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A NEW
UNIVERSAL GAZETTEER,
CONTAINING
A DESCRIPTION OF THE PRINCIPAL
HATIOKS, EMPIRES, KINGDOMS, STATES, PROVINCES, CITIES, TOWNS, FORTS, SEAS, HA
LAKES CANALS. MOUNTAINS, VOLCANOES, CAPES, CAVERNS, CATARACTS AND G
OF THE
ES, TOWNS, FORTS, SEAS, HARBOURS, RIVERS
CAVERNS, CATARACTS AND GROTTOES j
KNOWN WORLD,
WITH AN ACCOUNT OF THE
EXTENT, BOUNDARIES AND NATURAL PRODUCTIONS OF EACH COUNTRY; THE GOVERNMENT, CUSTOMS,
MANNFRS AND RELIGION OF THE INHABITANTS; THE TRADE, MANUFACTURES, AND CURIOSITIES,
OF THE CITIES AND TOWNS, WITH THEIR LONGITUDE AND LATITUDE, BEARING AND DIS-
TANCE IN ENGLISH MILES FROM REMARKABLE PLACES ; AND THE VARIOUS HIS-
TORICAL EVENTS BY WHICH THEY HAVE BEEN DISTINGUISHED.
■ ORIGINALLY COMPILED
BY R. BROOKES , M. D.
THE WHOLE RE-MODELLED AND THE HISTORICAL AND STATISTICAL DEPARTMENT BR0C6HT
DOWN TO THE PRESENT PERIOD,'--
B T J O H.N >IARSHALL,*ESQ.
ILLUSTRATED WITH TWO HUNDRED ENGRAVINGS.
WITH NUMEROUS ADDITIONS BY THE AMERICAN EDITOR, INCLUDING THE POPULATION OF THE DNITKU
STATES FOR 1830; A DESCRIPTION OF THE VARIOUS INDIAN TRIBES IN NORTH AMERICA;
AND A vIeW of the MISSIONARY STATIONS IN ALL PARTS OF THE WORLD.
AND CONTAINING A
BRIEF DICTIONARY OF COMMERCE,
GIVING AN ACCOUNT OF
ALL THE MONEYS IN THE KNOWN WORLD,
AMD ALL THE MINERALS, VEGETABLES, ANIMALS, BIRDS, FISHES, AND INSECTS, THAT AR«
IMPORTANT TO COMMERCE ; ALL THE CHIEF COMMERCIAL AND MONIED INSTI-
TUTIONS AND ASSOCIATIONS ; AND NOTICES OF MANUFACTURES
AND COMMERCE IN DIFFERENT PLACES AND COUNTRIES
THROUGHOUT THE GLOBE.
PHILADELPHIA :
PUBLISHED BY W. MARSHALL & CO.
1839.
'Ei<;f£RBD according to Act of Congress, in the year 1839, by
W. Marshall & Co.,
in the Office olthe Clerk of the District Court of tlie Eastern District of Pennsylvania.
y^i-fJ
m-
rRINTKD BY T. K. AND P. O. COLLINS
PHILADBLFHIA.
rvEW uravERSAL gazetteer,
GEOGR\PHICAL DICTIONARY.
AA
AA, the name o^ '3 rivers, in Western Europe,
viz. 1st, rises in Samogitia, runs through the
Duchy of Courland into the bay of Riga ; 2nd, in
Saxony, falling into Lake Blanken ; 3d, in Switz-
erland, falling into Lake Lucerne ; 4th, do. into
Lake Walstadten ; 5th, do. into the Aar river ;
6th, in Westphalia, falling into the Wehr ; 7th,
do. into the \ echt ; 8th, do. into the Ems ; 9th,
in Holland, falling into the Vecht, at Swartsluys ;
10th, do. into the Oldyssel ; 11th, in Overyssel,
falling into ,ake (Jiter ; 12th, in Brabant, falling
into the Dommel ; and 13th, in pai? de Calais,
France, falling into the sea al Gravelines.
Jack, the name of a river in Switzerland, and
of two others in Suabia, vnd also of a town in
Suabia, about 30 miles N. of Constance.
Jahavji, the chief town of a small district of the
same name, 'in the government of Mu/isier, one
of the Prussian states, in the province of West-
phalia.
Aain-Charain,n. village near Jerusalem, said to
be the p.ace where Zacharius lived. It is fre-
quented by pilgrims ; and near it thei*e is a con-
vent, a large elegant building, with a handsome
cupola, and under •♦, an extraordinary fine mosaic
pavement ; the a!i ar, which is a very splendid
one, encompassed with marble steps, is said to be
built on the very spot where John the Baptist
was born.
Aalhorg. one of the four bishoprics of the Pen-
insular province of Jutland, being the most
northerly part, and about 120 square miles in ex-
tent, containing about 90,000 inhabitants. The
chief town, of L^e same name, is situate on the
south coast of the Gulf of Lymfiord, in N. lat. 57.
3. E. long. 7. 56. Next to Copenhagen it is the
most considerable town in Denmark. It has an
exchange for merchants ; the episcopal palace,
two churches, two poor-houses, a hospital, con-
vent and cathedral school-house, are all respecta-
ble edifices ; sj>'\ it has a considerable trade in
corn, herrings, rire-arms, saddles, gloves, &c. It
was taken by tlie Swedes in 1643 and 1C58
Jiar, a large rivei in Switzerland, which rises
m a lake, near Mount Saalberg, in the S. of the
canton of Bern, and running N. W. through the
whole extent of the lake of Brienz and Thun to
Bern, takes a circuitous course to Soleure ;
whence it flows E. to Arburg, and N. E. to Brugg ;
below which, being joined by the Reuss and
Linimatt, it falls int<» 'he Rhine opposite Wald-
■cliut; also the name of two other rivers, one ris-
AA
ing m the Grand Duchy of the lower Rhine,
falling into the Rhine, the other rising in Nassau,
falling into the Lahn.
Aargau, formerly a district, but formed into a
canton of Switzerland ; about 650 sq. m. in ex*
tent. Pop. in 1798 about 130,000.
Aarhuits, the second of the four bishoprics of
Jutland ; it is a very fruitful district, on ♦'''^ *"-,
side of the Peninsula, extending for about 60 m.
along the shore of the Cattegat, bounded on the
W. by the bishopric of Viborg, intersected by
numerous streams, abounding with fish, and is
richly adorned with forests. It contains the res-
idences of a great portion of the nobility of Den-
mark. The chief town of the same name is sit-
uate on the coast, in 56. 10. N. lat. 10. 13. E. \on^.
The town is divided into two unequal parts, by
water conveyed from a lake about 15 m. in the in-
terior. It is large and populous ; and has svz
gates, iwc principal churches, two market-places ;
a university, a free-school, and a well-endowed
hospital, and has a considerable trade in grain,
timber, &c.
Jlarcn's Island. See St. Malo.
Aaronsburs, t. Northumberland Co. Pa. It i«
situated a litUe more thj.n a mile E. of Elk creek,
which unites with Penn's creek, falling into the
Susquehanna, 5 m. below Sunbury
Aaronsburg, p.t. Centre Co. T%. 15 m. E.
Bellefonte.
Abach or Weltertburg, a market town in Lower
Bavaria, seated on the Danube, 7 m. from Ratis-
bon. It is defended by a citadel, and is remark-
able for Roman antiquities, as well as for its min-
eral waters, which are celebrated for curins' vari-
ous diseases. Long. 11. 56. E. lat. 48. 53. ^.
Abade, or Shelck Abade, a village of Egypt, on
the left bank of the Nile, 80 m. S. of Cairo ; im-
mense architectural ruins testify its having been
the site of a great and populous city.
Abatleh, a considerable town at the mouth of
the Tigris, province of Fars, Persia.
Abakansk, a town situate on a branch of the
river Yenisei, in the province ot Kolhyvane,
government of Tobolsk, Asiatic Russia. It was
founded in 1707, and rebuilt in 1725, and since
fortified : some ancient tombs with fine inscrip-
tions, bespeak it to have been a place of impor-
tance, prior to the conquest of Siberia by Russia.
N. latK .54. E. long. 01. 14.
Abatak, a town in the vicinity of Siberia, cele
brated ibr an image of the Virgin, which is visit
A 2
ABB
6
ABE
ed by many pilgrima, and earned in procession
annually to Tobolski.
Jbana, a river of Syria, called in Scripture, to-
g«thcr with Pharpar, rivers of Damascus. — See
S Kings V. 12.
Ahancay, a province of Peru, S. America ; the
chief town thereof, of the same name, is situate
about 60 m. N. W. of Cuzco. There is also a
river of the same name flowing through the pro-
vince, and another town in Cuenca, province of
Quito.
Mano, a considerable town of Italy, in the vi-
cinity of Padua, distinguished for its hot sulphu-
reous baths.
Abascia, or Mgah, a country of Asiatic Russia,
lyinor between the Caspian and Black Seas. The
inha%. are estimated at about 150,000, subsisting
chiefly by hunting and plunder, and speaking a
languao-e peculiar to themselves.
Ma-Vjtar, a palatinate of Upper Hungary,
about 701) sq. m. in extent, divided into 102 par-
uhes. Pop. about 120,000.
Mb, a town in Yemen, Arabia.
Mbenhall, a village, 12 m. from Gloucester, 3
from Newnham, Eng. noted for a mineral spring,
very efficacious in the cure of cutaneous eruptions.
Mberbury or J^lberbury, a large parish, divided
into 5 townships, in Shropshire, and 4 others in
Montgomeryshire, containing together 1,946 in-
habitants. "The village of Alberbury is 7 m. W.
of Shrewsbury. Pop. 332. It was formerly the
site of an alien priory and castle.
Abbeville, a considerable town of France, in the
department of Somme, and late province of Pi-
cardy, seated in a pleasant valley, where the riv-^
er Somme divides into several branches, and sep-
arates the town into two parts. It is pretty well
peopled ; has a woollen manufactory, besides
manufactories of sail-cloth. It lies 15 m. E. from
the British Channel, 20 N. W. from Amiens, 52
S. of Calais, and 80 N. W. of Paris. Long. 1. 5.
lat. 50. 7. N.
Abberton, a village near Pershore, noted for a
bitter aperient mineral spring ; also another vil-
lage, 6 m. S. of Colchester.
Abbeville, a district of S. Carolina, about 700 sq.
m. in extent. The lands are agreeably diversified
with hill and dale, well watered and productive.
Pop. 28,134. The chief town of the same name
IS situate on Savannah river, 118 m.W. by N. of
Columbia.
Abbeyfcale, a parish in Connello, Upper Barony,
CO. of Limerick, Ireland, containing, in 1821,
3,070 inhab. The village contains 437 of the in-
hab. It had formerly a monastery, and in the vi-
cinity are the ruins of Purt Castle.
Abbey-Green, a village, in the parish of Lesmah-
gow, CO. of Lanark ; 6 m. S. W. of the town of
Lanark. It had formerly an abbey, and also a
priory. The entire parish of Lesmahgow con-
tained 5,592 inhab. in 1821.
Abbey-Holme, a quarter of the parish of Holm
Cultram. co. of Cumberland. Pop. of the entire
parish in 1821 , 2,772, and of the Abbey quarter,
758, wliicli is pleasantly situate on the river Wa-
ver, 27 m. N. of Penrith.
Abbeifleix, a parish in Cullinagh Barony,
Queen's Co. Ireland. Pop. in 1821, 5,485. The
town is sometimes called Clonkvne, and contains
about 2,000 of the inhab. 48 m.'S. W. of Dublin.
Abbotstoum, p.t. York Co. Pa.
Abbci/ville, p.t. Mecklenburg Co. Va. 143 m.
from Richmond.
Jbh's Head, St. a. promontory, forming the
southern extremity of the Frith of Forth, lyinor in
the pansh of Coldmgham and the co. of Berwick,
Scotland, about 10 miles N. of Berwick, and tha
same distance S. from Dunbar. W. long. 2. 8.
lat. 55. 55. N.
Abda, a small but fertile prov. of Morocco.
Abenrade, or Apenrade, a town of Denmark, in
Sleswick, now very flourishing, being double the
extent it was formerly, and built in a better taste.
It is seated on a spacious open bay in the Little '
Belt, surrounded on three sides by high moun- i.
tains, which render the harbour safe. Pop. about :
3,000. Long. 9. 26. E. lat. 55. 3. N.
Abcnsperg or Abensberg , a town in the circle of
Regen, Bavaria, seated on the Abens, near th<
Danube, 15 m. S. W. of Ratisbon.
Aber, a village in Caernarvonshire, N. Wales.
6 m. E. from Bangor, on the direct road from
London to Holyhead. Pop. 625.
*^ There are 15 towns and villages in Wales,
to which the word Aber is prefixed, which signi-
fies the fall of a lesser v/ater into a greater, and
usually refers to a place situate at the mouth of a
river.
Aberbrothock, OT Arbroath, an ancient royal burgh
and sea-port, situate at the estuary of the river
Brothock, partly in a parish of the same name,
and partly in that of St. Vigeans, in the co. of
Forfar, Scotland, 56 m. N. K. E. of Edinburgh,
in 56. 34. N. lat. and 2. 35. W. long. William I.
surnamed the Lion, king of Scotland, founded a
magnificent abbey at Arbroath, in 1178, and con-
ferred upon it very extensive immunities. Some
vestiges of the building still remain to attest its
former gi'andeur. A harbor was formed in 1194,
to the eastward of the present one ; the impor-
tance of the town declined with the devastation of
the abbey, during the ruthless period of the refor- ,
niation. The commerce of the town revived about
the year 1738, when the linen manufacture was
introduced, which progressively extended up to
the commencement of the war in 1793, when it
was vastly promoted by the increased demand
for sail-cloth. 4,000 to 5,000 tons of shipping be-
long to the town, part of which is employed in
the importation of flax, deals, «fec. from the Bal-
tic. A public library was established in 1727 ; a
new town-hall has been more recently erected,
and the town at large has undergone considera-
ble improvement. The harbour at spring tides
will only admit vessels of about 200 tons burthen,
but being exceedingly well sheltered and commo-
dious, and easily made, it affords security to ves-
sels of easy draught of water. Arbroath is, how-
ever, a manufacturing rather than a commercial
town. It has 3 fairs annually, 31 sr of Jan. 3rd
Wed. of June, and 18th of Jiily. Pop. in 1821
8,972.
Abercom, a village and parish, in the co. of Lin-
lithgow, Scotland, on the S. bank of the Frith of
Forth, 12 m. W. of Edinburgh. A monastery ex-
isted here in the 7th century ; and the castle of
Abercorn was a place of great strength in the fa
mily of the Douglasses. It was dismantled in
1445, and no trace of either monastery or castle
now remains. Abercorn still gives the British
title of Marquis, and the Scottish title of Earl to a
branch of the family of Hamilton. The Roman
wall is said to have begun in this parish. The
village has increased in importance since 1810, by
its contiguity to the Union Canal. Pop. in 1821|
1,044.
Abercom, v. Efiingham Co. Geo. 18 m. N. S«
vannah
ABE
ABE
Aberdeen, the principal city in the North of
Scotland, situated on the coast of the German
ocean, at the efflux of the rivers Dee and Don,
127 m. N. E. from Edinburgh It has an obser-
vatory ; in Ion. 2. 29. W. lat. 57. 9. N. Under
the denomination of Aberdeen are comprehended
two towns, distinguished as the Old and Ji'eio,
which, however, are almost united by their re-
spective suburbs.
Aberdeen, Old, formerly Aberdon, in the parish
of Old Machar, or St. Machar, is pleasantly situ-
ated on an eminence near the mouth of the river
Don, about a mile north of the New Town. It
18 q|f great antiquity, and was of some importance
90 lonw ago as 893, when, according to tradition.
King Gregory the Great conferred on it some pe-
culiar privileges, but no authentic records are ex-
tant prior to 1154. By charter, the free burgess-
es of the town are vested with the power of choos-
ing their own magistracy, who are a provost, H
bailies, a treasurer, and council, with the deacons
of 6 incorporated trades. The town consists
chiefly of one long street. There is a neat
town-house, a new building, and a Trades Hos-
pital for decayed freemen and their widows, and
a hospital for 12 poor men, founded by Bishop
William Dunbar, in 1532. But the chief orna-
ment of Old Aberdeen is the large and stately fa-
bric of King's College, founded by Bishop Elphin-
stone, in 1494, situated on the S. side of the town.
It is built round a square, with cloisters on the
south side. The structure contains a chapel, li-
brary, museum, common hall, and lecture-rooms,
with a long range of modern houses, for the ac-
commodation of the professors and students. The
library and museum are well furnished. The old
town, being formerly the seat of a bishop, had a
most magnificient cathedral, first founded in 1154,
but the present edifice was begun by Bishop Kin-
niinonth, in 1357, and was 80 years in building ;
it was dedicated to St. Machar, but like many
others it fell a sacrifice to the religious frenzy of
the reformers. Two very antique spires, and one
aisle, which is used as a church, are all that is now
left. In this cathedral there was a fine library,
which was also destroyed. Over the Don at Old
Aberdeen, there is a noble Gothic brido-e, built by
Bishop Cheyne, in 1231, of one arch, 67 feet span
and 34 1-2 high from the surface of the river. On
both sides it rests on a solid ledge of rock. The
population of Old Aberdeen and parish was 3,901
in 1801, and 18,312 in 1821.
Aberdeen, Jfew, is the capital of the shire of Aber-
deen. For extent, trade and beauty, it far exceeds
any town in the north of Scotland. It is built on
a gentle eminence, rising from a small bay, form-
ed by the river Dee, over which there is an elegant
bridge of 7 arches, rebuilt in 1724, the first having
been built by Bishop Dunbar, in 1532. The streets
are numerous, spacious, and well paved ; the
houses are built of granite, (from adjoinintr quar-
ries) generally four stories high, remarkably neat
and elegant, having almost universally, gardens in
their rear. The whole town is about two miles
in circumference, and in 1821 contained a popu-
lation of 21,484. The municipal government is
vested in a provost, 4 bailies, a dean of guild,
treasurer, town-clerk, a town council, and 7 dea-
cons of incorporated trades. The town is a royal
burgh, and uniting with Aberbrothock, Brechin,
Inverbervie, and Montrose, sends a member to
parliament. New Aberdeen is graced with an
elegant college, founded by George Keith, the
Earl Marischal of Scotland, in 1593. Its other
public buildings are the town-hall, market-house,
the house of the Aberdeen Banking Company,
a cross, an octagon building of curious work-
manship, a dispensary, infirmary, and lunatic asy-
lum, a poor-house, bridewell, gaol, and extensive
barracks. An elegant sJreet from the S. is con-
tinued over an arch of cut granite, 132 ft. span, 29
in height, and 40 wide between the parapets.
Aberdeen had formerly several religious houses;
besides the university, there is a respectable gram-
mar school and several alms-houses, and upwards
of 20 places for religious worship. Tlie harbour
was formerly dangerous, but has been rendered
safe and commodious, by a pier 1^0 ft. in length,
and 38 in perpendicular height ; and the construc-
tion of wot docks, authorised by an act of parlia-
ment, in 1810. Aberdeen was formerly celebrated
for the manufacture of knit stockings, and woollen
fabrics generally, which, although still carried on
to some extent, are now superseded in importance
by the linen smd cotton manufactures, which, in
all their branches, are carried on to a great extent.
There is a valuable salmon fishery in the Dee ; a
considerable number of vessels are built at Aber-
deen, and about 40,000 tons belong to it. It has
several public breweries, rope works, iron foun-
deries, &c. and three fairs annually on the 31st
Jan. 3rd Wed. in June, and 13th of July ; a canal
19 m. in length to Inverary, contributes not a lit-
tle to the advantage of both places.
Aberdeen, a county of Scotland, bounded on the
N. W. by BanflTshire, and the Deveron ; on the N.
and N. E. by the (Jerman Ocean : on the S. by the
CO. of Kincardine, Forfar, and Perth; and on the
W. by Elgin, and Inverness-shire. It is divided
into 8 districts ; the S. part is wild, rugged and
mountainous, some of the hills rising to the height
of 4,000 ft. above the level of the sea, covered in
some parts, with extensive natural forests ; the N.
part is bleak and barren ; but the midland parts of
the CO. are more fertile ; and since the period of
1786, have undergone improvements equal to any
part of Scotland. Its rivers are the Dee, Don,
Ythan, Bogie, Urie, Ugie, Cruden ; and the Dev-
eron, for many miles forms its boundary with the
CO. of Banff; all of which abound more or less,
with salmon, and on the Ythan some valuable
pearls have been found. Its mineral productions
are various, but none of much note, except the
granite, the exportation of which constantly em-
ploys several 100 tons of shipping.
Aberdeen, p.t. Brown Co. Ohio, on the nver
Ohio, opposite Maysville.
Abcrdcnir, a parish in the N. of Aberdeenshire, on
the S. coast of Murray Frilh. Pop. in 1821,1,495
also another parish and village 2 m. W. of Burnt-
Island, in the co. of Fife, Scotland. Pop. in
1821, 1,489.
Aberford, a town in the W. riding of York-
shire, 9 m. N. of Ferrybridge, on the direct road to
Durham ; it has a market on Wed. and 4 fairs
annually. Pop. of the parish 900, of the town
579.
Aberffrote, a village pleasantly situate near the
coast of Caernarvon bay, on the isle of Anglesea,
9 m. W. of Llangefni, on the direct road from
Bangor to Holyhead; it had formerly a palace,
at which 11 Princes of Wales are said to have
resided. It has 4 fairs annually, 7th March, Wed.
after Trinity, 23rd Oct. and 11th Dec. Pop. in
1821, 1,204.
Abergavenny, a town of Monmouthshire, situ-
ate at the confluence of the river Gavenny with
the Usk, over the latter is a fine bridge of 15
AM
ABT
archei : 14 m. W. of Monmouth ; it has the ad-
Tantag« of a collateral cut from the canal, from
Brecon to the British channel : there are some
considerable iron works in the vicinity, and it also
participates in the flannel manufacture. It has
a considerable market on Tues. and 3 fairs annu-
iillv, on May Ist, Tues after Trinity, and Sep.
2oth. Pop in 1801, 2,573, and in 1821, 3,388.
Mcrgde, a town in Denbighshire, Wales,
pleasantly situate on the coast of the Irish sea,
on the direct road from Chester to Holyhead, 7
m. W. of St. Asaph, and 224 from London ; it is
much frequented in the summer season for bath-
ing, has a market on Sat. and 3 fairs annually.
Pop. in ISOl, 1,748, in 1821, 2,317.
Me.rgwiUy, a village near Carmarthen, S.
Wales, situate at the confluence of the river Guil-
\j with the Towy. It contains the only episco-
?al palace, belonging to the see of St. David's,
op. in 1821, 2,183.
Merncthy, a town in Perthshire, Scotland,
seated near the junction of the Erne, with the
Tay, 7 m. from Perth. It is said to have been
the seat of the Pictish kings, as well as the see
of an Jirclibishop. In the town church-yard is a
round tower 74 feet high and 48 in circumference,
the only one besides that of Brechin in Scotland.
It participates in the manufactures of Perth, and
has three fairs annually. Pop. of the parish in
1821, 1,701. Also the name of another parish,
from 150 to 180 sq. m. in extent, partly in Elorin
and partly in Inverness-shire, abounding with
natural forests of fir, which form an extensive
traffic. Pop. in 1821,1,9(58.
Merystwith, a town of S. Wales, in Cardigan-
shire, seated on the Ystwith near its confluence
with the Rydiol, where they fall into the bay of
Cardigan, over the Rydiol is a handsome stone
bridge. It lies 207 m. W. N. W. from London,
and 39 N. E. from Cardigan. It was formerly
fortified with a castle, and defended with walls;
but both are now in ruins. It is, however, a
flourishing town, having a great trade in lead, a
considerable fishery of herrings, cod, and whit-
ings, and a good weekly market on Monday ;
about 8,000 tons of shipping belong to this town.
In the bathing season, it is much ^equented as a
fashionable watering place. Lon<r. 3. 58. W. lat.
52. 25. N. Pop. in 1821, 3,556.
Mex, a country of Africa, on the Red Sea,
which bounds it on the east ; on the west it is
bounded by Abyssinia and Nubia, on the north
bv Egypt, and on the south by the coast of Ajan.
The chief towns are Arkeko, or Ercoco, and Sua-
quam ; which last is the capital, and the seat of
the governor. It is subject to the Turks ; and is
very sandy and barren, being destitute of water.
The heat is exc<'ssive, and the air unhealthy to
Europeans. In the mountains are forests of ebo-
By trees, abounding with wild beasts. It is 500
miles in length, and 100 in breadth. The inhabi-
tants are Mahometans.
Mintrdon, a market and borough town in Berk-
shire, England, and, with the exception of Read-
ing, the chief town in the co. It is situate on
the S. bank of the river Thames, 6 m. N. W. of
Oxford, and 56 m. S. W. from London. It is a
place of great antiquity, and has frequently been
the abode of royalty. The market-place is spa-
cious, in the centre of which is a respectable edi-
fice, a spacious hall, supported by lofty pillars, in
which the summer assizes for the co. are held, the
space beneath serving for a market-house. The
market for grain and malt, on Mon. and Fri. is
very great, and it has a considerable manufacture
of coarse linen, sacking, &c. It is divided into
two parishes, each having a church, and sends
one member to parliament. Pop. in 1821, 5,137.
Mingdon, t. Harford Co. Md. 26 ra. N. E. Bal-
timore.
Mingdon, p.t. capital of Washington Co. Va.
320 m. W. S. W. Richmond.
Ahington, p.t. Plymouth Co. Mass. 22 m. S. E.
Boston. Pop. 2,423.
Abo, a sea- port, and chief town of what was
formerly Swedish Finlajid, but which was wrested
from that power, by Russia, in 1808. The port
and town of Abo are finely located in N. lat. 60.
27. W. long. 22. 18. at the southern extremity of
the Promontory of Finland, on the E. shore of
the Gulf of Bothnia, where it forms its junction
with the Gulf of Finland. Under the Swedish
government, Abo was the see of a bishop, suffra-
gan of Upsal, and had a university, founded by
Queen Christina, in 1640, endowed with the
same privileges as that of Upsal; and also a
school, founded by Gustavus Adolphus, for 300
scholars. It was the seat of the conference where
the treaty of peace was concluded between Russia
and Sweden, in 1743. The town has flourished
considerably since its transfer to Russia; its chief
trade is in timber, deals, and grain. Pop. iibout
12,000.
Momey, a populous town, the capital of the
kingdom of Dahomey, on the Gold Coast of Af-
rica. N. lat. 7. 50. E. long. 0. 55. Pop. about
25,000.
Maukir, a town of Egypt, in N. lat. 31. 18. E
long. 30. 38, about 6 leagues E. of Alexandria.
A British army of 12,000 men, commanded by
Sir Ralph Abercrombie, landed here in 1801
The bay, formed on the W. by a neck of land, ou
which the town is situate, and on the E. by anoth-
er neck of land which bounds the Rosetta branch
of the Nile, is very spacious, and will forever be
memorable in history, as the scene of one of the
most splendid and decisive naval battles on re-
cord, in which 9 French ships of the line were
taken, and 2 others destroyed, by Lord Nelson, on
the 1st Aug. 1798.
Mrantes, a town of Portugal, in Estremadura,
seated on the Tagus, 45 miles E. by N. of Lisbon,
and belonging to a marquis of that title. It is
situated on high ground, surrounded with gar-
dens and olive-trees, and contains about 35,000
inhabitants, and has 4 convents, an hospital, and
an alms-house.
Mrolhos Islands, dangerous shoals on the coast
of Brazil, S. lat. 17. 58.^W. long. 38. 26.
Mruzzo, one of the four great provinces of Na-
ples, bounded on the E. by the gulf of Venice, on
the N. and W. by Ancona, Umbria, and the
Campagna di Roma, and on the S. by the Terra di
Lavoro and Molise. It is divided into two parts by
the river Pescara, called Ulteriore and Citeriore.
The former has Aquila, and the latter Sulmona,
for its capital. It is fertile in corn, rice, fruits,
saffron, vines, and olives. Pop. about 590,000.
Ms, a town in France, in the department of
Ardeche, formerly the chief town of Vivares, and
a bishop's see, now in a very ruinous state.
Moutigc, a town in Upper Egypt, on the site
of the ancient Abotis, near the Nile, where great
quantities of poppies grow, of which tJie natives
make the best opium in the Levant. Long. 33.
E. lat. 26. 30. N.
Abtrcomhe, p.t. Gloucester Co. N. J.
Ahyo or Abuyo, one of the Pliilippinc islands,
ACA
ACQ
in the East Indies between Mindanao and Luzon.
Long. 122. 15. E. lat. 10. N.
Myssinia, a kingdom on the E. side of Africa,
extending, in length, from about the 9th to the
17th deg. of N. lat. and at its southern base,
from about the 35th to the 43rd do^. of E. long,
and at the N. from about the 35th to the 38th of
do. forming an area of about 140,000 sq. m.
bounded on the N. by Sennaar, on the E by the
Arabian Gulf, or Red Sea, and on the S. and W.
by very undefined limits, and countries very lit-
tle known. A range of rugged mountains of
considerable altitude, extending along the whole
line of coast of the Red Sea, shut in Abyssinia,
and nearly exclude it from all advantages of mari-
time intercourse. Some fine and fruitful plains
pervade the southern part of the teritory, but the
prevailing characteristic of Abyssinia is moun-
tainous and wild, and its inhabitants are as rude
and ferocious as their country is wild and rugged.
Its climate is various, but on the whole fine ; it
Is exceedingly rich in vegetable productions, both
of utility and beauty. The elephant, rhinoceros,
buffaloes, leopards of various species, zebra, and
especially the hyaena, abound ; the latter is particu-
larly ferocious and destructive ; there are no ti-
gers, and the lion is not common ; there are vari-
ous other wild animals, as well as the domestic
ones common to Europe; the horses are strong
and handsome, and there is a species of oxen with
horns 4 ft. in length, and 20 inches in circumfer-
ence at the root; the hippopotami and crocodile
are common to the swamps and rivers which flow
into the Nile. Amongst the numerous feathtered
tribes common to the country is the golden and
black eagle, and some owls of extraordinary size
and beauty; bees abound to Buch a degree, that
honey, in the southern parts of the country, forms
the staple article of production, and standard of
value in exchange for all other commodities, and
constitutes the principal article of food; locusts
commit great devastation, and there is a species
of fly extremely annoying and even destructive
to the cattle in the rainy season. The whole of
the external traffic of Abyssinia is carried on at
Massowah, a small island on the coast of the Red
Sea, in N. lat. 15. 34. E. long. 39 37. where ele-
phants' teeth, rhinoceros' horns, gold-dust, honey,
wax, and slaves are exchanged for spices, iron,
lead, copper, tin, and manufactured goods gener-
ally. The country is formed into three great di-
visions. 1st. Tigre, N. of which the chief towns
are Adowa, Antalo, Dixan, and Axum; 2nd Am-
hara, W. of the Tacazze river, of which Gondar
and Empras are the chief towns, and the former the
capital of the whole kingdom; 3rd. Shoa Efat, S.
of which Ankober and Tegulet are the chief
towns. The Abyssinians profess to be Christians,
nnd some of their churches are spacious edifices,
but their religious ceremonies are made up of the
crude formalities of the Jewish worship, and of
the Greek Christians. Their language is a dia-
lect of the Arabic ; of the extent of the pop. it is
difficult to form even a conjecture.
Jlcapuico, a town of Mexico, on the shores of
the Pacific Ocean, in lat. 16. 55. N. and 100. 54.
W. long. During the domination of Spanish
rule in South America, Acapulco was the princi-
pal trading town of all New Spain; one, and
sometimes two ships, annually, of several 100
tons burthen, used to arrive from the Philippine
Islands, laden with all the choicest productions of
Asia, to be exchanged for the gold and silver of
M»zieo ; but this intercourse ceased with the wars
which followed th* French revolution in 1792,
since which period to the present time (1832) the
commerce of all S. America has been exposed to
numerous vicissitudes, and Acapulco has sunk
into the utmost insignificance. Its harbour is ca-
pacious and secure, being formed into a basin by
the small island of Rogneta, and defended by a
fort on the N. W. The town contains only about
4,000 inhabitants, and is exceedingly unhealthy^
the temperature prevailing as high as 96, and
hardly ever below 86 of Fahrenheit.
Acasahastlan, a river of Mexico, in the province
of Vera Paz, which runs into the Gulf of Dolce
There is also a village of the same name, in the
province of Chiapa.
Accomack, a Co. of Virginia, forming the N.
part of a promontory, bounded on the W. by
Chesapeake Bay, and on the E. by the Atlantjc
Ocean, extending from the S. E. corner of the
State of Maryland. Pop. 19,656. Drummond-
town, 207. m. E. by N. of Richmond, is the chief
town.
Jlcheen, a kingdom, forming the N. W. part of
the island of Sumatra, the head of Point Pedro,
the most northerly part being in 5. 42. N. lat. and
95. 35. E. long, and extending about 50 m. E. by
S. During the early period of the intercourse of
Europe with Asia, by the Cape of Good Hope,
Acheen was a powerful state and carried on an
extensive trade with the Malay and Coromandel
coasts, and other parts of Asia; and on the Por-
tuguese successively attempting to form a settle-
ment upon the Island of Sumatra, in tlie early
part of the 16th century, they wore completely
expelled by the Achenese, and although consider-
ably declined in power and importance, the Ache-
nese are still an active, and when compared with
other Asiatics, an efficient and industrious people.
The chief town of the same name, is situate on
a river about 2 m. from the bav formed by King's
Point, in N. lat. 5. 33. and 95. 17. E. long, and
Point Pedro above mentioned.
Jlchill, an island, forming part of the Co. of
Mavo, on the western coast of Ireland, in 54. 7.
N. lat. 10. 31. W. long.
Achmim, a town of Egypt, the residence of an
emir, or prince of the country. It has manufac-
tures of coarse cottons, and stands on a small
eminence, on the right bank of the Nile, 200 m.
S. of Cairo. Long. 31. 56. E. lat. 26. 40. N.
Achonry, a populous parish, in Leney Barony,
CO. of Sligo, Ireland. Pop. in 1821, 12,990.
Achorstown, p. village in Middletown, Colum-
bia Co. Ohio, 160 m. N. E. Columbus.
Achen, a town of Lower Saxony, in the duchy
of Magdeburg, with a citadel, on the Elbe, 5 m.
N. W. of Dessau.
Acklam, a village 12 m. from York, where the
body of the Emperor Severus, who died at York,
was burnt to ashes, agreeably to the custom of
those times.
Acama, or St. Estecan de Acoma, a town of
New Mexico, seated on a hill, with a good castle.
The town is ascended by a flight of steps cut
out of the rock. It was formerly the capital of
that province. Long. 104. 15. W. lat. 35. 0. N.
Aconcagua, one of the provinces of Chile, in-
tersected by the 32d degree of S. Lat. and 70th of
W. long. It is inconsiderable both in extent and
population. There is a town of the same name,
and also a river running through the province
and that of Quillotn into the sea.
Acqua, d town of Tuscany, noted for its warm
baths, 15 m. E. of Leghorn.
ADA
10
ADR
Acqui, a town of Italy, in the Duchy of Mont-
ferrat, on the river Bormia; it has considerable
manufactures of silk. Pop. about 7,000.
Jicra, a territory of Guinea, on the Gold coast,
where some European states have forts, and each
fort its village. Lat. 5. 25. N. 0. 10. W. long.
Acre, or St. John d'Acre, a seaport of Syria, in
Palestine, and a bisJiop's sec. It is called Ptole-
mais by the Greeks, and stands on a plain at the
N. point of a bay, which extends in a semicircle
of nine m. to the point of Mount Carniel, near
the mouth of the Kardanah, or ancient Belus.
In the time of the crusades, it underwent several
sieffes ; and nothing is now to be seen of this an-
cient city, but the remains of monuments erected
by the christians, and some ruins of a church
dedicated to St. Andrew. The new city is dis-
tant one m. from the ancient walls, and the forti-
fications are of little importance. The palace of
the grand master of the order of St. John of Je-
rusaJcm is the residence of the chief of Acre.
Here are three mosques, four churches, and a
avnagogue. The chief articles of commerce are
corn and cotton. In 1759 great damage was done
by an earthquake ; and the year following 5,000
persons, near one third of the inhab. died by the
plague. In 1799, aided by the British, under Sir
Sidney Smith, it withstood a severe seige by the
French under Buonaparte, who retreated after
failing in the twelfth assault. It is 27 m. S. of
Tyre, and 23 m. N. N. W. of Jerusalem. N. lat.
SO. 0. E. long. 35. 10. Pop. about 20,000.
Acron, a district of the Fantee territory, on the
Gold coast of Africa, about 50 m. E. N. E. of
Cape Coast Castle.
Acton, the name of 6 villages, and a prefix to
10 others in different parts of England signifying
places originally situate among oaks; ac being
the Saxon word for oak. Also the name of a
village in the parish of Ballymore, co. of Armagh,
Ireland.
Acton, t. Windham Co. Vt. 18 m. N. W. Brat-
tleboro. Pop. 170.
Acton, p.t. Middlesex Co. Mass. Pop. 1,128.
Acton-Burnel, a village in Shropshire, 8 m. S.
of Shrewsbury. Here are considerable remains
of a castle, in which a parliament was held in
the reign of Edward I.
Actovan, the capital of a district of the same
name in the Intendencia de Mexico, about 70 m.
N. N. E. of the city of Mexico.
Acioorth, p.t. Sullivan Co. N. Hampshire, 87
m. from Portsmouth, and 93 from Boston. Pop.
1,401.
Adamstotcn, t, Lancaster Co. Pa. 20 m. N. E.
Lancaster.
Adams, t. Coos Co. N. Hampshire, 90 m. from
Portsmouth. Pop. 515.
Adams, p.t. Berkshire Co. Mass. Pop. 2,G48.
Saddle Mountain lies partly in this town. Here
are extensive manufactures of cotton, woollen
and linen.
Adams, p.t. Jefferson Co. N. Y. 160 m. N. W.
Albany. Pop. 2,995.
Adams, p.t. Dauphin Co. Pa. 133 m. Washing-
ton.
Adams, a County of Pennsylvania. Pop. 21,
378. Gettysburg is the capital.
Adams, a County of Ohio, on the Ohio river,
20 m. in extent and containing 550 sq. m. West
Union in Tiffin townsliip is the seat of justice.
Pop. 12578.
Adams, a County of Mississippi. Pop. 12,129,
Nateh«z is tha capital.
Adams, p.v. Hyde Co. N. C. 339 m. Wash
Adamsburg, p.v. Westmoreland Co. Pa. 145 m.
W. Harrisburgh.
Adamsville, p.v. Washington Co. N. Y. 57 m.
Albany.
Adair, a County of Kentucky. Pop. 8,220
Columbia is the capital.
Adana, a town of Asiatic Turkey, in Car-
mania, and a bishop's see, with a strong castle. It
has a trade in corn, wine, and fruits; and is seat
ed on a river of the same name, 12 m. from the
Mediterranean, in N. hit. 36. 48. E. long. 35. 6.
Adda, a river of Switzerland, which rises in
the Grisons, passes through the lake ComO; the
Vatteline, and the N. part of the Milanese, falls
into the Po, 5m. above Cremona.
Addisov., a County of Vermont, on the W
side of the Green Mountains near the centre o^
the State. It contains about 700 sq. m. Middle-
bury is the shire town. Pop. 24,940.
Addison,p.t. Addison Co. Vt. on L. Champlain
Pop. 1,306. Magnetic oxide of iron is found
here.
Addison, t. Washington Co. Me. Pop. 741.
Addison, t. Steuben Co. N. Y. Pop 944.
Addison, t. Somerset Co. Pa.
Adel, a kingdom of Africa, called also Zeila,
from a rich trading town of that name, situated
near its coast by the Red Sea. It seldom rains
here ; but the country is well watered by rivers,
and abounds with wheat, millet, frankincense, and
pepper. The inhab. are Mahometans. It was
formerly a part of Abyssinia. The capital is Au-
cagurel.
Adelfors, a town of Sweden, in Smaland, no-
ted for its gold mines, about 70 m. N. W. of Cal-
mar.
Adelphi, p.t. Colerain township, Ross Co. Ohio,
40 m. S. E. Columbus.
Adige, a river of Lombardy, which rises S. of
the Lake of Glace, and passing by Tyrol, Brixen,
Trent, and Verona, falls into the gulf of Venice,
a little N. of the mouth of the Po.
Adirheitzan, a province of Persia (part of the
ancient Media,) bounded on the N. by Armenia,
E. by Ghilan, S. by Irac Agemi, and W. by Cur-
distan. Tauris is the capital.
Admiralty-Islands, a cluster of islands in the S.
Pacific ocean, to the N. W. of New Ireland.
They were discovered in 1767, and are !)etween
20 and 30 in number; some of them appear of
considerable extent ; and tlie W. end of the
principal island is in 2. 6. S. lat. and 146. 57. E.
long.
Adour, a river of France, which rises in the
department of Upper Pyrenees, flows by Tarbes
and Dax, and enters the Bay of Biscay, below
Bayonne. The Duke of Wellington effected ▼
passage across this river, with the allied Englisn
and Spanish army, in the middle of February
1814, after considerable difficulty, in the presence
of the French army, commanded by JMarsha^
Soult.
Adowa, the capital and residence of tJie sove-
reign of Abyssinia, and the place through which
the commerce of the inland parts of Abyssinia is
maintained with Massowah in the Red Sea.
Adra, a seaport of Spain, in Granada, 47 m. S
E. of Granada. Long. 3. 7. W. lat. 36. 45. N.
Adramiti, a town of Asiatic Turkey, in Nat-
olia, on the E. coast of a gulf of its name, 70 .n.
N. by W. of Smyrna. Long. 26. 50. E. lat. 39.
86. N.
Adrai, a town of Italy, in Polesiao di Rovigo
AFK
11
AFIl
which gives name to the Adriatic sea, and was
former] V of great note, but has been much reduced
by frequent inundations. It is seated on the
Tartaro. 25 m. S. S. W. of Venice.
Jldrianojile, a city of European Turkey, in
Romania, the see of a CJreek archbishop, and
formerly tiie European seat of the Turkish do-
minion. It is eight m. in circumference, situ-
ate in a plain, on the river Marissa, which here
receives two tributary streams. Several of the
mosques are very splendid, and many of the
houses neat, but the streets are narrow and devi-
ous. Tlie seraglio is separated from the city by
ihe river Arda, and commands an extensive view
of the country, which is fertile, and famous for
excellent vines. The commerce of the city by
the river is considerable, and celebrated for its
beautiful red dye. The Turks took this city
from the Greeks in 13G2. It is 135 m. N. W. of
Constantinople. Long. 22. 30. E. lat. 41. N.
Adriatic Sea. See Venue, Gulf of.
Jidvenlure Bay, at the S. E, end of Van Die-
men's land, so called from the ship in which Cap-
tain Furneax sailed. Long 147. 30. E. lat. 43.
23. S.
JEgades or JEgates, three small islands on the
W. side of Sicily, between Marsella and Trapani;
their names are Levenzo, Favignana, and Mare-
tima.
JEtna or Etna, a celebrated burning mountain
of Sicily, now called by the natives Monte Gibel-
lo. It is situated in the Eastern part of the isl-
and, in long. 15. 0. E. lat. 38. 0. N. Pindar, who
lived 435 years before Christ, calls it the Pillar of
Heaven, on account of its great height, which is
generally reckoned to be about 11,000 feet; and
its circamference at the base 70 m. It affords an
epitome of all the differences of climate. The
summit is a league in circumference, and within
formed like a vast amphitheatre^ from whence
flames, ashes, and smoke, issue in divers places.
Eruptions of this mountain are mentioned by
Diodorus Siculus, as happening 1,693 years before
Christ; and Thucydides speaks of three erup-
tions, which happened in 734, 477, and 425, B. C.
From this period till 1447, there were about 18
different eruptions, the most destructive of which
were in 1 169 and 1329 ; there have been other
eiuptions since, which have done immense dam-
age, particularly those in 1669, 1755, 1780, and
1787. In 1809 eruptions took place in 12 differ-
ent parts of the mountain, and covered the adja-
cent land with lava to the depth of 40 feet,
and another eruption occurred in 1822.
Afghanistan, a country of Asia, stretching
from the mountains of Tartary to the Arabian
eea, and from the Indus to the confines of Persia.
The inhab. of this wide domain have no written
character, and speak a language peculiar to them-
eelves. They are a robust hardy race of men ;
and being generally addicted to a state of preda-
tory warfare, their manners partake of a barbar-
ous insolence. They avow a fixed contempt for
the occupations of civil life ; and are esteemed
the most negligent of religious observances, of all
the Mahometans. Their common dress consists
of a shirt, which falls over the upper part of
long and narrow trowsers ; a woolen vest, fitted
closely to the body, and reaching to the midleg ;
and a high turned-up cap of broadcloth or cotton,
usually of one colour, and of a conic form, with
two small parallel slits in the upper edge of its
facing. The principal cities of Afghanistan are
Candahar and Cabal, the former of which was
the capital ; but the late and present sultans hare
kept their court at Cabul. About the year 1720
an army of Afghans invaded Persia, took Ispahan,
and made the sultan Husseyn prisoner. They
kept possession of Ispahan and the southern prov-
inces for ten years, when they were defeated in
several battles, and driven out of the country by
Nadir Kuli, commonly known in EuroiV! by the
name of Kouli Khan. After Nadir haa deposed
his sovereign. Shah Thamas, he laid seige to and
took Candahar ; but afterward received a consid-
erable body of Afghans into his army, who be-
came his favourite foreign troops. On his assas-
sination, in 1747, the general of the Afghan
troops, though furiously attacked by the whole
Persian army, effected a safe retreat into his own
country, where he caused himself to be acknowl-
edged sovereign of the Afghan kingdom. In 1808
the English L. India company deputed the Hon.
Mount Stuart Elphinstone on a mission to Cau-
bul, accompanied by a large military retinue.
The mission left Delhi on the 13th Oct. the re-
sult of their observations and enquiries on the
then circumstances and condition of Caubnl, (by
which name the Afghan territory is generally
called,) as well as the countries through which
the mission passed, have been since published.
Africa, one of the four great divisions of the
world, forming a jjeninsula to Asia, to which it
is connected by a neck of land at the N. E. ex-
tremity, l^ut 60 m. across, called the isthmus
of Suez. In its extreme length it extends from
Cape Negro, in lat. 37. 21. N. to False Cape in
lat. 34. 25. S. being about 4,300 m. and in its ex-
treme breadth from Cape Verd in 17. 34. W.to
Cape Guardafui in 51. 32. E. long, being about
4,100 m. It will however in the first place be
well to consider Africa as divided by nature into
two great parts, N. and S., by a chain of moun-
tains, commonly called the Mountains of the
Moon, supposed to extend across the entire con-
tinent between the 7th to the 11th degrees of N.
lat. North Africa will then on its other sides be
bounded, on the E. by the Arabian gulf or Red
sea, on the N. by the Mediterranean, and on the
W. by the Atlantic ocean, approximating in form
to a parallelogram ; the mean length of which
from W. to E. is about fifty degrees of long, and
the mean breadth from N. to S. about 27 degrees
of lat. forming an area of about 4,550,000 sq. m.
of which the great deserts of Sahara, Tuarick,
and Lybia constitute about one third of the ex-
tent. N. Africa is subdivided into a great num-
ber of kingdoms, states and territories ; the
most prominent of which are, Galla, Abyssinia,
Sennaar, and Nubia on the E. bordering on the
Red sea, Egvpt, at the N. E. extremity, Lybia,
Fezzan, and Barbary, (comprising, Tripoli, Tunis,
Algiers, and Fez;) on the N. bordering on the
Mediterranean, and Morocco at the N. W. ex-
tremity, bounded by the Atlantic ocean ; a large
extent of coast S. of Morocco, is called Azanago,
and S. of the river Senegal in lat. 16. N. to Sier-
ra Leone in lat. 8. 30. the coast is occupied by sev-
eral Negro tribes, the limits of whose territories
are very imperfectly defined. Inland, S. of the
great desert, are the kingdoms of Tombuctoo,
Houssa, Cassina, and Wangara ; and E. of the
desert, are Ashber, Bomou, Begherm, Bergoo,
Darfur, &c. &c. With the exception of the des-
erts and the more mountainous districts, this part
of Africa is well watered, and exceedingly fertile.
The most celebrated river is the Nile, which,
risin? from various sources on the N. side of the
AFR
«
AFR
Seat chain of mountains, and flowing through
bvssinia, Sennaar, Nubia, and Egypt, falls into
the Mediterranean sea by several channels between
the lat. of 30. 16. and 31. 50. E. The river Niger
has long furnished a subject of considerable inter-
est to tlie learned. It is now known to run into the
Atlantic ocean at the Bight of Benin. See Mger.
Numerous streams and lakes intersect all the
interior part of the country situate between the
desert of Sahara and the chain of mountains
which divide the continent into two parts. Sev-
eral rivers fall into the Atlantic ocean S. of the
Great desert ; the first of these is the Senegal, the
entrance of which from the sea is in lat. 15. 53. N.
2nd. the Gambia, in lat. 13. 8. N., and further S.
jt the Pongos, Rio Grande, Noonez, and Sierra Le-
one, in lat. 8. 30. N.
Independently of the great chain of mountains
which divides Africa into two parts, a ridge of
considerable altitude extends along the whole ex-
tent of the shores of the Red sea ; and the states
of Barbary are bounded on the S. by another
chain called the Atlas, which at the greatest ele-
vation rise to the height of 13,000 feet above the
level of the sea
The middle portion of the western coast of Af-
rica is denominated the Coast of Guinea, on
which several of the European states have forts
and settlements ; it is occupied by several pow-
erful tribes of negroes, with whom the Europ-
eans carry on a very extensive traffic, with the
manufactured productions of Europe in general,
in exchange for gold dust, ivory, skins, bees wax,
palm oil, barvvood, &c.; S. of the Coast of Gui-
nea, for about 15 degrees of lat., the coast is also
occupied with several Negro tribes, who live in
constant collision with* each other, and from
amongst whom about 100,000 annually, at the
Ceriod of 1820 — 1828, were transported as slaves
y the ships of France, Portugal, and Spain, for
working the plantations of those countries in S.
America and the W. Indies ; the remaining por-
tion of the W. coast, as well as all the interior, and
the E. coast of this part of Africa, is very little
known ; but as far as knowledge has been obtain-
ed the inhab. appear more rude and unsocial than
even those of N. Africa. A very rude and un-
civilized people, the Hottentots, occupy the more
S. extremity of the continent extending to the
Cape of Good Hope.
If the climate of America is distinguished by
superabundant moisture and cold, that of Africa
is not less remakable for its general want of hu-
midity, and its warmth. Of this fact the immense
extent of and and burning deserts already men-
tioned, affords incontrovertible proof. The most
northern and the most southern districts are
equally without a winter ; and the greater part of
the continent is situated within the tropics.
The ancientp indeed supposed the torrid zone
to be so parched by the perpendicular rays of the
■un as to be uninhabitable ; but modern discov-
eries have assured us that the theory of the an-
cients is not altogether true. The sun, when
vertical, universally brings with him an immense
tmin of clouds, which pour down upon the subja-
cent country an incessant deluge. When the sun
is in the N. the rainv season begins in the coun-
tries lying northward from the equator ; when in
the S., the rainy season is to the S. of the equa-
tor. This quantity of rain cools the atmosphere,
•o as to produce a temperature much more mod-
erate than that which prevails when the sun re-
moves to a greater distance ; and the sun produ-
ces within the tropics in Africa the same efleeta
as within the same degrees of latitude in other
parts of the world. The prevalent drought is here
in some measure checked by the tropical rains ;
and, so far as has been ascertained, the tropical re-
gions are perhaps that part of this continent which
IS best watered. The greater part of the im-
mense deserts — that of Sjuiara for instance — lie in
general too far N. ever to be under the influence of
a vertical sun. The torrid zone may therefore be
considered as having only tw» seasons — the dry
and the wet, which are likewise distinguished, in
some places, as the summer and winter. In some
districts, indeed, there are two dry and two wet
seasons in the year; and these are called thi>
short and the long seasons. In all the countriea
within 20. of the equator the difference in the
amount of temperature is scarcely perceptible, at
least in the countries lying near the coast, for the
interior here is almost entirely unknown to us.
In the countries from Cape Blanco up to the
Senegal, the mean temperature from November
to the end of March is at 6 a. m. about 73. Fahr.,
and at noon, in the shade, 87. Fahr. Farther into
the interior of the country — at Bambouk, for in-
stance — the heat is much more intense. At the
Gambia, in the same months, the mean tempera-
ture at 6 a. M. is 77., and at noon in the shade,
91. In the months of April, May, and June, at
the Senegal, the thermometer 6 a. m. indicates
83., and at noon, in the shade, 95. From the
month of July to the end of October, the mean
temperature at 6 a. m. is 95. ; and at noon 107. In
the more southern countries the heat is still great-
er, and also in the sandy plains ; in those dis-
tricts which are situated farther towards the E.,
and even in those farther to the N., the heat is
frequently rendered insupportable by peculiar
localities. Thus at Ombos and Syene, in the
S. of Egypt, the sand absolutely scorches the
feet of the traveller, and eggs may be dressed
by burying them in the sand. At Algiers the
mean temperature is 72. ; at the Cape of Good
Hope the thermometer frequently rises to 95. or
98., and often much higher; but change of tem-
perature is very quickly effected here, and a
burning day is frequently followed by a chilly
night. During eight months of the year constant
fine weather is prevalent throughout a great part
of Africa. The sun rises every morning in a
clear atmosphere, and spreads a glaring light over
the whole country, too brilliant almost for the
eye to sustain ; no cloud casts a passing shadow
over the landscape ; and, in the evening, the orb
of day sinks magnificently into the ocean But
the excessive heat diminishes the pleasure man
might feel in contemplating the glorious sky ;
and the first clouds which foretell the approach
of rain are hailed with delight by the Europeac '
resident, overwhelmed by the oppressive heat.
The physical peculiarities which distinguish
Africa, seem to depend chiefly on the circum-
stance that almost her whole territory is situated
within the tropics. The other portions of the
earth's surface which lie directly beneath the
solar influence consist generally either of sea, or
of narrow and insular lands, refreshed by breezes
from the ocean. But the greatest breadth of Af
rica is under the immediate power and dominion
of the sun ; and most of her people see that great
planet, in its annual progress from tropic to trop-
ic, pass twice over their heads, and thus experi-
ence a repetition of its most intense and perpendi
cular rays. The higrhest blessings of this sablu-
X
AFR
13
AFR
nary world, when carried beyond a certain limit,
become its deadliest bane. Tliat |)arent orb, wliich
cheers and illumines the rest of the earth, glares
on Africa with oppressive and malignant beam,
blasting tiie face of nature, and covering her with
barrenness and desolation. Sometimes it con-
verts tlie soil into a naked desert ; sometimes
overspreads it with a noxious e.xcess of animal and
vegetable life. The soil, when not watered by
copious rains or river inundations, is scorched
.and dried up till it is converted into a dreary
waste. Hence it is, that in Africa, plains of sand
form a feature so truly alarming. The Great
Desert, with the exception of the narrow valley of
\lie Nile, reaches across tlie entire continent, ex-
hibiting an expanse of burning surface, where for
mzjiy days the traveller finds not a drop of water,
■or sees the least vestige of animal or vegetable
nature. He pursues his dreary route amid loose
hills continually shifting, and leaving no marks
to guide his course. Every breeze is filled with
dust, which enters the mouth and nostrils, and
penetrates between tlie clothes and skin. Some-
times it drives along in clouds and whirlwinds,
beneath wliich it was once thought that caravans
and even armies had been buried; but it is
now ascertained that the numerous bones which
whiten the desert are merely those of travellers
who have sunk under famine, thirst and fatigue ;
and that the sand, which continually blows, has
accumulated above them. Travellers over these
tracts of shingle have been impressed with the
idea of their being the bed of an ancient ocean.
This is not the place to enter into a speculation
on the formation of the earth. That every part
of its surface lay once beneath the waters is suffi-
ciently apparent ; but there is at least no histori-
cal proof that Africa emerged later than other
continents. The earliest records represent her
deserts to have been as extensive as tliey are in
our days, and to have pressed equally close upon
the cultivated belt along the northern coast. In
general, all regions between the tropics, when not
copiously watered, moulder into sand, alternating
with a hard and impenetrable stratum of clav.
The central wastes of Asia, those of Arabia and
of Sindetic Hindoslan, though inferior to those of
Africa, are yet of similar character and of im-
' mense extent. In order to obviate the extreme ef-
fects of the tropical sun, which produces a desola-
tion so dreadful. Nature has provided suitable re-
medies. Every country under tliis latitude has
its rainy season, when, amid the blaze of light-
nings and the noise of thunders rending the sky,
heaven seems to open all her windows to pour an
unbroken flood upon the earth. The ground is cov-
ered as with a deluge, and the dry beds of tho
rivulets are converted into torrents ; yet so intense
are the sun's rays, tliat the moisture tlius lavislied
npon the surface is quickly dried up. Great riv-
ers, which, swollen by tlie rains, overflow their
banks and lay the surrounding country under
water, or at least aSbrd the means of artificial in-
undation, are the principal source of that luxuri-
ant fertility, that mighty growth of vegetable
forms, which singularly characterize the tropical
climates. It is to the waters which descend from
the lofty precipices and eternal snows of the Him-
maleh, that the plains of Hindoostan and China
owe their amazing fruitfulness. Africa, too, has
elevated mountain-chains, which give rise to sev-
eral rivers of great magnitude and most fertilizing
influence. Atlas, along its northern border, pre-
sents even in so hot a cliiaate, pinnacles wrapped
in everlasting snow. Still more extensive is that
central range, which, amid its various local names,
is most generally known under the poetical ap-
pellation of " The Mountains of the Moon." Yet*
tJiese chains, besides being not altogether so gi-
gantic as those of the other continents, labour
under the peculiar disadvantages of extending
across tlie breadth only of Africa. The Andel
and the Himmaleh, tliose stupendous heights of
America and Asia, as they traverse tliese conti-
nents in the direction of their length, cover a
much greater surface, and thus create fertility in
the more limited plains which intervene between
the mountains and the ocean. But the largest of
the African rivers, directing their course through
a vast extent of low land, reach the sea only by a
circuitous course. Several of them, too, difiiis-
ing tlieir waters into lakes or marshes, expire in
the very heart of the continent. The result is, that
the enormous breadth of the Sahara, or Great
Desert, is scarcely irrigated even by a streamlet.
It depends entirely on the periodical rains ; and
tliese sink into the sandy and porous surface, till
being arrested at the depth of eight or ten feet,
they form that " sea under ground" which has
been traced over a large portion of the waste.
Vegetable life, in consequence of this absence
of moisture, is scantily difiused over a great ex-
tent of the continent. In the heart of the moun-
tains, however, and in the kingdoms along their
border, the soil is most profusely watered, and,
under the influence of a tropical sun, produces,
perhaps, beyond any other part of the world, that
luxuriant growth and those gigantic vegetable
forms, which distinguish the equatorial regions.
The baobab, or great calabash, appears to be the
most enormous tree on the face of the earth. Ad-
anson assures us, that the circumference in some
cases is equal to thirteen fathoms, as measured by
his arms clasped round the trunk, that is varying
from seventy -four to seventy -seven feet. Branch-
es extending horizontally from the trunk, each
equal to a large tree, make the baobab a forest as
it were by itself. The mangrove, too, which
rises on the borders of rivers or inundated spots,
diffuses itself in a manner truly remarkable. The
branches, dropping down upon the watery bank,
strike root and grow ; hence the original plant,
spreading farther and farther, forms over the
stream a species of natural arcade. These mighty
trees do not stand alone, but have their intersti-
ces filled up by numberless shrubs, canes, creep-
ing and parasiriical plants, which intersect and en-
twine with each other till they form a thick and
impenetrable mass of underwood. To cut even
a narrow pass through these dense forests is a la-
borious process ; and as shoots are continually
protruding inwards on each side, the track, witli-
out constant travelling, and the diligent use of the
axe. soon becomes impassable.
As we approach the confines of the Desert,
these giants of the wood disappear, and vegeta-
tion presents a different and more pleasing aspect.
It exliibits now the light and gay form of the aca-
cia, whole forests of which rise amid tlie sand,
distilling those rich guins that aflTord an impor-
tant material of African commerce. The Ivtits, a
celebrated and classical shrub, the tamarisk, and
other small and elegant trees, afford agreeable an^
nutritive berries, which constitute the food or
several nations. Various flowering shrubs of the
most delicate tints, rising in wild and spontane-
OC3 beauty, embellish the precincts of the waste.
Thus the Desert, in its first approaches, and be-
B
AFR
14
AFR
for« vegetable life begins to expire, does not as-
sume its sternest character, but wears even a pe-
culiarly pleasing and smiling aspect.
