine. It is seated in a plain, abounding in wine and oil, 75 m. N. E. of Narbonne. Long. 4. 19. E., lat. 43. 50. N. JVissa, a strong town of Servia. It was taken by the" Hungarians in 1737, but retaken by the Turks the following year. It is seated on a river of the same name, 20 m. E. of Precop and 120 S. E. of Belgrade. Long. 22. 32. E., lat. 43. 32. N. J\ith, a river of Scotland, which rises in Ayr- shire, flows through a part of Dumfriesshire, to which it gives the name of Nithsdale, and enters Solway Frith a little below Dumfries. JVivelle, a town of the Netherlands, chief place of an extensive district in Brabant, with a manu- facture of cambrics ; seated on the Thienne, 15 m. S. of Brussels. JVivernois, a late province of France, between Burgundy, Bourbonnois, and Berry. It is pretty fertile, contains mines of iron, and is watered by a great number of rivers, of which the Loire, Allier, and Yonne, are the principal. It now forms the department of Nievre. JVixabour, a town of Persia, in Chorasan, 80 m. S. E. of Mesched. Long. CI. 32. E., lat. 35. 40. N. JVixapa, a town of Mexico, in the province of Guaxaca, with a rich Dominican convent. The country near it produces a great deal of indigo, cochineal, and sugar. It is 30 m. S. E. of Anio- quiera. Long. 1)7. 15. W., lat. IC. 42. N. Mxonton, p. v. Pasquotank Co. N. C. 28 m. N. E. P^denton. JS'izarnpatam, a town of Hindoostan, in the cir- car of Guntoor, at the mouth of the Kistnah, 34 m. S. W. of Masulipatam. Mzza delta Paglia. a town of Sardinia, in Pied- mont, seated on the Belbo, 14 m. S. E. of Asti. Js'iMcote, a town of Hindoostan, capital r*" a dis- trict of its name, in Nepaul. It has a celebrated NOO 550 If OR to>in^I« dedicated to Bhavany. Long. 85. 30. E., hit. 87. 40. N. JYoailles, a town of France, department of Vienne, G m. S. S. E. of Poitiers. J^ounavur, a town of Hir.doostan, in Guzerat, capital of a district <•( its name on the coast of the gulf of Cutch, inhabited \>y a piratical tribe, called Sangarians. The chief of the district, by a treaty with the B.'tish, engaged to prevent his subjects from plunJ^ring liritish vesiels. 190 m. W. S. W. of Anicdabad. Long. 69. 30., lat. ^2. 22. N. JVohle, a township of Morgan Co. Ohio. J\'ubleJjorougli, p t. Lincolr. Co. Me. I'op. 1,870. JVoblcsmlle, p. v. Hamilton Co. Indiana JVocrra a town of Italy, in the duchy ofSpoleto, Heated at the foot of the Apennines, 18 m. N. E. of S pole to. Js'octra delli Pasrnni, a town of Naples, in Prin- cipato Cilra, 8 m. N. W. of Salerno and 20 S. E. of Naples. \ockumixoK, a township of Bucks Co. ''a. Js'ogara, a town of France, department of Gers, 21 m. S. W. of Condom. J\'ogarcot, a town of Hindoostan, Nepaul, with a celebrated pagoda, 60 m. N. E. of Catmandu. IfogeiU la RotriM, a town of France, department of E u re -et- Loire, seated on the liuisne, 35 ni. N. E. of Mans. Kogent sur Seine, a town in the department of Aube, seated on the Seine, 25 m. N. W. of Troyes f^oir, Cape, a promontory at the S. extremity of Terra del Fuego. Long. 73. 33. W., lat. 54. 32. Noirmovtier , an island of France, in the bay of Biscay, S. of the mouth of the river Loire. It is 12 m. long and 3 broad, and has good pastures. The principal town, of the same name, is defend- ed by a fort. Lon^. 2. 10. W., lat. 47. 0. N. JVo/a, a town of Naples, in Terra di Lavoro, once a rich Roman colony, and .still a handsome place. The silk spun in its neighbourhood is much esteemed. It is 14 m. E. N. E. of Naples. J^olensville, p. v. Williams Co. Ten. JS'oli, a town of Sardinia, with a fort and a good harbour, 30 m. S. W. of Genoa. Long. 8. 41. E., lat. 44. 18. N. JVomhrc de Dios, a town of Terra Firma, in the province of Darien, 30 m. E. of Porto Bello, to which its once flourishing trade is now trans- ferred. J\'o7nbre de Dios, a town of Mexico, the most populous in the province of Zacatecas. 170 m. N. of Guadalaxara. Long. 104. 15. W., lat. 24. 0. N. JVomcny, a town of France, in the department of Meurthe, on the Seille, 15 m. N of Nancy JS'ou, Cape, a promontory of the kingdom of Fez, opposite the Canary Islands. The Portu- guese, in their first attempts to explore the W. coast of Africa, long considered this promontory as an impassable boundary. This its name im- ports ; but they doubled it, at last, in 1412. Long. 11. 30. W., lat. 28. 38. N. JVona, a sea-port of Dalmatia, and a bishop's see. It was once a splendid city, but is now a mean place, and its harbour not cajjable of receiving large vessels. It is almost surrounded by the sea. 7 m. N. by W. ofZara. J\rontron, a town of France department of Dor- dogne, 21 m. N. of Perigueux. Moopour, a town of Hindoostan, in Guzerat, 55 Bi. E. of Surat. Long. 73. 50. E., lat. 21. 11. N. ^ootka Sound. See Oregon. Jforherg, a town of Sweden, in Westmanland* near which are the best iron mines in the province. It is 34 m. N. of Stroemsholm. Long. 16. 12. E., lat. 60. 2. N. JVorcia, a town of Italy, in the duchy of Spole- to, seated among mountains, on the river Fredara, 20m. S. E. ofSpoleto. J^ord, a department of France, so named from its situation. It includes the greater part of the former divisions of Ilainault, French Flanders, and Cambresis. Nordburg, a town of Denmark, at the N. extrem* ity of the isle of Alsen, with a castle 9 m. N. N. W. of Sunderburg. JVorden, a, sea-port of Hanover, in Friesland^ with a good harbour. It is 4 m. from the Ger- man Ocean and 14 N. of Emden. JVordhausen,fi town of Prussian Saxony, in the government of Erfurt, with 7 Lutlieran churches and a well-built orphan-house. It has a consider- able trade in corn, brandy, and rape and lintseed oil, and manufactures of marble and alabaster. It was ceded to Prussia in 1802 : and is seated on the Zorge,35 m. N. N. E. of Erfurt. Long. 10. 56. E., lat. 51. 30 N. JVordheim, a town of Hanover, situate on the Rhume,at its conflux with the Leina, 10 m. N of Gottingen. JVflrrf/aopin^, a sea-port of Sweden, in GofJiland It is 10 m. in circumference, but the houses are scattered, and the inhabitants do not exceed 1 2,000 The river Motala flows tlirough the town, forms a series of cataracts, and is divided into four prin- cipal streams, which encircle several rocky islands covered with buildings ; but at the extremity of the town it is navigable for large vessels. Here are manufactures of woolen cloth, paper, and fire- arms, some sugar-houses, and a brass foundery. Corn is exported hence in great quantities ; and a salmon fishery gives employment and riches to many ot the inhabitants. It is 110 m. S. W. of Stockholm. Long. 15. 50. E., lat. 58. 35. N. Kordlund, one of the ancient divisions of Swe- den, bounded on the N. by Lapland, E. by the Gulf of Bothnia, S. by Sweden Proper, and W. by the same and Norway. It contains six provin- ces. JVordland, a province of Norway, havintr the North Sea, on the W. and Swedish Lapland on the E. JVordlingen, a town of Bavaria, fortified in the ancient manner. Here the league of the five western circles of the empire was concluded in 1702. In 1796 it was taken by the French. It ia a commercial place, seated on the Eger. 38 m. N N. W. of Augsburg. Long. 10. 34. K, lat. 48 50. N. Nordmaling, a town of Sweden, in Angerma- nia, near a bay of the gulf of Bothnia, 24 ni. S, W. of Uma, and 70 N. E. of Hermosand. Xordstrand , an island of Denmark, on the W. coast of S. Jutland, ^Z m. long and 5 broad. It has a town called Ham, 28 m. W. of Sleswick Long. 0. 4. E., lat. .54. 40. N. Xore, a noted part of the river Thames, situated oflT Sheerness, at the point of a sand bank which runs eastward from the Isle of Grain. It is the well known limit of the Cooknevs' summer voy- age. Long. 0. 44. E., lat. 51. 27. N. JVorfolk, a county of England, 77 m. long and 45 broad ; bound«Hi on the N. and E. by the German Ocean, S. E. and S. by Sufl!(>)k, and W. by Cambridgeshire and Lincolnshire. It contains 1,094,400 acres, is divided into 33 hundreds and NOR 551 NOR 600 parishes, has one ci*" and 32 market towns, and sends 12 members to parliament. The products vary according to the soil and situation. The lighter arable lands produce barley in great plen- ty ; wheat is cultivated in the strongest soils ; and turnips are grown here in great quantities ; buck-wheat is also grown on the light soils, and used for feeding swine and poultry. The fenny parts yield great quantities of butter, which is sent to London under the name of Cambridge but- ter. The sheep are a hardy small breed, nmch valued for 'heir mutton. Poultry of all kinds are very plentnul, and the turkeys are reared here to a larger size than elsewhere ; rabbits are extreme- ly numerous on the sandy heaths; and there is abundance of game, especially of pheasants. The principal manufactures of the county are silks, boinabazines, crapes, camlets, 4 KOR Southern or Proper Norway, separated from each other by tlie small Swedish province of Herndahl. It is divided into the four governments of Agger- huyti, Christiania or Cbristiansand, Bergen, and Drontheim. From its rocky soil, and northern position, Norway is not populous in proportion to its extent. The number of inhabitants is calcula- ted at 1,000,000, who like the Swiss mountaineers, are exceedingly attached to their country. In Norway, they have a particular code, called the Norway Law, compiled by Grieffelfeld, at the command of Christian V., the great legislator of this country. By this law, — the palladium of Norway, the p>easant8 are free-born. They possess much spirit and fire in their manner ; are frank, •pen and undaunted, yet not insolent; never m^ <^^Sl rr^^^^k /^■(^^iii^^pK i 0^¥||| g^p 1 S^feiis:-5&«Mr .■;.\v^Vi fawning, yet paying proper respect. Their prin- cipal mode of salute is by offering their hand ; and, when they are given or paid any trifle, the peasants, instead of returning thanks by words, or by a bow, shake hands with great frankness and cordiality. The same causes which affect the population of Norway operate likewise on the slate of tillage ; for, although in some places vegetation is so quick that the corn is sown and cut in six or seven weeks, yet the country does not produce sufficient corn for its own consump- tion. It is, however, exceedingly rich in pasture, and consequently produces much cattle. The horses are small, but strong, very active, and hardy. The fisheries, particularly on the W. coast, find employment and wealth for the natives, and supply the finest sailors for the Danish fleet. The principal fish are salmon, cod, ling, and whiting ; their livers also yield train-oil ; and the smallest are given as winter fodder to the cattle. The extensive forests of oak and pine produce timber, spars, beams, and planks, besides charcoal, turpentine, bark, fuel, and even manure ; and the birch (the bark of which is used as a covering for the roofs of houses) not only supplies fuel, but also a kind of wine. The general exports are tal- low, butler, dried fish, tmiber, planks, horses, iiorncd cattle, silver, cobalt, alum, Prussian blue, copp»>r, and iron. It abounds in lakes and rivers ; the former so large that they appear like inlets of the sea; but the rivers are m general of a short course, except the Glommen. The mountains are numerous, and generally clothed with pines and firs; the grand Scandinavian chain, which runs from S. to N., is known by distinct appella- tions ; the chief are the ridges of Langfial, Dofra- lial, Kolen, and Severnoi. The wild animals are th« b«ar, lynx, wolf, fox, and hare; but tb« most singular creature is the lemming, or Norwegian mouse, of a reddish colour, and about five inches long. These animals proceed in vast numbers from the ridge of Kolen to the sea, devouring every product of the soil in their course, and at last seem to devour each other. Norway was formerly governed by its own he- reditary sovereigns. On the demise of Hasen V., in 1319, without male issue, his grandson in the female line, Magnus Smek, united in his person the kingdoms of Sweden and Norway. Magnus was succeeded in the kingdom of Norway by hia son Hagen VI., husband of the celebrated Marga- ret, and at his decease, in 1380, Norway was uni- ted to Denmark by their son Olof V., who dying, without issue, Margaret herself wa." raised to the throne by the unanimous voice of the nation. On her death it descended with Denmark and Swe- den to her nephew Eric. Sweden was afterwards separated from Denmark by the valour and ad- dress of Gustavus Vasa. By the treaty of Kiel, . in January, 1814, Norway was ceded by the king, of Denmark to Sweden ; but the people, not ap» proving of the cession, had recourse to arms, in." order to resist the entrance of the Swedish troop**. ■ into their country ; and the diet elected Prince' Christian, the king of Denmark's son, who was then governor, to the throne. However, on the conclusion of the war with France, the allied powers, who had previously promised this coun- try to Sweden, if she would take an active part in the coalition against the French empire, no w did all in their power to enforce the cession. For this pur- pose a considerable body of their troops was march- ed into the Danish territories on the continent, to watch that power, and all the ports of Norway were blockaded by the Swedish and English fleets by sea, while the Swedish army, under the crown prince, entered Norway by land. Amidst such united efforts, it was not to be expected that the brave Norwegians could hold out long. After the capture of Frederickstadt, and the passage of the Glommen by the Swedes, Prince Christian proposed to resign his crown into the hands of tJie Diet: and on the 20lh of October, 1814, that as- sembly came to the resolution that Norway should be governed by the king of Sweden, but as an in- tegral state, preserving its constitution and laws, to which Sweden assented. Christiania is the capital. JVorwich, a city and county of England, the cap- ital of Norfolk, and a bishop's see. It was for- merly surrounded by a strong wall, of which some ruins still semain. Many of the streets are still narrow and ill-disposed, though during the last 10 years considerable improvements have been effec- ted. Besidesthecathedral, which isone oflhe most spacious and elegant in the kingdom, here are 32 ,»arish churches, two churches for the Flemings, a number of dissenting meeting-houses, and two Roman Catholic chapels. On a hill, command- ding an extensive view of the city, is the castle, an ancient and stately edifice. Near this city, on " Mousehold Heath, are the ruins oflhe castle of Kelt, the tanner, by whose rebellion, in the reign of Edwnrd VI., the city was reduced to a ruinous state. Norwich has extensive manufactures of crapes, bombazines, and stuffs of various kinds, and a considerable trade. It is seated on the riv- er Yare, 22 m. W. of Yarmouth and 110 N. E. of London. Long. 1 . 20. E., lal. 52. 40. N. JVorwich, p.t. Oxford Co. Me. Pop. 1,712; p.t Herkimer Co. N. Y. Pop. 1,152. Norwich, p.t. Windsor Co. Vt. on the Connec NOV US NOT ticut, 21m. above Windsor. Pop. 1,916; p.t. Hampshire Co. Mass. 15 m. W. Northampton. Pop. 787; p.t. New London Co. Conn, on the Thames, 14 m. above New London. Pop. 5,169, this township comprises 3 villages, the largest of which is Chelsea Landing. Here are large man- ufactures of cotton, flannel, carpeting, paper, iron, lintseed oil, &c. Here is an ancient aboriginal cemetery called the Burying Ground of the Unca- ses. Also a p.t. Chenango Co. N. Y. Pop. 3,374, and a township of Franklin Co. Ohio, on the Scioto, b m. above Columbus. J\''ossen. a town of Saxony, on the Muldau, 18 in. W. of Dresden. JVoteburg, a town of Russia, in the government of Petersburg, seated on an island in the lake La- doga, at the place where the Neva issues. It has a good citadel, and was capital of Ingria, before Petersburg was built. It is 2-') m. E. of Peters- burg. Long. 31. 9. E., ht. 59. 56. N. Koto, a town of Sicily, capital of Val di Nolo. It was ruined by an earthquake in 1693, and near it another town was built called Noto Nuovo. It is a^ m. S. W. of Syracuse. Long. 15. 19. E., lat. 36. 50. N. Kottingltam, a borough and the capital of Not- tinghamshire, Eng. It is situate on the side and summit of a rock, into which are cut some small habitations, and numerous vaults or cellars. To the W. of the town, on a rocky eminence, is the castle, a magnificent modern structure, belonging to the duke of Newcastle, built on the site of an ancient fortress, celebrated in English history. It is a handsome town, distinguished by its spacious market-place, and noted for its excellent ale. It is one of the principal seats of the silk and cotton stocking manufacture ; the lace manufacture is also very extensive. At this town Charles I. set up his standard, at the commencement of the civil war which terminated in his destruction. Not- tingham is seated on a river, which communicates with the Trent, 1 m. to the S. It is 16 m. E. of Derby and 124 N. by W. of London. Long. 1. 9. W., lat. 52. 58. N. Nottoway, a river of Virginia flowing into the Meherrin. Nottinghamshire, a county of England, 48 ra. long and 25 broad ; bounded N. by Yorkshire. It enjoys such a temperature of soil and climate as to render it one of the most fertile and health- ful counties in England. Almost the whole of the middle and western parts of the county were for- merly occupied by the extensive forest of Sher- wood, the only royal forest N. of the Trent; but the greater part is now enclosed and covered with thriving towns, cheerful villages, and extensive narks. The chief products of this county are coal, of which there is great plenty, gypsum, lead, grain of all sorts, cattle, malt, hops, wool, liquo- rice, and woad. The manufactures chiefly con- sists of hosiery, bobbin-net and net-lace, glass, and earthenware. Nottingkam, p.t. Rockingham Co. N. H. 24 m. N. W. Portsmouth. Pop. 1,157; t. Burlington Co. N. J. Nottingham, E. and W. two townships in Chester Co. Pa., also towns in Washington Co. Pa., Prince George Co. Md. and Harrison Co. Ohio. Nottoway, a county of the E. District of Vir- ginia. Pop. 10. 141. Nova Scotia, a British province of N. America, which formerly, till 1784, included the province of New Brunswick. It is bounded on the S. and S. E. by the Atlantic, E. by the gut of Canso, N. by Northumberland Strait, and N. W. by Ne^» Brunswick and the bay of Fundy. Its length if 235 m. from Cape Sabie on the S. W. to Cape Canso on the N. E. Its extreme breadth is 88 m. but the mean of the peninsular part is not more than 45. It has several lakes and a vast number of small rivers. It is a peninsula, lying S. E. of New Brunswick, and joined to it by a narrow isth- mus, at the N. E; extremity of the bay of Fundy. The French settled here before they made any establishment in Canada, and called it Acadia. The first grant of lands was made to Sir William Alexander, by James I. of England, from whom it received the name of Nova Scotia. Since its first settlement it has more than once changed rulers and proprietors, nor was it confirmed to England till the peace of Utrecht in 1713. The inhabitants consists of English, Scotch, Irish, and a few Germans: recent accounts state ihem at 150,000, and they are rapidly increasing in num- ber and prosperity. The soil is in many parts thin and sterile, but there are some tracts not in- ferior to the best lands in Now England. Halifax is the capital. Nova Zemhla, an island in the Arctic Ocean. separated from the continent of Russia by the strait of Waigatz. It is 540 m. in length and from 100 to 240 in breadth. This country was discov- ered by the English in 1553, and it has since been visited by ships attempting to discover a N. E. passage. In 159.5. a Dutch vessel being cast away on the coast, the crew were obliged to winter here, and with great difficulty preserved their lives. The country is extremely desolate, producing no trees, nor any vegetables but moss and some iew arctic plants. It is inhabited by wild beasts, par- ticularly white bears, white foxes, elks, reindeer, and rabbits. The hunters from Archangel now generally winter here, and return home in sum- mer with their cargoes of skins and furs. Long. 52. to 78. E., lat. 70. to 78. N. Novalle, a town of Austrian Italy, in the Tre- visano, 10 m. S. W. of Treviso. Novara, a town of Italy, capital of a province of its name in the Sardinian Milanese. It contains 17 churches, besides the cathedral, and is seated on an eminence, 25 m. W. by S. of Milan. Novellara, a town of Italy, in the Modenese, with a castle, 17 m. E. by N. of Parma and 18 m. N. N. W. ofModena. Novi, a town of the Sardinian states, in the territory of Genoa, with a strong castle on a mountain. It is the principal deposit for goods coming from the Levant, which pass into Aus- trian Italy, and thence into the S. of Germany. Near this place, in 1799, the Austrians and Rus- sians defeated the French, who lost their general (Joubert), and nearly 10,000 men. 25 m. N. by W. of Genoa. Novi, a fortified town of Croatia, taken by the Austrians in 1789. It is seated on the right bank of the Unna, 52 m. S. E. of Carlstedt. Long. 16. 53. E., lat. 45. 8. N. Novi Bazar, a town of Servia, seated near the Oresco, 72 m. W. of Nissa and 95 S. of Belgrade. Long. 21. 1. E., lat. 43. 35. N. Novigrad, a town of Hungary, capital of a county of the same, with a castle ; seated on a mountain, near the Danube, 25 m. N. of Buds. Novigrad, a town of Austrian Dalmatia, with a castle, seated on a lake of the same name, near the gulf of Venice, 17 m. E. of Nona and 25 N. W. ofZaro. Novogo'od, a city of Russia, capital of a fovem NLB 566 NUR mcnt of the Mm« name, and formerly called Great Novogorod, to distinguish it from other towns of the same appellation. It was for a long time governed by its own dukes, and was in fact a rspublic, under the jurisdiction of a nominal sovereign. It was the great mart of trade between Russia and the Hanseatic cities, and made the most rapid advances in opulence and population. Its power was so great, and its sifuation so impreg- nable, as to give rise to a proverb : ' Who can re- sist the gods and Great Novogorod ?' But in the 15th century this independent republic was oblig- ed to submit to Ivan Basilowitz I., grand duke of Russia. It continued, nevertheless, the largest and most commercial city in Russia, and contain- ed at least 400,000 inhabitants. It was first des- olated by the cruelties of Ivan Basilowitz II. ; but its splendor was not totally eclipsed until Peter the Great built Petersburg, to which he transfer- red all the commerce of the Baltic that had before centered here. It now contains scarcely 8,000 souls ; and a vast number of churches and con- vents stand as melancholy monuments of its former magnificence. The town stretches on both sides of the Volkoff, a river of considerable depth and rapidity, which separates it into two divisions, namely the trading part and the quar- ter of St. Sophia • in the latter are the ruins of the cathedral, in which several princes of the du- cal family of Russia are interred. Novogorod is situate near the N. end of the lake Ilmen, 120 m. S. S. E. of Petersburg. Long. 31. 45. E., lat. 58. 25 N. J^foeogorod, JViznei, a city of Russia, capital of a government of the same name, and an archbish- op 8 see. It has a castle, surrounded by stone walls , also two cathedrals, 28 parish churches, and five convents. The trade is considerable, and the shops richly furnished with all kinds of for- eign and home goods. It is seated at the conflux of tlie Occa with the Volga, 250 m. E. by N. of Moscow. Novogorod, Seve.rskoi, a town of Russia, gov- ernment of Czernigov, seated on the Desna, 86 ni. E. N. E. of Czernigov. J^ovogrodek, a town of Russian Lithuania, gov- ernment of Grodno, seated on a hill in a vast plain, 80 m. S. by E. of Wilna. Long. 26. 8. E., iat. 53. 25. N. JVovomirgorod, a town of Russia, in the govern- ment of Catharineslaf, 160 m. N. N. W. of Cher- son . Long. 31. 44. E., lat. 48. 40. N. J^outra, a town of Austrian Poland, near which are mines of gold and silver. 30 m. S. of Cra- cow. JVbya, a town of Spain, in Galicia. The chief trade is in ship-building. It stands at the mouth of the Tambro, 15 m. W . of Compostella. Jfoyers, a town of France, department of Yonne, with a castle ; seated on the Serin, 19 m. E. S. E. of Auxerre. jyoyon, a town of the department of Oise, the birth-place of the celebrated Calvin. It is an epis- copal see, and is seated near the Oise, 25 m. N. W. of Soissons and 70 N. by E. of Paris. A'ozonion, a village in Newcastle Co. Del. 22 m. S. W. Wilmington. Yozeroy, a town in the department of Jura, with a castle on a mountain, 20 m. S. E. of Sa- lins. .Yuitffl, a country of Africa, bounded on the N. by Egypt, E. by the Red Sea, S. by Abyssinia and Darfoor, and W. by Bornou. It is about 600 m. in length and 450 in breadth. The Nile runs through it, on the banks of which it is fruitful, but in other places barren, sandy, and destitute of wa- ter. The inhabitants make their bread and drink of a small round seed called doca, or sefF, which is a kind of millet. Their houses have mud walls, are very low, and covered with reeds. The dress of the better sort is a vest without sleeves, and they have no coverings for their heads, legs, or feet. The common people wrap a piece of linen cloth about them, and the children go quite naked. They are described as a stupid and debauched peo- ple, but profess to be Mahometans. The produc- tions of the country are gold, elephants' teeth, civ- it, and sandal wood ; and a great many slaves are sent into Egypt. JVuez, a town of Spain, in the province of Leon, on the borders of Portugal, 15 m. E. of Braganza and 48 W. of Zamora. JVuitz, a town of France, department of Cote d'Or, famous for its excellent wines. It is seated at tlie foot of a mountain, 15 ra. S. S. W. of Dijon. JVun, or Vied de JVun, an extensive country of Africa, of which the emperor of Morocco arro- gates to himself the sovereignty, but his real au- thority is extremely feeble. It is inhabited by dif- ferent tribes of Arabs, whose camps are scattered over such interior parts of the country as are capa- ble of cultivation. JVun, a river of Africa running into the Bight of Benin, now ascertained to be one of the mouths of the great river Quorra or Niger. See JViger. JViinda, p.t. Alleghany Co. N. Y. 250 m. W. Al- bany. Pop. 1,291. JYundydroo^, a town and fortress of Hindoostan, in Mysore. It is built on the summit of a moun- tain, 1,700 feet in height, the greater part inac- cessible ; but was besieged and taken by the Eng- lish, under lord Cornwallis, in 1792. It is 70 m N. of Seringapatam. JVuneaton, a town in Warwickshire, Eng. with manufactures of woolen cloth and ribands. It was formerly noted for its nunnery, and is seated on the river Anker, 9 m. N. by E. of Coventry and 98 N. W. of London. NunjinagodujK town of Hindoostan, in Mysore, with a ruinous fort, and a large square temple. It is situate in the fork formed by the junction of Kaundini with the Kapini, 12 m. S. by E. of Mysore. JViinrey, a village in Somersetshire, Eng. 3 m. S. W. of Frome. Here are the ruins of a strong castle, the shell of which still remains near- ly perfect. It was burnt by the parliament forces in 1645. JVurenberg, a town of Bavaria, in the circle of Rezat. It is surrounded by an old wall and ditch, more than 3 m, in circumference, formerly flanked with 365 towers ; and through the middle of tlie town flows the river Pegnitz, over which are six stone bridges and several of wood. The inhabit- ants are very industrious, and their maps and prints, as well as their musical and mathematical instruments are in high esteem ; nor are they less curious in clock-work, and in the several manu- factures of iron, steel, ivory, wood, and alabaster. The toys commonly known in England by the name of Dutch toys are also made here. Among the public institutions are a famous academy for painting, an anatomical theatre, and a public li- brary. The ancient castle or palace is still standing at the extremity of the city, and the arsenal is one of the best in Germany. The houses are built of freestone, and are four or five stories high. Nu' OAK mr o»o renberg was given to Bavaria by the treaty of Til- sit in 1807. It is 95 m. N. by W. of Munich and 250 W. N. W. of Vienna. Long. 11.4. E., lat. 49. 27. N. Jfurtingen, a town of Wurtemberg with an hos- pital, founded in 1481, said to be the richest found- ation in the kingdom. It is situate on the Neck- ar, 14 ra. S. E. of Stuttgard. Jfusserpour, a town of Hindoostan, capital of a district of the same name, in the province of Sin- dy. It is situate on the Sinde, 53 m. N. E. of Tatte. Long. 69. 10. E., lat. 25. 28. N. Jfyhorg, a sea-port of Denmark, on the E. coast of the isle of Funen. The remains of the old pal- ace, in which Christian II. was born, now serve for a magazine and arsenal. It is seated on a bay of the Great Belt, ID m. E. of Odensee. Long. 10.40. E., lat. 55. 30. N. ffykioping, a town of Denmark, in N. Jutland, with a good harbour, on the gulf of Lymford. It stands on the E. side of the island of Mors, which is formed by branches of the gulf, 40 m. W. by S of Alburg. Long. 8. 36. E.; lat. 56. 52. N. ffykopins, a sea-port of Denmark, capital of the isle of Falster, with a royal palace, and one of the best endowed hospitals in the kingdom. It stands on a narrow channel, opposite the island of Laland, 60 m. S. S. W. of Copenhagen. Long. 11.58. E., lat. 54.50. N. Jfukoping, a government of Sweden, compre- hending the W. part of Sudermania. Jfyfwping, a neat town of Sweden, capital of Sudermania, with a harbour, and the remains of a strong castle. It is the mo«t ancient town in the kingdom, and was formerly the residence of the kings of Sudermania. It is seated on a rivei of the same name, near the Baltic, 70 m. S. W. of Stockholm. Long. 17. 27. E., lat. 58. 35. N. JVyluTid, a province of European Russia, in Finland, lying on the gulf of Finland, to the W. of Carelia. It is 120 m. long and from 30 to 60 broadband is a fertile pleasant country, being better peopled and cultivated than the neighbour- ing provinces. The inhabitants (about 115,000) carry on some trade in corn, cattle, planks, linen, and dried fish. JVys'ot, a town of Russia, in the government of Wiburg, on the lake Saima. The castle, which stands on a rock in a river, near the town, is strongly fortified by nature and art. It was taken by the Russians in 1714, restored to the Swedes at the peace of Nj'stadt, but finally given up to the Russians by the treaty of Abo in 1743. 50 m. N. W. of Wiburg. jXyslot, a town of Russia, in the government of Livonia, with a castle ; 20 m. S. by W. of Narva. Kystadt, a town of Russia, in Finland, with a commodious harbour, and a considerable trade in all kinds of wooden vessels. In 1721 a peace was concluded here between Russia and Sweden. It is sealed on a bay of the gulf of Bothnia, 33 m. N. W. of Abo. Long. 21. 31. E., lat. 61. 10. N. J^Tysted, a town of Denmark, on the S. E. coast of the isle of Laland. It carries on a considera- ble trade with the provinces of Germany, and is 22 m. E. S. E. of Naxkow. O O, or ST. MARTIN DO, a town of France, department of Orne, 5 m. S. of Argentan. Oahoona. one of the Ingraham Isles, which is said to be the northernmost of all this cluster. It lies about 10 leagues N. E. of Nooheva. To this island Captain Roberts gave the name of Massa- chusetts. Captain Ingraham had before called it Washington. Oak Flat, p.v. Pendleton Co. Va. Oak Grove, p.v. Lunenburg Co. Va. ; p.v. Jas- per Co. Geo. Oak Hall, p.v. Pickens Co. Alab. Oakham, p.t. Worcester Co. Mass. 62 m. W. Boston. Pop. 1,010. Oakham, the chief town of Rutlandshire, Eng. Near the church are the decayed walls of an old tjastle ; and in 1749 four silver pennies of the tater Mercian kings were found here. It is seated in the centre of a fertile valley, called the Vale of Catmorc. 28 m. S. by E. of Nottincrham and 98 N. by W. of London. Long. 0. 46. W., lat. 52. 42. N. Oak/iampton, a borough in Devonshire, Eng. it has a manufacture of serges, and the remains of a castle, dismantled bv Henry VIII. It stands on the river Oak, 24 m. W. of Exeter and 195 W. by S. of London. Oakingkam. See Wokingham. OakkiU,p.v. Green Co. N. Y. ; p.v.Fauquier Co. Va. ; p.v. Howard Co. Missouri. Oakingham, p.v. Laurens Dis. S. C. 92 m. N, W. Columbia. Oakland, a county of Michigan. Pop. 4,910. Pontiae is th« capital. Also villiiges in Oakland Co. Mich. Allegany Co. N. Y., and Anne Arun- del, Co. Md. Oakley, p.v. Seneca Co. Ohio. Oakmulga, p.v. Chesterfield Co. Va. Oakm-ulgee, a river of Georgia flowing into the Alatamaha. Oaktomie, p.v. Covington Co. Mississippi, OakvUle, p.v. Buckingham Co. Va. Oatland Mills, p.v. Loudon Co. Va. Oaxaca, one of the provinces of Mexico, which See. Oaxaca, ciiy, the capital of the above province is seated in a beautiful valley 240 m. S. S. E. Mexico. Pop. 24.000. The churches are splendid, but the neighbourhood is subject to earthquakes. Oban, a village of Scotland, in Argyleshire, seated 3 m. to the S. of the entrance of Loch Etive. Here is an excellent harbour, capable of containing upwards of 500 merchantmen, defend- ed from the westerly winds by the islands of Ker- rera and Mull. It is 33 m. N. W. of Inverary. Obdach, a town of the Austrian states, in Stiria, at the conflux of the Achza and Traun, 9 ra S. E. of Judenburg. Oberkirch, a town ol Baden, 15 m. E. of Stras- burg. Obemberg, a town of Bavaria, with a castle, seated on the Inn, 12 m. S. S. W. of Passau. Oberndorf, a town of Wurtemberg,8eated on the Neckar, 8ra. N. N. E. of Rothweil. Obidos, a town of Portugal, in Estremadura, with the remains of a castle, on a rock. 13 m. E. of Peniche and 40 N. N. E. of Lisbon. OboUah, a strong town of Persia, in Irac-Agemi, 3 a2 OCE 658 OCE •eated on a branch of the Tigris, near Bassora. Obskaia, a gulf or bay of Siberia, in the Frozen Ocean, about 3G0 m. from N. to S. and from 45 to 60 in bioadth. The S. W. extremity, where it is entered by the river Oby, is in long. G9. 15. E., lat. 6(5 55. N. Obvinsk, a town of Russia, in the government of Perm, situated on the Kama, 60 m. N. of Perm. Long. 56. 0. E., lat. 58. 44. N. Ouy, '>r Ob, the largest river of Siberia. It is- sues frorr Lake Altyn, in the desert of Ischimska, runs N. W. and W. by Kolivan, Narim, and Sur- gut, till it receives the Irtysh from Tobolsk, when It flows N. and N. E., and, after a course of 1,900 m. enters the gulf of Obskaia. It is a large smooth stream, abounds in fish, and is navicrible almost to its source. In its course, especially after the influx of the Irtysh, it forms a great number of islands. Ocana, an ancient town of Spain, in La Man- cha, formerly fortified, but now in a state of de- cay. In 1810 a battle was fought in its vicinity between the French and Spaniards. 30 m. S. S. £. of Madrid. Ocana, a town of Terra Firma, in the pro- vince of St. Martha, on the Rio de Oro, which flows to the Magdalena. It is 240 m. S. by E. of St. Martha. Long. 73. 26. W., lat. 7. 40. N. Oceanica, a nai.ie introduced by Malte Brun, to designate a fifth grand division or the globe, com- prising the islands of the Indian Seas and the Pacific Ocean, with the continent of New Holland, and all the Antarctic regions. The limits and general character of this division of the earth are described by this celebrated geographer in the following words. The Chinese Sea separates Asia from the great ocean, as the Mediterranean separates Africa from Europe. To the west we continue the boundary line through the strait of Malacc^, and then turn- ing round the north point of Sumatra, we proceed to the point where the 92d meridian east from London crosses the equator. Through the whole southern hemisphere, that meridian will form a convenient division between the seas of New Holland and those of Madagascar and Africa. The islands of Amsterdam and St. Paul will, on this principle, remain connected with the Archi- pelago of the Indian Ocean. When we leave the Chinese Sea to the north, the channel between Formosa and the Philippines being the broadest, marks the natural boundary. From this we draw a line which, following that part of the waters which in most of islands, separates the Japanese seas to a distance of 300 or 450 m., and reaches the point of intersection of the 4()th parallel '>f north latitude with the l.'")2d meridian. The 40th parallel will continue to bound the new division of the world, till we come to the point where it is crossed bv the 158th western meridian from Lon- don. Tailing our departure from this point, we separate the North American seas from those of the Oceanic Archi[)plago by the shortest line that can be drawn from this to the point of intersection «f the 108th western meridian and the equator. This meridian will be our boundary through the Kouthern lien.isphere The fifth part of the world thus determined is found to be situated in the Great Ocean, that which, of all others, is the Ocean, by way of eminence. This essentl.il character is not com- -non to it with any other division of the globe : it is a character which impresses a special physi- ognomy on its geography, as well as on its natural and its civil history. It is therefore wof thy of being made the foundation of its name. It will be called Oceanica, and its inhabitants Oceanians ; names which will supersede the un- meaning or inaccurate designations of Austral- asia, Notasia, Austral India, and Australia. New Holland has not one Asiatic feature. Extend- ing the principle of the nomenclature which is in present use, we ought to call Africa " Occiden- tal Asia." This designation would be equally correct with those others. There is no occasion for perpetuating the memory of the pretended Terra Auslralis, in the name of a part of the world which is not exclusively situated on the Austral (or southern^ hemisphere. The happier term of Polynesia will be preserved for that subdivision of Oceanica to which it has been specially ap- plied. The great countries of Oceanica are exposed to the influence of a vertical sun. It is probable that New Holland, unless it contains inland sras, has a climate as hot and arid as Africa. The marshy shores of some islands in the north-west of Oceanica, exposed to an intense heat, generate a pestiferous air, which may be corrected by hu man cultivation. Notwithstanding these local in- conveniences, Oceanica presents to the industri- ous, the healthy, and the temperate, a greater di- versity of delightful climates than any other part of the world. Such islands as are small and ele- vated resemble so many paradises. By selecting localities with the proper elevations, the English- man may find his fresh lawns and his moss-cov- ered trees, the Italian his orange-groves, and the West Indian planter his fields of sugar cane. The small extent of these islands procures for them the temperature of the ocean. The heat never becomes insQpportable, even for northern Europeans. The air is continually renewed by the light sea and land breezes, dividing the em- pire of day and night. Their perpetual spring is rarely disturbed by hurricanes or earthquakes. None of the great races of quadrupeds, either of Asia or New Holland, has extended to the small islands of Polynesia. The pig is the only one found everywhere domesticated, and is the same species as in India and China. Dogs, cats, and rats, formed the whole quadruped class in these islands before Captain Cook supplied them with goats and cattle. Ornithology offers, through the whole of Oceanica, a little more variety, along with many features of mutual resemblance. The vegetable kingdom of Oceanica presents to us all the riches of India in new splendour, and accompanied by new pleasures unknown to Asia. In the Sunda islands, the Philippines, and the Moluccas, rice occupies the place of wheat; and the culture of it is probably extended over New Guinea. Further to the east, in the islands of Polynesia, there are four exceedingly useful escu- lent plants, which grow either spontaneously, or under the influence of culture ; the potato, the yam, and two species of arum, from which, by culture and boiling, a sweet farinaceous substance is obtained. Two orders of trees are spread overall the mid- dling and small islands of Oceanica, which de-; light both the eye and the taste. The numerous family of the palms is extended over the most re mote and smallest islands. Between the tropics there is scarcely a rock or a sand-bank on which these trees do not display their astonishing vege-' tation. The palms have, in the interior structure of their trunks, no analogy with other trees. In OCE 559 OCR habit and in strMcture they resemble the ferns, in their blossom the grab^es, and the asparigi in their mode of fructification But no trees are so portly and magnificent as the palms. They present a straight column, perfectly cylindrical, crowned at the summit with a vast load of sprightly leaves, arranged in circles over one another, and put forth from their common receptacle large panicles, partially inclosed in ample sheaths, and loaded with flowers and with fruit. But their majestic appearance is their least merit. Their beauty is surpassed by their usefulness. The external layers of the trunk furnish a hard and heavy wood, which may be formed into planks and stakes. The sheaths which contain the clusters of fruit acquire such thickness and consistence that they are often used as vessels. The large leaves are employed for roofing wigwams and cottages. Ma- terials for wadding, flock, and cordage, are fur- nished by the fibrous pericarp of the cocoa-tree, by the leafstalks of several other species, and by the filamentous tissue which, in all of them, covers the trunk. Of these are made ropes, cables, and even sail-cloth, and they are used as oakum in caulking vessels. The leaves of the Macaw tree (latinier) serve for fans to the Indian fair ones; those of the Borassus fiahelUfurmis furnish para- sols which can cover ten people at a time. The leaves of some palms are used for writing on : the shell of the cocoa-nut supplies us with a na- tural cup. This order of trees furnishes a number of excellent dishes. The sweet and pulpy sub- stance surrounding the shells of some is eaten and pressed in a variety of forms : such are the Areca catechu and the PlicEtiix dactylifera. In some, as the cocoa-nut, the perisperm or cotyledonous tnaller, while in others, as the cabbage palm, or Areca oJeracea, the terminal leaf-bud is used as a [lot-herb. The milky liquid contained in the arge cavity of the cocoa-nut is capable of being converted into wine, vinegar, and alcohol. From the same fruit a good oil is procured. Another family of nutritious trees enjoyed by the Oceanian nations is that of the Jlrlocarpi or bread-fruit trees. This valuable genus rises to a height of forty feet. Its trunk acquires the thick- ness of the human body. The fruit Is as large as a chiH'.o head. Gathered before it is fully ripe, and baked among ashes, it becdhies a wholesome bread, resembling fresh wheaten bread in taste. For a period of eight months, this tree yields its fruit in such profusion, that three of them will support a man for a year. The inner bark of the same tree is manufactured into a kind of cloth. ' ts wood is well adapted for building cottages and tfanoes. Its leaves are used as nap&ins ; its glu- tinous and milky juice furnishes good cement and glue. The inhabitants of Oceanica seem to be refera- ble to two stocks, totally distinct both in physiog- nomy and in language ; the Malays, or Ye ^ow Oceanians, and the Oceanian Negroes. The Malays are no longer considered by the learned as having originally come from the pen- insula of Malacca : it is now understood that it was not till a comparatively recent period that they became inhabitants of that country. Their national historians trare their origin to the island of Sumatra; they also describe them as connect- ed with the Javanese ; but we find them at pre- sent extending over numerous countries. Not only are all the inhabitants of the maritime parts of Borneo, Celebes, Luzon, and the Moluccas, of the Malay race ; but the innumerable tribes ol Polynesia, or eastern Oceanica, seem to have the same origin. Although the Marians are 5,500 ni. from Easter Island, and though Owyhee is at nearly an equal distance from New Zealand, we have a collection of facts, authenticated by the concurring testimony of numerous observers, which force us to regard the families disseminated over this wide region as having a common origin. The islanders have tawny complexions, varying a little in the different tribes, independently of any ascertainable circumstances in their habits of life or their climate. The fairest are generally in the most westerly regions ; some of them, as the Battas of Sumatra, are directly under the equator. The hair of the head is long, lank, rough, and al- ways black. The hair of the beard, and in gen- eral of every part except the head, is scanty. They are; in the practice of plucking out that of the beard in their youth. The Mahometan priests, affecting to wear long beards, cultivate them to the best of their power, but not with so much success as to escape ridicule. Their persons are short, squat, and robust; their lower limbs some- what large, but not ill-formed. The busts of the females are much inferior in symmetry to those of the women of Indostan. The face is round, the mouth wide, the teeth remarkably good, the chin square, the cheek bones high, the cheeks rather hollow. The nose is short and small, never prominent, but never flat ; the eyes are small, and like those of other Orientals, always black. They are an ill-looking people compared to the Arabs, Birmans, and Siamese. They are less handsome- ly formed than the Chinese, but have much better features. Differences in colour and in the appearance of the hair have been observed between the great and the common people in Otaheite, which led Forster to believe that a Malay colony had subdued in these islands some prior negro tribes, of the race which inhabits New Guinea and New Holland. But others may, with some probability, ascribe this difference to habit and diet, as the great live on the flesh of quadrupeds, and the common people chiefly on fish. The sifnilarity of the languages, as exhibited in the very imperfect vocabularies given by Forster Father Gobien, Marsden, and others, is strongly marked. The inhabitants of eastern Oceanica speak the same language in different dialects, and this presents a singular analogy to that of the Malays, particularly that spoken in Sumatra. Ochsenfurt, a town of Bavarian Franconia, seated on the Maine, 10 m. S. E. of Wurtzburg. Ochsenhausen, a town of Wurtemberg, capital of a petty principality (formerly the territory of a rich abbey), which was given to prince Met- ternieh in 1803. 14 m. S. of Ulm. Ocracoke Inlet, the entrance to Pamlico Sound, in N. Carolina, 7 leagues S W. of Caue Hattfr- OEL fieo OHi2 IM. Lat. 34. 55. N. It is 14 feet deep at low water. Ocridtt.. See Lochrida. Oczakotc, or Otc/iuhof, a decayed sea-port and fortress of Russia, in the government of Cathari- nenslaf. It has been frequently an object of con- test between the Turks and Russians, many thou- sands of whom, on both sides, have fallen in its different sieges. The Russians took it by storm in 1788, and it was confirmed to them by the subsequent peace. This important place is the key to both the Bog and the Dnieper, rivers of great consequence to this part of the empire. It 18 seated near the Black Sea, on the N. side of the estuary of the Dnieper, opposite Kinburn, 50 m. W. of Cherson and 190 N. E. of Constanti- nople. Long. 30. 30. E., lat. 46. 35. N. OdenbarA, a town of Germany, in the duchy of Deux Fonts ; seated on the Glan, 34 m.W. of Mentr.. Odensee, a town of Denmark, capital of tho isle of Funen, and a bishop's see. It supplies the greatest part of the army with all their leath- er accoutrements, and is particularly famous for gloves. Here are also manufactures .of cloth, sugar, and soap ; it is situate on a river, 6 m. from the bay of Stegestrand and 90 W. by S. of Co- penhagen. Long. 10. 25. E., lat. 55. 30. N. Oder, a river of the Austrian empire, which rises in the mountains of Moravia, and flows through Brandenburg and Pomerania. Below Stettin it forms a large lake or bay, called Gross Haff, and then enters the Baltic Sea lay three channels, called Peene, Swin, and Diwencrw ; be- tween which lie the islands of Usedom andWollin. Oderberg. a town of Moravia, on the confines of Silesia, with a castle, seated on the Oder, at the influx of the Elsa, 18 m. N. N. W. of Tes- cheii. Oderberg, a town of the Prussian province of Brandenburg, situate on the Oder, 25 m. N. W. of Custrin. Odernheim, a town of Germany, in Hesse Darmstadt, on the Seltz, 14 m. S. of Mentz. Odernheim, a town of Germany, in the duchy of Deux Ponts ; seated on the Glan, near its conflux with the Nahe,28 m. S. W. of Mentz. Odessa , a. fortified sea -port of Russia, in the government of Catharinenslaf. The town is well built, and is rapidly increasing in size and importance. The population is estimated at nearly 40,000 who carry on a good trade and have manufactures of woolens, silks, gunpowder, soap, &c. It is seated on a gulf of the Black Sea, 44 m. W. by S. of Oczakow and 99 E. of Cherson. Odeypore. See Oudipore. Odeypore, a town of Hindoostan, capital of Jushpour, m the province of Orissa. Itis()0 m. N. E. of Ruttenpour and 220 N. W. of Cuttack. Long. 83. 22. E.,lat 22. 37. N. OdUuim, a town in Hampshire, Eng. Here are the remains of an ancient castle, and of a royal palace, barns, &c. It is seated on the Bas- ingstoke Canal, 24 n>. N. E. of Winchester and 42 W. by S. of London. Ochsfeld, a town of Prussian Saxony, seated on the Alier, 22 m. N. E. of Brunswick. Oc/cwan, a town of Saxony, in Meissen, situ- ate near the Flohe, 9 m. E. N. E. of Chemnitz. OfJan, an island of Sweden, in the Baltic, se- ^•arated from the coast of Gothland by a strait 12 in. broad in the narrowest part. It is 80 m. long, bat not more than 9 broad. The N. part has fine forests, and quarries of excellent freestone the S. is more level, and very fertile. Both parts abound in alum mines. Bornholm, the chief town, is seated on the strait, 22 m. E. N. E. of Calmar. Long. 16 50. E , lat. 56. 48. N. Oeh, a town of Prussian Silesia, capital of a principality of the same name, which now forms part of the government of Breslau, belonging to the duke of Brunswick. The town stands on a river of the same name, is surrounded with walls, and has a palace, formerly occupied by the prince. 17 m. E. iN. E. of Breslau. Long. 17. 31. E., lat. 51. 12. N. Oelsnitz. a town of Saxony, on the Elster, 6 m. S. by E. of Plauen. Oepen, or Eupcn, a town of the Netherlands, in Limburg, with considerable manufactures of cloth ; situate on the Weze, 4 m. E. N. E. of Limburg. Oesel, an island in the Baltic, on the coast of Livonia, at the entrance of the Gulf of Riga. It is 74 m. long and 50 broad, defended by two forts, and belongs to Russia Arensberg is the capital. Getting, a town of Bavaria, seated on the Inn, 8 m. N. W. of Burkhausen. Ottting, a town of Bavaria, with a well-endow ed college. It is seated on the Wirnitz, 28 ni. S. of Anspach and 69 N. N. W. of Munich. Long. 10. 40. E., lat. 48. 56. N. Offa's Dike, an entrenchment of England cast up by OfFa, a Saxon king, to defend England from the incursions of the Welsh. It extends through Herefordshire, Shropshire, Montgomery- shire, Denbighshire, and Flintshire, from the Wye to the Dee. Offanto, a river of Naples, which rises in the Apennines, passes by Conza and Monte Verde, separates Capitanata from Basilicata and Terra di Bari, and enters the gulf of Venice near Barletta. It is the ancient Aufidus. Offen. See Buda. Offenbach, a town of Germany, in Hesse Darm- stadt, and the principal manufacturing town in the duchy, seated on the S. side of the Maine, 5 rn. E. of Frankfort. Offenburg, a town of Baden, seated on the Kint- zig, 10 m. S. E. of Strasburg. Offida, a town of Italy, in Ancona, 26 m. S. of Loretto. O^M«s, p. V. Hampshire Co.Va. Ogdm, p.t. Monroe Co. N. Y. 10 m. N. W. Rochester. Pop. 2,401 ; p. v. Scott Co. Missouri. Ogdensburg, p.t. St. Lawrence Co. N. Y. on the river St. Lawrence, at the mouth of the Os- wegatchie. It is the lowest point of ship naviga- tion on the St. Lawrence from Lake Ontario ; be- low, the river is obstructed by rapids. It is 120 m. above Montreal. Ogechee, a river of Georgia, flowing into the Atlantic, 20 m. S. Savannah. Ogerslieim, a. town of the Bavarian circle of the Rhino, 12 m. N. of Spire. Oglethorpe, Ti county of Georgia. Pop. 13,558. Lexington is the capital. Oglio, a river which rises in the principality of Trent, enters Italy, and flows between the prov- inces of Begamasco and Bresciano, through the lake of Isero, to the borders of the Milanese, and turning S. E. enters the Mantuan, where it joins the Po, above Borgoforte. Ogmo, a town of the kingdom of Siam, seated at the N. E. point of the gulf of Siam, 56 m. S, E. of Siank Long. 101. 28. E., lat. 13. 33. N. Oheteroa, an island in the S. Pacific, 13 m in OHI 561 OHI clreuit. It has no harbour, and is neither so pop- ulous nor fertile as the islands to the N. of it ; but its manufactures are of a superior kind, the cloth is of a better dye, and the spears and clubs are better carved and polished. The people are lus- • ty and well made, and rather browner than those ♦ of Tahiti. Long. 150. 47. W., lat. 22. 27. S. Ohio, a river of the United States flowing into the Mississippi, from the N. E. It is formed by the junction of the Allegany and Monongahela '» which rise in Pennsylvania and Virginia, and unite at Pittsburg in the former state. Its gen- eral course to the Mississippi is S. W. but it has in- numerable sinuosities ; its length in a straight line from Pittsburg to the Mississippi is 614 m. and by its w^indings 908. In the lower part of its course its width is about a mile. There is no ob- struction to the navigation except the falls at Louisville, which are avoided by a canal. See Louisville. In winter and spring it is 50 feet deep- er than at the end of summer, when it may be for- ded at the falls. The rams at the end of the year raise the water sometimes 12 feet in a day. Their highest elevation is in March. For half its length in the upper part, it is frozen in the w-inter, and the breaking up of the ice in March often occa- sions immense damage. In the spring of 1832 an tmcommon flood of the river inundated a great part of Cincinnati, overflowed many other towns upon the banks, and destroyed a vast amount of property. The Ohio is a very beautiful river, and the in- terval lands upon its borders are highly fertile. It embosoms more than 100 islands, and the scenery along its course is diversified with abrupt eminen- ces, and extensive alluvial tracts covered with thick forests of sycamore, dogwood, and other beautiful trees. It is of great importance in the navigation of the western states and is connected with Lake Erie by a canal. See the following ar- ticle. Ohio Canal, unites the Ohio with Lake Erie. Beginning at Cleveland, on the lake, it proceeds southerly along the Cuyahoga, to the portage be- tween this stream and the Tuscawaras; here it strikes the latter stream, and passes along its valley southwesterly. It then passes off to the Scioto and dessends the valley ofthatriver to the Ohio at Ports- mouth. It is 306 m. in length, besides a lateral cut to Columbus of 11 m., and the Dresden-cut with slack water navigation of 17 m. It has 11,185 ft. of lockage. This canal was projected by the state of Ohio. It was begun in 1825, and is now nearly finished. It has cost less than 10,000 dollars a mile. Another canal joins the Ohio with the Miami. It leaves the Ohio at Cincinnati and ex- tends northerly to Dayton on the Miami. It is 70 m. in length. A further communication is projected from this point to Lake Erie and the Ohio canal by rail-roads. Ohio, one of the United States ; bounded N. by Michigan Territory and Lake Erie, E. by Penn- sylvania and Virginia, S. by Virginia and Ken- tucky and W. by Indiana. It extends from 38. 30. to 42. N. lat., and from 80. 35. to 84. 47. W. long. 220 m. in length and breadth, and containing 40, 000 sq.m. It is washed on the whole southern limit by the Ohio, and is intersected by its tribu- taries the Muskingum, Scioto and Great and Lit- Ue Miami. The Maumee, Sandusky and Cuya- hoga flow into Lake Erie. In this part, the state has 150 m. of coast, containing several harbours, the chief of which are those of Sandusky, Cleve- land and Ashtabula. There are no mountains in 71 the state, and hardly any hills. Most of the soil is susceptible of cultivation. In the north it is somewhat marshy ; the banks of the rivers are highly fertile : in the interior are extensive plains of excellent soil, and the state altogether may be pronounced equal in fertility to almost any region of the earth. The forests consist of walnut, various species of oaks, hickory, sugar maple, and other sorts; beech,birch,poplar,asli, sycamore, paw-paw, buckeye, cherry, dogwood, elm, hornbeam, «&c. With the exception of a few cypress tress, this state produces hardly any evergreens. Many sorts of medicinal roots are found here, as ginsenir, valerian, colunibo, snakeroot, and bloodroo"t Coal is abundant in the eastern parts, as also iron, but there are few mines. Marble is plentiful, and salt springs furnish water nearly as strong as that of the sea. Near the falls of tlie Little Miami, are the Yellow Springs, the waters of which are a strong chalybeate, and in considerable esteem for their medicinal qualities. The agricultural products are maize, wheat, rye, barley, oats, spelt and buckwheat. Fruits are abundant, and the soil is thought to be the best for garden vegetables of any in the western coun- try. Tobacco has been lately introduced. Hemp is cultivated in some parts. Ohio enjoys the most active commerce of all the western states. The northern and eastern counties export to Montreal and New York by the lake, great quantities of agricultural produce. But the chief of the exports are to New Orleans. The articles are flour, grain, pork, bacon, lard, whiskey, horses, and cattle. The domestic manufactures are considerable ,and there are some large manufactories of woolen, cot- ton,and paper, at Cincinnati, Zanesville, SteTiben- ville, Dayton, and other places. The manufacture of steam machinery, and oilier articles from iron, is considerable. To tlicse may be added linseed and castor oil, whiskey, cabinet Airnitiire sind snit. The number of counties in Ohio is 73. Tiie Pop. 937,637. Slavery is prohibited. The leg- islature is called the Gniiral Assnnhhj, and con- sists of a Senate and House of Representatives. Tiie senators are chosen for two years and the representatives for one. The Governor is chosen for two years. Suffrage is universal and elections are popular. Columbus is tlie seat of government and Cincinnati the largest city. The other towns of importance are Zanesville, Steubenville, Cliilli- cothe, Dayton, Marietta and Circleville. Tliere are 4 tribes of Indians in the state; the Wyan- dots, Shawnees, Delawares, and Ottawas. Tlie Senecas have recently removed west of the Mis- sissippi. The four tribes number about 1 ,500 souls, and own 336,341 acres of land, which is secured to them by treaty. Considerable annuities are paid them by the United States government. OKI 562 OLE The most numerous reli^ouB sect are the Presbyterians ; they have 203 ministers ; tlie Bap- tists 140; tlie MeUiodists 91; the Lutherans 87; Uje Associate Presbyterians 20 ; the German Re- formed 82; tiie Episcopalians 16; the Sweden- borgians 4 ; there are also some Catholics, Uni- tarians, Universalists, Quakers and Shakers. Two universities enjoy endowments from tlie state; they are established at Athens and Oxford. Tliere are also colleges at New Athens, Hudson and Gam bier, and about 20 incorporated acade- mies in different places. The first settlement in Ohio was made at Ma- rietta in 17d3. A territorial government was established the ne.xt year. In lfc'02 it was admit- ted as a slate into the Union. The fertility of the soil, and happy local position of the state for trade, have made it one of the most desirable re- gions of the western country for emigrants, and its inorea.se in population and wealth has been al.niost unparalleled. Oliinu, a town of Prussian Silesia, with a fine castle. Great quantities of tobacco are produced in the neighbourhood. It is situate on the Ohla, 1() m. S. E. of Breslau. Olirdruf, a town of Sa.xony, in Sa.xe-Gotha, with a castle and numerous manufactures. 8 m. S. S. E. of Gotha. Olaingf.n, a town of Wurtemberg, capital of the district of Hohenlohe, with an academy. In the vicinity of the town many Roman antiquities have been found since 1741. It stands on the river Ohm, which divides it into the Old and New Town,28m. S. S. W. Mergentheim. Long. 9. 42. E., lat. 49. 11. N. Oick, Loch, a lake of Scotland, in Inverness- Bhire, extending 4 m. from E. to W., and contain- ing some little wooded islands: its outlet at the N. end IS the river Oich, which flows by Fort Au- gustus into the S. extremity of Loch Ness. Oil Creek, p.t. Crawford Co. Pa., on a creek of the same name, falling into the Allegany. Oire, a town of Naples, in Terra d' Otranto, with an old casJc, seated at the foot of the Ap- ennines, 20 m. N. E. of Tarento. Oisc, a department of France, including part of the former provinces of the Isles of France and Picardy. It takes its name from the river Oise, which has its source in the Ardennes, and joins the Seine below Pontoise. Beauvais is the capi- tal Ohefonoko Steamp, in Georgia and Florida is a Bort of marshy lake 180 m. in circumference giv- ing rise to the rivers St. Mary and Suwany. Du- ring the wet season it has the appearance of an inland sea witli numerous islands. It is inhabited by immense numbers of alligators, snakes, frogs, and all sorts of reptiles that arc engendered in miry regions Vast swarms of moschetoes infest the air in summer, and the poisonous vapours which th« heat of the sun raises from its waters in that sea son render the neighbourhood uninhabitable for any human being. Ockloconee, a river rising in Georgia, and flow- ing through Florida into Ockloconee Bivy, 40 m. E. of the mouth of the Apalachicola. Okotsk, a town of Siberia, capital of a prov- ince of the same name, in the government of Ir- kutsk. It is seated at the mouth of the Okota,in a bay of the Pacific Ocean, called the Sea of Okotsk, 490 m. E. S. of Yakutsk. Long. 143. 12. E., lat. 59. 20. N. Oldenburg, a grand duchy of Germany, consist- ing of several scattered portions. Oldenburg Proper was formerly a county, united with Del- menhorst, and when the line of its counts became extinct, in ll)G7, it devolved to the royal family of Denmark. In 1773 it was exchanged by Denmark with the grand duke of Russia for the district of Kiel in Holstein ; and, in 1777, the emperor of Germany raised it to the the rank of a duchy. The reigning duke was expelled by Napoleon in 1810, but was restored in 1813, and at the con- gress of Vienna received the title of grand duke He now possesses, besides Oldenburg Proper (in- cluding Delmenhorst and the lordships of Varel, Jever, and Kniphausen), the principality of Eu tin (formerly the bishopric of Lubec) in Holstein and the lordship of Birkenfeld, ceded by Prussia out of the territory on the Rhine. The inhabi- tants are of the Lutheran religion. Oldenburg, a fortified town of Germany, capi- tal of the foregoing duchy, and the residence of the grand duke. The church of St. Lambert con- tains the tombs of the last counts of Oldenburg, which are very curious. It is seated on the Hun- ta, 22 m. W. of Bremen and 76 S. S. W. of Hamburgh. Oldenburg, a town of Denmark, in the duchy of Holstein, seated near the Baltic, 28 m. N. of Lubec. Oldensael, a town of the Netherlands, in Ove- ryssel, 30 m. E. of Deventer. Oldeslohe, a town of Denmark, in Holstei.i, with extensive salt-works, seated on the Trave, 17 m. W. of Lubec. Old Fort, p.v. Centre Co. Pa.; p. v. Burke Co. N. C. Oldham, a town in Lancashire, Eng. built on high ground, on a branch of the Medlock, and near the Irk, whose streams give motion to the machinery, &c., of numerous manufactures, 7 m N. of Manchester. Oldham, a county of Kentucky on the Ohio Pop. 9,563. Westport is the capital. Old Point, Comfort, a cape on the North en trance of James river, Va. Old Town, or Indian Old Town, i settlement of Penobscot Indians on an island 'u Penobscot river, Maine, 12 m. above Bangoj They are about 300 in number, and have a Catholic priest and a school. Old Town, p.t. Allegany Co. Md.;p.v. Ross Co. Ohio. Ocean, p.t. Cattaraugus Co. N. Y. Pop 561. Oleron, a populous and fertile island of France, 5 m. from the W. coast, opposite the mouth of the Charente. It is 20 m. long and 5 broad, and belongs to the department of Lower Charente. This island was formerly in the possession of the crown of England ; and here Richard L com- piled the code of maritime laws called the Laws of Oleron, which are received by a.]' nations in OLT 563 ONE Europe as the ground and substruction of all their marine constitutions. Oleion, a town of France, department of Lower Charente, with a castle ; sealed on the E. side of the island of Oleron, 13 m. W. S. W. of Roche- fort. Long. 1. 15. W., lat. 45. 48. N. Oleron, a town in the department of Lower Pyrenees, on the Gave, 10 ra. S. W. of Pau. Olika, a town of Poland, in Volhinia, with a eitadel, 20 m. E. of Lucko. Olinda. See Pernambuco. OZtto, a town of Spain, in Navarre, formerly the residence of the king of Navarre, but now much reduced. It is seated in a fertile country, 20 m. N. of Tudela. OUea, a sea-port of W. Prussia, where a peace was concluded, in 16G0, between the emperor of Germany and the kings of Sweden and Poland. It is situate on a bay of the gulf of Dantzic. 10 m. W. N. W. of Dantzic. Long. 18. 32. E.,lat. 54. 24. N. Oley, a township of Bucks Co. Pa. OZicc,townships in Morgan and Meigs Cos. Ohio. Olivenca, a town and fortress of Spain, in Es- tremadura, which, with its territory, formerly be- longed to Portugal, but was ceded to Spain in 1801. It is 16 m. S. S. W. of Badajoz. Ollorton, a town of Nottinghamshire, Eng. seated on the river Maun, and surrounded by hop plantations, which contribute greatly to its pros- perity. 14 m. N. W. of Newark and 137 N. by W. of London. Olmedo, a decayed town of Spain, in Leon, seat- ed near the Adaja, 25 m. S. of VaJladolid. Olmutz, a district or circle of the Austrian prov- ince of Moravia, containing 2,000 sq. m. with 347, 300 inhabitants. The N. part is mountainous, but the S. level and fertile. Olmutz, the capital of the above district, and formerly of Moravia, is an archbishop's see, and has a famous university. It is fortified, well built, and almost surrounded by the river Morau. In 1741 it was taken by the king of Prussia who attempted it again in 1758, but was obliged to raise the siege. The emperors of Russia and Austria met here in 1805, previously to the battle of Austerlitz. It is 80 m. N. by E. of Vienna, and 97 S. of Breslau. Long. 17. 15. E., lat. 49. 33. N. Olney, a town in Buckinghamshire, Eng. with a manufacture of bonelace ; seated on the Ouse, 12 m. S. E. of Northampton and 55 N. N. W. of London. Olonetz, a government of Russia, formerly in- cluded in the government of Novogorod. In this district are mines of copper and iron. The capital is Petrozavodsk. Olonetz, a town of the foregoing government near which are a mineral spring and an iron forge. It is situate on the river Olonzo, near its entrance into the lake of Ladoga, 100 m. across the lake, N. E. of Petersburg. Olonetz Mountains, a chain of mountains in the N. W. part of Russia, which runs in a direc- tion almost due N. for the space of 1 ,000 m. form- ing part of the boundary between this country and Sweden. Olonne, a town of France, department of Ven- dee, 35 m. W. of Fontenay le Comte. Olphcn, a town of Prussian Westphalia, 17 m. S. S W. of Munster. Olten, a town of Switzerland, in the canton of Soleure ; seated on the Aar, 17 m. E. N. E. of Soleure. Olympian Springs, in Bath Co. Ken., ncaf the source of Licking river ; they are considera- bly frequented by invalids. The water conta-na iron, sulphur, and carbonic acid. Olympus, a celebrated mountain of Natolix The ancients supposed its top reached the heavens, and from that circumstance placed the residence of the gods there, and made it the court of Jupiter. It is 10 m. S. E. of Bursa. Also a mountain in Thessaly, separated from Ossa by the celebrated vale of Temf>e ; it is 6,000 feet in height. There is beside a mountain in the island of Candia with this nama Oniugh, a town of Ireland, in the county of Tyrone, 14 m. S. of Strabane. Oman, a province of Arabia, bonnded on the N. W. by the Persian Gulf, N. E. and S. E. by the ocean, and S. W. by extensive deserts. It is possessed by a number of petty sovereigns, the most considerable of whom is the imam of Ros- tak. The chief town is Mascat. Ombo, a town of Egypt, on the right bank of the Nile, 26 m. N. of Esne. Oinbrone, a town of Tuscany, in the Siennese, at the mouth of the river Ombrone, 5 m. S. of Grossetto. Omegna, a town of the Sardinian states, prov- ince of Novara, on the N. E. side of Lake Orta, 25 m. N. N. W. of Novara. Omer, St., a fortified town of France, depart- ment of Pas de Calais. It owes its name and importance to a saint, who built a grand monaste- ry here in the 7th century. The cathedral and the church of St. Berlin are magnificent structures. About a league from the town is a great morass, in which are some floating islands. St. Omer is seated on the Aa, on the side of a hill, 8 m. N. W. of Aire and 135 N. of Paris. Long 2. 15. E., lat. 50. 44. N. Ommen, a town of the Netherlands, in Ove- ryssel, sealed on the Vecht, 17 m. N. E. of D« venter. Ommirabih. See Morbeys. Omoa, a town of Honduras. It is seated on the bay of Honduras, 80 m. N. N. W. of Val- ladoJid. Omsk, a town and fortress of Russia, in the government of Tobolsk, situate at the conflux of the Om with the Irtysh, 350 m. S. E. ofTobolsk. Long. 74. 54. E., lat. 54. 14. N. Onecote, a village in Stifibrdshire, Eng. 8 m. N.by E. of Cheadle, noted for the rich copper mines in its vicinity. C)nec/(oi<7, one of the Sandwich Islands, in the N. Pacific, 5 leagues W. of Atooi. Its eastern coast is high, and rises abruptly from the sea, but the other parts consist of low ground, except a round bluff'head on the S. E. point. It produ- ces plenty of yams, and a sweet root called tee. Long. 161. 0. W., lat. 21. 50. N. Oneg, a town of Russia, in the government of Archangel, on the river Onega, near the White Sea, 80 m.'S. S. W. of Archangel. Long. 37. 54. E., lat. 63. 53. N. Onega, a river and lake of Russia, in the gov- ernment of Olonetz. The lake is 100 m. long and 40 broad, and has a communication with the lake Ladoga. The river gives its name to a country fuUof woods,and flows into theWhiteSea. Oneglia, a province of the Sardinian states, in Piedmont, surrounded by the territory of Genoa, and the sea. It abounds in olire-oil, fruits, and wine. Oneglia, or OneiiU, a sea^port of Piedmont OON 564 ORA capital of tlie above province. In 1792, the French took it by storm, and set it on fire in several pla- ces. It 18 seated at the mouth of the Imperiale, 55 m. S. W. of Genoa. Long. 7. 57. E., lat. 43. 58. N. . Oneida, a lake of New York discharging its water into L. Ontario. It has a canal communi- cation with the Mohawk. It is 20 m. long and 4 broad. Oneida, a county of New York lying upon the above lake. Pop. 41,326. Uticaisthe capital. Oneida Castle, p. v. Oneida Co. N. Y. One Leg, a township in Tuscarawas Co. Ohio, 114m. N.E.Columbus. Pop. 1,645. The ge- nius that invented this name must have been a limping concern. Onezkoe, a lake of Russia, in the government of Olonetz, 120 m. long and 40 broad. It contains several islands. Ongar, or Chipping On8tan, near the river Sirr, 70 m. W. S. VV. of Taraz. Otricoli, a. town of Italy, in the papal states, seated on a hill, near the "Tiber, 7 m. N. by E. of Magliano. Otsego, a small lake in New York giving rise to one of the head streams of the Susquehanna. Oiivo'o.a county of New York lying on the above lake. Pop 51,372. Cooperstown is the capital. Otseto, p.t. Otsego Co. N. Y. Pop. 4,368. Otselir., p.t.. Chenango Co. N. Y. Pop. 1,238. Ottawa, or Grand River rises in the mountains N. of Lake Huron, and flows into the St. Law rence above Montreal. Its navigation is obstructed by rapids. Ottendorf, a town of Prussian Saxony, with a castle ; situate near the mouth of the Meden, 27 m. N. W. of Stade. Ottenheim, a town of Austria, on the N.side of the Danube, 5 m. W. N. W. of Lintz. Otterberg, a town of Bavaria, in the circle of the Rhine, 5 m. N. of Kayserslautern. Otterhurn, a village m Northumberland, Eng. on the river Reed, noted for a battle in i;?88 be- tween the English and Scotch, when Henry Percy, surnamed Hotspur, was taken prisoner, and Doug- las, the Scotch general, killed. On this battle the ballad of Chevy Chase is founded. 21 m. N. of Hexham. Otter Creek, a stream of Vermont rising in the Green Mountains and flowing into Lake Cham- plain. Otter Bridge, p.v. Bedford Co. Va. 120 m. S. W Richmond. Ottersherg, a town of Hanover, in the duchy of Bremen, with a fort, 17 m. N. E. of Bremen. Ottery, St. Mary, a town in Devonshire, Eng. It has a large church with two square towers, and manufactures of flannels, serges, n by the French, restored by the peace of )'*1'? *gain sur- rendered to the French in 1794, and ftnafly ceded OVE 571 OWT to thft Netherlands after the fall of Napoleon. It is seated on both sides the Scheldt, 12 in. S. of Ghent, and 29 W. of Brussels. Oudenhiirg, a town of the Netherlands, in W. Flanders, 6 m. S. E. of Ostend. Oudenwater, a fortified town of the Netherlands, in the province of Utrecht, the birth-place of the celebrated Jarnes Arminius ; seated on the Little Yssel, 10 m. W. S. VV. of Utrecht. Oudipour, or Meywar, a territory of Hindoostan, in the province of A^imere, belonirinflr to the Raj- poots, and lying E. of the river Pudda. It con- sists in general of mountains, divided by narrow valleys accessible only by narrow passes, and abounds with fortresses See Cheitore. Oudipour, the capital of the above territory, is seated on the Banass, 134 in. S. S. W. of .^gimere and 17.5 N. E. of Amedabad. Long. 74. 4. E , lat. 2.5. 23. N. Ouen-tcheou, a city of China, of the first rank, in Tche-kian, at the mouth of a river, with a good harbour. 300 m. S. S. E. of Nan-king. Long. 121. 10. E., lat. 28. 2. N. Ongcin, a city of Hindoostan, in the province of Malwa, the residence of one of the Western Mahratta chiefs. It is six m. in circumference, surrounded by a strong wall, with round towers. Here are four mosques, several Hindoo temples, and a modern palace. It is seated on the Sippara, which flows into the Chumbul, 150 m. N. by W. of Burhampour. Long. 75. 56. E., lat. 23. 26. N. Oulz. a town of the Sardinian states, in Peid- mont, seated in a valley, 12 m. S. W. of Susa. Oundle, a town in Northamptonshire, Eng. on the Nen, over which are two bridges, 26 m. N. E. of Northampton and 78 N. by W. of London. Oural, or Ural Mountains. See Ural. Ourcm, a town of Portugal, in Estreraadura, seated on a mountain, 12 m. W. of Tomar. Ourfa. See Orfa. Oiirique, a town of Portugal, in Alemtejo, cele- brated for a victory obtained by Alphonso, king of Portugal, over five Moorish kings, in 1139. The heads of these five kings are the arms of Portugal. It is 26 ra. S. W. of Beja. Ouse, a river in Yorkshire, Eng. formed of the Ure and Swale, which rises near each other in the romantic tract called Richmondshire, ana unite at Aldborough- It flows thence through York, where it is navigable for considerable ves- sels ; and after receiving the Wharf, Derwent, Aire, and Don, it meets the Trent on the bor- ders of Lincolnshire, where their united streams form the H umber. Ouse, a river in Sussex, Eng. in St. Leonard Forest, the other in the forest of Worth. It flows by New Haven, and enters the English Channel. Ouse, or Grand River, a river of Upper Cana- da flowing southernly into Lake Erie, near its eastern extremity. Here begins the Welland Canal, which See Oussore, a town and fort of Hindoostan, in My- sore, Uken by the English in 1792. 19 m. S. E. of Bangalore and 69 E. N. E. of Seringapatam. Oatetro. a town and fortress of Portugal, in Tras OS Monies, seated on a mountain 9 m. S. E. of Braganza. Onerflackee, an island of the Netherlands, in S. Holland, between the mouths of the Meuse. Som- merdyck is the principal town. Overton, a county of W. Tennessee. Pop. 8, 246. Monroe is the capital. Also a p. v. Perfy Co. Ten Owrysehe, a town of the Netherlands, in Bra- bant, seated on the Ysche, 8 m. N. E. of Brus* sels. Ovcrijssel, a province of the Netherlands, boun- ded on the N. by Friesland and Groningen, E. by Hanover and Westphalia, S. by Guelderland, and W. by the Zuyder Zee. It is nearly equal in extent to the whole of N. and S. Holland, and contains many morasses. Its greatest riches con- sist in turf, which is dug up here, and sent to the neighbouring provinces : the other exports are cattle, butter, cheese, hides, tallow, wool, and lin- en. Zwolle is the capital. Ovid, p. t. Seneca Co. N.Y. between Seneca and Cayuga Lakes. Pop. 2,756. Ouisconsin, a river of Michigan or N. W. Ter- ritory, rising between Lakes Michigan ;ind Supe- rior and falling into the Mississippi at Prairie du Chien. It is 350 m. in length. Ovidopol, a town and fort of Russia, in the gov- ernment of Catherinenslaf. It had its name from a curious antique tomb, supposed to be that of the poet Ovid, discovered in 1795. It is seated at the mouth of the Dniester, 60 m. S. W. of Oczakow Long. 30. 22. E., lat. 46. 10. N. Ociedo, a town of Spain, capital of Asturias d'Oviedo, and a bishop's see, with a university Near it are the hot springs of Rivera de Abajo, which bear some resemblance to those of Bath. It is seated at the conflux of the Ove and Deva, which form the Asta, 55 m. N. N. W. of Leon. Long. 5. 53. W., lat. 43. 20. N. OiBosco, a lake in Cayuga Co. N. Y. flowing into Seneca river. Owasco,'p.t. Cayuga Co. N. Y. Pop. 1,350. Owego, p.t. Broome Co. N. Y. 30 m. S. E. Utica. Owen, a county of Kentucky. Pop. 5,792. Owenton is the capital ; a county of Indiana. Pop. 4,060. Spencer is the capital. Owenton, p.t. Owen Co. Ken., 20 m. N. E. Frankfort. Pop. 143. Owenville, p.v. Gibson Co. Ind., 190 m. S. W. Indianapolis Owingsville, p.v. Bath Co. Ken., 70 m. B Frankfort. Owyhee, or Hawaii, the largest and most east- ern of the Sandwich Islands, in the Pacific Ocean. Its length from N. to S. is 84 m. and its breadth 70. It is divided into 6 districts, 2 of which, on the N. E. side, are separated by a moun- tain, which rises in three peaks, the summits of which are 18,000 feet above the level of the sea; they are perpetually covered with snow, and may be seen at 40 leagues distance. To the N. of this mountain the coast consists of high and abrupt cliffs, down which fall many beautiful cascades ; and the whole country is covered with cocoa-nut and bread-fruit trees. To the S. the ground is covered with cinders, and in many places has black streaks, which 8»»ein to mark the course of a lava that has flowed from the mountain to the shore. The southern promontory looks like the mere dregs of a volcano. The projecting head- land is composed of broken and craggy rocks pil- ed irregularly on one another, and terminating sharp points ; yet amid these ruins, are many patches of rich soil, carefully laid out in planta- tions. The fields are enclosed by stone fences, and are interspersed with groves of cocoa-nut trees. Here Captain Cook, in 1779, fell a victim to a sudden resentment of the natives, with whom he unfortunately had a dispute. The in- habitants, formerly devoted to the most degrad- ing superstition, hare within a few years wholly 03tP 872 OZW f. renounced idolatry, and some American missiona- ries are settled amongst them. They are said to be naturally mild, friendly, and hospitable to strangers. The king and chiefs ceded this island to Great Britain in 1794. Long. 15G. 0. W.,lat. 19. 28. N. Ozbow, p.v. Jefferson Co. N. Y. 180 m. N. W. Albany. Oxford, the capital of Oxfordshire, Eng. and a bishop's see. It is seated at the conflux of the Cherwell with the Thames, and has a canal to Braunston, in Northamptonshire. The city, with the suburbs, is of a circular form, 3 m. in cir- cumference, and was anciently surrounded by walls, of which some remains are yet to be seen ; as also of iu extensive castle, the tower of which now serves for a county gaol. It has, besides the cathedral, 13 parish churches, a number of dis- senting chapels, a famous university, a noble market-place, and a magnificent bridge. The uni- versity is generally supposed to have been a sem- inary for learning before the time of .\lfred, al- though it owed its revival and consequence to his liberal patronage. Here are 20 colleges and four halls, several of which stand in the streets, and ^ive the city an air of magnificence. The col- eges are provided with sufficient revenues for the maintenance of a master, fellow, and students. In the halls the students live, either wholly, or in part, at their own expense. The colleges are, University, Baliol, Merton, Exeter, Oriel, Queen's, New, Lincoln, All Souls, Magdalen, Brazen Nose, Corpus Christi, Christ Church, Trinity, St. John Baptist, Jesus, Wadham, Pembroke, Worcester, and Hertford. Of these, the most ancient is Uni- versity College, founded before the year 872 ; and to Christ Church College, begun by cardinal Wol- Bey and finished by Henry VIII., belongs the cathedral. The halls are Alban, Edmund, New Inn, and St. Mary .Magdalen. Among the libra- ries in the university, the most distinguished is the Bodleian (founded by Sir Thomas Bodley), those of All Soul's College, Christ Church, Queen's, New, St. John, Exeter, and Corpus Christi. Among other public buildings are the theatre, the Ashmolean museum, the Clarendon printing- house, the Radcliffe infirmary, and an observatory. Magdalen bridgfe, besides the beauty of its archi- tecture, has this singularity, that more than half of it is on dry ground, and the rest covers two small stripes of the Cherwell ; this bridge is 526 feet long. At Oxford, king John, compelled by his barons, summoned a parliament to meet in 1258, the proceedings of which were so disorder- ly that it was afterwards known by the name of the Mad Parliament. Charles I. assembled a parliament here in 1625, in consequence of the plague then raging in London ; and in 1644 he •ummoned sucn of the members of both houses as were devoted to his interests : those were se- ceders from the parliament then sitting at West- minster. This city was distinguished for its at- tachment to that unfortunate king, who here held his court during the whole civil war. With- out the town are many ruins of the fortifications erected in that war. Oxford is governed by a mayor, dependent on the chancellor and vice- chancellor of the university, and sends four mem- bers to parliament, two for the university and two for the city. 50 m. S. by E. of Coventry and 55 W. N. W. of London. Long. 1. 15. W., lat. 51. 46. N. Ozfordskire, a county of England, bounded E. by Buckinghamshire, W. by Gloucestershire, S. by Berkshire, and N. by Warwickshire and Northamptonshire. The extreme length is 48 m. and breadth 38, but its form is very irregular. It contains 450,000 acres, is divided into 14 hnn dreds and 207 parishes, has one city and 12 mar- ket towns and sends nine members to parliament The soil though various, is fertile in corn and grass. The S. part, especially on the borders of Buckinghamshire, is hilly and woody, having a continuation of the Chiltern hills running through it. The N. W. part is also elevated and stony. The middle is, in general, a rich country, watered by numerous streams running from N. to S., and terminating in the Thames. Of these the most considerable are the Windrush, Evenlode, Cher- well, and Tame ; the last, although an inconsider- able rivulet, ha= obtained some importance from having been supposed to give name to the Thames. The products of Oxfordshire are chiefly those common to the Midland farming counties ; and a great improvement has taken place of late years in the agricultural system. Its hills yield ochre, pipe-clay, and other earths, useful for various pur- poses. Corn and malt are conveyed from it by the Thames to the metropolis ; and the Oxford Canal affords a direct water communication with Liverpool, Manchester, and the Wednesbury col- lieries, as well as with London and Bristol. Ox,fl»r(f, a county of Maine. Pop. 35,217. Paris is the capital. Also a county of Upper Canada on the Thames and Grand rivers. Oxford, p.t. Worcester Co. Mass. 55 m. S. W. Boston. Pop. 2,034 ; p.v. Penobscot Co. Me. ; p.t. New Haven Co. Conn. 12 m. N. W. New Haven. Pop. 1,762; p.t. Chenango Co. N.Y. 110 m. W Albany. Pop. 2,947. Also towns and villages in Sussex Co. N. J., Philad., Chester and Adams Cos. Pa. Caroline Co. Va., Granville Co. N.C., Tus- carawas, Coshocton and Guernsey Cos. Ohio. Oxford, p.t. Talbot Co. Maryl. 50 m. S. E. Baltimore. It is a port of entry, and one of the largest commercial towns in the eastern part of the state. Oxford, p.t. Butler Co. Ohio. Pop. 2,900. The whole township belongs to the Miami University, established here. This institution was founded in 1824. It has 11 instructers and 82 students. The libraries have 2,200 volumes. Oye, a town of France, department of the straits of Calais, 7 m. N. E. of Calais. OijoTiaz a town of France in the department ot Ain,8m N. ofNantua. Oyster Bay, p.t. Queens Co. N. Y. on Long Isl- and. Pop. 5,193. Oyster Ponds, p.v. Suffolk Co. N. Y. on Long Island. Ozama, a river of Hispaniola, formed b}' the confluence of two streams which unite about a league above St Domingo. .In rainy seasons it is of considerable size, and is very convenient for brinj^nng down the produce from the interior. It runs into the sea below St. Domingo. Ozark Mountains, a range extending from the central parts of the state of Missouri south-wester- ly toward the Mexican territories. It is crossed by the Arkansas and Red rivers. The northern part is most elevated ; but little is known of any part of these mountains. Ozwiczin, a town of Poland, covered on one side by a great morass, and on the other defend- ed by a castle, whose walls are of wood. It is situate on the Weitschel, 34 m. W. of Cracow Long. 19 10 E., lat. 50. 10. N. fAD sn PAH PACAJES, atown of Buenos Ayres, capital of a grovince of its name, with a great trade in cattle. 3in.S. VV. of La Paz. Pacem, a town in the N. part of Sumatra, capi- tal of a kingdom of the same name, 120 m. S. E. of Acheen. Long. 97. 15. E., lat. 4. 0. N. Pachamac, or Pachacama, a town of Peru, in the province of Cercade, situate in a valley of its name, formerly beautified with a magnificent tem- ple, built by the incas, in which the Spaniards, when they conquered Peru, found immense rich- es. It is 18 m. S. S. E. of Lima. Pachete, a town and fort of Bengal, formerly the capital of a district of its name, which is now included in the government of Burdwan. It stands near the Dummooda, 10 ra. N. E. of Ro- gonatpour. Pachnca, a town of Mexico, noted for the rich silver mines in its vicinity, 56 m. N. by E. of Mex- ico. Long. 100. 41. W., lat. 20. 44. N. Pacific Ocean, otherwise called the South Sea, lying between Asia and America. It is the larg- est ocean in the world, extending over more than one-third of its whole surface, and being upwards of 10,000 m. in breadth. When Magellan entered this ocean, through the dangerous strait that bears hi» name, he sailed three months and 20 days in a uniform direction to the N. W. without discov- ering land. In the distress he suffered in this voyage, before he discovered the Ladrone Islands he had the consolation of enjoying such calm and gentle weather, with fair winds, that he cave this ocean the name of Pacific. The Span- iards, on passing the isthmus of Darien from N. to S., at the first discovery of this ocean, named it th? South Sea ; but with respect to America, it is more properly the western ocean. On one side of the equator it is called the North, and on ihe other the South Pacific. PackersvUle, p. v. Clearfield Co. Pa. Pactolus, p. v. Sullivan Co. Ten. Pa^y, a town of France, department of Eure, on the Eure, 11 m. E. of Evreux. Padang, a sea-port 051 the W. coast of Suma- tra, in the possession of the Dutch. It was taken by the British in 1781, and again in 1794; but finally surrendered to the Dutch in 1814. In 1707 it was almost totally destroyed by an earth- quake, and upwards of 300 lives were lost. Long. m. 49. E., lat. 0. 50. S. Paadington, a. viUnge in Middlesex, Eng. 1 m. SV . by N. of London. From the number of build- ings erected of late years it is now joined to the metropolis, but the parish still contains some beautiful rural spots and handsome seats. A ca- nal passes hence to the Grand Junction Canal near Brentford. Paddytown, p. v. Hampshire Co Va. Paderhorn, an ancient principality of West- phalia, 40 m. long and 25 broad, remarkable for its bacon and venison. It now belongs to Prus- sia. Paderborn, a fortified town of Prussian West- phalia, formerly capital of a principality of the same name. The rivulet Pader rises under the high altar of the cathedral, and in the collegi- ate church are the remains of St. Blase. The most remarkable of the convents is the college formerly belonging to the Jesuits, and here is al- so a celebrated university. It is 52 m. E. S. E. of Munster. Long. 8. 55. E., lat. 51. 41. N. Padron, a town of Spain, in Galicia, seated on the Ulla, 12 m. S. of Compostella. Padstow, a town in Cornwell, Eng. with a con- venient harbour, and some coasting trade. It i."* seated at the mooth of the Camel, on the Bristol Channel, 30 m. W. of Launceston and 243 VV. by S. of London. Padua, a province of Austrian Italy, in the government of Venice, 40 m. long and 35 broad, bounded by Rovigo, Verona, Vicenza, Treviso, and Venice. It is well watered, and one of the most fertile countries in Italy. Padua, a fortified city of Italy, capital of the above province, and a bishop's see. It is 7 m. in circumference, but much less considerable than formerly ; for great part of the area within the walls is unbuilt, and the town in general so thin- ly inhabited that grass grows in many of the streets. The houses are built with piazzas, which when the town was in a flourishing state, may have had a magnificent appearance ; but they now rather give it a gloomy air. The cathedral is one of the richest in Italy : in the sacristy is a statue of the celebrated Petrarch, who was a canon of the church, and left to it a part of his library. The Franciscan church is dedicated to St. Antonio, the patron of the city, whose body is enclosed in a sarcophagus, under an altar in the middle of the chapel. Near this church is the school of St. Antonio, where many of the actions of the saint are painted in fresco, some of them by Titian. The church of St. Justina is remarkable for its rich Mosaic pavement. The hall of the town- house is one of the largest in Europe, and con- tains the cenotaph of Livy, who was a native of Padua. The university, once so celebrated, is now on the decline. Here are manufactures of cloth, silk, ribands, and leather, all on a small scale. Padua was taken by the French in 1796. It is seated on the Brenta and Bachiglione, in a fine plain, 20 m. W. by S. of Venice. Long. 11. 53. E., lat. 45. 14. N. Padvla, a town of Naples, in Principato Citra, 14 m. N. of Policastro. Pagahm, a decayed city of Birniah, anciently capital of a province of the same name. It is said to have been abandoned in the 13th century in consequence of a divine admonition. The re- mains of its ancient splendor are numerous moulderinor temples, and the vestiges of a fort. It is seated on the Irrawaddy, 110 m. S. W. of Ummerapoora. Long. 94. 34. E., lat. 21. 10. N. PagesviUe, p. v. Newberry Dis. S. C. Pagliano, a town of Nap'?s, in Abruzzo Ultra, 15 m. E. S. E. of Aquilla. Pago, an island in the gulf of Venice, separated from Dalmatia by a narrow channel. It is 20 m. long and 6 broad, chiefly barren, and the soil stony ; but it is well peopled, contains salt works, and produces wine and honey. The chief town is of the same name. Long. 51. 10. E., lat. 44 40. N. Paltang, a sea-port on the E. coast of the penia PAL 674 PAL ■ula of Malaya, capital of a kingdom of the same name, famous for a great number of elephants and for plenty of pepper. It is 140 m. N. E. of Malacca. Long. 103. 30. E., lat. 3. 55. N. Fuinbeevf, a sea-port of France, department of Loire Inferieure, at the mouth of the Loire. Hence all the ships belonging to Nantes take their departure, and here they anchor on their ar- rival. 22 m. W. by N. of JNantes. Long. 1. 59. W., lat. 47. 17. N. Painesvillc, p.t. Geauga Co. Ohio, on Lake Erie. Pop. 1,402. It has a good harbour, and is a flourishing place with 2 weekly newspapers. PainRsirille, p. v. Amelia Co. Va. Pahisxoirk, a town in Gloucestershire, Eng. The inhabitants are employed chiefly in the clothinor trade. It stands on the side of a hill, 7 m. S. S"! E. of Gloucester. Paint, townships in Wayne, Holmes, Fayette and Ross Cos. Ohio. Painted Post, p.t. Steuben Co. N. Y. on the Tioga Pop. 974. Paishawur. See Peishore. Paisley, a town of Scotland, the largest in Ren- frewshire. It has considerable manufactures of silk and linen, gauze, lawn, muslin, cambric, thread, ifec. ; also extensive soap, candle, and cotton works. The river White Cart divides it into the Old and New Town, which communicate by three bridges. The latter stands on the E. Bide of the river, and consists of many handsome buildings ; it also contains the magnificent re- mains of an abbey church, the only one which Paisley formerly required. By means of the riv- er, and a canal, vessels of 40 tons can come up and unload at the quay. 9 m. W. of Glasgow. Long. 4. 23. W., lat. 55. 57. N. Paita, a sea-port of Peru, with an excellent harbour. It has frequently been plundered by the buccaneers; and in 1741 it was burnt by Commodore Anson, because the governor refused to ransom it. Long. 80. 49. W., lat. 5. 12. S. Palachy, a town of Hindoostan, in the district of Coimbetore, with a small fort. In its vicinity a pot was dug up, a few years since, containing Roman silver coins of Augustus and Tiberius. It stands in a well cultivated country, 14 m. S. of Coimbetore and 37 W. of Daraporam. Palacios, a town of Spain, in Andalusia, 12 m. S. of Seville. Palacios, a town of Spain, in Leon, 32 m. W. S. W. of Leon. Palais, a town of France, capital of the island of Belleisle. It has a strong citadel, which stood a long siege against the English in 1761, and then surrendered on honorable terms. It stands on the N. E. side of the island, 30 m. S. S. E. of L'Orient. Lot.g. 3. 7. W., lat. 47. 19. N. Palais, St.. a town and district in the depart- ment of Lower Pyrenees, which, with the town and district of St. Jean Pied de Port, formed nearly the whole of the former province of Low- er Navarre. It is seated on the river Bidouse, 18 m. S. E. of Bayonne. Long. 1. 4. W., lat. 43. 21. N. "^ " Palamlmnn, or Balambuan, a town on the E. end of the island of Jajian, capital of a territory of its name, which abounds with cotton, rice, maize, fruit, horses, antelopes, buffaloes, and oxen. It stands on a bay in the strait of Bali. Long. 114. 2.5. E., lat. 8. 10. 8. Pal/imcotta, a town of Hindoostan, in the province of Tinevelly. Long. 77. 46. E., lat. 6. 42. N. Palamos, a strong sea-port of Spain, in Cata Ionia, seated on a bay of the Mediterranean, 5^ m. N. E. of Barcelona. Palamoio, a town of Bengal, capital of a well cultivated district of its name, seated on the Coyle, 140 m. S. S. W. of Patna. Palais. See Pelew Islands. Palatinate of the Rhine, and Bavaria. See Rhine and Bavaria. Palatine, a township of Montgomery Co. N. Y. Pop. 2,745. Palawan. See Paragoa. PaUizuola, a town of Austrian Italy, in the province of Brescia, seated on the Oglio, 20 m. W. N. W. of Brescia. Palemhang, a district or kingdom of Sumatra, on the N. E. coast, conquered by the British in 1812. The chief articles of export are gold, tin, pepper, silk, ivory, wax, rice, &c. Palembang, the capital of the above district and the emporium of the inland commerce of Su- matra. The inhabitants consists of Malays, Chi- nese, and Arabs. This town is seated on a river of its name, about 60 m. from the sea. Lontr 104. 54. E., lat. 2. 59. S. Palencia, a town of Spain, in Leon, capital of a district of its name, and a bishop's see, with five churches, 11 convents, and two hospitals. It is seated on the Carrion, 70 m. S. E. of Leon. Long. 4. 28. W., lat. 41. 59. N. Paleno, a town of Naples, in Abruzzo Citra, 9 m. E. S. E.ofSolmona. Palenzuela, a town of Spain, in Old Castile, seated on the Arlanza, a little above the influx of the Arlanzon, 30 m. S. W of Buriros. Palermo, p.t. Waldo Co. Me. 80 m. N. E. Port- laltid. Pop. 1,258. Palermo, a fortified city of Sicily, in Val di Mazara, capital of the island, and an archbishop's see. It stands on a bay of the same name, on the N. coast, near the extremity of a kind of natural amphitheatre, formed by high and rocky moun- tains. The country between the city and the mountains is one of the richest plains in the world; the whole appearing a magnificent garden, filled with fruitful trees and watered by fountains and rivulets. The two principal streets intersect each other in the centre of the city, where they form a handsome square, called the Ottangolo, from the centre of which is seen the whole of these no- ble streets, and the four elegant gates which ter- minate them, each at the distance of half a mile. The Porto Felice opens to the Marino, a delight- ful walk, which has on one side the wall of the city, and on the other the sea ; and in the centre is an elegant kind of temple, frequentlv made use of as an orchestra. The churches of Palermo are upwards of 300, and many of them very rich and magnificent. The cathedral is a large Go- thic structure, supported within by SO columns of oriental granite, and divided into a oreat num- ber of chapels, some of which are extremely rich particularly that of St. Rosolia, the patroness of Palermo. The relics of this saint are preserved in a large box of silver, enriched with precious stones ; and they are considered as the greatest treasures of the city. Here are also found the tombs of several of the ancient Norman kings.and of the emperors Henry VI. and Frederic II. of the finest porphyry. This city has suffered greatly at different periods by earthquakes and inunda- tions. The harbour, defended by two castles, is dangerously open to the sea from the N. E. ; and even at the anchoring place, ships are in danger PAL 575 PAL when a westerly wind rushes through the valley of Colli between the mountains. About the mid- dle of the llth century the Norman king,Roger,es- • . tablished silk manufactures in this city, by means f' of prisoners taken in his war with the Greeks, and they still flourish, though not so lucrative since the manufacture has extended to Italy. One mile from Palermo is a celebrated convent of • Capuchins, in which is a vault, made use of as * a receptacle for the dead. It consists of 4 wide ■* passages, each about 40 feet in length, with arch- es along the sides, in which the bodies are set upright, clothed in coarse garments, with their heads, arms, and feet bare. On the floor are handsome trunks, containing the bodies of per- sons of distinction, the keys of which are kept by the relations. In 1799 when the French made themselves masters of Naples, Palermo became the residence of the court; at present it is the seat of the viceroy of the Sicilian parliament and of the chief boards of the island administration. 130 m. W. of Messina, and 200 S. by W. of Ninles. L-jnr. 13. 23. E.,lat. 3S. 7. N. Palestine,, a country of Syria, so called from the Philistines, who inhabited its sea-coast. In the Scriptures it is styled the Land of Canaan, and the Promised Land : it is also called Judcea, from the patriarch Judah ; and the Holy Land, from its having been the scene of the birth, min- istry, and death of Jesus Christ. It is divided from the other parts of Syria on the N. by Mount Libanus, and on the E. by the river Jordan and 1 the Dead Sea; Arabia PetrBea on the S., and the ». . Mediterranean on the W. It is in general a fer- ' tile country, abounding where cultivated, with corn, wine, and oil ; and it might supply the neighbouring country with all these, as it anciently did, were the present inhabitants equally indus- trious. The parts about Jerusalem are the most mountainous and rocky ; but they feed numerous herds and flocks, and yield plenty of honey, with excellent wine and oil ; and the valleys produce large crops of corn. This country has been con- quered and occupied by such a variety of foreign races tiiat it is difficult to say which forms the basis of its present population. It now belongs to the Turkish empire, and is included in the pachalics of Acre and Damascus, the former com- prehending the sea-coast and the latter extending over the interior. Pale.Hine, p.t. Lawrence Co. Indiana; p. v. Craw- ford Co. Illinois. 80 m. E. Vandalia. Palestrina, one of the largest of tiie islands called the Lagunes, near Venice. It has a town of the same name, 6 m. S. of Venice. Palestrina, anciently Praeneste, an episcopal town of Italy, in the delegation of Rome, with the title of a principality. Here formerly stood a temple dedicated to Fortune, the ruins of which may yet be seen. It is 25 m. E. by S. of Rome. Long. 13. 5. E., lat. 41. 52. N. Paliano, a town of Italy, in the papal states, situate on a hill, 20 m. E. of Rome. Paligaut, or Palicaud, a fort of Hindoostan, in Malabar, built by Hyder, on his conquest of that province. Around it are scattered many villages, which contain a considerable population and have some trade. It was taken by the British in 1783 and again in 1790, and was confirmed to them at the peace of 1792. It stands between two rivu- lets, near their junction, at the foot of the south- ern extremity of the Ghauts, 25 m. W. S. W. of Coimbetore and 56 E. by N. of Paniany. Paligonda, a town of Hindoostan, in the Car- natic, with the remains of a fort, in which is a considerable temple. It ia seated on the Paliar, 25 m. W. of Arcot. Palk Strait, a strait at the N. end of the island of Ceylon, in the bay of Bengal, which separates that island from the coast of Coromandel. It ig celebrated for the extensive pearl fishery carried on in it, on both shores, formerly by the Dutch and now by the British. Palliser Islands, a group of islands in the S. Pacific ; the largest is about 15 m. long and 10 broad. Long. 146. 30. W., lat. 15. 38. S. Palma, one of the Canary islands, to the N. of Ferro, 50 m. in circumference, and very fertile. It has a town of the same name, much frequentele portico, on the left bank of the Seine; and th^^nfinished but grand triumphal arch of Neuilly. Many of the public buildings, canals, and other public works left un- finished by Bonaparte, have been carried on, and some have been completed, since the restoration of the house of Bourbon. A new quarter, as it is called, was begun, in 1823, in the western sub- urb of Paris, touching the Champs Elysees, ex- tending to Chaillot, and spreading above the Chaussee d'Antin. The style of structure is elegant, and the scale within the reach of ordi- nary fortunes. A second quarter opens by its main street, which is spacious and planted with rows of trees, a communication between two main points of the fauxbourgs Montmartre and St. Martin. The progress of all these, however, has been slow, and in some parts suspended ; and some generations will probably have passed away befor^jhe " Ville de Frangois Premier" and Nou- velle Mienes," with their brilliant associations,or the" HRit Londres," with its national rivalry, are monuments of any thing but magnificent projects, and the want of capital or perseverance. Great undertakings are rarely, if ever, completed by private enterprise in Paris: they have been pro- jected and executed only by the government. The palace of the Exchange, considered the noblest edifice of the kind in Europe, was completed and opened for the transaction of commercial business, and for the sittings of the tribunal of commerce, since the accession of Charles X. It is difficult to give within short limits a coup d'osil of so crowded, diversified, and even dis- orderly, a mass as the French capital, — its church- es, palaces, public buildings, and monuments ot art. Of its churches, the most remarkable aro the PAR 580 PAR cathedral of Notre Dame, in the old city, — a large and lofty edifice, with two high and massive tow- ers, presenting a style of arcliitecture imposing and curious, and well executed for its early date ; — the church of St. Eustache, a model of light and graceful classic architecture ; — the churches of St. Roch and St. Sulpice, modern edifices in a frand and noble style ; — that of St. Genevieve, uilt near the close of the last century, — dese- crated during the Revolution into a Pantheon for the remains of the great men of France, with the simple and sublimely affecting inscription — " Aux grands hommes la patrie reconnoissante," and re-desecrated in 1830 ; — admired for its dome, — sustained by the mass of the building in the form of a Greek cross at its intersection — its principal fagade and peristyle of twenty fluted Corinthian columns imitated from the Pantheon at Rome. Paris boasts several palaces, of which the princi- pal are the Tuileries, with its vast open court and imposing fagade on tJie one side, and its public garden, adorned with alleys of forest tr^^es, terra- ces , plantations, basins, and copies in marble and bronze of the most celebrated pieces of sculp- ture ; — the Louvre, with its gallery of works of art, and its colonnade, regarded as a specimen of the nearest approach to perfection in architecture ; the Palace or Chamber of Deputies, with a grand Corinthian portico, and several statues of colossal size, — the beautiful Palais Bourbon — both conti- guous, immediately on the left bank of the Seine ; — the old and majestic Luxembourg, or Chamber of Peers, with its two grand pavilion wings and central quadrangle surmounted by a cupola, and its splendid garden openmg on the observatory ; the Palace of Justice, in the old city, inhabited by kings of the present dynasty down to the twelfth in succession, now occupied by the courts of jus- tice ; the Palis Royal, inhabited and recently repaired by the duke of Orleans, with its adjoin- ing public garden, galleries and shops, — concen- trating as in a focus, wealth and idleness, litera- ture, industry and the arts, gaming and every other species of dissipation and depravity. The chief public edifices are the Hospital or Hotel of Invalids, with its gilded dome, its orna- mented fagade, with central Ionic pilasters, and a planted esplanade extending before it ; — the Hotel dcs Monnaies, or mint, in which also all national medals are struck, with its colonnade, arcades, and statues, forming a noble facade to- wards the Seine, on its left bank ; — the Observa- tory, communicating by a grand avenue with the l.uxembourg; — the Exchange, already mentioned, built in a simple and noble style, forming a paral- lelogram 212 feet long and 12G broad, with a peristyle of sixty-six Corinthian columns.^^^ Three of the sixteen bridges over tl^fsSeine merit particular notice : — the bridge of the Gar- den of Plants, formerly called Pont d'Austerlitz, with five arches of iron, remarkable for its ele- Snce and solidity ; the Pont d'Jena, changed to at of " the Invalids," at the instance of Blucher, ■who was actually laying a train to blow it up in 1815; and between these, from the Louvre to the Institute, the Pont des Arts, incomparably light and graceful, and used only by foot passengers. Of the public monuments of art, the most per- fectly beautiful is the bronze column in the Place Vendome, modelled upon that of Trajan at Rome, but exceeding its proportions by a twelfth. The most remarkable merit in this column, perhaps is, that, presenting in relief on its pedestal the •uxclaMic trophies of modern war, in every va- riety of arms and costume, it yet seems perfectly in the classic and antique style and taste. The triumphal arch of the Carousel, modelled upon that of Septimius Severus at Rome, is unexcep- tionably beautiful in itself, but small in proportion to the surrounding area, and rendered for a time still more disproportionate by the removal of the celebrated Venetian horses of Lysippus with their car from its summit, in 1815. These, however, have been recently replaced by an exact copy in bronze. It has. like its model, three arcades in front, with an additional transverse arcade. The modern triumphal arch at Neuilly exceeds the arch of the Carousel, and even those of Louis XIV. at the gates of St. Denis and St. Martin, in grandeur and advantage of position, rather than beauty. Colossal statues have been re-erected to Henry IV. on tiie Pont Neuf, and Louis XIV. in the Place des Victoires. Judging by the daily congregation of thousands of both sexes in the open air, — young men idly lol- ling or lounging, — old men, with even a cer tain air of gravity, wasting life in the coffee- houses and public gardens, — the gaming-houses equally public and crowded, — one would be dis- posed to pronounce the people of Paris a race the most frivolous, idle, and depraved. But the loung ers and gamesters are, to a considerable extent, congregated from all parts of Europe ; and the old men are small annuitants, content with their actual means of subsistence, — without further in- crease by industry or speculation. Science, liter- ature, and the fine arts, are at the same time cul- tivated in a still greater proportion of numbers by the studious and the industrious, and with every advantage which schools of public instruction, li- braries, and museums, can afford. The public schools and colleges forming component branch- es of one great system of public education in med- icine, jurisprudence, and the military art, abstract and experimental science, literature, the fine and useful arts, from the institute down to the two ad- mirable institutions for,the instruction of the blind and the deaf and dumb, witii appropriate and some noble edifices devoted to them, and lectures by eminent professors, either gratuitous or on mod- erate terms, are too numerous to be detailed. The chief public libraries are five in number: — the Roy- al Library, containing 500,000 vols., 100,000 MSS., 100,000 medals, and 1,500,000 engrav- ings ; the Mazarine Library, 93,000 vols., and 41,000 MSS. ; the Library of the Arsenal, 170,000 vols., 6,000 MSS. ; the Library of St. Genevieve, 110,000 vols., and 2,000 MSS.; the City Library, 42,000 vols. Tlie principal museums are that, or rather those, of the Garden of Plants, — an incom- parable teniple of natural science in every branch, raised chiefly by the illustrious BufFon, and his worthy successor, the late count Lacepede ; the Louvre, still containing 1,200 pictures and 500 pieces of sculpture, among which are many chefs d'oEuvre ; and the Conversatory of Useful Arts {Arts^et Metiers,) containing specimens or models of the machinery and instruments used in every branch of manufacture. Paris is the great centre, not only of French but of continental intellect in literature and science. From its press issue the most valuable, if not the greatest number, of literary publications ; and it has a still more decided lead in scientific research and discovery. Pans is also as decidedly the first manufacturing town of France. Its princi- pal manufacturing establishments called royal, are three : — the Gobelins tapestry, to which that ot FAB. 581 PAR La Savonniere has been united ; the manufactory of glass, which employs 2,700 men ; and the por- celain manufactory at Sevres, remarkable not only for the value of its productions, but for its curious museum of all the objects connected with the art, ranged in order. Paris also excels in many of the commonly used articles of luxury and fashion, — in male and female dress, jewelry, wrought gold and silver, watches, clocks, furniture, carriages, &c. So strong is the tendency to trading indus- try, that its exports have increased since the Revo- lution to a degree unprecedented in the history of commerce. Society has become essentially changed in Par- is since the Revolution. The nobles have lost »heir importance, if not existence, as a caste. That numerous aggregate of families formerly called the "court," has disappeared. Wealth, however, is not the first distinction, nor hats it the same weight in obtaining access to good company, in Paris as in other places. The Parisian society of men of letters and artists is, perhaps, the most intellectual, interesting and polished, in existence, -from the fund of knowledge and accomplish- ment which it contains, and tlie passing admixture of European rank and talents. The Parisians are doubtless polished and artificial in their manners ; but they are also really social and obliging : and the many hospitals which they support for the helpless of both sexes and every age, — of which 7 contain 3,156 beds, — with, moreover, several bu- reaux for the distribution of private domiciliary re- lief, — sufficiently prove that they are humane and charitable. Their love of amusement and pleas- ure is attested by their crowded public walks, their 3,500 coffee-houses, and twelve theatres. Paris lies in north lat. 43. 50. II., — long. "20. 11. (reckoning, with the French astronomers, from the western point of the He de Fcrro,) — 98 leagues S. E. of London, 250 leagues S. W. of Copenha- f en, 380 leagues S. W. of Stockholm, 500 leagues . W. of St. Petersburgh, 600 leagues S. VV. of Moscow, 324 leag-ues W. of Cracow, 300 leagues S. W. of Dantzic, 216 leagues S. W. of Berlin, 210 leagues W. S. W. of Dresden, 195 leagues W. S. W. of Leipzig, 115 leagues W. by N. of Frankfort on the Maine, 204 leagues W. by N. of Prague, 850 leagues W. of Vienna, 270 leagues W. of Presburg, 552 leagues N. W. of Constantinople, 333 leagues N. W. of Na- ples, 260 leagues N. N. W., of Rome, 230 leagues W. N. W. of Venice, 107 leagues N. W. Bern, 148 leagues W. N. W. of Zurich, 100 leagues W. N. W. of Basle, 280 leagues N. by E. of Madrid, 350 leagues N. E. of Lisbon. Its area is 10,600 square acres, of 100 perches each ; its •iircumference, by the Boulevards, about six leagues ; its diameter about two leagues ; and its pop. 900,000. It is divided into 12 municipal dis- trictSjCalled arrondissements ; 9 on the right and 3 on the left bank of the Seine, — with a mayor and justice of peace in each ; and these arrondisse- ments are again subdivided into forty-eight quar- ters, each with a commissary of police. The municipal administration and police of Paris are wholly in the hands of the executive government. Paris, p.t. Oxford Co. Me. 46 m. N. of Portland. Pop. 2,307 ; p.t. Oneida Co. N. Y. 9 m. S. W. Utica. Pop. 2,765. Also towns and villages in Fauquier Co. Va., Jefferson Co. Ind., Bourbon Co. Ken. Pop. 1,219. Henry Co. Ten, and Union, Portage, Stark and Richland Cos. Ohio. ParishviUe, p.t. St. Lawrence Co. N. Y. Pop. 1,479. Parfce a county of Indiana. Pop. 7,534. Rock ville is the capital ; also a village in the same county. 88 m. W. Indianapolis. Parker, a township of Butler Co. Pa. Parker River, a small stream ot Essex Co. Mass. flowingthrough Newbury into Plum Island Sound. Parkershurg, p.t. Wood Co. Va. on the Ohio. 12 m. below Marietta. Parkgale, a village in Cheshire, situate on the estuary of the Dee, 12 m. N. W. of Chester. Pack tt-boats frequently sail hence to Ireland Parkman, a township of Somerset Co. Me. Pop. 803; p.t. Geauga Co. Ohio. 156 m. N. E. Columbus. Pop. 709. Parks, p. v. Edgefield Dis. S. C. Parma, a duchy of Italy, under which name are included the duchies of Parma Proper, Placenza, and Guastalla. It is bounded on the W. and N. by the Milanese, E. by the Modenese, and S. by Tuscany and Genoa. The soil is fertile in corn, wine, oil, hemp, and pasturage ; and there are some inconsiderable mines of copper and silver. The celebrated Parmesan cheese is no longer made in this country, but at Lodi, in the Milanese, and some other places. By the treaty of Paris, in 1814, this duchy was given to the ex-empress Maria Louisa. Parma, an ancient, rich, populous, and hand- some town of Italy, capital of the foregoing duchy. It has a university, a magnificent cathe- dral, and the largest opera-house in Europe, which has seats for 8,000 people. The dome, and the church of St. John, are painted by the famous Correggio, who was a native of this place. The other most remarkable places are the ducal palace, with its gallery and collection of artificial curi- osities ; the large Benedictine convent, in which 12,000 soldiers were quartered in 1724 ; the Pa- lazzo ^Giardino, a ducal palace, connected with the town ; and the promenade between the town and citadel. Charles, king of the Two Sicilies, car- ried away a library from this place to Naples, which contained 18,000 volumes, and a very val- uable cabinet of curiosities, with a rich collection of medals. The inhabitants, about 36,000, trade in silk, and silk stockings. In 1734 a bloody battle was fought here between the Austrians and the French and Sardinians, in which the former were defeated. Parma is situated on a river of the same name, which divides it into two parts, united by three bridges, 40 m. N. W. of Modena and 60 S. E. of Milan. Long. 10. 30. E., lat. 44. 50. N. Parma, p.t. Monroe Co. N. Y. 12 m. N. Roch- ester. Pop. 2,569. Parnassus, or Pamasso, a celebrated mountain in Greece. It has two heads, one of which was famous for being consecrated to Apollo and the Muses, and the other to Bacchus. It is the high- est in Greece, and has a fine fountain, supposed to be the ancient Castalia. 8 m. N. of Livadia. Paro, or Porrogong, a town of Hindoostan, cap- ital of a district of its name in the province of Bootan, with a castle, the residence of a governor. It is famous for the manufacture of idols, and the forging of swords, daggers, and arrows. It stands on the Patchieu, in a fertile valley, 20 m. S. by E. of Tassasudoh. Paros, an island in the Grecian Archipelago, one of the Cyclades, to (.he W. of Naxia. It is 10 m. long and eight broad, and the soil is well cultivated. The trade consists in wheat, barley, wine, and pulse, and in calicoes. It formerly produced a great deal of oil, but the Venetian 3c2 PAS 582 PAS army burnt all the olive trees. This island was anciently dedicated to Bacchus, on account of its excellent wines ; and has been so famous for its marble that the best carvers would make use of no other. The statuaries Phidias and Praxiteles were natives of this island ; and the famous Arun- delian marbles at Oxford were brought from this place. Paros, or Parccliia, the capital of the Islo of Paros, and a bishop's see. It was anciently the largest and most powerful town of the Cyclndes ; but is greatly decayed. The walls of the castie are built of ancient pieces of marble, and most of the columns are placed long-wise ; some of iheni, that stand upright, support cornices of amezing size. The natives build their houses of marble, which they find ready cut to their hands ; but thev take no care to place the pieces in a regular manner ; their fields likewise are inclosed with friezes, altars, and basso-relievos. The present inhabitants are so ignorant that instead of great sculptors, and skilful architects, tliey have no- thincr but carvers of mortars and salt-cellars. Paros is situate or the W. coast of the island. Long. 25. 44. E., lat. 37. 8. N. ParishviUe, p. v. St Lawrence Co. N. Y. 35 m. S. E. Ogdensburg. Pop. 1,479. Parret, a river which rises in the S. part of Somersetshire, Eng. receives the Odered, Ivel and Throne, and enters the Bristol Channel at Bridgewater Bay. Parramatta, a town in New S. Wales, capital of the province of the same name, with a church, court-house, hospital, orphan-house, goal, &c. Pop. 1,200 the soil in most places is remarkably food. It is seated at the head of the harbour of ort Jackson, 15 m. W. by. N.of Sydney. Parsippany, p. v. Morris Co. N. J. 25 ra. N. W. Newark. Parsonsfidd, p.t. York Co. Me. Pop. 2,465. Partenkirch, a town of Bavaria, 48 m. S. S. W. tS Munich. Parthenay, a town of France, department of Deux Sevres, with a c,600 acres, is divided into 7 hundreds and 145 parishes, has one city and 7 market towns, and sends three members to parliament. Pop. in 1821, 74,009. The rivers are inconsiderable. A great part of the county is plain and tolerably fertile, consisting of rich meadows and arable land. The N. E. part alone is mountainous, which, however yield good pasturage for sheep and cattle. This county abounds with objects of antiquarian inter- est, such as druidical circles, cromlechs, single Btone monuments, castles, «fec. Pemigewasset, one of the head streams of the Merrimack in N. H. It joins the Winipisiogee, at Sanbornton. Penang. See Prince of Wales Island. Petiautier, a town of France, department of Aude, 4 m. N. of Carcassone. Pendennis, a castle in Cornwall, Eng. on a hill of the same name, on Falmouth Bay. It was built by Henry VIII. for the security of the coast, and on the opposite side of the bay is another cal- led St. Maws. It is a little to the S. E. of Fal- mouth, the harbour of which it defends. PendJeton, a large village in Lancashire, Eng. 2 m. W. N. W. of Manchester. The inhabitants are principally employed in the trade and manu- factures of the various Manchester goods. Pendleton, a county of the E. district of Vir- ginia. Pop. 6,271. Franklin is the capital ; a coun- ty of Kentucky. Pop. 3,806. Falmouth is the cap- ital ; also a town in Pickens Dis. S. C. 100 m. N. W. Columbia. Penicke, a strong sea-port of Portugal, in Es- tremadura, with a good harbour and a citadel; seated on a peninsula, 48 m. N. W of Lisbon. Long. 9. 20. VV., lat. 39. 22. N. Fenig, a town of Saxony, and the chief place of one of the lordships forming the county of Schomburg, with a manufacture of woolen stuffs and a pottery; seated on the Mulda, 11 m. N. W. of Chemnitz. Peni-scola, a town of Spain, in Valencia, seated on a high point of land, surrounded on three ■ides by the i>ea, and of difficult access by land. It is 30 m. S. by W. of Tortosaand 80 N. N. E. of Valencia. Long. 0. 24. E., lat. 40. 24. N. Penjield, p.t. Monroe Co. N. Y. 6 m. E. Roch- ester. Pop. 4,475; also a township of New Bruns- wick in Charlotte Co. at the Bay of Fundy. Penishehr, a town of Afghanistan, capital of a district in the province of Cabul,46m. N. of Cabul. Penistone, a town in W. Yorkshire, Eng. with a small woolen manufacture. It has a handsome parish church, three meeting-houses, a grammai school, and three other schools free to the whole parish. The environs, especially to the W , have rather a dreary and barren appearance. The town is seated on the right bank of the river Don, 13 m. S. S. E. of Huddersfield and 177 N. N. W. of London. Penkridge, a decayed town in Staffordshire, Eng. seated on the river Penk, 6 m. S. cf Stafford and 129 iN. W. of London. Penkum, a town of Prussian Pomerania, seated on the Randow, between two small lakes, 15 m. S. W. of Stettin. Penmaenmawr, a mountain of Wales, in Caer- narvonshire, overhanging the sea, and rising to the height of 1,540 feet. It is 4 m. W. by S. of Aberconway, and the road to Holyhead crosses it on the side of a dreadful precipice, from which it is defended by a wall. Penn, a township of Philadelphia Co. Pa. ad- joining the city, also townships in Chester, Nor- thampton and Schuylkill Cos. Pa. and Morgan Co. Ohio. Pennar, a river of Hindoostan, which rises in Mysore, flows by Gooty, Gandicotta, Cuddaph, and Vellore, ahd enters the bay of Bengal at Gangapatnam. Pennington, p. v. Hunterdon Co. N. J. 9 m. N. W. Trenton. Pennsborough, 2 townships in Cumberland Co. Pa. and villages in Lycoming Co. Pa. and Wood Co. Va. PennsbuTg, a township of Chester Co. Pa. Pennsylvania, one of the United States, bounded N. by Lake f3rie and New York, E. by New York and New Jersey, S. by Delaware, Maryland and Virginia, and W. by Virginia and Ohio. It extends from 39. 42. to 42. N. lat. and from 74. to 80. 40. W. long, and contains 43,950 sq. m. The centre of the state is occupied by the great Apala- chian chain of mountains, which here spread out to their greatest width, and occupy two thirds of the whole territory. The Delaware bounds the state on the East. The Susquehanna with its nu- merous branches intersect nearly the whole mountainous region. The Allegany, Mononga- hela and Ohio, water the western parts. A small portion of the northern limit is washed by Lake Erie. In the country E. of the mountains, the climate does not differ greatly from that part of New Jer sey in the same parallel, and may be characteris- ed in general terms as mild and temperate. The mountainous country lies exposed to the chilling north-west winds, and the winter in this part is severe, with deep snows. W. of the moun- tains, the climate becomes milder ; here the easter- ly winds of the Atlantic coast are unknown, and the country is not exposed to the sudden chan- ges which they occasion. The heat of the sum- mer is not so great as upon the coast, and the au- tumn is long, serene and temperate. East of the mountains the soil is excellent; in this part the land is level, and enriched from the washing of the hills and uplands. In the interior, the soil is rocky and barren, with fertile spots in the valleys, and along the borders of the streams. Some o^ these valleys contain land as rich as any in the state ; but generally the soil being a black mould, two or three feet deep, and among the mountains, is not well adapted to cultivation. W. of the mountains, the country improves, and FEW PUN around the head streams of the Ohio, is generally fertile. The most important mineral is anthracite coal, in which this state far surpasses all other portions »f the country. In no part of the world, indeed, is this valuable material found so abundantly as in Pennsylvania. It abounds in the Wyoming and Lackawanna valley, between the Blue Ridge and the Susquehanna. The anthracite district is principally occupied by mountains rnnning paral- lel to the Blue Ridge, often broad, with table sum- mits, and rising generally about 1,500 feet above the ocean. The coal occurs in the greatest quantity in those parts of this region most accessible by water. . Extensive veins and beds range from the Lehigh to the Susquehanna, crossing the head waters of Schuylkill and Swatara, about 10 m. N. W. of the Blue Ridge. It is abundant near the Susquehan- > na, and Lackawanna, but in no part is it so plen- tiful as at Mauch Chunk, a village on the Lehigh, • % a branch of the Susquehanna. The anthracite region of the Susquelianna lies in the valley formed by the Susquehanna and the Lackawanna, one of its branches; this region is distinguished as the valleys of the Wyoming and Lackawanna, but is in fact without any nat- ural division, and constitutes a single formation. It is between 60 and 70 m. long, and 5 broad. The coal lies in beds, and not as commonly, in reins; these are of every thickness, from a foot to 27 feet ; none are much esteemed that are less than three or four ; few are wrought that are less than 6. The lateral extent of the beds is immense ; they break out in the precipices and hills, and upon the banks of the Susquehanna and Lack- awanna, and form in some places the pave- ment of these rivers ; they appear in the sides and channels of almost every stream from the mountain ; they blacken the soil in numerous places ; and wells are often sunk in the coal. In many of the mines of this region, the naturalist is gratified by seeing vast deposits of vegetable impressions and remains which accom- pany the coal, usually in the slate which forms the roof, and occasionally in that of the floor; they exist also in the sandstone, and sometimes even in the coal itself. There are instances where they fill the slate for a space of ten feet in thick- ness. The impressions are very perfect, indica- ing repose and calm at the time of their deposi- tion, and excluding the possibility of transport from distant countries. There are many species of ferns, none of them, it is said, modern, and most or all, tropical. There are impressions sometimes several feet long and of the same width, of the bark of gigantic vegetables ; some botanists say they are palms ; occasionally there are entire limbs carbonized, and there are frequently broad leaves 6 or 7 in- ches in diameter. Culmiferous plants are nu- merous, and also the aquatic algas and rushes ; the leaves of the plants are usually in full expan- sion, the most delicate parts of their structure be- ing accurately preserved or copied. Large quan- titles of clay and iron and bog ore are connected with the coal strata of this valley, and chalybeate mineral springs occur in numerous places. The western part of Pennsylvania is as abun- dantly supplied with bituminous coal as the east- ern is with anthracite. It is found on the rivers Conemaugh, Alleghany, Mononaahela and Ohio, and in numerous places W. of the Alleghany lidge, which is, with some exceotions. its eastern boundary. It occurs upon these mountains at a considerable elevation, and elsew^here, in nearly a horizontal position, alternating with grey sand stone, often micaceous, and bordered by argillace- ous schist. The veins are generally narrow, rarely above 6 feet in width. The coal is abundant, and of excellent quality near Pittsburg. Springs holding salt in solution, are common in various parts of the bituminous coal region ; they are generally weak near the surface, but deep springs, disclosed by boring, are often strong. One of these, which contains as much salt as the ordinary waters of Salina, was discovered by boring, about 20 m. from Montrose, bordering on the state of New York. The most considerable saline springs are on the banks of the Cone- maugh and Kiskaminitas, about 30 m. E. of Pitts- burg. These rivers for many miles wind rapidly through rocky ravines bordered by hills of 300 and 400 feet in height, that rise with steep ac- clivities, presenting mural precipices of grey sand- stone, in places jutting over the road and torrent. The sandstone is ordinarily fine, but is sometimes a coarse aggregate, principally quartz. Its thin laminae are generally in a horizontal position. The lower strata, often in a decomposing state, contains vegetable impressions. This rock usu- ally rests on dark and very fissile argillaceous schist, that contains much sulphuret of iron, and forms the roof and floor of numerous beds of bi- tuminous coal adjacent to the streams. These beds are from a few inches to 5 feet in tliickness, and occur at various altitudes, from 200 feet above the river to a great depth below. Large quantities of salt are made at these springs. Iron ore is found in abundance in the extensive cal- careous valley, between the ridges of the Apala- chian mountains, particularly in the counties of Centre and Huntingdon. It is mostly raised from beds of argillaceous earth, resting on limestone. The iron manufactured in the counties before mentioned is distinguished for its tenacity and malleability. Bituminous coal from the Allegha- ny mountain is often used for making pig iVon. The Bedford Springs near the town of that name among the mountains in the S. of the state, were discovered in 1804. They arise from a limestone rock, at the foot of a mountain. The water is cold, odourless, soft and agreeable to the taste; it is charged with iron, magnesia and lime, and is efficacious in removing cutaneous and chronic complaints. There are several salt springs in the state. Wild animals are abundant among the mountains and in all the unsettled parts. The most remarkable of these is the cougar, or catamount, sometimes called panther This animal is common to both parts of the west ern continent but is not known in the eastern. Copper ore, in a variety of combinations, ia 3D PEN 590 PER found m many places among the motmtaina. There is a lead mine at I'erkiomen. At Mercer, on the western border of the state, is a manufac- tory of copperas from iron pyrites. The limestone of this state affords good marble. On the Schuylkill, in Montgomery county, is a quarry of bluish marble, which is extensively wrought, and exported. Many of the buildings in Philadelphia are ornamented with it. There are quarries of slate in York, Lancaster and Wayne counties, in the eastern part of the state. Tlie state is divided into two districts, the eastern and western. The counties are 51, the townships f>51. The pop. is 1,347,(J72. Harris- burg is the seat of gfovernment, and Pliiladelphia the largest city. The other large towns are Pitts- burg, Reading, and Lancaster. Agriculture is «kilfully condncted in the eastern parts. Wheat, maize, garden vegetables and fruit are raised in great quantities. In the interior and western parts the farmers also cultivate buckwheat, rye, oats, barley, hemp and flax. The commerce of the state is chiefly confined to the single port of Philadelphia. The port of Presqu Isle, on Lake Erie has also some commerce, and the internal trade across the mountains is very active. The shipping of the state in 1828 was 104,614 tons. The imports during the same year were 10,100,152 dollars. The exports of domestic produce 2,617,1 52 dollars. Total exports 4,089,435 dollars. The manufactures of Pennsylvania are very extensive. At Philadelphia are large manufactures of cotton, iron, glass and china ware, besides the great va- riety of articles made in small establishments. The cloth annually manufactured is estimated at 24,000,000 yards. At Pittsburg and in the neigh- borhood, are very large establishments of various kinds. The glass manufactures of this place are particularly celebrated, and furnish cut glass ware, and window glass, equal to any in the country. The glass is white, clear and excellent, both in texture and polish. The cotton manu- f.icture is also extensive, and occupies several large establishments here and in the neiplibouring towns of Alleghany and Birmingham. The man- ufactures of iron employ 9 founderies, 8 rolling mills and 9 nail factories, which make 18 tons of nails daily. There arc also 7 manufactories of steam engines, and lately the manufacture of su- gar mills, and small steam machinery to drive them, has become an important branch of business. There are two establishments in Pittsburg for the manufacture of steel. There are great numbers of iron works in various parts of the state. At York, is a foundery for church bells, manufactures of cutlery, surgical instruments, &c. Elegant carpeting is also made at the same place. At Mayanunk, on the Schuylkill, are large cotton and woolen manufactories. At Chambersburg, besides other establishments, are extensive man- ufactories of edge tools, axes, carpenters' tools, hatclifts, chisels, &-c. of a quality and temper equal to any made in Enirland. At Bush Hill, near Philadelphia, is a manufacture of elegant floor cloths, from hemp and flax, and of table cloths from cotton. At Bethany, in Wayne r.nxinty. is a glass manufactory, which produces 450,000 feel of window glass annually. At Mead- viljo is a manufactory of paper from straw, which IS extensively used for wrapping paper. This is the first successful attempt to make paper from Htraw. In the western part are large manufactures of •uit from springs. The principal salt works are on the Conemaugh, a stream running into the Alleghany. The salt manufactured at Kiska minitas and Conemaugh has in some years amounted to 300,000 bushels ; it is sold at from 20 to 25 cents per bushel at the works ; the ex- pense of manufacturing does not exceed 10 cents a bushel. A large portion of the numerous salt works are near the river in the ravines of the Kiskaminitas, and coal for fuel is procured from veins situated above the works, in the side of the hill, and costs but a cent a bushel. Considerable salt is made near Pittsburg, from a fountain obtained by boring 270 feet ; the water is strong, and is raised by r steam engine; the salt is white, and of a good quality. This fountain is sufficient for the annu- al manufacture of 25,000 bushels. There are other salt springs on the Ohio, and also on the Chenango and Mahony. The legislature consists of a Senate and House of Representatives. The senators are chosen for four years, and the representatives an- nually. Suffrage is universal. The govern- or is chosen for three years by a popular vote. There is no Lt. governor and no council. The governor can only be elected thrice in 12 years and on retiring from office becomes a senator. The legislature meets annually at Harrisburg in December. The state sends 24 representatives to Congress. The state expenses for 1830, were 6,357,994 dollars, of which enormous sum 5,495, 550 dollars were for canals, railroads and other internal improvements. The Presbyterians are the most numerous re- ligious sect, and are divided into two clas.ses ; one of which call themselves Associate Presbyterians. These two have 266 preachers. The Baptists have 144; the Methodists 140; the German Re- formed Church 73; the Episcopalians 60; there are also Lutherans, Unitarians, Catholics, Qua- - kers, Dutch Reformed, Universalists and Jews. The navigation of the Schuykill has been im- proved by a series of canals from Philadelphia to Port Carbon in the coal region, a distance of 100 miles: 64 m. of which consist of canals, and the remainder of portions of the river, rendered navi- gable by dams and slack water. The canals are 36 feet wide, and vi^ere finished in 1825. The Un- ion canal extends from Reading on the Schuylkill to Middletown on the Susquehanna, 83 miles; it is 36 feet wide and four deep. There is a tunnel on this canal 729 feet long, 18 feet wide and 16 high, being the longest in the United States. Tills canal was completed in 1828. A branch ex- lends up the Swatara to the Schuylkill coal, mines. The Conestoga creek is rendered naviga- ble by canals, 18 m. from Lancaster to the Sus- quehanna. The Lehigh canal extends from Eas- ton to Mauch Chunk 46 3-4 m. ; it is 4 feet wide and 4 deep, and is esteemed the most perfect ca- nal in America ; it was executed in 2 years, and cost 25,000 dollars a mile. The Lackawaxen ca- nal extends from the Delaware and Hudson canal 25 m. up the Lackawaxen creek to the coalmines, and is navigable for boats of 25 tons. The Pennsylvania canal is a work undertaken by the stale, and designed to form a communica- tion between Philadelphia and Pittsburg. A lail- road is to be constructed from Philadelphia to Columbia 80 m. Here the canal begins and ex- tends to the Union canal at Middletown, thence W. to the Juniata, and up that river to the moun- tains, which are to be crossed by a railroad or tun- nel ; beyond this the canal is to be continued to PEN 591 pe:t Plttsburff. The whole length of this commtinica- lion will be 394 m. The other canals new constructing by the state government are one from Middletown on the Un- ion canal to Muncey Hills on the W. branch of the Susquehanna, 90 m. Another from Northum- berland on the Susquehanna up the E. branch to JJanticoke falls, 55 m Another from Bristol up the Delaware to Easton on the Lehigh, 60 m. This is called the Delaware canal. Another from Meadville on French creek, a head water of the Alleghany, to Muddy River in the N. W. of the state, 20 m. The whole length of the canals in the state will be 728 m. The Mauch Chunk railroad extends from the coal mine, to the river Lehigh, 9m; it was com- pleted four years since. The Mill Creek railway extends 3 ni. from Port Carbon up Mill Creek to the coal mines. The Lackawaxen railroad ex- tendfe 16 m., from the Lackawaxen canal at Hones- dale, to the coal mines at Carbondale, on the Lack- awanna, passing through Rix's Gap, in the Moos- ic Mountain. An ascent and descent of 1,812 feet is passed by 8 inclined planes, at 5 of which on the western side of the mountain are stationary en- gines. Tliis railroad cost about 12,000 dollars a mile, and went into operati.inin 1829. Besides these, there are now in progress the following; Pennsylvania Railroad, from Philadelphia through Lancaster to Columbia, on the Susquehanna, 84 m. ; Schuylkill West Branch Railroad, from Schuylkill Haven to the coal mines on Broad Mountain, 13 m. long, including a branch of 2 1-2 m. ; Schuylkill Valley Railroad, from Port Car- bon, eastward up the valley of the Schuylkill, nearly to its head, 10 m. long, passing through a district richly supplied with coal ; this last is near- ly completed The Baltimore and Susquehan- na Railroad is to extend from Baltimore to York Haven, on the Susquehanna, 60 m. This state has a university at Philadelphia and colleges at Carlisle, Canonsburg, Pittsburg, Meadville, Alleghany, Uniontown and Washing- ton. Common education however is in a back- ward statp. About one third of all the children in the State attend school. The sum of 2,000,000 dollars was bequeathed by the late Stephen Girard to found a school in Philadelphia. Pennsylvania has its name from William Penn, a quaker who began a settlement in the state in 1681. He made a treaty with the Indians which was observed on both sides with such scrupulous honour that not the least discord arose between the settlers and the savages for 70 years. The original charter of their state continued till after the revolution. The present constitution was established in 1790. Pennygant, one of the highest mountains of E.ngland, in Yorkshire, 7 m. N. of Settle. Itt summit is 3,930 feet above the level of the sea. On its sides are two awful orifices, called Hulpil and Huntpit holes ; through each of them runs a brook, both of which run under ground for about a mile, and cross each other in the bowels of the earth without mixing their waters. Pennytown, a village of Hunterdon Co. N Y. 10 m. N. W. Trenton. Peno, a town of Pike Co. Missouri. Penobscot, a river of Maine and the larorest in the state. It has two large head streams, ihe chief of which runs W- of Moosehead lake in the highland which separate Maine from Canada. It flows S. and on joining the ocean foims a wide bay to which it gives its name. It is navigable to Bangor, 50 m. Penobscot, a countv of Maine on the above river. Pop. 31,530. Sangor is the capital. Also a town on the river 30 m. below Bangor. Pop.l ,271. Penobscot Indians. See Indian Old Town. Penrice, a town of Wales, in Glamorganshire Here are the ruins of a Norman castle ; and 3 m to the N., on a mountain, is a Druidical monu- ment, called Arthur's stone. Penrice is sealed on the Bristol Channel. 20 m. S. E. of Caermar- then and 220 W. of London. Penrith, a town in Cumberland, Eng., in the church-yard is a singular monument of antiquity, called the Giant's Grave. The ruins of the ancient castle overlook the town from the W., and on the heights to the N. is a square stone building called the "Beacon," well situated for giving alarm in times of danger. The ascent to it is difficult, but the prospects from the summit of the hill are extensive and beautiful. 283 m. N. N. W. of London. Penryn, a borough in Cornwall, Eng. Here are large warehouses for flour and grain imported from the Isle of Wight, and several good brewe- ries, which supply the shipping at Falmouth ; and it has a great trade in the pilchard and New- foundland fisheries. It is seated on a creek of Falmouth Haven, 3 m. N. W. of Falmouth and 263 W. by S. of London. Pensacola, p.t. Escambia Co. W. Florida, on the Gulf of Mexico. It is the largest town in West Florida, and has a capacious harbour, but the town can be approached only by small vessels It is a naval station of the United States. The situation is comparatively healthy, and the town is somewhat thriving. The town was founded at an early period by the Spaniards. It is 50 m. E. S. E. Mobile. 900 m. S. W. Washington. Lat. 30. 25. N., long. 87. W. Pop. about 2,000. Pensford, a town in Somersetshire, Eng. with a manufacture of hats; seated on the Chew, 6 m. S. by E. of Bristol and 117 W. by S. of Lon- don. Pentlund Frith, a strait which divides the Ork- ney Islands from Caithness-shire, in Scotland. It is 20 m. long and 10 broad, and dangerous to those who are not acquainted with its tides and currents ; especially in passing the • Pentland Skerries, a cluster of rocks at the E. end of the frith. On the largest of these rocks is a lignt- house. Long. 2. 42. W., lat. 58. 35. N. Pentland Hills, a ridge of hills, in Scotland, 4 m. W. of Edinburgh. Penza, a government of Russia, formerly a prov- ince of Kasan. Its capital, of the same name, is seated on the Sura, where it receives the rivule*, Penza, 220 m. S. W. of Kasan. Long. 45. 38 E., lat 53 30 N TER PER Penzanet, a sea-port in Cornwall, Eng. It was burnt by the Spaniards in 1593, but soon rebuilt, and made one of the tin-coinage towns. Its trade is considerable, and consists chiefly in pilchards and other fish, and in shipping lead, tin, and cop- per, which abound in the vicinity. In conse- quence of the mildness and salubrity of the air, and the agreeableness of its situation, Penzance is much frequented by invalids, for whose accom- modation there are cold and hot sea-water baths, &c. It is seated on a creek of Mount Bay, 10 ra. N. E. of the Land's End and 280 W. by S. of London. Peoria Lake, in Illinois, an expansion of the river Illinois, 20 m. in length and 2 in breadth. It is vtry deep and has no perceptible current. Here is a settlement called Peoria, on its banks. Pepin Lake, an expansion of the Mississippi, 100 m. below the falls of St. Anthony. 24 m. long and from 2 to 4 broad. Pepperell, p.t. Middlesex Co. Mass. 40 ra. N. W. Boston. Pop. 1,440. Pequignij, a town of France, department of Somme ; memorable for an interview and treaty between Louis XI. of France and Edward IV. of England, in 1475, on a bridge built for that pur- pose. It is seated on the river Somme, 15 m. S E. of Abbeville Perak, a sea-port of Malaya, capital of a king- dom on the W. coast. It is seated on a river of the same name, 180 m. N. W. of Malacca. Long. 100.0. E.,lat. 4. 23. N. Peray, St., a town of France, department of Ardeche, noted for its wines. It is sealed on the Rlione opposite Valence, 32 m. N. of Viviers. Perdido, a river separating Florida from Ala- bama and flowing into the Gulf of'Me-xico. Perdu Mount, a lofty mountain of the Pyrenees, with a double summit, of which the higher is computed at 11 ,000 feet above the sea. It is of very difficult access, as the calcareous rock often assumes the form of perpendicular walls, from 100 to 600 feet in height ; and glaciers increase the difficulty. About 2,000 feet from the summit is a lake, which throws its waters to the E., into the Spanish valley of Beoussa. Perga, a town of Albania, on the gulf of Ven- ice, 25 m. W. N. W. of Arta. Pergamar, a town of Romania, and a bishop's see, fiO m. S. W. of Adrianople. Long. 25. 55. E., lat. 41. 10. N. Pergamo, a town of Natolia, and a bishop's see, with a palace and a castle. It is not so con- siderable as formerly, but has nine mosques, and occupies an oblong circumference of 3 m. at the foot of a mountain. Here parchment was inven- ted. It is seated on the Germasti, 15 m. from its mouth and 37 N. of Smyrna. Long. 27. 27. E., lat. 39. 5. N. Peria, a town of Persia, in the province of Irac, 90 m. W. of Ispahan. Long. 51. 25. E., lat. 32. 20. N. Periac, a town of France, department of Aude, celebrated for its salt works. It is seated on a lake of its name, 6 m. S. W. of Narbonne. Periapatam, a town of Hindoostan, in Mysore. The environs are rich and beautiful, and abound in sandal wood. It is 40 m. W. by S. of Serin- gapatam. Periers, a town of France, department of Man- che, 9 m. N. of Coutances. Perigord, a former province of France, now forming the department of Dordogne. PtrijTueux, a town of France, capital of the de- partment of Dordogne, and a bishop's see. Hewf are the ruins of a temple of Venus, an amphithea tre, &c. It is seated on the river Hie, 50 m. S W. of Limoges. Long. 0. 43. E., lat. 45. II Perinda, a town of Hindoostan, capital of a district of its name, in the province of Dowlatabad, 188 m. N. V^. of Hydrabad. Long. 75. 50. E., * lat. 18. 33. N. Perinaura, a town of Hindoostan, in the pro- vince of Coimbetore, 12 m. S. S. W. of Bhawani- kudal. Perleberg, a town of Prussia, in Brandenburg with considerable cloth manufactures. It is seat ed on the Stepenitz, 42 m. W. N. W. o^" Ruppin. Long. 12. 3. E., lat. 53. 8. N. Perkinsotisville, a village of Amelia Co. Va. Perkiomen, a township of Montgomery Co. Pa. on a river of the same name, 25 ii. N. Fhiladel. Perm, a government of Russia, formerly a prov ince of Kasan. It is divided into two piovinces, Perm and Catharinenburg, the capitals of which are of the same name. Perm, a town Russia, capital of a governmenf and province of the same name. It is seated on the Kama, at the influx of the Zegochekha, 020 m. E. by N. of Moscow and 810 E.' by S. of Pe- tersburg. Lonfif. 55. 10. E., lat. 57. 55. N. Permacoil, a town of Hindoostan, in the Car natic, situate on a mountain, 20 m. N. N. W. of ^ Pondicherry. Pernalla, a town of Hindoostan, in Guzerat, 38 m. S. of Surat. Pernamhuco, or Fernamhuco, a province of Bra zil, bounded N. and E. by the Atlantic Ocean, S. by Bahia, and E. by the desert territory. It is about 470 m. from N. to S. and 370 from E. to W. ^, and abounds in sugar-cane, cotton, and Brazil wood. PernamJiuco, the capital of the above province, consists of three divisions, Recife, St. Antonio, and Boa Vista. The two former are situated on two flat sand banks, surrounded by the sea, and con- nected together by a bridge, partly of stone and partly of wood ; the other division is connected, with Boa Vista, situated on the continent, by a narrow wooden bridge. The greatest part of the extent of sand between Olinda, a town about a league distant, on the same sand bank as Recife, and the latter, remains uncovered, is open to the sea, and the surf there is very violent. The tide enters between the bridges, and encircles the mid- dle compartment. The first division of the town is composed of brick houses, of three, four, and even five stories in height : most of the streets are nar- row and there are no public buildings that require notice. St. Antonio, the principal division of the town, is composed chiefly of large houses and broad streets. It contains the governor's palace (formerly the Jesuits' convent), the treasury, the town hall and prison, tlie barracks, and the Fran ciscan, Carmelite, and Penha convents. It com- prises several squares, and has to a certain degree a gay and lively appearance. The river Capibar ibe discharges its waters into the ciiannel between St. Antonia and Boa Vista. The harbour belong ing to Recife, called the Mosqueiro, situated on the outward bank, is formed by a reef of rocks, which runs parallel with the town, at a very small distance. Pernambucois daily increasing in opu- lence and importance, and European fashions pre- vail. Long. 35. 20. W., lat. 8. 13. S. Pemau, a fortified town of Russia, in Livonia, with a castle ; seated near the mouth of a river of FER 803 PER the same name, 95 m N. of Riga. Long. 24. 3. E., lat. .58. 30. N Femes, a town of France, department of Vau- cluse, noted as the birthplace of the celebrated orator Flechier, bishop of A'israes. 12 m. E. by N. of Avignon. Femes, a town in the department of Pas de Ca- lais, seated on the Clarence, 17 m. N. W. of Arras. Femo, a town of Sweden, in the province of Nyland, on the coast of the Baltic, 36 m. E. of Helstngfors. Feronne, a strong town of France, department of Somme. It was called Pacelle, because never taken, though often besieged, till the 2fith of June, 1815, when it was stormed by the British. Charles the Simple was imprisoned in the castle, where he miserably died ; and the duke of Bur- gundy detained Louis XI. here three days, till he consented to sign a disadvantageous treaty. It is seated on the Somme, 27 m. S. W. of Cambray and 80 K. by N. of Paris. Long. 3. 2. E., lat. 49. 55. N. Ferousa, a town of the Sardinian states, in Piedmont; seated on the river Cluson, 6 m. N. W. of Pignerol. Ferpignan, a fortified town of France, capital of the department of Eastern Pyrenees, with a good citadel and a university. The inhabitants carry on a trade in corn, wool, iron, and wine, and have manufactures of silk, woolens, soap, liqueurs, &c. This town was the scene of two battles between the French and Spaniards, in 1793. It is seated partly on a gentle declivity and partly in a plain, on the Tet, near the Med- iterranean, 95 m. S. E. of Toulouse. Long. 2.54. E., lat. 42. 42. N. Ferquimans, a county of N. Carolina. Pop. 6,857. Hertford is the capital. Ferrinton, p.t. Monroe Co. N. Y. Pop. 2,155. Ferry, a county of the E. District of Pennsyl- vania. Pop. 14,257. New Bloomfield is the capital. A county of Kentucky. Pop. 3,331. A county of Missouri. Pop. 3,377. Perry ville is the capital. A countv of Ohio. Pop. 14,018. Somerset is the capital. A county of Indiana. Pop. 3,371. Rome is the capital. A county of W. Tennessee. Pop. 7,038. Shannonsville is the capital. A county of Alabama. Pop. 11,509. A county of Mississippi. Fop. 2,285. Augusta is the capital. Perry, p.t. Washington Co. Me. on Passama- quoddy Bay. Pop. 735. Here is a remnant of the Paseamaquoddy Indians consisting of about 5U families, under the government of a chief named executed with considerable neatness. Their numbers are diminishing. Ferry, p.t. Genesee Co. N. Y. Pop. 2,792 ; also towns and villages in Venango Co. Pa.. Geaugp Stark, Wayne, Shelby, Tuscarawas, Muskingum, Gallia, Brown, Franklin, Licking, Fairfield, and Richland Cos. Ohio. Perry Co. Ken. and Perry C-o. Alabama. Ferryopolis, p. v. Fayette Co. Pa. Ferryslnirg, p.t. Cattaraugus Co. N. Y. 30 m. S. Butfalo. Pop. 2,440 ; p.t. Wood Co. Ohio. Ferrysville, p. v. Alleghany Co. Pa. 7 m. N Pittsburg. Ferrysville, villages in Madison Co. N. Y., Richland Co. Ohio, iMercer Co. Ken., Perry Co. Missouri, Perry Co. Ten. and Bond Co. Illinois. Ferstpolis, anciently the capital of the Persian empire. It was taken by Alexander the Great, who set it on fire. Its magnificent ruins are 50 m. N. E. ofShiras. Fershore, a town in Worcestershire, Eng. Here are two churches, and that of Holy Cross contains several ancient monuments. It is seated on the Avon, 9 m. E. S. E. of Worcester and 108 W. N. W. of London. Fersia, a large kingdom of Asia, consisting of several provinces, which, at different times, have had their particular kings. It is bounded on the N. by the Caspian Sea, and the mountains of Caucasus, W. by the Euphrates and Tigris, S. by the gulfs of Persia and Ormus and the Arabian Sea, and E. by Hindoostan. It is about 1,225 m. in length from E. to W. and 900 in breadth from N. to S., the chief rivers are the Tigris and Amuc. In the N. and E. parts it is mountainous and cold ; in the middle and S. E. parts sandy and desert; and in the S. and W. level and fertile, though for several months very hot. The soil produces various sorts of pulse and corn, and cotton in great abundance. In several places naptha,asort of bitumen, rises out of the ground, and here are numerous mines of gold, silver, iron, turquois stones, and salt; but the first two of these are not worked on account of the scarcei- ty of wood. This country produces all the va- rious sorts of fruits, excellent wine, and a great number of mulberry trees. The citron here grows to great perfection. Likewise dates, pista- Socbason. They are catholics and have a priest of that religion, and a protestant missionary among them during the summer. They live in rude wigwams, and subsist by fishing, hunting and the manufacture of chip baskets, which are 73 cbio-nuts, and trees which produce manna. Sheep and goats are abundant ; as are also camels, buffaloes, and horses. The principal manufac- tures are silks, silks mixed with cotton or with camels' or goats' hair, brocades, gold tissues, gola velvet, carpets, calicoes, camlets, &c. The Per- sians are subjected to a despotism similiar to that which presses upon all oriental nations ; yet their 3d2 PER 894 PER character is materially different. They are more gay, lively, and active. They are said to be ex- tremely ostentatious, and to surpass all other na- tions in politeness — if the most profuse and hy- pocritical flattery may be so called. Their dress 18 liijhter than that of the Turks, and they are lavish in the use of jewels and gold ornamenta. The beard is held in high estimation, and every art employed to render it thick and tufted. They are, however, the most learned people of the E. ; poetry and the sciences may even be con- sidered OS their ruling passion. In the former, their fame is decidedly superior to that of any oth- er oriental nation. The names of Hafiz, Ferdusi, and Sadi, are classic even in Europe. The reli- Ifion of the country is Mahomedism, of the sect of All. In the beginning of the last century, Persia wag overrun by the Afghans, who carried fire and sword tiirough its remotest extremities, and reduced its proudest capitals to ashes. The atrocities of the Afghans were avenged, and the independence of Persia vindicated, by Nadir Shah ; but, though the victories of this daring chief threw a lustre on his country, after his death the country was almost torn to pieces by civil war, till the fortune of arms gave a decided superiori- ty to Kiirreem Khan. His death gave rise to an- other disputed succession, with civil wars, as furious as before. At length Aga Mahommed, a eunuch, raised himself to the sovereignty, and not only retained it during his lifetime, but transmit- ted is to his nephew, the present sovereign, who assumed the title of Futteh Ali Shah. He is rep- resented as an accomplished prince ; and his eld- est son is said to be highly promising. Persian Gulf, a sea or inland lake, between Persia and Arabia. The entrance near Ormus is not above 30 m. over ; but within it is from 120 to 250 in breadth, and the length from Ormus to the mouth of the Euphrates is 500 m. The southern side is particularly celebrated for its pearl fishery. Person, a county of N. Carolina, Pop. 10,027. Roxborough is the Capital. Perth, a borough of Scotland, capital of Perth- shire. It has been the residence of the sovereigns of Scotland, and the seat of the parliament and of the supreme courts of justice. Near the town are some saline springs, called Pitcaithly Wells, deemed beneficial in scorbutic cases. Perth is seated on the S. W. side of the Tay, which is navigable for small vessels, but the largest are obliged to unload at Newburg. Over the river is a modern bridge of 10 arches, the most beautiful in Scotland, to the town of Kinnoul. Here are sev- eral incorporated trades, some of which have halls. The salmon fishery is a great article of trade ; and the manufactures of linen and cotton goods, leather, boots, shoes, and gloves are considerable. 35 in. N. by W. of Edinburgh. Long. 3. 20. W., lat. 56. 24. N. Perthes, a town of France, department of Seine- «t-Marne, 6 m. S. W. of Melun. Perthes, a town in the dejwrtment of Upper Marne, fi m. N. W. of St. Dizier. Pert/tshire, a county of Scotland, 7G m. long and 68 broad ; bounded W. by Argyleshire, N. by the shires of Inverness and Aberdeen, E. by Angus-shire, S. E. by the frith of Tay and the counties of Fife and Kinross, and S. by the frith of Forth and the counties of Clackmannan, Stirl- ing, and Dumbarton. It contains 4,068,640 Eng- lish acres, is divided into 76 parishes, and the number of inhabttants in 1821 was i;}9,0o0. The counter exhibits scenes of rugged and strikin? magnificence, contrasted with the most beautiful ones of cultivation. The Grampian mountains cross it from S. W. to N. E., the highest of which is Beniawers. The country N. W. of this ridge is mountainous, and contains several lakes ; but the opposite side, though not free from hills, is more low and fertile. The principal rivers are the Forth and Tay. Perth is the capital. Pertigi, a town of the island of Sardinia, 19 m. S. E. of Castel Arot'opese. Perttiis, a town of France, department of Vau- cluse, near the Durance, 11 m. N. of Aix. 38 S. E. of Avignon. Peru, an independent state of S. America, the largest of the former Spanish viceroyalties, bound- ed on the N. by the republic of Colombia, W. by the Pacific Ocean, S. by Chile, and E. by Brazil- It is 750 m. in medium length, from N. to S.,and about 500 in breadth. Rain is unknown in the S. parts ; but in the N., where the mountains are not so high, it often rains excessively. There are large forests on the sides of the mountains which advance near the sea ; but none of the trees are like those in Europe. Peru has been long celebrated for its mines of gold and silver, which are the chief or only source of its riches. Besides the produce of the mines, the commodi- ties exported are sugar, Vienna wood, cotton, Pe- ruvian bark, copper, and cocoa. The fiercest beasts of prey in Peru are the puma and jaguar, inaccurately called lions and tigers by the Euro- peans ; for they possess neither the undaunted courage of the former, nor the ravenous cruelty of the latter. The lama, or American camel, in- habits the cold districts, and the elk, bear, deer, ar madilloes, monkeys, &.C., are numerous. Among the birds, the most remarkakle is the condor, which is entitled to pre-eminence over the flying tribe, in bulk, strength and courage. The river Guayaquil abounds with alligators, and the neigh- bouring country swarms almost as much with snakes and vipers as that round Porto Bello does with toads. When the Spaniards landed in this country, in 1530, they found it governed by sr v- ereigns called Incas, who were revered by liieir subjects as divinities . and the inhabitants were found to be much more polished than the natives of other parts of America, those of Mexico ex- cepted. These were soon subdued bj' the Span- iards, under the command of Francic Pizarro. Aft.er the assassination of Pizarro, in 1541, the country continued a prey to civil contentions and insurrections, till about the year 1562, when Tupac Amaru the son of Manco Capac, who had taken refuge m the mountains, was attack- ed by the viceroy Toledo. The inca surrender- ed himself, and was led to tlie scaffold amid the PES 595 PET tears of the people The royal authority, thus established, continued without interruption till 1781, when a descendant of Amaru began an in- Burrection. After two years of varied success he was, however, surprised and taken prisoner to- f ether with his family, who were all executed, eru now remained in subjection to Spain, and in a comparative state of tranquillity for some time ; and in 1809, when juntas were established in La Paz and Quito, Peru, sent out troops which sup- pressed their rising efforts. In 1817 the Peru- vian army was compelled to evacuate Chile; and Chile in return sent an army into Peru, under general San Martin, who in 1821, in conjunction with the fleet under Lord Cochrane succeeded in liberating it from the Spanish j'oke. The country has since undergone so many changes that it cannot at present be considered as in a set- tled state. Lima is the capital. See America. Peru, p.t. Bennington Co. Vt.30 m. N. E. Ben- nington. Pop. 4.55. This town produces the best iron in the United States; p.t. Berkshire Co. Mass. 118 m. W. Boston. Pop. 729;. p.t. Clinton Qo. N. y. on Lake Champlain opposite Burling- ton. Pop. 4,949 ; p. v. Huron and Delaware Cos. Ohio. Perucria, a province of Italy, in the pope's do- minions comprehending the ancient province of Perugino. It is 25 m. long and 24 broad ; and is bounded W. by Tuscany, S. by Orvieto, E. by Spoleto and Urbino, and N. by Citta di Castello. The soil is fertile in corn and good wine. Perua-ia, the capital of the above province, and a bishop's see, with a strong citadel and univer- sity. The churches, and many other buildings, public and private, are very handsome. It is seated on a hill, near the Tiber, 85 m. N. of Rome. Long. 12. 20. E., lat. 43. 6. N. Perugia, a lake of Italy, 8 m. W. of the city of its name. It is almost round, 5 m. in diameter, and in it are three islands. Peruvian Mountains, 9. range in the north-eastern part of New fork running parallel with Lake Champlain. The highest summit is called White- face, and is 3,000 feet above the lake. Pesaro, a sea-port of the ecclesiastical states, in the delegation of Urbino, and a bishop's see ; the cathedral is magnificent, and it has several handsome churches, with exquisite paintings. The environs are remarkable for producing olives and excellent figs. It is seated on an eminence, at the mouth of the Foglia, on the gulf of Venice, 17 m. E. N. E. of Urbino. Long. 13. 2. E., lat. 45. 52. N. Pesr.ara, a strong town of Naples, in Abruzzo Citra, at the mouth of a river of the same name, on the gulf of Venice, 9 m. N. N. E. of Chieti. Peschiera, a strong town of Austrian Italy, in the Veronese. It was taken by the French in 1796; and the garrison surrendered to the Aus- trians in 1799. It is seated on the river Mincio, where it proceeds from the lake Garda, 16 m. W. of Verona. Pcscia-, a town of Tuscany, in the province of Florence, celebrated for its fine oil, 25 ra. N. E of Florence. Pescina, a town of Naples, in Abruzzo Ultra, near the Lake Celano, 20 m. S. by E. of Aquila. Pesenas, a town of France, department of He- rault, on the river Herault, 12 ra. N. E. of Be- ziers. Pest, a town of Hun^fary, capital of a palatinate of the same name, with a fortress, a royal palace, and a university, the only one in the kingdom. Here are many Greek merchants, who conduct the Levant trade to Germany and the northern nations. It is seated on the E. side of the Danube, opposite Buda, 96 m. E. S. E. of Presburg. Long. 19. 8. E., lat. 47. 30. N. Pesti, a town of Naples, in Principato Citra, seated near the magnificent ruins of the ancient Paestum, 20 m. S. E. of Salerno. Petapa, a town of Mexico, 25 m. S. E. of Guatimala. Petaguel, a province on the N. coast of Brazil, between the provinces of Seara and Rio Grande. It contains mines of silver. Pe-tche-li, the principal province of China, bounded on the N. by the Great Wall and part of Tartary, E. by the Yellow Sea, S. by Chaiig-tong and Ho-nan, and W. by the mountains of Chan- si. It contains nine cities of the first class, which have many others under their jurisdiction. Al- though Pe-tche-li extends no further than 42. N. lat. yet all its rivers are so much frozen during four mouths in the year that waggons with the heaviest loads may safely pass them. The soil is sandy, and produces very little rice ; but it abounds with all other kinds of grain, and with the greater part of the fruit trees common in Europe. But, what renders this province the most considerable, is that the riches of the whole empire are brought hither, the southern provinces furnishing it with every thing they produce that is most uncommon and delicious. The inhabitants, in general, are reckoned not so polite, nor so apt to learn the sciences, as those of the southern provinces ; but they are stronger and more warlike. Their num- ber is estimated at 38,000,000. Pekin is the capital. Peter and Paid, St., or Petrirpauloskoi, a sea-port of Russia, in Kamtschatka. The town consists of some log-houses and a few conical huts. Cap- tain Clerke, who succeeded captain Cook, and died at sea, was interred here. It is seated on the E. side of Awatska Bay. Long. 158. 48. E., lat. 53. 1. N. Peter le Port, St., a market town in the island of Guernsey, with an excellent harbour, defended by two castles. Peterborough. & city in Northamptonshire, Eng. It is a bishop's see, and contains 8,5.58 inhab- itants ; the cathedral was formerly a monaste- ry. The market-place is spacious, the streets re- gular, and many of the buildings extremely neat. The manufacture of stockings is extensive, and considerable trade is carried on in corn, coal, and timber. 81 m. N. of London. Long. 0. 4. W . lat. 52. 30. N. Peterborough, p.t. Hillsborough Co. N. H 40 m. S. W. Concord. Pop. 1,984. Here are maa ufactures of cotton, woolen, paper, oil, «fec. ; p.t. Madison Co. N. Y. 122 m. W. Albany. PET 696 PET Peterhead, a sea-port of Scotland, in Aberdoen- Bhire, situate on a peninsula, about a m. S. of the mouth of U^ie. It has two harbours, defended by piers ; a considerable trade in the fishery, and to the Baltic ; and manufactures of thread, woolen cloth, and cotton. Here is a small fort and a bat- tery. A mineral spring, of a powerful diuretic quality, and the sea-bathing, bring a great resort of company, for whose accommodation there is a ball-room and many elegant houses. 34 m. N. E. of Aberdeen. Long. 1. 35. W., lat. 57.27. N. Peters, a township of Franklin Co. Pa. Petersburali, a government or province of Rus- sia, at the E. extremity of the gulf of Finland. The greater part of this province, was formerly callea Ingermanland or Ingria. It comprises an area of lri,00() square miles, with 700,000 inhabit- ants. Timber forms the chief source of wealth. Petersburgh, the metropolis of the Russian em- pire, in the government of the same name, is sit- uated on the river Neva, near the gulf of Finland, and is built partly upon some islands in the mouth of that river, and partly upon the continent. So late as the beginning of the last century, tho ground on which Petersburgh now stands was only a vast morass, occupied by a few fishermen's huts. Peter the Great first began this city in 1703. He built a small hut for himself, and some wretched wooden hovels. In 1710 the Count Golovkin built the first house of brick, and the next year the emperor, with his own hand, laid the founda- tion of a house of the same material. From these small beginnings rose the imperial city of Peters- burgh ; and, in less than nine years after the wooden hovels were erected, the seat of empire was transferred from Moscow to this place. The streets, in general are broad and spacious; and three of the principal ones, which meet in a point at the admiralty, are at least two m. in length. The mansions of the nobles are vast piles of build- ing, furnished with great cost, in the same ele- gant style as at Paris or London, and situated chiefly on the S. side of the Neva, either in the admiralty quarter, or in tiie suburbs of Livonia and Moscow, which are the finest parts of the city. The views upon the banks of the Neva ex- hibit the grandest and moat lively scenes imagi- nable. That river is in many places as broad as the Thames at London : it is also deep, rapid, and as transparent as crystal ; and its banks are lined on each side with a continued range of grand buildings. On the N. the fortress, the academy of sciences, and tjie academy of arts, are the most striking objects. On the opposite side are the imperial palace, the admiralty, the mansions of many Russian nobles, and the English line, so called because it is mostly occupied by English merchants. In the front of these buildings, on the S. side, is the quay, which extends three m. eicept where it is interrupted by the admiralty ; and the Neva, during the whole of that space, has been embanked by a wall, parapet, and pavement of hewn granite. There are no fewer than 35 great churches (almost every sect of Christains Being tolerated), and the number of inhabitants is supposed to be about 300,000. It is said that 3,000 one-horse sledges are employed for passengers in the streets, in winter. From its low and marshy situation, it is subject to inundations, which have sometimes risen so high as to threaten the town ■with a total submersion. The opposite divisions of Petersburg, situated on each side of the Neva, are connected by two bridges on pontoons, which, on account of the large masses of ice driven down the stream from lake Ladoga, are usually removed when these masses first make their appearance ; and for a few days, till the river is frozen hard enough to bear carriages, there is no communi- cation between the opposite parts of the towt>. Among the noblest ornaments of Petersburg is an equestrian statue of Peter the Great, in bronze, erected by Catherine II. in 1782. It is of colossal size, and stands on a huge pedestal of rock, brought there at great expense. Within the walls of the fortress is the cathedral of St. Peter and St. Paul, in which are deposited the remains of Peter the Great, and of the successive sovereigns, except Peter II , who was buried at Moscow. The lite- rary and scientific institutions are numerous but the most important is the university, founded in 1819. A Bible society is established on an ex- tensive scale, having upwards of 200 auxiliaries in different parts of the empire. Of the charita- ble institutions the principal are the foundling hospital, the sailors' hospital, the lazaretto, the asylum for the blind, the asylum for the deaf and dumb, the humane society, &.c. The manufac- tures are various, and some of them of considera- ble extent ; and the commercial intercourse is important from its extensive communication with the interior, this being the only great maritime outlet in the gulf of Finland. The principal ex- ports are hemp, flax, skins, leather, iron, tallow, &c. : the imports suffar, coffee, cotton, indigo, dyewood, spices, hardware, &c. The number of ships that enter the Neva annually, of which nearly half are British, varies from 1,000 to 1,700. In 1831 this city suffered severely hy the pesti- lential cholera. Petersbujg is 355 m. N. W. of Moscow, 430 N. E. of Stockholm, and 1,400 E. N. E. of London. Long. 30. 20. E,, lat. 59. 56. N. Pelersburg, p.t. Rensselaer Co. N. Y. 25 m. N. E. Albany. Fop. 2,011 ; p.t. Adams, Lancaster and Perry Cos. Pa. ; p.t. Dinwiddle Co. Va. on the Ap- pomattox, 25 m. S. Richmond. This town is a port of entry, and has a considerable commerce in grain, flour, cotton and tobacco. Pop. 8,322; p.t. Elbert Co. Geo. on the Savannah, 35 m. above Augusta ; p. v. Woodland Co. and Boone Co. Ken. p.t. Columbiana Co. Ohio ; p. v. Pike Co. Ind. Petersdorf, a town of Prussia, in the province of Samland, 24 m. S. of Konigsberg. Petersfield^a. borough in Hampshire, Eng. 54 m. S. W. of London. Petershagen, a town of Prussian Westphalia, with a castle, seated on the Weser, 7 m. N. N. E. of Minden. Petersham, p.t. Worcester Co. Mass. 67 m . W. by N. Boston. Pop. 1 ,695. Petershavsen, a town of Germany, in Baden, with a Benedictine abbey and a fort ; seated on the N. side of the Rhine, opposite Constance. Peterstown, p.t. Monroe Co. Va. Petersville, p.t. Frederick Co. Va. Peterwaradin, a town of Sclavonia, one of the strongest frontier places the house of Austria has against the Turks, over whom, in 1716, prince Eugene here gained a great victory. It is seated on the Danube, opposite the fortress of Neusatz, in Hungary. 40m.N. W. of Belgrade Long. 20. 30. E., lat. 45. 23. N. Petherton, Sovth, 9. ioyrn in Somersetshire, Eng. with a manufacture of dowlas ; 130 m. W. by S. of London. Petigliano, a town of Tuscany, in the Sien- nese, 8 m. W. of Castro and 45 S. E. of Sien> na. Petit Guave, a sea-port of St. Domingo, seated PPO 597 PHI on a bay at the W. end of the island. It is 200 m. E. of Jamaica. Long. 72. 52. W., lat. 18. 27. N. Fetovne, a city of Eastern Tartary, in tlie prov- ince of Kirin, inhabited principally by Tartar soldiers and Chinese condemned to exile. It is seated on the Songari, 150 m. N. by W. of Kirin. Long. 125. 55. E., lat. 45. 10. N. Petrclla, a town of Naples, in the Principato Citra, 11 m. E.of Molise. Pelrdla, a town of Albania, 26 m. S. E. of Durazzo. Pelrikotc, a town of Poland, and for some time the meetinir-place of the Polish diets, 80 m. S. VV. of Warsaw. Long. 19. 46. E.. lat. 51. 12. N. Pelrina, a strong town of the Austrian states, in Croatia, seated on the Kulpa, 37 m. £. of Carl- stadt. Petrozavodsk, a town of Russia, capital of the government of Olonetz, with manufactures of stoneware, leather, lead, &c., and a foundery for cannon. It is seated on Lake Onega. 65 m N. E. of Olonetz. PettapoUy,a. town of Hindoostan, in the district of Guntoor, seated on the bay of Bengal, 38 m. S. S. E. of Condavir and 48 N. E. of Ongole. PettatD, a town of the Austrian states, in Stiria, with considerable manufactures; seated on the Drave, 15 m. S. E. of Marchburg. Pettycur, a harbour of Scotland, in Fifeshire, one mile W. of Kinghorn, in the frith of Forth. It is the usual landing-place of passengers from Leith, on the opposite shore. Peticorth, a town in Sussex, Eng. In the cen- tre of the town is a very handsome market-house of stone ; and in the church are interred the re- mains of many of the Percies, earls of Northum- berland ; seated near the Arun, 12 m. N. E. of Chichester and 48 S. W. of London. Pevense.y, a village in Sussex, Eng. 14 m. W. S. W. of Hastings, situate on a small river which runs into a bay of the English Channel, called Pevensey Harbour. Here is an ancient castle, which belonged to Robert, earl of Morton, and is said to be the largest and most entire remain of Roman buildings to be seen in Britain. Peven- sey was anciently a famous haven, though now it is nearly 2 m. from the sea. Here William the Conqueror landed, when he invaded England. Peytonslrurg, a village of Pittsylvania Co. Va. Pfuffenhofen, a town of Bavaria, with a Bene- dictine monastery at a small distance. It is seat- ed on the Ilm, 15 m. S. of Ingolstadt. — Also a town of Wurtomberg, on the Zaber, 18 m. N. of Stuttgard ; — a town ofthe Austrian states, in Ty- rol, seated on the Inn, 15 m. W. of Innspruck; — and a village of Bavaria, 8 m. S. E. of Ulm. Pfalzel, a town of Prussia, in the province of Lower Rhine. It has a convent, which was form- erly a palace of the kings of the Franks, and is seated on the Moselle, 3 m. N. E. of Treves. Pfeddersheim, a town of Germany, in Hesse- Darmstadt ; seated on the river Prim, 5 rn. W. of Worms. Pfo.ffi^o^^, a town of Switzerland, in the canton of Zurich, 12 m. E. of Zurich. Pfeter, a town of Bavaria, on a river of the same name, near its conflux with the Danube, 14 m. E. by S. of Ratisbon. Pjinz-and-Entz, one of the ten circles of the grand duchy of Baden, lying along the two rivers Pfinz and lintz, from the Rhine to the frontiers of Wurteraberg. Bruchsal is the chief town. Pforten, a town of Lusatia, 10 m. S. of Guben. Pforzheim, a town of Germany, in Baden, with a castle, and a considerable trade in wood, and manufactures of cloth, stuffs, stockings, jewell- ry, and watches. It is seated on the £ntz, 15 m. E. by S. of Durlach. Pfreimht, a town of Bavaria, with a castle, seat- ed at the conflux of the Pfreimbt with the Nab, 10 m. E. of Amberg. Pfullendorf, a town of Baden, seated on the Andalspatch, 22 m. N. by E. of Constance. Pful'ivgen, a town of Wurtemberg, 8 m. S. E. of Tubingen. Phalslmrg, a fortified town of France, depart- ment of Meurthe, near the Vosges mountains, 27 m. W. N. W. of Strasburg. Phanagora, a town of Russia, in the island of Taman, with a strong fort. The ruins still show that it has formerly been large and magnificent. It is seated on a gulf of the Black Sea, 70 m. E. by N. of Caffa. Long. 36. 40. E.. lat. 45. 12. N. Pharos, a smau isia..i ^7i liie Mediterranean Sea opposite Alexandria, in Eg}-pt, the space between which and the continent forms an extensive har- bour. It has a communication with the continent by a stone causeway'and bridge. It had former- ly an exceedingly high tower upon it called the Pharos, on the ton of which were lights for the di- rection of ships. ' Long. 31. 11. E., lat. 30. 24. N. Pharsalia, p.t. Chenango Co. N. Y. 12 m. N. W. Norwich. Pop. 987. Pharza, anciently Pharsalia, a town of Greece, in Thessaly, famous for the decisive victory gain- ed by Julius CsBsar over Pompey,in 48 B. C. It is an archiepiscopal see, and seated on the £ni- peus, 10 m. S. of Larissa. Phelps, p.t. Ontario Co. N. Y. 200 m. W. Al- bany. Pop. 4,798. Philadtlphia. See Mla-Sheir. Pliiluddphia, a county of the E. district of Pennsylvania comprising 120 sq. m. besides the city of that name and its suburbs. Pop. 188,961. Philadelphia, the chief city in Pennsylvania and formerly the seat of government, stands on the western bank of the Delaware, 126 miles from the sea by the course of the river and bay, and 5 miles above the confluence of the Delaware and Schuylkill. The site is a perfect level, and the city is built on the most uniform rectangular plan. The houses are of dark colored brick, and the streets from 50 to 100 feet wide ; it is probably the most regular city in the world, a circumstance that secures it numberless advantages in the way of convenience, but which deprives it of all that is picturesque and diversified in aspect. It has many buildings of striking elegance ; the finest is the United States Bank, which has a front of white marble, on the model of the Parthenon. Another edifice formerly occupied for the same purpose has a handsome marble front of the Cor- inthian order ; some of the other banks, and many ofthe churches are fine specimens of architecture. The Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts is a chartered company having for its object the en- couragement of the arts of painting, sculpture, architecture and engraving. It has a good col- lection of paintings, some fine pieces of statuary and a library. The academy of Natural Sciences have also a good museum and library, and conduct a scientific journal. There are about 40 periodicals in the city including 23 newspapers, 8 of which are daily. Bookselling is an active branch of busi- ness, and consists chiefly in the republication of English works. The manufactures of this city, and the neigh •^' PH/ 598 PHI bonrhood are principally ofcQtton cloth, iron, glass, china,carpcnter'8 work,&.c. In the mechanic arts no city of the United States is superior to Phila- delphia. There are 7 marliets in the city, 87 places of public worship, 2 theatres, 13 banks and 10 public schools. In the north-western suburb is the State Prison or Eastern Penitentiary, the larg- est building in the United States ; it is built of gra- nite, and covers a space of 10 acres ; the principal front is 670 feet in length. The arcade has two marble fronts and contains Peal»-'s Museum, the beat scientific collection in this country. Here are most of the birds from which Wilson drew the figures which illustrate his work on Ornithology. This museum also con- tains the most perfect skeleton of the mammoth which has yet been found in this country. The mint of the United States is a neat marble edifice. The University of Pennsylvania, established at this place was founded in 1755; it has 9 instructers and 125 students. The Pennsylvania Hospital, b one of the oldest and best institutions of the kind in the country ; it comprises two buildings, one of 278 feet in length ; the number of patients Is usually about 200. West's painting of Christ healing the sick, presented by the artist to the hospital, is shown in a building attached to the establishment. The Philadelphia library was es- tablished by the exertions of Dr Franklin, and now contains 22,000 volumes : the building is or- namented with a marble statue of the founder. The American Philosophical Society have a libra- ry of 4,000 volumes. The Atheneuin 2,000. The Academy of Natural Sciences 2,000. The Society of Friend« 2,000, and the Hospital 5,000. The Pennsylvania University occupies an edifice orig- iiially designed for the residence of the President of the United States. Ti.o Fiir Mount Water Works constitute an im- mense lydraulic establishment upon the Schuyl- kill a lutle above the cily, fo.r supplying Philadel- phia w.th wat^r ; the Schuylkill is dammed, and the wr'er of the river raised into reservoirs hold- ing nearly 20,000,000 gallons. From these the water * conveyed in pipes, amounting in ■ggregale length to 55 miles, through Philadel- pTiiaand the suburbs. These works cost nearly a million and a half of dollars. There are two bridges over the Schuylkill below the water works. The Delaware at the city is ihree quarters of a mile wide, and is navigable for ships of the line. The iity extends nearly from the Delaware to the Schiit^lkill. The streets are kept uncommonly clear the markets are well supplied, and living is cht-aper than in any other large city in the United States. It is a very agreeable place of residence except in summer, when the heat is intense. It was founded by William Penn in 1682 ; and is governed by a Mayor, two councils and a board of aldermen. The expenses of the city in 1830 were 255,551 dollars. In commerce it is the fourth city in the union : in 1828 the shipping owned here amounted to 104,080 tons. It is in N. lat. 39. 57. W., Long. 75. 18. 138 m. N. E. Washington ; 100 N. E. Baltimore; 90 S. W. New York; 300 S. W. Boston. Pop. 167.811. Philadelphia, p.t. Jefferson Co. N. Y. 173 m N. W. Albany. Pop. 1,167; p. v. Monroe Co. Ten Philanthropy, p. v. Bath Co. Ohio. Philip, St., a. town of Spain. See Xativa. Philip, St., a town of Brazil. See Luis de Mar- anham, St. Philip Islands, two islands in the S. Pacific, discovered by captain Hunter in 1791. They are 5 m. asunder, but almost joined by a sandy spit above water. They are covered with shrubs, have few tall trees on them, and the land is low. Long, of tne eastern island 140. 3. E., lat. 8. 6. S. Philippeville, a fortified town of the Nether- lands, 22 m. S. by W. of Namur. Philippi, a town of Macedon, and an archbish- op s see. Near this place commonly called the plains of Philippi, Cassius and Brutus were de- feated by Augustus and Mark Antony, in 42 B. C. It is greatly decayed, but an amphitheatre and several other monuments of its ancient grandeur remain. 60 m. E. of Salonica. Long. 24. 18. E., lat. 40. 40. N. Philippine, a strong town of the Netherlands, in Flanders. It was taken by the French in 1747, and again in 1794 ; but restored in 1814. It is seated on an arm of the Scheldt, 15 m. N. by W. of Ghent. Philippine Islands, a large cluster of islands, said to be 1 ,100 in number, in the E. Indian Ocean. They were discovered by Magellan in 1519. The air is very hot and moist, and the soil fertile in rice, &c. The trees are always green, and there are ripe fruits all the year. There are many wild beasts and birds, quite unknown in Europe. The inhabitants are affable, hospitable, and honest. They cultivate the land with considerable skill, and rear pigs, fowls, goats, and buffaloes, unde- the same roof with themselves. The houses are bamboo, covered with palm leaves, raised on pil- lars to the height of nine feet. The chief food con- sists of rice, cocoa-nuts, and salted fish. Further particulars are given under the names of the re- spective islands. Philippines, JS'ew. See Pelew Islands. Philippopoli, a town of Macedon, founded by Philip, the father of Alexander the Great. It was nearly destroyed by an earthquake in 1818. It is seated on a small island formed by the Ma- rizza, 95 m. W. N. W. of Adrianople. Philips JVorton, a town in Somersetshire, Eng and 104 m. W. of London. Philipsburg, p. v. Orange Co. N. Y., Warren Co. N. J., Centre Co. Pa. and Jefferson Co. Ohio. Pbilipsville, a village in New Feliciana Parish, Louisiana. PAi7/ips, a county of Arkansas. Pop. 1,152. Hel ena is tlie capital. Phillips, p.v. Somerset Co. Me. 109 m. N. Port- land. Philipsburg, a town of Germany, in the grand duchy of Baden, formerly fortified and considered as one of the bulwarks of the empire. It was taken by the French in 1734, when the duke of Berwick was killed at the siege ; but it was re- stored the year following by the treaty of Vienna. In 1799 it was four times blockaded by the French republicans, and was at length completely dis. P.D 599 PIL mantled. It is seated ©n the Rhine, 17 m. N. of Durlach. Fhilipstadt, a town of Sweden, in Wermeland, seated in a mountainous country, abounding in iron mines, between two !akes, and watered by a rivulet. 29 m. N. £. of Carlstodt and ICO W. by N. of Stockholm. Pkilipstown, a town of Ireland, capital of King's county. 40 m. W. of Dublin. Long. 7. 13. W., lat. 53. 13. N. Phillipstown, p.t. Putnam Co. N. Y. on the Hudson, nearly opposite West Point. Pop. 4,81G. PhUlipston, p.t. Worcester Co. Mass. 65 m. N. W. Boston. Pop. 932. Philone, p.v. Franklin Co. Ohio. 14 m. from Cohimbus. Phipshurg, p.t. Lincoln Co. Me. on the Kenne- bec. 20 in. S. W. Wiscasset. Piacenza. See Placenza. Pianezza, a town and castle of the Sardinian states, in Piedmont, sealed on the Dora, 6 m. W. of Turin. Pianoza, an island off the coast of Tuscany, 6 m. S. of that of Elba. It is level and low, as the name imports. Long. 10. 34. E., lat. 42. 40. N. Piave, a river of Auatrian Italy, which rises in the delegation of Feltre, flows through the Vene- tian territory, and falls into the gulf of Venice, IG m. N. E. of Venice. Piazza, a town of Sicily, in Val di Noto, situ- ate almost in the centre of the island, 38 m. W. N. W. of Lentini. Picardy, a former province of France, on the English Channel, now chiefly included in Uie de- partment of Somme. Pickaicay, a county of Ohio. Pop. 15,935, Clr- cleville is the capital. Also a town in this Co. on the Scioto. Pickering, a town in N. Yorkshire, Eng. It had a strong castle, in which Richard II. waa confined, now in ruins. The parish church is an ancient and spacious building, with a fine lofty spire ; and here are meeting-houses for Indepen- dents, Wesleyans, Primitive Methodists, and Friends. 26 m. N. E. of York and 222 N. by W. of London. Pico, one of the Azores or Western Islands. It has a volcanic mountain, called Pico, about 8,000 feet in perpendicular height, from the sur- face of the sea to the summit of the peak ; on its sides are numerous craters, several of which are now almost concealed by trees. The last erup- tion of the peak happened in 1718, and destroyed several vineyards. The island is about 80 m. in circumference, and produces a great deal of wine. Long. 28. 26. W., lat. 38. 29. N. Pichincha, a volcano in South America, 15,993 feet above the sea. It is situated near Quito, 11 deg. S. of the equator. Pickens, a county of Alabama. Pop. 6,620. Pickens is the capital. Pickensville, p.v. Pendleton Dis. S. C. Pictou, a small island, between that of St. John and the continent of Nova Scotia, at the E. end of Northumberland Strait. Long. 62. 15. W., lat. 45. 50. N. Pcits' Wall, in England, a famous barrier against the Picts, of which some remains are left. It be- gan at the entrance of Solway Frith, in Cumber- land, and, passing E. by Carlisle, was continued across the island to Tynemouth. Pidaura, a town of the Morea, the ancient Epidaurus. It is sitoate on the W. coast of the gulf of Egina, 25 m. E. of Napoli di Romania. Long. 23. 22. E., lat. 37. 40. N. Piedmont, a principality of Italy, 150 m. long and 90 broad ; bounded on the N. by the Valais, E. by the Milanese, S. by the county of Nice and the territory of Genoa, and W. by France. It contains many high mountains, among which are rich and fruitful valleys, as populous as any part of Italy. In the mountains are rich mines of several kinds, and the forests afford a great deal of game. The principal rivers are the Po, Tana- ro, Sturia, and Doria. This country has a great trade in raw silk ; and it produces com, rice, wine, fruits, hemp, flax, and cattle. It belongs to the king of Sardinia, whose authority was re- stored in 1814. Turin is the capital. Pienza, a town of Tuscany, 25 m. S. E. of Siena. Piercy, a township of Coos Co. N. H. Pop. 236. Piermont, p.t. Grafton Co. N. H. Pop. 1,042. Pierpont, p.t. Ashtabula Co. Ohio. Pierrepoint, p.v. St. Lawrence Co. N. Y. Pop. 749. Pierre, St., a small island near Newfoundland, ceded to the French in 1763, for drying and curing their fish. They were dispossessed of it by the English in 1793. Long. 56. 0. W., lat. 46. 39. N. Pierre, St., a town of the island of Martinico, situate on a round bay, on the W. coast, 15 m. N. W. of Fortroyal. Long. 61. 21. W., lat. 14. 44. N. Pierre le Moutier, St., a town of France, depart- ment of Nievre, 15 m. N. W. of Moulins and 150 S. of Paris. Pielola, a village of Austrian Italy, near Man- tua, the birth-place of Virgil, to whose memory an obelisk was erected in 1797, by Bonaparte. Pietro, St., an island in the Mediterranean, 13 m. long and 3 broad, near the S. W. coasts of Sardinia, taken by the French in 1763, but reta- ken soon after. Pignerol , or Pignerola, a town of Piedmont, and a bishop's see, with manufactures of woolen, silk, papter, and leather, and a trade in .corn, wine, spirits, &c. It is seated on the Cluson, 20 m. S. W. of Turin. Pike, a county of the E. District of Pennsyl- vania. Pop. 4,843. Milford is the capital ; a county of Ohio. Pop. 6,024. Piketon is the capital ; a county of Kentucky. Pop. 2,677. Pikeville is the capital; a county of Indiana. Pop. 2,464. Petersburg is the capital ; a county of Missouri. Pop. 6,1!^. Bowling Green is the capital ; a county of Mississippi. Pop. 5,402. Holmesville is the capital ; also towns and villages in Alleghany Co. N. Y. Pop. 2,016. Bradford Co. Pa., Knox, Perry, Madison, Wayne, Starke and Clark Cos. Ohio. Pikeland, a township of Chester Co. Pa. Pike Run, a township of Washington Co. Pa. Pikesmlle, p.v. Baltimore Co. Maryland. Pikeville, p.v. Marion Co. Alabama. Pilesgrove, a township of Salem Co. N. J. Pilgram, a town of Bohemia, in the circle of Bechin, at the source of the Iglau, 28 m. E^ of Tabor. Pillav, a sea-port of Prussia, on the Baltic. The harbour is good, and it is well fortified, be- ing considered as the bulwark and key of the kingdom. Here is a magazine for military stores ; and below the gate of the castle is a stone equea> PIO 600 PIS trian statue of Frederic William the Great. The streets are broad and straight, and the houses built in the Dutch taste. In 1807 it was taken by the French, and re-taken by the Russians in 1813. It is 20 m. W. by S. of Konigsberg, of which it is the port. Long. 20. 20. E., lat. 54. 38. N. ■ Pilnitz, a town of Saxony, in Meissen, with a royal palace, celebrated for a treaty entered into by the princes of Europe against France, in 1792. The palace was burned down in 1818, but has since been rebuilt. 7 m. S. E. of Dresden. Pilsen, a town of Bohemia, capital of a circle of the same name, which is particularly rich in sheep, and noted for excellent cheese. The town is fortified and well built, and seated at the con- flux of the Radbuza and Walta, 55 m. S. W. of Prague. Lon^. 13. 39. E., lat. 49. 42. N. Pilsno, or Pilzow, a town of Austrian Poland, seated on the Wisloka, 60 m. E. of Cracow. Pi/tea, a town of Rus.sia, in Courland, capital of a fertile district of its name ; seated on the riv- er Windau, 16 m. N. N. W. of Goldingen. Pinckneij, p.t. Lewis Co. N. Y. Pop. 783; p.v. Montgomery Co. Missouri. PiuckneyviUe, p.t. Union Dis. S. C. Pine, townships in Alleghany and Lycoming Cos. Pa. Pine Grove, a township of Schuylkill Co. Pa.; p.v. Warren Co. Pa. Pine Hill, p.v. York Dis. S. C. PinevUle, p.v. Charleston Dis. S. C. 50 m. N. Charleston. Pines, Isle of, an island in the S. Pacific, off the S. end of New Caledonia, 14 m. in length. It is a pointed hill, sloping toward the extremities, which are very low ; and on the low land are many tall pine trees. Long. 167. 38. E., lat. 22. 38. S. See Pinos. Piney, a town of France, department of Aube, 12 m. E. N. E. ofTroyes. Ping-king , or Ping-yuen, a city of China, of the first rank, in the province of Koeitcheou, 930 m. S. S. W. of Pekin. Long. 107. 28. E., lat. 26. 38. N. Pingliang, a cily of China, of the first rank, in the province of Chen-si ; seated on the river Kin-ho, 550 m. S. W. of Pekin. Long. 106. 25. E.. l.U. 35. 35. N. Pbikcl, a strong town of Portugal, in Beira, capital of a territory of the same name, and a bishop's see. It is seated on the Coa, 28 m. N. by W. of Guarda. Long. 6. 40. W., lat. 40. 46. N. Pinneberg, a town of Hanover, in the duchy of Hoistein, capital of a small province of its name, with a castle. It is seated on the Owe, 10 m. N. W. of Hamburgh. Pinos, an island of the W. Indies, on the S. side of Cuba, 25 m. long and 15 broad, mountain- ous, and covered with pines. Long. 82. 33. W., lat. 22. 2. N. Pinsk, a town of Russian Lithuania, in the gov- ernment of Minsk. There are many Jews among the inhabitants, and the Greeks have a bishop. The chief manufacture is dressing Russian leather. It is surrounded by morasses, and stands on a riv- er of the same name, 90 m. E. of Brzesc. Long. 26. 20. E., lat. 52. 18. N. Piomlino, a small principality of Italy, on the coast of Tuscany, to which was annexed the Island of Elba, separated by a channel 7 m. broad. PiombinOf a sea-port of Italy, capital of the above principality. It has a good harbour, de fended by a citadel, and is seated on a peninsula, 40 m. S. S. E. of Leghorn. Long. 10. 23. E., lat. 42. 57. N. Piperno, a town of the ecclesiastical states, in Campagna di Roma, built out of the ruins of the ancient Privernum, and seated on a mountain, 9 m. N. N. W. of Terracina. Pipley, a town of Bengal, seated on the Suban reeka, not far from its mouth, 53 m. S. of Mid- napore. Piqua, p.t. Miami Co. Ohio. Pirano, a small sea-port of the Austrian states, in Istria, seated on a peninsula 6 m. S. W. of Capo d'Istria. Piritz, a town of Pomerania, seated near the lake Maldui, 12 m. S. by W. of New Stargard. Pirmasens, a town of Bavaria, in the circle of the Rhine. Near this place, in 1793, the French were defeated by the Prussians. It is 13 m. E. of Deux Ponts. Pima, a town of Saxony, celebrated for a battle fought in its neighbourhood, between the allies and the French, in 1813. It has a castle on a mountain, called Sonnenstein, which was almost destroyed by the Prussians in 1756 and 1758, and is now an asylum for invalids, «&c. It is a place of considerable trade, situate on the Elbe, 12 m. S. E. of Dresden. Pisa, a city of Tuscany, capital of the Pisano, and an archbishop's see, with a famous university and three forts. The river Arno runs through Pisa, and over it are three bridges, one of which is constructed of marble ; and there is a canal hence to Leghorn. This city formerly contained 100,000 inhabitants, but there are not at present 20,000. The manufactures consist of steel, jew- ellry, embroidery, damasks, velvet, taffeta, and calico. The cathedral is a magnificent structure, and on the right side of the choir is a leaning tower, much noticed by travellers. There are upwards of 80 other churches: that of St. Stephen, belonging to an order of knights, is particularly deserving of notice. The other remarkable build- ings are the palaces of the grand duke and arch- bishop, the arsenal, the great hospital, and the magnificent exchange, which last is almost super- fluous, as the trade of Pisa is removed to Leghorn. It is seated in a fertile plain, at a small distance from the Mediterranean, 11 m. N. N. E. of Leg- horn and 42 W. by S. of Florence. Long. 10. 23. E., lat. 43. 43. N. Pisano, a territory of Tuscany, lying N. of the Florentino, on the Mediterranean. It is 47 m. long and 25 broad, abounds in corn, oil, and wine, and is well cultivated. Pisa is the capital. Piscadores. See Pong-hou. Piscataqtui, a river of New Hampshire, the mouth of which forms the only port in that state, and at its entrance is a lighthouse, in long. 70. 41. W., lat. 43. 4. N. Piscataway, a township of Middlesex Co. N. J. ; p.t. Prince George Co. Maryland. 18 m. S. of Washington. Pisco, a town of Peru, in the province of lea, with a good road for ships. It is seated in a coun- try fertile in excellent fruits and good wine, 130 m. S. S. E. of Lima. Long. 75. 55. W., lat. 13. 36. S. Pisek, a town of Bohemia, capital of the circle of Prachin. Bohemian diamonds are found here. It is seated on the Wotawa, near its conflux with the Muldau, 58 m. S. S. W. of Prague. Long. 14 0. E., lat. 49. 21. N. I*IT m PLA Pistoia, a city of Tuscany, and a bishop's see, with a citadel. There are several fine churches, magnificent palaces, and handsome streets ; but it is almost deserted, in comparison to what it was formerly. The Austrians defeated the Neapolitans here in 1815. It is seated near the river Stella, 20 miles N. W. of Florence. Long. 11. 29. E., lat. 43. 55. N. Pitcairn's Island, an island in the S. Pacific Ocean in lat. 2-5. 2. S. L..n^. 130. 21. VV. It is surrounded by rocks and difficult of access, yet is fertile and pleasant. Here the mutineers of the Bounty formed a settlement which has since been visited by British and American ships. The inhabitants are about 50 or (iO, a mixture of Eu- ropeans and OUiheitans; their mHnner.s are civil- ized, and they speak English. Pitcaitklij, a village of Sotland. seatpd in a se- questered vale, 5 miles S. of Perth. Its mineral waters have been lonij famed in tfcorbul.ic com- plaints, and it has good accoaiinodatioiis for in- valids. Pitha, a seaport of Sweden, in W. Bothnia, seated on a small island, at thf mouth of a river of its name, in the gulf of Bothnia. It is joined to the continent by a wooden bridi/e, and is 95 miles N. N. E. nf Uma. Long. 23. 58. E. lat. 65. 15. N. Pitschen. a town of Prussian Silesia, in the gov- ernment of Breslau, on the frontiers of Poland, 50 miles E. of Breslau. Pitt, a county of N. Carolina. Pop. 12,174. Greenville is the Capital. PUtemop.ein, a borough of Scotland, in Fifeshire, with a harbour on the frith of Forth. In the vi- cinity are coal mines and salt- works. 10 miles S. by E. of St. Andrew and 24 N. E. of Edinburgh. Pittshorough, p.v. Chatham Co. N. C. 2G m. VV. Raleigh. Pittsburg, city, Alleghany Co. Pa. the chief town in the western part of the state. It stands upon a point of land at the junction of the Alle- ghany and Monongahela rivers, which here take the name of Ohio. It is built on a reorular plan upon the slope of an eminence, and a level plain nt its foot. It IS finely situated for trade, and en- joys a communication by steiimboats with all the jrreat towns on the Ohio and Mississippi ; but it IS most distinguished for its large and flourishing manufactures of glass, iron, woolen and cotton. for whicli see Fennsi/lvania. The surrounding tountry is exceedinsrly rich in bituminous coal, which IS delivered at the houses for three cents the bushel. The congtant use of this fuel causes a perpetual nlnud of black smoke to hang over the place. The suburbs, Birminnrham and .Alle- ghany, lie on the opposite sides of the two rivers and communicate with the city by bridges. Pitts- burg is a very flourishing place ; it is not a hand- somely built town : yet it contains some neat edi- fices. Pop. 12..542. PittsjieJ d, p.t. Berkshire Co. Mass. 125 m. W. Boston. Pop. 3..^70. It is a pleasant town and has manufactures of cloth, muskets and drums. Here are barracks and a hospital of the United Slates. p.t. Merrimack Co. N. H. 15 m. N. W. Concord. Pop. 1,271 ; p.t. Rutland Co. Vt. Pop. 505; p.t. Otsego Co. N. Y. Pop. 1 .005. Piltsfortl, p t. Rutland Co. Vt. Pop. 2,005 p.t. Monroe Co. N. Y. Pop. 1,841. Pittsgrove, p.t. Salem Co. N. J. Pinston,p.t. Kennebec Co. Me. Pop. 1,804; pt. Hunterdon Co. N. J. ; p t Luzerne Co. Pa PUtstown, p.t. Rensselaer Co. N. Y. Pop. 3,702. 76 Pittsylvania, a county of the E. District of Vit ginia. Pop. 26,022. Piura, a town of Pern, capital of a province of the same name. This was the first Spanish set tlement in Peru, being founded by Pizarro in 1531. It is 25 m. S. E of Paita. Long. 80. 29, W.,lat. 5. 15. S. Pizzighitone, a town of Austrian Italy, with a strong castle, in which Francis I. of France was kept prisoner. It was taken by the French in 1733, again in 1796, and retaken by the Austrians and Russians in 1799. It is situate on the Adda, 10 m N.W. of Cremona and 30 S. E. of Milan. Pizzo, a town of Naples, in Calabria Ultra, on the gulf of St. Euphemia 4 m. W. by N. of Monte Leone. Pi'acentia, a town of Spain in Estremadura, and a bishop's see, with a castle. It is seated in a plain, almost surrounded by mountains, 50 m. N. K. of Alcantara and 110 W. S. W. of Madrid. Long. 5. 55. VV., lat. 40. G. N. PiaceiUia, a town of Spain, in Biscay, seated on the Deva, 25 m. E. by S. of Bilbao. Placentia, a sea-port of Newfondland, on the E. side of a large bay on the S. part of the island. The harbour is capacious, and defended by a fort, called St. Louis. It is 60 m. W. S. VV.-of St. John. Long. 53. 43. W., lat. 47. 15. N. Placenza, a fortified town of Italy, capital of a duchy, included in that of Parma, and a bishop's see, with a good citadel, and a celebrated universi- ty. The churches, squares, streets, artd fountains are beautiful. The inhabitants, about 30,000, have scarcely any other employment than the manu- facture of silk stuffs. At this place the Austrians gained a decisive victory over the Spaniards and French in 1746. In 1796 it was taken by the French, who were forced to evacuate it in 1799. In 1800 it again fell into the hands of the French, and was retained till 1814. It is of greater ex- tent than Parma, and is seated in a well cultivated country, near the river Po, 38 m. W. N. W. of Parma. Long. 9. 33. E., lat. 45. 5. N. See Parma. PUun, townships in Stark, Wayne and Frank- lin Cos. Ohio. Pliunfjdd, p.t. Washington Co. Vt. Pop. 874; p.t. Sullivan Co. N. H. Pop. 1,-581 ; p.t. Hamp- shire Co. Mass. no m. W. Boston. Pop. 983; p.t. Otsego Co. N. Y. Pop. 1,626; p.t. Essex Co. N. J. Northampton Co. Pa. and Coshocton Co. Ohio. Plaistow, p.t. Rockingham Co. N. H. Pop. 59L P/rtrt, a town of Bohemia, in the circle ofPil- sen. with a castle, 20 m. S. E. of Egra. Plaqunrntnes, a Parish of Louisiana. Pop. 4,489. Fort Jackson is the capital ; also the name of a bend in the Mississippi, 70 m. below New Orleans. Platte river, a branch of the Missouri, from the west ; it is 400 m. long and joins the Missouri in lat. 41. N. Plassey, a town of Bengal, in the district of Nuddeah, memorable for a great victory obtain- ed by colonel Clive in 1757 over the nabob Sura- jah Dowlah. It is 25 m. S. of .Moorshedabad. Plata or Chuquisara, a rich and populous city of Peru, capital of the province of Las Charcas, and an prohbishop's see, with a university. The cathedral is large, and finely adorned with paint- iniTs and orildincs. It is seated on the Chimao, Vm m. S."E. of Cusco. Long. 66. 34. W., lat. 19. 16. S. 3E ?'■» PLE 602 PLY Plata or Rio de la Plata, a large river of S. America, formed by the union of the great rivers Parana and Uraguay. It was discovered in 1515 by Juan Diaz, de Solis, a Spanish navigator who was slain by the natives in endeavouring to make a descent in the country. It forms the S. bound- ary of Brazil, and enters the Atlantic between the capes of St. Anthony and St. Mary, the lat- ter in lat. 35. S. It is H'tO m. broad at its mouth ; and at Monte Video, (iO m. up the river, the land i« not to be discerned on either shore when a Tessel IS in the middle of the channel. This river his many islets and shoals, which cause adverse cuirents, and render its navigation intricate; aita the only safe port on its shores, for ships of considerable burden, is Monte Video. Plata, a province of Buenos Ayres, in Para- guay, seated on the S. W. of the river Plata. Plate, a town and castle of Pomerania on the river Rega, 19 m. E. by S. of Camin. PlattekiU, a township of Ulster Co. N. Y. Pop. 2,044. Ptatten, a lake of Hungary, 60 m. to the S. E. of that of Neusidler. It is 46 m. in length, from 3 to 8 in breadth, and abounds with fish. Platlen, a town of Bohemia, in the circle of Saaiz, on the frontiers of Saxony, 14 m. N. of Eln- boge n . Plattshurg, p.t. Clinton Co. N. Y. on Lake Champlain 63 m. S. Montreal. Pop. 4,913. It was the scene of some important military events during the late war, and is particularly distin- guished for the defeat of the British army under Sir George Prevost, and the capture of the Brit- ish fleet by Commodoje Mc Donoutrh in Sept. 1814. Plav, a town of Saxony, in the grand duchy of Mecklenburg, with a castle, seated on a lake of the same name 20 m. S. S. E. of Gustrow. Plaurn, a town of Saxony, capital of Voigtland, with a castle. It has considerable cotton manu- factures, and is seated on the Elster, 80 m. S. W. of Dresden. Lrs. and seated on the Vistula, 30 m. E. S. E. of llatibor. Long. 19. 3. E., lat. 49. !37. N. Plcttrnherir, a town of Westphalia, with an an- cient castle ; situate on the Else and Oester, 13 m. S. S. W. of Arensbcrg. Pleyherg, a to-\-n and oaatle of Austria, in Can- inthia, seated on the Feistez, at the foot of a moun- tain 20 m. E. of Clagenfurt. Ploczko,a. town of Poland, capital of a Palatinate of the same name, and a bishop's see, with a cas- tle. It is seated on a hill, near the Vistula, 35 m. N. W. of Warsaw. Long. 19.29. E., lat. 52. 46. N. Plocn, a town of Denmark, in the duchy of/ Holstein. It has a castle on a mountain, and is seated on the N. side of a lake, 24 m. N. N. W. of Lubec. Long. 10. 30. E., lat. 54. 11. N. hloormel, a town of France department of Mor- biham, on the river Due, 27 m. N. E. of Vannes. Plotzkau, a town of Saxony, in the principality of Anhalt, with a castle; seated on the Saale, 10 m. W. of Kothen. Pluckemin, p.v. Somerset Co. N. J. Plvdenz, a town of Austria, in Tyrol, capital of a lordship of its name. It is seated on a plain, on the river 111, 12 m. S. S. E. of Felkirch. Plum Island, on the coast of Massachusetts, extends from Newburyport harbour to Ipswich. It is 9 m. long and a mile in breadth. It is com- posed of sand hills bearing a scanty vegetation of plum bushes. The whole surface of the island IS furrowed into singular hollows and ridges like immense snow drifts. It produces also wild grapes and cherries, and in the autumn affords a delight- ful resort for parties of pleasure who frequent the island in great numbers to enjoy the sea breezes On the north end stands two light houses. Plumb, a township of Alleghany Co. Pa. Plumpstead, a township of Berks Co. Pa. Pluviers, or Pithivierc, a town of France, in the department ofLoiret,20 m. N. N. E. of Orleans. Plymouth, a borough and sea-port in Devon- shire, Eng. It is seated at the mouth of the Plym, and next, to Portsmouth, is the most considerable harbour in England for men of war. It affords fine anchorage for ships, particularly since the constitution of the magnificent break-water across its entrance. The fishery for pilchards extend no further E. than this port, whence great quan- tities are exported to Italy and other cntholic countries. It carries on a considerable foreign and domestic trade. The charitable institutions are numerous, and among those for literary pur- poses are the Athenseum and a public library. It is 43 m. S. W. of Exeter and 216 W. by S. of Lon- don. Long. 4. 7. W., lat. 50. 23. N. Plymouth, a county of Massachusetts, border- ing on Mass. Bay. Pop. 42,993. Plymouth is the capital. Plymouth, p.t. the capital of the above county, 30m.S. E. Boston. Pop. 4,751. Itis memorable in American history as the place where the first settlers of New England landed in December 1G20. The Forefathers' Rock, on which ther first set foot has been removed from the sea shore to the centre of the town. The fortifications, erected to defend them from the Indians may still be seen here ,as also the first well dug in New England. The landing of the Pilgrims is annu- ally celebrated at this place, and a large stone ed- ific called Pilgrim Hall was erected here in 1S20 by the New England .society for use on such occa- sions. The harbour is shallow and insecure ; the town has some commerce and manufactures of cordage, iron and cotton. Pop. 4,751. Plipnouth, p.t. GraRon Co. N. H. Pop. 1,175 ; p.t. Windsor Co. Va. Pop. 1,237 ; p.t. Litchfield Co. Conn. Pop. 2,064 ; p.v. Chenango Co. N. Y. Pop. 1 591. also towns in Luzerne and Montgom- ery Cos. Pa. Washington Co. N. C. Richmond Co. Ohio POl iis POL Plympton, p.t. Plymouth Co. Mass. 32 m. S. E. Boston, with manufactures ofiron. Pop. 920. Plffmpton, a borough in Devonshire, Eng. It had once a castle, now in ruins ; and is one of the stannary towns for tin. It is seated near the Plym, 7 m. E. of Plymouth and 218 W. by S. of Lon- don. Pli/nlimmon, a vast and lofty mountain of Wales, partly in Montgomeryshire, and partly in Cardiganshire. The Severn, the Wye, and other rivers, have their source in this mountain. Po, the principal river of Italy, which has its source at Monte Viso, in Piedmont, flows N. E. to Turin, and thence proceeding in an easterly course it divides Austrian Italy from the states of Parma, Modena, and the pope's dominion, and enters the gulf of Venice by four principal months. In its course it receives several rivers, and often overflows its banks, as most of those rivers de- scend from the Alps, and are increased by the melt- ing of the snow. It is crossed like the Rhine by flying bridges. Po, a river of China, in the province of Kiang- si, which runs into the Po-yang-hou, a small dis- tance from Jao-tcheou. Pocotaligo, p.v. Beaufort Dis. S. C. Pocklington, a town in E. Yorkshire, Eng. on a stream that runs into the Derwent, 14 m. E. of York and 194 N. by W. of London. Podeastcin, a town of Bavarian Franconia, near the source of the Pullach, 30 m. S. E. of Bamberg. Podgorza, a free city of the Austrian empire, in Galicia, seated on the Vistula, opposite to Cracow. Podiachia, one of the eight palatinates of Po- land, bounded N. and E. by the river Bog, S. by the palatinate of Lublin, and W. by tiie Vistula. It has an area of 5,520 sq. m. with 433,000 inhabi- tants. The capital is Siedlce. Podolia, a government of Russia, wrested from Poland, in 1793. The Dniester separates it from Moldavia on the S. W., and the Bog crosses it from the N in a S. E. direction. It has an area of 20,400 sq. m. with 1,330,000 inhabitants. Podolsk, a town of Russia, in the government of Moscow "iS m. S. of Moscow. Podor, a fortress of Africa, on the river Senegal, built by the French. It was ceded to the English in 1703, but afterwards taken by the French, and confirmed to them by the peace of 1783. Long. 14. 20. W.. lat. 17. 1 . N. In the woods and plains in the neighborhood, are found numerous herds of the harnessed antelope. An animal singularly marked with stripes crossing each other and re- sembling a harness. Poggio, a town of Tuscany, with a handsome palace, 8 m. S. E. of Florence. Pogcriobonzi, a town of Tuscany, with the ruins of a citadel, seated near the Elsa, 20 m. S. of Florence. MgULU, an Island in the Indian Ocean, on the W^H|p of the island of Sumatra, and separated from the N. end of that of Nassau by a narrow channel, which contains a number of smaller isl- ands, the whole of which are sometimes called the Nassau or Poggy islands. It is triangular, and about 20 m. in length. Long. 99. 33. E., lat. 2. 20. S. Point, a township of Northumberland Co. Pa. Point Coupee, a parish of Louisiana. Pop. 5,936. Point Coupee is the capital. Point Lahaddie, p.v. Franklin Co. Missouri, on the Missouri. Pointopolis, p.v. Clermont Co. Ohio Point Pleasant, villages in Windham Co. Vt., Mason Co. Va., Clermont Co. Ohio Martin Co. Indiana. Point Remove, p.v. Pulaski Co. Ark. Poirino. a town of tlie Sardinian states, in Piedmont; seated on the Bonna. 14 m. S. E. of Turin. Poissy, a town of France, department of Seine- et-Oise, the birthplace of Louis XI.; seated near the forest of St. Germain, 15 m. N. W. of Paris. Poitiers, a town of France, capital of the de- partment of Vienne, and a bishop's see. Its pop is not in proportion to its extent; for it includes 1 number of gardens and fields within its circuit. It has several Roman antiquities, particularlv an amphitheatre, partly demolished ; and a triumphal arch, which serves as a gate to the great street. Here, in 135C, Edward tlie Black Prince gained a victory over the French, taking prisoners kinir John and his son Philip, whom he brought to England. The principal manufactures are stock- ings, woolen caps, gloves, and combs. It is seated on a hill, on the river Clain, 85 m. S. W. of Tours and 120 N. by E. of Bordeaux. Long. 0. 21. E., lat. 46. 35. N. Poitou, a province of France, which now forms the three departments of Vendee, Vienne, and Deux Sevres. P'ola, a strong sea-port of Istria, and a bishop's see. Here are large remains of a Roman amphi- theatre and a triumphal arch. It is seated on a mountain, near a bay of the gulf of Venice, 38 m. S. of Capo d' Istria. Long. 14. 9. E., lat. 45. 13. N Poland, a large country of Europe, bounded on the N. by Prussia, Courland, Livonia, and Russia W. by the Baltic, Brandenburg, and Silesia, S. by Hungary and Moldavia, and E. by Russia and the territories wrested by that power from the Turks. It was formerly divided into four principal parts, Great Poland, Little Poland, Red Russia, and Lithuania. In 1772 a partition of this country, projected by the king of Prussia, was effi-cted by tliat monarch, in conjunction with the empress of Russia and the emperor of Germany. By this partition one-third of the country was wrested from the republic, the diet being compelled, by a foreign force, to make and to ratify this important cession. The three partitioning powers, more- over, forcibly effected a great change in the con- stitution. In 1791, however, the king and the nation, in concurrence, almost unanimously, and without any foreign intervention, established another constitution, and one so unexceptionable every way that it was celebrated by Mr. Burke as a revolution whereby the conditions of all were made better and the rights of non.« infringed. By it the broils of an elective monarchy, of which Poland, on almost every vacancy of the throne, had been involved in the calamities of war, were avoided, the throne being declared hereditary in the house of Saxony. A few of the nobility, how- ever, discontented at the generous sacrifice of some of their privileges, repaired to the court of Russia ; and, their representations concurring with the ambitious views of the empress, she sent an army into Poland, under pretext of being guaran- tee of the constitution of 1772. Her interference was too powerful to be resisted ; and this new constitution was overthrown. But the principal object for which the Russian army entered i'o land was not yet attained. The empress had planned, in conjunction with the kind of Prus sia, a second partition of this country, which took place in 1793. Such multiplied oppressions POL 604 POL •t last roused the spirit of the nation. General Kosciusko appeared, in 1794, at the head of a PoUsh army, to assert the independence of his country, and to recover the provinces wrested from it. He was successful at first, against the king of Prussia ; but was at length overpowered by numbers ; the country was in different parts desolated, the houses burnt, and the inhabitants massacred in crowds. The brave Kosciusko was taken prisoner, and sent with a number of other patriots into confinement at Petersburgh, for hav- ing dared to defend his native country against foreign aggression. The king formerly resigned his crown at Grodno, in 1795, and was afterwards removed to Petersburgh, where he remained a state prisoner, till his death, in 1798. The whole of the country was divided among the three par- titioning powers. Austria had Little Poland, and the greatest part of Red Russia and Podolia, which is now called the kingdom of Galicia ; Prussia had Great Poland, Polish Prussia, a small part of Lithuania, and Polachia ; and Rus sia had Samogitia, the remainder of Lithuania, Volhinia, and Podolia. In the war with Prussia, in 1806, the French penetrated into Poland, and proclaimed their desire to restore its ancient inde- pendence, when, treaties of peace having been adjusted with Russia and Prussia, the project Was for the most part abandoned. By the pl^ace of Tilsit, the king of Prussia renounced the pos- session of the greater part of his Polish provinces, when they were erected into the dukedom of Warsaw, in favor of the king of Saxony. In 1809 Austria was compelled to cede part of Gal- icia to Russia, and a further portion to the new ■tales. But on the retreat of the French army out of Poland, in 1813, the Russians took posses- sion of the duchy of Warsaw, and the congress of Vienna not only confirmed to that power all the polish and Lithuanian provinces acquired before 1795, but added the sovereignty of the central provinces, which form the present kingdom of Poland. The towns of Poland are for the most part built with wood ; and the villages consist of mean cottages, or huts. The country is so fer- tile in corn, in many places, that it supplies Swe- den and Holland with large quantities, and it has extensive pastures. Peat, ochre, chalk, belemni tes, agate, chalcedony, cornelians, onyxes, jasper rock crvstaVs, amethysts, garnets, topazes, sapphi- res, and even rubies and diamonds are found in Poland ; also talc, spar, lapis calaminaris, coal iron, lead, and quickiilver. Here is much leatlt- er, fur, hemp, flax, saltpetre, alum, manna, hon ey, and wax ; and there are mines of salt, of a great depth, out of which is dug rocksalt. Hor- ses are numerous, very strong, swift, and beau tiful ; and horned cattle are bred in immense numbers. Poland, the central portion of the preceding country, erected into a separate state in 1815. It comprises the chief part of that which, from 1807 to 1813, formed the duchy of Warsaw, and is bounded by the respective acquisitions of Russia, Austria, and Prussia. The form of the territory is a square of 200 m; in the middle stands the capital, Warsaw ; but there is also a detached tract extending N. E. towards Lithuania. Its area is 47,000 square m. and its population 3,472 500. It is subject to the same sovereign as Rus- sia, but is governed in every respect as a separate monarchy, the czar being represented by a vice- roy. The prevailing religion is the Catholic, but Protestants are numerous, as are also the Jews. This remnant of the great republic of Poland has rendered itself noted for the desperate attempt which it made in 1830 and 1831 to throw off the Russian yoke. The Polish constitution granted in 1815 by the Emperor Alexander, had been re- peatedly violated, and many causes of animosity between the Poles and their oppressors tended to embitter their servitude. The Grand Duke Constantine, commander in chief of the army, out- raged the feelings of the nation by his insulting demeanortowards the soldiery. At length inspired by the recent example of the French and Belgians the Poles rose in insurrection at Warsaw on the 29th of November 1830 ; the revolt immediately spread throughout the kingdom and extended in- to Lithuania and other parts of ancient Poland. An obstinate and sanguinary war commenced, and the Poles animated by the greatness of the object for which tney were contending, and hop- ing for aid from the powers of western Europe, ob- tained some advantages in the outset which seem- ed to promise a successful result to their heroic efforts. But none of the European powers stirred in their behalf; the Russians poured in fresh ar- mies, and Poland overpowered by numbers, was forced to submit in the autumn of 1831. This un- fortunate country now groans under a heavier ty- rany than before. To the Russian armies that crushed the revolution, Europe owes the further infliction ofthe pestilential cholera. This disor- der was introduced by them from Asia into Po- land during the campaign of 1831, and spread over a great part of Europe. Poleron. See Pooluroon Poland, p.t. Trumbull Co. Ohio. Pop, 1,173. Polesia, a name commonly given to the palatin- ate of Brzesc,in Lithuania. Pol, St., a town of France, department of Pas de Calais, noted for its mineral waters. 16 m. N W. of Arras. Policandro, an island in the Grecian M^^^e- lago, one ofthe Cyclades, 20 m. in circunMPnce. Here are a few villages, a castle, and a harbour; but it consists, in general, of barren rocks and mountains. It lies between Milo and Paros Long. 25. 31. E., lat. 36. 32 N. P6licastro,& town of Naples, in Principato Cit- ra, seated on a gulf of the same name; in the med- iterranean, 85 m. S. £. of Naples. Lon. 15 40 E., lat. 40. 15. N. Polignano, a town of Naples, in Terra di Bari, seated on a craggy rock, near the gulf of Venice . 16 m. E of Bari. ' POM 605 PON Poligny, a town of France, department of Jura, ■eated on a rivulet, 23 m. S. S. W. of Besangon. Polina, a town of Albania, 12 m. S. of Durazzo. Politz, a town of Pomerania, in the government of Stettin, celebrated for its hops. Cj ra. N. of Stettin. PoUtzka, a walled town of Bohemia, in the cir- cle of Chrudim, on the frontiers of Moravia, 23 m. S. E. of Cruz dim. Polizz, a town of Sicily, in Val di Mazara, at the foot of the mountain Madonia, 23 m. S. E. of Palermo. Polkowitz, a town of Silesia, in the principality of Glogau, 12 m. S. of Glogau. Pojlockshaws, a town of Scotland in Renfrew- shire, on the river White Cart, 3 m. VV. S. W. of Glasgow. Poluo, a town of Prussia, in Pomerania, on the river Grabow, 38 m. E. S. E. of Colberg. Polore, a town of Hindoostan in the Carnatic, 26 m.S. S. W.of Arcot, and5o m. N. W.of Pon- dicherry. Polotsk, a strong town of Russia, in the govern- ment of Vitepsk, celebrated for a number of bat- tles having been fought in its vicinity, between the French and Russians, in 1812.- It is seated on the Dwina, at the influx of the Polota, 60 m. S. W. of Vitepsk. Long. 27. 50. E., lat. 55. 43. N. Poltava, a government of Russia, between those of Catharineslav and Charkov. It has an area of 16,000 square miles, with 1,500,000 inhabit- ants ; is fertile in corn ; and affords very rich pasturage. Poltava, the capital of the foregoing govern- ment, with a considerable trade in cattle, corn, flax, hemp, wax, «fcc. It is famous for a battle, in 1709, between Peter the Great and Charles XII. of Sweden, in which the latter was totally defeated 737 m. S. E. of Petersburgh. Pollr.n, 5^,a town of Austria, the residence of a great number of the nobility. The adjacent coun- try yields excellent saffron. It is seated on the Drasam,33m. W, of Vienna. Long. 15. 41. E., lat. 48. 13. N. Poltzin, a town of Prussia in Pomerania, near which are medicinal springs and baths. 50 ni. N. E. of Stargard. Polynesia, a term applied by modern geogra- phers to numerous islands in the Pacific Ocean, from the Lad rones to Easter Island. The prin- cipal groups are the Ladrones, Carolinas, Pelew, Sandwich, Society, Friendly Navigator's, Har- vey, Georgian, and the Marquesas Islands. Pombal, a town of Portugal in Estremadura, 16 m. N. E. of Leiraand2l S. of Coimbra. Pomegue, a small island in the Mediteranean, near the coast of France, at the entrance into the harbour of Marseilles defended by a tower. Pomrrania, an extensive province of Prussia, ig the S. coast of the Baltic, and com- pnsiniT }J|a,rea of 12,000 square miles, with 670, 4'»*y iia^iB"'*^- !•• 's divided into the govern- Stettin, Stralsund and Coslin, and is watered by several rivers, of which the Oder, Peene, Ucker, Rega, Persante Ihna, Stolpen,and Leho are the most considerable. The air is pret- ty cold, but compensated by the fertility of the soil, which abounds in pastures and corn, of which a great deal is exported. The country is flat, contains many lakes, woods, and forests, and has several good harbours. It was formerly an independant duchy of the German empire, and was divided into Hither and Further Pomerania. The latter, and part of Hither Pomerania, were seized by the king of Prussia, and confirmed to him in 1720 ; the remainder N. of the Scene was ceded by the king of Sweden, at the treaty of Kiel in 1814. to the king of Denmark, in ex- change for Norway, but soon after came to Prus- sia in exchange for Saxe Lunenburg. Pomerelia, a district of W. Prussia, extending W. from the river Vistula to the duchy of Pome- rania, of which it was formerly a part. It is now included in the government of Dantzic. Pomona, or Mainland, the largest of the Or. ney Islands, being 24 miles long and from t to 10 broad ; but intersected by numerous arms of the sea. The general appearance of the country \9 much the same as the Mainland of Shetland; but the soil is more fertile, and in some parts bet ter cultivated. Kirkwall is the capital. See Orkneys. Pondichcrry, a town of Hindoostan, in the Car- natic. It was first settled by the Fiench in 1674 ; and previously to the war, of 1756 was a fine city. It extended along the sea coast above a mile, was three-quarters of a mile in breadth, and had a citadel then the best of its kind in India. The city has been repeatedly taken by the English, particularly in 1761 (when it was immediately razed, in retaliation of M. Lally's conduct towards Fort St. David) and the last time in 1793. I« was restored to the French at the general peace 85 m. S. by Yf . of Madras. Long. 79. 53. E., lat. 11.42. N. Pondico, a small uninhabited igland of the Gre- cian Archipelago, near the coast of Negropont. Long. 23. 29. E., lat. 39. 9. N. Pondsville, p. v. Essex Co. N. Y. Povferrada, a town of Spain, in Leon, on the river Sill, 40 m. S. W. of Leon. Pong-hou, or Piscadorcs, a cluster of islands in the China sea, which lie about six leagues from the W. coast of the island of Formosa. They are only sand-banks or rocks; and not a shrub is to be seen upon them. The harbour of Pong-hou, the principal island, is good, and was fortified by the Dutch, while they were masters of Formosa. A Chinese garrison is kept here, with one of the mandarins called literati, whose chief employ is to watch the trading vessels between China and Formosa. Long. 121. 25. E., lat. 25, 30. N. Pons, a town of France, department of Lower Charente, with a mineral spring; seated on a hill, near the river Sevigne, 10 m. S. of Saintes. Pons, St., a town in the department of Herault, and a bishop's see. It is seated in a valley sur- rounded by mountains, in which are fine marble quarries, 24 m. N. of Narbonne. Long. 2. 47. E., lat. 43. 29. N. Pont Audemer, a town in the department of Eure, with manufactures of woolen, linen, and leather, and a brisk trade in corn, cattle, and ci- der; seated on the Rille, 23 m. W. S. V^'. of Rouen. Pont a Morisson, a town in the department of Meurthe. It had once a university, which was removed to Nancy in 1769. It is seated on the Moselle, which divides it into two parts, 14 m. N. N. W.of Nancy. Pont de Camare, a town in the department of Aveiron, celebrated for its mineral waters, 40 m. S. S. E. of Rodez. Pont de Ce, a town in the department of Maine- et-Loire, seated on the Loire, 3 m. S. of Angers. Pont de l'£rche, a town of France in the de- partment of Eure, seated on the Seine, 18 m. N. of Evreux. Pont I'Eveque, a town of France in the depart- 3s2 roN fl06 POO ment of Calvados. It is a trading place, seated Dii the Touque, 4 m. from the sea, and 40 W. S. W. of Rouen. Long. 0. 10. E., lat. 49. 17. N. Pont de Vavx, a town of France in the depart- ment of Ain, seated on the Resouze, near its con- flux with the Saone, 8 m. S. of Macon. Pont de Vesle, a town of France in the depart- ment of Ain, witli manufactures of stuffs and tapestry ; seated on the Vesle, 12 ra. W. of Bourg. Pont Gi.baut, a town of France in the depart- ment of Puy de Dome, 10 m. W. N. W. of Cler- mont. PotU St. Esprit, a town of France in the de- partment of Gard, on the river Rhone, over which IS one of the finest bridges in Europe, consisting of 19 great and four small archep. To facilitate the passage of the water, in time of floods, aper- tures are made through each pier, six feet above the common level of the river; and, to stem the ranidlty of the river, the bridge is not built in a right line, but in a curve. Here are manufac- tu'res of silk, and a good trade in wine, oil, and fruits. 17 m. S. of Viviers and 55 N. E. of Mont- pelier. Long. 4. 40. E., lat. 44. 15. N. Pont St. Marence, a town of France in the de- partment of Seine-ot-Oise, 5 m. N. of Senlis. Pont sur Seine, a town of France in the depart- ment of Aube, with a castle, seated on the Seine, 20 m. N. W. of Troyes and 55 S. E. of Paris. PorU sur Yonne, a town of France in the de- partment of Yonne, seated on the Yonne, 8 ra. N. W. of Sens. Ponla Ddgada, a sea-port of St. Michael, one of the Azores. It is defended by a citadel, and contains about 8,000 inhabitants. Long. 25. 40. W., lat. 37 45. N. Pontarlier, a town of France, department of Doubs, with a strong castle on a mountain. It is 5eated on the Doubs, and the frontiers of Swit- lerland, 22 m. W. of Neufchatel and 35 S. E. of Besangon. Long. 6. 26. E, lat. 46. 55. N. Ponte, a town of the Sardinian states, in Pied- mont, seated at the conflux of the Saono and Or- eo, 19 m. N. N. W. of Turin. Ponte de Lima, a town of Portugal, in Entre Douto e Minho, seated on the Lima, over which is a magnificent bridge, 13 m. N. W. of Braga. Ponte Stura, a town of the Sardinian states, in the duchy of Montferrat. seated at the conflux of the Stura and Po, 5 m. W. S. W. of Casal. Ponta Veta, a town of Spain, in (ialicia, near the mouth of the Leris, 29 m. N. of Tay. Pontcharbrain, a lake of Louisiana 30 m. long and 25 broad. It lies in the S. E. part of the state and discharges its waters into the Gulf of Mexico through Lake Borgne. It receives the waters of Lake Maurcpas and is connected with the Mississippi at New Orleans by a canal. The lake is navigable for small vessels. Pimteba or Ponte Imptriule, a town of the Aus- trian states, in Carinthia, seated on the Fella, over wtiich it has a bridge to Ponteba Venela, a small to»«'n of the province of Friuli. It is 20 m. N. N. W. of Friuli and 25 S. W. of Villach. ^ Pontffract, a borough in W. Yorkshire, Eng. It is situate in a very rich soil, noted for its gar- dens and nurseries. Its castle, now in ruins, has been the scrne of various tragical events in the English history, particularly the miirdrr of Richard II. 22 m. S. W. of York and 175 N. N. W of London. PonteLand, a village in Northumberland, Eng., on the river Pont, 7 m. N. E. of Newcastle. It »pp8, and in 1804, Napoleon was crowned by the pope ; but in 1807 the emperor became imperious, whi.'« the pope maintained a strong feeling of indepen- dence. Measures of violence vere resorted to; Rome was occupied by French troops ; the pope was removed into France, and his states trans- formed into a kingdom, ander Napoleon's son He continued a kind of prisoner till the allies had invaded France in 1814, when he was restored to most of his former prerogatives. He died in 1823, and was succeeded by cardinal Annibal della Genga, under the title of Leo XII., on whose death, in 1826, cardinal Francesco Soverio Castig- lioni (the present pontiflf) was elected to the papal chair and took the title of Pius VIII. Rome is the capital. Poperinghe, a town of the Netherlands, in W. Flanders, on a river of the same name, 6 m. W. of Ypres. Poplar Grove, p. v. Dinwiddle Co. Va. Newbury Dis. S. C. Poplar Plains, p.v. Fleming Co. Ken. Poplar Ridge, p.v. Cayuga Co. N. Y. Poplar Springs, p.v. Arundel Co. Md. Poplartown, p.v. Worcester Co. Md. Popo, a kingdom of Africa, on the Slave coast The inhabitants have scarcely any houses, except the king's village, which is in an island in the midst of a river. Long. 2. 33. E., lat. 6. 18. N. Popocatepeti, on the Smoking mountain, a volca- no 45 m. S. E. in sight of the city of Mexico. 27,716 feet above the sea. Pora, an island in the Indian Ocean, on the W. coast of Sumatra, 54 m. long, and from 9. to 13 broad. Long. 98. 30. E., lat. 1. 10. S. PorcaA, a sea- port of Hindoostan, in Travan- core, taken by the English in 1795. It is popu- lous, and carries on a considerable trade. 85 m. N. W. of Travancore. Long. 76. 20. E., lat. 9. 15. N. Porchester, a village in Hampshire, Eng. 4 m. N. of Portsmouth, at the upper end of the har- bour, between Fareham and Fortsea Island. It has an ancient castle which served, during the last war, for the reception of prisoners of war, and ordnance stores. Porco, town of Buenos Ayres, capital of a province which commences on the W. side of Potosi, from which it extends 60 ra. It has its name from a mountain, in which is a rich silver mine, the first worked by the Spaniards after their conquest of the country. 25 m. W, S. W. of Potosi. Long. 67. 20. W., lat. 19. 40. S. Porcuna, a town of Spain, in Andalusia, on the Salado, 22 m. N. W. of Jaen. Porentrui, a town of Switzerland, canton of Bern, seated on the Hallan, neai Mount Jura, 24 m. W. S. W. of Basel. Long 7. 10. E. lat 47. 27. N. Porlock, a town in Somersetshire Eng. with a trade in coal and lime. It is seated on a bay of POR 608 POR the Bristol Channel, surrounded by hills, 7 m. W. of Minehead and 170 W. of London. Porrogong. Sec Paro. PoJselou, a rich and commercial town of the kingdom of Siam. It is surrounded with 14 bas- tion's, and situate on a large river, 300 m. N. of its mouth in the gulf of Siam Long. 100. 2. E., lat. 17. 48. N. Port au Prince, a sea-port of St. Domingo, eeated on a bay on the W. side of the island, with considerable trade. It was nearly burnt down in 1791, by the revolting negroes, and was talien by the English and royalists in 1794. Long. 72. 10. W., lat. 18. 40. N. Port Baltic. See RogerwicL Port Byron, p.v. Cayuga Co. N. Y. Port Conway, p.v. King George Co. Va. Port Dalrymplc, a harbour on the N. coast of Van Dienien's Land, where a British settlement, dependent on the colony of Port Jackson, was es- tablished in 1804. Launceston is the capital. Port Desire, a harbour on the E. coast of Pata- gonia, where ships sometimes touch in their pas- sage to the Pacific Ocean. Long. 67. 56. W., lat. 47. 50. S. Port Dessieux, p.v. St. Charles Co. Missouri. Port Deposit, p.v. Cecil Co. Md. on the Susque- hanna ; a canal 10 m. in length, here passes along the river. P(rrt Discovery, a harbour on the W. coast of N. America, in tlie gulf of Georgia. Long. 237. 20. E., lat. 48. 7. N. Port Egmont, one of the finest harbours in the world, on the N. W. coast of Folkland Island, discovered by commodore Byron in 1765. The whole navy of England might ride here in per- fect security from all winds ; and every thing for the refreshment of ships is to be obtained in abundance. Long. 55. 0. W., lat, 51. 27. S. Port Elizabeth, p.v. Cumberland Co. N. J. Port Francais, a harbour on the W. coast of N. America, discovered by Perouse in 1786. It n of a circular form, not to be fathomed in the middle, and bordered by peaked mountains, of an excessive height, covered with snow. The na- tives on this coast are described as the most complete thieves, possessed of an activity and obstinacy capable of executing the most difficult projects. Peltry is abundant, particularly that of the eea-otter. In this harbour is a small island. Long. 137. 30. W., lat. 58. 37. N. Port GiJison, p.v. Claiborne Co. Mississippi 45 m. N. E. Natchez. Port Genesee, Monroe Co. N. Y. at the mouth of the Genesee ; on Lake Ontario ; it is a port of entry with a custom house. Port Glasgow, p.v. Severn Co. N. Y. Port Glasgow, a town of Scotland, inRenfrew- Bhire, near the mouth of the Clyde, erected in 1710 to serve as the port of the city of Glasgow, whose magistrates appoint a bailiff for its govern- ment. The harbour is excellent, and there are ex- tensive warehouses on the quay, belonging to the Glasgow merchants. Contiguous to the town, and near the shore, stands the castle of Newark, a strong fortified edifice. It is 4 m. E. of Green- ock and 20 \V. by N. of Glasgow. Port Jackson, a bay and harbour on the coast of New S. Wales, 13 m. N. of Botany Bay. The capes that form its entrance are high, rugged, and perpendicular cliffs ; and the harbour is one of the noblest in the world, extending 14 m. in length with numerous creeks or coves. The name of Port Jackson was given to it by captain Cook, who observed it in sailing along the coast. See 5y, and its territory has the name of Costa Ru- fraria. It is 28. m N. of Naples. Presidii, Stato delli, formerly the name of a small territory of Italy, on the coast of the Sien- nese. It includes 5 fortresses, which were re- tained by Spain when the territory of Sienna was ceded to the duke of Tuscany in 1557. In 1735 it was ceded to the king of the Two Sicilies ; and now belongs to the grand duchy of Tuscany. Presteign, a town of Wales, in Radnorshire. The site of its castle is now laid out in public walks. It is seated near the source of the Luor, in a rich valley, 23 m. N. N. W. of Hereford and 151 N. N. W. of London. Lono-. 2 58. W. lat. 52. 15. N. PresUma, a town of Portugal, in Beira, 11 m. N. of Coimbra. Presto, a sea-port of Denmark, in Zealand, with a good harbour in a bay of the Baltic, 42 m. S. S. W of Copenhagen. Long. 12. 6. E., lat. 55. 9. N. Preston, a borough in Lancashire, Eng. The chief manufactures are the various branches of cotton and muslin, which are now carried on to a considerable extent. Preston exhibits a nearer ap- proach than any other town in the kingdom to universal suffrage, the right of voting being in the male inhabitants at large. It is noted for the defeat of the pretender's adherents in J715, when most of them were made prisoners ; also for a kind of public carnival, or jubilee, held every 20 years, the last of which was in 1822. It is seated near the river Ribble and the Lancaster Canal, 22 m. S. S. E. of Lancaster and 217 N. N. W. of London. Long. 2, 53. W., lat. 53. 46. N. Preston, p.t. New London Co. Conn, on the Thames 1.5 m. above New London. Pop. 1,935; p.t. Chenango Co. N. Y. 106 m. W. Albany. Pop. 1,213. Preston, a county of the W. District of Virgin- ia. Pop. 5,009 K^ingwood is the capital. Prestonpans, a town of Scotland, in Ha3ding- tonshire, with a safe harbour, called Morrison's Haven, on the frith of Forth. It has manufac- tures of salt, stone and earthern ware, and bricks and tiles. At this place the royal army was de- feated by the Pretender's adherents in 1745. 8 m. E. by N. of Edinburgh. Prestonslmrg, p. v. Floyd Co. Ken. Prestonsville, p v. Rhea Co. Tenn. Preston Hollow, p. v. Albany Co. N. Y. Prestch, a town of Prussian Saxony with a fine castle, seated on the Elbe, 10 m. S. by E. of Brit- ten, a town of Saxony on the Elbe, 18 rn. S. by E. of Wittenberg. Prevesa, a town of Greece, in Albania, and "^ bishop's see. It stands on the ruins of the aw- cient Nicopolis, built by the emperor Augustus, in memory of his victory over Anthony. It was ta- ken by the Venetians in 1684, was ceded to the Turks in 1718, taken by the French in 17)8, and retaken the following year by the Turks in whose hands it remained till the recent liberation of Greece. It is seated on a mountain, on the gulf of Larta, 70 m. N. W. of Lepanto. Long. 21.5. E., lat. 39. 14. N. Preuilly, a town of France, department of In dre-et-Loire. Near it are mines of iron ; and it stands on the Claise, 18 m. S. of Loches. Priaman, a town on the W. coast of tlie island of Sumatra, where the Dutch had formerly a fac- tory. The environs produce but little pepper; but the air is healthy, and it stands on a small river in which gold is found. The English E. India company formed a settlement here in 1685. Long. 98. 0. E., lat. 1. 0. S. Priestford, p. v. Hartford Co. Maryland. Primkenau, a town of Prussian Silesia, in the government of Leignitz, with an iron forgo and a manufacture of paper, 16 m. S. W. of Glojau. Prince Edward, a county of the E. District of Virginia. Pop. 14,107. Hampden and Syd- ney college in this Co. was founded in 1774. It has 6 instructors and 54 students. Prince Frederick, p.v. Calvert Co. Maryland 40 m. S. Annapolis. Prince George, a county of the E. District of Virginia. Pop. 8,308. City Point is the capital. Prince Georges, a county of Maryland. Pop 20,473. Upper Marlborough is the capital. Prince William, a county of the E. District of Virginia. Pop. 9,320. Brentsville is the capi- tal. ° Prince William, a township of York Co. N. B. Princess Jinne, a county of the E. District of Virginia. Pop. 9,102. Prince of WalesCape, the north-western extrem- ity of America, discovered by captain Cook, in 1778. It is on the E. side of Bhering's Strait. Prince of Wales Fort, the most northern settle- ment of the Hudson Bay Company, on the west side of Hudson's Bay, at the mouth of Church hill River. Long. 94. 7. W., lat. 58. 47. N. Prince of Wales Island, or Penang, an island 8 m. from the W. coast of Malacca, 18 m. long and 8 broad, divided longitudinally by a ridge of mountains. The channel to the mainlnnd is a safe road for ships. This island was purchased of the king of Quedaby the English E. India Com- pany, who formed a settlement here in 1786 ; and, in five years after, Georgetown, its capital, was established as a sea-port. The inhabitants were estimated in 1805 at 14,000, since which time they have considerably increased. Long, iS. 50 £., lat. 0. 36. N. PtU PRO Prince William, Henry's Island, an island in the Eastern Ocean, lying W. N. W. of Tench Island. It is pretty high, well wooded, and about 70 m. in circuit. The population is estimated at 50,000. It was discovered by lieutenant Ball in 1790, and a hiorh mountain in the centre was called Mount Philip. Longr. 149. 30. E., lat. 1. 32. S.— Also the name of an island in the Pacific Ocean, dis- covered by captain Wallis in 1767. Long. 141. 6. W., lat. 17. 0. S. Prince William Sound, a gulf on the N. W. coast of America, discovered by Cook in 1778, and visited and e.xplored by Vancouver in 1794. The dress of both sexes is a sort of close robe, made of the skins of various animals, and commonly worn with the hairy side outward, sometimes reaching only to the knees, but generally to the ancles. The men often paint their faces of a black colour, and of a bright red, and sometime of a blueish or leaden hue ; but not in regular figure. The women puncture or stain the chin with black, that comes to a point on each of their cheeks. Their canoes are of two sorts ; the one large and open, the other small and covered : the framing consists of slendei pieces of v;ood, and the outside is composed of the skins of seals, or other sea animals stretched over the wood. Their weapons, and implements for hunting and fishing, resemble those used by the Esquimaux. The principal animals are bears, common and prne mar- tens, sea otters, seals, racoons, small ermines, fox- es, and the whitish cat or lynx. The birds found here are the falcon, the great king-fisher, the white-headed eagle, and the humming bird. Long. 147. 21. W., lat. 59. 33. N. Prince's Island, an island near the W. coast of Guinea, 90 m. in circumference, discovered by the Portuguese in 1471. It is elevated and fertile, and has a town on the N. part, with a good harbour. Long. 7. 40. E., lat. 1. 40. N. Prince s Island, a small island in the Indian Ocean, near the W. entrance of the strait of Sun- da. It is visited by European ships for wood and water. Long. 104. 30. E., lat. 6. 15. S. Prince's Islands, four small islands, in the sea of Marmora, near the strait of Constantinople, called Prinkipo, Prote, Kalke, and Antigone. The first is the largest, and has a town contain- ing above 2,000 inhabitants. Long. 28. 56. E., lat. 40. 51. N. Princeton, p.t. Worcester Co. Mass. 52 m. W. Boston. Pop. 1,345. It was called Wachusett by the Indians, and within its limits stands the mountain of that name, which See. Princeton, p.t. Somerset and Middlesex Cos. N. J. 40 m. N. E. Philadelphia. The college of iievt Jersey, or Nassau Hall, is established at this place. It was founded in 1746 ; it has 10 instruct- ors and 105 students ; the libraries have 12,000 volumes. It has two vacations in spring and autumn of 12 weeks. Commencement is in September. Here is also a Theological Seminary. Princeton, p.v. Caldwell Co. Ken.; p.v. Butler Co. Ohio; p.t. Gibson Co. Indiana. Princetown, p.t. Schenectady Co. N. Y. Pop. 819. Principato, a province of Naples, divided into Principato Citra and Ultra, that is, the Further and Hither Principality. The former is 60 m. long and 30 broad ; the soil fertile in wine, corn, ► .. oil, and saffron ; and it has a great deal of silk, *" and several mineral springs. Salerno is the cap- ital. Principato Ultra is 37 m. long and 30 iiroad ; and the soil not fertile ia corn or wine, but it produces chesnutf, and has excellent pa«- tures. Avellino is the capital. Pristina, a town of Romania, and a bishop's see, which was pillaged by the Austrians in 10d9. It is seated on the Rusca, 150 m. S. by E. of Belgrade. Long. 21. 36. E., lat. 42. 43. N. Piitzicalk, a town of Prussia, in Brandenburg, seated on the Doranitz, 13 m. E. N. E. of Perle- berg. Privas, a town of France, capital of the de- partment of Ardeche. It is seated on a hill, near the confluence of three small rivers, 68 m. S. ol Lyons Long. 4. 36. E., lat. 44. 45. Procida, a island in the gulf of Naples, near that of Ischia, 8 m. in circumference, and very fertile and populous. The capital, of the same name, is a small fortified place, on a high craggy rock, by ths sea side. Long. 14. 8. E., lat. 40 43. ?f. Proctorsville, p.v. Windsor Co. Vt. 88 m. S. Montpelier. Prodano, an island in the Mediterranean, near the W. coast of the Morea, formerly called Sphac- teria. It is 36 m. S. S, E. of Zante. Long. 21. 24. E., lat. 37. 15. N. Prome, a city of Birmab, province of Ava. It was formerly more considerable than at present, having been greatly reduced by frequent wars. Much teak timber is sent hence to Rangoon. It is seated on the Irrawaddy, 120 m. N. W. of Pe- gu. Long. 95. 0. E.. lat. 18. 50. N. Prospect, p.t. Waldo Co. Me., on the Penob- scot, 8 m. N. E. Belfast. Pop. 2,381 ; p.t. Prince Edward Co. Va. 105 m. S. W. Richmond. Prospect Hill, p.v. Rensselaer Co. N. Y. ; p.v. Fairfax Co. Va. ; p.v. Caswell Co. N. C Prosperous, a. village of Ireland, in the county of Kildare, 16 m. S. W. of Dublin. It has a con- siderable manufacture of cotton. Prosnitz, a town of Moravia, in the circle of Olmutz. 8 m. S. S. W. of Olmutz. Provence, a former province of France, which now forms the department of Var, Lower Alps, and Mouths of the Rhone. Proviaence, one of the Bahama Islands, and the best of those planted by the English. It was taken by the Spaniards, in 1782, but retaken the next year. A light-house was erected, in 1804, on an eminence overlooking Nassau, the chief town. Long. 77. 20. W., lat. 25. 3. N. Providence, an island in the Atlantic, which the Buccaniers fortified, but afterwards abandoned. It is 150 m. E. of the coast of Nicaragua. Long. 80. 44. W., lat. 13. 25. N. Providtnce river, a stream of Rhode Island formed by the union of two rivers just above the city of Providence. It flows into Narraganset Bay, and is navigable from Providence to the sea for ships of 900 tons. Providence, city, chief of a county of the same name in Rhode Island, is the largest place in the state and the second city in New England for population, wealth, and business. It stands at the head of Narraganset Bay, which at this ex- tremity becomes narrowed to the width of a riv- er. It is built on both sides of the river, the two parts being connected by a bridge. The new town on the W. of the river has all the bustle and liveliness, and displays the flourishing ap pearance of a commercial city. The hill on th» opposite side, or East Providence, is chiefly oc cupied by private mansions, beautifully situated, and adorned with gardens and court yards. On the summit of a steep eminence staaas tue cot- PRO 616 PRU jege, OTerlooklng the city. The streets are ir- regular, but there are many beautiful situations and fine edifices in the city. Here is a hand- Bome arcade three stories high, with 28 rooms on each fl«or. Each front consists of an Ionic portico, with granite pillars. Providence has 12 churcnes, a theatre, a public library, many cot- ton and woolen manufactories, paper mills, dye- houses, &c. Its distance from the sea is 35 miles, but merchant ships of the largest size can come up to the wharves. Steam-boats pass be- L'-'lS _ S!p, tween Providence and New York, through Long Island Sound, during all the open season, and nearly the whole of the summer travelling from Boston to the S. passes by this route. Providence was founded by Roger Williams in 1G36. It re- tained the denomination and government of a town until 1831, when a city charter was adopted. Brown University at this place was founded in 1764, and was first established at Warren : it was removed to Providence in 1770. It has been Buppoited solely by individual patronage, and its funds are not large. The college edifices are two brick buildings, containing 100 rooms for stu- dents, and others for public purposes. The col- lege is delightfully situated on an eminence in the E. part of the town, which commands a beautiful prospect. The libraries contain 12,000 volumes, including those belonging to literary societies. The officers are a President and 8 Pro- fessors. The board of trustees is composed of 36 members, of whom 22 must be Baptists, 5 Qua- kers, 5 Episcopalians and four Congregationalists. The Fellows, or Learned Faculty, are 12, of •whom 8, including the President, must be Bap- tists. The number of students in le31, was 95. There are 3 vacations in May, September and December, amounting to 13 weeks. Commence- ment is in September. Providence is a port of entry, and in 1828 owned 20,252 tons of shipping. It is in lat. 41. 51. N.. long. 71. 10. W. , 30 m. N. bv W. Newport, 40 S. S. W. Boston, 74 E. Hertford. Pop. 16,832. ProvideTire, p.t. Saratoga Co. N. Y. 25 m. N. Albany. Pop. 1,.''>79; also townships in Essex Co. N. J. ; Luzerne, Bedford, Delaware and Montgomery Cos. Pa.; p. v. Mecklenburg Co. W. C. Providence Inn, p.v. Chesterfield Co. Va. Providence, a county of Rliode Island. Pop. 47,014. Providence city is the capital. Provincetovm, p.t. Barnstable Co. Mass. on Cape Cod, at the extremity of the peninsula. It is 60 m. 8. E. of Boston in a straight line and 116 by land. It has an excellent harbour but there •re no wharves. The houses are of one story and built on piles driven into the sand with spaces between them for the sand to drift through, otherwise they would be completely buried. The inhabitants live by fishing, as the cape produces nothing but a scanty vegetation of coarse grass sufficient for the pasturage of a few cows. Pop. 1,710. P-iovins, a town of France, department of Seine- , et-Marne, celebrated for its mineral waters. It has a considerable trade in corn, and some woolen manufactures, and is seated on the Vouzie, 60 m. S. E. of Paris'. Prucli. See Bruek. Prusa, or Pnisia. See Bursa. Prussia, a large country of Europe, occupying a great part of the N. of Germany, and extending with little interruption from the confines of Lithuania to those of the Netherlands. It is a very fertile country, producing a great deal of flax, hemp, and corn. There are a great number of domestic animals: and the sea, the rivers, and lakes, supply abundance of fish. Game abounds ; and elks, wild asses, and uri, are found in the forests : these last are of a huge size, and liave some resemblance to beeves ; their hides are ex- tremely thick and strong, and they are sold to foreigners at a great price. One of the most re- markable productions of this country is yellow amber, which is found along the sea-coast. Tliere are two large lakes, besides the rivers Vis- tula and Pregel. The inhabitants are generally of a good constitution, laborious, and robust. There are a great number of mechanics ; but the principal business is husbandry, with the feedin.g of cattle. The present monarchy of Prussia consists of two distinct parts separated by the German States, and contains 105,770 sq. m. of ter- ritory, and a pop. of 12,552,278. The army amounts to 165,000 men. The revenue is 40, 000,000 dollars: the public debt 120,000,000. The government is an absolute monarchy. The religion of the royal family is protestant, but all creeds are tolerated. In the 13th century Prussia belonged to the knights of the Teutonic order. In 1454, that part since denominated Polish, or W. Prussia, revolt- ed to Casimir IV. king of Poland, and was incor- porated into the dominions of the republic. At the same time the knights were constrained to hold the remaining part, called Ducal or E. Prus- sia, as a fief of the crown of Pola:id. In 1525 Al- bert, the grand master, betrayed the intt-rests of his fraternity, and concluded a treaty with Sigis- mund, king of Poland, by which E. Prussia was erected into an hereditary duchy, and given to him as a Polish fief. Having adopted the tenets of Luther, he married a princess of Denmark, and transmitted this rich inheritance to his de- scendants : one of wiiom, Frederic William, was the first duke that threw off" his dependence on Poland. The foundation of the Prussian mon- archy was established by him, between 1640 and 1688. His son and successor, Frederic, in 1701 assumed the title of King of Prussia, which was soon after acknowledged by all the Christian powers, except Poland, which did not acknow- ledge it till 1764. In 1742 Frederic II. acquired the duchy of Silesia from the house of Austria; and by his wonderful victories, and the still more wonderful resources by which he repaired occa- sional defeats, he became the admiration of the age. In 1772 he compelled the Poles to cede to him Western Prussia, excepting the cities of Dantzic and Thorn. He cultivated the arts of # PRZ 61t PUL peace as well as war, distinguishing himself as a poet, philosopher, and legislator, and expending large sums in the improvement of the country. He was succeeded by his nephew, Frederic Wil- liam II., in 1736, who forcibly annexed to his kingdom Dantzic and Thorn, with several con- biderable provinces, which he styled Southern Prussia. He had also a share in the general con- test against France, in the early part of the revo- lution ; but made peace with that country in April, 1795; and died at Berlin in 1797. His son, Frederic William III., continued on amicable terms with France, till the dissolution of the Germanic body in 1806, and the consequent /ormation of the Confederation of the Rhine, when, thinking himself aggrieved, he declared war against France. This war was of short du- ration, but of most disastrous consequence to Prussia. By the peace of Tilsit, the whole of the Polish dominions belonging to Prussia, with a few exceptions, were transferred to another prince ; and the king of Prussia had further to renounce his right to all the territories, without exception, situated between the Elbe and the Rhine ; to those belonging to Saxony and the House of Anhalt on the right bank of the Elbe; and, lastly, to the circle of Rothus, in Lower Lu satia, which was ceded to Saxony. Thus was Prussia reduced to the lowest rank among the powers of Europe. On the memorable retreat of the French armies from Russia, and the arrival of the Russians within the territories of Prussia, she, however, threw off her alliance with France, joined Russia in the war, and made such extraor- dinary efforts to retrieve her lost character, by the magnitude of her armies and the courage which she maintained in the field, that on the conclusion of the war all the countries which had been wrested from her by the treaty of Tilsit were restored. The kingdom is now divided into 10 provinces, namely, E. Prussia, W. Prussia, Brandenburg, Pomerania, Westphalia, Cleves and Berg, Silesia, Posen, Saxony, and Lower Rhine ; which are subdivided into 23 governments. For military purposes, the kingdom is divided into five great parts, viz. Prussia, Brandenburg and Pomerania, Silesia and Prussian Poland, Saxony, and finally Westphalia with the Lower Rhine. Berlin is the capital of all Prussia. Prussia, Proper, an extensive division of the Prussian states, between the northern frontier of Poland and the Baltic. It comprises the provin- ces of E. and W. Prussia, divided formerly by the Vistula, and now by a line a few m. to the E. of that river. E. Prussia lies between 19. 20. and 24. 15. of E. long, and 52. 32. and 56. 3. of N. lat., and has a superficial extent of 15,000 sq. m. with 856,000 inhabitants. It is divided into the gov- ernments of Konigsberg and Gumbinnen. W. Prussia is a less extensive country, its area being 10,000 sq. m. its population 560,000. It is divided into the governments of Dantzic and Marien- werder. Pruth, a river that rises in Marmarosch, in Hungary, crosses part of the palatinate of Lem- burg. flows through Moldavia, and enters the Danube above Leni, in Bessarbia. Prujjm, a town of the Prussian province of Lower Rhine, with a princely abbey ; seated on the river Pruym, 30 m. S. S. E. of Aix-la-Chapelle. Przesmislia, a town of Austrian Poland, capital of a circle of its name, with a castle ; seated on ^ river San, 54 m. W. by S. of Lemberg. 78 Przihram, a town of Bohemia, in the circle of Beraun, with a silver mine and an iron foundery , seated near the river Muldau, 28 m. S. S. W. of Prague. Pskof, or Pleskof, a government of Russia, ly- ing between those of Livonia and Smolensko. It comprises an area of 22,000 sq. m. with 700,000 inhabitants. Pikof, the capital of the above government, and an archbishop's see, with a strong castle. It is seated on the river Welika, at its entrance into the lake Tchudskoi, 80 m. S. of Narva and 170 S. by W. of Petersburgh. Long. 27. 52. E., at. 57. 38. N. Pucculoe, a town of Bengal, 40 m. N. W. of Dacca. Puckholi, a town of Hindoostan, in the province of Lahore, 86 ra. S. W. of Cashmere and 145 N, W. of Lahore. Long. 75. 5. E., lat. 33. 45. N. Pudda, a river of Hindoostan, which rises in the S. W. part of Agimere, divides the provinces of Cutch and Guzerat, and runs into the gulf of Cutch. Pudoga, a town of Russia, in the government of Olonetz, situate on the E. coast of the lake of Onezkoe, 108 m. E. of Olonetz. Long. 36. 30. E., lat. 61.36. N. Puebla, a town of Spain, in Galicia, seated near the Atlantic, 29 m. S. S. W. of Compostella. Pxublu de los Angelas, a city of Mexico, capital of a province of its name. The streets are broad and straight, and the buildings in general of stone, lofty and elegant. In the centre of the city is a large square, adorned on three sides with uniform porticoes, where are shops filled with rich com- modities, and on the other with the cathedral, which has a beautiful front, and two lofty towers. Besides the cathedral, there are several other churches and convents, well built and finely adorned. A small river runs through the town, and the adjacent valley produces vines and all sorts of European fruits. It is 80 m. E. S. E. of Mexico. Long. 99. 22. W., lat. 19. 30. N. Puebla JVuova, a town of Mexico, in the prov- ince of Veragua, seated near the Pacific Ocean, 100 m. W. of St. Jago. Lon that a large spot of ground is lefl dry, and on this an extensive suburb is built, styled the Low er Town, which stands at the foot of a rocky pre- cipice, about 48 feet in height, and is chiefly in- habited by merchants. The houses in both towns are of stone, strong, and well built. The fortifi- cations are extensive, but irregular. The natural situation of the town renders its defence easy. If attacked by ships from the river, their guns cannot injure the works of the Upper Town, though the ships themselves would be liable to great injury from the cannon and bombs from these elevated ramparts. The Lower Town is defended by a platform, flanked with two bastions, which, at high water and spring tides, are almost level with the surface of the water. A little above the bastion, to the right, is a half bastion, cut out of the rock ; a little higher a large bat- tery, and higher still a square lort, the most re- gular of all the fortifications, and in which the governor resides. The passages which form a communication between these rocks are extremely rugged. The rock which separates the Upper from the Lower Town extends, with a bold and steep front, a considerable distance W. along the river St. Lawrence. The Lower Town is well supplied with water, which is sometimes scarce in the Upper Town. This city was erected by the French in 1608; the English reduced it, with all Canada, in 162i), but it was restored in 1G32. In 1711 it was besieged by the English without success ; in 1759 it was again conquered, after a battle memorable for the death of general Wolfe in the moment of victory, and was confirmed to them by the peace of 1763, In 1775 it was at- tacked by the Americans under g-eneral Mont- gomery, who was slain, and his army repulsed. Of late years great improvements have been effec- ted, and the present population amounts to nearly 22,000. The chief exports are grain, flour, tim- ber, lumber", &.C. The basin of Quebec is capable of containing 100 sail of the line. 180 m. N. E. Montreal. 330 m. N. of Boston. Long. 70. 48. W., lat. 46. 55. N. Queida, a kingdom of Asia, in the peninsula of Malacca. The king is tributary to Siam. The principal town is of the same name, has a harbour, and is 300 m. N. of the city of Malacca. Long. 100. 5. E., lat 7. 5. N. Quedlinberg, a town of Prussian Saxony, in the principality of Anhalt, with a castle. The river Bode divides it into the Old and New Town. It has a trade in brandy and linen, and is 10 m. S. by E. of Halberstadt. Long. 11. 10. E., lat. 51.50. N. Quern Ann, a county of Maryland, on the E. of Chesapeak Bay. Pop. 14,396. Centreville is the chief town. Queen Ann, a town of Maryland, in Prince George county, situate at the foot of a hill, on the Patuxent, 13 m. S. W. of Annapolis and 22 E. of Washington. Queen Charlotte Island, an island in the S. Pa- cific, 6 m. long and 1 broad, discovered by captain Wallis in 1767. Long. 138. 4. W., lat. 19. 18 S. Queen Charlotte Islands, a group of islands in the N. Pacific, explored by captain Carteret in 1767. The most considerable he named Egmont, but the Spaniards call it Santa Cruz. It is 60 m. long and from 20 to 30 broad, woody and moun- tainous, with many valleys intermixed. The in- habitants are very nimble, vigorous, and active ; and their weapons are bows and arrows pointed with flint. On the N. side is a harbour nan;ed Swallow Bay. Long. 164. 26. E., lat. 10. 42 S. 't QU£ 621 QUI Queen Charlotte Sound, a sound at the N. ex- tremity of the S. island of New Zealand, near Cook Strait. Long. 174. 14. E., lat. 41. 6. S. Qaeenliorough, a borough in Kent, Eng. in the Isle of Sheppey. It had once a strong caste, re- mains of which are still to be seen. The chief emplo)'ment of the inhabitants is fishing, and oysters are here in great plenty. The town is sealed near the mouth of the Medvvay, 15 m. N. W. of Canterbury and 45 E. by S. of London. Long. 0. 49. E., lat. 15. 23. N. Qiieensborough, a town of S. Carolina, on the W. side of the Great Pedee River, 32 m. N. iN. W. of Georgetown. Q>teenshoroiigh,a. village in Tuscarawas Co. Ohio. Queens Coitnty, a county of Ireland, in the frovince of Leinster, about 30 m. long and 29 .•oad ; bounded on the N. by King's county, E. by Kildare, S. E. by Carlow, S. by Kilkenny, and W. by Tipperary and King's county. It is di- vided into nine baronies and 50 parishes, contains about 134,000 inhabitants, and sends three mem- bers to parliament. It was formerly full of woods and bogs, but is now much improved in cultiva- tion. Maryborough is the capital. Queens County, a county of New York, in the W. part of Long Island. Pop. 22,276. N. Hemp- stead is the chief town. Queensferry, a borough of Scotland, in Linlith- gowshire, seated on the frith of Forth, where it is not more than 2 m. wide. It has a trade in soap, and a much frequented ferry. It is 9 m. W. of Edinburgh. Queenstadt, a town of Prussian Saxony, 5 m. N. E. of Halberstadt. Queenstown, a town of Upper Canada, on the river Niagara, 7 miles below the falls. Here all the merchandise and stores received from Kings- ton for the upper part of the province are sent in waggons to Chippewa, a distance of 10 m. the falls and broken course of the river rendering the navigation impracticable for that space. It is 7 m. above Fort Niagara and 20 N. by E. of Fort Erie. Queenstown, p.v. Queen x\nn's Co. Maryland. 33 m. S, E. Baltimore. Queich, a river of Bavaria, which passes by Anweiller and Landau, and enters the Rhine near Germersheim. Quei-ling, a city of China, capital of the pro- vince of Quang-si. It has its name from a flower called quei, which grows on a tree resembling a laurel, and emits such a sweet odor that it per- fumes the whole country. It stands on a rivers that runs into the Ta, but with such rapidity as t>ot to be navigable. It is 180 m. N. by W. of Canton and 587 S. of Pekin. Long. 109. 51. E., lat. 25. 12. N. Quemahoming, a township of Somerset Co. Pa. Quentin, St., a strong town of France, depart- ment of Aisne, with a considerable manufacture of lawns and cambrics; also gauze, linen, and thread. Near this place, in 1557, Philip II. of Spain gained a signal victory over the French, and afterwards took the town by storm, but it was restored to France in 1559. It is seated on an eminence, on the river Somme, 21 m. S. of Cambray and 83 N. by E. of Paris. Long. 3 20. E., lat. 49. 50. N. Quercy, a province of France, now formmg the department of Lot. Queretaro, a city of Mexico, capital of a pro- vince of the same name. Pop. 35,000. 95 m. N. W. Mexico. Querfort, a town of Prussian Saxony, in the government of Merseberg, formerly the capital of a principality of its name, with a castle, 14 m. W. of Merseberg. Long. 11. 50. E., lat. 51. 23. N. Querimba, a cluster of small islands on the coast of Mozambique, fertile in fruits and pastures The principal one, cf the same name, is in long. 41. 30. E., lat. 11.40. S. Qucsjwy, a fortified town of France, department of Nord, with an old castle. In 1793 it was taken by the Austrians, but retaken the next year. It is seated in an extensive plain, on the rivulet Ronelle, 9 m. S. E. of Valenciennes and 122 N. E. of Paris. Long. 3. 40. E., lat. 50. 15. N. Quiheroii, a town in the department of Morbihan with a fort, situate at the extremity of a peninsula, to the N. of Belleisle. \n 1795 it was taken by some French royalists in the pay of Great Britain ; but, owing to the desertion and treachery of some of the soldiers, the republicans soon took it by sur- prise. It was taken by the English in 1800, but evacuated soon afterwards. 17 m. S. S. E. of Port Louis. Quicaro, an island in the Pacific Ocean, near the coast of Veragua, about 20 m. long and (/broad Long. 82. 39. W., lat. 7. 50. N. Qui.limanry, a sea-port of Zanguebar, in the kingdom of Melinda. It stands at the mouth of a riverof the same name, 20 m. S. S. W. of Melinda. Long. 41. 40. E., lat. 3. 10. S. Quillan, a town of France, department of Aude, 25 m. S. S. W. of Carcassone. Quillebasuf, a town of France in the department of Eure, seated on the Seine, 37 m. W. of Rouen, and 42 N. W. of Evreux. Quiloa, a sea-port of Zanguebar, capital of a kingdom of the same name, with a small citadel. This country was for some time in the possession of the Portuguese, from whom it was wrested by the imam of Mascat. It produces abundance of rice, millet, fruits, cattle, and poultry. The inhabitants are Mahomedans partly black and partly tawny. The capital is well built, and stands on an island, at the mouth of the river Coava. Long. 40. 0. E., lat. 8. 38. S. Quimper, a city of France, capital of the depart- ment of Finisterre, and a bishop's see. It is seat- ed at the conflux of the Oder and Benaudet, 34. m. S. S. E. of Brest and 112 W. by S. of Rennes. Long. 4. 6. W., lat. 47. 58. N. Quimpcrle, a town of France in the department of Fmisterre, seated on the IsoUe, 30 m. E. S. E. of Quimper. Quincy, p.t. Norfolk Co. Mass. 9 m. S. E. Bos- ton. Pop. 2,192. Here is a quarry of excellent granite much used for building in Boston and the neighborhood. The Qui7icy Railroad extends from this place to Neponset river. It is 3 m. in length with a single track. It was constructed in 1826, and was the first undertaking of the kind in Amer- ica. On an elevated rock at the commencement of the railroad, stands a square tower of stone with an inscription commemorating the foundation of the work. The view from the summit of the tower is exceedingly fine, embracing Boston Bay, its islands, and a wide extent of country. Quincy, p.v. Morgan Co. and Adams Co. Illinois. Quingey, a town of France, in the department of Doubs, seated on the Louve, 12 m. S. W. of Besancon. Quin-nog, or Chin-chi, a bay on the coast of Cochin-China, much freauented by the vessels of RAB RAD tlie country, being an excellent harbour. The entrance is narrow, and ships ot burden can get in only at high water. At the head of the har- bour is the city of Quin-nong. Long. 109. 15. E., lat. 13. 52. N. QuiTison, a town of France, department of Low- er Alps, 29 m. S. of Digne. Q-iintin, a town in the department of Cotes du Nord, seated in a valley, on the Goy, 10 m. S. S. W. of St. Brieuc. Quinziaa, a chain of mountains in the kingdom of Fez, 100 m. in length, extending from the de- sert of Gret to the river Nocor. Quirjwn, an island in the Atlantic, near the N. coast of Newfoundland. Long. 53. 22. W., lat. 51. 40. N. Quistello,a. town of Austrian Italy, famous for an action l)etween the French and Austrians in 17;i4, wl.er. manslial Broglio was surprised in his bed. It is Heated or the Seccia, 15 m. S. of Mantua. Q'litn, a presideury of the republic of Colombia, lying between two chains of the high mountains called the Andes. The eastern governments are chiefly immense tracts, thinly scattered with mis- sionary villages. The vegetable productions vary with the eievration ofthe ground. Tlie champaign country produces abundant crops of maize ; and the deep ravines,where the temperature is hot,pro- duce sugar-cane. The elevated lands possess a colder climate, and produce wheat, barley, &c. Immense flocks of sheep are reared in the moun- tain plains, and their wool furnishes materials for the manufactures of this province. The lands are generally well cultivated, and there are a great number of towns and villages inhabited almost entirely by Indians. The streets are generally straight and in the direction of the four cardinal points ; and the roads are laid out in a line, cros- sing each other, so that the aspect of the country is tnat of a large garden. Although this country is situate on both sides the equator, yet it lies so high, and so near the snow-clad mountains, that the air is very temperate. There are no noxious animals ; for the tigers and serpents are below in the forests. The state of society in this province has undergone considerable improvement since its deliverance from Spanish domination, and the manufactures are in a flourishing state. Hats, cotton stuffs, and coarse woolen cloths, are made here in great quanities, and exported to other parts of S. America. Quito, the capital ofthe above country, is seat- ed on the skirts ofthe volcanic mountain of Pin- chincha, in a pleasant valley, but on high ground. 9,510 feet above the level of the sea. Having n^ mines in its neighbourhood, it is chiefly famous for manufactures of cotton, wool, and flax. The town is plentifully supplied with water, and enjoys a delightful climate ; but it is subject, together with the whole country, to the awful calamity of earthquakes. Of these a very destructive one was experienced in 1755. In 1797 the face of the whole district was changed by a most dreadful concussion, and 40,000 persons were in one mo- ment hurled into eternity. Violent shocks of earthquakes have since been frequently experi- enced. It is notwithstanding very populous, and inhabited by several families of distinguished rank. 400 m. S. W. of Bogota. Long. 77. 55. W., lat. 0. 13. S. Quizama,, a province of Africa in the S. part of Angola. It is mountainous and badly cnltivated, but produces abundance of honey, wax, and salt. The inhabitants are warlike, and have never sub- mitted to the Portuguese. Quoja, an inland country of Africa, lying E. of Sierre Leone. It is well cultivated, but has little commercial intercourse. Quovedo, a town of Austrian Illyria, in Istria Quorra, See JYiger. R RAAB, a town and fortress of Hungary, capi- tal of a county of its name, and a bishop's see. It is a strong frontier bulwark against the Turks, and is seated at the conflux ofthe Raab and B,ab- nitz, not far from the Danube, 38 m. S. S. E. of Presburg. Long. 17. 7. E., lat. 47. 38. N. Raajeirur, a town of Hindoostan, in the prov- ince of Malwa, 74 m. N E. of Ougein ana 214 S. S. W. of Agra. Long. 70. 56. E., lat. 24 2. N. Rtuiza, one ofthe Hebrides of Scotland, between the mainland of Ross-shire and the Isle of Skye. It is annexed to the parish of Portree, in the county of Inverness, and is about 12 m. long and 4 broad, rising with a gentle ascent from the W side to a great height on the E. side, which is nearly perpendicular. It is famous for its mill- stone quarries, and at the N. E. end stands Cas- tle Broichin, which is a noted sea-mark. Long. «. 0. W., lat. 57. 32. N. Rahasteins, a town of France, department of Tarn, with a castle, seated on the river Tarn, 18 m. N. E. of Toulouse. Rabat, a sea-port of Algiers, in Tremecen, with a castle. It has fine mosques and handsome palaces, and is seated at the mouth ofthe Burigrig, between Fez and Tangier. Long. 5. 28. W., lat. 30. 40. N. Rabenstein, a town of Bohemia, on the river Ottava, 21 m. W. S. W. of Rakonitz. Riibun, a county of Georgia. Pop. 2.175. Clayton is the capital. Racca, a town of Turkey, in Diarbekir, at the conflux ofthe Beles with the Euphrates. Near it are the ruins of Old Racca, once a magnificent city. It is 110 m. S. by W. of Diarbekir. Rac.horc, a city of Hindoostan, in the province ofBejapore, capital of a district of its name, sub- ject to the nizam ofthe Doccan. It is seated on the S. bank ofthe Kistna, SO m. S. W. of Hydra bad. Long. 78. 3. E., lat. IG. 22 N. Racketon, a village of St. Lawrence Co. N. Y. Raconi0i,& town of Piedmont, with a magnifi- cent castle belonging to the prince of Cangnano ; seated in a plain, 18 m. S. of Carignano. Radehcrg, a town of Saxony, near which is a bath, called Augustus bath, discovered in 1717 It is seated on the Roder, 8 m. E. N. E. of Dres- den. Radebiirg, a town of Saxony, with a castle. It is celebrated for earthen ware, and seated on the Roder, 14 m. N. of Dresden. Radicofani, a town of Tuscany, in the former province of Sienna, seated on a steep hill, 40 m. S. E. of Sienna. RAI aa RAM Radimpour, or Radunpmir, a town of Hindoos- tan, in the province of Agimere, situate on the Puddar, 175 m. N. of Sural and 250 S. W. of Agi.nere. Long. 71. 48. E., lat. 23. 58. N. Radnor, JYew, a borough of Wales, in Radnor- shirp. New Radnor is seated near the soui'ce of the Somergil, at the foot of a hill, on which a cas- tle formerly stood, 24 m. N. W. of Hereford and 159 W. N. W. of London. Radnorshire, a county of Wales, 30 m. long and 25 broad. The number ofinhabitants in 1821 was 22,459. Its principal rivers are the Wye and Tend, the former divided it from Brecknock- shire, and the latter from Shropshire. The E. and S. parts are tolerably level and productive of corn. The other parts are rude and mountainous devoted chiefly to the rearing of cattle and sheep. Radnor, a township of Delaware Co. Pa. Radom, a town of Poland, in the palatinate of Sandomir, 60 m. N. N. W. of Sandomir. Radom sk, a town of Poland, in the palatinate of Siradia, 50 m. S. E. of Siradia. Radstadt, a town of Bavaria, near the source of the Ens, 35 m. E. S. E. of Salzburg. Long. 13. 26. E., lat. 47. 18. N. Ragivolo, a town of Austrian Italy, in the prov- ince of Mantua, 19 m. S. of Mantua. Ragland, a village in Monmouthshire, Eng. famous for its castle, where Charles 1. passed much of his time, and lived in a magnificent style. This caslle was the last in Cromwell's time which surrendered to general Fairfax. 5 m. N. E. of Usk and 8 E. of Monmouth. Ragnit, a town of Russian Lithuania, with a very ancient castle, in which is a large royal mag- azine for provisions, &c. It is situate on the Nie- jnen,56 m. E. N. E.of Konigsberg. Long. 21. 30. E., lat. 55. 30. N. Rasoogur, a town of Hindoostan, in the prov- ince of Malwa, 116 m. N. E. of Ougein and 256 S. of Dehli. Long. 77. 30. E., lat. 214. 23. N. Ragusa, a district of Austrian Dalmatia, con- taining the territory of the ancient republic of Ragusa and several islands. It has an area of 700 square miles, with 55,000 inhabitants. The soil is so barren that the inhabitants receive the greatest part of their necessaries from the neigh- bouring islands and Turkish provinces. The chief rivers are the Drino Gliuta, and Ombla Ragusa, the capital of the above district, and an archbishop's see. It is 2 miles in circumference, and strong by situation, having an inaccessible mountain on the land side, and a strong fort on the gulf of Venice. It has a considerable trade with the Levant and Italy, and is 66 m. W. of Scutari. Long. 17. 55. E., lat. 42. 32. N. Ragusa, a populous town of Sicily, in Val di Noto near the river Maulo, 18 m. W. N. W. of Noto. Rahioay, p.t. Middlesex Co. N. J. 5 m. S. W. Elizabethtown. Raiatea, orloretea, the Ulietea of captain Cook, the largest of the Society Isles, in the S. Pacific, about 40 m. in circumference. The mountains are lofty, and picturesque. The lowland is ex- tensive, and the valleys, which are capable of the highest cultivation, are not only spacious, but conveniently situated for affording to the inhabit- ants an intercourse with other parts of the island. It is well supplied with rivers and streams of ex- cellent water. On the N. W. is a small but very secure harbour, called Haraanino, which is shel- tered from the strong £. and S. winds by the mountains of the interior. Long. 151. 38. W. lat. 16. 45. S. Rain, a fortified town of Bavaria, seated on tlw» Acha, 12 m. W. f Neuberg. Rain, or Old R in, a town of Scotland, in Ab- erdeenshire, near the river Ury, 23 m. N. W. of Aberdeen. Rain Lake, a laite of N. America, lying E. of Lake of the Woods, and W. of Lake Superior Jt is nearly 100 m. long, but in no part more than 20 wide. Raisin, a river of Michigan Territory flowing into Lake Erie. 20 m. S. W. of Detroit river. Raisin Market, a town in Lincolnshire, En^. near the source of the Ancbolm, IG m. N. E. of Lincoln and 147 N. of London. Rajamundry, a town of Hindoostan, capital of an extensive and fertile district of its name, in the province of the Circars. The principal riches consist in teak timber. It is the residence of the British civil establishment, and is seated on the Godavery, 35 m. from its mouth and 170 S. W. of Cicacole. Long. 81. 57. E., lat. 17. 0. N. Rajapour, a town of Hindoostan, in the prov- ince of Bejapore, seated at the mouth of a river of the same name, 6 m. N. of Geriah. Rajemal, a district of Bengal, separated by a range of hills from Bahar. It is now annexed to the collectorsliip of Boglipore. Rajemal, a decayed town of Bengal, seated on the W. bank of the Ganges, 68 ra. N. N. W. of Moorshedabad. Rakelslnirg, a town of the Austrian states, in Stiria, with a considerable trade in wine and iron. It is a frontier fortress towards Hungary, and is situate on an island in the river Muer, 36 m. S. E. of Graiz. Long. 15. 58. E., lat. 46. 45. N. Rakonitz, a town of Bohemia, capital of a circle of the same name. Very good beer is brewed here, and forms the principal article of trade. It is seated on the Miza, 30 m. W. of Prague. Long. 14.0. E., lat. 50.5. N. Raleigh, the capital of N. Carolina, in Wake county. It was named after the celebrated Sir Walter Raleigh, under whose direction the first settlement in N. America was made at Roanoke Island. It stands on the Neuse, near the centre of the state. Here is a large and handsome statehouse, with several other public buildings. The remoteness from navigation is its greatest disadvantage. It is 95 m. W. N. W. of Neubern, the former capital, and 145 W. S. W, of Peters- bur?, in Virginia. Long. 78. 52. W., lat. 35. 40. N. Pop. 1 ,700. Raleigh, p. v. Union Co. Ken. on the Ohio. Rulphsville, a township of Ashtabula Co. Ohio. Rama, or Ramula, a decayed town of Palestine, with many fine ruins of Christian churches, and other buildings, which attest its former magnifi- cence. 20 m. W. by N. of Jerusalem. Ramada, a town of Colombia, in New Granada, 100 m. E. of St. Martha. Long. 72. 20. W., lat. 11.10. N. Ramagiri, a town of Hindoostan, in Mysore, seated on the W. side of the Arkawati, with a strong fort on the opposite bank, on a large rocky hill, 50 m. N. E. of Seringapatam. Ramah, p.v. Wilkinson Co. Geo. 33 m. S. Mil ledgeville. Ramapo, p.t. Rockland Co. N. Y. on a smalt stream of the same name, running into the Hud- son, 35 m. N. New York. Pop. 2,837. Hero are large maaufactuxes of cotton and iron. RAM 834 RAO Rambert, St., a town of France, department of Ain, with a linen manufanture and considerable iron works ; seated near the river Albeline, 24 m. S. S. E. of Bourg en Bresse Rambert, St., a town in the de artment of Loire, 12 m. S. E. of Montbrison. Ramberviller, a town in the d partment of Vos- ges, 30 m. S. E. of Nancy. RambouiUet, a town in the department of Seine- et-Oise. Here was a royal palace, which was de- molished in 17!)3. 27 m. S. W. of Paris. Raillery, 9. town of France, department of Aube, seated on the river Aube, 18 m. N. E. of Troyes. RamUlics, a town of the Netherlands, in S. Bra- bant, memorable for a signal victory obtained by the duke of Marlborough over the French in 1706. it is seated at the source of the Geete, 10 m. N. ofNamur and 24 S. E. of Brussels. Ramiseram, an island in the gulf of Manara, at the W. end of Adam's Bridge, and separated from Marawar, on the continent of Hindoostan by a nar- row channel. It is 30 m. in circuit; and contains some beautiful trees, a few villages, and a cela- brated temple, to which a vast concourse of pil- grims resort. Long. 79. 22. E., lat. 9. 18. N. Ramla, a town of Palestine the ancient Arima- thea, now in a ruinous stale. Here is a manufac- ture of soap, which is sent into all parts of Egypt. 18 m. N. W. of Jerusalem. Rammekens, a sea-port of Zealand, in the isle of Walcheren. It was one of the towns put into the hands of the English as a security for a loan in the reign of queen Elizabeth. 4 m. S. of Middle- burg. Lon^. 3. 40. E. lat. 51. 29. N. Rammelberg, a lofty and extensive mountain of Germany, in that part of the Hartz Forest which lies within the principality of Grubenhagen. On this mouniain arc several silver mines ; and at the foot of it is the city of Goslar. Ramnad, a town of Hindoostan, capital of a dis- trict of its name, in the province of Marawar. Long. 78. 49. E., lat. 21. 28. N. Ramno, a town of Bengal, in the district of Chittagong. Long. 92. 15. E., lat. 6. 26. N. Rampour, a town of Hindoostan in Dehli,32 m. S. of Cossipour and 105 E. of Dehli. Ramsay, a town of the isle of Man, situate on a large bay, on the N. E. Coast. The bay affords good anchorage, but the harbour will only admit small vessels. Near it is a lighthouse ; and the entrance of the town is defended by a fort. It is 15 m. N. by E. of Douglas. Lonff. 4. 26. W. lat. 54. 18. N. Ramsaysburir, p. v. Sussex Co. N. J. Ramsey, a town in Huntingdonshire, Eng. It had formerly an extensive abbey, of which only the ruins of a gateway remain. It is seated in the fens, near the meres of Ramsay and Wittlesey, 12 m. N. E. of Huntingdon and 69 N. of London. Ramsey, an island on the coast of Wales, separ- ated from Pembrokeshire by a narrow channel, called Ramsey Sound. Near it is a group of dan- gerous rocks known by the name of the Bishop and his Clerks, frequented in the breeding season by vast multitudes of sea-fowls. The island is 2 m. long and one and a quarter broad. 4 m. W. by S. of St. David. Long. 5. 20. W., lat. 51. 