The animal world in Africa changes equally
its nature as it passes from one to another of these
opposite regions. In those plains which are in-
undated by the great rivers, it multiplies at an
extraordinary rate, and often assumes huge and
repulsive forms. Throughout all this continent
the wild tribes exist in large and formidable num-
bers, and there is scarcely a tract which they do
not either hold in full possession, or fiercely dis-
pute with man. Even the most densely-peopled
countries border on wide forests and wastes,
whose savage tenants find their prey occasionally
in man himself, as well as in the domestic ani-
mals which surround him ; and when the scent
of huinan slaughter is wafted on the breeze,
bands of hungry monsters hasten from every side
to the feast of blood. These ferocious creatures
hold, indeed, so commanding a position, that the
colonist scarcely makes any attempt to extirpate
them, or even "to keep down their numbers. He
wages against them only a defensive war, and
employs his courage and skill chiefly in hunting
tlie elephant, the antelope, and other peaceful
species, by whose spoil he may be enriched.
The lion, that king of the desert, that mightiest
among the tribes which have the wilderness for
their abode, abounds in Africa, and causes all her
forests to re-echo his midnight roar. Yet both
his courage and fierceness have, it is said, been
overrated ; and the man who can undauntedly
face him, or evade his first dreadful spring, rarely
falls his victim. Wider ravages are committed
by the hyena, not the strongest, but the most fe-
rocious and untameable of all the beasts of prey.
These creatures, by moving in numerous bands,
achieve what is beyond the single strength of the
greater animals ; they burst witli mighty inroad
mto the cities, and have even carried by storm
fortified enclosures. The elephant roams in vast
herds through the densely-wooded tracts of the
interior, disputing with the lion the rank of king
of the lower creation ; matchless in bulk and
strength, yet tranquil, majestic, peaceful, led in
troops under the guidance of the most ancient of
the number, having a social and almost moral ex-
istence. He attacks neither man nor beast. The
human being is more frequently the aggressor, not
only with the view of protecting the fruits of the
earth, but also in order to obtain the bony sub-
stance composing his tusks, which, under the
name of ivory, forms one of the most valued arti-
cles of African trade. The prodigious strength
of the elephant, his almost impenetrable hide,Tiis
rapid though unwieldly movements, render him
a most perilous object of attack^even to the bold-
est hunters ; so that pits and snares of various
kinds are the usual modes by which his capture
is efl'ected. Instead of the tiger, Africa has the
leopard and the panther ; belonginor, however,
t>nly to certain of its distxiets.
In the large and broad rivers of Africa, and
through the immense forests which overshadow
them, a race of amphibious animals of monstrous
form and size display their unwieldly figures.
The rhinoceros, though not strictly amphibious,
slowly traverses marshes and swampy grounds.
and almost equals the elephant in strencrth and
defensive powers, but wants his stature, his dig-
nity, and his wisdom. The single or double
horii' with which he defends himself is an article
of commerce in the East, though not valued in
Europe. A still huger shape is that of the hippo-
potamus, or river-horse, fitted alike to stalk on
land, to march along the bottom of the waters, or
to swim on their surface. He is slow, ponderous,
gentle ; yet when annoyed either by design or
accident, his wrath is terrible ; he rushes up
from his watery retreat, and by merely striking
with his enormous tusks, can overset or sink a
loaded canoe. But the most dreaded of the in-
habitants of the African rivers is the crocodile,
the largest and fiercest of the lizard tribe. He
lies like a log upon the waters Wcitching for his
piey, attacking men, and even the strongest of
animals, which, however, engage with him in ob-
stinate and deadly encounters.
We have not yet done with all the monstrous
and prodigious forms which Africa generates.
She swarms with the serpent brood, which spread
terror, some by their deadly poison, others by
their mere bulk and strength. In this last re-
spect the African serpents have struck the world
with amazement ; ancient history records that
whole provinces were overrun by them, and that
one, after disputing the passage of a river with a
Roman army, was destroyed only by the use of a
battering engine.
Emerging from these dark regions, where the
earth, under the united influence of he^t and
moisture, teems with such a noxious superabund-
ance of life, we approach tlie Desert. Here a
change takes pl.ace equally singular and pleasing
as in the vegetable world. Only light, airy, and
fantastic forms trip along the sandy border ; crea-
tures innocent, gentle, and beautiful, — the ante-
lope of twenty difterent species, all swift, with
bright eyes, erect, and usually elegant figures,
preying neither on men nor animals, but pursued
by all on aceount of the delicate food which they
AFR
15
AtR
afford Here also the camelopard, the tallest and
most remarkable of animal forms, with its long
fore-legs and high-stretching neck of singular
and fantastic beaaty, crops tlie leaves of the Af-
rican forest. Though a rare species, he is seen
occasionally straying over a great proportion of
that continent. Here, too, roams the zebra, with
its finely-striped skin wrapped around it like a
robe of ricli cloth .
Nature, sporting as it would seem in the pro-
duction of extraordinary objects, has filled Africa
with a wonderful multitude of fliose animals
which bear the closest alliance to " the human
form divine." The orang-outang appears to
constitute the. link between man and the lower
orders of living things. Standing erect, without
a tfiil, with flat face, and arms of not greatly dis-
[iroportioned length, it displays in every particu-
ar a deformed resemblance to the lord of the
creation. It seems even to make a nearer ap-
proach than any other animal to the exercise of
reason. It has been taught to make its own bed,
to sit at table, to eat with a knife and fork, and
to pour out tea. M. Degrandpre mentions one
kept on board a French vessel, which lighted and
kept the oven at a due temperature, put in the
bread at a given signal, and even assisted in
drawing the ropes. There was a strong suspi-
cion among the sailors that it would have spoken,
but for the fear of being put to harder work.
The baboons, again, are a Targe, shapeless, brutal
species, ugly and disgusting in their appearance,
yet not without some kind of union and polity.
The monkey tribe, now familiar in Europe, and
attracting attention by their playful movements,
fill with sportive cries all the forests of tropical
Africa.
The insect race, which in our climate is gener-
ally harmless, presents here many singular and
even formidable characteristics. The flying tribes,
in particular, through the action of the sun on
the swampy forests, rise up in terrible and de-
structive numbers. They fill the air and darken
the sky ; they annihilate the labour of nations ;
they drive even armies before them. The locust,
when its bands issue in close and dark array from
the depths of the Desert, commits ravages sur-
passing those of the. most ferocious wild beasts,
or even the more desolating career of human war-
fare. In vain do the despairing inhabitants seek
with fire and other means to arrest their progress ;
the dense and irresistible mass continues to move
onward, and soon baffles every attempt to check
its course. Whole provinces, which at their en-
trance are covered with rich harvests and bril-
liant verdure, are left without a leat or a blade.
Even when destroyed by famine or tempests, they
cover immense tracts, exhaling the most noxious
stench. Yet they may be used as food, and are
even relished by certain native tribes. The mos-
cheto and its allies do not spread such a fearful
desolation ; yet by their poisoned and tormenting
stings, they render life miserable, and not very
unfrequently lead to its extinction. Even a swarm
of wild bees, in the solitary woods of Western
Africa, has put a whole caravan to flight, wound-
ing severely some of its members. But perhaps
the most extraordinary of all the insect races are
the termites, or white ants, which display on a
greater scale the arts and social organization for
which their species have been so famed in Eu
rope. They cover tlie plains with their conical
huts from ten to twelve feet in height; they are
regularly distributed into labourers and soldiers,
with others holding the rank of king and queen.
This latter personage, when she is about to add
to the numbers c-f the tribe, presents a most ex-
traordinary spectacle, being then swelled to many
times the amount of her natural dimensions ; and
when the critical period arrives, instead of a
progeny of two or three, she produces as many
thousands. These ants are far from being of
the same harmless description as the correspond-
ing insects of this quarter of the world. On
finding their way into a house, they devour every
thing, clothes, furniture, food, not even it is said
sparing the inmates, who are compelled to make
a speedy retreat.
Such are the evils to which the people of this
continent are perpetually exposed from the low-
er creation ; and yet they experience in full force
the truth of the pathetic lamentation of the poet,
that " man is to man the surest, deadliest foe."
Africa from the earliest ages lias been the most
conspicuous theatre of crime and of wrong ; where
social life has lost the traces of primitive simpli-
city, without rising to order, principle, or refine-
ment ; where fraud and violence are formed into
national systems, and man trembles at the sight
of his fellow-man. For centuries this continent
has seen thousands of her unfortunate children
dragged in chains over its deserts and across the
ocean, to spend their lives in foreign and distant
bondage. Superstition, tyranny, anarchy, and the
opposing interests of numberless petty states,
maintain a constant and destructive warfare in
this suffering portion of the earth.
Fever is much less common among native Af-
ricans than among European settlers. Africans are
seldom affected with enlargement of the spleen.
A dangerous species of lethargy is very frequent
in the Foolah country. Venereal complaints
occur in various forms in Africa, but mostly m
that of gonorrhoea. The coup de soleil (sun-stroke)
is unknown in this country, although the natives
are in the habit of exposing the head to the per-
pendicular rays of the sun during the greatest
bodily exertions, and Europeans, under such cir-
cumstances, seldom have more than a thin hand-
kerchief folded round the head. Dysentery is a
frequent complaint on shore. Gout is wholly un-
known. The diseases of children are few ; and
those of women, as may be readily imagined, are
greatly fewer than in more polished countries.
The limits of the changeable winds of Africa
are about the 30th degree on each side of the
equator. Within this region are the passage
winds. These blow more or less N. E. in the
northern hemisphere, and S. E. in the southern.
The monsoons, which aie strong and regular in the
open Arabian sea become changeable on approach-
ing the land. In the Aiabian sea they generally
blow from the E. during the months and interven-
ing months of October and May ; and during the
AFR
16
AFR
rest of the year they blow from the W. 1 n the Red
sea the S. E. wind prevails in the southern parts
from October to June, when Uie N. wind begins to
blow, and lasts during the remainder of the year.
In the northern parts of this sea violent N. winds
prevail for nine months of the year. The transi-
tion from one season to another is generally ac-
companied by violent hurricanes and thunder-
storms. Some districts are more exposed to these
visitations than others ; as, for instance, the coun-
tries between Cape Verga and Cape Monte, which
are oi^en visited betwixt the months of June and
October by dreadful tornadoes, the effects of which
seldom extend to the neighbouring coasts. — In the
deserts the wind is often very troublesome to the
traveller, by raising the sand, and filling the air
with dust, so as to render it impossible to keep
one's eyes open, and difficult even to breathe.— Mr.
Buckingham, while travelling betwixt the Red
sea and the Mediterranean in 1814, encounter-
ed one of these sand-tempests, which he has
described with great beauty and effect. " On
leavinor," savs he, " the site of these now eva-
porated lakes, (the Bitter lakes,) we entered up-
on a loose and shifting sand again, like that which
Pliny describes when speaking of the roads from
Pelusium, across the sands of the desert; in
which, he says, unless there be reeds stuck in the
ground to point out the line of direction, the way
could not be found, because the wind blows up
the sand, and covers the footsteps. — The morning
was delightful on our setting out, and promised
us a fine day ; but the liglit airs from the south
soon increased to a gale, the sun became obscure,
and as every hour brought us into a looser sand,
it flew around us in such whirlwinds, with the
sudden gusts that blew, that it was impossible to
proceed. We halted, therefore, for an hour, and
took shelter under the lee of our beasts, who
were themselves so terrified as to need fastening
by the knees, and uttered in their wailings but
a melancholy symphony. I know not whether it
was the novelty of the situation that gave it ad-
ditional horrors, or whether the habit of magni-
fying evils to which we are unaccustomed, had
increased its effect ; but certain it is, tliat fifty
fales of wind at sea appeared to me more easy to
e encountered than one amongst those sands.
It is impossible to imagine desolation more com-
plete ; we could see neither sun, earth, nor sky :
the plain at ten paces distance was absolutely im-
perceptible : our beasts, as well as ourselves, were
so covered as to render breathing difficult ; they
hid their faces in the ground, and we could only
uncover our own for a moment, to behold this
chaos of mid-day darkness, and wait impatiently
for its abatement. Alexander's journey to the
temple of Jupiter Ammon, and the destruction
of the Persian armies of Cambyses in the Lybian
desert, rose to my recollection with new impres-
sions, made by the horror of the scene before me;
while Addison's admirable lines, which I also re-
membered with peculiar force on this occasion,
seemed to possess as much truth as beauty :
' I.o ! where our wide NumiJian wastes extend,
Sixlden the iinpetuoim hurricanes deMceiid,
Which through llie air in circling edditis play.
Tear up the sands, and sweep whole plains away.
The helpless traveller, with wild surprise,
Sees the dry desert all around hiin rise:
And, smothered in the dusty whirlwind, dies.'
" The few hours we remained in this situation
were passed in unbroken silence : every one was
oeoupied with his own reflections, as if the reign
of terror forbade communication. Its fury spent
itself, like the storms of ocean, in sudden lulls
and squalls ; but it was not until the third or
fourth interval that our fears were sufficiently
conquered to address each other ; nor shall I soon
lose the recollection of the impressive manner in
which that v/as done. 'Mlah ksreeml' exclaimed
the poor Bedouin, although habit had familiarised
him with these resistless blasts. 'Allah kereemT
repeated the Egyptians, with terrified solemnity ;
and both my servant and myself, as if by instinct,
joined in the general exclamation. The bold im
agery of the Eastern poets, describing the Deity
as avenging in his anger, and terrible in his
wrath, riding upon the wings of the wind and
breathing his fury in the storm, must have been
inspired by scenes like these."
In Egypt a S. wind prevails in summer, which
raises immense quantities of sand, and is often
so hot as to stop respiration. Another called sa
miel by the natives is still hotter and more terri
ble. — But the most dreadful of all these burning
winds is the simoon, which seems to be a concen-
trated column of the positive electric fluid, mov-
ing northwards, from the S. or S. E., and carry-
ing sure destruction to all who breathe the bale-
ful atmosphere which accompanies it. The only
chance of escaping destruction when the simoon
glides across the desert is, for the traveller to
throw himself flat on his face, which he has not
always time to do, for it moves with amazing ru-
pidity. Bruce, whose ardent mind was not casi
ly deterred from the attainment of knowledge by
the presence of danger, has described this fcarfu'
phenomenon. On the attendants calling out that
the simoon was coming', he immediately turne<l
for a moment to the quarter whence it came. I<
resembled a haze, in nr.lour like the purple part
of the rainbow, but not b^i compressed or thick. It
was a kind of blush upon the air, and was about
20 yards in breadth, and about 4 from the ground.
Its motion was so rapid, that before he could
turn and fall upon the ground, he felt its violent
heat upon his face. It passed like a gentle rus-
tling wind, but was succeeded by a slight breeze,
which for two or three hours was of such inten-
sity of heat, as nearly to suffocate them. Bruce
unfortunately inhaled a little of the purple haze,
which nearly deprived him of his voice, and
caused an asthma of two years' continuance.
They saw it twice afterwards as they journeyed
across the desert. The second time, it was more
southerly — its edges were loss defined, resembling
a thin smoke — and it had about a yard in the
middle tinged with purple and blue. The third
time, it had the same purple and blue appearance,
but was preceded by the largest sand pillar they
had seen. — One of the most striking phenomena
on the Gold Coast is the N. E. wind called liarmat-
tan. It comes on indiscriminately at any hour
of the day; at any time of the tide, or at any
period of the moon ; and continues sometimes
only a day or two, sometimes five or six days, and
has been occasionally known to last fifteen or six-
teen days. There are generally three or four re-
turns of it every season ; it blows with a moder-
ate force, not so strongly as the sea-breeze, but
somewhat more so than the land-wind. A fog or
haze is one of the peculiarities which always ac-
company a harmattan ; extreme dryness is anoth-
er property of it; no dew falls during its continu-
ance, nor IS there the least appearance of moisture
in the atmosphere, vegetables of every kind are
much injured by it, and the grass withers mdar
A6N
«
A J A.
its influence. The process of evaporation during
this wind proceeds with astonishing rapidity.
JlgahJy, a province in the centre of N. Africa,
the chiet town of the same name is situate in
about 20. N. lat. and 13. E. long.
Jlgallela or Gallela, an island of Africa, near
Madagascar. Long. 24. 8. E. lat. 10. 12. N.
^gamenticus, a mountain in the State of Maine,
about 8 m. from York harbour. It affords pasture
up to its summit, and is a sea-mark for the en-
try of Piscataqua river. Long. 70. 30. W. lat. 43.
16. N.
Agawam, r. Mass. flows into the sea at Ware-
ham.
Agde, a town of France, in the department of
Herault, on the river Herault, not far from its
mouth, in the Gulf of Lions, where there is a
fort to defend the entrance. It is 17 m. N. E. of
Narbonne. Long. 3. 28. E. lat. 43. 19. N.
•Ageii, a city of France, capital of the depart-
ment of Lot and Garonne, and a bishop's see.
Prunes form here a considerable object of com-
merce ; and it has manufactures of camblets, ser-
ges, and canvas. It is seated in a fertile country,
on the banks of the Garonne, 80 m. E. S. E. of
Bordeaux. Long. 0. 36. E. lat. 44. 12. N.
Agga, Aggona, or Acojuih, a town and district
on the coast of Guinea, in which is a very high
hill, called the Devil's Mount. The English have
a fort here. Long. 0. 5. E. lat. 6. 0. N.
Aggerhmis, a fortress of Norway, in the gov-
ernment of the same name, which is full of
mountains. See Christ'iania.
Agha, there are 16 townships or parishes in
Ireland, the names of which commence with
Agha; as, Agha-6oe, hog, holloge, da, derg, doe,
down, gaUen, govt, lee, lurcher, lo, inacart, more,
vallagh, tea, most of tliem contain from 4 to 6,000
inhab. and Agrhalurcher in Fermanagh Co. up-
wards of 12,000.
Aghramullin, a parish in the Co. of Monaghan,
Ireland. Pop. in 1821, 15,827.
Aghrim, properly Aughrim. See Augh.
Agimere, or Ajmeer, a town of Hindoostan, cap-
ital of a province of the same name. It stands at
the foot of a high mountain, on the top of which is
a fortress of great strength. It was at Ajmeer, that
Sir Wm. Rowe, as English ambassador, was in-
troduced to the Great Mogul in 1716. it is 150 m.
W. by S. of Agra. Long. 75. 20. E. lat. 26.
35. N.
Agincmtrt, a village of France, in the depart-
ment of Pas de Calais, famous in history for the
battle fought here in 1405, wiierein Henry V. of
England, with an army of 10,000 men, defeated
the French army of 60,000, leaving near 10,000
dead on the field. It is 7 m. IV. of Hesdin.
A^lish, the name of 4 parishes in Ireland, viz.
1st, in the Co. of Kilkenny. Pop. 1,665, 2nd, in
Kerry, pop. 2,298. 3rd, in Cork, pop. 2,446. 4th,
in Waterford, pop. 3,263
Agmat, a town of Morocco, on a river of the
same name, and on the W. side of one of the
mountains of Atlas, 16 m. S. of Morocco.
Agmondenluim. See Amersham.
Agnano, a circular lake in the kingdom of Na-
ples, 7 m. from Puzzuoli. It is about half a m. in
diameter, surrounded by mountains. On its mar-
gin is the famous Grotta del Cane, where many
dogs have been tortured and suffocated, to show
the effect of a vapour which rises a foot above
the bottom of the cave, and is destructive to ani-
mal life.
Agnes, St. one of the Scilly Islands, off" the
3
Lands End, Cornwall ; there is a light house upon
it in lat. 42. 54. N. 6. 19. W. long. Also the
name of a parish in the Co. of Cornwall, Eng-
land, rich in mines. Pop. 5,762.
Agon, Agou, or Agoen, an island of Sweoen, iu
the gulf of Bothnia, with a good harbour, long.
18. 10. E. lat. 42. 55. N.
Agosta, an island in the Adriatic sea, near the
coast of Dalmatia, 18 m. in circumference, and
18, S. W. of the island of Gurzola. Long 17.
E. lat. 42. 55. N.
Agosta, a town of Sicily, in Val di Note, with
an excellent harbour, on the E. coast, 18 miles
north of Syracuse. Long. 15. 10. E. lat. 37. 20. N.
Agra, a city of Hindoostan Proper, capital of a
province of the same name, with a strong fort.
It was once the most splendid of all the Indian
cities, and now exhibits the most magniiicent
ruins. About the year 1566, the emperor Acbar
made it his capital, and gave his name to it; since
which time it is often named Acbeirabad. In the
17th century, the great Mogul frequently resided
here ; his palace was prodigiously large ; the pal-
aces of the omrahs and others are very numerous;
and there are above 60 caravanseras, 800 baths,
700 mosques, and two magnificent mausoleums.
It has since rapidly declined. In the war with
the Mahrattas, in 1803, it was taken by the Brit-
ish. It stands on the right bank of the Jumna, a
branch of the Ganges, 100 m. S. by E. of Dehli.
Long. 78. 30. E. lat. 27. 16. N.
Agram or Zagrab, a strong town of Croatia,
capital of the county of Zagrab, and a bishop's see;
seated on the Save, 27. m. N. E. of Carlstadt.
Long. 16. 18. E. lat. 45. 48. N.
Agria, a town of Upper Hungary, and a
bishop's see, with a citadel. It was besieged by
the Turks, in 1552, with 70,000 men ; they lost
8,000 men in one day, and were obliged to raise
the siege, though the garrison consisted only of
2,000 Hungarians, assisted by the women, who
performed wonders on this occasion. It is seated
on the Agra, 47 ra. N. E. of Buda. Long. 20. 10.
E. lat. 48. 10. N.
Agrigan, or Island of Xavier, one of the La-
drone islands, 43 m. in compass, and has several
volcanic mountains. Long. 146. 0. E. lat. 19. 40. N.
Agua^ Calientes, a city in the province ofGua—
dalaxara, Mexico, it is situate phout 250 m. N. N.
W. of the city of Mexico on me direct route to
Santa Fe, and is noted for its warm springs.
Agvlhas Cape, the most southern point of
Africa, 13 leagues E. S. E. of the Cape of Good
Hope. Long. 20. 18. E. lat. 34. 55. S.
Ahanta, a district on the Gold Coast, Africa.
Axira, the chief town, is on the coast in 4.57. N
lat. 2. 55. W. long. Dixcove and Secondee are
other stations on the coast through wliich con-
siderable traffic is^carriedon with the inland parts.
Ahascragh, a town in the Co. of Galway, Ire-
land, containing 600 inhab. and the parish 4,240.
Ahviedahad. See Amcdabad.
Alimediia.gur . See Amednagnr.
Ahmedpore, a town in the province of Orissa,
Hindoostan. 34 miles S. from Cuttack.
Ahoghill,^ populous parish in the Co. of Antrim,
Ireland. Pop. in 1821, 18,120; there is a town ot
the same name. Pop. only 370. Portglenone
town with 618 inhab. Ballykennedy, Culley-
backy, and Galgorim, villages ; total pop. 726
are all ingluded in the parish.
Ajaccio, a seaport of Corsica, capital of the de»
partment of Liamone, and a bishop's see. This it
the birth-place of Napoleon Bonaparte. It stands
B 2
AIR
U
AIX
on the west side of the island, on a point of land
that juts into the gulf, 1(50 m. S. E. of Toulon.
Jxjn^. 8. 43. E lat. 41. 5(5. N.
^jan or jSjcn, a country on Ihe eastern coast of
Africa, extending from Magodoxa to Cape Guar-
dafui, 1,500 leagues. It is divided into several
states or kingdoms ; the principal of which are
Adol and Magadoxa. The south coast of Ajan is
sandy and barren, but to the N. it is more fertile.
The kings of Ajan are frequentlv at war with
the emperor of Abyssinia, and sell the prisoners
which they take. Ivory, gold, and horses of an
excellent breed, are the articles of trade.
^jazzo, Aias or Ajasso, a seaport of Asiatic
Turkey, in Syria, seated on the Mediterranean on
the site of the ancient Issus, where Alexander
fought his second battle with Darius. It is 30 m.
S. of Antioch, and 40 W. Aleppo. Long. 30. 10.
E. lat. 36. 0. N.
Mrh or Jkhack, a town of Bavaria, with a cas-
tle, seated on the Par, 18 m. S. of Neuberg.
Aichstadt,a. town of Franconia in Bavaria. In the
church is a piece of curious workmanship, called
the Sun of the Holy Sacrament, which is of
massy gold, enriched with diamonds, pearls, ru-
bies, and other precious stones. It is seated on
the Altmuhl, 40 m. S. by E. of Nuremburg.
Long. 11. 10. E. lat. 48. 50. N.
Aid, t. Lawrence Co. Ohio.
Aidal, the principal seaport of Nubia, seated on
a mountain, on the coast of the Red sea. It has
a trade in ebony, and aromatic plants. Long. 35.
57. E. lat. 22. 20. N.
Aigen, a town of Austria, on the confines of
Bohemia. 24 m. N. W. of Steyre.
Aigle, a town of Switzerland, in the canton of
Vaud. All the houses, even the meanest, are built
of white marble, found in the neighbourhood. It
is seated near the Rhone, 6 m. from its entrance
into the lake of Geneva.
Aigle, a town of France, in the department of
Orne, 47 m. S. W. of Rouen.
Aignan, St. a town of France, in the depart-
ment of Loire and Cher, on the river Cher, 24 m.
S. bjr E. of Blois.
Ailah, a town of Arabia Petrea, at the head of
an inlet of the Red sea, 108 m. E. S. E. of Suez.
Long. 34. 10. E. lat. 29. 10. N.
AUhj, a town of France, in the department of
Somme, 9 m. S. S. E. of Amiens.
Ailsa, an insulated rock, in the frith of Clyde,
off the coast of Ayreshire, Scotland, its base is 2
m. in circumference. It consists of a stupendous
assemblage of precipitous cliffs, rising in a pyra-
midial series, 900 ft. high, accessible on the N. E.
It affords refuge to an immense number of sea-
fowl, and is well stocked witli rabbits. The ruins
of a chapel and of a castle, are still seen; and
near the latter is a spring of fresh water. It
gives the title of Baron of the United Kingdom,
to the family of Kennedy, Earls of Cassillis, in
Scotland.
Ain, a department of France, which takes its
name from the river, bounded on the N. E. and
S. by the departments of Jura, Mont Blanc,
and Isere, and on the W. by those of the Rhone
and the Loire, and Saone and Loire. Bourg is the
capital.
Airdrie, a town in the parish of New Monk-
land, Co. of Lanark, Scotland. It has an iron
foundry, and a considerable trade in the distilla-
tion of malt spirits. It is 10 m. E. of Glasgow,
on the direct road to Edinburgh. Pop. in 1821,
4,860, and of the parish, 7,302.
Aire, a town of France, in the department of
Landes, seated on the side of a mountain, on the
river Adour, 65 m. S. of Bourdeaux. Lonor. 0.
10. E. lat. 43.42. N.
Aire, a town of France, in the department of
Pas de Calais. It communicates with St. Omer,
by a canal, 22 m. S. of Dunkirk. Lonjr. 2. 24.
E. lat. 30. 42.
Aire, a river in Yorkshire, which issues from
a lake on Malham moor, near Settle, flows by =
Skipton, Keighley, Leeds, and Snaith, and enters i
the Ouse, below Howden. '
Aisne, a department of France, including the f
territories of Soissonnois and Vermandois. It
takes its name from a river which runs by Sois-
sons, and enters the Oise, above Compiegne. It
was overrun by the allied armies in 1814, and was
the scene of several obstinate and bloody bat-
tles fought between the allies and French, in the
months of February and March, of the same year.
Laon is the capital.
Aix, an ancient city of France, capital of the
department of the Mouths of the Rhone, and an
archbishop's see. It was founded by C. S. Cal-
vinus, a Roman General, 120 B. C. and was
formerly the capital of Provence, when it had a
parliament. It is seated in a plain, where there
are hot baths near the river Arc, accidentally
discovered in 1704, but several medals and other
antiques, dug up at that time, confirm the baths
being known to the Romans. It is 75 m. E of
Montpelier. Long. 5. 27. E. lat. 43. 32. N.
Aix, a town of Savoy, on the lake Bourget.
Here are mineral waters, much frequented. It is
12 m. N. by E. of Chamberry.
Aix, a small island of France, between the isle
of Oleron and the Continent. It is 12 m. N. W. ;
of Rochfort. Long. 1. 10. W. lat. 46. 5. N. j
Aix-la-Chapelle, a city of Prussia in the grand
duchy of the lower Rhine, lately an imperial ci- \
ty of Germany, in the duchy of Juliers. Charle- \
magne was so delighted with the beauty of
the place, that he chose it for his residence ; he
is interred in the church of Notre Dame, where
they keep his sword and belt. It is seated in a
bottom, surrounded by mountains, 22 m. N. E. of
Leige. Long. 5. 54. E. lat. 50. 52. N. Pop. 33,
000.
The population of the town, during the period
of its prosperity, was estimated at upwards of
100,000, mostly supported by their native manu-
factures, which were carried on to a considerable
extent; being chiefly in woolen cloths, needle-
works, Prussian blue, white soap, needles, and
pins. The impolitic selfishness of the trading
guilds or corporations has been a great check up-
on manufacturing industry, and the population
has proportionally decreased. The two last-nam-
ed branches of manufacture are, however, still
carried on with much spirit.
The town consists of two parts : the inner, about
three quarters of a league in circumference, and
flanked with ten towers, of which Charlemagne
is said to be, if not the founder, the great improv-
er ; and the outer, by which the former has been
surrounded. The latter has eight gates, is about
two leagues in circuit, and is built partly of brick
and partly of a blue stone raised from a quarry at
some distance. There are upwards of seventy
streets ; some handsome, and adorned with fine
houses. Though no lavge river approaches the
town, it is abundantly supplied from three streams
which flow through it, the Pau, the Paunelle,
and the Johannis, whose waters are found fully
MK
ALA
snfficient for the manufacturing and domestic
demands of the inhabitants.
The town hall is chiefly remarkable for two an-
cient towers, the erection of one of which is at-
tributed to the Romans ; and for a spacious hall
measuring' 162 feet by 60, in which the emperor
dined on the day of his coronation. A picture
representing the congress of 1748 is to be seen in
this building ; the portraits of all the members of
the congress having been painted at the request
of the town magistrates. It contains also sever-
al portraits of Charlemagne, and statues of all
the emperors since his time. Opposite to this
building is an antique fountain, on the top of
which is a statue of the same emperor, in copper
filt, holding in his right hand a sceptre and in
is left a globe.
The choir of the great church, in which the
ceremonial of the coronation took place, is a high-
ly admired piece of Grothic architecture, enriched
with some exquisitely wrought pieces of tapestry.
In it is also the tomb of the emperor Otho. The
pulpit is richly ornamented with gold and pre-
cious stones. The remains of the great benefac-
tor of the town, 8<> often mentioned already, were
deposited in a tomb covered with a plain black
slab, under the centre of the dome, and marked
with the simple inscription " Carolo Magno."
On the tomb being opened by Otho III., the body
of the monarch was found seated in a chair of
marble, dressed in his robes and adorned with the
insignia of royjJty. These were taken away, to
oe used in subsequent coronations. The tomb was
again opened by Frederick I., and placed in an
antique sarcophagus, which was carried off by
the French on account of its singular beauty, and
lodged in the Louvre at Paris ; but it has since
been restored. The church is also much frequen-
ted on account of the numerous relics deposited
in it. The person in whose custody they are,
furnishes the curious visitant with a lonor list of
the particulars connected with each : they are
carefully preserved ; and many of them richly
embellished with precious stones, and enclosed
in costly cabinets. On the advance of the French
army, after the Revolution, all the relics were re-
moved into the interior of Germany, and placed
under the special custody of the emperor. They
have since been restored to their ancient abode,
with the exception of the sword of Charlemagne,
some earth steeped with the blood of Stephen the
first martyr, and a copy of the gospels in golden
letters, which the emperor retained as a recom-
pense for his trouble in taking care of the others.
m' The church of St. Nicholas has some fine paint-
ln|s.
Near the town is the hill of Louisburg, which
commands a fine view of it and of the adjacent
country. On its summit was an obelisk, erected
in honour of Napoleon. After his flight from
Russia it was thrown down by the Cossacks, in
hopes of coming at the coins buried beneath. It
has been restored by the king of Prussia ; the in-
scriptions in praise of Napoleon being changed to
others commemorating his reverses and down-
fall.
But the peculiar characteristics of Aix, which
chiefly attract strangers and secure its prosperity,
are its warm baths, which have been lonj in the
highest repute for scrofulous and cutaneous dis-
eases, and also for the removal of visceral ob-
structions and diseases arising from a deranare-
ttjent in the organs of digestion. Their analfsis
shows tl»at they contain carbonate and muriate of
soda and carbonate of lime : they are extremely
nauseous ; though habit, arising from a conviction
of their utility, renders them at length somewhat
palatable. These waters near the sources are
clear and pellucid, with a strong sulphureous
smell resembling the washings of a foul gun ; but
they lose tiu< smell by exp6sure to the air. Their
taste is saline and bitter. They do not contain
iron. They are also neutral near the fountain ;
but afterwards are manifestly and pretty strongly
alkahne, insomuch that clothes are washed in
them without soap. The accounts of different
writers as to the height of their temperature are
various ; ranging, however, from 136. to J 46. oi
Fahrenheit. The baths are seven in number,
arising from five springs, called the Imperial, the
Cornelius, the Quirinus, the Small, and the Rose :
the two first named are deemed the most effica-
cious. Besides these, there is a cold spring called
Campasbad : though weaker, and therefore less
efficacious, it is frequented by many, on account
of its lower temperature and its less disagreeable
taste. The poorer class^es also use it. The reve-
nues of the town arise in part fixim the farming
of these springs.
Like other watering places, Aix is resorted to
for pleasure as well as for health. A suite of
apartments called the Redoubte is laid out as a
place of promenade and refreshment, together
with a saloon for balls and evening entertainments.
The charitable institutions are, an hospital for
the diseased, another for orphans, another for in-
curables, an institution for the maintenance of
the poor who come to the waters, and a school
for the education of the poor, with a house of
refuge for the indigent: both these last wer*
founded by the empress Josephine.
Aizenay, a town of France, 29 m. S. of Nantes.
Akerman. See Bidgorod.
Akissat, a town of Asiatic Turkey, in Natolia,
the ancient Thyatira, built in a fine plain above
17 miles wide, which produces corn and cotton.
It is seated on the river Hermits, 50 m. S. E. of
Pergamo. Lonff. 28. 30. E. lat. 38. 48. N.
Mron, p.t. Portage Co. Ohio. 120 m. N. E.
Columbus. It is situated on the Ohio canal.
Akshehr, a town in Caramania, on the confines
of Natolia, about 250 m. E. of Smyrna, to which
place it sends considerable supplies of wool, fine
carpets, wax, gum tragacanth, and galls.
Alabanui, one of the United States of America,
lying between 30. 12. and 35. N. lat. and 85. and
88. 30. W. long. ; bounded N. by Tennessee, E.
by Georgia, S. by Florida and the Gulf of Mexico,
and W. by Mississippi ; having a length of 280
and a breadth of 160 m. and containing an
area of 46,000 sq. m. It is divided into 36
counties, and is watered by the Tennessee, the
Chatahoochee, the Alabama and Tombeckbee, and
has in the south the seaports of Mobile and
Blakeley. Population 308,997, ^{ whom 117,294
are slaves. Tuscaloosa is the seat of government.
Alabama was originally a part of the Mississippi
Territory, but was erected into a separate territo-
rial government in 1817, and into a State in 1819.
The Cherokees and Creeks octnipy the northern
parts.
The soil, with the exception of the alluvial
tracts on Mobile river, is generally a pine barren.
The surface is mostly hilly and broken. In the
north it is mountainous, and in this region begins
the great Apalachian chain. The central part is
undulating. Toward the south, w-ithin 50 or 60
miles of Florida, the swamps arc for the moat part
ALA
90
ALB
eovered with cypress and gum trees, and the up-
lands with long leaved pine. These pine swells
and levels have a very thin soil, with a substra-
tum of clay. They produce without the aid of
manure, two or three crops of maize and one or
two of cotton. Among the pine grows a rank
grass furnishing a line and inexhaustible summer
feed. The alluvions on the Alabama and Tom-
beckbee rivers are generally wide and first rate
lands, and this species of soil on all the streams
is generally productive. The hammock lands
constitute an intermediate belt between the bot-
toms and pine ridges. They generally have a
slope like a glacis. In the best lands, no pines
■re to be seen. In second rate land, they are
intermi.xed with dogwood, hickory and oak.
Along the southern limit the soil is thin^ and the
unvarying verdure of the pine, beautiful as it is
in itself, tires by its uniformity. On the head
waters of the Escambia and Conecuh, are groves
of orange trees. On approaching Florida, the
swamps become more and more extensive. Cy-
press lands are abundant. On the alluvial ground
which is not inundated, is large and rank cane.
In these drowned regions the moschetoes are very
annoying. In going toward the central part of
the State, the lands become high and broken, and
the pines less frequent ; oak, hickory and poplar
succeed.
The climate generally is favourable to health
compared with the southern country in the same
parallels. The lower part of the State is con-
stantly fanned during the summer heats, by the
trade wind. There is hardly such a season as
winter, yet the summers are not hotter than many
degrees farther N. In the northern parts, the
stagnant waters often freeze. In the S. snow or
ice is seldom seen. Cattle require no shelter
during winter, and maize is planted early in
March.
Cotton is the staple production of Alabama.
Sugar, rice and tobacco are also cultivated. Many
of the people about Mobile are shepherds, and
have large droves of cattle. Swine are raised
with great ease vyhere they can be guarded from
the wolves, cougars and alligators. The small
breed of Indian horses are ugly, but hardy and
strong. Alabama exported in 1828, 1,174,737
dollars value of domestic produce ; and imported
merchandize to the amoun* of 171 ,909 dollars.
This State in 1800, had only 2,000 inhabitants.
No part of the southern or western country has
had a more rapid increase of population. The
people began to pay attention to the business of
schools and education, though seminaries of learn-
ing and literary institutions are rare. The uni-
versity of Alabama is at Tuscaloosa.
Aldharrui, r. is the eastern branch of the Mobile,
and is formed by the junction of the Coosa and
Talapoosa. It is navigable by large vessels 100
in. above Mobile Bay. Beyond this it affords
a good boat navigation 150 m. further. This river
gives its name to the State.
Alachua, a prairie in E. Florida, about 70 m. W
of St. Augustine. It is level and grassy, but
barren of trees and shrubs. It is 16 m. in length
and consists of a sandy soil surrounded with high
hills covered with orange trees.
Aladidia, a maritime province of Asiatic Tur-
key, bounded on the S. by the N. E. extremity of
the Levant sea. The chief town is Adana.
planum, a town in Switzerland, in the canton
of Bern, 9 m. N. E. of Nion.
Aland, a cluster of islands in the Baltic, at the
entrance of the Gulf of Boflinia. The principal
island, from which the rest take their names, is
40 m. long, and near 16 broad ; and is 93 m. N. E.
of Stockholm. Pop. about 12,000. Long. 20.28
E. lat. 60. 10. N. They were ceded with Fin-
land, by Sweden to Russia, in the treaty of 1809.
Mais, a town of France, in the department of
Gard. It has a citadel, and is seated near the
river Gard, at the foot of the Cevennes, 28 m
N. W. of Nismes. Long. 2. 54. lat. 44. 8. N.
Mar con, a town of Spain, in New Castile. It
is seated on the Xucar, 50 m. S. of Cuenca.
Matamaha, or Mtamaha, a river of Georgia,
U. S. formed by the Oakmulgee and Oconee, two
long streams which rise in the northern part of
the State. It flows into the sea by several moutiiu
at St. Simon's Sound, 60 m. from Savannah. It is
navigable 300 m. to Milledgeville on the Oconee,
for boats of 30 tons, and including its longest
branch is 500 m. in length. Its mouth is barred
by a shoal on which there is a depth of 14 feet of
water at low tide.
Matyr, a town of Russia, on the river Sura, 40
m. E. of Kasan.
Mania, a river of European Turkey, which ri-
ses in the mountains that separate Moldavia, from
Transylvania, flows through Wallachia, and en-
ters the Danube, near Nicopolis.
Mba, a town of Piedmont, in Montserrat, and an
ancient bishopric. It contains three parochial
and three other churches, besides the cathedral,
and seven convents. It is seated on the Tanaro,
20 m. S. E. of Turin.
Mbania, a maritime province of European Tur-
key, 240 m. long, and 60 broad ; bounded on the
N. by Dalmatiaand Bosnia, E. by Macedonia and
Janna, S. by Livadia and W. by the Adriatic and
Ionian seas. It produces excellent wines. It
was formerly an independent kingdom. Durazzo
is the capital.
jllbano, a town of Italy, on a lake of the same
name, in Campagna di Roma. The environs
produce the best wine in all this country. It is
15 m. S. S. E. of Rome.
Mbano, a town of Naples, in Basilicata, on the
river, Basiento, 15 m. E. by S. of Potenza.
Mbanopolis, a town of European Turkey, for-
merly the capital of Albania, but now a poor
place, seated on the Drino, 43 m. E. of Alessio.
Albans, St., a borough town in Hertfordshire,
distinguished in every period of English history.
It was once the metropolis of Britain, and on the
invasion of the country by the Romans, became
one of their most important stations, they gave it
the name of Verulam, and by the privileges con- ■
ferred upon it, so attached the native inhabitants
to their interest, as to excite the vengeance of
Queen Boadicea, who massacred 70,000 of them,
after which she was completely defeated by Sue-
tonius Paulinus, the then Roman governor of
Britain. St. Albans again became tranquil, and
flouri-shed till the Diocletian persecution, about
the commencement of the 4th century, when is
became distinguished for the martyrdom of its
saint, whose name the town at present bears.
After this period, St. Albans declined, till in the
9th century Offa, king of the Mercians, in expia-
tion for his miprovoked murder of St. Ethelbert.
king of the East Angles, whom he had invite<l
to his court to be his son-in-law, erected and en-
dowed a most magnificent abbey and monastery
for Benedictine monks. After this period, St. Al-
bans experienced various alternations of fortune
till the final dissolution of its monastery in the
ALB
ALB
maraudinc and rapacious age of Henry VIII.
M'hich lea to the demolition of this magnificent
establishment, of which the gateway only
remains, now used as the borough prison j ex-
cept the abbey church, which was rescued from
impending destruction by the inhabitants, who
purchased it of the succeeding monarch, Edward
VL for £400. when it was made parochial ; but
was again doomed to a reverse, in being exposed
f to the plunder and fanaticism of Cromwell, dur-
ing the period of his predominance. It has since
been repaired, and many vestiges of its former
grandeur still remain. It is one of the largest ec-
clesiastical edifices in Europe. There are three
other churches, in one of which (St. Michael) is
a monument to the memory of the illustrious
Francis Bacon, whose analysis and organization
of the laws of nature will immortalize his name. St.
Albans is governed by a mayor and 12 aldermen,
and returns two members to parliament. Its mar-
ket on Saturdays is considerable in grain, «fec. and
especially for straw-plait, which is brought in by
the country people, and bought up for manufac-
turing into bonnets in London. The town is sit-
uate on the banks of the little river Ver, on
which there are two mills for throwing silk. It is
21 m. N. of London.
Albans, St. p.t. capital of Franklin Co. Vt. 23 m.
N. Burlington.
Mbans, St. p.t. Somerset Co. Me. 30 m. E. N. E.
Norridgewock. Pop. 911.
Albans, St. t. Licking Co. Ohio. Pop. 935.
Albany, capital of the state of New York, stands
on the W. bank of the Hudson, at nearly the head
of tide water, 160 m. above New York city, and
164 W. of Boston. It is a place of much business and
Wealth, being situated at the point where the great
Erie canal joins the Hudson, and commanding
in a manner the whole interior trade of the State.
The prosperity of the city has been wonderful
since the opening of this great channel of in-
ternal navigation, and its population has increased
one half within six years. Its first appearance is
not prepossessing to a stranger, but the bustle and
activity of its business give it an air of great liveli-
ness ; while many public and private buildings
with which it is adorned, display much taste and
elegance. There are many good specimens of the
old Dutch architecture in various parts of the city,
but its general appearance has been greatly mod-
ernized within a few years. The capital is a fine
stone edifice upon the brow of a hill overlooking
the city, and immediately at the head of State
street, a wide and handsome avenue. It is 115
feet long and has in front an Ionic portico of 4
magnificent columns, 33 feet in height. The
public square adjoining the capitol, is laid out into
walks and avenues. North of this building
stands the Academy, the most elegant structure
in the city. It is built of freestone and has a
front of 90 feet. The State Hall is an ancient
building. The Albany, Farmers and Mechanics
Banks are handsome edifices of white marble. The
City Hall has a gilded dome. The Museum is one
of the most splendid structures in the State, and
contains a large and valuable collection of curios-
ities. The basin where the canal joins the river
is formed by a pier 4,300 f in length and includes
an area of 32 acres. Here are stored immense
quantities of goods of every description. The city
has a library of 8,000 vols., a theatre and 16
churches. A mineral spring has been recently dis-
covered here. The neighbourhood is pleasant and
the facilities for travelling in every direction very
srreat. Steamboats constantly pass between Al
Bany and New- York. A railroad extends 15
m. to Schenectady ; the Northern Canal bringu
the waters of Lake Champlain with those of Erie
into the bosom of the city, and lines of stages
pass to Boston, Saratoga, Utica and many other
parts. Albany was founded in 1612, and next to
Jamestown is the oldest settlement in the United
States. It is governed by a Mayor and a Board
of Aldermen and Assistants. Pop. 24,238.
Albany, t. Oxford Co. Me. 18 m. N. W Paris.
Pop. 387.
Albany, t. Orleans Co. Vt. 34 m. N. Montpelier.
Pop. 683.
Albany, a County of New York. Pop. 53,560 ;
its capital is the city of this name.
Albany, t. Berks Co. Pa. on the S. side of Blue
Mountains.
Albany, JVetc, p.t. Clarke Co. Ind. 642 m. Wash.
Albany, a river of Upper Canada, which flows
E. through several small lakes into James's Bay,
there is a fort of the same name at its mouth.
Long. 82. W. lat. 52. 14. N.
Alharazin, a town of Spain, in Arragon, and a
bishop's see. Its wool is the best in Arragon. It
is seated on the Guadalaviar, 100 m. E. ofTVIadrid.
Albacete, a town of Spain, in Murcia, with
manufactures in iron and steel ; seated in a fertile
country on the post road from Madrid (dis. 40 lea.)
to Carthagena, dis. 33 1-2 leag.
Albazin, a town of Chinese Tartary, with a for-
tress, on the N. side of the Saghalien. Lon. 123.
30. E. lat. 53. 0. N.
Albeck, a town and castle of Suabia, on the river
Alb, 5 m. N. by E. ofUlm.
Albemarle, or Aumale, a town of France, in the
department of Lower Seine, with a manufacture
of serges and other stuffs, 20 m. S. W. of Dieppe
and 32 N. N. W. of Rouen.
Albemarle, a central Co. of the state of Virginia.
Pop. 22,618. Charlottesville is the chief town.
Albemarle Sound, an inlet of the Atlantic ocean,
in N. Carolina, 60 m. long, and from 8 to 12 broad.
It is 30 m. N. of Pamlico Sound ; and is unit-
ed with Chesapeake bay at Norfolk, by a canal
cut through the Dismal Swamp.
Albenga, a strong seaport on the coast of Genoa,
surrounded by olive-trees, 37 m. S. W. of Genoa.
Long. 8. 7. E. lat. 44. 6. N.
Albion, p.t. Kennebeck Co. Me. 91 m. N. E.
Portland. Pop. 1,393.
Albion, p.v. Edwards Co. Illinois. 88 m. S. E.
Vandalia.
Albion,JVeio, a name given by Sir Francis Drake,
who explored the coast in 1578, to a country on
the W. coast of N. America, extending from the
35 to the 48th. degree of N. lat.; but the northern
part is now comprehended in the Missouri territo-
ry, and the southern in New California.
Alhona, a town of Italy, in Istria, near the gulf
of Carnero, 16 m. E. by S. of Rovigno.
Albret, a town of France, in the department of
Gironde, 37 m. S. ofBourdeaux.
Albufeira, a town on the S. coast of Algarva,
Portugal; pop. about 2,000. Also a town of Va-
lencia, Spain, on the sea coast.
Albuquerque, a town of Spain, in Estremaduia,
with a strong castle. It has a considerable trade in
wool and cloth, and is 18 m. N. N. W. of Badajoz.
Also a town on the Rio del Norte, a few miles S.
of Santa Fe, Mexico. There is also a village of.
the same name in the province of Puebla, Mex-
ico.
Alburgh, p.t. Grand Isle Co. Vt. Ih the S. W
ALC
23
ALE
cftfner of the state, surrounded by water on all
Bides but the N. Pop. 1,239.
Alby or Albi, an ancient city of France, in the
department of Tarn, seated on the river of that
name. It is the chief city of the Albigeois, and
was formerly the see of an archbishop. The ca-
thedral was dedicated to St. Cecilia, and before the
revolution, was ornamented with a valuable silver
shrine, of exquisite workmanship, of the Mosaic
kind, and contained the relics of St. Clair, the
first bishop of this city. The chapel of this saint
is a magnificent building, adorned with paintings.
Alby has manufactures of both linens and wool-
ens, and four gates, which open into beautiful
and fruitftil plains,
Jllcala dc Henares, a beautiful and extensive city
of Spain, in New Castile, seated upon the river
Henares. The university, which had gone to de-
cay, was re-established in 1494, by Cardinal Fran-
cis Ximenes ; at whose charge and under whose
direction, the first polyglot bible was printed in
this town. Wiliiout the walls is a spring, the
water of which is so pure and well tasted, that it
18 inclosed for the king of Spain's own use, from
whence it is carried to Madrid. It is 11 miles S.
W. of Guadalaxara, and 15 N. E. of Madrid.
Jllcala la Real, a city of Spain, with a fine abbey,
situate on the summit of the Sierra de Granada,
on the high road from Madrid to Granada, from
which it is distant 18 m. and 190 from Madrid.
Alcala de Guadayra,a. town of Spain, dis. 6. m.
from Seville on the road to Madrid.
Alcama, a town of Sicily, in Val di Mazaro, 25
m. S. W. of Palermo.
Alcaniz, a town of Arragon, in Spain. It was
formerly the capital of the kingdom of the Moors.
It has a remarkable fountain, which throws up
water, through 42 pipes. It is seated on the
river Bergantes, 12 m. from Caspe.
■Alcantara, a fortified town of Spain, in Estre-
madura, and the chief place of the knights of
that name. It has a celebrated stone bridge over
the Tejo, or Tagus, built in the time of Trajan.
It was taken by the earl of Gal way, in 1706, but
retaken the same year. It is situate on the high
post road from Badajos to Ciudad Rodrigo.
Alcantara, or Alcantarilla, a town of Spain, in
Andalusia, near the river Guadalquivir. Here is
a bridge built by the Romans to pass the marshes
formed by the river. It is 14 m. S. of Seville.
Alcantara, a town of Portugal, near Lisbon,
having a royal palace. There is also a town of
the same name in Brazil, in the province of
Maranham.
Alcaraz, a town of Spain, in New Castile, with
a fctrong castle , and a remarkable ancient aqueduct.
It is situate near the source of the Guadalquivir, 80
m. E. by S. of Calatrava. Long. 2. 20. W. E. lat.
38. 28. N.
Alcaraz or Alcarraz, a town of Arragon, Spain,
2 leagues from I^erida, on the road to Madrid.
Alcazar de Sal, a town of Portugal, in Estrema-
dura. Fine white salt is made here. It is seated
on Ihe Cadoan, 15 m. from the sea, and 35 S. E.
of Lisbon. Long. 9. 5. W. lat. 38. 18. N.
Alcazar Quilier, a town of the kingdom of Fez,
near which Sebastian, king of Portugal, lost his
life in a battle with the Moors, in 1578. It is seated
on the Lucos, 36 m. S. of Tangier.
Alcazar ScgvMr, a town of tlie kingdom of Fez,
OB the strait of Gibraltar. It was taken by Al-
phonso, king of Portugal, in 1468, but soon after
abandoned. It is 14 m. E. of Tangier.
Alcester, or Alncester, a market town in War-
wickshire. Many Roman coins, bricks, &c. have
been found near it, and the Icknild street passes
through the town. It has a manufacture of need-
les, and is situate at the confluence of the Alne
with the Arrow, 14 m. W. S. W. of Warwick, and
103 N. W. of London. Market on Tuesday.
Alcmaer or Alkmacr, a city of North Holland.
It is a handsome city and one of the cleanest in
Holland. The streets and houses are extremely
neat and regular, and the public buildings
very beautiful. The Spaniards, under Frederick
of Toledo, besieged it after they had taken
Haerlem, in 1578 ; but were forced to raise
the siege, after lying before it three months. It
opened its gates to the British troops in 1799, after
the second battle near Bergen ; and here the trea-
ty for the evacuation of Holland by the invaders,
was afterwards concluded. It is recorded in the
register of this city, that in the year 1639, 120
tulips, with the off-sets, sold for 90,000 florins ;
and in particular, that one of them called the Vice-
roy sold for 4,203 guilders ! The States at last put
a stop to this extravagant and ruinous passion for
flowers. The town has a good trade in butter and
cheese, which is esteemed the best in Holland.
It is about 4 m. from the sea, 15 from Haerlem,
and 20 N. from Amsterdam.
Alcoutim, a town of Portugal, in Algarves, with
a strong castle, seated on an island in the Guadia-
na, opposite to San Lucar, 16 m. from the entrance
of the Guadianainto the Gulf of Cadiz, 22 N. N. E.
of Tavira.
Alcudia, a town of Majorca, situate on the N. E.
coast, between two large harbours. Long". 3. 0. E.
lat. 39. 50. N.
Aldhorough, a borough, returning 2 members to
parliament, and sea-port, in Suffolk, with a market
on Wednesday and Saturday ; pleasant!)! seated on
the Aide, between a high hill and the sea ; and the
harbour is tolerably good, but small. The town
was formerly much larger ; but the sea has taken
away whole streets. It is 40 m. E. of Bury, and
94 N. E. of London. Pop. in 1821, 1,212.
Aldhorough, a borough in the West Ridmg of
Yorkshire, returning 2 members to parliament.
Here are many remains of Roman works. It is 15
m. N. E. of York, and 208 N. by W. of London.
Pop. 484.
Aldenburg, a town of Westphalia, 20 m. E. S. E.
of Dusseldorf.
Alderbury, a town in Wiltshire, on a hill near
the Avon, 3 m. from Salisbury. It has a manufac-
ture of fustians. By a fire in 1777, 200 houses
were destroyed.
Aldcrholm, an island in Sweden, formed by tJie
three arms of the river Gefle,in the Gulf of Both-
nia. It has a considerable trtade in planks and
deals. It is 80 m. N. of Stockholm.
Alderncy, an island in the English channel, 8 m.
in circumference, separated from France by a
strait called the Race of Alderney, which is a dan-
gerous passage, on account of the rocks under
water. It is fertile in corn and pasture ; and is cele-
brated for a breed of small cattle, which yield an
abundance of very rich milk. There is a
town of the same name. Long. 2. 12. W. lat. 49,
45. N.
Aldstone. See Alston-Moor.
Alegrc, a town of France, in the department of
Upper Loire, 15 m. S. E. of Brioude.
Alcmtejo, the largest, in its superficies, of the 6
provinces of Portugal, bounded on the north by
the Tagus, and south by the ancient kingdom of
Algarva. Its superficial extent is 883 French
ALE
23
AuB
leagues, and the population, in 1800, was 380,480.
Evora is the capital.
Alenoon, a city of France, capital of the de-
partment of Orne. Its manufacture of lace is
considerable. Near it are stone quarries in which
are found a sort of crystal like Bristol stones.
It is seated on the Sarte, which divides the de-
partments of L'Orne and La Sarte, 3U m. N. by W.
of Lemans, and 87 W. S. W. of Paris.
Meppo, the capital of Syria, and next to Con-
Btantinople and Cairo, the most considerable city
in the Turkish empire. It stands on 8 hills, in
the middle of a fruitful plain, and is of an oval
5gure. The castle is on the highest hill, in the
centre of the city ; and the houses are better than
in other places in Turkey. As usual in the East,
they consist of a large court, with a dead wall to
the street, an arcade running round it, paved
with marble, and a marble fountain in the middle.
The streets are narrow, but well paved with large
square stones, and kept very clean. Here arc
many stately mosques and caravanseras, fountains
and reservoirs of water, and vineyards and gar-
dens. The water in the wells is brackish, but
good water is brought from some springs about
five miles off, by an aqueduct, said to have been
built by the empress Helena. The Christians
have their houses and churches in the suburbs
and carry on a considerable trade in silks, camlets,
and leather. Large caravans frequently arrive
from Bagdad and Bassorah, charged with the pro-
ducts of Persia and India.
Several European nations have factories here,
and the merchants live in greater splendour and
safety than in any other city m the Turkish empire.
Coaches are not used here, but persons of quality
ride on horseback, with a number of servants be-
fore them, according to their rank. Aleppo and its
suburbs are 7 m. in compass. An old wall, and a
broad ditch, now in many places turned into gar-
dens, surround the city, which was estimated bv
Dr. Russel to contain 230,000 inhab., of whom :' .
000 were Christians, and 5,000 Jews; but at present
according to Mr. Eton, it does not contain more
than 50,000, which depopulation, occasioned chief-
ly by the plague, has taken place since 1770;
whole streets being uninhabited and bazars aban-
doned. All the inhabitants of both sexes smoke
tobacco to great excess ; even the very servants
have almost constantly a pipe in their mouths.
Eighteen miles S. E. of Aleppo is a large plain,
bounded by low rocky hills, called the Valley
of Salt : this is overflowed in winter, and in April,
the water being soon evaporated by the sun,
leaves a cake of salt, in some places half an inch
thick, which is sufficient to supply all this part
of the country. Aleppo is seated on a rivulet, 70
miles S. E. of Alexandretta, or Scanderoon, and
150 N. of Damascus. Long. 37. 16. E. lat. 35.
40. N. It suffered greatly by a succession of
esirthquakes in 1822.
Meppo, t. Green Co. Pa.
men, p.t. Erie Co. N. Y. 287 m. W. Albany.
Fop. 1,257.
Jllessano, a town of Naples, near the extremity
of the promontory of the Terra d' Otranto, 15
m. S. W. of Otranto.
.^lessio, a town of European Turkey, in Dal-
matia, and a bishop's see, seated on the Drino,
near its entrance into the Adriatic Sea. 20 m. S.
of Scutari. Long. 19. 30. E. lat. 41. 53. N.
Jllnitian Islands. See Archipelago, JS'orthem.
Met, a town of France, in the department of
Aude, lately an episcopal see. It is noted for its
baths, and stands near the Pyrenees, on the rirer
Auda, 15 m. S. by W. of Carcassone.
Alexander , p.t. Athens Co. Ohio, 75 m. S. £■•
Columbus. This township and Athens belong to
the Ohio University.
Mexandersvilie, p.t. in Miami township, Mont-
gomery Co. Ohio, on the Great Miami, 75 m. S.
W. Columbus. The Miami canal runs through
this town.
Alexander, a Co. of the state of Illinois, at its
southern extremity, bounded ou the east by the
Ohio river to the point where it unites with the
Mississippi, which bounds on the county on the
west. Pop. 1,390. America is the chief town.
Alexander, t. Washington Co. Me. Pop. 334.
Alexander, a County of Illinois. Pop. 1,390.
Alexander, p.t. Genessee Co. N. Y. 18 m. S.
Batavia. Pop. 2,331.
Alexanders, p.v. York Dis. S. C. 441 m. Wash.
Alexandretta, or Scanderoon, a town of Syria, on
the Mediterranean sea, and the port of Aleppo.
It is now a poor place, the tombs being more nu-
merous than the houses. It is 60 m. N. W. orf ^
Aleppo. Long. 36. 15. E. lat. 36. 35. N. W
Alexandria, or Alessandria, a considerable and
strong city of Italy, in the Milanese, with a good
castle, built in 1178, in honour of Pope Alexan-
der III. It was taken in 1706, by prince Eugene ;
in 1746, by the French, but retaken in 1749, bv
the king of Sardinia. The French again took it
in 1798, but were driven out by the Austro-Rus-
sian army in 1799 ; it was delivered up to the
French after the celebrated battle of Marengo, in
1800, but reverted to the dominion of Austria,
after the peace of Paris in 1815. It is 15 m. S.
E. of Casal, 35. N. W. of Genoa, and 40. S. by
W. of Milan.
Alexandria, a celebrated city of Egypt, now
much decayed, though there are still some re-
mains of its ancient splendor, particularly an obe-
lisk full of hieroglyphics, called Cleopatra's Nee-
dle ; and Pompey's Pillar, which is one entire
piece of granite, 70 fl. high, and 25 in circumfer-
ence. The ancient Pharos, so famous in antiqui-
ty, that it was numbered among the seven won-
ders of the world, is now a castle called Pharil-
lon, and still used to direct vessels into the har^
hour. From the harbour is a canal to the west
branch of the Nile, at Rhamanie. This city was
built by Alexander the Great, and now consists
chiefly of one long street, facing the harbour, the
rest being a heap of ruins : part of the walls are
standing, with great square towers, 200 paces dis-
tant ; and the gates are of Thebaic and granite
marble. It was formerly a place of great trade,
all the treasures of the East Indies being deposi-
ted there, before the discovery of the route by the
Cape of Good Hope. It is subject to the grand
seignior who, however, has but a limited authority.
Alexandria was taken by the French, under Bona-
parte, in 1798 : and taken from them by the Eng-
lish in 1801. It surrendered to the English in
1807, but was soon afler evacuated. It is seated
on the Mediterranean, 125 m. N. W. of Cairo.
Long. 30. 16. E. 31. 11. N.
Alexandria, t. Graflon Co. N. Hampshire, 70
m. from Postsmouth. Pop. 1,083.
Alexandria, p.t. Jefferson Co. N. Y. 172. m. N
W. Albany. Pop. 1,523.
Alexandria, t. Hunterdon Co. N. J. on the Dela-
ware, 15 m. S. E. Easton.
Alexandria, p.t. Huntington Co. Pa. 192 m. N.
W. Philad.
Alexandria, a city and port of entry in tha
ALG
34
ALG
Diclficl of Columoia, on the W. bank of the Po-
tomac, miles below Washington. It is a place
of some business and fashionable resort during
the session of Congress, and contains some fine
buildings, but the neighbourhood has a poor soil,
and is thinly inhabitea. The river here is a mile
wide and the water in the cbannel 30 feet in depth,
but notwithstanding the commercial advantages
within her reach, Alexandria has not increased
much of late. The city is regularly built, and the
streets are clean and well paved. The trade is
chiefly in flour. The shipping in 1821 amounted
to 25.287 tons. Here is a Theological Semina-
ry. Pop. 8,203.
Alexandria, J^ew, p.t. Westmoreland Co. Pa.
266 m. Wash.
Mexandria, p.t. capital of the Parish of Ra-
Sides, Lou. on the Red River, 70 m. above the
lississippi in a straight line. It is situated in a
beautiful plain. Steamboats ascend the river to
this place, and vast quantities of cotton are ex-
ported from it. The surrounding country is
very rich.
Jilcxandna, p.t. Smith Co. Lou. 29 m. N. E.
Murfreesborough.
Alexandria, t. in Washington township, Scioto
Co. Ohio : 90 m. S. Columbus.
Alexandria, a Co. of the district of Columbia.
^Pop. 9,608.
Alexandriana., p.v. Mecklenburg Co. N. C. 454
m. Wash.
Alfayates, a town of Portugal, in Beira, defend-
ed bv a wall and castle. It is 150 m. N. E. of
Lisbon. Long. 5. 43. W. lat. 40. 9. N.
Alfeizerao,a. town of Portugal, on the sea side,
72. m. N. N. E. of Lisbon. Long. 9. 15. W. lat. 39.
30. N.
Alfcld, a town of Lower Saxony, 15 m. S. S.
W. of Hildesheim.
Alford. a town in Linconshire, Eng. with a mar-
ket on Tuesday, seated on a brook, 9 m. from the
sea, 25 N. of Boston, 140 of London. Pop. 1,506.
Alford, a parish of Scotland, in Aberdeenshire.
This parish is rendered memorable by a battle
fought here, wherein the marquis of Montrose de-
feated general Baillie and a party of the Covenant-
ers, on the 2d July 1045 ; and there was lately dis-
covered in one of the mosses a man in armour on
horseback, supposed to liave been drowned in at-
temping to escape.
Alfordstoim, p.t. capital of Moore Co. N. C. 30
m. N. W. Favetteville.
Alford sville', p.t. Roberson Co. N. C. 108 m. S.
W. Raleigh.
Alfred, p.t. York Co. Me. 88 m. N. E. Boston.
Pop. 1,453.
Alfred, p.t. Allegany Co. N. Y. Pop. 1,416.
Alfred, p.t. Glengary Co. Upper Canada, on
the Ottawa.
Alfreton, a town in Derbyshire, with a market
on Monday. Here are manufactures of stockings
and brown earthenware, and 2 iron works. It is
seated on a hill, 13 m. N. of Derby, and 142 N. N.
W. of London. Pop. in 1821, 4,089.
Algagliola, a small fortified sea-port on the N.
W. coast of Corsica, at the mouth of the Aregno,
28 m. W. by S. ofBastia.
Alo-area, OT Algarvcs, a province of Portugal.
Its superficies is 232 sq. leagues, and in 1800 con-
tained 127,000 inhabitants. It forms the S. -ex-
tremity of Portugal. Lagos, Faro, and Tavira, all
on the S. coast are the chief towns. It is fertile
in figs, oranges, almonds, dates, olives, and excel-
lent wme.
Algesiras, a fortified town of Andalusia, Spain,
situate on the coast W. of the Bay of Gibraltar
Algiers, a country of Barbary, comprehending
the ancient Numidia, and part of Mauritania.
It is 000 m. from E. to W. and 170 in breadth ,
bounded on the E. by Tunis, N. by the Mediter-
ranean, S. by Mount Atlas, and W. by Morocco.
Mineral springs and waters are met with in many
places, and several of the chains of mountains
contain lead and copper. In the interior of the
country commence the dreary deserts. The princi-
pal rivers are the Shellif, Mazafran, Malva, and
Zaine. The land toward the north is fertile in corn
and the valleys are full of fruit. The melons have
an exquisite taste, some of which are ripe in sum-
mer, and others in winter. The stems of the vines
are very large, and the bunches of grapes are a
foot and a half long. It is divided into the territo-
ry of the city of Algiers, and the provinces of
Mascara, Titeri, and Constantina. The Turks,
who had the government in theii* hands before
the French conquest, were not above 7,000 in
number ; and yet the Moors, or natives of Africa,
had no share in it. It was a kind of republic under
the protection of the grand seignor, and governed
by a sovereign called the Dey, who, however,
could do nothing of consequence without the
council of the Janissaries. The Arabs, who live
in tents, are a distinct people, governed by their
own laws and magistrates, though the Turks in-
terpose as often as they please. The Dey was an
absolute monarch, but elected by the Turkish
soldiers and frequently deposed and put to death
by them. The revenues of the government arose
from the tribute paid by the Moors and Arabs, a
detachment of the army being sent into each prov-
ince every year to collect it ; and the prizes they
took at sea sometimes equalled the taxes they laid
upon the natives. The Dey had several thousand
Moors in his service, both horse and foot ; and
the beys or viceroys of the provinces had each an
army under his command. Their religion is
Mahometanism and their language a dialect of the
Arabic. They have likewise a jargon, composed
of Italian, French and Spanish, called Lingua
Franca, which is understood by the common peo-
ple and merchants. The complexion of the na-
tives is tawny, and they are strong and well
made.
The dress of the Moors consists of a piece of
woolen cloth, 5 ells in length and an ell and a
half in breadth, thrown over the shoulders and
fastened round the body. This is called ahaique
and serves also for a covering by night when
asleep on their mattresses. To this are added an
▲L«
ALL.
upper garment called a caftan, with a red cap, a
hood and slippers. The women in the country
wear haiques like those of the men. Their orna-
ments are ear-rings, bracelets upon their arms,
and rings upon their ankles. They tatoo their
rkins with representations of flowers &c. and dye
their hair, feet, and the ends of the lingers of a
saffron color with henna.
The ladies of the city differ little in the fashion,
but considerably in the costliness of their orna-
ments. The caflan is of fine cloth or velvet, em-
broidered with gold and fastened with buckles of
gold and silver. The head is surrounded with
iolds of gauze, wrought of gold and silk. The
«ar-rings, bracelets, &c. for the legs, are of gold
and silver. Paint is sometimes used, and the
eyebrows and eyelashes are frequently darkened.
The Moors esteem corpulence a prime constitu-
ent of beauty.
Algiers, a strong city, capital of the whole
country of Algiers. It is built on the side of a
mountain, in the form of an amphitheatre, next
the harbour ; and the houses appearing one above
another, of a resplendent whiteness, make a fine
appearance from the sea. The tops of the houses
are flat, covered with earth, and form a sort of
fardens. The streets are narrow, and serve to
eep off the extreme heat of the sun. There are
five gates, but no public places or squares of con-
siderable extent. The larger mosques are ten,
but there is nothing remarkable in their archi-
tecture, except the one begun to be built about
me year 1790, which is beautiful ; and the Dey's
palace is far from being spacious and extensive.
The harbour is small, shallow, and insecure, and
its entrance is incommoded with numerous rocks.
The mole of the harbour is 500 paces in length,
e:ftending from the continent to a small islar,d,
where there is a castle and a large battery of guns.
The Turkish soldiers here were formerly great
tyrants ; and would go to the farm-houses in the
country for 20 days together, live at free quarters,
and make use of 6very thing, not excepting the
women. There were about 100,000 Mahometans,
15,000 Jews, besides 2,000 Christian slaves in this
city before its recent capture by the French.
Their chief subsistence was derived from their
piracies, for they made prizes of all Christian
ships not at peace with them. The country about
Algiers is adorned with gardens and fine villas,
watered by fountains and rivulets ; and thither
the inhabitants resort in the hot seasons. Algiers
had for ages braved the resentment of the most
powerful states in Christendom. The Emperor
Charles V. lost a fine fleet and army, in an ex-
pedition against it, in 1541. The English burnt
their vessels in the harbour in 1635, and 1670 ;
and it was bombarded by the French in 1688. In
1775, the Spaniards attacked it by sea and land,
but were repulsed with great loss, though they
had near 20,000 foot, 2,000 horse, and 47 royal
ships of different rates, and 346 transports. In
1783 and 1784, they renewed their attacks by sea
to destroy the city and galleys ; but were forced
to retire without effectmg either its capture or
destruction. In 1816, a British squadron, under
the command of Lord Exmouth, bombarded the
town, and fleet in the harbour. But the year
1830 finally "witnessed the fall of Algiers before
the arms of a Christian power. On the 14th of
June, the French landed an army of 40,000 men
in the bay of Sidi Feruch near the citv, and afler
several battles, closely invested the place. The
•iege lasted six days. On the 5th of July, Algiers
surrendered, and the French immediately took
possession of the city. The Dey went in*o exile
at Naples, and a great treasure in gold and silver
found in his palace, indemnified the captors for
the cost of the enterprise. The French still hold
Algiers, and appear determiited to establish them-
selves permanently in the country. The external
commerce, before the conquest, was principally
with Gibraltar, from whence the Algerines drew
considerable supplies of European manufactures,
spices, and India piece-goods, in exchange for
cattle, fruits, «fcc. for the supply of the town and
garrison.
Alamhia, a town of Spain, in Arragon, near a
river of its name, 7 m. N. of Tereul.
Micant, a sea-port of Spain, in Valencia, fa-
mous for excellent wine and fruits. It has also
a great trade in barilla, and the Americans, En-
Slish, Dutch, French, and Italians, have consuls
ere. The castle, on a high rock, was reckoned
impregnable, but it was taken by the English, in
1706. It was likewise taken by the French and
Spaniards, afler a siege of almost two years, when
part of the rock was blown up. It is seated on
the Mediterranean, on a bay of the same name,
64 French leagues S. E. of Madeira, 23 S. of Va-
lencia, and 21 N. of Carthagena. Long. 0. 29. W
lat. 38. 20. N.
Micata, a sea-port of Sicily, in Val di Mazara,
with a fortress on a small cape, at the mouth of
the Salso, 22 m. S. E. of Girgenti. Long. 14. 7,
E. lat. 37. 14. N.
Micudi, the most western of the Lipari islands,
in the Mediterranean, 10 m. W. of Felicuda.
N.lat. 38.33. E. long. 14. 32.
Alifi, a town of Naples, at the foot of the Ap-
ennines, 25 m. N. W. of Benevento.
Mlaliabad, an interior province of Hindoostan
Proper, 160 m. long and 120 broad; bounded on
the N. by Oude, E. by Bahar, S. by Orissa and
Berar, and W. by Malwa and Agra. The Ner-
budda, which rises on the S. E. border of the
province, flows from E. to W. near its side; and
the Ganges crosses it from W. to E. near its N.
side.
Mlahahad, a city of Hindoostan, capital of the
province of the same name, with a magnificent
citadel. It was founded by the Emperor Acbar,
in 1583, who intended it as a place of arms ; but
its fortifications will hardly resist the battering of
a field-piece. It is seated at the confluence of
the Jumna with the Gantres, 470 m. W. N. W.
of Calcutta. Long. 82. 0. E. lat. 26. 45. N. It
was finally ceded, together with the province, to
the English E. I. Company, in 1801.
Allah- Shehr, or City of God, the ancient Phila-
delphia ; it is now occupied by about 300 families,
principa lly Greeks. It is situate in the province
of Natolia Asiatic Turkey, about 100 m. due E.
of Smyrna.
Alleghany Mountains. See Apalachian.
Alleghany, a river of Pennsylvania, which rises
in the S. W. corner of the state of New York, in
lat. 42. It is navigable for keel-boats of 10 tons
burthen, to Hamilton, 260 m. above Pittsburg,
where it joins the Monongahela, and then assumes
the name of Ohio. See Ohio.
Alleghany, a County of New York, in the S.
W. Pop. 26,218. Angelica is the chief town.
Alleirhany, a County of Pennsylvania, in the
W. Pop. 37,964. Pittsburg is the capital.
Alleghany, a County of Maryland, in the N.W.
Pop. 10,602. Cumberland is the chief town.
Alleghany is the name of 6 towns iu P«UQsyl>
c
ALM
26
ALA
vania, viz., in Westmoreland, Cambria, Hunt-
ingdon, Armstrong, Somerset, and Venango
counties.
Jillemance, p.v. Guilford Co. N. C. 335 m.
Wash.
Mhn, p.t. Alleghany Co. N. Y. 276 m. W. Al-
bany. Pop. 898.
Allen, t. Cumberland Co. Pa.
Mien, a County in Kentucky. Pop. 6,486.
Allen, a County of Ohio, in the N. W. part, 24
m. in extent, containing 554 sq. miles. Pop. 578.
Wapakonetta is the capital.
Allen, t. Union Co. Ohio.
Allen's Ferry, p.v. Harrison Co. Ind. 537 m.
Wash.
Allen's Fresh, p.v. Charles Co. Md. 91 m. S.
W. Baltimore.
Allcntown, p.t. Monmouth Co. N. J. 34 m. N.
E. Phil.
Allentotcn, p.v. Montgomery Co. N. C. 428 m.
Wash.
Ailenstoton, t. Merrimack Co. N. Hampshire.
58 m. fr. Boston : 38 fr. Portsmouth. Pop. 481.
Allensto7on, p.t. Northampton Co. Pa. on the
Lehigh, 52 m. N. W. Phil.
Allensville, t. Mifflin Co. Pa.
Allcnsville, p.v. Switzerland Co. Ind. 28 m. S.
W. Cincinnati.
Allenburg^, a town of Prussia, on the river Al-
le, 25 m. E. S. E. of Konigsberg.
Allendale, a parish and mining district at the
foot of Fuller Hill, in the Co. of Northumberland,
Eng. Pop. in 1821, 4,629.
Allendtirf, a town of Germany, famous for its
salt-works, and three bridges over the Werra. It
is 15 m. E. of Cassel ; also the name of several
other small towns in Germany.
Allerlon, the name of a village in Lancashire,
England ; another in Somerset ; and of 6 others
in Yorkshire.
Allerton, JVorth. See J\''ortk Allerton.
Allier, a department of France. It is so called
from a river which flows by Moulins, and enters
the Loire, below Nevers. Pop. 254,.558.
Alligator, r. a stream of N. Carolina, running
into Albermarle Sound.
Alloa, a seaport of Scotland, in Clackmanan-
shire, near the mouth of the river, on the Frith
of Forth. Here is a custom-house, and an ex-
cellent dry dock ; and its harbour is the resort of
all the coal-vessels in the neighbourhood. It has
a glass-house, 2 distilleries, and 2 breweries, the
produce of which is in great repute. Near the
town is a tower 90 ft. in height, with walls 11 ft.
in thickness. It is 30 m. W. N. W. of Edin-
burgh.
Alloway Creek, t. Salem Co. N. J.
All-saints Bay. See Bahia.
Almada, a town of Portugal, seated on a point
of land, on the south bank of tlie Tagus, nearly
opposite Lisbon.
Almaden del Azogue, a town of Spam, in La
Mancha, famous for its rich mines of mercury and
Vermillion, 45 m. S. W. of Ciudad Real.
Almaden de la Plata, a town of Spain in Anda-
lusia, on the river Colar, 34 m. N. by E. of Se-
ville.
Almanza, a town of Spain in Murcia, remarka-
ble for the victory gained by the French and
Spaniards over the allies in 1707, when most of
the English were killed or taken, having been
abandoned by the Portuguese horse at the first
charge. It is situate in a fertile plain on the
frontiers of Valencia, 35 m. S W. of Xativa,
and 62 N. of Murcia. Long. 1. 10. W. lat. 38.
48. N.
Almeida, a fortified town of Portugal, in Beira,
It was taken by the French, after a short sicge^
in 1810, who afterwards demolished the fortifica-
tions. It is situate on the river Coa, and near
the borders of Spain, 18 m. N. E. of Guarda.
Almeria, a seaport of Spain in Granada, and a
bishop's see, seated at the mouth of the Almeria,
62 m. S. E. of Granada. Long. 2. 31. W. lat. 36
51. N.
Almissa, a town of Dalmatia, famous for its
wines. It stands at the foot of a higli rock, and
at the mouth of the Cetina, 12 m. E. of Spala-
tro.
Almond, p.t. Alleghany Co. N. J. 27 m. W.
Albany. Pop. 1,804.
Almondbury, a village in West Yorkshire, sei,-
ted on the Calder, 2 m. S. S. E. of Huddersfield.
It was the Campodonum of the Romans, after-
wards a seat of the Saxon kings, and had once a
castle and a cathedral. Pop. 5,630.
Almondsbury, a. viYla^ge in Gloucestershire, 7 m.
N. of Bristol, where Alimond, father of King
Egbert, is said to have been buried. Here is a
fortification of the Saxons, with a double ditch,
which commands an extensive view of the Se-
vern.
Almunecar, a town of Spain, in Granada, seat-
ed on the Mediterranean, with a good harbour,
defended by a strong castle, 30 m. S. S. E. of Al-
hama. Lona. 3. 45. W. lat. 36. 30. N.
AlvM, p.t. Lincoln Co. Me. 53 m. N. E. Port-
land. Pop. 1,175.
Alnwick, a considerable town of Northumber-
land, on the road to Scotland; a place peculiarly
fata] to some of the ancient Scottish monarchs.
Here Malcolm III. making an inroad into Nor-
thumberland, was killed, with Edward his son ,
and his army defeated, by Robert Mowbray , earl
of this county, in 1093. And here too his great
grandson, William I. invading England with an
army of 80,000 men, was encountered, his army
routed, and himself made prisoner, in 1174. The
town appears to have been formerly fortified, from
the vestiges of a wall still to be seen in several
parts, and 3 gates, which remain almost entire.
Alnwick is a well-built town ; and is ornamented
by a stately old gothic castle, the scat of the
duke of Northumberland. It is seated on the
Alne, 310 m. N. by W. from London, 33 N. ol
Newcastle, and 26 S. of Berwick. Pop. in 1821,
5,927.
Alpnack, a town of Switzerland, in Unterwal-
den, seated on an arm of the lake of the Four
Cantons, 6 m. S. of Lucern.
Alps, a chain of mountains, in Europe, which
begins at the Gulf of Genoa, to the E. of Nice,
passes into Switzerland, crosses that country and
Tyrol, separates Germany from Italy, and ter-
minates at the north part of the gulf of Venice.
This grand chain is sometimes divided into two
or more ridges, ranging one by another, with on-
ly narrow valleys between ; and the difierent
portions have distinct appellations, as the Mari-
time, Pennine, Lepontine, Helvetian, Rhetian,
Julian, &c. They are composed of stupendous
rocky masses, two, four, and even six being pil-
ed upon each other, and from 4,000 to above
15,600 ft. high. There are few passes over them,
and those of difficult access. Switzerland has
the central part of these mountains, and the val-
leys between tliem. These mountains are fre-
quented by the chamois, an animal about the
ALS
27
ALU
size of a goat, and of wonderful agility. They
wUl leap down precipices 30 feet in height, and
indeed appear rather to fly than run. The
hunting of the chamois, is full of labour and
danger, but is pursued with the highest enthusi-
asm and most unconquerable perseverance by
the mountaineers. The famous Hannibal attempt-
ed to cross the Alps on the side of Piedmont, in
the winter season, when he invaded Italy, and
lost most of his elephants among them. They
were passed successfully by a numerous French
army under Bonaparte in loOO.
Alps, Upper, a department of France, includ-
ing part of the late province of Dauphiny. It is
so called from its vicinity to the mountains of
that name. The capital is Embrun.
Jllps, Loicer, a department of France, includ-
ing part of the late province of Provence. The
capital is Digne.
Jllps, Maritime, a late department of France,
including the county of Nice. The capital is
Nice.
Alpuxarras, high mountains of Spain, in Grana-
da, near the Mediterranean. They are inhabi-
ted by the Moriscos, who carefully cultivate
the ground, which produces excellent wines and
fruits.
Mresford, a town in Hampshire, Eng. with a
market on Thurs. and a manufacture of linsevs.
It is 18 m. N. N. E. of Southampton, and 57 W.
S. W. of London.
Alsace, a late province of France, now divided
into the Upper and Lower Rhine, which see.
Alsace, p.t. Berks Co. Pa. on the Schuylkill.
Alsen, a fertile island of Denmark, in the Lit-
tle Belt, between Sleswick and Funen, 100 m.
W. of Copenhagen. The chief town is Sonder-
borg.
Alsfield, a town of Germany, with a castle, 12
m. E. of Marburg.
Alsheda, a town of Sweden, in Smaland, near
which a gold mine was discovered in 1738.
Alsiera, a town of Naples, in the Molise, on
the river Tiserno, 23 m. N. E. of Molise.
Alsleben, a town of Upper Saxony, 9 m. S. S.
W. of Bemburg.
Alstadt, a town of Upper Saxony, in Thurin-
gia, with a castle, on the rivulet Ilane, 8 m. W.
of Querfurt.
Alstadt, a town of Moravia, in the circle of
Olmutz. near the source of the Morau, 35 m. N.
N. W. of Olmutz.
Alstead, p.t. Cheshire Co. N. Hampshire, 82 m.
ft. Portsmouth. Pop. 1,559.
Alston, t. N. C. on Little river, 20 m. W. Bruns-
wick.
Alston-moor or Aldstone, a town in Cumberland,
with a market on Sat. Here is an iron foundry,
and a shot manufacture ; and in its vicinity are
numerous lead-mines. It is seated on the side of
a hill, on the S. branch of the Tyne, 20 m. E. by
S. of Carhsle, and 271 N. by W. of London. Pop.
in 1821, 4,410.
Altai Mountains, a range of mountains inter-
secting Asia from south to north, commencing
west of the Indus, in W. long, about 68. and di-
verging northward by several ridges towards
East Cape, in E. long. 170.
Altamura, a town of Naples at the foot of tlie
Apennines, 10 m. N. E. of Gravina. Pod. about
16,000.
AUenau, a town of Lower Saxony, in the terri-
tory of Brunswick, 8 m. S. of Goslar.
Altenburg, a town of Upper Saxony, in Misnia,
celebrated for its tin mine, 20 m. S. of Bresden.
Altenberg, a town of Upper Saxony, in Thurin-
fia, with a castle on a rock. It is seated on the
leisse, 20 m. S. of Leipsic.
Altenburg, a town of Lower Hungary, on the
river Leitha, at its entrance into the Dan ibe.
Here are 2 churches and a college ; and its
ancient castle is now principally used for a
corn magazine. It is 17 ra. S. S. E. of Presburg.
Altenkirchen, a town of Germany, in the Wes-
terwald, chief of the county of Sayn, with a cas-
tle, 15 m. N. N. E. of Coblentz.
Alteeson, a town of Piedmont, between the riv-
ers Doire and Stura, 3 m. N. of Turin.
AUkirch, a town of France in the department
of Upper Rhine, on an eminence, near the source
of the river 111, 25 m. S. of Colmar.
Alton, p.t. Stafibrd Co. N. Hampshire, 33 m. fr.
Portsmouth. Pop. 1,993.
Alton, a town in Hampshire Eng. with a mar-
ket on Saturday. It has manufactures of wors-
ted stufis, and round the town are plantations of
hops. It is seated on the Wey, 28 m. E. N. E. of
Southampton, and 47. W. S. W. of London.
Alton, t. Madison Co. Illinois, on the Missis-
sippi, 3 m. above the Missouri.
Altona, a city and sea-port of Lower Saxony,
in Holstein, seated on the Elbe, contiguous to
Hamburgh. The Danes built it in this situation,
that it might rival Hamburgh in commerce. It
was b*-irnt by the Swedes in 1712, but has been
beautifully rebuilt, and is estimated to contain
25,000 inhab. Long. 9. 58. E. lat. 53. 34. N.
Altorf, a town of Franconia, in the territory of
Nurenberg, with a university, 16 m. S. E. of
Nurenberg.
Altorf, a town of Suabia, 20 ra. N. E. of Con-
stance.
Altorf, a town of Switzerland, capital of the
canton of Uri. Here are two stone pillars, 130
paces from each other, at which distance Tell is
said to have shot the apple from his son's head.
This deliverer of his country lived at Burgli, near
this place, and his cottage is changed into a chap-,
el, where mass is solemnly said. Altorf stands
on the lake of Lucern, near the influx of the riv-
er Russ, 20 m. S. E. of Lucern.
Altringham., a town in Cheshire, Eng. govern-
ed by a mayor, with a market on Tuesday. Here
are several manufactures of worsted and cotton j
and much fruit and vegetables are sent hence to
Manchester. It is seated near the duke of Bridge-
water's canal, 30 m. N. E. of Chester, and 180
N. W. of London.
Altvnkupri, a town of Asiatic Turkey, the
capital of Curdistan, and the residence of a pa-
cha. It is situate on the river Altun, which flows
into the Tigris, 50 m. S. E. of Mosul. Long. 44.
30. E. lat. 35. 45. N.
Alum Creek, r. Ohio, is a branch of the Big
Walnut River.
\
AMA 28
Atva de Tormes, a town of Spain, in Leon,
with a castle, once the residence of the celebrated
duke of Alva, seated on the Tormes, 16 m. S. E.
of Salamanca.
Alvarado, a river of Mexico, in the province of
Vera Cruz, which rises 40 miles above the town
of Cordova, and flows N. E. till it enters the gulf
of Mexico, at a town of the same name, 40 m. S.
E. of Vera Cruz.
Alvaslon, a village in Gloucestershire, Eng., 8
m. N. by E. of Bristol. On the top of a nill,
near the Severn, is a round camp, called Oldbury,
where several antiquities have been dug up.
Alzira, or Mcira, a populous town of Spain,
which has a great trade in silk. It is surrounded
by the Xucar, 17 m. S. of Valencia.
Amadan, or Hamadan, a town of Persia, in Irac
Ajami. Here are many Jews, who allege that
the tombs of Mordecai and Esther are in the
place which serves them for a synagogue. Ama-
dan is a very ancient city ; on its site, or near
it, the ancient Ecbatana is supposed to have stood.
It is said to h.ave been destroyed by Nebuchad-
nezzar, and rebuilt by Darius, who brought hith-
er all his riches. It is situate to the north of the
upper road from Bagdad to Ispahan, about 15
miles from Kenghey. It has considerable manu-
factures of leather, and contains about 40,000 in-
habitants.
jimadia, a town of Asiatic Turkey, in Curdis-
tan. governed by a Bey, seated on a high moun-
tain, 40 miles S. E. of Gezira. Long. 41.35. lat.
37. 20. N.
Amak, or Amager, an island of Denmark, on
which part of Copenhagen, called Christiansha-
fen, is built. It is eight miles long and four
broad, and separated from Zealand by a narrow
channel, over which are two bridges that commu-
nicate with Copenhagen. It is laid out in gar-
dens and pastures, and supplies Copenhagen with
milk, butter, and vegetables.
Amal, a town of Sweden, in Gothland, with
a good harbour on the lake Wener. It has a
great trade in timber, deals, and tar ; and is 175
m. S. W. of Upsal. Long. 12. 40. E. lat. 59.
0. N.
Amalagano, one of the Ladrone islands, about
6 leagues in circumference. Lon. 145. 38. E. lat.
18. 0. N.
Amalfi, a sea-port of Naples, in Principato Ci-
teriore, and an archbishop's see. Flavio Gioia,
who is said to have invented the mariners com-
pass, was a native of this town. It is seated on
the N. W. side of the gulf of Salerno, 13 m. S.
W. of Salerno. Long. 14. 45. E. lat. 40. 28. N.
Amand, St. a town of France, in the depart-
ment of Cher, near the river Cher, 21 m. S. of
Bourges.
Amand, St. a town of France, in the depart-
ment of Nord, with an abbey ; seated on the
Scarp, 7. m. N. of Valenciennes.
Amanda, p.t. Fairrield Co. Ohio.
Amandasville, p. v. Elbert Co. Geo.
Amantea, a sea-port of Naples, near the bay
of Eufemia, 20 m. S. W. of Cosenza. Long. lb.
10. E. lat. 39. 12. N.
AmapalUi, a sea-port of Mexico, in Nicaragua,
seated on an island on the west side of the en-
trance of a gulf of the same name. Long. 88.
30. W. lat. 13. 10. N.
Ama^ia, or Ajnasieh, a town of Asiatic Turkey
m Natolia, the birth-place of Strabo, the geogra-
pher. It is the capital of a province which produ-
ces excellent wines and fruits. It was devastated
AMB
by an earthquake, in 1794. It is seated on the
Casalmack, which falls into the Black Sea, 36 m.
N. of Tocat. Long. 30. 0. E. lat. 40. 31. N.
Amathus, an ancient town in the isle of Cy-
prus, so called from Amathus the founder, or
from Amath in Phoenicia. It had a very ancient
temple of Venus and Adonis ; and according to
Ovid, was rich in copper ore. It is now called
Limisso.
Amazon, or Maranon, a river of South Ameri-
ca, and the greatest in the world. Its source is
in Peru, not far from the Pacific ocean, and run-
ing east, it enters the Atlantic Ocean, directly
under the equinoctial line. Its course is 3,300
miles, its mouth is 150 miles broad, and l,50t
miles from its mouth, it is 30 fathoms deep. ^,
receives, in its progress, near 200 rivers, many
of which have a course of 1,500 miles, and some
of them not inferior to the Danube, or the Nile.
In the rainy season it overflows its banks, and
fertilizes the adjacent country.
AjnaxGnia, a country of South America,
1,400 m. long and 960 broad; bounded on the
N. by Terra Firma and Guiana, E. by the
Atlantic Ocean and Brasil, S. by the Paraguay,
and W. by Peru. It was discovered in 1580 by
Francesco Orellana, who, coming from Peru,
sailed down the river Amazon to the Atlantic.
Observing companies of women in arms on its'
banks, he called the country Amazonia, and gave
the name of Amazon to the river, which had
formerly been called Maranon. The air in this
country is cooler than might be expected, consid-
ering its situation in the torrid zone ; this is owing
partly to the heavy rains, which cause the inun-
dations of the rivers for one half of the year;
and partly to the cloudiness of the atmosphere,
by which the sun is obscured the greatest part of
the day. The fair season is about the time of the
solstices, and the rainy seasons about the eqai-
noxes. The soil is very rich and fertile ; the
trees and plants are verdant all the year. The
woods abound with game of various kinds. The
rivers and lakes abound with fish, but are infested
by alligators and water serpents. Their banks
are*inhabited by different tribes of Indians, gov-
erned by petty sovereigns, distinguished from
their subjects by a coronet of feathers, a belt of
tigers' teeth or claws, and a wooden sword. The
natives are of a good stature and copper colour,
with handsome features and long black hair.
They make cotton cloth, and their houses are
built of wood and clay, thatched with reeds.
Their arms are darts, javelins, bows and arrows,
and targets of cane or fish-skin. The Spaniards
have made many unsuccessful attempts to settle
in this country ; but on the coast, between Cape
North and the mouth of the Amazon, the Portu-
guese have some small settlements.
Amba-Gcshen, a rock in Abyssinia, of a most pro-
digious steepness, in the form a castle, built of
free-stone, and almost impregnable. The Ethiopic
princes were formerly banished hither by their
fathers, the emperors, that they might not attempt
any thing against the state,and that their residence
might be as noted for its height as their birth.
Amber, p. v. Onondaga Co. N. Y. 145 m. W. Al-
bany.
Amberg, a fbrtified town of Bavaria, with a
strong castle. The magnificent church of St. Mar-
tin contains many beautiful paintings and cnri
osities ; and the mint ie esteemed one of the finest
buildings of the kind in Germsiny. In 1743 it
was taken by the Austrians, and in 1796 by th»
AMB
29
AME
French. It is seated on the river Ills, or Wills,
on the confines of the principality of Sultzbach, 49
m. E. of Nurenberg. Long. 11. 48. E. lat. 40.
27. N.
Amhert, a town of France, in the department of
Puy de Dome. There are numerous papermakers
in its vicinity, and it has a trade in coarse la-
ces, camlets, ferrets, &c. It is seated in a beauti-
ful valley, on the river Dore, 21 m. E. oflssoire.
Ambleside, a town in Westmoreland, standing on
the site of a Roman city, called Dictus, with a
market on Wednesday. Here is a manufacture of
woolen cloth. It is seated on the Rotha, near
the head of Windermerewater, 13 m. N. W. of
Kendal, and 276 N. N. W. of London.
Jlmbleteuse, a seaport of France, in the depart-
»nent of Pas de Calais, defended by a battery. At
this port Caesar embarked his cavalry when he
passed over into England; and here James II. land-
ed on liis departure from England, in 1688. It
is seated on the English channel, 8 m. N. of Bou-
logne. Long. 1. 36. E. lat. 50. 49. N.
Amhoise, a town of France, in the department
of the Indre and Loire. The town is mean and
ill-built ; but has been rendered famous in history,
by the conspiracy of the Huguenots, in 1560,
which opened the fatal religious wars in France.
Here Louis XI. instituted the order of St. Michael;
ft was also the birth-place of the poet Jesuit Com-
mine, and the spot where Charles VIII. died. It
is seated at the confluence of the Massee with
the Loire, 12 m. E. by N. of Tours, and 115 S. by
W. of Paris.
Amhoy, or Perth Amhoy, city, Middlesex Co. N.
J. upon a bay at the South end of Staten Island,,
communicating with N. York harbour by Arthur
Kull Sound and with the ocekn below the nar-
rows. This harbour is safe and easy of access and
the town has considerable commerce.
Amhoy, South, p.t. Middlesex Co. N. J., lying
S. of the above.
Amhoijna, an island of the Moluccas, in the
Indian Ocean. It is 56 m. in length from N. to
S. and divided on the west side by a large bay
in two parts ; the largest of which is called Hitou,
and the other Leytimor. The face of this island
is beautiful ; woody mountains and verdant plains
being interspersed with hamlets, and enriched by
cultivation. The chief products are nutmegs, su-
gar, coffee, and many delicious fruits, but more es-
peciallv cloves. The principal animals are deer
and wild hogs. The English and Dutch had fac-
tories here at the beginning of the 17th century ;
but the Dutch expelled the English, and tortured
and put to death many of them. The natives
wear large whiskers, and their dress is only a
slight piece of stuff wrapped round their middle.
The men buy their wives of their parents, and if
they prove barren, the marriage is void. They
are generally Mahometans ; biit there are some
Christians among them. This island was taken
by the English in 1796, and restored by the treaty
of Amiens in 1802, recaptured in 1810, and again
restored to the Dutch, by the treaty at Pans in
1814, and confirmed in 1824. The chief town is
of the same name, neatly built, and stands near
the S. W. extremity. Fort Victoria is in long.
128. 15. E. lat. 3. 40. S.
Ambrose St., an island on the coast of Chile, 15
m. W. from St. Felix Island. The crew of captain
Roberts, in 1792, killed and cured here 13,000
seal skins, in seven weeks. Long. 80. 55. W.
lat. 26. 13. S.
Jmbrym, oa« of tk« New Hebrides, in the Pacific
Ocean, 50 m. in circumference. Long. 16^. 12. E.
lat. 16. 10. N. '
Amedabad, a city of Hindoostan, the capital of
Guzerat. The walls are 6 m. in circumference,
and contain 12 gates ; but now not a quarter of the
area is inhabited. The mosque and tomb of the
founder, Tatay Ahmed, are built of stone and mar-
ble, the last of exquisite workmanship. It was
taken by general Goddard in 1780, from the Poo-
nah Mahrattas, to whom it was restored in
1783. It is seated in a level country, on a nav-
igable river that enters the gulf of Cambay,
320 m. N. of Bombay. Long. 72. 27. E. lat. 23. .
18. N.
Amednagur, a city and fort of Hindoostan, once
the capital of the soubah of its name, which is now
better known by that of Dowlatabad. This city
was the residence of the emperor Aurungzebe,
during his conquest of the Deccan and the Carn-
atic. In 1803 it was taken by the British army
under general Wellesley (now Duke of Well-
ington.) It is 73 m. N. E. of Poena. Long. 75.0,
E. lat. 19. 10. N.
Ameenabad, a town of Hindoostan, in Lahore, 35
m. N. by W. of Lahore.
Amelia, a town of Italy, seated on a mountain
between the Tiber and Nira, 20 ro. S. W. of Spol-^
eto, and 45 N. of Rome.
Amelia, an inland county of Virginia. Pop.
1 1 ,831 . The court-house of the county is 58 m.
W. S. W. of Richmond.
Ajnelia, or Amilla Island, on the coast of E.
Florida, the north end of it is nearly opposite St.
Mary's in Georgia. It is about 14 m. long and a
mile and a half wide, with a good soil and an ex-
cellent harbour, called Fernandina.
Ameliaburg, p.t. Prince Edward Co. U. C. on
L. Ontario.
Amenia, t. Duchess Co. N. Y. Pop. 2,389
America, in its most comprehensive sense and i
present acceptation, may be considered as compris- *
ing half of the terrestial globe, or the whole of
the western hemisphere. It has been usual to
speak of America as constituting one of the four
quarters, or four grand divisions of the globe ; but
it is equally matter for surprise as well as for re-
fret, that the western hemisphere should so long
ave remained subject to a misnomer so obvious,
and a designation so inapproprHte and indefi-
nite. This hemisphere first became known to
Europe, in the year 1493 of the Christian era,
when Christopher Columbus, a native of Genoa,
who, from a long and close application to the stu-
dy of geography and navigation, had obtained a
knowledge of the figure of the earth, much su-
perior to the general notions of the age in which
he lived, was led to conceive that another conti-
nent existed. Having fully satisfied himself of
the truth of this system, he became impatient to
reduce it to practice, and accordingly laid his
scheme before the senate of Genoa, making his
native country the first offer of his services.
They, however, rejected his proposal, as the dream
of a chimerical projector. It met with the same
fate at the courts of Portugal, Spain,and Eng-
land, and some of the ether European powers of
less note ; but, still undiscouraged, he applied
again to the court of Spain, who were at length
induced to fit out a squadron of three small ves-
sels, of which Columbus was made admiral ; and
with these he set out on his voyage of discovery,
in 1402, in which voyage he dis* overed several of
the Bahama islands, with those of Cuba and His-
paaiola, and returned to Spain in the following
c3
AME
90
AME
year. In a second voyage he discovered many
more of the West India islands; and in a third
he attained the great object of his ambition, by
discovering the southern division of tiie conti-
nent, near the rnoulh of the Orinoco. Amongst
the crowd of new adventurers who now followed
from all parts of Europe, w.is one Americus Ves-
pucius, a Florentine, who, with much art, and
some degree of elegance, drew up an amusing
history of his voyage, in which he insinuated
tliat he first discovered what is commonly called
the continent of the New World. This being
published and read with admiration, the country
was from him called America, though it is now
well understood that Columbus was the first dis-
coverer. The celebrity of Columbus and Ameri-
cus Vespucius soon resounded throughout all Eu-
rope, inspiring numbers of adventurers to witness
the fruits of their discoveries. Among the rest,
Giovanni Gabota (Anglicised Cabot) a Venetian,
and his three sons, under the auspices of Henry
VII. of England, sailed from Bristol, in 1407, and
discovered the coast of Labrador as the 57th deg.
of N. lat.
On a second voyage, in the following year, in
a ship, furnished by the king, accompanied by
four small barques provisioned by the merchants
of Bristol, under the direction of Giovanni's
second son, Sebastian, (who had been born in
Bristol, hence the claim of the northern division
of the western hemisphere having been discovered
by an Englishman,) they discovered the island
of Newfoundland in N. lat. about 47, and coasted
southward as far as Florida. Cabot made a third
voyage to Newfoundland in 1502. In 1519 a
body of Spaniards, under the command of Cortez,
landed at Vera Cruz, and discovered the populous
district of Mexico. In 1524 the French sent an
expedition, which traversed the coast from the
lat. of 23. to 50. N. France, Spain, and England
each sent successive expeditions to North Ameri-
ca, and made attempts to establish settlements ;
but so unsuccessfully, it is believed, that at
the commencement of the 17th century, not a
single European remained north of Mexico. In
1608 renewed efforts were made by England ;
since when, the extent, features, population, and
productions of the whole of the W. hemisphere
have progress! /ely been developed to Europe.
America, or the western hemisphere, is subdivi-
ded by nature into two grand divisions, north and
tovUh ; very distinct in character and feature.
Jlmerica, North, extends from the polar regions
to the 15th deg. of N. lat., the more northern
part, as far as lat. 50., extending from about the
5«;th to the 130th deg. of W. long, and at lat. 65.
as far west as 1 6S. of long. From the 50th to the
30th deg. of lat. the country assumes a very com-
pact form, extending at the north from about the
(i2nd to the 124th deg. of long, gradually con-
verging southerly, and at lat. 30. extending only
from about the 81st to the 115 deg. of long, at
about the 30th deg. of N. lat. The great gulf of
Mexico bounds the land, from about the §0th to
the 97th deg. of long, the land converging into a
promontory of about 10 deg. at the north, extend-
mg S. to the chain whicti unites the northern
with the grand southern division, gradually con-
verging in long, to about 1 deg. only, in N. lat.
1.5. and in W. long. 95. The superficies of the
first of these three divisions of the N. W. hemis-
phere, cannot be stated with any deerree of accu-
racy, owing to the unknown boundaries on tlie
aide of the polar regions. The central part con-
tains a superficies of about 2,700,000 sq. miles,
and the promontory about 110,000 sq. miles. The
extreme length of the grand northern division, in
a straight, unbroken line, from the mouth of the
Copper-mine River which runs S. to N. into the
Icy Sea, in lat. 70, to Acapulco, in lat. 17, is
about 3,200 miles, and the extreme breadth, from
the mouth of the Penobscot river which falls into
the Atlantic Ocean in N. lat. 44. 24. W. long. 68.
45. to the mouth of Columbia river which falls
into the North Pacific Ocean in N. lat 46. W.
long. 124. the distance is about 2,500. The north-
ern part of this grand division of the western
hemisphere is indented by Hudson's Bay, which
extends from the line of the. Arctic circle, to th»
51st deg. of N. lat. and in its extreme breadth,
from the 78th to the 95th deg. of W. long. It is
also intersected by a chain of fresh water lakes of
vast extent. Athapescow, and the Slave Lake,
(the latter of* great extent,) discharging their
waters into the Icy Sea, Winnipeg, and several
of lesser extent and note discharge their waters
into Hudson's Bay, whilst Superior, Michigan,
Huron, Erie, Ontario, and Champlain, between
the latitudes of 42. and 48. N. discharge their
waters by the great river St. Lawrence mto the
gulf of St. Lawrence, in the lat. of 50. N. and W.
long, about 65. the western extremity of lake
Superior being in long, about 92. Innumerable
streams of water intersect the country in all
directions, and form themselves into noble rivers,
several of which run into Hudson's Bay, whilst
those south of the great chain of lakes and the
St. Lawrence, run a course from N. to S. or S. E
falling into the Atlantic Ocean. Taking them in
order from N. to S. the most prominent are St.
John's, the Penobscot, Kennebec, Androscoggin,
Piscataqua, Merrimack, Connecticut, the Hudson,
or North river, Delaware, Susquchannah, Poto-
mac, Rappahanock, James river, Roanoke, San-
tee, and Savannah. All these rivers have their
source E. of a chain of mountains, called the
Apalachian, running parallel with the Atlantic
coast, from about the 34th to the 43rd deg. of N.
lat. and 2 to 300 miles from the ocean. South of
the 34th deg. of lat. the Apalachicola, Alabama,
Tombigbee, and some other rivers of less note, run
a course due S. falling into the Gulf of Mexico.
West of the Apalachian mountains, innumerable
other streams have their source, forming another
collection of noble rivers, the most important of
which are the Ohio, and Tennessee, running from
E. to W. the Missouri, Kansas, and Arkansas,
and the Red river, running froir. W. to E. all of
which fall into one grand channel, called the
Mississippi, which has its source about the 47th
deg. of N. lat. running a course nearly due S. fal-
ling into the Gulf of Mexico in lat. 29. 5. N. and
89. 8. W. long. The Rio del Norte, or Rio Bravo,
another noble river, has its source westward of
the Arkansas and Red rivers, in N. lat. about 42.
and falls into the Gulf of Mexico in N. lat. 26.
W. long. 97. 25. On the western coast, the Co-
lumbia, and Colorado, are the only rivers of im-
portance, and they are not considerable ; the first
falls into the Pacific Ocean in N. lat. about 45.
and the other into the Gulf of California in N.
lat. about 32. A ridge of mountains runs paral-
lel with the western coast, the whole extent of
the north division, from the point of the promon-
tory S. in lat. of 70. N. bearing west from the
95tb toMie 122nd or 123rd of long, and about JO
deg. fiom the western coast or shore of the Pacific
Ocean ; this ridge which seems to be a continua-
AME
31
AME
bon of the Andes of the southern division, from
the ]5th to about the 40th deg. of N. lat. is called
the Cordilleras, and more northerly the Rocky
Mountains, the greatest altitude is in N. lat.
about 19. where Popocatepetl issues forth volcanic
eruptions at a height of 17,720 ft. above the level
of the sea. Another range of mountains runs
parallel with the eastern or Atlantic coast, from
about the 35th to the 45th deg. of N. lat. diverg-
ing into several distinct and parallel ridges design-
ated as the White, Green, Catskill, Blue, Allegha-
ny, Laurel and Cumberland mountains, and collec-
tively they are called the Apalachian Mountains.
Their altitude does not exceed 6,500 ft. above the
level of the sea.
On the discovery of this vast territory, at the
periods previously stated, it was found, to the N.
of the 30th deg. of lat. to be thinly populated
with inhabitants, and except the Esquimaux at
the more northern part, possessing one common
character, and speaking one common language,
though somewhat varied in dialect. In person,
tall and well-proportioned ; complexion coppery,
Bay. In many parts of the United States thejr
exist in great abundance and are taken in vast
numbers for their flesh and fur ; they do great
with long, straight, and somewhat coarse, black
hair, localized into various tribes or communities,
none of whom were found to have made any, or
very little progress in the arts which contribute
to the comfort of life ; spears and arrows being
their only instruments of defence, of attack, ana
subsistence, whilst skins, mats, and the coarsest
cloth of reeds, grass, or hemp, constituted their
chief clothing and protection from the inclemen-
cy of the weather. They were nevertheless
found possessing many manly qualities, and social
virtues, until corrupted and debased by the vi-
cious refinements of their invaders, before whom
they have receded as from a pestilence.
In America, as in all other regions of the
world, the animal tribes bear a proportion both in
number and size, to the extent of the country
which has given them birth. The musk, or the
North American bison, and the Mageleanic os-
trich of South America, equa in size their cor-
responding species of the old world. The elk or
stag of New California, attains a gigantic matrni-
tude. The moose is found from the Rocky
Mountains to the Gulf of St. Lawrence, and is
sometimes 12 feet high. The elk and red deer
are inhabitants of the United States. The white,
black, and grizzly bear are common in various
parts. The wolf and the cougar, or catamount,
are widely distributed. Foxes and squirrels are
abundant. The hare of America, improperly
called rabbit, is found as far North as Hudson s
mischief to the farmers. The beavers are still
numerous in the Nortn and West. Most of the
animals of America form particular species, or
at least distinct races from those of Europe, and
are evidently aboriginal in the country which
they inhabit.
In the plains between the Apalachian and
Rocky Mountains, fossil bones of animals have
been found far exceeding in size those of any
known animal now existing, or ever known.
Neither the elephant, lion, tiger, leopard, nor hy-
ena have ever been found in America.
The birds of America are not, as absurdly sta-
ted by Buffon, inferior to their kindred species of
the old world. The Washington or great sea ea-
gle, a native of the United States, is the noblest
of his tribe. The bald eagle is distributed over
nearly the whole continent. Vultures and hawks
of many species are common. The passenger pi-
geons in countless millions obscure the heavens
with their flocks, and wherever they direct their
flight it may be said to ' snow of meat.' The
wild geese and ducks pass along the whole extent
of the continent in their periodical migrations.
The robin and blue bird court the society of man,
and in the colder districts are the earliest harbin-
fers of spring. The oriole, the woodpecker, the
lue jay, the cardinal and the tanager, adorn the
woods with their brilliant plumage ; while the
unrivalled mocking-bird makes the forest echo
with his thousand melodious and varied notes.
The deep woods and swamps of the West still
aflbrd a retreat to the wild turkey, once conunon
all over the United States.
Insects and reptiles are of course larger and
more abundant in the southern than in the north
ern part of this country. Little incommodity is
suffered from insects in the temperate portions.
In the south the moschetoes are very annoying.
Bees are numerous in the woods of the west, and
the people who go into the forests to collect honey
return with waggon loads. Locusts are unknown.
.m
AMB
82
AMS
and the insect most troublesome to agriculturists,
the Hessian flv, was imported from Europe. The
rivers in the South swarm with alligators. But
the most terrible of American reptiles is the rat-
tlesnake, who is found in nearly all parts of the
hot and temperate regions of this country.
The northern portion of the western hemis-
phere is at present divided into three great parts ;
viz. 1st. North, under the dominion of Great
Britain, which part extends S. from the Icy Sea,
and polar regions, to about the 48th deg. of N.
lat. subdivided into seven provinces or territories :
viz. Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Lower and
Upper Canada, Labrador, New South Wales, and
the N. W. territory ; 2nd, the Central part, from
the boundary of the British territories on the
North, to the Gulf of Mexico S. and W. from
the Atlantic Ocean to about the 100th deg. of W.
long, and from the 42nd to the 49lh deg. of N.
lat. extending W. to the Pacific Ocean under the
rule of the federal government of the U. S. of
America and 3rd. the part extending from the Uni-
ted States territory S. to the isthmus which unites
the northern with the grand southern division.
This part, for three centuries,continued under the
dominion of Spain ; but from the period of 1820
or 1821, it may be considered as forming a sepa-
rate and independent territory.
South America extends through 68 deg. of
lat. from Cape la VeFa in 12. 12. N. to Cape Horn
in 55. 58. S. being about 4,100 miles, and under
the lat. of 5. S. extends through 45 deg. of long,
from Cape St. Roque in 35. 40. to Cape Blanco in
81. 10. W. From the equator N. to the 7th deg.
of lat. it extends only through about 27 deg. of
long, and from the 7th to its northern extremity,
only through about 20 deg. and S. from about the
10th deg. of lat. it assumes a form approximating
to a right angled triangle, of which the western
shore on the Pacific Ocean is the perpendicular,
and the eastern on the South Atlantic Ocean is
the hypothenuse, so that whilst the extreme
breadth is about 2,700 miles, the mean will not
exceed more than about 1,500, givino- a superfi-
cies of about 6,150.000 sq. miles. This division
of the western hemisphere, as previously stated,
was first discovered by Columbus (on his third
voyage from Spain) on the first of August, 1498 ;
but it was not till the year 1531 that any knowl-
edge was obtained, of its extent and productions,
in which year three low and unprincipled adven-
turers, Pizarro, Almagro, and the priest Lucques,
landed at the Isthmus of Panama, and proceeding
south, discovered the ricli and then populous dis-
tricts of Quito and Peru. In the year 1500, the
Portuguese admiral, Alvarez de Cabral, com-
mandm^ a squadron of 13 sail, with 1,200 men
on board, destined for the East Indies by the
Cape of Good Hope, accidentally discovered on the
24th of April the southern division of the west-
ern hemisphere, about 4 deg. S. of the equator,
and on the following day landed and took posses-
sion of the country, since called Brazil ; and al-
though near half a century elapsed before any
eflfectual efforts were made by the Portuguese to
form a permanent settlement, the whole of the
southern division of the western hemisphere
(with the exception of a comparatively trifling
extent of territory, between the 3rd and 7th dear.
of N. lat. settled by the Dutch, and the southern
extremity continuing in possession of the natives)
fell under the dominion of Spain and Portugal;
the Spanish portion being divided into five de-
partments : viz. New Granada, Venezuela, Peru,
Buenos Ayres, and Chil*», each sub-divided into
several provinces ; the whole of the Portuguese
portion continuing under one general government.
Since the period of 1825, the domination and
rule of both Spain and Portugal has entirely cea-
sed over every part of the great southern division
of the western hemisphere ; new and distinct gov-
ernments having established themselves, giving
rise to new boundaries and subdivisions of terri-
tory, which will be found detailed under the sev-
eral heads of Colombia, Peru, United Provinces
of La Plata, or South America, Chile, and Bra-
zil, and the remaining portion under the heads of
Amazonia, Guiana, and Patagonia.
The natural features of this division of the
western hemisphere are in the highest degree
grand and imposing ; extensive fertile plains
yield a variety and abundance of every thing cal-
culated for the comfort of man ; whilst the moun-
tains display the majesty c£ creation, affording
abundance of malleable and indestructible metals,
and innumerable streams, forming themselves
into noble rivers, yielding their proportion of sup-
ply, afFordinw facility of conveyance, and eminent-
ly contributmg to promote the sociality, enjoy-
ment, and happiness of society. The range of
mountains called the Andes, extends from the
utmost extremity of this division soutii, to the
chain which unites it with the north, runnintr
parallel with the shores of the Pacific Ocean, at
the distance of 100 to 200 miles from the sea, and
occasionally in parallel ridges, the main ridge
maintaining an average altitude of 12,000 to 15,000
ft. above the level of the sea, nearly the whole
extent of the continent. In 1802 the travellers,
Humboldt and Bonpland, ascended the peak of
the Andes called Chimborazo, in the province of
Quito, to the height of 19,400 ft. its extreme alti-
tude being 21,440. The peak of Cotopaxi, 40 m.
S. E. of the ancient city of Quito, is volcanic, and
frequently emits fire with terrific violence, from
its summit, 18,898 ft. above the level of the sea.
Various mountain ridges intersect the more east-
ern parts of the continent, all running from south
to north, similar in diversity and altitude to the
Apalachian of the northern division. The rivers
run in every direction ; taking them from north
to south, the first demanding notice is the Magda-
lena ; 2nd Orinoco ; 3d. the Y upura, Tunguragua,
Ucayale, Madeira, and Tapajos, branches which
form the Amazon ; 4th. the Araguay ; 5th. Parai-
ba, or Maranham ; 6th. the Francisco, and 7th. the
Uruguay, Parana, Paraguay, Pilcomayo, Ver-
meio, and Salado branches, which form the Rio
de la Plata, all of which will be found under their
respective heads. The inhabitants of this division
of the western hemisphere, on the first inroads of
the Spaniards, at the commencement of the 16th
century appeared to be of the same stock; and
possessing the same common character of feature
and colour as those of the north ; but on the west-
ern side were much further advanced in the arti
of social life. Of their origin no credible ao
AME
33
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count either of history or tradition could be ob-
tained. Instead of an Adam, formed of the dust
of the earth, and an Eve, formed of Adam'a rib,
armadillo is a very curious little animal clad in a
natural coat of mail, •without hair. They burrow
in the ground like a rabbit and are generally in-
the Peruvians had a Manco-Capac, who came
from an island on a great lake south, to instruct
their men in agriculture and other useful employ-
ments, and a Mama-Ocllo, to instruct the women
in spinning and weaviijg. Of the precise era,
however, of their appearance, their chronology
was too imperfect to define ; they enumerated 14
reigns of Incas or sovereigns since their time,
which would carry the epwch back to about the end
of the 12th, or beginning of the 13th century. In
the face of evidence so imperfect, it would be ab-
surd to hazard even a conjecture, much more an
assertion, upon the subject of the first peopling of
the south. It may, however, be fairly inferred
that the north division was first peopled by em-
igrants from the south, rather than from any part
of the eastern hemisphere. This seems probable,
as well from the similarity of general feature and
character, as from the regular gradation of the
athletic power and energy which seemed to pre-
vail amongst them from south to north. The most
healthy and robust of the race would doubtless
be most likely to advance onward.
In the animal creation we here meet with the
jaguar, or South American tiger, an animal su-
perior m size to the leopard, with a spotted hide,
and ferocious in habits. He is found from Para-
guay to Guiana. The cougar, or puma, some-
times called the South American lion, inhabits
the southern as well as the northern part of the
American continent. The tapir dwells in the
rivers of every part of South America and lives
upon sugar cane, grass, shrubs and fruits. The
tiger cat is a beautiful spotted animal not much
larger than the common cat, and is mischievous
and untameable. Here are three species of ant-
eaters with a long snout, no teeth and a long
tongue, perpetually occupied in destroying the
ant-hills. The llama of Peru is a very useful
beast of burthen ; the vicuna and alpaco furnish
% valuable wool. Wild horses and oxen cover
ibe plains with their immense droves. The
nocent in tlieir manners. Monkeys of varioiu
species swarm in the forests ; one of these, the
coaita, has a remarkable resemblance to an Indian
old woman. The beaver of this region does not
build his habitation after the manner of the com-
mon beaver. The chinchilla is prized for its val-
uable skin. The sloth is peculiar to this country :
he is unfurnished with teeth, and crawls slowly
from tree to tree devouring their leaves. The
peccary exists in abundance here as well as in
Mexico. The cavy frequents the marshes, and
the coati prowls among the woods devouring
small animals, poultry and eggs. The agouti is
about the size of a hare, and burrows in hollow
trees; feeding upon potatoes, yams and such
fruits as fall from the trees. It uses its paws in
the manner of hands, like a squirrel, and is ex-
ceedingly voracious.
Birds are various in species, and numerous ;
the condor of the Ande« is considered superior
in majesty to the ostrich of the deserts of
Africa ; in the plains is another large bird of
a species between the ostrich and cassowary of
New Holland ; there are eagles of various kinds,
and an endless variety of smaller birds of exquisite-
ly beautiful plumage. The winged tribe and in-
sects are various and infinite, some surpassing in
beauty, and others in noxiousness ; but next to
the volcanic eruptions and natural convulsions
of the earth, the greatest terror of S. America
are .the reptiles, which exceed in variety, number,
and voracity those of any other jKirt of the
world. Of the inhabitants of the waters, the
electric eel and ink-fish are peculiar to the east-
em coast of the equatorial latitudes of this hemis-
phere ; in addition to which, nearly all the species
common to other seas and rivers are also abun-
dant. Indestructible metals and gems are more
abundant in this division of the western hemis-
phere than any other part of the world ; and
gold and silver seem to abound to such a degree
as is likely soon to satiate the mania for tneir
possession. Copper, in several parts, is also
abundant. The vegetable productions exceed in
variety, beauty, and utility, those of Asia, or any
other part of the globe, whether considered iu
reference to sustenance, or to luxury, tfiste, and
adornment in art. Vegetation pr(»sents a great
number of gradations. From the shores of the
sea to the height of 1,083 ft. we meet with mag-
nificent palms, the most odoriferous lilies, and
the balsaia of Tolu. Th« large flowered jessa
AME
S4
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mine and the datura arborea exhale at night their
delicious perfume, and ornament the head dress
of tlie ladies with their beautiful flowers. On
the arid shores of the ocean as well as in the
depth of the interior forests, grows spontaneously
the cocoa tree, whose fruit is applied to so many
useful purposes. The trunk is composed of hard,
strong fibres crossing each other like net work,
and uiere are properly no branches. The husk
of tha cocoa nut is twisted into cordage, and of
tlie pulp a Bpecies of butter is made. Above the
region of the palm commences that of the arbores-
cent fero and the cinchona wliich bears the febri-
fuge bafk. Above this, a broad zone of 6,000 to
12,000 ft. contains the region of alpine plants. The
sugar cane, the orange, coffee and cotton have
been introduced by the Europeans, and flourish
in great luxuriance. The climate, though nox-
ious in certain confined and local situations, is on
the whole delightful ; in short, nothing is wanting
but judicious and well-directed n^ans, on the part
of man, to render the whole southern division of
the western hemisphere the abode of enjoyment
and prosperity. p
America, p.t. capital of Alexander Co. Illinois,
on the Ohio, 7 m. above the Mississippi.