55. Ramsaate, a sea-port in Kent, Eng. in the isle of Thanet, near the Downs. It was formerly an ob- scure fishing town, and in the reign of Queen Eliz- abeth contained only 25 inhabited houses. It has of late years greatly increased in size and popula- tion. The harbour is nearly circular, and has 2 fine stone piers, a dry dock, and a lighthouse. Ramsgate is a member of the port of Sandwich, and is much frequented as a bathing place. 17 m. W. by N. of Canterbury and 72 E. S. E. of London. Long. 1. 24. E., lat 51. 20. N. Ramteak, a town of Hindoostan, in Berar, held sacred to Ram, by the Hindoos, who have a tem- ple here. 18 m. N. N. E. of Nagpour. Ranai, one of the Sandwich Islands, in the Pa- cific Ocean, about three leagues W. of Mowee. The S. part is high and craggy ; but the other parts have a better aspect, and are well inhabited. It produces very few plantains and bread fruit trees but abounds in yams, sweet potatoes, and taro. Randal I stolen, p. v. Baltimore Co. Maryland. Randal Isville, p. v. Robeson Co. N. C. Randatstoion, a town of Ireland, in the county of Antrim, 4 m. W. N. W. of Antrim. Randera.th, a town of Prussia, province of Lower Rhine, seated on the River Worm, 10 m. N. W. of Juliers. Randers, a town of Denmark, in N. Jutland, near the mouth of the Gude, 25 m. E. of Wi- burg. Randolph, a county of the W. District, of Vir- ginia. Pop. 5,000. Beverly is the capital ; a coun- ty of N. Carolinia. Pop. 12,400. Ashborough is the capital ; a county of Indiana. Pop. 3,912. Winchester is the capital; a county of Illinois. Pop. 4,436. Kaskaskia is the capital. Randolph, p.t. Orange Co. Vt. 35 m. N. Wind sor. Pop. 2,743; p.t. Norfolk Co. Mass. 15 m. S. Boston. Pop. 2,200; and townships in Morris Co. N. J. Portage and Montgomery Cos. Ohio. Ransfamatty, a town of Bengal , capital of a dis- trict of its name, in the collectorship of Rungpore. It has a celebrated pagoda, and stands near the Burrampootar, on the confines of Assam, and Boo- tan, 170 m. N. E. of Moorshedabad. Long. 90. 8. E., lat. 26. 10. N. Rangoon, a sea port of Pegu, and the principal mart for teak timber in the Birman Empire. It was founded by Alompro, king of Birmah, in 1755; and is the residence of a governor, who lives with- in the fort. Here is a custom-house, built of brick, but the wharfs and dwelling-houses are all constructed of wood. In its neighbourhood are numerous convents; and 2 m. N. of the town, on a rocky eminence, is a very grand temple, which is a splendid object at the distance of many m. Rangoon surrendered to the British, February 1 , 1825. It is seated on the most eastern branch of the Irrawaddy (which hence to the sea is called the Rangoon, or Syriam River) 18 m. N. of its mouth and 60 S. of Pegu. Long. 96. 10. E., lat. 26. 48. N. Rannoch, Loch, a lake of Scotland, in the N. part of Perthshire, 11 m. in length. It receives the waiers of Loch Ericht from the N., and com- municates with Loch Tumel on the E. and Loch Lidoch on the W. On its S. side is a forest of birch and pine. Rantampour, a town and fortress of Hindoostan, capital of a district of its name, in the province of Agimere. 96. m. E. of Agimere. Long. 76. 57, E., lat. 26. 35. N. Rantzow, a town of Denmark, in the du^hv of Holstein, 24 m. N. by W. of Lubec. Raolronda, a town of Hindostan, in Visiapour, near which is a rich diamond mme. 20 m. N. N. W. of SoUapour. Raon I, Etape, a town of France, department of Meurthe, seated at the conflux of the Etape and Meurthe, 30 m. S. E. of Nancy, RAT (196 RAV Rapallo, a town of the Sardinian stales, in the province of Genoa, seated on a bay of its name, 16 m. E. S. E. of Genoa. Jiaphoe, a town of Ireland, in the county of Donegal, and a bishop's see. The cathedral serves as a parish church. 11 m. S. W. of Londonderry and 21 N. E. of Donegal. Rapid Ann, a river of Virginia flowing into the Rappahanoc 10 m. above Fredericksburg. Rapides, a Parish of Louisiana. Pop. 7,559. Alexandria is the capital Raplioe, t. Lancaster Co. Pa. RapoUa, a town of Naples, in Basilicata 5 m. W. of Venosa. Rappahannoc, a river of Virginia, which rises in the mountains called the Blue Ridge, and flows bv Falmouth, Fredericsburg, Portroyal, Leeds, Tappahannoc, and Urbanna, intoChesapeak Bay. Rapperschweil, a town of Switzerland, in the canton of Zurich, seated on a neck of land that advances into the lake of Zurich, over which is a wooden brido-e, 1,850 feet long It is 18 m. S. E. of Zurich and 20 N. W. of Glaris. Rapps, a town of Austria, on the river Teya, 8 xn. N. by W. of Horn. Raritan, a river of New Jersey, which runs by Brunswick and Amboy into Arthur Kull Sound, and helps to form the fine harbour of Amboy. A canal is in progress from this river to the Del- aware at Latnberton. It will be 38 m. long, 75 feet wide and 7 feet deep. Jlascia, the eastern division of Sclavonia, water- ed by the river Rasca, which runs into the Mo- luve. The inhabitants are called Rascians. Rasehorg, a seaport of Sweden, capital of a can- non in Nyland. It is seated on the gulf of Fin- land, 37 m. S. E. of Abo. Long. 23. 18. E., lat, SO. 16. N. Rastadt, a town of Germany, in Baden, with a noble castle. In 1714 a treaty was negociated here between the French and Austrians ; and in 1796 the former defeated the latter near this place. It is seated on the Merg, near the Rhme, 5. m. N. E. of Baden and 24 S. W. of PhiUpsburg. Rastenhurg, a fortified town of E. Prussia, with a castle, seated on the small river (Jluber, 50 m. S. E. of Konigsberg. Ratenau, a town of Prussia, in Brandenburg, seated on the Havel, 15 m. N. by W. of Branden- burg. Ratibor, a town of Prussian Silesia, formerly the capital of a principality of the same name, with a castle. The cathedral and town-house are worthy of notice. It is seated in the Oder, 15 m. N. E. of Troppau and 85 S. S. E.of Breslau. Ratishon, a strong city of Bavaria, and the see of an archbishop, transferred from Mentz to this place in 1798. The abbey of St. Emmeran con- tains the relics of St. Denys, a valuable library, and a fine collection of mathematical instruments, The town-house is magnificent, and in its hall the general diets of the empire used to meet. Ratisbon has a great trade in salt, for which it is a depot, and sends large quantities of corn and wood to Vienna. In 1809 a battle was fought in the vicinity between the Austrians and French, in which the latter were victorious. It has an an- cient bridge of 15 arches over the Danube, and stands on the S. side of that river, at the influx of the Regen, 6 m. N. bv E. of Munich and 195 W. by N. of Vienna. Lon. 12. 6. E., lat. 48.58. N. Ratoath, a town of Ireland, in the county of Meath, 12 m. E. of Trim and 12 N. W. of Dub- lin 79 Ratmansdorf, a town of the Austrian states, in Carniola with a castle, 20 m. S. by W. of Clag- enfurt. Ratsha, or Ratska, a town and fortress of Scla- vonia on the N. side of the Save, opposite the in- flux of the Drin, 30 m. S. W. of Peterwaradin. Rattan. See Ruatan. Rittetiberg, a fortified town of the Austrian states, in Tyrol, with a citadel. In its vicinity are copper mines, which also yield some silver. It is situate on the Inn, 26 m. E. N. E. of In- spruck and 44 S.W. of Salzburg. Ratzeburg, a fortified town of Germany, capi- tal of a principality, subject to the duke of Meck- lenburg-Strelitz. It is seated on an island, in the midst of a lake, 30 m. in circumference. The buildings are of brick, and almost every house is shaded with a tree. From the lake of Ratzeburg issues the river Waknitz, which joins the Trave near Lubec. Ratzeburg is noted for its excellent beer, and is 14 m. S. by E. of Lubec and 22 S. of Lauenburg. Lon. 10. 52. E. lat 53.43. N. Rauhsville, p. v. Northampton Co. Pa. Raudnitz, a town and castle of Bohemia, seated on the Elbe, 20 m. N. of Prague. Raumo, a town of Russia, in Finland, 20 m. S. of Biorneburg and 55 N. by W. of Abo. Rauschenberg, a.town of Germany, in Hesse- Cassel, 7 m. N. N. E, of Marburg and 32 S. S. W. of Cassel. Rauvee, or Ravey, a river of Hindoostan, one of the five E. branches of the Indus. It rises in La- hore, on the borders of Thibet, flows by the city of Lahore to Toulomba, in the country of Moultan, and 28 m. below joins the Chunaub. The Rauvee is the Hydraotes of Alexander. Ravello, a town of Naples, in Principato Citra, and a bishop's see, 10 m. W. of Salerno and 25 S. E. of Naples. Ravenglass, a sea-port in Cumberland, Eng. It stands on an inlet of the Irish Sea, between the Mite and Esk, which, with the Irt, run into this inlet, and form a good harbour ; but, the adjacent country furnishing little for exportation, its chief trade is in oysters. 2 m. from the town, on the S. side of the Esk, are ruins of 3 m- in circumfer- ence, called the city of Burnscar, of which no historical documents appear to exist. Raven- glass is 16 m. S. S. E. of Whitehaven, and 279 N. N. W. London. Lon. 3. 30. W., lat. 64. 22. N. Ravenna, n. city of Italy, in the states of t;"* church, and an archbishop's see, with several colleges, a great number of religious houses, and a ruinous citadel. It has a celebrated harbour, but the sea has gradually withdrawn 4 m. from the town. Theodoric, king of the Goths, resid- ed here, and afterwards the exarchs of the Greek emperors. The mausoleum of Theodoric is still to be seen, and is covered by a single stone, 21 feet in diameter and 15 thick. Ra- venna is seated on the river Mantone, 37 m. S. E. of Ferrara and 162 N. of Rome. Long. 12. 5 E.,lat. 44. 25. N. Ravenna, p.t. Portage Co. Ohio 135 m. N. E Columbus. Pop. 806. R/tvensberg, a town of Prussian Westphalia, capital of a county of its name, now included in the government of Minden. 36 m. S. W. of Minden. Ravensburg, a town of Germany, in Wirtem- burg, with a considerable trade, particularly in pa- per ; seated on the Cheus, 18 m. N. of Lindau. Ravenstein, a town of the Netherlands, in N. 3G REC 626 RED Brabant, with a castle ; seated on the Maese, 8 in. W. S. W. of Nimeguen. Ravitz, a town of Prussian Poland, near the confines of Silesia, with a considerable manufac- ture of cloth, 55 m. S. of Posen. Rawa, a town of Poland, with a strong castle, seated in a morass, and almost surrounded by the rive» Rawa, 55 m. S. W. of Warsaw. Long. 19. 55. E., lat. 51.51. N. Rawlinashurg, p.v. Rockingham Co. N. C. 130 m. N. W. Raleigh. iirti/mond, p. t. Cumberland Co. Me. 26 m. N. Portland ; p.t. Rockinjrham Co. N. H. 21 ra. W. Portsmouth. Pop. 1,000. Rai/nkam, p.t. Bristol Co. Mass. on Taunton river 3 m. E. Taunton 32 m. S. Boston. Pop. 1,209. Iron ore abounds here, and in the town are manufactories of bar iron, hollow ware, nails, &c. The first forge in America was set up here in 1052 by James and Henry Leonard. Raypour, a town of Hindoostan, in Orissa, 60 m. S. of Ruttunpourand 80 W. of Sumbulpour. Re, an island in France, 16 m. long and 4 broad separated from the coast of Lower Charente by the strait of Breton, above 7 m. wide. The pro- ducts are bitter wine, salt, brandy, and the liquor called aniseed. St. Martin is the capital. Readjield, p.t. Kennebec Co. Me. Pop. 1,884. Read House, p.v. Charlotte Co. Va. Reading, a borough and the capital of Berk- shire, Eng. The principal manufactures are can- vas, blankets, gauze, ribands, and pins ; it has a trade in malt, flour, and timber. Here are the ruins of a rich abbey, in which Henry I was in- terred. It is seated on the Kennet, near its con- fluence with the Thames, 26 m. S. S. E. of Ox- ford and 37 W. of London. 7?e«rft»o-, p.v. Middlesex Co. Mass. 14 m. N. Boston. Pop. 1,806; p.t. Fairfield Co. Conn. Pop. 1,70!) ; p.t. Steuben Co. N. Y. Pop. 1,568. Reading, p.t. Berks Co. Pa. on the Schuylkill 54 m. N. W. Philad. It is a flourishing and reg- ularly built town inhabited principally by Ger- mans. Here are large manufactures of hats. The Union canal commences in the neighbour- hood. Pop. 5,850. Also a township of Adams Co. Pa ; p.v. Hamilton Co. Ohio, and a town- ship of Perry Co. Ohio. Readington, a township of Hunterdon Co. N.J. Readyville, p.v. Rutherford Co. Ten. Realejo, a sea-port of Mexico, in the province of Nicaragua, with three churches. The chief trade is in pitch, tar, and cordage. It is situate among swamps, near the mouth of a river of its name, 20 m. W. N. W. of Leon, to which it serves as a. harbour. Long. 87. 46. W.,lat. 12. 43. N. ReaJviUe, a town of France, department of Tarn-et-Garonne, 8 m. N. E. of Montauban and 20 S. of Cahors. Reamstown, p.v. Lancaster Co. Pa. ♦ ReccaruUi, a town of Italy, in the papal states, and delegation of Ancona. It has a great fair in September, which continues 15 days ; and is seat- ed on a mountain, near the river Munsone, 14 m. S. of Ancona. Reckem, a town of the Netherlands, near the Meuse, 5 m. N. of Maestricht. RerMin/ey, a county of Indiana. Pop. 3,957. Ver- sailles is the capital. Ripley, p.t. Somerset Co. Me. Pop. G44 ; p.t. Chatauque Co. N. Y. Pop. 1,647; p.t. Brown Co. Ohio on the Ohio. 50 m. above Cincinnati; p.t. Bond Co. Illinois, 20 m E. Edwardsville. Ri.ppon,i borough in W. Yorkshire, Enj. In its neighbourhood is the celebrated park of Studley, including the venerable remains of Fountain Ab- bey. Rippon was once famous for its religious houses ; it has a collegiate church, a new church erected in 1827, four meeting-houses, a free school and several other excellent charitable institutions. Its noted manufacture of spurs has long since de- clined, and at present the principal manufactures are linens snd saddle-trees, and a considerable var- nish manufacture. The market-place is one of the finest squares of the kind in England. It is seated near the Ure, over which is a handsome bridge of 17 arches, 23 m. N. N. W. of York and 209 N. N. W. of London. Ripraps, a shoal at the mouth of James's river at its entrance into tha Chesapeak. An island has been formed here by sinking stones in the water, and a strong fort erected upon it which commands the entrance of the river. Riquier, S<, a town of France, department of Somme, seated on the Cardon, 24 m. N. W. of Amiens Risbrouq,Vi town in Bnckinorhamshire, Encr. 20 m.S. of Aylesbury and 37 W. N. W. of London Rising Sun, p. v. Cecil Co. Maryl. 18 m. S. W. Washington ; p. v. Dearborn Co. Ind. on the Ohio, 13 m. below the Great Miami. Risonville, p. v. Nottaway Co. Va. 76 m. S. W. Richmond. Ristigouche, a river of New Brunswick, falling into Chaleur Bay, in the gulf of St. Lawrence. Riltenhouse, p. v. Lancaster Co. Pa. Ritzeneutt'.e, the chief place of a bailiwic of the same name belonging to the city of Hamburg, with a castle ; seated half a mile S. of Cuxhaven and 54 m. W. N. W. of Hamburg. Riva, a. town of Germany, in the principality of Trent, on the river Riva, at its entrance into the lake Garda, 17 m. S. W. of Trent. Riva, a town of Austrian Italy, in the Valte- line, seated on the N. end of the lake Como, 8 m. S. of Chiavenna. Rivalla, a town of Piedmont, situate on the Sangeon, 8 m. N. N. E. of Turin. Riva.lta, a. town of Austrian Italy, situate on the lake of Mantua, 5 m. W. of Mantua. Rivanna, a river of Virginia flowing into Jame? River near Columbia. Rivarolo, a town of Piedmont, situate on the Oreo, 15 m. N. of Turin. River Bank, p. v. Orange Co. Va. 100 m. N. Richmond. River Head, p. v. New London Co. Conn, also a township of Suffolk Co. N. Y. on Long Island. Pop. 2,016. Rivesaltes, a town of France, department of Eastern Pyrenees, seated on the Egly, 8 m. N. of Perpignan. Rivoli, a town of Piedmont, with a magnifi- cent castle, 9 m. W. of Turin. Rivoli, a small town of Austrian Italy, near which Bonaparte obtained one of the most re- markable of his victories in January, 1797. It is seated on the Adige, 12 m. N. W. Verona. Rivolo, or Rolo, a town of Italy, in Modena between Novellara and Mirandola. Rixeipille, p. v. Culpeper Co. Va. 67 m. S W. Washington. Roa, a town of Spain in the province of Burgos with a castle, and a splendid mansion belongmg to the counts of Sizuela. It is situate on the Duero, 25 m. N. by E. of Segovia. Roane, a county of E. Tennessee. Pop. 7,89? Kingston is the capital. Roanne, a town of France, department of Loire, seated on the Loire, where it begins to be navi gable for barks. Hence the merchandise of Ijy- ons is conveyed to Paris, Orleans, Nantes, &c. 45 m. W. N. W. of Lyons and 210 S. S. E. oi Paris. Lon. 3. 58. E., lat. 46. 4. N. Roanoke, an island of N. Carolina, on the S. side of Albermarle Sound, famous as the place where Sir Walter Raleigh made the first Brit- ish settlement in N. America. JJoanofce, a river of the United States, formed by the junction of the Staunton and Dan, in the S. part of Virginia. It is subject to inundations, and on account of the falls, is navigable for small ROC 635 ROC craft only, about 60 or 70 m. It enters, by'sever- al mouths, into the S. W. part of Albermarle Sound. Roanoke, p. v. Mecklenburg Co. Va. 150 m. S. W. Richmond. Robbcn Island, sometimes called Penguin Island n barren sandy island, near the Cape of Good Hope, at the entrance into False Bay. Long. 18. 22. E., lat. 33. 50. S. R ihbitistown, p.t. Washington Co. Me. on Pas- samaquoddyBay, opposite St. Andrews. Pop. 616. Rohestown, p. v. Westmoreland Co. Pa. Robel, a town of Germany, in the duchy of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, seated on the lake Muritz, 24 m. W. of Strelitz. Robert Bay, a capacious bay of the island of Martinico, formed by two points called that of tlie E. part of La Rosa, and that of the W. part of Los Galeones. Robertson, a county of W. Tennessee. Pop. 13.303. Springfield is the capital. Robertson s Fork, p.v. Giles Co. Ten. Rohertsville., p.v. Benninaton Co. Vt. Ill m. S. W. Montpelier; p.v. Beaufort Co. S. C. Robeson, a county of N. Carolina. Pop. 9,355. Lumberton is the capital; also townships in Washington and Berks Cos. Pa. Robm Hood, p.v. Philadelphia Co. Pa. Robin Hood Bay , a bay on the coast of York- bhire, Eng. between Scarborough and Whitby, about one mile broad. Here is a village of fish- ermen, who supply the city of York, and the adjacent country, with all sorts of fish in their season. 6 m. S. E. of Whitbv. Long. 0. 10. W., lat. 54.25. N. Robinson, a township of Alleghany Co. Pa. Roca Cape, a cape of Portugal, the most west- ern e.\treniity of Europe. On its summit is a remarkable monastery, said to be 3,000 feet above the sea ; and on the E. of the mountain is a sum- mer palace, of Moorish architecture. Here is al- so a small vineyard, that of Carcavella, yielding a peculiar grape ; and the environs supply most of the fruits and greens used at Lisbon. This cape is called generally, by the Enfflish sailors, the rock of Lisbon. Long. 9. 36. W., lat. 38. 42. N. Rocamadour, a town of France, department of Lot, 23 m. N. of Cahors. Rocella, a town of Naples, in Calabria Ul- tra, near which is a coral fishery, 10 m. N. E. of Gierace. Rockdale, a town in Lancashire, Enw. with •jonsiderable manufactures of baize, flannels, serges, and other woolen goods ; also calicoes, strong cotton goods, and hats. A canal from Manchester passes hence to the Calder naviga- tion, near Halifax. The manor of Rochdale was held for the last three centuries by the Byrons, but in 1823 was sold by lord Byron, the celebrat- ed poet, to James Dearden, Esq. The town is seated on the river Roch, at the foot of the York- shire hills, 11 m. N. by E. of Manchester and 197 N. N. W. of London. Roche, a town of the Sardinian states, in Savoy seated near a large rock on the river Borne, 12 m. N. E. of Annecy. Roche, or Rochefort en Ardennes, a town of the Netherlands, in the province of Luxemburg, with a strongcastle, seated on a rock, near the river Our- te, 22 m. S. of Liege and 32 N W. of Luxem- burg. ^ Rocce Beaucour, a town of France, department of Dordogne, 22 m. N. W. of Perigueux. Roche Bernard, a town of France, in the d«»- partment of Morbihan, on the Vilaine, 22 m. S. E. of Vannes. Roche Guyon, a town of France, department of Seine-et-Oise, on the river Seine, 21 m. W. of Pontoise. Roche Posay, a town of France, in the depart- ment of Vienne, with a mineral spring, seated on the Creuse, 32 m. E. N. E. of Poitiers. Roche sur Yonne, a town of France, in the de- partment of Vendee, 20 m. N. W. of Lucon. Rochechouart,a. town of France, in the depart- ment of Upper Vienne, with a castle on a moun- tain, IS m. W. of Limoges. Rochefort, a sea-port of France, department of Lower Charente, with a commodious harbour, one of the most famous in France. The streets are broad and straight ; and the houses low, but regular. It has a magnificent hospital, the finest hail of arms in France, a noble arsenal, a foundry for cannon, and all the other magazines necessa- ry for the construction and equipment of ships of war. It stands on the Charente, 15 m. from its mouth, which is defended by several forts. 18 m. S. S. E. of Rochelle and 127 S. W. of Paris. Long. 0. 58. W. lat. 45. 56. N. Rochefort, a town of France, in the department of Jura, on the river Doubs, 6 m. N. E. of Dole and 22 W. S. W. of Besangon. Rochefort, a town of France, in department of Maine-ei-Loire, on the river Loiret, 10 m. S. S. W. of Angers. Rochefort, a town of France in the department of Puy de Dome, 17 m. S. W. of Clermont. Rochefoucmdt, a town of France in the depart- ment of Charente, seated on the Tardoire, 12 m. N. E. of Angouleme. Rochelle, a fortified sea-port of France, capital of the department of Lower Charente, and a bishop's see. Tlie houses are supported hy piaz- zas, and the haven is surrounded by a prodigious mole, 4,482 feet in extent. The inhabitants carry on a considerable trade, especially in wine, bran- dy, sugar, salt paper, linen, and serges. Rochelle was the birth-place of Reaumur, the celebrated naturalist. It is seated in a plain at the bottom of a small gulf of the Atlantic, 78 m. S. by E. of Nantes and 330 S. W. of Pans. Long. 1 10. W., lat. 46. 9. N. Rnchema.ur, a town of France \n the depart ment of Ardeche, seated on the Rhone, 8 m. N. N. E. of Viviers. Roche Percee, a town in Howard Co. Missouri. Rochester, a city in Kent, Eng Its castle, now in ruins, once rendered it of greai importance; and here also are some remams of a priory. Rochester is a bishop s see and has, besides the cathedral, two parish-churches. Rochester, p.t. Strafford Co. N. H. 25 m. N. W, Portsmouth. Pop. 2,155 ; p.t. Windsor Co. Vt. 35 m. N. W. Windsor. Pop. 1,392 ; p.t. Plymouth Co. Ma.ss. 48 m. S. Boston. Pop. 3,556 ; p.t. Uls- ter Co. N. Y. 84 m. S. W. Albany. Pop. 2,440. Rochester, p.t. Monroe Co. N. Y, on the Gene/ see river, is a place of great trade and opulence, and astonishingly rapid growth. It was founded in 1812, and is already the fourth town in the state in point of numbers; it is also the empori- um of the western parts. It stands upon the great canal, 7 m. from Lake Ontario, with a ship navigation by Genesee river within 2 m. of the town, communication with New York, Quebec and the great lakes. Rochester contains 2,000 buildings, and the streets are handsome and regii- ROC G98 ROC lar. It has 11 churches, 2 banks, a museum, an arcade, an athoneutn, and several literary institu- tions, 2 daily and several weekly newspapers. Within the limits of the village, for such is the ti- tle of this flourishing city, are 13 large flour mills, built of stone, which grind 342,000 barrels of flour annually. Some of tnese mills are on a scale of magnitude not equalled elsewhere in the world. Ono of them covers more than 4 acres, and all are considered unrivalled in the perfection of ther ma- chinery. Here are also cotton and woolen manu- factories, and saw-mills which turn out 9,000,000, feet of lumber in a year. The Genesee falls are in the northern part of the town, and the water power which the river affords here, is immen.se. There are three bridges across the Genesee at this place ; the canal aqueduct deserves particu- lar notice. The canal strikes the river in the S. part of Rochester, and after following the eastern bank for half a mile, crosses the river in the cen- tre of the town in an aqueduct built upon 11 arch- es of hewn stone 804 feet in length ; the structure is no less worthy of admiration for its strength than its architectural beauty. From the observatory at the summit of the arcade may be seen in a clear day the waters of Lake Ontario like a strip of blue cloud on the verge of the horizon. Roches- ter is 23« m. W. Albany. 3i)6 N. Washington. Pop. 10,885. RocAford, a town in Essex, Eng. 16 ra. S. E. of Chelmsford and 40 E. by N. of London. Rochlilz, a town of Saxony, with a castle on a rock, and a handsome bridge over the Mulda, 24 m. S. E. of Leipzig. Rock, a township of Harrison Co. Ohio 120 N. E. Columbia. Fop. 708. Rockaicay, p. v. Queens Co. N. Y. on Long Is- land ; p.v. Morris Co. N. J. 30 m. N. W. Newark. Rockaway Valley, p.v. Morris Co. N. J. 75 m. N.Trenton. Rockbridge, a. county of the W. District of Vir- ginia. Pop. 14,244. Lexington is the capital. This county takes its name from the celebrated natural bridge which is situated within its limits. This remarkable work of nature has been formed by the bursting of the waters of a stream called Ce- dar creek through a wall of rock more than 200 feet in height. The bridge is 60 feet in width and the sides for the great part of their height are nearly perpendicular. A road passes over the top. The scenery it afibrds is exceedingly grand and romantic. Rock Castle, a county of Kentucky. Pop. 2,875 Mount Vernon is the capital. Rockdale, p.v. Crawford Co. Pa. Rockford, p.v. Surry Co. N.C. ; p.v. Tuscara- was Co. Ohio. Rock Hall, p.v. Kent Co. Maryland on the E. •ide of the Chesapeak opposite the Patapsco. Rockhill, p.t. Bucks Co. Pa. Rock Hill Mills, p.v. Fauquier Co. Va. Rockinirfiam, a county of N. Hampshire in the S. E. Pop. 44,452. Portsmouth is the capital ; a county of the W. District of Virginia. Pop. 20,693. Harrisonburg is the capital ; a county of N. Carolinia. Pop. 12,920. Wentworth is the capital. Rockingham., p.t. Windham Co. Vt. on the Con- necticut. 23 m. N. Brattleborough. Pop. 2,272 ; p.v. Richmond Co. N. C. Rockland, a county of New York, in the S. Pop. 9,388. Clarkstown is the capital ; a town- »» ihe size of the domestic sheep, and is totally white, except the horns, hoofs, lips, and margins vi ihe nostrils : the horns are black and shining. Another remarkable race of animals are the •tocy Mountain Sheep, which are found in this elevated region from its northern termination in latitude 68 to about latitude 40, and most likely still further south. They also frequent the ele- vated and craggy ridges with which the country between the great mountain range and the Pa- cific is intersected ; but theyjdo not appear to have advanced further to the eastward than to the de- clivity of the Rocky Mountains, nor are they found in any of the hilly tracts nearer to Hud- son's Bay. They collect in flocks consisting of from three to thirty, the young rams and fe- males herding together during the winter and spring, while the old rams form separate flocks. The ewes bring forth in June or July, and then had seldom penetrated, he found no difficulty in approaching the Rocky Mountain Sheep, which there exhibited the simplicity of character so re- markable in the domestic species ; but that where they had been often fired at, they were exceed- ingly wild, alarmed their companions on the ap- proach of danger by a hissing noise, and scaled the rocks with a speed and agility that baffled pursuit. He lost several that he had mortally wounded, by their retiring to die amongst the se- cluded precipices. Their favourite feeding pla- ces are grassy knolls, skirted by craggy rwjks to which they can retreat, when pursued by dogs or wolves. They are accustomed to pay daily visits to certain caves in the mountains that are encrust- ed with a saline efflorescence, of which they are fond. These caves are situated in slaty rocks. Mr. Drummond says that the horns of the old rams attain a size so enormous, and curve so much forwards and downwards that they efl^ectually prevent the animal from feeding on level ground. Its flesh is said by those who have fed on it, to be quite delicious when it is in season, far superior to that of any of the deer species which frequent the same quarter, and even exceeding in flavour the finest English mutton. Rocky Ridge, p. v. Trigg Co. Ken. 217 m. S. W. Frankfort. Rocky Springs, p.v. Rockingham Co. N. C. 145 m."N. W. Raleigh ; p.v. George Co. Ten ; p.v. Claiborne Co. iVfississippi. Rocroy, a town of France, department of Arden- nes, celebrated for the victory gained by the French over the Spaniards in 1C43. It is seated in a plain, surrounded by forests, 26 m. N. of Rethel. Rodach, a town of Germany, in the principal- ity of Saxe-Coburg, on a river of its name, 9 m. N. W. Coburg. Rodby, a sea-port of Denmark, in the island of Laland. The passage hence to Heiligenhaven, in Holstein and to the island of Femern, is much frequented. It is 10 m. N. E. of Naxkow. Long. 11.45. E., lat. 54. 4iS. N. Rodenburg, a town and castle of Germany, in the district of Schauenburg, near which is a min- eral spring. 11 m. W. by S. of Hanover. Rodez, a town of France, capital of the depart- ment of Aveiron, and a bishop's see. Here are four great annual fairs, and some manufactures of gray cloths and sergea The lofty steeple of itu cathedral is admired for its architecture. It is seated in the midst of mcantains, on a hill, at the foot of which flows the Aveiron 30 m. W. by S. of Mende. Rodings, a district of Essex, Eng. comprising 3 H '3^ ROM 638 ROM ei^ht parifhes, each of which is called Roding, tut they are distinguished by the additional ap- pellation of Beauchamp, Eytliorp, High, Leaden, White, Abbot's, Berner's, and Margaret's. Rodman, p.t. Jefferson Co. N, Y. 160 ra. N. W. Albany. Pop. 1,90). Rodok, a town of Hindoostan, in the province of Uehli, 50 m. E. of Hissar and 60 W. N W. of Dehli. Rodosto, a sea port of Romania, and a bishop's «ee, seated on the side of a hill, on the sea of Mnrmora, 62 m. W. of Constantinople. Long. 27. 37. E., lat. 41. l.N. Rodrignei, an island in the Indian Ocean, 30 m. long and 12 broad, lying 100 leagues E. of Mauritius. The country is mountainous, and in many parts rocky, thoujjh in some places the soil is excellent; but the best production of the island ib the land turtle, which are in great abundance. On the N. side is a bay that affords secure shelter for ships, and ample supplies of wood and water Long. 63. 0. E., lat. 19. 30. S. Roer, a river of the Prussian states, which rises in Westphalia, flows by Arensberg, Schwerte, Werden, and Duysburg, and enters the Rhine at Roerort. Roerort, a town of the- Prussian states, in the duchy of Cleve, at the conflux of the Roer with the Rhine, 17 m. S. by E. of We-^el. Roeulx, a town of the Netherlands, in Uainault, 8 m. N. E. of Mons. Rogerstmcn, p. v. Franklin Co. Missouri. RuffcrsviUe, p. v. Person Co. N. C. Pendleton Dis. S. C. and Hawkins Co. Ten. on the Hoiston, 70 m. above Knoxville. Rogerwick, or Port Baltic, a sea-port of Russia, in tlie province of Revel, seated on a fine hay at the entrance of the gulf of Finland, 40 m. VV. N. W. of Revel. Long. 23. 20. E., lat. 59. 10. N. Rogonatpour, a town of Bengal, capital of the district of Parhete. 126 m. N. W. of Calcutta. Long. 86.47. E., lat. 23. 32. IS. Roha, or Rmtah. See Orfa. Rohan, a town of France, department of Mor- biham, on the Aoust,20 m. N. of Vannes. Rohilcund, or Rohilla, a territory of Hindoostan, inhabited by the Rohillas, and formerly belong- ing to the province of Dehli, but now included in the district of Bareilly. It was conquered by the nabob of Oude, with the assistance of the British, in 1774. But in 1801 it was ceded to the British, and is now governed by a civil establish- ment. Rohitzan, a town of Bohemia, with good cloth manufactures and a trade in iron, 7 m. E. by N. of Filsen. Rolduc, a town of the Netherlands, in the late duchy of Limburg, 10 m. S. W. of Juliers. Rom, an island of Denmark, on the coast of S. Jutland. It is 7 m. long and nearly 3 broad, and contains a few villages. Romarrna, the former name of a province of Italy, in the papal states, bounded on the N. by the Ferrarese, E. by the gulf of Venice, S. by Tuscany and Urbino, ana W. by Bologna and Tuscany. It is fertile in corn, wine, oil, and fruits ; and has also mines, mineral waters, and salt-works, which makes its principal revenue. Ravenna is tl-e '■a jital. Romainmolie.r, \ town of Switzerland, in the Pays de Vaud, capital o'"a bailiwrc, with a castle ; sealed in a narrow val!ev, through which flows the river Diaz, 11 m. S. VV. of Yverdun. Konuini, a town of European Turkey, in Mol- davia, and a bishop's see ; seated on the Siret, 50 m. W. S. W. of Jassy. Romania, a province or division of Turkey, about 200 m. long and 130 broad ; bounded on the N. by Bulgaria, E. by the black Sea, S. by the sea of Marmora and the Archipelago, and W. by Macedonia. The whole of this fine country, comprising Thrace, Macedon, and ancient Greece, is at present in a very backward state, owing to the oppression and arbitrary exactions of the Turks. The inhabitants have, however, at length been liberated from the galling yoke which they long maintained an arduous struggle to throw oE. See Greece. Romano, a town of Austrian Italy, on a river that runs between the Oglio and Serio, 26 m. E. of Milan. Romans, a town of France, department of Drome, on the Isere, 22 m. S. W. of Grenoble and 30 S. ofVienne. Rome, a celebrated city of Italy, the capita] of the pope's dominions. It is sitnate on the Tiber, over which it has four bridges. The walls are of brick, in which are 15 gates ; and its whole cir- cumference, including that part beyond the Ti- ber and all belonging to the Vatican, is upwards of 16 m. It has 144,541 inhabitants, which, though greatly inferior to what it could boast in the days of its ancient power, is considerably more than it could number at some former periods since the fall of the empire. Some of the prin- cipal streets are of considerable length, and per- fectly straight. That called the Corso is the most frequented. The shops on each side are three or four feet higher than the street, and there is a path for foot passengers on a level with the shops. The palaces, of which there are several, in this street, range in a line with the houses, hav- ing no courts before them. The Strada Felice and the Strada di Porta Pia, are a'so very long and noble streets. Rome exhibits a strange mix- ture of magnificent and interesting, and of com- mon and beggarly objects ; the former consist of palaces, churches, fountains, and the remains of antiquity ; the latter comprehend all the rest of the city. The church of St. Peter, in the opin- ion of many, surpasses, in size and magnificence, the finest monuments of ancient architecture. It was begun in 1506, finished in 1621, and is en- tirely covered both within and without with mar- ble, lis length is 730 feet, the breadth 520, and the hei^-ht, from the pavement to the top of the cross which crowns the cupola, 450. The high altar under the cupola is 90 feet in height, and of extraordinary magnificence. A complete descrip- tion of tliis church, and of its statues, basso-re- lievos, colums, and various other ornaments, would fill volumes. The cathedral of St. John Lateran, the Romans say, is the most ancient oi' all the churches of Rome, and llie :nother of all the churches in Christendom. It contains the Scala Santa, of 28 white marble steps, brought from Jerusalem, by which Christ is said to have ascended to the palace of Caiaphas. To this church every new pope constantly goes first, in a magnificent procession, to take possession of the holy see. The Pantheon, which from its cir- cular form has obtained the name of the Rotunda, is the most perfect of the Roman temples which now remain, and notwithstanding the depreda- tions it has sustained from Goths, Vandals, and popes, is still a beautiful monument of Roman taste. The pavilion of the great altar of St. Peter, and the four wreathed pillars of Corinthian brass ROM 639 RON which sapport it, were formed out of the spoils of the Pantheon, which, after nearly 2,000 y»^ars, has still a probability of outliving its proud and capa- cious rival. Its height is 150 feet, and its width nearly the same. There are no pillars to support the roof, which is constructed in the manner of a cupola; neither has it any windows, a sufficiency of light being admitted through a central opening in the dome. As the Pantheon is the most entire, the amphitheatre of Vespasian is the most stu- pendous monument of antiquity in Rome. About one-half of the external circuit still remains, from which a pretty exact idea may be formed of the original structure, and by computation it could contain 85,000 spectators. But the antiquities of Rome are too numerous to be minutely described ; so that the ancient Forum, now a cow-market, the beautiful column of Trajan, ed to Caesar by the Roman senate, when the ambitious views of that commander be- came suspected. Ruckersville, p.v. Elbert Co. Geo. Ruckingen, a town of Germany, in Hesse-Cas- sel, which was the scene of an obstinate engage- ment between the French and Bavarians in 1813. It is seated on the Kinzig, 5 m. E. oTRanau. Rudatc, a town of E. Prussia, formerly fortified with a castle, now in ruins. It is remarkable for the victory obtained by the Teutonic knights over Kinstud, great duke of Lithuania, in 1370; in memory of which a stone pillar was erected which is still remaining. 12 m. N. N. W. of Konigs- berg. Rudelstadt, or RuAolstadt, a town of Germany, capital of the county of Schwartzburg-Rudolstadt, with a fine castle on a mountain. It has manu- factures of flannel and stuffs, and is seated on the Saale, over which is a stone bridcre. 22 m. S. E. of Erfurt. Long. 11. 50. E., lat. 50. 44. N. Rudelstadt, a town of Prussian Silesia, in the principality of Schweidnitz, with a mine-office, and copper-works ; seated on the Bober, 18 m. W. of Schweidnitz. Rudesheim, a town of Germany, in the duchy of Nassau, celebrated for its wine. 3 m. N. of Bingen. Rudisto. See Rodosto. Rudkioping, a sea-port of Denmark, in the isl- and of Langeland. It has a considerable trade in corn and provisions. Long. 11.0. E., lat. 55. Rudolf sioerd, a town of Austrian Illyria, in Car- nolia, with a large collegiate church ; seated on the Gurck, in a country fertile in wine, 45 m. S. E ofLaubach. Rue, a town of France, department of Somme, 17 m. N. W. of Abbeville. Ruffach, a town in the department of Upper Rhine, 7 m. S. of Colmar. Rufec, a town in the department of Charente, 24 m. N. of Angouleme. Rufia, a river of Greece, in the Morea, which falls into the gulf of Arcadia, opposite tlie island of Zante. Rugby, a town in Wan-wickshire, Eng. cele- brated for its well endowed grammar school. It has a commodious church and two meeting- houses, and is seated on the Avon. 13 m. S. E. of Coventry and 85 N. N. W. of London. Rugely, or Rudgley, a town in Staffordshire, Eng. with manufactures of felts and hats, sheet iron, and of verdigris. It is seated on the Trent, 9m. E. S. E. of Stafford and IfiG N. W. of London. Rugen, an island in the Baltic, on the coast of Pomerania, opposite Stralsund, the channel be- tween which town and the island is not above a mile in breadth. Including the indentations of the sea, which are considerable, the island is 23 m. long and 18 broad. It abounds in corn and cattle, and contains numerous gardens and plantations. This island became subject to Prussia, with the rest of Pomerania, in 1814. The chief town is Bergen. Rugenwald, a town of Prussian Pomerania, in the government of Coslin, with a castle. Here is a good salmon fishery and a trade in linen. It is seated on the Wipper, 3 m. from the Baltic and 35. N. E. to Colberg. Long. 16. 17. E., lat. 54. 25. N. Ruggles, p.t. Huron Co. Ohio. Ruhland, a town of Prussia, in Upper Lusatia, with a trade in fish and beer ; seated on the El- ster 25 m. E. by N. of Dresden. Rum, one of the Hebrides, 7 m. W. of the S. extremity of Skye. It is 9 m. long and 6 broad, the surface hilly and rocky ; but it feeds a con- siderable number of small sheep, whose flesh and wool are valuable. The only harbour is Loch Scresort, on the E. coast. Long. 0. 20. W., lat. 57. 10. N. Rumford, p.t. Oxford Co. Me. Pop. 1,127; p.v. King William Co. Va. Rumigny, a town of France, department of Ardennes, 12 m. S. W. of Rocroy. Runully, a town of the Sardinian states in Sa- voy, situate on an elevated plain, at the conflux of the Seram and Nepha, 7 m. W. S. W. of An- necy. Rummelsburg, a town of Prussia, in Pomerania, with manufactures of cloth, seated on the Wip- per, 14 m. N. of New Stettin. Rumney, or Rhyney, a river of Wales, which rises in Brecknockshire, and, separating the coun- ties of Glamorgan and Monmouth, enters the Bristol Channel', to the S. E. of Cardiff. Rumney, p.t. Grafton Co. N. H. Pop. 993. Runapour, a. town of Bengal, capital of a fertile district governed by a judge, collector, &c., and subservient to the court of circuit and appeal of Dacca. The chief produce of the district is rice, but there is also much tobacco and some indigo. The inhabitants carry on considerable trade with Assam, Bootan, and Calcutta. 124 m. N. N. E. of Moorshcdabad. Long. 89. 4. E., lat. 25. 44. N. Runkel, a town of Germany, in the duchy oi Nassau, with a citadel on a high hill, formerly the residence of the count of Wied Runkel. It is seated on the [jahn 14 m. E N. E of Nassau. . RU8 644 RUS Ruptilnumde, a town of the Netherlands, in E. Flanders, 8 m. S. W. of Antwerp. Rupert, a river of New Briiian, which issues from the lake Mistassin, and flows W. into the S E. part of James Bay. In its course it forms sev- eral small lakes ; and at its mouth is the remains of Fort Rupert, formerly a settlement of the Ilud- •on Bay Company. Long. 76. 58. W., lat. 51. 3. N. Rupert, p.t. Bennington Co. Vt. Pop. 1,318. Riippin, a town of Prussia, in Brandenburg. It stands on the W. side of a lake, formed by the river Rhin ; and on the opposite side of the lake is Old Ruppin, with an ancient castle, the resi- dence of its former counts, whose burial place is at New Ruppin. This town was entirely con- sumed by fire in 1787, but is rebuilt in a hand- some manner, and greatly augmented. It has a considerable trade, a manufacture of cloth, and noted breweries. 33 m. N. N. W. of Berlin. Long. 13. 0. E., lat. 55. 6. N. Riiremonde, or Roermonde, a strong town of the Netherlands, in the provinceof Limburg, seated at the conflux of the Roer with the Meuse, 28 m. N N. W. of Maestricht. Long. 6. 4. £., lat. 51. 11. N. Ruscck, a town of Bulgaria, defended by a cas- tle, with manufactures of silk, cotton, linen, wool- en, tobacco, &c. It was taken by the Russians in 1810, and a Turkish army was defeated near it in 1811. It is seated on the Danube, 135 m. N. by E. of Adrianople. Long. 26. 50. E., lat. 44 12. N. iJiisA, a c«unty of Indiana. Pop. 9,918. Rush- ville is the capital ; also townships in Centre, Dauphin, Susquehanna, Schuylkill and North- umberland Cos. Pa. Rushford, p.t. Alleghany Co. N. Y. Pop. 1 ,1 19. Ritshville, p. v. Fairfield Co. Ohio. Ontario Co. N. Y. and Rush Co. Ind. Russell, a county of the W. District of Virginia. Pop. 6,717. Lebanon is the capital. Rtissell, p.t. Hampden Co. Mass. 108 m. S. W. Boston. Pop. 509; p.v. St. Lawrence Co. N. Y. Pop. 659. Russelville, p.v. Chester Co. Pa. Logan Co. Ken. Brown Co. Ohio and Franklin Co. Alab. Russ, a town of E. Prussia, on the Niemen, 28. m. S. by E. of Meniel. Rnsselsheim, a town of Germany, in Hesse- Darmstadt, situate on the Maine, 6 m. E. of Mentz and 13 N. W. of Darmstadt. Russeij, a town of France, department of Doubs, 34 m. E. by S. of Besangon. Russia, a vast empire, partly in Asia and part- ly in Europe ; bounded on the N. by the Frozen Ocean, E. by the Pacific, S. by Great Tartary, the Caspian Sea, Persia, Turkey in Asia, and the Black Sea, and W. by Turkey in Europe, Poland, the Baltic Sea, and Sweden. There were three countries that had the name of Russia . — namely. Red Russia, which formed the S. part of Poland ; White Russia, which comprehended the E. part of Lithuania; and Black Rusf;ia, which included the governments of Kaluga, Moscow, Tula, Re- zan, Volodimir, and Yaroslaf; and hence his im- Kerial majesty takes the title of emperor of all the Lussias. This empire, exclusive of the acquisi- tions from the Turks and from Poland (see Po- land), forms a square, whose sides are 2,000 m. each A country of such vast extent must lie in diflerent climates, and the soil and products must be as different. The most fertile part is near the frontiers of Poland, the inhabitants of which are able to supply their neighbours with corn. The N. part is not only colder, but very marshy, and overrun with forests, inhabited chiefly by wild beasts. The country affords a variety of com • modities, which, being of great use to foreigners, produce a considerable annual balance of trade in favor of Russia. The home commodities are chiefly sables, black furs, the skins of black and white foxes, ermines, hyajnas, lynxes, bears, pan- thers, wolves, martins, white hares, &c., red and black juchte or Russian leather (which for colour, smell, and softness, is not equalled in the world), copper, iron, talc, fallow, wax, honey, potash, tar, linseed and train-oil, castor, isinglass, hemp, flax, thread, sail-cloth, calimanco, Siberian musk, soap, feathers, timber, &c. To these commodi- ties may also be added almost all the merchan disc of China, India, Persia, Turkey, and some European countries. This extensive empire is divided into 51 pro- vinces. The principal towns are Petersburgh, Moscow, Riga, Odessa, Tula, Wilna, &c. The religion is that of the Greek or Eastern Church, which is governed by a patriarch, under whom are the archbishops and bishops. Every priest is called a papa or pope, and of these there were formerly 4,000 in Moscow alone. They have images in their churches ; and the priests give a passport to those that are dying, addressed to St. Nicholas, who is desired to entreat St. Peter to open the gates of heaven, as they have certified that the bearer is a good Christian. A consider- able number of the Russians profess the Mahom- etan religion, and many are still pagans. The inhabitants of the Swedish provinces are Luther- ans; and Protestants, as well as Papists, enjoy full liberty of conscience. There are many con- vents for both sexes, but it has been wisely or- dained that no male can enter into a monastic life before he is 30 years of age ; and that no fe- male can take the veil till she is 50, and even then not without the licence of the holy synod. The inhabitants in general are robust, well shaped, and of pretty good complexions. They are great eaters, and very fond of brandy. They use bathing, but smoke no tobacco, lest the smoke should dishonour the images of the saints, which they keep in great veneration ; however, they take a great deal of snufF, made of the tobacco brought from the Ukraine. The Russians were formerly wholly employed in agriculture, feeding of cattle, hunting and fishing; and he was thought a learned man who could read and write. Peter the Great undertook to introduce arts and sciences, and in 1724, the first university was founded that ever was in Russia : there is also an academy of sciences at Petersburg, sup plied with eminent professors. With respect to dress, a long beard is in high estimation with the people of Russia, notwithstanding the efforts of their monarchs to root it out ; and it is only those depending upon government, in the army and navy, who have yet complied with the custom and wish of the court. Those who retain their beards, retain likewise the ancient dress ; the long swaddling coat, either of skins, or of coarse cloth lined with skins, in winter, and in summer of cloth only. About their middle they have a sash of any colour ; but what they most affect is green or yellow. Their shirts are fashioned as women's ; and their necks, being exposed to the cold, become very hard and impenetrable from this practice. Government continue to exert every nerve to compel the subjects to adopt the RUT 645 RYE can procure any place, or favour, from court, up- on other conditions tiian banishing the Asiatic sheep-skin robes. The worn-out veteran retires with a pension, upon the express terms of never again assuming the habit of his fathers. But so jealously attached are the multitude to former manners, and so honorable do they esteem them, that a Russian, dressed in his beard and gown, acquires the greatest respect. The dress of the women is the reverse of that of the men, both in fashion and colour, every part of it being as short and tight as decency will allow, and very gaudy. It resembles that of the Highland women in Scot- land. The Russian women are, however, far more rich in their attire ; nor is gold lace want- ing, any more than the art of painting, to com- plete the Russian belle. The rising generation are modernizing their antic vestments : the stiff •mbroidered napkin is supplanted by one of flow- ing silk ; the jacket and petticoat are of muslin, or other fine stuffs ; and the plaid is exchanged for a silk or satin cloak, in the cold season lined with fur. The richer class of females wear vel- vet boots. The dress of the higher ranks is af- ter the French and English fashion ; and all must have a covering of fur six months of the year. Thus equipped, the prince and the peasant are drawn in their chaises and sledges through the dreary Scythian winter. The principal rivers are the Dnieper, Volga, Don, Duna or Dwina, and Oby. The sovereigns of Russia are absolute. They were formerly called Grand Dukes, which is still the title of the heir apparent. They after- wards assumed the title of czar, and, in the se- quel, that of emperor. The first who bore the ti- tle of czar was Basil, son of John Basilides, who freed his country from its subjection to the Tar- tars, about the year 1470. The title of emperor was first assumed by Peter I., who, by his illus- trious actions, justly acquired the surname of Great. He died in 1725, and perhaps no countrj' ever exhibited, in so short a time, the wonders that may be effected by the genius and exertions of one man. Peter the Great, at his accession to the throne, found his subjects of all ranks involv- ed in the grossest ignorance and barbarism ; his numerous armies ferocious and undisciplined ; and he had neither merchant ships nor men of war; which, added to the remoteness of the situ- ation, rendered the influence of Russia in the politics of Europe of little consideration. Peter civilized his barbarous subjects, disciplined his armies, built cities and fortresses, and created a navy. These national improvements have been s.'J.\\ further prosecuted since his time, and Rus- sia now holds a rank among the nations of the world of which human foresight, at the com- mencement of the 18th century, could have form- ed no conception. The population of European Russia is 45,633, 203, and of the whole empire 59,203,700. The revenue is 52,000,000 dollars and the national debt 200,000,000. The military force in time of peace is 600,000 men and in war above 1,000,000. Petersburg is the capital of the whole empire. Russia, p.t. Herkimer Co. N. Y. 95 m. N. W. Albany. Pop. 2,453. Also atownship of Lorraine Co. Ohio. Rustgaden, a town of Sweden, in the govern- ment of Fahlun, 23 m. S. S. W. of Fahlun. Rutchester, a village in Northumberland, Eng. the Vindobala of the Romans, containing some re- markable ruins of its once con!?iderable fort. Se- verus's wall runs on the middle of the E. rampart and .Adrian's vallum passes about the distance of a chain to the S. of it. Rutherford, a county of N. Carolinia. Pop. 17,557. Rutherfordton is the capital ; a county of W. Tennessee. Pop. 26,133. Murfreesborough is the capital. Rutherfordton, p.t. Rutherford Co. N. C. 216 m. S. W. Raleigh. Rutherglen, a borough of Scotland, in Lanark shire, once a place of considerable note, but now reduced to one principal street and a few lanes. It is seated near the Clyde. 3 m. S. E. of Glasgow. Ruthin, a town of Wales, in Denbighshire. It had a strong castle, now in ruins , and is seated on an eminence, by the river Clwyd, 15 m. S. W. of Holywell, 205 N. W. of London. Rutigliano, a town of Naples, in Terra di Bari, 12 m. S. E. of Bari. Rutlam, a town of Hindoostan, in the province of Malwa, 48 m. W. of Ougein, 136 E. of Ameda- bad. Rutland, a county of Vermont on L. Champlain Pop. 31,295. Rutland is the capital. Rutland, the capital of the above Co. stands on Otter creek, 57 m. N. Bennington. Pop. 2,753 ; p.t. Worcester Co. Mass. 50 m. W. Boston. Pop. 1,276 ; p.t. Jefferson Co. N. Y. on Black river. Pop. 2,339 ; p.t. Meigs Co. Ohio 90 m. S. E. Co- lumbus. Pop. 971. Rutlandshire, the smallest county in England, 18 m. long and 14 broad. The number of inhabi- tants in 1821 was 1'3,4S7. The soil varies much ; but, in general, is fertile, particularly the rich vale of Catmose, which runs from the W. side to the centre of the county. The principal rivers are the Welland and the Guash or Wash. Oakham is the county town. Ruttunponr, a city of Hindoostan, in Orissa, and the capital of a small district of its name. 210. m. S. by W. of Benares and 360 W. of Calcutta. Long. 82. .36. E., lat. 22. 16. N. Rutzen, a town of Prussian Silesia, principality of Wolau, 20 m. N. of Wolau. Ruvo, a town of Naples, in Terra di Barri, 16 m. W. of Barri. Roza, a town of Russia, in the government of Moscow, 48 m. W. N. W. of Moscow. Ryacotta, a town and fortress of Hindoostan, in Mysore. It was taken in 1791 by the British, to whom it was afterwards ceded by Tippoo Sultan. 85 m. E. of Seringapatam and 98 W. S. W. of Arcot. Long. 78. 6. E., lat. 12. 26. N. Ryan, Loch, a bay of Scotland, in the N. W. an- gle of Wigtonshire. The sea flows into it through a narrow pass ; and it affords excellent anchorage. Rydal, a fertile valley to N. Yorkshire, Eng. so called from the river Rye, which passes through it and falls into the Swale, near Richmond. Rydal-water, a lake in Westmoreland, Eng. a little to the W. of Ambleside. It is one mile in length, spotted with little, islands and communi- cates by a narrow channel with Grasmere- water to the W., and by the river Rothay with Winder- mere-water, to the S. Rydroog, a town and fortress of Hindoostan, in Mysore, on the river Hindenny, 60 m. N. N. E. of Chitteldroog. Long. 76. 52. E., lat. 14. 40. N. Rye, a borough and sea-port in Sussex, Eng. It is an appendage to the cinque ports. On the edge of the cliff is a small battery, and behind it Ipres tower, a square building, now a jail. The old port is so choked up with sand that it can admit only small vessels. In 1726 a new harbour SAB 64C SAB w«s oponed, in which vessels of 360 tons burden may s'iifely ride. 63 S. E. of London. Rtje, a township of Rockingham Co. N. H. on the coast, 4 m. S. Portsmouth. Pop. 1,172 , p.t. Westchester Co. N. T. on Long Island Sound, 18 m. N. E. N. Y. Pop. 1,602. Townships of Perry and Cumberland Cos. Pa. Ryfgate, p.t. Caledonia Co. Vt. on the Con- necticut, 22 m. E. Montpelier. Pop. 1,119. Rytg-Ue, a borough in Surrey, En^. Here was formeily a castle built in the time of the Saxons, and called Holms Castle ; some ruins of it are to be seen, particularly a long vault, with a room at the end, where, it is said, the barons, who took up arms against kinj John, held their private meet- ings. The market-house was formerly a chapel, dedicated to Thomas a Becket. 21" S. W. of London. Bifmennul, a town of the Netherlands, in Bra- bant, on the Dyle, 5 m. E. of Mechlin. Ryssen, a town of the Netherlands, in Overvs- sel, on the river Regge, 16 m. E. N. E. of I^e- venter. Rygwick, a town of S. Holland, remarkable for a treaty concluded in 1697 between England, Germany, Holland, France, and Spain. It is seated between Hague and Delft. 30 m. S. W. of Amsterdam. Rzeezica, a town of Bohemia, 52 m. S. E. of Prague. Rzemien, a town of Poland, in the palatinate of Sandomir, 36 m. S. S. W. of Sandomir. Rzeva, a town of the Russian empire, and capi- tal of a province of the same name, situate on the Volga, near its source. Riescow, a well built town of Austrian Poland, capital of a circle of its name, with a brisk trade in corn and peltry, situate on the VVisioka, 80 m. E. of Cracow, 70 W. of Lemberg. S SAABA, a kingdom of Negroland, with a cap- ital of the same name, W. of Torabuctoo, on the river Senegal. Saadj,, or Saade, a strong town of Arabia, in Yemen, and the residence of a sheik. It has a custom-house, which brings in a considerable revenue ; and manufacturers of Turkey leallier. 140 m. W. N. W of Sanaa. Long. 44. 55. E., lat. 17. 50. N Saaifeld, a town of Germany, in the duchy of Saxe-Coburg, with a mint, a mine office, and manufactures of cloth, and of gold and silk stuffs. On an eminence near the town steinds the once celebrated and princely abbey of St. Peter. In 1806 prince Louis Ferdinand, of Prussia, was killed here in a skirmish with the French. It stands on the Saale, 34 m. N. N. E. of Coburg, 46 8. W. of Altenburg. Long. 11. 32. E., lat. 50. 41. N. Saaifeld. a town of E. Prussia, on the lake Mebing, 23 m. S. E. of Marienburg. Soar, a town of Moravia, in the circle of Brunn, on the confines of Bohemia, 42 m. N. W. of Brunn. Soar-Louis, a town of Prussia, province of Lower Rhine, ceded by France in 1815. It is situate on a peninsula formed by the Sarre, 34 m. E. of Thionville Saarmund, a town of Prussia, in Brandenburg, 6 m S. of Potsdam. Saati, a town of Bohemia, capital of a circle of the same name, which contains some of the best «orn-land in Bohemia, and yields hops of the best quality. The town is seated on the Eger, 48 m. W. N. W. of Prague. Salta, a fertile island of the W. Indies, 12 m. in circumference, inhabited by a few Dutcli families, almost all shoemakers. The island was taken by the English in 1781, in 1801, and in 1810. It has no port, and lies a little to the W. of St. Christo- pher. Long. 63. 17. W., lat. 17. 39. N. _ Sabanja, a town of Natolia. Here all the roads from Asia to Constantinople meet. It is situate on a lake which abounds in fish, 60 m. E. N. E. of Bursa, 62 E. S. E. of Constantinople. Long. 29. 40. E., lat. 40. 30. N. Sabatz, or Sahoaz, a town and fortress of Servia, taken by the Austrians in 1719. It is situate on the Drave, 22 m. S. of Peterwardein and 28 W of Belgrade. Sabi. See Xavier. Sabia, a kingdom on the E. coast of Africa, bounded on the N. by Sofala, E. by th« Mosam- bique Channel, S. by unknov/n regions, and W. by Manica. The country is fertile and populous, is crossed, by a river of the same name, has mines of gold, and many elephants. Manbona is the capital. Sabie, a sea-port of Denmark, on the E. coast of N. Jutland, at the mouth of a river of the satne name, 23 m. N. N. E. of Alburg. Long. 10. 18. E , lat. 57. 20. N. Sabina, a province of Italy, in the Pope's do- minions, 28 m. long and 20 broad; bounded by the Tiber, the Teverone, the duchy of Spoleto, and the Neapolitan frontier. It is watered by several small rivers, and abounds in oil and wine. Sahina, p. v. Richland Co. Ohio. Sabine, a river of N. America rising in the pro- vince of Texas in lat. 32. 40. N. and flowing S. E. into the Gulf of Mexico. It forms tiie boundary between Texas and Louisiana. It is 320 m. in length ; near its mouth it expands into a lake, 3C m. long and 8 in breath. SabionceUa, a town of Austrian Dalmatia, situ- ated on the extremity of a peninsula, to which it gives name. This peninsula runs a considerable way into the Atlantic, having the island of Lesia on the N. and those of Curzola and Melidaonthe S., all separated by a narrow channel. The town is 45 m. N. W. of Ragusa. Long. 17. 40. E.. lat. 43. 20. N. Sabionetta, a town of Austrian Italy, formerly capital of a principality of its name, with a strong citadel. 20 m. E. of Cremona. Sable, a town of France, department of Sarte, near which are some quarries of black marble. It is seated on the Sarte, 25 m. N. E. of Angers. Sable, Cape, the most southerly point of Nova Scotia, near which is a fine cod fishery. Lonff 65. 39. W., lat. 43. 23. N. ® Sable, a river of N. Y. falling into L. Cham- plain. There is a fall of 80 feet upon this river at Chesterfield. Sable, an island in the Atlantic 90 m. S E. Cape Breton. Lat. 44. 5. N. Long. 60 W. It is / SAP 647 SAG 30 m. in len^h and is little more than a heap of sand. Sables d'Olonne, a town of France, department of Vendee, with a port capable of containing ves- sels of 150 tons. It is seated on the Bay of Bis- ► cay, 40 m. W. of Fontenay le Compe. Long. 1. 50. W., lat. 4.9. 26. S. SahJestan. a mountainous province of Persia, little known to Europeans. Bost is the capital. Sararappa, p.v. Cumberland Co. Me. 4 m. N. Portland. Sacai. a city and sea-port of Japan, in the isl- and of Niphon, with several castles, temples, and palaces, and a mountain on one side, which serves as a rampart. 43 m. S. by W. of Meaco. Long. 13(5. 5. E., lat. 34. 53. N. Sachsenberg, a town of Germany, county of Waldeck, 10 m. S. W. of Waldeck. Sacksenhagen, a town of Germany, in the prin- cipality of Schauenburg, 1.3 m. W. of Hanover. SachserUiausen, a town of Germany, making part of Frankfort on the Maine. It is situate •n the S. side of the river, and communicates with the rest of the city by a stone bridge. SachsKnhausen, a town of Germany, county of Waldeck, 6 m. N. W. of Waldeck. Sacliscnheim, a town in the kingdom of Wurtem- berg, 12 m. N. N. W. of Stutgard. Sachet's Harbour, a town of New York, in Jef- ferson county, with one of the best harbours in the state. It has a dock-yard, witii large store- houses, and is strongly defended by forts and bat- teries. Ills seated at the mouth of Black River, on Hungry Bay, at the E. end of Lake Ontario, 176 m. N. W. of Albany. It was the chief naval station on the lake during the war of 1812. Snco, a river rising in the Notch of the White Mountains in New Hampshire and flowing S. E. through Maine into the sea. It has falls liear its mouth. Saeo, p.t. York Co. Me. at the month of the above river. It is a port of entry and has several manufactories and a large trade in lumber. Pop. 3,219. Sacondago, a river of N. Y. flowing into the Hudson at Jessup's Fall?. Sacrament, St., a town of S. America, in Buenos Ayres, settled by the Portuguese, but taken in 1777 by the Spaniards. It stands on the river Plata, nearly opposite Buenos Ayres, 100 m. W. by N. of Monte Video. Sacrapatan, a town of Hindoostan, in Mysore, on the Cavery, 73 m. N. W. of Seringapatam. Long. 75. 52. E., lat. 13. 6. N. Saddleback, a mountain in Cumberland, Eng. so called from its form. It is upwards of 3,000 feet above the level of the sea ; and on one side is an immense cavity, once the crater of a volca- no, at the bottom of which is a lake about 20 acres in dimension. 5 m. E. N. E. of Keswick. Saddle Mountain, an eminence in Williamstown and .\dams, Berkshire Co. Mass. It is 4,000 feet in elevation, and is the highest mountain in Massachu.setts It consists ot a ridge, 6 m. in length with 2 summits. Sadras, a town of Hindoostan, in the Carnatic, on the coast, near the mouth of the Paliar. A little to the N. are seven pagodas, hollowed out of a solid rock. 38 m. S. of Madras. Sadsbury, townships in Chester, Crawford and Lancaster Cos. Pa. Sajji, a strong sea-port of Morocco, with a castle. It was long the centre of the commerce carried ou with Europe, but now has little trade. 16 m. S. of Cape Cantin. Long. 8. 58 W., lat 32 23. N. Sagan, a town of Prussian Silesia, capital of a principality of the same name. It has dooSle walls, a fine palace, a priory of the Augustine or- der, a Lutheran school, and good cloth manufac- tures ; and is seated on the Bober, 80 m. N. W of Breslau. Long. 15. 22. E., lat. 51. 42. N. Sugar, a town of Hindoostan, in Mysore, with a considerable trade in pepper, betelnut, and sandal wood. It stands on the Varada, near its source, 25 m. N. of Nagara. Sagara, a celebrated mountain of Greece (the ancient Helicon), a few m. N. of the gulf of Corinth. It has a village of its name, formerly called Ascras, noted as the birth-place of Hesiod. From its summit may be seen great part of Greece. Sagg Harbour, a sea-port of New York, in Suf- folk county, at the E. end of Long Island. The whale fishery from this place produces 1,000 bar- rels of oil annually. 12 m. N. W. of Southamp- ton, 87 E. of New York. Sagadahoc, a river of Maine falling into the Androscoggin at Rumford. This name was an- ciently applied to the eastern part of Maine. Saginaw Bay, an arm of Lake Huron in Mich igan Territory ; it receives the waters of a river of the same name. Saginaio, a town of Michigan Territory on the above river. Sagfialien, or Amour, a river of Chinese Tartary which rises near the Yablonoi mountains, where it is first known by the names of Kerlon and Ar- gun, and forms part of the boundary between Siberia and Eastern Tartary, where it receives the Schilka, and takes its present name. It then takes a circuitous ecastern course of 1 ,850 m dur- ing which it receives many other rivers, and en- ters the sea of Okoisk, opposite the N. part of the island of Sajhalien. Saahaiun, or Tchoha, a large island in the sea of Okotsk, separated from the continent by the channel of Tartary on the W., and from the island Jesso by Perouse Strait on the S. It extends from lat. 46. to 54., or not less than 550 m. in length, by about 90 of medial breadth. The centre is mounteiinous, and well wooded with pine, willow oak, and birch ; but the shores are levol, and well adapted to agriculture. The natives resemble the Tartars in form, and the upper lip is commonly tattooed blue. The dress is a loose robe of skins, or quilted nankeen, with a girdle. Their huts are of timber, thatched with grass, with a fire- place in the middle. In the S. are found some Japanese articles ; and there is a little trade with the Mandshurs and Russians. Saghalienoula Hotun, a city of Eastern Tartary, in the province of Tcitcicar. It is rich and pop- ulous, and very important on account of its situa- tion, as it secures to the Mandshur Tartars the possession of extensive deserts covered with woods, in which a great number of sables are found. It is seated on the river Saghalien, 20(J m. N. N. E. of Tcitcicar. Long 127. 25. E., la(. 50. 6. N. Sagres, a strong town of Portugal, in Algarva, with a harbour and a fort ; seated on a tongue of land at the S. W. extremity of the province, 20 m. W. S. W. of Lagos. Long. 9. 0. W., lat. 372. N. Sagur, a town of Hindoostan, capital of a dis- trict in the province of Malwa, situate near the Bunnass, 87 m. N. W. of Gurrah, 112 S of Agi*. Long. 78. 53. E., lat. 23. 45. N SAI 648 SAI Sahagun, a town of Spain, in Leon, with a rich abbef ; seated in a fertile plain, on the river Cea, 32 m. S. E. of Leon. Sahar. See Shakar. Sahara. See Zahara. Sahebgimg, or Jessore, a town of Bengal, capi- tal of the district of Jessore, seated on the Beirah, nearly 80 m. E. N. E. of Calcutta. Said, or Sahid. a province of Upper Egypt, bordering on Nubia and the Red Sea, anciently called Thebaid, celebrated for having been the retreat of a great number of Christians, who lived here in a solitary manner. It is the least fertile and populous part of Egypt, being full of deserts. Saida, a town of Syria, on the coast of the Mediterranean, the remains of the ancient Sidon, with a fort and castle. The name of Sidon still subsists in a small village, about 2 m. from Saida. To the W. of the castle is a shoal 200 paces long, and the space between them is a road for vessels, but not safe in bad weather. The shoal, which extends along the town, has a basin, enclosed by A decayed pier ; this was the ancient port, but it is now so choked up by sands that boats only can enter its mouth, near the castle. Saida is a tra- ding town, and the chief emporium of Damascus, and the interior country. The manufacture of cotton is the principal employment of its inhabi- tants. 45 m. W. S. W. of Damascus. Long. 35. 20. E., lat. 33. 30. N. St. Jlban's, p.t. Somerset Co. Me. 30. m. N. W. Bangor. Pop. 911 : a village of Licking Co. Ohio. St. •Bernard, a Parish of Louisiana. Pop. 3,3-56. St. Charles, a county of Missouri. Pop. 4,332. St. Charles is the capital. A Parish of Louisia- na. Pop. 5,i07. St. Clair, a lake of N. America, between lake Huron and Erie, communicating with both. It IS 90 m. in circumference. It recives a small stream of the same name. St. Clair, townships in Alleghany and Bedford Cos. Pa ; a village in Butler Co. Ohio. St. Clair, a county of Illinois. Pop. 7,092. Belleville is the capital ; a county of Alabama. Pop. 5,975. Ashville is the capital ; a county of Michigan. Pop. 1,115. St. Clair is the capital. St ClairsmUe, p.v. Chatauque Co. N. Y ; p. v. Belmont Co. Ohio. ] 1 m. W. Wheeling ; v. St. Clair Co. Alab. St. Clemenfs Bay, p.v. St. Mary's Co. Mary- land. 74 ni. S. Annapolis. St. Croix, or Schoodic, a stream forming the eastern boundary of Maine and falling into Pas- samaquoddy Bay. St- Francis, a river rising in.Vermont and flow- ing throutrh Canada into the St. Lawrence. A river of Missouri and Arkansas, flowing into the Mississippi. 107 m. above the Arkansas. St. Frarecow, a county of Missouri. Pop. 2,385. Farmington is the capital. St. Francisville, p.v. West Feliciana Parish Lou. on the Mississippi. 170 m. above New Orleans. St. Offtpptcrje, a county of Missouri. Pop. 2,182, St. Genevieve the capital of tliis county, stands on the Mississippi. 82 m. below St. Louis. It con- tains a catholic church and the inhabitants are principally French. St. George, p.t. Lincoln Co. Me. Pop. 1,6.52. St. George's p.v. Newcastle Co. Del. 12 m. S. W. Wilmington. St. Helena,, a Parish of Louisiana. Pop. 4,027. St. Helena the capital is 35 m. N. E. Baton Rouge. St. Helena an island on the Coast of S. Caro- lina, in Beaufort District. St. Helena. See Helena. St. Inigocs, p.v. St. Mary's Co. Md. 93 m. S. E. Washington. St. James, a Parish of Louisiana. Pop. 7,672. Bringier's is the capital. St. Johns, a river of Florida falling into the Atlantic in lat. 30. St. John Baptist, a Parish of Locisiana. Pop. 5,700. Bonnet Carre is the capital. St. Johnsburg, p.t. Caledonia Co. Vt. 31 m. N. E. Montpelier. Pop. 1,592. St. Johnsrille, p.v. Montgomery Co. N. Y. 64 m. N. W. Albany. St. Landry, a Parish of Louisiana. Pop. 12, 552. Opelousas is the capital. St. Laicrence,a great river of North America, being the outlet to the chain of lakes separating the United States from Canada. It bears this name only from the sea to Lake Ontario. It is navigable for ships of the line to Quebec and for ships of 600 tons to Montreal. At its mouth it expands into a broad gulf called the gulf of St. Lawrence. St. Lawrence, a county of New York, on the above river. Pop. 36,351. Potsdam is the capital. St. Leonard's, p.t. Calvert Co. Maryl. on the W. side of the Chesapeak, 58 m. from Washing- ton. St. Louis. See Louis St. St. Martin s, p.v. Worcester Co. Md. 117 m. S. E. Annapolis. St. Martin's, a Parish of Louisiana. Pop. 7,904 . St. Martinsville, the capital is situated on the Teche. St Mary's, a Parish of Louisiana. Pop. 6,542 Franklin is the capital. St. Mary's, a county of Md. Pop. 13,455. Leon- ardtown is the capital. A river of the U. States between Georgia and Florida falling into the Atlantic. A river of Ohio and Indiana falling into the Miami. St. Mary's, p.v. Camden Co. Geo. on St. Mary's river, 20 m. above its mouth. It was formerly a place of some importance from its frontier position, but since the acquisition of Florida by the United States it has declined. Lat. 30. 43. N. Long. 81. 43. W. St Mary's River, or Strait, forms the connection between Lakes Superior and Huron. It has a fall or violent rapid called the Sault, three quarters of a mile in extent : it is passable for boats. St. Michael's p.t. Talbot Co. Md. 25 m. S. E. Annapolis ; p.v. Madison Co. Missouri. 35 m. S. W. St. Genevieve. St. Simon's, an island of Geo rgia, at the mouth of the Alatamaha. St. Stephen's, p.t. Washington Co. Alab. on the Tombigbee, at the head of schooner navigation. The houses are mostly built of stone. The neigh- bouring country is highly fertile. St. Tammany, a Parish of Louisiana. Pop. 2,864. Covington is the capital ; p.t. Mecklen- burg Co. Va. St. Thomas, p.t. Franklin Co. Pa. ''jj* Other names beginning with St. will b« found under the second initial. Sainf.es, three of the Leeward Carribee Islands in the W. Indies, between Guadaloupe and Do- minica. The middle one seems nothing more than a large barren rock, but contributes to form a good harbour. Long. 61. 45. W., lat. 15. 52. N. Saintes, a town of France, capital of the depart mcnt of Lower Charente. Here are several monuments of antiquity, of which the most famous SAL (Hi SAL are the amphitheatre, thv; nqueducts, and t»ie triumphal arch on the bridge over the Charente The castle, built on a rock, is deemed impregna- ble ; and the ancient cathedral has one of the laro-esl steeples in France. It is seated on the Charente, 40 m. S. S. E. of Rochelle. 76 S. W, of Poitiers. Long. 0. 38. W., lat. 45. 45. N. Saintonge, a former province of France, which now forms the greater part of the department of Lower Charente, and part of that of Charente. Sal,one of the Cape Verde Islands, 42 m. in cir- cumference, lying to the E. of St. Nicholas. It has its name from the number of salt ponds that from time to time are filled by the sea, where the water crystallizes into a beautiful salt, the chief production of the island. Long. 22. 56. W., lat. 16. 38. N. Sala, or Salhe.rg, a town of Sweden, in the government of Westeras, near which is a silver mine ; seated on a river, 30 m. W. of Upsal, 50 N. W. of Stockholm. Salado, a river of S. America, which rises in Tucuman, about 60 m. W. of Salta, and flows S. S. E. to the Parana at Santa Fe. Salamanca, a city of Spain, in Leon, and a bishop's see, with a famous university, consisting of 24 colleges. The structure called the Schools, where the sciences are taught, is very large and curious. There were formerly 7,000 students, when tlie Spanish monarchy was in a flourishing condition ; but at present the number does not exceed 400, who are all clothed like priests. Here are magnificent churches, a large public square, fine fountains, and svery thing that can contri- bute to the beauty and commodiousness of the city. The cathedral is one of the handsomest in Spain ; and there are several fine convents, with churches belonging to them, adorned with images, and some v/ith curious pictures. The town is seated partly in a plain and partly on hills, and is surrounded by a wall. The river Thormes, which washes its walls, has a bridge over it 300 paces long, built by the Romans. 120 m. N. W. of Mad- rid. Long. 5. 48. W. lat. 41.24. N. Salamanca de Balcalar, a town of Mexico, in Yucatan, 140 m. S. E. of Campeachy. Long. 89. 58. W., lat. 17. 55. N. Sit/tfncAe, a town of Sardinia, in Savoy with a considerable trade in horses, cattle, cheese, wool- en stuffs, iron tools, &c. It is situate in a moun- tainous district, on the river Arve, 30 rn. S. E. of Geneva. Salankemen, a town of Sclavonia, where a vic- tory was obtained by the prince of Baden over the Turks, in 1691. It is seated on the Danube, opposite the influx of the Teisse, 20 m. N. W. of Belgrade, 25 S. E. of Peterwaradin. Salter g. See Sala. Salboe, a town of Norway, in Drontheim, with a copper mine. 45 m. S. E. of Drontheim. Saldana, a town of Spain, in the province of Leon, 37 m. N. W. of Palencia. S'.di.eto, a town of the kingdom of Tunis near which are the remains of a large castle. It is seat- ed near the Mediterranean, 22 m. S. S. E. of Monaster. Long. 11.3. E., lat. 35. 13. N. Salem, a town of Hindooslan, in the Carnatic, capital of a district of its name, included in that of Barramaul. It is the residence of the judge, collector, &-c., and is seated on a river that flows' into th"» Cavery, 120 m. S. E. of Seringapatam. Long. 78. 15. E., lat. 11. 37. N. Salem, a county of New Jersey. Pop. 14, 155. Salem is t\a capital. 83 Salem, p.t. Essex Co. Mass Tins is the second town in the state for papulation, wealth and trade. It is irregularly built on a peninsula, and has a secure harbour, but without a sufiicient depth of water near the shores to allow large ?hips to approach the wharves, without bcinjnr lightened. The commerce of the place is very flourishing, and it was one of the first towns of the United Spates, that entered into the East In- dia trade. In 1828 the shipping owned here amounted to 48,210 tons. The streets oPthe town are narrow, and the houses generally of wood, yet there are many elegant private mansions, and in the centre of the town is an enclosed com- mon planted with trees. Salem has an athene- um with a library of 5,000 volumes ; a valuable Museum belonging to the East India Marine So- ciety, 3 banks and II churches. It is connected on the north with Beverly by a bridge, and on the south it is separated by the harbour from Mar- blehead. It is 14 m. N. E. Boston. 24 S. New- buryport. Lat. 42. 34. N. Long. 70,54 W. Pop 13,836. Salem, p.t. Rockingham Co. N. H. 30 m S. W. Portsmouth. Pop. 1,310; p.t. Orleans Co. Vt. 50 m. N. Montpelier. Pop. 230 ; p.t. New London Co. Conn. 30 m. S. E. Hartford. Pop. 974; p.v. N. Haven Co. Con. 16 m. N. W. N. Haven ; p.t. Washington Co. N. Y. Pop. 2.972 ; p.t. Salem Co. N. J. 34 m. S. E. Philad. Towns in Wayne, Luz- erne, Westmoreland, Mercer, Cos. Pa. Botetourt Co. Va. Fauquier Co. Va. Stokes Co. N. C. Sum- ter Dis. S. C. Baldwin and Clark Cos. Geo. Liv- ingston Co. Ken. Ashtabula, Jefferson, Tuscara- was, Muskingum, Monroe, Washington, Meigs, Champaign, Columbiana, Warren and Randolph Cos. Ohio. Washington Co. Ind. Marion Co. 111. and Franklin Co. Ten. Salem Centre, p.v. Westchester Co. N. Y. Salem Cross Roads, p.v. Westmoreland Co. Pa. Salerno, a fortified sea-port of Naples, capital of Principato Citra, and an archbishop's see, with a castle and a university, principally for medicine. It is seated on a bay of tlie same name, 27 m. S. E. of Naples. Long. 14. 53. E., lat. 40 35. N. Salers, a town of France, department of Can- tal, seated among mountains, 9 miles N. of Au- rillac. Salford Lojoer and Upper, two townships in Montgomery Co. Pa. Salies, a town in the department of Lower Py- renees, where are springs from which fine salt is made. 7 m. W. of Orthes. Salignac, a town in the department of Upper Vienne, 10 m. S. of Limoges. SalirM, p.t. Onondaga Co. N. Y. on Ononda- ga Lake, 153 m. W. Albany. Pop. 6,929. Here are large establishments for manufacturing salt. The salt water is obtained by sinking wells and boring; it is raised by large metallic pumps, moved by the surplus water of the Erie canal, or by steam conveyed into reservoirs, and passed through pipes to the manufactories. The works principally used in the manufactory of the salt are denominated Blocks, Solar works and Steam works. The Blocks are constructed with boilers containing from 80 to 120 gallons each, and plao- ed in masonry in two parallel lines, having 8 to 20 in each line. The Salina salt is beautifully white, and fine grained ; the whole quantity made in 1830 was 1,430,000 bushels ; the average price at the Worca excludire of the state duty, was 12 1-2 cents 31 8AL 060 SAL jx»r bushel of 56 pounds. It is commonly packed for sale in barrels of 5 bushels, and is inspected and branded before removal. Saline, a township of Columbiana Co. Ohio. Pop. 664, and villages in Randoloh and Gallatin Cos. 111. Saline River, a branch of the Ouachitta in Ar- kansas, of the Little river of the North in Arkan- sas, and of Black Lake river in Louisiana. Saline, a branch of the Ohio in Illinois. On the banks of this stream , about 20 m. from the Ohio are extensive salt works owned by ihe Unit- ed States Government. SdJinas, a town of Spain, in Biscay, seated on the Deva, atthe foot of a mountain, 16 m. N. N. E. of Vittoria, 38 S. S. E. of Bilbao. Salines,a, village of St. Genevieve Co. Missouri. Salins, a town of France, department of Jura, with a strong fort and famous salt works. In the neighbourhood are quarries of jasper, alabas- ter, and black marble. It is seated in a fertile valley, 20 m. S. of Basancon. Salishury, or JVeic Saruin, a city and the capital of Wiltshire, Eng. and a bishop's see. It is situ- ate in a chalky soil, almost surrounded by the Avon, Willey, Nadder, and Bourn ; and is ren- dered particularly clean by a small stream flow- ing throusfh every street. It has a fine cathedral, the spire of which is the loftiest in the kingdom. The town-hall is a handsome building, and stands in a spacious market-place. Salisbury has man- ufactures of flannels, linseys, hardware, and cut- lery. .S8 m. S. E. of Bath, 81 W. by S. of London. Su.'i'ilmrif Craiir, a hill in Scotland on tiie E. side of Edinburgh, remarkable for a great preci- pice of solid rock, about one mile long, and in s^me parts 100 feet high, which passes with some regularity along its brow. Siilisbunj Plain, an open tract in England, which e.xtends from -the city of Salisbury, 25 m. E. to Winchester and 2.' W. to Shaflsbury, and is in some places, from 35 to 40 m. in breadths There were so many cross roads on it, and so few houses to take directions from, that Thomas, earl of Pembroke, planted a tree at each mile-stone from Salisbury to Shaflsbury, as a guide for trav- ellers. That part of it about the city is a chalky down ; the other parts are noted for feeding numerous and large flocks of sheep. !n this plain, besides the famous Stonehenge, are traces of ma- ny Roman and British antiquities. Salisbury, p.t Merrimack Co. N. H. on the Merrimock 64 ni. N. W. Concord. Pop. 1,379; p.t. Addison Co. Vt. Pop. 907 ; p.t. Essex Co. Mass. on the Merrimeck 4 m. N.- Newburyport, and 46 N. E. Boston. Pop. 2.519; p.t. Litch- field Co. Conn. 19 m. N. W. Litchfield. Pop. 2,580. This town produces excellent iron ore, and has many forges and manufactures; p.t. Herkimrr Co. N. Y. Pop. 1,999. also towns and villa^res «n Orange Co. N. Y. Lancaster, Lehigh and Somerset Cos. Pa. Somerset Co. Maryl. Rov/an Co. N. C. Meira Co. Ohio, and Wayne Co. Ind. Sallee, a sea-port of the kingdom of Fez, with several forts. The harbour is one of the best in the country ; but on account of a bar, ships of 200 tons are forced to lighten their burden before they can enter. There are docks to build ships, but they are seldom used, for want of skill and materials. It is divided into the Old and New Town, bv tlio river Guero, and was formerly not- ed for its pirates. 100 m. W. of Fez and 150 S. of Gibraltar. Long. 6. 21. W., lat. 34 ') N, Sa/wt, a town of the Netherlands, in the pror ince of Luxemburg, on the borders of Liege, with an ancient castle on a mountain. 30 m. S. S. E. of Liege and 45 N. of Luxemburg. Salm, a town of France, department of Meurte, with a castle, seated at the source of the Sarre, 26 m. E.of Luneville. Salmon Creelc,iwo streams of New York,flowino' into L. Ontario and the St. Lawrence. Salmon Falls river, the liead stream of the Pis- cataqua, dividing Maine from New Hampshire. Salmunster, a town of Germany, in the district of Fulda, on the river Kinz, 19 m. S. S. W of Fulda. Salo, a town of Austrian Italy, in the Brescian near the lake Garda, 17 m. N. E. of Brescia. Salobrena., a town of Spain, in Granada, with a castle. It carries on a great trade in sugar and fish, and is seated on a rock, near the mouth of a river of the same name, 12 ra. £. of Almune- car, 36 S. of Granada. Salon, a town of France, department of Mouths of the Rhone, seated on the canal of Craponne, 20 m. W. N. W. of Aix. Salona, a town of Austrian Dalmat'a, seated on a bay of the gulf of Venice. It was formerly an important place, and its ruins show that it was 10 m. in circumference. 7 m. N. of Spalatro. Salone, a town of Greece, in Livadia, and a bishop's see, seated at the foot of a mountain, on the top of which is a citadel. 10 m. N. E. of Le panto. Salonica, the ancient Thessalonica, a city of Greece, capital of Macedonia, and an archbishop's see. It is 10 m. in circumference, and is a place of great trade. The Greeks have 30 churches, and the Jews nearly as many synagogues. The inhabitants are computed at 60,000. It is sur rounded by walls, and defended on the land side by a citadel, and near the harbour by three forts It is seated at the head of a noble gulf of the Ar-cbipelaa^,3l0m. W. of Constaati!aople. Long 23. 5. E., lat. 40. 53. N. Salpe, a town of Naples, m Capitanata, near which are some salt-works. It is situate on a lake, near the sea, 23 m. S. of Manfredonia and 92 E. N. E. of Naples. Salse, a town and fortress of France, depart- ment of Eastern Pyrenees, seated on the lake of Leucate, 10 m. N. of Perpignan. Salsetle, an island of Hindoostan, lying off the coast of Concan, to the N. of Bombay, from which it is separated by a narrow channel, across which a causeway was carried in 1805, which has much benefited the island. This island is about 15 m sq., and is fertile in rice, fruits, and sugar-canes It has subterraneous temples cut out of the rock, in the manner of those of Elephanta. In 1773 tlie English conquered it from the Mahrattas ; and it has proved a valuable acquisition to Bombay, which formerly depended on foreign supplies for its subsistence. Chief town Tanna. Salt Creek, townships in Muskingum Hock- ing and Pickaway Cos., Ohio. Salt River, a stream of Kentucky, flowing into the Ohio, 24 m. below Louisville; a river of Missouri flowing into the Mississippi,100 m. above St Louis. Salla, a town of Tucuman, of great resort on account of the large quantities of corn, meal, wine salt, cattle, and other commodities, which are sent hence to most parts of Peru. 280 m. N. N. W. of St. Jago del Estero. Long. 66. 30. .,W lat. 24. 40. S. BAL 051 SAM Saltash, a bofoagh in Cornwall, Eng. on the Hide of a steep hill, near the mouth of the Tamar 6 m. N. W. of Plymouth, 220 W. by S of London. Saltcoats, a sea-port of Scotland, in Ayrshire, with a considerable trade in salt and coal, and also in ship-buildinar. It is situate on the frith of Clyde, 5 m. W. by N. of Irvine, 28 S. W. of Glasgow. Long. 4. 45. W., lat. 55. 40. N. Salifieet, a town in Lincolnshire, Eng. on a creek of the German Ocean, 33 m. E. N. E. of Lincoln, 158 N. by E. of London. Salu, p. v. Madison Co. Illinois. Saluda, a river of S. Carolina joining the Con- garee at Columbia. Saluzzo, a town of Piedmont, capital of a dis- trict of its name, with a castle. The cathedral is rfiagnificent and rich. It is seated on an emi- nence near the Po. 24 m. S. by W. of Turin. Salvador, St., one of the Bahama islands. See Guanakani. Salvador, St., the capital of Congo, stands on a large mountain, the summit of which forms a plain, 10 m. in circuit, which is well cultivated. ^ The city has 12 churches besides the cathedral ; also a large palace, in which the king and a Por- luoruese bishop reside. 230 m. E. S. E. of Loango. Long. 14. 20. E., lat. 5. 40. S. Salvador, St., a city of Brazil, capital of a prov- ince of Bahia, and an archbishop's see, with sev- eral forts. The cathedral is large ; but the most superb structure in the city is the grand church of the ex-jesuits, built of .European marble, and the internal part exceedingly rich. The houses are two or three stories high, and built of stone. The principal streets are good, but the generality are narrow and dirty. In the royal square are the governor's house, the mint, and the public offices ; and along the beach are the custom-house, dock- yard, storehouses, &,c. There are many gardens, full of a great variety of fruit-trees, herbs, and flowers. The chief commodities are cotton, su- gar, tobacco, coffee, gums, wood, hides, tallow, and train oil. The inhabitants are estimated at upwards of 100,000. It is seated on an eminence, in the bay of All-Saints, 120 m. S. W. of Ser^rip- pe. Long. 39. 30. W., lat. 13.30. S. Salvador deJujui, St., a cit}' of Tucuman, situ- ate at the foot of a high mountain, on a river of its name, which flows E. to the Vermejo. 280 m. N. N. E. of St. Jagodel Estero. Long. 66. 20. W., lat. 24. 5. S. Salvages, small uninhabited islands, lying be- tween the Canaries and Madeira, 27 leagues N. of Point Nago in TeneriSe. Long. 15. 54. W., lat. 30. 0. N. Salvaterra, a town of Portugal, inEstremadura, with a royal palace, seated on the Tajo, 35. m. N. E. of Lisbon. Salvaterra, a strong town of Portugal in Beira. It was tak^n by the French in 1704, and by the allies in 1705. It stands on the frontiers of Spain, 12 m. N N. W. of Alcantara and 37. E. by S. of Castel Branco. SaJvatierra, a town of Spain, in Galicia, seat- ed on the Minho 7 m. N. E.of Tuy. Salvatierra, a. town of Spain, in Leon, seated on the Tormes, 23 m. S. of Salamanca. Salvatierra, a town of Spain, in Biscay, seated at the foot of Mount St. Adrian, 18 m E. N. E. of Vittoria. Salza,a. town of Prussian Saxony, in the gov- ernment of Magdeburg, famous for its salt-works. It is seated near the Elbe, 12 in. S. S. E of Magdeburg. Salzburg; a province of the Austrian empire, bounded on the N. by Bavaria, E. by Stiri^, S. and W. by Tyrol md Bavaria. It is a moun- tainous country, but pretty fertile, and contains mines of copper, silver, and iron. It was formerly subject to an archbishop, who was a prince of tlie empire and primate of Germany. In lcS()2 it was made an electorate and given to the grand duke of Tuscany ; incorporated with the Aujslrian states in 180G; and transferred in 1809 to Bavaria. On the fill of Napoleon it was restored, with the ex ception of a part of its territory, to Austria. It now comprises an area of 2,800 square miles, with 142,000 inhabitants. Salzburg, the capital of the above province, has a strong castle on a mountain and two noble pal aoes. The inhabitants are estimated at 13,000 The cathedral of St. Rupert is very fine, and contains five organs. The university founded in 1G23 was converted in 1810 into a lyceum, with a theological and surgical school. Near Salz- burg are some very productive salt-works. The Frencli became masters of this city in 1800 and again in 1805. In 1818 upwards of 100 houses were destroyed by fire. It is situate between three mountains, on both sides the river Salza, 4(5 m. S. by W. of Passau, 155 W. by S. of Vienna. Long. 13. 4. E., lat. 47. 46. N. Salzkoten, a town of Prussian Westphalia, with a good salt-mine, 7 m. S. W of Paderborn. Salzusten, a town of Germany, in the county of Lippe-Detmold, with a salt mine, 12 m. N. W. of Detmold. Salzungen, a town of Germany, in the duchy of Meiningen, with a castle called Schnepfenburg, on an eminence, and several salt-works. It is seated on the Werra, 10 ni. S. of Eisenach. Salzwedel, a town of Prussian Saxony, in the government of Magdeburg, with manufactures of woolen, linen, and cotton ; and a considerable trade in corn, cattle, and hops. It is seated on the Jeetze, 72 m. E of Hamburgh. Samana, an island of the W. Indies, on the N. E. side of that of St. Domingo, from which it is separated on the VV. by a narrow channel. It is 33 miles long and 8 broad, and has a town and bay of the same name on the coast. It was taken by the British in 1808. Long. 69. 20. E., lat. 19. 10. N. Samandraki, or Samondrachi, an island of the Grecian Archipelago, between Stalimeni and the coast of Romania, and to the N. of the isle of Im- bro. It is 17 m. in circumference, and has a town of the same name, with a spacious harbour. Long. 25. 17. E.. lat. 40. 34. N. Samar, or Tendny, one of the Philippine islands, S. E. of that of Luconia, from which it is separat- ed by a strait. It is 320 miles in circumference, and is full of craggy mountains, among which are fertile valleys. Samara, a town of Russia, in the government of Simbirsk, seated on the Volga, 95 m. S. S. E. of Simbirsk. Samarang, a fortified town in the N. E. part of the island of Java, and next to Batavia, the most considerable settlement in the island. It stands at the mouth of a river of the same name, 290 m. E. by S. of Batavia. Long. 110. 38. E., lat. 6. 54. S. Samarcand, an ancient city of Asia, formerly the capital of Usbec Tartary, in Bokharia, wi'Ji a castle and a university. It was the birthplaco and seat of Tamerlane the Great, and afterwards the residence of a Tartar prince. The city fall* SAM SAM ■hort of its ancient splendor, yet is still very large, and fortified with strong bulwarks of earth. The houses are mostlj' of hardened clay, but some are of stone, from quarries in the neighbour- hood. The silk-paper made here is in great re- quest, and it has a considerable trade in excellent fruits. It is seated on the Sogd, 138 ni. E. by N. of Bokhara. Long. 65. 15. E., lat. 39. 40. N. Samarof, a town of Siberia, in the government of Tobolsk, seated on the Irtysh 13o m. N. of Tobolsk. Samatan, a town of France, department of Gers, with a castle on a mountain ; seated on the Save, 6 m. N. by E. of Lombez. Samba, a sea-port of Terra Firma, in the prov- ince Carthaorena, 33 m. N. E. of Carthagcna. Long. 75. 16. W., lat. 10. 45. N. Samballas, a multitude of small uninhabited is- lands, on the N. shore of the isthmus of Daxien. Most of them are low, flat, and sandy, covered with a variety of trees, and abound with several l^inds of shell fish ; some few afford springs of fresh water. Long. 73. 25. W., lat. 9. 2fi. N. Sambas, a town of Borneo, near the W. coast, inhabited by pirates, against whom a British force was sent out in 1812 and 1813, which proved completly successful. In its vicinity diamond mines are found. Long. 109. 0. E., lat. 2. 20. N. Samhor, a town of Austrian Poland, capital of a circle of its name, seated on a large plain, on the Dniester, 46 m. S. W. of Lemberg. Sambre, a river which rises in Picardy, flows by Landrecy, Maubeuge, Thun, and Charleroy, and joins the Meuse at Namur. Samiri, a town of Asiatic, Turkey, in Irac Ara- bi, on the Tigris, 70 m. N. N. VV. of Bagdad. Samisnt, a town of Asiatic Turkey, in the san- giacate of Marasch, on the Euphrates, 30 m. E. of Marasch. Samogltia, a county in the N. W. of Prussian Lithuania, bounded on the N. by Courland,S. by Russia proper, and W. by the Baltic. It is full of forests and high mountains, which feed a great number of cattle, and produce abundance of hon- ey. Here are also very active horses, in high es- teem. The inhabitants are clownish, but honest ; and they will not allow a young woman to go out in the night without a candle in her hand and two bells at her girdle. Samos, an island of the Grecian Archipelago, on the coast of Natolia, about 32 m. long and 22 broad, and extremely fertile. It contains two ranges of lofty mountains, between which are rich and well cultivated plains, producing abun- dance of grain, melons, lentils, kidney beans, and excellent muscadine grapes ; also white figs, four times as big as the common sort, but not so well tasted. The silk is very fine, and the honey and wax admirable. The island abounds with par- tridges, woodcocks, snipes, thrushes, wood pi- geons, turtle doves, wheatears, and excellent poultry. It has emery, stone, and iron mines, and most of the soil is of a rusty colour. All the mountains are of white marble. Their bishop resides at Corea. The principal harbour is that of Vati. Samoyedes, once a numerous and powerful na- tion of Tartary. They are now dispersed; some of them are found in small detached bodies among the mountains to the W. of Lake Baikal ; others fire supposed to be within the Chinese frontiers : others are scattered among the deserts which ex- tend along the Frozen Ocean ; and some nearly as far to the W. as Archangel. The Samoyedes have a large head, a flat face, high cheek bones small eyes, a wide mouth, a yellow complexion, straight black hair, and a little or no beard : they still preserve the manners of a pastoral people, and retain the use of moveable habitations, with which they wander from place to place. They neither have, nor appear ever to have had, any kind of a regular government. Their traditional songs mention only certain heroes, who in better times, led their ancestors to battle. These songs form their principal amusements : but the exploits they celebrate, are never likely to be renewed. Samptown, a villgage of Middlesex Co. N. J. 13 m. S. VV. Eiizabethtown. Sampson, a county of N. Carolinia. Pop. 11,768. Clinton is the capital. Sam's Creek, p.v. Frederick Co. Maryland. Sonisoe, an island of Denmark, on the E. coast of N. Jutland, 12 m. long and 3 broad, and very fertile. It has a town of the same name, and the inhabitants carrv on some commerce in small ves- sels. Long. 10." 33. E., lat. 56. 2. N. Samson, St., a town of France, department of Euro, on the Rille, 5 m. N. of Pont Audemer. Samson, St., a town in the department of Maine- et-Loire, 4 m. N. E. of Angers. San, a river of Austrian Poland, which rises in the Carpathian Mountains, in Hungary, and falls into the Vistula near Sandomir. It forms part of the boundary between Austrian Galicia and Rus- sian Poland. Sana, a city of Arabia, capital of Yemen, with a castle on a hill, in which are two palaces. The city, properly so called, is not very populous ; for gardens occupy a part of the space within the walls, which are 4 m. in circuit, and contain seven gates. Here are a number of mosques, some of them built by Turkish pachas ; also several pala- ces, 12 public baths, and some large caravanseras. Fruits are very plenteous, particularly grapes ; and the exportation of raisins is considerable, one kind of which is without stones. The city stands near the source of a river, which flows S. into the Arabian Sea, and at the foot of Mount Nikkum on which are to be seen the ruins of a castle, said to have been builtby Shem. It is 2-50 m. N. N. E. of Mocha, 490 S. E. of Mecca. Long. 45. 10. E., lat. 15. 24. N. Sana, or Zana, a town of Peru, capital of a province of its name. It is situate in a valley, fertile in fruit and corn, and adorned with the most beautiful flowers, whence it has been some- times, called Mirofloris. 90 m. N. of Truxillo. Long. 78. 30. W., lat. 40. 35. N. Sanashygotta, a flourishing town of Bengal ; seated on the Mahanuddy, 165 m. N. of Moorshed- abad. San Bias, a city and sea-port of Mexico, on the, Pacific Ocean, at the mouth of the river Santiago. Lat. 21. 33. N. Sanhorntoion, p.t. Strafford Co. N. H. 25 m. N W.Portsmouth. Pop. 2,866. Sancerra, a town of France, department of Cher, seated on a mountain, near the Loire, 22 m, N W. of Nevers, 110 N. of Paris. Sancian, an island gf China, on the coast of Quang-tong, 40 m. in circunriference, famous for being the burying place of Francis Xavier, whose tomb is to be seen on a small hill. Sancoins, a town of France, department of Cher, seated on the Argent, 15 m. S. W. of Nevers. Sanda, or Sanday, one of the Orkney islands, about 12 m. in length, but of an irregular form, and seldom above a m. in breadth. It lies N 3i3 BAM 654 8AN negated shells. Tattooing the body was former- rv practised by every colony of this nation. The — 1 i > M j R i k 1 ^u m 1 1 ^^^W_-Jl_ M ^ Aands and arms of the women were very neatly marked, and they had the singular custom of ta- looing the tip of the tongue. They lived in vil- lages, containing from 100 to 200 houses, built closely together, without any order, and having ft winding path between them. Towards the sea Ihey were generally flanked with detached walls intended both for shelter and defence. Some of the houses were from 40 to 50 feet long, and from 20 to 30 broad ; others were mere hovels. The food of the lower class still consists principally of fish and vegetables, to which the people of high- er rank add the flesh r)f hogs and dogs. The making of canoes, mats, &c., formed the occupa- tions of the men ; the women were employed in manufacturing cloth, and the servants principal- ly engaged in the plantations and fishing. They had various amusements, such as dancing, boxing, wrestling, &.c., all of which have now entirely ceased. The bottoms of their canoes are of a sin- gle piece of wood, hollowed out to the thickness of an inch, and brought to a point at each end ; the sides consist of three boards, each about an inch thick, neatly fitted and lashed to the bot- tom part. Some of their double canoes measure 70 feet in length, three and a half in depth, and 12 in breadth. The government is monarchical and hereditary. The same system of subordina- tion prevails here as at the other islands ; abso- lute authority on the part of the chiefs, and unre- sisting submission on the part of the people. So long as idolatry prevailed here, human sacrifices were frequent ; not only the commencement of a war, or signal enterprise, but tlie denth of any considerable chief called for a repetition of tliese horrid rites. From their intercourse with Chris- tians they had renounced idolatry before any mis- sionaries were settled among them ; and of late years they have made great advances in civiliza- tion. They live in the utmost harmony with each other , and in hospitality to strangers tliey are not exceeded even by the inhabitants of the Friendly Islands. Their natural capacity seems in no respect below the common standard of man- kind. Sandwich Land, a desolate country in the south- ern ocean, to the S. E. of the island of Georgia. The mountains are of a vast height, their sum- mits wrapped m clouds, and their bases covered with snow to the vrnter's edge. Thule, the southern extremity of Sandwicn Land, seen by Cook in 1775, lies in 27. 45. W. long, and 59. 54. P lat. This was the greatest S. lat. of land then known, on which account it received the name of Southern Thule. Sandy, a township of Stark Co. Ohio. Pop 909. A township in Tuscarawas Co. Ohio Pop. 765. Sandy Bay, p.v. Essex Co. Mass. adjoining Gloucester on Cape Ann. Sandy Creek, a township of Mercer Co. Pa. Sandy Fork, p.v. Mecklenburg Co. Va. Sandy Hill, p.v. Washington Co. N. Y. ne.ar the junction of the Champlain Canal with the Hudson. Sandy Grove, p.v. Chatham Co. N. C. Sandy Hook, a peninsula, on the coast of New Jersey, in Monmouth Co. On the N. point is a lighthouse, 100 feet high. 7 m. S. of the W. end of Lontr Island. Long. 74. 2. W. lat. 40. 30. N. Sandy Hook, p.v. Culpeper Co. Va. Sandy Lake, a lake of N. America, about 25 ra in circuit, not far from the source of the Missis- sippi. Lat. 46. 9. N. Sandy I^kc, a township of Mercer Co. Pa. * Sandy Mount, p.v. Baltimore Co. Md. ; p.v. Greenville Co. Va. Sandy Point, a seaport of St. Christopher, on the N. W. side of the island, in Figtree Bay, de- fended by two forts. Lon. 63. 28. W., lat. 17. 20. N. Sandy River, a river in the state of Maine, which runs into the Kennebeck, 6 m. above Norridgewock. Sandy River, Big, a river which rises in the Laurel Mountains, and forms part of the bounda- ry between Virginia and Kentucky. It falls into the Ohio, 40 m. above the Scioto. Sandy Spring, p.v. Montgomery Co. Md. , p.v. Adams Co. Ohio. 110 m. S. Columbus. Sandytown, p.v. Sussex Co. N. J. Sandyville, p.v. Tuscarawas Co. Ohio. Sanen, or Gessenay, a town of Switzerland, in the canton of Bern, with a castle, situate on a river of the same name, 20 m. S. W. of Thun. Sanford, p.t. York Co. Me. Pop. 2,327. Saaaamon, a river of Illinois, rising in the cen- tre of the state and flowing into the Illinois. Sangamon, a county of Illinois, on the above river. Pop. 12,960. Springfield is the capital. San'rerfield, p.t. Oneida Co. N. Y. 15 m. S. Utica. Pop. 2,272. Sangervilln, p.t. Penobscot Co. Me. Pop. 776. Sangerhausen, a town of Prussian Saxony, in Thuringia, with a castle, seated near the Harlz mountams, 14 m. E. S. E. of Stolberg. Sanguesa, a town of Spain, in Navarre, 32 m. S. E. of Pamplona. Sanky, a village in Lancashire, Eng. 2 m. W., of Warrington. It is a place of traffic, being seat- ed near the Mersey, from which it has a canal to the various works in the vicinity of St. Helens. San Marino, a small republic of Italy. It is en- closed in the states of the Church, amon^ the Ap- ennines, and contains 22 sq. m. and 7,000 inhab- itants. The soil produces wine and corn. The capital is San Marino, a small town on the sum- mit, of a mountain. This republic is under the protection of the Pope. It has existed for 1,300 years. The government is a mixture of aristoc- racy and democracy. Sanore, a district of Hindoostan, lying to the S. of Visiapour and N. of Mysore. It was ceded to the Mahrattas in 1792. Sarwre, a town and fortress of Hindoostan, capi tal of the above district, seated on the left bank ot SAN 655 SAR the Toom, 15 m before its junction with the Ni- pouden to form the Tunijebadra. On the opposite bank is another town called Sanore Bancapour. It is lOa ra. N hy W. Chitteldroog and 130 S. by E. of Visiapour. Siuiquhar, a borough of Scotland, in Dumfries- shire, with a ruined castle, once the residence of the Crichton family. It has a trade in coal and manufactures of carpets and cottons. It is seated on the Nith, 27 ni. N. W. of Dumfries and 53. S. W. of Edinburgh. Stinladla, a town of Spain, in Andalusia, 24 m. S. of Cordova. &iiUa Fe, the chief town of New Mexico, seated on the Rio del Norte. It was founded in the be- ginning of the 17 century. It is surrounded by a fertile territory, and has lately become a great mart for the trade between the Mexican provinces and the United States. This traflBc is carried on by caravans of mules and horse wagons which pro- ceed generally from St. Louis in Missouri. They carry to Santa Fe manufactured goods, tobacco, spirits, &c. and receive specie and bullion in re- turn. Santa Fe is 1,020 m. W. New Orleans. 1,131 N. N. W. Mexico. Lat. 36. 12. N. Long. 104. 52. W. Pop. 4,000. Santander, a strong sea-port of Spain, in Astu- rias, capital of a small district of its name, and a bishop's see. The harbour is good, and large enough to contain a numerous fleet, defended by two castles, and a mole that advances into the sea. It is 11 m. N. E. of Santillana. Long. 3. 37. W., lat. 43. 27. N. Santarem, a town of Portugal, in Estremadura, with a citadel on a mountain ; seated on the river Tajo, in a country fertile in wheat, wine, and oil, 55 m. N. E. of Lisbon. Long. 8. 20. W., lat. 39. 18. N. Santee, a river of S. Carolina, the largest and longest in that state. It enters the ocean by two mouths, a little S. of Georgetown. About 120 m. from its mouth it branches into the Congaree and Wateree : the latter, which is the N. branch, bears name of the Catawba River, from this settlement to its source. Snnten, a town of Germany, in the duchy of Cleve ; seated on the Rhine, 15 m. S. E. of Cleve. Sintianes, a town of Spain, in Asturias, 17 m. S. S. W. of Oviedo. Santillana, a town of Spain, seated in a fruitful vallev,near the Bay of Biscay, 96 m. E. of Oviedo and 200 N. of Madrid. Long. 3. 58. W., lat 43. 23. N. Santorin, the ancient Thera, an island of the Grecian Archipelago, to the S. of Nio. It is in the form of a crescent, 10 m. from N. to S. and from one to four in breadth. Between its two points, to complete the circle, are the small islands of Therasia, and Aspronisi; and within these are three other islands, between which and Santoiin is a road for ships ; but it affords no anchorage, on account of its depth in some places, and rocky bottom in others. All these island are of volcanic origin, but the three interior ones are evidently of much later date. Santorin.in proportion to its extent, is the richest and most populous island of the Archipelago. There are two bishops ; the one Latin, whose see is Scauro, and the other Greek, whose residence is at Pirgos, near the middle of the island. The soil is very dry, and far from fer- tile ; but it produces plenty of barley, cotton, and wine, in which, and the cotton manufactures, its trade consists Fruit is scarce, except figs, and it has only cistern water. The inhabitants, about 12,000 in number, are almost all Greeks. Scauro is the capital. Santos, a sea-port of Brazil, on an island, called Amiaz, on the W.side of ttje entrance into Santos Bay. It is defended by a rampart and two cas- tles. The town of St. Vincent stands >jn the same island, which is 18 m. in circuit. .10 m. from the sea and 190 S. W. of St. Sebastian. Long. 46. 30. W., lat. 24. 15. S. Saone, a large navigable river of France, which rises in the Vosges Mountains, and, after a course of about 200 m. falls into the Rhone at Lyons. Saone, Upper, a department of France, including part of the former province of Franche Comte ; bounded N. by the department of Vosges, and E. bv that of Upper Rhine. It comprises an area of 2',500 square m. with 312,000 inhabiUnts. The capital is Vesoul. Saone-el- Loire, a department of France, includ- ing part of the former province of Burgundy, bounded by the departments of Jura, Rhone, and Allier, and comprising an area of 3,500 square m. with 471,000 inhabitants. It is named from two rivers, which flow through it in different direc- tions. Macon is the capital. Saorgio, a town of the Sardinian states, in the county of Nice, situate on the top of a rock, which is nearly enclosed by the Roia and the Bendola. On the opposite side of the Roia is a sharp rock, completely insulated, with an ancient fortress on the summit, and near the town is a strong fort. Saorgio was taken by the French in 1794. 19 m. N. E. ofNice. Sapienza, three small islands, and a cape, in the Mediterranean, near the S. coast of the Morea. The largest island was formerly called Sphacteria, and is famous in ancient history for a victory ob- tained by the Athenians over the Lacedemonians. Long. 21. 35. E., lat. 36. 50. N. Saracens, a people celebrated some centuries ago, who came from the deserts of Arabia : sarra in their language signifying a desert. They were the flrst disciples of Mahomet, and, within 40 years after his death, conquered a great part of Asia, Africa, and Europe. They kept possession of Spain till 1511, when they were expelled. For a long time they maintained a war in the Holy Land against the Western Christians, and at length drove them out of it. There are now no people known by this name ; for the descendants of those who conquered Spain are called Moors. Saragossa, a city of Spain, capital of Arragon, and an archbishop's see, with a university. It is said to have been built by the PhoBnicianb,and the Romans sent a colony hither in the reign of Au gustus, whence it had the name of Csesarea Au- gusta, which by corruption has been changed into Saragossa. Before this city was taken by the French, in 1809, there wer«-^nany magniflcent SAR 656 SAA bni.din^, 17 large churches, and 14 handsome convents, besit.es others less considerable. The Ebro runs through the city, dividing it into two parts ; and on its banks is a handsome quay, which serves for a public walk. The Holy Street is the largest, and so broad that it may be taken for a square. The cathedral is a spaicious Gothic build- ing; but the finest church is that of Nuestra Sen- ora del Pilar, and a place of the greatest devotion in Spain. They tell us that the Virgin, while yet living, appeared to St. James, who was preaching the gospel, and left him her image, with a hand- some pillar of jasper. This image stands on a marble pillar, with a little Jesus in her arms, or- namented with a profusion of gold and jewels, «nd illuminated by a multitude ot" lamps and wax lights. The town-house is a sumptuous struc- ture ; and in the hall are the pictures of all the kings of Arragon. Saragossa has no manufactures, and but little trade. It is seated in a large plain (where the Ebro receives two other rivers), which produces ail kinds of fruit in great abundance. A victory was obtained here over the French and Spaniards in 1710, but it was abandoned by the allies soon after. Saragossa is also celebrated for the brave defence it made under general Palafox, when besieged by the French in 1808-9. 180 m. N. E. ofMadrid. Pop. 41,000. Saranac, a small river of N. Y. flowing into Lake Champlain at Plattsburg. Saratof, a government of Russia, lying along both sides of the Wolga, and having on one side the country of Astracan and on the other that of the Don Cossacks. The extent is estimated at 91,000 sq. m witii a pop. not exceeding 1,000,000. It is divided into 12 districts, of which that of the same name is the principal. Saratof, the capital of the above government, is surrounded by a wall and is neatly built, chiefly of wood. The inhabitants (about 5,000) have a brisk trade in fish, caviar, salt, &c. It is seated on the side of a mountain near the Wolga, 374 ni. N. by W. of Astracan. Long. 46. 1. E., lat. 51. 32. N. Saratoga, a count}' of N. Y. Pop. 36,61 6. Balls- ton is the capital. Also a p.t. in the same Co. 35 m. N. Albany. Pop. 2,461. Here General Bur- foyne surrendered his army to Gen. Gates. Oct. 7, )777. Saratoga Springs, p.t. Saratoga Co. N. Y. 39 m. N. Albany. Pop. 2,204. In this town and the neighbourhood are situated those mineral springs which draw to this quarter in summer, crowds of visitors from all quarters of the country. The village 18 iofated on an elevated spot of ground, surrounded by a productive plain country, and enjoys the advantage of a salubrious air and cli- mate, contributing much to the health and benefit of its numerous visitants. The springs, so justly celebrated for their medicinal virtues, are situated on the margin of a vale, bordering the village on the east, and are a continuation of a ciiain of springs discovering themselves about 12 m. to the south, in the town of Ballston, and extending easterly, in the form of a crescent, to the Quaker village. In the immediate vii'.iity are 10 or 12 springs, the principal of which are the Congress, tne IfamiU.on, the High Rock, the Columbian, the Flat Rock, the Washington and the President. About a mile east, are found a cluster of mineral springs which go by the name of the Ten Springs. The Congress Spring is owned by Doct. John Clarke ; to whose liberality the public are much {ndubted for the recent improvements that have been made in the grounds adjoining the fountain, and the purity in which its waters are preserved. This spring was first discovered about 30 years since, issuing from a crevice in the rock, a few feet from its present location. Here it flowed for A number of years, until an attempt to improve the surface around it produced an accidental ob- struction of its waters, which afterwards made their appearance at the place where they now flow. It is enclosed by a tube sunk into the earth to the distance of 12 or 14 feet, which secures it from the water of the stream, adjoining to which it is situated. Besides a handsome en- closure and platform for promenading, the pro- prietor has thrown an awning over the spring for the convenience of visitants. The High Rock is situated on the west side of the valley, skirting the east side of the village, about half a mile north of the Congress. The rock enclosing this spring is in the shape of a cone, 9 feet in diameter at its base, and 5 feet in height. It seems to have been formed by a con- cretion of particles thrown up by the water, which formerly flowed over its summit through an aper- ture of about 12 inches in diameter, regularly di- verging from the top of the cone to its base. This spring was visited in the year 1767 by Sir Wil- liam Johnson, but was known long before by the Indians, who were first led to it, either by acci- dent or by the frequent haunts of beasts, attracted thither by the saline properties of the water. A building was erected near the spot previous to the revolutionary war; afterwards abandoned, and again resumed ; since which the usefulness of the water has, from time to time, occasioned frequent settlements within its vicinity. Between the Red Spring in the upper village, and the Washington in the south part of the lower village, are situated most of the other mineral springs in which this place abounds. At three of the principal springs, the Hamilton, Monroe and Washington, large and convenient bathing houses have been erected, which are the constant resort for pleasure as well as health, during the warm seiison. The miner.al waters both at Ballston and Sara- toga are supposed to he the product of the same great laboratory, and they all possess nearly the same properties, varying only as to the quantity of the different articles held in solution. They are denominated acidulous saline and acidulous chalybeate. Of the former are the Congress, (which holds the first rank), the Hamilton, High Rock and President, at Saratoga ; and of the latter are the Columbian, Flat Rock and Wash- ington, at Saratoga, and the Old Spring and United States, at Ballston. The waters contain muriate of soda, hydriodate of soda, carbonate of soda, carbonate of lime, carbonate of magnesia, oxide of iron, and some of them a minute quan- tity of silica and alumina. Large quantities of carbonic acid gas are also contained in the waters, givin^r to them a sparkling and livelj' appearance. The Congress, in particular, the moment it is dipped, contains nearly one half more than its bulk of gas ; a quantity unprecedented in any na- tural waters elsewhere discovered. The Congress Hall is situated within a few rods of the Congress spring, to which a handsome walk, shaded with trees, has been constructed for the convenience of guests. The space in front of the building is occupied by three apartments, each of which is enclosed by a railing, termina- ting at the front entrances of the piazaa, and eaaii BAR 657 SAlt used as a flower garden. The edifice is 200 feet m length, 2 1-2 stories high, with two wings ex- tending back, one 60, and the other about 100 feet. The billiard rooms belonging to the estab- lishment are contained in a building adjoining the north wing. In front of the Hall is a spacious piazza, extending the whole length of the build- ing, 20 feet in width, with a canopy from the roof, supported by 17 massy columns, each of which is gracefully entwined with woodbine. There is also a back piazza, which opens upon a beautiful garden annexed to the establishment, and a small grove of pines, affording both fra- grance and shade to their loitering guests. The 'yongress Hall can accomodate nearly 200 visi- tants, and is justly ranked among the most ele gant establishments in the union. The United States Hotel, with its gardens and out buildings, occupies a space in the centre of the village of about five acres. The main build- ing is composed of brick, 12-5 feet long and 34 wide. The hotel is situated equally distant between the Congress and Flat Rock springs, and com- mands a view of the whole village, and from its fourtii story a distinct view is had of the sur- rounding country for a number of miles. This establishment can accomodate nearly 200 visitants, and is one of the largest and most splendid edifi- ces in the United States. The Pavilion is situated in a pleasant part of the village, immediately in front of the Flat Rock spring. The building is constructed of wood, 133 feet in length, witn a wing extending back from the centre of the main building, 80 feet. It is 2 1-2 stories high, with the addition of an at- tick story, which, with the handsome portico in front, sustained by delicate colonnades, renders it, in beauty and proportion, one of the finest models of architecture. There are many other fine hotels at this place. The town of Ballston Spa in the neighbourhood has also several springs which are much visited. Saratoga Lake, a lake in the neighbourhood of the above springs, 9 m. long and 3 broad. It af- • fords excellent fish and game. Sarbruck, a town of Germany, capital of a county of its name, with a handsome palace, and a maenificent Lutheran church. It is seated on the W. side of the Sarre, 14 m. W. of Deux Fonts. Long. 7. 5. E., lat. 49. 16. N. Sarhurg, a town of France, department of Meurthe, 40 m. E. by N. of Nancy. Sardam, a town of the Netherlands, in N. Hoi. land, where there are vast magazines of tim'>;r for ships and naval stores, and a great number of shipwrights. In this town Peter the Great resid- ed for some time, and worked as a shipwright. It is seated on the Wye, 7 ra. N. W. of Amster- dam. Sardinia, an insular and continental kingdom of Southern Europ»e, containing, besides the isl- and of Sardinia, Piedmont, Savoy, the county of Nice, the duchy of Montferrat, part of that of Milan, and the territory of Genoa. The govern- ment is monarchical, with few definite limits, except the privileges guranteed to particular states. Popery is the religion of the royal family and the state. The reigning family is descended from the ancient counts of Savoy, whose domin- ions became progressively extended by purchase, conquest, and donation. In the war of the French Revolution, in 1792, the Sardinians were aided by Austrian troops and a British subsidy, S3 but, on Bonaparte assuming the command, the allied forces were speedily overthrown, all tha continental dominions of the king of Sardinia were seized and incorporated with the French territory, and afterwards parcelled out anew into departments of the French empire. The 'changes of 1814 reinstated the king of Sardinia in all his continental dommions, except the duchy of Sa- voy ; and in 1815 this also was restored, and the Genoese territory added to the kingdom, Sardinia,a.n island in the Mediterranean ,160 m. from N. to S. a-nd 70 from E. to W., separated from Corsica on the N. by the strait of Bonifacio. This island has been neglected by the govern- ment ; for, exclusive of the mountains, the chief part of the country may be regarded as waste, but where cultivated it is fertile in corn, wine, or- anges, citrons, and olives. Here are mines of silver, lead, sulphur, and alum, and quantities of cheese and salt are made. There are many pes- tilent marshes here. The frequent wastes abound with wild ducks ; but the cattle and sheep are not numerous. The Mouflon or Argali is very common among the mountains of this island On the coast is a fishery for anchoVles and cor- ral. This island has undergone various revolu- tions : in 1708 it was taken from the Spaniards by the English, and allotted to the emperor of Germany at the peace of Utrecht. The Span- iards recovered it in 1717, but were obliged to abandon it two years after ; and, in 1720, it was ceded to the duke of Savoy, as an equivalent for Sicily. In 1794 the inhabitants, rose against their Piedmontese rulers, and caused the viceroy and others to be sent out of the island ; but he was af- terwards received, on the king pledging himself to assemble the Cortes every 10 years, and con ■ firming all the ancient laws and privileges of the inhabitants. The island continues to be gov erned as a province of the kingdom to which it gives name. Sardinia, p.v. Niagara Co. N. Y. ; p.t. Erie Co. N. Y. Pop. 1,114. Sareoto, p.v. Dublin Co. N. C. 80 m. N. Wil- mington. Sarepta, a settlement of Moravians, in the gov- ernment of Saratov in Russia in Europe, founded in 1765. 8 m. S. Tzaritzin. Sargans, a town of Switzerland, m the canton of St. Gall, with a castle on a rock. Near the town are mineral springs and a productive iron mine. It atands on the summit of a hill, near the Rhine, 14 ra N. of Coire and 47 S. E. of Zu- rich. Sargcl, a sea-port of Algiers, in the province of Mascara, with a castle. Near this town An- drew Doria was defeated by Barbarossa. 25 m. S. S. W. of Algiers. Long. 2. 15. E.,lat. 36. 30. N. Sari, a town of Persia, in Mazandeian, the res- idence of one of the Persian prjnces ; situate in a SAR 658 SAU ©onntry abounding in rice, oranges, cotton, sugar, »nd silk, 25 m. S. W. of Ferabad. Sark, a small island in the English Channel, near fhe coast of France, and about two leagues E. from the island of Guernsey, on which it is dependant. S(trk, a aiver of Scotland, which rises in the central part of Dumfries-shire, and flows S. into Solway Frith. Its mouth forms a good harbour, at the village of Sarkfoot, E. by S. of Annan. Sarlat, a town of France, department of Dor- dogne, 27 m. S. E.of Perigueux. Samen, a town of Switzerland, capital of the canton of Underwalden, near a lake to which it gives name. 9 m. S. of Lucerne. Long. 8. 14. E., lat. 46. 52. N. Sarno, a town of Naples, in Principato Citra, seated near the source of a river of its name, 12 m. N. N. VV. of Salerno, and 20 E. S. E. of Na- ples. Saroj, a strong castle of Hungary, in a county of the same name, seated on the Tariza, at the foot of Mount Krapach, 5 m. N. N. W. ofEpe- ries. Sarp, or Sarpen, a town of Norway, in the province of Christiaysand. Near it is a great cataract, the noise of which may be heard at the distance of 20 m. 10 ra. W. S. VV. of Frederick- stadl. Sarreal, a town of Spain, in Catalonia, near which are quarries of alabaster, so transparent that it is used for windows. It is seated on the Francoli, 11 m. N. Tarragona. Sarsana, a town of the Sardinian states, in Ge- noa, with a fortress; near it is a fort in the mountains called Sarsanello. It stands on the riv- er Magra, 5 m. from its mouth, and 45. E. S. E. of Genoa. Long. 9. 58. E., lat. 44. 9. N. Sarsina, a town, of Italy, in Romagna, on the river Savio, 21 m W. S. W. of Rimini. Sart , a town of Asia Minor. It was the an- cient Sardis, capital of Lydia ; and under the Ro- mans was a large city, but was Jilmost destroyed by an earthquake in the reign of Tiberius. Here are many remains of massive buildings, a mosque (which was formerly a Christian church), and a large carvansera. The inhabitants are chiefly sheperds, who feed their flocks in the adjacent plains. 35 m. E. N. E. of Smyrna. Sarte, a department of France, including part of the ancient province of Maine, and containing an area of 2,400 square miles, with 410,000 inhab- itants. The climate is mild and salubrious, and the soil in general fertile. The manufactures are hardware, woolens, paper, leather, &c. It takes its name from a river which flows by Mans to Angers, where it joins the Mayenne. The capi- tal is Mans Sarvar, a town and fortress of Hungary, at the confluxof the Guntz with the Raad,40 m. S. S. £. of Presburg. Sarum, Old, a borough in Wiltshire, Eng. which is now reduced to a single house, and scarcely any thing remains to indicate its former importance, except that it still sends two mem- bers to parliament. 2 ra. N. of New Sarum, or Salisbury. Sarum, an extensive district of Hindoostan, in the province of Bahar, and one of the most pros- perous in the British territories. It is situate on the N. side of the Ganges, in lat. 26. N. Sartoerde.n, a town of France, department of Moselle, seated on the Sarre, 33 m. W. N. W of JSaguenaa and 45 E. N. £. of Nancy. Sasvan Gkent,a.town and fortress of Belgium.m Flanders, situate on the Canal from Ghent to the river Scheldt, and fortified with sluices, by means of which the country can be laid under water. It was built by the inhabitants of Ghent, as a bulwark to that .city, but was taken in 1664, by the Dutch, from whom the French took it in J747 and again in 1794. 10 m. N. of Ghent. Sascram, a town of Hindoostan, in Bahar, seated at the foot of a mountain, near a lake, 64 m. S. E. of Benares and 88 S. W. of Patna. Saskatchawan, a river of N. America, rising in two large head streams on the E. side of the Rocky mountains and flowing easterly into Lake Winnipeg. It is 800 m. long. Sassafras, a village of Kent Co. Maryland on a stream of the same name, falling into the Chesa- peak. Sassari, a city of the island of Sardinia, and an archbishop's see, with a castle and a university. Here is a fountain called Rosscl, said to be more magnificent than the best at Rome ; and in the neighbourhood are mines of gold and silver. It is seated on the river Torres, 7 m. from the sea, and 64 N. of Oristagni. Long. 8. 45. E., lat. 40. 48. N. Sassuolo, a town of Italy, in the duchy of Mode- na, with a castle, seated on the Secchia, 10 m. S. W. of Modena. Satalia, or Jinfalia, a strong sea-port of Af.ia Mi- nor, in Caramania. It is divided into three towns, and is so situate that from the harbour the streets appear to rise behind each other like an amphithe- atre. The country around is very fertile ; and the citrons and oranges are extremely fine. The chief trade is in wool, cotton, goats' hair, agaric, tragacanth, opium, and bees' wax. It is seated on a gulf of the Mediterranean, to which it gives name, 150 m. S. W. of Cogni. Long. 31. 21. E., lat. 37. 1. N. Satauket, p.v. Suffolk Co. N. Y. Satgong, or Satagong, a village of Bengal, form- erly an important city, in which the Europe- an traders in Bengal had their factories. It is seated on a creek of Hoogly River, 4 m. N. W. of Hoogly. Satimangalam, a town of Hindoostan, in the province of Coimbetore, with a large stone fort, and a considerable temple. It has manufactures of cotton cloths, and a great trade to Seringapa- tam. In its vicinity the troops of Tippoo Sultan maintained a severe conflict with the British. It is 30 m. W. of Bhawanikudal and 75 S. S. E. of Seringapatam. Satriano, a town of Naples, in Calabria Ultra, 8 m. S. of Squillace. Satlarah, a town and fort of Hindoostan, in the province of Visiapour, the residence of the Mah- ratta prince, who was restored by the British in 1818. It is situate near the source of the Kist nah. 50 m. S. of Poonah and 77 W. of Visiapour. Satteagala, a town of Hindoostan, in the prov- ince of Coimbetore, v/ith a fort of considerable size. It stands near the Cavery, which 3 m. be- low forms and island 9 m. in length, with noble cataracts on each side. 36 ra. S. E. of Seringapa- tam. Sauceda, a town of Mexico, in New Biscay, on a river of the same name, which joins the Nassas to form the Palmas. 100 m. N. N. VV. of Duran go. Long. 105. 36. W., lat. 25. 18. N. Saucon, Upper, a township in Lehigh Co. Pa. Saucon, Lower, a township in Northampton Co Pa SAV 659 SAV Saugatuck, a river of Connecticut,flowing S. in- to Long Island Sound near Fairfield. Sauirerties, p.t. Ulster Co. N. Y. on the Hudson, 49 in. S. Albany. Pop. 3,750. Saugur Island, an island of Hindoostan, well known as a place of pilgrimage. The temple of Kapila Muni, on the S. coast of Gunga Saugur, is under the alternate charge of a Byragee and Sunysee, who levy a tax of 4 annas on each per- son visiting the temple, the amount of which is di- vided among 5 different establishments of Raman- andi Byragees in the vicinity of Calcutta. In 1802, during the administration of the marquis Wellesley, the horrid practice of infanticide was abolished on this island. It is seated at the mouth of the Hoogly River, 100 m. from Calcutta. Saugusy p.t. Esse.x Co. Mass. 7 m. N. E. Boston, adjoining Lynn. Pop. 900. Saugen, or Saulgau, a town of Germany, in Wurtemberg, 5 m. S. W. of Buchau. Saulieu, a town of France, department Cote d' Or, noted as the birth-place of the celebrated Vau- ban. Here was anciently a college of the Druids ; and in a wood, where they performed their sacri- fices, the ruins of a druidical temple are still visi- ble. It is seated on an eminence, 38 m. VV. of Dijon and 46 S. E. of Auxerre. Suumur, a town, of France in the department of Maine-et-Loire, with an ancient castle, and manufactures of woolen, linen, and leather, and some trade in wine and brandy. Here is a fa- mous bridge over the Loire, consisting of 12 el- liptical arches, each 60 feet in diameter. 27 m. S. E. of Angers and 38 W. S. W. of Tours. Saunder's Island, one of the Society Islands, in the S. Pacific, called by the natives Tapooamanoo. It is about 6 m. long, and has in the centre a mountain of considerable height. Long. 150. 40. W., lat. 17. 30. S. Sauquoit, p. v. Oneida Co. N. Y. Saurungpour, a town of Hindoostan, in the province of Malwa, 42 ra. IN. N. E. of Indore and 43 N. E. of Ougein. Sauve, a town of Frane, department of Gard,ou the Vidoure, 12 m. S. W. of Alais. Sauveterre, a town in the department of Lower Pyrenees, with an old ruined castle, seated on the Gave d'Oleron 20 m. W. N. W. of Pan. Sauveterre, a town in the department of Aveiron 15 m. S. W. Rodez. Sauveterre, a town in the department of Gironde, 26 m. S. E. of Bordeaux. Sava, a town of Persia, in Irak, surrounded by walls of earth. The environs produce exquisite fruit, particularly pomegranates and almonds, and a considerable quantity of rice and cotton. 60 m. S. of Casbin and 110 E. of Amadan. Long. 52. 15. E., lat. 34. 30. N. Savage Isle, an island in the S. Pacific, about 35 m. in circumference, discovered by Cook in 1774. It received this name from the rude and inhospitable behaviour of the inhabitants, who were stout well made men, naked except round the waists ; some of them had their face, breast, and thighs painted. It is of a round form, and cov- ered with trees, shrubs, &c. Long. 169. 30. W., lat. 19. 2. S. Savannah, a river of the United States, which separates Georgia from S. Carolinia. It is navi- fable for boats of 100 feet keel from Augusta to avannah, and thence for large vessels to its en- trance into the Atlantic Ocean, at Tybee Island. Savannah, city, in Chatham Co. Georgia, the largest city in the state, is situated on the west- ern bank of the river of that name, 17 m. from the sea, with a good ship navigation for that distance. The site of Savannah is elevated and pleasant. The streets are wide and regular, with spacious squares and many handsome edifices. It con- tains 10 churches, a theatre, an exchange, a hos- pital and a public library. It is an unhealthy place in summer, yet enjoys considerable com- merce, and is the great mart for the cotton plan- ters of the whole state. It is 118 m. S. W. Charleston : 123 S. E. Augusta : 1(M3 E. S. E. Milledgeville and 658 S. W. Washington. Lat. 32. 8. N., long. 81. 10. W. Pop. 7,308. Savannu la Mar, a town of Jamaica, in Com- wallis county, with a good anchorage for large vessels. In 1780 great part of the town was des- troyed by a dreadful hurricane and inundation of the sea; but it has since been rebuilt. It is seat- ed on the S. side of the island. Long. 7b. 6. W., lat. 18. 12. N. Savatopoti. See Sebastopolis. Save, a river of the Austrian empire, which has its source on the N. W. confines of Carniola, runs E. through that country, separates Scla- vonia from Croatia, Bosnia, and Servia and joins the Danube near Belgrade. Savenay, a town of France, department of Low- er Loire, 18 m. N. W. of Nantes. Savendroog, a strong fortress of Hindoostan, in Mysore, situate on the top of a vast rock, rising half a mile in i>erpendicular height, from a base of above 8 m in circumference, and divided at the summit by a chasm that forms it into two hills : these having each its particular defences, serve as two citadels, capable of being maintained independently of the lower works, which are also wonderfully strong. Notwithstanding this, it was taken by a the English, in 1791, after a siege of seven days. 85 m. N. E. of Seringa patanj. Saverdun, a town of France, department of Ar- riege, with a castle, seated on the Arriege. 25 m. S. S. E. of Toulouse. Siiverne, a town in the department of Lower Rhine, seated at the foot of Meant Vosges, in a country which produces plenty of wine, 20 m. W. N."W. of Strasburg. Sa,vigliano, a town of the Sardinian states, in Piedmont, with a rich Benedictine abbey. Here the French were repulsed in 1799 by the Aus- trians. It is seated in a fertile plain, on the river Maira, 30 m. S. of Turin. Savolax, a district of the Russian empire, in the province of Finland, 200 m. long and 100 broad, consisting mostl}' of woods, lakes, rivers, and morasses, and abounding in elks and reindeers. The inhabitants are thinly dis{)ersed, and subsist by cultivating buck-wheat, breeding cattle, hunt- ing, fishing, and making wooden ware. Kuopia is the capital. Savona, a strong town of the Sardinian states, in the territory of Genoa, with a citadel on a rock, and several fine churches. The Genoese, fearing that it would hurt their trade, ruined the harbour, and rendered it unfit for large vessels. It was taken by the king of Sardinia in 1740, restored to the republic of Genoa in 1748, and taken in 1795 by the French, who surrendered to the Austrians in 1800, through famine. In 1800 and 1801 it was the residence of the pope, during his dispute with Bonaparte. By the con- gress of Vienna it was ceded, with the whole Ge- noese territory, to the king of Sardinia. It is seated on the Mediterranean, 24 m. VV. S. W of Genoa. Long. 8. 20. E., lat. 44. 18. N. -m^ SAX 660 SAX Savoniers, a town of France department of Indre-et-Loire, near which are caverns famous for their petrifactions. 8 m. S. W. of Tours. Savoy, a duchy of Europe, belonging to the kingdom of Sardinia, 85 m. long and C7 broad ; bounded on the N. by the lake of Geneva, which separates it from Switzerland ; E. by the Alps, which divide it from Vallais and Piedmont; S. by the latter and France ; and W. by France. Tlie air is cold on account of high mountains, which are almost always covered with snow ; but the valleys are fertile in corn and wine, and many of the mountains abound with pastures that feed a great number of cattle. The princi- pal rivers are the Isere, Arc, and Arve. The Savoyards, from the nature of their country, are generally very poor; and great numbers of them seek a livelihood in France, England, and other countries, in quality of showmen, &c. The French subdued this country in 1792, and made it a department of France, by the name of Mont Blanc, which was confirmed to them by the treaty of Paris in 1814; but in 1815 it was restored to Sardinia, with the exception of a small district (the commune of St. Julian) ceded to the Swiss canton of Geneva. Chamberry is the capital. Savoy, p.t. Berkshire Co. Mass. 120 N. W. Boston. Pop. 928. Savu, an island in the Indian Ocean, to which the Dutch have a bind of exclusive trade, having entered into an agreement with the rajahs that their subjects shall trade with no other ships. It is 2C m. in length, and very fertile. Long. 122. 30. E., lat. 10. 35. S. Saiopd, p. v. Westchester Co. N. Y. Sax, a town of Spain, in Murcia, near which is an ancient citadel on the summit of a rock. It is seated on the Elda, on the borders of Valencia, 25 m. W. N. W. of Alicant and 42 N. N, E. of Murcia. Sax, a. town and district of Switzerland, in the canton of St Gall, with a castle, 14 m. S. of Rhei- neck. Saxenburg, a town of the Austrian states, in Carinthia, near which are three forts and a strong pass. It is situate on the Drave, 38 m. W. of Clagenfurt. Long. 13. 12. E., lat. 46. 44. N. Saxmundham, a town of Suffolk, Eng. seated on a hill, 20 in. N. E. of Ipswich and 89 of London. Saxony, in its comprehensive sense, denotes a vast tract of country in the N. of Germany, ex- tending from the VVeser on the VV. to the frontier of Poland on the E. ; but in consequence of the territorial changes to which it has been sub- ject, the name has been used with great latitude of signification. The division of Germany into circles took place towards the close of the loth century, and the large tract of country known vaguely by the name of Saxony was formed in- to three circles, Westphalia, Upper Saxony, and Lower Saxony. Upper Saxony comprised the electorates of Saxony and Brandenburg, the duchy of Pomerania, and a number of small prin- cipalities, forming an extent of about 43,000 sq. m. with nearly 4,000,000 of inhabitants. It was bounded E. by Poland, Silesia, and Lusatia, and S. by Bohemia and Franconia. Lower Saxony was bounded N. by the duchy of Sieswick and the Baltic, and W. by Westphalia and the Rhine. It comprised the electorate of Hanover, the duch- ies of Brunswick Mecklenbursr, and Holstein, the free towns of Hamburgh, Bremen, and Lu- beck, with a number of small states, forming an •zt«Qt of 26,000 sq. tn. In 1806 the distinction of circles was finally abolished, and the names of Upper and Lower Saxony are now of use only for the elucidation of history. Saxony, a modern kingdom of Europe, situated towards the N. E. of Germany, and bounded S. by Bohemia and N. by the Prussian states. It comprises an area of 7,188 square m. with 1,237,000 inhabitants ; but, previously to 1814, it was of much greater extent, having been greatly reduced by the congress of Vienna. No part of Europe, in the same latitude, enjoys a milder climate. The mountainous districts in the S. contain ex- tensive forests, which are kept up with care, as the chief supply of fuel for the mines. In the southern and mountainous parts of Saxony the valleys only are well cultivated; but in the level districts in the N., particularly the circles of Meissen and Leipzig, tillage is general : the pro ducts are wheat, barley, oats, and other grain ; also some tobacco and hops. Hogs and sheep are very numerous, and the greatest care has been bestowed on the Merino rams, first imported about 1768. Few countries equal Saxony in mineral riches, and in none has this department of natural history been more fully described. The principal are silver, iron, copper, lead, limestone, coal, ar- senic, cobalt, antimony, zinc, alum, &c. The principal rivers are the Elbe, the two Elsters, the two Muldas, and the Quiess. The manufactures are of considerable extent, and consist principally of linen, cotton, silk, and leather. The machinery used, though inferior to the English, has of late years been much improved. The position of Sax- ony is not favorable for commercial intercourse. The export consist of wool (which has long been considerea tne best in Germany), minerals, linen yarn, woolens, and lace. The imports are silk, flax, cotton, coffee, sugar, wine, and, in certain seasons, corn. A great majority of the inhabi tants are Lutherans, but the reigning family have been Catholics since 1697. The institutions foi education are numerous and well conducted, and the lower classes are generally taught to read and write. In no country of equal extent is the num- ber of printing and book establishments so great. Of the universities, Halle now belongs to Prussia, but Leipzig remains to Saxony, and retains all its former reputation. Saxony was for many centuries an electorate, but in consequence of the occupancy of Prussia by Bonaparte, in 1806, it was formed into a king- dom. This change of title was not, however accompanied by any extension of prerogative, tKe sovereign continuing to share the legislative func tions with the states, and imposing no tax with- out their concurrence. The states are divided into two houses, viz. the prelates and noble in one, and the country gentry and deputies of the towns in the other. The higher offices of ad- ministration are entrusted to a cabinet council, a board of finance, a military board, a high court of appeal for judicial questions, and an upper con- sistory for ecclesiastical. The country is divided into the circles of Meissen, Leipzig, Erzgebirg, and Vogtiand, with part of Merseburg, and Upper Lusatia. Each circle has a court of justice, and offices for the transaction of provincial business ; and the peasantry are here in the enjoyment of complete personal freedom. The king, as a mem- ber of the Germanic confederation, has the fourth rank in the smaller, and four votes at the larger assembly. The army amounts to 12,000 men; the revenue exceeds £1,000,000 sterling; and the national debt is £3,700,000. SAX 661 SCA The Saxons are first mentioned in history by Ptolemv, who describes them about the year 160 as a rude tribe, inhabiting Holstein and part of Jutland. Soon after they appear to have advanced to the S. and W., acquiring an extension of ter- ritory. In the 5th century, on the migration of a part of the Franks into Gaul, the Saxons ac- quired a farther extension of territory, viz. the country now forming the grand duchy of Olden- burg, with part of Hanover and Prussian West- phalia. When the Britons were forsaken by their JR.oman defenders, they applied and obtained as- S ■ sistance from the Saxons, against the Scots and Picts. After maintaining, during many years a firm resistance to the arms of Charlemagne, the Saxons were at last obliged to submit to his con- ditions, which involved the payment of an annual tribute and their conversion to Christianity. The title of duke of Saxony was conferred on Witti- Jcind, their chief, whose family, after ruling some time, was succeeded by that of Billung, and af- terwards by a branch of that of Guelf, which ruled in Bavaria. The electoral dignity was sub- sequently conferred on the Wittemburg line of .the house of Ascania, and, on its extinction, on the margraves of Meissen, with the title of«lector. The first elector, surnamed Frederick the War- like, began his reign in 14i22; he was the founder of the university of Leipzig. The next memorable event in the history of Saxony was the reformation, in the beginnincr of the IGth century. The prince did not openly es- pouse the cause of Luther, but, by protecting him from persecution, he contributed much to the establishment of his doctriiies. His successor John Frederick, styled ' the magnanimous,' beimr defeated by Charles V., was stripped of his states and dignity, which the emperor conferred on Maurice, margrave of Meissen, the cousin of the elector, and the ancestor of the present house of Saxony. Maurice, putting himself at the head of the Protestant interest, proved a full match for the artful Charles, who in 1552 had almost fallen into his hands, and was compelled to sign the'con- vcntion of Passau, since considered the bulwark of the religious freedom of Germany. The Saxons took an active part in the thirty years' war, which terminated in the peace of Westphalia in 1648. In 1697 the temptation of the crown of Poland, vacant by the death of Sobieski, induced the reigning elector, Augustus I., to profess himself a Catholic, a change which, however, did not prosper. The Swedes under Charles XH. not only conquered Poland, but invaded Saxony, brin/jing great distress upon the country until 1708, when relief was obtained by the march of Charles into Russia, and its disastrous issue ; after which the crown of Poland was resumed by Augustus. In the war of 1740, between Prussia and Aus- tria, Saxony remained neutral. In that of 1756 the elector was tempted to take a part by the flattering promises of Austria; but, instead of an accession of territory, his dominions were ravaged, and many of his subjects ruined in this dreadful contest. In the war against France no decided part was taken by Saxony until 1806, when the elector sent all his troops to the field, in support of the king of Prussia, whose subsequent over- throw enabled Bonaparte to attach the Saxons to his cause. The title of elector was changed to that of king. Prussian Poland was afterwards added to the Saxon dominions, and in 1809 was nearly doubled by cessions obtained from Austria But these acquisitions, disproportioned to the in- herent strength of Saxony, led, as formerly, to disastrous results. The Russians re-occupied Poland in the beginning of 1813, and, joined by the Prussians, made Saxony the scene of the great continental struggle against Bonaparte. The battles of Lutzen and Bautzen, the attacks on Dresden, and the decisive engagements at Leipzisr, were followed by the retreat of Bonaparte to the Rhine; and his too faithful ally, the king of Saxony, was deprived of the government of his territories. By the decision of the congress of Vi enna the northern and eastern part, containing no fewer than 850,000 inhabitants, was separated from the kingdom, and transferred to Prussia. The king of Saxony protested against this dismemberment, but, dreading insurrection and bloodshed, he at length acquiesced. Dresden is the capital. Saxony, a provine of the Prussian states, com- prising almost the whole of the cessions made by the king of Saxony at the congress of Vienna, and the principalities lying to the N. of the duchy of Anhalt, and to the W. of the rivers Elbe and Ha- vel. It contains an area of 9,830 square miles, with more than 1,000,000 of inhabitants, and is divided into the governments of Magde- burg, Merseburg, and Erfurt. The surface is in general level, but the soil varies greatly, being in some places dry and sandy, and in others a heavy loam. The principal productions are corn, hemp, flax, and chicory. The inhabitants, except in the small district called Eichsfeld, are almost all Protestants, and are in general active and industrious. Magdeburg is the chief town. Saxton's River, a river in the state of Vermont, which joins the Connecticut at Westminster. Saijbrook, p.t. Middlesex Co. Conn, at the mouth of Connecticut River. It is one of the oldest towns in the state and was settled in 1639 bv Lord Brooks. It is 34 m. E. New Haven. 