Amerpore, a town of Nepaul, 10 m. W of
Moowanpoor.
jimerhute, a fort of Hindoostan, in the exten-
sive sandy desert between the Indus and the Piid-
dar. This place is celebrated as the retreat of
the emperor Humaioon, durinnr his troubles; ^nd
here was born his son, the illustrious Acbar. It
is 1()0 m. E. N. E. of Tatta.
Aincrsfort, a town of Holland, in the stat* of
Utrecht. A considerable quantity of tobacco is
raised in the neighbourhood. It has a trade in
beer, and goods from Germany are shipped here
for Amsterdam. It is seated in a fertile country,
on the river Ems, 10 m. E. N. E. of Utrecht.
Amersham or Agviondcsham, a borougli in Buck-
inghamshire, returning 2 members to parliament,
with a market on Tuesday. It has a considerable
manufacture of black lace. The town -hall is the
handsomest in the country. It is seated in a vale
between woody hills, 2G m. N. W. of London.
Pop. 2,012.
Ames, p.t. Athens Co. Ohio, 77 m. S. E. Co-
lumbus.
Ameslmrtj, p.t. Essex Co. Mass. 40 m. N. E.
Boston : on the Merrimack 4 m. above Newbury-
port, is a thriving manufacturing town. Pop.
2,445. In the iron factories 1,000 tons of iron
were formerly wrought in a vear. The nail ma-
chine invented by Jacob Perkins, was first put in
motion here. The flannel factory ha« 5,000 spin-
dles, and turns out 200 pieces in a ^eek. There
are several other factories, bleacheries, &c.
Ameshury, or Amhresbury, a town in Wiltshire,
with a market on Friday. It is seated on the
lower Avon, at the place where a number of Brit-
ons were treacherously murdered, and near that
famous monument of antiquity, Stonehenge. Here
are the ruins of a venerable abbey. This place
gave birth to Addison. It is (» m. N. of Salisbury,
and 77 W. of London. Pop. 810.
Amhara, a district of Abyssinia, between the
Deuder and Tacazze branches of the Nile.
Amherst, a town, recently established by the
English, at the bottom of the gulf of Martaban, in
the Birman empire. Here is a Baptist Mission-
ary.
Amherst, p.t. Hampshire Co. Mass. 91 m. W.
Boston and 7 E. of Conn, river. Pop. 2,G3i :
has a college incorporated in 1825. This ir^emina
ry has 7 Professors and 4 tutors. The number
of Students is 188. The libraries contains about
7,000 volumes. Here are also an academy, and
an institution called the Mount Pleasant Institu-
tion, containing 9 instnK;t)rs.
Amherst, p.t. one of the seats of justice in Hills-
borough, N. H., on Souhegan river, a branch of
the Merrimack, 47 m. fr. Boston ; it is a pleasant
town, and contains a mineral spring. Pop. 1,657.
Amherst, t. Erie Co. N. Y. 12 m. N. Buffalo.
Pop. 2,489.
Amherst, an inland county of Virginia, on the
north bank of James River. The court house of
the county is 130 m. W. of Richmond. Pop.
12,072.
Amherst Springs, p. v. Amherst Co. Va. 211 m
W. Wash.
Amherst, p.t. Lorain Co. Ohio. 130 m. N. E.
Columbus.
Amherstburg, a town and fort of Upper Canada,
on the east side of the river Detroit, at its en-
trance into Lake Erie. Long. 82. 56. W. lat. 42.
36. N.
Amiens, a large and populous town of France,
in the department of Somme. It is a place of
great antiquity ; being mentioned by Cffisar (by
whom it was called Samaro-Briva) as a town that
had made a vigorous resistance against the Ro-
mans, and where he convened a general assem-
bly of the Gauls. The town is encompassed with a
wall and other fortifications ; and the ramparts are
planted with trees, which form a delightful walk.
The city has five gates. At the gate of Noyon
there is a suburb, remarkable for the abbey of St.
Achen. The cathedral is one of the largest and
most magnificent churches in France. Tliree
branches of the river Somme pass tlirough this
city, and afterwards unite. Amiens was takexi
by the Spaniards in 1597, but retaken by Henry
IV. who built a citadel in it. A tffe.aj.y of peace was
concluded here, March 27, 1802',. between Spain,
Holland, France, and England. It lias manufac-
tures of linen and woolen cloth, which employ
in the city and adjacent country, 30,tK)0 people
It is 20 m. S. E. of'^Abbeville, and 75 N. of Paris.
Amite, a county of Mississippi. Pop. 7,943l
Liberty is the chief town.
Amity, p. v. Washington Co. Pa. 1
Amity, p.v. Allegany Co. N. Y. Pop. 872. !
Amity, t. Berks Co. Pa.
Amissrilie, p.v. Culpepper Co. Va. 86. m. W^ash.
Amlwich, a town of Wales, on the N. coast of
Anglesey with a harbour for small vessels. In
]7(W, when the Parys copper mines were opened,
it did not contain above G houses ; but in 1821,
AMS
AM3
1,096, and 7,292 inhab. It is 25 m. W. of Beau-
maris, and 266 N. W. of London. See Parys.
Amman, a town of Syria, anciently the capital
of the Ammonites, called Rabbah Ammon, and by
the Greeks Philadelphia, and now the principal
place of a district. It is 30 m. S. W. of Bosra,
and 52 N. of Jerusalem.
Amol, a town of Usbec Tartary, In Buch^ria,
and a place of considerable trade. It is seated on
the Amu, which falls into the sea of Aral, 60 m.
W. of Bucharia. Long. 60. 40. E. lat. 39. 20. N.
Amol, a town of Persia, in Mazanderan, with
the remains of an ancient fortress and palace. It
has manufactures of cotton, and in the neighbour-
hood are iron mines and cannon founderies. It
stands in a plain, at the foot of Mount Taurus,
and on the borders of the Caspian sea, 30 m. N.
W. ofFerabad. Long. 52. 38. E. lat. 37. 30. N.
Amonoosuck, Upper and Lower; two rivers
rising among the White Mountains and flowing
into the Connecticut ; each about 50 m. long.
Amorgo, an island of the Archipelago, fertile in
wine, oil, and corn. The best cultivated parts
belong to a monastery. It is'SO miles in circum-
ference, and 67 Horth of Candia. Long. 26. 15.
E. lat. 36. 20. N.
Amoskeag falls, on the Merrimack, in N. Hamp-
shire, 15 m. below Concord, consist of 3 pitches
within half a mile, descending about 50 feet. A
canal passes round them.
Amour, or Amur, river of Chinese Tartary.
See Saghalien.
Amoy, an island on the S. E. coast of China,
15 miles in circumference. The English had a
factory here, but abandoned it on account of the
impositions of the inhabitants. Its port, on the
west side, is capable of receiving 1,000 ships.
Long. 118. 45. E. lat. 24. 20. N.
Amplepuis,a. town of France, in the department
of Rhone, celebrated for its wines. It is 16 m.
W. of Villefranche, and 26 N. W. of Lyons.
Ampthill, a town in B-edfordshire, with a mar-
ket on Thursday. It was the residence of Cath-
arine, queen of Henry VIII. during the time that
her unjust divorce was in agitation. This event
is commemorated by a poetical inscription on a
column where the old castle stood. It is situate
between 2 hills, 6 m. S. of Bedford, and 45 N.
W. of London. Pop. 1,527.
Ampurias, a sea-port of Spain, in Catalonia, at
the mouth of the Fluvia, 70 m. N. E. of Barcelo-
na. Long. 3. 0. E. lat. 42. 9. N.
Amras, a castle or palace of Germany, in Tyrol,
at the foot of a mountain, 2 m. S. E. of Inspruck.
Amsterdam, the principal city of Holland Pro-
per, the capital of the northern division of the
Netherlands, and formerly of the republic of the
Seven United Provinces, is situated at the conflu-
ence of the rivers Amstel and Y, or Wye, near
the south-western extremity of the Zuvder Zee.
90 m. N. bv E. from Antwerp, in lat. 52. 25. N.
long. 4. 40". E. Pop. 180,000. This city was un-
known in history before the latter end of the thir-
teenth century, and was then noticed only as a
collection of fishermen's huts in the middle of a
morass. It first acquired a commercial character
about the year 1370, but was not fortified till the
end of the succeeding century ; after which period
^.t gradually increased in magnitude and mercan-
tile celebrity, yet not without experiencing some
severe check. In 1512 it wa* besieged by the
people of Guelderland, who, on failure of their
attempt to take the city, set fire to the shipping
in the harbour. During the same century it«
tranquillity was disturbed by tumults and insnr-
rections occasioned by the anabaptists ; in one of
which Van Geelen, the leader of these enthu-
siasts, led his followers openly in military array,
with drums beating and colours fly in or to the town
house, where he fixed his head quarters. He was
however, soon dispossessed. The magistrates
assembled the burghers, who showed no disposi-
tion to take part with the insurgents, and being
aided by some regular troops, surrounded the
place ; and after an obstinate resistance, he and
the whole of his surviving band were taken pris-
oners, and putj^.o death under circumstances of
extreme cruelty. The city was taken possession
of by the Hollanders in 1578, on condition that
the religious lights of the Roman Catholic citi-
zens should be respected. The condition was but
ill observed ; for all the ecclesiastics of both sexes
were driven out of the city, the images broken,
and the altars demolished. From this period its
opulence and splendour increased with an almost
uninterrupted rapidity till its connection with the
revolutionary government of France, which caus-
ed a total annihilation of its commerce during the
continuation of the union of the countries.
One cause of the advancement of Amsterdam
was the decay of Antwerp, occasioned chiefly by
the closing of the navigation of the Scheldt ; an-
other, which also concurred in securing the sta-
bility of its commerce, was the erection of ^e
public bank. This establishment was institnWd
in 1609, in order to obviate the inconveniences
arising from the very debased state of the curren-
cy of Holland, which was made up of coins
brought from every part of the world. Merchants
often found it difficult to procure standard coin to
pay their bills ; but as the bank received the light
and worn out coin at its intrinsic value, an inva-
riable standard was thus formed which tended
greatly to simplify the operations of trade. 'The
amount of the capital of the bank was never cor-
rectly ascertained, though it is said to have in-
creased in the period of its prosperity to upwards
of forty millions sterling of actual deposits. These
originally consisted of coined money, but after-
wards large quantities of gold and silver bullion
were received. After the French invasion in
1795 it was ascertained, however, that its boasted
treasury ^were imaginary : the precious metals
had been''lent out by the directors to different
public bodies, whose bonds were deposited in their
stead.
In consequence of its extensive commercial
credit, Amsterdam was long the centre of ex-
change for Europe ; but from the time that a
want of confidence in the bank began to be felt,
a great part of the exchange transactions have
been carried on in London and Hamburgh.
In the year 1757 this city suffered considerably
from the explosion of a powder magazine, by
which many buildings were destroyed. Durinaf
the internal troubles that agitated the republic in
1797, it was occupied by the Prussians, who main-
tained possession of it for a year ; afterwards, in
1805, it submitted to the French ; and when the
United Provinces were incorporated into the body
of the French empire under Napoleon, Amster
dam was considered the third city in rank, being
deemed inferior only to Paris and Rome.
The government is vested in a council called
Vroedschap, of thirty-six members, in whom th»
supreme power is lodged. The office is held
during life, and vacancies are filled by the survi-
vors. This body «lecU the chief magistrates,
A MS
ZP
AMS
named burgomasters or echevins, a rank some-
what similar to that of alderman : the number of
tJiese is twelve ; they have the direction of all
public works, and hold the keys of the city bank.
The military protection of the town is in the
charge of the militia, consisting of sixty compa-
nies of from 200 to 300 men each. Jews and
anabaptists are excluded from this body, as
they are not allowed to bear arms : they are,
however, obliged to contribute to the support of
tJie city guard, consisting of 1,400 soldiers, and to
the night watch, which patroles the streets and
calls the hours. In addition to this night patrols,
trumpeters are stationed in every church steeple,
who sound every half hour, and, in case of fire,
ring the alarm bells, and direct enquirers to the
place.
The city extends in the form of a semicircle on
the southern bank of the Y, which is its diameter;
on the land side it was surrounded by a wall and
bastions, with a broad and deep fosse : the wall is
dismantled; but the bastions still remain, and are
used as sites for corn-mills. The Amstel, on en-
tering the city, divides into two branches, from
each of which issue numerous canals, forming a
collection of islands, connected with each other
by 290 bridges; of which, that over the Amstel,
commanding a panoramic view of the city and its
environs, is the only one worthy of notice. That
part of the river Y which, forms the port of Am-
sterdam, is guarded by a double row of piles, with
openings at intervals for the admission of vessels :
these openings are always closed at night. The
deeply laden ships lie outside the piles, in a place
called" the Laag. During the period of Dutch
prosperity, an hundred vessels have entered the
port in one tide, and six or seven hundred were
to be seen there at anchor together. On the op-
posite side of the Y are the locks by which ships
enter the great canal, which is carried thence, in
a straight line, northwards to the Texel ; thus
preventing the risk and delay of a voyage through
the Zuyder Zee. This canal, which has been
recently finished, is 120 feet wide at the surface,
and twenty-five deep. It was constructed at an
expense of 1,000,000/. sterling. It terminates at
the Helder, which was nothing more than a fish-
ing village, until it was fortified by Bonaparte for
the defence of a naval arsenal he formed there,
and which is now called Willems-oord. The isl-
and of the Texel is principally devoted to the
breeding of sheep. The cheese made from their
milk is much prized by the inhabitants. The
canals with which the city is intersected, though
extremely convenient and ornamental, are attend-
ed with one very disagreeable consequence : from
the stagnation of the water, and the collection of
offal of every kind discharged into them, they
•end forth effluvia equally offensive and unwhole-
some, which all the characteristic cleanliness of
the inhabitants has not been able wholly to re-
move Mills have been erected on their banks,
to promote a circulation of air by ventilation ;
others, called mud-mills, from the purpose to
which they are applied, are also used to raise and
remove the slime which the river deposits largely.
In consequence of the badness of the founda-
tion, the whole city is built on piles driven end-
ways into the mud; a circumstance which occa-
sioned the witty remark of Erasmus, on visiting
it, " that he was in a town where the inhabitants
lived, like rooks, on the the tops of trees." This
circumstance also occasioned the restriction of
coaches to men of consequence and physicians,
who paid a tax for the privilege of using them ;
the magistrates conceiving that the rolling of the
wheels produced a dangerous concussion of the
piles. Goods are conveyed through the town on
sledges ; and the common conveyance for those
who do not wish to walk is a kind of sleigh or
traineau, consisting of the body of a carriage fix-
ed jon a hifrdle, drawn by a single horse, and
guided by the driver, who walks by its side. The
streets in general are narrow, with the exception
of a few which present a fine appearance, and are
adorned with spacious mansions. The principal
square is the Dam, in front of the palace ; besides
which there are three others, where markets and
an annual fair are held. The palace, formerly
the stadthouse, or town hall, is considered to be
the most magnificent building in Holland. It
forms an oblong square, 282 feet in length, 2;?5in
breadth, and IIG in height, besides the tower,
which is 67 feet high. Within is a spacious hall,
150 feet long, 60 broad, and 100 high. This hall,
and the other apartments of the palace, are adorn-
ed with some fine paintings. Strangers are ad-
mitted daily to vievt it, under the sole restriction
of writing down their names on entering. The
front entrance has seven doors, which were in-
tended for the representatives of the Seven Unit-
ed Provinces, but are now reserved exclusively
for the royal family. All other persons obtain
admission through the back entrance. The base-
ment story was formerly used to hold the im-
mense treasures of the bank.
The royal museum contains, besides other cu-
riosities, a fine collection of paintings, chiefly of
the Flemish school. It is said that the emperor
Alexander offered the sum of 30,000/. for one
alone. Visitors are admissible to the museum on
terms of equal liberality as to the palace.
The exchange is a large but plain building, 230
feet in length and 1 30 in breadth : it is capable of
containing 4,500 persons ; and is divided into thir-
ty-six compartments, for the transaction of the
various kinds of commercial business carried on
there.
The deficiency of architectural elegance in the
{daces of public worship is very striking, particu-
arly to travellers coming from the Netherlands,
where much attention is paid to their embelish-
ment. The old church of St. Nicholas has some
fine painted windows, and contains the tombs of
several of the celebrated Dutch admirals. The
burial ground of one of the sixteen chapels attach-
ed to it was appropriated, by the catholic magis-
tracy of Amsterdam, during the period of religious
persecution, for the interment of the protestant
merchants of Hamburgh who died here. The
new church of St. Catherine contains a splendid
monument of white marble, erected to the memory
of admiral de Ruyter. The Portuguese synagogue
is said to have been built in imitation of the tem-
ple of Solomon. The churches of the established
religion, which is the reformed or Calvinistic, are
distinguished by being the only places of worship
which are allowed the use of bells. The total
number of churches is, ten Dutch reformed,
twenty-two catholic, one French reformed, one
English presbyterian, three Lutheran, one ana-
baptist, one Walloon, one Greek, and seven syna-
gogues. The number of resident Jews is estima-
ted at 17,000.
The management of the penitentiaries is pecu-
liarly worthy of notice. The number of convicts
is great, not because crime is more common, but
because the punishment of death is seldom infiic'.-
AMS
37
ANC
ed; imprisonment for various periods, in most
cases, supplies its place. The priRcipal prison is
the house of correction, called also the Rasp-
house, because the chief employment of its in-
mates is the cutting and rasping of Brazil wood.
In this place of confinement, no one is suffered to
be idle ; and thus the government is indemnified
for much of the expenditure incurred ; afld the
Crisoners, on their part, are frequently reclaimed,
y its wholesome and rigid discipline, from the
dissolute and vicious habits which led them to be-
come its inmates. In tlie yard of the prison is
one cell, and one only, for the treatment of the
incorrigibly idle. A stream of water constantly
flows into it, which can only be discharged through
a pump set up within. The only means, there-
fore, by which the inmate can avoid being over-
whelmed by the ingress of the water is by work-
ing incessantly at the pump : if he persists in his
idleness, he is inevitably drowned. It is said that
it is now never used.
The workhouse is intended for minor offences ;
some of which are not recognised by our laws.
Husbands may send their wives thither on a
charge of drunkenness or extravagance ; and they
are themselves liable to punishment for the same
offences. Young women, also, even of good fam-
ilies, are sometimes sent thither as to a school of
rigorous reformation. The charitable institutions
are numerous, and generally well conducted.
Amsterdam can boast of a fair proportion of
literary and scientific societies. The principal,
named Felix Meritis, comprehends among its
members most of the literature of the kingdom.
Its business is distributed among five classes or
committees : one for agriculture, manufactures,
and commerce ; the second for mathematics and
its kindred sciences ; the third for the polite arts ;
the fourth for music ; and the fifth for general or
miscellaneous literature. The building contains
a theatre for the delivery of lectures, a museum,
a gallery of sculpture, a drawing school, and an
observatory commanding a fine view of the city
and its environs. The public botanic garden,
though plentifully stocked, does not contain any
plants of extraordinary value. In the Royal
Academy of Liberal Arts, a late institution for
communicating instructions in painting, sculp-
ture, and architecture, jjensions for four years are
granted to the most deserving pupils, which are
appropriated to a journey to Italy. In the naval
schools, children of common seamen, when proj)-
erly recommended, are educated gratuitously ; as
are the sons of officers, on the payment of asraall
pension. All are treated alike ; and almost every
officer who has elevated the naval character of
hii country has received liis education here.
Amsterdam and St. Paul, two islands in the
'adian Ocean, lyinw in the same longitude, at
40 m. distance.. Their names are reversed by nav-
igators, but most of them call the northern one
St. Paul, and the southern Amsterdam. The
latter is high land, and upward of 4 m. lonj, and
2 broad. It has evident marks of volcanic erup-
tion in every part, and is almost wholly covered
with a deep fertile soil, but is destitute of trees.
On the east side is a great crater, into which the
sea has made a narrow and shallow entrance ; its
shelving sides are 700 feet in perpendicular height,
in which, and in the causeway dividing it from
the sea, are several hot springs of ^resh water.
St. Paul, or the northern island, presents no
very high land, or any rise in a conic form. It
is covered with shrubs and low trees, but has no
convenient landing-place. Long. 77. 48. £. lat.
37. 51. S.
Amsterdam, A'eir, one of the Friendly islands.
See Tongataboo.
Amsterdam, p t. Montgomery Co. N. Y. 33 m.
N. W. Albany. Pop. 3,354.
Amu, Gihvn, Ami, or Oxus, a river of Indepen-
dent Tartary, formed by numerous streams which
issue from the mountains of Belur, on the con-
fines of India and Persia, and flowing W. by N.
through Bucharia, enters the S. extremity of th«
lake Aral afler a course of 1,200 m., part of which
is through a desert
Amwdl, a village in Hertfordshire, 1 m. S. of
Ware, famous for originally giving rise to tlie
New River, which supplies a great part of London
with water.
Amicell, p. t. Washington Co. Pa.
Anacopia, the capital of the nation of the
Abkahs, on the river Makai, near its entrance
into the Black sea. Long. 40. 30. E. lat. 43. 20. N.
Anadir, a river of Siberia, which has its source
in a lake in the province of Tchukotski, and runs
into Notchen Bay, near Behring's straits.
Ana Capri. See Capri.
Anah, a town of Asiatic Turkey, in Diarbeck,
in a country producing abundance of corn and
fruit. It stands on a river that flows into the
Euphrates. 80 m. W. N. W. of Bagdad and 240
S. S.E. of Diarbekir. Lon^. 42. 28. £. lat. 34. 6. N.
Anantpour, a town of Hindoostan, in Mysore,
100 m. N. E. of Chitteldroog, and 120 N. of Ban-
galore.
Anaquito, a district in the province of Quito,
and kingdom of Peru, where Almagro and Piz-
arro (joint discoverers of Peru,) engaged each
other in battle, in 1546.
Anattom, an island, the most southern of the
New Hebrides, in the Pacific ocean. Long. 170. 9.
E. lat. 20. 10. N.
Anbar, a town of Asiatic Turkey, in Irac Arab!,
seated on the Euphrates. 50 m. W. of Bagdad.
Ancarani, a town of Italy, 5 m. N. of Ascoli,
and 82 N. E. of Rome.
Aruaster, p.t. Upper Canada, at the W. end of
L. Ontario.
Ancaster, a village in Lincolnshire, Eng. 15 m.
S. Lincoln. It stands on a Roman high- way at the
foot of a hill which abounds with antiquities,
and at the S. end are the remains of a castle.
Ancenis, a town of France, in the department
of Lower Loire, seated on the Loire, 20 m. E. of
Nantes.
AnckoJm, a river in Lincolnshire, Eng. which ri-
ses near Market Raisin, flows to Glandford-bridge
and is navigable thence to the Humber.
Andam, a fortified town of Hither Pomerania,
on the river Peene, 20 m. S. E. of Gripswald.
Ancoder, a territory of Guinea, on the Gold
coast, to the W. of Axim. It has a river of the
same name flowing through it ; and at its mouth
is a town with a good harbour. Long. 1. 10. W
lat. 4. 50. N.
Ancona, Marquisate of, a maritime province of
the states of the church, Italy, bounded on the E.
by the .\driatic, and on the W. by the Apennines ;
it is very fruitful in com, fruits and silk.
Ancona, a city and seaport of Italy in the a-
bo ve province, and a bishop's see, with a citadel
on a hill. The cathedral stands upon another
hill, and the houses extend down the side of the
eminence toward the Gulf of Venice. Clement
XII. built a mole, to render the harbour safe ; it is
erected on the ruins of the ancient mole, raised by
D
AND
38
AND
Trajan, above 2,000 ft. in length. Near this stands
the beautiful triumphal arch of Trajan. Here
likewise Clement XII. erected a lazaretto, which
advances a little way into the sea in tlie form of
a pentagon. Great numbers of Jews are settled in
this city, where they have a synagogue; and they
iiave the principal share of its commerce. An-
cona was taken in 179G by the French, who sur-
rendered it to theAustrians in 1799. It is J16
m. N. by E. of Rome. Long. 13. 29. E. lat. 43.33.
N. Pop. about 20,000.
Ancram, p.t. Columbia Co. N.Y. 52 m. S. Al-
bany. Pop. 1,533. Here are large manufactures of
bar and pig iron.
Ancyra, the capital of Galatia, near the river
Halys, said to have been built by Midas, king of
Phrygia, and so named from an anchor found
there. See Angoura.
Andahuailas, the chief town of a district of the
same name, in the intendency of Guamanga, Pe-
ru, about 100 m. W. of Cuzco.
Andalusia, a province of Spain, which in its
largest sense comprises the kingdom of Granada,
Seville, Cordova, Jaen, and the colony of Sierra
Morena, bounded on the N. by Estremadura and
La Mancha, E. by Murcia, S. by the Mediterra-
nean, and W. by the Atlantic and Portugal. The
Guadalquivir runs through its whole length ;
and it is the most fertile and trading country in
Spain. Its aggregate superficies are 2,281 French
leagues, and pop. about 1,900,000. The French
overran this province in 1810, but evacuated it in
consequence of the battle of Salamanca, in 1812.
The capital is Seville.
Andalusia, JS'cw. See Paria.
Andalusia, p. t. Bucks Co. Pa. 94 m. E. Harris-
burg.
Andaman Islands, several islands on the E.
side of tlie bay of Bengal. The largest called
Great Andaman, is 120 m. long and 16 broad,
indented by deep bays affording good harbours,
and intersected by rivers one of which passes quite
■through the island, and at high water is navigable
lor sniall vessels. The forests afford some precious
1 rees, as ebony and the Nicobar bread-fruit : and
the edible birds' nests abound here. The only
quadrupeds seem to be wild hogs, monkeys, and
rats. The inhabitants are in a state of barbarism,
and live chiefly on fish, fruits, and herbs ; they
perfectly resemble negroes, and their canoes are of
'he rudest kind. In 1793, the English made a
settlement on the N. end of Great Andaman, the
largest island, which is called Port Cornwallis,
•ind has a commodious harbour to shelter ships
durino- the N. E. monsoon. Long. 93. 0. E. lat.
!3. 30. N.
Andaye, a fortified town of France, in the depart-
nent of Lower Pyrenees, famous for its brandy,
it is situate near the mouth of the Bidassoa,
dmost opposite Fontarabia, in Spain, 18 m. S. W.
of Bayonne.
Andely, a town of France, in the department of
'ure, divided by a paved road into Great and
' kittle Andely, a mile from each other. Great
Vndelv is on tberivuletGamons,and Little Ande-
: f on the Seine. The cloths manufactured here
re in liigh esteem. Iti9l7m. N. E. of Evreux,
nd20 S. E. of Rouen.
Andernarh, a town in the grand duchy of the
' ,ower Rhine, now forming part of tlie Prussian
■■•rritory. Great quantities of timber are collected
i^re, which are formed into vast rafts, and floated
"ence to Dordreclit. in Holland. It is seated on
ue Rhine, 20 m. N! W. of Coblenlz.
Anderah, a city of Usbec Tartary, capital of the
province of Tokaristan. In its vicinity are rich
quarries of lapis lazuli. It is seated on a branch
of the Gihon Amu, and near a pass through the
mountains of Ilindooko into the kingdom of Cau-
b«l, 240 m. E. S. E. of Balk. Lon<r. 68. 58. E.
lat. 36. 10. N.
AnSerson, a County of E. Tennessee. Pop
5,312. Clinton, on Clinch river, is tlie chief town.
Anderson, a County of Kentucky. Pop. 4,542.
Lawrenceburg is the chief town.
Andarsonhurg, p. v. Perry Co. Pa. 36 rn. N.
Harrisburg.
Anderson, t. Hamilton Co. Ohio.
Andcrsontmcn, p. v. Madison Co. Ind. 21 m. N
W. Indianopolis.
Andcrsojiville, p.v. Pendleton Dis. S. C. 150 m.
N. W. Columbia.
Andersonville, p.t. Hancock Co. Miss. 42 m. S.
E. Monticello.
Andes, p.t. Delaware Co. N. Y. 87 m. W. Al-
bany. Pop. 1,859.
Andero, St. See Santander.
Andes, a chain of mountains running through
the whole extent of North and South America,
although the name is confined to S. America alone;
and N. of the isthmus of Darien the cliain is
known by the name of the Cordilleras, Pi,ocky
Mountains &c. From the utmost extremity of
tlie Southern division, in south lat. 54, to about
the lat. of 18 south, they continue in an unbroken
line to run parallel with the shore of the Pacific
Ocean, at a distance of 100 to 200 miles, with here
and there parallel ridp-es further east, and at an al-
titude of 12,000 to 15,000 ft. above the level of tlie
sea ; from about the 18th to the 15th deg. of south
lat. the chain is somewhat broken, but further'
north they assume a more grand and imposing
form, diverging into parallel ridges, and rising
near the equator to an altitude of 21,440 ft. and in
several places issue forth volcanic eruptions with
terrific violence. N. of the equator the}' diverge
into 4 parallel and distinct ridges, running to
the shores of the Caribcan Sea, and the outermost
ridge skirting the coast of that sea to the Atlantic,
through the chain which unites the two grand
divisions of America, or Ihe western hemisphere,
the mountains are considerably broken ; but at
about the ]5t!i degree of north lat. through the
teritorv of Mexico, they again assume their won-
ted grandeur, rising to a heiglit of 17,720 ft. and
again pouring forth volcanic matter, and proceed
in an unbroken line at a somewhat greater dis-
tance from the sea than through tlie soutli division,
by the name of tlie Rocky Mountains, to the lev
Sea in the 70th deg. of north lat. From the 4(ith
deg. of lat. south, to the 30th nortli, the Andeji
abound with gold, silver, copper, and other me-
tallic substances.
In the Colombian provinces, the Andes arc di
vided into three parallel chains separated by deep
and extensive valleys, which are the basins of
great rivers. Farther south these mountains in-
termingle in one group and stretch onward be-
yond the equator. The Andes of Quito are the
most elevated points of the whole chain, Chimbo-
razo being the highest summit in America, unless
according to the statement of a recent traveller,
the peak of Ylimani be entitled to this distinc-
tion. Throughout Peru and Chile these moun-
tains still maintain a sublime elevation and con-
tain enormous metallic riches. The highest peaks
are in the region of eternal snow, and they pre-
sent in every quarter the most grand and imposing
AND
39
AND
■cenery. The passes through the mountains are
frequently no more than two feet in breadth, and
resemble a hollow gallery, open to the sky. The
traveller shudders in passing along these tremen-
dous fissures, which are filled with mud ; while
at the same time their obscurity is increased by
Die thick vegetation, which, hanging down from
above, covers tlie opening. The qucbradas are
immense rents breaking through the whole chain
of the mountains and forming vast abysses suffi-
cient in size to swallow up an ordinary mountain.
It is here that the eye of tiire terrified traveller can
l>est comprehend the gigantic magnificence of tlie
Andes. Through these natural gates the great
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rivers find a passagre to the sea. Here also are
villages of mountameers ; pastures covered with
llamas and sheep ; orchards bordered with quick-
set hedges and luxuriant and highly cultivated
cornfields, occupying a station suspended as it
were in the lofty regions of the air; and the
traveller can hardly bring himself to believe that
this habitable region is higher above the sea than
the summit of the Pyrenees.
Andlaii, a town of France, in the department
of Lower Rhine, with a castle, situate on a moun-
tain, 18 m. S. S. W. of Strasburg.
Jindover, a borough in Hampshire, Eng. re-
turning two members to Parliament, with a
market on Saturday, a manufacture of shalloons,
and. a considerable trade in malt. A navigable
canal passes lience to Southampton water. It is
situate near the river Ande, 10 m. N. by W. of
Winchester, and G3. W. by S. of London. Pop.
in 1821, 4,123.
Jindover, p.t. Merrimack Co. N. H. 21. m. fr.
Concord. Pop. 1 ,32-1
^nduvcr, p.t. Windsor Co. Vt. 68. m. S. Mont-
p»''er. Pop. 975.
Andover, p.t. Essex Co. Mass. 20 m. N. Boston.
Pop. 4,.'i40. This is a pleasant and thriving town
with manufactures of flannel and other woolen
cloths ; but is chiefly distinguished for its Theo-
logical Seminar}', first established in 1807 and
enliTsrod by subsequent endowments, amountino-
to 4!ifl. 000 dollars. It comprises three large piles
of building v.-ith accomodations for 120 students.
The doctrines of this institution are substantial-
ly Calvinism. The library has 5,000 volumes.
Most of the students are supported by charity.
The officers are a President and 4 Professors.
Andover also contains Phillips Academy, founded
in 1788. Its officers are a principal and 5 assis-
tants. The usual number of students is 130 ; all
of them are engaged in classical studies. The
funds of the institution amount to 50.000 dollars.
AnLlover has a third Seminary called Franklin
Academy, in which classical studies are ptirsucd.
Jindover, p.t. Tolland Co. Conn. 15 m. E. Hart-
ford.
Andover, p.t. Allegany Co. N. Y. 285 m. W.
Albany. Pop. 598.
Andover. p.t. Sussex Co. N. J. 48 m. N. Trenton.
Andover, p.t. Ashtabula Co. Ohio. 200 m. K.
E. CcJumbus.
Andriigiry, the capital of a kingdom on the
£. coast of the island of Sumatra. The chief
produce is pepper. It is seated on a river, com-
modious for trade, 200 m. N. by W. of Bencoolen.
Long. 102. 0. E. lat. 0. 58. S.
Andranim, a town of Sweden, in Gothland,
with the greatest alum work in the kingdom. It
is 10 m. S. of Christianstadt.
Andrcasherg, a town of Lower Saxony, in tlie
ducliy of Brunswick, with good silver mines, 28
m. N. E. of Gottingen.
Andreic, St. a town of Germany, in Carinthia,
and a bishop's see ; seated on the river Lavant, 20
m. E. N. E. of Clagenfurt.
Andrews, St. a sea-port town of New Bruns-
wick, at the entrance of Passamaquoddy River.
Andrew-c:, St. a city of Scotland, in Fifeshire,
once the metropolis of the Pictish kingdom, and
the see of an archbishop.
About the middle of the twelfth century, Da-
vid I. erected the town into a royal burgh, and
the privileges which it thus obtained were con-
firmed by Malcolm II. In the wars of subse-
quent times, it v.-as more than once the object of
bloody contention between the loyalists and the
malcontents ; and at the commencement of the
Reformation it suffered its full share in the vio-
lences which were committed.
The cathedral, which was once the glory of the
city, is now a ruin. It is said to have been not
less than 157 years in building, but was nearly
destroyed in one day, the assailants leaving only
sufficient of it standing to indicate its former
magnitude and great antiquity. The remains
consist of part of the east and west ends, and of
the soutli side, together with the chapel of St.
Regulus, the entire body and great tower of
which still exist. The latter is 103 feet high, and
forms an immense equilateral triangle, each side
being twenty feet broad.
The ancient castle retains as little of its origi-
nal grandeur as the cathedral ; but it is still re-
membered as the scene of manv a desperate
struggle in former times. It was from one of the
windows of this building that cardinal Beatoun
beheld his unjust sentence of the heroic reformer
Wishart put in execution ; and it was before the
same window that his own body was Laid after
his assassination by the friends of the reformer.
The university of St. Andrew's is the oldest in
Scotland, and originally consisted of three col-
leges — St. Salvator's, St. Leonard's, and St.
Mary's or the new college. Its government is
formed of a chancellor, wno, previous to the Re-
formation, was tiie archbishop of the diocese, but
since then has been elected by the professor, and of
the principals of the colleges. The number of stu-
dents seldom exceeds 300 ; but both the healthy
situation of the town and its accommodations for
study crive it great advantages as a glace of educa-
tion. The college of St. Mary is devoted entirely to
students in theology ; that of St. Salvator to the
sciences in general. The extensive library of
the university contains near 40,000 volumes, and
numerous manuscripts.
Dr. Johnson visited this city in his tour through
Scotland, and speaks of it with more than usual
urbanity. " We found," says he, " that, by the
interposition of some invisible friend, lodgings
AND
40
ANO
had been provided for us at the house of one of
the professors, whose easy civility quickly made
us forget that we were strangers ; and in the
whcie time of our stay we were gratified by every
mode of kindness, and entertained with all the
elegance of lettered hospitality. In the morning
we rose to perambulate a city which only history
shows to have once flourished ; and surveyed the
remains of ancient magnificence, of which even
the ruins cannot long be visible, unless some care
be taken to preserve them ; and where is the
pleasure of preserving such mournful memorials ?
They have been till very lately so much neglect-
ed, that every man earned away the stones, who
fancied that he wanted them. The university
within a few years consisted of three colleges,
but is now reduced -to two ; the college of St.
Leonard being lately dissolved by the sale of its
buildings and the appropriation of its revenues to
the professors of the two others. The chapel of
the alienated college is yet standing — a fabric
not inelegant of external structure ; but I was
always by some civil excuse hindered from enter-
ing it. The dissolution of St. Leonard's college
was doubtless necessary ; but of that necessity
there is reason to complain. It is surely not
without just reproach, that a nation, of which the
commerce is hourly extending and the wealth in-
creasing, denies any participation of its prosperity
to its literary societies, and, while its merchants
or its nobles are raising palaces, suffers its uni-
versities to moulder into dust." In the year 1683,
the tomb of bishop Kennedy in the college church
was opened, and six silver maces were found in
it of very beautiful workmanship. The other
religious structures of this town are interesting
for their i ntiquity ; and the principal church,
which is su.ficiently large to hold between two
and three thousand people, contains the monument
of archbishop Sharpe, who was murdered near
the town by the covenanters, and whose tragical
history is displayed in rude sculpture on one of
the walls.
Till the Reformation, St. Andrew's enjoyed the
high distinction of being the metropolitan see of
the Scottish kingdom. It also carried on a profit-
able trade ; and, in the time of Charles I., posses-
sed between thirty and forty vessels. Both its
commerce and its manufactures have of Inte years
been reduced to a low ebb, and the manufacture of
golf-b,alls is now the only one that exists. It is
associated with Dundee, Cupar, Perth, and Forfar,
in sending one member to parliament. It is seat-
ed at the bottom of a bay, on the level top of a
small hill, 30 m. N. N. E. of Edinburgh. I-ono-.
2. 50. W. lat. 56. 18. N. Pop. in 1821. 4,900. '
Andrews-bridge, p. v. Lancaster Co. Fa. 38 m.
S. E. Harrisburg.
Andros, an island in the Archipelago, 24 m. long
and 8 broad. It is one of the ancient Cyclades.
It has fertile plains, which are well watered ; and
it wants only a good harbour. The inhabitants
are of the Greek church, and have a bishop and
several monasteries. The principal riches of this
island consist in silks, and the fields produce oran-
pjes, citrons, mulberries, pomegranates, and figs.
The capital is of the same name ; and about two
miles from it are to be seen the ruins of a strong
wall, with the fragments of many columns, chapi-
ters, bases, broken statues, and several inscriptions,
some of which mention the senate and people of
Andros, and the priests of Bacchus; from which
it is probable that this was the site of the ancient
city ; Long. 25. 2. E. lat 38. 0. N.
Androscoggin, a river rising from Umbagog
Lake, on the W. side of the state of Maine, it runs
into New Hampshire, and re-enters Maine, falling
into the Kennebeck, about 18 m. above its conflu-
ence with the sea.
Anduxar, or Andvjar, a town of Spain, in Anda-
lusia, with a castle, and some beautiful churches
and convents. The environs abound in \\ lieiit,
wine, oil, honey, and fruit. It is seated im the
Guadalquivir, and on the great post road from
Madrid, dis. 5 1-2 leagues, by way of Cordova
to Seville and Cadiz.
Antmur, Cape, the southern extremity of Cara
mania, opposite the Isle of Cyprus ; on the prom-
ontory are the ruins of the ancient city Anemu-
riuni. N. lat. 36. 15. E. long. ;?2. 36.
Angedlva, a small island in the Indian Ocean,
off" the coast of Malabar, belonging ♦o the Portu-
guese. It is 60 m. S. S. E. of Goa. Long. 74. 12.
E. lat. 14. 43. N.
Anegada, the most northern of the English
Virgin Islands. Long. 64. 7. W. lat. 18. 40. N.
Angelica, the chief town of Alleghany Co. N.
Y. 282. m. W. of Albany. Pop. 998.
Angela, St., a town of Italy, 14 m. S W. of
Urbino.
Angela, St., a town of Naples, 6 m. N. N. W. of
Conza.
Angelas, a city of Mexico. See Puehla dc los
Angdos.
An^erhurg, a town of Prussia, with a castle,
seated on the N. side of a lake, to which it gives
name, 70 m. S. E. of Konigsberg. Long. 22. 15.
£. lat. 54. 8. N.
Angerbury, or Angermanland, a province of
Sweden, in No) dland, 150 miles long, and from
25 to 80 broad, the widest part being to the east
on the gulf of Bothnia. It is mountainous and
woody, and in it are considerable iron-works.
The chief town is Ilernosand.
Angcrmunde, a town of Brai lenburg, in the
Ucker Mark, on the lake Mund> , 48 m. N. N. E.
of Berlin.
Angers, o-ldLige city of France, in the depart-
ment of Maine and Loire, situated near the '-r n-
fluence of the Sarte, the Loire, and the Mtine,
which divides the city into two equal parts, be-
tween which there is a communication by two
large bridges. Angers contains 36,000 inhabit-
ants. The castle is situated in the centre of the
city, on a rock, overhanging the river. The
cathedral is a venerable and elegant structure:
the principal gate is surrounded with three steeplo.".
Here lies interred with her ancestors, the renown-
ed Margaret, daughter of Rene, king of Sicily,
and queen of Henry VI. of England, who ex-
pired after many intrepid but ■ ineffectual efforts
to replace her husband on the throne, in 1482, at
the castle of Dampierre. The university of An-
gers was founded in 1398, and the academy of
Belles Lettres in 1685. It has a considerable
manufacture of handkerchiefs and canvas ; and
the produce of the slate quarries, at tlie extremity
of the suburb of Bressigny, forms likewise an im-
portant article of commerce. The walls with
which king John of England surrounded it in
1214, remain nearly entire, and are of very great
circumference. It is 50 m. E. N. E. of Nantes,
and 175 S. W. of Paris. Long. 0. 33. W. lat. 47
28. N. .
Anglen, or Angelcn, a small country of Den-
mark, in the duchy of Sleswick. RIany authors
suppose that from the people of this country the
English originated ; being called in to assist tha
ANG
41
ANN
Britons against the invaders from Norway, they
in process of time became masters of the country,
and gave it the name of England.
Jiiiirli-scij. an island and Co. at the N. W. extrem-
ity of Wales. It is separated from Caernarvonshire
bv a long and narrow ciiannel called Menai, which
passes from St. George's Channel, by Caernarvon
and Hangor, to tlie Irish Sea. That part of the
island which borders liiis strait is finely wooded,
recalling to the mind its ancient state, when it was
the celebrated seat of the Druids, whose terrific
relisrious rites were }>erformed in tlie gloom of the
thickest woods. Rude mounds and heaps of
stone, said to be druidical remains, are still to be
seen ; but a little way within, the whole appears
a naked tract, without trees or hedges, watered
by numerous rills, fertile in grass and corn, and
ahoumling in cattle. This island produces vast
quantities of copper and sulphur (see Ptirijs) and
in tlie N. W. part is a quarry of green marble, in-
termixed with asbestos. Beaumaris and Holyhead
are the chief towns.
Jliiijola, the wiiole extent of territory on the
western coast of S. Africa, from near the equator
to the i:ilh or]4tli deg. of S. lat. comprehending
Loango, Congo, Angola Proper, and Benguela, is
conunonly called Angola ; but Angola Proper, or
the kingdom of Angola lies S. of the Congo,
between the lat. of 7 to !) S. All this part of tlie
coast of South Africa is well watered and exceed-
ingly capable of yielding abundance, not only
for the subsistence but the luxury of man. It is
divided into numerous petty states and sovereio-n-
ties, tiie chiefs of which live in constant collision
with each other ; since the restriction of the traf-
fic ill slaves to tlie S. of the equator, rapine and
cruelty have reigned with uncontrolled sway over
the whole of tiiis fine and extensive district ; and
since the period of 181 5 and IHlG.more than 100,000
of the natives liave been annually transported as
slaves, by the French, Spaniards, and Portuguese,
to Martinique, Guadaloupe, Cuba, and the Brazils.
St. Paulo de Loajigo in lat. about S..30. S. is the
jirhrcfpal ])lace on the coast of Angola Proper, at
whicii the Brazilians more particularly carry on
their operation of slave traffic. Abstracted from
tlie unsocializing and debasing influence which
the slave-traffic is so strongly calculated to excite
and promote, the in'iahitanls of this part of South
Africa are much addicted to habits of idleness,
idolatry, and polygamy.
Jngola, p.v. Erie Co. N. Y. 291 m. W. Al-
bany.
.'JiiiTora, or Angnvrl, the ancient Ancyra, a city
of Asiatic Turkey, in Natolia, and a Greek arch-
bislnp's see, remarkable for its remains of antiqui-
ty ; such as inscriptions, pillars, luins of temples,
&c. Tlie castle has a triple inclosure, and the
walls are of white marble and stone, resehibling
porphyry. The inhabitants are estimated at 100,
OOtl. Hero are bred the finest goats in the world;
the hair being almost like silk, is worked into fine
elutfs. It stands in a loRy situation, 212 m. S. E.
of Constantinople. Long. 32. 50. E. lat. 40. 4. N.
.iiiirinilemr, a town of France, capital of the
department of Charente, and the see of a bishop.
It is seated on a mountain surrounded by rocks.
The river Chtirente runs at the foot ot it ; and
there are some ])aper manufactures in its environs.
It is .')() 111. W. S. W. of Limoges. Long. 0. 9. E.
hit. 45. 39. N.
J)ii<r(mmns, a late province of France, bounded
on tlie N. by Poitou, E. by Limosin and Manche,
S. by Peri<rord, and W. by Saintonge. It is now
distributed among the departments of Charente,
Dordogne, and Deux Sevres.
Jingra, the capital of Terceira, one of the Azores.
It is a bishop's see and the residence of the gov-
ernor of the Azores. The town is Avell built, and
populous ; and here are royal magazines for all
sorts of naval stores, a cathedral, five churches,
and several monastic houses. It stands on a bav,
between two mountains, on the S. side of tfie
island. Long. 27. 12. W. lat. 38. 39. N.
Antrrogna, a town of Piedmont, on a river of
the same name, 7 m. W. of Pignerol.
Jingnilla, or Snuhc Island, tlie most nor the rly
of the English Leeward islands in the West In-
dies. It is 30 miles long and 3 broad, winding
somewhat in the manner of a snake, and is GO m.
N. W. of St. Christopher. Long. 62. 35. W. lat.
18. 15 N. One of the Bahama islands is also call-
ed Anguilla.
Angussldre, or Forfarshire, a maritime county
on the N. E. coast of Scotland ; bounded on the
S. by the Frith of Tay, W. by the county of Perth,
and N. by Kincardineshire. The chief towns aro
Dundee, Arbroath, Forfar, Montrose, and Brechin.
It is prettily diversified with lull,dale, and water.
Jluludt, a principaLty of Germany, in Upper
Saxony, 42 m. long and 10 broad ; bounded on
the S. by Mansfield, W. by Halberstadt, E. by the
duchy of Saxony, and N. by Magdeburg. It
abounds in corn, and is watered by the Salde and
Mulda. Its ancient castle is gone to decay
Zerbst is the capital.
Anholt, an island of Denmark, in the Cattegal,
surrounded by sand banks so dangerous to seamen,
that on it is a light house. The English took
possession of it in 1810, and made it a place of ren-
dezvous for the North Sea squadron. Long. 11.
35. E. lat. 5G. 38. N.
Aii'mne, a town of France, in the department of
Herault, 13. m. W. N. W. of Montpelier. It has
an extensive manufacture of mineral alkali.
.ivjengo, a town of Ilindoostan, in Travancore,
which has a trade in pepper and calicoes. It
stands at the mouth of a river, 4G m. W. N. W.
of Travancore. Long. 7G. 40. E.lat. 8.40. N.
Animuhj, a town of Ilindoostan, in the province
of Coimbatore, with a fort. It has a trade in
drugs, honey , and wax, collected in the hills to the
south, and is seated on the Alima, 21 m. S. of
Coimbatore
Aiijou, a late province of France, bounded on the
N.by Maine, W. by Bretagne, S. by Poitou, and
E. by Touraine. It formerly belonged to the sov-
ereigns of England. It now forms the depart-
ment of Maj'enne and Loire.
Ann, St. a town of New Brunswick, situate on
the river St. John nearly opposite to Fredericton,
and SO. m. above the cit}' of St John. Also the
name of the chief town of the jtrovince of Parana,
in Paraguay, and of a lake in Upper Canada, to
the nortli of Lake Superior.
Anne Arundel, a county of Maryland, on the
western shore of Chesapeak Bay. Pop. 28,295.
Annapolis is the chief town.
Ami, Cape, a point of land which forms the
north side of Massachusetts Bay. Two light-
houses on an island at the extremity of this Cape
are in N. lat. 42. 40. W. Long. 70. 38.
Ann, Fort, a town in Washington Co. N. Y. be-
tween the North River and Lake Champlain.
Pop. 3,201.
Amuiocrg, St. a town of Upper Saxony, in Mi«-
nia, noted for silver mines and tlie manufacture
of lace, 17 m. S. of Chemnitz.
d2
ANN
42
ANT
Jnnagh, an island on the W. coast of Ireland
5 miles in circumference, between the isle of
Achil and the coast of the county of Mayo. Long.
9. 39. W. lat. 53. 58. N. Also the name of three
parishes in diiFerent parts of Ireland ; 1st, in the
CO. of Kerry, pop. 2,089 ; 2d, in Cavan, pop. 10,488;
3rd, in Mayo, pop. 5,749.
Jinnagli, is also a prefix to several other parish-
es in Ireland, such as Annagh-cZowc, down, duff, &^c.
.inriamahoe, one of the principal commercial
fil.aces on the Gold coast of North Africa, in N.
at. 5.9. W. long. 1.41.
Annaviooha, one of the Friendly Islands, dis-
covered by Tasman, in 1643, and visited by cap-
tain Cook in 1 774 and 1777. It is well cultivated
in many places, consisting of plantations of yams
and plantains, inclosed with neat fences of reed.
The bread-fruit and cocoa-nut trees are interpcrs-
ed with little order, but chiefly near the habita-
tions of the natives ; and the other parts of the
island, especially towards the sea, are covered
with trees and bushes. It is situate about 187. E.
long. 20. S. lat.
Annan, a borough of Scotland, in Dumfries-
shire, seated on the river Annan, 3 m. from its
mouth, which forms a good harbour for vessels
of 250 tons burden. Here was a fine castle, built
by one of the Bruces, the ruins of which still re-
main. Much corn is exported hence ; and there
is a manufacture for carding and spinning. It is
16 m. E. S. E. of Dumfries, and 80 S. of Edin-
burgh. Long. 3. 8. W . lat. 55. 2. N.
Annapolis, the capital of Anne Arundel county,
and scat of the legislative government of the
state of Maryland. The state-house, a noble
building, stands in the centre of the city, from
wliich point the streets diverge in every direc-
tion. Here also is St. John's college, which with
Washington college at Chester, constitute one
university, named the University of Maryland.
Annapolis is situate on the west-«ide of Chesa-
peak bay, at the mouth of the Severn, 40 m. E.
by N. of Washington, and 35 S. of Baltimore.
Long. 76. 48. W. lat. 39. 0. N. Pop. 2,623.
Annapolis, a sea-port of Nov;- Scotia, on the
E. side of the Bay of Fundy. It has one of the
finest harbours in the world ; but the entrance is
through a difficult strait, called the Gut of Anna-
Solis. The toy/n stands on the S. side of the
arbour, at the mouth of a river of its name, 86 m.
W. by N. of Halifax. Long. 64. 55. W. lat. 44.
50. N.
Annapolis, p. v. Salem township, Jefferson Co.
Ohio, 135 m. N. E. Columbus.
Anneaj, a town of Savoy, seated on a lake of
its name, whence issues the canal of Thioux,
which runs through the town and then enters the
river Sier. It was lately the see of a bishop, who
also assumed the title of bishop and prince of Ge-
neva. Annecy is the largest town in Savoy next
to Chamberry, .and is 16 m. S.of Geneva. Long.
6. 5. E. lat. 45. 53. N.
Annohon, an island near the coast of Guinea, so
called because it was discovered by the Portu-
guese on New Year's day. It is well stocked
with cattle, and abounds with palm trees and
fruit. Long. 5. 10. E. lat. 1.50. S.
Annonay, a town of France, in the department
of Ardeche, with manufactures of very fine pa-
per : seated at the confluence of the Cances and
Deumes, 12 m. S. W. of Vienne.
AnnsviUe, p.v. Dinwiddle Co. Va. 54 m. S.
Richmond.
Anson, a County of North Carolina, bordering
on South Carolina, and bounded on the N. E. by
the Yadkin River. Pop. 1 4 ,081 . Wadcsborough ,
142 m. S. W. by W. of Raleigh, is the chief town.
Anson, p.t. Somerset Co. Me. on the Kenne-
bec. Pop. 1,532.
Anspach or Onolzbach a principality of Germanv,
in the south part of the circle of Franconia. It
has iron mines and several medicinal springs ;
and the soil produces considerable quantities of
corn, and feeds great numbers of cattle.
Anspach, a city, and capital of the above prin-
cipality, with a castle, a palace end an excellent
academy. It has many handsome buildings ; and
the principal manufacture is lace. It is seated on
the Retzat, 24 m. W. S. W. of Nurenberg. Long.
10. 28. E. lat. 49. 18. N.
Anstruthcr, East and West, two boroughs of
Scotland, on the S. E. coast of Fifeshire. They
adjoin each other; and East Anstruther, which
is much the largest, is little more than a fishing
village, 9 m. S. S. E. of St. Andrew. Pop. of
both, 1,519.
Antab, or Aintah, a town at the N. E. ex-
tremity of Syria, situate on two hills, and the
valley that lies between them is watered by the
Sejour. It is three miles in circumference, with
a strong old castle on a rock, and had formerly a
considerable manufacture of printed calicoes. Ma-
ny medals of the Syrian kings have been found
here, and some also of the kings of Cappadocia.
It is 50 m.E. of Alexandretta, and 60 N. by E. of
Aleppo. Long. 37. 35. E. lat. 36. 35. N.
Antcquera, a town of Spain, in Granada, divi-
ded into the Upper and the Lower. The Upper
is seated on a hill, and has a castle : the Lower
stands in a fertile plain, and is watered by many
brooks. Here are large quantities of natural salt,
quarries of excellent stone, and a spring famous
for the cure of the gravel. It is 26 m. N. N. W.
of Malaga. Long. 4. 30. V/. lat. 37. 1. N.
Antcquera, a town of Mexico. See Guaxaca.
Anthony's J\'ose, a point on the E. bank of the
Hudson, just above Peekskill.
Anthony's Kill, a little stream running into the
Hudson from the W. 7 m. above the Moliawk.
Anthony, St., Falls of, on the Mississippi River,
m N. lat. 45. W. long. 93. being more than 2,000
m. above the entrance of the river into the Gulf
of Mexico. There is a fort in the Missouri terri-
tory, on the point of land formed by the St. Pe-
ter's River, which river falls into the Mississippi
just below the Fall? nf St. Anthony.
Antibes, a town of Prance, in the department of
Var, with a Rti-'in;» castle, and harbour for small
vessels. Its territory produces excellent fruit;
and it is seated on the Mediterranean, 11 m. S. S.
W. of Nice. Long. 7. 7. E. lat. 4o. 35. N.
Anticosti, an island at the mouth of tlie river
St. Lawrence, 90 m. long and 20 broad. It ia
full of rocks, covered with wood, and has no har-
bour ; but excellent cod is found on the shores.
Antietam, a small tributary of the Potomac, run-
ning into it near Shepardstown.
Antigua, one of the English Leeward Islands,
in the West Indies, about 20 m. in length and
breadth, and 60 east by south of St. Christopher.
It is destitute of water, and the inhabitants are ]
obliged to save the rain water in cisterns. The
chief produce is sugar, of which it annually pro-
duces about 10,000 hogsheads. It was taken by
the French in 1782, but restored in 1783. The
capital is St. Johii. See Appendix.
Antilles, the name which the French give tr
the Caribbee, or West India islands, which sec.
ANT
43
ANT
Antioch, or Anthakia, a town of Syria, of which
U was formerly tlie capital. This ancient city in
which the disciples of Christ were first called
Christians, and yet the see of a Greek patriarch,
is now ahnost come to notiiing ; but the magni-
ficent ruins of it still remain. It is seated on the
river Orontes, now called Osi, 15 m. from the
Mediterranean, and 50 N. W. c^ Aleppo. Long.
3(5. 40. E. lat. 30. 10. N.
Antiockelta, a town of Asiatic Turkey, in Car-
amania, and a bishop's see, seated on the shore of
the Levant, opposite Cvprus, 88 m. S. ofKonieh.
I Long. 3i>. 2G. E. lat. 3C. 30. N.
ArUiogo, St. an island on the S. W. coast of Sar-
dinia, 14 m. long and 3 broad. In 1793 it was
taken by the French, but evacuated soon after.
Antioqiiia, or St. Fe de Antioquia, a town in the
new department of Cauca, Colombia. It is seat-
ed on the banks of the river Cauca, about 200 m.
N. N. W. St. Fe de Bogota.
Antiparos, the ancient Olearos, an island of the
Archipelago, two miles west of Paros. It is only
a rock, 16 miles in circuit ; yet in some parts is
well cultivated, and produces as much barley as
serves a small village. It has a remarkable grotto,
about 70 yards high and 100 broad, which contains
a vast variety of figures, and a white transparent
crystalline substance resembling vegetables, mar-
ble pillars, and a superb marble pyramid. Long.
25. 44. E. lat. 37. 8. N.
Antisana, a peak of the Andes, in the depart-
ment of Quito, which is volcanic, 19,150 ft. above
tlie level of the sea. There is a village of the
same name, a few leagues east of the city of Qui-
to, at a height of 13,500 fl. being tlie highest in-
habited place on the globe.
Aiitoine, St. a town of France, in the department
of isere, 5 m. N. E. of St. Marcellan.
Antonio, St. the most northern of the Cape Verde
islands, 15 m. from St. Vincent. It is full of high
mountains, whence proceed streams of excellent
water, which render the land fruitful. The prin-
cipal town is setated among the mountains. Long.
25. 0. W. lat. 17. 0. N.
Antonio de Be/iar, San, the Capital of Texas, on
the S. Antonio river. It is a village composed of
mud cabins covered with turf.
Antonio de Capo, St. a town of Brasil, in the prov-
ince of Pernambuco, situate near Cape St. Augus-
tin, 30 m. S. S. W. Olinda.
*j^* There are near 100 other towns and streams
in difierent parts of South America and Mexico,
dedicated to the tutelar saint of the Portuguese
aud Spa.nia.ids, Antkomj, or San Antonio, who does
not appear to have done much for them, as they
are mostly insignificant.
Antrim, a maritime county, on the N. E. coast
of Ireland. It has two great natural curiosities;
Loug'h Neagh, a large lake, the area of which ex-
ceeds 100,000 acres, the waters being of a petrify-
ing quality ; and the Giant's Causeway, consist-
ing of lofty pillars of basaltes, all of anguljir
Bhapes, from three sides to eight, and extending
three miles along the north shore. The linen manu-
facture is carried on very extensively in this
county, and since about 1823 the cotton manufac-
ture has been making considerable progress. The
principal towns are Belfast, Lisburne, and Carrick-
fer^us, each of which (in eiddition to the two for
the county) returns one member to the parliament
of the United Kingdom. Carrickfergus is the as-
size town. The county contained in 1821, 270,
883 inhabitants, and 48,023 houses.
Antrim, a town and parish of the above county,
about 19 m. N. W. of Belfast. Pop. of the town
2,485, and of the parish, 5,129. The town is situate
on the bank of a small stream, which runs into
Lough Neagh, at a short distance on the north-
east.
Antrim, p.t. Hillsborough Co. N. Hampshire.
G7 m. fr. Boston. Pop. 1,009.
Antrim, p.t. Franklin Co. Pa. adjoining Mary-
land.
Antrim, t. Crawford Co. Ohio.
Antwerp, a celebrated city of Brabant, and af-
ter the decline of Venice and Genoa it became one
of the most considerable commercial depots of
Europe. It is situated on the cast bank of tlie
Scheldt, in N. lat. 51. 13. and 4. 24. E. long
The era of its greatest importance was about the
commencement of the 17th century, when its
population amounted to about 200,000, but the de-
vastating policy of Austria and Spain involved it
in the bigoted and ruthless contentions of that pe-
riod ; further, bv tlie extent of the commercial
transactions, which its localities drew hither as
to a centre, it greatly rivalled the transactions of
Rotterdam and Amsterdam, and as such excited
the grovelling jealousy of the Hollanders ; the
navigation of the Scheldt was tlierefore obstructed
in 1648, by the treaty of Westphalia, between
Spain and Holland, and Antwerp inconsequence,
progressively declined in population and impor-
tance, until the period of the French revolution.
When the French overran this part of Europe in
1794, they proclaimed the free navigation of the
Scheldt, and after the renewal of the war subse-
quent to the peace, or rather the respite of Amiens
in 1802, Antwerp claimed the especial notice of
Napoleon, who constructed a basin to hold about
20 sail of the line, and a noble quay, along the
east bank of the river, and made it his principal
naval arsenal for the northern part of his empire.
It was not, however, till subsequent to the gene-
ral peace of Europe in 1814, when the Nether-
lands were ceded to Holland, and Antwerp de-
clared a free port for the transit of merchandise,
tliat it began to resume its former wonted activity
and importance. Since that period, Brussels,
and a vast extent of countrv westward of the
Rhine, draw their supplies of foreign produce from
Antwerp, which is, in consequence, progressively,
though slowly, increasing in population and in-
terest. It has, however, but fe->v articles of ex-
port, either witliin itself, or of transit.
The city is nearly a semicircle, of about seven
miles round. It was defended by the citadel,
built by the duke of Alva to overawe the inhabi-
tants. The whole appearance of its public build-
ings, streets, and houses, affords the most incon-
testible evidence of its former splendour. Many
instances of tlie immense wealth of its merchants
are recorded : among otlicrs, it is said that when
Charles V. once dined with one of the chief mag-
istrates, his host immediately ifler dinner threw
into tlie fire a bond for two millions of ducats,
which he had received as security for a loan to
that monarch, saying that he was more than re
paid by the honour of being permitted to enter-
tain his sovereign.
The most remarkable of the streets is the Place
de Mer, said to be unequalled by any in Europe
for its great length, its still more unusual breadth,
and the extraordinary sumptuousness of its hou-
ses. A crucifix thirty-three feet hio-h, made from
a demolished statue of the duke of Alva, stands at
one end of the street ; but the eye of taste is of
fended here and elsewhere by the great intermix
ANT
44
AOS
lure of dwellings of the lowest description with
Rplendiii palaces. The noble and tlie mechanic
often inhabit adjoining houses. The want of
sunken areas before the houses, and of raised foot-
patlis for pedestrians, is also severely commented
on by British visitors.
The quays present a noble appearance : they
are richly planted, and form one of the most fa-
vourite promenades. In the neighbourhood of
tlie basins for shipping, is a square building, 230
feet long each way, intended as a place of mer-
chandise for the Oosterling or Hanseatic towns of
Germany. In its middle story, which has a gal
lery quite round the square, there are 300 lodg-
ing rooms, but they are no longer used as such.
The cellars serve for stables.
Besides tJie canals usual in all Dutch towns,
others of an extraordinary construction are to be
found here. They are carried on wholly under
ground, having been excavated at the exj)ense of
individuals, in order to convey in small boats, to
their storehouses, the goods which had been
brought in by the usual conveyance of the open
canals. They are now used as sewers.
The town hall, in the great market-place, is a
spacious building 250 feet long, having its front
adorned with statues. It was rebuilt in 1581 , the
period of the commercial downfal of the city.
This building contains the public library, which
is not remarkable for the number or rarity of its
books. It also contains a fine collection of paint-
ings. The royal palace in the Place de Mer,
which had been fitted up for the residence of Bo-
naparte, contains also some fine paintings. The
Exchange, a large, but by no means an elegant
structure, has served as a model for those of
Amsterdam and London.
Of the places of public worship, the cathedral is
by far the most noble, not only as compared with
those in the neighbourhood, but with any other on
the continent. It is 500 feet long, 230 wide, and
3C0 high ; its erection occupied a period of ninety-
six y.' irs. The spire is 4()G feet in height. Ac-
cording to the original design, another of equal
dimensinns was to have been erected on the other
side of the great entrance. But after having been
carried up to a certain height, the work was dis-
continued ; vet. notwithstanding this defect in
uniformity, it is thought that the want of the sec-
ond spire adds to the simple grandeur of that
which has been completed. The gallery to the
summit of the tower is attained by an ascent of
622 steps ; and the toil of going up is well repaid
by the commanding view aftbrded of the city be-
neath, the country, the Scheldt, and its neigh-
bouring islands, stretching into the main sea.
This church contains many fine paintings, mostly
by Rubens ; that of the taking down of our Sa-
viour from the cross, in which the figures are as
large as life, is universally considered his master-
Eiece. It also contains the monuments of Am-
rose Capello, seventh bishop of the see ;
those of Moretus the printer, the successor
of Plantin ; of Phantin himself, and of Van
Delft. Outside its walls is the tomb of Quintan
Matsys, originally a blacksmith, but who, on l;e-
ing refused the dtiughter of Flors the painter till
he had proved himself a painter also, laboured
with incessant assiduity till he overcame the old
man's scruples, and ultimately surpassed him in
his favourite art. Near the tomb is a pump, the
iron- work of which is said to have been wrought
by Matsys before his transformation. In this ca-
thedral Henry VIII. of England, together with
the then kings of France, Denmark, Portugal,
Poland, Bohemia, and the Romans, were made
knights of the order of the Golden Fleece, by
Philip II. of Spain, in the year 1555.
The church of St. James contains the tomb of
the great Rubens : It is of black marble, simple in
design, but most appropriately adorned with one
of that master's own paintings. The windows of
this church are much admired.
The church of St. Paul or of the Dominicans
has in it some works of Rubens and Vandyke ;
particularly the scourging of Christ, by the for-
mer. But it is more frequently visited to see a
representation of mount Calvary near its en-
trance. On descending into a cavity in the rock
intended to represent the place of our Saviour e
sufferings, the body of Christ is seen laid out on
a tomb, and coven^d with a shroud of silk ; the
walls around are painted to resemble the flames of
purgatory, and the figures of those suffering its
torments. The whole is executed in a coarse
style, almost bordering on the grotesque ; yet, sit-
uate as it is, it seldom fails to produce a solemn
effect. The other churches are in possession of
paintings by the old masters.
At the academy of fine arts upwards of 1,000
students receive gratuitous instruction in painting
and its kindred arts. The academy is held in
some of the departments of the museum, where
also there is a fine collection of pictures and of
casts. A public annual exhibition of the produc-
tions of the pupils is held here alternately with
Brussels and Ghent; prizes are distributed ; and
the successful pictures are purchased by the cities
to which the victors belong, to be lodged in their
public collections, as rewards to the successful
candidates and as excitements to others. Ant-
werp boasts of being the native place of Ru-
bens and Vandyke, as also of Teniers, Snyders,
and Joerdans. Opposite to the town, and near
the spot whence it was bombarded by the English
in 1809, the place of a new city was traced out by
Bonaparte. Its site is now occupied by some
forts built under the direction of the duke of
Wellington.
The recent separation of the Netherlands from
Holland, will doubtless have a considerable effect
upon the commercial prosperity of Antwerp.
During the insurrection which preceded this
event, the city was bombarded by the Dutch, and
a great number of its buildings burnt. The Dutch
were repulsed after much hard fighting.
Antwrrv.^.i. Jefferson Co. N. Y. Ib5 m. N. W.
Albany. Pop. 2.412.
Jlnvil, p.t. Lebanon Co. Pa.
AnrUle Island, an island in the gulf of Georgia,
discovered by Vancouver, and so called from its
shape.
^nicniler, or Anvfiler, a town in the duchy of
Deux Ponts, 6 m. W. from Laudan. It was
formerly a city of Austria, and the inhabitants en-
joyed the singular privilege of exemption from
toll dues in ail parts of the empire ; but in 1330 it
was brought under the dominion of the counts
palatine.
Anzerma, a town of New Granada in the prov-
ince of Popayan, where there are mines of gold.
It is seated on the Cauca, 140 m. N. N. E. of
Popayan. Long. 75. 25. W. lat. 4. 58. N.
Jlnziho, a kingdom of Guinea, lying east of
Gabon and north of Congo, but it is little known.
The king is styled the Micoco, whence the coun-
try is sometimes so called. The capital is Mcns'd.
Jlosta, or Aoust, duchy-of, a province of Pied-
APP
APU
mont, bounded on the west and north by the
Alps, or rather on the north by the Valais, for
the mountains run from north to south into Aoust,
which may be considered altogether as a moun-
tainous district. Pop. about 65,000. The princi-
pal oity of the same name, which is a bishop's see,
IS situate about the centre of the province, be-
tween two streams of the Baltea River, which
fall:5 into the Po, and on the great high road from
the pads of St. Bernard to Turin. It contains sev-
eral monuments of the Romans. Pop. 5,.500.
Apalachian Mountains, the name given to the
immense chain extending along the whole At-
lantic coast of the U. States, from Alabama to
Maine. In the Southern States they are 200 m.
from the sea, but as they extend northward ap-
proach near the coast. They run generally in
parallel ridges and their various divisions go by
diiterent names. These are the Cumberland
mountains of Tennessee, the Blue mountains of
Virginia, the Alleghany and Laurel mountains
of Pennsylvania, the datskill mountains of New
York, the Green mountains of Vermont, and
the White mountains of New Hampshire. They
are sometimes broken into groups and isolated
chains. Their highest summits are in N. Hamp-
sliire ; and are between G and 7,000 ft. above the
level of the sea. East of the Hudson they are
granitic. In the W. and S. they consist of gran-
ite, gtieis3, mica and clay slate, primitive lime-
stone, Sec. Their name in the language of the
Indians signified endless.
ApaUichiciila, a river of North America, formed
by the junction of the Chatahooche and Flint, at
an old lad an fort of the same name on the south
confines of Georgia, and thence flows between
West and East Florida into Apalache bay, in the
gulf of Mexico, east of Cape Blaize.
Apanormia, a town seated on the N. W. coast
of the island of Santorin, 7 m. N. N. W. of
Scauro, at the entrance of the Grecian Archipe-
lago.
Jpee, one of the New Hebrides, near MalicoUo,
m the Pacific Ocean. Long. 168. 27. E. lat. 16.
46. S.
Apcnrade, or Aapenrade, a sea-port of Denmark,
in Sleswick, with a citadel. It is a place of consid-
erable trade, seated at the bottom of a ffulf of the
Little Belt, 27 m. N. N W. of Sleswick. Long 9.
33. E. lat. 55. 8. N.
Aphiom, 01 AJium-kara-hissar, a town of Asiatic
Turkey, in Natolia, built round a higii rock, on
the top of which is a fortress. It is 3 m. in
circumference, and has a considerable trade. The
chief manufacture is carpets ; and the country
around produces much opium, called aphiom by
the Turks. It stands on the Mindra, 150 m. E.
if Smyrna. Long. 31. 10. E. lat. 38. 35. N.
Apofda, a town of Upper Saxony in Thuringia,
8 m. N. of Jena, and 40 S. W. of Leipsic.
Apsnninrs, a chain of mountains, in Europe
which begins near Oneglia, on the gulf of Genoa,
passes round that gulf at no great distance from
the sea, then proceeds east to the centre of Italy,
and afterward divides that country in a mediate
south-east direction to the extremities of the
kingdom of Naples. Hence proceed all the rivers
which water Italy. The Apennines are at first a
branch of the Alps, but, in general they may rather
be regarded as hills than as mountains.
Appenzel, a canton in the N. E. part of Switzer-
land, bordering on Tyrol. It is divided into 12
communities : six called the interior, are Roman
Catholic, with a population of 16,000, subsisting
chiefly by agriculture ; and six exterior, bordering
on the canton of St. Gall, are Protestant, with a
population of 40,000, a great portion of which are
employed by the manufacturers of the city of
St. Gall.
Appenzel, the chief town of the above Canton,
is situate on the bank of the river Sitter, on the
interior side, and containing about 3,000 inhab.
Appia Via, or Appian Way, a celebrated road
from Rome through Capua to Brundusinm. It
was begun by Appius Claudius Csecus, and con-
tinued by Julius and Augustus Cjesar.
Appii Forum, a town in the south west of Italy,
about 50 m. S. of Rome, and 18 from the Three
Taverns ; where the Christians of Rome came to
meet Paul in his journey from Puteoli to that me-
tropolis of the world.
Ajiplel y,s.horo\xgh. in Eng. returning two mem-
bers to parliament, and the county-town of West-
moreland, with a market on Saturday. It was a
Roman station, and has been twice destroyed by
the Scots, and it now consists of only one broad
street of mean houses. At the upper end or south
part is the castle, and at the lower end is the
church. The town is governed by a mayor, and
almost encircled by the Eden. It is 20 m. N. N.
E. of Kendal, and 270 N. N. W. of London. Pop.
in 1821, 824, and Bongate, which forms part of
the town, 637 more.
Applecross, a parish extending for about 20
miles along the western coast of Ross-shire, Scot-
land. Pop. in 1821, 2,703, who subsist mainly by
the herring fishery. There is a town of the same
name, in which the population is principally con-
centrated.
Appledore, a village of England in Northam,
Devonshire, situate at the mouth of Towridge, in
Barnstable bay, three miles north by east of Bid-
ford. Here the Danes landed, under Hubba, in the
time of Alfred. It is now resorted to for bathing.
Applcton, t. Waldo Co. Me. Pop. 735.
Appling, a Co. of Georgia, in the S. E. part of
the stal/?, upon the Altamaha. Pop. 1,468.
AppUngville, the chief town of Columbia Co.
Geo. 93. m. from Milledgeville.
AppoUonia, a district extending about 100 miles
on the S. W. coast of North Africa. Cape Appol-
lonia is in 5. N. lat. and 3. 57. W. long.
Appolobamba, a town in La Paz, one of the
united provinces of Paraguay, on the border of
Peru.
Appomattox, a stream of Virginia, falling into
the James from the S. near City Point.
Appoq^dnimink, a stream in the state of Dela-
ware, running into Delaware Bay, a little below
Reedy Island.
AppoquiniminJt, t. Newcastle Co. Del.
Apt, a town of France, in the department of
Mouths of the Rhone. It h.os a trade in prunes,
coarse serges, and wax chandlery ; and contains
many Roman antiquities. It is seated on the
Calaron, 20 m. N. ofAix.
Apulia, p.v. Onondaga Co. N. Y. 129 m. W.
Albany.
Aptire, a river of Colombia rising from various
sources on the E. side of the eastern range of the
Andes and falling into the Oronoko.
Apuririiac,a. river of Peru, which rises 10 miles
N. of Arequipa, and flows N. about 430 miles;
receiving the Paucartambo, and Pilcomayo from
the E. and the Jauja or Mantaro from the W. It
then takes the name of Ucayale, and continuing
its course 470 miles further, enters tlie river Ama-
zon, in long. 72. 46. W.
ARA
46
ARA
Aqui, a town Piedmont, in the duchy of Mont-
ferrat, with a citadel, and baths of mineral water;
seated on the north bank of the Bormlda, 15 m.
S. of Alexandria.
Aqulld, a fine large city of the kingdom of
Naples, anciently called Avia, and Avella, the
capital of Abnizzo, seated on a hill, east of the
Apennines, on the banks of the river Alterno, or
Pescara, near its source. It has an ancient castle,
and is a bishop's sec. An earthquake was so vio-
lent here in Feb. 1703, that 24,000 people perish-
ed, and ^reit numbers were wounded. It is situate
3^5 m. W. from the Adriatic, and 92 E. of Rome.
Long. 14. 20. E. lat. 42. 50. N.
jiquUda, a.n ancient and large city of the Carni,
or Veneti, in Italy, seated near the coast at the
head of the gulf of Venice. A Roman colony
was settled in it, between the first and second
Macedonian wars, to be a bulwark against the
Huns and Goths. In 425 it wrrs besieged by Attila
with an innumerable host of barbarians. Three
months were consumed without efl^ect in the
siege ; till the want of provisions and the clamour
of his army, compelled Attila to issue his orders
that the troops should strike their tents the next
morning, and begin their retreat. But as he rode
round the wall, pensive, angry, and disappointed,
he observed a stork preparing to leave her nest in
one of the towers, and to tly, with her infant fami-
ly, towards the country ; this he interpreted as an
omen that those towers were devoted to impend-
ing ruin and solitude. The siege was renewed
and prosecuted with fresh vigour ; a larore breach
was made in the part of the wall from whence the
stork had taken her flight ; the Huns mounted to
the assault with irresistible fury ; and the suc-
ceeding generation could scarcely discover the
ruins of Aquileia.
Aquino, a town of Naples, in Terra di Lavoro,
ruined by the emperor Conrad. It is the birth-
fdace of Juvenal, and seated near the Carig-
iano, on the great high road from Rome to Na-
ples, 20 m. S. by E. of Sora.
Arabat, a town and fort of the Crimea, and
province of Taurida, on the borders of the sea of
A«!oph, 20 m. N. by E. of Caffa.
Arabia, a country of Asia, extending from the
12th to the 32nd deg. of N. lat. and from the 33rd
to the 58th of W. long, being about 1,480 m. in
length, 1,200 in broadtfi; bounded on the W. by
the Red Sea, and the isthmus of Suez, N. E. by
the Euphrates, which divides it from Diarbekir, E.
by the gulfs of Persia and Ormus, and S. by the
Indian Ocean. It is divided into three parts, Ara-
bia Petrea, Deserta, and Felix, so named by Eu-
ropeans from their supposed qualities of soil and
climate. Arabia Petrea, much the smallest of the
three, lies to the south of Syria along the east
coast of the Red Sea. The north part is moun-
tainous, and in general stony, sandy, and barren;
but some parts yield sufficient nourishment for
cattle, whose milk, and camels' flesh, is the chief
food of its few inliabitants. Arabia Deserta lies
south of Syria, and east of Arabia Petrea, and
the Red Sea. It is for the most part desert, be-
ing intersected by barren mountains, and many
of the plains nothing but great sands and heaths;
h'-' there are some plains and valleys that feed
great flocks of sheep and goats ; there are also
great numbes of ostriches, and a fine breed of
eam(>ls in several places, and the horses are the
noblest of the species.
The Arabians train up their best and fleetest
liorses, to hunt the ostrich. Perhaps, of all va-
rieties of the chase, this, though the most labori-
ous, is yet the most entertaining. As soon as the
hunter comes within sight of his prey, he puts on
his horse with a gentle gallop, so as to keep the
ostrich still in sight ; yet not so as to terrify hiiu
from the plain into the mountains. Upon observ-
ing himself, therefore, pursued at a distance, the
bird begins to run at first, but gently, either in-
sensible of his danger, or sure of escaping. In
this situation he somewhat resembles a man at
full speed ; his wings, like two arms, keep work-
ing with a motion correspondent to that of his
legs ; and his speed would very soon snatch him
from the view of his pursuers, but, unfortunate-
ly for the silly creature, instead of going off" in a
direct line, he takes his course in circles ; while
the hunters still make a SiTiall course within, re-
lieve each other, meet him at unexpected turns,
and keep him thus still employed, still followed,
for two or three days together. At last, spent
with fatigue and famine, and finding all power of
escape impossible, he endeavours to hide himself
from those enemies he cannot avoid, and covers
his head in the sand, or the first thicket he meets.
Sometimes, however, he attempts to face his pur-
suers : and, though in general the most gentle
animal in nature, when driven to desperation, he
defends himself with his beak, his wines, and
his feet. Such is the force of his motion, tliat a
man would be utterly unable to withstand him in
the shock. The oxen of Arabia have generally
a hump on their back like those of Syria.
The sheep have a thick and broad tail, which
they are said to drag behind them on a carriage ;
their wool is coarse, and their flesh not very deli-
cate. The wild goat is found in the mountains
of Arabia Petrea. The other animals are the
jackal, hyaena, many sorts of apes, the jerboa
or rat of Pharaoh, antelopes, wild oxen, wolves,
foxes, wild boars and the great and little panther.
The caracal or syagosh is a sort of lynx, and is
&^*fe^
probably the lynx of the ancients. It follows the
lion and lives upon the remains of that animal's
meals. It is somewhat larger than a fox, and
much fiercer and stronger. It climbs with aston-
ishing agility to the tops of the tallest trees in
pursuit of hares, rabbits and birds. Arabia Fe-
lix, so called on account of its fertility with re-
gard to the rest, lies to the south of Arabia De-
AHA
47
ARA
•erta, between the Red Sea and the Indian Ocean.
It is by far the most considerable part, and though
the centre is occupied by very dry deserts, there
are many rich provinces on the coasts, producing
a variety of fruits, honey, wax, cinnamon, cassia,
manna, spikenard, frankincense, myrrh, and cof-
fee, of which latter great quantities are exported
from Moka. The Arabs are of a middle stature and
brown complexion, and have always a grave and
melancholy air. They derive their subsistence
from their flocks, from hunting, and from what
they acquire by plunder of the caravans which
pass from Aleppo to Bassora, and from Bassora
to Mecca. They acknowledge no sovereign but
the emirs of their tribes, who are their natural
Erinces, and to whom they pay obedience. They
are also sheiks, or chiefs of an advanced age,
whom tliey often consult, and whose advice they
follow. The dress of the Arabs consists of a
white robe, bound round with a broad leather gir-
dle, fastened by a strong buckle or large clasp.
Their drawers are made of linen, and descend to
the lower part of the leg. They wear a kind of
red cap on the head ; and sometimes they wear
slippers, after the manner of tiie Turks, but are
generally in half boots that they may be ready to
get on horseback. Winter and summer they wear
a large cloak, striped black and white, made of
the hair of goats or some other animal. Their
emirs dress in the same manner, except that their
cloaks are for tlie most part all black. The
Arabs in the deserts live in tents, and remove
from place to place, partly for the sake of pasture,
and partly to lie in wait for the caravans. The
famous Mihomet was a native of this country ;
and his followers, soon after his death, conquered
a great part of Asia, Africa, and Europe, establish-
ing their religion wherever they came. The in-
terior of this vast territory is very little known,
but it seems nearly destitute of water, as but very
few rivers are found round its coast for near 2,500
miles. Medina, Mecca, and Moka, all on the
coast of tlie Red Sea, are the chief towns.
Arucan, or Heccun, a maritime and fertile coun-
try of Asia, on the east coast of the bay of Ben-
gal, bounded on the east by Birmah. The rainy
season continues from April to October, and the
rest of the year is called summer. The inhabitants
are idolaters. The women are tolerably fair, but
the longest ears are reckoned the most beautiful,
and in these tliey wear many rings. They are a
dastardly race of people, and have only courage to
attack defenceless merchants and boatmen. There
are such numbers of elephants, buffaloes, and
tigers, that but few places are inhabited, on ac-
count of the ravages made by these aniinalc.
The chief productions of commerce, are salt, ele-
phants' teeth, bees' wax, and rice ; but its trade
was never very considerable. Aracan was lone
an independent nation, governed by a king; but
it was subdued by tlie Birmans in 17d3, and is
now a province of that empire.
Aracan, the capital of the country of the same
name, with an extensive fort. It is situate at the
bead of an inlet of the sea, which forms one of
the finest and most capacious harbours for ship-
ping in the world. The river Aracan rons through
the city, and waters the streets by means of seve-
ral arms or canals, into which it is divided. The
inhabitants are about 100,000. It was taken by
the Birmans in 1783. It is 260 m. S. S. £. of
Islamabad, and 230 W. S. W. of Ava. Long. 93.
10. E. lat. 20. 38. N.
Arad. an interior coTiBty of Upper Hongary,
population about 155,000. There are two towns
of the same name, the Old, which is the capital
of the county, on the nortij, and the I^ew town
on the south side of the Marosch river. The old
town is a great mart for cattle, and is aboat24 m.
N. N. E. of Temeswar.
Arafat, or Gelel Orphat, a mountain of Arabia,
about 150 ft. in height, 1.5 m. S. S. E. of JSIecca.
Its name implies the Mountain of Kttoirledge,
and as such is an object of adoration with the
devotees of Mahomet; in 1S07, upward of 80,000
pilgrims, including 45,000 mounted Wahabees,
were assembled about it.
AragMayu, a river of South America, which
rises in the lat. of about 19. S. near to tJH» Parana,
which runs from north to south, whilst the Ara-
guaya runs through the heart of Brazil from south
to nortli, to the lat. of about 7. S. where it is join-
ed by tlje Tocantins, and about 5 de^. further it
diverges into two branches, one falling into the
Amazon, and the other forming a separate chan-
nel into the Atlantic, called Para, in tlie lat. ct
0. 20. S. and 48. 20. W. long.
Aral, a lake of Independent Tartary, 120 miles
east of the Caspian Sea. It is 200 miles in length,
and in some places 70 in breadth, i^tersecled by
the lines of 45. iS.lat. and GO. W. long. The
water is salt, and there are many small saline
lakes in tlie vicinity, but it has no visible commu-
nication with the sea. 9-
Arajijuez, a town of Spain, in New Castile,
with broad streets intersecting each other at right
angles. The great square is surrounded by porti-
coes, and has a fountain tliat supplies the town
with water. Here are three churches, and a thea-
tre for bull-fights ; but the glory of Aranjuez is
the royal palace and gardens, situate on an island
formed by the Tagus. the Xarama, and a canal.
This palace justly ranks among the finest and
most agreeable residences in Europe ; it was in it
the supreme junta of government of the king-
dom, on the declaration in favour of Ferdinand
VII. were installed, and held ilx-'iT first meeting,
Sept. 25th, 1808. Aranjuez is seated on the Tajo,
20 m. S. of Madrid.
Ararat, a mountain of .\rmenia, distinguished
in Mosaic history. See Gen. viii. 4. Its height
is about 9,500 ft. above the level of the sea.
Ararat, a mountain in N. Carolina, 10 ni from
Bethany in Stokes Co.
Arassi, a maritime town of the territory of Ge
noa, 5 m. S. W. of Albenga.
Aran, a town of Switzerland, capital of the
department of Lower Argo, canton of Berne,
with manufactures of cotton, printed hnen, and
ARC
48
ARD
cotlery. A treaty between the protestant and
catliolic cantons was concluded here in 1712. It
is seated on the river Aar, 27 m. W. of Zurich.
Jiravco, a district extending from the 42nd to
the 37th deg. of S. lat. on the shore of the Pacific
Ocean, bounded on the E. by the Andes, and ia
considered as belonging to Chile, but it is inhabi-
ted almost exclusively by natives, who have not
only successfully resisted every attempt of the
Spaniards to become masters of the country, but
frequently made incursions into their territory.
The district contains both gold and silver, is wa-
tered by several streams, is very fertile, and
the climate is delightful. The Spaniards con-
structed a fort about 40 m. S. of Concepcion, (na-
med after the district) as a defence against the
incursions of the Araucans.
Araxes, or Aras, a river of Asia, which rises in
Georgia, flows S. E. across Armenia, and joins
the Kur, near its entrance into the Caspian Sea.
It is a very rapid river, and is supposed to be the
Gihon mentioned by Moses.
Arbc, an island 30 m. in circumference, on the
coast of Dalmatia, from which it is 5 m. distant.
The soil is rich, but the inhabitants are indolent.
It has a town of the same name. Lonff. 14. 55.
E. lat. 45. 5. N.
A) berg, a town of Switzerland, in the canton
of Berne, on an island formed by two branches
of the Aar. It is 10 miles W. by N. of Berne.
Ariel, a town of Asiatic Turkey, in Curdistan,
ancient Arbcla, near which Alexander defeated
Darius. Here are the remains of an ancient cas-
tle, and in the vicinity are napt.ha pits. It is
seated in an extensive plain 36 m. N. of Altunku-
pri. and 50 E. of Mosul.
Arhela, p. v. Lancaster Co. Pa. 45 m. E. Harris-
burg.
Arhois, a town of France, in the department of
Jura, famous for its white wines. It is 22 m. S.
W. of Besaruion.
Arhosra, a town of Sweden, Westmanland,
seated on the Ulvison, by which river, and a ca-
nal, it has a communication with the lakes Hiel-
mar and Maelar. It is 25 m. E. N. E. of Orebro.
Arhon, a town of Switzerland, situate on a
point of land jutting into the lake of Constance,
12 m. S. E. of Constance.
Arbroath. See Aberbrothwich.
Arburg, a town of Switzerland, in the canton
of Berne, with a citadel on a rock, seated on the
Aar, opposite Olten, 12 m. E. of Soleure.
Arcadia, a division of Modern Greece, in the
central part of the Morea.
Arcadia, a town on the west coast of the Morea,
near the gulf of its name, W. of the above district,
22 m. north of Navarino. Long. 21. 42. E. lat. 37.
24. N.
Archangel , a large province of Russia, boun-
ded on the north by the Arctic Ocean. It is di-
vided into eight circles: viz. Archanwel, Chen-
courisk, Chohnegar, Kem, Kola, Meson, Onega,
and Senega. It is a very dreary district, especial-
ly the eastern part ; it supplies some fir timber
and deals, and contains many wild animals, which
are slaughtered for their fat ; and tallow and bris-
tles form great articles of export.
Archangel, or St. Michael, the chief town of
the above province, is situate on the east bank of
the Dwina River, a short distance above its en-
trance into a bay of the White Sea, in N. lat. 64.
34. E. long. 38. 59. It was for many years the
principal sea-port of Russia, and was first resort-
ed to by the English in 1553, and although
greatly declined in importance since the buildinsf
of St. Petersburg, it still exports considerable
quantities of tallow, deals, and some bristles ; but
as it is only attained by the dreary coast of Nor
way, and the North Cape, in lat. '71. 10., it is ac-
cessible only a few months in the year, in July,
August, and September, during which short peri-
od it is resorted to by 60 or 70 sail of vessels an-
nually, principally English. It was nearly de-
stroyed by fire in 1793, but has since been rebuilt
with neatness, principally of wood, the severity
of the winter being counteracted by stoves. Pop.
about 7,000, who have about a dozen churches,
one Lutheran, one Calvinist, and the others
Greek. Archangel is about 400 m. N. E. of St
Petersburg.
Archer, t, Harrison Co. Ohio.
Archipelago, is a term applied to a cluster or
group of islands, hence the Grecian, Eastern,
Northern, &c. &.c.; but the most celebrated group
is the Grecian, at the head of the Mediterranean
sea, having Romania on the north, Natolia on the
east, the isle of Candia on the south, Macedonia,
Livadia, and the Morea on the west. It is partly
in Europe, and partly in Asia, containing the isl
ands of Rhodes, Negropont, Lemnos, Tencdos,
Scyros, Mytilene, Scio, Samos, Patnios, Pares,
Antiparos, Cerigo, Santorini, Andros, Tina,Nax-
ia, Milo, Delos, Argentiera, and many others.
Archipelago, JVorthf.rn, a part of the Pacific
Ocean, having the peninsula of Kamschatka on
the west, and the coast of America on the east.
It includes a number of islands, among which are
four principal groups. The first, called Sasignan,
contains five islands ; the second, called Khoa,
includes eight islands ; and both these groups to-
gether are styled the Aleutian Islands. The
third group is called the AnpreofTski Ostrova, and
comprises 16 islands. The fourth group is the
Lissie Ostrova or the Fox Islands, 16 in number.
They all belong to Russia, and are valuable chiefly
for the skins of animals found there, particularly
the sea-otter. See Fox Islands.
Arcis-svr-Aubc, a town of France, in the depart-
ment of Aube, seated on the river Aube, 15 m.
north of Troyes.
Area, a town and castle of Germany, in Tyrol,
taken by the French in 1703, and abandoned soon
after. It stands on the Sarca, near the head of
the lake^Garda, and 15 m. W. S. W. of Trent.
Arcos, a town of Spain, in Andalusia, seated on
a craggy rock, on the river Guadalete, 23 m. N.
E. of Cadiz. It is the residence of the vicar gen-
eral of the metropolitan church of Seville. There
are several other towns of the same name in Spain
and Portugal.
Arcot, a city of Hindoostan, capital of the Car
natic, which became subject to the English East
India Company in 1801. The citadel is largt_
and esteemed a place of some strength ; but the
nabob often resides at Madras. In the vicinity
are several celebrated temples, visited by niiiner
ous pilgrims. Arcot has a manufacture of coarse
cotton cloth. It is seated on the south bnnk of .
the Paliar, 66 m. W. by S. of Madras, and ISO E.
by N. of Seringapatam. Long. 79. 24. E. lat. 12.
51. N.
Ardagh, the name of a barony in the county of
Longford, Ireland, containing 9 parishes, and the
towns of Longford and Edgworthstoun ; a parish of
the same name, in 1822, contained a population
of 4,962, and which, united with Kilmore gives
name to a bishopric, but there is neither cathedral
nor episcopal residence in Ardagh. There ar«
ARE
4»
▲RG
four other parishes of the same name in different
parts of Ireland: viz. 1st in Meath, pop. 1,074;
'ind in Cork, pop. 2,344 ; 3rd in Limerick, pop.
1,850; and 4th in Mayo, pop. 1,556. There are
40 other parishes in different parts of Ireland be-
ginning with ^rd.
Ardcidl, a town of Persia, in Aderbeitzan, the
rtisidence and burial-place of many kings, partic-
ularly of Sheik Sessi, the founder of the Persian
sect. Pilgrims resort to this place from all parts
of Persia ; and caravans are frequently passing to
and from Constantinople and Smyrna. It is 35
m. E. S. E. of Tauris. Long. 47. 10. E. lat. 38.
20. N.
Ardeche, a department of France, including the
late territory of Vivarez. It takes its name from
a river, which flows into the Rhone, at the south
extremity of the department. Privas is the capi-
a1. Pop. about 285,000.
Ardec, a borough of Ireland, in the county of
Louth. Here is a large mount, apparently artifi-
Mal : some suppose it to have been a burial place
jf the Irish kings ; oUiers, that it was a place
where the people assembled to deliberate on pub-
lic affairs. It is 14 m. N. W. of Drogheda. Pop.
of the town 3,583, and the parish 1,773 more.
Ardennes, a department of France, containing
part of the late province of Champagne. It is so
named from a famous forest, lying on the river
Meuse. The principal town is Sedan. Pop. about
350,000.
Ardfert, a borough of Ireland, in the county of
Kerry, and a bishop's see united with Aghadoe
to Limerick. It was formerly the capital of the
county, but is now a poor place, with extensive
ruins. It is seated on a river which runs into
Tralee bay, 7 m. N. N. W. of Tralee. Pop.
of the town C29 ; of the commons 283 ; and of the
whole parish 2,481.
Ardmore, a town of Ireland, in the county of
Waterford, on a cape and bay of its name, 10 m.
S. S. W. of Dungarvon. Pop. of the town 403,
and of the parish 2,761.
Aidia, a small kingdom of Guinea, on the Slave
coast, at the bottom of the gulf of St. Thomas.
The country is fertile in maize, palm wine, plants
and fruits, which last all the year ; and it pro-
duces a great deal of salt. It has a t6 'n of the
same name. Long. 3. 5. E. lat. 6. 0. N.
Ardrcs, a town of France, in the department
of Pas de Calais. On an open plain between the
town and Guisnes, was the celebrated interview
between Francis I. of Fiance, and Henry VIII.
of England, in 1520. It is 10 m. S. S. E. of
Calais.
Areca, an island in the gulf of Persia, 3 m.
S. W. ofOrmus. The Dutch attempted toestab-
li-^h a factory, and built a fort here, but were ex-
pelled by the Persians.
Arckcn, a sea-port of Abyssinia.
Arcnsbora, the capital of a county of the same
name, in the duchy of Westphalia. It is seated
on a hill, by the river Roer, 22 m. S. S. E. of
Ham, and 03 N. E. of Cologne. Long. 8. 10. E.
lat 51. 23. N. s, s
Arenshur^, a sea-port of Russia, in the govern-
ment of Riga, capital of the isle of OseT, and a
bishop's see. Long. 25. 40. E. lat. 58. 15. N.
Arensharde, a district in Denmark, in the duchy
of Sleswick, containing the greatest part of the
famous rampart built by king Gotric, in the be-
ginning of the 9th century, as a defence against
the irruptions of the Saxons. It extends across
the country, about 9 m. in length.
Arequipa, an episcopal town of Peru, founded
by Pizarro, in 1539. Near it is a volcano. It has
been four times laid in ruins by earthquakes. It
stands in a fertile country, a few miles south of a
small lake, which is the source of the Apurimao
branch of the Amazon River ; 240 m. S. of Cuzco,
and 460 S. E. of Lima. Long. 72. 30. W. lat. 16
40. S.
Arezzo, a town of Tuscany, in the Fiorentino.
Guy Aretin, a Benedictine monk, inventor of the
musical notes, ut, re, &c. was born here ; also the
celebrated Francis Petrarch, and Mecffinas. It
stands on a hill, at the conflux of the Chianno
and Arno, 15 m. west of Citta di Castello.
Argau, or Lower Argoio, a canton of Switzer-
land, formerly the north part of the canton of
Berne, lying to the west of that of Zurich. Arau
is the capital.
Argcnccs, a town of France, in the department
of Calvados, on the river Menace, 10 m. E. of
Caen.
Argentan, a town of France, in the department
of Orne, which has a considerable trade in lace.
It is seated on an eminence, in the middle of a
fertile plain, on the banks of the Orne, 12 m. N.
W. of Seez, and 110 W. of Paris.
Argenteuil, a town of France, on the river
Seine, 5 m. N. W. of Paris. It has a fine vine-
yard, and in the environs are quarries of the plas-
ter of Paris.
Argentiera, a barren island of the Archipelago,
so called from the silver mines in it. There is
but one village, and it has no water but what is
kept in cisterns. Long. 23. 10. E. lat. 30. 50. N.
Argentan, a town of France, in the department
of Indre, divided into two parts by the river
Creuse. It is 37 m. S. W. of Bourges.
Argolis, one of the divisions of Modern Greece
in the eastern part of the Morea or Peloponnesus,
established since the recent independence of that
country.
Argos, a seaport of Modern Greece, in the pre-
ceding district, 25 m. S. of Corinth. Long. 23.
5. E. lat. 37. 30. N.
ArgostoH, a town of the island of Cefalonia,
with a fortress and the best harbour in the island.
It is 8 m. W. S. W. of Cefalonia.
Argue'd, a town of France, in the department
of Lower Seine, 18 m. N. E. of Rouen.
Arguin, an island and fort on the coast of Za-
hara, 30 m. S. E. of' Cape Blanco. It was takea
by tlie Dutch from the Portuguese, in 1037 ; af-
terward the French took it from the Dutch.
Long. 17. 5. W. lat. 20. 30. N.
. Argun, a river of Asia. See Saghalien.
Argwiskoi, a town of Siberia, on the fron-
tiers of Chinese Tartary. There are mines of
silver and lead near it, and a pearl fishery in the
river Argun, on the west bank of which the town
is situate. It is 70 m. S. E. of Nertchinsk. Long.
118. E. lat. 52. 30. N.
Argyle, t. Penobscot Co. Me. Pop. 320.
Argyle, p.t. Washington Co. N. Y. 46 m. N
Albany. Pop. 3,459.
Argyleshire, a county of Scotland, bounded on
the north by Invernesshire, east by the counties
of Perth and Dumbarton, and south and west
by the Atlantic ocean, by which it is broken
into islands and peninsulas. It is 110 miles long
from the Mull of Cantyre to its N. E. extremity;
its breadth is very unequal, about 40 miles where
greatest. To the N. W. is a peninsula, nearly de-
tached from the rest of the county : it contains
the districts of Ardnamureham, Morven, Sunart,
ARK
50
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and Ardgowar. The peninsulas of Cantyre and
Cowal are likewise very large. The chief islands,
attached to this county, are Mull, Islay, Jura,
Tirey, and Col. The soil of Argyleshire, in the
high grounds, though little fitted for cultivation,
affords excellent pasture. Some parts are covered
with heath, and others exhibit rugged and bare
rocks. The sides of the hills and lakes are in-
terspersed with woods ; and there are rich mines
of copper, iron, and lead. The mountainous parts
abound with deer and the heaths with grouse. The
chief town is Inverary.
Arica, a seaport at the south extremity of Peru.
It is but badly fortified, and has been much injur-
ed by earthquakes. Here the treasure brought
from Potosi is shipped ; and there are many farms
employed in the cultivation of Guinea pepper, in
which it has a great trade. It is 550 m. S. E. of
Lima. Long. 70. 25. W. lat. 18. 27. S.
Arienzo, a town of Naples, in Terra di Lavoro,
14 m. N. E. of Naples.
Arindal, a town of Norway in the government
of Bergen, noted for the productive iron mines in
its vicinity. It is seated near the sea, 10 m. N.
N. E. of Christiansand.
Jlrisck, or El Arisch, a town and fort of Egypt,
on a gulf of the Mediterranean, to which it gives
name. The French became masters of it in 1799 ;
but it was retaken by the Turks and English at
the end of the year. In ISUO, the Turks and
French signed a convention here, by which the
troops of the latter were to evacuate Egypt ; but
the English admiral refused to ratify the capitu-
lation. Arisch stands on the confines of Arabia
and Palestine, 36 m. S. W. of Gaza, and 120 N.
E. of Suez, in N. lat. 31. 8. E. long. 34. 3.
AHspe, the chief town of the extensive district
ofSonora, Mexico. Arispe it situate r>t the foot
of the Cordilleras, near the source of the Hia, or
Yaqui river, in the lat. of about 31. N. and 109.
W. long.
Arkansas, a territory of the U. S. formed from
a part of the Missouri territory in 1819. It lies
between 33. and 36. 30. of N. lat. and between
90. and 100. W. lon^. Bounded N. by the state
of Missouri, E. by the river Mississippi, separat-
ing it from Tennessee and Mississippi, S. by Lou-
isiana, and W. by the Mexican and Missouri ter-
ritories. Containing above .500,000 sq. m., and a
population of 30,383, of which 4, .578 are slaves.
The limits of this region are strongly defined by
physical and geographical lines. These lines are
for the most part large rivers and the ocean of
prairies beyond. The chief rivers are the Missis-
sippi, Arkansas, White, Washita and Red rivers.
The western part is traversed by the Ozrak and
Masserne Mountains.
For some distance up the waters of Arkansas
and White rivers, the country is an extensive,
heavily timbered and deeply inundated swamp.
Near the St. Francis hills and at Point Chico, the
eastern front along the Mississippi is above the
overflow. The remainder of the eastern line is a
continued and monotonous flooded forest. It has
large and level prairie plains. It possesses a great
extent of rocky and sterile ridges, and no inconsid-
erable surface covered with mountains. Perhaps
no section of our coimtry is more diversified, in re-
gard to its surface. Its northern line is inter-
sected by a range of hills, which are commonly
denominated the ' olack mountains,' a line of
elevations running from Black river to the west-
ern extremity of tb ? territory, and separating be-
tween the waters of Wliite river and Arkansas. —
There are ranges of hills, that have the name of
mountains, which separate the waters of Ar-
kansas from those of Washita. Near the Hot
springs, tliese ridges mount up into efevated
peaks, which in the eye of a visitor at the springs,
from the level country of Louisiana, have the as-
pect of lofty mountains. At the south-western
extremity of the territory, there are three parallel
ranges of hills, that divide the waters of Red riv-
er from those of Washita. There are, also, many
detached hills, and flint knobs. On some of these
is found the whortleberry '■taccinmrn' of the north,
in great perfection and abundance. These hills
exliibit red cedars and savins, such as grow on
hills of a similar appearance on the Atlantic shore.
In the central parts of the territory, and intermedi-
ate between Arkansas and Washita rivers, on the
waters of the latter is that singular detached el-
evation, called ' Mount Prairie.' On the waters
of White river and St. Francis, the country gene-
rally is rolling. But, take the extent of the terri-
tory together, it is either very level or very hilly.
In some places, the hills rise at once from level
prairies and plains. A very considerable portion
of the country is broken land, and unfit for culti-
vation. A great part of the ' barrens' of this state
are what their name imports. There are four con-
siderable detached bodies of good upland. Bue
it may be assumed as a general fact, that the high
prairies and timbered lands are sterile. That part
of the course of the Washita, which runs in this
territory, has narrow, though in some places rich,
bottoms. Here are cane brakes, birch, maple,
holly, and muscadine grape vines. The tender
soil on the banks is often torn away by the swee{>-
ing and rapid course of the full river. Rugced
hills, covered with stinted pines and cedars come
in close to the river ; and the valley is so deep,
and its boundaries so abrupt, that the sun is seen
but a few hours in a day.
There is a large tract of country, on the upper
waters of White river, which has sometimes been
denominated New Kentucky, either from its be-
ing fertile, rolling, and abundant in lime stone
sjjrings ; or from its being more congenial to the
staple products of Kentucky, than the country
lower down. It is sheltered on the north by
mountains. The fertile tracts are valleys embos-
omed between high hills ; and the producticns of
the north and the south for the most part succei^d
in this soil. It has one great inconvenience.
The streams, that run among its precipitous hills,
receive the waters of the powerful sliowers that
occasionally fall, and pour these waters from an
hundred shelving declivities into the streams.
Thev have been known to rise forty fret in per
pendicular height, in a few hours. The stanciinff
corn and cotton is submerged ; and the hope u)
the year destroyed.
Arkansas is the northern limit of the cctton
growing country. The rich lands on the Arkansas
produce cotton of the same staple and luxuriance
as those of Red river ; but, having a season some
what shorter, it cannot ripen so well. Neverthe
less, the planters here assert, that even here they
can raise more, that their hands can ' pick out,'
as the phrase is; consequently they affirm, that
they lose nothing by the shortness of their sea rrn.
Cotton becomes an uncertain crop north of the
river St. Francis. As we ascend the Arkansas
towards the high table prairies, the temperature
diminishes more rapidly, than would be indicated
by the latitude ; and cotton ceases to be a sure
crop a little beyond 34. in that direction. It is at
ARK
51
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aresent the sxaple article of cultivation. The rich
lands bring fine maize, sweet potatoes, and the
veg-etables generally of Mississippi and Louisiana.
In the high country above 34. wheat does well.
Rye and barley will thrive almost in any parts of
the country. Mulberry abounds ; and on the ba-
ses of the -precipitous hills of White river, we
should suppose, would be the happiest soil and
climate for the vine. Muscadine, and pine wood's
grapes abound ; as do pawpaws and persimons.
^ ■ Figs are raised, but with difficulty ; and the tree
^ is often killed to the ground by the frost. Peach-
es are raised in wreat excellence and abundance.
Apple orchards do well at Mount Prairie, and in
the open and high lands above Peccan Point on
Red river ; and no doubt, will thrive in all the
higher and more northern regions of this territory.
In the lower and more settled parts of it they have
no where succeeded well. Chicka-saw and prairie
plu;us graw wild in abundance , and the woods
and prairies abound in native fruits and berries
The soil is of all qualities from the best to the
most sterile. The settlement of Point Chico, on
the Mississippi, has a soil of the best quality ; and
is noted for the productiveness of its cotton plan-
tations. The bottoms of the Arkansas are not
generally so rich, as those of Red river. — The
oelt of cultivated land below the Post of Arkan-
sas, called ' the coast,' does, indeed, somewhat
resemble the delightful country so called above
New Orleans in appearance. The resemblance
ceases here. It has a soil of but moderate rich-
ness ; and needs manuring to produce large cot-
ton, or maize. To one emerging from the inun-
dated and mephitic swamps below, this line of
open, contiguous plantations, dotted with beauti-
ful clumps of the fine trees of this climate, and
French habitations, which generally liave a
very picturesque appearance, this tract, called
• the coasl,^ has a charming appearance. There is
a great extent of cotton lands of the first quiility,
in the country along the river, above the Post, in
the ' Quawpaw purchase.' The country, five or
six hundred miles up the Arkansas, where the
American garrison used to be, and that, where it
now is, and the country where the Arkansas mis-
sion is settled, have large prairies interspersed
with forest bottoms, and great tracts of excellent
soil. There is much fine country in this territory
above Peccan Point on Red river. Mount Prairie,
which rises, like a prodigious Indian mound, from
the subjacent plains, may be reckoned among the
striking spectacles of the country. It is ten or
twelfe miles in diameter ; and is situated on the
W!ters of the Washita. It has a soil of great fer-
tility, and of the blackness of ink ; rather expos-
ed, however, to • bake,' as the phrase is, in the
hot and dry weather. They obtain water from
wells, which sure obliged to be dug of very great
depth. — In the whole depth vast quantities of sea-
shells appear. — In a state of pulverization they
are mixed with the earth, communicating a maw-
kish and unpleasant taste to the water, and very
great fertility to the soil. On White river are
some of the finest lands and the healthiest sites
for planters in this country. In short this terri-
tory possesses great bodies of the best soil . There
are vast tracts, too, of precipitous knobs, sterile
ridges, sandy, or muddy prairies, and miserable
barrens. The country on the Mississippi, between
White river and the St. Francis, is in many places
above the overflow, and of the highest fertility.
Wappanocka bottom, opposite Memphis, is an un-
commonly high, rich and extensive bottom. The
soil on the St. Francis is very fertile ; and is cot
ered with a heavy growth of beech, generally de-
noting a rich soil ; but the hills are so precipitous,
and exposed to wash, as hardly to be susceptible
of cultivation. On the whole, this territory has a
sufficiency of excellent lands, to become a rich
and fMjpulous state. — In its eastern front, and near
the Mississippi and tlie Arkansas, it is exposed to'
excessive annoyance from its m}-Tiads of mos-
clietoes.
This climate is a compound of that of Missouri
and Louisiana. Until we advance 200 miles west
of the Mississippi, in its humidity it more nearly
resembles the latter. The season, in point of the
forwardness of vegetation in the spring, is also,
much more like that of Louisiana. The season of
planting is tliree weeks later than on the coast
above New Orleans ; and is more than that in ad-
vance of the climate of Missouri. — The distribu-
tion of rain is extremely unequal. There are oflen
drenching rains andtliunder every day, for thirty-
six days in succession. At other times, tlie weath-
er is as remarkable, for long droughts. PLantin^
of corn commences by the middle of March, and
cotton by the first of April. By this time the for-
ests of the Arkansas are in full leaf; and the
shores of no river show a deeper tangle of vines
near the soil, and of nobler forest trees above.
The shores of Arkansas, as far up as Little Rock,
are decidedly unhealthy. Great tracts on all sides
are covered with sleeping lakes and stagnant bay-
ous. The country is a dead level. The falling
waters of the rains cannot be drained ofi". In the
commencement of summer they are expKJsed to
the intense ardors of the sun. Sickness is the
natural result. On the vast prairie, which com-
mences just above the Post, and extends ninety
mile? up the country, it is more healthy ; and there
is less annoyance from the moschetoes. This long
a weep of country is thoroughly ventilated. But
the air, in the timbered bottoms, is close, and un-
elastic ; and the moschetoes are excessively trouble-
some. There is but too often an abundant visita-
tion of bilious and remittent fevers in tlie latter
part of summer and the first of autumn. Farther
up the country and on the open prairies, it is as
healthy as in any other country in the same cli-
mate. It is a very absurd idea, that a country of
the extensiveness of this should all be alike sickly.
In this territory there are many positions, but a
few miles apart, one of which may be as sickly as
tlie shores of Surinam, and the other as healthy,
as any country in America.
Among the curiosities of this region may be
mentioned the vast masses of sea shells, tliat are
found dispersed over diflTerent tracts of the coun-
try. They are generally found in points remote
from limestone ; and Ejiswer a valuable purpose
to the inhabitants, who collect, and burn them for
lime. Far above the poJtical limits of the territo-
ry, and towards the sources of the Arkansas, is the
sublime elevation, which we hope will always re-
tain the name of Pike's mountain. The prairies
are bounded in that direction by the stupendous
ridges of the Rocky mountains. There are very
considerable mountains near the Hot Springs,
which see.
The Quawpaw Indians intermixed with many
fugitive Choctaws. reside on the Arkansas not far
above the Post. That portion of the Cherokee
nation, which has emigrated west of the Mis-
sissippi, has its chief 8< Elements on the Arkansas.
Beyond this territory < s White river are congre-
gated the Shawnees |id Delawares, that have
ARK
52
ARL
emigrated from Ohio and Missouri. Above the
Cherokecs, on the Arkansas, are the Osages ; and
still higher are the Pawnees. In the vast waste
of prairies, that interpose between tliis territory
and the Rocky mountains, roam different tribes
of Indians, among which are often seen, Indians
from the Mexican country, who come here to hunt
the bison. These animals with deer, elk, bears,
and wolves are abundant in this region. Herds of
wild horses are seen ranging the prairies and for-
ests of the western parts. They are rather small
in size bu*. very fleet and hardy. They are caught
with the noose or entrapped into pens, and when
taken may be broke to the saddle or harness.
There are no large towns in this territory and
the settlements are scattered about in isolated and
detached situations, generally with great tracts of
wild country between them. Little Rock, on the
south bank of the Arkansas, is the seat of gov-
ernment.
Arkansas, a great river running into the Mis-
sissippi, from the West, through the centre of tJie
Territory of Arkansas.
The extent of this mighty stream, which is said
to meander a long distance in the Rocky moun-
tains, is commonly given at 2,-500 m. This is prob-
ably an extravagant calculation. Itisbelieved,that
its distance from the point, where it has a volume
of waters to entitle it to the name of river,to its en-
trance into the Mississippi, measuring its curves,
IB about 2,000 miles. In summer it pours a broad
and deep stream from the m.ountains upon the
arid, bare, and sandy plains. The sand and the
dry surrounding atmosphere so drink up the wa-
ter, that in the dry seaso^j it may be crossed, many
hundred miles below the mountains, without wa-
ding as high as the knees. The tributary streams
are far from being so well known, as to render
them susceptible of an accurate description. Some
of them are remarkable for being impregnated
with salt to such a degree, that we have tasted
the waters of the main river so salt, as to be un-
potable. The whole alluvial earth along the
banks is so strongly impregnated with salt, tha
the cattle sometimes kill themselves by eating it
For a distance of many hundred miles from its
mouth, it receives no tributaries of any consider-
able length, owing to the configuration of the
country through which it passes,and to the vicinity
of Red river and Washita on one side, and the
Yellow Stone, Kansas, and Osage on the other.
When it has arrived within four hundred miles
of the Mississippi, it begins to assume the charac-
ter of Red river, in the numbers of its bayous and
lakes. The belt of hi<jh land, between the river and
the cypress swamps, is by no means so wide, as that
on the other river. The alluvial soil is of t\ir
same colour and qualities, though it is notgener
ally so fertile. It has a broader channel, and gene-
rally a narrower valley. We believe, that itdocb
not carry so much water ; and the rapidity ol
its ordinary current is less. When it is full, its
waters have a still deeper colour. Its curves, that
is to say, its points and bends are broader and
deeper. It surpasses the Mississippi, or any riVer
of the west in the perfect regularity of these, and
in the uniformity and beauty of the young cotton
wood groves, that spring up on the convex sand
bars. In otlier respects, it has a surprising re-
semblance to Red river. The Arkansas has de-
cidedly the advantage in the extent of its naviga-
tion. In the spring floods, steam-boats can as-
cend it nearly to the mountains. The first thirty
or forty miles of its course, is through a heavy,
inundated forest, with very little land sufficiently
above the floods, to admit of cultivation. Forty or
fitly miles by the course of the river above the
Post, bluffs, crowned with pine, come into the river.
Between that distance and the Post, only a narrow
belt along the river is above the overflow ; and even
through this belt the river has torn great numbers of
crevasses, through which in high floods its waters
escape into the swamps. Directly beyond these
belts are gum trees, and other vegetation denoting
swampy soil. Beyond these are vast cypress
swamps ; and in all its course from the bluffs to
the mouth, like Red river, it hns its net-work
checquering of bayous and lakes. The lakes, on
the subsidence of the river, are covered with vast
leaves of the J^'ymphca A'elvmho. The bayous,
when filled with the river waters, have the same
curves as the river : and while the river is full,
the same colour; and, until we observe their want
of current, might easily be, as they have a thous-
and times been, mistaken for the river itself.
Arklow, a barony containing 13 parislies, and
the towns of Arklow, and part of Wicklow, in
the county of Wicklow, Ireland. The town of
Arklow is situate on the shore of St. George's
channel, about 13 m. S. of Wicklow, and contain-
ed a population of 3,808 in 1S21, and the parish
2,418 more.
Aries, an ancient city of France, in the depart
ment of Mouths of the Rhone, lately an archiepis
copal see. It was the chief city of ancient Gaul
during the reign of Constantine, and Boson made
it the capital of the kingdom of Burgundy. The
country around produces good wine, vermilion,
manna, oil, and fruits. There are a great number
of antiquities, of which the amphitheatre and
obelisk are the most remarkable. It is seated on
the Rhone, 20 m. S. E. of Nismes. Long. 5. 37.
E. lat. 43. 40. N.
Arlington, p.t. Bennington Co. Vt. 40 m. from
Troy, Saratoga Springs, Whitehall and Rutland
Pop. 1,207. It has quarries of marble and lime
stone, and a mineral spring.
ARM
53
ARR
Armagh, an interior county in the N. E. part of
Ireland, 32 in. l')rig and 19 broad ; bounded on the
E. by Down, W. by Tyrone and Monaghan, N. by
Lough Neagh and S. by Louth. It contains 20 par-
ishes, and sends three mem'iers to parliament.
The soil is reckoned the richest in Ireland; but a
tract called the Fewes is hilly and barren, and there
are also some considerable bogs. Some good mar-
ble is found in this country ; and the linen man-
ufacture flourishes in all its branches. It has no
river of consequence but the Blackwater, which
separates it from Tyrone.
* Armairk, a populous parish and city of Ireland,
the capital of the county of its name, and the see
of an archbishop, who is primate of all Ireland.
It has one of the best linen markets in Ulster, and
manv bleaching grounds in its vicinity. It is
seated near the river Kalin, 45 m. S. E. of Lon-
donderry, and 62. N. by W. of Dublin. Long.
7. G. VV. lat. 54. 20. N. Pop. of the city in lci2l,
8,493, and the parish 22,650 more.
Armagh, p. v. Indiana Co. Pa. 160 m. W. Har-
risburg.
Annagnac, a late province of France, in Gui-
. enne, 55 m. long and 40 broad. It is fertile in
corn and wine, and has a trade in brandy and
wool. This province, with Gascony, now forms
the department of Gers.
Armenia, a country of Asiatic Turkey, border-
ing on the S. E. extremity of the Black Sea,
and extending eastward into Persia ; it lies be-
tween the Sslh and 45th deg. oi E. long, and
under the 3ath and 40th of N. lat. The Euphra-
tes, which has its source at the S. E. extremity
of the couatry, runs parallel with its southern
boundary ; it is watered by several other rivers
falling into the Black Sea, and the Karsi which
rises in the centre of the country runs eastward
falling into the Caspian. It is a mountainous
country (Ararat rising to the height of 9,500 ft.)
and abounds in minerals, whilst the valleys 3'ield
abundance of corn and fruit. The inhabitants
are much addicted to commerce and have a high
reputation for probity, they are the chief mer-
chants for the eastern commerce of Turkey, as
(he Greeks are for the western. The Armenians
form a distinct sect of Christians under a patri-
irch and an archbishop. Erzeruni, or Arz Roum,
m N. lat. 40. and 40. 50. E. long, is the capital.
Of the civil, judicial, or military institutions, or
axtent of population of Armenia, but very little
(S known to Europeans ; the Persians claim au-
thority over the eastern part, and the Kurds in-
terfere from the south.
Armentiers, a town of France, in the depart-
ment of Nord, seated on the Lis, 8 m. W. N. W.
of Lisle.
Anniers, a town of France, in the department
cfNord, seated on the Sambre, 20 m. S. of Mons.
Armiro.a. town of European Turkey, in Thes-
ialy, on tlie gulf of Volo, 30 m. S. E. of Larissa.
Long. 23. 22. E., lat. 39. 30. N.
Armond, St. a town of Lower Canada, at the N.
end of Lake Champlain.
Armstrong, a County in the western part of
Pennsylvania. Pop. 17,625. Kittaning,214 m.
W. by N. of Harrisburg, is the chief town. The
Alleghany river enters the county at the N.
VV. extremity, runs in an angle to the centre,
and leaves it at the S. W. extremity. Kittaning
is situate on the east bank, near the centre of
the county.
Armuyden, a town of Holland, in the island of
Walcheren, now inconsiderable, the sea having
stopt up the harbour. Salt-works are its chief re-
source. It is 3 m. E. of Middleburg.
Arjuiy le Due, a town of France, in the depart-
ment of Cote d'Or, seated in a valley, near the
river Arroux, 25 m. N. VV. of Baune.
Arnebury, a town of Brandenburg in the Old
Mark, with a ruined castle, on a hill on the river
Elbe, 3 m. from Werben.
Arnedo, a seaport of Peru, with a good harbour,
in the Pacific Ocean. 2-5 m. N. of Callao. Loner.
76.53. W. lat. 11.40.8.
Arnhausen. a town of Germany, in Pomerania,
24 m. E. of New Stettin. Also another town on
the east bank of the Saal, bishopric of Wartz-
burg.
Arnheim, a strong town of Holland, in Gelder-
land, capital of the quarter or county of its name.
It was formerly the residence of the dukes of
Gelderland, and is seated on the Rhine, 8 m. N.
of Nimeguen. Long. 5. 54. E. lat. 52. 2. N.
Ariikeim Bay, on the N. W. side of the great
gulf of Carpentaria.
Arno, a celebrated river of Tuscany, which rises
in the Ajiennines and passing by Florence and
Pisa, enters the gulf of Genoa a little below the
latter town.
Arnold, a populous parish contiguous to Not-
tingham, Eng., bordering on Sherwood Forest.
Pop. in 1821, 3,572.