45 S. E. Hartford. Pop. 4,980. Saycock, one of the islands of Japan, divided from Niphon by a narrow channel. The Dutch factors are premitted to reside in the little island of Disnia. which is on the VV. side of tliis. Long. 132. 28. E., lat. 34. 0. N. Sayn, a town and castle of the Prussian states, in the duchy of Nassau, which gives name to a small county. 6 m. N. of Coblentz and 50 N. W. of Frankfort. Sfiypan, the pleasantest and most fertile of the Ladrone islands, 40 miles in circuit, with a safe port called Cantanhitda on the W. side. Long. 146. 10. E., lat. 15. 22. N. Scagen, a town of Denmark, in N. Jutland, on a promontory of the same name, at the en- trance of the passage from the ocean into the Categat. Long. 10. 0. E., lat. 57. 38. N. Scalanova, a sea-port of Asia Minor, near the site of the ancient Ephesus, with a castle. The trade consists chiefly in wine, raisins, corn, and leather. 40 m. S. S. E. of Smyrna. Long. 27. 31. E., lat. 37. 54. N. Scaled, a town of Naples, in Calabria Citra, formerly a large city, but now greatly decayed. It is seated on the W. coast, 25 m. S. E. of roli castro. Long. 15. 54. E., lat 40. 0. N. Scanderoon. See Alexandretta. Scania. See Schonen. Scarborough, a sea-port and borough in York- shire, Enff. It is seated on the declivity of a high rock, which has such scraggy sides that it is almost inaccessible. On the top of this rock iB r larnre orreen plain, with a little well of fresh wat- 3K SCH 663 SCH er, asd the remains of a castle, built by Henry II. This town is greatly frequented on account of its mineral waters, and also for sea-bathing. Here is an elegant iron bridge over tlie wide chasm through wliich the stream called the Mill- beck flows, and connecting two lofly dissevered cliffs. The harbour is one of the best in the king- dom, with a commodious quay, several ship-yards, and a strong battery. 40 m. N. E. of York and iJib .V. of London. Long. 0. 10. W., lat. 54. 18- N. Scarborousrh, a town and fort on the S. E. side of the island of Tobago. It was taken by the English in 1793. Long. 60. 30. W., lat.'ll. 6. N. Scarborough, p. v. Cumberland Co. Me. 11 m. W. Portland. ScardoTui, a town of Austrian Dalmatia, and a bishop's see ; seated on the Cherca, 8 m. N. of Scbenico. Long. 17. 1. E., lat. 44. 29. N. Scarlino, a town of Tuscany, with a castle, seat- ed on the sea coast, 7 m. S. of Massa. Scarpanto, an island in the Mediterranean, 18 m. long and 6 broad, lying S. W. of Rhodes. It is mountainous and rocky, abounds in cattle and game, and has quarries of marble. The princi- pal town on the W. coast has a good harbour. Long. 27. 40. E., lat. 35. 45. N. Scarpc, a river of France, which rises near Aubigny, in the department of Pas de Calais, passes by Arras, Douay, and St. Amand, and en- ters the Scheldt at Mortagne. Scarpcria, a town of Tuscany, celebrated for its steel manufactures, seated at the foot of the Ap- ennines, 13 m. N. of Florence. Scauro, the capital of the Island of Santorin, and the see of a Latin bishop. It stands on a iof ty volcanic rock, which projects into the roadstead, on the W. coast of the island. Long. 25. 26. E., lat. 16.23. N. Schaffhansen, a canton of Switzerland, 15 m- long and 10 broad with 32,000 inhabitants. The re- formation was introduced here in 1529 and the re- ligion is Calvinism. The principal article of trade is wine, and the manufactures are inconsider- able. Schnffhausen, a. town of Switzerland, capital of the above canton, is sealed on the Rhine, and owes its origin to the interruption of the n.^vigiv- tion of that river by the cataract atLauffen ; huts being at first constructed for the convrniency of unloading the merchandise from the beets, w.':it h by degrees increased to a large town. Though a frontier town, it has no garrison, and the fortifi. cations are weak. The Rhine, which is here near- ly 400 feet wide, is crossed by a kind of hanging bridge; the road not passing over tlie arch, but being suspended from it, and almost level. It was burnt by the French, when they evacuated the town, after being defeated by the Austrians, in 1799 ; but has since been rebuilt, nearly in the same state as before. 22 m. N. by E. of Z^n^c,h and 39 E. of Basel. Long. 3. 41. E, lat. 47. 39. N. ScalhoJt. a town of Iceland, and a bishop's see, witb a college. Long. 22. 20. W., lat. 64. -10 N. aetiagrhtlcvkc, p.t. Rensselaer Co. N. Y. on the Hudson, 11 m. above Troy. Pop. 3,002. Schamar.hi,p,,9. town of Persia, capital of S ;hir- van. It was formerly very large, but is now de- cayed, above 6,000 houses having been thrown down by an earthquake. It has manufactures of silks and cottons, and is supplied with most Russian commodities. It stands in a valley, be- tween two mountains, 24 m. W. of the Caspian Sea, and 250 N. E. of Tauris. Long. 51. 5. E., lat. 40 50. N. Scharding, a town of Bavaria, with a fortified castle, seated on the Inn, 7 m. S. of Passau. Scharnitz, a fortified town of Germany, in Ty- rol, which defends a pass over the mountains of considerable importance. It surrendered to the French and Bavarians in 1805. It stands on the confines of Bavaria, 12 m. N. of Inspruc. Schauenburg, a principality of Germany, in Westphalia. It is mountainous and woody, but contains much fertile land, quarries of limestone and freestone, and mines of alum, coal, copper, and iron. The line of its ancient counts was ex- tinct in 1640, and in 1647 it became the property of the landgrave of Hesse-Cassel, of whom the count of Lippe holds a part as a fief. Rintel is the capital. Schaucnstein, a town of Bavaria, in the princi- pality of Bayreuth, 18 m. N. E. of Cnlmbach Schaumberg, a town and castle of Germany, which gives name to a lordship in the duchy of Nassau, 25 m. W. S. W. of Wetzlar. Scheer, a town and castle of Wurtemberor, cap- ital of a lordship of its name ; seated on the Danube, 36 ra. S. W. of Ulm. Long. 9. 24 £ lat. 48. 5. N. Scheibenberg , a town of Saxony, near which are mines of silver and iron. 22 m. S. of Chemnitz. Scheldt, a river which rises in France, in the department of Aisne, passes by Cambrjiy, Bou- chain, Valenciennes, Conde,Tournay, Oudenard, Ghent, Dendermond, Antwerp, and Fort Lillo, below which it divides into two branches. One of these called the Eastern Scheldt, flows by Ber- gen op-Zoom ; the other, the Western Scheldt, proceeds to Flushing, and both forming several islands enter the German Ocean. Schelestat, or Schletstat, a fortified town of France, department of Lower Rhine, on the river Ille, 20 m. S. W. of Sirasburg. Schel.ln, a town of Hungary, seated on the Waag, 25 m. N. E. of Presburg. Schellcnberg, a town of Saxony, frequently call- ed Augustusburg, from a castle of that name standing on the mountain of Schellenberg, close by the town. It is seated on the Zschopa, 8 m. E. of Chemnitz. Schdlenburg, a town of Bavaria, where a victo- ry was obtained by the allies, over the French and Bavarians, in 1704. 12 m. W. of Neuburg. Srhdling, an island of the Netherlands, 12 m. long and 3 broad, lying at the entrance of the Zuyder Zee. It was taken by the British in 1799 Long. 5. 0. E., laf 53. 20. N. Srhellsbvrg, p. v. Bedford Co. Pa. Schemnitz, a town of Hungary, one of the seven mountain-towns, with three castles. It is fa- mous for mines of silver and other metals ; as also for its hot baths. Near it is a hiorh rock of shining blue stone, mixed with green^and some spots of yellow. 80 m. E. N. £. of Presburff Long. 18. 56. E., lat. 48. 30. N. 6VAe7icA, a fortress of the Netherlands, in Gueld- erland, seated in the angle where the Rhine di- vides into two branches, the Rhine and Wahal. It is now in ruins. 13 m. E. of Nimsruen. Schenertadi/, a county of New York borderimr on the Mohawk. Pop. 12,334. Schenectady Ca the capital. Schenectadij, city, capital of the above county stands on the Mohawk, 15 m. N. W. Albany, and' was formerly a flourishing place, but tlie openinj; SCH 6G3 sen of the great Erie Canal has diverted the trade in another direction. Here is a bridg'e across the Mohawk. Union College at this place was found- ed in 1795. It has 10 instructors and 205 stu- dents. The libraries have 13,600 volumes. It has 3 vacations in April, July and Decem- ber of 13 weeks. Commencement is in July. The spot where this town stands was on the head quarters of the Mohawk tribe of Indians. . Schenectady was settled at an early period, and in 1600 a body of French and Indians from Cana- da captured and burnt the town, and slaughtered most of the inhabitants. The Mohawk and Hud- son Railroad is designed to extend from this place to Albany, it was begun in 1830. Pop. of Schenectady, 4.258 Schening , a. town of Sweden, in E. Gothland, Heated in a fertile country, 10 m. S. E. of Was- tena. Scheningen, a town of Germany, in the duchy of Brunswick, near which is a Lutheran convent, and a salt-mine. 18 m. E. of Wolfenbuttel. Scheppenstadt, a town in the duchy of Bruns- wick, 12 m. E. of Wolfenbuttel. Scherpecheu. See Montaigue. Schesburg, a fortified town of Transylvania, with ( castle, 60 m. x\. E. of Weissenburg. Schiedam, a town and harbour, in S. Holland, noted for its numerous distilleries of gin (Hol- lands). It is seated on a canal, called the Schie, which communicates with the Meuse, 6 m. W. by S. of Rotterdam. Schierling, a village of Bavaria, noted as the scene of an obstinate conflict, in J 809, between Bonaparte and the archduke Charles, generally called the battle of Abensberg. 11 m. S. of Ratis- bon. Schievelbein, a town of Prussian Pomerania, with a castle; seated on the Rega, 17 m. N. of Dramburg. SchUtach,a. town of Germany in thekincrdom of Wurtemberg, on the river Schiltach, 14 m. N. N. W. of Rothweil. Schinta, a town of Hungary, on the river Waag, 28 m. E. of Presburg. Scliintznach, a town of Switzerland, in the can- ton of Aargau. Here are some tepid mineral wa- ters ; and near it, on a lofty eminence, are the ruins of the famous castle of Hapsburg. It is seated on the Aar, 10 m. W. of Baden and 20. S. E. of Basel. Schiras. See Shir as. Schirvan, a province of Persia, 150 m. long and 90 broad , bounded on the N. by Daghestan , E. and, S. E. by the Caspian Sea, S. W. by Ert- van and W. by Georgia. The soil is very fertile, producing abundance of rice, wheat, and barley ; and the pastures feed numerous cattle. Vines are planted along the hedges, and fastened to the trees. Here are vast quantities of wild fowls, particularly pheasants ; also hares in abundancr. Schamachie is the capital. SchJackenweld, a town of Bohemia, with a good tin mine, 5 m. S. of Carlsbad. Schlackentcerth, a town of Bohemia, with a fine castle, seated on the Weisseritz, 7 m. N. iN. E. of Carlsbad. Schladen, a town of Hanover in the province of Hildesheim, 28 m. E. S. E. of Hildesheim. Schlan, a town of Bohemia, in the circle of Rakonitz, with a castle. It is surrounded by walls and vineyards, and is 16 m. N. E. of Ra- konitz. Schlawa, a town of the Prussian ntates in the principality of Glogau, 18 m. N. of Glogau. Schluwe, a town of Prussian Pomerania, on the river Wipper, 10 m. W. S. W. of Stolpe. Schleusingen, a town and castle of Saxony, in the county of Henneburg ; seated on the Schleus, 18 m. S. E. of Smalkald and 19 N. N. E. of Schweinfurt. Schlitz, a town of German\', in the principality of Fulda, on a small river that runs into the Ful- da, 7 m. N. N. W. of Fulda. Schlitz, a town of Germany, in Voigtland, with a castle, 13 m. N. W.ofPlauen. Schlusselhurg , a town and fortress of Russia, situate on the Neva, near Lake Ladoga. The fortress stands on an island in the river, and has frequently been used as a stats prison. 34 m. E. of Petersburgh. Long. 39. 55. E., lat. 59. 55. Schmalkalden. See Smalkalden. Schmalenberg, a town of Westphalia, on the river Lenne, 14 m. E. of Aitendorn. Schmicdeberg, a town of Prussian Silesia, in the principality of Jauer. The vicinity abounds in iron ore, and almost all the inhabitants are smiths. It is seated at the foot of a mountain, near the source of the Bauber, 25 m. W. S. W. of Schweidnitz. Schmiedeburg, a town of Prussian Saxony, 14 m. S. of Dresden. Schmoltcn, a town of Germany, in the princi- palitj' of Altenburg, on the river Sprotta, 7 m. S. W. of Altenburg. Schnceburg, a town of Saxony, with manufac- tures of thread, silk, gold and silver lace, &c. ; and in the neighbourhood are silver mines. It is situate on an eminence near the Mulda, 9 m. S. S. E. of Zwickau. Schoda^k, p.t. Rensselaer Co. N. "Y. on the E. bank of the Hudson, 9 m. below Albany. Pop. 3,795. Schoharie, a county of New York. Pop. 27,910. Schoharie is the capital. Schoharie, p.t. the capital of the above county, 32 m. W. Albany, on a stream of the same name flowing into the Mohawk. Pop. 5,146. Schoharie Kill, p.v. Greene Co. N. Y. 61 m. S. W. Albany. Schonbeck, a town and castle of Prussian Saxo- ny, in the duchy of Magdeburg, with some salt- works ; seated on the Elbe, 9 m. S. S. E. of Mag- deburg. Schoneck, a town of Saxony, in Voigtland, 15 ni. S. E. of Plauen. Schonecken, a town of Geiwiany, in the territo- ry of Treves, seated on the Nyms, 28 m. N. by W. of Treves. Schonen, or Scanic, a province of Sweden, in Gothland, almost surrounded by the Sound and the Baltic. It is 70 m. long and 50 brocd, \rsfi SCH 664 SCH the moat level, pleasant, and fertile spot in the kingdom, producing all the necessaries of life in abundance. Lund is the capital. Schongau, a town of Bavaria, surrounded by a plain wall and some towers. The great square IB adorned with three fountains of a kind of mar- ble, the product of the country. It stands on the side of an eminence, by the river Lech, 14 m. S. of Lansburg and 40 S.'W. of Munich. Schonhoten, a town of the Netherlands, in S. Holland, with a commodious haven. It is cele- brated for its gardens and its salmon fishery , and is seated on the Leek, 14 m. E. by N. of Rot- terdam. Sckooley's Mountain, an eminence in Morris Co. N. J. much visited in summer for its agreeable Bcenery and the mineral springs in its neighbour- hood. Sr.horndorf, a town of the kingdom of Wurtem- berg, with a strong castle, and productive salt springs. It is seated on the Rems, 17 m. S. S. E. of Stutgard. Schouten Island, an island in the Pacific Ocean, near the N. E. coast of New (Juinea, CO m. long and 20 broad, discovered by William Schouten, a Dutchman, in 1G16. Long. 135. 50. E., lat. 0. 40. S. SfiAojccw, an island of the Netherlands, forming the N. part of Zealand, at the mouth of the Scheldt. It is 15 m. long and C broad. Ziriczee is the capital. Schrattenthal, a town and castle of Austria, 9 m. S. S. W. of Znaim. Schrohenhausen, a town of Bavaria, on the riv- er Par, 16 ni. S. S. W. of Ingolstadt. Scliut, an island of Hungary, formed by the Danube, immediately below Presburg. It is 40 m. long and 12 broad, abounds in fruit and her- bage, and has plenty of game, wood, and fish. The chief town is Comorn. Schuyhr, Fort, Old and New, both in the state of New York, on Mohawk River; the Old 4 m. below, and the New 7 above Whilestown. The latter is more usually called Fort Stanwix. Schuyler, a lake in Otsego Co. N. Y. 5 m. in length and 1 in breadth. Schuyhr, p.t. Herkimer Co. N. Y. a!'- \he Mo- hawk, 84 m. N. W. Albany. Pop. 2,07'! ScAMy/ersBJWe, p. v. Saratoga Co. N. Y. '4 ♦ ». N. Albany. Schuylkill, a county of the E. District oi Tenn- Bvlvania. Pop. 20,783. Orwigsburg is the capi- tal. Schuylkill, a river of Pennsylvania, which rises N. W. of the Kittatinny mountains, and is navi- gable from above Reading to its entrance into the Delaware, 5 m. below Philadelphia. Schicabach , a town of Bavaria, in the principal- ity of Anspach, with numerous manufactures. It stands on a river of the same name, which flows into the Rednitz, 12 ni. E. by N. of Anspach. Schwulbach, a town of Germany, in tlie duchy of Nassau, frequented for its mineral waters ; Beated on the river Aa, 32 m. W. of Frankfort. Sclncnienhurg, a town of Westphalia, in the county of Lippe, 18 m. N. E. of Paderborn. Schwan, a town of Germany, in the duchy of Mecklenburg, on the river Warnow, 10 m. N. of Gustrow. Schcandm'f, a town of Bavaria, in the princi- Sality of Neuburg, on the river Nab, 21 m. N. of Latisbon. Schwanenstadt, a town of Austria, near which the Frer ch gained a decisive victory over the Austrians in 1800. It is seated on the Ager, 25 m. S. W.ofLintz. Schwartzburg, an ancient castle of Germany, which gives name to a district belonging to the house of Saxony. The district is divided into two parts, the upper and lower, each bearing the name of county. Rudolstadt and Sondershausen are the chief towns. The castle is seated on the Schwartz, 7 m. S. W. of Rudolstadt. Sclncurtzenberg, a town of Bavarian Franconia, in a principality of the same name, with a castle, seated on the Lee, 24 m. E. S. E. of Wurtzbuig. Schwartzenberg, a town of Saxony, with wire and lace manufactures. In the vicinity are iron forges, and mines of tin and lead. It is 10 m. W. S. W. of Annaberg. Schicarlzenburg, a town of Switzerland, capital of a bailiwic, in the canton of Bern. 10 m. S. E. of Friburg, and 17 S. S. W. of Bern. Schwatz, a town of Austria, in Tyrol, with a sil ver and copper mine ; seated on the river Inn, 14 m. N. E. of Inspruc. Schwedt, a town of Prussia, in Brandenburg, with a magnificient castle, seated on the Oder, 24 m. S. E. of Prenzio. Scfnceidnitz, a strong city of Prussia, in the gov- ernment of Reichenbach, capital of a principality of the same name, with a castle. Half of the magistrates are Catholics, but most of the inhabi- tants are Protestants, who have a church witliout the town, as also a public school. All kinds of leather, particularly cordovan, are manufactured here. In 1716 the greatest part of this city was burnt down, but it was rebuilt in an elegant man- ner. The Austrians took it, in 1757, from the Prussians, who retook it the next year. In 1807 it surrendered to the French. It is seated on an eminence on the river Weistritz, 22 m. S. W. of Breslau. Long. 16. 32. E., lat. 50. 44. N. Schweinfurt, a town of Bavarian Franconia, with a palace. The inhabitants carry on a large trade in wine, woollen and linen cloth, goose quills, and feathers. This town was taken by the French in 1796, and was given to Bavaria in 1802. It is scaled on the Maine, 21 m. N. E. of Wurtzberg. Long. 10. 35. E., lat. 50. 6. N. Sclncc^nitz, a town of Saxony, on the river Els- ter, 14 m. S. E. of Wittenberg. Schweinsberg, a town of Germany, in Hesse- Cassel, on the river Ohm, 7 m. S. E. of Marburg. Schweitz, a canton of Switzerland, bounded on the W. by the Waldstadter See, S. by the canton of Uri, E. by that of Glarus, and N. by those of Zurich and Zug. Tliis canton, with that of Uri and Underwalden, threw off the yoke of Austria in 1308, and formed a perpetual alliance in 1315, which was the grand foundation of the Helvetic ' 'ionfederacy. The name of Schweitzerland, Swis- serland, or Switzerland, originally comprehended only these three cantons, but was afterwards ex- tended to all Helvetia. The whole country, being rugged and mountainous, consists chiefly of pas- ture, raises little corn, and has no wine ; but this soil, naturally barren, has been improved by the natives to a great degree of fertility. The inhab- itants made a spirited but unavailing resistance to the French in 1798, and they suffered severely in 1799, when Switzerland became the scene ol military operations. The Roman Catholic is the established religion. Schweitz, the capital of the above canton, is seated near the Waldstadter See, on the slope of a hill, at the bottom of two high and rugged rocks, called the Schweitzer Haken. The church BCl 665 SCL H a large magnificent building. 18 m. E. by S of Lucern. Long. 8. 31. E., Tat 46. 56. N. Schicitz, Lake of. See Waldstadter See. Schicelm, a town of Prussian Westphalia, in the county of Mark, near which are some medicinal springs. 26 m. E. of Dusseldorf. Schtcerin, a town of Germany, capital of the grand duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin. It is di- vided into four parts ; namely, Schwerin. the New Town, the island of Schelf, and the Moor, which are all nearly encircled by a beautiful lake. The principal church is a fine Gothic pile, with a lofty spire. The ducal palace and gardens are on an island in the lake, and have a communication with the town by a drawbridge. This town was taken bv the Prussians in I'fo!), andin 1806 it was occu- pied by the French. It is 35 m. W. S. W. of Gustrow. Long. 11. 33. E., lat. 53. 56. N. Schwerte, a town of Prussian Westphalia, in the county of Mark, on the river Roer, 7 m. S. of Dortmund. Schwctz, a town and castle of Prussia, on the Vistula, 7 m. N. of Culm. Schwiebussen, a town of Prussia, in the princi- pality of Glogau. It has a castle, a Catholic par- ish church, a Protestant church, good cloth manu- factures, and fertile gardens and[ vineyards. 13 in. N. of Zullichau. Long. 15.47. E.lat.' 52. 21. N. Schwinhurg, a town of Denmark, on the S. coast of the island of Funen, with the best harbour in the island, and maiaifactures of woolen and linen. 23. m. S. S. E. of Odensee. Long. 10. 30. E., lat. 55. 10. N. Sciati, an island of the Grecian Archipelago, 14 m. N. N. E. of Negropont, and almost at the en- trance of the gulf of Salonichi. It is 10 m. lonor and 4 broad Long. 23. 40. E., lat. 39. 24. N. ° ScienceviU.e, p. v. Greene Co. N. Y. 59 m. W. Albany. Sciglio, a town of Naples, in Calabria Ultra, on the side of a rocky promontory, called Scylla. or Cape Sciglio. In the terrible earthquake of l783 the sea was thrown furiously 3 m. inland, and on its return swept off about 2,500 of the inhabitants, with the prince of Sciglio, who hoping to find security, were then on the Scylla Strand, or in ^ats near the shore. It is 10 m. N. by E. of Reg- • fio- . Scilly, a cluster of numerous isles and rocks, at the entrance of the English and Bristol channels, lying almost 10 leagues W. of the Lands-end, in Cornwall. Of these only five or six are inhabited. They are a resort for sea-fowl, and feed many sheep and rabbits. The inhabitants principally subsist by fishing, burning kelp, and acting as pilots. The chief isle is that of St. Mary, nearly 3 m. long and 2 broad, which has a good port, is well forti- fied, and contains more inhabitants than all the rest put together. In this isle, and in two or three others, are various antiquities, particularly the re- mains of a temple of the Druids, and ancient sep- ulchres. Oi that of St. Agnes is a liglit-house, which, with the gallery, is 51 feet high, and is a very fine column. At the outermost extremity of the isle of St. Martin is a seamark, built with rock- stone, and as conspicuous by day as the light- house on St. Agnes, but not so high and large. The Scilly rocks have been fatal to numbers of ships entering the English channel. One of the most disastrous events of this kind happened in 1707, when three men of war perished, with ad- miral sir Cloudesley Shovel and all their crew. St. Agnes light-house is in Long. 6. 19. W.. lat. 49,54. N. 84 Seillt/, a group of isles or shoals, in the S. Pa- cific, discovered by captain Wallis in 1767, and described as extremely dangerous. Long. 155 30. W., lat. 16. 30. S. Scio, anciently called Chios, an island of the Archipelago, near the coast of Natolia, 36 m. long and 13 broad. It is a mountainous country ; but fruits of various kinds grow in the fields, such as oranges, citrons, olives, mulberries, and pomegra- nates, interspersed with myrtles and jasmines. The wine of Scio, so celebrated by the ancients, is still in great esteem ; but the island is now principally distinguished by the profitable culture of mastich : it has also some trade in silk, cotton, and figs. Besides the town of the same name, it contains 68 villages, all inhabited by Greeks; and those which furnish mastich are the most rich and populous. In 1822 this island became the scene of unparalleled barbarity, in consequence of the Greek population having joined their coun- trymen in their struggle for liberty. The Turks landed several thousand men, and: massacred all the men, and the male children above 12 years of age ; the women and young children were sent into captivity, and the male children were cir- cumcised in token of conversion to Mabomedism. From the llth of April to the 10th of May the number of slain amounted to 25,000, and that of captives to 30,000. Scio is still held by the Turks. Scio, the capital of the above island, and a bish- op's see. It is the best built town in the Archi- pelago ; the houses being commodious, some of them terraced, and others covered with tiles. The castle, an old citadel built by the Genoese, is now in ruins. The harbour is a rendezvous for ships that go to, or come from Constantinople : it will contain 80 vessels, is protected by alow mole, and has two light-houses. It stands on the E. side of the island, 67 m. W. of Smyrna. Long. 26. 2. E., lat. 38. 28. N. Scioto, a. river of Ohio rising in the central part of the State and flowing southerly into the Ohio at Portsmouth. The Ohio canal passes along its banks. Scioto, a county of Ohio lying on the above river. Pop. 8,730. Portsmouth is the capital. Scioto, townships in Ross, Delaware, Picka- way, Jackson and Madison Cos. Ohio. Scioto Salt Works, a tract of land reserved by the United States in Jackson Co. Ohio. 23 m. S. E. Chillicothe. Considerable salt is made here. Scipio, p.t. Cayuga Co. N. Y. on Cayuga Lake. 174 m. W. Albany. Pop. 2,691. a township of Meigs Co. Ohio. Sciro, or Sciros, an island of the Grecian Ar- chipelago, to the W. of Metelin, 1.5 m. long and 8 broad. The country is mountainous, but has no mines. The vines make the beauty of the isl- and, and the wine is excellent; nor do the natives want corn or wood. It contains only the village and convent of St. George, both built on a coni- cal rock, 10 m. from the harbour of St. George. Long. 24. 38. E., lat. 38. 54. N. Scituale, p.t. Plymouth Co. Mass. 17 m. S. Bos ton, on Massachusetts Bav. Pop. 3,740 ; a town- ship of Providence Co. R. I. 12 m. S. W. Provi deuce. Pop. 6,853. Sclavonia,a. province of Au8tri"i,situate between the rivers Drave and Danube on the N. and the Save on the S. ; bounded on the W. by Croatia, from which to the conflux of the Save with tire Danube it is 150 m. in length, and from 45 to 2S in breadth. A chain of lofty mountains, covered 3k2 SCO 6e6 SCO with forests, extends from E. to W. nearly through its whole length ; but the remainder is a fertile level country, producing wheat, barley, maize, flax, henip, madder, and a variety of fruits. The eastern part is called Ratza, and the inhabi- tants Kascians. These form a particular nation, and are of the Greek church. The ancient Scla- vonia contained many large countries : some have extended it from the Adriatic to the Euxine Sea, and say that it had its name from the Sclavi, a Scythian nation, who conquered Greece and this country in the reign of emperor Justinian. The language of Sclavonia is the mother of four others ; namely, those of Hungary, Bohemia, Po- land, and Russia. Scone, or Scoon, a village of Scotland, in Perth- shire, noted for an ancient palace where the kings of Scotland used to be crowned. It is situate on the E. side of the river Tay, a mile N. of Perth. Scopelo, an island of the Grecian Archipelago, 10 m. long, and 5 broad. It is very fertile, pro- duces plenty of good wine, and contains 12,000 inhabitants. 5 m. S. of Sciati. Long. 23. 50. E., lat. 39. 24. N. Scopiti, a town of Macedonia, and an archbish- op's see; seated on the Vardar, over which is a bridge of 12 arches, 150 m. N. N. W. of Salonica. Long. 21. 45. E., lat. 42. 40. N. Scotch Plains, p. v. Essex Co. N. Y. 42 m. N. E. Trenton. Sconondoa, p.v Oneida Co. N. Y. 112 m. W. Albany. Scotland, the northern of the two kingdoms into which the island of Great Britain was for- merly divided. It is bounded on the W. by th« Atlantic Ocean, N. by the North Sea, E. by the German Ocean, S. E. by England, and S. by the Irish Sea. To Scotland also appertain the islands on its western coast called the Hebrides, or Wes- tern Islands, and those to the N. E. called the Orkney and Shetland Islands. From N. to S. it extends 270 miles, and its greatest breadth is 150, but in some places not above 30, and no part is distant above 40 miles from the coast. It con- tains about 18,000,000 of acres, and the number of inhabitants in 1821 was 2,093,456. Scotland is divided into two districts, the Highlands and the Lowlands ; the former comprising the moun- tainous part to the N. and N. W , and the latter Ihe more level district on the E. and S. E. But nature seems to have pointed out three grand divisions in Scotland. The first, or N. division, 18 formed by a chain of lakes, which cross the country, from the frith of Murray to the isl- and of Mull, in a S. W. direction ; the sec- ond, or middle division, is bounded on the S. by the friths of Forth and Clyde, and the great canal by which they are united ; and on the S. side of this boundary is the third, or S. division. The N. division is chiefly an as- semblage of vast dreary mountains ; not, how- ever, without some fertile valleys on the north em and eastern shores. The middle division is traversed in diff'erent directions, by several rang- es of mountains ; and though cultivation here ts also found chiefly on the eastern shore, yet of this division, as wt 11 as of the former, the arable land bears a small proportion to the mountainous and barren tracts. The S. division has a ffreat resemblance to England, and, with respect both to the general aspect of the country and to the pro- gress of cultivation, exhibits every kind of rural variety. The civil division of the country is into 33 counties. The principal rivers are the Spey, Don, Tay, Tweed, Clyde, Forth, Northern Dee Esk, Annan, Nith, and Southern Dee. The lochs, or lakes, are numerous, and some of them extensive. The climate is very various. The northern extremity, which is in the same latitude with some parts of Norway, is extremely cold ; but, from its insular situation, the fronts are far from being so intense as in parts of the continent equally as far to the N. Its W. coast is subject to frequent rains in the summer, and to sudden changes of weather. In many places on the east- ern shore, and in the whole S. division, the climate is not inferior to the N. part of England. The products of the country are grain, flax, woods of oak and fir, coal, lead, iron, freestone, limestone, slate, the most beautiful marble, fine rock-crystals, pearls, variegated pebbles, «fcc. It feeds vast herds of cattle and flocks of sheep, which are much valued for the delicacy of their flesh ; and the fleece of the latter emulates the finest Spanish wool. On the high grounds the cattle are very diminutive ; but in many parts of country the horses and cows are not excelled in size and beauty by those of the English breed. The stag, or red deer which has disappeared from about every other part of Europe is still found in this country. Among the other wild animals are the roe, fox, badger, otter, hedge-hog, rabbit, weasel, mole, and other small quadrupeds. Among the feathered race are the capercailzie, or the cock of the wood, the eagle, falcon, partridge, quail, snipe, plover, black game, &c. Scotland was governed by a king before the Romans visited England, and continued an independent kingdom till the death of the English queen Elizabeth, when fames VI., of Scotland, the most immediate heir, was called to the throne of England, and constantly resided in the latter ; he and his successors called them- selves kings of England and Scotland, and each country having a se|)arate parliament, till the year 1707, in the reign of queen Anne, when both kingdoms were united under the general name of Great Britain. The counties send one member each to parliament, except Bute and Caithness, Cromarty and Nairn, Kinross and Clackmannan, which send members in conjunction ; so that the •ounties send 30 members, which, with 15 sent by the cities and boroughs, make the 45 com moners sent by Scotland ; and 16 peers are elect- ed to represent the nobility. The established re- ligion is the presbyterian, which is modelled prin* cipally after the Calvinistical plan settled at Ge- neva, and on a general principle of an equality of ecclesisstical authority among its presbj'tex^ SEA «e7 SEB There are few Roman Catholics, but the Protes- tant Dissenters are numerous. With respect to the trade and manutactures, they are noticed under the respective cities and towns. Edinburgh is the capital. ^ .. Sattland Aeck, p.v. Halifax Co. N. C. Scotl-and Society, p.v. Windham Co. Conn. 34 n. E. Hartford. Scott, a county of the W. District of Virginia. Pop. i>,702. Estillville is the capital ; a county of Kentucky. Pop. 14,677. Greorgetown is the capital ; a county of Indiana. Pop. 3,097. New Lexington is the capital. Scott, p.t. Cortland Co. N. Y. on Skeneateles Lake. 170 ra. W. Albany. Pop. 1,452; p.v. Adams Co. Ohio. Scotlsburg, p.v. Halifax Go. Va. Scottsville, p V. Genesee Co. N. Y. 252m. W. Albany ; p.v. Powhatan Co. Va. 30 m. VV. Rich- mond;" p.v.Allen Co. Ken. 160 S.W.Frankfort. Scriba, p.t. Oswego Co. N. Y. on L. Ontario at the mouth of Oswego river. Pop. 2,073. Scriven, a county of Georgia. Pop. 4,776. Jacksoiiborough is the capital. Scroon, a river of New York flowing through a lake of the same name into the Hudson. Sctill Camp, p.v. Surry Co. N. C. Scull Shoals, p.v. Greene Co. Geo. . SctUiri, a strong town of Albania.and a bishop's Bee, seated on the lake Zeta, near its outlet, the river Boiana, 70 m. N. by W. of Durazzo. Long. 19. 16. E., lat..42. 33. N. Sci//rtr», a town of Asiatic Turkey, in Natolia, which may be considered sls a suburb of Con- stantinople. It stands on the strait opposite that city; and presents itself in the form of an amphi- theatre, .ifFording a very picturesque view from the mixture of trees, houses, mosques, and mina- rets. This town serves as an emporhim and a rendezvous to the caravans of Asia, and has some manufactures of silk and cotton stuffs. Here are extensive burying grounds, shaded with lofly cy- presses. The rich Turks of Constantinople pre- fer being interred here ; for they consider Asia as a land belonging to the true believers, and believe that the land of Europe will one day fall into the hands of Christians, and be trodden on by infidels. Scutari is 1 m. E. of Constantinople. Scylla, a rock near the entrance of the strait of Messina, on the coast of Calabria, opposite the celebrated Chary bdis. It forms a small promon- tory in the narrowest part of the strait, and is the famous Scylla of the ancient poets. It does not come up to the formidable description given by Homer, nor is the passage so narrow and difficult as he represents it; but it is probable that its breadth is greatly increased since his time. The rock is nearly 200 feet nigh ; and on the side of it stands the town of Sciglio, whence the promon- tory is sometimes called Cape Sciglio. Seahrook, p.t. Rockingham Co. N. H. on the coast, 7 m. N. Newburyport. Pop. 1,096. Scafard, a borough in Sussex, Enor. and one of the Cinque Ports. The inhabitants are chiefly employed in fishing, but of late it has been much resorted to as a bathing place. It is seated near itoe English Channel, 10 m. S. S. E. of Lewis and 61 S. by E. of London. Seaford, p.v. Sussex Co. N. J. Seal, a township of Pike Co. Ohio. Pop. 1 ,173. Searsborough, a township of Benninorton Co. ; «?t. Pop. 40. Sc«r*i?Mm/, a township of Waldo, Co. Me. Pop. 1,151. Searsville, p.v. Sullivan Co. N. Y. 103 m. 8. W. Albany. Seaion, a town cf Scotland, in Haddingtonshire. Here is a ruinous palace, in which Mary queen of Scots occasionally kept her court, afler her re- turn from France. It has a considerable trade in salt anrf coal, and is situate on the frith of Forth, 9 m. E. of Edinburg. Sebago Pond, in Cumberland Co. Me. 18 m N. W. Portland. It is 12 m. long and is connect- ed with the sea at Portland by a canal. Sebastia, a town of Palestine, the remains of the ancient city of Samaria, 34 m. N. N. E. of Jerusalem. Sebastian, St., a sea-port of Spain, in Biscay, seated at the foot of a mountain, on the top of which is a strong citadel. The harbour is secured by two moles, and a narrow entrance for the ships. The town is surrounded by a double wall, and fortified towards the sea. It carries on a great trade, particularly in iron, steel, and wool. St. Sebastian was taken bv the French in 1719, in 1794, and again in 1808.' On the 31st of August, 1813, it was taken by storm, by the allied forces, under general Graham, after a short siege, during which it sustained a most heavy bombardment, which laid nearly the whole town in ruins. It lias since been rebuilt. 50 m. E. of Bilbao and 5*) iN W. of Pamplona. Long. 1. 56. W., laL 43. 24. N. Sebastian, St., the capital of the provnice of Rio Janeir*, and of all Brazil, with a citadel on a hill, and numerous forts. The city stands 4 m. W. of the harbour, and behind it are high hills crowned with woods, convents, houses, and churches. It is 3 m. in circumference ; the streets are straight and most of them narrow, intersecting each other at right anales ; and the houses, in general, are of stone, and two stories high. The churches are very fine, and there is more religious parade in this city than in almost any other town in Europe. The harbour is very commodious, with a narrow entrance defended by two forts. Here are manufactures of sugar, rum, and cochi- neal. The diflferent mechanics carry on their business in distinct parts of the town ; particular streets being set apart for particular traaes. On the S. side of a spacious square is a palace ; and there are several other squares, in which are fountains, supplied with water by an aqueduct, of considerable length, brought over a valley by a double tier of arches. The mint is one of the finest buildings existing, and furnished with all the conveniences necessary for coining with the greatest expedition. A Benedictine convent and a fort are on the extreme point, jutting into the harbour, opposite which is Serpent Island, where there are a dock-yard, magazines and naval store- houses. In another part of the harbour, at a place called Val Longo, are warehouses, formerly ap- propriated for the reception, and preparation for sale, of slaves imported from Africa. St. Sebas- tian is a bishop's see, and seated near the mouth of the Rio Janeiro, in the Atlantic. Long. 42. 44. W., lat. 22. 54. S. Sebastian, Cape St., a cape at the N. W. ex tremity of Madagascar. Long. 46. 25. E., lat. 12. 30. S. Sebasticook, a river of Maine, flowing into the Kennebec from the east. Sebastopol, a sea-port of Russia, and the first maritime town of the Crimea. It has one of the finest and most secure harbours in the world, capable of containing all the Russian fleets ; and 'I SEE 6( it 18 the chief otation of the Black Sea fleet. The city is built on the side of a hill, which divides two of its fine basins. The old Tartar houses are small and ill-built; but along the quay are some new buildings in a good taste. It stands on part of the site of the ancient Greek city of Cherson, where was the famous temple of Diana Taurica ; and considerable ruins of them are yet discover- erable. 40 m. S. S. W. of Sympheropol and 350 N. E. of Constantinople. Long. 33. 22. E., lat. 44. 25. N. Seftec, a township of Penobscot Co. Me. Pop. 90«. Sebenico, a strong sea-port of Austrian Dalmatia, and a bishop's see, with four citadels. The cathe- dral is a magnificent fabric, and its roof is com- posed of large flat pieces of marble. The Turks have often attempted in vain to take tiiis town. It is sealed near the mouth of the Cherca, in the fulf of Venice, 30 m. S. E. of Zara. Long. 16. 6. E., lat. 44. 17. N. Sebourg, a town of France, department of Nord, 5 m. E. of Valenciennes. Sehu. See Zebu. Sechura, a town of Peru, inhabited by Indians, who are chiefly employed in fishing or driving of mules. Here commences a sandy desert;" which extends southward about 80 m. The town stands on a river of the same name, 3 m. from the ocean and 180 N. N. W. of Truxillo. Long. 81. 10. E., lat. 5. 55. S. Seckau, a town of the Austrian states, in Sty- ria, seated on the Gayle, 9 m. N. of Judenburg. Seckingen, a town of Baden, the smallest of the Four Forest Towns. Here is a convent of Noble nuns, whose abbess was a princes of the empire. It is seated on an isle, formed by the Rhine, over which is a bridge, 11m. W. of Basel. Scckington, a village in Warwickshire, Eng. fa- mous for a battle, in 7.57, between Cuthred, king of the \V. Saxons, and Elhelbald, king of the Mercians. On the N. side of its church are the ruins of a fort, and near it an artificial hill, 45 feet high. 3 m. N. E. of Tamworth. Second Moon, a township of Beaver Co. Pa. Sedan, a strong town of France, capital of the department of Ardennes, and formerly the seat of a Protestant university. It is deemed one of the keys of the country and has a strong castle, an arsenal, a canal foundry, and a manufacture of fine cloth. The famous marshall Turenne was born, in the castle. Sedan is seated on the Meuse, 30 m. S. E. of Charlemont. Lonor, 4. 58. E., lat. 49. 42. N. Scdnsivagur, a town of Hindoostan, the most nothern on the coast of Canara. It is seated on the N. side of the estuary of a river, which enters into a deep bay, sheltered by three islands, one of them fortified, and the entrance defended by a fort on a lofty hill. 3 m. up the river, on the op- posite bank, are the remains of Carwar, formerly a noted place of European commerce, but totally ruined during the reign of Tippo Sultan. 50 m. F. of Goa and 95 N. N. W. of Kundapu- ra. Long. 74. 15. E. lat. 14, 51. N. Sndbergh, a town in W. Yorkshire, Eng. with a manufacture of cotton. 10 m. E. of kendal, 269 N. W. of London. Sedgwick, p.t Hancock Co. Me. Pop. 1,606 Ser.hausen, a town of Prussia, in the Old Mark of Brandenburg, nearly stirrounded by the river Aaland, 12 m. W. of Havelberg. Se.elwnk, p.t Bristol Co. Mass. 38. m. S. W. Uoston, on Providence River. Pop. 2,134. 8 SEG Seelburg, a town of Russia, in the government of Courland, on the river Dwina, 58 m. S. E. of Riga. Se.clow, a town of Brandenburg, 10 m. S. W. of CustrinT Seelysbugh. p. v. Cattaraugus Co. N. Y. 310. m. W. Albany. Seer, a seaport of Arabia, capital of a principali- ty in the province of Oman. It has a good har- bour, and the navy of the prince is one of the most considerable in the gulf of Persia. 108 m. W. S. W. of Julfar. Long. 54. 58. E., lat. 25. 10. N. Seesen, a town of Germany, in the duchy of Brunswick, 14 m. S. W. of Goslar. Seez, a town of France, department of Orne, and a bishop's see. It is seated in a fine country, near the source of the Orne, 14 m. N. of Alencon and 120 W. by S. of Paris. Long. 0. 11. E., lat. 48. 36. N. Segeberg, a town of Denmark, in the dutchy of Holstein, with a castle on a high mountain, con- sisting of Lime-stone, large quantities of which are carried to Hamburgh and Lubec. It is seat- ed on the Trave, 15 m. W. N. W^. of Lubec. Segcdin, a strong town of Hungary, with a cas- tle, taken from the Turks in 1686. It is seated near the Teisse, opposite the influx of the Marcs, 105 m. S. S. E. of Pest. Long. 20. 35. E., lat. 46. 18. N. Segeswar, a town of Transylvania, capital of a county of the same name. It is built in the form of an amphitheatre, on the side of a hill, near the river Kodel, 47 m. N. of Hermanstadt. Lon. 24. 55. E., lat. 47. 4. N. Segna, a seaport of Morlachia, capital of Hun- garian Dalmatia, with a fort. It was declared a free port, and erected into a bishopric. In 1785. It is seated on the gulf of Venice, 100 m. N. W. of Spoleto. Long. 15, 21. E., lat. 45. 22 N. Segni, a town of the papal states, in Campagna di Roma, and a bishop's see. Organs are said to have been invented here. It is seated on a moun- tain, 30 ra. S. E. of Rome. Sego,a. city of Negroland, the capital of Bam- barra. It consists of four walled towns, two on each side the river Niger, which contain about 30,000 inhabitants ; and, as the Moors form a con- siderable proportion, their mosques appear in ev- ery quarter. The houses are built of clay, of a square form, with flat roofs ; some of them have two stories, and many of them are white-washed The current money consists of cowries. 290 m W. S. W^. of Tombuctoo. Long. 2. 46. W., lat 14. 15. N. Segorbe, a town of Spain, in Valencia, and a bishop's see. It is seated on the side of a hill, by the river Morvedro, 35 m. N. by W. of Valencia. Segovia, a city of Spain, in Old Castile, capital of a province of its name, and a bishop's see, with a castle. It stands on two hills, and the valley by which they ar? separated, on the S. W. side of the Erasma ; and is surrounded by a strong wall, flanked with towers and ramparts. It is supplied with water by a Roman aqueduct, 3,000 paces in length, supported by 177 arches of a pro- digious height, in two rows, one above the other. Here the best cloth in Spain is made. The other branches of industry are dyeing, and the manu facture of pai)er, pottery, and lead. The cathe- dral stands on one side of the great square, and is one of the handsomest Gothic structures in Spain } besides which there are 27 other churches. The castle is seated in the highest part of the town *« SEi m and has 16 rooms richly adorned with tapestry, and ornaments of marble and porphyry. The royal chapel is magnificently gilded, and embel- lished with very fine paintings. The mint, for some years the only one in Spain, is surrounded by the river, on which are mills, employed in coining. Segovia was occupied by the French in I80S, but was evacuated in 1813. 43 m. N. N. W. of Madrid. Lon. 4. 12. W., lat 41. 3. N. Se(rovm, Nf.w, a town of Mexico, in Nicaragua, seated near the source of a river of its name, which Hows into the Carribean Sea, 90 m. N. by E. of Leon. Long. 87. 5. W., kt. 13. 45. N. Scgttria, J\'eio,B. town in the isle of Luconia and a bi.shop's see, with a fort. It is seated at the N. end of the island, near the mouth of the Cao-ayan, 24o m. N. of Manilla. Long. 120. 56. E., fat. 18. 3y. N. Sf.irra, a river of Spain, which rises in the Pyrenees, and runs S. W. through Catalonia, passing by Puicerda, Urgel, Belaguer, and Leri- da, to JVIequinenza, where it joins the Ebro. 6'eifTe, a town of France, department of Maine- et-Loire, 20 m. N. W. of Angers. Srinira, a river of Spain, which rises in the mountains of Segura, in Murcia, crosses that province and the S. part of Valencia, and enters the Mediterranean at Guardaman. Segura, a town of Spain, in Murcia, seated among mountains, 34 m. N. E. of Ubeda and 96 W. N. W. of Murcia. Segura, a town of Spain, in Arragon, 35 m. S. E. of Calatajud and 38 N. of Teruel. Segura, a town of Portugal, in Beira, with a fort on a mountain. It stands on the frontiers of Spain, 15 m. W. N. W. of Alcantara and 35 E. S. £. of Castel Branco. Sehauranpour, a town of Hindoostan, in Dehli, capital of a district of the same name, between the Jumna and the Ganges. 86 m. N. by W. of Dehli. Long. 77. 15. E., lat. 30. 4. N. Seidenberg, a town of the Prussian States, in Upper Lusatia, with manufactures of cloth and stockings 8 m. S. S. E. of Gorlitz. Seilcs, a powerful nation in the N. W. part of Hindoostan, consisting of several small independ- ent states, that have formed a kind of federal union. The founder of iheir sect was Nanock, who lived in the beginning of the Kith century ; and they are the descendants of his disciples ; the word seiks, in the Sanscrit language, signify- ing disciples. They are in general strong and well made, accustomed from their infancy to the most laborious life, and hardest fare. A pair of long blue drawers, and a kind of chequered plad, a part of which is fastened round the waist, and the other thrown over the shoulder, form their clothing and equipage. The chiefs are distin- guished by wearing some heavy gold bracelets on their wrists, and sometimes a chain of the same metal round their turbans ; and by being mounted on better horses ; otherwise no distinc- tion appears among them. The government of the Seiks is a military aristocracy. Their army consists almost entirely of horse, of which a Seik will boast they can bring 300,000 into the field ; and it is supposed they might bring 200, 000. They have commonly two, some of them three horses each. They indeed consider this animal as necessary to their existence ; and while it is customary with them to make merry on the demise of one of the brethren, they mourn for the death of a horse. The Seiks are tolerant in matters of faith, and require only a conformity ) BEL , 1^ ♦ in certain signs and ceremonies ; hut, unlike the Hindoos, they admit proselytes, although those from among the Mahometans are not much e8« teemed. Their capital is Lahore. Seil, an island of Scotland, one of the Hebrides, 3 m. long and 2 broad, separated from the main- land by a narrow strait, over which is a bridge. Seine, a river of France, which rises in the department of Cote d'Or, flows by Troyes, Melun Paris, and Rouen, and enters the English Chan- nel at Havre de Grace. Seine, a department of France, the smallest, but by no means the least important, in the kingdom. It has an area of about 260 sq. m. with 780,000 inhabitants. The surface is level, and the soil fertile in corn and wine ; also fruits and vege- tables for the supply of Paris, which is the capi- tal. Seine Loieer, a department of France, including the N. E. part of Normandy. It has an area of 2,500 sq. m. with 660,000 inhabitants. Rouen is the capital. Seine- et-Mame, a department of France, inclnd- the western part of Champagne. It has an area of 2,300 sq. m., with 310,000 inhabitants. Melun is the capital. Seine-et-Oise, a department of France, compris- ing the district of Paris, under the name of de- partment of the Seine. Exclusive of that distrct it contains 2,200 sq. m., with 440,000 inhabitants. Versailles is the capital. Seinslieim, a town of Bavarian Franconia, in a lordship of the same name, with a castle, 13 m. S. E.of Wurtzburg. Seissen, a town of France, department of Gers, 9 m. S. of Auch. Seist.an, an extensive and independent prov- ince of Persia, bounded on the N. by Korasan, and Balck, E. by Candahar, and Sablestan, S. by Mackeran, S. W. by Kerman, and W. by Covhes- tan and Farsistan. The country is in general moun- tainous. The valleys are the only habitable parts ; for the plains are barren, and covered with fine sand, which is sometimes raised by whirlwinds to such a degree as to overwhelm whole caravans. Dooshak is the capital. Selam, a town of Mexico, in Yucatan, near the sea-coast, 45 m. N. W. of Merida. Selbosoe, a town of Norway, in the province of Drontheim, 18 m. S. E. of Drontheim. Selhy, a town in W. Yorkshire, Eng. It is the birth-place of Henry I., whose father, William the Conqueror built an abbey here : a canal passes from tiiis place to Leeds, and large ships are built here. It is seated on the Ouse, over which is one of the completest timber bridges in the kinirdom. 14 m. S. of York and 177 '^N. by W. of London. Selenginsic, a fortified town of Russia, m the government of Irkutsk, with a fort and 3,000 in- habitants. The adjacent country is mountainous, but yields a great quantity of rhubarb. It stands on the Selenora, at the influx of the Chilok, If^O m S. E. of Irkutsk. Long. 107. 28. E., lat. 51. 16. N. Selenti, a town of Asia Minor, in Caramania, at the mouth of a river of the same name, 50 m. W. S. W. of Selesk Selesk, anciently Seleucia, a town of Carama nia, seated on a river, 5 m. from the sea and 80 S. S. E. of Cogni. Long. 34. 36. E., lat. 36. 40 N. Seligenstadt, a town of Germany, in Hesse Darmstadt, with a Benedictine abbey, seated at SEM 670 SEN the conflux of the Gernspentz with the Maine, 14 m. E. of Frankfort Selibria, a town of Romania, and an archbishop's see, formerly a large place, but now much decaj'ecl. It is seated on the sea of Marmora, 35 m. \V. of Constantinople. S^flitLi^ruve, p. V. Northumberland Co. Va. Selkirfe, a borough of Scotland, the capital of Selkirkshire. It is seated on tlie Ettrick, 30 m. 8. S. E. of Edinburgh. Selkirkshire, a county of Scotland, bounded on the N. E. by Edinburghshire. Fop. 6,637. Seller svil If., p. v. Bucks Co. Va. SttHes, a town of France, in the department of I^ire-et-Cher, on the river Cher, 10 m. S. W.of Romorentin. Sclma, p.v. Dallas Co. Alab. Seitz, a town in the df>partment of Lower Rhine, seated on the Khine, 25 ni. N. N. E. of Straghurg. Seltzer, or Lo^rer Seltzer, a town of Germany, in the duchy of Nassau celebrated for a spring of mineral water, which is exported in great quantities. It is situate on the Emsbach, 30 m. E. of Coblentz. Scmnnat, a town of Asiatic Turky, Irac Arabi, seated on the Euphrates, where a toll is collect- ed. 120 ra. N. W. of Bassora. Long. 46. ]5. E., lat. 32. 2. N. Seinbew-ghewn, a town of Sirmali, from which is the principal road through the western hills in- to Arracai^ To this place all Bengal artic-ee of merchandise imported by way of Arracan srft brought, and here embarked on the Irrawadi^-r It stands 3 m. W. oi that river, and 30 S. by \V. of Pagahm. Semeo'OTwZa, a town of Negroland, in the coun- try of Wangara, sealed on a lake formed by a branchof the Nile, 3.30 m. S. S. W. of Bornou. Long. 21. 30. E , lat. 14. 58. N. Seme.ndria, a tov n of European Turkey, in Servia, with a citad?!, seated on the Danube, 20 in. S. E. of Belgrade. Semennud, a tow.i of Egypt, on the E. branch of the Nile, 8 m. S. S. W. of Mansoura and 53 N. of Cairo. SemigaJia, a duchy of European Russia, about 100 m. long and 20 broad, forming the E. part of the government of Courland. Mittau is the capital. Seminari, a town of Naples, in Calabria Ultra, with an abbey belonging to the united Greek church. It suffered severely from an eartlicjuake in 1783, but now contains 2,000 inhabitants. 22 m. N. E. of Reggio. Seminoles, a tribe of Indians in Florida, about 5,000 in number. They were formerly much more numerous, but having committed hostilities upon the American settlements in their neighbourhood in 1818, they were attacked by the United States troops, and completely subdued: since which they have never been formidable. Scmlen, a town of Sclavonia, on the S. side of the Danube, the principal place for carrying on the transit trade between Turkey and Sclavonia. 4 m W. of Belgrade. Sempac/i, a town of Switzcriand, in the canton of Lucerne, celebnitcd for the battle in 1386, which established the lil)erty of the Swi-ss, and in which Leopold, duke of Austria, was defeated and slain. It is seated on a small lake of the same name, 7 ni. N. W. Lucerne. Sempronitts, p. t Cayuga Co. N. Y. 159 m. W Albany. Pop. 5,706. Semur en Auxnis, a town of France, department of Cote d'or, with a castle on a rock. It has a manufacture of cloth, and is seated on the Ar- mancon, 34 m. W. by N. of Dijon and 135 S. E. of Paris. Semur en Brietmois, a town in the department of Saone-et-Loire, 33 m. W. by S. of Macon and 45 S. of A u tun. Sena, or Marzali, a town of Mocaranga, on the river Zambeze, where the Portuguese have a factory. Long 35. 3 E., lat. 7. 40. S. Seneca, a lake and river of N. Y., in Onondaga county. The lake is 30 m. long and 2 broad, and lies N. and S. between those of Canandaigua and Cayuga. At the N. end is the town of Gen- eva, and on the E. side, between it and Cayuga Lake, are the military townships of Romulus, Ovid, Hector, and Ulysses. The river rises to the W. of Geneva, passes by that town, and receives the waters of the lake. It afterwards re- ceives the waters of Cayuga Lake, Canandaigua Creek, and Salt Lake, and then flows into Onondago River. Seneca, a county of N. Y. bounded by Lakes On- tario, Seneca and Cayuga. Pop. 21,031. Ovid is the capital ; a county of Ohio. Pop. 5,148 Tiffin is tlie capital. Seneca, a township of Ontario Co. N. Y. Pop 6,161 ; townships in Morgan and JVIonroe Cos Ohio. Senecaville, p.v. Guernsey Co. Ohio. Sencff, a town of the Netherlands, in the prov- ince of Hainault, noted for a battle gained by the French over the prince of Orange in 1674. 4. m S. Nivelle. Senegal, a large river which rises in the mouH- tains of Kong, in Negroland, and flows W. on the Southern confines of Zahara, into the Atlantic Ocean, 120 m. N. E. of Cape Verd. Its course is flexuous, till it arrives within 6 m. of the sea, when it takes a sudden turn to the S., and for 75 m. is separated from the sea only by a ridge ot sand. Its mouth, not more than half a league over, is incommoded by a shifting bar, which ren- ders the passage difficult and dangerous. Wild animals are numerous along its banks, particular- ly leopards who lie in wait near the river to sur- prise the smaller animals resorting to the banks to drink. Senegal, a country on the W. coast of Africa, lying on a river of the same name. See Fouli. The French have a fort and a factory in an is- land at the mouth of the river, and are masters of the gum trade. It is called Fort Louis, was taken by the English in 17,58, confirmed to them by the peace of 1763, but restored m 16«3 Lonjr 16. 31. W., lat. 15. 53. N. SER 671 SER 5enez, a town of France, department of Low- er Alps, seated in a rough barren coi ntry, 15 ra S. S. E. of Digne. Senftenberg, a town of Prussia, in Lower Lu- satia, with a castle, 35 m. N. N. E. of Meissen. Senlis, a town of France, department of Oise, seated on the river Donette, and almost surroun- ed by a forest, 20 m. N. W. of Meaux and 27 N. E. of Paris. Smnaar, a kingdom of Eastern Africa, bound- ed E. and S. by Abyssinia, W. by Darfur, and N. by Dongola and the independent districts of Nu- bia. Tiie Nile flows through this immense plain above a mile broad, full to the very brim, but nev- er overflowing. For several miles from the banks of this river, the soil is of very remarkable fertili- ty ; and at the time of the rains, about the end of August and beginning of September, the country assumes a most delightful appearance, resembling the pleasantest parts of Holland. Soon after the rains cease, the dhourra ripens, the leaves turn yellow and rot, the lakes putrefy, smell, and are full of vermin ; all the beauty disappears, and bare scorched Nubia returns, with all its terrors of poi- sonous winds and moving sands, glowing and ventilated with sultry blasts. The trade consists chiefly in exchanging the various productions of interior Africa with those of Egypt and Arabia. The kingdom of Sennaar was founded by a body of Shilluk negroes in 1504. The government is despotic, but the king may lawfully be put to death whenever the chief officers decide that his reign is no longer a public benefit. Sennaur, a city of Nubia, and capital of the above kingdom, is 5 m. in circumference, and very populous. The houses are chiefly of' one story, with flat roofs ; but the suburbs contain only cottages covered with reeds. The palace is surrounded by high walls, and is a confused heap of buildings. The heats are almost insup- portable in the day-time, except in the rainy season, at which time the air is unwholesome. The commodities are elephants' teeth, tamarinds, civet, tobacco, and gold dust. Thereis a market near the palace, where slaves are sold ; the fe- males sit on one side, and the males on another ; the Egyptians buy great numbers of them every year. The merchandise required here consists of spices, paper, brass, hardware, glass beads, and a black drug which is used to colour the eye- brows. The wo Tien of quality have slight gar- ments of silk, and wear rings of various metals on their hair, arms, legs, ears, and fingers. Women of a low rank, and girls, have cloths wrapped round them from the waist to the knees. The men go almost naked. Sennaar is seated on an eminence, near the river Nile. Long. 33. 0. E., lat. 13. 4. N. Sens, a town of France, department of Yonne, and an archbishop's see, with a handsome Gothic cathedral. Several ecclesiastical councils have been held here; in that of 1140 the well known Abelard was condemned. Sens was ta- ken by the allies in 1814, but soon afler evacua- ted. It is seated in a fertile country, at the con- flux of the Vanne with the Yonne, 25 ra. N. of Auxerre and 80 S. E. of Pais. Long. 3. 17. E., lat. 48. 12 N. Sepidveda, a town of Spain, in Old Castile, 30 m. N. E. of Segovia. Sera, or Sira, a town of Hindoostan, in My- sore, with a stone fort of a good size. It is the principal place in the central division of the rajah's domioions N. of the Cavery, and carries on a considerable inland commerce. The wbof« of the cloth made here is used in the neigbi/onj"- hood. Since the restoration of the rajah, in 179i>, the fort has been garrisoned by British troops 48 m. S. E. of Chitteldroog, 48 N. of Serringapa tarn. Long. 76. 53. E., lat. 13. 36. N. Serai, a town of Eurof>ean Turkey, capital of Bosnia, and the see of a Catholic bishop, appoint* ed by the king of Hungary. It is a large com- mercial place, and is seated on the river Bcsna 130 m. W. S. W. of Belgrade. Long. 19. 15. £., lat. 44. 14. N. Serampore, a town of Bengal, belonging to the Danes. The houses are of brick, plastered with mortar, and have flat roofs, with balconies and Venetian windows. The inhabitants carry on some trade with Europe, China, &c. But the town is principally distinguished as the early seat of the Baptist mission in India, and as the resi- dence of British subjects who take refuge here from their creditors, it is seated on the W. bank of the Hooghly. 12 m. N. of Calcutta. Serdobol, a town of Russia, in the government of Wiburg, on the lake Ladoga, 60m. N. N. E. of Wiburg. Sered, or Szsered, a town of Hungary, on the river Waag, 30 m. E. N. E. of Presburg. Serfo, or Serfan'e, an island of the Grecian Archipelago, 8 m. long and 5 broad, and full of mountains and rocks, in which are mines of iron and loadstone. The inhabitants are all Greeks, and have but one town, called St. Nicholo, which is a poor place. 50 m. N. W. of Naxaia. Long. 25. 10. E., lat. 37. 19. N. Sergaar, a town of Russia, in the government of Niznei Novogorod, 48 m. S. E. of Niznei No- vogorod. Sergippe, a province on the coast of Brazil to the S. of Pernambuco. It produces sugar and tobacco in considerable quantities and has some silver mines. Sergippe, a sea-port of Brazil, capital of the above province, seated at the mouth of the Ser- gippe, 120 m. N. E. of St. Salvador. Long. 37. 44. W., lat. 12. 10. S. Serignan, a town of France, department of He- rault, 'at the mouth of the Ombre, in the gulf of Lions, 8 m. S. E. of Beziers. Serinagur, or Guwal, a province of Hindoostan, situated chiefly between .30. and 32. of N. lat. and between 77 and 79. of E. long. It is estimated at 140 m. in length by 60 in breadth ; and is ffovern- ed by a rajah, under the protection of the British. Serinagur, the capital of the above province, is about three quarters of a mile long, the houses built of rough stone and mud, and covered with slate, but seldom more than two stories high. The streets are narrow and dirty, but there are some good shops. It is situate in a valley on the river Alcanauda, which is crossed by a bridge of ropes. On the opposite side of the river, at the village of Ranihut, is a temple sacred to Raja Ishwara, principally inhabited by dancing women, whose lives are devoted to prostitution as a religious service ! Serinacrur is 38 m. from Hardwar. Long. 79. 18. E.,''lat. 30. 11. N. Serinstipatam, a city of Hindoostan, the modern capital of Mysore, is situate in an island, 3 m. long, and 1 broad, formed by the Cavery, which is here a large and rapid river, with a wide and rocky channel. The streets are narrow and confused, and the generalitv of the houses mean. The city is strongly fortified; notwithstanding which, lord Cornwallis, in 1792, here compelled SER 673 SET ppoo to sign a treaty, by which he ceeded half boundary; partly to the number of forests, and his dominions, and agreed to pay a vast sum of the general neglect of cultivation in its interior. ' The soil is in general fertile, but a small propor- tion of the country is as yet under tillage. The products are wheat, barley, oats, rice, hemp, flax, and tobacco ; also vines, and fruit of various kinds ; and in the valleys and other warm spots cotton is raised. Mines of iron have been discovered in money to the English and their allies ; and, a new war taking place in 1799, the British troops car- ried the fort by an assault, in which Tippoo was killed. The city and the island have since been retained by the English, towards the support of the Late sultan's family. Tlie palace is very large, and surrounded by a massy wall of stone and several parts; but they are almost entirely neg- mud : it is now the residence of a surgeon. The lected. The only manufactures are of woolen, geratrlio of Hyder has been converted into an cotton, and hardware, for home consumption. European hospital, that of Tippoo into a barrack Servia was formerly an independent kinjidom, f<,r artillery ; the private apartments of the latter but yielded to the Turks in 1365. In 1801 an are occupied by tne resident, and the public ones insurrection took place against their authority, by European troops. Without the walls of the under the standard of Czerni Georges, previously City are two gardens and palaces; and near to one known as the head of a band of robbers, but now of them is the mausoleum of Hyder, where rests honored with the name of avenger of his country. all that was mortal of this Mahometan dynasty, In 1814 he judged proper to withdraw into Rus- consistintr of Hyder and his wife, and Tippoo,who sia; and by a convention concluded between his lie under^tombs covered with rich cloths, at the country and the Porte, in 1815, the Servians ac- eipense of the British government; and the es- knowledged the sovereignty of the sultan, bi/. tablishment of priests to offer up prayers, and of preserved the free exercise of their religion, as musicians to perform the nobut, is retained as well as their civil rights. Belgrade is the capital formerly. In the space between the city and the two (rardens is the suburb called Shahar Ganjam, whicli is rapidly increasing on a regular plan. Serino-apatam is 10 m. N. of Mvsore, and 290 W. by S.^Madras. Long. 7C. 50. E., lat. 13. 24. N. Serinsrham. an island in the S. of India, in the district of Trichinopoly, celebrated for its Hindoo temple, to which pilgrims from all parts of Hin- doostan, resort for absolution ; and here, as in all great pagodas, the Brahmans live in a subordina- tion that knows no resistance, and slumber in voluptuousness that feels no want. At present the allowance made by the British government for the support of the temple and its establish- ment, amounts to about iiG,240 sterling. Seron^, a town of Hindoostan, in Malwa, cele- brated for its raanufiicture of painted cottons and chintzes. It is situate in the river Cavery, half lat. 27. 10. N SessJach, a town and castle of Bavarian Fran- conia, 16 m. N. of Bamberg. Sesto, a town of Austrian Italy, in the Milanese^ seated on the Ticino, where it issues from th« lake Maggiore, 25 m. W. N. W. of Milan. Sestre, Grand, or Great Parts, a town of Gui.n ea, on the Grain Coast ; near which is Petit Ses- tre. It is one of the largest and most commer- cial towns in the country. Long. 7. 0. W., lat. 4. 50. N. Sestri di Levante, a town of the Sardinian states, in the territory of Genoa, 30 m. E. S. E. of Ge- noa. Se-tcheou, a city of China, of the first rank, in the province of Koei-tcheou. It is situate among mountains, v/hich yield cinnabar and quicksilver, 980 m. S. S. W. of Pekin. Long. 108. 25. E., a mile N. of the fortress of Trichinopoly and 140 m. E. N. E. of Ougein. Long. 78. 4. E., lat. 24. 5. N. Serpa,\ town of Portugal, in Alemtejo, with a eastle ; seated on a rugged eminence, near the Guadiana, 3d m. S. by E. of Evora. Serravalle, a town of Austrian Italy, in the government of Venice with a castle. It has cloth, woolen, and silk manufactures, and a trade in corn, wine and honey. The cathedral contains some fine paintings, and the church of St. Au- gusta is a noble edifice. It is situate between two mountains, and at the source of the Maschio 22 m. N. of Treviso. Serres, a town of France, department of Upper Alps, 23 m. S. W.of Gap. Serran, St., a town of France, department of Se-tchuen, a province of China, bounded on the N. by Chen-si, E. by Houquang, S. by Koei- tcheou, and W. by Tibet. It is watered by the Kian-ku ; and is rich, not only on ajccount of the great quantity of silk it produces, but also in iron, tin, lead, amber, sugar-canes, lapis lazuli, musk, rhubarb, &c. Tching-tou is the capital. Seteef, a town of Algiers, in the province of Constantina. It was the ancient Sitipha, capital of a part of Mauritania ; but scarcely a fragment is left of its former greatness, except the fountains. 50 m. S. W. of Constantina. Long. 5. 36. E , lat. 35. 58. N. Setimo, a town of the Sardinian states, in Pied- mont, seated on the Po, 8 m. N. of Turin. Setlege, a river of Hindoostan, the most easterly of the five eastern branches of the Indus. About Ille-et-Vilaine, with considerable manufactures of midway from its source, it receives the Beyah, at linen, gail-cloth, soap, and tobacco, and 9,000 in- habitants. It is seated at the mouth of the river Ranee, about a mile S. of St. M.alo, from which it is separated by a narrow arm of the sea, dry at low water. Servia, a province of European Turkey, 190 m. long and 95 broad ; bounded N. by the Danube and Save, which separate it from Hungary, E. by Bulgaria, S. by Macedonia and Albania, and W. by Bosnia. The climate is less mild than might be excepted in 43. and 44. of N. lat., the winter being of considerable length, and spring not be- ginning till April. This is owing partly to the height of the great ridge of the Argentaro or Glu- botin Mountains, extending along its soutlicrn Firosepour, and joins the Indus at Veh. Sette, a town of W. Africa, in a district of its name, lying between Loango and Benin. It has a great trade in logwood, sent in vessels to May- ainba; and stands on a river of the same name, 60 m. from its mouth, and 110 N. N. E. of May amba. Long. 10. 20. E., lat. 2. 0. S. Settenil, a town of Spain, in Granada, 8 m. N of Ronda and 38 N. W. of Malaga. Scttia, a town of the island of Candia, and a Greek bishop's see, 48 m. E. S. E. of Candia. Long. 26. 2. E., lat. 35. 3. N. Settle, a town in W. Yorkshire, Eng. About 2 m to the E. is Attermire Cave, containing numberless chinks and recesses, fluted pillars ana SEV 673 SEW hanging petrifactions. At the like distance to the N. is Giggleswick Well, a reciprocating spring, which will sometimes rise and fall nearly a foot, in a stone trough about a yard square, every 10 or 15 minutes. Settle is seated on the Ribble, 38 m. N. N. W. of Halifax and 235 of London. Setucket, p.v. Suffolk Co. N. Y. SetuvaL. See Ubes, St. Seven Islands, a cluster of islands in the Frozen Ocean, lying in long. 18. 48. E., lat. 80. 31. N Here captain Fhipps, with two ships, was sur- rounded by the ice, from the 1st to the 10th of August, 1773, when a brisk wind at N. N. E. ef fected their deliverance. Seven Islands, islands near the coast of Canada, on the N. side of the mouth of the St. Lawrence, at the entrance of a small bay. Long. 66. 5 W., lat. 50. 10. N. Sevcnbercren, a town of the Netherlands in Bra bant, 8 m.'vV. N. W. of Breda. Sevenoaks, a town in Kent, Eng. In 1450 Jack Cade defeated the royal armv near this town. 6 xn. N. W. of Maidstone and 23 S. S. E. of London. Sever, St., a town of France, department of Lan- des, seated on the Adour, 20 m. E. of Dax and 69 S. by E. of Bordeaux. Severac, a town in the department of Aveiron, on the river Aveiron, 23 m. E. of Rodez. Sevcrin, a town of European Turkey, in Wal' achia, on the Danube, 6 m. W. of Czernetz. Severlna, St., a fortified town of Naples, in Ca- labria Ultra, and an archbishop's see. It is seated on a craggy rock, on the river Neto, 8 m. from the sea and 45. S. E. of llossano. Long. 17. 14. E., lat. 39. 15. N Severina, St., a town of Italy, in the papal states, 13 m. W. S. W. of Macerata. Scverino, St., a town of Naples, in Principato Citra, on the river Sarno, 10 m. W. S. W. of Poli- castro. Severn, a river of England, which has its rise in the mountain of Plynlimmon, in Wales, its mouth is called the Bristol Channel. This river has a communication with the Thames, the Trent, the Dee, and the Mersey, by different canals. Secern, a river of Md. which waters Annapolis, and enters by a broad estuary into Chesapeak Bay. Sevcrndroof, a small island of Hindoostan, on tlie coast of Concan. Here was a strong fort, be- longing to Angria the pirate, which was taken by commodore James in 1756. 68 m. S. by E. of Bom- bay. Severo, St., a town of Naples, in Capitanata, seated in a plain, 26 m. W. by N. of Manfredonia and 75 N. E. of Naples. Severus's Wall, commonly called Graham's Dike, in the W. of Scotland. It is a work of the Romans, supposed to be done by the emperor, whose name it bears, to prevent tlie incursions of the Picts and Scots. It began at Aberoorn , on the frith of Forth, 4 m. N. E. of Linlithgow, and ran W. to the frith of Clyde, ending at Kirkpatrick, near Dumbarton. Sevier, a county of E.Tennessee. Pop. 5,1 17. Sevierville, the capital is 5 m. S. E. Knoxville. Scvifny, a town of France, department of Ar dennes, 12 m. N. W. of Bethel. Seville, a province of Spain, forming the western half of Andalusia, and still retaining the title ot kingdom. It has an area of 9,500 sq m. with 750, 000 inhabitants. The surface is diversified with beautiful plains and hills, covered with vines and b5 fruit trees. Agriculture is in a very backward state, and the manufactures are all on a smal. scale. The chief towns are Seville (the capital;" Cadiz, Ecija, Xeres, Ossuna, and St. Mary's, near Cadiz. Seville, a city of Spain, capital of the above pro- vince, and an archbishop's see, seated on the Gua- dalquivir. It is fortified by strong walls flanked with high towers, and takes up more ground than Madrid, although it now has not above 100,000 in- habitants. The Phenicians called it Hispalis, and it is the Julia of the Romans, who embellished it with many magnificent buildings. The Moors built an aqueduct, still to be seen, 6 m. in length. The cathedral is by some supposed to be "the largest church in the world next to St. Peter's at Rome ; the steeple is of curious workmanship, and extremely high, consisting of three towers, one above another, with galleries and balconies. The churches and convents are opulenfand beautiful ; of the latter, that of St. Francis is adorned with a handsome public square, in the midst of which is a fine fountain. The university consists of many colleges ; and the professors enjoy rich pensions. The royal palace, called Alcazar, was partly built after the antique by the Moors, and partly in the modern taste by king Pedro : it is a mile in extent, and flanked by large square towers, built with stones taken from the ancient temple of Hercules. Here is a foundery, and one of the largest depots for artillery in the kingdom. The principal manufactures are silk ; and be- hind the Alcazar is a royal snuff manufacture, which is strictly examined and guarded. The ex- change is a square building of the Tuscan order, each front 100 feet in length, and three stories high. The town house is adorned with a great number of statues, and there is a large square be- fore it, with a fine fountain in the middle. There are 120 hospitals richly endowed. The suburb of Triano stands on the other side of the river, over which is a long bridge of boats. In this suburb stood the house of the Inquisition ; and there are public walks, where most of the inhabi- tants go to take the air. The situation of Seville renders it one of the most commercial towns of Spain. All the trade of that kingdom with the New World, centered originally, in its port; but, that of Cadiz being found more commodious, the galleons sailed from that place after the year 1720 Such vast employment did the American trade give, at one period, that in Seville alone there were no fewer than 16,000 looms in silk or wool- en work ; but, before the end of the reiffn of Phil- ip III., they were reduced to 400. The country around is extremely fertile in corn, wine, &c. and there is abundance of oil ; to the W. of the river is a grove of olive-trees, 30 m. in length. Seville was taken by the French in 1810, but they evacuated it after the battle of Salamanca in 1812. 45 m. from the Atlantic and 212 S. S. W. of Ma- drid. Lon. 5. 59. W., lat. 37. 14. N. Sevres, Deux, a department of France, including part of the ancient province of Poitou. It is so named from two rivers that rise here ; one, called Sevre Niortois, flowing W. by St. Maixent, Niort and Marans, into the Bay of Biscay, opposite the Isle of Re ; and the other named Sevre Nantois, which takes a N. W. direction, passes by Clisson, and enters the river Loire, opposite Nantes. The department comprises an area of 2,500 sq. m., with 260,000 inhabitants, about one eighth of whom are Protestants. Niort is the capital. Sewalick, a chain of mountains in Hindoostan 3L 8HA 674 SHE bordering on the country of Serinagur and the province of Dehli. Sewickly, J^orth and JVew, two townships in Beaver Co. Pa. on the' Ohio. Seusse'., a town of France, departmenr of Ain, divided into two parts by the Rhone, which here begins to be navigable. 14 ra. N. by E. of Bel- ley. ciezanne, a town in the department of Marne, 87 m. N. W. of Troves and 65 S. E. of Paris. Sezza, a town of Naples, in Terra di Lavoro, 14 ra. N. W. of of Capua. Shalmr, a town of Egypt, on the W. branch of the Nile,48 m. S. E. of Alexandria and 50 N. N. W. of Cairo. Shackleford, p. v. King and Queen's Co. Va. Shade 'Mountain Gap, p.v. Huntingdon Co. Pa. Shade Works, p.v. Somerset Co. Pa. Shady Grove, p.v. Franklin Co. Va. 228 m. S. W. Richmond. Shafersloion, p.v. Lebanon Co. Pa. 32 m. E. Har- risburg. Shaftsbury, p.t. Bennington Co. Vt. Pop. 2,143. Shaftsbury, a borough in Dorsetshire, Eng. It stands on a hill where water is so scarce that the poor get a living by fetching it from a great distance. 100 m. W. by S. of London. Shahar, or Sahar, a sea-port of Arabia, in Had- ramaut, 110 m. S. S. W. of Shibam. Long. 48. 40 m. E., lat. 13. 50. N. Shahjehanpore, a town of Hindoostan, capital of a district of its name, in the province of Malwa, 20 m. N. E. of Ougein and 19(5 S. of Agimere. Shahjehanpore, a. town in the province of Dehli, district of Bareilly. seated on the Gurrah. Long. 79.50. E., lat. 27. 52. N. Shakertown, a village of Knox Co. Indiana. ShalerviUe, p.t. Portage Co. Ohio. Shamokie, a township of Northumberland Co. Pa. Shandtiker,p.l. Ulster Co. N. Y. Pop. 966. ShanesvUle, p.v. Tuscarawas Co. Ohio. Shannon, the largest river of Ireland, which is- sues from Lough Allan, in the county of Leitrim, and running S. divides the provinces of Leinster and Connaught ; it then turns S. W., passes by the city of Limerick, and enters the Atlantic Ocean between the counties of Clare and Limer- ick. ShannonsviUe , p.v. Montgomery Pa. Shap, a village in Westmoreland, Eng. at the source of the Loder, between Orton and Penrith. It had once a famous abbey, which stood about a mile W. from the church, of which little remaijis, except the tower of its church, and the ruins of a bridge. In the vicinity are some great stones, like pyramids, from 10 to 12 yards apart, placed almost in a direct line for a mile together, of such immense weight that carriages now in use could not support them. Shapinshn, one of the Orkney Islands, lying 3 m. from the N. E. part of Pomona. It is 7 m. long and 5 broad. The coasts are level and pro- duce grass and corn, but the middle part is high and fit only for sheep pasture. ° S/iaplei^h, p.t. York Co. Me. Pop. 1,480. Sharon, a townsiiip of Hillsborough Co. N, H. Pop. 271 ; p.t. Windsor Co. Vt. Pop. 1,459; p.t. .Norfolk Co. Mass. 18 m. S. Boston, with a manu- factory of cotton. Pop. 1024 ; p.t. Litchfield Co Conn. Pop. 2,613; p.t. Schoharie Co. N. Y. Pop. 4,247 ; towns and villages in Mercer Co. Pa. Ashtabula, Franklin, Richland and Hamilton Cos. Ohio. Sharpsburg, p.v. Washington Co. Maryland p.v. Hamilton Co. Ohio ; p.v. Bath Co. Ken. SharpsUncn, p.v. Salem Co. N. J. 26 m. S. E Philadephia. Sharronville, p.v. Hamilton Co. Ohio. Shawangunk Mountains, a branch of the Apala chian chain in N. Y Shawangunk, p.t. Ulster Co. N. Y. Pop 2,(m. Shawneetovm, p.v. Gallatin Co, Illinois on the Ohio. Shawsheen River, a branch of the Merrimack in Mass. S/ieepseut, a river of Maine flowing into the sea near the mouth of the Kennebec. Sheerness,a maritime town in Kent, Eng. on the point of the Isle of Sheppey, at the mouth of the Medway, 3 m. N. of Queenborongh. A fort was built here by Charles II., after the insult of the Dutch, who burnt the men of war at Chatham in 1667; and it has since been considerably aug mented and strengthened. There are also an ord nance office, a dock-yard, and a chapel. Sheffield, a town in W. Yorkshire, Eng., situ ate on an eminence surrounded by a beautiful val- ley, with a range of romantic hills in the perspec- tive. The houses are well built, and many of them elegant ; and few places can boast of more handsome or regular streets. This town has long been celebrated for its various hardware manufac- tures which consist particularly of cutlery ware, plated goods, buttons, &c., immense quantities of which are now exported to all parts of the habita- ble globe. In the town and neighbourhood are founderies for iron, brass, and white metal ; and numerous work« are established on the banks ol the rivers for the purpose of preparing the iron and steel for the manufactures. Here are also lead works, a considerable carpet manufacture and a cotton mill ; and the neighbourhood abounds in coal. Sheffield is seated at the conflux of the Sheaf with the Don, which is now rendered nav- igable up to the town. 53 m. S. S. W. of York and 163 N. N. W. of London. Long. 1. 29. W., lat. 53. 20. N. Sheffield, p.t. Berkshire Co. Mass. 125 m. W. Boston. Pop. 2,392; p.t. Caledonia Co. Vt. 38 m. N. E. Montpelier. Pop. 720; p.v. Lorain Co. Ohio, 155 m. N. E. Columbus. Pop. 215. Shffford, a town of Bedfordshire, Eng. seated on the Ivel, 9 m. S. E, of Bedford and 41 N. by W. of London. Shetbvrne, p.t. Coos Co. N. H. Pop. 312; p.t. Chittenden Co. Vt. on L. Champlain, 7 m. S. Burlington. Pop. 1,123; p.t. Franklin Co. Mass. 100 m. N. W. Boston. Pop. 985. Shelhurne, a town of Nova Scotia, at the head of a bay called Port Roseway. It extends two miles on the water side, and one mile b.ackward, with wide streets crossing each other at right angles. The harbour is deep, capacious, and se- cure. About a mile from Slielburne, and sepa- rated from it by a small river, is the Black Town, peopled by about 1 ,200 free blacks, who served on the royal side during the American war. Shel- burne is 100 m. S. W. of Halifax. Long. 65. 0. W., lat. 43, 46. N, Shelby, a county of Kentucky. Pop. 19,039. Shclbyville is the capital ; a county of W. Ten- nessee. Pop. 5,652. Memphis is the capital ; a county of Alabama. Pop. 5,521. Shelby ville is tne capital; a county of Ohio. Pop. 3,671, Sidney ia the capital ; a county of Indiana. Pop 6,294 Shclbyville ia the capital. na 675 SHI Shelby, p.t. Grenesee Co. N. Y. 246 m. W. Al- bany. ShelbyviUe, p.v. Shelby Co. Ind. 25 m. S. E. Indianapolis ; p.v. Shelby Co. Ken. 30 m. E. Lou- isville ; p.v. Shelby Co. Alab. 93 m. N. Cahawba ; p.l. Bedford Co. Ten. Sheila, a decayed town of Morocco, which none but Mahometans are allowed to enter. 4 m. E. of Salle. Shellif, the largest river of Algiers, which takes its rise in the desert, flows N. through the lake Titeri, then turns to the W., and enters the Mediterranean to the N. of Mustagam. In its course it receives the Midroe, Harbeene, Toddah or Silver River, the Archew, Mina, Warissa, and Fagia. Sheldon, pt. Franklin Co. Vt. 32 m. N. Bur- lincrton. Pop. 1.427; p.t. Genesee Co. N. Y. 30 m. S. E. Buffalo. Pop. 1,731. Shelter Island,a.n island and township in Suffolk Co. N. Y. at the E. end of long Island. Pop. 330. SAe^>rifn8, though the wool of the island is of indiffff'^nt quality : to which we may add a few articles, sucli as hats, cutlery, harness, carriages, and household furniture, made at the principal towns. The commerce of Sicily is comparatively trifling, though from the variety of its products, the excellence of several of its harbours, and the ^neral safety of its coast for navigation, it might. Under an enlightened government, become very extensive. In the darkness of their complexion, and the indolence of their habits, the Sicilians resemble the Italians and Spaniards; and educa- tion is in a very backward state, but the new plan Sidra, a spacious gulf of the Mediterranean, on the coast of Tripoli, anciently called Syrtis. Siedenberg, a town of Hanover, in the county of Hoya, 9 m. S. W. of Hoya. Siegberg, a town of Prussian Westphalia, in the duchy of Berg, on the river Seig. 15 m. S. E of Cologne. Sicgen, a town and castle of Prussian Westpna- lia, formerly the capital of a principality belong- ing to the house of Nassau. In the neighbour- hood are iron mines, forges and founderies. It is seated on the Sieg, 24 m. N. W. of Wetzlar, Long. 8. 12. E., lat. 50. 47. N. Sienna, or Sicnnese, a province of the grand duchy of Tuscany, bounded by the Florentine and of teaching (of Bell and Lancaster) is beginning the territory of Pisa. The soil is pretty fertile, " ' especially in mulberry trees, which feed a great number of silk worms, and there are several min- eral springs. It is 62 m. long and nearly the same broad, and has an area of 3,000 square m. with 190,000 inhabitants. Sienna, a city of Tuscany, capital of the forego, ing province, and an archbishop's see, with a university and a citadel. It is surrounded by a wall, above 4 m. in circumference. The Gothic metropolitan church is built with black and white marble, and the pavement is of Mosaic work. Sienna is not very populous ; but is adorned with a great number of palaces, fountains, and superb churches. The great area is round, and the houses about it are of the same height, supported by piazzas, under which people may walk in all weathers. The Italian language is spoken in Si- enna in its greatest purity. It is seated on three eminences, 26 m. S. of Florence and 120 N. N. W. of Rome. Long. 11. 11. E., lat. 43. 24. N. Sierk, a town of France, department of Moselle, near the river Moselle, 10 m. N. N. E. of Thion- ville. Sierra Leone, a country of Africa, in the W. part of Guinea, so named from being mountainous, and the mountains abounding in lions. It is situated on the Atlantic, and is distinguished for the colo- to be employed with some success. The religion is the Catholic ; and the number of ecclesiastics is said ti amount to 70,000, exclusive of the monks and nuns. The assembly long dignified with the name of parliament was, until 1810, merely a feudal institution, possessing hardly any marks of the elective franchise. Sicily was successively occupied by the Pheni- cians, the Carthaginians, and Romans. In the 8th and 9th centuries it was conquered by the Sa- racens, who retained possession of the island about 200 years. Tl)ey gave way to the Nor- mans who, attracted to Sicily on their progress to the crusades, made the conquest of the island in the 1 Ith century. It passed successively into the possession of France, Germany, and Spain. By the peace of Utrecht, in 1713, it was given to the duke of Savoy, with the title of king ; but in 17*20 the Austrians prevailed on the new possessor of Sicily to exchange it for Sardinia, and added the former to the kingdom of Naples. The war carried on by France and Spain against Austria, in 1734, transfered other crowns of Naples to a branch of the royal family of Spain, in whose hands it remained until the progress of the French revolutionists, in 1799, led to the expulsion of the royal family from Naples. They took refuge in Sicily, where they remained till 1815, ny formed there by the British nation, from mo- when the overthrow of Murat, by the Aus- tives of genftosity and philanthropy. This coun- trians, led to the restoration of the former family try is traversed by a considerable river, derived to the throne of Naples, which tiiey continue to from an unknown source in the interior, called the possess. In 1820 the Sicilians made an attempt Mitomba or Sierra Leone. Its limits are from the to establish a free government, but the country Grain coast on the S. E., to Cape Verga on tlie was invaded by the Austrians, and the kins re- N. W. ; that is. between 7. and 10. N. lat. In the established in all his former absolute authority Palermo is the capital. Siclos, a town of Hungary, with a castle on a mountain, in which the emperor Sigismund was imprisoned. 12 m. S. of Funfkirchen. open and plain districts,on the banks of the river, the heat of the sun, before any breeze arises, is al- most in tolerable ; but a refreshing giile constantly springs up about noon, which renders the country supportable. The wet season, from May to Oc- -- .... ~. „. • u...r.,,v,,.v.,. ^fcHupporiaoiu. j iie wei season, irom iway lo vjc- .S»///v«, a Rtrona town on the N. coast of the is-'^ber, is ushered in and terminated by stormy I f 40 S ""*"■ ^""S- ^^3. 15. E. weather. The whole tract, on each side the river, oj i' ^' tr % r% r> is rich in rice and millet, which is the chief sus- SiddonabuTg p.v. York Co. Pa. 32. m. from Har- risburr. Sideling Hills, a range of eminences in Bedford Co. Pa. extending from N. W. to S. E tenance of the inhabitants ; and, upon the whole, it is one of the best countries on the coast. The natives are in general of mild external manners, „., -- _,- - . and noted for their hospitality; but thev possess bideroeapso, h town of Macedonia, famous for a a great share of pride, and are easily afrected by jrold niine m lU neighbourhood. 5 m from the an insult. Of all the trilii?s, those who have em- gulf of Contessa, and 40. E. S. E. of Salonichi. braced Mahomedism are the most civilized and Sidmouth, a town in Devonshire. Eng. It is much frequented in the bathing season, and was formerly a s«a-port, but its harbour is now choked respectable ; and those on the coast, from their intercourse with the European slave -factors, art much inferior in eve-y thing, except the art of SIL 679 8IL making a bargain, lo those who reside higher up the country. In 1791 an act of parliament was obtained, incorporating a co«ipany, called the Sierra Leone Company, for the purpose of culti- vating W. India and other tropical productions on the banks of the river. The first settlers amounted to '200 white persons, besides a number of free blacks from Nova Scotia. In 1793 the colonists were all put into possession of small lots of land, and a new town, on a regular and extended scale, was begun to be built. The next year a French squadron destroyed the settlement, and captured several of the company's ships : from this disaster they recovered ; and a factory was established in the Rio Pongos, in 1795. The colony, how- ever, still continued to languish, and, in 1808, it was transferred from the company to his majesty. It was soon after placed under the management of the African Institution, and, notwithstanding all its disadvantages, the colony has been rapidly advancing in prosperity, and the population is continually augmenting by the capture of negroes, on their way to the W. Indies, by vessels em- ployed to put a stop to the slave trade. The num- ber landed in 1824 was 1 ,530, in 1825, 2,337, in 1336 2.727, and in 1827, 2,857. The whole population of the liberated Africans in the villages in 1828 (exclusive of 2,502 persons resident in Freetown, or employed at the timber factories) was 15,004. Independently of Freetown but including the Isles de Los and Freetown, the number of settlements now amounts to 14, of which Regent and Welling- ton are the richest and most populous. The in- habitants are by no means wanting in industry TLe markets of Freetown are supplied with fruits and vegetables, almost exclusively by the moun- tain villages, and from 80 to 100 persons are to be seen daily on the hill leadin£r to Gloucester Town with the produce of their own farms and gardens. The Church and Wesleyan Missionary Societies are aiding by their eflTorts in promoting the happiness and prosperity of the colony; educa- tion is rapidly extending, and numbers of degraded negroes are rising into respectability and even wealth. Freetown is the capital. Sieira Morena, mountains of Spain, diving An- dalusia from Estremadura and New Castile, ren- dered famous by the wars of the Christians and Mahometans, and for being the scene where Cer- vantes has placed the most entertainrng adven- tures of his hero. Sigllmessa. See Sugtilmessa. Siginaringen,a. town of Germany, with a castle, which gives name to a branch of the house of Ho- henz')llern. It is seated on the Danube, 18 m. E. S. K. of Hohenzollern. Signau, a town of Switzerland, in the canton of Bern, 12 m. S. E. of Bern. Sipluna. a town of Sweden, in Upland, 10 m. N. of Stockholm. Sigucnza,n. town of Spain, in Guadalaxara, and* a bishop's see, with a caslle, in which is an ar- senal. It had formerly a university, consistinor of several colleges. The most considerable structure is the cathedral. It is seated on a hill, at the foot of Mount Atienca, 65 m. N. E. of Madrid. Lonff. 2. 51. W., lat. 40.58. N. Sihon, a river. See Sirr. Siiagutfa, a town of Hindoostan, in Mysore, celebrated, for its kitchen-gardens. Coarse cot- ton cloths are made here, and some tobacco grows in the neighbourhood. 20 m. N. W. of Colar, and 32 N. E. of Bangalore. SUberberg, a strong town of Prussian Silesia. It had its name from a mine of lead and silver, the working of which has been discontinued, 11 in N.N. ET. of Glatz. Silckester, a village in Hampshire, Eng. once a celebrated city. There are considerable remains of its walls and ditches, enclosing an area of 80 acres ; and two military roads frosn the S. gnte, one to Winchester, and the other to Old Saruin 6 m. N. of Basingstoke. Silesia, a province of the Prussian states, for- merly belonging to the kingdom of Bohemia. It is 200 m. long and 170 broad ; bounded on the N. by Brandenburff, E. by Poland, S. by Moravia, and W. by Bohemia, from which it is separated by a long chain of mountains : the highest, called Zotenburg, is in the principality of Schweidnitz. There are mines of coal, lead, copper, and iron, and quarries of various stones, besides antimony, saltpetre, sulphur, alum, vitriol, quicksilver, agate, jasper, and even some gems. The principal rivers are the Oder, Bober, Neisse, Quels, and Oppa. The chief manufacture is linen cloth, the annual value of which has been estimated at upwards of £1,500,000 sterling; there are also some woolen manufactures, potteries, iron foundries, and glass- houses. In this country are a great number of cattle, large studs of horses, and plenty of game in the woods ; also a few lynxes, bears, foxes otters, and beavers. There are many lakes, full of pike, carp, and other good fish ; also plenty of bees, which produce much honey and wax Wheat, maize, barley, oats, millet, and in some places saffron, are cultivated ; but its wine is bad, and chieflv used for vinegar. Silesia was for- merly divided into Upper and Lower. The former comprising' the S. part, where the inhabitants are generally Roman Catholics, and speak the Polish language : in the latter, they are almost all Pro- testants, and speak their mother tongue. The county of Glatz, and a portion of Lusatia, are now annexed to this province, which forms a military division along with Posen, and is divided into the governments of Breslau, Liegnitz, Oppeln, and Reichenbach. This country was ceded to the king of Prussia, in 1742, by the treaty of Breslau. In 1807 it was overrun by the French, but was re- stored to Prussia at the peace of Tilsit. Breslau is the capital. Silhet, a town of Bengal, capital of a district of the same name, seated on the Soorma, 120 ra. N E. of Dacca. SUistria, or Dristra, a town of European Tur- key, in Bulgaria, and an archbishop's see, with a citadel. It is seated on the Danube, at the influx of the Missovo, 155 m. N. N. E. of Adrianople. Long. 27. 6. E., lat. 44. 15. N. St/ie^Mro', a town of Denmark, in N. Jutland, with a castle, 18 m. W. of Arhusen. Silla, a town of Negroland, in Bambarra, on the right bank of the Niger, remarkable as the place where Park was obliged to terminate his first journey, after having penetrated 1,090 m. in a direct line E. from Cape Verd. It is 75 m. N E. of Sego. Sillabar, a sea-port on the W. coast of Sumatra, with a good and safe harbour, 30 m. S. S. E. of Bencoolen. Long. 102. 10. E., lat. 4. 0. S. Sille le Guillaume, a town of France, depart ment of Sarthe, 19 m. N. W. of Mans. Sillee. a town of Bengal, seated on the Suban- recka, 173 m. W. N. W. of Calcutta. Silver Creek, a township of Green Co. Ohio. SUrer Lake, p.v. Genesee Co. N. Y.; p.t. Sun quehanna Co. Pa. 8tN -tso SSIN SUtis, a town of Portugal, in Algarve, on a river of the same name, 35 m. W. JS. W. of Ta- ▼ira. Simantas, a town of Spain, in Valladolid, with a strong castle, in which Philip II. ordered the archives of the kingdom to be kept. It is situate on the Douro, 10 m. S. W. of Valladolid and GO N. E. of Salamanca. Simbrisk, a government of Russia, formerly a province of the kingdom of Kasan. It has an area of 30.000 sq. m., with 850,000 inhabitants, the greater part of whom profess the religion of the Greek church. The capiul, of the same name is seated on the Volga, 100 m. S. by. W. of Ka- san. Long. 48. 34. E., lat. 54. 22. N. Sinuoe, a lake of Upper Canada, communicat- ing with Lake Huron. Simi, the ancient Syme, an island in the Med- iterranean, between the island of Rhodes and the continent, in a bay of its name. It has a town, cantaiaing about 2,000 houses, built near the sum- mit of a filch rocky mountain, 12 m. N. W. of Rh(Kles. Lo'ng. 27. "23. E., lat. 36. 35. N. Simmem, a town of Prussia, in the province of Lower Rhine ; seated on a river of the same name, 25 m. S. ofCoblentz. SimmonsvUle, p. v. Coshocton Co. Ohio. 100 m. N. E. Columbus. Simocraif, a town of Hindoostan, in Mysore, district of Bednore, with a manufacture of coarse cotton cloth. Tippo Sultan was defeated near this place by the Mahrattas, aided by a detach- ment of British, in 1790. It is seated on the Tun- ga, 34 E. by N. of Nagara. Slmonthurn, or Simontornya, a town of Hunga- ry, with a strong castle, taken from the Turks in 1(;86. It is seated on the Sarvita, 32 m. S. S. W. of Buda. Long. 18. 52. E., lat. 46. 45. N. Simplon, a mountain of ihe Alps between Swit- zerland and Italy, through which a road was cut by Napoleon. Tliis stupendous and magnificent works is 36 m. in length, and was completed in 1805 ; it consists in many places of galleries or tunnels, cut though the solid rock of the moun- tain. There are 22 bridges thrown over rivers and torrents. The ascent of the road is so easy that carriages may pass its whole extent without locking the wheels. The highest part of the road is about 6,000 feet. iiimpson, a county of Kentucky. Pop. 6,099. Franklin is the capital. SimpsonciJIe, p. v. Shelby Co. Ken. ; p. v. Montgomery Co. Maryl. Simsbury, p.t. Hartford Co. Conn. 14 m. N. W.Hartford. Pop. 2,221. Siinsonn'dle, p. v. Laurens Dis. S. C, Sinai, a mountain of Arabia Petrea, in penin- sula formed by the two arms of the Red Sea. The Mahometans hold it in great veneration; and here the Greek Christians liave a monastery, surrounded by a high wall, and those who go in and out are drawn up and let down in baskets. Long. 34. 15. E., lat. 29. 2. N. Siiuapour, an island at the southern extremity of the peninsula of Malaya, from which it is sepa- rated by a narrow channel, and to the S. it gives name to the narrow sea, called the strait of Sin- capour. It has a town of the same name. Long". 103 15. E., lat. 1. 10. N. Siniie, a river of Asia. See Indus. Sindr.ljiniren, a town of Germany, in the king- dom of Wurtemberg, 10 m. S. S. W. of Stut- gard Si$uty, or Sutde, a provines of Hindoostaa bounded on the W. by Persia, N. by the terri- tories of the king of Kandahar, N. E. by those of the Seiks, E. by a sandy desert, and S. E. by Cutch. It extends along the course of the In- dus, from its mouth to the frontiers of Moultan, 300 m. ; and its breadth, in the widest part, is 160. In soil, and climate, and the general ap- pearanW. S W. of Moscow. Long. 3*2. 14. E., Ut.54. 50. Sini/n/iusen, a town of Denmark, in the duchy of Holslein, Ifl m. \V. of Rendsburg. Smifrna, a sea-port of Asia Minor, and one of the largest and richest cities of the Levant. The goodness of the harbour has caused it to be rebuilt several times after having been destroyed by earthquakes. It is the rendezvous of merchants from almost all parts of the world, and the mag- azine of their merchandize. The population is computed at 120,000 persons. The streets are raore open, better paved, and the houses better built than in any other towns on the continent. The street of the Franks is the finest in Smyrna, and lies all along the harbour. The imports from England consist of woolen cloths, camlets, lead, tin, and hardware ; these are exchanged for cot- ton, coffee, mohair, drugs, gall, raisins, figs, &c. The English and Dutch factors have protestant chapels, and taverns are as open here as in Eu- rope. The fortifications consist of a fort, a castle, a mountain, and an old citadel. Smyrna is eight days' journey from Constantinople by land, 25 days from Aleppo by the caravans, six from Cog- ni, seven from Cataya, and six from Satalia; and is seated at the head of a large bay, 190 m. S. S. W. of Constantinople. Long. 27. 7. E., lat. 38. 88. N. Smyrna, p.t. Chenango Co. N. Y. 105 m. W. Albany. Pop. 1,897; p.v. Kent. Co Del. 12 m. S. Dover. Sinijthjield. p.v. Somerset Co. Pa. Snaith, a. town in W. Yorkshire, Eng. 175 ra N. by W. of London. SnnpsvUle, p.v. Chesterfield Co. Va. Snfx/c or Snitz, a fortified town of Holland, in Ffiesland, seated on a lake of the same name, in marshy land. 12 m. S. S. W. ofLewaiden. Snr.r.dsliorough, p.t. Anson Co. N. C. 100 m. S. W. Raleigh. Sneirne, a town of Prussia in the province of Irac, 57 m.W. N. W. of Amadan. Sniatin, a tdwn of Austrian Galicia, on the river Pruth, 28 m. W. of Czernowitz. Long. 22. 50. E.,lat. 4-i. 33. N. Siuiioden, a mountain of Wales, in the centre of Caernarvonshire, and the most noted in the whole region of the Welsh hills. It has several craggy ■ummits, deep dells, moors, and chasms ; also two lakes that abound with fish, particularly the char and the guiniard. The height of this rnountain, from the quay of Caernarvon, to its highest peak, is 3,f),^>8 feet. It was held sacred by the ancient Britons as Parnassus was by the Greeks. Pieces of lava, and groups of columnar ■tones of vast size, have been found lying in all directions on the summit of this mountain,°which commands a delightful and extensive view. In a clear day, and when the mountain is free from clouds, a part of Ireland, and of Scotland, the Isle ofMan,the mounUins of Westmoreland and Cum- berland, paru of Lancashire and Cheshire, and all N. Wales, the Irish and British seas, and a rast number of lakes, may be seen from its sum- miu. Sruno Hill, p.t Worcester Co. Maryland, on Pocomoke River. 120 m, S. Philad. It is a port of entry and has considerable commerce ; p.v Green Co. N. C. 96 rn. S. E. Raleigh ; p.v Clin- ton Co. Ohio. Soane, a river of Hindoostan, which issues from a lake, , near the river Esk, is Solway Moss. This SOM was A level tract, above 2 m. long and 1 broaif', ^ but, in 1771, being swoln by rains, it burst out at the eastern extremity, and spread over a neigh- bouring valley; bv this means the surface of the moss was reducea 24 feet, and sunk into its pres- ent hollow form. , Sombrere, one of the Nicobar Islands, in the In- dian Ocean, 30 m. N. of Nicobar. |t gives name to a channel nearly in the middle of those is lands. Sombrero, a cluster of uninhabited islands in the W. Indies, belonging to the English. The most remarkable of them is a league long, and consists of an eminence, to which the Spanish discoverers, finding some resemblance to a hat, gave the name of Sombrero. It is 80 m. N. W. of St. Christopher. Lon. 63. 37. W., lat. 18. 38. N. Somers, p.t. Tolland Co. Conn. 25 m. N. E. Hartford. Pop. 1,439; p.t. Westchester Co. N. Y. Pop. 1997. A township of Buckingham Co. L. C. Somerset, a county of Maine. Pop. 35,778 Norridgewock is the capital. A county of New Jersey, Pop 17,689. Somersville is the capital. A county of the W. District of Pensylvania. Pop. 17,441. A county of Maryland. Pop. 20, 155. Princess Anne is the capital. Somerset, a township of Windham Co. Vt. ' Pop. 245 ; p.t. Bristol Co. Mass. 42 m. S. Bos- ton. Pop. 1,024; p.v. Somerset and Washington Cos. Pa. Perry, Belmont and Franklin Cos. Ohio and Pulaski Co. Ken. Somersetshire, a county of England, 65 m. long and 45 broad; bounded on the N. W. by the Bristol Channel. The chief manufactures are those of woolen, coarse linen, stockings, &c Ilchester is usually considered the county town, Somcrlon, a town in Somersetshire, Eng, 13 m. S. of Wells and 123 W. by S. of London. Somersworth, p.t. Strafford Co. N. H. on the Piscataqua 12 m. above Portsmouth. Pop. 3,090. Here are large manufactures of cotton and wool- en cloth and carpeting, employing a capital of above 1 ,000,000 dollars. Somerton, p.v. Nansemond Co. Va. 124 m. S. E. Richmond. Somervitle, p.v. Somerset Co. N. J. on the Rar- itan, 16 m. above N. Brunswick ; p.v. Fauquier Co. Va. 13 m. N. Richmond ; p.v. Fayette Co. Pa; p.v. Morgan Co. Alab. 50 m. S. Huntsville. Somma, a town of Naples, in Terra di Lavoro, with a castle. The vicinity annually produces above 7,000 pounds of silk of the best quality. It is seated at the foot of Mount Vesuvius, 10 m. E. of Naples. Somme, a department of France, including part of the ancient province of Picardy. Its extent is about 2,400 square miles ; its population 500,000, nearly all Catholics. It takes its name from a river which rises in the department of Aisne, flows by St. Quentin, Peronne, Amiens, Abbe- ville, and St. Valery, and enters the English Channel. Amiens is the capital. Sommelsdijck. a town of the Netherlands, in S. Holland, chief place of the island of Overflacken, 5 m. E. S. E. ofilelvoetsluys. Sommerfeld, a town of Prussia, in Lusatia, with manufactures of fine cloths ; seated on the Lupa, 15m.S. S. W. of Crossen. Sommieres, a town of France, department of (lard, with a manufacture of thick serges ; seal- ed on the Vidourle, 14 m. W. by S. of Nisnies. Somorrostro, a town of Spain, on the coast or sor 687 SOU ^ Biscay, with a famoos iron mine. 14 m. N. W. Bilbao. Soncino, a town of Austrian Italy, in the Cre- mona. Sonderhorg, a sea-port of Denmark, in the island of Alsen, with one of the best harbours in Den- mark, and a royal palace, in which Christian If. was confined as a prisoner for 13 years. It is 16 m. E. N. E. of Flendsburg. Long. 9. 49. E., lat. 54. 57. N. Sondershausen, a town of Germany, capital of the lower county of Schwartzburg, with a fine castle on a mountain. It is situate on the Wip- per, 24 m. N. of Erfurt. Sondrio, a town of Switzerland, capital of a district in the Valteline. It stands in a romantic situation, at the extremity of a narrow valley, and occupies both sides of the Malenco, a furious torrent, which runs, into the Adda. 10 m. N. E. of Morbegno and 14 S. W. of Tirano. Sonejjour, a town of Hindoostan. in Orissa, seated on the Mahanudda, 45 m. S. of Sumbul- pour. Song-kinng, a city of China, of the first rank, in the province of Kiang-nan. It has a large trade in cotton cloth, which is sent to different parts of the empire, and is situate amid several canals, near the sea, 560 m. S. of Pekin. Long. 120.45. E.,lat. 31. 0. N. Sonneherg, a town of Germany, in Sa.\e-Mein- ingen, with a great trade in looking-glasses, nails, whet-stones, &c. II m. N. N. E. of Coburg. Sonnebe) g, or Sonnenburg, a town of Prussia, in the New Mark of Brandenburg, with a castle. It stands on the Lenze, 9 m. E. of Custrin. Stmnewald, a town of Prussia, in Lusatia, on the river Dober, 12 m. S. W. of Luclcau. Sonora, a province of Mexico, on the E. side of the gulf of California. It comprises an area of 19,143 square leagues, with about 123,000 inhab- tants, and is divided into the district of Sonora, Cinaloa, and Ostimury. Rich mines of gold were discovered by the Spaniards, in 1771, in an ex- pedition against some tribes of Indians. Arispe is the capital. Sooloo, a chain of islands in the Eastern Indian Ocean, lying S. W. of Mindanao, almost midway between that island and Borneo. They are said to be 60 in number, and are named from the prin- cipal island, which is 36 m. long, and 12 broad, and contains about 60,000 inhabitants, whq are Mahometans. It is governed by a sultan, but the legislative power resides in an assembly com- Eosed of the sultan and 15 nobles, the former aving two votes. The situation of Sooloo ren- ders it a great mart, particularly for pearls, sago, and edible birds'-nests. The chief town is Be- war, on the N. W. part of the island, where the English E. India Company have a resident. Long. 121. 15. E, lat. 5. 57. N. Soonda, or Sudha, a town of Hindoostan, in Ca- nara, capital of a district of its name. It was formerly an extensive and populous place. The space within the inner wall was 3 m. sq. and fully occupied by houses. When Hyder took possession, there still remained 10,000 houses; but the subsequent wars have reduced them un- der 100. It is seated above the Ghauts, on the Gangawali, 60 m. N. by W. of Nagara and 75 N. by S. of Kundapura. Sophia, See. Sofia. Sophiania, a town of Persia, in Aderbeitzan, •eated in a valley, 25 m. N. W. of Tauris. Sophienberg, a town of Denmark, in Zealand with a royal palace, near the coast of the Sound, 13 m. N. of Copenhagen. Sara, a town of Naples, in Terra di Lavoro, with a castle, seated on the Garigliano. 46 m. E by S. of Rome. Long. 14. 4. E., lat. 41. 54. N. Sorau, a town of Prussian Silesia, 21 m. E. of Ratibor. Sorau, a town of Prussia, in Lusatia, with man- ufactures of cloth, and a trade in yarn and linen, 8 m. W. of Sagan. Sorbon, or Sorbonne, a village of France, in the department of Ardennes, 6 m. N. of Rethel ; f»,- mous for being the birth-place of Robert Sorbouj confessor to St. Louis, who founded the celebrat ed college at Paris, called after his name. Sard, a river of Lower Canada, which issues from Lake Champlain, and flows N. to the St Lawrence, which it enters at the town of Wil- liam Henry. Sorejiio. a sea-port of Naples, in Principato Citra, and an archbishop's see. It is the birth- place of Torquato Tasso, and stands on a penin- sula, in the bay of Naples, at the foot of a moun- tain of its name. 17 m. S. by E. of Naples, Long. 14. 24. E., lat. 40. 36. N. Soria, a province of Spain, in Old Castile, bounded on the E. by Navarre and Arragon. Its extent is about 4,.30O sq. m. ; its population 200,- 000. The breeding of sheep forms the principal object of attention, and there are a few manufac- tures of linen, woolen, paper, and leather. Soria, the capital of the foregoing province, stands on the site of the ancient Numantia, near the source of the Duero, 74 m. E. S. E. of Bur- gos. Long. 2. 18. W. lat. 41. 50. N. Soriano, a town of Naples, in Calabria, Ultra, 17 m. E. N. E. of Nicotera. Saroc, a town of Denmark, in the island of Zealand, with a royal college, endowed with the revenues of a once rich convent. 37 ra. W. S. W. of Copenhagen. Sosila, a town of Hindoostan, in Mysore, with a large fort, 25 m. S. E. of Seringapatam. Sospetlo, a town of the Sardinian states, in the county of Nice, with a trade in dried fruits, par- ticularly figs ; seated at the foot of three high mountains, on the river Bevera, 13 m. N. E. of Nice. Soubise. a town of France, department of Low- er Charente, 23 m. W. N. W. of Saintes. Soudak, a town of the Crimea, with the re- mains of an old fort on a mountain close by the shore. It was formerly a considerable sea-port, and stands at the end of a valley, which produ- ces the best grapes and wine in the whole pen- insula, 26 m. S. W. of Caffa. Soudan. See Kegroland. SoulUac, a town of France, department of Lot, seated on the Borese, 32 m. N. of Cahors. Sound, a strait between Sweden and Denmark, through which ships usually sail from the Categat into the Baltic. It is about 4 m. broad, and the Danes take a toll of all merchant ships that pass through the channel. See Elsinore. Sour, a river of the Netherlands, which flows from N. to S., through Luxemburg, and enters the Moselle a little above Treves. Sourabaxja, a town of Java, capital of a district of the same name, on the N. E. coast. It is sit- uate within the narrow strait formed by the islands of Java and Madura, and is defended by batteries The houses are good, and some are elegant, par- ticularly the country seats of private individuals There is a fine arsenal, with other extensive « BOU SOT3 works, calculated for equipments on a very large scale. Vessels also, with their various appoint- ments, are built and equipped at Sourabaya. A mint is likewise at work here, on a new silver and copper coinage. The French, when in pos- session of the island of Java, intended to have erected Sourabaya into a port of consequence ; large sums were expended in the construction of works for the defence of the harbour, and General Daendols was proceeding in his plans when the island was taken by the British. It is seated on a river which separates the European part of the town from the Chinese and the native quarter. Lortg. 112. 55. E., lat. 7. 14. S. Souri, a town of Persia, in Laristan, situate on the Persian gulf, 115 m. S. W. of Ormus. Long. 55. 30. E., lat. 2C. 18. N. Sou-tcheou, a city of China, of the first rank, in the province of Kiang-nan. It is so intersected by canals of fresh water that Europeans compare it to Venice. The country round it is almost un- equalled in point of ferlilit)', in consequence of which the Chinese call this city the panadise of the world. The brocades and embroideries made here are esteemed throughout the whole empire. The population is prodigous, and the commercial intercourse with strangers so great that the trade of all the provinces might be supposed to centre iHjre. It is seated on the grand canal, and on a river which communicates with the lake Tai, 560 m. S. by E. of Pekin. Long. 120. 0. E., lat. 31. 22. N. Souttrraine, a town of France, department of Creuse, 24 m. N. of Limoges. South Sea. See Pacific Ocean. Southam, a town in Warwickshire, Eng. 82 m. N. W. of London. Southampton, a borough and county of itself, and the county-town of Hampshire, Eng. It stands between the Itchen and Test, which here flow into an inlet of the sea, called Trissanton Bay, or Southampton Water. The inlet is navi- gable almost to the head for vessels of considera- ble burden, and the two rivers admit small craft some way up the country. It was formerly a port of great commerce, and still possesses con- siderable trade, particularly with Guernsey and Jersey. 74 m. W. S. W. of London. Southend, a village in Essex, Eng. at the mouth of the Thames, nearly opposite Sheerness, much resorted to for sea-bathing, and containing hand- some accomodation for the company. 44 m. £. of London. Southfi'et, a village in Kent, Eng. 3 m. S. W. of Gravesend. Some stone coffins, urns, &c., have been dug up here, since the commencement of the present century, which evince it to have been a Roman station; probably the Vagniacca of Antoninus. Southwark, a borough in Surrey, Eng. which may be considered as part of the metropolis, being seated on the opposite side of the Thames, and under the jurisdiction of the corporation of Lon- don. It is called the Borough, by way of dis- tinction. SouXhtneM, a town in Nottinghamshire, Eng. It is an ancient place, enjoying several privileges dif- ferent from the county, and has a collegiate church. Here are the ruins of a grand palace, demolished in the civil wars of the I7th century. The principal trade is in malt and hops. 132 m. N. N. W. of London. Southwold, a sea- port in Suffolk, Eng. Here a much esteemed salt is made, and it has also a trade in corn, beer, andherrmgs. It is sometimes called Sowle or Sole, and its bay is named Sole bay. In this bay was the great sea-fight, in 1672, between the Dutch admiral , De Ruyter, and James, duke of York, in which the victory was undecided. 305 m. S. E. of London. Sojith jimboy, a township of Middlesex Co. N.J. South Amenia, p.t. Dutchess Co. N. Y. 85 m. S. Albany. Southampton, p.t. Hampshire Co. Mass. 110 m. W. Boston. Pop. 1,253; p.t. Suffolk N. Y. on Long Island. Pop. 4,850; townships in Bucks, Franklin, Cumberland and Bradford Cos. Pa. Southampton, a county in the E. District of Vir- ginia Pop. 16,073. Jerusalem is the capital. South Bainbridge, p.t. Chenango Co. N. Y. on the Susquehannah 142 m. W. Albany. South Berwick, p.t. York Co. Me. Pop. 1,577. Southboroufh, p.t. Worcester Co. Mass. 30 m. W Boston. Pop. 1,080. South Branch, p. v. Hardy Co. Va. Southbridge, p.t. Worcester Co. Mass. 65 m. S. W. Boston. Pop. 1,444. Here are large manufac- tures of woolen. Southbury p.t. New Haven Co. Conn, on the Housatonic 40 m. S. W. Hartford. Pop. 1,557 South Carolina, one of the United States, bounded N. by N. Carolina, E. by the Atlantic S. and W. by Georgia, extending from 32. to 58. N. lat. and from 78. 24. to &3. 30. W. long. 200 m. in length and 125 in breadth and containinor 30,080 sq. m. It has no mountains except in the northwestern extremity. It is traversed by the great Pedee, Santee and Edisto rivers with their numerous branches ; the Savannah washes the Southwestern limit of the State. The coast for 100 m. from the ocean, is covered with forests of pitch pine, with swampy tracts here and there Beyond this, is a parallel belt of territory, called the Middle Country, consisting of low sand hills, resembling the waves of an agitated sea. Tliis tract occasionally presents an oasis of verdure, or a few straggling pine trees, and sometinjos a field of maize or potatoes. The middle country is bounded by another belt of land called the Ridge, where the country rises by a steep and sudden el- evation, and afterwards continues gradually to as- cend. Beyond, the surface exhibits a beautiful al- ternation of hill and dale interspersed with exten- sive forests, and watered by pleasant streams. The whole seacoast is low and level, and affords hardly any good harbours. Towards the south it is skirted by a range of islands, separated from the main land by narrow channels, which afford a steamboat navigation. These islands, like the neighbouring continent are low and flat, but are covered with forests of live oak, pine and palmet- Btm 9BB 8PA # toes. Before tlje cultivation of cotton, many of them were the haunts of alligators, and their thick woods and rank weeds rendered them impenetra- ble to man. At present, they are under cultiva tion, and well inhabited and as the voyager glides by their shores in a steamboat, he is enchanted with the prospect of their lively verdure inter- spersed with thick clumps of palmettoes, and flow- ering groves of orange trees. The live oak which is so-called on account of its being an evergreen, is a noble tree with a trunk sometimes 12 feet girth; its long branches are spread horizontally, and fes- toons of moss hang from them almost sweeping the ground. The laurel is here seen covered with large white blossoms, shaped like a lily, and a foot in circumference. The long sandy beaches, which border these islands toward the sea, are cov- ered with thousands of water fowl. Among the various tribes of birds which abound in this state may be mentioned the turtle dove, or Carolina pigeon which in the summer is also found in all parts of the United States. Its notes are re- markably plaintive. The climate is hot, moist and unhealthy. In summer the heat of the day continues with little abatement through the night, and a comfortable sleep is a blessing not always to be enjoyed. Fe- vers, generated by the influence of a hot air upon a moist soil, are common. The summer con- tinues from 7 to 8 months, or from March to No- vember. In winter there are often frosts which kill the tender plants, and even the orange trees ; but they seldom continue longer than three or four days, nor penetrate the earth deeper than two inches. In the lower parts of the state there is seldom any snow. In the northwestern part, the land is mountainous, and the climate generally salubrious, with a drier air, and a colder winter. The soil along the banks of the rivers is fertile, and- in the northwestern parts the land is gene- rally productive. In the neighbourhood of the sea are extensive swamps. The only mineral which the state affords is gold, which exists prob- ably in large quantities, but there are not many mines. Thi^ state is divided into 29 Districts. The pop- ulation is 581,458. of whom 315,665 are slaves. Columbia is the seat of government, and Charles- ton is the only large town in the state. There is one large canal called the Santee canal, con- necting the Santee and Cooper rivers, 22 m. in length 35 feet wide, and 4 feet deep, completed in 1802 ; and several smaller canals upon the Wateree Broad and Saluda rivers. A railroad has been commenced to extend from Charleston to Hamburg, on the Savannah, opposite Augusta. f7 Cotton and rice occupy the chief attention rf the planters. Some tobacco is raised, and indigo was once an important article of cultivation. Wheat, maize and other grains thrive well, but are so much neglected that supplies are sought in the neighbouring states. The exports of cotton from this state form an important item in the national commerce, and amount to 200,000 or 250, 000 bales yearly. The export of rice is also great. The commerce is carried on to a great extent by northern vessels. The shipping of South Carolina amounted in 1828 to 33,688 tons, The imports for 1829 were 1,139,618 dollars ; the exports of domestic produce were 8,134,616 dol- lars, total exports 8,175,586. The legislature is called the General Assembly, and consists of a Senate and House of Represent- atives. The senators are chosen for four years, according to the population and wealth of the dis- tricts. The representatives are chosen for two years, according to population. The Governor is chosen by the legislature for two years. The qualifications for voting amount nearly to universal suffrage. The clergy are ineligible to any civil office. The expenses of the state for 1829, were 315,370 dollars. The public debt was 1,670,000 dollars. The Baptists have 131 ministers ; the Metho- dists 54; the Presbyterians 46; the Episcopa- lians 34. There are colleges at Charleston and Columbia. South Carolina was first settled at Port Royal in 1670, and was originally connected with North Carolina. The two states were separated in 1729. The colonial form of government was preserved after the revolution. The present constitution was formed in 1790 but has been twice amended since that period. Southeast, p.t. Putnam Co. N. Y. 18 m. E. of West Point. Pop. 2,042. South Farms, p. v. Litchfield Co. Conn. Southfield, a township of Richmond Co. N. Y. on Staten Island. Pop. 975. South Gate, p. v. Campbell Co. Ken. 81 m. N. E. Frankfort. South Hadley, p.t. Hampshire Co. Mass. Pop. 1,185. South Hero, p.t. Grand Isle Co. Vt. 12 m. S W. Burlington. Pop. 717. South Hill, p.v. Muhlenberg Co. Va. Southington, p.t. Hartford Co. Conn. 18 m. S W.Hartford. Pop. 1,844. A township of Trum bull Co. Ohio. South Kintrston, p t. Washington Co. R. I. on NarragansetBay,20 m. S. Providence. Pop. 3,663. The legislature of Rhode Island meet every second year at this place. '<' «^ Southold, p.t. Suffolk Co. N. Y. on Long Islana.V Pop. 2,900. South Quay, p.v. Nansemond Co. Va. South Reading, p.t. Middlesex Co. Mass. W m. N. E. Boston. Pop. 1,310. ' Southville, p.v. St. Lawrence Co. N. Y. Southwick, p.t. Hampden Co. Mass. 110 m. S. W. Boston. Pop. 1,855. Souto Major, a town of Portugal, in Beira, 14 m.N. W. ofPiiihel. Souvigny, a town of France, department of Al- lier seated on the Quesne,10 m. W. by S. Moulins. Sovano, a town of Italy, in the grand duchy of Tuscany, 45 m. N. N. W. of Rome. Spa, a town of the Netherlands, in the province of Liege, famous for its mineral waters. That •ailed the Old Spa consists of miaerable cottages 3 m2 ^ SPA 690 WA and is properly notliing but the suburb to the oth- er. The houses of the New Spa are mostlj' of Woid and plaster ; but the more modern ones are of brick and stone. The church of the Capuchins, and the parish church, are both seated upon emi- nences. The names of the 5 principal wells are Pouhon, Geronflerd, Saviniere, Watpotz, and Tunelet. The inhabitants are employed in mak- ing toys for strangers. Spa was taken by the French in 17!)4. and afterwards annexed to France ; but in 1814 they delivered it up to the al- lies, it is seated in a valley, surrounded by moun- tains, 17 m. S. E. of Liege. Spain, a kingdom of Europe, 640 m. long and 500 broad ; bounded on the N. by the Bay of Bis- cay, N. E. by the Pyrenees, which separate it from France, E. and S. by the Mediterranean. S. W. by the Atlantic, and W. by Portugal and the Atlantic. It contains the provinces of Old and New Castile, Andalusia, Arragon, Estremadura, Galicia, Leon, Catalonia, Granada, Valencia, Bis- cay, Asturias, Murcia, and Navarre, some of which have been separate kingdoms and still retain the title. The air is dry and serene, except during the equinoctial rains, but excessively hot in the soutliern provinces in June, July, and August. The vast mountains, however, that run through Spain are beneficial to the inhabitants by the re- freshing breezes that come from them in the S. parts ; though those in the N. and N. E. are in the winter very cold. The soil is very fertile ; but there are large tracts of uncultivated ground : and the superior attention paid to the large flocks of sheep greatly impedes the progress of agricul- ture. The produce of the country consists in wheat, barley, saffron, honey, silk, salt, saltpetre, hem[J, barilla, and even sugar-canes, with the richest and most delicious fruits that are to be found in France and Italy ; and its wines are in high esteem. Wolves are the chief beasts of prey that infest Spain. The wild bulls have so much ferocity that bull fights were the most mag- nificent spectacle, the court of Spain could exhib- it. The genet, an animal producing a perfume similar to that of the civet, is found in this coun- try. The domestic animals are horses (which are remarkably swift), mules, asses, beeves, and sheep. Spain abounds in minerals and metals. Cornelian, agate, jacinth, loadstone, turquois stones, quicksilver, iron, copper, lead, sulphur, gypsum, calamine, crystal, marbles of several kinds, porphyry, the finest jasper, and even dia- monds, emeralds, and amethysts are found here. Anciently it was celebrated for gold and silver mines; but since the discovery of Americano at- tention has been paid to them. The principal rivers are the Duero, Tagus, Guadiaria Guadal- quivir, and Ebro. Spain, formerly the most pop- ulous kingdom in Europe, is now very thinly in- habited ; to which various causes have contribu- ted, as the expulsion of the Moors, the emigration to the colonies, the vast numbers and celibacy of the clergy, the indolence of the natives, and the late desolating war. Here are some considerable manufactures, especially of silk and woolen, but these are far short of that flourishing condition which they might attain, being checked by the royal monopolies, which extend to broad cloth china, glass, pottery, paper, salt-petre, salt, sul phur, tobacco, and aome others. The Spaniards in general are tall, their com- plexions swarthy, their countenances expressive. The beauty of the ladies reigns chiefly in their noveU and romances : in their persons they are small and slender. Jealousy is no longer the characteristic of a Spanish hu.sband : the married ladies have here their cortejo, or male attendant, in the same manner as the Italians have their cicisbeo. The established religion is popery. There are eight archbishoprics, 46 episcopal sees, and 24 universities, or rather academies. The Spanish language springs from the Roman, but many of the words are derived from the Arabic used by the Moors, who for seven centuries held dominion in the country : the speech is grave, sonorous, and very melodious. The government of Spain, once the most free, is now one of the most despotic monarchies in Europe. It had for- merly its cnrtes or parliaments, which had great privileges ; but now, though not absolutely abol- ished, they have no part in the government. They are assembled, indeed, occasionally, as at the accession of the monarch, but merely as an appendage to the royal state, without power, or any other consequence than what results from their individual rank. The present population of Spain is estimated at 13,650,172, and its lerrittoral extent at 183,000 sq. m. The revenue of the .kingdom is 26,520.000 dollars ; the debt 230,443,062 dollars. The army consists of 46,000 men : the navy is insignificant. The colonies of Spain are the islands of Cuba and Porto Rico with the city of St. Domingo in the W. Indies; the Philippine, Caroline, and Ladrone Islands in the E. Indies ; the Canary Islands in the Atlantic and a few settlements on the coast of Africa. The Population of the colonies is estimat- ed at 4,088,000. The capital of the kingdom is Madrid. Spain was conquered by the Carthaginians and Romans. The Visigoths founded their empire here in 419. The Saracens and Moors invaded and conquered the Southern part of the kingdom in the 8th century. The Moors established a kingdom in the Mediterranean provinces of Spain, and their sovereigns reigned in great splendor at Granada. The Spaniards were roused to resist- ance by Don Pelayo, and maintained a struggle against the Moors, which the Spanish historians dignify with the name of a continual war of 700 years. The territories gained from the enemy were formed into several distinct kingdoms These were gradually amalgamated, and in 1469 the marriage of Ferdinand, king of Arragon with Isabella, queen of Castile, united the whole of Christian Spain into one kingdom. These sover eigns conquered Granada, and completed the total subjugation of the Moorish powerin the peninsula, at the same time that Columbus under their aus- pices discovered America and gave them a new world in the west. In the 16th century, under Charles V., who waif king of this country and Emperor of Germany, Spain, was the most powerful monarchy in Eu- rope. Philip II. the successor of this monarch expelled all the Moriscoes, or descendants of the Moors who remained in the country, which caused an immense loss to the kingdom in wealth and population. The war of the Succession in the early part of the 18th century, completed the im poverishment of the country, and Spain has been only a second rate power since that time. In 1808, Napoleon seized the kingdom and placed his brother Joseph upon the throne, but the resistance of the people who were assisted by the armies of Britian,and his reverses in Russia frus- trated the design. This event caused the revolt of nearly all Spanish America. In 1820, an in- #: %' SPA SPI ■urrpction of the troops and the people against the tyrant b'erdinand produced a liberal constitution which was sworn to by the king in the ancient assembly of the Cortes. But the Holy Alliance expressed their disapprobation. France interfer- ed ; the constitution was put down by the bay- onet and despotism restored. Spain, jViw. See Mexico. Spakia, a town of Barbary, in the kingdom of Tunis, near which are extensive and magnificent ruins. It is situate on a rising ground, shaded all over with juniper-trees, ^M) m. S. W. of Tunis and 100 S. S. E. of Bona. Long. 9. 15. £., lat. 35. 40. N. Spa'.dtro, or SpalaUo, a strong sea- port of Aus- trian Dalmatia, and an archbishop's see. The harbour is large and deep, and well frequented. Without the walls is a sulphureous spring, of great benefit in chronical diseases. Here are the ruins of the palace of Dioclesian, and of a mag- nificent aqueduct. In 1784 Spalatro was nearly depopulated by the plague. It is seated on a peninsula in the gulf of Venice, 70 m. S. E. of Zara and 102 N. W. of Ragusa. Long. 17. 31. E., lat. 44. 4. N. _ Spalding, a town in Lincolnshire, Eng. It is seated on the VVelland, and from its neatness, and the canals in its streets, resembles a Dutch town. The inhabitants are not employed in manufac- tures, but derive their chief support from agricul- ture, and the extensive grazing carried on in the neighbourhood. Much hemp and flax is grown in the vicinity and there is a good carrying trade in corn and co.al. 14 ra. S. by W. of Boston and 103 N. of London. Spall, a town and castle of Bavarian Franconia, in the district of Anspach. The vicinity produces excellent hops. It is seated on the Retzat, IG m. R. S. E. of Anspach. Spanilau, a towrn of Prussia, in the Middle Mark of Brandenburg, with a fine fortress. The arsenal is in subterranean vaults, and there is a prison for elate criminals. Bayonets, ramrods, sword-blades, and sabres, are made here: also musket barrels, which are sent hence to Potsdam to be finished. It is seated on the Havel, opposite the influx of the Spree, 8 m. W. N. W. of Berlin and 12 N. E. of Potsdam. Spanirenberg, a town and castle of Germany in Hcsse-Cassel, seated on a mountain 28 m. S. E. of Cassel . Spaniitlitown, or Jago de la Vega, a town of Ja- maica, where the Legislative assembly and the grand courts of justice are held. It is seated in a pleasant valley, on the river Cobre, 16 m. W. N. W. of Kingston. Sparta, an ancient city of Greece, in the Pelo- ponnesus, of which a few ruins may still be seen in the neighbourhood of the village ofMisitra. Sparta, p.t. Livingston Co. N. Y. 254 m. W. Albany. Pop. 3,777; p.v. Sussex Co. N. J. 92 m. N. Tronton ; p.v. Washington Co. Pa. ; p.v. Hancock Co. Geo. 25 m. N. E. Milledgeville; p.v. White Co Ten, 75 m. S. E. Nashville ; p.v. Conecuh Co Alab. 90 m. N. E. Mobile. Spartanburg, a District of S. Carolina. Pop. 21,143; p.v. the capital of the same name is 100 m. N. Augusta. Spartel, Cape, a promontory on the coast of Bar- bary, at the entrance of the strait of Gibraltar. Long. 5. 5(5. W., lat. 35. 50. N. Sparttvcnto, Cape, a promontory of Naples, at the S. E. extremity of Calabria Ultra. Long. 16. 40. E., lat. 37. 50. N. Speedsville; p.v. Tioga Co. N. Y. 7 m. 9. E Ithaca. Speedicell, p.v. Claiborne Co. Ten. 200 m. N, E. Murfreesborough. Speights Town, a. sea-port ofBarbadoes, former- ly much frequented by the Bristol traders, and thence called Little Bristol. It is situate on the N. W. coast of the island, and defended by two forts. Long. 53. 31. W., lat. 13. 15. N. SpeU.0, a town of Italy, in the Duchy oi Spoleto. Here are the ruins of a theatre and other remains of antiquity. It is seated on a hill, 13 m. N. of Spoleto. S/je«cer, a county of Indiana. Pop. 3,187. Rock- port is the capital. Spencer, p.t. Worcester Co. Mass. 51 m. W. Bos- ton. Pop. 1,618 ; p.t. Tioga Co. N. Y. 190 m. W. Albany. Pop. 1,2.53; p.v. Owen Co. Ind. 50 m. W. Indianapolis. Spencertoicn, p.t. Columbia Co. N. Y. 30 m S E. Albany. Spey, a rapid river of Scotland, which issues from a small lake in the centre of Inverness-shire, flows N. E. into Murray shire, then divides that county from Banfshire for more than 20 m. and en- ters the German Ocean at Garmouth. Spezzia, or Spetia, a town of the Sardinian states, in the territory of Genoa, with a good harbour. It is seated at the foot of a hill, on a gulf of the same name, 47 m. S. E. of Genoa. Long. 9. 37. E., lat. 44. 10. N. Spezzia, an island of Greece, 6 miles long and 2 broad. It has a town of the same name, con- taining 3,000 inhabitants, and is situate about 20 miles from Napoli di Romania. Spice Islands. See Moluccas. Spielberg, a town of Germany, in the principal- ity of Oettingen, 8 m. N. E. of Oettingen and 13 S. S. E. of Anspach. Spietz, a town of Switzerland, in the canton of Bern, seated on the W. side of the lake Thun, 40 m. S. S. E. ofBern. Spigelburg, a town and castle of Hanover, capi- tal of a county of the same name, lying within the principality of Calenberg, belonging as a fief to the king of the Netherlands. 12 m. E. by S. of Halem. Spigno, a town of Sardinia, in the duchy of Montferrat, with a castle, seated on the Belbo, 1 1 m. S. S. W. of Aqui and 40 S. E. of Turin. Spilembergo, a town of Austrian Italy, in Friuli, seated on the Tagliamento, 14 m. W. of Udina. Spilsby, a town in Lincolnshire, Eng. 31 m. E. of Lincoln and 133 N. by E. of London. Spinalonga, a seaport of the island of Candia, with a good harbour and a citadel. It is situate near a cape of the same name, 30 m. E. of Can- dia. Long. 25. 48. E., lat. 35. 20. N. Spire, a city of Bavaria, capital of the province of R nine, and formerly of a bishopric of its name. In ancient times the emperors held many diets at Spire, and it was the seat of the imperial cham- ber till 1689, when the city was burnt by the French, and it was not rebuilt till after the peace of Ryswick in 1697. Most of the citizens are Lu- therans; but there are 15 Catholic churches and convents, among which the college formerly be- longing to the Jesuits claims the first place. Spire was taken by the French in 1734; and in 1792 it surrendered to the republican troops of France, who evacuated it the next year, but re- entered it in 1794. In 1814 it was ceded to Bava- ria. It is seated on the W. side of the Rhine, at the influx of the Spirebach, 54 m. S. by £ of Mentz. Lon. 8. 29. E., ht. 49 19. N 8PO 692 Spiritu Santo, a province of Brazil, between tliat of Porto Seguro and Rio Janeiro. Tlie soil is fertile and watered by a river of the same name, which flows into a large bay of the Atlantic. The capital, of the same name, has a castle, and its Crt is a small bay about 10 m. from tbe ocean, ng. 41, 10. W., lat 20. 10. S. Spiritu SutUo, a town of Cuba, near tbe middle of the island. 155 m. E. S. E. of Havana. Long. 79. 37. E., lat. 22. 15. N. S/iital, a town of Austrian Illyria, in Carinthia, seated on the Liser, near the Drave, 15 in.W. N. W. of Villach. SpitaJ, a vill*g« 'n Lincolnshire, Eng. 12 m. N. of Lincoln, on the Roman causeway, leading to the Humber. Here are two sprinG^s, one call- ed Julian's Well and the other Castleton Well. Great number of Roman coins have been dug up in this village. Spithend, a famous road in the English Chan- nel, between Portsmouth and the Isle of Wight, where the royal navy frequently rendezvous. Spitzbergen, a group of dreary islands, lying be- tween 9. and 20. E. long., and 76. 46. and 80. 