Arnshcim, the name of two towns in the palat-
inate of the Lower Rhine, one near Worms, and
the other about 10 m. E. of New Bauraberg.
Amshorf, the name of several small towns in
Grermany, one in Lower Bavaria, two in Silesia,
one in Oibeland, and another in Ermeland.
Arnstadt, a town of Upper Sajony, in the prin-
cipality of Gotha, with a castle, a palace, and
three churches; seated on the Gera, 11 m. S. of
Erfurt.
Arnslein, a town of Franconia, in the principali-
ty of Wurtzburg with a castle, seated on the We-
ren, 9 m. S. VV. of Schweinfurt, and about the
same distance E. from Carlstadt.
Arokhuge, a city of Persia, in Segestan, and
the capital of a district to which it gives name.
It is 110 m. S. S. VV. of Cannahar and 210
E. S. E. of Zareng. Long. 65. 40. E., lat. 31.
20. N.
Arolsen, a town of Germany, in the electorate
of Hesse, county of Waldeck, near the river Aar,
29 m. S. S. E. of Paderborn.
Arona, a town of Italy, in the Milanese, with a
ruined castle, on the lake Maggiore, 30 m. N. VV.
of Milan.
Arpino, a town of Naples, in Terra di Lavoro,
8 m. N. of Aquino.
Arqua, a town of Ital}', in the Paduan, remark-
able for the tomb of Petrarch. It is 10 m. S. of
Padua.
Arquata, a town of the territory of Genoa, seat-
ed on tlie Scrivia, 25 m. N. of Genoa.
Arques, a town of France, in the department of
Lower Seine, with an ancient castle. tiere
Henry IV^. gained a complete victory over the
duke of Mayenne, general of the leagues, in 1589.
It stands on a river of its name, 4 m. S. E. of
Dieppe.
Arragon, a province of the kingdom of Spain.
Arragon was tormerly an independent kingdom
and comprehended Arragon Proper, Catalonia,
Valencia, and the Balearic isles of Majorca, Min-
orca, Ivica, Cabrera, and Formentera. The king-
dom of Arragon Proper is an interior district, ex-
tending south from New Castile in the lat. of 40
e3
ARS
54
ARZ
N. in a N. E. direction to the Pyrenees, bounded
on the N. W. by Old Castile and Navarre ; and on
the east by the north end of Valencia, and Cata-
lonia; its superficies is about 1,230 sq. French
leagues, and its population in 1810 was about
600,000. The river Ebro enters the territory
from the N. W. and runs through the middle of
it in a S. E. direction. Saragossa seated on the
banks of the Ebro, is the chief and only place of
importance in the whole territory, nor is it re-
markable for any natural productions ; whilst the
domination of the priestcraft, which pervades all
Spain, operates as a barrier to all social enterprize
and improvement.
Arrah, or Arrnha, a r:ver on the east side of the
province of Mekhran, Persia. There is a town
of the same name on the coast about 60 m. west
of the river, in lat. 25. 30. N. 65. E. long.
Jirrah, a town of Ilindoostan, in Bahar, 33 m.
W. by S. of Patna.
Arran, an island of Scotland, in the frith of
Clyde, to the south of the isle of Bute. It is of
an oval form, 20 m. long and 12 broad, and con-
st itutes the greatest part of the county of Bute.
Ridges of rugged mountains extend across the
island, and Goatfell is near 3,000 ft. in height.
The southern parts present low and cultivated
grounds. The climate is healthful, and invalids
resort hither to drink the whey of goats milk.
Robert Bruce took refuge in this island, during
the time of his greatest distress. Among the
rocks are found iron-ore, spar, and a great variety
of beautiful pebbles. On the coast are many
wonderful caverns, which often afford shelter to
smusrglers. It is divided into two parishes, Kil-
bride, and Kilmorey. Total pop. 6,541. The prin-
cipal place is Lamlash.
Arras, a fortified city of France, capital of the
department of Pas de Calais, and an episcopal see,
and one of the most ancient towns of France ; it
was the seat of the Atrebates in the time of Caesar.
It is divided into two towns ; one named the city,
which is the most ancient; and the other the
town, which is modern. The great square is
full of fine buildings, surrounded with piazzas.
[t was the birth-place of Robespierre, and is seat-
ed on the Scarpe, 22 m. W. N. W. ofCambray.
Long. 2. 46. E. lat. 50. 17. N. Pop. about 19,000.
Arriegn, a department of France, containing the
late provinces of Couserans, and Foix. It is so
named from a river, which rises in the Pyrenees,
and passing by Foix and Pamiers, enters the Gar-
onne, near Toulouse. Gold dust is found amono-
its sands. Foix is the capital. Pop. about 22o,
000.
Arroe or Aaroe and JF.roe, two islands of Den-
mark, the first about the middle of the little Belt,
and the other at its entrance into the Baltic.
There iire a cluster of islands also called Arroe,
just within the Red Sea, opposite to Moka.
Arroo, five islands in the Indian Ocean, to the
south and west of New Guinea, extending from 5
30. to 7. 0. S. lat. with narrow channels between
^hem. The chief product is sago. During the
drv or western monsoon, numerous flocks of the
birds of paradise, from New Guinea, reside in
these islands, where great numbers are killed,
dried, and exported to Banda. The Arroo isles
are considered as belonging to the Dutch.
Arsamas. a town of Russia, situate near the
source of the Techa, a branch of the Oka river, in
the province of Nishuei, or Lower Novogorod.
It is about 100 ra. E. of Moscow, and has a variety
of manufactures. Pop. about G 000
Asur, a town on the coast of Syria, in Palestine,
with a fortress, 10 m. N. of Jaffa.
Arta, a seaport of European Turkey, in Alba-
nia, and a Greek archbishop's see. It has a con-
siderable trade in tobacco and skins, and is seated
on the Arta, 70 m. N. N. W. of Lcpantc. Long.
21.20. E. lat. 39.28. N.
Artahi, a town of Asiatic Turkey, in Natolia,
on the south coast of the sea of Marmora, 76 ni.
S. W. of Constantinople. Long. 27.40. E. lat. 39.
30. N.
Arlaliui, a town of European Turkey, in Rom-
ania, 48 m. N. W. of Gallipoli.
Artern, a town of Upper Saxony, in the county
of Mansfield, circle of Thuringia, on the rive'
Unstrutt, 29 m. N. N. E. of Erfurt.
ArloLS, a late province of France, bounded on
the north and east by Flanders, and south and
west by Hainault, Cambresis, and Picardy. It is
now included in the department of Pas de Calais
Arnha, an island 15 m. in circumference, situ-
ated near the mouth of the gulf of Maracaybo.
45 m. W. of Curasao. Long. 70. 5. W. lat. 12.
10. N.
Arundel, a borough in Sussex, Eng., governed
by a mayor. It is seated on the side of a hill on the
river Arun, about 5 m. from the sea, and has a
venerable gothic church, formerly, collegiate. Its
castle, the ancient seat of the dukes of Norfolk,
stands on the hill, and is of great extent ; a vast
sum was expended upon it by Charles the XII.
duke ; the interior court forms a square of 200 ft.
each way, the centre of the east side is decorated
by a magnificent work of art, a has relief, repre-
senting Alfred and the assembling of the first jury.
It was executed by the elder Rossi, and is the
finest and most characteristic work of art of the
kind in Europe ; the library is on the same side,
fitted up with the finest mahogany and cedar most
highly wrought; the west side is occupied by a
grand banqueting room and chapel ; the south, the
state apartments ; tlie north is open to the gardens,
but at the N. W. corner is the old gateway, and
tower, a circular building of great dimensions, and
was formerly the strongest place of defence in
Britain. The possession of this castle confers an
earldom on the proprietor. The river is naviga-
ble for barges, and great quantities of timber are
sent hence for the dock-yards. It is 11 m. S. E.
of Chichester and 56 S. S. W. of London.
Arra, a County at the northern extremity of
Lower Hungary, intersected by the Carpathian
mountains; it contains a pop. of about 75,000,
subsisting chiefly by agriculture, more particular-
ly flax for domestic manufacture and some f?«
trade. There is a town which gives name to the
county, situate on a stream which falls into tho
Wag River.
AiTc, a rapid river of Savoy, which rises in
Faucigny, and watering Salenche, CInse, and
Bonneville, joins the Rhone, below Geneva.
Arwangen, a town and castle of Switzerland, in
the canton of Berne, on the river Aar, 12 m. E.
of Soleure.
Arzew, a seaport town of Algiers, about 15 m.
W. of Oran. It appears to be the ancient Arsen-
aria, there being many relics of antiquity in the
neighbourhood.
Arzilla, a seaport in the kingdom of Fez. about
30 m. S. of Cape Spartel, and 50 S. S. W. of Tan-
giers. It was formerly a Roman colony, and a
place of considerable importance, but at present
does not contain more than 1,000 inhabitants.
Arzingan, a town of Armenia, on the west
ASC
55
ASH
bank of a branch of the Euphrates, 45 m. S. W.
of Arz Rmin.
A^ah, or Assab, a town of Abyssinia, in Dan-
c:di, on a bay in tlie straits of Babelmandel, 36
m. S. E. of Bailur.
. Asan^aro, a town and district of Peru, west of
[ the Andes, nortli of the lake Chuiento. It is very
thinly peopled.
Asiph, St. a city of Wales, and a bishop's see,
in Flintshire, on the river Elway, where it
unites with the Clwyd. It is a poor place, of
note only for its cathedral, but has a market on
Saturday. It is 27 m. W. of Chester, and 217
N. W. of London, on the line of road to Holyhead.
Asben, an interior country of North Africa, of
which Agadas is the capital ; it is bounded on
tlie east by Bornou, and north and west by the
deserts of Zaara and Tuarick.
Asbiinj, p.v. Warren Co. N J. 34 m. N. W.
Trenton.
AscaJon, a town on the coast of Palestine, dis-
tinguished in Jewish history as one of the chief
cities of the Philistines. It is now an insignificant
place about 30 m. S. W. of Jerusalem, and 10 N.
of Gaza.
Ascension, a parish in the Eastern District of
Louisiana, upon the Mississippi. The soil is rich
and produces sugar and cotton. Donaldson, 75 m.
from New Orleans, is the chief town. Pop. of the
parish, 5,400.
Ascension, a barren island in the Atlantic Ocean,
000 m N. W. of St. Helena. It hns a safe
harbour, at which the East India ships often touch,
to procure turtles which are here plentiful and
large. L mg. 13. 50. W. lat. 7. 57. S. Also tlie
name of a bay on the east coast of Yucatan, and
of the chief town of the island of Margarita on
Uii coast of Cumana,
Asc/i or Ausch,a. town of Bohemia, in the circle
of Leutmeritz, situate on the banks of a small
river which falls into the Ell)€, about 20 miles
above the town of Leutraeritz. Also the ntime of
a small town in Wlrtemburg, and of another in
Bavaria.
Aschach, a considerable town of Upper Austria,
in the quarter of Hausruck, on the south bank of
the Danube. •
Aschfijf'enbury, a town of Germany, lately in
the territory of Mentz, but now the capital of a
principality of the same name, in the circle of the
Lower Rhine, insulated in that of Franconia.
H.-rc is a palace in which George II. of England
took up his quarters tlie night before the battle of
Dott ngen, in 1743. It was taken by the French
m 17n(i and 1800. It is situate near the conflux of
the Aschaff with the Maine, on the east side of
the latter river, 20 m. E. S. E. of Frankfort, and
4 J VV. N. W. of Wurtzburgh. Long. 9. 5. E. lat.
50. 0. N.
Ai-cherslehen, a considerable town on the west
bank of the Saal, in the principality of Anhalt, cir-
cle of Upper Saxony.
AscoU, a town of Italy, in the marquisate of An-
cona, with two citadels ; seated on a mountain,
by the river Tronto, 80 m. N. E. of Rome.
Long. 13. 2'.>. E. lat. 42. 44. N.
Ascoli di Sairiano, a town of Naples, in Cap-
itanata, seated on a mountain, 70 m. E. of Naples.
Long. 15. 50. E. lat. 41. 8. N.
Ascoia, a town in the island of Majorca, with a
church containing a celebrated image of the Vir-
gin, much resorted to by pilgrims.
Ascutneu, a mountain in Vt. between Weathers-
field and Windsor, 3,320 feet high. It is chiefly a
granite rocR with very few trees. The summit af'
fords an extensive prospect of the Connecticut
and a highly cultivated region in the neigiibour-
hood.
Ashnntee, an interior territory of North Africa,
extending from the meridional line to the 5th or
Gth deg. of W. long, bounded by the Gold coasts
The Ashanteos have for a long period been the
most powerful of all the Negro tribes of W. Airi<;a,
not only in their contests witii their neighbours,
but they have frequently defied the scientific and
destructive meansof European warfare: during tlie
period of the uncontrolled sway of the slave trade,
previous to the commencement of the present
century, the Ashantees, though little known upon
the coast, were the main instruments in the in-
terior, by which that debasing traffic was carrit-d
on, being constantly at war with their neighbours
for the obtaining of prisoners to send to tlie coast
as slaves, and it was the Ashantees who gave rise
to the famous, or rather infamous Assiento contract
of the Spaniards : since the restriction of the slave
trade to the south of the equator, ilie Ashantees,
though still full of thirst for war, have directed
more of their attention to commerce. It was in 1806
tiiat they first appeared formidable on the coast
against the Annamboes, and in 1:23 they com-
pletely defeated the whole British force of the
coast, which took the field against them ; the
governor who commanded in person being slain
in the conflict, and the wreck of tlie army com-
pelled to take refuge in the forts.
Ashlorough^ p.v. Randolph Co. N. C. 78 m. W.
Raleigh.
Ashbome, a town of Derbyshire, Eng It is fa-
mous for cheese, and seated between the rivers
Dove and Compton, 10 m. N. E. of Uttoxeter,
and 139 N. N. W. of London. Pop. of the parish
4,688.
Ashbumham, p.t. Worcester Co. Mass. 55 m.
N. W. Boston. Pop. 1,403. Leather is made here
in large quantities by an incorporated company
with a capital of 30,000 dollars. Here is also the
Boston Soap-stone manufactory with a capital of
20,000 dollars.
As/iburlon, a borough in Devonshire, Eng. It is
one of the four stannary towns, and has a consid-
erable manufacture of serges. It is seated among
hills (remarkable for tin and copper) near the river
Dart, 19 m. S. W. of Exeter, and 192 W. by S.
of London. It returns two members to parliament.
Pop. in 1821, 3,403.
Ashhy, p.t. Middlesex Co. Mass. 50 ro. N. W.
Boston. Pop. 1,240.
Ashbij de la Zouch, a town in Leicestershire,
Eng. It had a castle with a very high tower, some
ruins of which are standing. Here are manufac-
tures of stockings, hats and ribands, and a con-
siderable trade in malt. A canal from the town
communicates with the Coventry canal. Ashby
is 13 m. S. of Derby, and 115 N. N. W. of Lon-
don. Pop. in 1821, 4,227. A vein of coal, of a
very superior quality was opened in the vicinity
about the year 1816, and a mineral water in the
same neighbourhood, since about the same period,
has been much resorted to.
Ashcrrff, or Eshreff, a town of Persia, situate on
a small rivulet which falls into the Caspian Sea
at its south end.
Ashjield, p.t. Franklin Co. Mass. 105 m. W.
Boston. Pop. 1,732.
Ashford, p.t. Windham Co. Conn. 27 m. N. E.
Hartford. Pop. 2,668.
Ashford, a town in Kent, Eng., governed bj %
ASI
56
ASI
mayor, with a market on Tuesday. The church
is lar<;<?, and was formerly collegiate. It is seated
on the Ash, near its confluence with the Stour,
14 in. S.W. of Canterbury, and 55 S. E. of London.
Po,i. m 1821,2,773.
AiiJihuid, p.t. Mont.gomery township, Richland
Co. Ohio, iK) m. from Columbus.
Askmunein, a town of Kgypt, built on the ruins
of a cilv, supposed to be the ancient Hermopolis,
on the "ieft bank of the Nile, 140 m. S. S. W. of
Cairo. Long. 31. 7. E. lat. 2S. 10. N.
AsUna^ur, a to A'n of Ilindoostan, in the prov-
ince of Cabul, seated on the Kameh, 80 m. N.
»f Attock, and 110 S. E. of Cabul.
Ashtabula, a County at the N. E. extremity of
Ohio, bordering on lake Erie. Pop. 14,584. Jef-
ferson is the chief town.
Ashtabula, p.t. in the above County, on L. Erie,
200 m. from Columbus. It has a good harbour
and is a flourishing town.
Aslitahtila, a stream of Ohio, about 30 m. in
length, running into L. Erie.
Ashlon-undcr-line, a town and populous parish
of Lancashire, Eng. ; the town is seated on a
high bank which rises from the river Tame, 7 m.
east of Manchester. The parish is divided into
four districts, viz. that of the town, which in 1821
contained 9,225 inhab. Audenshaw, 3,781, Harts-
head, 9,137, and Knott-Lanes, 3,827: total 25,967,
forming together one of the most important seats
of the cotton manufacture, containing upwards of
60 large establishments for spinning and machine-
weaving, four iron and brass foundries, as many
machine manufactories, and about 30 establish-
ments for the manufacture of hats. It has also
extensive collieries in its vicinity, and it is inter-
sected bv the Manchester, and the Huddersfield
and Peat Forest canals. The foundation stone of
anew church in the gothic style was laid in 1821.
There are 10 other towns or villages in different
parts of England named Ashton, or to which it is
prefixed.
Ashuelot, T. Cheshire Co. N. Hampshire, flows
S. W. into the Connecticut.
Asia, one of the three grand divisions of the
eastern hemisphere ; its boundaries are so exceed-
ingly irregular as to render it difficult to convey
an accurate idea of its position, limits, and extent,
except by a map ; it lies however wholly north
of the equator. Point Romaine, the most souther-
ly point of the Malaya promontory, being in lat.
l\ 23. 30. N. Bounded on the north by the Arctic
Ocean, or as a medial line by the 7()lh deg. of N.
lat. from west to east it extends in its extreme
limits from the Dardanelles in 26. to Behring's
straits in 190. E. but exclusive of the promonto-
ries of Natolia, Hindoostan, Malaya, Kamschatka,
and the islands under the equator, Asia may be
considered as lying between the 15th and 70lh
dew. of N. lat. and the 40th and 13»th of E. long.
ana containing an area of about 11,000,000 of sq.
m, Asia is separated from Europe on the west
by the Ural mountains, extending fron; the line
of the Arctic circle in the long, of 63. E. bearing
west to the long. 54. in the lat. of 63. from which
point they again bear to the east to the long, of
59. in the lat of 55., from which point, while the
Ural mountains run in a parallel line with the
5yth of long, the Asiatic boundary becomes part-
ly conventional, bearing west to the sea of Asoph ;
from which, the Black Sea, the Sea of Marmora,
the Dardanelles, and Levant, form the western
boundary to the isthmus of Suez which separates
A from Africa • the Arabian gulf or Red Sea.
then forms the remainder of its western bounda-
ry, and the Arabian Sea, Indian Ocean, and Chi-
na Sea, bounds it on the south, and the North
Pacific Ocean on the east, and the Arctic Ocean
as previously stated, forms its northern boundary;
this vast extent of territory is divided into 11
freat jiarts, viz. Siberia, Chinese Tartary, China,
hibet. Western or Independent Tartary, the
Bimian empire, Hindoostan, Persia, Arabia, Asiat-
ic Turkey, and Japan, the latter being exclusive-
ly insular. Several noble rivers flow in various
airections ; the Obi, the Ynessei and Lena, fall
into tlir Arctic Ocean, the Amoor or Saghalien,
into the sea of Ochotsk, in the North Pacific, the
Yellow and Great Rivers intersect China from
west to east falling into the bay of Nankin, and
the Ganges, Iridus, and Euphrates flowing from
north to south ; but it is worthy of remark, tha*
neither in Asia or Europe, or in either of the two
grand divisions of the western hemisphere, ar*
there any rivers of importance that flow from east
to west, whilst in Africa there are none that flow
from west to east.
Although the rivers of Asia do not vie in mag-
nificence with those of the western hemisphere,
Asia far exceeds it in the magnificence of its
mountains. The Himalaya range which separates
Hindoostan from Tartary in the lat. of 29. N
rises to the prodigious height of 27,077 ft. above
the level of the sea ; the Ural ridge extends in a
uniform and unbroken chain, from the line of the
Arctic circle to the sea of Aral, and although not
rising higher than about 4,500 ft. they are em-
phatically denominated by the Russians, the back,
and by the Tartars, the girdle of the world ; the
Altaian chain intersects the entire territory in a
N. E. direction, from the Arabian Sea to the east
cape in Behring's straits, and in the lat. of 49. N.
rises to the height of 12,800 fl. and Mounts Cau-
casus, Taurus, Ararat, &c. «fec. spread over the
western part of Asia, rising to the height of 8 to
10,000 fl. The Caspian, Baikal, and sea of Aral,
are the only inland waters that merit notice in
this place, and when compared with those of the
north division of the western hemisphere, they
are very insignificant. The islands of the east-
ern ocean are so numerous, and so diffusely scat-
tered, as to render it difficult to decide which prop-
erly belong to Asia, and which do not ; those
however which admit of no dispute may be enu-
merated as follows, beginning at the north : viz.
Saghalien, Jesso, the Japanese, Loo Choo, For-
mosa, Hainan, the Philippines, Borneo, Cele-
bes, Java, Sumatra, Ceylon, the Maldives, and
Laccadives ; the Ladrone, New Carolines, Pelew,
New Guinea, Solomon's, New Hebrides, New
Caledonia, Sandwich, Society, Friendly, New
Zealand ; and Van Diemen's Land, will most
probably hereafter become more particularly iden-
tified with New Holland.
Asia was the parent of nations, and the scene
of most of those remarkable transactions whicl
are recorded in sacred history. After the deluge.
Noah is said to have settled near the borders of
the Euphrates, and to have peopled the whole
continent, the posterity of Slicm occupying the
central regions, Japhet the northern, and Ham the
southern. Javan and his descendants, Ashkenaz,
Dodanim, Tharshish, Elisha, Togermah, and Rip-
hath, are supposed to have been the ancient in-
habitants of Asia Minor. The Canaanites and
Amalekites were the people of Syria and Arabia
Petrea. Modern writers have referred the pres-
ent natives of Asia to those different stocks tha
ASI
57
ASL
Hebrews. Indians, and Tartars, the propriety of
which will appear from their make, features, and
languages. Tliere are, however, some large trihes
which cannot be referred to any of these classes.
Mr. Pinkerton observes that the population of
Asia is allowed by all authors to be wholly primi-
tive, with the exception of the Tshuktshis (whom
the Russian historians suppose to have passed
from the opposite coast of America), the colonies
that have migrated from Russia to the northern
Dirts as far as the sea of Kamtschatka, the well-
known European settlements, and a few others.
Asia certainly contains a decidedly original popu-
lation, and presents an ample field for the study
of man in all the stages of his progress from bar-
barism to civilization. The western part of Asia
appears to have been occupied by numerous pet-
ty sovereignties, whose very names are now ex-
tinct. At a somewhat later period tiie Babylon-
ian empire extended over the greater part of West-
ern Asia ; tiie Persians next reigned paramount
on that side, 224 3-ears before the Christian era;
Alexandf^r of Macedon extended his arms as far
as the Ganges; but his exploits in Asia may be
considered as incursions rather than conquests.
The ascendancy of the Persians in its turn
yielded to the still greater ascendant influence
and power of the Tartars from the north, who also
in the 12th century subdued China in the east ;
and indeed such was the extent of their power,
that at one period nearly the whole of Asia as
well as a great part of Europe fell under their
dominion.
Tiie Mogul empire succeeded the Tartar, whilst
the greater part of Eastern Tartary became uni-
ted to China, which for several centuries has re-
mained comparatively undisturbed ; but at the
present time, a company of English traders, un-
der the denomination of " The United Company
of Merchants of England trading to the East
Indies," may be regarded as the ascendant power,
and as reigning lords paramount over all Asia.
Tiie Russians however occupy tlie whole of the
nr.rth of Asia, from the Arctic Sea to the 50th
degree of north latitude ; and it will probably
bo their turn ne.xt to rule the S. as well as the N.
Tiie productions of Asia, animal, mineral, vege-
tiible, as well as birds, insects, reptiles, and fishes,
are as majestic, valuable, and useful, as they are
varirus and infinite. The elephant in Asia, like
tiie camel in Africa, is made the instrument of
bnrtlien, and in war and pageantry ranks highest
i 1 importance ; the lion and tiger of Asia are the
noblest of their species, and as distinguished for
tlieir beauty and their symmetry as for their agil-
ity, strength, and ferocity. The leopard inhabits
e.istcrn and southern Asia and in rapidity and
agility of motion is unrivalled by any other ani-
mal. He haa a restless eye Jind a sinister
countenance, and is remarkably distinguished by
tlie beauty of his hide, covered with brilliant
spots. He lurks for his prey in ambush, or pur-
8
sues it up the trees. Usually he shuns man, but
when closely pressed, he turns upon the hunter
and sometimes when pinciied by hunger he will
attack unprovoked, though bj' stealth, the human
race. The inferior classes of the animal creation
will be more particulaxly adverted to under the
heads of the several divisions of Asia. Although
apparently not so rich in precious minerals as the
southern division of the western hemisphere,
Asia indicates abundance of gold, and some silver,
and its gems are deservedly held in the highest
estimation. Of tlie inferior metals, if they
abound, a subduing species of policy precludes
their preparation for utility, and Asia draws con-
siderable supplies of iron, copper, tin, and lead
from Europe.
Rice for food, and cotton for clothing, are the
main productions of the soil over all the south
parts of Asia and China, and in the latter coun-
try, a decoction of the well known tea shrub,
constitutes the principal drink of that populous
empire, whilst the vegetable tallow tree supplies
many of their domestic wants.
Mahomedism is established in the central and
western parts, while paganism, and the most de-
grading and cruel superstitions, prevail in all the
other regions of Asia. Christianity is scarcely
known throughout this part of the globe, except
in Siberia and in Greece, where the profession
of it has been perpetuated amidst cruelty and
oppression ; — nor have any adequate exertions
been made by Europeans for its introduction, the
small tract of India brought under cultivation by
our missionaries being only as a single oasis in a
vast and dreary desert.
The governments of Asia appear in all ages to
have been arbitrary and despotic in the extreme ;
much addicted to parade and pageantry, and that
to a degree of which Europe has exhibited no
parallel. The government of China, although in
name and form a complete despotism, appears
however to be administered not only with temper-
ance, but with a paternal solicitude for the wel-
fare of the great body of the people, who may
yet at the same time be ranked amongst the most
abject of the human race. The ascendancy of
the English at the close of the 18th and com-
mencement of the l!ith century is unquestiona-
bly the most important era in the history of Asia ;
and, although much thit is objectionable and rep-
rehensible prevails, in some respects it indicates
brighter and better prospects to Asia than it has
ever before experienced.
Jlsia .Minor comprehends that part of west-
ern Asia under the dominion of the Turks, bor
derintr north on the Black Sea, and south on the
Levant, including the provinces of Xatolia, Cara-
mania, and Rmim, which see.
.isiago, a considerable town of Italy, in Vicen-
tino, 20 m. N. of Vicenza.
Asinara, an island in the Mediterranean, on the
N. W. coast of Sardinia, 17 m. N. by W. of Sas-
sari. It is 23 m. in compass, and is fertile and
populous. Long. 8.24. E. lat. 41. O.N.
Askeaton, a town and parish of Ireland, in tlie
county of Limerick, noted for its castle, and for
one of the most perfect abbeys in the country ;
built by one of the earls of Desmond. It is seat-
ed on the Dee, near its confluence with the
Shannon. 20 m. W. S. W. of Limerick. Pop. in
182(X 1,239, and of the parish, 3,425.
Askrio-, a town in North Yorkshire, Eng. seat-
ed neaf the Ure, 18 m. W. S. W. of Richmond
and 246 N. of London. Pop. in 1821, 765.
ASS
AST
Jlsnieras, a town of France, in the department
of Upper Vienne, 10 m. N. W. of Bellac.
Asola, a town of Italy, in Bresciano, 20 m. S.
E. of Brescia.
Jlsolo, a town of Italy, in Trevisano, with a
epacious citadel on a hill. It is surrounded by
walls, and situate near the Musone, 17 m. N. W.
of Treviso.
Asoph, or Azof, a sea, anciently the Palus
Mseotis, lying N. of the Black Sea, with which
it communicates by the strait of CafFa, the an-
cient Cimmerian Bosphorus. The sea, which
is sometimes called the Sea of Zabak, extends
240 m. from S. W. to N. E. between the latitudes
of 42. to 47. N. and 34. to 39. of W. long.
Asoph, a district of the Russian empire, in the
province of Catharineslaf, including a large tract
of territory to the east and west of the town of
Asoph. It was ceded by the Turks in 1774, and
after that period, several new towns were built
by Catharine II.; one of which, Catharineslaf, is
now the capital.
Asoph, a town of Russia, lately the capital of
a district of the same name, seated on the east
bank of the Don, near its entrance into the sea
of Asoph. It has been several times taken by the
Turks and Russians. It is not of the importance
it was in the reign of Peter the Great ; the river
being now so choked with sand as scarcely to
admit the smallest vessel. Long. 38. 32. E. lat.
46. 58. N.
Aspcren, a town of Holland, famous for a long
siege which it held out against the Geldrians, in
1517. It is seated on the Linghe, 13 m. S. of
Utrecht, and 22 E. of Rotterdam.
Aspern, a town of Austria, on the north bank
of the eastern branch of the Danube, a little
below Vienna, distinguished for a great battle
fought between the French and Austrians in 1809,
during which the town was totally destroyed, but
has been since re-built.
Assam, an interior country of Asia, bounded on
the W. by Bengal and Bootan, N. by Thibet, and
S. E. and S. by Meckley. The river Burram-
pooter divides it into two provinces ; the northern,
which is the most fertile, being called Uttercul,
and the southern Dachincul. Among the pro-
ducts are many kinds of valuable fruits, with silk,
musk, pepper, cocoanuts, sugar, and ginger. The
open parts are marked with population and tillage ;
the woods abound with elephants. The moun-
tains are inhabited by a savage tribe called Nancs,
who go naked, and eat dogs, cats, mice, locusts,
and any thing they can find. The other inhabi-
tants of Assam are base and unprincipled, have
no fixed religion, nor any rule but their inclina-
tion. They eat all flesh except human, and even
animals that die a natural death. They are en-
terprizing, savage, vindictive, and fond ,of war.
They have neither horses, asses, nor camels ; but
these are sometimes brought there from other
countries. Asses they are fond of, but are so
much afraid of a horse, that one trooper would
put a hundred of them to flight. The invention
of gunpowder is ascribed to the Assamese. It
was known in China and Hindoostan in very
remote antiquity ; and in the code of Gentoo laws
there is a prohibition of the use of fire-arms :
but what these fire-arms were is not distinctly
known. Ghergong is the capital.
Assancale, or Hasankala, a town of Turkish
Armenia, which has hot baths much frequented.
It is seated on the Ares, 22 m. E. of Erzerum.
Asuarpour, a town of Hindoostan, in the coun-
try of Cutch, at the most eastern mouth of tha
Indus, 38 m. W. of Boogebooge.
Assecrgur, a strong hill fort of Hindoostan, in
Candeish. In the war with the Mahrattas, in
1803, it surrendered to the British. It is 20 m.
N. E. of Burhanpour.
Assen, a town of Holland in Overyssel, 12 m.
S. of Groningen, and 51 N. N. W. of Coevordon
Assenheim, a town of Germany, in the circle of
Upper Rhine, at the conflux of the Wetter with
the Nidda, 11 m. N. E. of Frankfort.
Asscns, a sea-port of Denmark, in the island of
Funen. It is the common passage from the duchy
of Sleswick to Copenhagan, and is 17 m. S. W.
of Odensee. Long. 10. 2. E. lat. 55. 17. N.
Assiniboins, or Asscneboyne, a river of North
America, falling into the S. W. end of Lake
Winnipeg ; the North West Fur Trading Cont-
pany have a house on the south bank of the river,
about 15 m. above its entrance into the lake.
Assist, a town of Italy, in the duchy of Spoleto,
with a magnificent church, 22 m. N. W.-^of
Spoleto.
Assomption, a township and village of Lower
Canada, situate on the bank of a river of the same
name, which falls into the St. Lawrence a little
below Montreal.
Assonet, p. v. in Berkley, Bristol Co. Mass.
Assos, a sea-port of Asiatic Turkey, in Nntolia,
on a bay of the Archipelago, 12 ra. S. E of Troas.
Long. 26. 36. E._ lat. 39. 32. N.
Assvmpcion, an episcopal city, capital of a prov-
ince in Paraguay. It stands in a fertile country,
on the east bank of the river Paraguay, a little
above the confluence of the Pilcomayo. Long.
57. 40. W. lat. 22. 47. Also the name of one of
the Ladrone islands, in N. lat. 19. 45. and 45.
35. E. long.
Assumption, a parish in the E. District of Lou-
isiana, on the river Lafourche. Pop. 5,400. The
court-house is 90 m. W. of New Orleans.
Astahat, a town of Persian Armenia, 3 m. from
the river Aras, and 32 S. E. of Naksivan.
Astara, a town of Persia, in Ghilan, on a river
of the same name, near its entrance into the S. W.
end of the Caspian Sea. Long. 50. 40. E. lat.
38. 30. N.
Astcrabad, or Esterabad, a town of Persia, capi-
tal of a province of its name at the S. E. part of
the Caspian Sea. It stands at the mouth of a
river, which forms a bay convenient for trade,
110 m. E. of Ferabad. Long. 54. 58. E. lat 37.
16. N.
Asti, a city of Piedmont, capital of the depart-
ment of Tanaro, with a citadel. Beside the cath-
edral, it contains upward of thirty other churches.
It is seated on the Tanaro, 24 m. E. of Turin
Pop. about 22,000.
Astorga, an episcopal town of Spain, in Leoa,
well fortified by art and nature. It is seated ixi
a plain, on the river Tueria, 25 m. S. W of Leon,
and about midway on the high road from Co-
runna to Madrid.
Astrabad, a tongue of land on the northeast
coast of the Crimea, extending into the sea of
Asoph.
Astracan, a city of the Caucasus, and the prin-
cipal city of Asiatic Russia, capital of a province
of the same name, and an archbishop's see. It
is situate on an island formed by two branches
of the Volga River, near its entrance into the
north end of the Caspian Sea, in the lat. of 46.
and has a good harbour. It is surrounded by
walls, and on the west has a triangular fortress
IS.-
ATC
59
ATH
Here are 25 Russian churches, and two convents ;
the Armenians, Lutherans, and Papists, have >heir
E laces of worship ; and the Hindoos of Mou'tan
ave been permitted to erect a temple. Tlie hou-
aes are in general of wood ; and the inhabitants are
estimated at 70,000. It seldom rains here, but the
river Volga overflows, like the Nile, and when
the water has-^run off, vegetation is very rapid.
Here are several large vineyards from which some
wine is made for home consumption ; also manu-
factures of gunpowder, and nitre, and on the side
of the Caspian Sea, are long marshes which pro-
duce a great quantity of salt. The Volga, either
of itself, or by its numerous branches, intersects
half of the interior provinces of European Russia,
and affords to Astracan a facility of communication
by water of inestimable advantage ; it communi-
cates with Moscow by the Kashma branch and
with St. Petersburgh from Twer, partly by canal,
and partly by intermediate waters. The mouths
of the river abound with beluga, a species of stur-
geon, from the sound of which is made the finest
isinglass, which forms a very extensive branch of
the commerce of Astracan. Here is also the cen-
tre of all the commerce of Russia with Persia and
the East, in which Russians, Persians, Armenians,
Greeks, Tartars, Jews, Hindoos, French, and
EnMish all participate. It was taken from the
Mongol Tartars about the middle of the 15th
century, and is about 770 m. S. E. of Mos-
cow, and 1,050 S. S. E. of St. Petersburgh.
Jlsturias, a maritime province of the nortliwest
of Spain, extending for about 120 m. along the
shore of the Bay of Biscay. It is divided into
two parts, Asturias deOviedo and Asturias de
Santillana, so named from their chief towns. This
province is full of mountains and forests, its wine
and horses are excellent, and it has mines of gold,
lapis lazuli and vermilion. The eldest son of the
kinor of Spain is st^'led prince of the Asturias. It
was formerly a principality of the kingdom of
Leon, and is bounded on the S. by the province
of Leon; on the W. by Gallicia; and on the E.
by Biscay and Old Castile ; it extends inland from
the Bay of Biscay about 45 m. and contains a
superficies of 308 sq. leagues, and in 1810, a pop-
ulation of 304,238. St. Andero at the eastern ex-
tremity of the province, in lat. 43. 23. N. and 3.
40. W. long, and distant by way of Segovia
87 and by Aranda 71 1-2 leagues north from
Madrid, is the principal town on the coast, and
Oviedo, 75 1-2 leagues N. W. from Madrid, is the
chief town inland.
Jlsijfum, I. Luzerne Co. Pa., on the Susquehan-
na, GO m. N. W. V^ilkesbarre.
Atiicama, a seaport and province of Peru. The
province has a great desert of the same name,
which separates Peru from Chile. The town is
remarkable for the fish called tollo, with which it
carries on a great trade with the inland provinces.
It is 210 m. S. by E. of Arica. Long. G9. 30.
W. lat. 21. 20. S.
Atdunsk, a considerable town in the goverment
of Tobolsk, on the frontiers of Colyvan. It is sit-
uate on a branch of the Obi river, in the lat. of 50.
20. N. and 89. 30. E. long.
Atchafid aya , a river of Louisiana, one of the
mouths of the Mississippi, striking off from that
stream just below the entrance of Red River,
and flowing south into the Gulf of Mexico. It is
only however when the river is very high, that
any great portion of the waters of the Mississippi
passes off" by this channel. Vast quantities of drift
timber have passed from the main stream into
this river, and becoming clogged between its
banks have formed what is called the Great Raft,
where the river is covered with a floating bridge of
timber, extending with interruptions, a length of
25 miles.
Jitena, a town of Naples in Principato Citeriore,
near the river Negro, 22 m. N. of Policastro.
.4<A, a fortified town of the Netherlands, in Hain-
ault. It has been often taken, and is seated on the
Dender, 12 m. N. W. of Mons, on the road from
Brussels to Tournay. Pop. about 7,500.
Jlthaboli, a town of European Turkey, in Ro-
mania, on the coast of the Black Sea, 70 m. N.
E. of Adrianople.
Mhayescow, a lake in the N. part of British
America, discharging its waters into Slave Lake.
It is 200 m. long.
Athhoy, a parish and town in the county of
Meath, Ireland. In 1821 the town contained a
population of 1,569, and the parish, including the
commons, and the village of Castletown, 4,275.
The town is 30 m. N. of Dublin, And has three
annual fairs.
Athtlney, an island in Somerset, Co. Eng. at the
confluence of the Thone and Parret, a few miles be-
low Taunton, memorable for having afforded shel-
ter to king Alfred. Here he collected some of hia
retainers, on which account he called it .SLthelin-
gay, or the isle of Nobles, and hence he made fre-
quent sallies upon the Danes.
AthciiTcy, a populous parish and town in the
county of Galway, Ireland; in 1821, the pop-
ulation of the town was 1,093, and total of the par-
ish 10,977.
Athens, a once celebrated city, situate on a p.
monlory at the southern extremity of Eastern Eu
rope, supposed to have been founded by Cecrops,
1,556 years antecedent to the Christian era, or
about the period of the height of Egyi)tian glory
in the age of Moses ; it became the seat of kingly
authority under Codrus, about the period of the
reign of David in Palestine, and in about 1,000
years subsequent to its foundation, it had attained
the summit of its glory, when it became the chief
city of the Grecian republic, which successfully
contended against the powerful arms of the Per-
sian monarchy, and excelled in all the arts of
poetry, painting, sculpture, and architecture ; the
two last, the Athenians may be said to have per-
fected, for all that succeeding arres have done has
been to copj', mix, and trnnstbrm. Eighty-six
years antecedent to the Christian era, when refine-
ment among the Athenians had sunk into licen-
tiousness, and patriotism into selfish ambition, and
individual aggrandisement, Athens fell a prey to
the furious arms of Sylla, who sacked it of some
of its choicest treasures ; from this period it may
be considered as having passed the meridian of
its glory. In the 50th year ot the Christian era.
it was visited by the apostle Paul, whose speech
to the multitude from the celebrated temple om
Mar's HHl, as recorded in the 18th chap, of the
Acts of the Apostles, verse 22nd, will best testify
the social and moral condition of its inhabitants
at the period ; it subsequently became a prey to
internal commotions, as well as to external ene
mies, and after experiencing vfirious alternations
of fortune, it became tributary to the Turks, on
their establishing their dominion in Europe, and
vinder them was the chief town of the district of
Livadia ; numerous vestiges of architectural gran
deur still remain to attest the supremacy of the
Athenians in that noble and useful art. The tow-
er of the new church of St. Pancras, built in Lon-
ATH
60
ATR
don in 1822, is a copy of the celebrated Temple
of the Winds which adorned Athens; and it is
proposed to erect in Westminister a fac simile of
the Parthenon, an edifice which has delighted the
eye of every beholder, through a period of 2,500
years, the latter part of which it has been a prey
to every species. of spoliation. In 1808, lord El-
gin, then ambassador from England at Constan-
tinople, ransacked the Parthenon of the choicest
vestiges of its friezes, &c. which now adorn the
national Museum in London. Athens was besieged
by the Greeks in the early part of their revolu-
tionary struggle, and the acropolis fell into their
hands in lc22. Since which time they have been
masters of the city. It stands in a spacious plain ;
the hill of Mars, on the summit of which stood the
temple, dedicated to the idol of that name, was,
during the zenith of its greatness, in the centre of
the city, but now, at some distance from the pre-
sent town, which is bounded on one side by Mount
Hymettus, deservedly celebrated for the honey
which it produces. On the sea side it has three
ports; the Plialereus, Munchyia,and Piraeus, about
5 miles distant from the town, and through which
it carries on some little external traffic in honey,
wax, oil, olives, silk, &c. in exchange for the
manufacturps of Western Europe generally, but
for which, its chief means of payment consist in
the bills of exchange, drawn to defray the ex-
penses of its numerous visitors ; it is in lat. 37.
58. N. and 23. 46. W. long. Pop. 12,000.
^f/tCK5, p.t. Somerset Co. Me. Pop. 1,200.
Athens, t. Windham Co. Vt. 25 m. N. Brat-
tleboro. Pop. 415.
Athene, p.t. Greene Co. N. Y. or the E. bank
of the Hudson, opposite Troy. 26 m. below Al-
bany. Pop. 2,425.
Athens, p.t. Bradford Co. Pa. on the Susque-
hannah.
Jkhens, p.t. Clarke Co. Geo. 68 m. N. Mil-
ledgeville, contains the university of Georgia,
which has a President and 6 Professors ; the libra-
ries contain 4,500 vols.; the students in 1831
were 95. Pop. 1 ,100.
Athens, a Co. of Ohio, in the S. E. part. Pop.
9,703. Athens is the chief town.
Athens, p t. capital of the above Co. belongs to
the Oiiio university. The college attJiis place com-
f rises 2 buildings, and had in 1831, 57 students.
ts annual revenue is 2,300 dollars. Athens is 70 m.
S. E. Columbus.
Athens, i. Harrison Co. Ohio, 125 m. E. Colum-
bus.
Atherston, a town in Warwickshire, Eng., with
manufactures of hats, ribands, and shalloons.
Richard III. held a council with his nobles here,
the night before the battle of Bosworth. It is seat-
ed near the Anker, on the high road from Lon-
don to Holyhead, by Chester. 13 m. N. of Cov-
entry, and 108 N. \V. of London. Pop. in 1821,
3,434.
Athlone, a borough of Ireland, partly in the
Co. of Westnietath, <ind partly in Roscommon.
It stands on both sides of the Shannon, over which
is a long bridge that is the grand pass between
the provinces of Lcinster and Connaught. It is
60 m. W. of Dublin. Pop. in 1821, 7,543, and
of the parishes of St. Mary and St. Peter
in which the town is situate, 6,270 more. This
is now one of the most extensive military sta-
tions in all Ireland ; and sends one member to
the parliament of the United Kingdom.
Atho!. p.t. Worcester Co Mass. 70 m. W. Bos-
ton. Pop. 1,325.
Athol, p.t. Warren Co. N. Y. 81 m. N. Albany.
Pop. 909.
Athos, or Monte Santo, a high mounts i;i of
Greece, Macedonia, on a peninsula at the en-
trance of the gulf of Contessa. It has been cele-
brated in all ages for its singular locality, and the
majesty of its appearance, and became an object
of such great attraction to the Greeks, as to draw
devotees from all parts of Eastern Europe, who
have interspersed it with numerous churches,
monasteries, and hermitages ; hence it has acquir-
ed the name of Monte Santo, or the Holy Moun
tain. The monks amount to about 6,000, who suV
sist chiefly by preying on the numerous devoteer
whom their affected sanctity and craft continua/-
ly draw around them ; they however cultivate th«,
olive and the vine to some extent, and there are four
establishments of education for Greek ecclesias-
tics ; there is a fortified town called Karcis, about
halfway up the mountain, at which a Turkish aoa
resides. It is about 70 m. E. of Salonica, and in lat.
40. 7. N. and 24. 15. E. long.
Atky, a borough of Ireland, in the county of
Kildare. It is seated on the river Barrow, 12 m.
S. of Kildare, and communicates with Dublin daily
by passage boats, by the line of the grand canal.
Pop. in 1821, 3;693. The remains of an old castle
now serve for a county jail, and there are ruins
of two monasteries in the vicinity.
Atkinson, p.t. Rockingham Co. N. Hampshire,
36 m. fr. Boston : 30 fr. Portsmouth. Pop. 555.
Atlantic, or Atlantic Ocean, takes its name from
mount Atlas in Africa, and lies between the west
continents of Africa and Europe, and the east
continent of America. Its least breadth from
Guinea in Africa, to Brazil in South America, is
2,300 miles. On one side of the equator, it is call-
ed the North Atlantic Ocean, and on the other
the South Atlantic Ocean.
Atlas, a chain of high mountains, in Africa,
separating Barbary from Biledulgerid, and extend-
ing cast from the coast of the Atlantic to the bor-
der of Egypt, upwards of 2,000 m.; their greatest
altitude is about 13,000 ft. above the level of the
sea. Silver, copper, iron, lead, and antimony, are
found in different parts of these mountains.
Another chain, called the Little Atlas, extends
from the strait of Gibraltar to Bona in the state
of Algiers. Tiiese mountains have different
names, according to the various counlric<! thov
pass through, and the plains and valleys by which
they are intersected. They are inhabited almost
in every place, except where the extreme cold
will not permit.
Atlisco, a town of Mexico, in Tlascala, seated
in an extensive plain of its name, 20 m. W. S. W.
of Puebla de los Angelos.
Atooi, one of the Sandwich islands, in the North
Pacific Ocean. It is 30 m. long, and contains a
great portion of gently rising land. On the S.
W. side is a good road and anchoring place, called
Wymoa. Long. 159. 40. W. lat. 21. 57. N. Pop.
about 55,000.
Atoyaqae, a town of Mexico, south of the river
Zacatula, and a few miles inland from the Pacific
Ocean in lat. 18. N.
Atrato, a river of Colombia, which rises be-
tween the first and second ridge of the Andes,
and runs from south to north about 250 rn. into
the gulf of Darien, in lat. 8. N. and W. long.
77. 6.
Atri, a town of Naples, in Abruzzo Ulteriore,
on a craggy mountain. It was the birthplace of
the emperor Adrian. It is about 4 m. from
■US'
AUB
61
AUG
the shore of the Adriatic, and 10 S. E. of Terarao.
Long. 14. 2. E. lat. 42. 40. N.
Atsion, a village in Burlington Co. N. J. 30 m.
E. by S. Philad. Here are several iron founderies.
Attica, a province of Greece, of which Athens
is ttie capital ; bounded N. by Thessaly ; E. by
the Archipelago ; S. by Peloponnesus and W. by
Locris. It includes the most celebrated portion
of ancient Greece. The soil is very productive
in wine, olives and fruits. Under the Turks it
was called Livadia.
Attica, p.t. Gennesee Co. N.J. 288 m. W.
Albany. Pop. 2,485.
Aitleborough, p.t. Bristol Co. Mass. 28 m. S.
Boston, 9 m. N. Providence, pop. 3,215 : has 3 post
offices. Here are 3 cotton and woolen factories,
with a capital of above 200,000 dollars.
Attleborough, an inland town in Norfolk, Eng.,
14 m. N. E. of Thetford on the road to Norwich.
Pop. in 1821, 1,659. It was formerly a city and
chief town of the county.
Attack, or Attack Benares, a city and fortress of
Hindoostan, in the province of Lahore. It stands
on the east bank of the Indus, near the confluence
of the Cabul, and on the site of the Taxila of
Alexander, where he crossed that river, and ad-
vanced onwards to the Ganges, in the year 328
antecedent to the Christian era. Attock is about
700 m. above the entrance of the Indus into the
Arabian Sea, and about midway between Cabul
and Lahore, or 180 to 200 m. from each, in lat. 33.
6. N. and 71. 15. E. long. The present fortress
was built by the Emperor Akbar, in 1581.
Attoor, a strong town of Hindoostan, in the
Carnatic, 60 m. N. of Tritchinopoly, and 80 W.
S. W. of Pondicherry.
Atwater, p.t. Portage Co. Ohio ; 140 m. N. E.
Columbus.
Aid), a town of Germany, in the principality of
Wurtzburg, on the river Grollach, 12 m. S. E. of
Wurtzburg.
Aube, an interior department in the N. E. of
France, containing part of the late province of
Champagne. It takes its name from a river,
which, passing by Bar-sur-Aube and Arcis, joins
the Seine, above Nogent. Troyes is the capital.
Pop. about 240,000.
Aiihenfis, a town of France, in the department
of Ardeche, with manufactures of woolen cloths,
red cotton, and silk ; seated on the Ardeche, at the
foot of the Cevennes, 15 m. S. of Viviers.
Auhentoa, a town of France, in the department
of Somme, situated on the Aine, 10 m. S. of
Viviens.
Aubeterre, a town of France, on the frontiers of
Charente and Dordogne, seated on the Drome, 22
m. S. of Angouleme. Long. 0. 12. E. lat. 45. 17. N.
Aubicres, a town of France, in the department
of Puy de Dome, 3 m. S. E. of Clermont.
Auhigne, or Aubigny, a small town of France,
in the department of Cher, seated in a fine plain,
24 m. north of Bourges, surrounded with strong
walls, wide ditches, and high counterscarps. The
castle is within the town, and is verv handsome.
Aubin, St. a town of the island of Jersey, with a
fort, standing on a bay of the same name, opening
to the south. See St. Helier.
Aubonnc, a town of Switzerland, in the Pays
de Vaud, on a river of its name, which falls into
the lake of Geneva, 10 m. W. of Lausanne.
AiJmm, p.t. Susquehanna Co. Pa.
Auburn, 2 towns, in Geauga and Richland
Counties, Ohio.
Auburn, p.t. the chief town in Cayuga Co. N.Y.
169 m. W. Albany. Pop. 4,486. It is sitoafed near
the W. end of Owasco lake and is very hand-
somely built. It contains a Theological Seminary,
and the New- York State Prison.
Auburn, or Aldbom, a town in Wiltshire, Eng.,
seated on a branch of the Kennet, 8 m. N. E. of
Marlborough, and 81 W. of London.
Aubusson, a town of France, in the department
of Creuse, with a manufacture of tapestry; seat«d
on the river Creuse, 37 m. N. E. of Limoges.
Aucagural, the capital of the kingdom of Adel,
seated on an eminence near the river Hawash.
Long. 44. 25. E. lat. 856. N.
Auch, a city of France, capital of the departmen*
of Grers ; lately an archiepiscopal see, and the cap-
ital of Gascony. The cathedral is one of the finest
in France. Here are manufactures of velvet, ser-
ges, crapes, hats, and leather. It is seated by the
summit and side of a hill, on the river Gers, 37 m.
W. of Toulouse; Long. 0. 35. E. lat. 43. 39. N.
Auckland Bishops, a town in the bishoprick of
Durham, Eng., at which the bishop has a palace.
It has a beautiful castle, and a chapel, whose archi-
tecture is very curious. Here are manufactures
of cotton and muslin. It is seated by the side of
a hill, on the river Wear, 8 m. S. by W. of Dur-
ham, and 249 N. N. W. of London. Pop. 2,180.
Aude, a maritime department of France, at the
S. E. extremity, containing part of the late pro-
vince of Languedoc. It receives its name from
a river, which rises in the Pyrenees, and flow-
ing by Quillan, Limeux, and Carcassone, enters
the Mediterranean near Narbonne, and which, hy
the Royal canal and Garonne, is united with the
Atlantic Ocean. Carcassone is the capital.
Audieme, a town of France, in the department
of Finisterre, seated in the bay of Biscay, 18 m
W. of Quimper.
Auerbach, a town on the east side of the Vogt-
land, in the S. W. corner of the circle of Upper
Saxony.
Auerstadt, a village of Thuringia, circle of Upper
Saxony, W. of the Saal River, celebrated for a bat-
tle between Napoleon and the Prussians, on the
14th October, 1806. This battle is called the battle
of Jena ; because the portion of the French army
under the immediate command of Napoleon was
engaged with the army at that town. See Jena.
Augila, a territory of North Africa, lying to the
south of Barca, between Fezzan and Egypt. It
abounds in dates ; and many of the inhabitants
engage in the caravan trade. The capital is of the
same name, 220 m. W. of Siwah, and 540 E. by
N. of Mourzouk. Long. 23. 40. lat. 29. 33. N.
Auglaize, r. a branch of the Maumee, Ohio.
Augsburg, a city of Suabia, lately imperial, and a
bishop's see, but now the capital of a principality
subject to Bavaria. It is a large fortified place, has
a variety of manufactures, and is one of the prin-
cipal trading towns, and for the negociation of bills
of exchange, in the interior of Germany. The ca-
thedral, town-house, and other public buildings,
are magnificent. In the bishop's palace, the Luth
erans presented their confession of faith to the em
peror Charles V. in 1550, hence called the Confes
sion of Augsburg. It was taken by the French in
1703, and again in 1796. It is seated between the
Werdach and Lech, 30 m. N. W. of Munich
Long. 10. 55. E. lat. 48. 17. N.
Augusta, p.t. the capital of the State of Maine,
situated upon the W. branch of the Kennebec
river, in the co. of Kennebec, 2 m. above Hallo-
well. Pop. 3,980. It contains a State House of
stone, a court-house, academy jail and bank
AUR
62
Airs
Here is a bridge across the river. The river is
navigable below for vessels of 100 tons.
Jiuffiista, p.t. Oneida Co. N. Y. 110 m. N. W.
Albany. Pop. 3,058.
Jlugusta, p.t. Northumberland Co. Pa.
Augusta, a County of the W. District of Virgin-
ia, near the centre of the State, subdivided into
N. and S. Augusta. Pop. of N. A. 9,142, of S. A.
10,783. Staunton is the seat of justice for both.
Augusta, p.t. the capital of the State of Georgia,
stands on the S. W. bank of the river Savannah,
about 140 m. from the sea. It is regularly built of
brick upon a level spot and surrounded by a fer-
tile country. It has a great trade in cotton and
other productions of the interior. Pop.6,G96.
Augusta, p.v. Perry Co. Mississippi. 72 m. S. E.
Monticello.
Augusta, p.v. Montgomery Co. Alab. C7 m. E.
Cahawba.
Augusta, t. Columbiana Co. Ohio.
Agustin, St. a cape on the coast of Brazil, 300
m. N. E. of the bay of All Saints. Long. 35. 40.
W. lat. 8. 30. S. Also the name of a river, bay,
and port, on the coast of Labrador, in the straits
of Belleisle ; and of a river and bay, at the S. W.
end of the island of Madagascar.
Augustine, St. p.t. St John's Co. E. Florida, on
the eastern coast. It was formerly the capital
of the whole territory of Florida. The town
stands in a prairie near the sea, with a good har-
bour, which however has a shallow entrance.
It is regularly built of a stone formed by the con-
cretion of sea-shells. One of the churches is an
old edifice in the gothic style. The situation of
the town is low, but pleasant. In the neighbour-
hood are numerous groves cforange trees. Before
it came into the possession of the United States, its
population was about 5,000. Since this period
the yellow fever has made its appearance, and the
population has diminished. St. Augustine is 310
in. S. S. W. of Charleston, in lat. 29. 45. N.
Long. 81. 40. W.
Aagustow, a town of Poland, in Polachia, seat-
ed on the Narieu, 44 m. N. of Bielisk.
Augustus, Fort, a fortress of Scotland in Inver-
ness-shire, at the influx of the Oich into the south
extremity of Loch Ness, 34 m. S. S. W. of Inver-
ness.
Augusiburg . See Schelhnherg.
Aulendorf, a town of Suabia, situate on the river
Schus, 8 m. N. of Ravensburg.
Aulnay, two towns of France adjoining each
other, in the department of Calvados, 14 m. S. W.
of Caen. Pop. about 3,500. Also the name of
another town in the department of the Lower
Charente.
Aumale. See Albemarle.
Aumont, a town of France, in the department
of Lozere, 15 m. N. W. of Mende.
Aumore, a town of Hindoostan, in Bengal, 30 m.
S. of Rajemal, and 46 N. N. W. of Moorshedabad.
Aunis, lately a small territory of France, in the
S. V/. part of Poitou,and rjow forming part of the
department of Lower Charente.
Aurach, a fortified town of Suabia, seated at the
foot of a mountain, on the rivulet Eras, 15 m. E.
of Tubingen.
Auras, a town of Silesia, on the river Oder, 12
m. N. W. of Breslau.
Aurny, a town of France, in the department of
Morbihan, on a river of its name, near its entrance
into the gulf of Morbihan, in the Bay of Biscay,
8 m. W. of Vannes.
Aurich, the capital of East Friesland, in the
kingdom of Hanover, seated in a plain surrounded
by forests, 12 m. N. E. of Emden.
Aurelius, p.t. Cayuga Co. N.Y. 173 m. W. Alba-
ny, on Owasco lake. Pop. 2,767.
Aurelitis, p.t. Washington Co. Ohio ; 96 m. S.
E. Columbus.
AuriesviUe, p.v. Montgomery Co. N. C. 123 m,
S. W. Raleigh.
Aurillac, a town of France, in the department
of Cantal. Quantities of lace and velvet are man-
ufactured here. It is seated on the Jordanne, 30
m. S. W. of St. Flour. Pop. 10,500.
Auriol, a town of France, in the department of
Mouths of the Rhone, 12 m. S. E. of Axis, and
12N.N.E. of Marseilles.
Aurora, p.t. Erie Co. N. Y. 175 m. W. Albany,
Pop. 2,421.
Aurora, p.t. Portage Co. Ohio ; 140 m. N. E.
Columbus.
Aurora, p.v. Dearborn Co. Ind. 25 m. W. Cin-
cinnati.
Aurora, an island, one of the New Hebrides,
in the Pacific Ocean. It is 36 m. long and six
broad, affords plenty of wood and water, and has
a small bay on the N. W. coast. Long. 168. 18. E.
lat. 15. 8. S.
Aurungahad, a considerable city of Hindoostan,
capital of Dowlatabad. It owes the greatest part
of its magnificence to the great Aurungzebe, who
made it his place of residence and gave it the
present name. It stands in a fertile plain, almost
surrounded by mountains, 110 m. S. W. of Burh-
anpour, and 250 E. S. E. of Surat. Long. 76. 2.
E. lat. 19. 45. N.
. Aurungahmder , a town of Hindoostan in the
province of Tatta, on the branch of tlie Indus, to
which it gives name, 40 m. S. by W. of Tatta.
Ausa, formerly Alsa, a river of Carniola, which
running soutiiward by Aquileia, after a short
course, falls into the Adriatic. On the banks of this
river, Constantine, the son of Constantine the
Great, fighting against Constans was slain.
Auspitz, a town of Moravia, 20 m. S. S. E. of
Brunn.
Aussig, a town of Bohemia, seated on the Elbe,
11 m. N. N. W. of Leutmerltz.
Aust, a village in Gloucestershire, Eng. 10 m.
north of Bristol, noted for its ancient ferry over the
Severn.
Austell, St. a town of Cornwall, in the centre of
an extensive mining district. In the environs is
abundance of fine clay, which is sent to Livcr«
pool, Bristol and Staffordshire, for the potteries.
It is seated near the English Channel, 13 m. E.
N. E. of Truro, and 245 W. by S. of London.
Pop. in 1821, 6,175.
Austerlitz, or Slawkow, a town of Moravia.
Near this place a great and decisive victory was
obtained by the French, commanded by Boii<>
parte, over the Austrians and Russians, on tho
2nd of Dec. 1805, which led to the treaty of Pres-
burg. It is 12 m. E. of Brunn and 30 S. S. W. of
Olmutz.
Austerlitz, p.t. Columbia Co. N. J. 34 m. S. E.