30. N. lat , having Greenland to the W. and Nova Zembis to the E. The Mainland, or principal island, is 300 m. in length. It was discovered in 1533 tty Sir Hugh Willoughby, who called it Greenland, supposing it to be a part of the west- ern continent. In lo95 it was visited by Barentz and Cornelius, two Dutchmen, who pretended to be the original discoverers, and called it Spitz- bergen, or sharp mountains, from the many sharp-pointed and rocky mountains with which it abounds. The glaciers on the N. E. pres- ent a singular appearance, being high cliffs of an emerald color, impendent over tbe sea, with cataracts of melted snow, and a black-ground of black conic hills, streaked with white. In the winter it is continual night for four months. The animals are deer, bears, and foxes. The Russians from Archangel maintain a kind of colony here. To the N. E. of this group are small isles called the Seven Sisters, the most arctic land yet dis- covered. Spit Roclc,p.v. Essex Co. N. Y. 80 m. N. Albany. Spiugen, a town of Switzerland, in the Grisons, seated near the source of the Rhine, 16 m. N. W. of Chiavenna. Spoleto, a duchy of Italy, in the Ecclesiastical states, 55 m. long and 40 broad ; boutided on the N. by Ancona and Urbino, E. by Naples, S by Sabina, and W. by. Orvieto and Perugino. It comprises the greatest part of the ancient Umbria, and contains 105,000 inhabitants. Spoleto, the capital of the foregoing duchy, and a bishop s see. The houses are in general well built, but the only edifices that have any claim to distinction are the castle, which stands on a hill and is connected with the town by a bridge, and the cathedral, which is certainly a fine structure. Spoleto suffered greatly from earthquakes in 1703 and 1767. Here are the ruins of an amphithea- tre, a triumphal arch, and an aqueduct. It is ■eated in a country noted for ffood wine, near the river Tessino, 40 m. E. of Orvieto and 00 N. by E. of Rome. Long. 13. 0. E., lat. 42. 45. N. Spent, ■ivi . a town of Germany, and the capital of a county of its name. It is seated among hills covered with vineyards, 27 m. W. by S. of Mentz. Long. 7. 38. E., lat. 49. 54. N. Sporades, the ancient name of those islands of the Grecian Archipelago which are scattered ir- Mgularly along the shores of Europe and Asia, SQU in contradistinction to the Cyclades, which were grouped circularly around Delos. Sjtotsicood, p. v. Middlesex Co. N. J. 8 m S. New Brunswick. Spotsylvania, a county of the E. district of Vir- ginia. Pop. 11,920. Frederickburg is the capi- tal. Spree, a river which rises in the mountains of Bohemia, passes through Lusatia into Branden burg, flows by Berlin, and joins the Havel oppo site Spandau. Spremberg, a town of the Prussian states, in Lusatia, situate on an island formed by the rive Spree, 14 m. S. by E. of Cotbus. Spring Bank, p. v. Wayne Co. N. C. Sprigg, p.t. Adams Co. Ohio. Pop. 1,739. Spring, a township of Centre Co. Pa. Springborougk, p. v. Warren Co. Ohio, 77 m. S. W. Columbus. Pop. 370. Spring Creek, a township of Miami Co. Ohio; p.v. Madison Co. Ten. Springfield, p.t. Hampden Co. Mass. 97 m. S. W. Boston. Pop. 6,784. It stands on the E. bank of the Connecticut, and occupies a level site at the foot of a hill. The town is handsomely built, principally upon a single street two miles in length. There is a United States Armory comprising an arsenal, barracks, forges, and work- shops for the manufacturing of muskets, of which above 16,000 are made yearly. On Chickapee river within the limits of the town is Springfield Factory Village, where the cotton manufacture is carried on to a large account. Here are also considerable manufactures of paper. Sprintrfield, p.t. Sullivan Co. N. H. 30. m. N. W. Concord. Pop. 1.202; p.t. Windsor Co. Vt. Pop. 2,749; p.t. Otsego Co. N. Y. 60 m. W. Al- bany. Pop. 2,816. Also towns and villages in Burlington and Essex Cos. N. J., Bucks, Dela- ware, Huntingdin, Mercer, and Bradford Cos. Pa., Hampshire, and Loudon Cos. Va., Effingham Co. Geo., St. Helena Parish Lou. Washington Co. Ken., Rochester Co. Ten,. Portage, Columbi- ana, Richland, Jefferson, Gallia, Ross, Clark, Montgomery, Muskingum and Hamilton Cos. Ohio. Spring Garden, p.v. Pittsylvania Co. Pa. Spring Grove, p.v. Iredell Co. N. C. Spring Hill, villages in Fauquier and Louisa Cos. Va. and Lenoir Co. N. C. Spring Flare, p.v. a Moravian settlemc nt on the Cherokee Lands in Georgia. Springtown, p.v. Bucks Co. Pa. Springville, p.v. Niagara Co. N. Y. Susque- hanna Co. Pa., and Darlington Dis. S. C. Sprinar Water, p.t. Livinjrston Co. N. Y. Pop 2,253. Sprottau, a town of Prussian Silesia, in the prin cipality of Glogau. on a river of the same name, at its confluence with the Bober, 21 m. W. S. W. of Glogau. Spurn Head, a promontory on the S. E. coast of Yorkshire, Eng. at the mouth of the Humber, on which is a lighthouse. Long. 0. 15. E., lat. 53 38. N. S/^warft, a village in Gloucester, Essex Co Mass. on tl»e N. side of Cape Ann, with a guovl hiir- bour. Sqnam Ijike, a beautiful lake of N. Hampf-hire near L. Winipissiogee. It is 10 m. long a<.d 6 broad; surrounded by mountains and sprinkled with islands. Snuankurn, p.v. Monmouth Co N J. 55. rn. N £. Philadelphia. STA 099 STA S«? , which, with the calamities it has suffered by war, has reduced it to a poor town. It has a commu- nication with the Meuse, and is 7 m. N. of Ber- gen op Zoom. Steenkeer, a town of Norway, in the province of Drontheim, 36 miles N. E. of Drontheim. Steenkirk, a village of Belgium, in Hainault, fa- mous for the victory obtained by the French over William III. of England in 1692. It is 15 m. N. of Mons. Stege, a sea-port of Denmark, on the N. coast of the isle of Mona, almost sun Dunded by a lake, 42 m. S. by W. of Copenhagen. Long. 12. 15. E.. lat. 55. 4. N. Slegeburg, a sea-port of Sweden, in E. Goth STB e9S STE jRnd seated on the Baltic, 9 m. N. of Calmar and 82 S. W. of Stockholm. Long. 16. 40. E., lat. 58. 16. N. Stdn, a small independent town of Switzerland, in tlie canton of Zurich, seated on the N. side of the Rhine, where it issues from the lake of Constance. Near it is the ancient castle of Ho- henkiingen, now converted into a watch-tower. The church is on the opposite side of the Rhine, tn a place called Burst, which is connected to the town hy a bridge, lo m. W. by N. of Constance and 'i")N. E. of Zurich. Stein, a town of Austria, on the N. side of the Danube, over which is a long wooden bridge to Mautern. Between Stein and Krems is a mili- tary manufacture, in which metal articles, sabres, cloth, aad clothes are made and kept. 2 m. W. of Krems and 12 N. by W. of St. Polten. Stein, a town and castle of Austrian Illyria, in Carniola, on the Freistritz, 11 m. N. of Laubach. Stein, a town and castle of the Austrian states, m Carinthia, on the Drave, 12 m. S. of Clagen- furt. Steinau, a town of Prussian Silesia, formerly the capital of a circle, in the principality of Wo- lau. It has manufactures of cloth, and is seated near the Oder, 16 m. N. N. E. of Lignitz. Steinfurt, a town of Prussia, in the province of Westphalia, capital of a county of its name, with a Calvinist academy ; seated on ihe Aa, 10 m. S. S. E. of Bentheim and 33 N. W. of Munster. StfiTiheim, a town of Germany, in Hesse-Darm- stadt, with a castle, near the river Maine, 4 m. S. E. of Hanau. Steinhude, a town of Germany, in the county of Schauenburg-Lippe, on the S. side of Stein- huder-mere, in which is the strong fortress of Wilhemstein. 15 m, N. W. of Hanover. Steinhurst, a town of Denmark, in Holstein, with a castle, 14 m. S. S. W. of Lubec. Stellenbosch and Drakentsein, a district of the Cape of Good Hope, 380 m. long and 150 broad, bounded S. by Cape Agulhas and N. by the river Koussie. It is mountainous, but contains some ol the finest land in the colony. The extent is estimated at 55,000 sq. m. ; the pop. at 23,000. Steaay, a town of France, department of Meuse, on the river Meuse, 22 m. N. N. W. of Verdun. Stendal, a town of Prussia, in Brandenburg, formerly capital of the Old Mark. Here is a colony of French Calvinists, who carry on man- ufactures of wool, leather, &c. It stands on the rivulet Ucht, 5 ra. W. of the Elbe, and 36 N. by E. of Magdeburg. Long. 11. 58. E., lat. 52. 3o. Stephentown, p.t. Rensselaer Co. N. Y. 20 ni. S. E. Albany. Pop 2,716. Stepney, p.v. Fairfield Co. Conn. 50 m. S. E. Hartford. Sterling, p.t. Worcester Co. Mass. 46 m. W. Boston Pop. 1,789; p.t. Cayuga Co. N. Y. Pop. 1,4.36; p.t. Windham Co. Conn. 44 m. E. Hart- ford with manufactures of cotton. Pop. 1,240; p.v. Wayne Co. Pa. Sterlinffville, a village of Granville Co. N. C. Sternberg, a town in the Prussian states, in the New Mark of Brandenburg, with a great trade in cattle, 20 m. E. N. E. of Frankfort. Sternberg, a town of Germany, in the grand duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, situate on a lake, 16 m. S. E. of Wismar. Sternberg, a town and castle of the Austrian atates, in Moravia, 10 m. N. E. of Olmutz. Stcrzingfn a town of the Austrian states, in Ty- rol, celebrated for its manufacture of sword-blatfes, and for the silver mines in its vicinity. It is Heat- ed at the foot of a mountain, on the Eysoch, 1^ m. N. W, of Brixen. Stettin,n government of Prussia, comprising the middle of Poinerania, and containinp an erea of 6,625 aquare miles, with 300,000 inhabitanta. Stettin, a fortified sea-port of Prussii, capital of Pomerania. It is a handsome town , contains about 21,000 inhabitants, exclusive of the gurri- son ; has numerous manufactures, particularly of cloths, stuffs, hats, stockings, yarn, cotton, rib- ands, paper, and canvas ; and carries on a con- siderable trade to all parts of cutope. Timber and corn are the principal articles of exporta- tion ; and ship-building, is a very profitable branch of employment. In 1795 a fire consumed a great number of houses. In 1806 this place, fnrnished with 160 pieces of cannon and a garrison of 6,(X)0 men, surrendered to the French. It was garri- soned by them after the disastrous retreat from Russia in 1812, but in 1813 was obliged to capitu- late, when the Dutch troops belonging to the gar- rison hoisted the Orange cockade. It is seated on the Oder, 80 m. N. N. E. of Berlin. Long. 14. 44. E., lat. 53. 30. N. Stettin, J\'ew, a town of Pomerania, in the gov- ernment of CosHn, with a castle, situate on the Willem, 41 miles E. of Coshn; and 62 E. N. E. of New Stargard. S/ewfecn, a county of New York. Pop. 33,975. Bath is the capital ; p.t. Washington Co. Me. Pop 095 ; p.t. Oneida Co. N. Y. 20 m. N. Utica , the township was granted to Baron Steuben for his military services, and here lie his remains. Pop. 2,094. Steubenvillt, p.t. Jefferson Co. Ohio, on the Ohio. 147 m. N. E. Columbus. Fop 3,152. It is regularly built, and is a very flourishing place ; it has many manufactures, 2 banks and 2 news- papers ; the neighbouring country is fertile and populous. Stevensburg, a village of Frederick Co. Va. ; p.v. Culpeper Co. Va. Stevcnston, a town of Scotland, in Ayrshire, fa- mous for the coal strata in its vicinity. It is sit- uate on a hill, 5 m. N. W. of Irvine. Strcensville, p.v. King and Queen Cos. Va. Stewart, a county of E. Tennessee. Pop 6,898. Dover is the capital. Stewart Islands, five islands in the S. Pacific, discovered by captain Hunter in 1791, and named by him in honor of admiral Keith Stewart. Long. 163. 18. E., lat. 8. 26. S. ^ Stewarton, a town of Scotland, in Ayrshire, with a noted manufacture of bonnet.^, 6 m. N. of Ir- vine. Stewarton, a town of Ireland, in the county of Tyrone, 5 m. N. N. E. of Dungannon. Stewartstown, p.t. Coos Co. N. H. 140 m. N, Concord. Pop. 529. Sleicartstille, p.v. Sussex Co. N. J., and West moreland Co. Pa. Steyning, a, hoTctngh in Sussex, Eng. 50 m. S. W. of London. Steyr, a town jpf Austria, which has a great trade in articles of iron and steel. The French entered it in 1800, and concluded an armistice for a peace with the Austrians. It is seated at the conflux of the Steyr with the Ens, 20 m. S. E. of Lintz. Steyreg, a town and castle of Austria, situate on a mountain, on the N. side of the Danube, 8 m £. of Lintz. STO 696 STO Slickhausen, a town and castle of Hanover, in ihe principality of E. Friesl'.nd, 22 m. E. S. E. of Ernden. Stigliano, a town of Naples, in Basilicata, fa- mons for its baths ; seated near the Salandrella, 26 m. S. S. E. of Acerenza. Stillwater, p.t. Saratoga Co. N. Y. on the W. bank of the Hudson. 24 ni. N. Albany. Pop. 2,001. This spot is celebartcd for tiie battles fouffiit between the armies of Gates and Burgoyne in September and October 1777. Stillwater, p. v. Sussex Co. N. J. and Miami Co. Ohio. StiUicelLsville, p.t. Montgomery Co. N. Y. Stilton, a town in Huntingdonshire, Eng. cele- brated for a rich kind of cheese, sometimes called English Parmesan. 75 m. N. by E. of London. Stincliar, a river of Scotland, in the S. part of Ayrshire, which has a rapid course of 26 m. and enters the ocean below Ballantrae. Stirlitig, a borough of Scotland, capital of Stir- lingshire, seated on the river Forth, on a hill, which terminates abruptly in a steep basaltic rock. On this rock is an ancient castle, once a place of great strensrth, and often the scene of bloody con- tention. The palace, erected by James V., is a stately building; the outside curiously ornamen- ted with grotesque figures. Here are two church- es and a famous grammar school. In the town and its neighbourhood are manufactures of car- pets, shalloons, and other woollen stuffs ; and the cotton trade is flourishing. A salmon fishery, belonging lo the town, is let to a company, who dend the fish chiefly to the London and Edin- burgh markets. Stirling has undergone consid- erable improvement within the last 30 years ; se- veral new streets have been built on a modern and improved plan on the N. side of the town, and, in the old part of the town, numbers of hou- ses have been rebuilt. From its commodious situation, Siirling commands the pass between the N. and S. part of Scotland. It is 30 m. N. W. of Edinburgh. Long. 3. 45. W., lat. 56. 6. N. Stirlingshire, a county of Scotland, 35 m. long and 10 broad ; bounded on the N. by Perthshire, N. E. by Clackmannanshire, and the frith of Forth, S. E. by Lmlithgowshire, S. by Lanarkshire and Dumbartonshire, and W. by Dumbartonshire. It is divided into 24 parishes, and contains G-5,376 in- habitants. The principal rivers are the Forth, Car- ron, and Avon ; and the great canal crosses it from the mouth of the Carron. The S. part of the county id mountainous, but the part near the Forth is fertile. It abounds in coal, ironstone, limestone. Stirum, a town of Prussia in the grand duchy of Lower Rhine, seated on the Roer, 12 m. W. of Dusseldorp. Stock, a township of Harrison Co. Ohio. Stockach, a town of Germany, in Baden and near which the Austrians gained a victory over the French in 1799, and in 1800 the latter defeated the former, and took possession of the town. It is seated on a river of the same name, 17 m. N. E. of Constance. Stockbridge, a borough in Hampshire, Eng. 66 m. W. by S. of London. Stockbridge, p.t. Berkshire Co. Mass. 130 m. W. Boston, with manufactures of cotton, woolen and chairs, and quarries of marble. Pop. 1,.580; p.t. Windsor Co. Vt Pop. 1,333; p.t. Madison Co. N. Y. Stockem, a town of the Netherlands, in the ter- ritory of Liege, seated on the Meuse, 11 m. N. of Maestricht. Stockerau, a town of Austria, situate near the Danube, 14 m. N. N. W. of Vienna. Stockertown, p.v. Northampton Co. Pa. Stockholm, a province of Sweden, comprising the eastern parts of Upland and Sudermania, or the districts of Roslagen and Sodertorn. It has an area of 2,736 square miles, with 100,000 in- habitants. Stockholm, the capital of Swedeen lies in a situ- ation remarkable for its romantic scenery. It is very long, irregular, and occupies, besides two peninsulas, three rocky islands, situate in the Maelar, in the streams which issue from that lake, and in a bay of the Baltic. There are four smaller islands, or rather islets, on which are sit- uate forts or buildings for naval purposes. A va- riety of contrasted and beautiful views are formed by numerous rocks of granite, rising boldly from the surface of the water, partly bare and cragtry, and partly dotted with houses, or feathered with wood. The harbour is an inlet of the Baltic ; the water is of such depth that ships of the largest burden can approach the quay. At the extremi ty of the harbour, several streets rise one above another in the form of an amphitheatre, and the palace, a magnificent buWding, crowns the sum- mit. Except in the suburbs, where several houses are of wood, painted red, the generality of the buildings are of stone or of brick whitened with stucco. There is a royal academy of science, in- stituded by the celebrated Linnaeus,and a few oth- er learned men, in 1741 ; and also a royal academy of arts. The arsenal contains an immense num- ber of trophies and standards taken from diflfer- ent nations. Stockholm, with a small territory surrounding it, forms a separate government, has its own magistrates, and contains nearly 100,000 inhabitants, who manufacture glass, china, silk, woolen, »&c. It is 320 m. N. E. of Copenhagen, 1,000 N. E. of Paris, and 900 N. E. of London. Long. 18. 9 E., lat. 59. 20. N. Stockholm, p.t. St. Lawrence Co. N. Y. 30 m. E. Ogdenburg. Pop. 1,944; p.v. Morris Co. N. J. Stockport a town in Cheshire, Eng. with a mar- ket, and considerable manufactures of cot- ton, printed goods, and hats. From its contigui- ty to Manchester, and the facilties of its canal navigation, Stockport partakes of the prosperity of that town. The number of inhabitants in 1821 was 21,726. It is seated on the Mersey, 7 m. S. S. E. of Manchester and 179 N. N. W. of London. Stockport, p.v. Wayne Co. Pa. on the Delaware. 150 m. N. Philadelphia. Stockton, a borough in the county of Durham, Eng. Here are two docks for ship building, manufactures of canvass and ropes to a consider- able extent, also of diapers, huckabacks, checks, &.C. It is seated on the river Tees not far from its mouth. 243 m. N. by W. of London. Stockton, p.t. Chatauque Co. N. Y. 60 m. S. W Buffalo. Pop. 1,604. Stoddard, p.t. Cheshire Co. N. H. Pop. 1,159. Stoddardsville, p.v Luzerne Co. Pa. Stokes, a county of N. Carolina. Pop. 16,196 Salem is the capital. A township of Madison Co Ohio. Stokesbury, p.v. Stokes Co. N. C. Stokesley, a small but neat town in N. York shire, Eng. 238 m. N. by W. of London. Stolberg, a town of Prussian Saxony, capital ot STO fsn STR a county of the same name, with a castle. It is seated in a valley between two mountains, in which are mines of copper and iron, 12 m. N. E. of Nordhausen and 55 W. N. W. of Leipzig. Long. 11. 5. E.,lat. 51. 36. N. Stolberg, a town of Saxony, where great quan- tities of cloth are made, 9 m. S. W. of Chemnitz. S/olhofen, a town of Germany, in the grand duchy of Baden, 8 m. S. W. of Baden. Stoipe, a town of Prussian Pomerania, with a castle, three churches, and a Lutheran nunnery. The inhabitants, estimated at 5,000, carry on a considerable trade in linen and wood, and here is also a fine salmon fishery. It is seated on the Stolpa, 10 m. from its mouth, in the Baltic, and 56 E. N. E. of Colberg. Long. 16. 48. E., lat. 54. 27. N. Stolpemunde, a town of Pomerania, on the Bal- tic Sea, with a harbour, at the mouth of the Stol- pa, 10 m. N. W. of Stoipe. St.o/pen, a town of Saxony, with a castle on a mountain, 15 m. E. of Dresden. Stolzenau, a town of Hanover, in the county of Hoya; seated on the Weser, 14 m. S. S. W. of Nienburg. Stolzenburg, a town of W. Prussia, formerly a suburb of the city of Dantzic, but with the adja- cent suburbs of Old Scotland, St. Albert, and Schidlitz, was formed into a separate town, having its own magistrates and municipal rights in 1772. Stone, a town in Staffordshire, Eng. a consider- able manufacture of shoes ; 140 N. W. of London. Stone Arabia, p. v. Montgomery Co. N. Y. 50 m. N. W. Albany. Stone Creek, a township of Somerset Co. Pa. Stoneham, p.t. Middlesex Co. Mass. 10 m. N. Boston. Pop. 732. Stonehaven, or Stonehive, a sea-port of Scotland, and the country town of Kincardineshire. The harbour is secured by a high rock and stone pier. Near it are the ruins of the castle of Donnotyre, on a lofty perpendicular rock, almost surrounded Dy the sea. The town has a manufacture of brown linen, and some trade in dried fish and oil. 20 m. N. N. E. of Montrose. Long. 2. 6. W., lat. 56. 55. N. Stonehenge, a remarkable monument of antiquity in Wiltshire, on Salisbury Plain, consisting of several very large stones, some placed upright and others horizontally across them. Most anti- quaries suppose this work to have been a temple of the Druids, because it is in a circular form, and seems to have been much more regular than it appears to be at present. It has puzzled many diligent enquirers to account for the bringing and placing of those enormous stones ; for it is thought no method now known is sufficient to have raised those that lie across to that height. 6 m. N. of Salisbury. Stone/iouse, a town in Devonshire, Eng. It contains a national school, very extensive bar- racks, aToydl nav.al hospital, ifcc. ; and is situate about half way between Plymouth and Devon- port. Stoneleigh, a town in Warwickshire, Eng. 5 m. S. W. of Coventry. Stone.iborough, a village of Greene Co. Ken. Stonesv'dle, p. v. Greenville Dis. S. C. Stoney Point, p.v. Albemarle Co. Va. Iredell Co. N. C. Abbeville Dis. S. C. Stonington, p.t. New London Co. Conn, on Long Island Sound 15 m. E. N. London. It has manufactures of cotton and woolen and is enga- ged in the whale fishery. This town was bom- 88 barded by the British squadron in 1814 bnt wiUi out effect. Pop. 3,401. Stony Point,Si fortress of New York,taken Dy the British in 1779, but recovered soon after by the Americans, and the British garrison made prison ers of war. It is seated on the Hudson, opposite Verplank's Point. Storkau, a town of Prussia, in the Ucker Mark of Brandenburg, 27 m. S. E. of Berlin. Stonnaway, a sea-port of Scotland, on the E side of the isle of Lewis, at the head of Loch Stornaway, which is a good harbour for ships ol any burden. It is a port of the custom-house, and has a post-office and a regular packet weekly. Long. 6. 38. W., lat. 58. 18. N. Stoneville, p.v. Dutchess Co. N. T. Slortford, or Bishop's Stortford, a town in Hert- fordshire, Eng. with a market on Thursday On the E. side are the ruins of a castle, on an artificial mount. It is seated oh the side of a hill, on the river Stort, which is navigable hence to the Lea, 10 m. E. N. E. of Hertford and 30 N. N. E. of London. Stossen, a town of Saxony, 6 m. S. of Weis- senfels. Stoughton, p.t. Norfolk Co. Mass. 17 m. S. Bos- ton with manufactures of cotton and woolen. Pop. 1,591. Stour, a river which rises on the most northerly point of Dorsetshire, passes by Stourminster, Blandford, and Winborn then enters Hampshire, and flows into the Avon, opposite Christchurch. Stour, a river in Kent, Eng. which flows by Sandwich into Hope Bay. Stour, a river of Eng. which forms the entire boundary between Essex and Suffolk. Stour, a. river whtch rises in the S. part of Staf- fordshire, Eng, enters Worcestershire at Sour- bridge, and flows by Kidderminster into the Se- vern, opposite Stourport. Stourbridge, a corporate town in Worcester- shiie, Eng. with manufactures of glass, iron, and earthen ware. 126 m. N. W. of London. Stourminster. a town in Dorsetshire, Eng. witha manufacture of white baize. Near it are the ru- ins of a castle, which was the seat of the W. Saxon kings. 108 m. W. by S. of London. Stourport, a handsome town in Worcestershire, Eng. 4 m. S. of Kidderminster. Stow Market, a thriving town in Suffolk, Eng. with a manufacture of sacking, ropes, &c., and a considerable malting business. 70 m. N. N. E. of London. StoiD on the Wold, a town in Gloucestershire, Eng. 80 m. W. by N. of London. Slow, p.t. Middlesex Co. Mass. 30 m. N. W. Boston. Pop. 1 ,221 ; p.t. Washington Co. Vt. 24 m. N. W. Montpelier. Pop. ],.570; p.t. Portage Co. Ohio. 128 m. N. E. Columbus. Pop. 790. Stow Creek, a township of Cumberland Co. N. J. Stowsville, p.v. Lincoln Co. N. C. 185 m. W. Raleigh. Stoweif, a small town in Somersetshire, Eng. 147 m. W. by S. of London. Stoystoicn, p.v. Somerset Co. Pa. Strabane, a town of Ireland, in the county of Tyrone, situate on the Mourne, near the Foyle, 11 m. S. S. W. of Londonderry. Strabane, a township of Washington Co. Pa. Stradella, a strong town of the Sardinian states, in the Milanese, with a castle. The French be- came masters of it in 1800. It is seated on th« Versa, near the Po, 10 m. S E. of Pavia. Strafford, a county of N. Hampshire. Po/i 3N STR 698 STR 58,916. Dover is the capital ; p.t. Strafford Co. N. H. 55 m. N. E. Concord. Pop. 2,200; p.t. Orange Co. Vt Pop. 1,935. Here is a mine of copperas. Stralionitz, a town of Bohemia, in the circle of Prachin, with a castle ; seated on the Wotawa, 11 m. S. W. of Piseck. Stralsund, a government of the Prussian states, comprising the part of Pomerania formerly belong- ing to Sweden, along with Rugen and other isl- ands on the N. coast. It has an area of 1,400 square m. with 115,000 inhabitants. StraJsund, a sea-port of Prussia, formerly the capital of Swedish Pomerania. It contains about 11,000 inhabitants ; and its trade and commerce are considerable. The churches and other public buildings are handsome ; and the library belong- ing to the college has a capital collection of coins. Charles XII., in 1714, came hither after his re- turn from Turkey, and ennobled the magistracy. Stralsund was forced to submit to the allies in 1715, was restored in 1720, surrendered to the French in 1807, and was finally ceded to Prussia in 1813. It is almost surrounded by the Baltic and the lake Francen, and has a' harbour separated from the isle of Rugen by a narrow channel. The manu- factures are various, but most of them on a small scale, and the trade is considerable, particularly in corn. 40 m. E. N. E. of Rostock, and 85 N. W. of Slettin. Long. 13. 16. E., lat. 54. 20. N. Strammel, a town of the Prussian states, in Pomerania, on the river Rega, 21 m. N. E. of New Stargard. Strangford, a small town of Ireland, in the county of Down, sealed on a bay of its name, at the narrow part which connects Strangford Lough with the Irish Sea, 7 m. E. of Down. Long. 5. 30. W., lat. 54. 31. N. Strangford Lough, a large bay, or inlet of the sea, in the conAiy of Down, on the E. coast of Ireland, about 17 m. long and 5 broad, abounding with excellent fish, particularly smelts; and off the bar, about August, is a periodical herring fishery. It contains a great many small islands ; ind the burning of kelp profitably employs a great number of hands in them. The bar or entrance into it from the Irish Sea is 3 m. below Strang- ford and not am. in breadth. Sf.runrawer , a borough and sea-port of Scotland, in Wiglonshire, with considerable manufactures of cotton and linen. Vessels employed in the coasting trade and herring fishery frequent this place ; and some ships sail hence to the Baltic and Ireland with corn. It is situate at the head of Loch Ryan, 2G m. W. by N. of Wigton. Long. 4. 57. W., lat. 55. 0. N. Strasburg, a city of France, capital of the de- partment of Lower Rhine, and a bishop's see. It is situate near the Rhine; and the River 111 runs through it, and forms many canals, over which there are several bridges to connect the different quarters of the city. It is a place of considerable commerce, and has manufactures of tobacco, por- celain, steel, lace, carpetjs, cloth, leather, &c. The inhabitants are computed at Gfl,000. The principal structures are built of a red stone, dug from the quarries which are along the Rhine. Tiiis town, formerly imperial, was taken by Louis XIV. in 1G81. The citadel and fortifications, which he constructed, have been so much aug mented that Strasburg may be considered one oi the strongest places in Europe. It was confirm '!.! to France by the peace of Ryswick in 16!17. Tlw ttniversity, which had been curtailed of its classes during the French revolution, was re- placed on its former footing in 1803. The town is entered by six gates. In the cathetlral is a clock, which shows the motions of the constella- tions, the revolutions of tlie sun and moon, the days of the week, the hours, &c. Another re- markable circumstance in this cathedral is its pyramidical tower, which is 549 feet high. In the church of St. Thomas is the magnificent tomb of the famous marshal Saxe. 65 m. N. c" Sasil and 75 E. of Nancy. Long. 7. 45. E., lat 48 35. N. Strasburg, a town of W. Prussia, in the circle of Culm, with a castle ; seated on the Drigentz, 30 m. E. N. E. of Thorn. Strasburg, a town of Prussia, in Brandenburg, 15 m. N. by W. of Prenzlo. Strasburg, a town of Austrian lllyria, in Carin- thia, seated on the river Gurk, 13 m N. of Cla- genfurt. Strasbttrg, p.t. Lancaster Co. ; p.t. Franklin Co Pa. ; p.v. Shenandoah Co. Va. Strasnitz, a town of the Austrian states, in Mo ravia, with a castle and a college, on the rivei Marsch, 12 m. S. S. W. of Hradisch. Stratford, a village in Suffolk, Eng. 12 m. S. W. of Ipswich. Stratford, a village in Essex, Eng., separated from Bow in Middlesex, by the river Lea, over which is a bridge, said to be the most ancient stone arch in England. 3 m. E. N. E. of Lon- don. Stratford, Fenny, a town in Buckinghamshire, Eng., with a manufacture of thread lace ; seated on the Lyssel, and the Roman highv/ay called Walling-street, 45 m. N. W. of London. Strafford Stony, a town in Buckinghamshire Eng. The inhabitants are principally lace-ma- kers. It is seated on the Ouse, 52. m. N. W. of London. Strattford-on-Avon, a town in Warwickshire, Eng. It is memorable as the birth-place o*^ Sliakspeare, who was buried here in ICIC. Here is a manufacture of silk buttons, and some trade in corn and malt. The town is situate on the Avon, over which is a long bridge, 8 m. S. W of Warwick and 95 N. W. of London. Stratford, p.t. Coos Co. N. H. Pop. 443; p.t. Fairfield Co. Conn., 14 m S. W. New Haven. Pop. 1,807. A township of Montgomery Co. N. Y. Pop. 552. Stratharn, p.t. Rockingham Co. N. H., 8 m. S. W. Portsmouth. Pop. 838. Strathavcn, a town of Scotland, in Lanarkshire, with a manufiicture of cotton, seated on the Avon, 8 m. S. of Hamilton and 12 W. of Lanark. Strathmore, a river of Scotland, in Suthcrland- shire, which flows into a bay of the North Sea, called Loch Hope. Strathy, a river of Scotland, in Suthcrlandshire, which issues from a small lake, and flows into a bay of the N. Sea, sheltered to the W. by a large promontory, to whicli it gives name. Stratton, a town in Cornwall, Eng., 222 m. W. by S. of London. Slraubing, a town of Bavaria, capital of a terri- tory of the same name, with a castle. It has broad streets, handsome churches, a flourishing academy, and a convent of L^rsuline nuns. In 1743 it was taken by the Austrians, who demol- ished the fortifications, but it was restored in 1745. It is seated on the Danube, 22 m S. E c<" Ratisbon and 68 N. E. of Munich. Long. 18 28. E., lat. 48. 50. N 8TR 699 STR Strausberg, a town of Prussia, in the Middle Mark of Brandenburg, with an old castle on a mountain. It has manufactures of baize and cloth, and stands on the lake Strauss, 21 m. £. N. E. of Berlin. Stratcntown, p.t. Bucks Co. Pa. Strehla, a town of Saxony, in Meissen, near which the Prussians were defeated by the Aus- trians in 1760. It is seated on the Elbe, 14 m. N. W. of Meissen. Slrehlen, a town of Prussian Silesia, with man- ufactures of woolens, stockinffs, and leather ; seat- ed on the Ohla, 22 m. S. of Breslau. Strditz, Kew, a town of Lower Saxony, capital of the duchy of Mecklenburg-Strelitz. It owes its origin to the destruction of the ducal palace, in Old Strelitz : in consequence of which, in 1713, the duke began to erect a magnificent palace, 2 m. from the site of the old one, at a place called Glienke, which was before his hunting seat ; and in 1733 he founded a town adjoining to the palace, and ordered it to be called New Strelitz. The centre is a spacious market-place, and thence a number of streets branch out in straight lines; the chief street leads to the palace, and the next to a pleasant lake. It is seated among lakes 55 ni. S. E. of Gustrow and 56 N. by W. of Berlin. Long. 13. 18. E., lat. 53. 21. N. Strditz Old, a small town of the duchy of Meck- lenburg, the residence of the younger branch of that house, till the castle was burnt down in 1712. See the preceding article. Strengnes, a town of Sweden, in Sudermania, and a bishop's see, seated on the lake Maerler, 30 m. W. by S. of Stockholm. Long. 17. 4. E., lat. 59. 20. N. Strieker sville, p. v. Chester Co. Pa. Slriegau, a town of Prussian Silesia, in the principality of Schweidnitz, seated on a river, at the foot of a mountain, 11m. N. of Schweid- nitz. Stroemskolm, a town of Sweden, in Westmania situate on the lake Mealer, 45 m. S. W. of Upsal. Long. 16. 24. E., lat. 59. 30. N. Stroma., a small island of Scotland, on the coast of Caithness-shire, in Pentland Frith. Its ca- verns were once used by the inhabitants of the neighbouring island as places of interment. Near its N. end is a dangerous whirlpool. Stromberg, a town of Prussian Westphalia, in the government of Munster, 20 m. E. N. E. of Munster and 20 N. W. of Paderborn. Stromlioli, the most northern of the Lipari Isl- ands. It is a volcano, which rises in a conical form to the height of 3,000 feet; and on the E. side are three or four little craters ranged near each other, nearly at two- thirds of its height. Not- withstanding its fires, it is inhabited, and pro- duces a great deal of cotton. Of all the volca- noes recorded in history, Stromboli seems to be the only one that burns without ceasing; and it has long been looked upon as the great lighthouse of the Mediterranean, the flames being seen by night at a great distance. Long. 15. 40. E., lat. 36. 40. N. Stromness, a. town of Scotland, on the S. W. side of the island of Pomona, with a good harbour, 9 m. W. of Kjrkwall. Stromoe, the principal of the Feroe Islands, in the Northern Ocean, 30 m. in length and 10 in breadth. It has a town called Thorshaven, which is the capital of all the islands and the common market. Long. 7. 0. W., lat. 62. 10. N. Stromsoe, a town of Norway, in the province of Aggerhuys, 18 m. S. W. of Christiania. See Drnmnien. Stromstadt, a town of Sweden, in VV. Gothland celebrated for its shell fish. It stands on the coast of the N. Sea. 43 m. N. N. W.of Uddevalle. Long. 11.4. E., lat. 59.4. N. Strong, p.t. Somerset Co. Me. Pop. 985. Strongsville, p.t. Cuyahoga Co. Ohio. 125 m. N. E. Columbus. Pop 6^311. Strongoli, a town of Naples, in Calabria Ultra, seated on a high rock, 3 m. from the sea, and 7 N. of St. Severino. Stronsa, one of the Orkney Islands, situate N. E. of that called Pomona. It is 7 m. from N. to S. and nearly the same in breadth, but so indent- ed by bays that no part of it is above a mile and a half from the sea. It produces much kelp, and feeds many sheep and cattle. Strontian, a village of Scotland, in Arglyeshire and in the district of Ardnamurchan, noted for its lead mines, in which a new kind of mineral was discovered in 1790, and named Strontiies. Stroud, a. town in Gloucestershire, Eiig. It is seated on a brook, the waters of which are pecu- liarly adapted to the dyeing of scarlet, and its banks are consequently crowded with the houses of clothiers : a navigable canal accompanies its progress to the Severn, and is now extended to join the Thames atLfchlade. Stroud is 11 m. S. by E. of Gloucester and 100 W. by N. of London Stroud, a considerable village in Kent, Eng Slroudsburg, p. v. Northampton Co. Pa. Stuartshurg, p. v. Westmoreland Co. Pa. Studland, a village in Dorsetshire, Eng. in the neighbourhood of which are several curious bar- rows. Stuhlingen, a. town ofBaden, ina lordship, of the same name, with a castle on a mountain, 9 m. S. of Furstenburg. Stuklweissenburg, a town of Hungary, capital of a county of its name, and the see of a bishop, sit- uate in marshy ground, occasioned by the river Sarwitz. It was formerly the place for the cor- onation of the kings, and generally also of their interment; but it is much decayed, since its works were dismantled in 1702. The number of inhabitants is estimated at 13,000. 36 m. S. W. of Buda, and 80 S. E. of Presburg. Long. 18. 28. E. lat. 47. 18. N. Sturbridge, p.t. Worcester Co. Mass. 70 m. S. W. Boston, with manufactures of woolen and cot- ton. Pop. 1,688. Stutgard, a city of Germany, capital of the kingdom of Wurte-nberg. It is surounded by walls and ditches, and has an ancient caslle, with a rich cabinet of curiosities, a magnificent palace, an orphan house, a college, a ducal academy, and observatory, a military academy one of the largest libraries in Germany. It has man- ufactures of silks, stockings, ribands, &c. and around it are innumerable vineyards and gardens. The streets are narrow in the city, and the houses generally of wood ; but there are fine houses, and straight streets, in one of the suburbs. Stutgard was repeatedly entered by the armies on both sidea between 1796, and 1815. It is seated in a plain among mountains, near the river Neckar, 36 m. E. ofBaden and 52 N. E. of Strasburg. Long. 9. 21. E., lat. 48. 44. N. Styria, a province of Austria, 125 m. long and 17 broad ; bounded on the E. by Hungary, S. by Carniola, and W. by Carinthia and Salzburg. It is divided into Upper and Lower Styria ; the for- mer containing the circles of Judenburg and SUD 700 SUI Brack, and the latter those of Gratz, Marchburgr, and Cilley. Though a mountainous country there is much land fit for tillage, and the soil is fertile. The mountains are clothed with oak, beech, and pine ; every kind of grain is well cul- tivated, and the white wine is very pleasant. It contains mines of excellent iron, whence the arms made here are in great esteem ; also mines of lead and coal. The principal rivers are the Enns, Muhr, Drave, and Save. The inhabitants are for the most part Catholics, but Protestants are tol- erated, and Jews in a limited degree. Gratz and Judenburg are the chief towns. Suahia, the former name of one of the ten cir- cles of Germany, bounded on the N. by Franconia and the circle of Lower Rhine, W. by that circle and Alsace, S. by Switzerland, and E. by Bava- wa. It comprised the greater part of the kingdom of Wurtemberg, the grand duchy of Baden and some other territories. Suakem, or Suaquam, a sea-port and the capital of the country of Abex, seated on a small island of *he same name, in the Red Sea. It is the resi- ^nce of a Turkish governor under the bashaw of Cairo, and was once a very flourishing place, but 18 now gone to decay. Long. 37. 55. E., lat. 19. Subiacco, a town of the papal states, in Cam- pagna di Roma, seated on the Tfeverone, 33 m. E. by N. of Rome. Succadana, a town on the S. W. coast of Bor- neo, capital of a kingdom of the same name. The chief products of the country are camphor and diamonds. It is seated at the mouth of a river. Long. 110. 15. E., lat. 1. 10. S. Success, a township of Coos Co. N. H. Pop. 14. Success Bay, a bay on the S. t. fcOHst of Terra del Fuego. The S. promontory, at its entrance, is called Cape Success. Long. 65. 27. W. lat. 55 1. S. Suckasunny p.v. Morris Co. N. J. Suczava, a town of European Turkey ,in Molda- via, formerly a flourishing city, but now much declined. It is seated on a river of the same name, 70 m. N. W. of Jassy. Long. 2.'). 52. E., lat. 47. 57. N. Suda, a strong fort of the Isle of Candia, situate on an islet, in a gulf of its name, which is one of the finest and safest harbours in the Levant. This fort was constructed by the Venetians, who pre- served it a great while after Candia was no long- er in their possession. It is 8 m. E. of Canea. Siidbury, a borough in Sufiblk, Eng. 54 m. N. £. of London. Sudbury, p.v. Rutland Co. Vt. 43 m. W. Wind- sor. Pop. 812, p.t. Middlesex. Co. Mass. 20 m. W.Boston. Pop. 1,424. Suderhamn, a t"wn of Sweden, in the govern- ment of Gefleborg, with a considerable trade in linen, butter, timber, and flax; situate at the mouth of a river, near the gulf of Bothnia, 20 m. N. of Gefle. Long. 17. 5. E. , lat. 63. 20. N. Sudcrkoping, a town of Sweden, in E. Goth- land, seated on a navigable river, 10 m. S. S. E. ofNordkoping Sudermania, a province of Sweaen Proper, 62 m. long and 42 broad ; bounded by Upland. West- mania, Nericia, and the Baltic. It is the most populous part of Sweden, and abounds in corn, and mines of divers metals. Nykoping is the cap- ital. Sudertelge, a town of Sweden, in Sudermania, with a manufacture of worsted and silk stockings, 16 m. W. S. W. of Stockholm. Sudoree, one of the Feroe Islands, in the North- ern Ocean, remarkable for a dangerous whirlpoo. near it, which is occasioned by a crater, 61 fathoms deep in the centre. The danger, especially in storms, is very great; but at the reflux, and in very still weather, the inhabitants venture in boats, for the sake of fishing. Suen-hoa, a city of China, of the first rank, in the province of Pe-tche-li, seated amid mountains, near the great wall, 77 m. N. N. W. of Pekin. Long. 114. 39. E., lat. 40. 38. N. Suez, a sea-port of Egypt, with a castle, seated at the N. end of the W. arm of the Red Sea, cal- led the gulf of Suez. This gulf is separated from the Mediterranean by an isthmus, 125 m. over, which joins Asia to Africa. The town is sur- rounded by a sandy country, and is without water. Several vessels are employed in the navigation between this port and Jidda, where the commo- dities are bartered for Indian goods and the coffee of Arabia. The commerce of Cairo with Suez is carried on by caravans, which wait the arrival, and set out on the departure of the vessels, that is, about the end of April, and in the course of July and August. The merchandise consists in corn, wood, iron, lead, wool, cloth, cordage, &c. 65 m E. of Cairo. Long. 32. 51. E., lat. 30. 2. N. Suffield, p.t. Hartford Co. Conn. 18 m. N. Hart- ford. Pop. 2,696. A township of Portage Co. Onio. Pop. 397. Suffolk, a county of England, 58 m. long and 28 broad ; bounded on the S. by Essex, W. by Cam- bridgeshire, N. by Norfolk, and E. by the German Ocean. The number of inhabitants in 1821 was 270,542. The soil is of various qualities, but the country, in general, is level. Near the shore it is sandy and full of heaths, but abound in rye, peas, turnips, carrots and hemp, with numerous flocks of sheep. High Suffolk or the woodlands, which is in the inland part, yields good pasture, which feeds abundance of cattle. That part on the con- fines of Esse.x and Cambridgeshire affords also ex- cellent pasture ; and to the N. and N. W. it is fruitful in corn. Its chief produce is butter and cheese ; but the latter has gained almost prover- bially the character of the worst in England. Ip- swich is the principal town. Suffolk, a county of Massachusetts, comprising Boston and Chelsea. Fop. 62.162. Boston is the Capital. A county of New York, consisting of the E. part of Long Island. Pop. 26,980; p.v. Nansemond Co. Va. 28 m. S. W. Norfolk. Sugar Creek, townships in Stark. Tuscarawas Green and Wayne Cos. Ohio. Sugar LrafjO. township of Luzerne Co. Pa. Sugar ^rove, o.v. Warren (^o. Pa. Suggsville, p.v. Clark Co. Alab. Sugul.messa, or Sig/Jmr.ssa,a. town of the kingdom of Tafilet, the capital of a district, which abounds in corn, dates, and other fruits, and has mines of iron, lead, and antimony. It is seated on the Zig, 140 m. N. N. E. of Tafilet. Long. 5. 5. W., lat. 29. 40. N. Suhla, a town of Prussian Saxony, capital of Henneburg, with manufactures of fustian, linen, leather, and steel. It is seated on the Hazel, 7 m. N. of Schleusingen. Suhlingcn, a town of Hanover, in the county of Hoya, on a river of its name, 22 m. W. by i>J. of Nieburg. Suire, a river of Ireland, which rises in Tippe- rary flows by Clonmel and Carrick to Waterford, and meets the Barrow at the tiead of Waterford Haven. SUM 701 SUM Sullivan, a county of New Hampshire. Pop. 19,n37. Newport is the capital. A county of N. York. I'op. 12,872; Monticello is the capital. A county of Indiana. Pop. 4,696. Merom is the capital. A county of E. Tennessee. Pop. 10,073; Blountsville is the capital. Sullivan, p.t. Hancock Co. Me. 35 m. E. Cas- tine. Pop. 538. p.t. Cheshire Co. N. H. 38 m. S. W. Concord, irop. 555. p.t. Madison Co. N. Y. Pop. 4,077 ; p.v. Tioga Co. Pa. a township of Lorain Co. Ohio. Pop. 206. SidUvan's /gland, a low island at the entrance of Charleston harbour, S. C. Sullij, a town of France, department of Loiret, seated on the Loire, 20 m. S. E. of Orleans. SiJmona, a. town of Naples, in Abruzzo Citra, and a bishop's see. It contains 11 churches and 12 convents, and was the birthplace of the poet Ovid. It is seated on the Sora. 26 m. S. W. of Civita di Shieti. Long. 14. 55. E., lat. 42. 0. N. SuUanta, a decayed town of Persia, in Irak, with a magnificent mosque, which contains the tomb of sultan Chodabend, or Hodabunda. 50 miles N. W. of Casbin. Long. 51. 53. E., lat. 36. 16. N. Sultanpore, a town of Hindoostan, in the prov- ince of Lahore, 62 m. S. E. of Lahore. Sultanpore, a town of Hindoostan, in the pro- vince of Oude, the station of a British detach- ment, 32 miles S. of Fyzabad aad 50 N. of Alla- habad. Sultz, a town of Germany, in Mecklenburg, with a salt mine, seated on the Rekenitz, 18 m. E. S. E. of Rostock. Sultz, a town of France, department of Upper Rhine, with a medicinal spring, 13 m. S. S. W. of Colmar. Sulz, a town of Germany, in the kingdom of Wurtemberg, with some salt-works; seated near the Neckar, 12 ra. N. of Rothweil. Suiza, a town in the grand duchy of Saxe-Wei- mar, with a salt mine, seated on the lime, 13 m. E. N. E. of Weimar. Suhbach, a town and castle of Bpvaria, in a duchy of its name, the regency of which is unit- ed to Amberg. It stands in a mountainous coun- try, fertile in hops, 6 miles N. W. of Amberg. Sulzhurg, a town of Germany in Baden, with a fine palace seated in a territory fertile in good wine, 8 m. S. W. of Friburg. Sumatra, the most western of the Sunda Is- lands, in the Indian Ocean. Its general direction is nearly N. W. and S. E. The equator divides it into almost equal parts ; the one extremity be- ing in 5. 53. N., the other in 5. 56. S. lat. and Acheen Head, its N. extremity, is in Long. 95. 34. N. It is 950 m. in length, and from 150 to i«iO :n breadth ; and is separated from Malacca by the strait of that name, and from Java by the strait of Sunda. A chain of mountains runs through it? whole extent ; the ranges in many parts, being double and treble ; yet their altitude IS not sufficient to occasion their being covered with snow during any part of the year. Between these ridges are extensive plains, considerably el- evated above the surface of the maritime lands. In these the air is cool ; and, from this advantage they are esteemed the most eligible portion of the country, are the best inhabited, and the most ■jleared from woods, which elsewhere, in general, cover both hills and valleys with an eternal shade. Here too are found many lakes and rivers which facilitate the communication between the differ- ent parts. The inhabitants consist of Malays, Achense, Battas, Lampoons and Rcjans; the latter are taken as a standard of description, with respect to the person, manners, and customs of the Sumalrans. They are rather below the mia die stature ; their bulk in proportion ; their limbs, for the most part, slight, but well shaped, and particularly small at the wrist and ancles. Their hair is strong and of a shining black. The men are beardless, great pains being taken to render them so, when boys, by rubbing their chins with a kind of quick lime. Their complexion is properly yellow, wanting the red tinge that con- stitutes a copper or tawny colour. Those of the superior class, who are not exposed to the rays of the sun, and particularly the women of rank, ap p roach to a considerable degree of fairness; but the major part of the females are ugly. The rites of marriage among the Sumatrans consist simply in joining the hands of the parties, and pronounc- ing them man and wife, without much ceremo- ny, excepting the entertainment which is given upon the occasion. But little apparent courtship precedes their marriages. Their manners do not admit of it, the young people of each sex being carefully kept asunder, and the girls being sel- dom trusted from their mothers. The opportuni- ties which the young people have of seeing and conversing with each other are at the public festi- vals, where the persons who are unmarried meet together, and dance and sing in company. A man, when determined in his choice, generally employs an old women as his agent, by whom he sends a present. The parents then interfere, and, the preliminaries being settled, a feast takes place. At these festivals, a goat, a buffalo, or several, according to the rank of the parties, are killed, to entertain, not only the relations and invited guests, but for all the inhabitants of the neigh- bouring country who chose to repair to them. The greater the concourse, the more is the credit of the host, who is generally, on these occasions, the father of the girl. Polygamy is allowed ; but it is extremely rare that an instance occurs of a man having more than one wife, and that only among a few of the chiefs. This continence they owe, in some measure, to their poverty. Moth- ers carry their children straddling on their hip, and usually supported by a cloth tied in a knot on the opposite shoulder. The children are nursed but little, and are not confined by any swathing or bandages. The original natives of Sumatra are pagans ; but it is to be observed that when the Sumartrans, or any of the natives of the eastern islands, learn to read the Arabic character, and submit to circumcision, they are said to become Malays, the term Malay being understood to mean Mussulman. The wild beasts of Sumatra are tigers, elephants, rhinoceroses, bears, and monkeys. The tigers prove to the inhabitants, both in their journeys and even their domestic occupations, most destructive enemies ; yet, from a superstitious predjudice, it is with difficulty they are prevailed upon to use methods for destroying them, till they have sustained some particular in- jury in their own family or kindred. Alligators likewise occasion the loss of many inhabitants; and yet a superstitious idea of their sanctity also preserves them from molestation. The other an- imals of Sumatra are buffaloes, a small kind of horses, goats, hogs, deer, bullocks, and hog-deer This last is an animal somewhat larger than a rab bit, the head resembling that of a hog, and itA shanks and feet those of a deer ; the bezoar stone found on this animal has been valued at ten time* 3n2 SUM 702 SUN its weight in fifold. Of birds there is a greater va- riety than of beasts. The coo-ow, or Sumatran pheasant, is a bird of uncommon beauty. Here are storks of a prodigious size, parrots, dung-hill fowls, ducks, the largest cocks in the world, wood pigeons, doves, and a great variety of small birds, remarkable for the beauty of their colours. The reptiles are lizards flying lizards, and camelions. The islands swarms witli insects, and their varie- ties are no less extraordinary than their numbers. Rice is the only grain that grows in the country. Here are sugar-canes, beans, peas, radishes, yams, potatoes, pumpkins, and several kinds of potherbs unknown to Europe ; and also most of the fruits to be met with in other parts of the E Indies, in the greatest perfection. Indigo, saltpetre, sulphur, arsenic,brazil-wood, two species of the bread-fruit tree, pepper, cassia, camphire, benjamin, coffee, and cotton, are likewise the produceof this island. Here also are the cabbage-tree and silk cotton tree -. and the forests contain a great variety of valuable species of wood, as ebony pine, sandal, eagle or aloes, teak, machined, and iron wood, and also the banyan tree. Bees' wax is a com- modity of great importance here ; and there are likewise the edible birds' nests. Gold, tin, iron, copper, and lead, are found in the country ; and the first is as plentiful here as in any part of Asia. Sumatra is divided into many petty kingdoms, the chief of which are Acheen, Indrapore, Palira- ban, and Jambi. The English and Dutch have factories on this island ; the principal one of the former being fort Marlborough, at Bencoolen, where, as also at the Dutch settlement of Pedang, Christian missionaries have been for some time established. Sumbowa, an island in the Eastern seas, about 200 m. long and 40 broad. It is divided into the districts of Beema, Dompoo, Tambora, Sangur, Pekat, and Sumbawa, all governed by their re- spective chiefs. The island furnishes sappan wood, rice, horses, saltpetre, sulphur, wax, birds' nests, tobacco. Sec., though but little trade is at present carried on. In the VV., part of the island is a town of the same name, with a good harbour. Sumbhoonant, a town of Hindoostan, in the province ofNepaul, with a celebrated temple, which is annually visited by an immense num- ber of pilgrims from Bootan and Thibet. Long. 85. 38. E., lat. 27. 33. N. Sumbul, a town of Hindoostan, in a territory of its name, lying E. of Debli, subject to the nabob of Oude. 52 m. W. N. W. of Bereilly and 75 E. of Dehli. Sumhulpour or Sumelpovr, a town of Hindoos- tan, in a district of its name, in the province of Orrissa, 144 miles W. N. W. of Cattack and 280 VV. of Calcutta. Long. 83. 40. E., lat. 21. 25. Sumeh, a town of Asiatic Turkey, in Natolia, 14. m. E. of Pergamo. Surnerein, a town of Hungary, in the island of Schut, 16 miles S. S. E. of Presburg. Summanytoion, p. v. Montgomery Co. Pa. 35 m. N. VV. Philad. Summei-kiotim, a town of Birmah, the inhabi- tants of which are chiefly employed in the man- ufactures of saltpetre and gunpowder. It is seated on the Irrawaddy, 68 miles S. by W. of Umraerapoora. Sumerfield, p. v. Guilford Co. N. C. Sum'^U, p.t. Schoharie Co. N. Y. 33 m. S. W. Albany. Pop. 1,733. Summitsville, p. v. Sullivan Co. N. T . Sumner, a county of W. Tennessee. Pop. 20,606. Gallatin is the capital ; p. v. Oxford Co. Me. Pop. 1,099. Sumter, a district of S. Carolina. Pop. 28,278 Sumterville the capital is 100 m. N. W. Charles- ton. Sunapee, a lake of New Hampshire 11 miles in length, in Hillisborough and Cheshire Cos. Its waters pass through Sugar River into the Con- necticut. Sunbury, p.t. NorthumberlandCo Pa ;p.t. Liber ty Co. Geo. 45 m. S. E. Savannah, on Newport river which here forms a tolerable harbour. It is a port of entry ; p.t. Gates Co. N. C ; p.t. Del- aware and Berkshire Cos. Ohio. Sunart, Loch, an inlet of the sea, on the W. coast of Scotland, which extends 20 miles E. into the county of Argyle, from the N. end of the island of Mull. Sunda Hands, islands in the S. E. part of the Indian Ocean. The chief of them are Borneo, Sumatra, and Java ; the two latter separated by a channel called the Strait of Sunda. Sunderbunds, a tract of country in Bengal consisting of that part of the delta of the Ganges which borders on the sea. In extent it is equal to the principality of Wales. It is completely enveloped in wood, infested with tigers, and composed of labyrinth of rivers and creeks, all of which are of salt, except those that immedi- ately communicate with the principal arm of the Ganges. Here salt, in quantities equal to the whole consumption of Bengal and its dependan cies, is made and transported with equal facility ; and here also is found an inexhaustible store of timber for boat-building. Sunderburg, a town of Denmark, in the island of Alsen, with a castle. It is seated on a strait called Sunderburg Sound, 12 miles E. of Flans- burg. Long. 10. 0. E., lat. 54. 51. N. Sunderdoo, a fortified island and sea-port of Hindoostan, in Concan, reduced bv commodore James in 1756. It is 36 miles N. N. W. of Goa. Long. 73.20. E., lat. 16. 3. N. Sunderland, a sea-port in the county of Dur- ham, Eng. For the exportation of coal, it is next in consequence to Newcastle. Its port, at the mouth of the Wear, will admit vessels of 400 tons; the entrance is defended by a battery, and a pier, on which is a lighthouse. Here are sever- al small dockyards, manufactures of salt, ginss, copperas, and earthenware, and a trade in lime, grindstone, and other articles. Sunderland is much frequented durinjr the bathing seasons, and the neighbourhood for several miles round is enrich- ed by many elegant seats and mansions. The pestilential cholera first appeared in England at this place at the latter part of 1831. It is situate on the river Wear, over which is a magnificent iron bridge of one immense arch, which will ad mit ships of 200 tons burderVit,o sail under it, 13 miles N. E. of Durham and 209 m. N. by W. ol London. Sunderland, p.t. Franklin Co. Mass. 90 m. W, Boston, with manufactures of cotton. Pop. 666 p.t. Bennington Co. Vt. 15 m. N. E. Bennington, Pop. 463. Sundi, a province of Congo, which lies alonj;; the river Zaire. Its rivers renders it extremelf fertile, and in the mountains are mines of sever al metals. The capital is of the same name Loi)[», 17. 55. E., lat. 4. 50. N. Sundsioald, a sea-port of Sweden, and the CJ^p sun 703 SUR ital of Medelpadia. The chief trade is in tar, birch-bark, deals, hops, flax, and linen. It is seat- ed near the gulf of Bothnia, 210 miles N. by W. of Stockholm. Long. 17. 50. E., lat. 62. 25. N. Sunergoncr, or Sunnergaum, a town of Hin- doostan, in Bengal, once a large city, and famous for a manufacture of fine cotton cloth. It is seated between the Burrampooter and a branch df the Ganges, 15 m. S. E. of Dacca. Sunp-sh, p.v. Monroe Co. Ohio; a township of Pike Co. Ohio. Superior, Lake, a lake of N. America between •Jie United States and Canada. 490 miles in length 1,700 miles in circumference, and the largest body of fresh water on the globe. It contains many isknds ; two of them very large, especially Isle Rovale, which is 100 miles long, and in ma- ny places, 40 broad. The Indians suppose these islands to be the residence of the Great Spirits Upwards of 30 rivers enter this lake, some of which are of considerable size, and its water is re- markable for purity and transparency. It abounds with fishes, particularly trout and sturgeon. Storms are even more dreadful on this lake than on the ocean. It discharges its water from the S. E. corner, through the strait of St. Mary, in- to lake Huron ; but the quantity does not appear to be one-tenth part of what is conveyed into it by the rivers. Supino, a town of Naples, in the Molise, with a castle, seated at the source of the Tamara, 17 m. N. by. W. of Benevento. Sur or Sour, a town of Syria, in Palestine, on the coast of the Mediterranean, where stood the famous city of Tyre, destroyed by Alexander the Great. It is now no more than a village, situ- ate on a peninsula which projects from the shore into the sea, in the form of a mallei with an oval head. The village consists of about GO families, who live obscurely on the produce of their little grounds and a trifling fishery, 18 miles S. S. W. of Saida and 60 m. S. W. of Damascus. Sura, a town of Sweden, in Westmanland, 15 m. N. of Stroernsholra . Surat, a city of Hindoostan, in Guzerat, with a strong citadel. The squares are large, and the streets spacious, but not paved, so that the dust is troublesome. Each street has gates of its own, with which it is shut up in times of turbulence. The larger houses are flat roofed, with courts be- fore them ; and those of the common people are high roofed. It is said to have 320,000 inhabitants ; and its trade is considerable, notwithstanding the sandbanks that obstruct the entrance of the Tap- ty, which causes large vessels to load and unload alt Svvally, 15 miles to the W. of Surat. In this city aru Mahometans of several sects, many sorts of Gentoos, and Jews and Christians of various denominations. It is one of the stations of the London Missionary Society. The Ma- hometans at Surat are not. by far, so strict as they are in .Arabia, or in other Turkish countries ; nor are the distinctions of tribes among the Hin- doos who reside here strictly observed. The lat- ter are almost all of the cast of the Banians ; and their skill and dexterity in matters of calculation and economy often raise them to places of con- siderable trust. Some of them are very rich, but all live in a style of moderate simplicity, and wear onh' a plain robe of white cotton. All people of distinction in Surat, and through the rest of India, speak and write the Persian lan- guage ; but in trade, corrupt Portuguese is the language used. This city was long the emporium of the most precious productions of Hindoostan , for hither were brought from the interior parts an immense quantity of goods, which the mer- chants carried in their ships to the Red Sea, the Persian Gulf, the coasts of Malabar and Coro- mandel, and even to China. Since the ri*t of Bombay, however the traffic of this place has greatly declined, and now consists chiefly of raw cotton and a few of its own manufactures. One thing singular in Surat is, that, though there is no hospital for human beings, there is an cxten sive establishment of this nature for sick Oi maimed animals. When th« Europeans turn out an old horse, or any other domestic animal, to perish as useless, the Hindoos voluntari- ly assume the care of it, and place it in this house, which is full of infirm and decrepit cows, sheep, rabbits, hens, pigeons, &c. The country round Surat is fertile, except towards the sea, whereit is sandy and barren. Amongthe animals may be mentioned the Nyl Ghau, a creature some- what between a cow and a deer and of an ashy grey colour. Before the English E. India Company obtained possession of Bombay, Surat was the seat of their presidency, and the centre of their eastern trade. It is situate 20 miles up the river Taptv and 147 m. N. of Bombay. Long. 72, 48. l!., lat. 21. 11. N. Surgooja, a town of Hindoostan, capital of a circar of the sam name, in the province of Orissa. 75 m. N. E. of Ruttunpour and 210 S. S. W. of Patna. Long. 83. 32. E., lat. 23. 6. N. Surguinstille, p.v. Hawkins Co. Ten. 240 m. N. E. Murfreesborough. Surgut, a town of Asiatic Russia, in the gov- ernment of Tobolsk, surrounded by palisadoes, and seated on the Oby, 285 m. N. N. E. of Tobolsk. Long. 73. 30. E., lat. 61. 30. N. Surinam, a country of Guiana, extending 75 miles along a river of the same name. It abounds with game, and singular animals of diffent kinds; the toad, in particular, being remarkable for its enormous size and ugly form. The products are fruits, indigo, sugar, tobacco, gums, and wood for dyeing. The woods are full of mon- keys, and it is said th<;re are serpents 30 feet long. Here is found the Phalanger, or Surinam rat, an animal about the size of a small rabbit. BUS 704 SUN This country was ceded by the English to the Dutch, for iJie province of New Yorii, in 1774 It was taken by the British in 1799, and again in 1804 ; but restored in 1814. The capital is Paramaribo. Suri-agia, a sea-port of Japan, in the island of^ Niphon, capital of a province of the same name with a castle, where the emperors formerly resided. 170 m. E. of Meaco. Lon. 139.5. E., lat. 39. 30. N. Surrey, a county of England, 37 m. long and 27 broad, bounded on the N. by Middlesex, E. by Kent, S. by Sussex, and W. by Hampshire and Berkshire. In 1821 the number of inhabitants was 398,G.'>8. The soil is very different in the ex- treme parts from that in the middle, whence it has been compared to a coarse cloth with a fine bor- der ; for the edge of the country on all sides has a rich soil, extremely fruitful in corn, and grass, particularly on the N. and W. towards the Thames ; but it is far otherwise in the heart of the county, where are wide tracts of sandy ground and barren Iieaiik, and in some places long ridges of hills. It produces corn, boxwood, walnuts, hops, and fullers'-earth. Medicinal herbs are raised to a considerable extent, and about 3,500 acres of land consist of gardens for the supply of the Lon- don market. The principal rivers, besides the Thames (which is the boundary of this country on the N.), are the Mole, Wey, and Wandle. The spring assizes are held at Kingston, and the summer at Guilford and Croydon alternately. Sarry, a county of the E. District of Virginia. Pop. 7,108. A county of N. Carolina. Pop. 14,501. Rockford is the capital; p.t. Hancock Co. Me. Pop. 561 ; p.t. Cheshire Co. N. H. 40 m. S. W. Concord. Pop. 539. Sursee, a town of Switzerland, in the canton of Lucerne, seated on the river Sur, near the lake of Sempach, 12 m. N. W. of Lucerne. Sus, a river of Morocco, which rises in Mount Atlas, flows through the kingdom of Sus, and en- ters the Atlantic at Messa. Its annual inunda- tions enrich the country. Sus, or Suse, a kingdom or province of the em- [Hre of Morocco, bounded on the W. by the At- antic, N. by Morocco Proper, E. by Tafilet, and S. by Darah. It is a flat country, abounding in corn, sugar-canes, and dates. The inhabitants, who are chiefly Berebers, or ancient natives, are distinguished by their industry, and many of them, who live in towns, become opulent, and are much more polite than the natives of Fez and Morocco. In the mountainous part they are entirely free, and are governed by their own chiefs. The prin- cipal towr. is 'l''arudant. Susa, or Sov^a, a sea-port of Tunis, the chief mart of the kingdom for oil and linen, and for- merly a place of some repute : near it are con- siderable remains of ancient buildings. It stands on the E. coast, 75 m. S. E. of Tunis. Long. 11. 15. E., lat. 35. 40. N. Susa, a province of the Sardinian states, in Piedmont, consisting of a broad valley interspersed with steep rocks. It has an area of 700 square m. with 6o,000 inhabitants. Susa, a town of Piedmont, with a strong fort, railed Brunette. Here are four churches and sev- eral religious houses, and near it is a triumphal arch to the honor of Augustus Caisar. It is seat- ed on the Doria, among pleasant mountains, and IB the principal passage out of France into Italy. It was taken by the French in 1799, but restored in 1814. 23 m. W.N.W. of Turin. Long. 7. 16. E., lat. 45. 10. N. Susannah, a village of Clermont Co. Clhio. Susdtd, a town of Russia, in the government of Volodimir, and a bishop's see. It is built of wood and is seated on the Nerl, 90 m. N. E. of Moscow, Long. 40. 25. E., lat. 56. 26. N. Susquehanna, a river of the United States, which issues from the lake Otsego. It crosses three times the line that divides the state of New York from Pennsylvania, after which it flows S. E. t» WilVesbarre, and then S. W. to Sunbury, where it meets the W. branch of the Susquehanna. It then flows by Harrisburg to Havre de Grace, where it enters the head of Chesapeak Bay. To- v/ard its mouth its course is much impeded by falls, and several canals have been formed to assists iU« navigation. Vast quantities of salmon and shau are taken in its waters. Susquehanna, a county of the W. District of Pennsylvania. Pop. 16,777 Montrose is the cap- ital ; p.v. Broome Co. N. Y ; t. Dauphin Co. Pa. Susser., a town of France, department of Upper Vienne, 15 m. S. E. of Limoges. Sussex, a county of England, 70 m. long and 28 where broadest ; bounded on the N. by Surrey, N. E. and E. by Kent, S. by the English Channel, and W. by Hampshire. The number of inhabit- ants in 1821 was 233,019. The soil is various, that of the downs, and thence to the sea, is fer- tile in corn and grass, the latter feeding sheep whose wool is remarkably fine ; the middle abounds with meadows and rich arable ground, and the N. side is shaded with extensive woods, that used to supply fuel for the iron works when they were in a flourishing state. The chief com- modities are corn, malt, cattle, wool, wood, iron, chalk, and glass. Sussex is not distinguished for any manufacture but that of gunpowder at Battel, and of needles at Chichester. Chichester is the capital. Sussex, a county of New Jersey. Pop. 20,349 Newton is the capital ; a county of Delaware. Pop. 27,118. Georgetown is the capital ; a coun- ty of the E. District of Virginia. Pop. 12,720. Susteren, a town of the Netherlands, in the province of Limburg, 2 m. from the river Meuse and 10 S. of Ruremonde. Suther/andshire, a county of Scotland, with about 24,000 inhabitants. Some parts of this county, called forests are trackless deserts, des- titute of trees ; or bleak mountains, abounding with wild roes. In these parts there are few in- habitants, and no villages, but along the frith of Dornoch. The country is populous and well cul- tivated. It has abundance of ironstone, limestone, and slate, and many veins of lead ore. Dornoch is the county town. Sutri, a town of the Papal States, in the patri- mony of St. Peter, seated on the Puzzola, 22 m. N. W. of Rome. Sutton Colefield, a corporate town in Warwick- shire, Eng. Hardware forms the principal article of trade. 110 N. W. of London. Sutlon upon Trent, a small town in Nottingham- shire, Eng. Sutton, p.t. Merrimack Co. N. H. 20 m. N. W Concord. Pop. 1 ,424 ; p.t. Worcester Co Mase 46 m. S. W. Boston, with manufactures of cotton The Blackstone canal passes through this town. Pop. 2,186; p.v. Caledonia Co. Vt. 38 m. N. E. Montpelier. Pop. 1,005. A township of Meiga Co. Ohio. Sutanne, St.. a town of France, in the depart- ment of Mayenne, with a considerable pepper manufacture, 24 m W. of Mans. SWE 705 SWE Sceahorg, a strong fortress of Sweden, built on several rocky islets in the gulf of Finland. In 1808 it surrendered to the Russians. 3 m. S. of Helsingfors. Svenborg, a sea-port of Denmark, in the island of Funen, with the best harbour in the island. Here are manufactures of woolen and linen. 22 m. S. of Odens ;e. Long. 10. 37 E., lat. 55. 9. N. Swaffham, a town in Norfolk, Eng. noted for butter. 93 m. N. E. of London. Swainesborough, p. v. Emanuel Co. Geo. 80 ra S. E. Milledgeville. Sicale, a river in Yorkshire, Eng. This river was held sacred by the Saxons from the circum- stance of upwards of 10,000 persons having been baptized in it by Pauliness, archbishop of York, upon their conversion to Christianity. Swally, a town of Ilindoostan, in Guzerat, with a harbour, where ships receive and deliver their cargoes for the merchants of Surat. It is seated near the gulf of Cambay, 15 m. W. of Surat. 'Long. 72. 3:$. E., lat. 21. 10. N. Sicalwdl, a village in the county of Darham, Eng. Swamp Churches, p. v. Montgomery Co. Pa. Hwan, a township of Hocking Co. Ohio. Sioan River, a river of N. America, which rises m lake Etowwemahmeh, passes through Pwan Lake, and falls into the Mississippi about 40 m. from its source. All the country in the neigh- bourhood of this and Red Deer River abounds in beavers, moose deer, sallow deer, elks, bears, buf- faloes, &c. The soil is good, and promises to re- ward the industrious cultivator. A great number of persons have recently emigrated to this coun- try from Great Britain and Ireland. Swanrille, a township of Waldo Co. Me. 15 m. S. W. Castine. Pop. 633. Swanage, a village in Dorsetshire, Eng. seated on a bay of the same name, in the English Chan- nel, 4 m. E. S. E. of Corfe Castle. Swav.nanoe, p. v. Buncombe Co. N. C. Swaiisborough, p. v. Onslow Co. N. C. 40 m. S. W. Newbern. Swanscomb, a vilkge in Kent, Eng. 2 m. W. by S. of Gravesend. Swansea, a sea-port and borough of Wales, in Glamorganshire. Coal, iron, and limestone abound m its neighbourhood, and great quantities are exported It has a considerable trade to Bris- tol, and extensive works for the smelting of cop- per and lead ore. 206 m. W. of London. Sicanshnls, a town of Sweden, in W. Gothland, 25 m. W. S. W. of Lindkoping. Swanton, a township of Franklin Co. Vt. on L. Champlain 30 m. N. Burlington. Pop. 2,158. Swantotcn, a town in Kent Co. Md. Stoanzey, p.t. Cheshire Co. N. H. 44 m. S. W. Concord. Pop. 1,816; p.t. Bristol Co. Mass. 47 m. S. Boston. Pop. 1,677. Here are manufac- tures of paper and other articles. Swarteberg, a town of Sweden, in W. Gothland, 18 m. N. W.of Uddevalla. Stcartsluys, a town and fortress of the Nether- lands, in Overyssel, seated on the Vecht, 4 m, from its mouth and 8 N. of Zwoli. Sicatara, a river of Pennsylvania flowing into the Susquehanna at Middletown. Also a town- ship of Dauphin Co. Pa. Sweasysviile, a township of Adams Co Mis- souri. Sweden, a kingdom of tJurope, extending 1,000 in. from N. to S. and 300 from E. to W , bounded on the ^f. by Norwegian Lapland, E. by Russia, 69 S. by the gulf of Finland and the Baltic, and W. by the Sound, the Categat, and Norway. It was formerly divided into five general parts ; Sweden Proper, Gothland, Nordland, Lapland, and Fin- land ; and each of these subdivided into provin ces. The greater part of Finland, however, was ceded to Russia in 1808, but in 1814, on ceding the small province of Swedish Pomerania, it ac- quired Norway, including which, and Norwegian Lapland, the total extent of surface may be com- puted at 343,000 sq. m. with a pop. scarcely ex- ceeding 3,500,000. The Pop. of Sweden alone is 2,790,000. The whole country is now divided into 23 gov- ernments, Umea, Hernosand, Gefleborg, Upsal, Stockholm, Westeras, Nykoping, Orebro, Stora Kopparberg or Fahlun, Carlstadt, Lindkoping, Jonkoping, Kronoborg or Wexio, Calmar Carlscrona, Scaraborg, Elfsborg, Gottenburg Halmstadt, Christianstadt, Malmolius, and Wis- by. Though enclosed by mountains on the W. and N., it is in general a very flat country ; and it is remarkable that along the whole road, from Gottenburg in the W. to Stockholm in the E., there is not a single acclivity of consequence, till within a few miles of the latter. It is well watered by rivers (tliough not a single navigable one worth mentioning), numerous lakes, and inland pieces of water, on the banks of which the palaces and villas are usually built. At Stockholm, spring and autumn are scarcely to be perceived ; for winter continues nine months, and summer during the remaining three. In winter the cold is excessive, and the heat in summer is consider- able, the air being serene all that time. During this season all the rocks are quite covered with flowers, and the gardens have plenty of fruits. The trees are early in blossoming, the soil being fat and sulphureous; but the fruits have not so good a taste as in more southern countries. The animals are horses, cows, hogs, goats, sheep, elks, reindeer, bears, wolves, foxes, wild cats, and squirrels. The horses are so little and feeble that seven are put to a travelling carriage, four a breast in the first line, and three in the second ; but a lame or foundered horse is seldom to bo seen, which is attributed, in a great degree, to the manner of stabling them on perforated boards without litter. In some parts are rich silver, cop per, and iron mines, and vast forests of timbei trees. The articles of export, are boards, gun- powder, leather, iron, copper, tallow, skins, pitch, rosin, and masts ; and the imports salt, brandy, wine, linen cloth, stuffs, tobacco, sugar, spice, SWE TM SWE and paper. The inhabitants are of a robust con- stitution, and able to sustain the hardest labour. They are however, more polished than formerly, and have several public schools and colleges, where the arts and sciences are taught. Their houses are generally of wood, with very little art in their construction. The roofs in many places are covered with turf, on which their goats often feed. The form of the Swedish government has fre- quently varied. Before the accession of Gusta- vus 1. it was an elective monarchy. By the union of Calmar, in 1307, it was stipulated that the same monarch should rule over Denmark, Sweden, and Norway ; and hence Sweden be- came a merely tributary kingdom to Denmark. From this stale of subjection to a tyrannical for- eign yoke, it was rescued by Gustavus Vasa, on whom the Swedes, in 1523, conferred the sove- reignty, and made the crown hereditary in his male issue. He was entrusted wilh great pre- rogatives ; and these were augmented by Gusta- vus Adolphus, the rigiit of succession being ex- tended, at the same time, to the female line. In the minority of his daughter Christina, the regnl powers were greatly circumscribed, and the no- bles acquired such an exorbitant authority as gave great umbrage to the clergy, citizens, and peasants. This proved a favourable opportunity for Charts XI. to obtain from the states a formal cession of\ absolute sovereignty, which quietly devolved upon his son, Charles XII. Upon the death of the latter, the Swedes conferred the crown upon Ulrica Eleonora, his youngest sister, stipulating, at the same time, great limits to the prerogative. Ulrica resigned the crown to her consort Frederic I. From this period the Swe- dish monarch was the most limited one in Europe, till 1772, when Gustavus III. effected a revolu- tion, by which he regained the most essential royal prerogatives, without, however, being an absolute monarch. He was assassinated in 1792, leaving his son Gustavus Adolphus, a minor, who attain- ed his majority in 179G. This prince was de- posed on the 1st of May, 1809. and his uncle, the duke of Sudermania, was called to the throne. But soon after his accession, in consequence of the sudden death of his son, the crown prince, he assembled the diet of the kingdom, in order to choose a successor to the throne. The Swe- disn diet met for this purpose at Orebro, on the 8th of August 1810, and, after a short speech from the king, they elected the French raarsiial, prince of Ponto Corvo, to the dignity of crown princeof Sweden. This person, though a French- man and raised to rank and eminence under Bon- aparte greatly distinguished himself in the ser- vice of the allies in 1813, at the head of the Swedish army, and in 1814 secured Norway to 8\'eden by the treaty of Kiel. The established religion if> the Lutheran, and they have one arch- bishop anc. 13 bishops. Stockholm is the capital. The annual revenue is 4,500,000 dollars : the pub lie debt 1 7,204 ,812 dollars. The army amounts to 45,000 men. Sweden, p.t. Oxford Co. Me. 52 m. N. W. Portland Pop. 487 ; p.t. Monroe Co. N. ra. W. Rochester. Pop. 2,938. Swcdexliorovfrk, p. v. Gloucester Co. N. J. 16 m. S. W. Philadelphia Siceiny, a town of the kingdom of Darfoor, and a place of general resort for merchants trading to Egypt. 45 in. N. of Cobbe. iwe«r's Island, an island on the coast of New Y, 15 Holland, about 8 m. in length, situated at the bot- tom of the gulf of Carpentaria. Long. 139. 45. E., lat. 11. 8. S. Stceet Springs, p.v. Monroe Co. Va. ; 93 m. S, W. Staunton. Here are some mineral springs. Sweetsville, p.v. Marion Dis. S. C. Sweet Water Valley, p.v. Maria Co. Ten 148 m S. E. Murfreesboroufirh. Swindon, a town in Wiltshire, 83 m. W. of London. Sioinemunde, a town of the Prussian states, in Pomerania, in the isle of Usedorn ; situate at the mouth of the river Swine, 13 m. P',. by iS'. of Use- dorn. Long. 14. 12. E., lat. 53. 56. N. Swineslicad, a town in Lincolnshire, Eng., G m. E. of Boston and 110 N. of London. Sicinna, a small island of Scotland, one of th Orkneys, situate near the middle of the Pentlant frith. Here are two whirlpools, thiit are dan- gerous to mariners, particularly in a calm. Switzerland, a country of Europe, bounded, on the N. and E. by Germany, S. by Italy, and W. by France. It is 220 m. lung and 140 broad, and is separated from the adjacent countries by higli mountains, called the Alps. Switzerland has been divided, since 1815, into 22 cantons, name- ly, Lucerne, Uri, Schweitz, Undervvalden, Zug, Friburg, Soleure, Tesino, Valais, Bern, Basel, Schaffhausen, Zurich, Vaud, Neufchatel, Gene- va, Appenzel, Claris, Grisons, St. Gall,Tinirgau^ and Aargau. The first nine are Catholics, the next seven are Calvinists, and the others contain both religions. Each canton has its distinct in- ternal government. The general government of the country is by a diet, composed of a mem- ber from each canton, which assembles annually in June at Friburg, Bern, Soleure, Basil, Zurich, or Lucerne, in rotation ; and the president is styled Landamman of Switzerland. The diet de clares war, concludes peace, makes alliances with foreign states, and also decides on all treaties on commerce. There are four passages over the Alps into Italy from Switzerland ; the first is be yond the lake of Geneva, over Mount Cenis, which leads to Savoy ; the second begins in the country of the Grisons, crosses Mount St. Ber- nard, and leads to the valley of Aosta in Pied- mont ; the third begins in the country of the Grisons, crosses Mount Simplon, and leads to the duchy of Milan ; the fourth crosses Mount St Gothard, and the bailiwics of Italy, and termi- nates in the Milanese. The principal lakes are those of Constance, Geneva, Lucerne, Zurich, and Neufchatel. The most considerable rivers are the Rhine, Rhone, Aar, Arve, Reuss, and Limmat. Switzerland exceeds every country in the world in diversity of appearance : the vas' chain of-A-ips, with enormous precipices cxten^ sive regions oKperpetual snow, and glaciers that resemble seas df ice, are contrasted by the vino- yard and cultivated field, the richly wooded brow and the verdiAt v.-Jley with its "cryslal stream. Agriculture, cannot, of course, be carried to ^reat extent, but the grain produced is sufficient for domestic consumption. The chief riches consist of excellent pastures, in which many cattle are bred and fattened, and the goats and chamois feed on the mountains and in the woods. The men are strong and robust. The women are tolerably handsome, and are in general very industrious. The peasants retain their old manner of dress, and are content to live upon milk, butler, and cheese ; and there are some of the mountaineerg who never have any bread. In 1797, the parti- SYE 7or ITR zans of France having excited disturbances in Swit2erland, the French entered the country ; and, after defeating the troops and the peasants, who opposed them in several battles, they abol- ished the constitutions of the principal cantons, erected what was termed the Helvetic Republic, and vested the goveinment in two councils and a directory. This constitution was abolished, in 1302, by the firstconsulof France, and another was presented for their acceptance, but rejected ; he offered them a new one in 1803, which they consented to accept. In December, 1813, the al- lied armies traversed the country, for the pur- pose of invading France, when soipe partial changes again took place in the administration of Switzerland, which was the cause of violent commotions amongst several of the cantons ; but, in 1814, on the meeting of the diet, these disturb- ances were appeased, and on the 8th of Septem- ber a federal compact was signed at Zurich. The population of Switzerland in 1827 was 2,037,030. The revenue is about 2,500,000 dollars. The army amounts to 15,000 men. SwUzr.rland, a. county of Indiana. Pop. 7,111. Vevay is the capital. Smobestoton, p.v. Lancaster Co. Pa. Sya, a town of Sweden, in W. Gothland, 13 m. S. W. of Lindkoping. Sycamore, a township of Hamilton Co. Ohio. Pop. 2,779. A township of Crawford Co. Ohio. Sydney Bay, a bay on the S. side of Norfolk Isl- and, in the S. Pacific, formed by Point Hunter and Point Ross, which are nearly 2 m. asunder. Long. 168. 12. E., lat. 20. 4. S. Sydney, a town of New S. Wales, founded by governor Phillips, on a cove of Port Jackson, in 1788, as a British settlement for the colony of con- victs originally intended for Botany Bay. It is now Jie principal seat of the government, and has a 1 andsome church, an orphan school, a commodi- Ci3 gaol, a military hospital, a naval yard, a good market, tVc. The governor's house is buill of stone, and has a very good appearance ; the lieu- tenant-governor's is of brick as are also those be- longinff to the judge and the commissary. The generality of the houses are built of logs and plas- tered, and all the roofs are covered either with shingles or thatch. It is situate on the S. side of the .'larbour of Port Jackson . Long. 151.23., E, lat. 33. 48. S. Syene, or Asvan, a town of Egypt, with a small fort, on the right bank of the Nile. It was an- ciently a city, and celebrated for the first attempt to ascertain the circumference of the earth by Eratosthenes, a native of Cyrene, about the year 275 B. C. The remains of the ancient town are on an eminence to the S. where columns and pil- lars of granite scattered here and there denote its situation. Near it on a small island in the Nile anciently called Elephantina, are the ruins of a temple of Cnuphis. 400 m. S. of Cairo. Long. 33. 20. E., lat. 24. 0. N. Sylt, au island of Denmark, on the W. coast of Jutland, of an irregular form, about 40 m. in cir- cumference, but in no part above 2 m. from the sea. Great quantities of oysters are found here. The chief town is Morsum. Long. 8. 26. E., lat 54. 57. N. Sylvania, p.v. Bradford Co. Pa. Sylves, a town of Portugal, in Algarva, situate on a river of the same name, 15 m. E. N. E. of Lagos and 42 W. of Tavira. Symnies, townships in Lawrence and Hamilton Cos. Ohio. Sympheropcl, the capital of the Crimea, or Rus- sian province of Taurida. The houses are built of stone, and roofed in the ancient Greek style, with tiles. There are likewise numerous modern handsome buildings, for the residence of the gov- ernor, judges, and other civil officers. The old Tartar part of the town, called Achmetshet, is dirty and ill built. The environs are beautiful; and 2 m. to the E. of the city is the mountain Tchatirdagh, the highest in the Crimea, and the Mons, Berosus of the ancients. Sympheropcl is situate on the Salgir, the principal river of the province, Go m. W. bv S. of Caffa, and 90 S. by E. of Precob. Long." 34. 0. E., lat. 44. 52. N. Syracuse, a sea-port of Sicily, in Val di Noto and a bishop's see, with a fine harbour, defended by a castle. It was once the metropolis of all Sicily ; war, tyranny, and earthquakes have reduc- ed it to less than one-fourth of its former size, when it was deemed one of the most famous cities in the world, and 22 in. in compass. Near this place in 1718, there was a sea-fight between the Span- iards and English, in which the latter were victo- rious. It is seated near the sea, 72. m. S. by W. of Messina and 110 S. E. of Palermo. Long. 15. 10. £., lat. 37.5. N. Syracuse, p.v. Onondaga Co. N. Y. 155 m. W. Albany, on the Erie Canal , at the point where a branch strikes off to Lake Ontario along Oswego river. Great quantities of salt are manufactured here from the water of a spring, a mile and a half from the town. The water is brought from the spring by aqueducts and is evaporated in the sun. The vats cover 160 acres. Syria, or Suristan, a province of Turkey in Asia, bounded on the N. by Natolia and Diarbeck, E. by the latter and the deserts of Arabia, S. by Arabia Petrsea, and W. by the Mediterranean. Under the general name of Syria was included the an- cient Phoenicia, lying S. of Syria Proper. This province abounds in oil, corn, and several sorts of fruits, as well as peas, beans, and all kinds )f pulse and garden-stuff; but it would produ'>a much more than it does, if it were well cultivate 1 ; for there are the finest valleys in the world, t >- tween mountains whose sides are proper for the cultivation of tobacco, olives, and vines. The Jerboa, a pretty little animal somewhat like a mouse is common here. The inhabitants have a trade in silk, camlets, and salt. Sy»ia was pos sessed bv a succession of foreign nations, before the time' of Ptolemy, when it became a province of the Roman empire. Five centuries after, when the sons of Theodosius div.ded their inunenw TAB 70& TAD patrhnony, this country was annexed to the em- pire of Constantinople. In this situation it con- tinued till the year 622, when the Arabian tribea, under the banners of Mahomet, seized or rather laid it waste. Since that period it has been torn to pieces by the civil wars of the Fatemites and Ommiades — wrested from the califFs by their re- bellious jrovernors — taken from them by the Turk- men soldiers — invaded by the European crusades — retaken by the Mamelukes of K^jypt — and ra- vaged by Tamerlane and his Tartars ; it fell, at length, into the hands of the Ottoman Turks, who have been its masters nearly three centuries. It is divided into five pachalics, or governments j Aleppo, Tripoli, Damascus, Acre, and Palestine. Aleppo is the capital. Syriam, a sea-port of Birmah, in Pegu,seated at the head of a river of the same name, opposite the mouth of Pegu River, 2 m. to the S. is rhe great pagoda of Syriam. 8 m. E. by N. of Rangoon and 60 S. of Pegu. Long. 96. 17. E., lat. 16. 50. N. Syrk, a town of France, department of Moselle, 14 m. S. E. of Ijuxemburg. Szekely, a town of Hungary, 18 m. E. S. E. of Debreezen. Szluin, a district of Austria, in Croatia, com- prising an area of 320 sq. m., with 40,000 inhabit- ants. It has a small town of the same name, on the Crona, 24 m. S. by E. of Carlstadt. Szucca, a town of W. Prussia, seated on th« Vistula, 12 m. S. by W. of Culm. T TAAIF, a town of Arabia, in the province of Hedjas, with a considerable trade in raisins and almonds, and other fruits. It is situate on a lof- ty mountain, 60 m. S. E. of Mecca. Long. 41. »>. E., lat. 21.5. N. Toms, a strong city of Arabia, in the province of Yemen, with a fortress. Here is the tomb of a saint, who, according to tradition, was kino- of the country. The city is seated at the foot o? a fertile hill, 48 m. E. N. E. of Mocha. Long. 44. 10. E., lat. 13. 45. S. Taasinae, an island of Denmark, between those of Langeland and Funen, 8 m. long and 4 broad. Long. 10. 37. E., lat. 54. 48. N. Taata, a town of Upper Egypt, 1. m. from the Nile. It is the residence of a governor, has ma- ny curious remains of antiquity, and is 200 m. S. of Cairo. Long. 31. 25. E., lat. 26. 56. N. Tabaga, an island in the bay of Panama, 4 m. long and 3 broad. It is mountainous, but abounds with fruit-trees. Long. 80. 16. W., lat. 7. 50. Taharca, an island on the coast of Barbary, at the mouth of the Zaine. It was fortified, and had a populous city of the same name, when under. tJie dominion of the Genoeno, who had a coral fishery here. But in 1757, on the Genoese at- temping to transfer the island to France, the Ta- bareans surrendered their city to Tunis; and they were cruelly deceived by the bey, for he razed the fortifications, and took away most of the inhabi- tants as slaves 50 n:. W. 2^. W. of Tunis. Long. 9. 16. E., lat. 36. 50. N. Taharia, the ancient Tiberias, a town of Pales- tine, situate on the W. side of a lake, formerly called the sea of Tiberias, 50 m. N N. E. of Je- rusalem and 70 S. S. W. of Damascus. Long. 35. 45. E., lat. 32. 40. N. Tabasco, a province of Mexico, bounded on the iV. by the bay of Campeachy, E. by Jucatan, S. by Chiapa, and W. by Guaxaca. It is 100 m. long and 50 broad, and its chief riches consist in cocoa-nuts. There are showers every day for nine months in the year. Tabasco, the capital of the above province, call- ed by the Spaniards Nuestra Senora de la Vit- toria, from a great victory obtained here by Cortes on his first arrival. It is situate on an island of the same name, 30 m. long and 10 broad, form- ed by the river Tabasco and that of St. Peter and Paul, and on the bay of Campeachy, 270 m. N. E. of Chiana. Long. 93. 20. W., lat. 18. 20. N. Taberg, a town of Sweden, noted for its rich mines of iron, 10 m. S. of Jonkoping. Taberg, p.v. Oneida Co. N. Y. 118 m. N. W. of Albany. Table Bay, See Cape of Good Hope. Table Island, one of the New Hebridgcs, in the S. Pacific. Long. 167. 7. E., lat 15. 38. S. Taboo, a town of Cassina, the capital of a coun- try lying to the E. of Zahara. It is 280 m. N. by W. of Agades. Long. 12. 10. E., lat. 24. 0. N. Tabor, a town of Bohemia, in the circle of its name. The Hussites, under their celebrated gen eral Zisca, fortified it, and made it their princi- pal retreat. It is seated on a mountain of the same name, by the river Luschnitz, 11 m. N. N. E. of Bechin. Tabor, a mountain of Palestine, which com- mands a view of the Jordan, the lake Gennesa- reth, and the Mediterranean. 6 m. S. of Naza- reth. Tdbris. See Tauris. Tabristan, a province of Persia, on the S. shore of the Caspian Sea, bounded by Astrabad on iht, E. and Chilan on the W. Tacames. See ^tacama. Tacazze, a river which rises in Abyssinia, flows N. W. into Nubia, and joins tlie Nile at Ilak. Tachau, a town of Bohemia, in the circle of Pilsen, on the riv«r Mies, 28 rn. W. of Pilsen. Taenia, a town of the republic of Mexico, in a district of its name. 6 m. W. N. W. of Mex- ico. Tadcaster, a town in W. Yorkshire, Eng. a market on Wednesday, on the river Wharf, over which is one of the finest bridges in the county built with the materials which once formed the castle that stood on the S. bank of the river. 10 m. S. W. of York and 186 N. by W. of London TAl 709 TAL Tadivan, or Taduan, a town of Persia, in Far- istan, situate in a fruitful valley, GO m. S. of Shiras Tadmor. See Palmyra. Tadousac, a town of Lower Canada, which is of freat resort for trading with the Indians who bring ilher fur* to exchange for cloth and other Eu- ropean goods. It is situate at the- mouth of the Saguenav, on the river St. Lawrence 18 m. N. E. of Quebec. Long. 69. 35. W., lat. 43. 5. N. Tafalla, a town of Spain, in Navarre, with a university. Charles II., king of Navarre, built a palace here, which he made his ordinary resi- dence ; and Philip IV. honoured the town with the title of city. It is seated on the Cidazzo, in a country producing good wine, 18 m. S. of Pam- plona. Long. 1. 3G. W., lat. 42. 29. N. Tafilet, a kingdom of Barbary, on the E. side of Mount Atlas, tributary, to Morocco. It is bound- ed on the N. by Algiers, E. by the Beriberes, S. by Zahara, and VV. by Darah and Morocco. The country is sandy and mountainous, but produces wheat and oarley by the sides of the rivers. The inhabitants live upon camels' flesh and dates, and they breed horses to sell to foreigners. The Arabs live in tents and the Beriberes, tlie ancient inhab- itants, dwell in villages. Tafilet, the capital of the above kingdom, with a castle. It is a trading place, and seated on a river of its name, 275 m. S. E. of Morocco. Long. 4. 20. W., lat. 30.40. N. Tdcranrog, a sea-port and fort of Russia, situate on the N. W. extremity of the sea of Asoph. It is the largest and best port on this sea ; carries on a considerable trade with Constantinople and the Archipelago, particularly in corn and but- ter ; and is employed in ship-building. 33 m. W. N. W. of Asoph. Long. 18.40. E., lat. 47. 14. N. Tugkannuc Moiintains, a branch of the Green- Mountain chain, extending from Vermont through the western part of Massachusetts into Connecti- cut. The highest summit is Saddle Mountain, which See. Twrliacozza, a town of Naples, in Abruzzo Ul- tra, 18 m. S. W. of Aquilla and 33 E. N. E. of Rome. Tdtrliamento, a river of Austrian Italy, which rises in the Alps, on the frontiers of Germany, and runs S. through Friuli and Trevisano, into the gulf of Venice. Tagoast. or l^igarast, a town of Western Africa, in the province of Sus, by some said to have been the birthplace of St. Augustiu. A great many Jews live here, who carry on considerable trade. It is fc.'^ated in a fertile plain, 37 m. S. of Tarudant. Tugiimadert, a town of the kingdom of Darah, with a strong castle on a mountain, seated on the river Darah, 2;) m. S. of Tattah. TuiTUs, or Tajo, a river which has its source on the confines of Arragon, in Spain, runs through New Castile, by Aranjuez, Toledo, and Talavera, whence it proceeds by Alcantara, in Estremadura, when entering Portugal, it flows by Abrantes and Santarem, below which it forms the harbour of Lisbon, and then enters the Atlantic Ocean. Tai, a lake of China, in the provinces of Kiang- nan and Tche-kiang, nearly 50 leagues in circum- ference, and 75 m. S. E. of Nan-king. Taief, a town of Arabia Deserta, in Hedsjas, with a castle on a mountain, 60 m. S. E. of Mec- ca. Tailleborg, a town of France, department of Lower Charente, 30 m. S. E. of Rochelle. Tarn, a borough of Scotland, ia Ross-shire, with a large square tower adorned with five spires, and an elegant church, formerly collegiate. It is seat- ed near the frith of Dornoch, 10 m. N. of Cromar- ty. Long..3. 51. VV.,lat. 57. 46. N. Tai-ouan, a city and sea-port, capital of the is- land of Formosa. The streets are nearly straight from 30 to 40 feet in breadth, and some of them above 2 m. in length. They are coverel seven months in the yearVith awnings, to defend, them from the heat of the sun. The harbour is sheltered from every wind. It is seated on the W. side of the island. 'iiOng. 120. 30. E., lat 23. 25. N. f Tai-ping, a city of Chifla, of the first rank, in the province of Kiansr-nan, seated on the Kian- ku, 25 m. S. S. W. of^Nan-king. Long. 118. 15. E.,lat.32. 26. N. Tai-ping, a strong city of China, of the first rank, in the province of Quang-si, seated on a point of land, almost surrounded by a river, 360 m. W. by S. of Canton. Long 107. 0. E , lat. 22. 36. N. ^ Tai-tckeou, a city of China, of the first rank, in the province of Tche-kiang, seated on the bank of a river, in a mountainous country, 720 m. S. S. E. of Pekin. Long 121 . 2. E., lat. 28. 55. N. Tai-tong, a strong city of China, of the first rank, in the province of Chan-si, seated near tlie Great Wall, in a mountainous country, 155 m. W. of Pekin. Long. 1 13. 0. E., lat. 40 5. N. Tai-yu(.n, a city of China, capital of the province of Chan-si. It is 8 m. in circumference, but much decayed since it was the residence of the princes of the last imperial family of Tai-ming- tchao. 220. S. W of Pekin. Long. HI. 56. E., lat. 37. 54. N. Talvcda, a townof Hindoostan, in Mysore, with a celebrated temple. It is 24 m. E. S. E. of Mysore. Talavera, a town of Spain, in New Castile, with a fort. It has manufactures of silk, and a potte- ry. A very obstinate battle was foujrht in its vi- cinity between the British and French armies in 1809. It is seated on the Tagus, in a valley abounding in corn, fruits, and excellent wine, 58 m. S. W of Madrid. Long. 4. 1. W.. lat. 39 41. N. Talbot, a county of Maryland. Pop. 12,947. Easton is the capital. Talcaguajia, a sea-port of Chile, on the S. E. shore of tlie bay of Concepcion,and near the ruins of the old city of Concepcion. It is now the only Spanish settlement in the bay. 9 m. from the new city of Concepcion. Long. 73. 0. W., lat. 36. 42. S. Ta-li^n city of China, of the first rank, in the province of Yun-nan. Here are made curious ta- bles and ornaments of fine marble, which is nat- urally beautiful with different colors, representinu- mountains, flowers, tre?s and rivers 160 m. W. N. W. of Yun-nan. Long. 100. 6. E., lat. 24. 54. N. ^ . ' Tallahas.iee, p.t. the seat of government for the territory of Florida, in Leon Co. stands on Wa- kulla river, 25 m. from the gulf of Mexico. It has . a healthy situation and the country around it is fertile, but the place is yet in its infancy ; it has been incorporated as a citv. Lat. 30. 27. N. 220 m. E. Pensaoola, 2J3 N. W. St. Augustine, Pop. 2,633. ' ^ Tatlano, a sea-port of Corsica, siiua«e on the gulfof Tallano, 24 m. N. N. W. of Bonifacio, and 39S. S. W.ofCorte. Long. 9. 18. JI. lat. 15. 20 N 30 TAN 710 TAP Tallapoosa, the eastern branch of Alabama river Tallerd, a town of France, department of Upper Alps, seated on the Durance. 9 m. S of Gap. Tallmirdger, p.t. Portage Co. Ohio, with a coal mine. Pop. 1,220. Talmont, a town of France, in the department of. Lower Charente, with a harbour, near the mouth of the Gironde, 20 m. S. W. of Saintes. Talnere, a celebrated town and fortress of Hin- doostan, in the province of Khandeish, taken by the British in 1818. Long. 75. 2 E., lat. 21. 13. N. Tumalameca, a town of Terra Firma, in the pro- vince of St. Martha, seated on the Majrdalena, 140 m. S. of St. Martha. Long. 74. 15. W., lat. 9. 6. N. Tamanah,&town of Hindoostan, in the province of Concan, 24 m. S. by E. of Gheriah. Tamara, the capital of the island of Socotera, with a good harbour. The trade consists chiefly in aloes, frankincense, amberjrris, and dragons - blood. It is seated on a bay, on'the N. coast of the island. Long. 53. 45. E., lat. 11. 56. N. Tamarica, or Itamaria, a province of Brazil, be- tween Paraiba on the N., and Pernambuco on the S. On the coast is an island ot the same name, 24 m. in length, which has a harbour, and good fresh water. Long. 35. 5. W., lat. 7. 56. N. Tambov, a government of European Russia, to the W. of those of Penna, and Saratov. It is di- vided into 12 circles, and contains an area of 21.000 sq. m. with 1,140,000 inhabitants. The soil in the S. part is very fertile ; in the N. it is sandy, and in many parts woody and fertile. It IS watered by a number of lakes and rivers. Tambov, a town of Russia, capital of the above government, and a bishop's see, with manufac- tures of woolen, linen, canvas and alum. It is seated on the Tzna, which flows into the Moks- cha, 228 m. S. E. of Moscow. Long. 41. 45. E., lat. 52. 44. N. Tamieh, a town of Egypt, on a canal which com- municates with the Nile, 12 m. N. E. ofFayoum. Tampico, a sea-port of Mexico, on the gulf of Me.xico, with a tolerable harbour, vvhich however only admits small vessels. It has a considerable commerce with the United Stales and Europe. Lat. 22. 40. N. Long. 98. 36. W. 30 m. S. E. Panuco. Trtm?oori6 m. N. N. E. of St. Salvador de Jujui. Long. 64. 50. W., lat. 21. 40. S, Tarku, the capital of the province of Daghes- tan, seated on the W. coast of the Caspian Sea, 52 m. S. S. E. of Terki and 300 N. N. E. of Tau. ris. Long. 47. 5. E., lat. 45. 50. N. Tarlton, p.v. Pickaway Co. Ohio. Tarma, a town of Peru, capital of a province of its name, which has many mines of silver, and feeds abundance of cattle. 12() m. N. E. of Lima. Tarn, a department of France, including part of Languedoc. It takes its name from a river, which rises in the department of Lozere, and flows by Mithoud, Alb}', Guillac, Montauban, and Moissac into the Garonne. The superficial extent is estimated at 2,100 sq. m. with 300,000 inhabitants, of whom upwards of 40,000 are Pro- testants. Castres is the capital. Tarn-et- Garonne, a department of France, formed of portions of the departments of Lot and Upper Garonne, in 1808. It has an area of 1,500 sq. m. with 250.000 inhabitants, of whoin about 30,000 are Protestants. Montauban is the capital. Tarnopol, a town of Austrian Galicia, capital of a circle of its name, with a brisk trade ; seated on the Sereth. 84 m. E. of [.lemberg. Tarnoio, a town of Austrian Galicia, capital of a circle of the same name, and a bishop's see, seated on the Danajee, 47 m. E. of Cracow. Tamoicitz, a town of Prussian Silesia, with a valuable iron mine, [t stands near the frontiers of Poland, 38 m. E. S. E. of Oppeln. Taro, a town of Italy, in the grand duchy of Parma, on the river Taro, 28 m. S. W. of Parma. Tarporley, a town in Cheshire, with a market on Thursday, II m. E. S. E. of Chester and 173 K- W. of London. Tarragona, a sea-port of Spain, in Catalonia, and a bishop's see. It was very powerful in the time of the Romans, and has many noble monu- ments of antiquity. The cathedral is worthy of notice for its vast dimensions, the elegance of its Gothic architecture, and a magnificent chapel built with rich marble and jasper. The ordinary exports are wine and brandy ; but its harbour is dangerous, and not mucii frequented. This town was taken by storm, by the French, in 1810, when it was nearly reduced to ashes. It is seated on a hill, at the mouth of the Francoli, in the Medi- terranean, 54 m. W. S. W. of Barcelona and 260 E. by N. of Madrid. Long. 1. 16. E. lat. 41. 10. N. Tarrega, a town of Spain, in Catalonia, situate on a hill, on the river Cervera, 33 m. N. by W. of Tarragona Tarsus. See Terasso. Tartary, a country of Asia, which, taken in ita ntmost limits, reaches from the eastern oaean to the Caspian Sea, and from Corea, China, Thibet, Hindoostan, and Persia, to Russia and Siberia. It lies between 55. and 135. E. 'ong., and between 35. and 55. N., lat., being 3,600 m. in length and 960 in extreme breadth, but not above 330 in the narrowest part. It may be considered under two grand divisions; namely. Eastern and Western TAT 719 TAV Tartary. The greatest part of the former belongs to the emperor of China, is tributary to him, or is under his protection. It is divided into three piovinces, Tcitcicar, Kirin, and Leao-tong. A considerable part of Western Tartary has been conquered by the Russians ; and that part of it E. from the mountains of Imaus, or Belur, to the Caspian Sea, has for many ages been attached to Persia, and is called Independen^ Tartary. These vast countries include all the central part of Asia, and are inhabited by Tartars of different denomi- nations and different manners. For various par- ticulars concerning them, sec the articles Circas- sia, Crimea, Cossacs, Georgia, Imeritia, KaLmucs, Mandshars, Mingreiia, Mongolia, Osdetia, Samoy- edcs, and Usbecs. Tartas, a town of France, department of Landea. The Midouse runs through it; and on one side of this river it rises in the form of an amphithea- tre. It is 12 m. N. E. of Dax. Tarudant, a town of W. Africa, capital of the province of Sua, and the residence of a governor, or some sheriff related to ihe emperor of Morocco. 120 m. S. W. of Morocco. Long. 8. 35. W., lat. 29. 58. N. Tarwis, a town of Austrian Illyria, in Carin- thia, seated on the rivulet called Gailitz. 28 m W. S. W. of Clagenfurt. Tashkund, a city of Independent Tartary, capi- tal of apart of the province of Turkestan. It is seated on the Sihon, 210 m. N. of Samarcand. Long. G4. 48. E., lat. 42. 40. N. Tasmans Land, a peninsula, connected with Van Diemen's Land by an isthmus 1,800 feet long and 600 broad. TassacoTla, a town of the isle of Palma, one of the Canaries. It lies S. W. of St. Cruz, and be- ing exposed to westerly winds is little frequent- ed, but by boats. Long. 17. 58. W., lat. 28. 38. N. Tassasudon, the capital of Bootan, a feudatory country of Thibet. The castle, or palace, is an extensive quadrangular building of stone, witli accommodation for the raja, or lama, all the offi- cers of state, a very numerous establishment of Gylongs, and a temple of the great idol Maha- moonie. It ia seated on the Tchintchieu, in a well-cultivated valley, surrounded by mountains, 280 m. S. S. W. of Lassa. Long. 89. 40. £., lat. 27. 49. N. Tassing, an island of Denmark, between P^uen and Langeland, separated from the former by a ptrait. It is 18 m. in circuit, and has a town of the same name. Long. 10. 47. E., lat. 55. 7. N. Tate, a township of Clermont Co. Ohio. Tatnall, a county of Georgia. Pop. 2,0.39. Talta, a city of Hindoostan, capital of an ex- tensive district of its name, in the province of Sindy. It is seated on a branch of the river Sinde or Indus, called the Richtel River. In the 17th century it was very extensive and populous, possessing manufactures of silk, wool, and cot- ton ; and it was celebrated for its cabinet ware. Little of these now remain, and the limits of the city are very circumscribed. The Indus, and its branches, admit of an uninterrupted navigation from Tatta to Moultan, Lahore, and Cashmere, for vessels of nearly 200 tons ; and a very exten- sive trade was carried on between those places, in the time of Aurungzebe ; but this trade is now much diminished, owing to a bad government in Sindy, and to a hostile disposition of the Seiks. 280 m. W. N. W. of Amedabad and 390 S. S. W. of Moultan. Long. 07. 37. E., lat. 24. 50. .N. Tattah, a town on the common fronoiers of Morocco, Darah, and Tafilet, and in the route from Morocco to Timbuctoo. 170 m. S. by £. of Morocco. Long. 6. 15. W., lat. 28. 25. N. Tatlershall, a town in Lincolnshire, Eng., 123 m. N. E. of London. Tauckel. a town of Prussia, in Pomerelia, seat- ed on the Verd, 30 m. N. W. of Culm. Taumaco, a town of European Turkey, in the province of Janna, 18 m. N. W. of Zeiton. Taumago, a fertile island in the Pacific Ocean, 24 m. in circuit, discovered by Quiros in 1G06. Long. 170. 45. W., lat. 13. 0. S. Taunton, a river of Massachusetts flowing S. W. into Narraganset Bay. It is navigable 20 m. to Taunton for vessels of 50 tons. Taunton, p.t. Bristol Co. Mass. on the above river, 32 ni. S. Boston. Pop. C,045. Here are large and thriving manufactures of cotton, iron, copper, lead, and Britannia ware. 7,500,000 yards of calico are made here yearly. Taunton, a borough in Somersetshire, Eng. The silk trade furnishes the principal employ- mentofthe inhabitants, the manufacture of coarse woolen goods, which was formerly carried on here to considerable extent, having been trans- ferred to Wellington and other neighbouring towns. 141 m. W. by S. of London. TaureuM, an isle of France, department of Fin- isterre, at the mouth of the river Morlaix, with a fort to defend the port of Morlaix. Taurida. See Crimea. Tauris, or Taliris, a city of Persia, capital of Aderbeitzan, and formerly the capital of Persia. It is of an irregular ficrure, and has neither walls nor fortifications. The river Spingtrha flows through it, and the Agi passes on the N. sids of the city. The bazaars, from their largeness, the beautiful domes with which they are covered and the merchandise with which they are filled, make as fine an appearance as any in Asia. Here were formerly 300 caravanseras so spacious that 300 persons might lodge in each ; and the mosques and baths were grand and magnificent structures. In 1724 it was terribly shaken by an earthquake, and nearly 100,000 persons perished. Soon after this calamity the Turks laid siege to it, and they were driven away with great loss but they took it the next year after a bloody con- test, in which the Persians lost 30,000 men and the Turks 20,000. Of 250 mosques, mentioned by Chardin, the ruins of three on\y are visible. The inhabitants carry on a good trade in cotton, cloth, silks, gold and silver brocades, fine turbans, and shagreen leather. It is seated in a fertile plain, at the foot of a mountain, 95 m. S. E. of Naksivan and 320 N. W. of Ispahan. Long. 48. 0. E. lat. 38. 2S. N Taurus, or Kuron, a chain of mountains in Asia, which begins near the shores of the Archi- pelago and extends GOO m. to the river Euphrates. The Taurian chain was formerly considered as extending to the sources of the Ganges, and the extremities of Asia, so far as discovered by the ancients ; but various parts of it were known by different names. Taus, a town of Bohemia, in the circle of Pil- sen, 31 m. S. S. W. of Pilsen. Tavastland, a district of European Russia, in the middle of Finland, 150 m long and 100 broad. The N. part is mountainous and woody, but the greater part consists of fertile plains, watered by numerous rivers and lakes. Notwithstandinu- the goodness of the soil, in which it is scarcely surpas >f TCH 718 TCH sed by any pro nnce in Sweden, it is far from be ing well cultivated; and the peasants are gener- ally poor The chief trafflc is in corn, flax, hemp, dried fish, cattle, leather, tallow, and lime. Tacastus, or Tavastborg, a town of Finland, formerly capital of the district of Tavastland. It has a strong castle, and is seated on a river which flows into the lake Wana, 110 m. E. N. E. of Abo. Taverna, a town of Naples, in Calabria Ultra, 20 m. E. N. E. of Nicastro. Tavira, or Tavila, a sea-port of Portugal, in Al- garva, with a castle, and one of the best harbours in the kingdom, defended by two forts. It is seated at the mouth of the Gilaon, in the gulf of Cadiz, 96 m. N. W. of Cadiz and 136 S. E. of Lis- bon. Long. 7. 36. W., lat. 37. 8. N. Tavistock, a borough in Devonshire, Eng. with a manufacture of serges. In its vicinity was born the famous sir Francis Drake. It is seated on the river Tavy, 32 m. W. by S. of Exeter and 207 of London. Tavoy, a sea-port on the W. coast of Siam, in a district of its name, which was wrested from the Siamese by the Birnians, and subsequently ceded to the British in 1824-5. The town is 150 m. W. N. W. of Siam. Long 98. 20. E., lat. 14. 45. N. Taxahaio, p. v. Lancaster Dis. S. C. Tay, a river of Scotland, which rises on the W. borders of Perthshire, flows through Loch Tay to Dunkeld, Perth, and Newburg, below which to the sea (above 20 miles) it may be deem- ed a continued harbour, and is called the Frilh of Tay, having Fifeshire on one side and the coun- ties of Perth and Angus on the other. Tay, Loch, a lake of Scotland, in Perthshire, 15 m. long and in most parts above one broad, form- ed by several streams and the river Tay, which flows through its whole length. Taylorsville, p. v. Hanover Co. Va. 30 m from Richmond; p. v. Fairfield Dis. S. C. 18 m. from Co- lumbia; p.t. Shelby Co. Ken. 30 m. S. E. Louis- ville. Tazewell, a county of the W. District of Virein- ia. Pop. 4,104 ; p. v. the capital of this Co. 302 m. W. Richmond ; p.v. Claiborne Co. Ten. 50 m. N. E. Knoxville. Tazowskaia, a bay of Siberia, in Obskaia Gulf, about 140 miles long and 3 broad. Tchad, a lake of Central Africa, in the king- dom of Bornou, in lat. 13. N. long. 15. W. It was first seen by Doctor Oudeney and his companions, and afterwards visited by Clapperton and Denham. It is 200 m. long and 150 broad. It receives the rivers Yeou from the W. and Shary from the S. It abounds in fish, and its borders exhibit all the splendour of tropical vegetation. Its water is fresh. Major Denham travelled alonff the great- er part of the shore, but was obliged to leave 144 m. of it unexplored. He was informed that it had no outlet. Tcliing-tcka, a city of China, capital of the S. part of Hou-quang. It is seated on the river Heng, wh'ch has a communication with an ex- tensive lake, called Tong-tincr-hou, 740 m. S. by W. of Pekin. Long. 112. 25.°E., lat. 28. 11. N. Tchang-tcheou, a city of China, of the first rank, in Fo-kien. . It has a considerable trade with Emony, Pong-hou, and Formosa ; and is 950 m. S. of Pekin. Long. 117. 35. E., lat. 24. 32. N. Tchang-te, a city of China, of the first rank, in Ho-nan. It is remarkable for a fish, like a crocodile, the fat of which is of such a singular nature that when once ignited it cannot be ez- 90 tinguished. Near it is a mountain so steep ana inaccessible that in the time of war it affords a safe asylum to the inhabitants. It is 2;)5 m. S. S. W. of Pekin. Long. HI. 5. E., lat. 29. 2. N. Tchao-king, a city of China, of the first rank, in Quang tong, seated on the river Si, 70 m. W. of Canton. Tchao-tchcnu, a city of China, of the first rank, in Quang- tong, seated on the Peikiang, 86 ra. E. of Canton. Tche-kiang, a province of China, one of the most considerable in extent, riches, and pop. It is bounded on the N. and W. by Kiang-nan, S. W. by Kiang-si, S. by Fo-kien, and E. by the ocean. In this province, whole plains are cover- ed with dwarf mulberry trees, purposely checked in their growth ; and prodigious quantities of silk -worms are bred. The principal branch of trade consists in silk stuffs ; and those in which gold and silver are intermixed are the most beau- tiful in China. The tallow tree grows here, and a species of mushrooms, which are transported to all the provinces of the empire; and here also are found the small gold fish with which ponds are commonly stocked. In Tche-kiang are reckoned 11 cities of the first rank, 72 of the third, and 18 fortresses, which in Europe would be deemed large cities. Hang-tcheou is the capital. Tcheou-chan. an island near the W. coast of China, belonging to the province of Tche kiang. It is about 24 m. long nnd from 5 to 10 broad. Tcheraigof, a government of Russia, formerly a part of the Ukraine. Its capital, of the same name, is seated on the Desne, 345 miles S. S. W. of Moscow. Long. QQ. 45. E., lat. 51. 24. N. Tchesne, a town on the W. coast of Natolia, with a citadel. It stands almost opposite Scio, at the head of a spacious road, which is famous for the destruction of the Turkish fleet, by the Russians, in 1770. It is 48 miles W. of Smyr- na. Long. 26. 26. E., lat. 38. 26. N. Tching-kiang, a city of China, of the first rank, in Se-tchuen, 910 miles S. W. of Pekin. Long. 104. 26. E., lat. 27. 18. N. Tching-kiang, a strong city of China, of the first rauK, in Kiang-nan, and the key of the em- pire towards the sea. Its situation and trade, and the beauty of its walla, give it a pre-emi- nence over the other cities of the province. It is seated on the S. side of the Kian-ku, 470 miles S. S. E. of Pekin. Long. 18. 55. E. lat. 32. 14. N. Tching-kiang, a city of China, of the first rank, in the province of Yun-nan, 36 miles S. by E. of Yun-nan. Long. 102. 40. E., lat. 24. 44. N. Tching-tcheou, a city of China, of the first rank, in Hou-quang, seated on an angle formed by two rivers. Under it are five cities of the third class, in which a kind of plain earthenware is prepared, which the Chinese prefer to the most elegant porcelain. It is 765 miles S. S. \V. of Pekin. Long. 109 40. E., lat. 28. 23. N. Tching-ting, a city of China, of the first rank, in the province of Pe-tche-li, 136 miles S. S. W. of Pekin. Long. 114. 21. E., lat. 38. 9. N. Tching-tou, a city of China of the first rank, in the province of Se-tchuen. It was formerly the residence of the emperors, and one of the largest and most beautiful cities in the empire ; but in 1646, during the civil wars that preceded the last invasion of the Tartars, it was almost entire- ly destroyed. Its temples, and the ruins of an- cient oalaces are objects of admiration to straa 3o2 TED 714 TET fers. 1810 m. S. W. of Pekin. Long. 103. 4. E., lat. 30. 40. N. Tchin-ngan, a city of China, of the first rank, in Quang-si, 1,250 m. S. S. W of Pekin. Long. 106.0. E., lat. 23. 21. N. Trhi-tckeou, a city of China, of the first rank, in Kiang-nan ; seated on the river Kiang, 570 m. S. of Pekin. Long. 117. 0. E., lat. 30. 45. N. Tchi-yuen, a city of China, of the first rank, in Koei-tcheou, 980 in. S. S. W. of Pekin. Long. 107.51. E., lat. 27. 1. N. Tchoka. See Saghalien. Tchong-king, a city of China, of the first rank, in Se-tcnuen. It is seated on a mountain, ris- ing in the form of an amphitheatre, at the con- flux of the Kincha with the Kian-ku, 750 m. S. W. of Pekin. Long. 106. 20. E., lat. 29. 42. N. Tchou-hiong, a city of China, of the first rank, in the province of Yun-nan, 75 m. W. of Yun- nan. Lono-. 101. 20. E., lat. 25. 6. N. Tchukotski, the most eastern part of Siberia, in the province of Okotsk. The attention of the natives is confined chiefly to their deer, with which the country abounds. They are a well- made, courageous, warlike race, and are for- midable neighbours to the Koriacs, who often experience their depredations. Tchukotskoi, a cape of Siberia, on the eastern extremity of Asia, and the STW. limit of Beer- ing strait. Long. 172. 30. W., lat. 64. 15. N. Tchu-tcheou, a cit}' of China, of the first rank, in Tche-kiang, 730 m. S. S. E. of Pekin. Long. 120. 33. E., lat. 28. 36. N. Tcitcicar, the largest of the three provinces of Chinese Tartary, bounded on the N. by Siberia, N. E. by the sea of Okotsk, S. E. by the prov- ince of Kirln, and W. by Western Tartary and Siberia. It is a mountainous country, watered by the river Saghalien, which receives many others in its course. Tcitcicar, a city of Chinese Tartary, capital of the foregoing province, and the residence of a Mandshur general. This city was built by the Emperor of China, to secure his frontiers against the incursions of the Russians. It Is seated on the Nonni, 3-55 m. N. N. E. of Pekin. Long. 123. 30. E, lat. 47. 25. N. Tebesta or Tinsa,a. town of Tunis in Africa, on the borders of Algiers, with a castle, and several remains of antiquity. It is seated at the foot of a mou!>tain, 130 m. S. E. of Tunis. Tecuit, a town of Morocco, in the province of Sus, seated in a country abounding in grain, dates, and sugar-canes, 4 m. E. of Messa. Tfxklenburg, a town of Prussian Westphalia, capital of a fertile county of the same name. It has manufactures of linen cloth, and is 22 m. N. by E. of Munster. Long. 7. 47. E., lat. 52. 14. N. Tecoantepec, a sea-port of Mexico, in Guaxaca, with a fortified abbey and several handsome churches. It is seated on a large bay of the same name, in the Pacific Ocean. Loner. 95. 55 W..lat. 16. 28. N. Tecrit, a town of Asiatic Turkey, in the gov- ernment of Mosul, seated on a rock, nearthe W. Bide of the Tlgre, 130 m. S. of Mosul. Ttculct, a town of Morocco, with an old cas- tle, seated at the mouth of a river of the same name, 99 m. W. of Morocco. Long. 9. 45. W., lat. 31. 5. N. Tecumsehf a village in Lenawee Co. Michi- gan. 64 m. S. W. Detroit. Teddington, a village of Middlesex, Eng. seat- ed on the Thames, 12 m. W. S. W. of London. Tfidelez,a town of Algiers, on the coast of the Mediterranean, with a castle, 45 m. E. of Al- giers. Tednest, a town of Morocco, in the province of Hea, almost sui rounded by a river. It was ta- ken by the Portuguese in 1517, but they were driven away soon after. 40 m. N. E. of Mogador. Tedsi, a town of Morocco, in the provmce of Sus, seated in a plain abounding in corn, 20 m. S. E. ofTarudant. # Teembo, a city of Central Africa, capital of the kingdom of Foota Jalloo. The inhabitants esti- mated at 8,000, carrying on manufactures nC cloth, iron, silver, wood, leather, &c. 160 m. E. of Sierra Leone. Tees, a river which rises on the confines oi Cumberland, Eng. separates the counties of Dur- ham and York, and enters the German Ocean be- low Stockton. Tefessad, a town of Algiers, with mines of iron in its neighbourhood, 32 m. S. W of Algiers. Teflis, a city of Asia, the capital of Georgia, called by the inhabitants Thills-Caba (Warm Town), from the warm baths in its neighbour- hood. It contans 20,000 inhabitants, of whom more than one-half are Armenians. The streets seldom exceed seven feet in breadth, and the houses are of stone with flat roofs, which serve as walks for the women. Here is a foundry for cannon, mortars, and balls; also a public school founded by emperor Alexander. The most flourishing manufactures are those of silks and printed linens ; but the chief trade is in furs sent to Turkey and the S. of Persia. In 1723 it was taken by the Turks, and in 1734 retaken by Kouli Khan. It is seated on the Kur, at the foot of a hill, 300 ni. S. S. W. of Astracan. Long 45. 3. E., lat. 42. 20. N. Tefa, a strong town of Morocco, capital of a district of the same name, seated on the side of a mountain, 70 m.N. N. E. of Morocco. Loner. 5 55. W., lat. 32. 0. N. Tefzra, a town of Algiers, in the province of Mascara, 55 m. S. S. W. of Oran. Tegaia, a town of Zahara, capital of a territory of that name, remarkable for mountains of salt. Long. 6. 30. W., lat. 21. 40. N. Tegerhy, a town of the kingdom of Fezzan, 80 m. S. W. of Mourzook. Tegern^ a town of Bavaria, with a celebrated ab- bey, seated on a lake called the Tegern See. 30 m. S. S. E. of Munich. Tegiio, a town Austrian Italy, in the Valte- line. 9 m. S. W. ofTirano. Teheran, a city of Persia, and lately the residence of the Shah. It stands on the site of the ancient city of Rai, and is 4 m. in circuit, surrounded by a strong wall flanked with towers. The houses are built of unburnt brick. During the summer It is unhealthy. Lat. 35. 40. N. long. 50. 52. E. 300 m. N. Ispahan. Pop. 15,000. Teignmnuth, a sea-port in Devonshire, Eng. seated at the mouth of the Teign, 187 m. W. by S. of London. Teinilz, a town of Bohemia, in the circle of Pil- son, with a castle and a convent ; seated on the Radbuza, 30 m. W. S. W. of Pilsen. Teisendorf, a town of Austria, in the provinci ofSalsburg, 12 m. N. W. of Salsburg. Tejuco, a district of Brazil about 50 m. long* and 24 broad, particularly noted for its produc tion of diamonds. Tejuco, the capital of the above district, is si( uate on the side of a hill, and is very irregularli S« lEN 715 TEN builf. The circulation of property created by the diamond works rendered it a flourishing town. Telese, a town of Naples, in Terra di Lavoro, 18 m. E. N. E. of Capua. Telfair, a county of Georgia. Pop. 2,136. Jack- son villa is the capital. Telgen, or Telga, a town of Sweden, in Suder- mania, on the lake Maeler, 12 m. S. W. of Stock- holm. Tdget, a town of Prussian Westphalia, 5 m. E. N. E. of Munster. Te/I, a township of Huntingdon Co. Pa. Ttl.les, a town of the kingdom of Fez, with a small harbour, on the Mediterranean, 100 m. E. S. E.of Tetuan. Tellicherry, a town of Hindoostan , in Malabar. It has a considerable trade, and is seated at the mouth of a river, 42 m. N. N. W. of Calicut. Long. 75. 33. E , lat. 11. 48. N. Tellico, p.v. Monroe Co. Ten. TeltoiD, a town of Prussia, in Brandenburg, on a lake of the same name, 7 m. S. S. VV. of Berlin. Tdtsch, a town of Austria, in Moravia, 16 m. S. of Ifflau. Teinendefust, a town of the kingdom of Algiers, 10 m. E. of Algiers. Tcmeswar, a strong town of Hungary, capital of a territory called the Bannat of Temeswar. It stands on the river Bega, which forms a morass round it, and tne fortress requires a garrison of 14,000 men. This place formerly passed for im- pregnable ; but it was taken by prince Eugene, in a dry season, in 1716. 80. m. N. N. E. of Bel- grade and 160. S. W. of Buda. Temissa, a town of Fezzan, where the caravans from Tombuctoo, Bornou, «fec., which travel by the way of Cairo to Mecca, usually provide the stores of corn, dates, dried meat, and other requi- sites for their dreary journey. 120 m. E. N. E. of Mourzook. Tempelborg, a town of the Prussian states, in Fomerania, on the S. side of a lake and on the fron- tiers of Poland, 43 m. E. by N. of New Stargard. Temple, a township of Kennebec Co. Me. Pop. 798; p.t. Hillsborough Co. N. H. 30 m. S. Con- cord. Pop. 647. Templeton, p.t. Worcester Co. Mass. Pop. 1,5.51. Templin, a town of Prussia, in Brandenburg, with a great trade in timber. It was totally con- sumed by fire in 1735, but has been rebuilt in a beautiful manner. It stands between the Boden- see and Dolorensee, 18 m. S. W. of Prenzlo and 42 N. by K. of Berlin. Tenasserim, a town of Birmah, capital of a dis- trict of its name, situate on a large river, 47 m. S. E. of JVIergui. Lono-. 93. 50. W., lat. 11. 35. N. . Tenhnry, a town in Worcestershire, Eng. 133 in. W. N. W. of London. TenJ/y. a sea- port of Wales, in Pembrokeshire, 253 m. W. of London. Long. 4. 40. W., lat. 51. 44. N. Tench Island, an island in the S. Pacific, 2 m. in circumference, discovered by lieutenant Ball, in 1790. It is low, but entirely covered with co- coa-nut and other trees. Long. 151. 31. E., lat. 1. 30. S. Tenda, a town of the Sardinian states, in Pied- mont, with a fortified castle on a rock. It stands on the Roia, 65 m. S. of Turin. Tenedos, an island of the Grecian Archipelago, on the coast of Asia Minor, 14 m. S. of the strait of Gallipoli. It is 11 ra. long aJid 7 broad, is in- habited almost wholly by Greeks, and its musca- dine wine is the best in all the Levant. On the E. side is the town, at the foot of a mountain, with a harbour defended by a castle. Long. 26. 0. E., lat. 39. 50. N. Teneriffe, one of the Canary Islands, and the most considerable of them for riches, trade, and population. It lies W. of the Grand Canary, is 70 m. long and 22 broad, and abounds in wine, different sorts of fruits, cattle, and game. One part of this island is surrounded by inaccessible mountains, of which one in particular, called the Peak of Teneriffe, is 12,072 feet above the level of the sea, and the distance to the Peak from the port of Oratavia, at the base of the mountain, '.s above 11 m. This island is subject to volcanic eruptions and in 1704 one destroyed several towns and many thousand people. The laborious works in this is- land are chiefly performed by oxen and mules, horses being scarce and reserved for the use of the officers. Hawks and parrots are natives of the island, as are swallows, sea-gulls, partridg- es, canary birds, ap.d blackbirds. There are al- so lizards,locusts, and dragon-flies. St. Christophe- de Laguna is the capital, but the governor resides at St. Cruz. Teneriffe, a town of the republic of Colombia, in the former vice-royalty of New Granada, seat- ed on the Madalena, 100 m. S. S. W. of St. Martha. Ttnez, or Tents, a town of Algiers, in the prov- ince of Mascara, capital of a district of its name, with a fort. It has a considerable trade in corn and is seated on a river, 4 m. from the sea and 85 W. S. W. of Algiers. Te-ngan, a city of China, of the first rank, in Hou-quang, 550 m. S. by W. of Pekin. Long. 113 21. E.,lat. 31.20. N. Tennessee, a river of the United States, the larg- est of all those which flow into the Ohio. Its commencement is formed in the state to which it gives name, by the junction of the Clinch with the Holston, 3o m. below Knoxville. It flows S. W., on the E. side of Cumberland Mountains, in- to Georgia, where it makes a circuit to the W. of called the Great Bend ; it then re-enters the state of Tennesse, which it passes quite through into that of Kentucky, where it enters the Ohio, 50 m. above the conflux of that river with the Mis- sissippi. The Tennessee is 600 yards broad at its mouth, and is thence navigable by vessels of great burden for 260 m., to the Muscle Shoals, in the Great Bend : here the river widens to be- tween 2 and 3 m. for nearly 30 m. ; and these shoals can only be passed in small boats ; hence it may be navigated, by boats of 40 tons burden, 400 m. further to its commencement. Tennessee, one of the United States, bounded N. by Kentucky ; E. by North Carolina ; S. by Georgia, Alabama, and Mississippi ; and W. by the river Mississippi, separating it from Missouri and Arkansas. Its length is about 430 m. ; its breadth 104 m. It lies between 35. and 36. 36. N. lat., and between 81. 30. and 90. 10. W. long., and contains 40,000 sq. m. The western part of the . State is comparatively level. The eastern portioa is mountainous. The Cumberland Mountains extend through the state from N. E. to S. W.,dividingit into two sec- tions. In East Tennessee are many parallel ridges, the most lofty of which, are the Laurel, Stone, Yellow. Iron, Bald, and Unaka Mountains. All these are peaks of a continued chain. Wel- lings' and Copper Ridge, and Church, Powell'Si TEN 716 TAR •nd Bay^feMountains, art- in the N. E. The sum- niits of some of these mountains exhibit plateaus of considerable extent, which admit of good roads, and are inhabited and cultivated. The heights subside as they approach the Mississippi and Ohio. The mountains contain a great number of caverns, which are amonij the most remarkable features of the country. They are of so frequent occurrence that very few have been explored ; and little more is known of them, than that they abound in nitrous j^ earth. One of them has been descended 400 feet below the surface, and found to consist of a smooth limestone rock, with a stream of pure water at the bottom, sufficient to turn a mill. A cave en a high peak of the Cumberland Mountain has a per- pendicular depth that has never been fathomed. The enchanted Mountains, which are portions of the Cumberland ridge, exhibit some very singular footprints of men, horses, and other animals dis- tinctly marked in a solid rock of limestone. In many cases they appear as if the feet which marked them had slidden while the stone was in a soft state. One of the tracks is 16 inches long and 13 inches wide. The whole state is well watered. The largest rivers are the Cumberland and Tennessee, which fall into the Ohio The Obian, Forked Deer, Big Hatchee and Wolf rivers intersect the western part of the State, and fall into the Mississiopi. The valleys of the small rivers are extremely beautiful, and rich oeyond^-ny of the same de- scription in the western swRes. The valleys of the great streams of the Tennessee and Cumber- land, differ little from the alluvions of the oth- er great rivers of the West. On the small val- leys are many fine plantations, and yet so lone- ly that they seem lost among the mountains. Tiie climate is delightful, being milder than in Kentucky, and free from the intense heat which prevails in the southern portion of the Mississippi valley. Snows of some depth are frequent in the winter, but the summers, espe- cially in the higher regions, are mild. In these parts, the salubrity of the climate is thought to equal that of any part of the United States ; but the low valleys where stagnant waters abound, and the alluvions of the great rivers are unhealthy. Maize is planted in the central parts of the state early in April. The soil in East Tennessee is remarkably fer- tile, containinff great proportions of lime. In West Tennessee the soil is various, and the stra- ta decend from the mountains in the following order ; first, loamy soil, or mixtures of clay and sand ; next, yellow clay ; thirdly, a mixture of red sand and red clay ; lastly, white sand. In the southern parts, are immense beds of oyster shells, on high table land, at a distance from the Missis- sippi, or any other stream ; some of these shells are of an enormous size. The soil of tlie valleys and alluvions is extremely fertile. Nearly all the forest trees of the western coiin- try are found in this state, but the laurel tribes are not common Juniper, red cedar, and savin cover the mountains. Apples, pears, and plums, which are properly northern fruits, arc raised in Sreat perfection The sugar maple is very abun- ant. Inexhaustible quarries of gypsum of the finest quality abound in East Tennessee. Marble in many beautiful varieties is abundant. Iron ore is found in plenty, and some lead mines have been worked. Salt springs are numerous, but the wa- ter is not sufficiently stronjr to admit of their be- ing made profitable. Nitrous earth abounds in the saltpetre caves. The gold region elsewhere described in the south- ern states, extends into the southeastern part of Tenneseee. The spot affording the metal, is situ- ated about 12 miles south of the Tellico plains, near the Unika mountain, which separates thiS state from North Carolina. The gold occurs in small grains, and appears to have been produced by the disintegration of the rocks which compose the mountain. The gold is found in the small rivulets and brooks, and also on the declivities of the mountains, and very near their summits. It is contained in a stratum of the soil of JO or 12 inches in depth, and is separated from the earth by washing. Tennessee also contains an ore of zinc of aO excellent quality. The Cumberland mountains are rich in coal. Manganese, roofing slate, and magnetic iron ore may be also numbered amone; the mineral productions. This state is politically divided into 2 Districts, East and West. The former has 22 counties and the latter 40. The population is 684,822 of whom 142,382 are slaves. Nashville is the capital. The other considerable towns are Knoxville and Murfreesborough. Agriculture is in a great measure confined to the raising of cotton : but the soil is well adapted to maize, wheat, rye, barley and oats, which are all more or less cultivated. There are some manufactures of iron,hemp,cotton and cordage. The legislature is called the General Assembly and consists of a Senate and House of Represent- atives. The members of both and the Governor are chosen for 2 years. Suffrage is universal ; and the clergy are excluded from office. The Baptists are the most numerous religious sect ; they have 141 ministers; the Methodists 125, the Presbyteri ans 80 and the Lutherans 10. There are colleges at Greenville, Knoxville, and Nashville. Tennes- eee was settled by emigrants from Virginia and North Carolina : the first settlements were made between 1765 and 1770. In 1796 a constitution was formed, and the territory was admitted into the union as a state. Tennis, a town of Egypt, situate on an island in a lake of the same name, sometimes called Lake Menzaleh, 28 m. S. E. of Damietta. Tensaw, a river or Alabama, flowing into Mo bile Bay, and formed by the union of the Alabama and Tombigbee rivers. A river of Louisiana joining with the Washitau to form Black River. Tensaw, p. v. Baldwin Co. Alabama. Tcnstaat, a town of Prussian Saxony, 10 m. N. E. of Langensalza. Ten-tcheou, a city of China, of the first rank, in Chang-tong, with a good port and a strong gar rison. It is seated on the N. side of a peninsu- la of the Yellow Sea, 250 m. S. E. of Pekin. Long. 120. 50. E., lat. 37. 20. N. Tcnderden, a town of Kent. 57 m. E. by S. of London. Tentugal, a town of Portugal, in Beira, 8 m. W. N. W. of Coimbra. Terarno, a town of Naples, in Abruzzo Ultra, 25 m. N. E. of Aqnila. Tarasso, a sea-port of Asia Minor, on the coast of Caramania, and an archbishop's see. It was formerly called Tarsus, and was the capital of Cilicia, the literary rival of Athens and Alexan- dria, and the birthplace of the apostle Paul. It is seated on the Mediterranean, 100 m. W. by N. of Alexandretta. Long. 35. 15. £., lat. 37. 4. N. TER 717 TES Tequr.TUtama, a cataract near Bogota in Colom- bia, caused by a branch of the Magdalena falling into a narrow chasm among the rocks. The cataract consists of 3 pitches and the whole fall is 867 feet. Terceira, one of the Azores, of a circular form about 55 m in circumference, and very fertile. It contains several towns and villages, with a number efforts. Angra is the capital. Terr.hiz, or Tershiz, a town of Persia in the prov- ince of Chorasan, situate on the borders of the Great Salt Desert, 160 m. W. N. W. of Herat. Long. 57. 25. E., lat. 35. 5. N. Terga, a town of Morocco, seated on the Omir- abi, 90 m. N. of Morocco. Tergovist, or Tervis, a town of European Tur- key, in Walachia. Here is a fine palace, belong- ing to the hosbodar, or reigning prince ; but he chiefly resides at Buchorest. It stands on the Jalonitz, 35 m. N. N. W. of Buchorest. Long. 25. .G8. E., lat. 45. 28. x\. Terki, a lown of Asiatic Russia, in the govern- ment of Caucasus, formerly a frontier place against Persia. It is seated on a river of the same name, near the Caspian Sea, 180 m. S. of Astracan. Long. 47. 30. E., lat. 43. 22. N. Termed, a town of Usbec Tartary, capital of a district in Bokharia ; seated in an angle formed by the union of two rivers, 150 m. S. of Saraar- cand. Long. 65. 35 E., lat. 37. 15. N. Termini, a town on the N. coast of Sicily, in Val di Mazara, with a strong castle. Its miner- al waters are much celebrated, and it has a con- siderable trade. It is situate on a rocky eminence, near the mouth of a river of the same name, 20 m. S. E. of Palermo. Termoli, a town of Naples, in Capitanata, seated near the sea, 32 m. S. E. of Lanciano. Ternate, one of the Molucca islands, lying to the W. of Gilolo, formerly the seat of sovereignty. It abounds in cocoa-nuts, bananas, citrons, oran- ges, almonds, and other fruits proper to the cli- mate. There are also a great number of birds of paradise. It is a mountainous country, and con- tains a great number of woods, which furnish abundance of game. It is in thfi^ possession of the Dutch, from whom it was taken by the Brit- ish in 1810, but restored, with their other Indian possessions, in 1814. The inhabitants are Ma- hometans and very indolent. 100 m. E. of Celebes. Long. 127. 4. E., lat. 0. 50. N. Terneuse, a town and fort of the Netherlands, in Flanders, on the W. branch of the Scheldt, called the Hondt. It is 8 m. N. of Sas van Ghent and 25 W. N. VV. of Antwerp. Terni,a town of the ecclesiastical states, in the luchy of Spoleto, seated on tlie Nera, near the -nflux of tlie Velino, which has a famous cataract a mile from the town. Terni was the birth-place of Tacitus the historian. It is 15 m. S. S. W. of Spoleto and 46 N. of Rome. Ternava.a. town of Bulgaria,and an archbishop's see. It was formerly the seat of the princes of Bulgaria, and a strong place, but the fortifications are ruined. It is seated on a mountain, near the Jenera, 88 m. N. W. of Adrianople and 67 N. E. of Sofia. Long. 26.2. E., lat. 43. l.N. Terouenne,a. town of France, department of Pas de Calais, seated on the Lis, 6 m. S. of St. Omer. Terra del Espiritu Santo, the largest and most western island of the New Hebrides, in the S. Pacific, being 40 leagues in circuit. The land ia exceedingly high and mountainous, and in ma- ny places the hills rise directly from the sea. Ex cept the cliffs and branches, every part is covered with wood, or laid out in plantations. Besides the bay of St. Philip and St. Jago, on the N side of it, the isles whicli lie along the S. and E. coast from several good bays and harbours. Long. 167 E., lat. 15. S. Terra Firma, a country of S. America, bounded on the N. by the Carribbean Sea. It is now in- cluded in the Republic of Colombia. Terra del Fuego, a large island, separated from the southern extremity of America by the strait of Magellan, and so called from the volcanoes ob- served on it. The sea intersects it into several islands, all of them barren and mountainous; but on the lower grounds are found several sorts of trees and plants, and a variety of birds. The na- tives are short in stature, not exceeding five feet six inches; their heads large, their faces broad, their cheek-bones prominent, and their noses flat. They have little brown eyes, without life ; their hair is black and lauk, hanging about their neads in disorder, and besmeared with train oil. They wear no other clothing than a small piece of seal- skin, hanging from their shoulders to the middle of the baclc, being fastened round the neck with a string. They live chiefly on seals' flesh, o{' which they prefer the oily part. There is no appear- ance of any subordination among them, and their whole character is a strange compound of stupid- ity, indifference, and inactivity. Terracirui, a decayed town of the ecclesiastical states, in Campagna di Roma, with a castle on a rock. Formerly it was called Anxur, and was the capital of the Volsci, and its cathedral was originally a temple of Jupiter. It is seated near the sea, on the frontiers of Naples, 54 m. S. S. E. of Rome. Long. 13. 15. E., lat. 41. 24. N. Terranova, a sea-port of Sicily, in Val di Noto, seated near the mouth of a river of the same name, 20 m. E. S. E. of Alicata. Long. 14. 10. E., lat. 37. 9. N. Terranova, a sea-port of Sardinia, seated at the bottom of a bay on the N. E. coast, 62 m. E. N. E. of Sassari. Long. 9. 35. E., lat. 41. 3. N. Terrasson, a town of France, department of Dordogne, seated on the Vesere, 28 m. E. of Perigueux. Terre Haute, p. v. Vigo Co. Ind. on the Wabash 91 m. S. W. Indianapolis. Terridon, Loch, an inlet of the sea, on the W. coast of Scotland, in Ross-shire, between Gair- locli and Applecross. It has many creeks and bays. Terriore, a strong town and fortress of Hindoos- tan, in the Carnatic, 25 m. N. of Trichinopoly. Terryville, p. v. Mecklenburgh Co. Va. Teruel, a town of Spain, in Arragon, and a bishop's see, with a citadel. It is 80 m. S. W. of Sarragossa and 112 E. of Madrid. Long. 1.0. W., lat. 40. 25. N. Tervere, or Veere, a fortified sea-port of the Netherlands, in Zealand on the N. E, coast of the isle of Walcheren. It has a good harbour, and a fine arsenal. 4 m. N. by E. of Middleburg, wifli which it commuincates by a canal. Long. 3. 42. E., lat. 51. 36. N. Teschen, a town of Austrian Silesia, capital of a circle of the same name. It is surrounded by a wall, and at a little distance, on an eminence, is the old castle where the ancient dukes resided. The inhabitants carry on a trade in leather, woolen stuffs, and wine; and make excellent fire-arms. This town was taJcen by the Prussians in 17'"" TEW 718 TEX bnt restored in 1763. In 1779 a treaty of peace was concluded here between the emperor of Ger- many and the kinw of Prussia. It is seated in a morass, near the river Elsa, 36 m. E. S. E. of Troppau and 60 E. by N. of Olmutz. Long. 18. 32. E., lat 49. 43. N. Tesegdelt, a town of Morocco, seated on a crag- gy rock, said to be impregnable, at the mouth of the Techubit, 140 m. W. N. W. of Morocco. Ttshoo Loomhoo, the capital of Thibet, or of that part which is immediately subject to the Teshoo Lama, who is sovereign of the country during the minority of the grand lama. Its tem- ples and mausoleums, with their numerous gilded canopies and turrets, and the palace of the lama, render it a magnificent place. It stands at the N. end of a plain, upon a rocky eminence, 220 m. S. W. of Lassa and 470 N. by E. of Calcutta. Long. 89. 7. E., lat. 29. 4. N. Tesino, a town of the Austrian states, in Tyrol, 25 m. E. N. E. ofTrent. Tesset, a town of Zahara, capital of a district of the same name. It is 350 m. S. S. W. of Tafilet. Long. 5. 45. W., lat. 25. 54. N. Tetbury, a town in Gloucestershire, Eng. 99 m. W. of London. Tetschen, or Tetzen, a town of Bohemia, in the circle of Leutmeritz, with a castle on a rock, on the river Elbe, 29 m. S. E. of Dresden. Tettnang, a town of Germany, in the kingdom of Wurtemberg, 8 m. N. of Lindau. Tetuan, a city of the kingdom of Fez, with a castle. The houses have only small holes to- wards the streets, which are very narrow, and the windows are on the other side, facing a court- yard, which is surrounded by galleries, and in the middle is generally a fountain. The houses are two stories high, flat at the top; and the wo- men visit each other from the tops of them. The shops are very small, and without any door ; the master sitts cross-legged on a counter, with the goods disposed in drawers round him, and all the customers stand in the street. Several European consuls formerly resided in this city ; the English are still allowed to touch here, and considerable communication is kept up with Gibraltar. It is seated on the river Cuz, near the Mediterranean, 110 m. N. N. W. of Fez. Long. 5. 23. W., lat. 35. 37. N. Teverone, a river of Italy, the ancient Anio, which rises in the Appennines, 50 miles, above Tivoli, glides through a plain till it cotaes near that town, when it is confined for a short space between two hills, covered with groves. These were supposed to be the residence of the sibyl Al- bunea, to whom an elegant temple was here dedi- cated. The river moving with augmented rapid- ity, as its channel is confined, at last rushes over a lofty precipice, and the noise of its falls re- sounds through the hills and groves of TivOli. Having gained the plain, it soon afterwards re- ceives the waters of the lake Solfatara, and then joins the Tibet, near Rome. Tcciot, a river of Scotland, which rises in the mountains in the S. W. of Roxburgshire, and, passing N. W. through the county, unites with the Tweed a little above Kelso. Tevpitz, a town of Prussia, in Brandenburg, with a castle on a lake, 25 ni. S. by E. of Berlin. Tcuschnitz, a town and castle of Bavarian Fran- eonia, 17 m. N. of Culmbach. Tewsing, a town of Bohemia, in the circle of Pilwn, 30 m. N. W. of Pilsen. Tewkesbury, a borough in Gloucestershire, Eng. Here is one of the noblest parish churches in the kingdom, which is almost the only remains of the celebrated monastery to which it formerly be- longed. 103 m. W. N. W. of London. Tewkesbury, p.t. Middlesex Co. Mass on the Merrimack, adjoining Lowell, 24 m. N. W. Bos- ton. Pop. 1,527. Within the limits of the town- ship is the village of Belleville, with manufac- ture of cotton and woolen. Tewkesbury, a township of Hunterdon Co. Texas, a province of Mexico, and the frontier district toward the United States: bounded JN. by Missouri Territory and E. by Louisiana, from which it is separated by the Sabine, and the Gulf of Mexico on the S. Our knowledge of this ex tensive province — containing, according to Hum- bolt's table, a surface of 84,000 square miles, and according to others 100,000 — is still very imper- fect, and almost solely derived from Pike's jour- nal of his hasty return from Chihuahua, guarded all the way by Spanish dragoons to prevent him from taking notes. But its rising political and com- mercial relations with the United States will soon disperse this ignorance. By an act of the Mexi- can congress it has been united to the province of Coahuila, under the name oi Coahuila-y-Texus. This province is exceedingly well watered, and is the most fertile of all the Mexican states. The large and beautiful savannahs, waving with grass, feed vast numbers of wild horses and mules, which are exported in great numbers to other parts of Mexico, and to the United States, and form at present a chief article of commerce. Immediate- ly to the W. of the Sabine, the soil is rich with- out being low, and for a space of 12 successive miles, is covered with magnificent pines. W. of this again is one of the richest and most fer- tile tracks in nature, diversified by hills and dales, and divided, as it were, into natural meadows and shrubberies, in such admirable order, as to seem the work not of nature, but of art ; this soil is rich, friable, and contains much iron. It is as fertile on the hills as on the plains, and the climate is delightful, being neither too warm nor excessive- ly cold. The tract between the Sabine and Bras- ses rivers is occupied by 2,500 American families, emigrants from the United States, who raise cot- ton, maize, tobacco, rice, and sugar-canes. Be- sides these emigrant families, about 600 Spanish families are congregated in the vicinity of Na cogdoches, and inhabit the Ranches, where they rear cattle. The principal American establishment to the W. of the band of pines above mentioned, is the Aiz Bayou, entirely inhabited by Americans, who have already erected 7 or 8 cotton mills, and the products are exported to Nachitoches free of duty, as the consumption comes entirely from that place. The second American establishment is on the Brassos a Dios river, 150 miles from Nacogdoches. As this stream frequently over- flows its banks, its vicinity is somewhat un- healthy. These emigrants have built a town named San Felipe de Austin, from that of the founder. General Austin, an American, who promised to the federal government to locate from 500 to 600 families on the banks of the Bras- sos river. At Nacogdoches another grant has been made to an American of the name of Ed- wards, who resided at Mexico. This grant bor- ders on that of Austin, and contains more than 2,000 square miles. N. of this, another grant has been made to a Mr. Thorn, son-in-law of Ed- THA 719 THA wards ; and on the other side a similar granl has been made to general Wesvil. The colony call- ed Fredonia, iu this province, was established in 1824 by Mr. Aastin, who has offered to every colonist a lot of 640 acres, or an English square mile, with a house. The constitution of this gov- ernment is that of a federal republic, and has been literally copied from that of the United States, but the Catholic religion was alone to be tolerated. But such an absurd intolerant clause as this in any of the new independent states of Mexico, cannot long be in force in the vicinity of such a free government as that of the United States, as such an act would exclude all but Ro- man Catholic emigrants, — whereas all are made equally welcome to the United States. In 1625 captain Sedgewick, of Russelville in Kentucky, obtained a grant from the Mexican government of from 6 to 8 millions of acres, in this province, along the borders of Louisiana. One principal condition was inserted in this grant, that a cer- tain number of the colonists should be free from all taxes for five years. The capital of Texas under the old government was San Antonio de Bejar, on a small stream of the same name, and contained, according to Pike, about 2,000 souls; but the present capital, Saltillo, on the confines of Coahuila amd New Leon, is said to contain 8,000 souls. Its site is bad, being surrounded with arid plains, where the traveller suffers much from want of water. The western part of Texas is inhabited entirely by Spaniards. The soil is excellent, and all the habitations are watered by artificial canals, which cause the waters of the Rio de Nueces and neighbouring springs to irri- gate the gardens and fields. Teie.l, an island of the Netherlands, separated from N. Holland by a narrow channel of the same name, defended by a strong fort on the mainland, called the Helder. This channel is the best and most southern entrance into the Zuyder Zee, and through it most of the ships pass that are bound to Amsterdam. In 17TO the fort was taken by the English, and the whole of the Dutch fleet, lying within the channel, surrendered to them ; but the English abandoned the fort soon after- wards. Long. 4. 59. E., lat. 53. 10. N. , Teya, or Theya, a river of the Austrian states, which rises near Teltsch, in Moravia, flows E., f^ by Znaim, on the borders of Austria, and enters the Moraw, on the confines of Hungary. Teyw, a town of Bohemia, in the circle of Bechin, seated on the Muldau, 10 m. S. £. of Piseck. Tezar, a town of Fez, capital of the province of Cuzi, containing a mosque half a mile in cir- cumference. It is seated on a small river, 45 m. E. of Fez. Long. 4. 15. W., lat. 33. 40. N. Tezctuo, a town of Mexico, once the capital of a rich kingdom. Here Cottez caused a canal to De dug, and built 18 brigantines, to carry on the siege of Mexico. It is seated near the lake of Mexico, 20 m. E. of Mexico. Ttzda, a town of Algiers, in the province of Mascara, with a castle, 15 m. S. W. of Oran. Tezout, a town of the kingdom of Fez, seated on the point of a rock, 15 m. S. of Melilla. Tezzoute, an ancient town of Algiers, in the province of Constantia. Its ruins extend 10 m. in circumference, among which are magnificent remains of city gates, an amphitheatre, a temple dedicated to Esculapius, and other elegant struc- tures. 90 m. S. S. W. of Constantia. Tluiintt, a town of the kingdom of Tunis, near the mouth of a river of the same name, 120 m. 9 of Tunis. Long. 10. 15. E., lat. 34. 50. N. Thame, or Tame, a river which rises near Tring in Hertfordshire, crosses Buckinghamshire to tha N. of Aylesbury, enters Oxfordshire at the town of Thame, whence it is navigable for barges to Dorchester, where it joins the Thames. ^ Tiiis river has been erroneously supposed to give name to the Thames Thame, a town in Oxfordshire, Eng. seated on tlie river Thame, 12 m. E. of Oxford and 44 W by N. of London. Thames, the finest river in Great Britain, which takes its rise from a copious sprinir, called Thames Head, 2 m. S. W. of Cirencester, in Gloucestershire. About a m. below tlie source of the river, it is not more than nine feet wide in the summer, yet, in the winter, becomes such a torrent as to overflow the meadows for many miles" The stream proceeds to Lechlade ; and being there joined by the Coin and Le:;h, at the distance of 138 ra. from London, it becomes nav- igable for vessels of 90 tons. At Oxford it is joined by the Charwell, and, proceedmg by Abingdon to Dorchester, it receives the Thame. Passing by Wallingford to Reading, and forming a boundary to Berkshire, Buckinghamshire, Sur- rey, and Middlesex, it waters Henley, Ma/low, Maidenhead, Windsor, Staines, Chertsey, Kings- ton, and Brentford, in its course to London. From London the river proceeds to Greenwich, Woolwich, Grays-Thurrock, Gravesend, and Leigh, into the German Ocean. The tide flows up the Thames as high as Kingston, which, fol- lowing the winding of the river, is 70 miles from the ocean — a greater distance than the tide is car- ried by any other river in Europe. Thr>ugh the Thames is said to be navigable 138 miles above London Bridge, there are so many flats that in summer the navigation westward would be stop- fted, were it not for a number of locks; but the first lock is 52 miles above that bridge. The plan of new cuts has been adopted, in some places, to shorten the navigation ; there is one near Lech- lade, and another a mile from Abingdon. A still more important undertaking was effected in 1789 — the junction of this river with the Severn. A canal had been made from the Severn to Stroud, which canal was afterwards continued to Lech- lade, where it joins the Thames, a distance of above 30 miles. A communication between this river and the Trent and Mersey has likewise been effected, by a canal from Oxford to Coventry ; and another canal extends from this, at Brauns- ton, to the Thames at Brentford, called the Grand Junction Canal. Thames, a river of Connecticut, formed of two principal branches, the Shetucket and the- Nor- wich, or Little River, which have their junction at Norwich. From this place the Thames is nav- igable 15 m. to Long Island Sound, which it en- ters below New LonTlon, Thames, a river of Upper Canada, flowing inta Lake St. Clair above Detroit. Thanet, an island comprising the E. angle of Kent, being separated from the mainland by the two branches of the Stour. It produces much corn, and the S. part is a rich tract of marsh land. It contains the towns of Margate, Ramsgate, and Broadstairs, and several villages. TTianhavsen, a town of Bavaria, on the river Mindel, 14 m. N. of Mindelheim. Thasos, an island of the Grecian Archipelago, on the cor.st of Macedonia, at the entrance of wm THl 720 THI gulf of Contessa. It is 12 m. long and 8 broad, and abounds in all the necessaries of life. The fruits and wine are very delicate ; and there are some quarries of fine marble. The chief town of the same name, has a harbour, frequented by merchants. Long. 24. 33. E., lai. 40. 59. N. ThtiTted, a town in Essex, Eng. 44 m. N. N. E. of London. Theaki, an island in the Mediterranean Sea, 24 m. long and 7 broad, separated from the N. E. part of that of Cefalonia, by a narrow channel. It is the ancient Ithaca, celebrated as the birthplace and kingdom of Ulysses. The chief town is Vel- thi, which has a spacious harbour. Long. 20. 40. E., lat. 38. 25. N. Thebaid, a country of Upper Egypt, now called Said, which see. Thebes, the ancient name of a city of Upper Egypt. It was celebrated for having 100 gates; and there are many tombs and magnificent re- mains of antiquity. One of the tombs has been broughtover to this country by M. Belzoni. Three villages, named Carnack, Luxor, and Gournou, are seated among its ruins, which are hence called the antiquities of Carnack and Luxor. Thebes, in Greece. See Thiva. Theisse, a river of Hungary, which rises in the Carpathian Mountains, flows above 100 m. in a western direction to Tokay, when it turns to the S., passes by Tsongrand and Segeden, and, after receiving a great number of rivers, falls into the Danube below Titul. Thcmar, a town of Germany, in the duchy of Saxe-Coburg, near the river Werra, 10 m. S. E. of Meinungen. Theresa, p. v. Jefferson Co. N. Y. 25 m. N. E. Sacketts Harbour. Thermia, an island of the Grecian Archipelago, S. of the island of Zia, and near the gulf of Engia, 12 m. long and 5 broad. The soil is good and well cultivated, and it has a great deal of silk. The principal town, of the same name, is the residence of a Greek bishop. Long. 24. 59. E., lat. 37. 31 . N. Thermupyla:, a narrow passage in the N. E. of Greece, with high cliffs on one side and an im- passable marsii on the other. It is noted in his- tory for the brave stand made by Leonidas with 300 f;partans, against the army of Xerxes. The^s'thj. See Janna. Thetford, a borough in Norfolk, Eng. with a manuiacture of woolen cloth and paper. 80. m. N. E. of London. Thetford, p.t. Orange Co. Vt. on the Connec- ticut. Pop. 1,183. Thibet, a county of Asia, bounded on the N. W. and N. by the Desert of Kobi, in Tartary, E. by China, S. by Assam and Birmah, and S. W. and W. by Hindoostan and Bootan. This coun- try is one of the highest in Asia, being a part 31 that elevated tract which gives rise not only to the rivers of India and China, but also to those of Siberia and Tartary. Its length from E. to W. cannot be less than 1,400 m; its breadth about 500, but very unequal. It is divided into three parts. Upper, Middle, and Lower Thibet. The Upper, lies towards the sources of the Ganges and Burrampooter ; the Middle is that in which Labsa, the capital, is seated ; and the Lower that which borders on China. Little Thibet is situ- ate between Upper Thibet and Casheur. Not- withstanding the very rough and sterile state of Thibet, and the severity of its climate, from its wonderful elevation, its inhabitants are in a high Btate of civilization ; their houses arc lofty and built of stone ; and useful manufactures in some degree of improvement. The principal exports are gold-dust, diamonds, pearls, lamb skins, shawls, woolen cloths, rock-salt, musk, and tincal or crude borax. The nature of the soil prohibits the progress of agriculture ; but wheat, peas, and barley are cultivated. Here are many beasts of prey, and great abundance and variety of wild fowl and game ; with numerous flocks of sheep and goats, and herds of cattle of a diminutive size, as well as small horses. The ibex, or wild goat is a native of this country. The Thibetians are governed by the grand lama, who is not only submitted to and adored by them, but is also the great object of adoration for the various tribes of pagan Tartars, who walk through the vast tract of continent which stretches from the river Volga to Corea. He is not only the sovereign pontifi^ the vicegerent of the deity on earth, but by the more remote Tartars is absolutely regarded as the dei- ty himself. Even the emporor of China, who is of a Tartar race, does not fail to acknowledge the latna, in his religious capacity, although, as a temporal sovereign, the lama himself is tributa- ry to that emperor. The opinion of the most orthodox Thibetians is, that when the grand la- ma seems to die, either of old age or infirmity, his soul, in reality only quits a crazy habitation to animate another younger or better ; and it is discovered again in the body of some child, by certain tokens known only to the lamas or priests, in which order he always appears. The lamas, who form the greatest and most powerful body in the state, have the priesthood entirely in their hands. At the head of their hierarchy are three lamas, the Dalai lama, who reside at Lassa ; the Teshoo lama, who lives at Teshoo Loomboo ; and the Taranat lama, whose seat is Kharca, in the N. The priests constitute many monastic orders, which are held in great veneration among them. The most numerous sect are called Gylongs, who are exempt from labor, enjoined temperance, and interdiction all intercourse with the female sex ; they abound over all Thibet and Bootan, not- withstanding the severity of discipline ; since every family consisting of more than four boys is obliged to contribute one of them to this order; and it is also encouraged by ambition, as the offi- cers of state are usually selected from this sect Besides the religious influence and authority of the grand lama, he is possessed of unlimited power throughout his dominions. His residence is at a vast palace on the mountain Putala, 7 miles from Lassa. The religion of Thibet, though in many respects it differs from that of the Indian brahmins, yet, in others, has a great affinity to it. The practice of polyandry is universally prevalent in Thibet , and one female associates with all the brothers of a family, without any re- T«0 721 itriction of age or number ; the choice of a wife is the privilege of the elder brother. This extra ordinary custom, and the celibacy of priests, may have been intended to gard against too numerous a population in an unfertile country. The Thi- betians preserve entire the mortal remains of their sovereign lamas only : every other corpse is either consumed by fire or exposed to be the pro- miscuous food of beasts and birds of prey. They have a great veneration for the cow, and highly respect the waters of the Ganges, tlie source of which they believe to be in heaven. The sun- niasses, or Indian pilgrims, often visit Thibet as a holy place; and the grand lama always maintains a body of nearly 300 of them in his pay. See Palte. Thiel, or Tie!., a strong town of the Nether- lands, in Guelderland, seated on the Waal, 18 m. W. of Nimeguen. Thielet, a town of the Netherlands, in W. Flan- ders, 10 m. N. of Courtray. Tbien'ren, a town of Baden, on the river Wut- tach, 13m. W. of Schaffhausen. Thiers, a town of France, department of Puy de Dome, with manufi^ctures of paper, thread, leather, and cutlery. It is seated on the side of a hill, 21 m. E. by N. of Clermont. ThioncUle, a strong town of France, in the de- partment of Moselle. The Austrians bombarded it in 1792, but were obliged to raise the seige. It is seated on the Moselle, over which is a bridge defended by a hornvvork, 14 m. N. of Mentz and 33 S. W. of Treves. T.'drsk, a borough in N. Yorkshire, Eng. with manufactures of coarse linens, sacking, &c. 214 m. N. by W. of London. Tliiva, or T/iebe. , a celebrated city of Greece, and a bishop's see 1 he ancient city was 4 m. in circumference, but only that part of it is now in- habited which was originally the castle, called Cadmcea, from Cadmus the founder. In the vi- cinity is a fine sort of white clay, of which bowls for pipes are made, that dry naturally and become as hard as stone. It is seated between two riv- ers, 23 m. N. W. of Athens. T7ticjer.v, a town of France, department of Dor- dogne, 18 m. N. N. E. of Perigueux. Tkolen, a town of the Netherlands, in an island of its name belonging to the province of Zealand. 4 m. N. W. of Bergen-op-Zoom. Thomas, St. an island in the Atlantic, lying under the equator, near the W. coast of Guinea, discovered in 1G40 by the Portuguese. It is al- most round, is about 30 m. in diameter, and con- sists chiefly of hills, intermixed with valleys, which are often filled with a thick fog. The soil is fertile, and produces plenty of sugar-canes, rice, and millet. On the same vine are blossoms and green and ripe grapes, all the year round. The cli- mate is unwholesome to the Portuguese, but it agrees well with the original natives, and also with the cattle, which are larger and finer here than on the coast of Guinea. In 1641 this island was ta- ken by the Dutch ; but they soon relinquished it in consequence of the inclemency of the climate. Pavoasan is the capital. Thomas, St., one of the Virgin islands, in the W. Indies, with a harbour, a town, and a fort. It is 15 m. in circumference, and the trade is con- siderable, particularly in times of peace. It surren- dered to the English in 1807, but was restored to the Danes in 1814. Long. 65.26. W., lat. 11.22. N. Thomas, St., a town of Hindoostan, in the Car- natic, formerly a powerful city. It is inhabited by weavers and dyers, and noted for making the 91 THU best colored stuffs in India. 3 m. S. of Ma dras. Thomasloiim, a borough of Ireland, in the county of Kilkenny, on the river Noire, 10 m. S. S. E. of Kilkenny. Thomastown, p.t. Lincoln Co. Me. on Penob- scot Bay. 37 m. E. Wiscasset. Pop. 4,221. Great quantities of lime are burnt here and exported to all parts of the country. The quarries of limestone also produce fine white and black marble. Thompson, p.t. Windham Co. Conn, in the N. E. angle of the state. Pop. 3,388; a township of Sullivan Co. N. Y. 34 m. N. W. Newburg. Pop. 2,459; townships in Sandusky, Delaware, and Geauga Cos. Ohio. Thompsoidown, p. v. Mifilin Co. Pa. ThompsmiviUe, p. v. Culpeper Co. Va. and Chesterfield Dis. S. C. Thonon, a town of the Sardinian states, in Sa- voy, with a palace and several convents ; seated on the lake of Geneva at the influx of the river Drama, 16 m. N. E. of Geneva. Thorn, a city of W. Prussia, formerly a Han- seatic town. In the Church of St. John is the epitaph of the celebrated Nicholas Copernicus, who was born here. It is divided into the Old and New town, and has a celebrated protestant academy. In 1703 it was taken by the Swedes, who demolished the fortifications; and in 1793 it was seized by the king of Prussia and annex- ed to his dominions. It was taken by the French in 1806, and remained in their hands till 1812. It is seated on the Vistula, over which is a long wood en bridge, 07 m. S. of Dantzic and 105. N. W. of Warsaw. Long. 18. 42. E., lat. 53. 6. N. Thorn, a small but thriving town in W. York- shire, Eng. 165 m. N. by W. London. Thornhury, a borough in Gloucestershire, Eng. 122 m. W. of London. Tliornv'dle, p.t. Perry Co. Ohio. Thornbnry, a township of Delaware Co. Pa. Thornhill, a town of Scotland, in Dumfries- shire, with manufactures of coarse linen and woolen cloth, seated near the river Nith, 15 m. N. N. W. of Dumfries. Thornsburg, p. v. Spotsylvania Co. 18 m. E. Fredericksburg. Thornton, p.t. Grafton Co. N. H. 48 m. N. Con- cord. Pop. 1,049. Thouars, a town of France department of Deux Sevres. The castle of its ancient dukes is on a rock, surrounded by walls, 120 feet high, built of white stone. It is seated on a hill, by the river Thone, 32 m. S. E. of Angers and 162 m. S. W. of Paris. Thunder Buy, a bay in the N. W. part of Lake Huron, so named from the frequent thunder heard there. Thrapston, a town in Northamptonshire, Eng. 73 m. N. N. W. of London. Three Hills l.fland, one of the New Hebrides, in the S. Pacific, 12 m. in circumference, lying to the S. of Masicollo. Three Rivers, or Trois Rivieres, a town of Low- er Canada, situate on a river of the same name, which before its conjunction with the St. Law rence, is divided by two islands into three branch es. It has two churches, a convent, and, an hospital. 9 m. up the river is a considerable iron foundry. 70 m. W. S. W. of Quebec. Thuin, a town of the Netherlands, in the teri tory of Liege : seated on the Sambre, 8 m. S. W. Charleroy and 15 S. E. of Mons. Thun, a town of Switzerland, capital of a baili 3P TIO 722 TIL WJC, fnthe canton of Bern, with a castle. It is seated on a lake of the same name, 14 m. long and three broad, where the river Aar issues from It, 15 m. S. by E. of Bern. Thousand Islands, a group of ema.]\ islands in the river St. Lawrence just below lake Ontario. Also a group of Islands in the Straits of Sunda. Thur, a river of Switzerland, which rises in the S. part of the county of Togwenburg, and flows into the Rhine, 7 m. S. S. W. of Schaff- hausen. Tkurvau, a canton of Switzerland, which lies along the river Thur ; bounded on the S. by the canton of St. Gall, W. by that of Zurich, and N. and E. by the lake and territory of Constance. It is extremely populous, and the most pleasant and fertile part of Switzerland, though some- what mountainous towards the S. Its area is computed at 350 square miles, with 77,000 inhab- itants, one-third of whom are Catholics, and the other two-thirds Calvinists. Frauenfeld is the capital. TImringia, the former name of a province of Germany, in Saxony ; bounded on the E. by Meissen, S. by FranconiaW. by Hesse and Eich- feld, and N. by the duchy of Brunswick and the principality of Anhalt. It is 73 m. in length, and nearly as much in breadth, abounding in corn, fruits, and wood. Thurso, a town of Scotland, in Caithness-shire, at the mouth of the river Thurso, on the S. W. side of a spacious bay. It has a considerable trade in corn and fish, and manufactures of wool- en and linen cloth. 28 m. iS. W. of Wick and 5() ni N. N. E. of Dornoch. Long. 3. 18. W., lat. 58. 30. N. T'uiirar, a town of Hindoostan, in the Carnatic, 50 m. W. S. W. of Pondicherry and 75S. of Arcot. Tiano, a town of Naples, in Terra di Lavoro, will) a famous nunnery and a mineral springj 15 m. N. W. of Capua. Tiber, a river of Italy, which rises in the Ap- ennines, flows through the Pope's Dominions by Borgo. St. Sepulchro, Citta di Castella, Orto, and Rome, 10 m. below which it enters the Mediterranean Sea, between Ostia and Porto. Tllnir'jn, a cape at the most western extremi- ty of the island of St. Domingo, with a town and fort, on an open road, opposite Port Antonio in Jamaica. Long. 74. 32. W., lat. 18. 25. N. Ticondcroga, a fort of the state of New York, built by the French in 1756, on the narrow pas- sage between the lakes George and Champlain. it was taken in 1759 by general Amherst, and in 1777 by general Burgoyne, but evacuated soon ;ifler the surrender at Saratoga. It had all the iulvantages th t art or nature could give it : but is now a heap of ruins, and forms an appendage to a farm. The township of Ticonderoga is in Essex Co. 92 m. N. Albany, and 110 S. Mon- treal. Pop. 1,996. Ticino, a canton of Switzerland, to the W. of the canton of Grisons, and almost encircled by Italy. It m rich in pastures and cattle, and has an area of 1,130 square miles, with 90,000 inhabi- tants. Bellinzona is the capital. Ticino, or Tesin, a river which has its source in Switzerland, on the S. side of St. Gothard, flows through the canton of Ticino and the lake Maggiore ; then passes to Pavia, in the Milanese, and a little after joins the Po. Tickhill, a town in W. Yorkshire, Eng. 156 m. N. by W. of London. Tideswell, a town in Derbyshire, Eng. on the S. confines of the Peak. Here is a well, deemed one of the wonders of the Peak, which after great rains ebbs and flows two or three times in an hour, the waters gushing from several cavities at once, for the space of five minutes : the well is three feet deep and broad, and the water rises and falls two feet. 22 m. N. W. of Derby and 160 N. N. W. of London. Tidore, an island in the eastern seas, one of the Moluccas. It is 20 m. in circumference, and pro- duces cloves and flax. The woods and the rocks that surround it render it a place of defence. It is governed by a sultan, who possesses also the S part of GiIolo,and claims tribute from Mysol. 1(5 m. S. of Ternate. Long. 126. 40. E., lat. 1.0. N. Tien-sing, a city of China, in Pe-tche-li, which has a great trade in salt. It is seated on the Pei- ho, at the influx of the Eu-ho, 90 m. from its mouth, and 90 S. E. of Pekin. T#re, p.v. Seneca Co. Oho. 100 m. N. Co- lumbus; a township of Adam, Co. Ohio. Tigre, a province in the N. E part of Abyssinia, 200 m. long and 120 broad, through which passes all the merchandise of the kingdom destined to cross the Red Sea for Arabia. Adowa is the capital. Tigris, a river of Asia, which has its source in the mountain of Tchilder, in Diarbek. It flows by Diarbekir, Gezira, Mosul, and Tecrit, in which course it separates Diarbek from Curdistan ; then enters Irac Arabi, where it passes by Bagdad and Corna, and soon after joins the Euphrates,- 35 m. above Bassora. Tilbury, East, a village in Essex, Eng. near the mouth of the Thames, E. of Tilbury Fort. In this parish is a field, called Cave Feld, in which is a horizontal passage to one of the spacious cav- erns in the neighbouring parish of Chadvvell. Dr. Derham measured three of the most considerable of them, and found the depth of one to be 50, another 70, and the third 80 feet. Their origin is too remote for investigation. Tilbury Fort, a fortress in Essex, Enor. situai.3 on the Thames, opposite Gravesend. It hiis a double moat, the innermost of which is 180 feet broad : and its chief strength on the land side con- sists in its being able to lay the whole level under water. On the side next the river is a strong curtain, with a platform before it; on both of which and the bastions, are planted a great number of guns. It is 28 m. E. by S. of London. Tilliers, a town of France, department of Eure 6 m. N. E. of Verneuil. Tilsit, a town of Prussian Lithuania, with a castle and a considerable trade in corn, liiiseed, butter, cheese, and other provisions. In 1807 it was taken by the French ; soon after which two treaties of peace were made, between Franco and Tm 723 riR Pruasia, and France and Russia, the three sover- eigns being here in person. It is situate on the Memel, 50 m. N. E. of Konigsberg and 95 S. S. W. of Mittau. Long. 22. 8. E., lat 55. 8. N. Timana, a town of Terra Firnia, in Popayan, capital of a territory of the same name, which abounds in fruits and pastures. It is seated on a river 130 ra. E. S. E. of Popayan. Long. 74. 55. W., lat. 1. 35. N. Tinier ycotta, a town and fortress of Hindoostan, in the Carnatic, chief place in the district of Pal- naud. 72 m. S. E. of Hvdrabad and 82 W. by S. of Candapilly. Long. 79." 26. E., lat. 16. 20. N. Timon, or Timoan, an island on the E. coast of the peninsula of Malaya, 30 m. in circumference. It is mountainous and woody, and produces plen- ty of cocoa-nuts and rice. Loner. 104. 25. E., lat. 3.0. N. Timor, an island in the Indian Ocean, to the W. of the N. W. point of New Holland. It is 200 m. long and GO broad, and abounds in sandal- wood, wax, and honey. The Dutch have a fort here, from which they expelled the Portuo-uese in 1513. It is situate at Cupan, the principal town, in the S. W. point of the island. Long. 124. 0. E., lat. 10. 23. S. Timarlaut, an island in the Indian Ocean, be- tween Timor and New Guinea It is 60 m. in circumference, and the S. point is in long. 131. 54. E., lat. 8. 15. S. Tinevelly, a town of Hindoostan, capital of a district of its name, at the S. extremity of the Carnatic. It is seated on a river which flows in- to the gulf of Manara. Ho m. S. S. W. of Mobura. Long. 71. 46. E., lat. 8. 42. N. Tingtcheou, a city of China, of the first rank, in Fo kien, 980 m. S. of Pekin. Long. 116. 30. E., lat 2.-). 48. N. Tinian, an island in the N. Pacific, one of the Ladrones, 12 m. long and 6 broad. The soil is dry, and somewhat sandy, but produces abundance of cocoa-nuts, paupaus, guavas, limes, sour oran- ges, and bread-fruit ; also much cotton and indigo. There are no streams ; and the water of a well supposed to be the same at which commodore Anson filled his casks in 1742, wa,*! found by com- modore Byron, in 1765, to be brackish and full of worms. Both these officers speak of the fish caught here as unwholesome. Moschetoes and other kinds of flies are numerous; and there are likewise many venomous insects, centipedes, and scorpions. The road is dangerous, for the bot- tom consists of hard sand and large coral rocks. Long. 146. 0. E., lat. 15. 0. N. Tinicum, p:t. Bucks Co. Pa. and a township in Delaware Co. Pa. both on the Delaware. Tinmouth, p.t. Rutland Co. Vt. 26 m. N. Ben- nington. Pop. 1 ,049. T^no, the ancient Tenos, an island of the Gre- cian Archipelago, to the S. of Andros, from which it is separated by a channel of a mile in width. It is 15 m. long and 8 broad, and produ- ces 16,000 pounds of silk every year. The for- tress stands on a rock ; and here is a bishop's see of the Latin church, though the Greeks have 200 papas or priests. The capital is St. Nicholo. Long. 25. 10. E.,lat. 37.40. N. Tintagel. a v.illage in Cornwall, Eng. noted for the splendid remains of a castle, on a bold prom- ontory in the Bristol Channel, said to have been the birth-place of king Arthur, and the seat of the ancient dukes of Cornwall. 1 mile W. of Bossiney. Tinterrif a village in Monmouthshire, Eng. noted for the venerable remains of an abbey, which is a beautiful specimen of Gothic architecture. It is seated on the river Wye, 5 m. N. by E. of Chepstow. Tinto, a river of Spain, which rises in the prov- ince of Seville, and has its na)ne from the water being tinged of a yellow colour. Near its springs it has a petrifying quality, no fish will live in it nor any plants grow on its banks ; these proper- ties continue till other rivulets enter and alter its nature ; for when it passes by Niebla it is not different from other rivers, and 18 m. below it enters the bay of Cadiz, at Huelva. Tinzeda, a town of Barbarj', in the county of Darah, on the river Dras. Long. 6. 13. W., lat.27, 30. N. Tioga, or Chemung, a river of New York and Pennsylvania, forming the N. W. branch of the Susquehanna. Tioga, a county of N. Y. Pop. 27.704. Elmira is the capital. A county of the W. Dis. of Penn- sylvania. Pop. 9,062. WcUsborough is the capital ; p'.t. Tioga Co. N. Y. Pop. 1,413; p.t. Tioga Co. Pa. Tiom, an island on the W. coast of Sweden, 25 ra. in circumference, and aboundinar in excellent pastures. Long. 11. S'J. E.,lat. 58. OT N. Tipera, or Tipra, a district of Bengal, on the borders of Birmah. The cliief town is Comiliah, which is the residence of tlie rajah, and tiie seat of the British civil establishment. Tippecanoe, a branch of the river Wabash from the north, famous for a battle with the Indians fought upon its banks in November 1811. A cel- ebrated Indian chief called the Shawanese Proph- et had succeeded in stirring up the savages against the Americans, and collected a body of 600 war- ri.ors who were supplied with arms by the British and committed great de\astations upon the fron- tiers. General Harrison was dispatched against them, and a severe battle was fought here in savages were totally defeated. Tippecanoe, a county of Indiana. Pop. 7,167. Lafayette is the capital. Tipperary, a county of Ireland in the province of Munster. It is divided into 147 parishes, con- tains about 346,000 inhabitants and sends four members to parliament. The S. part is fertile ; but the N. is rather barren, and terminates in a range of twelve mountains, the highest in Ire- land, called Phelem-dhe-Madina. The river Suire runs through it from N. to S. Clonmell is the capital. Tipperary, a town of Ireland, in the county of the same name, 9 m. W. S. W. of Cashel and 20 N.W. of Clonmell. rano, a town of Austrian Italy, capital of a district of in liie Valteline. It contains several TIT 724 TOB handsome buildings, but from the narrowness of the streets, and many ruinous houses, its general appearance is desolate. Its staple commerce con- sists in the exportation of wine and silk. Near the town is the magnificent church of the Mo- dona, much visited by catholic pilgrims. The massacre of the Protestants of the Valteline, in 1620, began in this town. It is seated on the Adda, 15 m. E. of Londris. Long. 9. 58. E., lat. 46. 20. N. Tipton, a county of W. Tennessee. Pop. 5,317. Covington is the capital. Tireh, a town of Asia Minor, in Natolia, situate ■on the Meinder, 32 m. S. S. E. of Smyrna. Tirey, an island of Scotland, one of the Hebri- des, lying to the W. of Mull. It is IGm. long and 3 broad. The surface in general is even, and it is noted for its marble quarry and a handsome breed of little horses. Tirelemont, a town of the Netherlands, in S. Brabant, formerly one of the most considerable cities in that duohy, but ruined by the wars, and by a great fire in 1701. Near this place the Aus- Irians were defeated in 1792 by the French, who the year following were routed by the former. It is seated on the river Greete, 10 m. E. S. E. of Louvain. Tirnau, a town of Hungary, in the country of Neitra, seated on the Tirna, 26 ra. N. E. of Pres- burg. Tirschenreid, a town of Bavaria, seated on a lake, 10 m. S. of Egra. Tishury, a township of Dukes Co. Mass. on Martha's Vineyard. Pop. 1,318. Titan, or Cabaros, an island of France, the larg- est and most eastern of the Hieres, i^ the Mediter- ranean. Titeri, the middle or southern province of the kingdom of Algiers, in which is a lake of the same name, formed by the river Shellif, near its source Towards the N. the country is mountain- ous and narrow, and to the S. it extends far into the desert. It contains some of the highest moun- tains in the kingdom, part of which are inhabited by the Cabyls, an independent tribe, who have never been subdued by the Al^erines. The prin- cipal town of this province is Belida. Titicaca, a lake of S. America, between Peru and Bolivar. It is of an oval figure, with an inclination from N. W. to S. E., and 240 m. in circumference. Many streams enter into it, but its waters are so muddy and nauseous as to be unfit for drinking. One of the most splendid temples in the empire was erected on an island in this lake, by the Incas. Titlisherg, one of the highest mountains in Switzerland, in the canton of Uri^ 11 m. S. S. W. of Altorff. Titschein, JVetc, a well built town of the Austrian states, in Moravia, defended by walls, 28 m. E. by N. of Prerau. Titlmaning, a town of Bavaria, in the duchy of Salzburg, seated on the Salza, 20 m. N. N. W. of Salzburg. Titul, a town of Hungary, seated on the Theis- se, 23 m. E. S. E. of Peterwardein and 24 N. N. W. of Belgrade. Tiumen, a town of Siberia, in the province of Tobolsk, on the river Tura at the influx of the Pischma, 170 m. S. W. of Tobolsk. Tiverton, a borough in Devonshire, Eng. noted for its woolen manufactures, particularly kerseys. 161 m. W. by S. of London. Tiverton, a township of Newport Co. R. I. on Narraganset Bay 14 m. from Newport Pop. 2,905. Tivoli, a town of the papal states, in Campagna di Roma, and a bishop's see. Though now poor, it boasts of greater antiquity than Rome, being the ancient Tibur, which was founded by a Gre- cian colony. It was the favourite country resi- dence of the ancient Romans, as Frascati is of the moderns. The cathedral is built on the ruins of a temple of Hercules. In the market place are two images of oriental granite, representing the Egyptian deity Isis. The adjacent country yields excellent oil. Near Tivoli are the ruins of the magnificent villa built by emperor Adrian, a eel ebrated cascade, a temple of Vesta, and anothei of the Sybil Albunea, a famous villa Esteme, and the remarkable lake of the Solfatara. Tivoli is seated on an eminence, on the river Teverone, 16 m. E. N. E. of Rome. Tizzano, a town of Italy ,in the duchy of Parma, 13 m. S. of Parma. T/ascala,a. province of Mexico bounded on the N. by Panueo E. by the gulf of Mexico S. by Guaxaca and the Pacific Ocean, and W. by Mexico Proper. On the W. side there is a chain of mountains for the space of 55 m., v/ell cultivated; and on the N. is a great ridge of mountains, the neighbour- hood of whicii exposes it to violent tempests and frequent inundation. Yet this is allowed to be the most populous county in all America ; and it produces so much maize, that hence it had the name of TIascala, the Land of Biead. Puebla de los Angelos is the capital. TIascala, a town of Mexico, formerly the capital of the province of the same name ; seated on a river, 15 m. N. by E. of Puebla de los Angelos. Tobago, the most southern of the islands in tlie W. Indies, and the most eastern except Barba- does. It is 30 m. long and 10 broad : and near its N. E. extremity is Little Tobago, an island 2 m. long and 1 broad. The climate is not so hot as might be expected from its situation so near the equator ; nor is it visited by such dreadful hurricanes as frequently desolate the other islands. It is diversified with hills and vales, and is equal in richness of produce to any island in these seas. In 1748 it was declared a neutral island, but in 1763 was ceded to the English. It was taken by the French in 1781, and confirmed to them in 1783; but it was taken by the English in 1793, and restored in 1802. It was again taken by the English in 1803, and confirmed to them by the treaty of Paris in 1814. The principal place is Scarborough. Tobermory, a town of Scotland, in the island of Mull, with a good harbour, and a custom-house; seated on a fine bay, near the N. W. end of the sound of Mull. Long. 5. 58. W., lat. 56. 46. N. Tobolsk, a government of the Russian empire, which comprehends the greatest part of Western Siberia. It is divided into the two provinces of Tobolsk and Tomsk. Tobolsk, a considerable and populous city of Russia, formerly capital of Siberia, and at present of the government of Tobolsk. It is divided into the Upper and Lower Town : the former is prop- erly the city, and stands very high, with a fort built with stone, in which are the governor's court, the governor's house, the archbishop's palace, the exchange, and two of the principal churches, all built of stone, but the houses in general are of wood, and are very low. The Tar- tars that live round this town, for several m. are all Mahometans, and their mufli is an Arabian TOL TXb TOM in general they behave very quietly, and carry on some commerce, but practice no mechanic trades. There are also a great number of Calmuc Tartars, who serve as slaves. All the Chinese caravans pass through this town, and all the furs furnished by Siberia are brought here, and hence forwarded to Moscow. The Russians commonly send their state prisoners to this city. It is seated at the confluence of the rivers Tobol and [rtisch, 11,00 ni. E. by N. of Moscow and 1,200 E. by S. of Petersburgh. Long. 63. 35. E., lat. 58. 12. N. Toby, a township of Armstrong Co. Pa. on Al- leghany river. Tocantin, the largest river of Brazil, which rises in lat. 18. S., and flows N. E. at the foot of a ridge of mountains for above 700 m. then enters a more open country, and pursues its course 400 m. further to the Atlantic Ocean, which it enters by a large estuary, below the city of Para. The estuary of this river has a communication with that of the .\mazon to the W. ; and the space incl'ided by them and the ocean is an island, 150 m. in diameter, called Maraso or Joanes. Tocat, a city of Asia Minor, in Sivas. The houses are handsomely built, and the streets paved, which is an uncommon thing in these parts; but the town makes a very odd appear- ance, being built on uneven ground. There are two rugged perpendicular rocks of marble, with an old castle upon each ; and so many streams, that each house has a fountain. The inhabitants are computed at 60,000. The chief trade is in copper vessels, but much yellow leather and silk is manufactured. It is seated in a district which abounds in fruit and excellent wine. 45 m. W. N. W. of Sivas and 150 N. of Marash. Long. 36. 35. E., lat. 39. 10. N. Tocayma, a town of Colombia, in a country abounding in fruit and sugar-canes. Here are hot baths between two cold springs ; and near the town is a volcano. It is seated on the Pati, near its entrance into the Madalena, 34 m. W. of St. Fe de Bogota. Long. 74. 53. W., lat. 4. 5. N. Tockoa, or Tuccoa Falls, a isascade on a small stream in Franklin Co. Geo. running into the Jutraloo. The descent is 187 feet, and the water is hashed into a fine rain before it reaches the bottom. Tocriir, a kingdom of Negroland, lying to the E. of Tombuctoo, on both sides the Niger. The capital is of the same name, seated on the S. side of the Ni it, and on the land side is an ancient wall, flanked with 100 towers. There are a great number of superb structures, besides 17 public squares, where the markets are kept, it is an archbishop's see ; and the cathedral is the richest in Spain : the Segrario, or principal chapel, con- tains 15 large cabinets led into the wall, full of gold and silver vessels, and other works. Here are numerous religious houses and churches, with some hospitals ; and formerly it had a university, which was suppressed in 1807. The inhabitants, once estimated at 200,000, are now reduced to 25,000. Without the town are the remains of an amphitheatre and other antiquities. It has a roy- al castle, and several manufactures of arms, silk, and wool. Toledo was occupied by the French in 1808. 37 m. S. of Madrid. Long. 3. 20. W. lat. 39. 50. N. Tolen, a fortified town of the Netherlands, in Zealand, in an island of the same name, separated by a narrow channel from Brabant. On the Bra- bant side it has a fort called Schlyckenburg, 5 m. N. W. of Bergen-op-Zoora. Long. 4. 20- E., lat. 51. 30. N. S . To'.entino, a town of the ecclesiastical states, in Ar>cona, where the relics of St. Nicholas are kept. A treaty of peace was concluded here between Bonaparte and the papal court in 1797. It is seated on the Chiento, 8 m. S. E. of St. Severino. Tolesburg, a sea- port of Russia, in the govern- ment of Riga, seated on the gulf of Finland, 60 m. W. of Narva. Long. 26. 4. E., lat. 59. 38. N. Tolfa, a town of Italy, in the states of the church. In the environs are warm baths, mines of alum and iron, and quarries of alabaster and lapis lazuli 6 m. N. E. of Civita Vecchia. Tolland, a county of Connecticut. Pop. 18,700. Tolland, p.t. the capital of the above Co. 17 m. N. E. Hartford. Pop. 1,698. Tolland, p.t. Hampden Co. Mass. 125 m. S. W. Boston. Pop. 724. Tolmczo, a town of Austrian Italy, in Friuli, with a castle. Near it is an extensive linen man ufacture. It stands on the Tagliamento, 16 m. N. W. ofUdina. Tolmino, a town of the Austrian states, in Car- niola, 12 m. N. of Goritz. Tolna, a town of Hungary, formerly the capi- tal of a county of the same name, producing ex- cellent wine. It is seated on the Danube, 65 m. S. of Buda. Long. 19. 15. E., lat. 46. 30. N. Tolnani, a town of Hindoostan, in the country of Baglana, 70 in. W. of Burhampour and 124 E of Surat. Long. 75. 3. E., lat. 21. 15. N. Tolometa, a sea-port of Barbary, in Barca, an- ciently called Ptolemais. It is seated on the Mediterranean, 100 m. W. of Derna. Long. 20. 30. E.,lat. 32.44. N. Tolosa, a town of Spain, in Biscay, capital of the district of Guipuscoa ; celebrated for its steel manufactures, particularly of sword-blades. It was taken by the French in 1794, und a^ain in 1808. It is seated m a valley, between the Araxia and Oria, 36 m. E. of Bilbba. Long. 2. 5. W lat. 43. 12. N. Tolu, a sea-port of Terra Firma, in Carthagena ; famous for its balsam, produced from a tree like a pine. It is seated on a bay, 70 m. S. of Cartha- gena. Long. 75. 16. W., lat. 9. 30 N. Tom, Mount, an eminence of Massachusetts, on the W. bank of the Connecticut, near Northamp- ton. It is about 1 ,200 feet above the level of the river. Tomar, a town of Portugal, in Estremadura, on the river Naboan, at the foot of the mountains, 3p3 TOM 796 TOM where there is a castle belonging to the knights of Christ. 40 m. S. by E. ofCoimbra and 60 N. E of Lisbon. Tomburtoo, a city of Central Africa, and the great emporium of the interior trade of that con- tinent. It is situated in an imr.jense plain of white sand, having no vegetation but stunted trees and shrubs, »uch as the mimosa ferruginea, which grows no higher tlian three or four feet. The City is not closed by any barrier, and may be entered on any siJe. It forms a sort of triangle, about three miles in circuit. I'he houses are large but not high, consisting entirely of a ground floor; they are built of bricks of a ro'ind form, rolled in the hands and baked i«i the sun. The streets are clean and sufficiently wide for three horsemen to pass abreast. Both within and with- out the town there are many straw huts, which serve as dwellings for the poor and for the slaves ■who sell merchandise for their masters. The ci- ty contains seven mosques, two of which are large. The number of inhabitants is stated not to exceed 12,000, who are all engaged in trade : but the population is sometimes augmented by the Arabs, who arrive with the caravans and re- main a while in the city. In the plain several species of grass and thistle afford food for the camels. Fire-wood is very scarce, being all brought from the neighbourhood of Cabra, and camel dung forms the only fuel of the poorer classes. The soil being totally unfit for cultiva- tion, the inhabitants are obliged to procure from Jenne every thing requisite for the supply of their wants, such as millet, rice, vegetable butter, honey, cotton, Soudan cloth, preserved provisions, candles, soap, allspice, onions, dried fish, pistachi- os, «fcc. ; and to prevent immediate famine, in case the vessels from Cabra should chance to be stop- ped by the Tooariks, the inhabitants take care to have their warehouses amply stored with every kind of provision. Water is also scarce, and is sold in the market place, where a measure con- taining about half a pint is procured for a cowrie. To the W. S. W. of the town there are large ex- cavations, from 30 to 40 feet deep, for preservinar the rain-water These reservoirs have no cover- ing ; and the water, being consequently exposed to the sun and the hot wind, though tolerably clear, has a disagreeable taste, and is very hot. Near tlie reservoirs are some small plantations of tobacco, the only plant which is here cultivated, and which grows no higher than five or six in- ches, and that only by dint of watering. All the native inhabitants of Tornbuctoo are zealous Ma- hometans. Their dress is similar to that of the Moors. They are represented as gentle and com- plaisant to strangers, industrious in their habits, and not wanting in intelligence. The men are of the ordinary size, generally well made, up- right, and walk with a graceful step. Their col- or is a fine des'p black. Their noses are a little more aquiline ,han those of the Mandingoes, and like them they have thin lips and large eyes. The women attend to domestic occupations. They are not veiled, like those, of Morocco, and are al- lowed to walk out when they please. Those of the richer class have always a great number of ffhss beads about their necks and in their ears. Like the women of Jenne they wear nose-rinnrs ; and the female who is not rich enough to procure a ring substitutes a piece of red silk for it ; they wear silver bracelets, and ancle rings of plated steel, the latter of wnich are made in the coun- try. Thtt female slaves of rich masters have gold ornaments about their necks, and instead of wearing ear-rings, as in the environs of the Sen egal, they have little plates in the form of a neck lace. The interior of the dwellings in Tornbuc- too, as well as the dress of the inhabitants, is ex- ceedingly neat. Their domestic articles consist of calabashes and wooden platters: knives and forks are unknown here, and the natives imagine that like them, all people in the world eat with their fingers. Their furniture consists merely of mats for sitting on ; and their beds are made by fixing four stakes in the ground at one end of the room, and stretching over them some mats or a cow hide. The rich have cotton mattrasses and coverlets, which the neighbouring Moors manu- facture from camel's hair and sheep's wool. The people are well fed. Their meals, of which they take two in a day, consist of rice, and couscous made of small millet, dressed with meat or dried fish. Those negroes who are in easy circumstan- ces breakfast on wheaten bread, tea, and butter made from cows' milk : those of inferior circum- stances use vegetable butter. Generally speak- ing, the negroes are not so well lodged as the Moors ; the latter have great influence over them, and ind'»ed consider themselves far their superi- ors. Cloth and other European merchandise, and salt, are brought to Tombuctoo by caravans from Barbary ; these are exchanged for ivory ; slaves, senna, gold-dust, dates, ostriches' feathers, &c., brought from the interior and more mari- time parts of Africa. This city is subject to a well-regulated police, and many of the inhabitants are very rich. Cabra its port, 3 m. N., is a nar- row town of mud huts, containing about 1,000 inhabitants, who are all employed either in land- ing the merchandise brought from Jenne, or in conveying it to Tombuctoo ; it has a small mosque with a minaret, but is a dirty and miser- able-looking place. Long. 3. 40. W. lat. 17. 50. N. Such is the discription of the celebrated city of Tombuctoo, according to the relation of M. Caillie aFrenchman, who visited this city in 1827, and is the only European who ever returned from it. The veracity of his relation however, is doubted by many. Tombigbee, river, a branch of the Alabama, rising in the northern part of Mississippi and flowing S. Easterly till it unites with the Black Warrior in Alabama. It is navigable by schoon- ers to St. Stephen's. Tomkannock, p. v. Rensselaer Co. N. Y. Tompkins, a county of New York. Fop. 36,545 Ithaca is the capital ; p.t. Delaware Co. N. Y Pop 1,774. Tompliinville, p. v. Monroe Co. Ken. Tbrnina, a province of Buenos Ayres, 72 m. long and 210 in circuit. The surface is moun- tainous, but the valleys are fertile. Tomini, a town on the E. coast of the island of Celebes, on a bay to which it gives name. Long. 110. 0. E., lat. 0.45. S. Tomsk, a town of Asiatic Russia, capital of a province of its name, in the government of To- bolsk. On the highest part stands a wooden castle, defended by 14 pieces of cannon; and in it are a cathedral built of wood, the chancery^ and an arsenal. The inhabitants carry on a great trade, this town lying on the great road through all the E. and N. parts of Siberia. Here are al| kinds of artificers and tradesmen, but they an', extremely indolent and slothful. It contains above 2,000 houses, with 12,000 inhabitants, and is seated on the river Tom, 560 m, £. by TON 987 TON S. of Tobolsk. Long. 84. 19. E., lat. 57. 4. N. Tondem, a well-built tx>wn of Denmark, capital of a district of its name, in the duchy of Sleswick, with a considerable trade in corn, cattle, silk, and fine lace. It is seated on the river Widaw, and on a bay of the ng square lined with trees, and serving as a parade. The old and new harbour communicaie with each other by means of a canal. The old haven has a noble quay, and is protected by two moles, begun by Henry IV. The new haven was constructed by Louis XIV., as were the fortifications ; it con- tains an arsenal, a rope-walk, a park of artillery, dock-yards, basins, and every thing to be expect- ed in the second port for men of war in this conn- try. The galleys, transferred from Marseilles some years ago, occupy a basin in the new port. Many of the galley-slaves are artisans, and some merchants ; they no longer sleep on board the galleys, but are provided with accommodations on shore, in a vast building, erected for that purpose. Both the old and new port have an outlet into the outer road or harbour, which is 10 m. in cir- cuit, surrounded by hills, and the entrance de- fended, on both sidles, by a fort and batteries. Toulon is the only mart in the Mediterranean for the re-exportation of the products of the E. In- dies. In 1706 it was bombarded by the allies, both by land and sea, by which almost the whole town was reduced to a heap of ruins, and several ships burned ; but they were at last obliged to raise the siege. In 1721 it experienced the dread- ful ravages of a pestilence. In 1793 it capitulat- ed, in the name of Louis XVII., to the British, who not finding the place tenable, evacuated it the same year, after having destroyed the arsenal, &c. Toulon is seated on a bav of the Mediterrar nean, 37 m. S. E. of Marseilles and 517 S. S. E of Paris. Long. 5. 55. E., lat. 43. 7. N. TOU 730 TRA Toulouse, a city of France, capital of the de- partment of Upper Garonne, and an archbisliop's Bee. It contains 60,000 inhabitants, and is the most considerable city in France, next to Paris and Lyons, although its population bears no pro- ?ortion to its extent. It was the capital of the 'ectosages, who made so manv conquests in Asia and Greece. It was next a Roman colony, and was successively the capital of the Visigoths (who destroyed the superb amphitheatre, of which there are still some remains, the capital, and other Roman monuments), and that of Aquitaine. The walls of the city, as well as the houses, are built with bricks. St. Stephen's, the metropolitan church, would be incomparable if the nave were equal to the choir, and the archbishop's palace is magnificent. The town-house forms a perfect square, 324 feet long and 66 high : the principal front occupies an entire side of the grand square called the Place Royale. In the great hall called the Hall of Illustrious Men, is the statue of the Chevalier Isaure, with the busts of all the great men to whom Toulouse has given birth. Com- municating with the Atlantis on one side by the river Garonne, and with the Mediterranean on the other by the canal of Languedoc, Toulouse might have been a very commercial city; but the taste of the inhabitants has been principally for the sciences and belles-lettres. The little commerce they have consists in leather, wool, drapery, blankets, mignionets, oil, iron, mercury, hard- ware, and books. The bridge over the Garonne, equal to that of Tours, forms a communication with the suburb of St. Cyprian. The allied army entered this city on the 12th of April, 1814 after a severe action with the French arnry the pre- ceeding day. Toulouse is 145 m. S. E. of Bor- deaux and 400 S. by W. of Paris. Long. 1. 26. E.,lat. 43.36. N. Tour, a town of France, department of Puy de Dome, 22 m. S. of Clermont. Tour de Roussillon, a town in the department of Eastern Pyrenees 3 m. E. of Perpignan. Tour du Pin, a town in the department of Isere, seated on the Bourbre, 24 m. S. of Vienne. Tour la Blanche, a town in the department of Dordogne, 15 m. N. W. of Perigueux. Tour Ic Ville, a town in the department of La Manche, celebrated for its manufacture of glass. It is separated from Cherburg by a river. Touraine, a late province of France, which now forms the department of Indre-et-Loire. Tourancourefiy, a town of Hindoostan, in the Carnatic, 35 m. S. S. W. of Tritchinopoly. Tournan, a town of Fran-^e, department of Seine-et-Marne, 20 m. E. S. E. of Paris. Tournay, a city of Belgium, in Flandero, dnd a bishop's see. It has several fine manufactures, and is particularly famous for good stockings. The cathedral, and the abbey of St. Martin, are very magnificent It was taken by the allies in 1709, and ceded to the house of Austria by the treaty of Utrecht ; but the Dutch were allowed to place a garrison in it, as one of the barrier towns. In 1792 it was taken by the French, who were obliged to abandon it in 1793, but re-entered again on the conquest of Flanders in 1794; and retained it till 1814. It is seated on both sides the Scheldt, over which is a bridge, 14 m. E. S. £. of Lisle and 30. S. S. W. of Ghent. Long. 3. 24. E., lat. 50. 33. N. Tournehem, a town of France, department of Pas de Calais, 9 m. N. W. of St. Omer. Tournon^ a town in the department of Ardeche, with a fine college, and a castle ; seited on the side of a mountain, on the river Rhone, 38 m N. of Viviers and 48 S. of Lyons. Tournus, a town in the department of Saone- et-Loire, 15 m. S. of Chalons. Tours, a city of France, capital of the depart- ment of Indre-et-Loire, and an archiepiscopal see. It is seated on the Loire, and near the Cher. Over the former is one of the finest bridges in Europe, consisting of 15 elliptic arches, each 75 feet in diameter. The principal church is re- markable for the delicacy of its structure, curious clock, mosaic pavement, and rich library of man- uscripts. Under the ministry of cardinal Riche- lieu, 27,000 persons were here employed in the silk manufacture ; and now the whole number of inhabitants is about 23,000. The red wines of Tours are much esteemed. In one of the suburbs is the abbey of Marrnoutier, reputed the most an- cient in the W. Near the city is Plessisles- Tours, a palace built by the profligate and super- stitious Louis XI., wlio died here in 1483. Tours is 52 m. N. N. E. of Poitiers and 127 S. W. of Paris. Long. 0. 42. E., lat. 47. 24. N. Towamensing, p. v. Northampton Co. Pa. Towanda, p.t. Bradford Co. Pa. Towcester, a town in Northamptonshire, Eng. with manufactures of lace and silk. It was once strongly fortified, and the Roman Watling-street passes through the town. 60 m. N. W. of Lon^f don. * Toumsend, p.t. Middlesex Co. Mass. 45 m. N. W.Boston. Pop. 1,506; p.t. Windham Co. Vt. Pop. 1,386; p. v. Cape May Co. N. Y. townships of Huron and Sandusky Cos. Ohio. Towton, a village in W. Yorkshire, Eng. fa- mous for that bloody battle between the forces of the houses of York and Lancaster so fatal to the latter, on Palm Sunday, 1461. 3 m. S. E. of Tadcaster. Trachenberg, a town of Prussian Silesia, capital of a principality of the same name, abounding in corn, cattle, and timber. It has a fine castle, and is seated on the Bartch, 26 m. N. N. W. of Bres- lau. Long. 16. 56. E., lat. 51. 27. N. Trafalgar, a promontory of Spain, in Andalu- sia, at the entrance of the strait of Gibraltar. This cape is 30 m. S. S. E. of Cadiz. Long. 6. 2. W., lat. 36. 11. N. Tragonara, a town of Naples, in Capitanata 20 m. N. W. of Lucera. Train, a town of Bavaria, on the river Ambs, 5 m. S. of Abensperg and 20 E. of Ingolstadt. Traina, a town of Sicily; in Fal di Demona, 25 m. N. W. of Catania. Trajanopoli, a town of Romania, and a Greek archbishop's see. It is seated on the Marissa, 40 m. S. of Adrianople and 135 W. by N. of Con- stantinople. Trajetto, a town of Naples, in Terra di Lavoro, built on the site of the ancient Minturna, 25 m. N W. of Capua. Long. 14. 4. E., lat. 41. 20. N. Tralee, a borough of Ireland, capital ot the county of Kerry, near which is a chaly- beate spring It stands on a small river, which flows into a shallow bay of its name, 50 m. S. W of Limerick. Long. 10. 0. W., lal. 52.4. N. Trancoso, a town of Portugal, in Tras os Mon- tes, with a castle, 9 m. W. by S. of Pinhel. Tranent, a town of Scotland, in Haddington- shire, 8 m. E. of Edinburgh and 10 W. of Had- dington. Trant , a city of Naples, in Terra di Bari, the see of an archbishop, and the usual residence of the TRA 731 TRE givornor of the province, which is sometimes called Terra di Trani. Since the harbour has been choked up, the town has fallen greatly to decay. It stands on the gulf of Venice, 21) m. W. by N. of Bari and 125 N. by E. of Naples. t; Long. 16. 36. E., lat. 41. 18. N. Tranqvebar, a sea-port of Hindoostan, iii the district of Tanjore, with a fort and factory, be- longing to the Danes, who pay an annual rent to the rajah. The town is surrounded by a wall and bastions ; and contains three Christian churches, a large mosque for the Mahometans, and several pagodas for ihe Gentoos. In 1807 it was taken by the English. It is seated at the mouth of the Cavery, 165 m. S. of Madras. Long. 79. 53. E.,lat. 11.1. N. Transylvania, a country of Europe, formerly annexed to Hungary ; bounded on the S. by Hun- gary, E. by Moldavia, S. by Walachia, and W. by Hungary. It is 160 m. long and 1.50 broad, and surrounded by high mountains, whieli, how- ever, are not barren. It produces as much corn and wine as is wanted, and there are rich mines of gold, silver, lead, copper, quicksilver, and alum. The manufactures, which are in an extremely backward state, consists of woolen, cotton, glass, &c. It has undergone variovj« revolutions, and now belongs to the house of Austria. The in- habitants are of various religions, as Roman Catholics, Lutherans, Calvinists, Socinians Ar- menians, Greeks, and Mahometans. The gov- ernment is aristocratical ; and, since the year 1722, rendered hereditary to the princes and prin- cesses of the house of Austria. Transylvania, a village of Jefferson Co. Ken. on the Ohio. 8 m. above Louisville. Trap, p.v. Montgomery Co. Pa. a village of Somerset Go. Md. p.v. Talbot Co. Md. Trapani, a sea-port on the N. W. coast of Sicily, in Val di Mazara, with a fort, and an excellent harbour in the form of a sickle, whence its an- cient name, Drepanum. It is a trading place, famous for its salt-works, and fisheries of tunnies, and coral. It stands on a small peninsula, 30 m. N. ofMazara and 45. W. of Palermo. Long. 12. 20. E., lat. 38. JO. N. Tra^ OS Monies, a province of Portugal, beyond the mountains with regard to the other provinces of this kingdom, whence it has its name. It is oounded on the N. by Gallica, W. by Entre Dou- roe Aiinho, S. W. and S. by Beira, and E. by Leon ; and contains an area of 5,500 square miles, «rith 350,000 inhabitants. The valleys are fer- tile in corn, wine, and oil, and are numerous. The Duero divides it into two parts, and Miran- da is the capital. Trasviaur, a town and castle of Austria, seated on the Trasen, 12 m. W. of Tuln. Tru,u, a strong sea-port of Austrian Dalmatia, and a bishop's see. It is seated on the gulf of Venice, in a small island, joined to the mainland by a long bridge of wood, to the isle of Bua by another of stone, 22 m. S. JE. ofSebenico. Long. 17. 52. E., lat. 44. 0. N. Traunstein, a town and castle of Bavaria. Great quantities of salt are made here, from water brought above 14 m. over mountains, by means of engines and pipes, from Reichenhall. It is seated on the iriver Traun, 16 m. W. N. W. of Salzburg. Itauntenau, a town of Bohemia, in the circle ol Konigingratz, 21 m. N. of Konigingratz. Travancorfe, ?i province of the peninsula ofHin- * duostan, extending along the coast of Malabar from Cape Comorin to the province of Cochin, 140 m. in length by 70 in breadth at the N. ex- tremity, and contracting gradually to the S. point. It is subject to a rajah, who is under British protec tion. Travancore, the ancient capital of the above province, is surrounded by strong and extensive lines, but is much decayed. 110 m. S S. W. of Madura and 230. S. S. E. of Calicut. Long. 77. 15.E., lat. 8. 25. N. Traee, a river of Denmark, in the duchy of Hol- stein, which flows by Segeberg, Ordclso, and Lu- beck, and enters the Baltic at Travemunde Travemunde, a strong town of Germany, seat ed on the Baltic, at the mouth of the Trave. It is the port of Lubec, to which it belongs, and is 12 m. N. E. of that city. Traverse, a town of Switzerland, in the district of its name, in the canton of Neufchatel, 11 m. VV. of Neufchatel. Traya-uera. a town of Spain, in Valencia, 30 m. S. "W. of tortosa. Trebbin,a. town of Prussia, in Braddenburg, 22 m. S. S. W. of Berlin. Trebia, a river in Italy which rises in the ter- ritory of Genoa, flows by Bobio, in the Milanese and joins the Po above rlacentia. Trebigna, a town of Turkish Dalmatia, and a bishop's see ; seated on the gulf of Venice, at the mouth of the Trebenska, 14 m. N. of Ragusa. Trebisaccia, a town of Naples, in Calabria Citra, on the gulf of Tarento,10 m. E. N. E.of Cassano. Trebisond , a sea- port of Asia Minor, in Natolia, and a Greek archbishop's see. The walls are square and high, with battlements; and are built with the ruins of ancient structures, on which are inscriptions not legible. The town is not popu- lous ; for there are many gardens in it, and the houses are but one story high. The castle is seated on a flat rock, with ditches cut in it. The harbour is at the E. end of the town, and the mole built by the Genoese is slmost destroyed. It stands at the foot of a very steep hill, on the Black Sea, 104. m. N.N. W. of Erzerum and 440 E. Constantinople. Long. 40. 25. E.,lat. 39. 45. N. Trebitz, a town of the Austrian states, in Mo- ravia, with manufactures of cloth, iron, and glass : seated on the Igla, 21 m. S. E. of Iglau. Trehnitx, a town of Pnissian Silesia, in the principality of Oels, with a Cistercian nunnery, 12 m. N. of Breslau. Trebsen, a town of Saxony, on the Mnlda, 14 m. E. by S. of Leipzig. Treffurt, a town of Prussian Saxony, with a castle, seated on an eminence, 30 m. S. E. of Got- tingen. Tregony, a borough in Gernwall, Eng. 253 m. W. by S. of London. Treguier, a sea-port of France, department of Cotes du Nord ; seated on a peninsula, near the English Channel, 22 m. N. W. of St. Brieux. Long. 3. 13. W., lat. 48. 47. N. Trelleborg, a town of Sweden, in Schonen, seated on the Baltic, 26 m. S. of Lund. Tremesan, or Tlemsan, a city of Algiers, capital of a district of its name, in the province of Mas- cara. It is surrounded by strong walls, and in- habited by poor Arabs, Moors, and Jews. In the time of the Arabs, it was the residence of power- ful princes ; but is now dwindled to scarcely a fifth part of the ancient city. Its once flouristiing manufacture of carpets and woolen coverlets are in a state of decay, and the former masterpieces of architecture have disappeared ; for there is not ir wP* TRB rJ3 TRE a single building of excellence n«w t6 be seen. It is oO m. S. S. W. of Oran. Long. 1. 12. W., lat. 34. 50. E. Tremiti, three islands of Naples, in the gulf of Venice, 15 tn. from the N. coast of Capitanata. They are called Tremiti, or St. Nicolo, St. Domino, and Capraria. The first, which is the principal of them, has a Benedictine convent and a castle. Long. 15. 30. E., lat. 42. 10. x\. Tremouille, a town of France, department of Vendee, seated on the Bennaile, 35 m. E. by S. of Poitiers. Tremp, a town of Spain, in Catalonia, 20 m. N. of Balaguer. Trenscliin, a town of Hungary, capital of a coun- ty of its name, with an ancient castle on a rock. U has celebrated hot baths, and is seated near the W aag, 70 m. N. N. E. of Presburg. Long. 18. 0. E., lat. 48. 58. N. Trent, a circle of the Austrian empire, in the S. part of Tyrol, among the Alps, bounded by Tyrol Proper and the territories of Venice, it produces excellent wine. Trent, a fortified city, capital of the above circle, and formerly of a principality, famous in church history for a celebrated council which was held fVom 1545 to 1503. It has a handsome castle, a cathedral, three parish churches, a college, and some convents. In 1790 it was taken by the French, under Massena, with 6,000 prisoners and 20 cannon. It is situate between two mountains, on the river Adige, 67 m. N. W. of Venice. Long. 10. 55. E., lat. 40. 2. N. Trent, a river which rises in Staffordshire, Eng. meets the Ouse on the borders of Yorkshire, where there united stream forms the Humber. This river is of itself navigable from Burton, in Staffordshire ; and, by canals, it has a communi- cation with the Mersey, the Severn, and the Thames. Trent, a river of N. Carolina, joining the Neuse at Newbern. It is navigable 12 rn. Trenton, p.t. Hunterdon Co. N. J. on the Dela- ware 30 in. N. E. Philad. It is the capital of Nevr Jersey, and stands at the limit of sloop and steam- boat navigation upon the river, which is here crossed by a bridge 1,100 feet long. The town has considerable trade, cotton manufactures, a statehouse, 2 banks and 6 churches. It has been incorporated with city privileges. Pop. 3,925. At this place Wasliington crossed the Delaware on the night of tlie 25 December 1770, and falling (I npon the enemy's posts captured a body of 900 Hessians. This bold and successful achievement had a wonderful effect in retrieving the desperate condition of the Americans. Trenton,^.i. Hancock Co. Me. Pop. 795; p. v. Jones Co. N. C. Todd Co., Kea., Butler Co. Ohio ; p.t. Oneida Co. N. Y. 108 m. N. W, Albany. Pop. 3,221. Trenton Falls, are on West Canada Creek, a feeder of the Mohawk, 14 m. N. of Utica ; they consist of several grand and beautiful cas- cades, some of them 40 feet in descent. The river here passes through a rocky chasm 4 m. in length, presenting the greatest variety of cascades and rapids, boiling pools and eddies. The rock is a dark limestone, and contains abundance of petrified marine shells. Treport, a town of France, department of Lower Seine, seated on the English Channel, at the mouth of the Bresle. It is the port for the town of Eu, nearly two m, distant, and is 17 m. N. E. of Dieppe. Trepto, a town and castle of Prussia, in Pome- rania, seated on the river Tollensee, and frontiers of Mecklenburg, 25 m. N. of i\ew Strelitz. Trepto-Xcio , a town of Pomerania, with man- ufactures of stockings and woolen stuffs, seated on the Rega, near its mouth in the Baltic, 16 m. E. N. E. of Camin. Treshanish Isles, four fertile islands on the W. coast of Scotland, between the island of Coll and that of Mull. Treves, a government of Prussia, comprising the old electorate of Treves, a small portion of the duchy of Luxemburg, with some other pretty districts, and containing an area of about 2,50iO square miles, with 300,000 inhabitants- There are many mountains and forests ; but nearer the Rhine and Moselle the soil is fruitful, abounding in corn and wine. Treves, a city of Germany, formerly the capi tal of an electorate and archbishopric of lh» same name, and now of the preceding govern ment. It has a castle, a university, (now termed a gymnasium) numerous remains of antiquities, and many fine churches and palaces ; but has great'y suffered by war, and is now neither large nor populous. It was taken by the French under Jourdan in 1794, and retained till 1814. It is seated on the Moselle, over which is a handsome bridge, between two mountains, covered with vineyards. 20 m. N. E. Luxemburg and 55 S. by E. of Cologne. Long. 0. 43. E., lat. 49. 47, N. Trevi, a town of Italy, in the duchy of Spoleto, 12 m. N. by W. of Spoleto. Trevico, a town of Naples, in Princlpato Ultra, 25 m. E. of Benevento. Trevier de Courtes, St.,n. town of France, de- partment of Aln, 26 m. N. N. W. of Bourg en Bresse. Trevier en Domhes, St., s. town in the depart- ment of Ain, 18 m. S. W. of Bourg en Bresse. Trevino, a town of Spain, in Biscay, with a cit adel, 10 m. S. of Vittoria. Trevisano , a province of Austrian Italy, in the government of Venice ; bounded on the W. by Vicentino, N by Feltrino and the Bolognese, E. by Friuli, and S. by the gulf of Venice, Dogado, and Padua. The soil is fertile, and produces corn, wine and wood, and the exports are cattle, silk, and woolen cloth. Treviso is the capital. Treviso, or Trevigio, a fortified city of Italy, capital of Trevisano, and a bishop's see. It is the residence of many noble families, and is seat- ed on the Sile, at the influx of the Piavesella, 18 m. N. N. W. of Venice. Long. 12 18. £., laU 45. 44. N. Trevovx, a town of France department of Ain and formerly the capital of the principality of Dombes. The mon' remarkable buildings ars TRI f33 the ancient mint, the parliament house, the gov- ernor's house, and the printing office. The last is celebrated for the Literary Journals composed bv the Jesuits of the college of Louis le Grand. Trevoux is seated on the side of a hill, on the river Saone, 12 m. N. of Lyons and 188 S. by E. of Paris. Long. 4. 51. E.. lat. 54. N. Trtxlerstoion, p. v. Lehigh Co. Pa. Treysa, a town of Germany, in Hesse-Cassel, 16 m. E. N. E. of Marburg. Triana, p.v. Madison Co. Alab. 18 m. S. W. Hunlsville. Tiitidelphia, p.v. Montgomery Co. Md. Here are manufactures af cotton. Tribua, a town of the Austrian states, in Mo- ravia. 3'J m. N. W.of Olmutz. Trihstes, a town of Prussia, in Pomerania with a castle ; seated on the Trebel, 22 m. S. S. W. of Stralsund and 28 m. E. S. E. of Rostock. Trihstadt. a town of Bavaria, in the province of the Rhine, 16 m. E. N. E. of Deux Ponts. TricaJa, a town of Macedonia, on the Strimon, 50 m. E. N. E. of Salonica. Tricarico, a town of Naples, in Basilicata, 13 m. S. E. of Acerenza and 21 m. S. W. of Ma- tera. Triceto, a town of Naples, in Calabria Citra, 14 m. S. E. of Scalea. Tricolore. a town of Hindoostan, in the Carnatic, where Tippoo Sultan was defeated by the Brit- ish in 1790". It is 44 m. W. of Pondicherry. Trieste, a government of the Austrian empire, bounded by the government of Lambach, the Adriatic, and Croatia. It comprises the southern part of Illyria, is divided into four circles, and contains an area of about 5,000 square miles, with 550,000 inhabitants. Trieste, a sea-port of Austrian Illyria, capital of a circle of its name, in the foregoing govern- ment, and a bishop's see. The harbour is spa- cious, screened by a wall, fortified with a bastion. In the old town the houses stand on the side of a mountain, extending themselves quite to the sea; and on the top of the mountain is a castle. On the \. W. side of the old town, where formerly were salt-pits, a beautiful suburb, or new town, nas been built. The fixed inhabitants, estimated at 40,000, have a good trade in salt, oil, almonds, iron, copper, &Ai., brought from Lubach ; and they make good white wines. Trieste was taken by the French in 1707, but evacuted in the same year. In 1809 it again fell into the hands of the French, who retained it till 1814. It stands on a gulf of its name, which is the N. E. part of the gulf of Venice, 12 m. N. of Capo d'Istria and 70 N. E. of Venice. Long. 14. 3. E., lat. 45. 51. N. T,7W. a county of Kentucky. Pop. 5,889. Ca- d\-6 is tne capital. Trim, a town of Ireland, capital of the county of Meath ; seated on the Boyne, 23, m. N. W. of Dublin. Long. 6. 48. W., lat. 53. 32. N. Trincomale, a sea-port on the E. coast of Cey- lon, with a harbour reckoned the finest in the JE. Indies, but situate in the most barren part of the island. The nearest farm villages, from which the inhabitants are supplied with provis- ions, are upwards of 12 m. distant. The harbour is d&fended by two forts, Trincomale and Osten- burg, the latter, built upon a cliff, projecting 1,5()0 paces into the sea. Its circumference within the walls is about 3 m. but in this space is included a rising point, immediately over the sea, covered with thick jungle. Trincomale was taken from the Dutch by the English, inl782, retaken by the French the same year, restored to the Dutch b the peace of 1783, and again taken by the Eng lish in 1795. It stands on a spacious bay of thr same name, 100 m. N. N. E. of Candy. Long. 81. 25. E., lat. 8. 32. N. Trincomale, a town of Hindoostan, in the Car- natic, near which the troops of Hyder Ali were defeated by the British in 1768. It is 45 m. S. S. W. of Arcot and 52 W. N. W. of Pondicherry. Trinidad, an islapd on the N. E. coast of Terra Firma, separated from Paria on the S. by a chan- nel about 10 m. over, and from Cumana on the W. by the gulf of Paria, the N. entrance into which is called Boca del Drago (Dragon's Mouth), on account of the adverse currents and tem{>es- tuous waves encountered here, when this island, with the neighbouring continent, was discovered by Columbus, in 1498. It is 90 m. long and 50 broad ; produces sugar, cotton, maize, fine tobac- co, indigo, and fruit ; but the air is unhealthy. It was taken in 1595 by Sir Walter Raleigh, and in 1676 by the French, who plundered and left it. In 1797 it was captured by the English, and af- terwards ceded to them by the treaty of Amiens. The capital is Port d'Espagne, on the gulf of Pa- ria, near the Boca. Long. 61. 30. W., lat. 10. 0. N. Trinidad, a sea-port of Guatemala, on a bay of the Pacific Ocean. It is a place of great trade, the harbour being the nearest landing to Guate- mala for all merchandise that comes from Mexico and Peru. The town is nine m. from the har- bour, and 110 E. S. E. of Guatemala. Long. 90 40. W., lat. 14. 0. N. Trinidad, a sea-port of Cuba, in a bay on the S. part of the island, 40 m. S. W. of Spiritu San- to. Long. 80. 3. W , lat. 21. 58. N. Trinidad, a town of Colombia, seated on the Madalena, 58 m. N. W. of St. Fe de Bogota. Trinidada, three rocky islets in the Atlantic Ocean, 200 leaihire Co. N. H. 69 m. S. W. Concord. Pop. 676; p.t. Orleans Co. Vt. 50 m. N. Montpelier. Pop. 608 ; p.v. Bradford Co. Pa. ; p.t. Miamia Co. Ohio and townships in Cuyohoga, Geauga, Delaware, Athens, Richland Cos. Ohio, p.v. Perry Co. Ind. Lincoln Co. Missouri and Obian Co. Ten. Troy, p.t. Bristol Co. Mass. 48 m. S. Boston Pop. 4,159. Within the limits of this towj is fall River Village, with a pop. of 31,438. and verv large manufactures of cotton ; which run 3,431 &j.indles. TRU "^ TBT Here are also manufactures of satinet, bleaching and printing works, and manufactures of iron. The town contains 7 churches, and a bank. It stands on Taunton River which is navigable to this place for small ves.^els. Troy, city in Rensselaer Co. N. Y. stands on the E. bank of the Hudson 5 m. above Albany at the head of sloop navigation. It has a very flour- ishing trade, and manufactures of cotton, woolen, paper, iron «fec. iri the neighbourhood. Pop. 11,405. In point of location and beautiful natural sce- nery, Troy is exceeded by few, if any, of the towns and villages on the Hudson. The streets, running north "and south, converge together at the north end of the city, and are crossed at right angles by those running east and west. The buildings are principally built of brick, and are shaded by rows of trees on each side of streets, which are preserved remarkably clean, by addi- tions of slate and gravel, instead of pavements. The city contains three banks, seven churches, a court house, jail and market. The Episcopal church is a superb specimen of Gothic architec- ture, probably not exceeded in the United States. A large three story brick building has also been erected at the expense of the corporation, for the accommodation of the female seminary incorpo- rated at this place. Mount [da, in the rear of Troy, is a romantic spot, affording a very extensive prospect of the Hudson river and the adjacent country. About a mile above the city, a dam has been thrown across the river, and a lock constructed, affording a sloop navigation to the village of Wa- terford. One mile and a half from Troy is the Rensse- laer school, which was established, and is under the patronage of Gen. Stephen Van Rensselaer It is a valuable and flourishing institution. Troyes, a city of France, capital of the depart- ment of Aube, and a bishop's see, with a castle in which the ancient counts of Champagne resided. It is surrounded by good walls ; but almost all the houses are of wood, and good water is wanting Its cojnmerce, once very flourishing, now consist only »n some linen, dimities, fustians, wax-chan- dlery, candles, and wine. Troyes was captured and recaptured several times by the allied and French armies, in 1814. It is seated on the Seine, 28 m. E. by N. of Sens and 105 S. E. of Paris. Long. 4. 5. E., lat. 48. 18 N. Truckseille, p. v. Richland Co. Ohio. Tru7nanshur- pcd where they descend into the plains, and are insensibly evaporated ; so that a number of rivu- lets which, if collected on a different configura- tion of surface, would form a large stream, are thus stopped and annihilated. This physical de- fect cannot be supplied by any artificial means; for the same cause which prevents the superflu- ous moisture from finding its way to the sea, would equally prevent its conveyance by canals. In Buenos Ayres, and other towns situated on the banks of rivers, it is always found necessary to use a pump, in order to raise the water to the level of the town. This very circumstance, which pr jduces the effects above described, is equally favourable to the formation of lakes. As the superfluous waters caused by the periodical rains, have no outlet, from the defect of descent, and cannot be absorbed by the soil, they are necessarily collected in the flat parts of the coun- try, where they spread to a great extent, cover- ing an immense space, but of no depth any where. Most of the lakes are of this description ; and among these is the celebrated lake of Xarayes, which is nothing else than the superfluous waters of the Paraguay, when swelled by the tropical riins, spread over an immense flat, and partly evaporated, and partly carried off^ by tJie river when it begins to retire within its banks. This marsh was formerly supposed to be its source ; and many fables were circulated concerning it, as having a beautiful island in its centre ; which, from the salubrity of its atmosphere, its perennial verdure, and exuberant fertility, was called ' the Island of Paradise,' and was said to be inhabited by the Orejones, a Peruvian tribe, which had taken refuje here at the time of the conquest. The number of crocodiles in this marsh is im- mense ; and in the vicinity are found pumas, jaguars, stags, and monkeys of various kinds; the country also swarms with ants, moschetoes, and innumerable noxious insects. During the inundation, the Portuguese (from their settle- ments on the Cuyaba) cross it in canoes and small barks. When the inundation has ceased, the whole plain is completely dry, and covered with weeds and other plants. Of the same kind are the lakes of Jtcruasacaty in S. lat. 25., and JVumhucu, in 27. S. lat., and in general all those to the E. of the Paraguay. The lake of Iberi, or Caracares, lies between the Uraguay and the Parana. For 30 league*, the northern boundary of this lake runs parallel with the former river, and extends as far to the south. From its S. extremity the river Mirinay runs into the Uraguay ; and from its W. and S W. sides, three other large streams issue, namely the Santa Lucia, Corientcs, and Batiles, and fall into the Parana. None of these streams are for- dable. Its greatest breadth is 46 miles. This lake neither receives rivers, brooks, nor sprino-s, but is entirely nourished by the simple filtration of the waters of the Parana, — a phenomenon of which there is not another known instance in the world. This filtration alone supplies not only the four great rivers issuing from it, but also the vast quantity carried off" bv evaporation from a surface of 8,000 square miles; which, according to Halley's calculation, must be equal to 70,000 tons daily, allowing the mean temperature to be the same as that of England. This watery ex pause, however, is generally very shallow, and filled with aquatic plants, so that its interior is completely inaccessible. The islands with which it is studded are well-stocked with deer and other game: flocks of wild fowl are always skimming on its surface , its fish are numerous, and very sweet and fresh, and many flourishing settle- ments are made on its shores. This lake over- flows twice-a-year. During the intf.rvals be- tween the inundations, it has the appeararjce of an immense swamp, with 12 lakes dispersed at different distances. There are other lakes, which stagnate in ex- tensive flats, and being shallow, cover a great surface of ground ; and which, consequently di- minish the quantity of arable land. In the south- ern parts of this territory, and E. of the Plata, a chain of salt lakes extends E. from the Andes to this river. One of these lakes, in particular, 360 miles S. W. of Buenos Ayres, is remarkably salt. It is about 18 miles in circuit ; and the salt found at the bottom is so hard and thick, that it is difficult to break it with iron tools. About 300 carts are annually loaded with it, and carried to Buenos Ayres; and what is very re- markable in this chain is, that a few of the lakes are fresh, though during the rains they are so swelled as to communicate frequently with those that are salt. All the springs throughout the greater part of the flat country W. of the Parana and Paraguay, are more or less salt, and few of the rivers can be drunk till they enter the Parana. The soil of this region, extending about 700 m. in length, and 190 ra. in breadth, is saturated with fossil salt. The western parts of this country, are generally mountainous, comprehending within their limits some of the loftiest ridges of the Andes. From the great chain of Andes, branches diverge in dif- ferent places, extending far into the interior. Of these, the mountains of Cordova Achala, in the province of Tucuman, and those of the still more western province of Cuyo, form secondary ridges ; and another ridge of the same kind branch-es off in the latitude of the great river Colorado, or Desaguadero, which, under the Indian apf>ellation of Casuhati, runs nearly across to the Atlantic. The southern mountains are covered with thick impenetrable woods, and are little known. The Brazilian range on the E. is also of secondary elevation, generally covered with thick forests, interspersed with extensive tracts wholly desti- tute of vegetation. This extensive chain iti con- sm 744 mi nected with Ihe Andes dn the W. and N. W., by an intermediate range, called the mountains of Chigvitos. This country is noted for the vast plains, call- ed pampas. From the banks of the Paraguay immense plains extend westward to the frontiers of Los Charcas, and northward to the mountains of Chiquitos. These plains are generally elevated and dry, though traversed by numerous rivers. They are skirted by extensive and ancient forests, which afford shelter to the wild animals of the country, and are inhabited by Gauchos and other scattered tribes of Indians, who roam over their deserts in a state of savage independence. See Pampas. A country so extensive as Buenos Ayres, must possess a great variety both of climate and soil. While, on the frozen summits of the Andes, the cold is intolerable even in summer, in the plains the heats of summer are extremely oppressive. The S. W. wind prevails only about one month during the year. In the northern parts of the country, and in the interior, the W. wind is scarcely known, and seldom lasts three hours to- gether. At Buenos Ayres, and on the coast, the winds are more violent ; the westerly wind is most common, and, sweeping down the immense plains of the interior, rushes over upon the coast with inconceivable violence. The S. E. wind is generally followed by rains in winter, and by dry weather in summer. In the spring and summer these winds are often very violent, raising clouds of dust which obscure the sun, and which cause great inconvenience to the inhabitants, by des- troying their clothes, and penetrating into their houses and apartments. The atmosphere is very humid, and the apartments wiiich have a southern exposure have always wet floors. But, notwithstanding the exuberant fertility and benign temperature which pervades the greater part of this extensive country, its cultivation has been greatlj' neglected ; and a colony which have been the granary of Europe, has hitherto produced little more than what merely supplies its own wants. The native pride and indolence of the Spaniards, and the extreme sluggishness of the Indians, effectually stop all agricultural improve- ments in this part of the New World ; and exten- sive plains, watered by innumerable streams, are only employed to rear and fatten cattle. The inhabitants of this extensive country are composed of the same classes as those of the other Spanish colonies, viz. : European Spaniards, C'reoles, people of Colour, Negroes, and Indians. Of these, the Europeans held (till the late revo- lution) the first rank: and filled, with few excep- tions, every ofKce of trust, power, and influence, in the country. The Creoles who have at pres- Bnt gained the ascendency, held an inferior opli tical rank to the Europeans. The people of colour, the negroes, and Indians, still hold the same rel- ative situations in society, — the Indians, as usual, being lowest in the scale. It is difficult to fix the number of inhabitants, and the relative pro- portions of the classes to each other. The internal commerce of Buenos Ayres, or that carried on with its own provinces, is consid- erable. Of this traffic, the herb of Paraguay forms the most important branch : 2,500,000 lbs. of it pass annually into Peru, and 1,000,000 lbs. into Chile. It is conveyed in covered waggons drawn by oxen, from Santa Fe to Jujuy and Mendoza , and from thence is carrried on the backs of mules to Potosi, La Paz, Peru, and Chile. In Paraguay, the price of this article is 4 dollars, or 18s. per arroba of 25 lbs. At Potosi, however, the price is more than double, and increases as it proceeds north. Immense droves of cattle pass annually into Peru ; and 60,000 mules of two years old, are annually purchased in the territory, for that country. The greatest part of European com modifies consumed in Chile, are drawn from Buenos Ayres. A considerable commerce is also carried on with the independent tribes that sur- round the country, particularly with the Pap pas and Puelches. Some gold of a very superior quality, which is supposed to be collected among the mountains and upland springs on the banks of the Uraguay, has been lately brought to Bueno? Ayres by the Indians, who contrive to barter it with the Americans or other foreign merchants. The foreign commerce of this country is trans- acted chiefly at Buenos Ayres, from which place are exported hides, tallow, corn, beef, furs and peltry, gold and silver. The government is re- publican, but has been for some time in an unset- tled state. Buenos Ayres is the capital. This country was formerly a viceroyalty under the Spanish goverment but revolted and declared its independence immediately after the invasion of Spain by the French in 1808. The population is above 2,000,000. United States of America, a federative republic, ocupying the middle division of North America, and consisting of the States of Maine, New Hamp- shire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylva- nia, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, N. and S. Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, Louisiana, Missis- sippi, Tennessee, Kentucky, Ohio, Indiana, Illiil- ois, and Missouri, all which are independent states with regard to their internal gCiVernment, and the Territories of Florida, Michigan, Arkansas, Mis- souri, Oregon and the district of Columbia, which are under the dominion of the general government. This republic is bounded N. by British and Rus- sian America, E. by the Atlantic Ocean, S. by the Atlantic, the Gulf of Mexico, the Mexican ter- ritories, and W. by the Mexican territories,and the Pacific Ocean. It extends from 25. to 55. N. lat. and from 43. 5. to about 130. W. long, and con- tains upwards of 2,300,000 square miles. This country is traversed by two great chams of mountains ; the Rocky mountains which are a continuation of the great Mexican chain and pass through the western territories of the United States in a northwesterly direction toward the Frozen Ocean ; and the Apalachian chain, which has its whole extent in this country and stretches from the southeastern side of the Mississippi valley, in a northeast direction parallel to the coast of the United States nearly to the Gulf of St. Lawrence. The different ridges of this chain, UNI T45 UPP are known by a variety of names from the Cum- berland Mountains of Tennessee, to the White Mountains of New Hampshire, and the highlands of Maine, but they may be considered as all con- stituting one system. An inferior range of moun- tains compared with these two are the Ozark and Masserne mountains, which may be regarded as detached branches of the Mexican chain stretch- ing northwestly into Missouri and Arkansas. The rivers wliich water the different parts of the United States are among the largest in t-he world, and the Missouri from its source in the Rocky Mountains to its outlet in the Gulf ef Mexico, is the largest river on the globe. The rivers which rise on the southeastern slope of the Apalachian mountains, and flow into the Atlantic are not comparable to the streams of the west for length, yet are highly useful in navigation. The Atlantic coast is indented by innumerable bays and har- bours, affording vast advantages for commerce, and the internal navigation of the country is as- sisted by a great number of canals, the chief of which are those uniting the great lakes of Canada with the rivers of the Atlantic and the Gulf of Mexico. The varieties of climate, soil, natural productions and agricultural industry, will be found minutely specified under the heads of the several states. For exact statistical details the reader is referred to the tables in the Appendix. The population of the United States at the census of 1830 was 12,856,165, excluding the Indians. Since 1790 it has increased on an average one third every ten years. The number of In- dians is estimated at 313,000. The commercial imports for ISoO were 70,876,920 dollars; the exports of domestic produce 59,462,029 dollars ; total exports 73,849,508. The enrolled and licen- bed shipping at the end of the year 1828 amount- ed to 1,741,391 tons. The navy consists of7ship3 of the line, 12 frigates and 13 sloops of war and several small vessels. There are 5 ships of the line and 6 frigates in building. The army is restricted by law to 6,186 men. Since 1810 there appears to have been no at- tempt at an exact estimation of the annual value of manufactures At that period they were com- puted at above 170,000,000 dollars ; their value at present is doubtless quadrupled. The money coin- ed at the mint of the United States in 1831 was 3,92.1,473 dollars. The public debt is expected to be paid off in the course of the present year, 18.32. The total expenditure of the U. S. government for 1830 was 12,729,533 dollars. The nett revenue for the same year was 22,697. (579 dollars. There are in the U. S. 48 colleges, 21 Theological semi- naries, 7 medical schools, 9 law schools, and above 12.000 churches ; of which the Baptist and Meth- odists have together 4,484, the Presbyterians 1,472, the Cono-regationalists 1,331, the Episcopalians 932, the Catholics 784, the Dutch Reformed 602, the Quakers 562, the Universalists298, the Luthe- rans 249, the Unitarians 127, the Calvinistic Bap- tists 84, the S wedenborgians 73, the Moravians 56, and the Jews 96 synagogues. The United States form together a federal republic. Each state is independent, and has a separate legislature, executive, and judiciary ; but the defence of the country, the regulation of commerce, and the general interests of the confed- eracy, are entrusted to the general government. The legislative power is vested in a congress, composed of a senate, consisting of 2 members from each state, chosen by the state legislatures for ^ years; and of a house of representatives, elect- 9i ed by the people for 2 years. The exeouitve power is vested in a president, who, together with a vice president, is chosen for 4 years by electors from all the states. The principal subordinate officers in the executive department, are the sec- retaries of state, of the treasury, of war, and of the navy. The judiciary is independent of the legisla- ture. The supreme court is composed of 7 judges. All power originates with the people. The con- stitution secures to the citizens the grand princi- ples of freedom, liberty of conscience in matters of religion, liberty of the press, trial by jury, and the right of choosing and being chosen to office. Washington is the capital. These States were most of them originally col- onies of Great Britain. The first settlement made by the English was in Virginia in 1607 : although Florida afterwards acquired by the United States from the Spaniards, was settled earlier. The oldest American town is St. Augustine which was foun- ded about the year 1564. The dates of the settle- ment of the several slates and their local histories will be found under the head of each. In 1775 the attempt of the British government to tax the colonies without their consent caused a revolt,and the Independence of the American states was de- clared on the 4th of July 1776, a desperate war with the mother country followed, but it was found impossible by the British to bring the Americans to submission, and in 1783 peace was concluded, and the independence of the states ac- knowledged by the king of Great Britain. The States enjoyed their separate independent gov- ernments till 1788 when the present constitution and federal government were established. Unitia, p. v. Blount Co. Ten. Unity, p.t. Waldo Co. Me. on the Kennebec, 30 m. above Augusta. Pop. 1,299 ; p. v. Sullivan Co. N. H. 32 m. N. W. Concord. Pop. 1,258. A township of Westmoreland Co. Pa; p. v. Mont- gomery Co. Maryl. a township of Columbiana Co. Ohio. Unna, a river of European Turkey, which rises in Bosnia, on the frontiers of Croatia, passes by Wihitsch, and joins the Save, 16 m. above Gra- disca. Unnary, a town of Sweden, in the province of Smoland, 43 m. W. of Mexio. Unst, the most northern of the Shetland Isl- ands, lO m. long and 4 broad, and more level than the other isles. It feeds many sheep, horned cattle, and hogs ; and about 80 tons of cured fish are annually exported. Long. 1. 10. W., lat. 61. 10. N. Utiterscen, a town of Switzerland, in the canton of Bern, near which is the famous cavern, of St. Pat. It is seated on the river Aar, between the lakes Brientz and Thun, 25 m. S. S. E. of Bern. Unza, a town of Russia, in the province of the same name, in the government of Kostroma. It is situate on the river Unza, 92 m. E. N. £. of Kostroma. Upland, a province of Sweden, between Suder- mania, Westmania, Gestricia, and the Baltic. It is 70 m. long and 45 broad, contains an area of 500 sq. ra., with 250,000 inhabitants, and is ex tensively covered with shapeless stones and im- penetrable woods, but enriched with inexhaustible mines of copper, iron , and silver. Stockholm is the capital. Upper, a township of St. Lawrence Ct . Ohio. Upper Z^aWiw, a township of Montgomery Co. Pa. 3R UHA 746 vm Upper Freehold, a township of Monmouth Co. N. J. Upper Lisle, p.v. Broome Co. N. Y. Upper Marlborough, p.v. Prince George Co. Maryl. Upper Sandusky, p.v. Crawford Co. Ohio, on Sandusky River. Upperville, p.v. Loudon Co. Va. Upfiingknm, a town in Rutlandshire, Eng. 89 m. N. by W. of London. Upsal, a city of Sweden, in Upland, and an archbishop's see, with a university. It is divid- ed into two almost equal parts by tlie river Sala and the streets are drawn at right angles from a central kind of square. A few of the houses are built of brick, but the generality are constructed of wood, painted red, and the roofs are covered in with turf Upsal was formerly the metropolis of Sweden, and near it is the morasten, or stone on which the king used to be crowned. The cathe- dral, a large structure of brick, contains the re- mains of the celebrated Gu>stavu3 Vasa, and of Charles Linne. The university is the most an- cient in Sweden, and the first seminary in the north for academical education. The royal socie- ty here is likewise the oldest literary academy in the north. Here is an observatory, planned by the celebrated Celsius, from which the Swedish geographers compute the longitude ; also a bo- tanical garden, of which Linne was superinten- dent. Upsal is seated in a vast open plain, fertile tn corn, 35 m. N. N. W. of Stockholm. Long. 17. 39. E.,lat. 59. 52. N. Upson, a county of Georgia. Pop. 7,013. Upton, p.t. Worcester Co. Mass. 88 m. S. W. Boston. Pop. l,l.'>7. Upton, a town in Worcestershire, Eng. Ill m. W. N. W. of London. Urach, a town of Germany, in the kingdom of Wurtemberg. It has a great trade in paper, da- masks, and linen, and is 21 m. S. S. E. of Stut- gard. Uraguaij, a province of S. America, so named from a large river, which unites with the Parana 70 m. above Buenos Ayres, and forms the famous river Plata. Ural, or Oural, a river of Russia, which rises in Mount Caucasus, flows by Orenburg, Uralsk and Gurief, and enters the Caspian Sea by three mouths. Ural Mountains, a chain of mountains extend- ing from the 50th to nearly the 67th degree of H. lat., or about 1,150 m., and sometimes called by the Russians "the back of the world." The central part of this chain abounds in metals ; and they contain fine white marble. Pauda, one of the highest mountains, is said to be 4,512 feet above the level of the sea. This chain forms a considerable part of the boundary between Europe and Asia. Uralian Cossacs, a Tartar tribe that inhabit the Russian province of Orenburg, on the S. side of the river Ural. These Cossacs are descended from those of the Don ; and are a valiant race They profess the Greek religion, but they are dissenters from the established religion, whom the Russians called Roskolniki, or Separatists, and wlio style themselves Staroverski, or Old Believers. They consider the service of the es- tablished church as profane, and have tlieir own priests and ceremonies. The Uralian Cossacs are all enthusiasts for the ancienT ritual, and prize their beards almost equal to their lives. A Rus- sian ofiBcer having ordered a number of Cossao recruits to be publicly shaved in the town of Yaitsk, in 1771, this wanton insult excited an in- surrection, which was suppressed for a time ; but in 1773 an impostor, Pugatchef, who assumed the name of Peter III., appeared among them ; and taking advantage of this circumstance, roused them once more into open rebellion. This was suppressed by the defeat and execution of the impostor; and in order, to extinguish all remem- brance of this rebellion, the river Yaik was called the Ural ; the Yaik Cossacs were denominat<*d Uralian Cossacs ; and the town of Yaitsk was named Uralsk. These Cossacs are very rich, in consequence of their fisheries in the Caspian Sea. Their principal fishery is for sturgeons and belu- ga, whose roes supply large quantities of caviare; and the fish, chiefly salted and dried, afibrd a con- siderable article of consumption in the Russian empire. Uralsk, a town of Russia, capital of the country of the Uralian Cossacs, was formerly called Yaitsk and is seated on the river Ural, 375 m. N. N. E. of Astracan. Long. 50. 10. E., lat. 52. 0. N. Uranihurg, a once magnificent castle, of Den- mark, in the island of Huen, now in ruins. It was built by Tycho Brahe, a celebrated astrono- mer, who called it Uraniburg, or Castle ol' the Heavens, and here made his observations. Urbunna, p.t. Steuben Co. JN. Y. 252. m. W. Albany. Pop. 1,288; p.t. Charapaicrn Co. Ohio. Pop. 1,103 Urbana, p.v. Middlesex Co. Pa. on the Rap- pahannoc. 47 m. N. York. It has some com- merce. Urbunia, a town of Italy, in the delegation of Urbino, built bv Urban VIII. ; seated on the Me- tro. 7 m. S. S. W. of Urbino. Urbino, a delegation of Italy, in the pope's dc minions, comprising the greater part of the form- er duchy of Urbino, with some adjoining districts. The air is not deemed wholesome, nor is the soil fertile. The chief production is silk, and game is plentiful. Urbino, a. city of Italy, capital of the foregoing delegation, and an archbishop's see. The uni- versity contains a noble college and 16 convents Great quantities of fine earthenware are made here and it is famous for being the birth-place of the illustrious painter Raphael. It stands on a hilL 58 ni. E. of Florence and 120 N. of Rome. Long. 12. 40. E., lat.43. 46. N. Uredcn,a. town of Prussian Westphalia, in the government of Munster.with manufactures of ex- cellent linen ; seated on the Berckel, 26 m. W. N. W. of Munster. Urgel, a town of Spain in Catalonia, and a bish- op's see. It is seated on the Segra, in a fertile plain, surrounded by mountains planted with vineyards, 78 m. N. N. W. of Barcelona. Lonf. 1.28. E., lat. 42.24. N. Urghenz, a town of the country of Carcasm, of which it was formerly the capital : seattd on a small river which runs into the lake Aral, 90 m N. N. W. of Khiva. Long. 58. 30. E., lat. 42^24. N. Uri, a canton of Switzerland, 30 m. long, and 12 broad; bounded on the N. by the canton of Sweitz and the Waldstadter Sea, E. by the can- tons of Grisons and Glarus, S. by the bailiwics of Italy, and W. by tiie cantons of Underwaldeii and Bern. It has an area of 640 square miles with 15,000 inhabitants. Altorf is the capital See Schwe.ilz. Uri, LMke of. See Waldstadter See. vn ni UZE Urseren, a town of Switzerland, in the canton of Uri, situate on the Reuss 17 m. S. S. E. of Altorf. Ursitz, St., a town of Switzerland, in the canto 'i of Bern, indebted for its origin to a hermitage, built in the 7th century by St. Urslnius. It is seated on the Doubs, 6 m. S. of Porentrui. Usbec Tartary, a vast country of Western Tar- tary, bounded on the N. by the country of the Kalmucs and Turkestan, E. by Thibet, S.'by Hin- "doostan and Persia, and W. by the Caspian Sea. These Tartars are divided into several tribes, gov- erned by their respective khans, or princes. When under one sovereign, they were the most powerful of all the Tartarian nations. The prin- cipal khana pride themselves in being descended from Tamerlane, whose birth-place was the an- cient city of Samarcand. The Usbecs, in their persons, are said to have better complexions, and more engaging features than the Kaltnucs. Their religion is Mahometisrn, and they diiferin general very little from the people of the northern prov- inces of Hindoostan. Uscazia. See Scozia. Useitom, an island of the Prussian States, in Pomerania, in the Baltic Sea, between the mouths of the Peene and Swin, with two forts named af- ter these two rivers. It has a town of the same name, on the S. W. coast, 40 m. N. W. of Stet- tin. Long. 14. 2. E., lat. 53. 58. N. Ushant, an island of France, on the coast of the department of Finisterre, opposite Con- quet. It is 8 m in circumference, and contains several hamlets and a castle. Long. 5. 5. W., lat. 48. 28. N. Vsingen, a town of Germany, in the duchy of Nassau. It has a handsome castle, and is seat- ed on tlie Usbach, 12 m. S. S. E. of Wielburg. Usk, a town in Monmouthshire, Eng. 142 m. W. by N. of London. Ussel, a town of France, department of Correze, 39 m. N. E. of Tulle and 53 E. S. E. of Limoges. Ustarkz, a town in the department of Lower Pyrenees, 6 m. S. S. E. of Bayonne. Ustica. a small island in the Mediterranean, 25 m. N. of the coast or Sicily. It was for centuries nninhabited, except by wild goats, till in the year 1765, a citadel was built and a colony settled. The island is without springs, and its only supply of fresh water consists of rain kept in cisterns. Long. 13. 26. E., lat. 38.42. N. listing, a town of Russia in the government of Vologda, capital of a large district of its name and an archbishop's see. Great quantities of grain are sent hence to different parts. It is seated on the Dwina, 464 m. N. E. of Moscow. Utica, city, Oneida Co. N. Y. on the Mo- hawk 96 m N. W. Albany, is one of the largest and most flourishing towns in this part of the state. It is regularly built, with broad and straight streets, and handsome buildings. The Erie ca- nal, the great road, and the river unite at this point and secure this place a flourishing tr.ade ; the surrounding country is fertile, Utica has 11 churches, 3 banks, a lyceum and a court house. Pop. 8^23 Utica, p.v. Clarke Co. Ind. ; p.v. Licking Co. Ohio. Utrecht, one of the Dutch provinces, 30 m. long and 20 broad ; bounded on the N. and W. by Holland and the Zuyder Zee, E. and S. by Guelderland. The soil is fertile, and there are no inundations to fear as in the other provinces. Utrecht, a fortified city of the Netherlands, cap- tal of the foregoing province, with a famous uni- versity. It is of a square form, about 3 miles in circumferance, exclusive ol the suburbs, which are considerable. The inh tbitants are estimated at 3.5,000. The most distinguished of the public buildings is the cathedral, liie tower of which is very lofty, and said to be one of the handsomest in the kingdom. The town-house is also a noble building, and there are a great many charchf^s and hospitals, schools for the fine arts, a hall of paintings, several valuable libraries, «fec. The principal manufactures are silk and fire arms ; and in a palace called the Mall is an extensive foundry for cannon balls. Two canals, called the New Graft and the Vaert, run through the city, and over them are 3G stone bridges. The envi- rons are full of gardens, walks, and groves, which added to the purity of the air, render Utrecht one of the most agreeable places for residence in these parts. Here the union of the Seven United Provinces was begun in 1579 ; and here was con- cluded, in 1713, the peace which terminated the wars of queen Anne. Utrecht surrendered to the Prussian* in 1787, and to the French in 1795, each time without resistance. It is seated on the Rhine, 18 m. S. E. of Amsterdam and 35 N. N. W. of Nimeguen. Long. 5. 8. E., lat. 52. 6. N. Utrera, a town of Spain, in Andalusia, near which is a salt-spring, 21 m. S. of Seville. Uttoxeter, a town in Staffordshire, Eng. with a market on Wednesday, manufactures of cabinet- ware, and a considerable trade in corn and cheese. The parish church, the body of which has been re- cently rebuilt, is a spacious Gothic edifice. The other places of worship are two meeting-houses for Methodists, and one for Quakers. It is seat- ed on a risinor ground, near the river Dove, 14 ra. N. E. of Stafford and 135 N. N. W. of London. UtznarJt, a town of Switzerland, capital of a bailiwic belonging to the cantons of Schweita and Glaris. It is 3 m. N. from the lake of Zurich and 15 N. by W. of glaris. Uwchland, p.v. Chester Co. Pa. Uxbridge,p.t. Worcester Co. Mass. 38 m. S. W. Boston, on Blackstone River, with large manu> factures of woolen. Pop. 2,086. Uxhridge, a town in Middlesex, Eng. 15 m. W. by N. of London. UzeL, a town of France, department of Cotes du Nord, 17 m. S. W of St Brieux. Uzerche, a town in the department of Correze, 10 m. N. N. W. of Tulle and 36 S. S. E. of Limo- ges. Uzes, a town in the department of Gard, with a spring that supplies the aqueduct of Nismes. It is seated in a country abounding in corn, oil, silk, and good wine, 12 m. N. of Nismes. val 748 VAAST,ST., a town of France, department of Manche, with a small harbour and some salt works, 14 m. E. S. E. of Cherburg. Vabres, a town in the department of Aveiron. It has manufactures of serfres, dimities, and cot- tons, and stands at the conflux of two small riv- ers that flows into the Tarn 30 m. S. S. E. of Rodez and 32 E. of Alby. Vacka, a town of Germany, in Saxe- Weimar, on the river Werra, 16 m. W. S. W. of Eisen- iMCh. Vaehe, an island of the W. Indies, of a triangu- lar form, 24 m. in circuit. It is 12 m. from the S. coast of St. Domingo, opposite St. Louis. Vacheluse, one of the Lipari Islands, 3 m. S. of Stromboli. Vofla, a town of Tuscany, at the mouth of the Cecini, 26 m. S. S. E. of Leghorn. Vadacurry or Vadnghery, a town of Hindoos- tan, in Malabar, with a neat fort on the top of a hill. It is a place of considerable trade, and stands on the sea coast, at the N. end of a long inland navigation, 12 m. S. S. E. of Tellichery. Vadin, a town of Bessarabia, situate on the Danube, 92 m. W. of Nicopoli. Vado, a town of the Sardinian States, in the territory of Genoa, on a bay of the Mediterrane- an, 3 m. S. of Savonaand 24 S. W. of Genoa. Vadestein, a town in Sweden, in E. Gothland, where the kings of Sweden had a palace, now in ruins. It is seated on the lake Wetter, near the river Motala, 32 m. W. of Nordkioping. Vadutz, a town and castle of Germany, in the principality of Lichtenstein,26 m. S. of Lindau. Vaena, a town of Spain, in Andalusia, seated on the Castro, 23 m. S. E. of Cordova. Vaihe.nd, a town of Persia, in Segestan, on a river of the same name 40 m. E. S. E. of Arok- hage. Vaighingen, a town of Germany, in Wurtem- berg, seated on the Enz, 18 m. N. N. W. of Stutt gard. Vaison, a town of France department of Vau- cluse, noted as the birth-place of Trogus Pompe- us, the Roman Historian. It is seated on a mountain, near the river Oreze, and the ruins of ancient Vaison, which was one of the largest cities of the Gauls. 22 m. N. E. of Avignon and 23 S. S. E. of Montelimar. Val, a village of the Netherlands, 3 m. W. of Maestricht, where in 1744 marshal Sa.xe obtained a victory over the duke of Cumberland. Val di Demonti, a province in the N. E. anjle of Sicily. It means tlie vafley of demons, and is BO called because Mount JDtna is situate in this province, which occasioned ignorant and super- stitious people, at the time of its fiery eruptions, to believe it was a chimney of hell. The capital 18 Messina. Val di Mazara, a province in the W. angle of Sicily, so called from the town of Mazara. It contains Palermo, the capital of the whole isl- and. Val di Nolo, a province in the S. E. angle of Sicily, so called from the town of Noto, its capi- Ul. Valais, a canton of Switzerland, which consists of a valley 100 m. long and 20 broad, between ridges of very high mountains, among which are the Great St. Bernard, Grimsel, Furca, and others whose summits are never free from snow. The S. chain separates it from the Milanese, Piedmont, and Savoy ; the N. divides it from the canton of Bern. The country is divided into Uppei and Lower Valais. The former reaches from Mount Furca, its E. boundary, to lhe\ .ver Morge, below Sion, and the latter from that river to St. Gingou, on the lake of Geneva. A country consisting of plains, elevated valleys, a'ld lofty monntains, must necessarily exhibit a great variety of cli- mates and prospects. The productions must vary also according to its singul-ir diversity of climates ; for strawberries, cherries, plums, pears, and grapes, in their natural growth, may be tasted in the same day. It has riore than sufficient wine and corn for interior consumption, the soil in the midland and lower districts being exceedingly rich and fertile ; but, in the more elevated parts, barley is the only grain that can be cultivated with success. The inhabitants profess the Roman Catholic religion, and the lower class are ex- tremely indolent and dirty ; they have no manu- factures of any consequence. In 1802 the Valais was constituted an independent republic, under the guarrantee of France, Switzerland, and Italy ; but in 1814 it was annexed to Switzerland. Sion is the capital. Valckotrnr, a town of Sclavonia, seated on the Walpo, near its conflux with the Danube, 70 m. W. N. W. of Belgrade. Valdai, a town of Russia, in the government of Novoirorod, on the side of a lake of the same name. The lake is 20 m. in circumference, and has an island in the middle, on which is a con- vent surrounded by trees. The town contains several brick buildings ; and the wooden houses are more decorated than the generality of Russian cottages. It is 72 m. S. E. of Novogorod. Long. 33. 44. E., lat. 57. 50. N. ValdasJics, a town of Portugal in Tras os Montps. 9 m. E. S. E. of Mirandela. Valdehuron, a town of Spain, in Leon, near the source of the Esla, 38 m. N. E. of Leon. Valdecabras , a town of Spain, in New Castile, 10 m. N. N. E. of Cuenza. Valdecona, a town of Spain, in Catalonia, 15 m. S. by W. of Tortosa. Valdfmoro, a town of Spain in New Castile, 13 m. S. of Madrid. Valdicia or Baldivia, a sea-port of Chile, built in 1552, by the Spanish general Valdivia, ai'ter he had conquered the country. It is surrounded by walls built of earth, and defended by several forts and batteries ; the entrance of the harbour has also numerous pieces of cannon on each side. In the vicinity are many gold mines It stands on a bay of the Pacific Ocean, 200 m. S. of Concep- cion. Long. 73. 10. W., lat. 39. 40. S. Valence, a city of France, capital of the depart- ment of Drome, and a bishop's see, with a citadel, and a school of artillery. It is surrounded by walls ; and the greatest part of the public places, and many private houses, are adorned with foun- tains. Besides the handsome cathedral, there VaL U9 VAL are manj other churches, as well as convents. It is seated on the Rhone, 30 m. N. by E. of Si- viers and 335 S. by E. of Paris. Long. 4. 52. E., lat. 44. 55. N. Valence, a town of France, department of Lot- et-Garonne, on the river Garonne, 12 in. S. E. of Agen. Valencia, a province of Spain, formerly a king- dom ; bounded on the N. by Arragon,N. E. by Catalonia, E. by the Mediterranean, S. and S. W. by Murcia, and W. by New Castile. It is 220 m. long, arid from 20 to t)0 broad, and the most pleasant and populous country in Spain ; for here they enjoy a perpetual spring. It is watered by a great number of streams, and fertile in all the necessaries of life, especially fruits, oil, and wine. In the mountains are mines of iron and alum, and quarries of marble, jasper, and lapis calaminaris. Here is also much silk, cot- ton, and hemp; the manufactures of which are the cause of a considerable population. Valenci'i, a city of Spain, capital of the above province, and an archbishop's see, with a univer- sity. The Moors were expelled from it in the 12th century. It was taken by the earl of Peter- borough in 1705, and lost again in two years after. In 1811 it was taken by the French, under Suchet, with a garrison of l(i,000 men, and im- mense stores. It contains 12,(100 houses within the walls, besides those in the suburbs and plea- sure gardens around it, which amount to the same number. The cathedral has a steeple 130 feet high ; and one side of the choir is incrusted with alabaster, and adorned with fine paintings of Scripture history. The palace of the viceroy, that of Ciuta, the monastery of St. Jerome, the exchange, and the arsenal, are all worthy of no- tice. Here are manufactures of cloth and silk ; and several remains of antiquity. It is seated on the Guadalaviar, near the Mediterranean, 130 m. E. S. E. of Madrid. Pop. 80,000. Valencia, a town of S. America, in Venezuela, seated on the lake Tocarigua, 57 m. S. W. of Porto Cavallo. Long. 65. 30. W., lat. 9. 50. N. Valencia d' Alcantara, Bi town of Spain, in Es- tremadura, with an old castle. It is surrounded bv walls, and stands on a rock, near the frontiers of Portucral, 28 ra. S. W. of Alcantara and 45 N. N. W. of Badajos. Valenciennes, a city of France, in the depart- ment of Nord, seated on the Scheldt, which flows through it in several branches, and here begins to be navigable. It is large and populous ; but the streets are narrow and crooked and many of the houses are of wood. The citadel and forti- fications were constructed by order of Louis XIV. who took this town from the Spaniards , ai.d it was confirmed to him by the treaty of Nim- guen, in 1G78. In 1793 it was taken by the allies, under the duke of York, after a severe siege. But in 1794 it again surrended to the French by ca- pitulation, and was confirmed to them by the trea- ties of 1814, 1815. Besides lace, this city is noted for manufactures of woolen stuffs and cambric. It is 28 m. S. E. of Lisle and 120 N. N. E. of Pa- ris. Long. 3. 32. E., lat. 50. 21. N. Valentia, an island and harbour on the coast of Ireland in the country of Kerry, S. of Dingle Bay. Valentine, a town of France, department of Up- per Garonne, 9 m. N. E. of St. Bertrand. Valenza, a town of Austrian Italy, in the gov- ernmept of Milan, seated on a mountain near the river ?o. 12 m. E. S. E. of Cassal, and 35 S. S. W. of Milan Valenza, a fortified town of Portnffal in Entr^rf Douero e Mmho, seated on an eminence, near the river Minho, opposite Tuy, in Spain, and 30 m. N. N. W. ofBraga. Valette, a city of Malta, the capital of that is- land, and wonderfully st»ong both by nature and art. It is seated on a peninsula, between two of the finest ports in the world, which are defended by almost impregnable fortifications. Valette has three gates, and the streets are all paved with flat squai-e stones. The houses are neat, and built of stone ; the rooms forming a flat terrace plastered with pozzolana ; and most of thens have a balco- ny to the street, where the inhabitants pass a great part of their time. The principal buildings are the palace of the grand master, the infirmary, the conservatory, and the magnificent church of St. John. The pavement of this church is composed entirely of sepulchral monuments of the finest marbles, porphyry, lapis lazuli, and a variety of other valuable stones, admirably joined together, representing the arms, insignia, &c., of the per- sons whose names they commemorate. The great source of water that supplies Valette rises near Citta Vecchia, and is thence conveyed by an aque- duct, erected at the expense of one of the grand masters. Valette is situate opposite Cade Passe- ro in Sicily. Long. 15. 34. E., lat. 35.54. N. Valette, a town of France, department of Char- ente, 12 m. S. by E. of Angouleme. Valkenbvrg-, or Fa.uquemont, a town of the Neth- erlands, in Limburg. In 1672 it was taken by the French, who demolished the fortifications. It is seated on the Geule, 8 m. E. by N. of Maes- tricht. Long. 5. 58. E., lat. 51. 0. N. Valladolid, a city of Spain, in Leon, capital of a province of the same name, and a bishops's see with a university. It has long and broad streets, and is adorned with handsome buildings, squares, and fountains. The market place, called El Cam- po, is700 paces in circumference, surrounded by a great number of convents. There are nume- rous monasteries and nunneries, the finest of which is that of the Domnicans, remarkable for its church, which is one of the most magnificent in the city. The kings formerly resided at this place ; and the royal palace, which still remains, is of very large extent, though but two stories high. The town-house lakes up the entire side of a square. Here are some woolen manufactures, and many goldsmiths and jev/elera. The envi- rons of the city are covered with gardens, orch- ards, vineyards, meadows and fields. Valladolid was taken and retaken several times, by the French and Spaniards, during the late peninsular war. It is seated on the Escurva, near the Pis- ner; p.t. Dorchester Co. Md. and a port of entry, on Nanticoke Riv- er ; p.v. Trumbull Co. Ohio. Pop. 910; p.v. Johnson Co. 111. and Davies Co. Ken. ; p.v. Abbe ville Dis. S. C. and Clarke Co. Ind. Viennc, a town of France, dcpartjnent of Isere, and an archbishop's see. In the ikh century the Burgundians made it the capital of their kingdom. The cathedral is a handsome Gothic structure. In 1311 a general council was held here, at which pope Clement V. presided, and among other mat- ters, the suppression of the Knight Templars was determined. The commerce of Vienne consists in wines, silk, and sword-blades. It is seated on the Rhone, 15 m. S. S. E. of Lyons and 38 N. W. of Grenoble. Long. 4. 56. E., lat. 45. 32. N. Vienne, a department of France, formed of part of the province of Poitou, and bounded N by the department of Indre-et-Loire, and S. by that of Charente. It takes its name from a rive^ VIL nor VlL which rises in the department of Correze, and flows into the Loire 5 m. above Saumur. Poitiers is the capital. Vienne, Upper, a department of France, cora- prisinff the greater part of the province of Limo- sin. Limoges is the capital. Vierraden, a town of Prussia, in Brandenburg seated on tlie Vesle, near its conSux with the Oder, 22 m. E. S. E. of Prenzlo. Vierzon, a town of France, department of Cher, famous for its forges. It is seated on the Cher, near the influx of the Yevre, 17 m. N. W. of Bourges. Vicsti, a town of Naples, in Capitanata, seated on the gulf of Venice, in the place called the Spur of the Boot, and at the foot of Mount Gargano, 25 m. N. E. of Manfredonia. Long. 16. 40. £., lat. 41.51. N. Viet, St., or St. Vith, a town of the Netherlands, in Luxemburg, near the source of the Uren, 24 m S. S. E. of Limburg and 48 N. of Luxem- burg. yirran, a town of France, department of Gard, 22 m. W. S. W. of Alais and 38 W. N. W. of Nismes. Vigevano. a town of Austrian I'aly, in the prov- ince of Milan, with a strong castle on a rock ; seated near the Tesino, 16 m. S. W. of Milan. Vignot, a town of France, departmentof Meuse, on the river Meuse, 16 m. E. of Bar le Due and 24 S. S. E. of Verdun. Vigo, a sea-port of Spain, in Galicia, situate on a bay of the Atlantic, defended by a fort on an eminence and an old castle. It has a good har- bour, into which, in 1702, the English and Dutch fleet forced their passage, and made themselves masters of the Spanish plate-fleet, when just ar- rived from America. In 1719 the English obtain- ed possession of Vigo, but relinquished it after raising contributions. It stands in a fruitful coun- try, 14 m. W. N. W. of Tuy and 47 S. of Com- postella. Lonff. 8. 40. W., lat. 42. 14. N. Vigo, a count}' of Indiana. Pop. 5,737. Terre Haute is the capital Vihiers. a town of France, department of Maine-et Loire, 20 m. S. of Angers, and 20 W. by S. of Saumur. Vilaine, a river of France, which rises in the department of Mayenne, passes by Vitre and Ren- nes, divides the department of Morbihan from that of Lower Loire, and enters the Bay of Bis- cay below Roche Bernard. Villa de Conde, a town of Portugal, in Entre Douroe Minho,atthe mouth of the Ava,20m. N. of Oporto. Villa de Horta, the capital of the island of Fay- al, one of the Azores. It is seated on the W. coast, and has a harbour, landlocked on every «ide except the E. and N. E., and defended by several forts. Long. 2.3. 41. W., lat 38. 32. N. Villa d' fglesias, a town of the island of Sardin- ia, and a bishop's see, 35 m. W. S. W. of Cag- liari. Villa Flor, a town of Portugal, in Tras os Montes, 28 m. S. by W. of Braganza. Villa, Franca, a sea-port of Sardinia, in the county of Nice, with a castle and fort. The har- bour is capacious, and the mountains which en- close it extend into the sea like promontories. It was taken by the French in 1705, by the French and Spaniards in 1744, and by the French in 1792. Of late years it has become the resort of con- sumptive invalids in preference to Nice It is 3 in. E. of Nice. Villa Franca, a town of Portugal, in Estrema- dura, on the estuary of the Tagus, 20 m. N. E. of Lisbon. Villa Franca, a town on the S. coast of St. Michael, one of the Azores, defended by a fort and other works. Opposite this place, half a mile from the shore, is a small island, which has a basin with a narrow entrance, where 50 ves- sels may anchor in security. It is 16 m. E. by N. of Punta del Guda. Long. 25. 30. W., lat. 37. 50. N. Villa Franca de Panndes, a town of Spain, in Catalonia, 13 m. W. by S. of Barcelona. Village Green, p. v. Delaware Co. Pa. Village Springs, p. v. Blount Co. Alab. Villa Herrnosa, a. town of Spain, in Valencia, near the river Millas, 58 ra. N. of Valencia. Villa Hrrmosa, a town of Mexico, in tlie prov ince of Tabasco, on the river Tabasco, 60 m. S. W. of Tabasco, and 70 N.E. of Chiapa. Long. 94. 5. V^'., lat. 17. 45. N. Villa Joiosa, or Jnysa, a town of Spain, in Va lencia, on the coast of the Mediterranean, 18 m E. N. E. of Alicant and 24 S. of Gandin. Villa Kova d'^sti, a fortified town of the Sar dinian states, in Piedmont, 14 m. W. of Asti. Villa JS'nva de Cervf.ra, a town of Portugal, in Entre Douro e Minho, situate on the Minho, near its mouth, 27 m. N. W. of Braga and 45 N. of Oporto. Villa Nova de Portimao, a fortified sea-port of Portugal, in Algarva, on a river which forms a spacious and secure harbour, defended by two forts. It is 9 m. E. N. E. of Lagos and 42 VV by S. of Tavari. Long. 8. 27. W., lat. 37. 12. N. Villa JVova de Porto, a towti of Portueal, in Entre Douro e Minho, seated on the Douro, op- posite Oporto (on which it depends) and defended by several forts. Villa JVova de Principe, a town of Brazil, in Rio Janeiro, situate near the diamond mines, 130 ni. W. of Porto Seguro. Villa Real, a town of Portugal, in Tras ob Montes, seated at the conflux of the Corgo and Ribera, J 2 m. N. by E. of Lamego and 38 S. E.of Braganza. Villa Real, a town of Spain, in the province of Valencia, near the Manjares, 40 m. N. N. E. of Valencia. Villa Heal, a town of Brazil, in the province of Spiritu Santo, 150 m. W. by S. of Spiritu Santo. Villa Rica, a town of Chile, on the lake Mala- bansren, 60 m. N. E. of Valdivia. Villa Viciosa, a town of Spain, in Asturias, seated on the Bay of Biscay, 32 m. N. E. of Oviedo. Villa Vicosa, a fortified town of Portugal, in Alemtejo, with an old castle, and a palace where the dukes of Braganza formerly resided. In the suburb is an ancient temple, originally built to the honour of Proserpine ; and in the neighbour- hood are quarries of fine green marble. It is 12 m. S. W. of Eivas and 33'N. E. of Evora. Villach, a town of Austrian lllyria, in Carinthia, with a castle. Near it are medicinal baths. It is seated at the conflux of the Geil with the Drave, 16 m. W. by S. of Clagenfurt Villaine, a town of France, department of May enne, 16 m. E. by N. of Mayenne. Villamiel, a town of Spain, in Leon, 48 m. S of Ciudad Rodrigo. Villarino, a town of Spain, in Leon, on the river Douero and confines of Portugal, 45 m. W, N. W. of Salamanca. VIN 78K. TfR nUedieu, a town of France, department of Loir- et-Cher, 20 m. W. S. W. of Vendome. Villedieu, a town in the department of Manche, 8 m. N. N. E. of Avranches. Villefort, a town in the department of Lozere, 18 m. E. of Mende and 19 N. of Alais- Villefranche, a town in the department of Rhone, surrounded by walls, and seated on the Saone, 18 m. N. by W. of Lyons. V'Mefranchc, a town in the department of East- ern Pyrenees, with a fort ; seated on the river Tet,25 m. W. S. W. of Perpignan. Villefranche, a town in the department of Avei- ron, with a great trade in linen cloth; seated on the Aveiron, 20 m. W. of Rodez. Villefranche, a town in the department of Upper Garonne, on the canal royale, 22 m. S. £. of Toulouse. Villejuine, a town in the department of Paris, 4 m. S. of Paris. ViUemont, p. v. Chicot Co. Arkansas. Villemur, a town in the department of Upper Garonne, seated on the Tarn, 12 m. N. N. R. of Toulouse. Villena, a town of Spain, in Murcia, with a castle, formerly of great strength. In the neigh- bourhood is a morass, from which salt is made. It is 18 m. S. S. E. of Almanza and 50 N. by E. of Murcia. Villeneui}e,a. town of France, department of Lot- et- Garonne, on the river Lot, 17 m. N. of Agen. Villeneuve, a town in the department of Gard, on the Rhone, opposite Avignon, with which it communicates by a bridge, 21 m. E. N. E. of Nismes. VUleneuve, a town of Switzerland, in the canton of Pays de Vaud, situate at the E. extremity of the lake of Geneva, 3 m. from the influx of the Rhone and 14 E. S. E. of Lausanne. ViUeneuve de Berg, a town of France, depart- ment of Ardeche, 13 m. S. of Privas. Villers Cotcrets, a town in the department of Aisne, 12 m. S. W. of Soissons and 44 N. E. of Paris. Villingen,a. town of Germany, in Baden, strong by nature on account of the surrounding moun- tains and narrow passes. Here is a Benedictine abbev, and in the vicinity is a good bath. It is 20 ni. E. by N. of Friburg. Vilscck, a town of Bavaria Franconia, near which are several foundries. It is seated on the Vils, 20 m. N. of Amberg. Vilshofen, a town of Lower Bavaria. In 1745 the Austrians took it by storm. It is situate on the Danube, at the influx of the Vils, 11 m. W. by N. of Passau. Vilvordcn, a town of ihe Netherlands, in S. Brabant, with an ancient castle; seated at the confluence of the Woluwe and the Senne, 7 m. N. N. E. of Brussels. Vimieiro,?L town of Portugal, in Alemtejo, J2 m. W. by N. of Estremos. Vimiera, a village of Portugal, in Estremadura, 30 m. N. of Lisbon. Vimiosa, a town of Portugal, in Tras os Mon- ies, 15 m. W. N. W. of Miranda and 17 S. E. of Braganza. Vincennes, a town of France, in the department of Paris, remarkable for its castle, which for three centuries was the country residence of the royal family. 3 m. E. of Paris. Vincennes, p. v. Knox Co: Ind. on the Wabash, 136 m. N. W. Louisville and 150 m. above the inouth of the Wabash. It was settled by tha French from Canada in the early part of the last century, and was formerly the scat of the territe- rial government. The river is navigable to this place for steam-boats the greater part of the year. Pop. 1,800. Vincent, p.t. Chester Co. Pa. Vincentown, p.v. Burlington Co. N. J. 20 m. E. Philad. Vincent, Cape, St., the S. W. promontory of Portugal, 25 m. W. by S. of Lagos. Long. 9. 0. W., lat. 37. 3. N. Vincent, St., one of the Windward Caribbee Islands, in the W. Indies, 24 m. long and 18 broad, and about 70 m. W. of Barbadoes. It is extreme- ly fertile, and well adapted for the raising of sugar and indigo ; and here the bread-fruit trees brought from thrive Otaheite remarkably well. The origi- nal inhabitants were Caribs, a warlike race, man- ifestly distinguished from the aborigines of the larger islands. They are conjectured to have been originally a colony from N. America, their fierce manners approaching nearer to those of the original natives of that continent than they do to that of S. America, and their language also having some affinity to that spoken in Florida. In their wars they preserved their ancient practice of de- stroying all the males, and preserving the women either fur servitude or for breeding. St. Vincent was long a neutral island ; but, at the peace of 17G3, the French agreed that the right to it should be vested in the English. The latter, soon after, engaged in a war against the Caribs, on the wind- ward side of the island, who were obliged to con- sent to a peace, by which they ceded a large tract of land to the crown. The consequence of this was, that, in 1779, they greatly contributed to the reduction of this island by the French, who, how- ever, restored it in 1783. In 1795 the French landed some troops, and again instigated the Caribs to an insurrection, which wj,- not subdued for several months. It was almost desolated in 1812 by an eruption of the Souffi-ier mountain, which had continued quiet f-»r nearly a .century before. Kingston is the capital. Vincent, St., one of the Cape Verde Islands, 12 m. long and three broad and uninhabited. On the N. W. side of it is a good bay, where ships may wood and water, and wild goats may be shot Long. 25. 30. W., lat. 17. 30. IN . Vincent, St., a town of Spain, in Asturias, seat- ed on the Bay of Biscay, 9 m. W. by S. of San- tillana. Vineyard, a township of Grand Isle Co. Vt. Pop. 459. Vingorla, a town of Hindoostan, in Visiapour, belonging to the British. About 10 m. to the W. N. W. are some rocks in the sea, called Vingorla Rocks. The town is situate near the mouth of a river, 25 m. N. N. W. of Goa. Long. 73. 27. E., lat. 15. 51. N. Vintimiglia, a town of the Sardinian states, in the territory of Genoa, with a small harbour, and a strong castle on a high rock. It is seated on' the Mediterranean, at the mouth of the Rotta. 20 m. N. E. ofNice and24S. W. of Oneglia. Long. 7.37. E.,lat. 43. .53. N. Vipalanca, or Vj Palanka, a town of Hungary, in Temeswar, with a fortress. It stands on the Karass, near its entrance into the Danube, 42 m. E. of Belgrade and 58 S. of Temeswar. Vire, a town of France, department of Calvados with several manufactures of coarse woolen cloths. It is seated on the the Vire, 30 m. B. E of Coutances and 150 W. of Paris. rift m VIR Viriril, p.t Cortland Co. N. Y. 10 m. S. Homer and 154 W. Albany. Pop. 3,912. Virgin Cape, a cape of Patagonia, at the en- trance of the strait of Magellan ; so called by Ma- gellan, because he discovered it on the feast of St. Ursula. Long. 67. 54. W., lat. 52. 23. S. Virgin Gorda, or Spanish town, one of the Vir- gin Islands in the W. Indies. It has two good harbours, and is defended by a fort. Long. 64. 0. W., lat. 18. 18. N. Virgin Islands, about 30 islands and keys in the W. Indies, between St. Juan de Puerto Rico, and the Leeward Carribee Islands. They are possessed by tiie English and Danes. In the first division, belonging to the English, is Tortola, to which belong Jost Van Dike, Little Van Dike, Guana, Beef, and Thatch Islands. In the second divison is Virgm Gorda, to which belong Anega- da, Nicker Prickly Pear, the Muskitos, the Com- manoes, &c. Of the Danish Islands, the princi- pal are St. .Thomas and St. John. Virginia, one of the United Stales ; bounded N. by Ohio, Pennsylvania and Maryland : E. by Maryland and the Atlantic ; S. by S. Carolina and Tennessee and W. by Ohio and Kentucky- It lies between 36. 40. and 40. 43. N. lat. and 75. 25. and 83. 40. W. long. It is the largest state in the anion being 370 m. in length, and 200 in breadth. It comprises 64,000 sq. m. The Apalachain chain from Pennsylvania, passes through the stale, southwesterly into N. Carolina and Tennessee. The most easterly ridge is known by the name of the Blue Ridge. On the west, the Laurel Moun- tains and Chesnut Ridge extend from Pennsylva- nia, and terminate in this state. The Cumberland Mountains lie between Virginia and Kentucky. The Alleghany ridge is continued from Pennsyl- vania ; tnere are other ridges as Greenbriar, North Mountain, Broad Moimtain, Back Bone, Jackson River Mountain, Iron Mountain, and Great Flat Top. The loftiest summits are the Peaks of Otter, in the Alleghany ridge, which are 3,103 feet above the level of the sea. This state is watered by a great number of rivers, among which may be mentioned the Potomac, Rappa* hannoc, York, James, and Staunton, east of the Mountains ; and the Ohio and Kanawha to the W. The outer half of Chesapeak Bay lies in this state, and by its depth and extent, and the numerous fine rivers which it receives, is of the highest use for navigation. Most of the large towns are situated at a considerable distance up the rivers. Norfolk has a good harbour, in the Bouthern part of the bay, near the mouth of the James The embouchure of this river forms a spa- cious haven, called Hampton Roads. These roads were formerly open, but strong fbrtifications have rendered their entrance impracticable to an ene- my. The shores are low and fiat. A peninsula % about 60 m. long, and from 10 to 15 wide, lies on the eastern side of the Chesapeak, and is bordered toward the sea by a string of low, sandy islets. The waters of the Chesapeak enter the sea, be- tween Cape Charles and Cape Henry, forming a strait 15 m. in width. From the vast extent of this state, and the va- rieties of its surface, we should of course be led to expect a great diversity of climate. In the Atlan- tic country, east of the Mountains, the heals of summer are long and oppressive, the spring short and variable, and the winters extremely mild, the snow seldom lying more than a day after it has fallen. Droughts in summer and autumn are fre quent The people have sallow complexions, from the heats of summer, and bilious diseases in au turan. On the mountains, the air is cool and sa lubrious,and the inhabitants are tall and muscu lar, with robust forms and healthy countenances Fires are here used during five months of the year. The heat of summer during the day is con siderable, bul the nights are always cool. On the western side of the mountains, the climate is cold- er by some degrees than in the same parallel of latitude on the coast. The valley of the Ohio is exceedingly hot in summer, while in winter, the river is frozen so as sometimes to be passable for two months together. The autumn is dry, temperate, and healthy, with the most beautiful weather. From the Atlantic coast to the head of tide water on the rivers, the country is low, flat and marshy, or sandy ; this meagre soil is cover- ed with pines and cedars; but the banks of the rivers are loamy and rich, and the vegetation in those parts, luxuriant. This territory is alluvial, and exhibits marine shells and bones everywhere beneath the surface. From the head of tide wa- ter to the Blue Ridge, the land begins to rise, and becomes stony and broken ; the soil lies on a stratum of stiff, reddish clay, and is much superior to the Lowland country. In the valley between the Blue Ridge and the Alleghany, we come to a limestone country ; here the soil lies upon a bed of that rock, and is very fertile, particularly in grain and clover. In some parts the soil is chalky. The western part of the state, or that part which lies between the mountains and the Ohio, has a broken surface, with occasional fertile tracts, but the soil is generally lean. The most remarkable natural curiosities in this state are Weier's Cave, the Rock Bridge, or Nat- ural Bridge over Cedar Creek, and the passage of the Potomac through the Blue Ridge at Harper's Ferry, — all of whicl\,*ce. In the mountainous and western parts, there is abundance of iron ore, with lead and coal. Gypsum of the best quality is also found in the same region. In the eastern part between the Potomac and James rivers, gold has lately been discovered near the surface, and considerable quantities have been obtained by washing the earth. Since the year 1827, the gold mines of Virginia have attracted attention. The belt of country in which they are found, ex- tends through Spotsylvania, and some neighbour- ing counties. In 1830, about 24,000 dollars val- ue of gold from Virginia, was coined at the mint of the United States. Almost every part of the state, west of the mountains, abounds in salt springs. Among the mountains, are also a rreat nurnberof mineral springs. The Warren Springs, near Green Valley, in Bath county, have a tem- perature of 96. The Hot Springs, in the same neighbourhood, have a temperature of 1 12. These and several others are visited hy invalids. 