Albany. Pop. 2,245.
Austinhury, p.t. Ashtabula, Co. Ohio ; 192 m. N.
E. Columbus ; has a number of mills and woolen
manufactories.
Au.stinto2Dn, p.t. Trumbull Co. Ohio ; 160 m. N.
E. Columbus. Pop. 1,259.
Austincille, p.v. Wythe Co. Va. on the Ka-
nahwa.
Australasia, a name conventionally applied to
the extensive tejrritory of New Holkuid, and the
AUS
63
AUS
Beverfil groups ot islands south of the equator, in
the Pacific Ocean. See Kew Holland.
Austria, Empire. Circle, and Archduchy of, in
Europe. The Austrian empire comprehends the
ancient kingdoms of Bohemia, Moravia, and Hun-
gary, tlie Italian States of the Tyrol, and the an-
cient republic of Venice, Dalmatia, the duchies
of Mantua and Milanese, parts of tlie circle of
Bavaria, of Switzerland, and of Poland, and the
circle which includes the archduchy. This fine
empire lies between the 45th and 51st deg. of N.
lat. and the 9th and 27th of E. long, and contains
a superficies of about 300,000 sq. m. and 28,000,000
of inhabitants. In an aggregate sense the Aus-
trian empire may be considered an interior and ag-
ricultural, rather than a maritime and commerical
country, the only part that borders upon the sea
being the Italian States on the south, which may
be considered tributary, rather than integral parts
of the empire, and as such are held by too precari-
ous a tenure, and under circumstances too pre-
scribed to excite a spirit of commercial enterprize.
That noble river the Danube, runs from west to
east through the heart of the empire, and by its
numerous branches, intersects almost every part,
affording great internal facility of communication,
and advantages ; but the peculiar locality of its
communication with the Black Sea within the
Dardanelles, precludes it from affbrding any very
great external advantage. The Elbe rises in Bohe-
mia ; but its course is too circuitous, and too
much liable to political impediments, to afford any
advantages to Austria to be relied on ; all the use-
ful branches of manufacture, however, in wool,
flax, silk, and leather, and most of the useful arts
which contribute to the comfort and prosperity of
society, are carried on over every part of the em-
pire, from materials drawn from its own internal
resources.
Several mountain districts supply abundance
of almost every species of metallic substances ;
the forests supply abundance of timber, and the
plains such numbers of cattle and sheep, as to af-
ford several million lbs. weight of wool to be annu-
ally exported, after supplying their own internal
demands. The Italian States furnish silk, olives,
and oil, and Hungary the choicest wines ; and in-
deed the Austrian empire may be considered as con-
taining witliin itself all the means of substantial
subsistence and of comfort, and much of luxury.
But although Austria is not destitute of genius,
enterprise, and efficiency in the higher depart-
ments of art, a bigoted and idolatrous species of
religious faith, and self-sufficiency of political as-
cendancy, tend to subdue rather tlian excite the
mental faculties, and preclude all great exertion
of social enterprize. The government is absolute
in form, and the formularies of the church of
Rome, are the established religion of the empire ;
the government however if not mild, is not san-
guinary, and the religion is rendered tolerant.
The ruling passion of the government is military
parade, to maintain which a revenue of more than
50,000,000 dollars is abstracted annually from the
productive classes of the empire.
Nobles from every part of the empire settle in
the capital, and contribute by their wealth to
increase its commerce and industry. The in-
dolence and ennui of the rich render many places
of amusement necessary, but none are so much
frequented as the theatre. Much has not been
done in literature, still less in science; music forms
the only exception ; it has been cultivated with
great success The people are punctilious in ob-
serving forms and ceremonies ; no class of the
community, no rank or order, is free from creduli-
ty, superstition and bigotry. But although the
inhabitants are ignorant, they are not corrupt ;
the men art honest, and the domestic Virtues are
cherished in the family circle.
The Circle of Austria, is bounded on the east by
Hungary, nOrth by Moravia and Bohemia, west bj'
Bavaria, Suabia, and Switzerland, and south by
the Austrian and Italian States, and the gulf of
Venice, and contains superficies of about 50,000 sq.
miles, and 4,500,000 inhabitants. It is divided
into the Voralberg, and the counties of Bregen
and Tyrol, the bisnopric of Trent, the duchies of
Stiria, Carinthia, and Carniola, each subdivided
into upper and lower, Friuli, and Istria, the bish-
oprics of Salzburg and Passau, insulated in the circle
of Bavaria, and two small territories of the Teuton-
ic knights, insulated in the circle of Suabia and
Franconia, all of which will be found more amply
described under their respective heads.
TJie Archduchy of Austria, is bounded on the
N. by Bohemia and Moravia, E. by Hungary,
S. by Stiria, and west by Bavaria ; it forms the
the north-east part of the circle, and is divided
into West, Upper, and East, Lower. Upper Aus-
tria is again subdivided into the Inn Quarter, Mi-
hel Quarter, Quarter of Hausruck, and Black and
Traun Quarters ; and Lower Austria north of the
Danube is subdivided into the circles, west above
and cast below the Manhartsberg, and south of
the Danube, into the circles above and below the
forest of Vienna. Upper Austria contains about
5,100 sq. miles, 100 cities and towns, numerous
villages, and 630,000 inhabitants ; and Lower
Austria about 78.000 sq. miles, 280 cities and towns,
numerous villages, and 1,100,000 inhabitants.
The Archduchy of Austria constitutes what con-
ventionally is considered the hereditary dominions
of the house of Hapsburg, the reigning and ruling
family, and the city of Vienna, situate on the
south bank of the Danube, in the circle below
the forest of Vienna, in lower Austria, is the
seat of government of the whole Austrian em-
pire. Except Vienna, there are no other cities
or towns in the Archduchy of Austria, that merit
any particular notice ; it may be considered an
agricultural and a somewhat fruitful district, and
its peasantry are considered to be the happiest
and best conditioned of any in Europe. To obtain
however a just view, and to form a just estimate of
their condition, and indeed of the condition of any
people, it is necessary to weigh well the circum-
stances under which they are born, and by which
AVA
64
AVE
they are turrounded. The peasants of Austria
have b«en born under the influence of the star of
passive chedience, which for years past has been
preached to them with mildness and persuasion,
rather than violence ; and as such has made them
a quiet and contented people, and as far as con-
tentment constitutes happiness, the peasantry of
♦he archduchy of Austria, may perhaps, justly be
considered as the happiest and best conditioned
in Europe ; but after all, in the legitimate sense
of the term happiness, it is a condition alike re-
pugnant to common sense, and derogatory to the
character of man. The character of the govern-
ment, courtiers, and privileged classes of the arch-
duchy of Austria, although tending somewhat to
self-importance, is on the whole, courteous, affa-
ble, and condescending; and whilst the peasantry
of the archduchy may be considered the most con-
tented, the court may be considered the least licen-
tious of any in Europe.
Antaujra, a county of Alabama, on the river Al-
abama. Pop. 1 1,872. Washington is the chief town.
Jlutun, a city of France, and an episcopal see,
in the department of Saone and Loire. It con-
tains many vestiges of Roman magnificence, par-
ticularly the temples of Janus and Cybele. Here
are manufactures of tapestry, carpets, coverlets,
and delft ware. The cathedral of St. Lazarus,
the college, and the seminary, are worthy of no-
tice. Autun is seated on the Arroux, at the foot
of three mountains, 45 m. E.by S. of Nevers, and
162 S. E. of Paris.
Auvergne, a. late province of France, 100 miles
long, and 75 broad ; bounded on the north by the
Bourbonnois, east by Forez and Velay, south by
Rouergue and the Cevennes, and west by Limo-
sin, Querci, and La Manche. It now forms the
two departments of Cantal and Puy de Dome.
AuvMiird, a town of France, in the department
of Lot and Garonne, situate on the river Garonne,
13 m. S. E. of Agen.
Jiuxerre., a city of France, capital of the depart-
ment of Yonne, and lately an episcopal see. It
contains many fountains and squares, and the
episcopal palace is deemed one of the most beau-
tiful in France. It is seated on the side of a hill,
on tile river Yonne, 75 miles W. N. W. of Dijon,
and 90 S. S. E. of Paris. Pop. about 11,000.
Auxon, a town of France, in the department of
Aube, 13 m. S. ofTroyes.
Auxonne, a town of France, in the department
of Cote d'Or, with a castle, an arsenal, a foundry
for cannon, and a school for the artillery. It is
seated on the Saone, 17 m. E. of Dijon. Pop.
about 5,300.
Auzen or Tigre , a town of Abyssinia, capital of
the province of Tigre, and a place of considerable
commerce. It is seated on a river that flows into
the Taccazze, 170 m. N. E. of Gondar. Long.
39. 93. E. lat. 14. 4. N.
Ava, a country of Asia, now generally called
Birmah, which see.
Ava, a large city, formerly the metropolis of the
Birman empire. It is divided into an upper and
lower city, both of which are fortified ; the lower
is the most extensive, about four miles in circum-
ference, protected by a lofty wall, now moulder-
ing into decay. The materials of the houses, con-
sisting chiefly of wood, were removed about the
year 1783 to the new city; and its numerous tem-
ples, on which the Birmans never lay sacrilegious
hands, are dilapidating by time. Clumps of bam-
boos, a few plantain trees, and tall thorns, occupy
most of the arna of this lately flourishing capitaL
It is situate on the S. side of the Erabatty, 4 ra.
S. W. of Ummerapoora, the present capital, in N.
lat. 22. E. long. 96. 5.
Avalon, a town of France, in the department of
Yonne, which has a great trade in grain, wine,
and cattle, and a manufacture of cloth. It is seat-
ed on the Cousin, 24 m. S. S. E. of Auxerre. Pop.
about 4,300.
Avallon, a town of France, on the east side of
the department of Yonne, about 20 m. S. by E. of
Auxerre.
Avatscha, or Avmlslia, a large bay, forming a
very commodious harbour for ships of the largest
burthen, near the S. E. extremity of the coast of
Kamschatka. The town of St. Peter and St. Paul
on the north side of the bay, is in lat. 53. 1. N. and
15. 8. E. long. Saratounka is another town ott
the S. side.
Aveiro, a town of Portugal, in Beira, with a
good harbour for vessels of a moderate size. The
chief trade is in salt, of which great quantities are
made in its vicinity. It stands on a small gulf,
at the mouth of the Vouga, 33 m. S. of Oporto.
Long. 8. 40. W. lat. 40. 40. N.
Aveiron, an interior department of the south of
France, including the late province of Rouergue.
It is named from a river which rises near Severac
le Chateau, and flowing by Rhodez and Ville-
franche, joins the Garonne, below Montauban.
The Lot mtersects the nortliern, and the Tarn the
southern part of the department ; it is divided in-
to five arondisements ; Villefranche, Milhau, St.
Afrique, Espalion, and Rhodez, the last is the
capital of the department, which contains a popu-
lation of about 320,000.
Avel.Ia, a town of Naples, in Terra di Lavoro
celebrated for its honey and apples, 15 m. N. E.
of Naples.
AveUino, a town of Naples, in Principato UJte-
riore. It was almost ruined by an earthquake in
1694, and again in 1805. Near it is the celebrated
convent of Monte Virgine, on a wild mountain,'
which formerly had a sumptuous temple of Cybele.
Avellino is fajnous for the dye of cloth, also for
nuts and maccaroni. It is 25 m. E. of Naples.
Pop. about 9,000.
Avenay, a town of France, in the department
of Marne, on the river Marne, 15 m. W. N. W. of
Chalons-sur-Marne.
Avenche, a town of Switzerland, in the canton
of Berne, formerly the capital of Helvetia, but
now greatly decayed, grain and tobacco being
raised on the site of part of the ancient city. It
stands at the south end of the lake Morat, 15 in.
W. of Bern.
Aventsville, p.v. Nash Co. N. C. 75 m. N. E..
Raleigh.
Averbach, a town of Upper Saxony, in Vogt-
land, near which is a rock famous for pale topazes-
It is 14 m. S. of Zwickau.
Averill, a town in Essex Co. Vt. 63 m. N. Mont-
pelier. Pop. 1.
Averno, a lake of Naples, in Terra di Lavoro,
600 yards in diameter, near Puzzuoli. Virgil and
others have said the water was so bad, that birds
dropt dead when flying over it, and hence they
call it the lake of hell ; but it now has no sucn
poisonous quality, for birds swim upon it. A lit-
tle to the west of the lake is a cave, where some
pretend they went formerly to consult the CumsB-
an sybil. There are aJso some old walls, which
some suppose to be the ruins of a temple of Apol-
lo, and others of Pluto.
Aversa, a town of Naples, in Terra di Lavoro
<}
AVO
es
AYL
In 1305, it suffered greatly by an earthquake.
It is seated in a fine plain, 18 m. N. E. of Naples.
^verysboro, p. v. Cumberland Co. N. C. on Cape
Fear river, 35 m. S. Raleigh.
Aves, or The Islands of Birds, so called from the
great number of birds that frequent them, though
they have not a tree. They are 70 m. E. of Cu-
racao, and 100 N. of the coast of Terra Firma, in
N. lat. 15. 50. W. long. 63. 43.
Avesnes, a frontier town of France, in the south
of the department of Nord, seated on the high
road from Mons to Paris.
Avestadt, a town of Sweden, in Westmania,
noted for its copper- works, and a mint for copper
money, 35 m. N. N. W of Westeros.
Avezzano, a town of Naples, in Abruzzo Ulteri-
ore, 18 m. S. of Aquilla.
Jiviann, a town of Italy, in Friuli, 23 m. W. of
Udina.
Avig!iano, a fortified town of Piedmont, on a
hill near the Cotian Alps, 10 m. W. of Turin.
Acignon, a city of the south of France, capital
of the department of Vaucluse, and a bishop's see.
It was formerly dependent on the pope, and an
archbishop's see, but became annexed to France
in 1791. It has a university, several handsome
churches and a synagogue, and numerous manu-
facturing establishments. If is seated in the heart
of a very fruitful district, (in which the olive,
vine, and fruits of all kinds are very abundant,)
on the east bank of the Rhone, near the confluence
of the Durance, about 20 m. N. E. of Nismes.
Pop. 32,000.
Avila, a town of Spain, in Old Castile, and a
bishop's see, with a university and a manufacture
of fine cloth. It is seated on the Adaga, in a
large plain, surrounded by mountains covered
wim fruit-trees and vineyards, 56 m. N. W. of
Madrid. It was formerly one of the most consid-
erable cities of Spain, but does not now contain
more than 4,000 inhabitants.
Aviles, a town of Spain, in Asturias, near the
bay of Biscay, 16 m. N. of Oviedo.
Avis, a town of Portugal, in Alentejo, seated on
an eminence, with a castle, near the river Avis.
Hence the military order of the knights of Avis
have their name. It is 25 m. N. W. of Estremos.
Aviso, a town of Naples, in Terra di Lavoro, 6
m. E of Sora.
Avon, a river of England, celebrated for its as-
sociation with the name of Shakspeare. It rises
from several springs in Naseby Field, in the coun-
ty of Northampton ; its most elevated source
springs from under the wall of a farm yard, a few
paces north of the church, in the village of Naseby,
and within a quarter of a mile from the source of
the Nez, which flows east, and in a contrary di-
rection to the Avon, falling into the German
Ocean ; whilst the Avon pursues a westerly
course, a short distance from its source, dividing
the county of Northampton from that of Leicester,
until it enters the county of Warwick, in which it
ornaments the fine domain of Stoneleigh Abbey,
afterward washing the rocky foundation of War-
wick castle, from whence it proceeds to Strat-
ford, the birth-place of Shakspeare, and where it
becomes navigable for barges of 30 to 50 tons bur-
then, running past Evesham to Tewkesbury in
Gloucestershire, where it falls into the Severn. It
has numerous corn and paper mills on its banks.
There is also another river of the same name in
England, which rises in the north of Wiltshire,
runs past Malmsbury and Chippenham to Bath,
lailinj^ into the Bristol Channel, this in contradis-
tinction to the other is called the Lower Avon
Avon, another river which rises near Bed win,
in Wiltshire, running past Salisbury, and skirting
the ed^e of the New Forest, falling into Christ
Church bay, in the English Channel.
Avon, p.t. Somerset Co. Me. Pop. 745.
Avon, p.t. Livingston Co. N. Y. 236 m. W. Al-
bany. Pop. 2,362.
Avon, p.t. Lorain, Co. Ohio. 146 m. N. E. Co-
lumbus.
Avoyelles, a parish in the western district of
Louisiana, between the Mississippi, Red and At-
ehafalaya rivers. It produces great quantities of
cotton. Pop. 3,488. Marksville is the chief town.
Avranches, a town of France, in the south of
the meiritime department of La Manche. It is
situate on an eminence, about 2 miles from the sea,
in a fine agricultural district. It was formerly a
bishop's see, to which Henry II. of England went
to obtain absolution from the pope's nuncio, for
the murder of Thomas a Becket in 1172. Al-
though much declined in importance, the cathe-
dral, episcopal palace, and castle, give it some
consequence ; and it contains about 6,000 inhab-
itants; 10 m. E. of St. Malo.
Aw, Loch, a lake of Scotland, in Argyleshire,
30 miles long, and in some parts above 2 broad. It
contains four little islands, tufted with trees, on
one of which are the ruins of an ancient castle ;
and on a peninsula of a lake are the noble ruins
of Kilchurn castle. At the north extremity rises
the mountain of Cruachan, elevated 3,390 fl.
above the surface of the lake ; and near its top is
the spring which forms this beautiful expanse of
water. The river Aw, the outlet of this lake,
runs into Loch Etive, at the village of Bonaw.
Atcatska. See Avatscha.
Aiccri, or Overo, a kingdom of Africa, depen-
dent on Benin, with a town of the same name,
on the river Formosa. Long. 5. 10. E. lat. 6.
10. N.
Aicen, a town of Suabia, on the river Cochen,
20 m. W. S. W.ofOeting.
Axbridge, a town in Somersetshire, Eng. seated
on the river Ax, under the Mendip hills, 10 m.
N. W. of Wells, and 130 W. of London.
Axel, a town of the Netherlands, in Flanders,
seated in a morass, 10 m. N. of Ghent.
Axim, a territory of Guinea, on ♦he Gold Coast,
with a river of the same name flowing through it,
and a town on the east side, at its entrance into
the ocean. The country is fertile, and well cul-
tivated, producing palm-oil, cocoas, oranges, pine-
apples, yams, water-melons, and a prodigious
quantity of rice. The Dutch have a fort and fac-
tory here, called St. Anthony. Long. 1. 3. W.
lat. 4. 42. N.
Axminster, a town in Devonshire, Eng. on the
river Ax. King Athelstan established a minster
here to the memory of the princes slain in his
army, when he defeated the Danes in this neigh-
bourhood. Here is a manufacture of leather
gloves, «fcc. and a famous one of carpets. It is 27
m. E. by N. of Exeter, and 147 W. of London.
Axum, a town, anciently the capital of Abys-
sinia. Its ruins are very extensive, among ^ hich
are many obelisks of granite, with sculptures, but
no hieroglyphics. It is 70 m. N. W. of Auzen.
Long. 38. 45. E. lat. 14. 10. N.
Aylmouth, Alne, or Alemouth, a town in North-
umberland, at the mouth of the Alne, 4 miles east
of Alnwick. It has a good harbour for fishing
vessels. In the reign of queen Elizabeth the
French held it and rortified it, as it was the finit
f2
BAA
^
BAB
port near Scotland, where they could safely land
their supplies for Mary of Guise, the queen regent.
It is said that the bones of giants are often dug up
in the neighbourhood. It exports considerable
quantities of grain for the London market.
Ayamonte, a seaport of Spain, in Andalusia,
with a castle on a rock, at the mouth of'the river
Guadiana, opposite Castro-Marino, 80 m. N. W.
of Cadiz. Long. 7. 15. W. lat. 37. 12. N.
Aylesbury, a borough in Buckinghamshire, Eng.
It is the centre of the busi>ess of the fertile vale
of Aylesbury. Many people here derive their
support from a peculiar manner of rearing ducks
for the London market ; and the making of lace
is carried on to a great extent. It is 17 m. S. E.
of Buckingham, and 38 N. W. of London. Pop.
in 1821, 4,400.
Aylesford, a town in the county of Kent, Eng.
situate on the west bank of the Medway river.
Pop. in 1821, 1,136.
Aylesliam, a town in Norfolk, Eng. 11 m. N. of
Norwich, and 118 N. E. of London. There is a
spring about a mile from the town, very effica-
cious in chronic disorders. It is seated on the
south bank of the river Bure, which is navigable
to Yarmouth. Pop. in 1821, 1,853.
Ayr, a county, parish, royal burgh, and river of
Scotland. The county extends for about 56 miles
along the S. W. coast, and is about 20 in mean
breadth. It is one of the most productive coun-
ties in Scotland, and exports considerable quanti-
ties of grain to Liverpool ; and the north part of
the county participates largely in the cotton man-
ufacture. It also abounds in coal and iron, and
has some veins of copper and antimony, and some
kelp is made on the coast from sea weed, which
is also extensively used as manure. It has been
proposed to intersect the north part of the county
with a canal from Adrossan to the Clyde at Glas-
gow, but after having been completed for about 12
miles from the Clyde, the work has been suspend-
ed. Agates, porphyry, jasper, and calcareous pet-
rifactions are found in various parts of the county ;
whilst lime, and freestone abound, and on the riv-
er Ayr is obtained the whetstone, so useful in
sharpening of agricultural cutlery. The principal
towns beside Ayr, are Kilmarnock, Kilwinning,
and Irvine, N.,St. Quivox, Mauchline, Muirkirk,
in the centre, Maybole, Kirkmichael, Daily,
Girvan, and Ballantrae, S.
The itoyal Burgh of Ayr is situate in the parish,
and at the mouth of the river of the same name,
on the sea coast, the light-house being in lat. 54.
35. N. and 4. 26. W. long. It is a place of con-
siderable antiquity, having been a royal burgh as
far back as 1202 ; its commercial importance de-
clined with the rise of Glasgow, but has revived
somewhat since the commencement of the present
century. Its export of coal is very great. About
6,000 tons of shipping belong to the place, a por-
tion of which is employed in the timber trade, to
British America. Its buildings do not merit any
particular notice. Pop. in 1821, 7,425, and Kev>
Town Ayr, immediately contiguous, 4,027 more.
The Ayr river as well as the Don, affords a con-
siderable supply of salmon.
Aysgarth, a parish and village of North York-
shire ; the parish contains 12 townships, and a
population of 5,620 ; the village contains 293 in-
habitants; and is seated on the Eure, four miles
east of Askrigg. Here is a grand picturesque
waterfall, called Aysgarth Force ; and a bridge of
one arch, 72 feet in the span, overgrown with
ivy.
Azamor, a town of Morocco, on the river Mor^
beys, near the sea, 80 m. N. of Morocco.
Azaredo, a sea-port of Brazil, in the bay of
Spirito Santo, celebrated for sugar. Long. 40.
10. W. lat. 20. 18. S.
Azores or Western Islands, a group of islands in
the Atlantic, between 25. and 30. W. long, and
37. and 40. N. lat. 900 m. W. of Portugal. Thev
are nine in number, viz. St. Maria, St. Michael,
Terceira, St. George, Graciosa, Fayal, Pico,
Flores, and Corvo. They were first discovered
in 1439, by John Vanderberg, a merchant of Bru-
ges, who was driven here by stress of weather.
On his arrival at Lisbon, he boasted of his dis-
covery ; on which the Portuguese set sail, and
took possession of them, which they have retained
ever since. They have all a clear sky and salu-
brious air; are extremely fertile in corn, wine,
and various fruits ; and breed great numbers of
cattle. It is said they are quite free of venom-
ous animals ; but they are subject to earthquakes
and volcanic eruptions. They are seen at a great
distance, one of them having a very high moun-
tain, called the Pico, or Peak of the Azores. The
governor-general resides at Angra, in Terceira ;
but St. Michael is the largest island. In the year
1819 they exported to Great Britain 51,706 boxes
of oranges, and in 1824-5 a still greater quantity,
Azoth, Azotus, or Ashdod, one of the five cities
of the Philistines, and a celebrated seaport of tlie
Mediterranean. It was in this city that the idol
Dagon fell down before the Ark ; and so strong
a place it was, if we may believe Herodotus, that
it sustained a siege of 29 years, by Psainmeticus,
king of Egypt. It was, however taken by the
Maccabees, in a much shorter time, who burned
both city and temple, and with them about 8,000
inen. The town is now called by the Arabs Has-
aneyun. It is but thinly inhabited, though the
situation is very pleasant. The town is about a
mile and a half in circumference, and has in it a
mosque, a public bath, a market-place, and two
inns. Here is an old structure with fine marble
pillars, which the inhabitants say was the house
that Sampson pulled down ; and to the S. E. just
out of the town, is the water where Philip bap-
tized the Ethiopian eunuch. There are several
ancient buildings, with capitals and pillars stand-
ing. It is situated about J 4 or 15 m. S. of Ekron,
between that and Ascalon.
B
BAAL BECK, or the Valley of Baal, a fertile
country of Asia, between Lebanon and Antiliba-
nus, about 30 miles from Damascus, where there
was formerly a magnificent temple of the Sun,
the ruins of which are still admired by travellers.
Some geographers make it a part, and others the
whole of Coslosyria ; but all agree, that it was
one of the most pleasant spots on the earth.
Baba, or Babadag, a town of European Turkey, j
in Bulgaria, celebrated for its knives and sword f
blades. It stands on a gulf of its name, in the
Black Sea, 90 m. N. E. of Silistria. Long. 28.
38. E. lat. 44. 40. N.
Bahclmandel, a strait between the coast of
Abyssinia and Arabia, uniting the Red Sea with
the Indian Ocean. In it is a small island and a
BAG
67
BAD
mountain of the same name. Long. 43. 59. E.
lat. \2. 50. N.
Balff.nhausen, a town of Suabia, in Germany,
5 m. N. of Tubingen.
Biibic, or Bahalicg, a town of Persia, on the con-
fines of the Desert of Kerman, situate at about an
equal distance from the cities of Kerman, Sliiraz
ami Zed.
Babiiij;l)ij. a village of Norfolk, Eng. is noted as
beiuir the place where Felix the Burgundian first
landc-d, to instruct the East Angles in the doc-
trines of the gospel, and where the first church is
-** said to have been erected. It is 4 ni. N. E. of
Lynn.
Babuyanes, a cluster of six or seven small isl-
ands in the North Pacific Ocean, 10 leagues N. of
tile isle of Luconia. The chief produce is wax,
ebony, bananas, cocoas, and plantains.
BJbiflon, the capital of the ancient kingdom of
Babylonia or Chaldea. Semiramis is said by
some, and Belus by otliers, to have founded this
city. But by whomsoever it was founded, Nebu-
chadnezzar embellished it, and made it one of the
wonders of the world. The most famous works in
and about it were, the walls of the city, the temple
of Belus, Nebuchadnezzar's palace, the hanging
gardens, the banks of the river, the artificial lake,
and the canals. The walls were 87 feet thick, 350
feet high, and GO miles in circumference, forming
an exact square, having 100 gates of solid brass, 25
on each side, with a street running from each in a
straight line to the opposite gate ; so that there
were in all -50 great streets, each 15 miles long.
It is supposed to have stood on both banks of the
Euphrates, in long. 44. 0. E. lat. 32. 0. N. Alex-
ander of Macedon died here April 21, B. C. 323.
Baca, or Baza, a town of Spain, in Granada, 15
m. N. E. of Guadix. Pop. about 7,000.
Bach, or Batlia, a town of Hungary, formerly
the see of a bishop, seated near the Danube, 30 m.
E. N. E. of Funfkirchen, and 35 S. of Buda.
Bacharach, a town of Germany, in the palatin-
ate of the Rhine. It is famous for its wine, and
stands at the foot of a mountain, near the Rhine,
24 m. S. by E. of Coblentz. The Counts pala-
tine had formerly a castle here, and levied toll on
the produce and merchandize passing up and down
the Rhine, which, from the extentof the exaction,
was denominated the golden toll. It at present
forms part of the Prussian territory.
Bachcserai, a town of Russia, in the province of
Taurida. It was lately the residence of the Tar-
tar clans of the Crimen, and the pilace is a curi-
ous species of painted Chinese structure. Near
this place, on a high rock, is an old fort called the
Jews' Citadel, so na;ned as having been from time
immemorial inhabited by about 200 families of
Jews. Bacheserai is seated in a deep valley, on
the rivulet Katza, 18 m. S. S. W. of Symphero-
i>ol.
Bacfimn, an island, the largest and most south-
ern of the proper Moluccas. It is 70 m. in cir-
cumference, and the interior rises into woody hills.
It is governed bv a sultan, who is also sovereign
of Ouby and Ceram ; and he receives a pension
f-om the Dutch, either for the destruction or sup-
ply of nutmegs. The Dutch first formed a settle-
ment here in 1010. Zabonn-a is the chief town.
Long. 127. 0. E. lat. 0. 25. S.
Bachu, or Baku, a city of Shirvan, in Persia,
situate on the shore of a fine haven on the W.
»ide of the Caspian Sea. It was taken possession
of by Russia at the commencement of the last
century ; ceded back to Persia in 1735, and repos-
sessed by Russia, since 1801. The country round
abounds in petroleum, and, in some places, con-
stantly emits llarne, but without producing any
very sensible degree of heat. It was probably
this district that gave rise to the sect of the Par-
sees, Guebres, or Fire Worshippers, by whom it
was formerly much resorted to. A similar phe-
nomenon of ignited petroleum prevailed neaj
Brosely, in Shropshire, Eng. from 1711 to 1750,
since when the flame has entirely ceased.
What was more singular at Brosely was, that the
flame emitted from a spring of water There are
a number of inflammable springs in the western
part of N. York. See Burning Springs. Baku
is now an inconsiderable place ; it is iu 40. 5. N.
lat. and 50. 10. E. long.
Badujoz, a town of Spain, capital of Estremadu-
ra, and a bishop's see. It is famous for a bridge
built by the Romans over the Guadiana. On this
bridge the Portuguese were defeated by don John
of Asturias, in itiGl. Badajoz was taken by the
French in 1809, and retaken by the alliod army,
under Lord Wellington, by storm, on the Cth of
April, 1812. It is a frontier town toward Portu-
gal, and well fortified. It is 14 m. E. of Elvas,
and 175 S. by W. of Madrid. Long. 6. 40. W.
lat. 38. 45. N.
Badukslian, a city of Usbec Tartary, or Great
Bucharia, capital of the province of Kilan. Gold,
silver, and rubies are found in its vicinity ; and
caravans pass by this city to Cabul and China.
It is seated on the main branch of the Gihon, about
100 miles from its source, at the foot of the Belur
mountains, 120 m. E. of Balk. Long. 68. 50. N.
lat. 37. 10. E.
Badbury, a village in Dorsetshire, Eng. on a
considerable eminence, 4 m. N. W. of Win-
born. It was a summer station of the Romans,
and many of their coins, urns, &c. have been
found. Here is also a Saxon camp, which con-
sists of three oblong ramparts.
Badelona, a town of Spain, in Catalonia, seated
on the Mediterranean, 10 m. N. E. of Barcelona.
Baden, or Baadcn, formerly a margraviate, in the
circle of Suabia, stretching along the east bank of
the Rhine, from the canton of Basle, in Switzer-
land, on the south, in the lat. of 47. 30. to the bish-
opric of Spires, in the lat. of 49. 10. N. bounded
on the E. by the Black Forest. It was divided in-
to upper and lower, or Baden-Baden and Baden-
Durlach,from the names of the chief towns of the
two divisions. Under Napoleon's formation of the
Rhenish confederacy in 180G, Baden was constitut-
ed a grand duchy, with some change of territory,
divided into three parts of the Ilppei;, Middle, and
Lower Rhine ; but receiving a further accession
of territory of Brisgau, &.c. in 1809, it was divi-
ded into the 10 folhnving circles, viz. The Lake
Danube, Weisen, Treisam, Kinzig, Murg, Pfutz
and Enz, Neckar, Odenwald, and Main and "Tauber,
being names of so many rivers intersecting the
territory ; the code Napoleon w^s adopted as the
constitution of the sUite.and the seat of govern-
ment, established at Carlsruhe, about two miles
from Durlach. The whole territory contains
about .5,600 square miles, and a population of about
925,000, from the productive portion of whom a
revenue of about £G00,000 annually is collected
for military and state purposes. That portion of
the territory bordering on the Rhine, including
the old margraviate, is exceedingly fruitful, and
contains about 180,000 inhabitants. The foresta
yield abundance of materials for building and fuel.
Baden, the capital of Upper Baden, with a ca»-
BAG
68
BAH
da, on tlie top of a hill, where the prince often re-
sides. It is remarkable for its hot baths, and is
seated between the Murg and the Rliine, 40 m.
W. of Stuttgard, and 20 S. of Carlsruhe. Long.
8, 22. E. lat. 43. 48. N.
Batten, a town of Switzerland, in Argau, capital
of tlie county of the same name. Near it are some
warm baths, mentioned by the ancients under the
names of Aquaj and l^hermae Helvetica?. In
17J4, a treaty was concluded here between Ger-
many and Spain. It is seated on the Linimat, 10
m. N. W. of Zurich. Long. 8. 24. E. lat. 47. 26. N.
Baden, a town of Austria, famous for its numer-
ous hot baths ; seated on the Suechat, 13 m. S. S.
VV. of Vienna. ALso of a village in the Valais,
Switzerhmd, witli a hot bath of a sufficient degree
of heat to boil an egg.
r,:idemceilcr, a town of the grand duchy of Ba-
den, in the circle ofWeisen, much frequented for its
hot baths, seated near the Rhine, 5 m. S. S. W. of
Sulzburg.
BadgewoTthjViViWvige in Gloucestershire, En?. 7
m. N. E. of Gloucester. Here is a mineral spring
called Cold Pool, nearly the same in quality as that
of Cheltenham.
Baeza, a town of Spain, in Andalusia, seated
near the source of theGuadalaquivir. It was once
the residence of a Moorish king, and was since a
bishop's see, and seat of an university, but is now
deemed of little importance, although its popula-
tion is still considerable. It lies four leagues E.
of the great post road from Madrid to Cadiz by
Cordova, and about 10. N. of Jaen.
Baffa, a seaport town at the west end of the
Isle of Cyprus, with a fort, near the ancient Pa-
phos, of which considerable ruins remain, particu-
larly some broken columns, which probably be-
longed to the temple of Venus. Long. 32. 30. E.
lat. 34.50. N.
Barn's Bay, a vast expanse of sea, so called from
an English captain of the name of Baffin, who
navigated it in 161(5. It is entered from the Atlan-
tic by Davis's Straits, between the long, of 54.
and 67. W. and in the lat. of the Arctic Circle. It
is still questionable whether it be a bay or not ;
and the English governent, since the general
peace of Europe in 1814, have sent several expe-
ditions, to endeavour to penetrate in the direction
of that sea into the Pacific Ocetan.
Bagdad, a celebrated city of Asiatic Turkey,
the capital of a pachalic of the same name, or, as
it is now more commonly called, Irac Arabi ; Bag-
dad is finely seated on the east bank of the noble
river Tigris, and previous to the route to India by
th'' Cape of Good Hope, it v/as the centre of a
very extensive commerce. It was t!ie capital of
the Saracen empire, till taken by the Turks in
the 13th century; since which it has often been
an object of contention between the Turks and
Persians, until it was taken the last time by the
Turks, in 1631. It still continues to be a place of
considerable resort, for all the commodities of
Natolia, Syria, Persia, and India ; but has lost
much of its ancient splendour, and is not so opu-
lent as when in the possession of the Persians.
The tomb of the Jewish prophet Ezekiel is still
shown here. Ii has several mantifactorics of silk,
cotton, wool, and leather, and has a cannon foun-
dry. The city is surrounded by a wall about five
miles in circumference, and contains some commo-
dious houses, but its general character is mean and
dirty. Its markets are abundantly supplied with
all kinds of provisions ; but the great heat of its
climate renders it uncomfortable i tha gummer
season. It is about 50 miles north of the site of
the ancient Babylon, 250 north of Bassora, and 8
deg. due east of Damascus. Lat. 33. 20. N. and
44. 40. E. long. Pop. estimated at from 60,000 to
i)0,000, three-fourths of whom are Turks, the re-
mainder are Jews, Persians, and of various na-
tions.
Baglana, a country of the Deccan of Hindoostan,
bounded on the north by Guzerat, east by Cande-
ish and Dowlatabad, south by Visiapour, and west
by the ocean. It is exceedingly mountainous, but
fertile in many places.
Bagnaluca, or Banjaluka, a town of European
Turkey, in tiie N. W. corner of Bosnia, on the bor-
der of Croatia, 55 m. N. W. of Serai.
Bagnara, a seaport of Naples, in Calabria Ulter-
iore. Here are several high waterfalls : and among
the rocks are the ruins of the former town, in
which 3,017 persons perished by !in earthquake in
17S3. It is situate near the straight of Messina,
15 m. N. N. E. of Reggio. Long. 16. 8. E. lat, 38.
15. N. Pop. about 5,000.
Bugnarea, a tov/n of Italy, in the patrimony of
St. Peter, 5 m. S. of Orvieto.
Bagneres, a town of France, in the department
of Upper Pyrenees, famous for its baihs and min-
eral waters ; seated on the river Adour, 10 m. S.
of Tarbes.
Bagnols, a town of France, in the department of
of Gard, near the river Cese, 8 m. S. of Pont St.
Esprit. It has manufactures of silk.
Bagshot, a village in Surrey, Eng. 12 m. N. by
E. of Farnham. It is surrounded by an extensive
heath, bordered on the west by Windsor park.
Since 1800 a considerable portion has been enclosed
and brought under cultivation.
Bahamas, or I ucayos Islands, a group of Islands,
forming part of the British West Indies, exten-
ding fi-om the long, of 79. W. in the lat. of 28. in
a S. E. direction, to the long, of 70. in the lat. of
21. N The northern part lies contiguous to the
coast of Florida, and the southern contiguous to
the north end of St Domingo. The greater por-
tion are mere rocks and uninhabited ; the follow
ing are the principal islands : Bahama, Abaco, An-
dreas, New Providence, Eleuthera, Exuma, Cat
Island, Long Island, Crooked Island, Mariguana,
Great Caycos, Grand Turk, Inagua, Square
Handkerchief. Of these Cat Island first deserves
notice, as being the first land of the western
hemisphere, discovered by Columbus on the 12th
of Oct. 1492, by whom it was called Guanahana.
New Providence is the best cultivated, producing
a little sugar, coffee, and cotton, and exporting
large quantities of fruit to the U. S. of America.
Exuma and Turks Islands have exported 30,000
tons of salt annually ; but the chief occupation of
the inhabitants, is the turtle fishery. The passage
between the northernmost island and the crast
of Florida is called the Bahama channel, and
another passage between Long and Crooked isl-
ands is called the windward passage, and forms the
route of the ships bound from Jamaica to Europe :
the Jamaica packet touches at Crooked Island
homeward-bound as the point of departure. The
number of slaves upon the whole islands accord-
ing to a return made to parliament in 1823, was
10,108, and the white population probably amounts
to about 4,000.
Bahar, an interior province of Hindoostan, west
of Bengal ; bounded on the north by Nepaul, west
by Oude and Allahabad, and south by Bezar and
Orissa. It is intersected by the Ganges from
west to east, which receives several tributary
BAI «
streams in its course through the province, the
mist considerable of which are, the Goosey from
the north, and the Soane from the south. It is an
exceedingly fertile district ; its rice is the finest
of all Hindoostan ; sugur, silk, indigo, cotton, and
salt petre are produced in great abundance. Pat-
na on the south bank of the Ganges, is the chief
town. The town of Bahar, formerly the capital,
is about '.V> m. S. E. of Patna. The whole prov-
ince is subject t ) the English East India Company.
B.ikia, one of the 12 captaincies of Brazil, ly-
ing siuth of Pernarfibuco, and e.xtending from
the 11th to nearly the Kith deg. of S. lat. and west
from the Atlantic Ocean in tne long, of 40. to a
ridge of mounta'u; in 44. which bound it on the
west ; it is inters;'oted by another ridge of moun-
tains, its whole extent ftoni south to north in the
long, of about 42. and the river St. Francisco runs
from south to north between the two ridges of
mount-tins, to the north extremity of the territo-
ry ; wh^n it abruptly changes its course to the east
forming the boundary* between Bahia and Per-
na:nbuco. Bahia contains a surface of about 50,-
000 sq. miles, and is the most extensively culti-
vated district of all Brazil ; sugv, coffee, cotton,
and tobacco are all produced in great abundance,
and the cultu.'e is progressively extending. The
forests abDUiid in a variety of wood, and are so
dense as to be almost impenetrable. The chief town
of the saine name, or as it is sometimes called, St.
Salvador, is situate in lat 12. 45. S. and 38. 25.
W. long, on the east b.ank of a noble bay, called
the bay of All Saints, which runs up from south
to north about 4'j m. being about 8 m. wide at its
mouth. The town is situate just within the en-
trance, and extends for 3 m. along the shore ; the
ground rises to the height of 400 ft. within the
distance of 1 m. from the main street, from ab iut
the centre of which buildings have been extended
to the summit of the rising ground, »vhich com-
mands a very extensive and beautiful view of
the sea and the country inland. Next to Rio Ja-
neiro, Bahia is the most important town of Brazil
and in point of commerce is the greatest. The
h m jes are in general well built, mostly of stone,
and it has several churches and convents of con-
siderable magnitude. Pop. about 100,000.
Ball' iniren, a town of Wurteinburg. situate near
th.» source of the Teyah, a branch of tlie Neckar
River, about 20 m. S. W. of H jhenzollern.
Btihrakck, a town of Hindoostan. in the pr iv-
mce of Oude, 02 m. N. N. W. of Fyzabad, and
65 N. E. of Lucknow. Long. 81. 5d." E. lat. 27.
30. N.
Bahrenburg, a town of Westphalia, in the
county of Hoya, on the river Sulilingen, 20 m.
W. of Nieuburg.
Bahrein, a town of Arabia, situate on an island,
3=0 ra. long, in thi? gulf of Persia. It gives name
not only to the island on which it is built, but
also to a cluster of them, celebrated for tJie pearl
fishery ; and likewise to a province, extending
alonii the west coast of the gulf. The town is
fortified, and belonged once to the Portuguese, but
is now possessed by the Wahabees. It stands on
the west side of the island. 70 m. N. 15. of Lasha.
Long. 49. 5. E. lat. 20. 20. N.
Bi:ra, a town of Naples, in Terra di Lavoro,
formerly famous for its hot baths and elegant pal-
aces, of which some ruins remain. It is seated on
the bay of Naples, 12 m. W. of Naples.
Ba}a. a town of Lower Hunearv. on the east
bank of the Danube, 35 m. N. W. of Esseg.
Btuas, or Paisas, a town of Syria, at the N. E.
BAL
comer of the ^If of Aiasso, supposed to have been
the ancient Issus, celebrated for the victory of
Alexander over D;uius.
Baibtmrdi. an inland town of Armenia, about
45 m. N. of Arz Roum.
Baikal, a lalce of Siberia, in the province of
Irkutsk, 350 m. in length, but its greatest breadth
not above 40, between the lat. of 52. and 55. N.
and 104. to 100. E. long. The water is fresh, and
the Russians speak of it with reverence, calling it
the H )ly Sea. There are many seals in it of a
blackish colour, and abundance of fish ; also sev-
eral islands, and that of Olchon, the largest, has
sulphureous springs, and naptha sometimes floats
on its surface. It receives the Selinga from the
south, and its outlet is the Angara, which flows
north into the Yenisei.
Baileysburg, p.v. Surry Co. Va. 70 m. S. E.
Richmond.
BtulJeul, a town of France in the department of
Nord,9 m. S. W. of Ypres. It is a manufactur-
ing town. Pop. about 9,000. There are several
other towns of the same name, in different parts
of France.
Bai'ur, a seaport of Abyssinia, and chief town
in the country of Dancali. It stands on a spacious
bay of the Red Sea, 340 m. E. by N. of Gondar.
Long. 42. 40. E. lat. 13. 3. N.
Bain, a town of France, in the department of
Ille and Vilaine, 16 m. S. of Rennes.
Bainbridire, p.t. Chenango Co. N. Y. 135 m. W.
Albany, Po"p. 3,040.
Bainbridge, p.t. Ross Co. Ohio.
Baiiilfridge, p.v. Franklin Co. Alab. on the
Tennessee, 5 m. above Florence.
Bairdsloipn, the chief town of Nelson County,
Kentucky, 50 m. S. W. of Frankfort.
Bairout or Btrut, anciently Berytus, a seaport
of Syria, in Palestine, and the chief town of the
Druses. The port is nearly choked with sand
and ruins ; but many cottons and silks are expor-
ted hence for Cairo. It stands on the north side
of a broad promontory, 50 m. W. N. W. of Da-
mascus. Long. 3tj. 10. E. lat. 33. 45. N. Pop
about 7,500.
Baker, a County in the S. W. part of Georgia
on Flint river. Pop. 1.253. Byron is the capital.
Bakersfield, p.t. Franklin Co. Vt. 48 m. N. W.
Mjntpelicr. Pop. 1,087.
Baker's R'ver, a branch of the Merrimack,
Graflon Co. N. Hampshire.
Bakcrstuion, p.v. Allegany Co. Pa. 13 m. N.
Pittsburg.
Bakewell, an extensive parish and town, in the
Peak of Derbyshire, Eng. Here is a large cotton-
mill ; and near it at the village of Asliford, are
marble works, where the black and grey marbles
found in the vicinity are sawn and polished. It
is seated on the Wye, 27 m. N. N. W. of Derby,
and 153 of London. The town contains a pop.
of 1,782, and the parish about 9,100.
Bakow, or Bakou, a town of Euro{>ean Turkey,
in Moldavia, on the river Bistritza, 60 m. S. W.
J assy.
Baku or Bachu, a town of Fersia, in the prov-
ince of Schirvan, the most commodious haven ot
the Caspian Sea, on the west coast of which it is
situate. The vicinity produces much rock-salt,
sulphur, and naptha, and it is famous for saffron.
Baku is a fortress, surrounded by high brick walls,
300 m. S. of Astracan. Long. 49. 15. E. lat. 40.
2. N.
Bala, a corporate town of Wales, in Merioneth
shire. It is seated on the lake of Bala, or Pern
BAL
70
BAL
blemere, which is three miles long, and one broad,
and abounds with a fish called guinard, resem-
bling a saltnon in shape, and tasting like a trout.
The river Dee issues from this lake. It has the
remains of three Roman camps, which seem to
have been used as exploratory stations, before the
Ordovices were totally subdued. The inhabitJints
carry on a considerable trade in knit woolen stock-
ings. It is 40 m. S. E. of Caernarvon, and VJo
N. W. of London. Pop. 1 1G3.
Balacheo, a town of European Russia, situate
on a branch of the Don, 00 m. W. of Saratov.
Bidachiui, a town Russia, seated near the Volga,
40 m. W. N. W. of Niznei Novogorod.
• Balaguer, a fortified town of Spain, in Catalon-
ia, on the river Segra, at the foot of a crajrgy rock,
75 m. W. N. W. of Barcelona. Long. 0. 40. E.
lat. 41. 43. N.
Bilairanskol, a town in the province of Irkoutsk,
Siberia, about 30 m. N. of the city of Irkoutsk.
Balakawa, a seaport at the south-west end of
the Crimea.
Balamhansron, a small but very fruitful island,
off the nortir end of Borneo, in lat. 7. 16. N. and
116. 58. W. long.
Balamlman. See PaJambuan.
Balapurn, Chica, a town of Hindoostan, in My-
sore, noted for the manufacture of sugar-candy and
clayed sucar, 15 m. N. E. of Doda Balapura.
Balapura, Doda, a town of Hindoostan, in My-
sore, surrounded by a mud- wall and hedge, and
has a strong mud fort with a palace. Here are
manufactures of cloth and sugar. It is 22 m. N.
by W. of Bangalore, and 57 S. E. of Sera.
Balartic, a town of France, in the department
of Herault, famous for its baths. It is 12 m. from
Montpelier.
Balasore, a seaport of Hindoostan, in Orissa, and
a place of considerable trade ; situate on the Gon-
gahar, 20 m. from its mouth in the bay of Bengal,
and 124 S. W. of Calcutta. Long. 8(5. 4G. E. lat
21. 26. N.
Balaton, a lake in the south part of Lower Hun-
gary, 40 m. in length, and 1 to 4 broad. The N.
end is about 5 m. from Stuhl- Weisenburgh, and 36
more from the Danube, with which it is proposed
to unite the lake by a canal.
Balbastro, an episcopal town of Spain, in Arra-
gon, on the river Vero, near its conflux with the
Cinca, 45 m. E. N. E. of Saragossa. Pop. about
5,000.
Balhec, the ancient Heliopolis, a town of Syria,
at the foot of Mount Libanus, near the north-east
extrepiity of the fertile valley of Bocat. On the
east side are magnificent ruins, particularly those
of the temple dedicated to the Sun. The town
was nearly destroyed by an earthquake, in 1759,
and is now a poor place, 37 m. N. N. W. of Da-
mascus.
Baldcagle, ts. Lycoming Co. Pa. and Centre Co.
Pa.
Baldivia. See Valdlvia.
Baldock, a town in Hertfordshire, Eng. seated
among hills, 9 m. W. S. W. of Royston, and 37
N. N. W. of London. It was origmally built by
the knights templars in the 12th century, on the
site of tne Roman way, called the Ikeneild street.
Pop. in 1821, 1,550.
Baldwin, t. Cumberland Co. Me. Pop. 047.
Baldicin, a County in the centre of Georgia.
Pop. 7,389. Milledgeville is the cliief town.
Baldtcin, a County in the S. part of Alabama,
Pop. 2,324. Blake ly is the chief town.
Balearic Isles, fire islands in the Mediterranean,
forming part of the province of Arragon ; they are
named, Majorca, Minorca, I vica, Formentera, eaid
Cabrera, which see.
Balfrush, a town of Persia, in Mazanderan, on
the south shore of the Caspian Sea, 12 m. W. or
Ferabad.
Balga, a town of Prussia, on the Frisch Haff,
24 m. S. W. of Konigsberg.
Ball, or Bally, an island, 75 miles long and 45
broad, at the east end of the isle of Java, from
which it is separated by a channel called the Strait
of Bali. It is populous, abounds in rice and fruits, *
and furnishes slaves, cotton-yarn, and pickled
pork. Long. 11. 50. E. lat. 8. 30. S.
Balizc, a river which divides the provinces of
Yucatan and Guatemala, falling into the bay of
Honduras in lat. 14. 50. N. 91 . 15. W. long. There
is a town of the same name near the mouth of the
river, which forms the principal settlement of the
English for supplying mahogany and logwood, to
the extent of 20,000 tons annually.
There is also a fort called Balize in the Swamp,
at the mouth of the Mississippi River, in lat. 29.
6. N. 89. 20. W. long.
Balk, a southcr« province of Independent Tar-
tary, bordering on Persia, now subject to Caubul.
The principal city of tlie same name is situate on
the Dewash, a branch of the Oxus or Anm River,
and is a place of great antiquity, once the capital
of Persia, and the residence of Cyrus. It is still
a place of considerable importance and intercourse
between the inhabitants of the countries border-
ing on the eastern shores of the Caspian Sea, and
the sea of Aral and Bukharia on one side, and of
Hindoostan on the other. The khan's castle is a
magnificent structure, built of marble, dug cut of
the neighbouring mountains. It is about 220 m.
S. E. of Bokhara, and 2C0 N. W. of Atlock Bena-
res on the Indus, in 36. 28. N. lat. and 65. 20. W.
long. Pop. about 7,000.
Ballavh, a parish in the county of Mayo, Ire-
land. Pop. in 1821, 3,380, in which is included
the town of Minola with 415 inhabitants and the
village of Ballagh with 329.
Ballantrae, a town of Scotland, in Ayrshire,
near the mouth of the Stinchar, 24 m. S. S. W. of
Ayr.
Ballichorough, a parish and town in the county
of Cavan, Ireland. In 1821, pop. of the parish
6,283, and of the town 804.
Ballibophaij , a town in the county of Donegal,
Ireland. Pop. in 1821, 290.
Ballina, a town in the county of Mayo, Ireland,
7 m. S. of Killala, and 120 W. by N. of Dublin.
Pop. in 1821, 4,422. It was occupied by tlie
French in 1798.
Bullinasloe, a town chiefly in the parish of Kil-
cloony, county of Galway, but extends into the
parish of Creagh, in the county of Roscommon,
Ireland. It is distinguished for its great annual
slieep fair, the first week in Oct. when about 100,-
000 sheep, and 10,000 head of horned cattle are
brought to market. It is 12 m. W. of Athlone,
and 72 W. of Dublin. It is sometimes called
Dunloe. Pop. in 1821, 1,811.
Ballingarnj, a parish and town in the county
of Limerick, Ireland. Pop. of the town 1,553, and
of the parish 5,328 more.
Ballinaldn, a town and parish in Queen's Coun-
ty, Ireland. The town is situate on the border of
Kilkenny, 48 m. S. W. of Dublin. Pop. in 1821,
1,951, and the parish which is called also Dysait
Gallen, 2,467.
*,* There are about 300 other parishes and vil
BAL
71
BAL
lages in Ireland beginning with Bnllin, but none
that merit any particular notice ; several of them
are populous.
BuUston, p.t. Saratoga Co. N. "Y. 35 m. N. Al-
bany. Pop. 2,113. This town is famous for its
mineral springs. See Saratoga.
Bally, in Irish signifies town ; there are up-
wards of 150 parishes, towns, and villages in Ire-
land beginning with Bally, such as Bailyhoy, Bal-
ly castle, S^i-C. i^C.
Balmcriiw, a town of Scotland, in Fifeshire,
which has a trade in corn and salmon. The ruins
of its once magnificent abbey, founded in 1229,
are much admired. It is seated on the frith of
Tay, opposite Dundee, 10 m. N. W. of St. An-
drew.
Baltic, an inland sea, in the N. W. of Europe,
between the coasts of Sweden, Russia, Courland,
Prussia, Germany, and Denmark, extending from
the 54th to the 60th dcg. of N. lat. the Gulf of
Bothnia running up to the lat. of 06. and lying
between the 16th and 22nd deg. of W. long, the
Gulf of Livonia extending 2 deg. further west,
and that of Finland as far as 30. Its surface is
estimated at 120,000 sq. miles, it contains a great
number of islands, the principal of which are
Aland, Dago,Oesel, Gothland, Oeland, Bornholm,
Rugen, and Laland ; and the islands cf Zealand
and Funen separate it from the Cattegat, by which
it communicates with the ocean. There are three
navigable channels into the Baltic from the sea
called the Cattegat, which communicates with the
German Ocean : 1st. which is the most northerly
and most frequented, is called the Sound, between
the coast of Sweden N and the coast of the Isle
of Zealand S. This passage is about four miles
across, and is navigated by 8,000 to 9.000 sail of
vessels annually, which pay a trifling tax to the
Danish government, for the mauitenance of the
light-liouses on the coasts of the several channels.
The middle channel between the south side of the
Isle of Zealand, and the Isles of Funcn and Laland
is called the Great Belt ; and the most southerly,
between the isle of Funen and Laland, and the
coast of Jutland, the Little Belt; but the naviga-
tion of botli is circuitous and intricate compared
with the Sound, and tliey are only passed under
very particular circumstances. There is little or
no tide within the Baltic, and the channels and
harbours are generally frozen up three or four
months in the winter. Amber is found on the
coast of Prussia.
Baltimore, a town of Ireland, in the county of
Cork, on a headland which runs into the sea, and
forms a good harbour, 5 m. N. E. of Cape Clear.
It has the ruins of an abbey, and is 50 m. S. W.
of Cork. Long. 9. 14. W. fat. 51. 18. N.
Baltimore, a Coimty of Maryland, on Chesa-
peak Bay. Pop. 120,876. The city of Baltimore
is the seat of justice.
Baltimore, the chief city in Maryland, near the
mouth of the river Patapsco on the western side
of Chesapeak Bay, is a place of great commerce
and wealth. It was founded in 1729, but grew
so slowly that in 17.52 it consisted of only 25
houses. Since the revolution it has increased
with astonishing rapidity and at present is one of
the first American cities. It stands at the head of
tide-water, 14 miles from the bay, and contains
45 churches, 5 markets, 2 theatres, 10 banks, an
exchange, a public library, St. Mary's College
and the University of Maryland, a lunatic asylum,
an observatory, 2 museums, and several elegant
public fountains. The Cathedral is an Ionic
structure 190 feet in length and 127 feet high to
the cross at the summit of the dome. It contains
the largest organ in the United States, having
6,000 pipes and 36 stops. Here are also two
splendid p&intings. The Merchants' Exchange
was built by private subscription, and is 255 feet
in length, with a hall 86 feet by 53, lighted from
the dome of the building ; in this hall the mer-
chants meet daily to transact business.
There are two splendid monuments at Balti-
more. The Battle Monument is built of marble,
55 feet in height, Jind commemorates the defeat of
the British in their attack upon the city in 1814.
The Washington Monument is also of white mar-
ble, 50 feet square at the base and su.staining a
colossal statue of Washington at the height of
163 teet from the ground. The City Hotel is one
of the first public houses in the country. Most of
the streets of the city are broad and at nght an
gles. Fell's Point, the lower part of the city, is
the quarter where most of the stor/s and shipping
are collected. Baltimore is the greatest flour
market in the United States. In the immediate
neighbourhood are above 60 flour mills, a single
one of which has produced 32,000 barrels in a
year. In the same compass are also 12 cotton
manufactories, and others of cloth, powder, paper,
iron, glass, steam engines, chemical works, &c.
Baltimore has 80,625 inhabitants and is the third
commercial city in the United States. It is in
lat.- 39. 17. N. and long. 76. 36. W. 37 m.
N.E.Washington, and 100m. S. W.Philadel-
phia.
The Baltimore and Ohio Railroad extends from
this city to the Ohio river at Pittsburg, 300 miles.
It was begun in 1829 and a great portion of it
is already completed. There are several viaducts
and embankments in its course near Baltimorf,
substantially built of granite, and a deep cut three
quarters of a mile long and 70 feet deep. Many
cars are already in operation upon the rail road
Some of them are drawn by horse power, some
driven by steam and some by wind. The cars
with sails go sometimes 25 miles an hour and can
lie within 4 points of the wind. The whole dis-
tance from Baltimore to Pittsburg, when complet-
ed, will be travelled according to estimation, by
horse power in 30 hours, and by steam in 20.
Another railroad has been commenced to extend
from Baltimore to York Haven on the Susque-
hanna, 60 miles.
Baltimore, JVcw, p.t. Greene Co. N. Y. 20 m.
S. Albany, on the Hudson. Pop. 2,370.
Baltimore, t. Sussex Co. Del. comprising the
Hundreds of Daysborough, Indian River, Lewes
Rehoboth and Broad Kiln.
Battinglass, a town and parish of Ireland in
the county of Wicftlow. It has some manufac-
tures of linen and woolen, and is seated on the
i^
BAN
78
BAN
Slaney, 29 m. S. W. of Dublin. Population of
the town in 1820, 1,500, and of the parish, 2,303
more.
Bamba, a town of the kingdom of Congo, in a
rich province of the same name. It carries on a
traflic in slaves, and is seated on the Loze, 1(50 m.
S. W. of St. Salvador. Long. 13. 45. E. lat. 7.
2.S.
Bntnbarra, a kingdom of Negroland, which lies
to the S. W. of that of Tombuctoo. The cultiva-
tion of corn is here carried on to a great extent ;
and the inhabitants are hospitable to strangers.
Sego is the capital. It is intersected from west
to east by a river, the supposed Niger, navigable
for canoes the whole extent of the country.
Bamberg, the territory of, formerly an imperial
bishopric but made over to Bavaria in tlie Bona-
partean territorial arrangements in 1803, and is
now called the Circle of the Mayne. It is inter-
sected by the lines of 50. N. lat. and the 11th of
E. long, containing a surface of about 1,430 sq.
miles, several towns and villages, and a popula-
tion of 210,000. The cliief town of the same name
is situate in the centre of the territory, on the east
bank of the Rednitz River, a little above its conflux
with the Mayne. It is the seat of an university,
and the cathedral and episcopal palace are stately
edifices.
Bamberg, a town of Bohemia, at the foot of a
mountain, 30 m. S. of Glatz.
Bamhorough, a village in Northumberland, Eng.
on the sea-coast, 14 m. N. of Alnwick. It was
once a borough, and gave name to a tract called
Bamborouglishire. It has a castle, on a rock, in-
accessible on all sides, except the south, said to
have been built by king Ida, about 5G0.
Bambmik, a liingdom of Africa, between the
rivers Faleme and Senegal. It is said to be very
Eopulous, and on the borders of the rivers fertile,
ut in other parts sandy and barren. The most
remarkable animals are a species of white apes,
wrhich the inhabitants will not allow to be sent
out of the country ; while foxes, and the giraffe,
an animal like a camel, and of extraordinary
swiftness. Tiicre are mines of gold, silver, tin,
lead, and iron. The capital is of the same name.