3 s2 VIR 769 Via This state is divided into 103 counties, compris- ed within two districts, the Eastern and Western. The population is 1,2J 1,272, of whom 469,724 are slaves. Richmond is the capital. The other large towns are Norfolk, Petersburg, Fredericks- burg, Lynchburg, Williamsburg and York, all which are on the eastern side of the mountains. Wheeling, on the Ohio, is the largest of the west- ern towns in the state. Virginia has been ville, Williamsburg, Lexington and Prince Kd- ward county. The state has a Literary Fund of 1,510,689 dollars Virginia was the earliest settled of the British American colonies. An exi>edition was despatch- ed by the London Company, under Captain New- port, who was accompanied by Gosnold and the celebrated Captain Smith. They entered the Chesapeak, and discovered James' river in April, 1607. A settlement was immediately formed at Jamestown, but the colonists soon began to suifer severely by famine and the hostility of the natives. Smith was taken prisoner, and when on the point of being put to death by the savages was rescued chiefly distinguished for the culture of tobacco, although wheat and maize receive a good share of attention ; these three articles constitute the chief exports of the state. The cultivation of tobacco has considerably fallen off within a few years, and the land in many cases, has been neglected in consequence of the exhaustion of the soil. Ma- ny tracts in the eastern parts, formerly devoted to tillage, are now abandoned and overgrown with pines. Agriculture in general, may be pro- nounced in a backward state in Virginia. East of the mountains, the labour is almost wholly per- formed by the slaves, and this portion of the state appears to be declining in wealth. West of the mountains, slave labour is less relied upon, and the country is improving in its condition. The imports into this state for 1829, amounted to 395,- 352 dollars; the domestic produce exported, to 3,783,493 dollars ; total exports, 3,787,431 dollars. The errolled and licensed shipping in J828, amounted to 67,302 tons. The manufoctures con- sist chieflv of iron and salt. The salt works, on the Kana^hwa, produce about 2,000,000 bushels of salt yearly. At Harper's Ferry, is a manufac- tory of muskets, employed principally for the United States. The legislature consists of a Senate and House of Representatives. The senators are 32; they are elected by districts, and hold their office f(jur years, one quarter of their number being renewed everyyear. The representatives are chosen year- ly. These elections are made viva voce, and not as in other states, by ballot. The governor is elected for three years, by the two branches of the legislature, and is eligible but once in 6 3'ears. There is a council of three, chosen like the Gov- ernor , the senior counsellor is Lt. Governor. The right of voting comes very near to universal suf- frage. Clergymen are ineligible as legislators. No legislative provision can be made for religious M'orship. The most numerous religious sect in Virgin- ia, are the Baptists who have 337 churches ; the Presbyterians have 104 ; the Episcopalians 45 ministers : the Methodists 77. There are also Lutherans, Catholics, and Jews in small num- bers. There are 4 colleges in this state ; at Charlotts- and released by the romantic generosity of Poca- hontas,the King's daughter. The affairs of the col- ny after this, fell into so bad a state, that all the set- tlers embarked, and were under sail to leave the country, when several ships arriving with sup- plies, they were induced to remain. From this pe- riod, the settlement began to thrive, though much harrassed by Indian wars. Charles 1. conferred upon the inhabitants the right to elect represent- atives ; in return for which favour the Virgin- ians adhered to the royal interests during the civil wars which preceeded his overthrow. The parliament in 1C52, sent a fleet which brought them to submission, and for 9 years, Cromwell appointed the Governor of the colony. After the restoration, Virginia was much disturbed by a civil war in her own territory, but the Governor continued to be appointed by the King till the beginning of the American Revolution. In 1776, a new constitution was formed ; and in 1830, it was revised by a 'Convention. Virneburd Beder, S. by Canara and the river Toombuddra, and W. by tlie sea. The soil is in general fertile and provisions are plentiful and cheap. Visiajwur, or Bejapour, the capital of the fore- going province, was formerly a great city, and is said to have contained immense wealth, some of which has been found among the ruins. It was besiegfd by Aurungzebe, and obliged to capitu- late in 1689. It is situate in a fertile plain, 150 m. S. E. of Poonah and 340 N. by W. of Sering- apatam. Long 75. 40. E., lat. 17. 16. N. Visa, a mountain of the Marintime Alps, in Piedmont, noted as the source of the river Po. yistnla, a river which rises in the Carpathian mountains, on the confines of Moravia and Hun gary, flows through Poland and Prussia, by Cra- cow, Sandomir, Warsaw, Culm, Marienburg, and Dantzic, and enters the Baltic by three mouths. yUepsk, a government of Russia, lying between Courland and Livonia ; it has an area of about 20,000 square miles, and contains 750,000 inhab-' itants. The surface is flat, and covered with ex- tensive forests. Vitepsk, a city of Russia, capital of the forego- ing government. It is divided into two parts by the river Dwina, and is surrounded by a wall. In the campaio-n of 1812 it wasentered by the French. 207 ra. W.°of Moscow and 320 S. of St. Pet..>rs- burg. VUerbo, a town of Italy, capital of a delegation of its name, in the pope's dominions, and a bish- op's see. Its streets are broad and well paved, and it contains 10 parish-churches, and numerous convents, palaces, and fountains. Near the city is a hot mineral spring much frequented. It is seated at the foot of a mountain, in a beautiful valley, 40 m. N. N. W. of Rome. Long. 12. 26. E , lat. 42. 25. iN. VUre,dL town of France, department of Ille et Vilaine, with a trade in linen cloth, and knit stockinirs and gloves, seated on the Vilaine, 20 m. N. E. ofRennes and 52 S. E. of St. Malo. V'Ury le Brule, a village of France 2 m. N. E. of Vitry le Francois. It was formerly a considera- ble town, but was burnt by Louis VII., and on this account called Brule. The English and Bur- gundians, in the war with Charles VII., set fire to Vitry with 60 villages. It was a third time burned and ruined by the troops of the emperor Charles V. Vitry le Francois, a town of France, depart- ment of Marne, built by Francis I. after the de- struction of Vitry le Brule by the emperor Charles V. It has a great trade in corn, and is seated on the Marne, lorn. S. E. of Chalons and 100 E. of Paris. VitteauT, a town of France, in the department of Cote dOr, seated on the river Braine, among the mountains, where there are quarries of mar- ble, 12 m. S. E. of Semur and 27 W. of Dijon. iittoria, a town of Spain, capital of the prov- ince of Alaba, in Biscay. It is surrounded by doable walls, and the large streets are bordered with trees. Inthe principal square are the town- house, two convents, and a fine fountain. It has a great trade in hardware, particularly in sword- blades, which are made here in large quantities. It is seated on an eminence, at the end of a plain, iertils in corn and grapes, 32 m. S. £. of Bilbao and 155 N. of Madrid . Lonff. 2. 38. W. lat 43 45. N. ^ Vivarez, a territory of France, in the N. E. part of Languedoc, on the banks of the Rhone, now forming the department of Ardeche. Vivero, a town of Spain, in Galicia, seated at the foot of a steep mountain, near the river Vi- vero or Landrova, which flows into the Bay of Biscay. 22 m. N. W. of Mondonedo. Fmer*, a town of France, department of Ar- deche, seated among rocks (on one of which the cathedral is built) on the river Rhone, 16 m. S. by E. of Privas. Vladimir. See Volodimir. Vlidand.&n island of the Netherlands, about 8 m. long and 3 broad, situate at the entrance of the Zuyder Zee, 5 m. N. of Texel. Vighera, a province of the Sardinian states, ad- jacent to Austrian Italy, coirprising an area of 100 square miles, with flOjOOO inhabitants. The soil is fertile in corn and wine, and much silk is produced. Voghera, a town of Italy, capital of the above province, and a bishop's see. The chief manu- facture is that of silk. It is seated on the Slaffo- ra, 9 m. N. E. of Tortone. Voglabruck,^ town of Austria, on the river Vo- gel, 28 m. N. E. of Salzburg and 38 S. W. of Lintz. Void, a town of France, department of Mease, 18 m. E. S. E. of Aar le Euc. Voigdand, a circle of the kingdom of Saxony, adjoining that of Erzgebirge, comprising an area of 700 square miles, with 100.000 inhabitants. It is very hilly, and abounds in wood ; but the valleys afford plenty of corn, and pastures that feed great numbers of excellent cattle. Plauen is the capital. Voigtsbcrg, a town and citadel of Saxony, in Voifftland, 5 m. S. by. E. of Plauen. Voigtsberg, a town of the Austrian States in Stiria, seated on the Kainach 18 m. E. by S. of Gratz. Vokelmark, or Volkcnmark, a town of Austrian Illyria, in Carinthia, seated on the Drave, 17 m E. by S. of Clagenfurt. Volcano, one of the most considerable of the Li- pari Islands in the Mediteranean, lying S. of the island of Lipari, from which it is separated by a deep channel, a mile and a half broad. It is 12 miles in circumference, and is a volcano, in the form of a broken cone, but now emits smoke only. Volcandlo a small volcanic island in the Mediterranean, between that of Lipari and Volum. Volga, a river of Russia, which forms part of the boundary between Europe and Asia. It has its source in two small lakes, in the government of Pleskof, about 80 m. W. of Tver, begins to be navigable a ♦ew m. above that town, and is there augmented by the influx of the Tverza. It wa- ters some of the finest provinces in the Russian empire, passes by Yaroslaf, Kosfroma, Nishnei, Novogorod, Kasan, Simbirsk, Saratof, Tzaritzin, and Astracan, and enters the Caspian Sea, by scv eral mouths. This is supposed to be ths largest river in Europe; and by means of it, the river Tverza, and a canal thence to the Neva, there is a navigable communication between the Caspian Sea and the Baltic. Volhynia, a government of Russia, 220 m. long and 130 broad ; bounded on the N. by Polesia, E. by Kiof, S. by Podolia, and W. bv the king- dom of Poland. It consists chiefly of fertila plains, watered by a great number of rivers. ■\ ,'> VOL 764 VUL Vollenkovm, a town of the Netherlands, in Overyssel, with a castle ; seated on the Zuyder Zee,8 m. S. W. of Steenwich and 12 N. W. of Zwoll. Volmar, a town of Russia, in the government of Riga, on the rivet Aa, 60 ni. N. fi. of Aiga. Volnrij, p.t. Oswego Co. N. Y. 180 m. N. W. Alb;»ny. Pop. 3,020. l^olo, an ancient town of Greece, in Thessaly, with a citadel and a fort. It was taken, and al- most ruined, in 1655, by the Venetians. It is seated on a gulf of the same name, where there is a good harbour, 30 m. S. E. of Larissa. Long. 22. 55. E.,Iat. 39.21. N. Vdodimir, or Vladimir, a government of Rus- sia, formerly a province of tlie government of Moscow, it contains an area of 19,500 sq. m. with about 1,000,000 of inhabitants. The soil is extremely fertile, and in the forests are innumer- able swarms of bees. Votodimir, the capital of the foregoing govern- ment, seated on the Kliasma, 110 m. E. by N. of Moscow. Vologda, a government of Russia, divided into the two provinces of Vologda and Ustiug, and comprising an area of 149,000 sq. m. with about 660,000 inhabitants. It is a marshy country, full of forests, lakes, and rivers, and noted for its fine wool. Vologda, the capital of the above province and an archbishop,s see, has a magnificent cathedral, several churches, a castle, and a fortress. The principal trade is in hemp matting, leather and, tal- low. It is seated in a marsh, on the river Volog- da, which flows into the Sukhona, 257 m. N. bv E. of Moscow. Long. 39. 46. E., lat. 59. 2b. N. Volsk, a town of Russia, in the government of Saratof, situate on the Volga, 76 m. N. E. of Sa- ratof. Volta, a river of Guinea, which separates the Gold Coast from the Slave Coast, and enters the Atlantic Ocean. Vokaorio, a town of the Sardinian States, in the territory of Genoa, 15 m. N. by W. of Genoa. Volterra, a walled town of Italy, in the grand duchy of Tuscany, containing several antiquities. It is the see of a bishop, and is seated on a moun- tain, 30 m. S. S. W. of Florence and 32 S. E. of Pisa. Voltri, a town of the Sardinian States, in the territory of Genoa, near which the Austrians were defeated by the French in 1796. It is 6 m. W. of Genoa. Volturara, a town of Naples, in Capitana- ta, 20 ra. W. of Lucera, and 25 N. E. of Na- ples. Volturno, a river of Naples, which rises in the Appennines, passes by Isernia and Capua, and enters the gulf of Gaieta. Voluntown, p.t. Windham Co. Conn. Pon. 1,304. ^ Volvic, a town of France department of Puy de Dome, near which are immense quarries, which furnish materials for the building of the adjacent towns, and for the statues in the churches. It is 6 m. N. of Clermont. VoorheiesviUe, p.v. Montgomery Co. N. Y. Foor«, an island of the Netherlands, in S. Hol- land, between two mouths of the Meuse, 20 m. long and 5 broad. This island, with Goree and Overslackee, form the territory called Voornland which anciently belonged to Zealand. Briel is the capital. Vorden, a town of Hanover, in the princi- pality of Osnaburg, 20 ra. N. N. E. of Osna- burg. Vordon, a town of Poland, on the Vistula, where a toll is collected from ships going up and down the river. It is 15 m. S. S. W. of Culm. Voringen, a town of Germany, in the princi- pality of Hohenzollern, 10 m. S. E. of Hohenzol- lern. Voronez, a government of Russia, bordering on the Ukraine, which it resembles in climate, soil, and productions. It comprises an area of 31,000 sq. m. with about 800,000 inhabitants. Voronez, the capital of the above government and an archbishop's see, is seated on the river Voronez, near its junction with the Don, 230 m. S. S. E. of xMoscovv. Long. 39. 14. E., lat. 51. 36 N. Vosges, a department of France, including the S. E. part of the former province of Lorrain, so called from a chain of mountains, formerly cover- ed with wood, that separates this department from those of Upper Saone and Upper Rhine. It has an extent of 2,400 sq. m. with 340,000 inhab- tants. Epinal is the capital. Voughine, p.v. Chicot Co. Arkansas. Vouille, a village of France, department of Vienne, where Clovis gained a battle in 507 against Alaric, king of the Visigoths, which ex- tended the French empire from the Loire, to the Pyrenees, 10 m. W. of Poitiers. Vourla, a town of Asia Minor, in Natolia, 30 m. W. by S. of Smyrna. Vou-tckang, a city of China, capital of the province of Hou-quang, and the rendezvous, as it were, of all the commercial people in the empire. As every branch of trade is carried on here, its port, on the Kian-ku, is always crowded with vessels, the river being sometimes covered with them to the distance of two leagues. The beau- tiful crystal found in its mountains, the plentiful crops of fine tea, and the prodigious sale of the bamboo paper made here, contribute no less to make it famous than the continual influx of stran- gers. It is 655 m. S. of Pekin. Long. 112. 25. E, lat. 30. 30. N. Vouziers, a town of France, department of Ar- dennes, seated on the river Aisne, 32 m. E. N. E. of Rheims. Vriezen- Veen, a town of the Netherlands, in Overyssel, 20 m. E. by S. of Zwolle. Vokovar, a town of the Austrian states, in Scla- vonia, with a manufacture of silk, seated on the Danube, at the influx of the small river Yuko, which divides it into two parts. 21 m. S. E. of Eszek. VuUurara, a town of Naples, in principato Ul tra, 65 m. N E. of Naples. WJX 765 WAL W WAAG, a river of Hungary, which rises in the Carpathian mountains, flows by Leopoldsladt, and joins the Danube below Comorn. Waal, a river of the Netherlands, being the S. branch from the Rhine below Einmerick. It flows W. through Gelderland, passes by Nimegu- en, Tiel, Bommel, and Gorcuni, and joins the Meuse at Briel. Wabash, a river of the United States, in Indiana, which rises near some lakes to the W. of Lake Erie, and taking a S. S. W. course of 400 m. enters the Ohio 100 m. above the confluence of that river with the Mississippi. It is navigable for 340 m. and approaches within 9 m. of the navigable waters of Lake Erie. Wabash, a county of Indiana. Elk Heart Plain is the capital. A county of Illinois. Pop. 2,109. Mount Carmel is the capital. Wachenheiin. a town of Bavaria, in the circle of the Rhine, 17 m. S. S. W. of Worms. t WachUrsbach, a town of Germany, in Wattera- via, with a castle, in which the count of Isen- burg-Wachtersbach resides. 20 m. E. N. E. of Hanau. Wachusett, a mountain of Massachusetts in Princeton, Worcester Co. It is a detached emi- nence at a distance from any range of mountains and is 3,000 feet in height. Waddinorton, p.t. St. Lawrence Co. N. Y. 250 m. N. W. "Albany. Wadesborough, p.v. Anson Co. N. C. 20 m. W. Fayetfeville. Willing River, p.t. Suffblk Co. N. Y. Wadstena, a town of Sweden, in E. Gothland, with a castJe built by Gustavus Vasa in 1544, and mhabited by his son Magnus, who was insane. It is seated on the lake Wetter, 46 m. W. of Nordkoping. Long. 14. 53. E., lat. 58. 28. N. Wadsworth,p.t. Madison Co. Ohio, 110 m. N. E. Columbus. Pop. 965. Wageningen, a town of the Netherlands, in Gelderland, with a good trade in cattle and tobac- co. It is seated on the Rhine, 12 m. W. of Aren- heim. Wagram, a town of Austria, 14 m. N. N. E. Vienna. Here Napoleon gained a splendid victo- ry over the Austrians July, 6, 1809. Wahren, a town of Germany, in the duchy of Macklenburg, seated near the lake Calpin, 12 m. of Malchin and 27 W. N. W. of New Stre- Waiblingen, a town of Germany, in the kinjr. dom of Wurtemberg, on the river Rems, 7 m. E. N. E. of Stuttgard. Waidhoccn, Bairisch, a town of Austria, on the river Ips, 23 m. S. W. of St. Polten. Waidlioven, Bohmisch, a town and castle of Aus- tria, on the river Teya, 10 m. N. N. W. of Horn. Wai.dslioroush. p.v. Callaway Co. Ken, 263 m. S. W. Frankfort. Waisntz, or Valgatch, an island and strait be- tween Nova Zembla and Russia. Long. 93. 30. E.Jat. 69. 30. N. WaitifieRt a town in Lincolnshire, Eng. 131 m. N. bv E. of London. Waiisfiddy p.t. Washington Co. Vt. Pop. 958. Waitzen, a town of Hungary, and a bishop's see. A large annual fair is kept here. It has fre- quently been taken by the Turks, and was burnt by them in 1685. It is situate on the Danube, 98 m. E. S. E. of Presburg. Long. 19. 15. E., lat. 47. 45. N. Wakitomika, p.t. Coshocton Co. Ohio. 60 m. N E. Columbus. Wake, a county of N. Carolina. Pop. 20,417 Raleigh is the capital. Wakefield, a town in W. Yorkshire, Eng. Here are considerable manufactures of woolen cloth and stuffs, and a hall for the sale of the goods ; al- so a free grammar-school, which has several ex- hibitions to both the universities. It is situate in the heart of a rich and fertile district, 29 m. S W. of York and 178 N. N W. of London. ^Fo/:c^cW, a township of Strafford Co. N. H 50 m. N. W. Portsmouth. Pop. 1,470. Wake Forest, p.v. Wake Co. N. C. Wakulla, a small river of W. Florida, running into the Gulf of Mexico. The Wakulla Foun- tain which is the source of this river, is a large basin of water like a small lake, and so deep that it has been sounded with a line of 250 fathoms without reaching the bottom. The water is of a light blue color and almost as transparent as air. It has almost the coldness of ice water, even in the hotest of summer, and bubbles up from the bottom like a cauldron of boiling water. This spring is 12 m. from Tallahassee and 20 from the Galf of Mexico. Walachia, province of Turkey, 175 m. long and 125 broad; bounded on the N. by Transylvania, E. by Moldavia, S. by the river Danube which separates it from Bulgaria, and W. by Hungary. It is watered by numerous rivers, abounds in good horses and cattle, has mines of several kinds, and produces wine, oil, and all manner of Euro- pean fruit. One of the most remarkable able animals of this country is the Strepsiceros or Walachian sheep. Its area is estimated at 28,000 square miles ; its population at 800,000. It was ceded to the Turks by the treaty of Belgrade in 1739. It is governed by a hospodar or prince who is a vassal of the empire, and holds his sovereignty by a firman of the grand signior. Bucharest is the capital. Walcheren, an island of the Netherlands, the principal one of Zealand, and the most westerly, at the mouth of the Scheldt. It is 9 m. long and WAL 766 WAL 8 broad, and being low is subject to inundations, but has good arable and pasture lands. This isl- and was taken by the British in July 1809, with a view to the destruction of the ships and arsenal at Antwerp ; but a number of untoward circum- stances first rendered the principal object of the expedition abortive, and then the pestilential na- ture of the island, at that particular season of the year, obliged the British to relinquish every ad- vantage they had gained. The capital of this island, and of the whole province, is Middle- burg. JValcour, a town of the Netherlands, in the province of Namur, which was entirely destroyed by fire in 1615; seated on the Heura, 27 ra. S. W. of Namur. Waldburg, a castle of Germany, which gives name to a county, between the Danube and the Her. It stands on a mountain, 7 m. N. of Wan- gen and 33 S. by W. of Ulm. fValdeck, a principality of Germany, 30 miles long and 24 broad ; bounded on the £. and S. by Hesse-Cassel, VV. by the Prussian province of Westphalia, and N. by the principality of Pader- born. It consists of two counties, Pyrmont and Waldeck, the latter containing 424 sq. m. with 40,000 inhabitants, the former 31 sq. m. with 10,000 inhabitants. The country is mountainous and covered with woods ; and has mines of iron, copper, quicksilver, and alum. WaJ.de.ck, a town of Germany, in the county of the same name, with a castle, seated on the Steinbach, 6 m. S. E. of Corbach. IValden, or Saffron IValden, a town in Essex, Eng. 42 m. N. by E. of London. Walden, p.t. Caledonia Co. Vt. 74 m. N. E. Montpelier. Pop. 827. p.v. Orange Co. N. Y. 85 m. S. Albany. Here are large manufactures of broad-cloth, flannel and cotton. WaLderdiurg, a town and castle of Saxony, sit- uate on the Muldau. The old town, on the op- posite side of the river, is famous for its brown and white earthern ware. It is 12 m. N. N. E. of Zwickau. WaJdenburg, a town of Wurtemberg, in the principality of Hohenlohe, with an ancient castle on a mountain, 6 m. E. by N. of Ohringen. Waldenheim, a town of Saxony, with an ancient monastery, now converted into an orphan house and house of correction, in which various manu- factures are carried on. It is situate on the Zschopa, 30 m. S. E. of Leipzig. fValdmuHchen, a town of Bavaria, on the river Schwarza, 32 m. E. S. E. of Amberg. Waldo, a county of Maine. Pop. "29,790. Bel- fast is the capital. A town in Waldo Co. Me. Pop. 534. Waldoborough, p.t. Lincoln Co. Me. 22 m. E. Wiscasset. It has a good harbour and is a port of entry with a considerable coasting trade in lumber and lime. Pop. 3,113. Waldassen, a town of Bavaria, near which is a rich Cistertian abbey, the abbot of which was formerlv a prince of the empire. It is 44 m. N. N. E. of Amberg. Waldshut, a strong town of Baden, in the circle of Wiesen, one of the four Forest Towns ; seated on the Rhine, at the entrance of the Black Forest, 19 m. W. S. W. of Schaffliausen. WaMstadt, a name given to the Swiss cantons of Lucern, Uri, Schweitz, and Underwalden. It signifies F01 jst Towns ; these cantons containing a great number of forests. For the Waldstadt of Baden, see Forest Towns. Waldstadter See, or Lake of the Four Cantons, one of the finest lakes in Switzerland. It con- sists of three principal branches, called the Lakes of Lucern, Schweitz, and Uri. The upper branch, or lake of Lucern, is in the form of a cross, the sides of which stretch from Kussnatcht to Dul- lenwal, a village near Stantz. It is bounded to- wards the town by cultivated hills, sloping gradu- ally to the water, contrasted on the opposite side by an enormous mass of barren and cragffy rocks ; Mount Pilate, one of the highest mountains in Switzerland, rising boldly from the lake. To- wards the E. of this branch, the lake contracts into a narrow creek, scarcely a mile across. Soon after it again widens, and forms the second branch, or lake of Schweitz ; on the W. side the canton of Underwalden, on the E. that of Schweitz. Here the mountains are more lofty, and infinite- ly varied ; some covered to the very summits with verdure, others perpendicular and craggy. Near Brumen commences the third branch, or lake of Uri, which takes a S. E. direction. It is deep and narrow, about 9 miles long, and bor- dered on both sides by rocks uncommonly wild and romantic, with forests of beech and pine growing down their sides to the very edge of the water. The river Reuss flows through this lake. Wales, a principality in the W. of England, 150 m. long and 80 broad ; bounded on the N. by the Irish Sea, W. by that sea, and St. George's Channel, S. by the Bristol Channel, and E. by the counties of Chester, Salop, Hereford, and Monmouth. It has an area of 5,200,000 acres, contained in 1821, 717,438 inhabitants, and sends 24 members to parliament. It is divided into N. and S. Wales, each containing six counties, namely, Anglesea, Carnarvon, Denbigh, Flint, Merioneth, and Montgomery, in N. Wales; Brecknock, Cardigan, Carmarthen, Glamorgan, Pembroke, and Radnor, in S. Wales. It is the country to which the ancient Britons fled, when Great Briton was invaded by the Saxons. They are now called Welsh, and continue to preserve their own language. They were long governed by independent kings, till in the reign of Edward I., their last prince, Llewellin, being vanquished and slain in the year 1283, the country was uni- ted to England. The natives submitted to tiie English dominion with extreme reluctance ; and Edward, as a conciliatory means, promised to give them for their prince a Welshman by birth, and one who could speak no other language. This notice being received with joy, he invested in the principality his second son, Edward, then an infant, who had been born at Carnarvon. The death of his eldest son, Alphonso, happening soon after, young Edward became heir also of the English monarchy, and united both nations under one government ; but some ages elapsed before the animosity which had long subsisted between them was totally extinguished. From the time of Edward II. the eldest son of the king of England has always been created prince of Wales. The general aspect of the country is bold, romantic, and mountainous, consisting of almost continued ranges of lofty mountains and impending craggs, intersected by numerous deep ravines, with extensive valleys, and affording endless views of wild mountain scenery. Agri- culture is in a backward state, but the soil is by no means barren, producing all the necessaries of life ; the cattle and sheep are numerous, but small, and it is particularly famous for gojits. It is watered by many rivers", the principal of which WAL 767 WAL and other particulars, are noted in the different counties. Wales, JVeic Smith, a name given to the E. coast of New Holland. It was first explored by captain Cook, in 1770; and a design was formed, in consequence of his recommendation, to settle Si> a colony of convicts at Botany Bay. Captain Philip, being appointed govenor oftlie intended settlement, sailed from Portsmouth, in May, 1787, with a detachment of marines, and 778 convicts, of whom 221) were women. He arrived at Bota- ny Bay in January, 1788; but, subsequently, finding this bay very ineligible for a colony, he fixed upon Port Jackson, about 13 m. further to the N., and here a settlement was begun, to which he gave the name of Sydney cove. With respect to the country, a vast chain of lofty mountains, about 60 miles inland, runs nearly in a N. and S. direction further than the eye can reach. The general face of it is diversified with gentle risings and snriiU winding valleys, covered, for the most part, with large spreading trees, which afford a succession of leaves in all seasons ; and a variety of flowering shrubs, almost all new to a European, but of little fragrance, abound in tliose places which are free from trees. The climate appears not to be disaorreeable ; the heat is never excessive In summer, nor the cold intolerable in winter : storms of thunder and lightning are frequent. During the summer months, December, January, and February, the mean heat is about 80 degrees at noon, but it is greatly mitigated by a regular Seabreeze. In the inland districts, to the E. of the mountains, the climate is about 5 degrees colder. The soil possesses every variety, from the sandy heath and the cold hungry clay to the fertile loam and the deep vegetable mould. In the interior a rich loam, resting on a substratum of fat clay, several feet in depth, is found even on the tops of some of the highest hills, which in general are not less fertile than the valleys. The alluvial lands on the banks of the Nepean and Hawkesbury are of the greatest fertility, being a rich vegetable mould many feet in depth, formed by depositions from these rivers during their inun- dations. Wheat and maize are extensively culti- vated by the colony, and barley, oats. r\-e. &c., are also raised. Every species of culinary vege- table known in Britain is produced in New South Wales, and many of them attain a superior de- gree of perfection, though a few also degenerate. The fruits are excellent and of great variety : or- anires, peaches, apricots, nectarines, grapes, pears, plums, pomegranates, raspberries.strawber- ries, melons, &c., attain the highest degree of maturity in the open air ; while the pine apple may be produced by the aid of the common forc- ing glass. The price of provisions is however liable to great extremes, in consequence of the inundations of the Nepean and Hawkesbury, ' which sometimes destroy, in a moment, the brightest hopes of the farmers. The native quad- rupeds are principally of the opossum kind, of which the most remarkable is the kangaroo. The native dogs are extremely fierce, and can- not be brought to the same degree of familiarity as those with which we are acquainted. There are also weasels and ant-eaters, with that singu- lar animal the4uck-billed platypus, in which the jaws of a quadruped are elongated into the com- plete bill of a bird. Horses and cattle have been introduced, and their increase throughout the col- ony has been very rapid. There are many beau- tiful birds of various kinds; among which the principal is a black swan, its wings edged wHh white, its bi'l tinged with red ; and the ostrich or cassowary, which frequently reaches the heigh* of seven feet or more. Several kinds of serpents, large spideis, and scolopendras, have also been met with ; and three or four species of ants, par- ticularly green ants, which bnild their nests up- on trees in a very singular manner. There are likewise nrny curious fishes; though the finny tribe seem not to be so plenti-ful here as they gen- erally are in higher latitudes. Some sharks have been seen in Port Jackson ; and in the rivers and salt creeks there are alligators. The Aborigines of New S. Wales are repre sented as, perhaps, the most miserable and savage race of men existing. They ^o entirely naked ; and, though pleased at first with some ornaments thai were given them, they soon threw them away as u.seless. It does not appear, however, that they are insensible of the benefits of clothing, or of some of the conveniences of which their new neighbours are possessed. Some of them, whom the colonists partly clothed, seemed to be pleased with the comfivrtable wannth they derived from it : and they all expressed a desire for iron tools. The color of the natives is rather a deep choco- late than a full black ; but the filth with which their skin is covered prevents its true color from appearing. Their hair is generally clotted with a red gum, and they paint themselves with va- rious colors : they will also sometimes ornament themselves with beads and shells, but make no use of the beautiful feathers of their birds. Most of the men want one of the fore teeth in the up- per jaw, which appears to be a badge of honour among them, and it is common for the women to cut off two joints of the little finger. Of the cultivation of the ground they have no notion, nor can they be prevailed upon to eat our bread or dressed meat. Hence they depend entirely for subsistence on the fruits and roots they can gather, and the animals and fish they catch. They frequently set fire to the grass, in order to drive out the opossums, and other animals, from their retreats, and they have been observed to set decoys for quails. As all these resources must be precarious, it is no wonder that they are frequently distressed for provisions. Thus, in the summer, they would eat neither the shark nor the stingray, but, in winter, any thing was acceptable. They sometimes bake their provi- sions, by the help of hot stones, like the inhabi- tants of the islands in the Southern Ocean, but more frequently eat them raw. Among the fruits used by them is a kind of wild fig; and they eat also the kernels of a fruit resembling the pine- apple. The principal part of their subsistence, however, is fish. They sometimes strike the fish from the canoes with spears, sometimes catch them with hooks, and also make use of nets, which are generally made of the fibres of the fla.t plant, with very little preparation, and are strong and heavy : the lines of which they are composed being twisted like whipcord. Some of them, however, appear to be made of the fur of an ani- mal, and others of cotton. Their hooks are made of the inside of a shell very much resembling the mother-of-pearl. Their canoes are nothing more than large pieces of bark tied up at both ends with vines; and, considering the slight texture of these vessels, the dexterity with which they are managed, and the boldness with which they ven ture out to sea in them, are wonderful. Their huts consist of pieces of bark laid together in the WAL 708 WAL fbrm oPan oven, open at one end, very low, but long enough for a man to lie at full length ; but they seem to depend more for shelter on the caverns with which the rocks abound. They possess a great power of imitation : they can imi- tate the songs and language of the Europeans almost instantaneously, much better than tiie latter can imitate theirs by long practice ; and this talent is discernible in their sculptures, every where to be met with on the rocks : these repre- sent men and other animals, and, though rude, are very surprising for people who have not the knowledge of constructing a comfortable habita- tion, or of making clothes. In person, they are active, vigorous, and stout, though generally lean. The women have sometimes been kept back with the most jealous sensibility, sometimes offered with tlie greatest familiarity. They have soft and pleasing voices ; and seem not to be destitute of modesty. The men display great personal bravery on the appearance of any danger; but, with all their courage, they are much afraid of a musket. They certainly burn their dend; which perhips, has given rise to the story of their being, cannibals. They seem very little given to thiev- ing, in comparison with the inhabitants of most of the islands in the Southern Ocean ; and they are very honest among themselves, leaving their spears and other implements on the beach, in perfect security of their remaining untouched. They are very expert at throwing their javelins, and will hit a mark at a considerable distancie. Their number seems to be small, in comparison to the extent of the country. The settlements of the British in New S. Wales at first extended only along Port Jackson and the Hawkesbury River; but they have since pene- trated into the interior of the country. For a long period the Blue Mountains formed an impassable boundary to the E., but a carriage road has now been constructed across these mountains, to the distance of upwards of 100 m. ; and the popula- tion is spreading in the valleys beyond them. In 1817 and 1818 two expeditions were fitted out to explore the course of the Lachlan and the Mac- quarrie to their termination, which was found to be in extensive swamps. The principal settle- ments in this quarter, besides the town of Sydney, which is the capital of the colony, are Paramatta, Windsor, Bathurst, and Liverpool. There is also a small settlement in the district of Coal River, about 60 m. northward of Port Jackson, where the town of Newcastle is situated. This is the Slace of transportation for criminals from Botany iay, and contains about 500 of these incorrigible offenders, besides free settlers and troops. The population of the whole colony is supposed, at present, to amount to nearly 50,000. Wales, p.t. Lincoln Co. Me. Pop. 612; p.t. Erie Co. N. Y. 20 m. S. E. Buffalo. Pop. 1,500. Walet, the capital of Bergoo, in Negroland. It is 100 m. N. bv W. of Sego and 270 W. by S. of Tombuctoo." Lonjr. 3. 0. W., lat. 15. 45. N. fValdheim, p. v. Caldwell Co. Ken. IValh.of, a town of Russia, in the government of Courland, near which the Poles were defeat- ed by Gustavus king of Sweden, in 1626. It is 34 m. E. of Mittau. Walker, p.t. Centre Co. Pa. Walkertown, p. v. King and Queen Co. Va. Wallabout, a bay on Long Island opposite New York, with a Navy Yard of the United States. Wallajapetta, a populous and well-built town of Hindoostan, in the Carnatic, which is the em- porium of the trade between the country above the Ghauts and the sea-coast. It is seated on the N. bank of the Paliar, nearly opposite Arcot, 63 m. W. by S. of Madras. Wallenhvrg, a town of Switzerland, in the can ton of Basel, with a castle on a high rock ; seated on the Ergetz, 12 m. S. by E. of Basel. Wallcnstadt, a town of Switzerland, in the can- ton of St. Gail. It is a great thoroughfare for merchandise passing from Germany, through tJie country of the Grisons, to Italy, and stands at tlie E. end of a lake of the same name, 9 m. W. of Sargans and 15 N. W. of Coire. Wallensladt, a lake of Switzerland, 10 m. long and 2 broad, bounded by high mountains, except to the E. and W. Through this lake flows tlie Mat, which soon after joins the Linth, and forms the river Limmat. Wallerstcin, a town of Bavaria, with a castle, 6 m. S. W. of Oettingen. WalLersville, p. v. Fayette Co. Ind. Wallingford, a boro\igh in Berkshire, Eng. 46 m. W. London. Wallingford, t. P^utland Co. Vt. Pop. 1 ,740 ; p.t. N. Haven Co. Conn. 13 m. N. N. Haven. Pop. 2,419. Wallkill, p.t. Orange Co. N. Y. on the Hudson, 65 m. N. N. W. New York. Pop. 4,056. Walney, an island of England, on the coast of Lancashire. It is 9 m. long and 1 broad, and serves as a bulwark to the hundred of Furness^ against the waves of the Irish Sea. Walnut, iovms in Fairfield, Pickaway and Gallia Cos. Ohio. Walnut Grove, p.t. Kenhawa Co. Va, ; Cabarras Co. N. C ; Spartanburg Dis. S. C. ; Mercer Co Ken.; Montgomery Co. Ten. Walnut Hill. p. v. Jefferson Co. Illinois. Walpach, t. Sussex Co. N. J. Walpo, a town of Sclavonia, capital of a coun- ty of the same name, with a castle. It is seated on the river Walpo, 20 m. W. of Essek and 11& S. of Budd. Walpole, p.t. Cheshire Co. N. H. on the Con necticut 14 m. N. W. Keene. Pop. 1,979; p.t Norfolk Co. Mass. 18 m. S. W. Boston. Pop. 1,442. Walterboro, p. v. Colleton Dis. S. C. Walsall, a town of Staffordshire, Eng. with manufactures of hardware. In the neighbourhood are valuable lime works. 115 m. N. W. of London Walsham., JVnrth, a town in Norfolk, Eng. 123 m. N. N. E. of London. Walsingham, s. town in Norfolk, Eng. 113 m. N.N. E. of London. Walsrode, a town of Hanover, in the duchy of Lunenburg, with a convent of nuns of noble ex- traction ; seated on the Bohme, 15 m. E. by S. of Verden. Wallenbuch, a town of Germany, in the king- dom of Wurtemberg, on the river Aich, 10 m. S. by W. of Stuttgard. Waltcrslmusen, a town of Germany, in the duchy of Saxe-Gotha, with manufactures of cloth , seated on the Horsel, 6 m. S. W. of Gotha. Waltham, p.t. Middlesex Co. Mass. on Charles river, 11 m. N. W. Boston. Pop. 1,859. Here are some of the largest cotton manufactures in the United States, they are chiefly of shirting and sheeting ; between 2 and 3 millions of yards are made yearly. There are also at this place man- ufactures of machinery and bleacheries. Waltham, a township of Addison Co. Vt. Pop 330. WAR 769 WAR Wulth.am Ahhey, a town in Essex, Eng. with a market on Tuesday. It derives its name from a magnificent abbey, founded by king Harold, son)e fragine-nts of wliich remain. 12 m. N. by E. of London. ^, HuUkam, Bishop, a town of Hampshire, Eng. »■ 65 m. W. by S. of London. JVahhamstow,aiviUa.gein Essex, Eng. 5 m. N. E. of London. H'alur, a town of Hindoostan, in Mysore, with a castle, and manufactures of cotton cloth and coarse blankets. Itstandsin afertile country, 20 m. E. by M. of Bangalore. Wandlwash, a town of Hindoostan in the Car natic, noted for a vir.tory obtained by the British over the French in 1760. 27 m. S. of S. E. Arcot and 38 iN. N. VV. Ponderchorry. Wandsworth, a village in Surrey, Eng. with J manufactures for bolting cloth, the printing of '.calicoes and kerseynieres, and the whitenning vEnd pressing of stuffs; also Oil, iron, and white lead mills, vinegar works, and distilleries. In Garret Lane, near this place, a mock election was formerly held, after every general election of par- • liauient, of a Mayor of Garret ; to which Foot's . dramatic piece of that name gave no small celeb- rity. It is seated on the Wandle, near its conflu- ence with the Thames, 5 m. W. S. W. of Lon- don Wandfried,VL town of Germany, in Hesse Cas- sel, situate on the Werra 15 m. W. of Mulhausen '.and 36 S. E. of Cassel. j^ JFawo'rtra, a fertile country of Negroland, lying .^ to the §. of Bornou. It is watered by the Niger, , , which here divides into several branches. Gha- .nara is the capital. , ; Wangen, a town of Germany, in Wurtemberg, > with a great trade in wine, fine paper, linen, and hardware. It is seated on the Overarg, 18 m. N. E.ofLindau and 21 W. of Kempton. Wangen, a town of Switzerland, in the canton of Bern, capital of a Bailivvic. It is seated on the Aar, 10 m. E. of Soleure and 23 N. N.E.of Bern. Wangen, a town of France, department of Low- er Rhine, seated on the side of a hill, and sur- rounded by a wall, 12 m. VV. of Strasburg. Wardockheud, a village of Scotland, in Dum- frieshire, to the northward of Sanquhar, and near the lead mines. It has a considerable number of emelting-houses. Wanstead, a village in Essex, Eng. 6 m. N. E. of London. Wantage, a town in Berkshire, Eng. 60 m. W. of London. Wantage, a township of Warren Co. N. J. Wa:Uzcneau, a town of France, department of Lower Rhine, 6 m. N. of Strasburg. Wantzleben, a town of Saxony, in the govern- ment of Megdeburg, 12 m. W. S. W. of Magde- burg. Wara, a town of Negroland, capital of the coun- try of Berffoo. 320 m. S. S. E. of Bornou. Long. 25. 25. E., lat. 15. 30. N. Warangle, a ruinous town of Hindoostan, the Arinkill of Ferishta, once the capital of Golcon- da. The site of it is still evident from the old ramparts, which are amazingly extensive. A modern fortress is constructed within it, and is in the possession of the nizam of the Deccan. 62 m. N. N. E. of Hydrabad. Long. 79. 30. E., lat. 13. 6. N. Warberg, a sea-port of Sweden, in Holland, with a castle at the mouth of the harbour, on a rock •urrounded by water. It is seated near the Cate- 97 gat, 34 m. S. S. E. of Gothburg. Long. 11. 56. E.,lat. 57. 12. N. Warburg, a town of Prussian Westphalia, in the principality of Paderborn, seated on the Dy- mel, 17 m. S. S. E. of Paderborn. Ward, p.t. Worcester Co. Mass. 50 m. S. W Boston Pop. 690. Warde, a town of Denmark, in N. Jutland, near the mouth of a river of the same name, 15 m. N. of Ripen. Wardien, Great, a strong town of Hungary, cap- ital of a county of the same name, and a bishop's see, with a citadel. The town itself is not large, but has three suburbs of very considerable extent It was taken by the Turks in 1660, but the Aus trians retook it in 1602. It is seated on the Keres, 117 m. N. E. ofPeterwardein and 150 E. S. E. of Buda. Long. 21. 50. E., lat. 47. 5. N. Wardcin, Little, a strong town of Croatia, cap- ital of a count}' of the same name, seated on the Drave, 34 m. N. by E. of Agram and 50 S. E. of Gratz. Long. 15. 55. E., lat. 46.40. N. Wardhuys , a sea-port of Norway, capital of a district of its name. It stands on a small island of the same name, near the continent, and has an old fort, where tlie governor resides. 120 m. E. S. E. of the N. Cape. Long. 31. 7. E., lat. 70. 23. N. Wardsborough ,^ X.'^mdha.m Co. Vt. Pop. 1,148. Wardsbrldge, p.t. Orange Co. N. Y. Ware, p.t. Hampshire Co. Mass. 70 m. W. Boston, with large manufactures of cotton and woolen. Pop. 2,045. Ware, a town in Hertfordshire, 21 m. N. by E. of London. Waree, a town of Guinea, capital of a country of its name, in the kingdom of Benin, 70 m. S. S. W. of Benin. Long. 6. 0. E., lat. 5. 38.N. Wareham, a borough in Dorsetshire, Eng. 112 m. W. by S. of London. Wareham, p.t. Plymouth Co. Mass. 39 m. S. E Boston. Pop. 1,885. Here are manufactures of cotton. Warendorf, a fortified town of Prussian. West- phalia, in the government of Munster, with good linen manufactures ; seated on the Eras, 12 m. E. by S.of Munster. Warka, a town of Poland, in the palatinate, of Masovia, on the river Pisa, 45 m. S. by E, of Warsaw. Warktcorth, a town in Northumberland, Eng. .5 m. S. E. of Alnwick. Warminster, a town of Whiltshire, Eng. 96 m. W. by S. of London. Warminsier, p.t. Bucks Co. Pa.; p. v. Nel- son Co. Va. Warm Spring, Buncombe Co. N. C. ; p. v. Warm Spring Co. Arkansa.s. on a small creek flowing into the Washitaw. Here are somd tepid springs ofa medicinal quality. Warm Spring, a county of Arkansas, Pop. 458. Warm spring is the capital. Warntmvnde, a town of Germany, in the grand duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, 9 m. N. N. W. of Rortock. Warner, p.v. Merrimack Co. N. H. Pop. 2,221. Warnersville, p. v. Hardeman Co. Ten. Warneton, a town of the Netherlands, in W. Flanders, 8 m. N. W. of LLsle. Warren , a county of New York. Pop. 11,795. Caldwell is the capital. A county of the W. Dis. of Pennsylvania. Pop. 42,860. Washington is the capital. A county of N. Carolina. Pop. 10,916. Warrenton is the capital. A county of Georgia. Pop. 10,846. Warrenton is the capi- 3 T WAtt no WAS tal. A county of Ohio. Pop. 21,493. Lebanon is the capital. A county of Kentucky. Pop. 10, 947. Bowling Green is the capital. A county of W. Tennessee. Pop. 15,351. Mc.MinnvilJe is the capital. A county of Mississippi. Pop. 7,861. Vicksburg is the capital. A county of Indiana. Pop. 2,854. Williamsport is the capi- tal. A county of Illinois. Pop. 307. Warren is the capital. Warren, p.t. Lincoln Co. Me. 30 m. E. Wis- casset. Pop. 2,030. p.t. Grafton Co. N. H. Pop. 702; p.t. Bristol Co. R.I. 12 m. S. E. Provi- dence. Pop. 1,800 ; p.t. Litchfield Co. Conn. Pop. 9aj ; p.t. Herkimer Co. N. Y. Pop. 2,084. Towns in Somerset Co. N. J ; Warren, Bradford and Franklin Cos. Pa.; Trumbull, Jefferson, Bel- mont, Tuscarawas and Washington Cos. Ohio. Warrensbura, p.t. Warren Co. N. Y. 7 m. W. Caldwell. Pop. 1,191. Warrensburg, p. v. Green Co. Ten. WarrensvUle, a township of Cuyahoga Co. Ohio. Warrenton, p. v. Fauquier Co. Va; Warren Co. Geo; Warren Co. Mississippi. Warrcnstown, a township of Somerset Co. Me. p.v. Jefferson Co. Ohio. Warrick, a county of Indiana. Pop. 2,973 Boonville is the capital. Warrinorton, a township of Bucks Co. Fa. A township of York Co. Pa. Warrington, a town in Lancashire, Eng. with manufactures of muslins, velveteens, canvas, cot- ton, cliecks, hardware, pins, and glass, and a con- siderable traffic in malt. 18 m. E. of Liverpool and 182 N. N. W. of London. Warriore, a town of Hindoostan, in the Car- nntic, 32 m. N.N. E. of Tanjore and 55 S. S. W. of Pondicherry. Warsaxo, the nietropolis of the present kingdom of Poland, and formerly of the whole county of that name. It is built partly in a plain, and part- ly on a gentle rise from the Vistula; extending with tlie«8uburbs of Kralia and Praga, over a vast extent of o-round, and containing above 100,000 inhabitants. The streets are spacious, but ill pav- ed ; the churches and public buildings large and magnificent ; the palaces of the nobility numer- ous and splendid ; but the greatest part of the houses, particularly in the suburbs, are mean and ill-constructed wooden hovels. The manufac- tures comprise woolen stuffs, carpeting, gold and silver wire, soap, tobacco, &.c. Here are several wholesale mercantile houses, employed in the im- port of articles for the supply of the interior, and the export of Polish produce. Two great annual fairs have, since 1817, been established here, on the plan of those of Frankfort, Leipzig, ifcc. They are held in May and November, each continuing three weeks. In the beginning of 1784, the em- press of Russia put a garrison into this city, in Older to compel the Poles to acquiesce in the usurpation she had in view ; but this garrison was soon expelled by the citizens. Tlie king «* .« of Prussia besieged Warsaw in July, but was com- i*' pelled to raise the siege in September. It was undertaken by the Russians, who, in November, took by storm the suburb of Praga, massacred the inhabitants, and nearly reduced it to ashes. The immediate consequence was the surrender of the city to the Russians, who in 1790, delivered it up to the king of Prussia. Towards the end of 1800, the French occupied this place; and, by the treaty of Tilsit, the city, with this part of Poland, was given to Saxony, to be held under the title of tire duchy of Warsaw. The Russians, how- ever ovefran this duchy in 1813, and took po». gession of the city of Warsaw. The Foliah revolution of 1830 broke out at this place, and the Russian Grand Duke Constantino was driv- en from the city : but in 1831 Warsaw was again captured by the Russians which put an end to the insurrection. The city suffered severely by the pestilential cholera the game year, which was introduced from Asia by the Russian armies. Warsaw is 170 m. S. of Konigsberg and 180 E. N. E. of Breslau. Long. 21. 0. E., lat. 52. 14 N. Warsaw, p.t. Genesee Co. N. Y. 20 m. S. Ba- tavia. Pop. 2,474. Warta, a river of Poland, which rises in the palatinate of Cracow, flows by Siradia and Pos- nan, passes by Driessen and Landsberg in Bran- denburg, and enters the Oder at Custrin. Wartenberg , a town of Prussian Silesia, capital of a lordship of the same name, with a castle. In 1742 it was entirely reduced to ashes, except the old castle, which is now used asa brewhouse. It is 28 m. N. E. of Breslau. Wartenberg , a town of Prussian Silesia, in the principality of Glogau, 20 m. N. W. of Glogau. Waricick, a borough and the capital of War- wickshire, Eng. It was fortified with a wall, now in ruins ; but has still a noble castle of the ancient earls of Warwick, inhabited by the pres- ent possessor of that title. The town was near- ly destroyed by fire in 1694, but was subsequent- ly rebuilt with greater regularity. The streets are spacious, and meet nearly in the centre of the town, 92 m. N. W. of London. Warwick, p.t. Franklin Co. Mass. 80 m. N. W. Boston, with maiufactures of glass. Pop. 1,150; p.t. Orange Co. N. Y. 70 m. N. W. New York. Pop. 5,013. Towns in Bucks and Lancaster Cos. Pa.; Cecil Co. Maryland, Tuscarawas Co. Ohio. Wartcick, p.t. Kent. Co. R. I. on Narraganset Bay, 10 m. S. Providence. Pop. 5,529. It has a harbour for small vessels, with some coasting trade, and lar^je manufactures of cotton. Warwick, a county of the E. District of Vir- ginia. Pop. 1,570. Waricickshire, a county of England, bounded on the N. by Derbyshire. The climate of this county is healthy, and the air mild and pleasant- its salubrity is increased by the great consump- tion of wood for the iron works, many parts be- ing entirely cleared and converted to tillage and pasture. The N. part, called the Woodlands is divided from the S.. called the Feldon by the riv- er Avon ; and the soil of both is in general riv^h and fertile. It produces corn, flax, wood, wool, cheese, coal, iron, and limestone ; and its breeds of cattle and sheep are of a superior kind. The manufactures are various and important, compri- sing ribands, gauws, and other silk fabrics, last ings and thread, and all descriptions of hardware. The capital is Warwick, but Birminghani is the largest town. iVasa, a sea-port of Sweden, in E. Bothnia, on the gulf of Bothnia, 40 m. N. by E. of Christine stadt. Washington, a county of Maine. Pop. 21,295. Machias is the capital ; a county of Vermont. Pop. 21 ,394. Montpelier is the capital ; a county of Rhode Island. Pop. 15,414. South Kingston is the capital ; a county of N. York. Pop. 42,615. Salem is the capital ; a county of the W. Dis. of Pennsylvania. Pop. 9,128. Franklin is the capital ; a county of Maryland. Pop. 25,2()5. Hagerstown is the capital ; a county of the W. Dis. of Virginia. Fop. 15,614. Abington is the WAS 771 WAS capital ; a county of N. Carolina. Pop. 4,562 Plymouth is the capital ; a District of S. Carolina. Pop. 13.728. A county of Georgia. Pop. 9,820. Sandersville is the capital ; a county of Alabama. Pop. 3,478. A county of Mississippi. Pop. J ,976. Princeton is the capital ; a county of E. Tennessee. Pop. 10,995. Jonesborough is the capital ; a Parish of Louisiana. Pop. 2,286. Franklinton is the capital ; a county of Kentucky. Springfield is the capital; a county of Ohio. Pop. 11,731. Marietta is the capital; a county of Indiana. Pop. 13,072. Salem is the capital; a county of Illinois. Pop. 1,674. Nashville is the capital ; a county of Missouri. Pop. 6,797. Potosi is the capital ; a county of Arkansas. Pop. 2,181. Fayeltsville is the capital; a county of the Dis. of Columbia. Pop. 30,250. Washing- ton city is the capital. 11'aslun.gton City, the seat of government of the United States, stands in the centre of the District of Columbia upon the north bank of the Potomac, 295 m from the sea by the course of the river and bay. It occupies a spot between the riv- er and one of its tributaries, called the East Branch. The city is about a mile and a half above the junction of the two streams, although the original plan embraces the whole extent be- low. The plan of the city combines regularity with variety, and is adapted to the variations of the surface, so that the spaces allotted to public buildings, occupy commanding positions, and the monotonous sameness of a rectangular design is avoided, while all its advantages are secured. The minor streets run at right angles, but the larger avenues diverge from several centres, in- tersecting the streets with various degrees of ob- liquity, and opening spaces for extensive squares. The smaller streets run N. and S. or E. and W. and are from 90 to 110 feet wide. The grand avenues are from 130 to 160 feet in width, and are planted with trees. Several of the largest unite at the hill on which the capitol is situated. These bear the names of the several states o the Union. The general appearance of Washington IS that of the mere outline, or beginning of a great city , its tardy growth has disappointed the expectations of the original founders. The buildings of the city occupy three distinct groups like so many separate villages, divided from each other by vacant spaces. The chief edifices are situated in the neighbourhood of the Capitol, or at the Navy Yard, or in the Pennsylvania Ave- nue. The Capitol is a large and magnificent building of white freestone, 3-52 feet long, in the shape of a cross, with the Representatives Hall and the Senate Chamber in the two wings, and a spacious rotunda in the centre. The Representa- tives Hall is semicircular, 95 feet in length, and CO in height, lighted from the top, and adorned with a colonnade of pillars of breccia, beautifully polished ; it is one of the most elegant halls in the world. The Senate Chamber is of the same shape, and 74 feet long. The Rotunda is 90 feet in diameter, and 96 feet high, to the top of the dome within. It is all of marble, and the floor is beautifully paved ; the whole has a most grand and imposing effect. Several pieces of sculpture are placed in niches in the walls, representing events in American history. The sound of a sin- gle voice uttered in this apartment, is echoed from the dome above, with a rumbling like dis- tant thunder. The J\''utioiial LHirury is contained in the Capitol, and embraces also a series of na- tional paintings by Frumbull. The President's House is an elegant structure of freestone, 170 feet in front, and two stories in height, ornament- ed with an Ionic portico. It stands about a mile west of the capitol. It is surrounded with the offi- ces of the heads of departments. At the patent office, is kept a collection of all tlie models of pa- tent inventions in the country. The Navy Yard, on the East Branch, exhibits a monument to the American officers who fell in the war with Tri- poli, There are few other buildings wortliy of no lice for their architecture. The office of the De partment of Slate, is a large edifice of brick, with a portico in front, and there are two or three oth- ers of the same size and construction. There are two public free schools in the city. Two bridges cross the eastern branch, and one, the main stream of the Potomac, at Washington. Columbian College, at this place was founded in 1821 . It has 4 instructers and 50 students, the library has 4,000 volumes. The national library contains 16,000 volumes. During the session of Congress the city is much crowded by visiters and public officers ; but apart from its political consequence, the place has few attractions : the country in the neighbourhood has a poor soil and is thinly inhabited. A Navy Yard of the United States has been established heie, and the river is navigable to the sea for ships of the line. The commerce of the place is inconsiderable. Washington is in lat. 35. 58. N. Long. 77. 2. W. Greenwich. 79. 22. W. Paris. 58. ?>2. W. Ferro. 152 W. Philadelphia. 137 m. S. W. Philad. 227 S. W. N. York. 436 S, W. Boston and 1,260 m. N. E. New Orleans. Pop. 13,827. Washington, a township of Sullivan Co. N. H Pop. 1,135; p.t. Oiange Co. Vt. 43 in. N. Wind- sor. Pop. 1,374 ; p.t. Berkshire Co. Mass. 120 m. W. Boston. Pop. 701 ; p.t. Litchfield Co. Conn. 10 m. S. W. Litchfield. Pop. 1,621 ; p.t. Dutchess Co. N. Y. 12 m. N. E. Poughkeepsie. Pop. 3,036 ; a village of Albany Co. N. Y ; p.t. Morris Co. N. J ; a township of Burlington Co. N. J; and towns and villages in Columbia, Fayette, Franklin, Union, Lycoming, Lancaster, York, Westmoreland, and Indiana Cos. Pa., Culpeper. Co. Va., Beaufort Co. N. C, Wilkes Co. Geo., Columbiana, Fayette, Franklin, Darke, Clermont, Guernsey, Licking, Richland, Miami, Montgomo ry, Pickaway, Preble, Scioto and Warren Cos. Ohio. Davis Co. Ind., Mason Co. Ken., Rhea Co. Ten., Autauga Co. Alab., Adams Co. Mississippi. Washington, p.t. Washington Co. Pa. 26 m. S. W. Pittsburg. Washington College, at this place was founded in 1606. It has 4 instructers and 47 students; p.t. Adams Co. Mississippi 6 m. E. Natchez. Jefferson College at this place was founded in 1802. It has 10 instructers and 160 students. '*^-% WAT rm WEA Washitaw, or OuachUta,a. river of Arkansas and Louisiana, flowing into Red River. Washita, a Parish of Louisiana. Pop. 5,140. Monroe is the capital. Wassenhercr, a town of Prussia, in the duchy of Juliers; seated on the Roer, 17 m. JS. W. of Juliers. Wasscrburg, a town of Bavaria, with a castle and four churches. The principal trade is in salt. In 1800 the French took it by storm. It is sealed on the Inn, 28 m. E. of Munich and 38 N. W. of Salzburg. Wasser-trudingen, Sitown of Bavarian Franconia, in the principality of Anspach,6 m. N. of Oettin- gen. JVasticater, a lake in Cumberland, Eng. 7 m. N. N. E. of Ravenglass. It is 3 m. long and above half a m. broad, lying in Wastdale, among the western mountains. The Screes, a very high ridge of mountains, run along the S. E. side of the lake. Its outlet, at the S. end, joins the river Irt, which enters the sea at Ravenglass. Wasungen, a town of Germany, in the duchy of Saxe-iVIeinungen, seated on the Werra, 5 m. N. of Meinungen. Watchet, a town in Somersetshire, Eng. seated on the Bristol Channel, at the mouth of a harbour, frequented by coal ships, which are freighted hence with limestone, alabaster, and kelp. 156 m. W. by S. of London. Watehoo, an island in the S. Pacific, discovered by captain Cook. It is six leagues in circuit, diversified by hills and plains, and covered with verdure. Long. 158. 15. W., lat. 21. 1. S. JVaterbor ough, Tp.t. York Co. Me. Pop. 1,816. Wateibury, p.t. Washington Co. Vt. 12 m. N. W. Montpelier. Pop. 1,650; p.t. N. Haven Co. Conn. 25 m. S. W. Hartford. Pop. 3,070. Waterford, p.t. Oxford Co. Me. Pop. 1,123; p.t. Caledonia Co. Vt. Pop. 1,358; p.t. N. Lon- don Co. Conn, adjoining New London. Pop. 2,475; p.t. Saratoga Co. N. Y. on the Hudson. 11 m. above Albany. Pop. 1,473 ; a township of Gloucester Co. N. J.; p.t. Erie Co. Pa. ; p.v Mif- flin Co. Pa. ; p.v. London Co. Va.,2 townships in Washington Co. Ohio. Waltrford, a county of Ireland, 50 m. long and 29 broad ; bounded on the S. by St. George's Channel. Waterford, a city and sea-port of Ireland, capi- tal of a county of the same name. It has an ex- cellent harbour, where ships of the greatest bur- den may ride at the quay. The bishop's palace and the Roman Catholic chapel are elegant. The commerce with England and other countries is considerable ; and packet-boats sail regularly hence for Milford haven. The principal exports are beef, pork, corn, live stock, butter, and linen. 75 m. S. by W. of Dublin. Waterloo, a village of the Netherlands, celebrated at the scene of the signal victory of the 18lh of June, 1815, which completed the downfall of Napoleon. 10 m. S. of Brussels. Waterloo, p.t. Seneca Co. N. Y. 5 m. N. E. Geneva. Pop. 1,837; p.v. Mifflin Co. Pa.; Ann? Arundel Co. Md ; Laurens Dis. S. C. ; Fayette. Co. Ind ; Lauderdale Co. Alab. Watf.rtown, p.t. Middlesex Co. Mass. 7 m. N. W. Boston on Charles River. Here are manu- factures of woolen, cotton, paper &c., and an arsenal of the United States. Pop. 1,641. Watertoion, p.t. Litchfield Co. Conn. 10 m. S. «, ^^. \field. Pop. 1 ,500 ; p.t. Jefferson Co. N. b m. S. E. Sackelts Harbour. Pop. 4,768. Waterville, p.t. Kennebec Co. Me. on the Ken nebec. 20 m. above Hallowell. Pop. 2,216. Here are some manufactures, and a Theologica. Institution ; p.v. Oneida and Delaware Co. N. Y. Water Vliet, p.t. Albany Co. N. Y. 9 m. N Albany. It contains the Shaker village of Nis jk kayuna. Watford, a town in Hertfordshire, Eng. 15 m. N. W. London. Walkinsville, p.v. Goochland Co. Va., Clark Co. Geo. Watlington, a town in Oxfordshire, Eng. 46 m. W. of London. Walton., a town in Norfolk, Eng. 91 m. N. N E. of London. Watlshorough, p. v. Lunenburg Co. Va. Waveren, a town of the Netherlands, in S. Bra- bant, situate on the Dyle, 12 m. S. of Louvain. Waverley,p.v. Lincoln Co Missouri. Waxhobii, a fortress on the coast of Sweden, in the Baltic, situate on a small island at the en- trance of the Lake Maeler. Here all homeward- bound ships are searched. It is 16 m. E. of Stock- holm. Way, or Pulo Way, an island near the N. point of that of Sumatra. It is the largest of the is- lands that form the entrance of the channel of Acheen ; and is peopled by men banished from Acheen. Long. 94. 50. E., lat. 5. 35. N. fi'ayne, a county of New York. Pop. 33,.555. Lyons is the capital ; a county of the E. Dis. of Pennsylvania. Pop. 7,663. Bethany is the capital; a county of N. Carolina. Pop. 10,902, Waynes- borough is the capital ; a county of Georgia. Pop. 902. Waynesville is the capital ; a county of Ohio. Pop. 23,344. Wooster is the capital ; a county of Indiana Pop. 18,587. Centre ville is the capital ; a county of Illinois. Pop. 2,562 Fairfield is the capital; a county of Missouii- Pop. 3,254. Greenville is the capita! ; a county of Kentucky. Pop. 8,731. Monticello is the capital; a county of W. Tennessee. Pop. 0,013. Waynesborough is the capital ; a county of Mis- sissippi. Pop. 2,778. Winche.ster is the capital, a county of Michigan Pop. 4,565. Detroit is the capital. Wayne, p.t. Kennbec Co. Me. Pop. 1,153; p.t. Steuben Co. N. Y. Pop. 1,172; and 17 townships in Ohio. Waifnesborough, p.v. Autrusta Co. Va., Wayne Co., N. C. Burke Co. Geo'., Wayne Co. Ten. Waynesbvrg, p.v. Franklin, Green and Chestei Cos. Pa., Stark Co Ohio. Waynesville, p.v Wavne Co. Geo., Haywood Co. N. C. and Warren Co. Ohio. Weakley, a county of W. Tennessee. Pop. 4,796. Dresden is the capital. Weare, p.t. Hillsborough Co. N. H. 55 m. W. Portsmouth. Pop. 2.430. Weathersfidd, p.t. Windsor Co. Vt. Pop. 2,213, p.t Trumbull Co. Ohio. Webster, p.t. Worcester Co. Mass. Pop 1,200. Wner's Cave, a remarkable Cavern in Augusta Co. Virginia, near the Shenandoah. It has ma ny apartments and galleries, abounding in sparry concretions, which by torch light exhibit tlie most magnificent scenes Weurmouth Bishop, a town in the county ot Durham, Eng. on the S. side of the Wear, adjoin ing Sunderland. It has an iron bridge over the river, of one arch, 2.36 feet span, erected in 1796, and the first ever constructed of parts so form ed as to unite in the manner of keystones. It has WEI 773 WEL manufactures of canvas, and partakes in the com- merce of Sunderland. Wcarmouth Monk, a town in the county of Dur- ham, Eng. on the N. side of the mouth of the Wear, opposite Sunderland. Here was an exten- sive monastery which was destroyed by the Scots. It shares in the growing prosperity of Sunderland. Wedensckweil, a town of Switzerland, in the canton of Zurich, 10 m. K. S. E. of Zurich. JVetlnfshury, a town in Staffordshire, Eng. with manufactures of hardware, several iron forges, and mines of excellent coal. 118 m. N. W. of London. Weert, a town of the Netherlands, in the terri- tory of Liege ; seated on the river Brey, 10 m. W. N. W. of Ruremonde. Weibstadt, a town of Prussia, in the province of the Rhine, 14 in. S. E. of Heidelburg. Weivftvdburg, a town of Austrian Illyria, in Car- nolia, with a castle on a mountain, and a manu- facture of fine stockings, 10 m. S. E. of Laubach. Wekkterbacli, a town of Germany, in the county of Isenberur, witii a castle ; seated on the Zinzig, 20 m. S. E. of Giessen and 23 N. E. of Frankfort. Weickersheim, a town of Wurtemberg, in the district of Hohenlohe, with a fine castle, on the river Tauber, 3 m. E. of Mergentheim. Weida, a town of Germany, in Saxe-Weimar, 32 m. E. of Weimar. fVeiden, a town of Bavaria, with manufactures of linen, woolen stuffs, and salt-|vetre ; seated on the Nab 18 m. N. E. of Amberg. JVeil, or IVeilerstadt, a town of Germany, in Wurtemberg, seated on the Worm, 12 m. W. of Stuttgard. Weil, or Wyl, aXown of Switzerland, in the can- ton of St. Gall, seated on the river Thur, 19 m. S. S. VV. of Constance. fVeillmrg, a town of Germany, in the duchy of Nassau, seated on the Lahn, over which is a bridge, 12 m. S. W. of Wetzlar and 25 N. N. W. of Frankfort. JVeile, a sea-port of Denmark, in N. Jutland, sit- xjate on a bay in the Little Belt, 35 m.W. S. W. of Arhusen and 38 N. E. of Ripen. Long. 9. 30. K., lat. 55. 45. N. WeiLheim, a town of Bavaria, with a castle on the river Amber, 28 m. S. S. W. of Munich. We'dhein, a town of Wurtemberg, on the river Lauter, 20 m. S. E. of Stuttgard. Weimar, Saxe,9. grand duchy of Germany, com- prising the duchies of Weimar, Jena, and Eisen- bach, part of the principality of Altenburg, the chief part of the district of Neustadt, the petty districts of .\lstadt, Ihnenau, and Oldisleben, aud Bome districts to the E. of the Hesse-hassel territo- ry. It is divided into two great provinces, and con- tains an area of 1,450 square miles, with upwards of 200,000 inhabitants. Weimar, the capital of the foregoing duchy. In the duke's palace is one of the most considerable libraries in Germany, with a cabinet of coins and medals ; and it had a gallery of paintings, which, with some other parts of the castle, was destroyed by fire in 1774. It is seated on the 11m, 12 m. W. of Erfurt and 26 W. S. W. of Naumburg. Long. 11.27. E , lat. 51.2. N. Weinlieim, a town of Germany, in Baden seated on the river Welchintz, 10 m. N.of Heildberg. Weinsberg, a town of Wurtemberg, with a ruined castle on a hill. In 1707 the greatest part of the town was destroyed by fire. It stands partly on the hiil, and partly in a valley, famous for wine, 5 m. N E. of Heilbron Weissdmunde, a fortress of W. Prussia, seated at the W. mouth of the Vistula, to defend the harbour of Dantzic. Weissemburg, a town of France, in the depart- ment of Lower Rhine. Between this place and Lauterburg are the famous lines from which the French drove the Austrians in 1744 ; and in 1793 the Prussians drove the French from the same situation. It is seated on the Lauter, 10 m. S. W. of Landau and 22 N. E. of Strasburg. Long. 8. 11. E, lat. 48.53 N. Weissemburg, a township of Lehigh Co. Weissenburg, a town of Bavarian Franconia, seated on the Rednith, 5 m. N. of Pappenheim and 30 S. W. of Nuremburg. Weissenburg, or Carhburg, a city of Transyl- vania, capital of a county of the same name, and a bishop's see, with a university. It is seated on the side of a hill, near the river Maros, 42 m. W. N. W. of Hermanstadt. Weissenburg, a frown of Switzerland, in the canton of Bern, celebrated for its mineral waters, 20 m. S. of Bern. Weissenfels, a town of Prussian Saxony, on the Saal, 17 m. S. W. of Leipzig. Upon a white rock, above the town, is a fine citadel, called Augnstusburg. IVeisscnhorn, a town and castle of Germany, in a county of its name, seated on the Roth, 10 m. S. E. of Ulm and 28 W. of Augsburg. Weissensee, a town of Prussian Saxony, with a superintendency and commandery of the knights of Malta. The lake formerly in its neighbour- hood was drained, and converted into arable land, in 1705. It was 21 m. N. E. of Langensalza. Welau, a town of E. Prussia, celebrated for the treaty concluded herewith Poland, in 1657, when the elector, Frederic William, was invested with the sovereignty of Ducal Prussia. It is seated on the Pregel, at the influx of the Alia, 30 m. E. of Konigsberg. Welby, p.v. Prince George Co. Md. Weldon, a town in Northamptonshire, Eng. 83 m. N. N. W. of London. Weldon, p.v. Halifax Co. N. C. Welland CatuiX, in Upper Canada unites Lake Erie with L. Ontario. It was completed in 5 years, and first opened in 1829. It admits the passage of vessels of 125 tons. Welfleet, p.t. Barnstable Co. Mass. on Cape Cod, 97 m. S. E. Boston. Pop. 2,044. It has manufactures of cotton and woolen. Wellingborough, a town in Northamptonshire, Eng. Here are menufactures of shoes and lace and near it is a fine chalybeate spring called Red, well 67 m. N. by W. of London. Wellington, a town in Shropshire, Eng. In the neighbourhood are foundries, iron mines, and coal works. 150 m. N. W. of London. WeJIington, a town in Somersetshire, Eng. with manufactures of serges, druggets, and earthen- ware. The duke of Wellington takes his title from this place. 148 m. W. by S. of London. Wellington, p.t. Bristol Co. Mass. 3 m. S. Taunton, with manufactures of cotton, woolen, and paper; p.v. Medina Co. Ohio. Weils, a city in Somersetshire, Eng. It has its name from the wells and springs about it ; and is a bishop's see, jointly with Bath. The cathe- dral is a stately pile ; and the bishop's palace is like a castle, being surrounded by walls and a moat. The city is well built'and neatly paved 120 m.W. of London. 3t3 WER 774 WES IVells, a town in Norfolk, Eng. 118 m. N. N. E. of London. Wells, p.t. York Co. Me. 26 m. IN. E. Ports- mouth. Pop. 2,977. IVellsborough, p. v. Tioga Co. Pa. IVellshurg, p.t. Brooke Co. Va. on the Ohio. 15 m. above Wheeling. This is a very thriving town and has large manufactures of glass. Wdlsville, p.v. Columbiana Co. Ohio. fVels, a town of Upper Austria, with a oastle, and a great trade in timber ; seated on the Traun, near a large forest, 15 m. S. S. W. of Lintz. Welshfitld, a township of Geauga Co. Ohio. Welshpool,^ corporate town of Wales, in Mont- gomeryshire, with a market on Monday. It is the great mart for Welsh cottons, flannels, &c., which are sent hence to Shrewsbury. Near the town are the remains of Powis Castle, a large structure, built on an eminence. 176 m. N. W. of London. Welwarn, a town of Bohemia, in the circle of Rakonitz, 13 ni. N. of Prague. Wdzheim, a town of Wurtemberg; seated on the Lein, 19 m. E. of Stuttgard. Wendell,, a township of Sullivan Co. N. H. Pop. 637. p.t. Franklin Co. Mass. 85 m. W. Boston. Pop. 875. Wem, a town in Shropshire, Eng., 9. m. N. of Shrewsbury. Wendlingen a town of Wurtemberg, situate on the Neckar, 12 m. S. S. E. of Stuttgard. Wewrforcr, a borough in Buckinghamshire, Eng. 35 m. W. by N. of London Wenliam,' ^X. Essex Co. Mass. 21 m. N. E Boston. Pop. 612. IVenner, the largest lake of Sweden, lying in W. Gothland, to the N. W. of the lake Wetter. It is 100 m. in length, and in some places 40 in breadth, and contains several islands. It receives 24 rivers, and its only outlet is the river Gotha. Wennersltorg, a town of Sweden, in W. Goth- land, with a castle. It is the staple for all the iron sent from the province of Wermeland to Gotheburg, and is seated on the Gotha, near the S. W. extremity of the lake Wenner, 50 m. N. by E. of Gotheburg. Wentioorth, p.t. Grafton Co. N. H. Pop. 924 ; p.v. Rockingham Co. N. C. Weobley, a borough in Herefordshire, Eng. 147 m. W. N. W. of London. Werchteren, a town of the Netherlands, in Bra- bant, 9 m. E. S. E. of Mechlin. Werden, a town of Prussian Westphalia, seat- ed on the Roer, 13 m. N. E. of Dusselaorf. Werderberg, a fortified town of Switzerland, capital of a Bailiwic in the canton of Glarus with a castle on an eminence. It is seated near the Rhine, 10 m. S. S. E. of Appenzel and 26 ra. E. N. E. of Glarus. Werdenfels, a town and castle of Bavaria, giv- tniT name to a county on the frontiers of Tyrol. I7''m. S. of Weilheim and22 N. W. of Inspruck. Werfen, a town and fortress of Austria, in the province of Salzburg, situate on the Salza, 22 m S. by E. of Salzburg. Werl, a town of Prussian Westphalia, with a castle, seated on the Sisek, 8 m. S. of Ham. Wermeland, a former province of Sweden, the N. part of Gothland, between Dalecarlia and the lake Wenner, 100 m long and 50 broad. The country is fertile; diversified by mountains, rocks, hills, and dales, clothed with forests of birch, pop- lar, mountain ash, pine and fir. It also abounds with lakes, which succeed each other almost witn- out intermission ; and numerous rivulets flovr from these lakes. The chief river is the Clara, or Stor Elbe in which is a good salmon-fishery. It has mines of silver, lead, copper, and iron, with forges, foundries, &c., belonging to them. Wern, a town of Prussian Westphalia seated near the Lippe, 6 m. W. of Ham. Wernigerode, a town of the Prussian states, cap- ital of a county of the same name, abounding in mountains, the principal of which is the Great Brocken, or Blocksberg. The principal business of the town consists in brewing, distilling, and man- ufacutures of cloth and stuffs. It is 12 m. W. by S. of Halberstadt and 23 S. S. E. of Wolfenbnt- tel. Long. 10. 58. E., lat. 51 . 53. N. Werra, a river of Germany, which rises in the principality of Coburg,3 m. above Ei.ssfield, flows by Hilburghausen, Meiningen, Solzungen, Vac- ha, Trefurt, Wanfried, AUendorf, and Witzen- hausen ; it then enters the duchy of Brunswick, passes by Munden, and a little below that town joins the Eulda, where the united stream forms the Weser. Wertheim, a town of Germany, in Baden, capital ofacounty of the same name, which yields excel- lent wine. It is seated at the conflux of the Tau- ber with the Maine, 16 m. W. of Wurtzburg. Werwkk, a town of the Netherlands, in Flan- ders seated on the Lis 8 m. S. E. of Ypaz. Wesel, a town of the Prussian states, in the duchy of Cleve, with a strong citadel. Here are two Calvinist churches, one for the Lutherans, and another for the Papists. It is seated on the Rhine at the influx of the Lippe, 25 m. S. E. of Cleve and 50 W. S. W. ofMunster. Long. 6. 87. E., lat, 51. 38. N. Wesenburg, a fortified town of Rrussia, in the government of Esthonia, seated on the Wiss, 54 m E. of Revel. Weser, a river of Germany, formed by the un- ion of the Werra and Fulda, in the duchy of Brunswick, at Munden. It flows along the con* fines of Westphalia and Saxony by Corvey,H;im- elin, Minden, and Hoye ; receives the Aller from Verden, and, passing by Bremen, enters the Ger- man Ocean at Carlsburg. Wesley, a township of Washington Co. Ohio. West, a township of Huntington Co. Pa. ; a township of Columbiana Co. Ohio. Westbury, a borough in Wiltshire, Eng. with a manufacture of broad cloth. On a hill to the E. of the town is Bratton Castle, the remains of a fortification, where the Danes held out 24 dnys against the English. It is 26 m. N. W. of Salis- bury and 98 W. of London. Westeras, a town of Sweden, capital of a gov- ernment of its name, and a bishop's see, with a citadel and a famous colleire. It carries on a con- siderable commerce with Stockholm, particularly in copper and iron from the neighbouring mines. Here are the ruins of an ancient palace, formerly inhabited by the kings of Sweden. The cathedral, built of brick, is celebrated for its tower, esteem- ed the highest in the kingdom. In this cathe- dral is the tomb of the unfortunate Eric XIV. Westeras is seated on the lake Maelar, 46 m. N. W. of Stockholm. Long. 17. 0. E., lat. 59. 38. N fVesterburg, a town of Germany, in the duchy of Nassau, with a castle. 22 m. S. W. of Eillen burg. Westerham, a town in Kent,Eng. 21 m. S. S. E. of London fVesterlo, p.t. Albany Co. N. Y. Pop. 3,320. contains an area of 8,300 sq. m. with about 1,000, IWliS 775 WES IVtsterly, p.t. Washington Co. R. I. 20 m. E. New London. Pop. 1,903. Wtstern, p.t. Worcester Co. Mass. 22 m. S. W. Worcester. Pop. 1,189; p.t. Oneida Co. N. Y. on the Mohawk, 5 m. above Rome. Pop. 2,419. Western Islands. See Azores and Hebrides. Wbsterwick, a sea-port of Sweden, in Smaland, with a good harbour a commodious quay, a cloth manufacture, and a trade in ship timber and all sorts of naval stores. It is seated on the Baltic, 56 m. N. of Cahnar and 120 S. W. ol Stockholm. Long. 16. 0. E., lat. 57. 40. N. yVest Fairle.e, a township of Orange Co. Vt. 36 m. S E. Montpelier. Pop. 841. JVrstfuU, a township of Pickaway Co. Ohio. IVestJield, a township of Orleans Co. v.t. Pop. 353; p.t. Hampden Co. Mass. 105 m. S. W. Bos- ton. Pop. 2,941 ; a township of Richmond Co. N. Y. Pop. 1,734; p.v. Chatauque Co. N. Y. ; p.t. Essex Co. N ; Y. p.v. Delaware Co. and a town- ship in Medina Co. Ohio. Westford, p.t. Middlesex Co. Mass. 28 m. N. W. Boston. Pop. 1,329 ; p.t. Chittenden Co. Vt. 35. m. N. W. Montpelier. Pop. 1,290; a township of Otsego Co. N. Y. Pop. 1,645. Wcsl Friendship, p.v. Anne Arundel Co. Md. JVcst Greenwich, p.t. Kent Co. R. I. 18 m. S. W. Providence. Pop. 1,817. ITest Hampton, p.t. Hampshire Co. Mass. 100 m. W. Boston. Pop. 907. H'esi Haven, p.t. Rutland Co. Vt. 50 m. W. Windsor. Pop . 724. Westhofen, a town of Germany, in the palatinate of the Rhine. It has three churches, and is 7 m. N W. of Worms. V/esthofen, a town of France, in the department of Lower Rhine, 12 m. W. of Strasburg. West.land, a township of Guernsey Co. Ohio. WcstLilierty , p.v. Ohio Co. Va. Logan Co. Ohio. Henry Co. Ind. and Morgan Co. Ken. West Loioville, p.v. Lewis Co. N Y. JVestmania, a former province of Sweden, be- tween Upland, Sudermania, Nericia, Wermeland, and Dalecarlia. It is 75 m. long and 45 broad, and abounds in copper and iron mines. The face of the countr}' is diversified like Wermeland. Weslmeath- See Mealh. Westminister, a city in Middlesex, the residence of the monarch, the seat of the parliament and of the liigh courts of justice, and constituting, with London and South wark, the metropolis of the Bri- tish empire. On the dissolution of its abbey, in 1541, Henry VIII. erected it into a bishopric, ap- pointing the whole of Middlesex (Fulham except- ed) for the diocese. It had, however, only one pre- late ; for Edward VI. soon after dissolved it, and the .^bbey is now only a collegiate church. West- niinister, through courtesy, still bears the title of a city, and sends two men*ibers to parliament, who are chosen by its house-holders, there being no freemen nor incorporated companies. Besides the churches of the establishment, Westminister con- tains places of worship for dissenters of almost ev- ery denomination, and a Jew's synagogue. Among the modern improvements in this part of the me- ttopolis is the erection of a wide street, or rather •uocession of streets, from Carlton palace on the S. to Portland Place on the N. The buildings are most magnificent, and it is probably without ex- ception the finest street in Europe. In the city are two parish churches, St. Margaret and St. John ; and seven in the liberties, namely, St. Clement, St. Mary, St. Paul, St. Martin, St". Ann, St. Jamea, and St. George. The precinct of St. Martin-le Grand, though within the city of London, is un» der the jurisdiction of Westminister. See London. Westminister, p. I. Worcester Co. Mass. 54 m. N. W. Boston. Pop. 1,695; p.t. Windham Co. Vt. 18 m. N. Brattleboro. Pop. 1,737; p. v. Fred- erick Co. Maryland. Westmoreland, p.t. Chester Co. N. H. 45 m. S. W. Concord. Pop. 1 ,(>47 ; p.t. Oneida Co. N. Y . 12 m. W. Utica. Pop. 2,303. Westmoreland, a county of the W. Dis. of Pennsylvania. Pop. 38,400! Greensburg is the cap- ital. A county of the E. Dis. of Virginia. Pop. 1,411. Westmoreland, an inland county of England^ bounded on the N. and N. W. by Cumberland, E. and S. E. by Yorkshire, and S.' and S. W. by Lancashire. The number of inhabitants in 1821 was 51 ,359. It is a region of lofty mountains, naked hills, dreary forests, and barren moors ; but is watered by numerous rivers and several lakes. The soil of course is various ; that on the mountains being very barren, while that in the valleys is fertile, producing good corn and grass, especially in the meadows near the rivers. In the hilly parts on the VV. borders are some mines of copper, but the ore lies very deep. This county yields abundance of limestone and the finest blue slate ; and many excellent hams are cured here. Its manufactures are a coarse woolen cloth, worsted stockings, fiannels, tanned leather, and gunpowder. The principal rivers are the Eden, Lune, and Ken; and the chief lake is Winander- mere, the largest in England. Appleby is the county town. West JVetobury, p.t. Essex Co. Mass. 34 m. N- E. Boston. Pop. 1,586. Weston p.t. Middlesex Co. Mass. 14 m. W. Bos- ton. Pop. 1,091 ; p.t. Fairfield Co. Conn. 7 m. N. Fairfield. Pop. 2,997; p.v. Lewis Co. Va. Westown, a township of Chester Co. Pa. Westpfialia, one of the former circles of Germa- ny, bounded on the E. by Lower Saxony, S. by Hesse, Welteravia, and Treves, W. by the Neth- erlands, and N. by the German Ocean. The cli- mate is cold, and there are a great many marshes, but the soil produces pastures and some corn. The horses are large, and the hogs in high esteem, especially the hams, known by the name of West- phalia hams. The principal rivers are the We- esr. Ems, Lippe, and Roer. This circle contain- ed the bishoprics of Munster, Liege, Paderborn, and Osnaburg ; the principalities of Eniden or East Friesland, Meures, Minden and Verden ; the duchies of Westphalia, Berg, Juliers, Cleve, Oldenburg, and part of the territory of the princes of Nassau"; the counties of Mark, Ravensburg, Steinfurt, Tecklenburg, Lingen, Bethnein, Diep- holt, Hoya, Schouenburg, Spigelburg, Lippe, Rit- berg, and other smaller ones; and several lord- ships and abbeys. In 1800 all the parts of this circle lying on the left bank of the Rhine, being full one-third of the whole territory', became uni- ted to France ; and in 1808 the French empercr erected the remainder into a kingdom, in favour of his brother Jerome, and added to it the electo- rates of Hesse-Cassel and Hanover. Cassel was the capital. After the celebrated battle of Leipzig, in 1813, this new kingdom was overrun by the allies, and the government ove.-thrown. The whole territory now belongs to Prussia, Han over, and Oldenburg. Westphalia, a province of the Prussian states, bounded W. by the Netherlands, and E. by Han over and Hosse-Cassel. It is divided into th« WET 776 WHE districts of \ren8berg, Minden, and Munster, and contains an area of 8,300 sq. ni. with about 1,000, 000 of inhabitants. The soil in general is not fertile, but large quantities of flax are raised, and the rearing of cattle is carried to great extent. There are mines of lead, iron, and coal in the mountainous districts, and extensive salt works in different parts of the province. IFestpkalid, a duchy of Germany, in the Prus- sian province of Westphalia, and government of Arervsoerg 40 m. long and 25 broad ; bounded on the N. by the principalities of Munster and Osna- burg and the county of Lippe, W. by that of Mark, S- by the territories of Nassau, and E. by the counties of Witgenstein, Hartzfeld, Waldeck, and Hesse. It is a mountainous country, full of wood, but moderately fertile. It formerly belong- ed to the elector of Cologne, but was ceded to the prince of Hesse-Darmstadt in 1802, and made «ver to Prussia in 1814. West Point, p.t. Orange Co. N. Y. on the W. oankofthe Hudson, 58 m. above New York. The United Slates Military Academy at this place was established b}' Congress in 1802, for the instruc- tion of young men destined for the army. The number of cadets is limited to 250, and in choos- ing among the applicants, the sons of revolution- ary officers are allowed the first claim, and the children of the deceased officers of the last war, the second. The age of the pupils on admission must be between 14 and 22. The professors and instructors are 30 in number; each of the cadets costs the government 336 dollars annually. They are required to encamp (5 or 8 weeks during the year. The course of study is completed in four years, and includes French, drawing, natural and experimental philosophy, chemistry, mineralog'y, geography, history, ethics, national law, mathe- matics and the whole science of strategy, tactics, artillery and engineering. The annual expense of the institution is 115,000 dollars. There are 5 large stone buildings, and 6 of brick The site they occupy is very beautiful and commanding, being a level 188 feet above the river. Close to the shore stands a white marble monument, bearing the name of Kosciusko. In another part is an obelisk to the memory of Col. Wood, one of the pupils who fell at Fort Erie. Westpoint, p. v. Hardin Co. Ken. JVestjfort, p.t. Bristol Co. Mass. 60 m. S. Bos- ton. Pop. 2,773; p.t. Oldham Co. Ken. on the Ohio ; p.t. Essex Co. N. Y. IVestport, a town of Ireland, in the county of Mayo, 8 m. W. of Castlebar. iVestra, one of the Orkney Islands, 9 m. long and from 1 to 3 broad. It has a trade in kelp, and a good harbour for small vessels on the N. W. Bide, 9 m. N. N. E. of Pomona. Long. 2. 52. W., lat. 69. 8. N. West Sprinnfield, p.t. Hampden Co. Mass. 100 m. S. VV. Boston, with considerable manufactures. Pop. 3,272. fVest Stockhridge, p.t. Berkshire Co. Mass. 130 m. W. Boston. Pop. 1,208, fVestvUle, p.v. Simpson Co. Mississippi. Wetherliij, a town in W. Yorkshire. 191 m. N. bj W. of London. Wahersfidd, p.t. Hartford Co. Conn. 3 m. S. Hartford. Pop. 3,862. This town is famous for the cultivation of onions. Wetter, a lake of Sweden, in Gothland, S. E. of the lake Wenner. It is 1(X) m. in length, and in some places 20 in breadth. Above 40 small •treams enter this lake, and its only outlet is the river Motala, which flows E. by Nordkoping into the Baltic. Welteravia, or JVateraw,a. name originally ap plied to a district of Germany, lying on the banks of the river Wetter, but now so extended as to denote all the country between the Lahn, the Rhine, and the Maine. Wettin, a town of Prussian Saxony, in the duchy of Magdeburg, with a castle on a moun- tain ; seated on the Saal, over which is a ferry, 9 m. N. N. W. of Halle. Wettincren, a town of Switzerland, in the coun- ty of Baden, celebrated for its wooden bridge, 240 feetbng, of a single arch over the river Lira- mat. It is 1 m. S. of Baden. Wi:t2lar, a town of Germany, in Wetteravia. capital of a county of the same name. It is sur rounded by ditches and walls flanked with towers, and is seated at the confluence of the Lahn, Disle, and Dillen, 30 m. N. of Frankfort. Long. 8 37 E., lat. 50. 33. N. Wevelshurg, a town and citadel of Westphalia, in the principality of Paderborn, 9 m. S. of Pader- born. Wexford, a county of Ireland, in the province of Munster, 47 m. long and 30 broad; bounded on the N. by Wicklow, E. by St. George's Chan- nel, S. by the Atlantic Ocean, W ny Waterford and Kilkenny, and N. W. by Catherlouffh. It contains 142 parishes, has two boroughs, and sends four members to parliament. The surface is mountainous, but the soil in general is fertile in corn and grass. The principal rivers are the Barrow and Slaney. Wexford, a borough of Ireland, and capital of the foregoing county. It has a spaoious harbour at the mouth of the Slaney, on a bay of St. George's Channel, but the water is not deep enough for large vessels. Much woolen cloth is manufactured here and in the neighbourhood. The inhabitants are estimated at 9,000. It is 33 m. E. N. E. of Waterford and 60 S. of Dublin. Long. 6. 30. W., lat. 52. 22. N. Wexio, a town of Sweden, in Smaland, seated on the lake Helga, which contains a group of woody islands, ft is a bishop's see, though small, and is 50 m. W. of Calmar. Weyhridge, a villaoe in Surrey, Eng. seated on the Wey, near its entrance into the Thames, 2 m. E. of Chertsey. Here is Woburn Farm, the plantations of which were the first specimen in EngrJand of the ornamented farm. Weyhridge, a to'vnship of Addison Co. Vt Pop. 850. Weyhill, a village in Hampshire, Eng. fa- mous for an annual fair for all kinds of cattle, leather, hops, cheese, and pedlary. It is one of the largest fairs in England, lasting 10 days. 3 m. W. of Andover. Weymes, a town of Scotland, in Fifeshire, with a harbour, whence mucli coal and salt are export- ed. It stands on the Frith of Forth, 4 m. N. E. of Kilkaldy and 12 S. by W. of Cupar. Weymouth, a sea-port and borough in Dorset- shire, Eng. 12 m. S. W. London. Weymouth, p.t. Norfolk Co. Mass. 10 m. S. E. Boston, noted for the manufacture of excellent cheese. Pop. 2,839. A townshipof Ghcester Co. N. J.; p.t. Medina Co. Ohio, 117 m. N. E. Columbus. Wharton, a township of Fayette Co. Pa Whartontille, p.v. Fauquier Co. Va. Whately, p.t. Franklin Co. Mass. 100 m. W Boston. Pop. 1,111. Wheatfield, a township of Indiana Co. Pa WHI 777 WHI n^eder, p.t. Steuben Co. N. Y. Pop. 1 ,389. Wlieelins, p-t. Ohio Co. Va. on the Ohio, 95 m. below Pittsburg. It stands at the mouth of a creek on a high bank, and consists principally of one large street, parallel to the river. The great Cumberland road strikes the Ohio at this place and makes it a great thoroughfare for emigrants from the Atlantic states. The town is well built and nas a very flourishing trade and considerable manufatures. Pop. 5,221. Whedingt townships of Belmont and Guernsey Cos. Ohio. fVheelock, p.t. Caledonia Co. Vt. Pop. 834. ^hernside, the highest mountain in England, situate on the N. VV. part of Yorkshire, amid other mountains, and about 6 miles to the N. of that called Ingleborough. Its summit is 4,050 feet above the level of the sea. Near the top are four or five tarns or small lakes. Its base con- tains several spacious caverns, of which the prin- cipal are Yordas, Gatekirk, and Greenside caves. Whidnh, a country of Guinea, on the Slave Coast, extending about 10 miles along the Atlan- tic, and 12 miles inland. Europeans who have been in this country extol it as the most beauti- ful in the world, and assert that spring and au- tumn reign perpetually in alternate succession. The country is so populous that one single vil- lage contains as many inhabitants as some entire kingdoms on the coast of Guinea. The people, in their manners, have been compared to the Chinese ; the same persevering industry, ceremo- nious civility, joalous affection for their women, thievish inclinations in trade, prevail in both countries. Bows, arrows, assagays, and clubs, are the principal weapons of the Whidanese. They have no distinction of hours, days, weeks, or stated periods ; and yet, without pen, ink, or the assistance of artificial arithmetic, they calcu- late any thing with great accuracy. TheV are said to have a faint idea of a Supreme Being, to whom they attribute omnipotence, and consider him as the Creator of the universe. He is, they say, too highly exalted to have any concern about his creatures ; and the government of the world lie leaves to the fetiohes, to whom, therefore, they apply as the mediators between God and them. These fetiches are divided into three classes : snakes, tall trees, and the sea ; and sometimes they add a fourth, namely, the chief river of the kingdom, the Euphrates. The dei- fied snakes are about a yard long, amazingly tame and familiar ; and no insult or injury can be of- fered to them by a native, under pain of death. Here are oxen, cows, goats, sheep, hogs, turkeys, ducks, and hens ; also elephants, buffaloes, tigers, several kinds of deer, and a sort of hares. The fruits are citrons, lemons, oranges, bananas, tam- arinds, «&c., and there are vast numbers of palm- trees, from which much wine is made. The trade consists chiefly of elephants' teeth, wax and hon- ey ; and the principal manufactures are cloths, umbrellas, baskets, pitchers for pito or beer, plates and dishes of wood, gourds finely ornimented, white and blue paper, &c. In 1727 the king of Dahomey reduced this country to the state of & dependent province. Xavier, or Sabi, is the capital. fVkitby, a aea-port in N. Yorkshire, Eng. It is seated on the Grerman Ocean, at the mouth of the Esk, 48 ra. N. N. E. of York and 243 N. of London. Whitchurch, a borough in Hampshire, Eng. 98 with manufactures of shalloons, serges, Ac. 56 m. W. by S. of London. H-'hiic'hurch, a town in Shropshire, Eng. 160 in. N. VV. of London. IVhite, a county of \V. Tennessee. Pop. 9,9fi7. Sparta is the capital ; a county of Illinois. Pop. 6,091. Carmi is the capital. IFhite Chimneys, p. v. Caroline Co. Va. White Clay Creek, a hundred of Newcastle Co Del. finite Creek, p.t. Washington Co. N. Y. 36 m. N.E.Albany. Pop. 2,44-^. White Day, p. v. Monongahela Co. Va. Wldte Deer, p.v Lycoming Co. Pa.; a town* ship of Union Co. Pa. White Eyes, p.t. Coshocton Co. Ohio. Whittfield, p t. Lincoln Co. Me. Pop. 2,020. A township of Coos Co. N. H. Pop. 685. Whitehall, p.t. Washington Co. N. Y. formerly Skenesborough. It stands at the mouth of a creek flowing into the S. end of Lake Champlain. The Northern Canal from the Hudson here passes in- to the lake. Sloops, steamboats and other lake craft come up to the town, and the trade of the place is very active. A steamboat plies regular- ly between Whitehall and St. Johns, L. C. 70 m. N. Albany, 170 N. W. Boston. Pop. 2,888. WJtitehall, JV*. and S. two townships in Lehigh Co. Pa. on the Lehigh p.v. Columbia Co. Pa., Frederick Co. Va., Mecklenburg Co. N. C. and Abbeville Dis. S. C. White Haren, p.t. Somerset Co. Md. White House, p.v. Hunterdon Co. N. J. White Lake, p.v. Sullivan Co. N. Y. Wkiteland, E. and W. two townships in Ches- ter Co. Pa. Whitely, a county of Kentucky. Pop. 3,807. Whitehjsburg, p.v. Kent Co. Del. 22 m. S. E. Dover. Whitemarsk, p.v. Montgomery Co. Pa. White Mountains, p.v. Coos Co. N. H. 117 m. N. N. E. Concord. White Mountains, a range of mountains in the norhern part of New Hampshire, nearlj' in the centre of the county of Coos. They, are the highest in the United States, east of the Rocky Mountain chain, and are celebrated for their grand and beautiful scenery. Those mountains extend about 20 m. from S. W. to N. E. being the more elevated parts of a range extending ma- ny miles in that direction. Their base is 8 or 10 m. broad ; and situated about 25 m S. E. from Lancaster, 70 N.of Concord, 82 N. by W, from Portsmouth ; and in lat. 44. 15, long. 71. 20. W. Although distant more than 60. m. from the near- est part of the coast, their snow-white summits are distinctly visible many leagues at sea, and along the coast of Maine. Their great ele«^ation has always rendered them interesting, both to our ancestors, and to the aboriginal inhabitants of the country. As early as 1632. they were vis- ited by Neal, Jocelyn and Field, who gave ro- mantic accounts of their adventures, and of the extent and granduer of the mountains, which they called the Crystal Hills. Since that time, these regions have l>een repeatedly explor- ed by hunters, and by men of science. Mount Washington is 6,428 feet above the level of the sea, 5,850 above the river at Lancaster, and 4,781 above Crawford's, the nearest dwelling to the summit. This mountain is easily known by its superior elevation, and its being the southern of^ the three highest peaks. The heights of the otb WHI 778 WHI el peaks above the Connecticut at Lancaster, are as follows ; Mount Adams, ... - 5,3S3 feet. •' Jefferson, - - . . 5,281 " , Madison, .... 5.039 " Monroe, .... 4;932 " Franklin,- - . . 4,470 " Pleasant, .... 4,339 Mount Adams is known by its sharp termina- ting peak, and being the second N. of Washing- ton. Jefferson is situated between these two. Madison is the eastern peak of the range. Won- roe is the first to the S. of Washington. Frank- lin is the second S. and is known by its level sur- face. Pleasant is known by its conical shape, and being the third S. of Washington. In pas- sing from the Notch to the highest summit, the traveller crosses the summits of Mounts Pleasant, Franklin and Monroe. In accomplishing this, he must pass through a forest, and cross several ra- vines. These are neither wide nor deep, nor are they discovered at a great distance ; ft)r the trees fill them up exactly even with the mountain on each side, and their branches interlock with each other in such a manner, that it is very difficult to pass through them, and they are so stiff" and thick as almost to support a man's weight. Mount Pleasant is easily ascended. Its top, to the ex- tent of 5 or 6 acres, is smooth, and gradually slopes away in every direction from its centre. It even has a verdant appearance, as it is every • where covered with short grass, which grows in little tufts to the height of four or five inches. Among these tufts, mountain flowers are thinly scattered, which add life and beauty to the scene. The prospect from this summit is beautiful : to the N. the eye is dazzled with the splendour of Mount Washington ; N. W. are seen the settle- ments in Jeff"erson ; W. the courses of the Amonoosuck, as though delineated on a map; S. W. the Mooshelock and Haystack are discovered ; S. Chocorua peak.; S. E. the settlement and mountains in Bartlett ; E. only dark jnountains and forests. On descending this mountain, a small patch of water is found at its base : from which the as- cent is gradual to the summit of Mount Franklin. After crossing this mountain, you pass over the E. pinnacle of Mount Monroe, and soon find yourself on a plain of some extent, at the foot of Mount Washington. Here is a fine resting-place, on the margin of a beautiful sheet of water, of an oval form, covering about 3-4 of an acre. The waters are pleasant to the taste, and deep. Not a living creature is to be seen in the waters, at this height on the hills ; nor do vegetables of any kind grow in or around them, to obscure the clear rocky or gravelly bottom on which they rest. A small spring discharges itself into this pond at its south-east angle. Another pond, of about 2-3 its size, liesN. W. of this. Directly before you, the pinnacle of Mount Washington rises with majestic grandeur, like an immense pyr- amid, or some vast Kremlin in this magnificent city of mountains. The pinnacle is elevated aboiU I,.')00 feet above the plain, and is composed principally of huge rocks of granite and gneiss piled together, presenting a variety of colors and forms. In ascending, you must pass enormous masses of loose stones; but a walk of half an hour will generally carry you to the summit. The view from this point is wonderfully grand and picturesque. Innumerable mountains, lakes, ponds, rivers, towns and villages meet the delight- ed eye, and the dim Atlantic stretches its waters along the eastern horizon. To the N. is seen the lofty summits of Adams and Jefferson ; and to the east a little detached from the range stands Mount Madison. Mount Washington is support- * ed on the N. by a high ridge, which extends to Mount Jefferson ; on the N. E. by a large grassy •. plain, terminating in a vast spur extending far away in that direction ; E. by a promontory, which breaks off" abruptly at St. Anthony's Nose ; S. and S. E. by a grassy plain, in summer, of more than 40 acres. At the southeastern extremity of this plain, a ridge commences, which slopes gracefully away towards the vale of the Sico ; upon which at short distances from each other, arise rocks, resembling, in some places, towers ; in others representing the various orders of architecture. It would be vain in us to attempt a description of the varied wonders which here astonish and delight the be- holder. To those who have visited these moun- tains, our descriptions would be tame and unin- teresting ; and he who has never ascended their hoary summits, cannot realize the extent and mag- nificence of the scene. These mountains are decidedly of primitive formation. Nothinor of volcanic origin has ever yet been discovered on the most diligent research. They have for ages, probably, exhibited the same unvarying aspect. No minerals are here found of much rarity or value. The rock which most abounds, is schistus, intermixed with greenstone, mica, granite and gneiss. The three highest peaks are composed entirely of fragments of rocks heaped together in confusion, but pretty firmly fixed in their situa- tions. During nine or ten months of the year, the summits of the mountains are covered with snow and ice, giving them a bright and dazzling ap- pearance. On every side are long and winding gullies, deepening in their descent to the plains below. Here some of the finest rivers of New- England originate. The Saco flows from the E. side of the mountains ; the branches of the Ame- riscoggin from the N. ; the Amonoosuck and other tributaries of the Connecticut from the W. ; and the Pemigewasset from the S., its fountain being near that of the Saco. The sides of the hills are in many parts covered with soil ; but this is very superficial in all cases, and every spot, that can be reached by running water, is left destitute of every thing but rocks and pebbles, of which likewise the river-bottoms are exclu- sively composed. In these cold and elevated re- gions, the period for the growth of vegetables is extremely brief; the mountains must be forever sterile. Moss and lichens may be found near the summits, but of meagre and scanty growth — look- ing as if they had wandered from their proper zone below, into these realms of barren desola- tion. The Kot.ch of the White Mountains, is a name appropriated to a very narrow defile extending two miles in length between two huge cliffs ap- parently rent asunder by some vast convulsion of nature, probably that of the deluge. The en- trance of the chasm is formed by two rocks stand- ing perpendicular at the distance of 22 feet from each other ; one about 20 feet in height, the oth- er about 12. The road from Lancaster to Port- land passes through this notch, following the course of the head stream of the Saco. The scenery at this place is exceedingly beautiful and grand. The mountain otherwise a continued WHI 779 WIH range, is here cloven quite down to its base, open- ing a passage for the waters of the Saco. The gap is so iiaiiow, that space has with difficulty been found lor the road. About half a mile from the entrance of ihe chasm, is seen a most beau- tiful cascade, issuing from a mountain on the right, about 800 feet above the subjacent valley, and about 2 miles distant. The stream passes over a series of rocks almost perpendicular, with a course so little broken as to preserve the appearance of a uniform current, and yet so far disturbed as to be perfectly white. This beauti- ful stream, which passes down a stupendous preci- fice, is called by Dwight the Silver Cascade. t is one of the most beautiful in the world. At the distance of three fourths of a mile from the entrance of the chasm is a brook, called the Flume, which falls from a heiglit of -240 or 250 feet over three precipices — down the two first in a single current, and over the last in three, which unite again at the bottom in a small basin formed by the hand of nature in the rocks. The water is pure and transparent, and it would be impossible for a brook of its size to be moddled into more diversified or delightful forms. The more elevated parts of these mountains are occasionally subject to avalanches, or slides of earth, which sweep suddenly down their sides and occasion great damage. A serious calamity of this sort occurred at the Notch in August 1826, to a family of the name of WiUey, who occupied a dwelling in the narrowest part of the defile many miles from any other human habitation. At midnight during a furious storm of rain, the mountain broke loose above them, and poured down in a torrent of earth, rocks, and trees. The family, aroused by the noise, immediately fled :^•:'^.o^ -^^ «^c^ from the house, but were overtaken by the aval- anche and swept to destruction. The roads and bridges along the valley were destroyed, the streams choked up, and heaps of earth, rocks and trees exhibited a frightful picture of desolation. Till within a few years these mountains were seldom visited except by a few hunters and an occasional traveller, and the beauties of these wild and sequestered spots were as little known to the world as those of the Vale of Chamouni, before the discovery of that unrivalled spot in the last century. Latterly, the fame of the White Mountain scenery has drawn the attention of all the lovers of the picturesque in our country, and the mountains are now visited every summer by travellers from all parts of the United Slates. Tolerable accommodations may be found at Craw- ford's. Visitors who wish to view the sunrise from Mount Washington, pass the night at the Camp, 7 miles above, where the steepest ascent of the mountain begins. Tlie only places susceptible of cultivatioa in the heart of the mountains, are the little meadow* inhabited by the Crawfords, the Notch, and Wil ley Meadows; and there the interval of warm weather is so short in the year, that few vegeta- bles can arrive at maturity, with all the rapidity of growth which distinguishes such cold regions. To those who are fond of field sports, the forests and rivers aflTord every advantage, during the brief summer which visits the valleys. Various kinds ot" wild birds and game are to be found in the woods, besides bears, wild cats, and deer. The moose and buffalo were formerly abundant among the mountains ; and it is scarcely thirty years since they were killed in great numbers, merely for their hides and tallow ; as the latter still are in the deserts beyond the Mississippi. Deer are common in the woods, and frequently are killed by the hunters. Sometimes they come boldly down into the little niCadow before Craw-' ford's house, and quietly graze with the cattle. The black bears are occasionally seen in the more unfrequented places ; but they will always en- deavour to avoid a man. A large species of elk, here known by the namo. of the Cariboo, has made its appearance in the White Mountains within a few years ; but they are still very scarce in this part of the country. niiile Oak, p.v. Rutherford Co. N. C. H'kite Plains, p.v. Westchester Co. N. Y. 30 m. N. New York. Pop. 759; p.v. Jackson Co. Ten. iViite Post, p.v. Frederick Co. Va. White River, a stream falling into ihe Wabash from the S. E. A river of Arkansas falling into the Mississippi a little above the mouth of the Ar- kansas. White Sand, p.v. Lawrence Co. Mississippi. WhI.testjormigIt, p.v. Oneida Co. N. Y. Whitestown, I. Oneida Co. N. Y. Pop. 4,410. Whitesville, p.v. Columbus Co. N. C. Wkitc Water, a branch of the Great Miami in Indiana and Ohio; a township in Hamilton Co. Ohio; p.v. i)earbon Co. Ind. Whiteing, p.t. Addison Co. Vt. Pop. 653. IVhiteinw/iam, p.v Windham Co. Vt. Pop. 1,477. Whiteley, a township of Green Co. Pa. Whitepaine, a township of Montgomery Ca Pa. Whittedville, p.t. Buncombe Co. N. C. White Sea, a large bay of the Frozen Ocean on the N. part of Russia, on the E. side of which stands the town of Archangel. Wtiitehaven, a sea-port in Cumberland , Eng. It is seated on a creek of the Irish Sea, on the N. end of a great hill, washed by the tide on the W. side, where there is a large whitish rock, and a strong stone wall that secures the harbour. Near it are excellent coal mines, some of which run a considerable way under the sea, and are the chief source of its wealth. It is 41 m. S. W. of Carlisle and 320 N. N. W. of London. Long 3.35. W.,lat. 54.25. N. Wkitehorn, a borough of Scotland, in WigtoB- shire, near the bay of Wigton. It is a place of great antiquity, having been a Roman station and the first bishopric in Scotland. 8 m. W of Wigton. WIdtesable, a village on the coast of Kent, Eng. 7 m. N. N. W. of Canterbury. Whitsuntide Island, one of the New Hebriden in the S. Pacific, 30 m. long and 8 broad, discov ered by captain Wallis, on the WhiUunday, 1767. Long. 168, 20. E., lat. 15. 44. S. WIE «M WIH Whitthhury Forest, a forest in the S. part of Northamptonshire, Eng. 9 in. long and 3 broad. Wihurg, or Vihorg, an extensive district of Russia, in the government of Finland. It was ceded by the Swedes to the Russians, partly by the peace of Nystadt in 1721, and partly by the treaty of Abo in 1743. Besides pastures, the country produces rye, oats, and barley, but not sufficient for the inhabitants. fViburg, a fortified sea-prn-t of Russia, capital of the foregoing district, and a bishop's see, with a strong citadel. The houses are almost entirely built of 'stone. The chief exports are planks, tal- low, pitch, and tar. The surrounding country is pleasant; and near it, at Imatra, is the famous cataract of the VVoxa, which makes a noise more stunning tiian that of the Rhine at Lauffen. Wi- burg stalids on the N. E point of the gulf of Finland. 100 m. N. N. W. of Petersburg. Long. 29. 10. E., lat.OO. 5G. N. fVihunr, a cily of Denmark, in N. Jutland, capital of a diocese of the same name, and the seat of the chief court of justice in the province. In 1720 the cathedral, a church, the town-house, and the bishop's palace, were destroyed by fire ; but they have all been magnificently rebuilt. It is sealed on a lake, in a peninsula, 120 m. N. of Sleswick. Long. 9. 50. E., lat. 5(5. 20. N. Wick, a borouffh of Scotland, and the capital of Caithness-shire, with a harbour on an inlet of the German Ocean, at the mouth of a river of the same name. Much kelp is made here, but the fisheries are the chief object of importance. It is 55 m. N. E. of Dornoch. Lonff. 2. 51. W., lat. 58. 21. N. Wick, a fortified town of the Netherlands, in the duchy of Limburg, seated on the Meuse, op- Eosite Maestricht, with which it communicates y a bridge. Wick DiierstetJe., a town of Prussian Westpha- lia, with two castles, 12 m. N. of Juliers. Wickford, p.t. Washington Co. R. I. 24 m. S. Providence. x JVickloto, a county of Ireland, ii^>^he province of Leinster, 3(> m. long and 2-5 broacnS»*, Mason Co. Ken. and Jackson and Maury Cos. Ten., Clermont Co. Ohio. Pop. 1,609. Williamslnirg, a District of N. Carolina. Pop. 9,015. Kingstree is the capital. Williamshurg, p.v. James City Co. Va. 32 m. E. by S. Richmond. This town was once the capital of the State, but is now much decayed from its former importance. It still containn y> illiam and Mary College which was founded here in 1693. It Iias7 instructers and 60 students. The libraries have 4,200 volumes. It has one va- cation of nearly 4 months from July to October. Commencement is in July. Williamsfield, p.v. Ashtabula Co. Ohio. 242 m. N. E. Columbus. Williamsport, p.v. Lycoming Co. Pa. and Wash- ington Co. Pa., Washington Co. Md., Pickaway Co. Oliio., Morgan Co. Ind. Williamson, a county of W. Tennessee. Pop. 26,608. Franklin is the capital. Wiliiamstadt, a sea-port of Holland in N Bra- bant. 13 m. N. W. Breda. Williamslotcn, p.t. Orange Co. Vt. 46 m. N Windsor. Pop. 1,487. Williamstown, p.t. Berkshire Co. Mass. 130 m. N. W. Boston. Pop. 2,127. Williams College, at this place was founded in 1793. It has 7 in- structers and 115 students. The libraries have 4,.556 volumes. There are 3 vacations in May. September and December, of 18 weeks. Com mencement is in December. Williamstown, p.v. Oswego Co. N. Y. Pop. 686 ; p.v. Lancaster Co. Pa., Martin Co. N. C. Grant Co. Ken. Williamsville, p.v. Erie Co. N. Y., Chesterfield Co. Va., Person Co. N. C. Willington, p.t. Tolland Co. Conn. 26 m. N. E. Hartford. Pop. 1,305 ; p.v. Abbeville Dis. S. C. Wiliink, p.v. Erie Co. N. Y. Williston, p.t. Chittenden Co. Vt. 10 m. S. E. Burlington. Pop. 1,603. Willistotcn, a township of Chester Co. Pa. Willow Grove, p.v. Montgomery Co. Pa. and Sumter Dis. S. C. Wilisborough, p.t. Essex Co. N. Y. on L Cham- plain. Pop. 1,316. Willshire, p.t. Van Wert Co. Ohio. 130 ra. N. W. Columbus. Willistown, an Indian village in the Cherokee country of Alabama. 50 m. E. Huntsville- Wilma.nstrand, a town of Prussia in t<''inland 100 m. N. W. St. Petersburg, famous for a battle between the Swedes and Russians in 1741. Wilmington, p.v. Windham Co. Vt. 17 m. W. Brattleborough. Pop. 1.367; p.t. Essex Co. N. Y. KiO m. N. Albany. Pop. 695. Wilmington, p.t. Newcastle Co. Del. on Chris- tiana Creek, near its entrance into the Delaware. It is the largest town in the state, a port of entry, and incorporated with city privileges. It is regu- larly and handsomely built, mostly of brick. In the neighbourhood are many flourishing manufactures of cotton, woolen, paper, gunpowder, and a great number of mills. The town has 10 churches, 3 banks, an arsenal of the United States and a pub- lic library. It has a large ttide in flour ; and ves- sels drawing 14 feet of water can come np the creek on which the town is situated 28 m. S. W. Philad. Pop. 6,628. Wilmington, p.v. Fluvanna Co. Va. 60 m N. W. Richmond; p.t. New Hanover Co. N. C, near the mouth of Cape Fear River 80. m. S. E. Fay- etteville ; it is a sea-port and has some commerce^ p. V. Clinton Co. Ohio ; p.v. Wayne Co. Ohio. Willis Isle, a rocky island at the N. end of the island of Southern Georgia. It was discovered in 1775, and contains the nests of many thousands in shags. Long. 38. 30. W, lat. 54. 0. S. Willisau, a town and Bailiwic of Switzerland, in the canton of Lucern, seated among the mountains on the river Wiger, 16 m. W. N. W. of Lucern. Wilmansirand : town of Russia in the overn 3 \J WIL 782 WIN mentof Finland, near which an obstinate battle was fought, in 1741, between 3,000 Swedes and 16,000 Russians, when the former were obliffed at length to yield to superiority of numbers. It is BeatefTon the S. side of the lake Saima, 40 m. N. N. W. of Wiburg and 100 N. N. W. of Peters- burg. irUna, p.v. Jefferson Co. N. Y. 176 m. N. W. Albany. Pop. 1,602. IVUna, a government of Russia, comprising the N. part of Lithuania, and containing an area of 2, '^00 square miles, with about 1,000,000 of inhabitants. WLlnii, a town of Russia, capital of the forego- ing government, and a bishop's see, with a uni- versity, an ancient castle, and a royiil palace. It stands on several little eminences, and has two considerable suburbs, called AntokoUo and Rud- aiska. Here are upwards of 40 churclies ; and the magnificent one belonging to the castle has a very rich treasury. In 1748 a dreadful conflagration destroyed 13 churches, and in 1749 another fire happened b}' lightning, which consumed six churches; besides these, the Jews synagogue, the council-house, 33 palaces, numerous stone edifi- ces, and other buildings were destroyed. The churches have been reljuilt, and some of them in a more elegant manner than before ; but the city has not recovered its former gandeur. Wil- na was taken by the Russians in 1794, and, with its territory, annexed to that empire. The French look possession of it in 1812, but evacuated it the same year. It is seated on the Vilia, 180 m. E. ofKonicsberg and 240 N.E. of Warsaw. Long. 25, 28. E.,lat. 54. 41. N. Wdsdorf, a town of Saxony, in Meissen, near which the Saxons were defeated by the Prussians in 1745. It is 9 m. W. of Dresden. JVilsnach, a town of Prussia, in Brandenburg, 14 m. N. W. of Havelberg. fVilson, a county of W. Tennessee. Pop. 25,477. Lebanon is the capital. ; p.t. Niagara Co. N Y. Pop. 913. WiJson, p.t. Kennebec Co. Me. Pop. 1,650 ; p.t. Hillsborough Co. N. H. Pop. ],OCl ; p.t. Fairfield Co. Conn. 77 m. S. W. Hartford. Pop. 2,095; p.t. Saratoga Co. N. Y. 15 ra. N. W. Ballston Spa. Pop. 1 ,303. Wilsonville, p.v. Bath Co. Va. Wihan Hill, p.v. Shelby Co. Alab. Wilsowitz, a town of the Austrian states, in Moravia, 15 m. E. N. E. of Ilradisch. Wilton, a borough in Wiltshire 85 m. W. by S. of London. Wiltshire., a county of England, 53 miles long and 38 broad ; bounded on the E. by Berkshire and Hampshire. The number of inhabitants in 1821 was 222,157. The air is sharp on the hills in winter, but is mild during that season in the vales. The land in the N. part is generally hilly and woody, but affords excellent pasture for cattle, and here is made the Wiltshire cheese so much esteemed. In the S^ the soil is rich and fertile. In the middle it chiefly consists of downs, that afford the best pasture for sheep; and in the valleys, which divide the downs, are corn-fields and rich meadows. Its principal com- modities are sheep, wool, wood, and stone ; of this hist there are excellent quarries on the bank of the Nndder, where some of the stones are 23 3'ards in length, and four in thickness, without a Haw. The chief manufactures are the different Itranches of the clothing-trade. Salisbury is the "apital. Wimbledon, a village in Surrey, Eng. on an ele- vated heath, 7 m S. W. of London. On the S. W. aufirle of the common is a circular encamp- ment, including seven acres ; the trench very deep and perfect. In the village are copper mills, a manufacture for printing calicoes, and another of japan ware. Wimborn, or Wimlorn Minster, a town in Dor- setshire, Eng. It had a monastery, in which were interred the W. Saxon kings Etheldred and Sigeforth, and queen Ethelburga. Its noble church, called the Minster, was formerly collegi- ate. 100 m. S. of London. Il'immis, a town of Switzerland, in the canton of Bern, seated on the Sibnen, 18 m. S. of Bern. Wimpfcn,a. town of Germany, in Hesse-Dariii- stadt, consisting properly of two towns, called Wipfen on the Hill, and Wimpfen in the Vale. A salt work was established here in 1761. It is seated on the Neckar, 8 m. N. of Heilbon and 22 E. of Heidelberg. Wincaunton, a town in Somersetshire, Eng. with manufactures of ticking, dowlas, serges, &c. 24 m. S. of Bath and 108 W. by S. of London. Winchcomh, a town in Gloucestershire, Eng. 99 N. N. W. of London. JVinchelsca, a. town in Sussex, Eng. an appendage to the cinque ports, 64 m. S. E. of London. Winchendon, p.t. Worcester Co. Mass. 6 m. ' N. W. Boston. Pop. 1,463. Winchester, p.v. Cheshire Co. N. II. 73 m. S. W. Concord on the Connecticut, with manufac- tures of woolen, cotton, nails, and oil. Pop. 2,052. Winchester, p.t. Frederick Co. Va. ;')(), m. S. W. Harper's Ferry. It is regularly ana hand- somely built in a pleasant situation and has con- siderable trade and manufactures, a medi(;al school and an academy. There are some mineral springs in the neighbourhood, and the town is much frequented in summer by people from the lower country. Winchester, p.t. Litchfield Co. Conn. Pop. 1,765. Guernsey and Ohio Co. Randolph Co. Ind. Clarke Co. Ken., Franklin Co. Ten., and Wayne Co. Mississippi. Winchester, a city in Hampshire, Eng. It is one mile and a half in circumference, and has 8 churches, besides the cathedral, in which were interred several Saxon kings and queens, whose bones were collected by bishop Fox, put mto small gilded cofiins, and placed on a wall in the S. side of the choir. In this cathedral is the mar- blecoffin of William Rufus. In the vicinity is St Mary's College, founded by William of Wyke- ham ; and contiguous to it is a spacious quadran- gular edifice for commoners or gentlemen not on the foundation. At the S. end of the city is the hospital of St. Cross, founded by a bishop of this see, for a master, nine poor brethren, and four out-pensioners. All travellers who call at this hospital have a right to demand some bread and beer, which is always brought to them. 62 m. W. by iS. of London. Windav, a sea-port of Russia, in the govern ment of Courland, with a castle. The exports are pitch, tar, wax, &c., and some ships are built here. It stands at the mouth of a river of the same name, in the Baltic, 86 m. N. W. of Mittau and 100 N. bv E. of Memel. Long. 21. 50. E., lat 57. 1.5. N. ' Windermere, or WinandermereAhe mostexten sivc lake in England, lying betwe^-n Westmor land and Lancashire. It extends 15 m. from N to S., but is not more than a mile broad. It is fa- mm 783 WIN mons for its fine char, and abundance of trout, perch, pike, and eel. Its principal feeders are the , . rivers Rothay and Brathay, and its outlet the ri- i Ter Iod are a large iron foundry, some snll-works, and numerous collieries. The principal maniifactures arc canvas and cordage, but the coal trade is its diief siippart. It is 7 m. W. by S. <.f Cockermonth and :?I2 N N. W. of Lond(ni. Long. 3. 27. W., hit. 54. 31. N. Worksop,ii town in .VoUinghanishire, Eng. The canal from Chesterfield to llie Trent passes near this town. It is 22 m. N. W of Newark and 140 N. by W. of London. Worms, a city v)f (ronnan}', in Hfsse-Darmstadt formerly the capital of a princely bishoj>ric ofi'.he same name, it is famous Ihr a diet held in 1521, at which Luther assisted in persi>n. The catlse- dral is magnificent, and the principal Lutheran church has abeautit'ul altar and fine paintings. In the war of 1689 it was taken by th«' French, who almost reduced it to ashes. In 1743 a treaty was concluded here between CJreat Britain, Hun- gary, and Sardinia. In 1792 Worms surrender- ed to the French, who were obliged to evacuate it the next year, after the loss of Mentz ; but it was ajrain taken by them in 1794. It is seated on the Rhine, 27 m.S. S. W. of Mentz. Long. 8.28 E., lat. 49. 36. N. Worsley, a town in Lancashire, Eng. celebrated for the immense quantity of coal in its vicinity and for being the place where the duke of Bridge- water first commenced his canal navigation. It is 6 m. N. N. W. of Manchester. Worstead, a town of Norfolk, Eng. This plac« is noted for the introduction of that sort of twist ed yarn called worstead ; and was formerly a place of considerable trade, though now reduced to a mere village. It is 12 m. N. of Norwich aiid 121 N. E. of London. Worthington, p.t Hampshire Co. Mass. 110 in W.Boston. Pop. 1,178; p.v. Franklin Co. Ohio 9 m. N. Columbus. Wotton Busset, a borough in Whiltshire, Eng. 88 m. W. of London. IVotton-under- Edge, a town in Gloucestershire, Eng. with extensive manufactures of cloth. It is seated under a fertile eminence, 20 m. N. E. of Bristol and 109 W. N. W. of London. lVragby,a. town in Lincolnshire, Eng. 143 m. N of London. Wrath, Cape, a promontory of Scotland, in Sutherlandshire, which is the N. W. point of Great Britain. Affainst its rugged and lofty cliffii the rapid tides bursts with incredible fury. Lon^ 4. 47. W., lat. 53. 34. N. Wrekin, a noted hill or mountain in Shropshire, Eng. 8 m. E. S. E. of Shrewsbury. It was a fa mous station of the Romans, and its height in reckoned 1,200 feet WrtrUham, p.t. Norfolk Co. Mass. 24 m. S. W. Boston, with manufactures of cotton, woolen, and straw bonnets. Pop. 2,7()5. Wrexham, a town of Wales, in Denbighshire. It is a great mart for flannel, and a place of con siderabfe traffic. 180 m. N. W. of London. Wrieztn, or Brietzen,n town of Prussia, in Bran denburg. situate on a lake formed by the inunda tions of the Oder, 37 m. E. N. E. of Berlin. Wrightsboro. p.v. Union Dis. S. C; p.v. Co lumbia Co. Geo. 104 m. N. E Milledge ville. Wrightstoten, p.v. Burlington Co. N. J. 21 m. S. E. Trenton, t. Belmont Co. Ohio. WrightsTiUe,p.y. YorkCo. Pa. and Duplin Co N. C. fVrington, a town in Somersetshire, Eng. It was the birth-place of the celebrated Locke, and is seated near the source of the Yeo. 10 m. S. W. of Bristol and 125 W. of London. Wrotham, a decayed town in Kent, Eng. 24 m. 5. E of London. Wroi.eter, a village in Shropshire, Eng. said to have been formerly a city built by the Britons. It appears to have been surrounded by a thick wall and a deep trench which may be traced in several places. 5 ni. S. E. of Shrewsbury Wunnentierg, a town of Prussian Westphalia, which received its name from a victory gained by Charleinatrne over the Saxons in 974 It is 14 m. S. of Paderborn. Wnvsiedd, a town of Bavarian Franconia, near which are mines of copper and iron, and quarries of marble. It is seated on the Rosslau, 12 m. W of Egra and 34 E. of Bnnreulh. Wurtemberg, a kingdom of Germany, bounded E. by Bavaria and W. by Baden, and comprising an area of 8,000 sq. m., with 1,536,000 inhabit ants. It IS one of the most populous and fertile countries in Germany, though there are monv XAL 788 XAU mountains and woods. It produces plenty of pas- ture, corn, fruit, and a great deal of Neckar wine — so called from the river Neckar, which runs through the kingdom. There are also mines and salt springs, and much game. This country was erected into a kingdom by Napoleon in 1805 ; and he made considerable additions to it by the territories taken from Austria. In 1813 the allies, having engaged to serve the king in his various acquisitions, received his support in the invasion of France. Stuttgard is the capital. fVurtzburv, a district of Bavaria, in the circle of Lower Maine, comprehending a great part of Franconia. It is C5 m. long and 50 broad, and is bounded on the N. by Henneberg, E. by Bam- berg, S. by Anspach, Hohenlohe, and Mergen- theini, and W. by Wertheim, Mentz, and Fulda. The soil is very fertile, and produces more corn and wine than the inhabitants consume. This territory was formerly a bishopric, and its sove- reign was one of the greatest ecclesiastic princes of the empire; but it was given as a principalty to the elector of Bavaria in 1803; and by the treaty of Presburg, in 1805, it was ceded to the archduke Ferdinand, whose electoral title was transferred from Salzburg to this place. In 1814, however, it was again transferred to Bavaria, in exchange for the Tyrol, when the archduke Fer- dinand was reinstated in his Tuscan dominions. IVurtxImrg, a fortified city of Bavaria, capital ofthe circle of Lower Maine, with a magnificent Ealace, a university, an arsenal, and a handsome ospital. Tiie fortress stands on an eminence, and communicates with the city by a stone biidge. Besides the cathedral, there are several colleo-iate and parish churches, colleges, abbeys, and con- vents. Here is a cannon and bell foundry ; also cloth and stuff manufactures, established in the house of correction. Wurtzburg was taken by the French in 1796 and again in 1800. It is seated on the Maine, 40 m. W. S. W. of Bam- berg and 65 E. S. E. of Frankfort. Long. 10. 14. E., lat. 49. 46. N. IVurzach, a town of the kingdom of Wurtem- berg, in the county of Waldburg, with a castle ; situate on the Aitrach, 17 m. N. of Wangen and 28 S. by W. of Ulm. IVursen or Wurtzen, a town of Saxony, with a castle, a cathedral, and two churches. Here are fine bleaching grounds for linen ; but the princi- pal trade is in beer, of which great quantities are exported. It is situate on the Muldau, 15 ra. E. of Leipzig. JVusterhausen, a town of Prussia, in Branden- burg, seated on the Spree, 15 m. S. S. E. of Ber- lin. — Another, seated on the Dosse, 17 m. E. N. E. of Havelburg and 44 N. W. of Berlin. M'ustrau, a town of Hanover, in the duchy of Lunenberg, seated on the Dumme, at its conflu- ence with the Jutzo, 14 m. S. of Danneberg. JVyalusing, p.t. Bradford Co. Pa. 30 m. S. W Montrose. VVycomh or High Wycomh a borough in Buck- inghamshire Eng. A Roman tesselated pavemeni was discovered in an adjacent meadow in 1744. 31 m. W. N. W. of London. Wye, a town in Kent, Eng. 55 m. S. E. of London. Wye, a river of Wales, which issues from Plynlimnion hill, in the S. part of Montjromery- shire, very near the source of the Severn. I crosses the N. E. corner of Radnorshire, giving name to the town of Rhyadergowy (fall of th ^^■ Wye) where it is precipitated in a cataract Then, flowing between this county and Breck- nockshire, it enters Herefordshire, passing by Hay to Hereford, a few m. below which it re- ceives the Lug ; it then flows by Ross and Mon- mouth, and, separating the counties of Monmouth and Gloucester, it enters the Severn belo.w Chep- stow. This river is navigable almost to Hay, and a canal forms a communication between it and the Severn from Hereford to Gloucester. Wyllieshurg, p. v. Charlotte Co. Va. 132 m. S; W. Richmond. Wymondham, a town in Norfolk, Eng. with manufactures of bombazines, Norwich crapes, &c. 100 m. N. N. E. of London. Wyoming, p. v. Luzerne Co. Pa. situated in a valley among the Apalachian Mountains 1 m. from Wilkesbarre. Wysox, p.t. Bradford Co. Pa. Wythe, a county of the W. Dis. of Virginia. Pop. 12,163. Wythe is the capital. 351 m. from Washington X XABEA, a sea-port of Spain, in Valencia, near the coast of the Mediterranean, 44 m. N. E. of Alieant. Lonjf. 0. 3. E. lat. 38. 48. N. Xacca, or Sacra, a sea-port of Sicily, in Val di Mazara, with an old castle. Here are large granaries for the reception of corn intended to Be exported, and manufactures of beautiful vases. It is seated on the S. coast at the foot of a moun- tain, 20 ni. S. E. of Mazara and 41 S. S. W. of Palermo. Long. 13. 2. E., lat 37. 41. N. Xagua, a sea- port on the S. coast of the island of Cuba, seated on a bay, which is five leagues in circumference and surrounded by mountains. It is one of the finest ports in the W. Indies, and k S4 m. S. E. of Havana Long. 80. 45. W., lat 22. 10. N. Xalapa, a town of Mexico, in Vera Cruz, and a bishops see. This town is said to give name to ib« purgative root called jalap, or xalap. 60 m. £. of Angelos and 80 E. of Mexico. Long. 98. 20. W., lat. 19. 32. N. Xaltsco, a town of Mexico in a province of ita name, 14 m. N. W. of Compostella. Xaliva. or St. Philip, a town of Spain, in Valen cia. Having taken the part of Charles III., in 1707, Philip V. ordered it to be demolished, and a new town to be built called St. Philip. It is seat- ed on the side of a hill, at the foot of which runs the Xucar, 32 m. S. W. of Valencia and 50 N. W. of Alieant. Long. 0. 14. W., lat. 39. 4. N. Xauxa., or Jauxa. a province of Peru, 36 miles long and 45 broad, bounded by the mountains of the Indians, and the provinces of Tarma, Huan- ta, Angaraes, Xauyos, and Guarochiri. The cli- mate is highly salubrious, and the soil fertile in corn and fruits. Xauxa, a town of Peru, capital of the forego- lAU 789 TAR J.-j province, noted for its silver mines ; seated o.. a river of the same name, 100 m. E. of Lima. Xavier, or Sabi, the capital of the kingdom of Whidah, in Guinea. It is populous, and a great market is held every Wednesday and Saturday at the distance of a mile from the town. The mar- ket place is surrounded by sutlers' booths, which are only permitted to sell certain sorts of meat, as beef, pork, and the flesh of goats and dogs. Here slaves of both sexes are sold, as well as ox- en, sheep, dogs, hogs, fish, and birds; also the various commodities of Whidah manufacture, and every thing of European, Asiatic, or African production. Xavier is seated near the river Eu- phrates, about 7 m. from the sea. Long. 2. 30. E., lat. 6. 40. N. Xavier, a town of Spain, in Navarre, noted as the birth-place of the celebrated Romish saint and missionary of that name. It is 35 m. S. E. of Pamplona. Xavier, St., a town of Paraguay, in the province of La Plata, 200 m. W. of Rio Janeiro. Xenia, p.t. Greene Co. Ohio near the Little Miami, 56 m. S. W. Columbia. Pop. 4,175. Xenil, a river of Spain, which rises in the E. part of Granada, and flows by Granada, Loxa, and Ecija, in the Guadalquivir. Xeres, a town of Guatemala, in Nicaragua,seat- ed on a river that flows into Fonseca Bay, 70 m. N. W. of Leon. Xeres de la Frontera, a large and well built town of Spain, in Andalusia, famous for that ex- cellent wine corruptly called Sherry. It is seat- ed on the small river Guadalete, 15 m. N. E. of Cadiz and 38 S. S. W. of Seville. Xeres de la Frontera, a town of Mexico in the S. part of the province of Zacatecas, 80 m. N. by E. of Guadalajara. Long. 103. 35. W., lat. 28. 22. N. Xeres de Guadiana, a town of Spain, in Anda- lusia, seated on the Guadiana, 26 m. N. by E. of Ayamonte. Xicoco, an island of Japan, between Niphon and Ximo, 250 m. in circumference. Xilotopec, a town of Mexico, capital of a dis- trict of its name, 60 m. N. of Mexico. Ximo, an island of Japan, the second in size and eminence, situate to the S. W. of Niphon, from which it is divided by a narrow channel. It is 450 m. in circumference. Xixona, a town of Spain, in Valencia, with a castle, seated among mountains, in a country that produces excellent wine and the valua- ble drug called Kerraes. It is 15 m. N. of Alicant. Xucar, a river of Spain, which rises in the N E. part of New Castile, passes by Cuenza, and, entering the province of Valencia, runs into the gulf of Valencia, at the town of Cullera. Xudnogrod, a town of Croatia, 17 m. N. of Se- benico and 37 E. of Kzara. ..i**?'- YACHT A, a fort of Russia, in the govern- ment of Irkutsk, on the borders of Chinese Tar- tary 48 m. S. S. W. of Selenginsk. Yadkin, a river rising in North Carolina and flowing into South Carolina, where it takes the name of Great Pedee. Yakutsk or Jakutskoi, a town of Russsia, capi- tal of a province of the same name, in the gov- ernment of Irkutsk, with a wooden fort. It is seated on the Lena, 960 m. N. E. of Irkutsk. Long 129. 48. E., lat. 62. 2. N. Yale, the capital of a province of the same name, in the island of Ceylon, 56 m. S. E. of Candy. Yamburg, town of Russia, in the government of Petersburg, situate on the Luga, 20 m. E. of Narva. Yamina, a town of Negroland, in Bambarra, near the river Niger, 66 m. S. W. of Sego. Yanceyville, p.v. Louisa Co. Va. 60 m. N. W. Richmond. Yang-tcheou, a city of China, of the first rank, in the province of Kiang-nan. Its district is in- tersected by a number of canals ; and it carries on a great trade, particularly in salt, which is made on the sea-coast of this jurisdiction. It stands on the left bank of the Kian-ku, where the imperial canal crosses that river, 485 m. S. by E. of Pekin. Long. 118. 54. E., lat. 32. 26. N. Yao-gan, a city of China, of the first rank, in the province of Yun.nan. Its territory is inter- mixed with mountains, fine forests, and fruitful valleys, and produces abundance of musk. Near the city is a salt spring, which produces very while salt. It is 100 m. W. by N. of Yun-nan. Long. 100. 45. E., lat. 25. 12. N. Yao-tcheu, a city of China, of the first rank, in Kiang-si, on the W. side of the lake Poyaug, 700 m. S. of Pekin. Long. 116. 40. E., lat. 29. 8 N. Yare, a river in Norfolk, Eng. formed by the confluence of several streams that rise in the heart of the county. It passes through Norwich, whence it is navigable to Yarmouth, where it enters the German Ocean. Yarkan, or Irken, a town of Tartary, in the country of Cashgur, with a large palace, where the khan of the Eluth Tartars generally resides. It has a considerable trade, and stands in a fertile country, on a river of the same name, 100 m. S. E. of Cashgur. Long. 79. 4. E., lat. 38. 40. N. Farm, a town in N. Yorkshire, Eng. 239 m. N by W. of London. Yarmouth, a sea-port and borough in Norfolk, Eng. It is seated at the mouth of the Yare, and enjoys the export, and import trade of various places in Norfolk and Suffolk. The harbour is convenient for business, the vessels lying in the river along a very extensive quay. Its foreign trade is considerable, and it also sends ships to the Greenland fishery. A great number of her- ring are cured here, and under the name of red herrings, are either consumed at home or export- ed to foreign countries. Yarmouth contains about 1 8,000 inhabitants. Off" the mouth of the harbour is a bar, which prevents the entry of ships of large burden : and the many sand-banks off" the coast from the Yarmouth Roads, so noted for frequent shipwrecks. Yarmouth is 23 m. E. of Norwich and 124 N. E. of London. Long. 1. 45i E., lat. 62. 38. N. Yarmouth, a borough in Hampshire, Eng. on the N. W. coast of the Isle of Wight, with a for- tified castle, and a convenient quay. It is 10 m. W. of Newport •fr TEN 790 YanHouth, p.t. Barnstable Co. Mass. on Cape Cod 70 m. S. E. Boston, with large manufac- tures of salt. Pop. 2,251. Yaruqui, a village of Peru, near a plain of the same name, 12 m. N. E. of Quito. This plain was chosen for the base of the operations for measuring an arc of the meridian, by Ulloa and the French mathematicians. Yates, a county of New York. Pop. 19,019. Penn Yann is the capital: p.v. Genesee Co. N. Y. Yaynan-gheoum, a town of Birmah, celebrated for the oil wells in its neighbourhood, which sup- ply the whole empire, and many parts of India, with petroleum. The inhabitants are employed in making jars to contain the oil. It stands on a creek of the Irrawaddy, 28 m. S. by E. of Shil- lahmew. Yazoo, n river of Mississippi, 200 m. in length flowing into the Mississippi. Yazoo, a (lounty of Mississippi. Pop. 7,550 Ben- ton is the capital. Yea, a town of Peru, in Lima, with a trade in glass, wine, brandy, &c. It is seated in a valley watered by a river, 50 m. E. S. E. of Pisco and 170 S. S. E.ofLima. Yell, one of the Shetland Islands, to the N. of that called Mainland. It is 20 m. long and 8 broad and has several good harbours. Yellow River. See Hoan-ho. Yellow Sea,, or Leao-tong, a gulf of China, be- tween the provinces of Pe-tclie-li and Chang- tong on the W., and the peninsula of Corea on the E. ^ Yellow Springs, p.v. Chester Co. Pa; p.v. Hunt- ingdon Co. Pa ; p.v. Green Co. Ohio. Yellowstone, a branch of the Missouri. It rises in the Rocky Mountains, and joins the Missouri after a course of about 1,000 ra. Yellow water, a river flowing into Pensacola Bay in Florida, 70 m. in length. Yemen, a province of Arabia Felix, comprehend- ing the finest and most fertile part of Arabia, and lying on the coast of the Red Sea and Indian Ocean. Millet is the grain chiefly cultivated ; but the principal object of cultivation is coffee, which is all carried to Beit el Faki. Nearly the whole commerce of the country is carried on by Macha, but Sana is the capital. Yenikal, an important fortress of the Crimea, 8 m. E. of Kertch. See Kertck. Yenisei, or Jenisa, a large river of Siberia, which runs from S. to N., and enters the Frozen Ocean to the E. of the bay of Oby. Yerdseisk, or Jeniskoi, a town of Russia, in the government of Tomsk, on the river Yenisei, 310 m. N. N. E. of Tomsk. Long. 92. 35. E., lat. 58. 6. N. Yenne, a town of the Sardinian states, in Sa- voy, near the Rhone, 13 m. N. W. of Chani- bery. Yen-ngan, a city of China, of the first rank, in Chen-si, on the river Yen, 390 m. S. W. of Pekin. Long. 108. 50. E., lat. 36. 44. N. Fc»-p««^', a city of China, of the first rank, in Fokien ; seated on the brow of a mountain by the river Minho, 820 m. S. of Pekin. Long. 116. 54. E., lat. 26.40. N. Yen-icheou a city of Chma, of the first rank in Chang;-tong, situate in a well cultivated district which is enclosed between two considerable rivers. 270 m. S. of Pekin. Yen-tcheou, a city of China, of the first rank, in Tche-kiang. In the neighbourhood aro luines of TOR copper, and trees that yield an excellent varnishj which when once dry, never melts again, and will bear boiling water. The paper made here is in high esteem. 650 m. S. S. E. of Pekin. Long. 119. 14. E., lat. 29. 38. N. Yen-tcldng, a town of China, in Chang-tong where a kind of glass is made, so delicate that i will not endure the inclemencies of the air. 45 m. S. E. of Tsi-nan. Yeovil, a corporate town of Somersetshire, Eng 122 m. W. by S. of London. Yesd, a town of Persia, in the province of Irac on the road from Kerman, to Ispahan. It has a silk manufacture , and here are made the finest porcelain and carpets. 200 m. E. S. E. of Ispahan. Long. 66. 50. E., lat. 32. 0. N. Ylo, a sea-port of Peru, in Los Charcos, 70 m. N.N. W.of Arica. Long. 71. 13. W., lat. 17 36. S. Yonguesville, p.v. Fairfield Dis. S. C. 42 m. N. Columbus. Yonkers, p.t. Westchester Co. N. Y. 11 m. N. New York. Pop. 1,761. Yonne, a department of France, containing part of the former provinces of Burgundy and Champagne, and comprising an area of 2,900 square miles, with . 350;000 inhabi- tants. The climate is temperate, and the soil fertile in corn, hemp, flax, wine, and fruits. It receives its name from a river which rises in the department of Nievre, flows by Chateau-Chinon, Clameci, Auxerre, Joigny, and Sens, and joins the Seine at Montereau. Auxerre is the capital. York, a city, the capital of Yorkshire, Eng. and an archbishop's see. It is the Eboracum of the Romans, and many of their coffins, urns, coins, &c., have been found here. It has always been considered as the capital of the North, and, in point of rank, as the second city in the kingdom; but is now surpassed in wealth and populousness by many of the more modern trading towns. York contains about 20,000 inhabitants. The cathedral of St. Peter, generally called the Min- ster, is reckoned the largest and most magnifi- cent Gothic structure in the universe. The E. window, which is said hardly to have its equal for tracery, painting, and preservation, was the work of John Thornton, a glazier, of Conventry, in 1405. This beautiful edifice sustained consid- erable injury from fire, occasioned by a frantic in- cendiary, in 1829, but it is expected that the munificence of the countv will soon restore it to its original splendor. Besides the cathedral, York contains but 20 churches in use, though in the reign of Henry V. it had 44 parish churches, 17 chapels, and nine religious houses. Here are also a number of meeting houses for dissenters and Catholics. The city is dividad by the Ouse into two parts, united by a stone bridge of five arches, the centre one 81 feet wide. The river is navigable to this city for vessels of 70 tons bur- den, although it is 60 miles from the sea. The castle is a noble structure, and was formerly a place of great strength, but is now used as a coun- ty prison. Near it, on an artificial mount, is Clif- ford's Tower, a round shell said by some to have been raised by William the Conqueror, but oth- ers deem it a Roman work. It was used as a garrison in the civil wars, and till the year 1683, when the magazine blowing up reduced it to its present form. York is a county of itself, gov- erned by a lord mayor ; the prefix of lord being given by Richard II. ; and its county includes Ainsty Liberty, in which are 35 villages and •«.#> % roR 791 IPR namlets. The guildhall, built in 1466, is a grand structure, supported by two rows of oak pillars, each pillar a single tree. The corporation built a mansion-house in 1728, for the lord mayor ; and among the other public buildings are a noble assembly house, designed by the earl of Burling- ton, an elegant court-house on the right of tiie castle, a theatre royal, a county hospital, and an asylum for lunatics. York is 70 m. S. by E. of Durham, 190 S. S. E. of Edinburgh, and 195 N. by W. of London. Long. 1. 7. W., lat. 53. 59. N. York, a city of Upper Canada, and the seat of government for that province. It is situate on the N. W. side of Lake Ontario, and has an excellent harbour, formed by a long peninsula, which em- braces a basin of water sufficiently large to con- tain a considerable fleet. On the extremity of the peninsula called Gibraltar Point are stores and blockhouses, which command the entrance of the harbour ; and on the mainland, opposite this point, is the garrison. The front of the city is a mile and a half in length, and it contains several handsome squares, particularly one open to the harbour. It is 45 m. N. N. VV. of Fort Niagara and 140 W. by S. of Kingston. Long. 79. 36. W., lat. 43, 35. N. York, a county of Maine. ~Pop. 51,710. Al- fred is the capital. A county of the E. Dis. of Pennsylvania. Pop. 42,65S, York is the capi- tal. A county of the E. Dis. of Virginia. Pop. 5,:}54. Yorktown is the capital. A District of S. Carolina. Pop. 17,785. York, p.t. York Co. Me. 10 m. N. E. Ports- mouth. It is one of the oldest towns in the state and has some coasting and fishery business. Pop. 3,485. ; p.t. Livingston Co. N. Y. Pop. 2,636. ; p.t. York Co. Pa. 21 m. S. W. Lancaster. Towns in Tuscarawas, Sandusky, Belmont, Athens, Morgan and Butler Cos. Ohio. York Haven, p.v. York. Co. Pa. on the Susque- hanna 15 m. below Harrisburg. York River, in Virginia, formed by the junction of the Pamunkey and Mattapony. York Springs, p.v. Adams Co" Pa. 22 m. S. VV. Harrisburg, 30 miles above Yorktown, below which it flows into the Chesapeak. Yorktown, p.t. York Co. Va. on York River 29 m. N. W. Norfolk. It has an excellent har- bour, and some commerce. It is memorable in American history as the spot where the British array under Lord Conwallis surrendered to the. Yorkville, p.v. York Dis. iumbia. S. C. 80 m. N. Co- Americans and French under Washington on the 19th of October J1781. This event totally crush- ed the power of the British on the continent, and led the way to the peace which established the independence of the United States. Yorktovm, p.t. Westchester Co. N. Y. 113 m. S. Albany Pop. 2,141. York Fort, a settlement of the Hudson Bay Company, on the W. side of Hudson Bay, at the mouth of Nelson or York River. Lonir. 88. 44 W., lat. 57. 15. N. ** Yorkshire, the largest county of England, bounded on the N. by Westmoreland and Du"rharo, E. by the German Ocean, S. by Lincolnshire, Nottinghamshire, and Derbyshire, S. W. by Che- shire, W. by Lancashire, and N. W by West- moreland. It extends 80 m. from N. to S., and 115 from E. to W., and contains 3,847,420 acres. From its great extent it has been divided into three parts, called the North, East, and West ridings ; and subdivided into 26 wapentakes : it has one city, 60 market-towns, and upwards of 560 parishes, and sends 30 members to parli.iment. The air and soil of this extensive county vary ex- tremely. The E. riding is less healthy than the others ; but this inconvenience decreases in pro- portion as the county recedes from the sea. On the hilly parts of this riding, especially in what is called the York Wolds, the soil is generally barren, dry, and sandy ; but great numbers of lean sheep are sold here, and sent into other parts to be fattened. The W. riding, which is much the largest, enjoys a sharp but healthy air, and the land on the western side is hilly, stony, and not very fruitful ; but the intermediate val- leys consist of much good arable ground, and pasture for the largest~cattle. It also produces iron, coal, lime, jet, alum, horses, and goats. Here the clothing manufactures principally flour- ish. The N. riding, in general, exceeds the other two in the salubrity of the air. The worst parts breed lean cattle ; but, on the sides of the hills, in the valleys, and in the plains, it produces good corn and rich pastures. Richmondshire, on the N. W. of this riding, was formerly a county H)f itself; here many lead mines are worked to great advantage. In Yorkshire, likewise, are the dis- tricts of Holderness, on the borders of the Hum- ber, Cleveland on the confines of Durham, and Craven on the borders of Westmoreland and Lan- cashire. In this last district are three of the highest hills in England, named Whernside, In- gleborough, and Pennygant, which form a sort of triangle from their tops, at the distance of 5, 6, and 8 m. while their monstrous bases nearly unite. Yo-tcheou, a city of China, of the first rank, in Hou-quang, and one of the richest cities in the empire ; seated on the river Kian-ku, and on the lake Tong-ting, which is more than 70 leagues in circuit. 700 m. S. by W. of Pekin. Long. 112. 35. E, lat. 29. 23. N.' Youghall, a borough and sea-port of Ireland, in the county of Cork, with a commodious har- bour and a well defended quay. It has a manu- facture of earthen ware, and is seated on the side of a hill, on a bay of its name, 28 m. E. by N. of Cork, Long 3. 10. W., lat. 51. 49. N. Youghiogeny, a river of Pennsylvania, flowing into the Monongahela 18 m. above Pittsburg. Yough Glades, p.v. Alleghany Co. Maryland Youngstown, p.v. Niagara Co. N. Y. 20 m. N W. Lockport, on Niagara River ; p.v. Westn ore land Co. Pa. 11 in. E. Greensburg ; p.t. Trum- bull Co. Ohio. 165 m. N. E. Columbus. Pop. 4,383. Yovngsville p.7. W^arren Co. Pa. 328 m. N. W Harrisburg. Ypres, a fortified city of Belgium in Flanders, and a bishop's see. It has considerable mana- ZAA 793 ZAA factures of silk, linen, lace, cotton, thread, &c., and the canal of Bosingen, and the New Cut, greatly expedite the conveyance of goods to Nein- port, Ostend, and Bruges. Ypres was taken by the French in 1794, and retained till the downfall of Napoleon. It is seated on the Yperlee, 15 m. W. of Courtray. Long. 2. 48. E., lat. 50. 51. N. Yriex, St., a town of France, department of Upper Vienne, 20 m. S. by W. of Limoges. Ysendyk, a strong town of the Netherlands, in the isle of Calsand, 8 m. E. of Sluys and 18 N. W. of Ghent. Yssel, or Issel, a river of the Netherlands, which branches oft" from the Rhine below Huessen, and flowing by Doesburg, Zutphen, Deventer, and Campen, enters the Zuyder Zee by two channels. Yssel, or Little Issel, a river of the Netherlands, which flows by Ysselstein, Montford, Oudewater, and Gouda, and enters the Merwe above Rotter- dam. Yssel, or Old Issel, a river which rises in West- phalia, in the duchy of Cleve, flows by Ysselburg into the county of Zutphen, and enters the Yssel at Doesburg. Ysseinwiul, an island of the Netherlands, in S. Holland, situate between the Merwe on the N. and another branch of the Meuse on the S. It has a town of the same name, nearly 3 m. W. of Rotterdam. Ysselstein, a town of the Netherlands, in S. Holland, with a castle on the river Yssel, 5 m. S. S W. of Utrecht. Ystadt, or Ydst'd, a town of Sweden, in the province of Schonen on a bay of the Baltic, op- posite Stralsund,26 m. S. E. of Lund. Long. 13. 44. E., lat. 55. 22. N. Ythun, a river of Scotland, in Aberdeenshire, which crosses the county in a S. E. direction, and enters the German Ocean at the village of New- burg, 15 m. N. N. E. of Aberdeen. Yucatan, a peninsula of Mexico, in the province of Merida, bounded N. W. by the waters of the Mexican gulf, S. E. by the bay of Honduras, S. W. by Vera Cruz, and S. by Vera Paz. Yuen-kiang, a city of China, of the first rank, in the province of Yun-nan, on the river Ho ti, 145 m. S. S. W. of Yun-nan. Long. 101. 44. E., lat. 47. 50. Yuen-tcheou, a city of China, of the first rank, in Kiang-si, 750 ra. S. of Pekin. Long. 113. 58. E., lat. 27. 50. N. Yuen-yang, a city of China, of the first rank, in Hou-quang, on the river Han, 515 m. S. S. W. of Pekin. Long. 100. 30. E., lat. 32. 50. N. Yuma, Long Island, one of the Bahama islands, in the W. Indies, lying to the N. of the E. end of Cuba, and its W part under the tropic of Can- cer. It is 70 m. in length and 10 in breadth. Yumetos, a cluster of small islands, among the Bahamas, lying to the S. W. of Yuma. Yung-ning, a city of China, of the first rank, at the N. extremity of the province of Yun-nan, on the borders of Thibet,230 m. N. N. W. of Tnn- nan. Long. 100. 24. E., lat. 27. 50 N. Yung-pc, a city of China, of the first rank, in the province of Yun-nan, 170 m. N. W. of Yun- nan. Long. 100. 34. E., lat. 26. 44. N. Yung-ping, a. city of China, of the first rank, in Pe-tche-li, on a river that enters the gulf ofLeao- tong. Near it stands the fort Chun-nai, which is the key of the province of Leao-tong. 115 m. E. of Pekin. Long. 108. 34. E., lat. 39. 55. N. Yung-tchang, a city of China, of the first rank, in the province of Yun-nan. The neighbouring country produces gold, honey, wax, amber, and a vast quantity of fine silk. 210 m. W. of Yun-nan. Long. 99. 2. E., lat. 25. 5. N. Yung-tcheou, a city of China, of the first rank, in Hou quang, 885 m. S. S. W. of Pekin. Long. 111.15. E., lat. 26. 10. N. Yun-hing, a city of China, of the first rank, in the province of Ho-nan, 43C m. S. of Pekin. Long. 113. 52. E., lat. 33. 0. N. Yun-nan, a province of China, at the S. W. ex- tremity, 300 m. long and 250 broad ; bounded on the N. by Thibet and Se-tcheuen, E. by Koei- tcheou and Quang-si, S. by Tonquin and Laos, and W. by Pegu and Birmah. It is mountainous, but the soil in general is fertile, and it is reckon- ed the richest province in China, from its produc- tive mines of gold, copper, and tin, — its amber, rubies, sapphires, agates, pearls, and marble, — its musk, silk, elephants, horses, gums, medicinal plants, and linen. 21 cities of the first rank, and 55 of the second and third are included in this province, and the number of inhabitants is esti- mated at upwards of 8,000,000. Yun-nan a city of China, capital of the fore- going province, formerly celebrated for its extent, its magnificent buildings, vast gardens, tombs, triumphal arches, and elegant squares ; but it has suffered greatly from the Tartars, in their dif- ferent invasions, and the city at present contains nothing remarkable. It stands at the N. extrem- ity of a lake, 1,260 m. S. S. W. of Pekin. Long. 102. 30. E., lat. 25. 6 N. Yurcup, a town of Asiatic Turkey, in Cara- mania, on the Kizil-ermuk, 125 m. N. E. of Cogni. Long. 34. 30. E., lat 39. 40. N. Yverdun, a strong town of Switzerland^ in the Pays de Vaud, capital of a bailiwic of its name, with a castle, a college, and an hospital. Near the town is a sulphurous spring, with a commo dious bathing-house. The principal trade is in wine, and merchandise passing between Germany, Italy, and France. It has some remains of Ro- man antiquities, and stands on the lake of Neuf- chatel, at the influx of the Orbe and Thiele, 38 m. W. S. W. of Bern. Long. 6. 59. E., lat. 46. 44. N. Yvrtot, a town of France, department of Lower Seme, 7 m. N. N. W. of Caudebec, Yvry, a town of France, department of £ure, on the river Eure, 16 ra. S. of Evreux. Z ZAAB, a district of Algiers, in the desert be- hind Mount Atlas, belonging to the province of Constantina. The people ot Zaab are free, and pay no tribute ; but they are poor and indigent, aa may be expected of the inhabitants of so barren a soil. Dates are the principal article of food , and they have extensive plantations of palm-trees. They carry on some commerce in ostriches* feathers. The chief place of tl>* district is Bia- cara. ZAH 793 ZAN Zabola, a town of Transylvania, on the con- fines of Moldavia, 5 m. S. W. of Denmark. Zacatecas, a province of Mexico, bounded on the N. by Newr Biscay, E. by Panuc S. by Mach- sachan and Guadalaxara, and W. by Chiametlan. It abounds with lara;e villages, and its mines are deemed the richest in America. Zacatecas, a city of Mexico, capital of the above province, surrounded by rich silver mines, 2G0 m. N. E. of Mexico. Zacatula, a town of Mexico, in the province of Mechoacan,on a river of the same name, near the Pacific ' cean, 180 m. S. W. of Mexico. Long. 102. 55. W., lat. 18. 30. N. Zaclian, a town of Prussia, in Pomerania, 13 m. E. of New Stargard. Zafra, a town of Spain, in Estremadura, with a castle, 20 m. S W. of Medina. Zagara, a mountain of Greece, in Livadia, one of the tops of Mount Parnassus. It was the an- cient Helicon, from which issued the fountain Hippocrene, and was sacred to the Muses, who had here a temple. Zaghara, a town of Negroland, in Bornou, on the river Fittree, 170 m. S. E. of , ornou. Zahara or the Great Desert, a vast country of Africa, 1,900 miles in length by 840 in breadth ; bounded on the N. by Barbary, E. by Fezzan and Cassina, S. by Negroland and Fouli, and W. by the Atlantic Ocean. The air is very hot but not unwholesome to the natives. The soil is gener- ally sandy and barren ; but there are verdant val- leys n which water either springs or stagnates, and it is here and there interspersed with spots of astonishing fertility, which are crowded with in- habitanti. Here grows the acacia, a species of mi- mosa which produces the gum arable. These fertile spots in the desert are called oases, or islands, bearing some resemblance to islands in the sea ; and they abound most in the northern and eastern parts ; but the smaller ones are not always permanent ; for a furious wind from the desert, bringing along with it an immense quan- tity of sand, sometimes overwhelms an oasis, and reduces it to barrenness. These oases are formed into a number of states, governed by pet- ty princes ; and those of which some intelligence has been obtained are noticed in this work in their proper places. The inhabitants consisting of various tribes, are wild and ignorant ; and the Mahometan religion is professed throughout the country, unless where they approach the country of the Negroes. They maintain towards each other the maxims of apparent hostility, but a Christian is every where odious. Their lan- guage is chiefly a dialect of the Arabic ; and their only intercourse with other nations is carried on with the caravans which periodically tra- 100 verse these immense deserts. The Zahara abonnd* in antelopes, wild boars, leopards, apes, ostriches, and serpents. There are few horses and beeves ; but many sheep, goats, and camels. Zahara, a town of Spain, in Andalusia, with a citadel; seated on a craggy rock, 42 m. S. E. of Seville. Zahna, a town of Prussian Saxony, G m. N. E of Wittenberg. Zaina, a town of Algiers, in the province of Constantina, supposed, from some considerable ruins, to have been the ancient city of Zama. It is 28 m. S E. of Seteef and 46 S. W. of Con- stantina. Zainc, a river of Barbary, which separates the kingdoms of Algiers and Tunis, and enters the Mediterranean at the island of Tabarca Zaire, a river of Congo, which rises in the kingdom of Matamba, flows N. to the extreme borders of Congo, where it turns to the W., then separates the kingdoms of Loango and Congo Proper, and enters the Atlantic Ocean below Sogno, Zaiamea, a town of Spain, in Andalusia, 12 m. N. of Niebla and 38 W.N. W. of Seville. Zaiamea, a town of Spain in Estremadura, anciently called Ilapa. It contains many ves- tiges of its former splendor, and is 38 m. S. E. of Merida. • Zamora, a strong town of Spain, in Leon, and a bishop's see. In its environs fine tur- quoise stones are found. It is seated on a hill, on the river Duero, over which is a bridge, 32 m. N. by W. of Salamanca and 146 N. W. of Madrid. Long. 5. 56. W., lat. 41. 50. N. Zamora, a town of Quito, in the neighbour- hood of which are rich mines of gold. It is seated near the Andes, 230 m. S. of Quito. Long. 78. 20. W., lat. 4. 6. S. Zamora, a town of Mexico, in Guadalaxara, 40 m. S. E. of Guadalaxara. Long. 103. 30.. W., lat. 20. 52. N. Zamora, a town of Algiers, in the province of Constantina, 250 m. W. of Hamamet. Long. 6. 25. E., lat. 36. 20. N. Zamoski, a town of Poland, with a citadel, a cathedral, and several other churches. It is 37 ra. S. S. W. of Chelm and 44. W. N. W. of Betz. Zampaga, a town of Mexico, seated on a small lake, 30 m. N. of Mexico. Zane, a township of Logan Co. Ohio. Pop. 608. Zanesfield, p.t. Logan Co. Ohio. 47 m. N. W. Columbus. Zanesville, p.l. Muskingum Co. Ohio, on the Muskingum. Pop. 3,056. It is a very flourish- ing town with manufactures of glass, paper, woolen, iron, oil, and several mills. The great Cumberland road passes directly through the town. Zanfara, a kingdom of Negroland, to the S. of Zegzeg, between Cassina and Bornou. The inhabitants are tall in stature, of very blacjc com- plexion, with broad faces, and savage disposi- tions. The capital, of the same name, stands on a river that forms a lake N. of Ghana and then flows through that city into the Niger. It is 230 m. N. E. of Ghana and 450 W. S. W. of Bornou. Long. 16. 0. E., lat. 18. 30. N. Zanguebar, a country on the E. coast of Af- rica, between 3. N. and 9. S. lat. It includes several petty kingdoms, in which the Portu- guese have settlements. The inhab'tants are all Dlacks, with curly woolv hair ; and, except tkoM 3X ZA'F H ZEA eemrerted by the Portueuese, are either Mahome- lans or pagans, the latter much the more nu- merous. The principal territories are Jubo, Me- linda, Mombaza, and Quiloa. The Portuguese trade for slaves, ivory, gold, ostriches' feathers, wax, and drugs. The productions are n)uch the same as in the other parts of Africa, between the tropics. Zanle, an island in the Mediterranean, forming part of the Ionian republic. It is situate near the coast of the Morea, 17 m. S. of the island of Ceph- alonia, and is 14 m. long and 8 broad. Its prin- cipal riches consist in currants, which are cultiva- ted in a large plain, under the shelter of moun- tains. Here are also the finest peaches in the world, with other choice fruits, and excellent wine and oil. The natives speak both Greek and Ital- ian, though there are a very few Roman Cath- olics among them ; but they have a bishop as well as the Greeks. Pop. 50,000. Zante, the capital of the foregoing island, is pleasantly situated on an eminence on the E. side of the island, at the bottom of a small bay. The houses are built partly of brick,and partly of wood, and seldom more than one or two stories in height, on account of the frequency of earthquakes ; the last visitation of this kind was in 1820, when sever- al hundreds of houses were overthrown. The har- bour is capacious and is protected by a mole. 12 in. W. of Cape Tornese,in the Morea. Pop. 20,000. Zanzibar, an island in the Indian Sea, on the coast of Zangnebar, between the islands of Pem- ba and Monsia. It abounds in sugar canes and citrons. The inhabitants are Mahometan Arabs, and are governed by a sheik appointed by the iman of Mascat. Long. 41. 0. E., lat. G. 0. S. Zara, a city of the Austrian states, capital of a circle of the same name, and of the whole of Aus- trian Dalmatia, with a harbour. It is situated in a plain, upon a small peninsula, joined to the continent by an isthmus of about 25 paces broad. On the side of the citadel it is very well for- tified. Near the church, which the Greeks call- ed St. Helia, are two handsome fluted columns of the Corinthian order, said to have been part of the temple of Juno. This place was formerly more considerable than at present, the number of the inhabitants being now not above 8,000. The circle contains an area of 2,150 square miles, with 100,000 inhabitants. There are very fine paint- ings in the churches, done by the best masters; and they pretend to have the body of Simeon, brought from Judea, and kept in a shrine with a cryst 1 before it. Zara is seated on the gulf of Venice 80 m. S. W. of Jaicza, and 150 S. E. of Venice. Long. 16. 6. E., lat. 44. 30. N. Zareng-, a town of Persia, in the province of Segestan. It is celebrated for its beautiful porce- lain, and is seated on the Hirmund, 350 m. E. of Ispahan. Long. 61. 10. E., lat. 32. 28. N. Zaril, a town of Greece, in the Morea, 22 m. E. of Jtisltra. Z.::mate, a town in the Morea, seated on an emi- nence 20 m. S. W. of Misitra. Zamomtz, a town of Prussia, in Pomerelia, on a bay of the Baltic, 33 m. N. N. W. of Dantzic. Zoilaic, a town of Poland, in Volhinia, seated on the Horin, 30 m. N. N. W. of Constantinow. Zatmar, a strong town of Hungary, capital of a county of the same name. It is seated on a small lake, formed by the river Samos, 50 m. E. by S. of T«ickay, and 130 E. of Buna. Long. 22. 34. E., lat. 47, 50. N. Zatm; a town of Poland, in the palatinate of Cracow, with a castle ; seated on an emuieoca near the river Vistula, 20 m. S. W. of Cracow, and 60 S. E. of Ratibon. Zaweh, a town of Persia, in the province of Khorasan, situate on the Tedjen, 20 m. from the Caspian Sea, and 80 N. of Mesched. Zbaras, a town of Austrian Poland, 28 m.E. of Zborow and 68 N. by W of Kaminieck. ZhoroiD, a town of Austrian Poland, in the circle of Lemburg. Here, in 1649, John Casimin, king of Poland, with 20,000 men, was attacked by 110,000 Cossacks and Tartars, for three days successively, but defended himself so bravely that the latter consented to terms of accommo- dation. Zborow is 52 m. E. by S. of Lemburg. Long. 25. 46. E., lat. 49. 46 N. Zealand, or Zeeland, an island of Denmark, of a triangular form, 230 m. in circumference, and the largest of the isles belonging to the king of Denmark. It lies at the entrance of the Baltic, having the Categaton the N., the Sound on the E., and the Great Belt on the W. The coast is much intersected by large bays; and within the country are several lakes, which as well as the riv- ers, abound in fish. It is exceedingly fertile, pro ducing grain of all sorts with excellent pasture and in most parts plenty of wood. It is particularly famous for its breed of horses. Copenhagen is the capital of this island and of the whole king- dom. Zealand, a province of Holland comprising the ancient county of Zealand and Dutcli Flanders bounded on the N. by the isles of Holland, E. by Brabant, S. by Flanders, and W. by the German Ocean. It is composed of several islands, the principal of which are Walcheren, Schowen, N. and S. Beveland, Tolen, Duyveland, iUid Wolf- ersdike. The surface is generally level and lies so low that the inhabitants are obliged to defend themselves from encroachments of the saa by vast dykes, which are kept up at great expense. The river Scheldt forms the most of these islands, and the soil of them is fruitful. The province carries on considerable trade in corn, madder, flax salt meat, linen yarn, rapeseed, oil, «&c. The greater part of the inhabitants are Calvinists, but there are also many Catholics and Lutherans, and some Mennonite Baptists. The principal towns are Middleburg and Flushing. Zealand, Keio, in the Pacific Ocean, was discov- ered by Tasman in 1642. He traversed the east- ern coast from lat. 34. to 43. S. and entered a strait ; but, being attacked by the natives soon af- ter he came to an anchor, he did not go ashore. From the time of Tasman the whole country ex- cept that part of the coast which was seen by him, remained altogether unknown, and was oy many supposed to make part of a southern conti- nent, till 1770, when it was circumnavigated by captain Cook, who found it to consist of two large islands, separated by the strait above men- tioned, which is four leagues broad, and to which he gave his own name. Along the coast there are many small islands ; and it is indented by deep bays, affording excellent shelter for shipping and abundant supplies of wood and water. There are also several rivers capable of receiving large ves- sels, and in which the spring-tide rises nearly ten feet perpendicularly. Of the two islands, the southernmost, called by the natives Tavai, or Tovy Poenammoo, is for the most part mountain- ous and barren. As far inland as the eye can reach, nothing appears but mountains of stupen- dous height, consistmg of rocKs that are lotalJy 2EA 796 XEL naked, except wl)ere they are covered with snow , but the land bordering on the sea-coast is thiciily clothed with wood, almost down to the water's edge. The northernmost island, called Eaheino- mauwe, has a much better appearance. It is, in- deed, not only hilly, but mountainous ; yet even the hills and mountains are covered with wood ; and every valley has a rivulet of e.-tcellent water. The soil of these valleys, and the plains, of which there are many overgrown with wood, is in general light, but fertile ; and it is supposed that every kind of European grain, plants, and fruits, would flourish here with the utmost luxu- riance. The whole extent of the two islands is estimated by Mr Nicholas, who visited them in 1814 and 1815, at 62,160 sq. ra. or 39,782,400 sq. acres. The winters are milder than in England, and the summers not hotter, though more equally warm. There are forests of vast extent, full of the straightest and largest timber, fit for building of any kind. The only native quadrupeds are dogs and rats : the former are domestic, and for food ; the latter, though not numerous, are also eaten. The birds, like the vegetables, are almost entirely peculiar to the country. The creeks swarm with fish, which are equally delicious with those of Europe. The rocks are furnished with great quantities of excellent muscles, one sort of which measures above a foot in length, and with great variety of other shell-fish. The men are stout and fleshy, but not corpulent, and are ex- ceedingly vigorous and active. The women in general are smaller than the men, and are chiefly distinguished by the softness of their voices. The bodies of both sexes are marked with black stains, called amoco, which is the same as tatooing at Otaheite. Their dress is also the same vvithlhat of the natives of that island. Their houses are miserable lodgings ; and their only furniture con- ists in a few small baskets, in which they put /heir fishing-hooks and other trifles. Their food consists chiefly of fish, with which, instead of bread, they eat the root of a kind of fern, which they scorch over the fire, and then beat with a stick, till the bark or dry outside falls off*. Be- sides their dogs, they also contrive to kill birds ; and in most parts of the northern island they have sweet potatoes, cocoas, and yams; but in the southern nothing is raised by cultivation. Their cookery consists wholly in roasting and baking, which last is performed in the same manner as at Otaheite. The women eat in common with the men, and but little subordination or distinction of rank is observed among them. From Cape Kidnappers, in lat. 39. 43., for up- wards of 80 leagues to the northward, the people acknowledge one sovereign, called Teratu, and under him several subordinate chiefs, who proba- bly administer jr-stice; but whether his authority be hereditary or delegated is uncertain. This part of the coast is by far the most populous ; til- lage, weaving, and tlie other arts of peace, being here best known and most practised. The canoes are more decorated, the plantations more numer- o«is, and the clothes and carving finer, than any w^lere else. In other parts the inhabitants are scattered along the coast, in single families, or in large tribes, in a state of perpetual hostility with each other. For such continual wars, and the in- human banquet that is the consequence of victo- ry, among people in other respects mild and gen- tle, perhaps no batter reason can be assigned than that what at first originated in necessity has been perpetuated by habit; and exasperated by revenge In the year 1814 several missionary stations wer6 established in New Zealand, for the purpose of civilizing the ignorant natives, and instructing them in the Christian religion. In 1819 the set- tlements were visited by Mr. Marsden, when a tract of land, consisting of 13,000 acres, was purchased from one of the chiefs, and the mis sionaries were settled on it. According to the latest accounts, they still continue to struggle against the obstacles opposed to their prowress from the ferocity and superstition of the natives. Among other enterprises they have succeeded in reducing the language of New Zealand to writing, and have constructed a grammar for the benefit of such new missionaries as may be inclined to enter on this field of labor. Several New Zea- landers who were brought to New Holland, and had there an oppotunity of witnessing the arts and improvements of civilized life, have since rendered great service to the missions. Zebid, a city of Arabia, in the province of Ye- men. It was once very considerable, but its walls are demolished, and the present buildings scarcely occupy the half of its ancient extent. It is seated on a river, 16 m. from the Red Sea. and 140 N. of Mocha. Long. 44.28.E.,lat.l5. 10. N. Zebu, or Sehi, one of the Philippine Islands between those of Leyta and Negros. It is 149 m. long and 30 broad, and has a town of the same name, on the E. coast. Long. 122. 30. E., lat. 10. 36. N. Zedic, a town ofBarbaryin Tripoli, seated on a bay of the Mediterranean, 120 m. S. E. of Tri- poli. Zegedin, or Szeged, a strong town of Hungary, with a trade in salt, tobacco, wool, and corn ; situate on the Theisse, opposite the influx of the Maros, 65 m. N. W. Temeswar and 98 S. E. of Pest. Long. 20. 25. E., lat. 46. 20. N. Zegzeg, a kingdom of Negroland, to the N. of Zanfara, between Cassinaand Bornou. Thecap- ital is of the same name, 360 m. N. E. of Cassina. Long. 16. 0. E., lat. 20.45. N. Zehaenick, a town of Prussia, in Brandenburg, noted for a large foundry, 30 m. N. of Berlin Ztil, a town of Bavarian Franconia, seated on the Maine, 10 m. N. W. of Bamberg. Zeila, a sea-port of the kingdom of Adel, and a place of considerable trade ; seated on a bay of the Arabian Sea. Long. 44. 22. E., lat. 11. 9. N. Zcitoun, Gulf of, a bay on the eastern coast of Greece, opposite the northern extremity of the island of Negropont. It is the boundary between Independent Greece and Turkey. Zeitoun, a town of European Turkey situated at the bottom of the above gulf, in Janna, and an archbishop's see, with a castle. It is seated on a gulf of its name, 50 m. S. S. £. of Larissa and 62 N. of Corinth. Zeitz, a town of Prussian Saxony, with a mag nificent castle, and a collegiate church. It ha« good cloth and stuflT manufactures, and is seated on the the Elster, 23 m. S. S. W. of Leipzig. Zell, a town of Hanover, formerly the capital of a duchy of the same name, in the principality of Lunenburg. It is surrounded by ditches and ramparts, on which are planted chesnut and lime trees. The high courts of appeal for all the territories of the electoral house of Brunsvvick, Lunenberg were held here ; and also the diets for the principality. The castle was repaired by George II. of England, for the residence of his unfortunate sister, the queen of Denmark, who died here in 1775. Zell is seated on the Alter, ZiO. 799 * ZOU 98 m. E. N. E. of Hanover. Long. 10. 14. E. lat. 52 42. N. Zell, a town of Baden, seated on the river Kinlzig, 18 m. S. E. ofStrasburg. Zell in the Pinzgau, a town of Austria, in the province of Salsburg, seated on a lake, 30 m. W. ofRadstadtand34S. S. W. of Salzburg, Zell in Zellerthal, a town of Austria, in the Ty.ol, seated on the Ziller, 24 m. E. of In- spruck. Zellerfield, a town of Hanover, in the Upper Hartz, with a mine-office and a mint. 9 m. S. S W.ofGoslar. Zeluia, a town of Russia, government of Grod- no, 50 m. W. S. W. of Novogorodek. Zemplin, a town of Hungary, in a palaUnate of the same name, seated on the Bodrog, 25 m. S. E. of Cassovia, and 27 N. E. of Tockay Zengan, a town of Persia, in the province of Irac, 80 ra. N. N. E. of Amandan. Zengui, a town of Asiatic Turkey, in the pa- chalic°of Aleppo, situate on the Euphrates, 55 m. N. E. of Aleppo. Zenta, a town of Hungary, memorable for a sig- nal victory gained by prince Eugene over the Turks in 1697. It is seated on the Theisse, 52 m. N. of Belgrade. Zerhst,a. town of Germany in the duchy of An- halt-Dessau, with a fine castle. It is famous for good beer, and has manufactures of gold and sil- ver. 10 m. N. N. W. of Dessau. Zerea, a town and fortress of Persia, in Farsis- tan, 18 m. N. N. E. of Shiras. Zeule.n, a town of Bavarian Franconia, on the river Rosach, 21 m. N. E. of Bamberg. Zeulenrode, a town of Germany, in the princi- pality of Reuss, with manufactures of stuffs and stockings, 14 m. N. W. of Plauen. Zia, an island of the Grecian Archipelago to the S. of Negropont, 15 m. long and 8 broad. It abounds in barley, wine, and silk ; also a fine sort of oak, whose fruit, called villam, used by dyers and tanners, is the best trading commodity in the island. The principal town, of the same name, seated on an eminence, is a bishop's see, and has a good harbour, with about 2,500 houses, all flat at the top. Long. 34. 24. E., lat. 37. 48. N. Zlegenenhals, a town of Prussia Silesia, with several foundries, and a manufacture of excellent glass. It is seated on the Biela, 10 m. S. of Neisse. Ziecrenhayn, a fortified town of Germany, cap- ital of a province of its name in the electorate of Hesse, with a fine castle and an arsenal. The suburb called Weinhausen is a handsome place, and more extensive than the town. In 1757 it was taken by the French and in 1761 it was in- effectually besieged by the allies, who reduced two third's of the town to aslief? by their cannon- ade It stands on a morass, surrounded by the river Schwalm, 28 m. S. S. E. of Cassel. Ziegenruck, a town of Saxony, on the river Saal,1lO m. S. of Neustadt. Ziegeser, or Zicsar, a town and castle of Prus- sia, in Brandenburg, 18 m. W. S. W. of Bran- denburg. Zielenxig, a town of Prussia, in Brandenburg, with manufactures of cloth, 20 m. E. S. E. of Custrin. Zierenbeg, a town of Germany, in Hesse Cas- sel, 8 m. W. N. W. of Cassel. Ziget, a town of Hungary on the Theisse, near tto source, 42 m. E. by N. of Nagybanja. Zigeth, a Btrong town of Hungary, which has been several times besieged and taken by th« Turks and Austrians. It stands on the Alma, by which it is surrounded, 48 m. S. E. of Canischa. Long. 18. 16. E.,lat. 46. 8. N. Ziriczee, a strong town of the Netherland s, in Zealand, and capital of the isle of Schowen. It was the ancient residence of the counts of Zea- land, and is 12 m. N. E.of Middleburg and 18 S. W.ofBriel. Zitlau, a fortified town of Saxony, in Upper Lusatia, surrounded by a wall, with 4 large and 6 small gates. It has a very extensive trade in linen, wnite damasks, woolen cloth, and blue pa- per. The cathedral has three organs ; and near it is a college, where the languages, drawing, and other arts, are taught gratis. Adjoining to the cloisters is an excellent library, and at a small distance from it is an ophan house. It is seated on the Neisse, 17 m. S. W of Gorlitz and 47 S. E. of Dresden. Long. 15. 1. E., lat. 50. 54 N. Zitza, a village of European Turkey in Albania 14 m. N. W. of Joannina. The beauties of its scenery have been celebrated in the verse of By- ron. Znaim, a strong town of the Austrian states, in Moravia, capital of a circle of the same name, with a castle, in which are a great many pagan antiquities. The vicinity yields excellent wine. It is seated on the Teya, 35 m. S. W. of Brinn and 42 N. N. W. of Vienna. Long. 16. 0. E., lat. 48. 40. N. Zoar, p.t. Tuscarawas Co. Ohio. 110 m. N. E Columbus : also a village in Delaware Co. Ohio 21 m. N. E. Columbus; p.v, Erie Co. N. Y., 3K m. W. Albany. Zoara, a fortified town of Tripoli, with a good harbour, seated on the Mediterranean, 60 m. VV, of Tripnli. Long. 1 1 . 53. E., lat. 32. 45. N. Zohlitz, a town of Saxony, in Meissen. The inhabitants subsist princially by working the ser- pent-stone, which is found in tne neighbourhood, into pitchers, bowls, tea and coffee-cups, «&c. The red species of this stone, which is considered as the finest, belongs solely to the sovereign. It is 17 m. S. of Freyberg. Zobten, a town of Prussian Silesia, in the gov- ernment of Reichenbach, 9 m. E. N. E.of Sch- weidnitz. Zqffingen, a town of Switzerland, in the can- ton of Bern, with an elegant church, and a pub- lic library, containing several curious manuscripts. It is seated on the Wigger, 19 m. N. N. W. of Lucern. Zolnock,a, town of Hungary, capital of a coun- ty o^'the same name. In 1554 it was taken by the Turks, but retaken in 1685. It is seated on the Thei.sse. at the influx of the Sagelia, 62 m. IV. E. of Colocza and 62 E. of Buda Long. 20. 50. E., lat 47. 10. N. Zombor, a town of Hungary, near the river Moszlonga, 50 m. N. W. of Neusatz. Zorbitr, a town of Prussian Saxony, with a cita- del, 24 m. N. N. W. of Leipzig. Zorndorf, a village of Prussia, in Brandenburg, where the king of Prussia, after a dreadful con- flict, totally defeated the Russians in 1758 ; 5 m N. of Custrin. Zossen, a town and castle of Brandenburg, situ- ate on the Notte, 19 m. S. of Berlin. Zovt-Pan, a curious salt lake, in the country of the Hottentots, lying a few m. N. cf Point Pa- dron, in a plain much above the level of the sea, and between 3 and 4 m. in circumference. At ZUR 797 ZWI some seasons of the year it is formed into an entire mass of fine white salt, with a hard crust resembling ice. Zitioan, a town of the kingdom of Tunis, fa- mous for the dyeing scarlet caps and the bleach- ing of linen, 36 m. S. W. of Tunis. Zuckmantel, a town of Austrian Silesia, and a bishop's see. It has mines of gold, silver, cop- per, and iron, and is 15 m. S. of Neisse. Zuecla, a town of the kingdom of Fezzan, situ- ate in a district of remarkable fertility. The rem- nants of ancient buildings, the number and size of the cisterns, and the construction of the vaulted caves, intended perhaps as repositories for corn, exhibit wonderful vestiges of its ancient splendor. It is 60 m. E. N. E. of Mourzook. Long. 16. 34. E., lat. 27. 59. N. Zutr, a small canton of Switzerland, contain- ing an area of 120 sq. m., bounded on the E. and N. by Zurich, W. by Lucern, and S. by Schweitz. It is rich in pasturage, has plenty of various kinds of stone fruit, as well as walnuts and chest- nuts, and wine of a very acid flavor. The inhab- itants estimated at 15,500, are Roman Cath- olics. Zuir, the capital of the foregoing canton, con- tains several handsome churclies, a good town- house, ,309 03 103,715 39 7,753,036 76 574,614 57 Virginia 2^488,465 04 291,318 88 1,907,500 75 1,194.920 88 80 00 North Carolina 507,772 78 304,307 13 272^13 22 366;539 34 29,840 00 South Carolina 707,017 96 157,531 70 8,630,215 11 153,149 94 Georgia 175,777 58 242,867 73 158,546 53 117,758 78 7,514 68 Kentucky 7^4,530 83 Tennessee 15,111 18 557,044 30 200 00 Ohio 15,71i) 36 853,013 16 462,965 32 Louisiana 1,806,398 60 157,152 73 27,705 25 6,435 00 Indiana 525 00 188,118 82 115,007 49 Mississippi 1,400 00 4,560 44 19,481 55 53,291 38 Illinois 494 36 37,841 lii 8,500 00 Alabama 1,174,362 98 14,628 98 31,416 21 92.725 73 Missouri 5,288 69 49,498 92 24;575 09 Michigan 34,534 12 20,809 89 29,884 99 84,523 56 Arkansas 47,477 20 Florida 104.000 00 121,534 63 102,955 15 Columbia 4*J,781 74 4,403,304 46 118,180 82 Cumberland road 2,443,420 80 Subscription to Chesapeake and Delaware canal 450,000 00 Subscription to Dis'al Swamp canal 200,000,00 Subscription to Louisville and Portland canal 233,500 00 Subscription to Chesapeake and Ohio canal 200,000,00 Improving the navigation of the Mississippi and Ohio rivers Total 180,315 65 13,420 639 24 3,348,716 35 •80,303,679 31 20,492,647 27 5,310,940 11 Table showing the Quantity of Land sold in each of the several Slates and Territories from the 1st of July, 1820 to the 'ilst of December, 1829, a period of 9 1-2 years ; and also the Quantity sold in each. Acre«. hds. :, 459,054 78 Of whicli there were soli Acres, hils. Alabama ... 'in half the year ol ' 1820 303,404 09 Mississippi ... 544, ."^23 82 1821 . . 781,213 32 Louisiana . t 150,839 35 1822 801,220 18 Ohio .... 1,405,267 73 1823 653,319 .52 Indiana . . - 2,169,149 70 1824 , 749,323 04 Illinois .... • 667,200 44 1825 *, . . 893,461 69 Missouri 923,506 32 1826 .-A 848,082 26 Florida Territory 336,567 50 1827 \ . . 926,727 76 Michigan Territory 443,209 23 1828 . * . 9()5,600 36 Arkansas Territory Total 59,899 36 8,167,218 23I 1829 ; . 1,244,860 01 8,167,218 23 ».'".«^, ^ COLLEGES IN THE UNITED STATES. * Undergraduates, not including medical, theological, and law students. COMMERCE. Exports and Imports during the Year ending Sept. 30, 1830. Imports . . • . . . Exports of Domestic Produce. . ** Foreign Produce ... , Vols, in College Vols, in Name. riac«. Found- *Stu- Students' ed. 17!J4 denu. Library. Libraries. Bowdoin, Brunswick, Me. 132 8.000 4,300 IWaterville, Waterville, do. 1820 31 1,700 300 Dartmouth, Hanover, N. H. 1770 137 3,500 8,000 Univ. of Vermont, Burlington, Vt. 1791 39 1,000 — Middlebury, Harvard University, Middlebury, do. 1800 86 1,846 2,322 Cambridge, Mass. 1638 247 35,000 4,605 Williams, Williamstown, do. 1793 90 2,250 1,76a Amherst, . Amherst, do. 1821 207 2,200 3,780 Brown University, Providence, R. L 1764 105 6,100 5,562 Yale, New Haven, Conn. 1700 359 8,500 9,000 Washington, . Hartford, do. 1826 74 5,000 1,200 Columbia, New York, N. Y. 1754 140 4,000 580 Union, Schenectady, do. 1795 227 5,100 8,250 'Hamilton, . • Clinton, do. 1812 78 IGeneva, Geneva, do. 1826 29 520 630 iCollegeofN. J. . Princeton, N.J. 1746 73 8,000 Rutgers, N. Brunswick, do. 1770 60 Univ. of Pennsylvania, . Philadelphia, Penn. 1755 97 — — . Dickinson, . Carlisle, do. 1783 20 2,000 5,000 Jefferson, Canonsburg, do. 1802 116 700 1,800 Western University, . Pittsburg, do. 1820 50 — 50 Washington, Washington, do. 1806 31 400 525 Alleghany, Mead vi lie. do. 1815 6 8,000 — Madison, . Union Town, do. 1829 70 — • — St. John's, Annapolis, Md. 1784 63 ■ i St. Mary's, Baltimore, do. 1799 120 io,ooa — Georgetown, . Georgetown, DC. 1799 140 7,000 — Columbian, Wasliington, do. 1821 50 4,000 — William and Mary, . Williamsburg, Va. 1093 100 3,600 600 Hampden-Sydney, , Prince Ed. Co. do. 1774 90 ■ — — Washington, . Lexington, do. 1812 23 700 1,500 University of Virginia, . University of N. C., . Charlottesville, do. 1819 131 8,000 — Chapel Hill, N. C. 1791 69 1,800 3,000 Charleston, Charleston, S.C. 1785 69 3,000 1,000 College of S.C, Columbia, do. 1801 97 7,000 University of Georgia, Athens, Ga. 1785 117 2,500 2,250 Alabama University, . Tuscaloosa, Ala. 1820 — — Jefferson, . Washington, Mis. 1802 98 — Louisiana, Jackson, La. Greenville, Greenville, Tenn. 1794 3,500 — University of Nashville, Nashville, do. 1806 71 2,000 500 E. Tennessee, Knoxville, do. 21 340 200 Transylvania, Lexington, Ken. 1798 143 2,350 1,500 Centre, Danville, do. 1822 66 1,258 108 Augusta, Augusta, do. 1823 35 1,500 550 Cumberland, . . Princeton, do. 1825 120 1,000 600 St. Joseph's, . Bardstown, do. 150 Georgetown, Georgetown, do. — 35 — — University of Ohio, . Athens, Ohio. 1802 45 — — Miami University, Oxford, do. 1824 56 1,000 1,200 Western Reserve, Hudson, do. 1826 60 1,000 — Kenyon, . Gambier, do. 1828 80 Bloomington, Bloomington, Ind. 1828 51 — Illinois, >- Jacksonville, 11. 1829 20 4,624 — — 163,764 70,681 Domestic Produce exported in American vessels ". " . " Foreign vessels Foreign Produce exported in American vessels Total Exports Foreign vessels r. $70,876,920 59,462,029 14,387,479 $73,849,508 51,100,189 8,355,740 12,386,529 1,610,950 NUMBER OF PERSONS IN THE U. S. 100 TEARS OJ.D Table showing the number of Persons of the several classes, who were One Hundred Years eld and upufards, according to the Census of 1850. f " BtatM aDd TeiritoriM. "Whit? Malea White Femalea Sla Males. vea. Females Free Malea Blacks. Females Total 1 (Maine 1 3 1 5 1 iNew Hampshire . 6 1 5 15 1 (Vermont 3 5 2 4 14 1 jMassachusetts . . J 1 2 5 4 12 Rhode Island Connecticut . • 3 3 6 4 3 2 11 20 1 New York 35 18 2 2 22 51 130 1 New Jersey . . . 1 2 2 4 5 14 : Pennsylvania . ^ » ^ 37 20 J 9 30 33 130 1 Delaware . . . 1 3 3 ' 13 18 38 ! Maryland . , 7 17 50 53 I 49 86 262 Virginia . . • 23 26 122 143 143 22 479 ■ North Carolina 23 26 92 114 22 27 304 South Carolina 14 19 98 84 19 6 240 Georgia . . 13 22 106 78 n 6 236 Alabama . , 15 10 30 25 1 6 87 Mississippi . , 2 23 21 1 47 Louisiana . , 9 1 37 39 ! 11 28 125 Tennessee . , 39 27 59 34 ! 7 6 172 Kentucky . . • 27 11 45 49 1 17 17 166 Ohio 21 8 1 8 5 42 Indiana . , . 10 2 i 2 5 19 Illinois . . , 4 1 2 3 ! 1 1 12 Missouri , , 2 2 41 2 I 2 2 51 Columbia, Dist. . . 2 3 2 3 8 18 Florida, Territory , . 1 1 2 Michigan do. 1 1 Arkansas do. 1 3 1 1 1 7 Tol al 297 . 234 i 717 662 •' 382 359 2,654 By this Table it will be seen that the proportion of Blacks of 100 years old and upwards greatly exceeds that of the Whites ; but it may be remarked that the ages of the Blacks are not generally so well known as that of the Whites ; and that, therefore, the accuracy of the Census, as it respects the ages of this class, is less to be relied on. MEDICAL SCHOOLS. Place. ProC Students, 99 103 40 Maine Medical School, . . . New Hampshire Medical School, Medical Society University Vermont, Vermont Academy of Med. Massachusetts Med. Col. Harv. Univ. Berkshire Med. Ins. Wil. Col. Med. Dep. Yale College, Col. Phys. and Surg. N. Y. . Rutgers Med. Fac. Gen. Col. Col. Phys. and Surg. W. Dist Medictl Dep. Univ. Penn. Medical Dep. Jefferson College, Medical Dep. Univ. Md. Medical Col. Charleston, S. C. Medical Dep Transylvania Univ. Medical College o fOhio, . . . Law Schools. — At Cambridge, Ms., New Haven, Litchfield, Ct., Philadeij>aia, Williamsburg, Va., Charleston, S. C, and Lexington, Ken. Brunswick, Hanover, Burlington, Castleton, Boston, Pittsfield, New Haven, New York, New York, Fairfield, N. Y. Philadelphia, Canonsburg, Baltimore, . Charleston, . Lexington, Cincinnati, 91 190 61 113 160 420 121 130 200 113 'y POPULATION OF THE UNITED STATES, According to Five Official Enumerations. States and Territories. 1st Census 2d Census. 3(1 Census 4th Census 5th Census. Per cent. I Pop. 1790 Pop 1800 151,719 Pop. 1810 Pop. 1620. Pop. 1830 It years 33,9 'Maine 90,540 228,705 298,335 399,402 N. Hampshire .... 141,885 183,858 214,460 244,161 269,533 10,4 Vermont .... 85,539 154,465 217,895 2.35.764 286,679 19,0 Massachusetts .... 378,787 422.845 472,040 523,287 610,014 16,6 Jlhode Island 68,825 69,122 76,93] 83,059 97.210 17,0 Connecticut . • . . 237,946 251,002 2G1 ,942 275,248 297,711 8.2 New York 340,120 586,050 959,049 1,372.812 1,913,-508 39,4 New Jersey .... 184,139 211,149 245.562 277,575 320,779 15,6 Peimsylvania 434,373 602,545 810,091 1,049,313 1,347,672 28,4 Delaware . . ' . 59,096 64,273 72,674 72,749 76,739 5,5 Maryland . . . 319.728 345,824 380,540 407,350 440,913 9,7 Virginia . . . 747,610 880,200 979,622 1,065,366 1,211,272 1.3,7 N. Carolina 393,951 478,103 555,500 638,829 7:38,470 15.6 S. Carolina .... 249,073 345,591 162,686 415,115 502,741 581,458 15,7 Georgia .... 82,548 252,433 340,989 516,567 51,5 Alabama ^ 8 850 40 352 f 127,901 J 75,448 308,997 141,6 Mississippi 3 ' • 136,806 80,1 Louisiana . . i . 76,556 153,407 215.575 40,7 Tennessee . . 105,602 261,727 420,81 3 684,822 62,7 Kentucky .... 73,677 220,959 406,511 564,317 688,844 22.1 Ohio . ... . . 45.365 230,760 581,434 937,679 61.2 Indiana . . . . 4,651 24,520 147 178 341.582 132,1 Illinois .... 215 12,282 55-211 157,575 18o,4| Missouri . . • . 19,783 66 ,.586 140,074 110,4 District of Columbia 15,093 24,023 33,039 39,858 20,1 Michigan Ter. ... 551 4,762 8,896 31,260 250,1 Arkansas Ter. 1,062 14,273 30,383 113,3 Florida Ter. ... 34,723 33,4 Total 1 3,929,328 5,309,758 7,239,903 9,638,166 1 2,856,1 &5 SLAVES IN THE UNITED STATES, .iccording to Five Official Enumerations. Slaves. SI fives. Slaves. 1 Slaves. ; Slaves. 1790. 1800. 1810. 1820. ' 1830. Maine . . . . New Hampshire ... 158 8 Vermont 16 .Massachusetts t) Rhode Island 948 380 108 48 14 Connecticut 2.764 951 310 ft7 23 ;New York 21,324 20.613 15,017 10,088 ' 46 iNew Jersey 11.423 12.422 10,851 7,557 2,246 jPennsvIvania 3,737 1.706 795 211 386 Delaware 8.887 6.153 4,177 4,509 3,305 Maryland , 103,036 108,5.54 111.502 107,398 102,878 Virginia 1292.627 346.968 392,518 425,153 469,724 North Carolina 100,572 133.296 168.824 205,017 246,462 South Carolina 107,094 146,151 196,365 258,475 315.665 Georgia 29,264 59,699 105,218 149,656 217,470 Alabama Mississippi 3,489 17,088 c 41.879 \ 32,814 117,294 65.659 Louisiana 4,660 69.064 109,631 Tennessee 13.584 44,535 80.107 142.382 Kentucky 12.430 40,343 SOj.'^ol 126,732 165,350 Ohio 3,417 .Indiana 135 237 190 , Illinois ICS 917 746 Missouri District Columhia 3,011 10.222 24.990 . 5,395 6,377 6,050 Michijran Territory . 24 27 Arkansas Territory . 1,617 4,578 Florida Territory . 697,697 1,191,3(54 1 ,538,064 15,510 < 8' '6.849 2,010,4361 3 Y STATISTICAL VIEW OF ALL THE From the Weimar Genealogical, Histori' : Area in English POPULATION. EvROPXAN States. ~ sq. miles. Catholics. Protestants Greeks. Jews, Total. 1 Anhalt-Bernburg 334 38,510 300 38,900 2 A nhalt- Dessau 345 1,200 56,800 1,270 59,270 3 Anhall-Cothen 330 1300 34,835 415 35,610 4 Austria* 258,603 25,650,000 3,000,000 2,970,000 480,600 32,100,500 5 Baden 5.926 730,808 343,173 10,930 1,090,9H 6 Bavaria 31,317 2,880,383 1,094,633 57,574 4,032.590 7 Brunswick 1,491 2,500 240.400 1,300 244,200 8 Bremen 68 1,500 50^000 51,500 9 British Empire 117,788 6,085,300 16,197,321 15.000 22,297,021 10 Cracow 494 100,812 19,000 7^288 127.100 11 Denmark 52,268 2.000 2,049,531 0,000 2,057,531 12 Frankfort on the Maine 91 6;ooo 42,800 5,200 54, COO 13 France 213,838 31 ,099,518 892,947 60,000 32,052.405 14 Greece P 550.000 15 Hamburg 150 3,060 139,440 7,500 150,000 16 Hanover 14,7a5 200,000 1,370,574 12,000 1.582.574 17 Hesse-Cassel 4,428 105,000 492,300 5,430 '0C2;700 18 Hesse- Darmstadt 3,922 120,000 582,900 16.000 718,900 19 Hesse-Hombtirg 166 2,931 17,683 1,050 21 .004 20 Hoh. Hechingen 129 15,000 15,000 21 Hoh. Sigmaringen 386 30,600 400 40.000 22 Ionian Islands 998 35,200 800 133,898 5,500 175,398 23 Lichtenstein 51 5,800 5.800 24 Lippe-Detmold 430 1,600 75,118 70.718 25 Lucca 413 145,000 145.000 26 Lubeck 143 400 45,703 400 46, .503 27 San Marino 22 7,000 7,000 28 Meek. Schwerin 4,746 957 437,105 3,102 441.104 29 Meek. Streliti 705 50 78,510 833 97.393 30 Modena 2,092 377,-500 1,.500 379,000 31 Nassau 1 ,753 157,638 184,651 5,717 348,006 32 Netherlandst !i5,307 3,6ro,(;oo 3,237,500 80,000 6,977,,50O .33 Oldenburg 2.459 70.700 175,538 970 247.208 34 Parma 2^203 437^400 437.400 35 Portugal 36,510 3,782,-550 3,782.550 36 Prussia 107,159 4,694,000 7,930,403 154,000 12,778,403 37 Reuss, elder line 145 24,020 80 24,100 38 Do. younger do. 447 57,470 220 57.0.0 39 Russia 1,414,436 5,500,000 2,6.58.500 33,326,500 360,000 41,995,000 40 Sardi-ia 28,912 4,142.177 22,000 3.200 4-, 107,377 41 Saxoii/ 575 48,00( 1 ,350,000 2,000 1 ,400,000 42 Saxe-Altenburg 496 1.50 109,343 109,493 43 Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, 1,036 11, .500 130,593 1,200 143.293 44 Saxe-Meningen 884 40( 128,939 950 129,.589 45 Saxe- Weimar 1,416 9,512 210,911 1,231 221,654 46 Schanenb. Lippe 206 100 25,500 25,600 47 Sch. Rudolstadt 404 200 56.025 160 50,985 48 Sell. Sonderhausen 358 200 47,906 48,100 49 Sicilies (the Two) 41,284 7,412,717 2,000 7,414,717 50 Stales of the Clmrch 17.210 2,468,940 15.000 2.483.940 51 Sweden 291,103 5,00( 3,869,700 4.000 3,878,700 .52 Switzerland 14,701 817.110 1,217,700 1,810 2.036,080 53 Spain 179,074 1,3,651,172 13.051,172 54 Turkey* 203,506 310.000 5,878,000 315,000 9,393.000 .55 Tuscany 8,381 1,291,130 9,400 1,300,530 56 Waldeck 459 800 52,700 500 54 .000 57 Wurtemberg 7,615 464,000 II6..5.59.075 1 ,062,253 9,150 1,-535.403 213,977,108 Total 1 3,104.780 49,847,495 42.308,398 1,071,040 jiiislrla, according to the Weimar Alintinac, contains, in addition to the numbers inserted in the in the right hand column, and also in the sum total. t TheTirea of Belgium in 1831 was 14,4-59 square miles, and the total population, 3,600,000 Its 11, .518 square miles, and the population was ?,M5,-550 EURpPEAN STATES FOR 1828. eal, and Statistical Almanae for 1830. GOTBKRMENT. , Finances. Land Forces. Sea Forces Revenue. Debt. In peace. In war- Peace. War. Sail. Sail. 1 Absolute Monarchy 130,000 240.000 370 740 2 Do. 284.000 200,000 529 1,058 3 Do. 92,000 640,000 324 648 4 Do. 52,000,000 200,000,000 271,404 750,504 31 31 j 5 Constitutional Monarchy 3,932,880 6,302,424 11, .566 20,000 1 6 Do. 12,031,547 44,402,257 53,898 71,600 7 Absolute Monarchy 950,773 1,400,000 2,432 4,192 8 Republic 160,000 1,200,000 385 770 9 Constitutional Monarchy 228,849,600 3,490,896,708 90,519 378,370 610 1,050 10 Republic 133,248 10,000 11 Absolute Monarchy 4,080,000 40,000.000 38,819 74,000 97 120 12 Republic 304,000 3,200,000 475 946 13 Constitutional Monarchy 157,760,000 480,000,000 281,000 320,000 329 350 14 ? 2,580 50 l5 Republic 600,000 5,200.000 1 ,050 2,596 l6 Limited Monarchy 4,680,000 12.000,000 12,940 26.108 17 Absolute Monarchy 1,800,000 780,000 9,859 li;353 18 Constitutional Monarchy 2,351,4.56 5,589,450 8,421 12,390 l9 Absolute Monarchy 72,000 180,000 200 400 20 Do. 48,000 145 290 21 Do. 120,r,00 200,000 370 740 22 Republic 565,600 1,600 1,600 ' 23 Constitutional Monarchy 480,001) 55 110 1 24 Absohite Monarchy 196,000 280,000 690 1,380 25 Constitutional Monarchy y 288,000 600,000 800 800 3 3 26 Republic 160,000 1,200,000 406 812 27 Do. 12,000 28 Limited Monarchy 920.000 3,800,000 3,137 7,160 » 29 Do. 200,000 200,060 742 1,434 ] 30 Absolute Monarchy 600,000 400,000 1,860 1,860 1 31 Limited Monarchy 724,000 2.000,000 2,800 6,056 32 Constitutional Monarchy 12,000,000 178,078,670 43,297 69,472 93 150 33 Absolute Monarchy 600,000 2,177 4,354 34 Do. 600,000 2,000,000 1,320 1,320 35 Do 8,740,800 24.000,000 40,000 70,000 23 23 ' 36 Do. 30,477,600 114,840,440 165,000 524,428 1 37 Do. 56,000 2,000,600 206 412 38 Do. 160,000 480,000 538 1 ,076 39 Do. 52,000.000 200,000,000 600,000 1,039,117 12 12 40 Do. 8,740;800 24,000.000 28,000 60,000 8 8 41 Limited Monarchy 4,400,000 12,800,000 13,307 24,000 42 . Do. 240.000 329,640 982 1,964 43 . Do. 360,000 1,200,000 1,366 2,732 44 Do. 300,000 1,000,000 1,150 2.300 45 Constitutional Monarchy 719,784 2,400,000 2,164 4;020 46 Absolute Monarchy 86,000 120,000 240 480 47 Limited Monarchy 130,000 170,922 539 1,070 48 Do. 120,000 160,000 451 902 49 Absolute Monarchy 12,593,484 84,000,000 28,436 60,000 12 M& 50 Do. 4,800.000 98,000,000 9,100 9,100 6 6 51 Constitutional Monarchy 7,000;000 17,264,812 45,291 138,569 30 373 52 Confederated Republics 25,509 33,578 53 Absolute Monarchy 26,520,000 230.443,062 46,000 173.550 34 09 54 Despotism 11,200,000 36,000,000 8 ,000 200,000 80 160 55 Absolute Monarchy 8.000 8,000 56 Limited Monarchy 160,000 480,000 518 1,036 57 Constitutional Monarchy 3,342,818 10,942,766 4,906 27,910 , Total . 658,847,899 5,341,721,211 1,909,175 4,-578,430 1,308 2,641 Table, 500 Mahometans ; Russia 150,000 ; Turkey 2,890,000, which are included in the sums Gevemment is a constitutional monarchy. The area of Holland, the same year, was estimated at BRITISH SLAVE COLONIES IN THE WEST INDIES, &c Chartered Cdoniea. Whites. Slaves. Free Blacks. GoTernora. Jamaica 15,000 331,000 40,000 Earl of Belmont. Barbadoes 15,000 81,000 5,000 Sir James Lyon. Antigua 2,000 30,000 4,500 Sir Patrick Ross. Grenada 800 24,500 3,700 Sir James Campbell. St. Vincent 1,300 23,500 2,900 Sir George F. Hill. St. Christopher's 1,800 19.500 2,500 William Nicolay. Nevis 800 9,000 1,800 William Boothby, Liettt. Gov Virgin Isles Dominica 8G0 5,400 607 James Bathurst, Lieut. Gov. 800 14,500 3,600 Tobago Montserrat 350 12,700 1,200 Nathaniel Blackwell. 500 6,000 700 Sir P. Steward, Lieut. Gov. Bahamas 4,000 9,500 2,800 Sir James Carm. Smyth. Bermudas 5,500 4,650 500 Stephen R. Chapman. Crown Colonies. Trinidad 13,500 23,000 16,000 Lewis Grant. St. Lucia 1,100 13,50(1 4,000 Honduras 300 2,450 2,800 Demerara and Essequibo 3,000 70,000 6,000 Sir Benjamin D'Urban. Berbice 600 21,000 1,000 Henry Beard, Lieut. Gov. Jlfrica. Cape of Good Hope 43,000 35,000 29,000 Sir G. Lowry Cole. Mauritius 8,000 76,OOo 15,100 Sir Charlts Colville. 108,150 812,700 143,707 BRITISH NORTH AMERICAN COLONIES. Frorincea. Population. Lower Canada (1831) Upper Canada (1829) Nova Scotia (1827) New Brunswick (1824) Newfoundland Island Prince Edward Island 511,919 220,897 123,848 74,191 80,000 24,000 Lord Aylmer, Governor General. Sir John Colborne, Lieutenant Governor. Sir Peregrine Maitland, Lieutenant Governor Sir Archibald Campbell, Lieutenant Governor Sir Thomas J. Cochrane, Governor. Sir Murray Maxwell, Lieutenant Governor. INDEPENDENT STATES. 1 Population. Capital. Pop. Ruler. Mexico 8,000,000 Mexico 150.000 Bustamente, Presidetit. Central America 2,000,000 Guatimala 50.000 Moranzan, do. Colombia 3,000,000 Bogota 50,000 Caicedo, do. Venezuela Caraccas 30,000 Paez, do. Peril 1,600,000 Lima 60,000 Gamarra, do. Bolitria 1,200,000 Chuquisaca 30,000 Santa Cruz, do Chili 800,000 Santiago 40,000 Ovalle, do. Buenos Ayres ^ Or. Rep. Uraguay > Buenos Ayres 80,000 Rosas, do. 2,000,000 Monte Video 10,000 Rivera, do Paraguay j Assumption 12,000 Francia, Dictator. Brazil 4,000,000 Rio Janeiro 150,000 Pedro II. Emperor. Hayti 935,000 Port Republican 30,000 Boyer, President. RELIGIOUS DENOMINATIONS. Denominations. Minin'rs. Cbur. or^ Communi- Cong. cants. Popnlatioa. Calvinistic Baptists, .... 2,914 4,384 304,827 2.743,000 Methodist Episcopal Church, 1,777 476,000 2,600,000 Presbyterians, General Assembly, 1,700 2,158 173,329 1,800,000 Congregationalists, Orthodox, 1,000 1,270 140,000 1,260,000 Protestant Episcopal Church, - 500 700 600,000 Universalists, 150 300 500,000 Roman Catholics, . 500,000 Lutherans, 205 1,200 44,000 400.600 Christ-ians, 200 800 25,000 275.000 German Reformed, . " 84 400 17,400 200;000 Friends, or Quakers, 400 . 200,000 Unitarians, Congregationalists, 150 160 176,000 Associate and other Methodists, 350 35,000 175,000 Free-wiH Baptists, 300 400 16,000 150,000 Dutch Reformed, 159 194 17,888 125,000 Mennonites, . . . 200 30,000 120,000 Associate Presbyterians, Cumberland Presbyterians, 74 144 15,000 100,000 50 75 8,000 100,000 Tunkers, 40 40 3,000 30,000 Free Communion Baptists, 30 3,500 30.000 Seventh-day Baptists, • ■■/■» 30 40 2,000 2o;ooo Six Principle Baptists, 25 30 1,800 20,000 United Brethren, or Moravians, 23 23 2,000 7,000 Millenial Church, or Shakers, 45 15 6,000 New Jerusalem Church, 30 28 5.000 Emancipators, Baptists, 15 600 4,000 Jews, and others not mentioned, 150 50,000 The above Tabular View of the number of Ministers, Churches or Congregations, Communicants, and Population, belonging to the different Religious Denominations in the United States, is taken chiefly from the " Quarterly Register of the American Education Society" for Feb. 1831. The fopulation is given chiefly by estimate TOTAL POPULATION OF THE EARTH. Surface. Europe . . . . . 2,793,000 Asia ..... 12,118,800 . Africa ..... 8,516,000 America ..... 11,046,000 . Australasia . . . . . 3,100,000- . Total 37,573,000 Inhabitant!. 227,700,000 390,000,000 60,000,000 39,000,000 20,000,000 737,000,000 INHABITANTS OF THE EARTH, DIVIDED ACCORDING TO THEIR RELIGIOUS BELIEF. The two following estimates are according to the geographers, Malte-Brun and Hassel. Catholics ... Greek Church . . Protestants . . , Total of Christian* ' Jews . . , , Mahometans . . . , Pagans .... Total of Inhabitants of the Globe Malte-Brun. 116,000,000 70,000,000 42,000,000 228,000,000 4,000,000 100,000,000 310,000,000 642,000,000 Haaael. 134,000.000 62,000,000 55,000,000 251,000.000 3,000,000 120,000.000 550,000,000 924,000,000 3 y3 1. St ATiMKKT showing the Nathks and Numbers of the different Tribes of Indians now re- ^ maining within the limits of the several States and Territories, and the q,UANTiTy of lakp ^ claimea b/ them respectively TRIBES. "dumber" of each Number of Acres claimed TRIBES. Number ol' each Number of Acres claimed Tribe. by each Tribe Tribe. by each Tribe. Maine. St. John's Indians 300 Indiana and Illinois. Passamaquoddies 379 100 Pottawatamies and Chip- Penobscots 277 92,160 92,260 pewas 3,900 956 Massachusetts. Georgia and Alabama. * Marsh pee 320 Creeks 20,000 9,537,920 1 Herring Pond 40 Martlia s Vineyard 340 1 Troy 50 Georgia, Alabama, and Tennessee. Cherokees Alabama 7,272,576 750 9,000 Rhode Island. Narragansett 420 3,000 Tennessee 1,055,60 Connecticut. Mississippi and Alabama. Mohegan 300 4,000 Choctaws 21,000 Stonington 50 300 Groton 50 MISSISSIPPI. Chickasaws 3,625 15,705,000 400 4,300 New York. Florida Territory. Senecas 2,325 Seminoles and Others. 5,000 4,032,640 Tuscaroras 253 Oneidas 1,096 Louisiana. Onondagas 446 Billoxie 55 Cayugas 90 246,675 Apolashe 45 Stockbridge 273 Pascagoula 111 Brotherton 360 Ad dees 27 St. Regis Indians 300 Yaltasse 36 Coshattees Caddow 180 450 5,143 246,675 Virginia. Delawares 51 Nottaways 47 27,000 Choctaws Shawanees 178 110 South Carolina Natchitoches 25 Catawbas , .450 144,000 Quapaws Piankcshaws 8 27 Ohio. Wyandotts 542 163,840 1,313 ' Sliawanees 800 117,615 Missouri. Senecas 551 55,505 Delawares 1,800 21,120 Delawares 80 5.760 Kickapoos 2,200 9,600 Ottowas 377 50,581 Shawanees Weas Ihoways 1,383 14,086 2,350 393,301 327 1,100 Michigan Territory. Wyandscotts 7 ^ 5,810 44,806 Potlawatamies 1 6 Missouri & Arkansas Chippewas and Ottawas 18,473 ■7,057,920 Territory. Menotneenees 3,900 Osages 5,200 207 3,491,840 Winnebagoes 5,800 J Piankeshaws 28,316 7,057,920 5,407 3,491,840 Indiana. Arkansas Territory. Miami and Eel River Cherokees 6,000 4,000,000 Indians 1,073 10,104,000 •Quapaws Choctaws 700 8,858,560 Illinoii. Menomeenees Kaskaskias 270 ) 3(i \ 5,314.560 6,700 12,858,560 Sauks and Foxes 6,400 s Total. 129,266 77,402,318 6,706 b,3l4,.'>60 MISSIONARY TABLE,* Showing the principal Protestant Missionary Stations in the World, and the Societies by v;htch they aft employed. 1 B. M. S. 1 C. M. S 1 W. M. S. 1 do. 1 L. M. S. .,' • 2 B. M. S. * 1 CM. S. 2L M.S. 1 W. M. S. • 9 U. B., 4 W. M. S., 1 U M. S 1 L. M. S.,5 S. M. S C. M. S. Agimere Agra Albany Alexandria A goa Bay A.l)ahabad A\nboyna Anguilla Antigua Astrachan Baddagamme Bahamas Balasore Bambey fianda Bangalore Barbadoes Barbuda Bareilly Barrackpore Bartholomew, St Batavia Bathurst Batticaloe Batticotta Beerbhoom Belgaum Bellary Benares Bencoolen Berbice Berhampore Bermudas Bethany Bethelsdorp Bethesda Beyrout Boglipore Bogue Town Bombay Bcrabora Bosjesveld Buddalore Burdeis Point Burdwan, Buxar, Calcutta, Caledun, E. Indies, <( S. Africa, Egypt, S. Africa, K. Indies, <( Moluccas, W. Indies, A. Russia, Ceylon, W. Indies, E. Indies, Surinam, Moluccas, E. Indies, W. Indies, (( E. Indies, (( W. Indies, E. Indies, W. Africa, Ceylon, « E. Indies, E. Indies, « E. Indies, Sumatra, Surinam, Hindoostan. W. Indies, S. Africa, Syria, Hindoostan, Georgian Islands, E. Indies, Society Islands, S. Africa, Hindoostan, Taheite, E. Indies, S. Africa, 1 5 W M. S. 3L.M. S. » 1 U. B. 1 N. M. S. 2W. M. S.,2L. M S. I U. B. 1 W. M. S W. M. S. 1 C. M. S. 1 B. M. S. 1 W. M.S. 3 B. M. S., 2 L. M. S. 1 W. M. S. 1 W. M. S. 1 A. B. C. F. M. 1 B. M.S. 1 L. M. S. 3L. M.S. 1 B. M. S., 1 L. M. S., 1 C. M. 1 B. M. S. 1 L.M. S. 1 L. M. S. 1 W. M. S. 1 L. M. S. 13 do. d. 1 A. B. C. F. M. L. M. S. 2 W. M. S , 1 C. M. S. 2 A. B. C. F. M XL. M. S do. 3 C. M. S 1 C. M. S. 6 L. M. S., 2 S. M. S., 2 C. M. S 1 L. M. S. .# •ABBREVIATIONS. f M. S. or L. S., London Missionary Societv. C. M. S., Church <' "^ ^ W. M. S., or W. S., Wesleyan « B. M. S., Baptist '« S. M. S., Scottish «. JV. M. S., Netherlands « U. F. M. S., United Foreign United Staleg. A. B. C. F. M., American Board of Commissioners for Foreign MtMioi .; Z,' ^x\^ ^' American Baptist Board for Foreign Missions. M. A., Missionary Association. M. S., Missionary Society. A. M. S., AuTiJiary Missionary Societv. U. B., UnitPd iJretliren. C. K. S., C.nawan Knowledare Society. B. 8/- F. B. S., British and Foreign Bible Society. B. S., Bible Society. MISSIONARY TABLE. St. Calpentyn Caltura Campbell Canada Canofee Canton Cape Coast Castle Cape Town Cawnpore Ceylon. Charlotte Cherokees Cherokees Chinsurah Chitpore Chitta^ong Chittoor Choc taws Christopher Chumie Chunar Cochin Colombo Combaconum Congo Town Constantinople Corfu Cotta Cotym Crimea Cudapah Culna Cuttack Cutwa Dacca Delagoa Bay Dehli Demarara Digah Dinapore Pindegal Dominica Doorgapore Eimeo Elim Enon Eustatius, St. Freetown Futtyghur Galle Gammap Gaujam Gay a Gloucester Gnadenthal Goamalty Goree Gornickpore Greenland Grenada Griqua Town Groenekloof Hankey Hawaii Haweis Town Henreepore High Tower Huahine Jaffna Jamaica Java Ceylon, <( S. Africa, N. America, W. Africa, China, W. Africa, S. Africa, E. Indies, It W. Africa Ten. and Geo. Arkansas E. Indies Ten and Geo. W. Indies S. Africa E. Indies « Ceylon E. Indies W. Africa Turkey Corfu Ceylon E. Indies Russia E. Indies S. Africa E. Indies Guyana E. Indies W. Indies E. Indies Pacific Ocean S. Africa <( W. Indies W. Africa E. Indies Ceylon S. Africa E. Indies W. Africa S. Africa E. Indies W. Africa Island E. Indies N. America W. Indies S. Africa N. PacificOceanlsl Georgian Islands E. Indies Cherokees Society Isles Ceylon W. Indies E. Indies 1 C. M. S. 1 W M. S I L. M. S. 9 W. M. S. 1 C. M. S. 1 L. M. S. I S. P. G. F. P. 1 W. M. S, 1 L. M.S. 1 C. M. S. 14 W. M. S., 3 B M. S., 2 L. M. S., 40. M. S. 7 A. 6. C. F M. 1 C. M. S. 2U. B.,4A. B C F M 2 A. B. C. F M 1 L. M. S. 10. K.S. 1 B. M. S L. M. S. 3A.B. C. F. M 3U.B., 3W, M. S. 2 C. M. S. 1 C. M. S. 1 L. M. S., 1 B. M. S. 1 W. 8 1 C. K. S. 1 W. M. S. 1 C. M. S. 1 L. M. S. 1 C. M. S. 3 C. M. S. 2L M. S. 1 L. M. S. 1 C. M. S. 1 B. M. S. do do 1 W. x\I. S. 1 B. M. S. 1 L. M. S. 2 B. M. S. 1 B. M. S. 1 C. K. S. 2 W. M. S 1 B. M. S. 2 L. M. S. 1 U. B. S. 4U.B.S. i IW. M. S. '' 2 W. M. S. 1 B. M. S. 1 W. M. S. I W. M. S. 1 L. M. S. I B. M. S. IC. M.S. 1 U. B. 1 B. M. S. 1 C. M. S. I C. M. S. II U. B. 3 W. M. S. 3 L. M. S. 1 U. B. 1 L. M. S. 2A. B. C.F. M 1 L. M. S. 1 C. M. S. 1 A. B. C. M. 1 L. M.S. 1 A. B. C. F. M., and W A C. U ft. 4U. B, 8W. M.,2. B. M. 3B. M. S.,1 L. M. S. mSSlONARY TABLB. Jessore . Kanay Harass Kent Khamiesberg Kissey Kornegalle Labrador Lattakoo Leicester Leopold Liberia Lily Mountain Madagascar Madras Madura Malacca Malapeetzee Malda Malta Manepy Martin, St Maui Mauritius Meerut Monghyr Montserrat Moorshedabad Mothelloor Muttra Nagercoil Nagapatam Negonibo Nel'lore Nevis N. Brun. &N.Scot. Newfoundland New Zealand Oahu Oodooville Oreiioerg Paarl Pacaltsdorp Padang Palamcotta Panditeripo Paramaribo Paramatta Patna Pella Philipolia Plaiiitains Pulo Pinang Quilon Raiatea Rangoon Reed Fountain Regent's Town Salsette Sandwich Islands Sarepta Sault de St. Mairie Sebolga Serampore Silket Sincapore Sommelsdyk Steinkopff Slellenbosch Surat Taha Ceylon Russian Tartary W. Africa S. Africa W. Africa Ceylon N. America S. Africa W. Africa S. Africa E. Africa E. Indies S. Africa E. Indies Mediterranean Ceylon W. Indies Sandwich Islands E. Indian Ocean E. Indies <( W. Indies E. Indies Ceylon « W. Indies N. America (( South Sea Sandwich Islands Ceylon A. Russia S. Africa « E. Indies (( Ceylon S. America N. S. Wales Hindoostan S. Africa <( W. Africa E. Indies (( Society Islands E. Indies S. Africa W. Africa E. Indies S. Sea Russia N. America E. Indies S. America S. Africa « E. Indies tiociety Islands 4 B. M S 1 C. M. S 3 S. M. S 1 C. M. S. 1 L. M. S. 1 CM. S. 1 W. M S I6U. B. I L. M. S, 1 C. M. S. do I A. B. C. F M. 1 W. M. S. 2 L. M. S. 2 W. M., 3 L. M , 3 C. M S 1 C. K. S. 4 L. M. S. 1 L. M. S. 1 B. M S. I L. M. S., 10 M.S I A. B. C. F M. 1 W. M. S. 1 A. B. C. F. M. 1 L. M. S. 1 C. M. S. 2 B. M. S. 1 W. M. S. 1 B. M. S. 1 C. K. S. 1 B. M.S. 2 L. M. S. I C. K. S. 1 W.M. S. I C. M. S. 2W. M. S. 17 W. M. S. II W. M. S. 1 CM. S. 1 L. M. S. 1 A. B. C. F. M. 4 S. M. S. 1 L. M. S do 1 B. M. S. 2 C. xM. S. 1 A. B C. F. M. 5 U. B. 1 C. M. S. 12 B. M. S. 1 L. xM. S. do 1 C M. S. 3 L. M. S. 1 L. M. S do. 1 A. B. C. F. iVr. 1 W. M. S., 1 L M. S 1 C. M. S 1 A. B. C V M 5 A. B. C F. M 3U. B. 1 B. M. S. 3 B. M. S. 2 B M. S. 1 L. M. S. 1 U. B. 1 L. M. S. do. 3 L. M. S. MISSIONARY TABLE. Tahiti 'I'anjore Tellicherry Ternalfl Theopohs Tillipally Timor Tinnevelly TiUlya Tobago Tonga Tortola & Virg.Ils Tanquebar Travancore Tricliinopoly Trincomalee Trinidad Tnlbagh V'nDiemen's Land Vans Variya Vepery Vincent St Vizagapalam Waterloo Wellington Whangarooa Wilberforce Wilks' Harbour Zak River Zante S. Pacific Ocean E. Indies (( G Indian Sea S. Africa E. Indies Indian Sea E. Indies « W. Indies S. Pacific Ocean W. Indies E. Indies Ceylon, W. Indies S. Afi-ica Southern Ocean E. Indies <( W. Indies E. Indies W. Africa New Zealand W. Africa Tahiti S. Africa Greek islands 1 C. M. S. 1 N. M. S. 2 L. M. S. I L. M. S. I N. M. S. 1 C. K. S. 1 L. M. S. 2 W. M. S 1 W. M. S 3 W. M S. 2 C. M ». L L. M. S. 1 C. K. S. 1 W. M. S. 1 W. M. & L. M. S. 1 W. M. S. I B. M. S I C. K. S. W. M. S 3 L. M S. 1 C. M.S. do W. M. S. 1 C. M. S. L. M. S. do do APPORTIONMENT" Maine N. Hampshire Massachusetts Rhode Island Connecticut Vermont New York New Jersey Pennsylvania Delaware Maryland Virginia Of Representation to Congress. 8 North Carolina 5 South Carolina 12 Georgia 2 Kentucky 6 Tennessee 5 Ohio 40 Indiana 6 Mississippi 28 Illinois 1 Louisiana 8 Missouri 21 Alabama 13 9 9 13 13 19 7 3 3 3 2 b "This apportionment, which is to take place March 3d, 1833, is in the ratio of one Representativi for every 47,700 persons in each state A BRIEF COMMERCIAL DICTIONARY. ABACA, a kind of hemp or flax, made from tlie fibrous part of an Indian plan- tain ; the white makes very fine cloth, but the gray is used for cordage and ca- bles. AbrotoKoi^es, a kind of coral like southern wood, whence it takes its name, according to CIuslus. It is found on rocks in the bottom of the sea. Acacia, a species of mimosa, Egyptian ♦horn. The flowers of this plant are used, by the Chinese, to produce that yellow tolor, which we see in their Bilks and staffs. Gum Arabic is pro- duced from a species of acacia. Achia, a sort of cane which grows in the East Indies, is pickled green, and sent to Europe in stone or earthen jars. Acuri, or Blue Coral, is fished up on the coast of Africa, from Rio-del-re to Uie river of the Catnarones, where the Dutch tratfic for it. Adamant, an ancient name for the dia- mond. It is also used for a very hard species of iron, and for the magnet or loadstone. Adamantine Spar, a stone of peculiar hardness, approaching to that of the diamond. It will cut glass easily and mark rock crjstal. It is found in China and India, and, as M. Fini alleges, in Italy. Adatis, a fine Bengal muslin, 13 yards to the piece. Adenos, a kind of cotton, otherwise called murine cotton. It comes flrom Aleppo by the way of Marseilles. Aestuary, in geography, denotes an arm of the sea which runs a good way within land. Afioume, or Fiume, a kind of flax, which comes from Egypt by way of Marseilles and Leghorn. Agate, a genus of semi-pellucid gems, which takes its name from the river Achates, on the banks of which it is found. These gems are composed of crystal, colored by a large quantity of earth. Agates are arranged according to the different colors of their grounds ; white, reddish, yellow and green. Of these there are many varieties, some of them having natural representations of animals, trees, letters, &c. No country affords finer agates, or in greater abun- dance, than Germany. They are also found in France, Great Britain, Sicily, Siberia and the East Indies. Agates may be stained artificially by a solution of silver in nitric acid, and afterwards exposing the part to the sun. Agio, a bank term in Holland, ex- pressing the difference between money, bank money, or current money and cash. Ct is synonymous with premium, when the bank money is worth more than the ■aine nominal amount of the current eoin, and with discount, when its value is less. AigTi9, a stone which serves instead of current coin, among the Issinais, a nation of Africa, on the coast of Guinea, where the river Asbin runs, near the Gold Coast ; it is of a greenish blue color, without any lustre, hard, but does not take a good polish ; they give its weight in gold for it. Alabaster, a kind of stone resembling marble, but softer.' It is of various colors, but the white shining alabaster IS most common ; it is used by sculptors, for the formation of small statues, vases, Columns, &c. It is found in many parts ef England, especially in Derbyshire and Nottinghamshire. Alcanna, a drug used in dyeing, which comes from Egypt and other parts of the Levant. Alcakol, is 9 name applied to highly rectified spii^ of wine. When pure, it is perfectly the same whether obtained from brandy, wine, or any other fluid which has undergone the spirituous fer- mentation. It is a light, transparent, colorless liquid, of a sharp, penetralmg, agreeable smell, and of a warm, stimu- lating taste. It is extremely inflamma- ble, and burns with a pale blue flame, scarcely visible in bright daylight. Al- cohol is used in medicine and the arts for a variety of purposes. Alder, a tree according to the classi- fication of botanists of the birch kind. It is common in Europe and Asia, and the United States of America. The wood of the alder is in great demand for machinery, and is peculiarly adapted for all kinds of work which are to be kept constantly in water. With the ad- dition of copperas, the bark yields a black dye, used to a considerable ex- tent in coloring cotton. Ale, a fermented liquor, obtained from an infusion of malt ; differing from strong beer chiefly in having a less pro- portion of hops. The duties on beer and ale make a principal branch of the revenues m England. Aiu^ie^, a class of saline substances, possessing in general the following pro- perties : they have an acrid taste ; they change the blue juices of vegetables to a green, and the yellow to a brown color ; and render oil miscible with wa- ter. They are mainly characterized, however, by a power of combining with acids so as to impair the activity of the latter and form neutral salts. Alkanet, a dyeing drug, which grows naturally in the Levant. The root im- parts an elegant red color to oily sub- stances, and improves the color of ma- hogany. Allspice. See Pimento. Almacrra, a fine deep-red ochre, with some admixture of purple, very heavy, of a dense, yet friable structure, and rough dusty surface. It is used in paint- ing, and in medicine as an astringent. Almonds, a kind of medicinal fruit, contained in a hard shell, which is en- closed in a tough cottony skin. Al- monds are of two kinds, sweet and bit- ter : the Jordan almond is of the first quality ; next the Valencia (a smaller sort of about half the price,) and the inferior almonds are from Barbary, whence principally come the bitter ones. From the port of Malaga in Spain come the finest almonds, both in the shell and kernel. In medicinal cases, the oil from almonds is found useful ; and that extracted from the bitter one, if dropped into the ear, proves effectual against deafness. Almonds are im- ported in casks, boxes, and serons. .^ioes, the inspissated juice of the plant aloe, produced in many of the hot cli- mates. It is brought from Jamaica and Barbadoes, in both of which islands large quantities are prepared, and gen- erally conveyed in the shells or skins of large gourds. The medicinal proper- ties of aloes have been long known. Aloes Wood, the product of a tree growing in China, and some of the In- dian islands. AUfuifou, or Arquifou, a sort of leaden ore, which, when broken, looks like an- timony. It is used by potters to give a green varnish to their works. Alum, a mineral substance composed of a peculiar earth termed alumine, and sulphuric acid ; that sold under the name of common alum, contains a por- tion of potash and ammonia. Most of the alum to be met with is artificially prepared. Native alum, which contains a greater quantity of aluminous eartk and a portion of iron, is found at GbtW wig in Austria, in Carinthia, in th« clefts and caverns on Stromboli, the Solfatara near Naples, the grotto of San Germano, Iliseno, and other places in Italy. It is found in the United State* in mica-slate rocks. Alum is extremely useful for dyeing and o'her purposes its importance, in the arts, is very great and its annual consumption is ia mense. Amber, a pellucid and very hard in flammable substance, of a fragran smell, and possessed of a resinous lus> tre. Its natural color is a fine pale yel- low, but it is often made white and sometimes black : by friction it becomes strongly electric. It is found in masses from the size of a coarse sand to that of a man's bead, and occurs in beds of bituminous wood situated upon the shores of the Adriatic seas ; also in To- land, France, Italy and Denmark. M(»« recently it has been found in the United States, at Cape Sable in Maryland. Amber frequently contains flies and other insects, curiously preserved : it is manufactured into beads, crosses, and other ornaments. Ambergris, a substance found floating in the sea near the coasts of various tropical countries, and also taken from the intestines of the spermaceti whale, where it is supposed to originate. Its color is a yellowish or blackish white its odor is very agreeable, and hence arises its only use. In the state of an alcoholic solution, it is added to laven- der-water, tooth-powder, &c. to which it communicates its fragrance. Amber- gris is chiefly found in the Atlantic Ocean, on the seacoast of Brazil, of the E. Indies, China, Japan and the Moluc- ca islands ; but much of it comes from the Bahama islands. Amber Seed, a small odoriferous seed used as a perfume. It is sometimes brought from Egypt, but is likewise in». ported from Martinico. Amethyst, a gem of a purple color which, in its purest state, is of the sams hardness and at least of equal value with the niby or sapphire. It is found in the E. and W. Indies, and in several parts of Europe. Ammonia, an alkaline substance, which, in a state of purity, is in form of a gas, of a very pungent smell, ex- tremely volatile. It may be obtained from all animal bodies in a state of pu- trefaction, and is found native in con»- bination with muriatic acid, in crystal- lized masses, called sal ammoniac, in the neighborhood of volcanoes, in some of the mountains of Tartary and Thibet, and in the waters of some of the lakes in Tuscany. This salt is applied to many useful purposes : a considerable portion of it is consumed by dyers, cop- persmiths, tinners, &c. Avata, or Anotto, a kind of bnffcolor- ed dye, which has acquired the name of JVanfceen, from JVangking in China, whence the calico so colored first came. It is brought from Brazil. Anchor, in maritime affairs, is a very large and heavy iron instrument, with a double hook at one end, and a ring at the other, by which it is fastened to a cable. It is cast into the bottom of the ses, or rivers, where taking its hold, it keeps ships from being drawn away by the wind, tide, or current. There are several kinds of anchors : 1. The shee* anchor, which is the largest, and if never used but in violent storms, tt hinder the ship from being driven ashore. 3. The two boweis, which v BAR •Bed for ships to ride in a harbor. S. The stream anchor. 4. The grap- nel. Anchovies, the name of a small fish common in the Mediterranean. It is much used in sauces from the excellence of its flavor. Anil, the plant from which indigo is made. Aninga, a root which grows in the Antilles islands, and is used for refining fiuj;ar. Anise, a small seed of an oblong shape. It is cultivated in Germany, but the best comes from Spain. Antimony, a bluish-white, brittle me- tal, of a scaly or foliated texture. It is used as an ingredient in the manufac- ture of pewter, and type-metal. There are mines of antimony in Germany and many parts of France. Aquafortis, nitric acid in a diluted State. It is much used by dyers, calico- printers, &c. Aranea, a silver ore found only in Po- tosi, and in the single mine there of Catamito. Areb, a nominal money used in ac- counts in India, equal to five shillings sterling. Arffol, tartar or the lees of wine used by dyers. Arquifoux, a sort of lead ore, used by potters to give their works a green var- nish. Arrack, a spirituous liquor imported from the E. Indies, used as a dram and in punch. Arrowroot, a kind of starch manufac- tured from the roots of a plant which is cultivated in the E. and W. Indies. Arsenic, a metal of very common oc- currence, being found in combination with nearly all of the metals in their native ores. It is usually seen in white, glassy, translucent masses, to which form it is reduced by fusion from a pow- dery slate. It is one of the most viru- lent poisons known, not only when taken into the stomach, but when ap- plied to a wound, or even when its va- por is inspired. Ssbestos, a kind of mineral substance, of a woolly texture, endued with the property of resisting fire. Ash, a well-known tree, the timber of which is useful in making imple- ments of husbandry and for otlier pur- poses: Asparagus, an esculent plant, the heads of which are useful for the table and the roots in medicine. Assafmtida, a resinous gum of an ex- tremely powerful odor, procured from the root of a large umbelliferous plant, which grows in the mountains of some parts of Persia. Autnm, a sort of bark which resem- bles cinnamon, but is paler and thicker. It comes from the Levant, and is an in- gredient in the carmine dye. BAIZE, a sort of coarse, open, wool- len stuff, having a long nap, sometimes frizzed and sometimes not. It is man- ufactured to a great extent in different parts of England. Bamboo, a plant which multiplies very much by its root, whence springs a ra- mous or branchy tufl, after the man- ner of the European reeds. The Indian bamboo is the largest kind of cane that is known. Bandannas, silk handkerchiefs, gen- erally red spotted with white, manufac- tured in the E. Indies. Bariga, a species of raw silk brought from the E. Indies. Barilla, the name of a sea-plant which grows very plentifully on the coast of 8pain. It abounds with soda ; and the impure ashes of the plant, containing that salt in great abundance, form an important article of commerce. The ashes themselves are commonly called barilla. Bark, Peruvian, the produce of a tree. Which is the ipontaneous growth of BUG many parts of S. America, but more particularly of Peru. This valuable medicine was first introduced into Eu- rope by the Jesuits, whence it was for- merly called Jesuit's bark. Barley, a sort of grain very well known, principally used for making beer Barnacles, a kind of shell-fish in the W. Indies, which penetrate into the bottoms of vessels, and sometimes in- jure them so materially as to give the sheathing the appearance of a honey- comb. Barometer, a machine for measuring the weight of the atmosphere. Bazaar, a place for trade among the eastern nations. Beaver, an amphih.ous animal, for- merly common in England, but now extirpated. It abounds in N. Ameri- ca, where the skins make a consider- able article of exportation. Beech, one of our handsomest forest trees, common in almost all the N. Eng- land and middle states. Beer, a generic term for drink extract- ed from malt. It may be extracted from most kinds of grain after having under- gone the process of malting. Bergamot, the name of a fragrant es- sence extracted from a species of citron. Beryl, a pellucid gem of a bluish-green color, found in the E. Indies and about the gold mines of Peru, and especially in Siberia and Tartary. Its value is trifling compared with the ruby, topaz, &c. Birch, a forest tree, easily known by the smooth appearance and silvery color of its bark. Bismuth, a considerable heavy metal, of a much harder and firmer texture than antimony. It causes the metals that are difficult of fusion to melt with a much smaller degree of fire than they otherwise would do. Black Lead, a mineral found in great abundance in Cumberland, England, as also in many parts of Spain, particular- ly in the neighborhood of Malaga. It is used in the manufactureof pencils, also for blackening the front of stoves, grates, &;c. Bombazine, a kind of silk stuff origin- ally manufactured at Milan, but now extensively in G. Britain. Borax, a substance of a greenish color, brought from the E. Indies in great masses : it is used as a flux for metals. Busphoms, in geography, a narrow strait or arm of the sea. Box-wood, is a yellowish, hard, and solid wood, and takes a good polish. It is used in works of sculpture, and in instruments of music, such as flutes, nagelets, &c. Brandy, a spirituous and inflammable liquor, extracted from wine and other liquors, and likewise from the husks of grapes by distillation. Brandy is pre- pared in many of the wine countries of Europe, and with peculiar excellence in Languedoc, in Anjou, and other parts of the south of France, whence is the Cognac brandy. Brass, a factitious metal, made of copper and zinc in proper proportions. Brazil-Wood, so railed because it came first from Brazil, a province in S. Ame- rica. It is of a red color, and very heavy. It is much used in fumed work, and takes a good polish ; but is chiefly used in dying. Braziletlo, the worst species of Brazil- wood : it comes from the Antilles is- lands. Bristles, the strong hair standing on the back of a hog or wild boar. They are imported principally from Russia. Buckram, a sort of coarse cloth, made of hemp gummed, calendered and dyed several colors. Buckwheat, a grain which is native of Africa, but so hardy that it will flourish in almost any country. It is extensive- ly cultivated in different parts of the CHE U. States, and from the flour an excel lent article of food is produced. Buffalo, or Bison, a wild bull, found in large herds in diflerent parts of Ameri- ca. The hides are exported in large quantities. Bulbs, the roots of several sorts o( flowers, as tulips, hyacinths, &c., of which large quantities are imported from Holland. Bullion, uncoined gold or silver in the mass CACHALOT, a large fish of the whale species, from the brain of which sperm nccti is extracted. Cajeput Oil, the volatile oil obtained from the leaves of the cajeput tree, which is common on the mountains of Amboyna, and the other Molucca is- lands. It is of a green color, very lim- pid, lighter than water, of a strong smell resembling camphor, and of a pun- gent taste. Calabar Skin, the Siberian squirrel skin used in making muffs, tippets, &c. Calamanco, a woollen stuff principally manufactured in the Netherlands but also in England. Calico, a cotton cloth, which derives its name from Calicut, a city of India, from which it was first brought. The art of calico-printing is supposed to have been practised in India more than 2,000 years, though it was not introduced into England till the year 1676. Cambric, a species of very fine white linen, first made atCambray, in French Flanders, whence it derives its appella tion. Camel, a large beast of burden, used throughout all the eastern countries. Camlet, a plain stuff, composed of a warp and woof, which is manufactured on a loom, with two treadles, as linens are. Camlets are of different kinds, a» goats'-hair, wool, silk camlets. Camphor, a white, resinous produc tion, of peculiar and powerful smell, extracted from trees which grow in the islands of the E. Indies and in China. Canal, a kind of artificial river, made for the convenience of water carriage. Cantharides, flies of a shining green color, found adhering to certain kinds of trees in Spain, Italy and the southern part of France. They are commonly called SpanisA/Jics, and are of extensive use in medicine. Canvas, a very clean unbleached cloth of hemp or flax, woven very regu- larly in little squares. Cape, a promontory or headland, run- ning out with a point into the sea. Capers, the full grown buds of a low shrub generally growing out of the joints of old walls or fissures of rocks in the warm climates of Europe. Carbon, a substance which has been found to exist in a state of absolute pu- rity in the diamond. It is tlie base of common charcoal, which is an oxide of carbon. Carbuncle, a precious stone ef the ruby kind, of a very rich, glowing blood-red color. Cascarilla, the bark of a tree growing plentifully in the Bahama islands, of a fragrant smell, and moderately bitter taste. Cassada, a mealy substance, derived from the rooi of a plant called Magnoc j a native of the W. Indies. From the pure flour of cassada is formed the sub- stance called tapioca. Cass^ia, the bark of a tree, which grows in the E. and W. Indies and in China. It is thicker and coarser than cinnamon, but of a similar taste. It is mostly imported from China. Castor-Oil, an oil extracted from the seeds of a plant which grows in the E. and W. Indies, and in the tJ. States. Ita uses in medicine are well known Ccrfor, a tree common in America, the wood of which is of a reddish color, and incorruptible. Chestnut, a handsome forest tree, producing a swMt and sofl-shelled fruit. Chints, a fine printed calico first man- nfactured in tlie E. Indies, but imitated in oUier countries. ChocoliiU, a Itind of paste, or cake, prepared cliiefly from the cacao-nut, a production of "the W. Indies and S. America. Chronometer, a timepiece of a peculiar construction, at present much used by navigators in determining the longitude at sea. Cider, a liquor extracted from the juice of apples, and forming a consider- able portion of agricultural produce in this country. Cimolia, the name of the earth of which tobacco-pipes are made. It is J'ound in different parts of England. Cinnamon, the under bark of the branches of a tree of the bay tribe, which is chiefly found in the island of Ceylon, but which grows in Malabar and other parts of the E. Indies. Citron, an agreeable fruit resembling a lemon in color, taste and smell. It comes to us preserved or candied from Madeira. Civet, a perfume taken from the civet- cat. Clove, the unexpanded flower-bud of an East Indian tree, somewhat resem- bling the laurel in its height, and in the shape of its leaves. Coal, a combustible substance com- posed chiefly of carbon and bitumen. That which contains much bitumen is highly inflammable, and burns with a iright flame: the anthracite, in which the carbon predominates burns less vividly. Numerous varieties of coal exist : it abounds in almost every coun- try, and inexhaustible mines are found In different parts of the U. States. Cobalt, a metal found in Oie form of an ore, in Saxony, Sweden, and some parts of England. Cochineal, a drug, in many respects approaching to the nature of ker-mes. It s brought to us from .Mexico, where it Is collected in immense quantities, be- ing a species of insect which affords a deep crimson dye. Cochineal is also raised in Peru and several other parts of Spanish America, and becomes every year an article of greater importance to the commerce of thatrcountry. Cociia-Jsfut, a woody fruit, of an oval shape, covered with a fibrous husk, and lined internally with a white, firm and fleshy kernel. It is a native of Africa, the E. and W. Indies, and S. America. Cod,a. well known fish that is caught in Immense quantities on the banks of Newfoundland, and the other sand- banks that lie off the coasts of Cape Bre- ton, Nova Scotia, and N. England. Coffee, the berries of a shrub common in Arabia Felix. The best coffee is im- ported from Mocha in the Red Sea. That next in esteem is raised in Java and the E. Indies; and that of lowest price is raised in the W. Indies and Brazil. Copal, a substance of great import- ance as a varmsh, obtained from the rhvs copalinum, a tree in N. America. Copper, a metal, next to iron in spe- cific gravity, but lighter than gold, sil- ver or lead. It is found *n N. and S. America, in most European countries, and in Africa and Japan. Copperas, a name given to the sul- phate of green vitriol, used in dying black. Coral, a marine zoophyte that be- comes after removal from the water as hard as a stone, and of a fine red color. It is found in the Mediterranean and in the Ethiopic Ocean, about Cape Ne- gro. Cordage, a term used in general for all sorts of cord, made use of in rigging ships. Cork, the bark of a species of oak Tvliich growi in Spain, Portugal and on URA the Fr«nch side of the Pyrenean moun- tains. Cornelian, a precious stone of which there are tiiree kinds, red, yellow and white. The finest cornelians are those of the E. Indies; but very beautiful ones are found in many parts of Eu- rope. Cotton, a soft downy substance found on the gossypium or cotton-tree. It is separated from the seeds of tlie plant by a mill, and then spun and prepared for all sorts of fine work, as stockings, quilts, &c. Cotton was found indigen- ous in America. North and S. Ameri- ca, Egypt and India produce most of the cotton consumed, and the greater part is manufactured in England and the U. States. The cotton gin is a ma- chine invented by Mr. Whitney, aa American, for the purpose of cleansing cotton. Crape, a light, transparent stuff, like gauze, made of raw silk, gummed and twisted on the mill, and woven with- out crossing. It is manufactured in France and various parts of G. Britain. Cream of Tartar, a combination of tartaric acid with potash. It comes to us from Leghorn, and other parts of Italy. Crystal, the name of a very large class of fossils, hard, pellucid, and naturally colorless. Currants, a smaller kind of grapes, brought principally from Zante and Cephalonia. Chircuma, a plant which is native of India. The root communicates a beau- tiful but perishable yellow dye, with alum. Cypress, the cypress tree is a dark colored evergreen, which grows abun- dantly in the western parts of the U. States. The name of this tree is de- rived from the island of Cyprus, in the Mediterranean, where it still grows in great luxuriance. DAMASK, an ingeniously manufac- tured stuff, the ground of which is bright and glossy, with vines, flowers, and figures interwoven. It is made in France and other countries of Europe ; and is also brought from India and Chi- na. Dates, the fruit of the date palm, a tree inhabiting the north of Africa, and which is also cultivated in Italy and Spain. This fruit is an oval, soft, fleshy drupe, having a very hard stone, with a longitudinal furrow on one side, and when fresh, possesses a delicious per- fume and taste. Diamond, a precious stone which has been known from the remotest ages. It is the hardest of all bodies ; the best tempered steel makes no impression on it. T\\e first water in diamonds means the greatest purity and perfection of their complexion, which ought to be that of the purest water. Diamond- mines are found chiefly in the E. Indies ; and in Brazil, in S. America. Diaper, a sort of fine flowered linen commonly used in table-cloths, nap- kins, &c. Dimity, a species of Cross-barred stuff entirely composed of cotton, similar in fabric to fustian. Dock, in maritime aftairs, is an artifi- cial basin, by the side of a harbor, made convenient either for the building or repairing of ships. It is of two sorts: 1. Dry dock, where the water is kept o\it by great flood-gates, till the ship is built or repaired, when the gates are opened, and the water let in to float and launch her. 2. Wet docks, a place into which the ship may be hauled, out of the tide's way, and so dock herself, or sink for herself a place to lie in Donm, the fine feathers from the breasts of several birds, particularly that of the duck kind. That of the eider duck is the most valuable. Drab, a sort of thick woollen cloth, woven purposely for great ctuKs. FUR Dragon's Blood, a gummy resinont substance, which is brought from the E. Indies. A no ution of dragon's blood in spirit ot wine is usee* ?>r staining marble, to which it gives m •..d tinge. Drawback, in commerce, an allow- ance made to merchants on the reex- portation of certain goods, which in some cases consists of the whole, in others of a part, of the duties which bad been paid upon the importation. Drug, in a commercial sense, is ap- plied to every article of a medicinal na- ture, Ruch as gums, jalap, senna, &c. Duck, a sort of strong brown cloth, used chiefly by sail-makers. The best comes from Russia. EBOJVY WOOD, is brought from the Indies, exceedingly hard, and heavy, susceptible of a very fine polish. The best is a jet black, free of veins and rind, very massive, astringent, and of an acrid, pungent taste. Embargo, an arrest on ships or mer- chandise, by public authority. Emerald, one of the most beautiful of all the class of colored gems ; when perfect its color is a pure green. Em- eralds are found in the E. Indies and in many parts of America ; they are also met with in Silesia, Bohemia and other parts of Europe. Emery, in natural history, a rich iron- ore found in large masses, extremely hard and very heavy. It is imported from the island of Naxos, where it ex- ists in great abundance, and is also found in many parts of Europe. Famine, a valuable fur which is ob- tained from a species of weasel, abound- ing in all the cold countries, especially Russia, Norway and Lapland. The fur is short, soft, and silky, and is in great request. The common weasel of the United States is white in winter, and is the proper ermine of Europe. Ether, a very volatile fluid produced by the distillation of alcohol with an acid. FEATHERS, make a considerable article of commerce, being principally used for plumes, ornaments, filling of beds, writing-pens, &c. Eiderdown is imported from Denmark ; the ducks that supply it being inhabitants of Hud-' son's Bay, Greenland, Iceland, Nor- way and N. America. Felucca, a little vessel with oars, fre- quent in the Mediterranean. Figs, the best are those which come from" Turkey, packed in cases. Many are brought from Faro of a small aad inferior kind, also from the south of France. Vast quantities are exported from Spain and Portugal. Flannel, a kind of slight, loose, wool- len stuff", composed of a woof and warp, and woven on a loom with two treadles, after the manner of baize. The flan- nels of England and of Wales are most esteemed. Flaz, a plant which is cultivated prin- cipally for the fibres yielded by tha bark, of which linen cloth is made. The seeds yield an oil well known in commerce, under the name of linseed oil. Flax IS now extensively cultivated in the U. States, and its various pro- ducts have become with us important articles of commerce. Flour, the meal of wheat-corn, finely ground and sifted. Fossil, in chemistry, denotes, in gen- eral, all things dug out of the earth, ei- ther native or extraneous. Fox-Skins, an article of considerable export from N. America, employed in the making of muffs, tippets, &c. Fuller^s Earth, a species of clay, of a grayish ash colored brown, in all de- grees from very pale to almost black, and it has generally something of a greenish cast. It is used by fullers to take grease out of their cloth before they apply the soap. Fur, the skins of quadrupeds, which are lireaset^ A'ith aluni wiUiout d«|>riv- 3Z RON \ng them of their hair ; the siclns chiefly uaed are thoseof the sable, erniine, bear, bpaver, hare, &c. 'J'hey are principally exported froin N. America and Kiissia. Fitstiaii, a kind of cotton stuif, which seems as if it was waled or ribbed on one side ; the principal mannfacture of vhis article is carried on at Manchester, in England, and its neighborhood. Fustic, a yellow wood, used in dying, principally brought from the islands of Barbadoes, Tobago, &c. The color it yields is a fine golden yellow. OAUiJ^GAL, a root which is brought (Vom China It is an excellent stom- achic. • Oalbanum, a gnm issuing from the stem of an umbelliferous plant, growing lu Persia and many parts of Africa. Oaleon, a sort of ship employed in Spain, in the commerce of the VV. In- dies. Oalloon, a narrow, thick kind of fer- ret or lace, used to edge or border clothes, sometimes made of wool or thread, and at others of gold or silver, but commonly of mohair or silk. OatU, are tumors, produced by the punctures of insects on several species oftlieoak tree. Other trees are liable to the same accidents, and produce galls of various forms and sizes, but those of the oak only are used in medicine, and for the purposes of dying and making ink. Tlie galls which come from Alep- po are the most valuable. Oainbo^e, a gum resin, of a deep yel- low or orange color, brought chiefly from Cambodia in the E. Indies. Oamcl, a very beautiful gem of a red color, with an admixture of blue. Oas, among chemists, a term made use of to denote all tlie aerial and per- manently elastic fluids, except the at- mospheric air. Oaine, a very slight, thin, open kind of stufl', made of silk, sometimes of tl^read , there are also figured gauzes, and some with gold or silver flowers on a silk ground ; the latter come to us principally from China. Oenena, or Oin, an ordinary malt spirit, distilled a second time, with the addi- tion of Juniper berries. Holland is noted for distilling the finest Geneva. Oentian, a plant of the mountainous parts of Germany, the roots of which are used in medicine. O-inger, a knotty, flattish root, of a fibrous substance and of a pale or yel- lowish color. It grows in moist places in various parts of tropical Asia and the B. Indies, and has been cultivated to aome extent in the W. Indies, particu- larly in Jamaica. dinseng, a plant, the root of which has long been celebrated among the Chinese, entering into the composition of almost every medicine nsed by the nigher classes. It was formerly sup- posed to grow exclusively in Chinese Tartary ; but it has now been long Known that this plant is also a native of iV America, in the vicinity of the Alle- ghany mountains. GLixs, a transparent, brittle, factitious body, produced by the action of fire upon 1 fissd salt and sand, or stone, that readily melts. It is manufactured in almost every country. Oo:d, a tnetal of a yellow color, in specific gravity next to platina, possess- ing great lustre, malleability, and duc- tility. Europe is mostly supplied with gold from Chili and Peru in S. America; though a small quantity is likewise im- ported from China and the coast of Af- ■Ica. In the U. States, gold mines '.bound in Virginia, N. Carolina, Geor- .'la, and other southern states, and have een worked to a considerable extent. (iiiJUchid, a sort of money, or rather a mail ingot of gold which comes from 'hina Grain, signifies the fruit or seed grow- ing in a spike or ear, in which sense it comprehends every species of corn, as wheat, rye, barley, oats, &c. Grampus, a fish of the whale kind. Grapes, a well known fruit produced from the vine. It is of various colors when ripe, but the principal are tlie green and purple. VVe import vast quan- tities of green grapes from Malaga and other parts of Spain. Guaiacuni, a medicinal wood, extreme- ly hard and solid, of a dense, compact texture and a yellowish color. The bark is also used in medicine ; and there is a substance sold under the name of gum guaiacum, which is used for a sim- ilar purpose. We obtain giiaiucum prin- cipally from the W. Indies and S. Ame- rica. Gum Arabic, a substance which ex- udes from the Egyptian acacia, and is brought chiefly from the Levant. Gum, Elastic, or Caoutchouc. This substance, usually termed India rubber, is prepared from the juice of a tree grow- ing in Cayenne, and other parts of S. America. Gunpowder, a composition of nitre, sulphur, and ciiarcoal, mixed together and granulated. Gypsum, or Plaster- Stone, native sul- phate of lime. It is found in difierent parts of Europe and America. I/ARTSJIORM, the entire horns of the male deer as separated from the head. The chemical analysis of harts- horn yields a water highly impregnated with a volatile salt, which is called spirit of hartshorn. Hellebore, a genus of plants allied to and resembling the ranunculus. There are ten species. By distillation a poi- sonous oil may be obtained from the root. Hemp, a plant which grows wild in the E. Irjdies and some parts of Ameri- ca, and is valuable for the various uses of its seed and the fibres of its bark ; — the latter being made into cordage, ropes, cables and cloth of every quality. Though cultivated to some extent in the U. States, it still forms a large .article of import from Europe, and particularly from Russia. Hides, the skins of beasts ; particu- larly applied to those of large cattle, as bullocks, cows, &c. Those from S America are in best repute. Hock, a German wine of exquisite fla- vor when old. The best comes from Frankfort on the Maine. Hops, a plant which is a native of Eu- rope, Siberia, and N. America. It is used principally in the manufacture of beer, and is raised extensively both in England and the V. States. Horehnund, a labiate plant, with whit- ish, cottony leaves and stem, now na- turalized in the U. States, and growing on the banks of ponds, &c. Its juice imparts a permanent dye to wool, silk and linen, and is of use in pulmonary complaints. Hungary Water, so called from a queen of Hungary, is made by distil- ling in balneo, fresh-gathered flowers of rosemary, two pounds, rectified spirits of wine, two quarts. HtiacintJi, a pellucid gem of a red co- lor with a mixture of yellow. Hydromel, a fermented liquor, made of honey and water. Hydrometer, an instrument used for determining the specific gravities of liquids. ICRLAJ\rr) MOSS, a species of lichen growing in the arctic regions of Europe, and also abundant in the Aloine region of the White mountains of N. Hamp- shire. It is an article of commerce, and often employed in pharmacy, in the composition of pectoral lozenges, svruos KER Indigo, a dye prepared from the leaves and small branches of tiitj Indigofert tiiictoria. It is cultivated in N. and S America and both the Indies. A bas- tard sort of indigo may be ot'.ained from the isatis tinctoria or woad. Ingiit, a mass of gold or silver from the iniues, melted and cast into a sort of mould, but neither coined nor wrought. Iodine, a substance which may be ob- tained from a variety of sea-weeds and fungi, and in great abunfance from kelp It is a deadly poison. Ipecacuanha, a drug brought from S America, and much used in medicine. Iridium, a metal discovered in the ore of platina, by M. Tennant. It is of a white color, brittle, and difficult of fu- sion. Iron, the most valuable of all metals. It is common to all parts of the United States and most of the countries of the globe. We import much iron from Eng- land and Sweden. Iron tVood, a species of wood of a red- dish cast, so called on account of its corroding as that metal does, and its being remarkably hard and ponderous. The tree which produces it grows prin- cipally in the W. Indies, S. America and some parts of Asia. Isinglass, a gelatinous substance made from certain fish found in the Danube, and the rivers of Muscovy. It is brought chiefly from Russia. Ivory, the substance of the tusk of the elephant. It is usually brought from the coasts of Africa. The ivory of In- dia is apt to lose its color, and turn yel- low ; that of Acliem and Ceylon is the most esteemed. JADE, a species of Jasper. Jalap, a root so called from being principally brought from the envinma of Xalapa. It is much employed in me dicine. Japanning, the art of varnishing and painting ornaments on wood, metals, &c., in the same manner as is done by the natives of Japan. Jasper, a stone found in the E. Indies and China, and an ingredient in the composition Of many mountains. It oc curs usually in large amorphous masses, and its colors are various. It is used in the formation of seals, and when pol- ished is very beautiful. Jaiel, a precious stone of a fine blue color, found in the E. Indies. Jet, a black, inflammable, bituminous substance, susceptible of a good polish, and becoming electrical by rubbing. It occurs in different parts of Europe, and is found at South Hadley, Mass., in the coal formation. Jujubes, the fruit of a tree which grows in Languedoc, Provence, the is- lands of Hieies, in several parts of Ita- ly, and in India and Persia. It ischief- ly used in medicine, nearly for the same purposes as the common fig: a paste is prepared from it, which is of efficacy in pulmonary complaints. KALI, "a genus of marine plpnts, which are burnt to procure alkali. Keel, the lowest piece of timber in a ship, running her whole length, from the lower part of her stem to the lower part of her stern-post. Kelp, the calcined ashes of a plant called by the same name. The prepa- ration of kelp is carried on to a great extent in Scotland and Ireland. Kcrmes, an insect of the genus called, in natural history, coccus. It is prin- cipally used in dying, on account of its imparting a fine scarlet or crimson color. It is found in abundance in France anJ Spain, and large quantities are brought from the Levant. Kersey, a species of coarse woollen stuff, usually woven in ribs. LTM ICrtfX In naval architecture, a vessel with two masts, usually applied to one carrying bombs, or ratlier mortars. Kiffekil, a mineral dug up near Konie In Natolia, and employed in forming the bowls of Turkish tobacco-pipes. Kupfernickel, a sulphate of nickel, and generally compounded of nickel, ar- senic, and sulphate of iron. LABRADOR STOME, a beautiful Btone brought from the coast of Labra- dor. Its color is commonly of a light or of a deep gray, frequently blackish j but when held in certain positions to the light, it exhibits varieties of beauti- ful inteinal colors, chiefly green and blue. Lac, or Oum Lac, the product of the coccus lacca, an insect, which deposits its eggs on the branches of a tree called Bihar in Assam. Lac possesses the properties of a resin, and is the basis of many varnishes, and of the finest kinds of sealing wax. The best is amber-co- lored and transparent. Lace, a species of net-work, made of silk, thread, or cotton. The best laces come from Holland. Lacker, a varnish applied to brass, tin, and other metals, to improve their color. Lacrmut, a plant which yields a yellow dye-stuff: it is a species of moss, and comes from France, Holland and the is- lands of Candia and Teneriffe. Lapis Lazuli, a sort of stone from which that celebrated color, ultramarine, is made. It is found in many parts, but that of .4.sia and Africa is superior. Larboard, among seamen, the left- band side of the ship, when yoii stand with your face towards the head. Latitude, the distance of any place from the equator, measured upon the meridian in degrees, minutes, and sec- onds: all places lying underthe equator are said to have no latitude ; and all others to have north or south latitude, according to their situation with respect to the equator. The complement of lati- tude is the difference between the lati- tude itself and 90°, or as much as the place itself is distant from the pole ; and this complement is always equal to the elevation of the equator above the hori- zon of the place. The elevation of the pole of any place is equal to the latitude itself. iMva, the fused stony substance which issues from volcanoes. Lavender, a fragrant plant, native of the S. of Europe, and now commonly cultivated in our gardens. The water drawn from the flowers by distillation is an agreeable perfume. Lawn, a sort of clear or open worked cambric manufactured in France and Flanders, also in Scotland and the N. of Ireland. Laiaretto, a public building, hospital or pest-house, for the reception of those afflicted with contagious disorders. The Lazaretto of Marseilles is the finest in the world. , /.ead, one of the perfect metals. It is vf a dull white, inclining to a blue color ; and although the least ductile and sono- rous, it is the heaviest of metallic bo- dies, excepting mercury, gold and pla- tina. It is found abundantly in differ- ent parts of Europe and in N. and S. America. The lead mines of Missouri are very productive. /,(!«, an epithet to distinguish that half of the horizon, to which the wind is directed from the other part whence it arises, which latter is called to wind- ward. Lemnian Earth, a clay of a pale red color, which has its name from the is- land of Lemnos, where it is dug. When genuine, it is a good medicine in some diseases. Lemons, the fruit of the lemon-tree, growing in great abundance in Sicily, Spain and Portugal. The ports of Lis- bon and Malaga are the principal sbip- 1.0a plng-places of lemons ; the shipping of fruit from these places commences about the middle of September, and continues until the February following, after which time the article becomes scarce and dear. The lemons of the Bermuda is- lands are large and of a delicious flavor. Tlin island of Zante abounds in lemons of a great size. Lemons are invariably shipped while their color is green, and they generally become quite yellow ere they reach this country. Lentisk, the tree which produces the resin called mastich. It grows in the S. of Europe. Lichen, or Liverieort, a species of moss found in different parts of France, and in the Canary and Cape de Verd is- lands. It is useful in dying, and also as a food or medicine. Light-Hottse, a tower on an eminence upon the seacoast, or at the entrance of some port or river, for the direction of ships in dark nights, by means of an illumination. Lignum Kite, a species of wood of great utility both for turnery and in pharma- cy. The tree which produces it grows in most of the W. India islands, but es- pecially in Hayti and Saint Croix. Lime, one of those earthy substances, which exist in every part of the world. It is found purest in limestone, marble and chalk. None of these substances are lime, but are capable of becoming so by burning in a white heat. Lime may aiso be obtained by burning calcareous spars, or by dissolving oyster shells in muriatic acid. ,;, Limes, a species of lemon, which grows plentifully in the W. Indies, and is also to be met with in the S. of Eu- rope. Linen, a cloth of very extensive use made of flax. The chief countries in which it is manufactured ar« Russia, Germany, Switzerland, Flaiiders, Hol- land, Scotland and Ireland. The flax- seed is chiefly procured from America. LinseijwooUey, a coarse cloth made of flax, or hemp, and wool mixed, and much worn by the peasantry' of Scot- land, Wales, &c. Liquid Amber, a resinous juice, flow- ing from a large tree, which grows in Virginia, Mexico, and olher parts of America. Liquorice, a root which grows wild in many parts of France, Italy, Spain, and Germany, and is cultivated in England. Bayonne and Saragossa in Spain sup- ply the best. The inspissated juice of the liquorice-root is exported in rolla, or cakes, usually covered with bay leaves from Spain and Holland. hisbon Wine, a white wine, of a fine sweet flavor, which usually comes from the city of that name. Litliarge, an oxide of lead. Litkina, an alkali in the mineral call- ed petal ite. Lithography, the art of printing from stone. Load, or Lode, in mining, a word used especially in the tin-mines, for any reg- ular vein or course, whether metallic or not, but most commonly load means a metallic vein. Loadstone, a hard mineral body of a dark gray color with a metallic lustre, and possessed of the property of attract- ing iron. This singular substance has likewise the wonderful property of turn- ing to the pole when suspended, and left at liberty to move freely. Upon this remarkable circumstance the mariner's compass depends, an instrument which gives us such advantages over the an- cients. The natural loadstone has the quality of communicating its properties to iron nnd steel. It is found in con- siderable masses in the N. of Europe, China, Siam, and the Phillippine isles. Loo-wood, a hard and compact wood of a fine grain and so heavy as to sink in water. Its predominant color is red, tinged with orange, yellow, and black. MAS Its chief use is for dying. This wood is likewise called India, Jamaica and Campeachy wood, from the places where it grows most plentifully. Longitude, in navigation, the distance of a ship or place, east or west, from another, reckoned in degrees fiom the equator. It has become a conventional usage to reckon longitude from Green- wich, near London. Lugger, a sort of vessel usually heavi- ly built, and rigged with a squaie sail. Lumber, in the coasting trade, means stowage-wood and small timber ; as spars, joists, boards, planks, shingles, hoopsj staves, &c. Maine exports vast quantities of lumber Lustring, or Lutestring, a speciea c/ light, shilling silk. Lycopodium, the fine dust of lycopo- diiim or club-moss, is sometimes called on account of its great inflammability, vegetable sulphur. It is commim In mountainous places and in forests of fir-trees ; and when strewed in the air takes rtre from a candle and burns like a flash of lightning. It is i^sed in thea- tres. MACE, one of the exterior coverings of the nutmeg. It is a warm aromatic, and usually comes from the E. ndies, in glass or porcelain vessels. Mackerel, a fish, native of the Euro- pean and American seas, generally ap- pearing at stated seasons, and swarm- ing in vast shoals round particular coasts. Madder, the root of the rubia tincto- ruin, a substance extensively employed in dying. It grows most abundantly in Holland. Madeira, a well known white wine, deriving its name from the island where it IS made. Magnesia, a white and spongy sub- stance usually obtained by the decom- position of the sulphate of magnesia. It IS much used in medicine. Mahogany, the timber of a tree, which is a native of the warmest parts of Ame- rica, and grows in many of the W. In- dia islands. It is hard, takes a fine polish, and answers better than any other sort of wood, in all kinds of cabi- net ware. Maiie, a kind of Indian corn, exten- sively cultivated in the U. States, and used for making bread, &c. Malachite, a green carbonate of cop- per. Jlfa7t, aterm applied to grain prepared after a particular manner, for brewing the various kinds of beer. Manganese, a brilliant metal, of a darkish white color, very brittle, of con- siderable hardness, and difficult of fu- sion. It is found in America and vari- ous parts of Europe. Manna, a substance obtained from several vegetables : but the ash, the larch, and the alhagi afford it in the largest quantities. The best manna comes from Sicily. Marble, a kind of stone of various colors, composed chiefly of lime, found in great masses, and dug out of pits and quarries. It abounds in Mass. and other parts of the U. States, and in all the countries of Europe. Marie, an earthy stibstance of seve- ral varieties, useful as a manure. Marmots, likewise called Alpine mice, are rather bigger than the rabbit, and are valuable on account of their skins. They abound in Europe, Kamtschatka and America. Marten, an animal of a dark tawny color, with a white throat and a bushy tail. Its general length is about a f(-)l and a half, and it is prized for its skin. The finest marten-skins are obtained in N. America, Russia, Norway, and the ' Levant. Massicot, white lead calcined ovcy > moderate fire. Mastic, a resin obtained from the les- ser turpentine tree and the lentisctu HON It comM from Turkey and the isU of Ohio. Mead, an agreeable beverage made chiefly of honey and water. Mechoacariy a root of a plant of the convolvulus kind, brought from the pro- vince of Mechoacan in S. America. Mercury, a metallic substance, fluid at the common temperature, having the appearance and brilliancy of melted sil- ver. It is found in Spain, Germany, China and S. America. Meiiotinto, a kind of graving so nam- ed, as nearly resembling paint, the word importing half-painted. Mica, a stone which forms the essen- tial part of many mountains, and con- sists of a great number of thin lamJtite adhering to each other, sometimes of a very large size. It has long been em- ployed as a substitute for glass. Minium, in the arts, red lead or oxide of lead. Mirobolans, a smjill purgative fruit of considerable utility in pharmacy, and brought from India. Mohair, the soft and silvery hairs of the Mohair goat, which is a native of Angora. It is woven into camlets and other manufactures. Molasses, the gross fluid matter that remains of sugar after crystallizing. Money, the following table embraces an account of the principal foriegn mo- nies, with their values in British ster- ling. N. B. That c stands for Copper ; s for Silver ; o for Gold ; and those marked *, are imaginary, as the I'ound sterling of England. GREAT BRITAIN. £. s. d. A Farthing c 1-4 2 qrs. make a Halfpen- ny c 1-2 2 Halfpence, a Penny c 1 6d., a Half-Shilling a 6 12d., a Shilling 9 10 Qs. 6d., a Half Crown §026 5s., a Crown 9 5 78. Piece, 1-3 of a Gui- nea o 7 lOs., a Half-Sovereign o 10 lOs. Gd., a Half-Gui- nea o ■ 10 6 203., a Sovereign o 10 20s., a Pound sterling * 1 21s., a Guinea a 110 FRANCE. Paris, Lyons, Bordeaux, ^c. OLD MONIES. A Denier c 1-94 3 Deniers make a Liard c 1-S 2 Liarda, a Dardene c 1-4 12 Deniers, a Sous c 1-2 20 Sous, a Livre of Ex- change * 10 60 Sous, an Ecu of Ex- change s 2 6 6 Livres, an Ecu s 5 10 Livres, a Pistole * 8 4 24 Livres, a Louis d'Oro 1 NEW MONIES. A Centime * 1-10 S Centime Piece c 1-2 A Decline Piece e 1 A Franc s 10 2 Franc Piece s 18 15 Sol Piece ■ 7 1-2 30 Sol Piece s 13 5 Franc Piece s 4 2 10 Franc Piece a 8 4 80 Franc Piece o 16 8 A Louis d'Or o 10 SPAIN. At Malaga, Oibraltar, Denia, t[C. RIALS VELON. A Maravedi * 23-272 S Maravedies make an Octavo c 23-136 4 Maravedies, a Quartilc 23-68 34 Maravedies, a Rial Velon * 2 7-8 512 Maravedies, a Pias- tre s 3 7 15 Rials, a Piastre of Ez- •bange • 3 7 HON * 60 Rials, a Pistole of Ex- change G 14 4 78 Rials, a Pi-stole o 16 2048 Maravedies, a Pis- tole of Exchange * 16 PORTUGAL. A Ree or Eea * 27-400 10 Rez make a Half Vin- tem c 27-40^ 20 Rez, a Vintem c 1 7 20 5 Vintems, a Testoon s 6 3-4 4 Testoens, a Crusade of Exchanges 2 3 24 Vintems, a New Cru- sade s 2 8 2-5 10 Testoons,or 1000 Rez, a Milre * 5 7 1-2 48 Testoons, a Moidore a 1 7 64 Testoons, a Joannes o 1 16 DENMARK AND NORWAY. Copenhagen, Sound, Bergen, Drontheim, fyc. A Skillingc 9-16 6 Skilllngs make a Drug- gen s 3 3 8 16 Skillings, a Slet Marc * 9 20 Skillings, a Rix Marc s 11 1-4 24 Skillings, a llix Ort s 1 1 1-2 4 Marcs, a Crown s 3 6 Marcs, a Rix Dollar 9 4 6 11 Marcs, a Ducat g 8 3 SWEDEN AND FINLAND. Slockholm, Vpsal, t(c. A Runstic * 7-30 3 Runsiics make a Sti- ver c 7 7-18 8 Runstics, a Copper Marc c 15-9 3 Copper Marcs, a Silver Marc 9 4 2-3 4 Ditto, a Copper Dol- lar c 6 2-9 9 Ditto, a Caroline s 12 3 Copper Dollars, a Sil- ver Dollar 9 16 2-3 3 Silver Dollars, a Rix Dollar 9 4 8 2 Rix Dollars, a Ducat o 9 4 RUSSIA. Petersburir, Archangel, Moscow, Sfc, A Poliisca * 22-208 2 Poluscas make a De- nusca c 97-100 2 Denuscas, a Copec * 27 50 3 Copecs, an Altin c 1 31-50 10 Copecs, a Grivener s 5 2-5 25 Copecs, a Polpotin s 1 11-2 50 Copecs, a Poltin s 2 3 100 Copecs, a Ruble s 4 6 2 1-4 Rubles, a Czarvo- nitch o 10 1 1-2 5 Rubles, an Imperial o 12 6 10 Rubles, a Double Im- perial a 2 5 HOLLAND. Amsterdam, Rotterdam, t(c. A Pening* 21-320 SPeningsmakeaGrotec 21-40 2 Grotes, a Stiver s 1 1-20 6 Stivers, a Schelling 9 6 3-10 20 Stivers, a Guilder, or Florin s 19 28 Stivers, a Golden Florin 2 5 1-10 50 Stivers, a Rix Dol- lar s 4 4 1-10 60 Stivers, a Draiiifuil- der s "^ 5 3 3 Florins and 3 Stivers, a Dncatoon a 7 6 105 Stivers, a Ducat o 9 3 6 Guilders, a Pound Flemish * 10 6 7 Florins, a Half-Beyer o 12 3 14 Florins, a Reyer o 14 6 ITALY. Leghorn, Florence, S;c. A Denari c 5-144 4 Denari make a Q,ua- trini c 6 .5 36 12 Denari, a Soldi c 5-12 5 Quatrini, a Craca c 25-36 8 Cracas, a Cluilo s 5 5-9 20 Soldi, a Lira * 8 1-3 6 Llras, a Piastre of Ex- change o 4 3 MUS 7 1-2 Liras, a Ducat o 5 2 1-4 22 Liras, a Pistole o 15 6 SWITZERLAND. Oeneva, ^-c. A Denier* 13S 2 Deniers make a De- niere Current c 1-16 12 Deniers, a Small Sol c 3-8 12 Deniers Current, a Sol Current c 3-4 12 Small Sols, a Florin * 4 1-9 12 Sols Current, a Livre * Current * •IS 10 1-2 Florins, a Pata- • con 9 3 11 1-4 15 3-4 Florins, a Croi- sade 9 6 10 7-? 24 Florins, a Ducat 9 9 GERiMANY. Hamburg, Bremen, Mtuna, Lubeck, tfu A Tryling * 9-121 2 Trylings make a Sex- ling * 3-64 2 Sexlings, a Fening c 3-^ 12 Fenings, a Sheling Lubs s 11-8 16 Shelings,a Marc* 16 2 Marcs, a Slet Dollar s 3 3 Marcs, a Rix Dollar s 4 6 6 1-4 Marcs, a Ducat a 9 4 1-2 120 Shelings, a Pound Flemish * 116 TURKEY. Constantinople, Smyrna, Cyprus, S^c, A Man gar c 3-20 4 Mangars make an As- per * 3-5 3 Aspers, a Para s 14-5 5 Aspers, a Bestic s 3 10 Asperr., an Ostic § 6 20 Aspers, a Solota s 10 80 Aspers, a Piastre * 4 100 Aspers, a Cara- grouch s 5 10 Solotas, a Xeriff a 10 INDIA. Calcutta, Calicut, Sfc. A Pice c 5-32 4 Pices make a Fanam c 5-8 6 Pices, a Viz c 15-16 12 Pices, an Ana s 17-8 10 Anas, a Fiano s 16 3-4 16 Anas, a Rupee s 2 6 2 Rupees, an English Crown s 5 2 Rupees, a French Crown s 5 56 Anas, a Pagoda o 8 9 CHINA. Pekin, JVankin, Canton, 4'c. A Caxa, Cachea, or Caya * 2-25 10 Caxa make a Canda- reen c 4-5 10 Candareens,a Mace 8 8 35 Candareens, a Ru- pee 9 S 3 2 Rupees, a Dollar s 4 6 70 Candareens, a Rix Dollar 9 4 4 1-2 7 Maces, a French Crown 9 4 8 2 Rupees, an English Crown 9 5 10 Maces, a Tale * 6 8 Moresco, a kind of carving, painting, &c., done in the manner of the Moors. Mnrocro, a fine kind of leather pre- pared of the skin of an animal of th« goat kind, and imiHirted from the Le- vant, Barhary, &c. Morphine, an alkali salt obtained from •pinm. Mosaic, an assemblage of little pieces of glass, marble, precious stones, &c., of various colors, rut square, and ce- mented on a ground of stucco. Mother of Pearl, the shell of a muscle, dwelling in the ocean of either Indies. Muscadine, a rich wine of the growth of Provence, Languedoc and other parts of France. Mvsk, a substance found in a bag, sit- uated in the umbilical region of the moschus mociferous, and used as a ORA perfiime. It is also obtained from tlie civet or musk cat. Musk-Seed, the seed of a plant which grows in the W. Indies, and yields an ^ odor precisely liice real musk. * Moulin, a tine, thin sort of cotton cloth, which bears a downy nap on its surface. The best comes from India. Must, the juice of the grape previous to fermentation. Myrrh, a gum resin, brought from the E. Indies and from Smyrna and Alep- po. JVAJVKEEM", or JVanking, a species of cotton cloth closely woven. It takes its name from a city in China, wliere the reddish thread of which the stuff is made is spun. JVaptka, an oil, which issues out of white, yellow, or black clays, in Persia and Media. A'eap Tides, those tides which hap- pen when the moon is in the first and last quarters, being low, when compared to spring tides. M'epliritic Wood, a wood of a very dense and compact texture, brought from New Spain. It is a diuretic. JVicaraffua fVood, a dye-wood of a very bright red color, brought from Nicara- gua. JVickel, a semi-metal, found common- ly in mines of cobalt. M'iiizin, a root of a pale brown color, and of an acrid, astringent taste. It is collected on the mountains of Corea. J^iitmeg, the kernel of a large fruit not unlike the peach. The best nutmegs are brought from the E. Indies in stone jars. The round nutmeg is preferred to ■ that which is oblong. J\ruT. Vomica, the seed of the officinal strychnos, a native of the E. Indies. It is among the most powerful poisons of the narcotic kind. OMKUM^ old ropes untwisted, and pulled out into loose hemp, in order to be used in caulking the seams of ships, &.C. Ochres, combination of earths with the oxide of iron ; they are of various colors, and are principally employed as pigments. Offiiicr, that part of the sea a good dis- tance from shore, where there is deep water, and no need of a pilot to conduct the ship. Olive, a fruit which yields a large quantity of oil, the produce of the olea, olive-tree. It is a native of the south- ern parts of Europe, and is cultivated in great quantities in the S. of France, It- aly and Portugal. Olives have an acrid, bitter and disagreeable taste : pickled « they prove more palatable. The Lucca f olives, which are smaller than the others, have the weakest taste ; the Spanish, or larger, the strongest ; the Provence, whicli are of a middling size, are generally the most esteemed. Oiiyz, one of the semi pellucid gems, with variously colored zones, but none red. It is found in the E. Indies and different parts of America. > Opal, a stone of the quartz family, ■^ found in many parts of Europe, espe- cially in Hungary. When first dug out of the earth it is soft, but it hardens and diminishes in bulk by exposure to the air. Opium, is obtained from the white poppy, a plant which is extensively cul- tivated in Turkey and India. It is a jowerful narcotic. Opnbalsamum, the juice of a tree called Celpasi. It resembles myrrh, and is poison taken internally. Opodeldoc, a solution of soap in alco- aol, with the addition of camphor and rolatile oils. Opoponaz, a resin obtained- from a plant crowing in the Levant. Oranges, the fruit of the orange-tree, which flourishes in the S. of Europe and the VJ. States, and in both the Indies. Great quantities of oranges are imported from Seville. The island of JMalta fur- kisnes oranges of a Hue flavor ; and they W PHO also come to great perfection in the W Indies and the Azores. Orchilla IVeed, a whitish moss, yield- ing a rich purple tincture, used for dy- ing. It is found in the islands of the Archipelago, and also in those near the African coast. Ordnance, a general name for all sorts e conveniently resorted to ; thus the fathom of a well-proportioned man is supposed equal to his height or stature ; the pace, one half of his stature : the cubit, one fourth -j the foot, one sixth, and Hie ij/on, ouj igirtU. The hand is WEI reckoned one third of the foot, and tb4 breadth of the thumb one twelfth. Standards of weights and me-isures were held sacred by the ancients, and a uniformity was strictly observed in many countries of Asia. Among the Romans there was but one weight and one measure; every town and city throughout their vast empire having a standard, whicb was an exact copy of the archetype kept in the capitol, and therefore called capitohna. In latter times, from various abuses and a diversity of usages, a variety of weights and measures have obtained, and do at present prevail, in the various countries of Europe and the other parts of the woild. There is, however, with few exceptions, a similarity in the sys- tems of all countries, which seems to indicate a common oritiin. Thus the foot, which is the general unit for mea- sures, is duodecimatly divided ; and the pound, which is the unit for weights, is divided either into twelve or sixteen ounces, &.c. In almost every nation, there are two descriptions of weights, one for the precious metals, and the other for common articles ; such are the Troy and Avoirdupois weights in Eng- land. Standards generally signify any mea- sure or weight of acknowledged author- ity, by which others of the same de- nomination are to be compared and ad- justed. They are distinguished into arbitrary standards and invariable standards from nature. The former are universally adopted exce\J in France} and the latter are intended to correct ox to restore them, if lost. The origin of the old standards of weight or capacity is not certainly known ; but those of linear measures may be inferred, from their names, to have been taken from some part of the human frame, as noticed above. Hence the foot, the hand, the span, the ?ipt, it is 144 drachms, being above an Enelish pound wc i:^t At Aleppo there 7-e *Jjree •rrts of rot- tos ; tte Crrt "10 artfijxks making about seven pounds £-..%. ift and used in weighing ::)ttons, gails. ftnd otiier ^%^' arge eommodities ; the second is 624 drachms, used for all silks but white ones, which are weighed by the third rotto of 700 dmchms. At Seyda the rolto is 600 drachms. 'Ihe other ports of the Levant, not here named, use some of these weights, particularly the occo or ocqua, the rot- toli, and rotto. The Chinese weights are the piece, for »arge commodities; it is divided into 100 catiSj or cattis, though some say 125 ; the cati into 16 taels, or Kiles, each tale equivalent to 1 1 3 of an ounce English, or the weight of one rial and one twelfth, and containing 12 mas, or mas- ses ; and each mas 10 condrins. So that the Chinese piece amounts to 137 pounds English avoirdupois, and the 'adi to one pound, eight ounces. The ticul for silk contains 06 catis and three ftarths; the bahar, bakaire, or barr, contains 336 catis. Tonquin has also the same weights, measures, &c., as China. Japan has only one weight, viz., the cati, which, however, is different from that of China, as containing 20 taels. At Sural, ^gra, and tliroughout the States which composed the kingdom of the Great Mogul, they use the man, or maund, whereof they have two kinds ; the king's man, or king's weight, and the man simply ; the first used for the weighing of common provisions, con- taining 40 seers or seres, and each seer just a Paris pound. The common man, used in the weigh- ing of merchandise, consists likewise of 40 seers ; but each seer is only esti- mated at 12 Paris ounces, or three- fourths of the otner seer. The man may be Jooked on as the common weight of the E.ist Indies, though under some difference of name, or rather of pronunciation, it being call- ed mas at Cambaya ; and in other places, mein and maun. The seer is properly the Indian pound, and of universal use ; the like may be said of the bahar, tael, and catti above-mentioned. At Siam the weights are the piece con- taining two shans, or cattis ; but the Siamese catti is only half the Japanese, the latter containing 90 taels, and the former only 10 ; though some make the Chinese catti only 16 taels, and the Si- amese 8. The tael contains four baats, rticals, each about a Paris ounce ; the »aat four selings, or mayons ; the mayon wo fouangs ; the fouang four payes ; he paye two clams ; the sompaye half a fouang. It is to be observed, that these are the names of their coins as well as weights ; silver and gold being commodities there sold, ss other things, ky their weights. In the isle of Java and particularly at Bantam, they use the gantan, equal to nearly three Dutch pounds. In Oolconda, at Visapour, and Ooa, they have the furatelle, containing one pound, 14 ounces, English ; the man- galis, or mangelin, for weighing dia- monds and precious stones, weighing at Goa five grains, at Golconda, &c., five and a half grains. They have also the rotolo, containing fourteen and a quar- ter ounces English ; the metricol, con- taining the sixth part of an ounce ; the wall for piastres and ducats, containing the 73d part of a rial. In Persia they use two kinds of bat- mans, or mans ; the one called cahi, or cheray, which is the king's weight ; and the other batman ofTauris. The first weighs thirteen pounds, ten ounces, English ; the second six and a half pounds; its divisions are the ratel, or a sixteenth ; the derhem, or drachm, which is the fiftieth ; the meschal, which is half the derhem ; the dung, which is the sixth part of the meschal, being equivalent to six carat-grains; and lasti\ , the grain, which is the one fourth part of tiie dung. They hare WEI also the vakie, which exceeds a little our ounce ; the sah-cheray, equal to the 1170th part of the derham ; and tl.o to- man, used to weigh out large payments of money without telling ; its weight is that of fifty abassis. African IVeights. As to the weights of Africa, there are few places that have any, except Egypt, and the countries bordering on the Mediterranean, whose weights havj been already enumerated among tho-'e of the poits of the Levant. The island of Madagascar, indeed, has weights, but none that exceed the drachm, nor are they used for any thing but gold and silver. Foreign Measures. The standard in Holland, Flanders, Sweden, a good part of Oermany, many of the Ilanse Towns, as Dantiic, and Hamburgh, and at Oeiteva, Frankfort, 4'c., is the ell ; but the ell in all these places differs from the Paris ell. In Holland it contains one Paris foot, eleven lines, or four-sevenths of the Paris ell. The Flanders ell contains two feet, one inch, five and a half lines, or seven- twelfths of the Paris eM. The ell of Germany, Brabant, &c., is equal to tlyit of Flanders. The Italian measure is the bracchio, brace, or fathom. This obtains in the states of Modena, Venice, Florence, Lucca, Milan, Mantua, Bologna, &;c., but is of different lengths. At Venice it contains one Paris foot, eleven inches, three lines, or eight-fifteenths of the Paris ell. At Bologna, Modena, and Mantua, the brace is the same as at Venice. At Lucca it contains one Paris foot, nine inches, ten lines, or half a Paris ell. At Florence it cSntains one foot, nine inches, four lines, or 49-luin- dredths of a Paris ell. At Milan, the brace for measuring silks is one Paris foot, seven inches, four lines, or four- ninths of a Paris ell ; that for woollen cloths is the same with the ell of Hol- land. At Bergaina, the brace is one foot, seven inches, six lines, or five- ninths of a Paris ell. The usual mea- sure at Naples, however, is the canna, containing six feet, ten inches, and two lines, or one Paris ell and fifteen-seven- teenths. The Spanish measure is the vara, or yard, in some places called the barra ; containing seventeen-twenty-fourths of the Paris ell. But the measure in Cas- tile and Valencia is the pan, span, or palm ; which is used, together with the canna, at Genoa. In Arragon, the vara is equal to a Paris ell and a half, or five feet, five inches, six lines. The Portuguese measure is the cave- dos, containing two feet, eleven lines, or four-sevenths of a Paris ell ; and the vara, 106 whereof make 100 Paris ells. The Piedmontese measure is the ras, containing one Paris foot, nine inches, ten lines, or half a Paris ell. In Sicily, their measure is the canna, the same with that of Naples. The Muscovite measures are the cubit, equal to one Paris foot, four inches, two lines; and the arcin, two whereof ar* equal to three cubits. The Turkish and Levant measures are the picq, containing two feet, two inch- es, and two lines, or three-fifths of the Paris ell. The Chinese measure is the cobre, ten whereof are equal to three Paris ells. In Persia, and some parts of the In- dies, .the gueze, of which there are two kinds ; the royal gueze, called also the gueze mankelser, containing two Paris feet, ten inches, eleven lines, or four-fifths of the Paris ell ; and the shorter gueze, called simply gueze, only two-thirds of the former. At Goa and Ormuz, the measure is the vara, the same with that of the Portuguese. In Pegu, and some other parts of the ladies, the cando or candi, equal to the ZIfc ell of Venice. At Goa and other parti they use a large cando, equal to seven- teen Dutch ells, exceeding that of Ba- bel and Balsora by seven-eighths per cen'um, and the vara by six and a half. In Jfiam they use the ken, short of three Paris feet by one inch. The ken contains two soks, the sok two keubs, the keub, twelve nious, or inches, the nious to be equal to eight grains of rice, i. e. to about nine lines. At Cambodia they use the haster ; in Japan the tatain ; and the span on some of the coasts of Guinea. iVeld, a plant used in dying yellow. IVhisky, a spirit obtained by distil- lation from corn, sugar, or molasses, though generally from the former. Windward, in sea language denote' any thing towards that point from whicfr . the wind blows in respect of a ship. Woad, a plant, whose leaves are used for dying blue. Wool, a long, soft and curly hair, which covers the skins of several of the ruminating animals, but is especially shorn from that of the sheep. Worm Seed, a hot, bitter seed, brought from Aleppo. Worsted, a thread spun of wool that has been combed, and which, in the spinning, is twisted harder than ordi- narily. XYLO BALSJIMVM, the wood of the tree which bears the balm of Gile- ad. YAMS, the edible roots of a creeping plant common in Africa, the Indies, and the southern states. Yam, wool or flax spun into thread, of which they weave cloth ZF~i, Indian Com. The only species, the mays, or maize. The Indians in New England, and many other parts of America, had no other vegetable but maize or Indian corn for making theii bread ; they call it weachin; and in the United States of America there is much of the bread of the country made of this grain, not of European corn. In Italy Germany, Spain, and Portugal, maize constitutes a great part of the food of the poor inhabitants. The ear of the maize yields a much greater quantity of grain than any English corn-ears. There are commonly about eight rows of grain in the ear, often more if the ground is good. Each of these rows contains at least 30 grains, and each of these gives much more floui than a grain of any Eng- lish corn. The grains are usually either white or yellow ; but sometimes they are red, bluish, greenish, or olive-color, ed, and sometimes striped and varie- gated. This sort of grain, though so essentially necessary to the natives of the place, is yet liable to many acci- dents. It does not ripen till the end of September; so that the rains often fall heavily upon it while on the stalk, and the birds in general peck it when soft and unripe. Nature has, to defend it from these accidents, covered it with a thick husk, which keeps off slight rains very well ; but the birds, if not fright- ened away, often eat through it, and devour a great quantity of corn. Zedoary, a medicinal root brought to us from China. It should be chosen fresh, sound, and hard, in large pieces, it matters not whether long or round in its form ; of a smooth surface, and of the briskest smell possible ; such as is friable, dusty, and worm-eaten, is to be rejected. Zedoary, distilled with common water, affords a thick and dense essential oil, on which its virtues principally depend, which soon con- cretes into a kind of camphire. It is a sudorific, and is used as a coidinl medi- cine. Zinc, a metal of a brilliant white co- lor, with a shade of blue, and composed of a number of thin plates adhering to gether. Zircon, a stone brought from Ceyloa M^ OF ran f XTNIVZ;a,:T-^T 14 DAY USE RETURN TO DESK FROM WHICH BORROWED LOAN DEPT. This book is due on the last date stamped below, or on the date to which renewed. Renewed books are subject to immediate recall. BJan'BOCBi AUTO nic.. T .Kf ^ T^m- ^^^ 1 8 1969 CIRCULATIOM JUN 27 1980 k ■ ' MAR 1 2 im LD 21A-50m-4,'59 (A1724s]0)476B General Library University of California Berkeley f ify CJMJ O.C. vm^ ^<^2^^:^^m. UNTVFRSITY OF CAUFORNIA LIBRARY t il r 1,1 1. «r '^^