Long. 9. 30. W. lat. 13. 30. N.
Baminn, a city of Usbec Tartary, in the pro-
vince of Gaur, soutli of the Gaur mountains.
Here are a great number of apartments and re-
cesses cut out of a mountain, some of which, from
their ornamental work and extraordinary dimen-
sions, are supposed to have been temples. It is
seated near a river of the same name, 170 m. S.
S. E. of Balk, and 100 W. of Cabul. Long. G6.
10. E. lat. 34. 30. N.
Bavwa, a town on the north border of the
kingdom of Birmah, with a fort, seated on the
Irrawaddy, 170 m. N. N. E. of Ummcrapoora.
Bampton, a town in Oxfordshire, Eng. The
remains of its ancient castle yet exist ; and it has
a trade in leather gloves, jackets, and breeches.
It is seated near the Thames, 12 m. W. of Oxford,
and 71 W. by N. of London. Pop. 1,4(J0.
Bampton, a town in Devonshire, Eng. with a
chalybeate spring ar i a manufacture of serges. It
is seated in a bott'wn, surrounded by hills, 20 m.
N. N. E. of Exeter, and 103 W. by S. of London.
Pop. 1,030.
Banagher, a borough of Ireland, in King's
County, seated on the Shannon, 15 m. S. of Ath-
Jofae. Pop. 2,813.
Bana.wara, a town of Ilindoostan, in Mysore,
with a fine mud fort, and the ruins of an extensive
palace. Much tobacco is cultivated in the vicini
ty. It is 68 m. N. W. of Seringapatam.
Banbury, a borough in Oxfordshire, Eng. It
is noted for its cakes and ale, and is seated on the
Cherwell, 71 m. N. N. W. of London, and on the
line of the Oxford Canal. It has a manufacture
of silk plush, and returns one member to parlia-
ment. •
Banca, an island on the S. E. coast of Sumatra,
celebrated for its productive tin mines. It has a
town and strait of the same name. It was possess-
ed by the English during the war of 1812-13,
but ceded back to the Dutch in 1814.
Bancali, a seaport on an island off the east coast
of Sumatra, in the straits of Malacca, where the
Dutch have a settlement. It is 130 m. S. of Malac-
ca. Long. 101. 7. E. lat. 1. 15. N.
Bancallury, the chief town of the island of Ma-
dura. It is the residence of the Sultan, and po-
pulous.
Ba.ncapov.r, a frontier town of Mysore, in lat.
14. 58. belonging to the Mahrattas.
Banrock, a town of the kingdom of Siam, with a
fort ; seated near the mouth of the Menan, 48 m.
south of Siam. Long. 101. 48. E. lat. 13. 44. N.
Bancout, or Fort Victoria, a town and fortress of
Hindoostan, on the coast of the Concan, with a
good harbour, and a trade in salt. It was taken
by the British in 1755 ; and is G6 m. S. of Bombay.
Long. 72. 48. E. lat. 18. 5. N.
Banda, the chief of the Banda, or Nutmeg Isl-
ands in the Indian Ocean. The group comprises
the isle called Lantor, and six or seven others.
The nutmeg, covered with mace, grows principal-
ly on these islands. It flourishes best in a black
mould, and grows also among the lavas of Go-
nong, the highest of all the islands, its summit
being 1,940 ft. above the sea. In its general ap-
pearance the nutmeg resembles the clove tree,
only it is less pointed at the top, and its branches
are more spreading. Its leaves are similar to
those of the pear tree, but larger, and like those
of the nut tribe are dark green on the upper
surface and gray beneath. After small white
flowers it produces a fruit very similar in form
and colour to a nectarine. When ripe it resembles
a ripe peach, and bursting at the furrow, discovers
the nutmeg with its reticulated coat, the mace, of
a fine crimson colour. The external pulpy cov-
ering has an astringent taste. Within the mace is
the nutmeg, inclosed in a thin shell of a glopsy
black, and easily broken. It has 8 varieties which
appear to be permanent. Its cultivation is nice and
difficult. The best trees are produced from the
seeds voided by a blue pigeon called the nutmeg
bird. These islands have been subject to the
Dutch ever since 1609, when they expelled both
the English and natives. They are all very small,
the largest being only 20 m. in circumference, and
are subject to earthquakes. Banda was taken by
BAA
73
BAN
the English, in 1796, and restored in 1802. Re-
taken iu 1810, and restored again at the peace in
ldl4. Lat. 4. 40. S. long. 12J. E.
Banda Oriental, or Eastern Shore, a district of
the United Provinces of Buenos Ayres, lying in
the eastern part, between tiie river Uruguay and
the sea. It is bounded N. by Brazil and S. by
the bay of the Rio de la Plata, and contains about
70,0J0 sq. m. It is a fertile and well watered dis-
trict and has been the subject of contention and
warfare between the Buenos Ayrean and Brazil-
' ian governments. Monte Video is the chief town.
Baiidon, or Bandon-bridge, a borough of Ireland,
in the county of Cork. It is commonly a milita-
••y station, and has manufactures of cotton, cam-
lets, ticking, «&c. It is situate on a river of the
same name, 13 m. S. W. of Cork. It extends
into three parishes, the part in the parish of Desart,
contained in 1820, 10,171) inhabitants, and the re-
mainder about 4,000 more.
Bandora, a town of Hindoostan, on the south
side of the island of Salsette which is separated
from that of Bombay, by a narrow channel. It is
6 m. N. of Bombay.
Banff, a County of Scotland, bounded on the N.
by the ocean, S. E. by Aberdeenshire, and W. by
Murrayshire. Its greatest length is 50 miles, and
its extent along the coast 22, but the main breadth
is not more than 16. The south part is very moun-
tainous, but the northern district is level and fer-
tile. The principal rivers are the Deveron and
Spey, which form a part of its east and west boun-
daries, and yield abundance of fine salmon. The
Aven rises from a small lake at the south extrem-
ity of the county, falling into the Spey, where that
river divides the county from Murrayshire. The
principal towns are Gamry, Cullen, Fochabers,
Keith, Aberlour, and Kirkmichael.
Banff, the chief town of the preceding county,
is situate at itsiN. W. extremity, on the east bank
of the Deveron, over which is a handsome bridge
of seven arches. It has some manufactures of lin-
en and cotton, but it is more a place of fashiona-
ble resort than either a manufacturing or commer-
cial town. The town-hall was built in 1798, and
is a handsome edifice. It is a royal burgh, gov-
erned by a provost, four bailies, aud 12 councillors.
45 m. N. of Aberdeen, and 167 of Edinburgh. Pop.
in 1820, 3,855.
Bangalore, a city of Hindoostan, in Mysore.
It had a strong fort, built by Hyder, deemed the
* bulwark of Mysore, toward Arcot : it was taken bv
the English in 1791, and restored tiie next year
to Tippoo, who destroyed it : but since reverted to
the English. The palace is composed of mud,
yet not without some degree of magnificence, and
there are two extensive gardens made by the two
sultans. The chief manufactures are silk and cot-
ton cloths, muslins, leather, and oil. It is 74 m.
N. E. of Seringapatara. Long. 77. 37. E. lat. 13.
0. N.
Bangor, a city ojf Wales, in Caernarvonshire.
It is situate on the east shore of the Menai Strait
on the high road from London to Holyhead. It
was once so consideraNje, that it was called Ban-
gor the great, and defHjded by a castle. The
principal buildings are the^^^hedral and the bish-
op's palace. The see is of very great antiquity.
The church was dedicated to St. Daniel, who
was bishop about the year 516. It is 36 m. W.
of St. Asaph, and 251 N. W. of London. Pop. in
1821,3,579.
Bangor, a borough and populous parish of Ire-
land, in the county of Down, seated on the south
10
shore of the bay of Carrickfergua, opposite tlie
town of that name. Pop. in l82l, of the town,
2,943; of the corporation, 327 ; and of the parish,
6,272, making a total of 9,542 ; 90 m. N. by E. of
Dublin, and about 10 E. of Belfast.
Bangor, p.t. Penobscot Co. Me. on the Penob-
scot, 35 m. above Castine. It has a considerable
commerce in lumber, and a Theological Seminary.
Pop. 2,868.
Bangor, p.t. Franklin Co. N. Y. 204 m. N. W.
Albany. Pop. 1,076.
Banistar, p.v. Halifax Co. Va. 140 m. S. W
Richmond.
Banjaluka. See Bagnaluka.
Banjer, or Bender, a considerable river in the
island of Borneo, which flows almost due soutli
from the centre of the country to the harbour of
Banjermassing, and at its mouth the Dutch have
their principal factory.
Banjermassing, or Bendermassing, a kingdom
in the south part of the island of Borneo, the
capital of which is Metapura. The country pro-
duces great quantities of pepper ; also gold, iron,
diamonds, canes, birds-nests, wax, and dragons-
blood. It has a town of the same name, with a
food harbour, at the mouth of the river Banjer.
■ong. 114. 30. E. lat. 3. 15. S.
Banks Island, an island in the Pacific Ocean,
on the east side of New Zealand, about 100 m. in
circumference. Long. 184. 0. E. lat. 43. 30. S.
Banks hland, an island in the Pacific Ocean,
near the west coast of North AmeDica, about 60
m. long and 5 broad. Long. 130. 0. W. lat. 53.
30. N.
Bann, a river of Ireland, which issues from the
Mourne mountains, in the county of Down, flows
N. W. into Armagh, through Lough Neagh, and
thence forms the boundjiry between Londonderry
and Antrim, entering the sea four miles below
Coleraine.
Bannalec, a town in the S. E. part of the depart-
ment of Finisterre, France, 15 m. E. ot Quim-
per.
Bannbridgc, a town of Ireland, in the county of
Down, on the river Bann, 14 m. N. by E. of
Newry, on the road to Belfast. Pop. in 1821,
1,715.
Bannockbum, a village of Scotland in the parish
of St. Ninians, on the river Bannock, two miles
south of Stirling. It is noted for a battle between
Edward II. and Robert Bruce, in 1314, in which
the former was defeated. Here also James the III.
in 1487, was defeated by his subjects, -Wounded, and
soon after murdered by a priest taking his confes-
sion.
Banno7c, a town of Ireland, in the county of Wex-
ford, seated on the east shore of a bay to which it
gives name, 20 m. S. W. of Wexford. Long. 6.
50. W. lat. 52. 12. N. Pop. in 1821, 1,298.
Bantam, a town on the N. W. coast of Java, cap-
ital of a kingdom of the same name, with two forts.
It is divided into two parts by a river. The En-
glish and Danes had factories here till 1682, when
tliey were expelled by the Dutch. The chief pro-
duce of the country is pepper, of which vast quan
titles were formerly exported by the Dutch, who
deposed the kings of the ancient race, and monop-
olized the entire traffic of the country. Bantam,
once populous and flourishing, is now a poor place,
its harbour being so choked up that it is inacces-
sible to vessels of burden ; its commerce is trans-
feredto Batavia. Long. 105. 26. E. lat. 6. 20. S.
Bantry, a capacious bay, at the S. W. extremi-
ty of Ireland, on the coast of Cork, capable of
G
BAR
74
BAR
containing all the shipping of Europe ; but some-
what exposed to the swells of the Atlantic Ocean.
A French fleet endeavoured to land succours of
arms in this bay to the adherents of James II. l(Jbi),
and they made another unsuccesful attempt to
effect a landing with a fjrmidable force 179(5. It
is 26 miles long, 3 broad, and 40 fathoms deep in
the middle. There is a town named Bantry, at
the head of the bay on the east side, the spacious
harbour of which is defended from the swells of
the ocean by the island of Whiddy. It is 4G m.
W. by S. of Cork, and 103 from Dublin. Pop. in
1821,3,059.
Banwell, a village in Somersetshire, Eng. four
miles N. N. W. ot Axbridge. Here was a mon-
astery, founded by one of the Saxon princes,
which was destroyed by the Danes. On its site
an episcopal palace was erected, some remains of
which are to be seen near the church. Pop. 1,430.
Bapaume, a town of France, in the department
of Pas de Calais, 12 m. S. E. of Arras. Pop. 3,150.
There is a river of the same name, falling into the
Seine, which drives about 20 paper mills.
Baptistoion, p. v. Hunterdon Co. N. J. 30 m. N.
W. Trenton.
Bar, a town of Podolia, in Russian Poland, on a
river that flows east into the Bog. In 1708, a cath-
olic confederation was held here, to protect the reli
gion of the country from the encroachments ot
dissenters. It is 48 m. E. N. E. of Kaminieck, and
55 N. W. of Braclaw. Long. 27. 40. E. lat.49. 14.
Bar, a town of Hindoostan, in Bahar, near the
Ganges, 34 m. E. S. E. of Patna.
Bar, or Barrois, a late duchy of France, lying on
both sides of the Meuse, between Lorraine and
Champagne. It now forms the department of
Meuse.
Baracoa, a town on thfi N. E. coast of Cuba, with
a good harbour for small vessels, 90 m. E. N. E. of
St. Jago de Cuba. Long. 74. 42. W. lat. 20. 30. N.
Baranco de Malamha, or Buranguilla, a town of
Colombia, in the province of Magdalena, and a
bishop's see, with a good harbour, at the mouth
of the Magdalena. 70 m N. E. of Carthagena.
Long 74. 50. W. lat. 11. 20. N.
Barany, or Baranwahr, a town of Lower Hunga-
ry, capital of the county of Barany, taken from the
Turks in 1084. It is seated in an island, formed
by the river Crasso, 14 m. N. Esseg, and 120 S.
of Buda. Long. 19. 10. E. lat. 45. 42. N.
Barataria, a bay or tlie coast of Louisiana, near
the mouth of the Mississippi, surrounded by a flat
marshy country. Botits can pass from the Mis-
sissippi at New Orleans, through tliis bay to the
sea. This was formerly a great resort for pirates.
Barhacoa, a town of Colombia, in Cauca, on the
river Tolembi,110 m. S. W. of Popayan.
Barhacoa, a town of Colombia, in Venezuela, on
the east side of the lake Maracaybo, 130 m. S. by
W. of Venezuela.
Barbadoes, the most easterly of the Windward
islands, in the West Indies, 25 m. long and 15
broad, subject to Great Britain. The soil is beau-
tifully undulated, and yields most of the produc-
tions common to the climate, but the chief object
of culture is the sugarcane, tlie produce of which
IS about 15,000 tons of sugar annually, which, with
some ginger and axrow-root, form its main exports.
The island suffered greatly by the storm, on the
10th of October, 1780, when upwards of 4,000 per-
sons perished by its violence, and at the commence-
ment of the 19th century was considerably on the
decline, the soil indicating symptoms of exhaus-
tion, until the year 1813, when a very singular phe-
nomenon occurred, which contributed essentially
to its resuscitation ; a vast dense cloud of matter
from the eastward, composed apparently of volcan-
ic eruption, fell, and covered nearly the whole sur-
face of the island, which tended greatly to its fer-
tility. Barbadoes was constituted an ecclesiastical
see over the whole of tlie Carribee Islands in 1824.
It is also the chief seat of commissariat for the same,
which occasions the internal commerce of the is-
land to be considerable. It was first settled by the
English in 1024 ; after the restoration of Charles
II. a duty of 4 1-2 per ct. was exacted upon all pro-
duce exported, under the pretext of maintaining
and keeping in repair the forts of the island, and
for other protection. The duty has continued 150
years, and in 1820 amounted to £18,037, but whol-
ly converted into pensions, and the expenses of the
island defrayed out of the taxes levied in Eng-
land. It is divided into five districts and 11 par-
ishes. Bridgetown, the chief town, is in lat. 13.
5. N. and 59. 43. W. long. Charles's, James's, and
Speight's towns are the other towns of tlie island ;
the free population amounts to about 20,000
Barbara, St. a town on the west coast of North
America, capital of a jurisdiction of its name. It
stands in a rugged, barren country, but has a good
roadstead. Long. 119. 17. W. lat. 34. 54. N.
Barbareen, a village of Ceylon, on the west
coast, 35 m. south of Colombo. It has a harbour
for shifp-boats, and a considerable manufacture of
cordage and cables from the cocoa tree.
Barbary, or the Burbary Slates, comprise the
whole northern coast of I>Jorth Africa, bordering
on the Mediterranean Sea from the Atlantic
Ocean to Egypt ; bounded or rather intersected,
on the south by the Atlas chain of mountains and
bounded by the deserts of Sahara, Tuarick, and
Lybia, extending in length from the long, of 10.
W. to 25. of E. and varying in breadth from 300 to
600 or 700 m. between the lat. of 29. and 37. N. di-
vided into the six following sovereignties, or
states : viz. first, beginning with the west ; Mo-
rocco, bordering wholly on the Atlantic Ocean,
Fez, forming the nortli-west corner of the African
coniinent, and Algiers, Tunis, Tripoli, and Barca,
all bordering on the Mediterranean. Tliis exten-
sive territory was known to the ancients by the
name of Mauritania, Numidia, Africa Preper,
and Lybia, and at one period contended with
Rome for tlie empire of the world ; and although
at the present day its inhabitants are among tlie *
most unsocial and illiterate of the communities of
civilization, they were at one period as distin-
guishe-d for their attainments in art, as in arms.
The whole country abounds in local beauties, and
possesses all the advantages of soil and climate
which man can desire : the soil yields great crops
of maize and corn, and all the choice fruits, sucb
as lemons, oranges, the vine, dives, figs, almonds,
and dates are in great profusion ; the mountains
are rich in mineral substances, and all the domes-
tic animals common to Europe abound over the
whole country ; the horses are much esteemed
for their fleetness and beauty. I'he lien, panther,
and hysena, and other ferocious animals are nu-
merous in the mountains, and frequently make
inroads into the plains. Reptiles are also very
numerous, and the Boa-Constrictor, the most fero
cious of the serpent kind, is common on the bor
ders of the deserts. The external commerce of tht
country is limited, but will be more particularly
adverted to when treating of the respective d'vi
sions. Mahometanism, in its utmost degree of
BAR
75
BAR
personal indulgence and wantonness of power,
prevails alike in all the states, and restrains all
rational and social advancement.
Barber ino, a town of Tuscany, at the foot of the
Apennines, on the river Sieva, 12 m. N. of Flor-
ence.
Barbezicux, a town of France, in the depart-
ment of Charente, with a mineral spring, and a
manufacture of linen cloth. It is 45 m. N. E. of
Borde lux. Pop. 2,750.
Barbuursvillc, p. v. Orange Co. Va. 78 m. N. W.
Richmond.
BarhoursviUe, p.t. Knox Co. Ken. on Cumber-
land River, 125 m. S. E. Frankfort.
Barbuda, one of the Leeward islands, in the
West Indies, 2) tn. long and 10 broad. It has
gold road for shipping, but the inhabitants (about
1,500) are chiefly employed in raising corn, and
breeding cattle, for the use of the neighbouring
isl-.ind^!. It is 35 m. N. of Antigua. Long. 61.
50. W. lat. 17. 50. N.
Barbij, a town in the Prussian principality of
Anhilt, circle of Upper Saxony, capital of a coun-
ty of its name, with an ancient castle, and an
academical cDllegc, fouaded by the United Breth-
ren, in 1754. It is seated on the Elbe, l^m. S. E.
of Magdeburg. Long. 12. 4. E. lat. 52. 2. N.
Barca, one of the six Barbary states, the an-
cient Cyrenaica, on the south coast of the Medi-
terranean, between Tripoli and Egypt. The
south part is a barren desert, inhabited by wan-
dering Arabs. The north part along the coast
is fertile and well peopled. It belongs to the
Turks, and is governed by a sangiac, dependent
on the bashaw, who resides at Tripoli. Derne is
the capital.
Barcelona, a city of Spain, capital of Catalonia,
and a bishop's see, with a good harbour, on the
Mediterranean. It is of an oblong form, defend-
ed by a strong fort, called Montjuich, which stands
on a rocky mountain, a mile west of tJie town.
It has double walls on the north and east, and
the sea on the south, with a mole for the security
of ships. It is divided into the new and old town,
by a wall and a ditch ; and the sea having retired
considerably from the portgates, a whole quarter
of the town now stands on the sands that were
once the bottom of the harbour. It has a fine
university, an inquisition, a cathedral with two
lofty towers, a palace for the viceroy, a large ex-
change, an extensive cannon foundry, an arsenal
containing arms for several thousand men, and
docks for the building of galleys. It has various
manufactures, bat is more particularly distin-
guished for those of fire arms of all kinds, swords,
cutlery, and soap, and there are several very ex-
tensive distilleries of brandy ; its commerce is gen-
eral. In 1705 it was taken by the earl of Peterbo-
rough, after a siege of three weeks. In 1706,
Philip V. invested it with a numerous army, but
was obliged to raise the siege. In 1714, it was
taken by the French and Spaniards, and a citadel
built to keep it in awe. The French took this
city by treachery in 1808. In 1323 it held out to
the last in favour of the constitutionalists, and did
.■ not yield until all hope or expectation of success-
% ful resistance was obviously useless. It is 250
• m. E. by N. of Madrid. Long. 2. 12. E. lat. 41.
23. N. Pop. of the city and the new town or
suburb of Barceloneta 120,000.
Barcelona, is also the name of a populous sea-
port town situated at the mouth of the little river
Neveri, in the new province of Oronoko, Colom-
bia, about 50 m. W. of Cumana. It is a mean
dirty place ; the inhab. about 14,000, under the
proscribed system of Old Spain, were the chief
medium of the smuggling carried on between
Trinidad and the interior parts of the country.
Barcelonctte, a town of France, situate among
the Alpine mountains, in the department of the
Lower Alps, about 10 m. S. of Embrun.
Barcelorc, or Barcura, a town of Hindoostan, on
the coast of Canara, which gives name to a dis-
trict, but has been long in ruins. It is 40 m. N.
N. W. of Mangalore.
Barrel OS, a very ancient town of Portugal, in En-
tre Douro e Minho, near the river (Javado, 10
m. W S. W. of Braga, supposed to have been
founded by Hamilcar Barca, 250 B. C.
Bard, and Bardin, two towns in the province of
Kerman, Persia. Bardin is on the route from
Ormus to Lake Gazel, and Bard about 10 ni. E.
of Bardin.
Bardcwlck, a town of Lower Saxony, in the
dutcliy of Lunenburg, on the river Ilmenau, 17
m. S. E. of Hamburg.
Bardi, a town of Italy, in the Parmesan, with
a magnificent castle. 30 m. S. W. of Parma.
Bardt, or Bart.li, a town of Swedish Pomerania,
with a castle and harbour, near the Batlic, 15 m.
W. by N. of Stralsund. Long. 12. 50. E. lat. 54.
25. N.
Bareges, a town of France, in the department
of Upper Pyrenees, much frequented on account
of its mineral baths. It is seated in a valley of the
same name, 24 m. S. of Tarbes.
Barenton, a town of France, in the department
of Manche, 20 m. E. S. E. of Avranches.
Barflcur, a town of France, in the department
of Manche. It was from this port that William
the Norman embarked on his expedition to Eng-
land in the 11th century. Barfleur was destroyed
bv the English in 1346, and the harbour filled up.
The cape of that name is 12 ra. E. of Cherburg,
and near it part of the navy of France was destroy-
ed by the English in 1692. It is 174 m. N.W. of
Paris. Long. 1. 10. W. lat. 49. 40. N.
Birga, a considerable town of Italy, about 10
m. N. of Lucca. Pop. about 9,000.
Bara-aintowti, p.v. Gloucester Co. N. J. 50 m. S.
E. Phllad.
Barge, or Barges, a town of Piedmont, 7 m. S.
of Pinerola.
Barguz'Msk, or Barghouzin, a town of Siberia,
in the government of Irkutsk, on the east side of
the Lake Baikal, at the influx of the Barguzin, 170
m. N. N. E. of Selenginsk. Long. 109. 30. E. lat.
53. 20. N.
Bari, or Terra di Bari, a maritime province of
Naples, on the shore of the Adriatic, bounded on
the south-east by Otranto, south-west by Basilica-
ta, and north-west by Capitanata. The soil is fer-
tile, but there are many serpents and tarantulas.
See Trani.
Bari., a seaport of Naples, capital of Terra di Bari,
and an arclibishop's see. It is seated on the shore
of the Adriatic, has a good harbour, and is well
fortified. The trade principally consists in olives
and almonds. It is 26 m. E. by S. of Trani. Long.
E. 17. 0. lat. 41. 15. N.
Barjols, a town of France, in the department of'
Var, 19 m. S. S. W. of Riez.
Bark/iamstead, p.t. Litchfield Co. Conn. Pop,
1,715.
Barking, a town in Essex, Eng. It was cele-
brated for a magnificent nunnery, of which a gate-
way and part of the walls are still visible. It is
chiefly inhabited by fishermen, and seated on
BAR
76
BAR
the river Roding, near the Thames, 7 m. E. of
London.
Barletta, a seaport of Naples, in Bari. It has a
large stone pier, and a trade in corn, almonds, and
salt. It is seated on the shore of t)ie Adriatic, 25
m. W. S. W. of Bari. Long. IG. 32. E. lat. 41.
19. N.
Barmouth, a small seaport of Wales, in the par-
ish of Corwen, Merionethshire. It has a good
trade in flannels and hose, and is much frequented
m the bathing season. It stands on a bay of the
samt- name, 12 m. S. of Harlccli, and 222 N. W.
of London. Long. 3. 53. W. lat. 52. 44. N. Pop.
of the parish 1,742.
Barnaoul, a considerable town in the province
of Colyvan, Asiatic Russia, situate at the mouth
of a river of the same name, falling into the Obi
about 200 m. S. of the city of Colyvan. It is
the seat of the supreme court of all the mines in
the Altaian mountains. Pop. about 5,000.
Barnard, p.t. Windsor Co. Vt. .GO m. N. E.
Bennington. Pop. 1,881.
Barnegat, an inlet on the coast of New Jersey,
70 m. N. E. Cape May.
Barnesville, p. v. Montgomery Co. Maryland,
12 ni. S. Fredericktown.
Barnesville, p.t. Belmont Co. Ohio.
Barnet, p.t. Caledonia Co. Vt. on the Connec-
ticut. Pop. 1,7G4.
Barnet, a town in Hertfordshire, Eng. Near this
place was fought, in 1471, the decisive battle
between the houses of York and Lancaster; and
at the meeting of the St. Alban and Hatfield roads
is a column, with an inscription to commemorate
this event. Barnet is 11 m. N. by W. of London,
and being the first port town out of London on
the Great North road, is a place of great inter-
course and bustle.
Barnevelt's Islands, two small islands a little
north of cape Horn, and to the south of Terra del
Fuego. Long. G6.58. W. lat. 55. 49. S.
Barnevcldt, or Barnweld, an interior town of
Guelderland, Holland, situate about an equal dis-
tance from Arnheim and Ammersfort. Pop. about
5,000.
Barnsleij, a town of West Yorkshire, Eng. Here
are considerable manufactures of coarse linen, and
in the vicinity 'are many bleaching grounds, a
glass manufacture, and several coal mines. It has
a canal to the Calder, and another to the Don, and
is seated near the Derne, 19 m. S. of Leeds, and
172 N. by W. of London. Pop. in 1821, 8,284.
Barnstable, a County of Massachusetts compris-
ing the peninsula of Cape Cod. Pop. 28,525. The
chief town has the same name. Vast quantities
of salt are n ie in this county by solar evapora- .
tion.
Barnstable, p.t. the capital of the above Co. stands
on a harbour at the bottom of Cape Cod Bay. The
town is built with considerable neatness and has
some commerce and fishing business. There are
extensive salt marshes in the neighbourhood, but
rhe soil here is better than in almost any other
part of the Co. It is 64 m. S. E. of Boston. Pop.
3,975.
Barnstaple, a seaport and borough in Devon-
shire, Eng. It had formerly a castle, but none of
the works remain except the mount. Here are
manufactures of tammies, shalloons, baize, «&.c.
and a variety of articles are exported. It is seat-
ed on the river Taw, 12 m. E. of Barnstaple bay,
in Bristol channel, 35 N. N. W. of E.xeter, and 192
W. by S. of London. Long. 4. 5. W. lat. 51. 8. N.
P.p. in 1821, 5,079.
Barnste-ad, p.t. Stafford Co. N. H. 36 m. from
Portsmouth. Pop 2,047.
Barmcell, a district in the south part of South
Carolina, bounded on the south by the Savannah,
and north by the Edisto River. Pop. 19,236, who
are chiefly occupied in the culture and cleaning
of cotton. The chief town of the same name is
situated in the centre of the district, 116 m. S. by
W. of Columbia.
Baroarh, a town and fortress of Hindoostan, Gu-
zerat, with considerable manufactures of cotton;
seated on the N. bank of the Nerbudda, near its
entrance into the gulf of Cambav, 40 m. N. by E.
of Surat. Long. 72. 55. E. lat. 21 45. N.
Barquisimeto, an ancient inland town of th
province of Venezuela, Colombia. It is situate it,
a fertile plain, about 20 m. from the E. shore oi
the bay of Maracaybo, and 120 W. by S. of the
city of Caracas.
Barra, or Barray, one of the Hebrides of Scot-
land, to the south of South Uist. It is 12 m long
and 4 broad, and has a mountainous appearance,
but the soil in many parts is fertile. Great quan-
tities of cod and ling are caught on the coast ; and
shell-fish, especially cockles, are found in great
abundance. On the N. E. side is a good harbour.
Long. 7. 27. W. lat. 57. 2. N.
Barra, a town of Naples, in the vicinity of the
city of Naples. Pop. about 5,000.
Barra, a fertile and populous district, north of
the Gambia, in North Africa, bordering on the At-
lantic Ocean.
Barra Inding or Barranding, situate on the
west bank of a small river which falls into the
Gambia, near its conflux with the Atlantic Ocean,
it is the capital town of the territory of Barra, and
is a place of considerable traflic. There is anoth-
er town of the same name, about 100 miles up the
river, on the north bank, between the rivers Ko-
lar and Badiboo.
Barraconda a considerable town in the interior
of North Africa, about 400 miles up the GamTaia,
where there are some falls which impede the nav-
igation of that river.
Barragon, a small town about 12 m. below Bu-
enos Ayres, feituate on the shore of a bay to which
it gives name.
Barraux, a fortress of France, in the Alpine de-
partment of Isere, at the entrance of the valley of
Gresivauden, and on the river Isere, 6 m. S. of
Chambery.
Barre, p.t. Washington Co. Vt. Pop. 2,012.
Barre, p.t. Worcester Co. Mass. 60 m. W. Bos-
ton. Pop. 2,503.
Barre t. Huntingdon Co. Pa.
Barren, a County in the south central part of
Kentucky. Pop. 14,821. Glasgow, the chief
town, is 134 m. S. W. by S. of Frankfort. Two
rivers, one called the Little, and the other the Big
Barren, have their source within the county, run-
ning in different directions, but both falling into
the Green River.
Barrington, p.t. Strafford Co. N. H. 65 m. fr
Boston : 20 fr. Portsmouth. Pop. 1,895.
Barrington, p.t. Bristol Co. R. I. 8 m. S. E.
Providence. Pop. 612.
-Barroio , a river of Ireland, which rises in the
N. part of Queen's County, and flows S. by Athy,
Carlow, and New Ross, into Waterford harbour.
Barroie, a village in Leicestershire, Eng. on the
river Soar, two miles N. of Mountsorrel. It haa
for centuries been famed for a very fine lime, in
particular request for works in water, and which
IS exported in large quantities. Pop. 1,568.
BAR
77
SAf
Bar le Due, or Bar-sur-Ornain, a town of France,
Capital of the department of Meuse, with a castle.
Its wine is as delicate as Champagne, and it has
several manufactures. It is seated on the side of a
hill, by the rivulet Ornain,30 ra. W. of Toul, and
138 E. of Paris. Pop. about 10,000.
Bars ur-Jl lib.., a town of France, in the depart-
ment of Aube, famous for its wines ; seated at the
foot of a mountain, 18 m. S. W. of Joinville. Pop.
3,600.
Bar-sicr-Ssine, a town of France in the depart-
ment of Aube, on the river Seine, at the foot of a
mountain, 20 m. S. W. of Bar-sur-Aube. Pop.
Bars, an interior county in the north p'.rt of
Lower Hungary ; a town of the same name, for-
merly fortified, was once the capital. Kremoni
in the centre of a mining district is now the chief
lown.
Barsac, a town of France, on the west bank of
the Garonne, about 20 m. S. E. of Bordeaux. It
gives name to a favourite wine.
Bart, p.t. Lancaster Co. Pa. •
Bartfeldt, a town in the County of Saros, north
part of Upper Hungary, situate among the Carpa-
thian mountains. It had a printing press in the
16th century. It has manufactures of linen, and
contains about 4,000 inhabitants.
Barten, and Bartenstein, two interior towns of
the kingdom of Prussia Proper, 30 to 40 m. E. of
Konigsberg.
Bartholomew, a river which rises in Arkansas
territory, and falls into the Washita, in the state
of Louisiana, a little below the town of Wash-
ington.
Bartholomeio, a small island in the Pacific Ocean,
one of the New Hebrides. Long. 167. 18. E. lat.
15. 42. S.
Bartholomeio, St. one of the Carribee islands, in
the West Indies, 24 miles in circumference, and
25 north of St. Christopher. The French ceded it
to the Swedes in 1785; and it was taken by the
British in 1801, but restored to Sweden in 1814.
The chief exports are druars and lignumvitae ;
and it has a good harbour. Xiong. 63. 40. W. lat.
17. 46. N.
Bartholomew, St. a parish of S. Carolina, in
Charleston District.
Bartlet, p.t. Coos Co. N. H. at the foot of the
White Mountains, 85 m. fr. Portsmouth. Pop.
644.
Barton, a town in Lincolnshire, Eng. It has
two large churches, and was formerly a consider-
able place, surrounded by a rampart and fosse, the
remains of which are yet visible. Four miles E.
S. E. are the noble ruins of Thornton abbey. Bar-
ton is seated on the Humber, over which is a fer-
ry into Yorkshire, 34 m. N. of Lincoln, and 167 of
London. Pop in 1821, 2,496.
Barton is also the name of a populous town-
ship in the parish of Eccles, situate on the banks
of the Irwell, 7 m. E. of Manchester. Pop. in
1820, 1,977. There are also 30 other towns or vil-
lages called Barton in different parts of England.
Barton, p.t. Orleans Co. Vt. 50 m. N. E. Mont-
peliet. Pop. 729. A river of this name runs
through the town N. into Lake Memphramagog,
and in 1810 was the scene of a remarkable inun-
dation occasioned by the bursting of a lake from
its banks. See Vermont.
Baruth, a town of Lusatia, on the frontiers of
Brandenburgh, 25 m. S. by. E. of Potsdam.
Baruth, a town of Syria, with a Christian
•hurch, 30 m. N. E. of Seyda.
Baras, a town and parish on the N. W. coast of
the isle of Lewis. Pop. in 1821, 2,568. The
town is situate on the shore of a fine bay.
Ba.s, a small island off the N. coast of the de-
partment of Finisterre, France, in N. lat. 48. 46.
W. long. 4. 2.
Basartschick, a. town of European Turkey, in Ro-
mania. It has a great trade, and is seated on the
river Meritz. Long. 24. 40. E. lat. 42. 19. N.
Basel, Basle, or Ba'e, a canton of Switzerland,
24 miles long and 21 broad ; bounded on the north
by Brisgau, "east by the Forest towns, south by
the canton of Soleure, and west by the bishopric
of Bassel and France. It contains about 38,000
inhabitants, and is of the reformed religion.
Basel a bishopric in liie N. W. part of SwitzeJ
land ; bounded on the east by the canton of Basel,
south by that of Soleure, and west and north by
France. The bishop was a prince of the German
empire. In 1798 the French seized on this terri-
tory, annexed it to France, and made it a new de-
partment called Mont Terrible.
Basel, the capital of the canton of the same name,
and the largest town in Switzerland, is situate at
the north extremity of the canton, and on the
frontiers of France on the west, and the duchy
of Baden on the east. It is surrounded by thick
walls, flanked by towers and bastions ; and is di-
vided into two parts by the Rhine, which com-
municate by a handsome bridge. The largest
part is on this side of Switzerland, and the least
on that of Germany. The larger has five gates,
six suburbs, numerous streets and fountains,
and is partly seated on a hill ; the other stands
on a plain, and has but two gates, with several
streets and fountains. The principal church is
an elegant gothic building but disfigured by rose-
coloured paint spread over the whole edifice.
Under a marble tomb in it is interred the great
Erasmus, who died in 1536. The town-house,
and fine paintings in fresco are much admired.
The University founded in 1459, has a fine libra-
ry and a rich cabinet of medals. The clocks here
are always an hour too fast, because the town-clock
went so on a day appointed to murder the magis-
trates, by which the conspiracy was disconcerted.
Basel has several manufactures, particularly of
paper, ribands, and cottons ; and it carries on an
extensive trade. Three treaties of peace were
concluded here in one year, 1795, with tlie French
republic ; namely, by Prussia, Spain, and Hesse
Cassel. The allies passed through this city, when
they invaded France, in December, 1813. Basel
is capable of containing 100,000 inhabitants; but
the number is scarcely more than 14,000. It is
174 m. N. by E. of Geneva, and 250 E. by S. of
Paris. Long. 7. 30. E. lat. 47. 35. N.
Bashee, an island in the China Sea, the most
eastern of a cluster called from this, the Bashee
islands, lying to the South of Formosa. The pro-
ductions are plantains, bananas, pine-apples, su-
gar-canes, potatoes, yams and cotton. The quad-
rupeds are goats and hogs. Bashee is of a cir-
cular form, six miles in diameter, and has a town
of the same name. Long. 121. 50. E. lat. 20.
30. N.
Basilkata, a maritime province, in the south of
Naples, bounded on the north by Capitanata and
Bari, east by the gulf of Taranta, south by Cala-
bria Citeriore and west by PrincipataCiteriore and
Ulteriore. It has some mountains continually
covered with snow, but is fertile in corn, wine,
oil, cotton, honey and saffron. Arcerenza is the
capital.
g2
BAS
78
BAS
Basilipotamo, a river of European Turkey, in
the Morea, which flows into tlie gulf of Colocy-
thia. It was called Eurotas by the ancients.
Basingstoke, a town in Hampshire, Kn^. It has
a ereat trade in corn and malt, a manufacture of
druggets and shalloons, and a navigable canal to
the fiver Wey, near its entrance into the Thames;
and being situate at the junction of several great
roads, from all parts of the West of England, it is
a place of considerable bustle. Pop. in 1821 , a,C15.
It is IS m. N. N. E. of Winchester, and 43 W. by
S. of London.
The village of Old Basing, which is a township
in the parish of Basingstoke, situate about two
miles in the east, is distinguished for the deter-
mined stand which it made against the forces
of Cromwell, by whom it was ultimately taken,
when he put nearly the whole garrison to the
sword, and razed the fortress, which was the resi-
dence of the marquis of Winchester, to the ground.
Pop. 1073.
Baskenridge, p.t. Somerset Co. N. J. 8 m. S. W.
Morristown. General Lee was taken prisoner
here by the British during the revolutionary war.
Basques, a late territory of France, which inclu-
ded Lower Navarre, Labourd, and Soule,and now
forms with Beam, the department of Lower Py-
renees.
Bass, an insulated rock near the coast of Scot-
land, at the entrance of the Frith of Forth, between
the towns of North Berwick and Dunbar. On
the south side it is almost conic, on the other it
overnangs the sea in a tremendous manner. It
is inaccessible on all sides, except the south-west,
and there it is with difficulty a man can climb up
by the help of a rope or ladder. In May and June
it is quite covered with the nests, eggs, and young
birds of thegannets and solan geese. The rock is
one mile in circumference, and has a rabbit war-
ren and pasture for a few sheep. A ruinous
castle, once the state prison of Scotland, stands at
the edge of the precipice. The garrison in 1G94,
surrendered to king William, and the fortifications
were demolished.
Bass Islands, a group of islands in Lake Erie,
comprised in Huron county, Ohio. There are 3
large and several smaller ones. The southern-
most contains the haven of Put-in-Bay, near
which Commodore Perry engaged and captured
the whole British squadron, Sept. 10th, 1813.
Bass's Strait, a channel about 40 leagues wide,
which separates Van Diemen's Land from the
south extremity of New Holland. It contains a
chain of islands that run north and south. This
strait was discovered, in 17!J8, by surgeon Bass,
in an open whale-boat and passed through by him
and lieutenant Flinders, in the Norfolk, in 17!)!).
Bassano, a town in the north of Italy, in Vincen-
tino, on the east bank of the river Brenta, in a
country productive of excellent wine and oil. The
French defeated the Austrians at this place in
17<)(i. It is 18 m. N. of Vicenza.
Bassee, or La Basse, a. town of France, in the de-
partment of Nord, formerly of great strength, but
dismantled by Louis XlV. It is seated on the
Deule. 18 m. S. W. of Lisle.
Basseen, a town of Hindoostan, in the country
of Baglana. It was taken by the English in 1780,
but restored to the Mahrattas in 1733. It stands
on the sea-coast, opposite the N. W. point of the
island of Salsette, 20 m. N. of Bombay. L ng.
72. 40. E. lat. 19. 20. N.
Bassenthwaite-water, a lake in Cumberland, three
miles N.W. of Keswick. It is four mikM long»
bounded on one side by high hills, wooded, in
many places, to their bases ; on the other, by the
fields and the skirts of Skiddaw. The river Der-
went flows through its whole length. There is a
village named Bassenthwaite on the east bank of
the lake, containing 284 inhabitants.
Basseterre, the capital of St. Christopher, built
by the French, when this part of the island was in
possession, before it was ceded to the English in
1713 It is situate on the S. E. end of the island,
and is defended by three forts. Long. 63. 13. W
lat. 17. 10. N.
Basseterre, the capital of Guadaloupe, on the S.
W. part of the island, defended by a citadel and
other lortifications. Long. 61. 59. W. lat. 15. 59.
N.
Bassien, or Persaim, a city of Pegu,capital of the
province of Bassien. It is a trading place, situate
on a river of the same name, which is the west
branch of the Irrawaddy, 110 m. S. W. of Pegu.
Long. 94. 53. E. lat. 16. 22. N. '
Bassorah, or Basra, a city and seaport of Asiatic
Turkey, in Trac Arabi. It stands on the west
bank of the Euphrates, or Shat-ul-Arab, navigable
for ships of 500 tons burthen up to the town, about
65 m. above the entrance of the river, into the Gulf
of Persia. Bassorah appears to have been founded
about the middle of the seventh century, and pro-
gressively advanced into importance until it be-
came the most considerable trading town of all
western Asia ; and previous to the route to India
by the Cape of Good Hope, it was the medium
through which a great portion of the commerce
of Asia passed to Venice aiid Genoa, and from
thence over western Europe. It was taken pos-
session of by the Turks, in 1688, since which pe-
riod it has continued to decline, having been al-
ternately exposed to the interruptions of the Per-
sians, Arabs, and Turks ; and since the com-
mencement of the 19th century, when the tide of
commerce began to set from the west to the cast,
Smyrna has become what Bassorah was, for so
many centuries, the emporium of the greater por-
tion of the commerce of that part of the world.
Bassorah however still continues to be a place of
considerable traflic, which is participated in, more
or less, by most of the trading nations of both Eu- ^
rope and Asia. The city is surrounded by a wall
of clay, said to be six miles in circumference,
mounted with a great number of cannon ; the
streets are bad and narrow, and the houses con-
structed of bricks have a mean aspect. It is
nominally under the dominion of Turkey, but
governed by an Arab chieftain, with little defer
ence to the Ottoman authority. The great desert
of Arabia runs up nearly to the town ; the immedi-
ate vicinity, however, is very fertile. A wall of seve-
ral miles in extent has been constructed on the side
of the desert, as a check on the predatory incursions
of the Arabs, who frequently commit depredations
under the very walls of the town. The popula-
tion is estimated at about 60,000, among whom
are a considerable number of Jews, Armenians,
and Arabs, and natives of the more eastern parts
of Asia. It is about 210 m. S. W. of Ispahan, in
lat. 30. 30. N. and 47. 45. E. long.
Bastia, a seaport of European Turkey, in Alba-
nia, opposite the island of Corfu, at the mouth of
the Calamu. Long. 20. 20. E. lat. 39. 40. N.
Bastia, a city on the N. E. coast of the Island
of Corsica, capital of the island, with a good har-
bour and a strong castle. It was taken by the En
glish in 1794. It is 80 m. S. S. W. of Leghorn
Long. 9. 20. E. lat. 42. 38. N. Pop. about 11,500.
BAT
79
BAT
Bastimentos, small islands near the ithsmus of
l>arien, at the entrance of the b!\y of Nombre de
Dios, with a fort and a good harbour. Long. 79.
45. W. lat. 9. 30. N.
B'istognc, a city of the Netherlands, in Luxem-
burg, near the forest of Ardennes. It was fortified
by the French in 1 683, and commonly known among
them by the name of Paris in Ardennes. It is 23
m. N. N. W. of Luxemburg.
Baswaputanmi, a town of Hindoostan.in Mysore,
with a fjrt and a celebrated mosque, CO m. E. by
N. of Nagura.
Batahaiio, a town on the south coast of Cuba,
Stuate on the north side of a large bay, opposite
Pinos Island, 55 m. S. S. W. of Ilavannah. Long,
jg. 0. W. lat. 22. 20. N.
BrUacole, a town of Hindoostan, on the coast of
Canara. The country produces a great quantity
of pepper. It is 10 m. N. of Barcalore.
Balacolo, a small fortress on the east side of Cey-
lon, built by the Dutch. It is of great importance,
an account of the extreme fertility of the adjacent
countrj', which, during a war, or times of scarcity
in the district of Trincomale, can supply the gar-
risons there with all kinds of provisions. It sur-
rendered to the English in 1796 ; and is situate at
the head of a deep bay, 54 m. S. S. E. of Trinco-
male.
Batalha, a town of Portugal, in Estremadura,
celebrated for its rich monastery, founded, in 1386.
by John I. who is interred here, with his queen
Philippa. It is 8 m. S. S. W. of Lerida.
Baiavia, the ancient name of an island in Hol-
land, whence the Dutch are sometimes called Ba-
tavians.
Butavia, a city and seaport, on the N. E. part of
the island of Java, capital of all the Dutch settle-
ments in the East Indies, finely situate in the
bosom of a spacious bay. The fort is built
of coral rock, brought from some of the adjoin-
ing islands, and has a fortification of brick. A
part of the town wall is built of dense lava
from the mountains in the centre of Java. No
stone, of any kind, is to be found for many
miles beyond this city ; but marble and granite
are brought here from China. The harbour is ex-
cellent, and there are canals in the principal
streets, planted on each side with trees, after the
manner of the towns in Holland. The inhabitants
are composed of natives from nearly all the coun-
tries and islands of Asia and the Indian Ocean,
as well as of most of the chief trading parts of Eu-
rope and America, amongst whom the number of
Chinese is considerable.
The city was founded in 1619, and rose rapidly
into importance ; during the eighteenth century
it was deemed the finest European settlement in
all Asia ; and although considered unhealthy, from
the influence of the heat of the climate on the mud
and stagnant waters of the canals and streams by
which it is intersected, it was vainly denominated
by the Dutch, the "Queen of the East." The
houses of two streets, forming the European part of
the town, are handsome and commodious, and vie
with if they do not excel in capaciousness and con-
venience those of the best towns in Holland ; but
the parts occupied by the Javanese, Chinese, and
other natives of the east, like most of the Asiatic
towns, are crowded, mean, and dirty. Batavia was
very sensibly affected by the war of 1793, and be-
came almost deserted, until its capture, with the
whole of the Island of Java, by the English, in
1811, when it became again the centre of an ex-
tensive commerce. It was ceded back to the
Dutch on the peace of 1814, who having relaxed
somewhat from their former sj'stem of proscription
and monopoly in their commercial regulations,
Batavia continues a flourishing and important
place. The stadthouse is the principal edifice de-
serving of notice. The natives of the several na-
tions and countries who compose the population,
which amounts to about 50,000, have each their
churches, mosques, and temples, but there are
none that merit any particular notice. The nature
of its commerce will be more fully elucidated un-
der the head of Java. The observatory is in lat.
69. S. and 106. 52. E. long.
Batavia, p.t. Gennesee Co. N. T. 38 m. N. E.
Buffalo. Pop. 4,271. It is a handsome town,
with considerable trade.
Batavia, p.t. Geauga Co. Ohio.
Batesville, p.t. Independence ('o. Arkansas, on
White river, 110 m. N. E. Little Rock.
Bath, a city of England, in the east corner of
the county of Somerset, on the confines of Glou-
cester and Wilts ; it is bounded on the north by
a range of hills, up the declivity of which build-
ings have been constructed in varied, ornamental,
and tasteful styles of architecture, terraces, cres-
cents, &c. of a beautiful white stone, dug on the
spot. The city is beautifully situated on the riv-
er Avon. Its foundation is generally ascribed to
the Romans. A rude tradition, however, exists
which would carry its origin back into more dis-
tant times, and attribute the honour of its com-
mencement to one of the earliest British kings,
who, being expelled while a prince from his fath-
er's court, cured himself of leprosy by accidentally
washing in its waters. But rejecting what ap-
pears most fabulous in this tale, it is not impro-
bable that the inhabitants of the district were well
acquainted with the virtue of the spring before
the arrival of the invaders, and that the elements
of a town or village existed there from very early
times. The Romans, characteristically luxurious
in their baths, and choosing their situations with
the most scrupulous care, were not likely to neg-
lect the advantages which such a neighbourhood
presented. The mildness of the air, and the lovely
amphitheatre of hills which surrounds this valley
of waters, would tend still farther to delight them
with the station, — the best counterpart of their
own Italy which the uncultivated land afforded, —
and we accordingly learn from the best accredited
accounts, that it shortly became the favourite re-
sidence of the Roman governors, and sometimes
of the emperors. The mrm in which the city was
first built was a parallelogram, extending from east
to west about 400 yards, and from north to south
about 380. It was fortified by a wall twenty feet
high, and of a thickness varying from sixteen feet
at the base to eight at the top. Several strong
towers supported its angles ; and its four gates
stood one at each extremity of the two grand
streets, which intersected each other, and divided
the city into four parts. Near the centre of the
town were built those splendid baths, of which
the ruins were discovered in 1755 at the depth of
twenty feet below the surface of the ground. Sev-
eral other Roman relics have been also dug up in
late years ; and among them a head of Minerva,
reckoned one of the most valuable remains of an-
tiquity. In the time of William the Conqueror
it was named as one of the royal demenses ; and in
that of Rufus it was erected into a see by John de
Villulo, who removed thither from Wells. After
undergoing several changes during the political
convulsions of the following centuries, it received
TTVr.RSlTY
BAT
90
BAT
a charter from queen Elizabeth in 1590, which was
renewed and modified in 1794. According to this
charter, it is governed by a mayor, eight aldermen,
and twenty -wnr common councilmen ; and sends
two members to parliament.
The situation of Bath affords every advantage
for architectural effect; and the arrangement of
its streets and terraces, the splendour and richly
ornamented character of the buildings, together
with tlie luxurious beauty of the intervening gar-
dens and villas, form one of the loveliest scenes
that can be found in any city of these northern
climes. The hills on which it is built open on
the two opposite sides to admit the Avon, which,
flowing through the valley, and being the princi-
pal channel for the trade of the neighbouring
counties, adds greatly to the beauty and liveliness
of the prospect. As the streets rise one above the
otlier, according to the gradual elevation of the
hills, the principal part of the city at a distance
has a close resemblance to the interior of a mighty
theatre, which gave rise to Smollet'e well-known
sarcasm, " an antique amphitheatre turned in-
side out." The opinion of the novelist has not
been unsupported by others ; and it is argued by
persons of the best taste, that however imposing
the prospect of Bath is at a distance, the architec-
ture, when more closely inspected, is greatly de-
fective in taste and correctness of design.
The city is divided into four parishes — St. Pe-
ter's and St. Paul, St. James's, St. Michael's, and
Walcot ; besides which there are some out-parish-
es, now closely connected with the more ancient
part of the town. The abbey church is regarded
as one of the most beautiful specimens of the rich-
ly ornamented style of Gothic architecture that
exists, but its numerous windows, amounting to
fifly-two, have gained it the appellation of the
lantern of England. Some of the monuments it
contains are very much admired ; and the oratory
of prior Bird, who died in the early part of the
sixteenth century, is extremely rich in monumen-
tal beauties. Among the tombs which generally
attract attention in this church, are those of lady
Waller, wife of the celebrated sir William Waller ;
of the noted comedian Quin, of bishop Montague,
and Beau Nash, the well-known originator of
most of the regulations of Bath etiquette. There
are few names connected witli the history of the
city better known to fame than that of this cele-
brated master of fashion ; and his fortunes are
well calculated to point a moral for the place of
which he was the hero. He was born in 1674, at
Swansea in Glamorganshire, and was intended
for the law, but entered the army ; which, taking
disgust at the discipline and his subordinate rank,
he soon forsook, and took chambers in the Tem-
ple. Here he devoted himself entirely to pleas-
ure and fashion ; and when king William visited
the Inn, he was chosen as master of the pageant
with which it was customary to welcome the mon-
arch. So pleased was William with the enter-
tainment, that he offered him the honour of knight-
hood ; but Nash refused it, saying, " Please your
majesty, if you intend to make me a knight, 1
wish it may be one of your poor knights of Wind-
sor, and then I shall have a fortune at least equal
to support my title." In 1704 he was appointed
master of the ceremonies at Bath ; and immediate-
ly instituted a set of regulations, as remarkable for
their strictness as for their judicious adaptation to
the wants and society of the place. While in the
plenitude of his power and popularity, Nash lived
'n the most splendid style of" elegance, supporting
his expenses by a long run of success at the gam-
ing table. His dress was covered with expensive
lace, and he wore a large white cocked hat. The
chariot in wliich he rode was drawn by six grey
horses, and attended by a long cavalcade of ser-
vants, some on horses, others on foot ; while his
progress througli the streets was made known by
a band of French horns and other instruments.
His common title was the King of Bath; and his
reign continued, with undiminished splendour,
for more than fifteen years. His health then
began to decline, and his resources grew less
plentiful. As the change in his spirits and cir-
cumstances became more evident, his former
acquaintances gradually forsook him ; and he died
at the age of eighty-eight, in comparative indi-
gence and solitude. His character, however, was
so estimated by the corporation of the city, that
he was buried with great magnificence at its ex-
pense, and iiis epitaph, a neat tribute to his memo-
ry, was written by Dr. Harrington.
The Crescent, the North and South Parades, the
Circus, and Pulteney-street, are the principal
public avenues ; but the great points of attraction
for the visitors of Bath are the pump and ball-
rooms : the former is 85 feet long ; the interior is
surrounded by three-quarter Corinthian columns,
crowned with entablatures and surmounted by a
five-feet coving. At the west end is a music gal-
lery ; and a recess at the east is occupied by a
statue of Nash. In the centre of the south side
stands the marble vase, from which the water is
taken by an attendant and handed to the com-
pany.
The public baths are, the king's and queen's,
the hot bath, and the cross bath ; besides which,
there are the duke of Kingston's, the corpora-
tion's, and some other private ones. The king's
is on the south side of the pump-room, and is
rather more than C5 feet long and 40 broad, con-
taining, when filled, more than 346 tons of water :
it is surrounded by a Doric colonnade ; and in the
centre, where the spring rises, is a brass hand-
rail. In the hottest part of the bath the thermom-
eter stands at 111 ; in the coolest, at 100. The
hot bath raises it to 117.
There are several public charities in this city
of great utility. The general hospital, which was
founded at the benevolent instigation of Nash,
receives poor persons, to whom the waters are
likely to be beneficial, from all parts of the king-
dom. Two or three establishments also exist for
the support of aged men and women ; and early
in the last century the venerable Robert Nelson
founded a charity school for fifty boys and fifty
girls. Nor is Bath wanting in provisions for lit-
erary and scientific pursuits : it has a large public
library, a society for the promotion of agriculture,
and a philosophical society.
Bath is 107 miles west from London, and 12
miles east from Bristol. Lat. 51. 23. N. Ion. 2,
22. W. Pop. 37,000.
Bath, p.t. Lincoln Co. Me. on the Kennebec, 12
m. from the sea, has considerable commerce and
ship building. It has two academies and two
banks. Pop. 3,773.
Bath, p.t. Grafton Co. N. H. on the Connecti-
cut; 148 m. fr. Boston. Pop. 1,026.
Bath, p.t. Berkeley Co. Va. 100 m. N. W. Wash-
ington. In this town are the Berkley Springs.
There are also towns of this name in N. Y., Pa.,
N. C. and Ohio.
Bath, a County in the centre of Virgmia, among
the Apalachian mountains, but comprised in the
BAT
81
Western District. Pop. 4,008. Among these
mountains, 183 m. W. N. W. of Richmond, are the
hot springs which give name to the county. There
is another spring a few miles north, called the
Warm Spring ; the north and south forks of the
Jackson River run through the plain between the
two ridges of mountains and the Cow Pasture
River, east of the eastern ridge, all of which fall
into James River, at the south end of tlie county.
There is another hot spring in Berkeley county,
Virginia, between the foot of the Bluff of the Ca-
capon ridge of the Alleghany Mountains and the
Potomac River, about 40 m. N. by W. of the city
of Washington.
Bath, a County of Kentucky, in the N. E., on
Licking river. Pop. 8,799. Owingsville and
Sharpsburg are the chief towns.
Bathoratc, a town of Scotland, in Linlithgow-
Bhirc, 19 m. W. by S. of Edinburgh, on the high
road to Glasgow. Pop. in 1821, 3,283, principally
emploj^ed in weaving.
Batlior, an interior town of Upper Hungary, in
the county of Szabolts, about 30 m. N. W. of De-
bretzin.
Bathurst, an English settlement on the W. coast
of North Africa, at the entrance of the river Gam-
bia.
Bathurst Plains, extensive fertile plains, west
of a ridge of mountains, called the Blue Moun-
tains, running parallel with the east coast of New
Holland in the lat. of about 36. S.
Batinda, the chief town of a fertile district of
the same name, on the N. W. confines of Dehli,
bordering on the desert of Moultan.
Batoa, a small island in tlie Indian Ocean, near
the west side of Sumatra, on the equinoctial line,
in long. 98. 0. E.
Baton Rouge, a parish in the E. District of
Louisiana, subdivided into E. and W. The form-
er has a pop. of G,717, ch. town Concordia. The
latter has a pop. of 3,092, ch. town Baton Rouge.
Baton Rouge, p.t. capital of the above, on the E.
bank of the Mississippi, 138 m. above N. Orleans,
along the river. The country around is fertile,
but the town is small.
Batopilas, a considerable town of the Andes, or
Cordilleras of Mexico, in the intendency of Du-
rango.
Baloumi, a town at the mouth of a river of the
Bame name, falling into tlie Black Sea, and form-
ing the N. E. boundary of Armenia.
Batta, two towns on the west bank of the Dan-
ube, in Lower Hungary ; one a few miles S. of
Buda, and the other a few miles E. ofFunfkirchen.
Battalluh, a town of Hindoostan, about GO m.
east by south of Lahore, in the province of that
name.
Batlrxola, a town on the Malabar coast, about
100 m. N. of Mangalore.
Batlenhurg, a town of Holland in Guelderland,
with a casf le on the north bank of the Meuse, 10 m.
S.W. ofNimeguen.
Battcnhurg, a town and castle of Germany, in
Upper Hesse, seated on the Eder, 14 m. N. of
Marl)urg.
Batlcrsna, a village in Surrey, Eng. on the N.
bank of the Thames, 4 miles W.'S. W. of London.
Here was the seat of the St. Johns, where the fa-
mous Lord Bolingbroke was born,and died. On the
site of it now stands a distillery and a horizontal
air-mill fur grinding malt. Here is a timber bridge
over til? river to Chelsea. Pop. in 1821, 4,764,
chiefly occupied in gardening and supplying the
L.ondon markets with vegetables.
11
BAi
Batticotta, a town in the northern part of Cey-
lon, where is an American missionary station.
Battle, a town in Sussex, Eng. near the English
Channel. Near this place, William, duke of
Normandy, defeated Harold, king of England,
1066, and in memory of tliis victory, he lound-
ed here an abbey, wliich from its remains ap-
pears to have been magnificent. This town is
famous for a manufacture of gunpowder. It is
24 m. E. of Lewes, 6 N. of Hastings, and 50 S. E.
of London. Pop. in 1821, 2,852.
Battlefield, a village in Shropshire, Eng. 5 miles
N. of Shrewsbury. Here a decisive victory was
gained by Henry IV. over Henry Percy, sur*
named Hotspur.
Battletown, p. v. Frederick Co. Va. 6 m. E. Win-
chester.
Bavaria, Palatinate, Duchy, Electorate, Circle,
and Kingdom of. The former circle of Bavaria lies
between the 47th and 50th deg. of N. lat. and the
Jlth and 14th of E. long., is bounded on the north-
east by Bohemia, south-east and south by Aus-
tria and the Tyrol, south-west by Suabia, and
north-west by'Franconia ; and comprises the pal-
atinate, and principalities of Sulzbach and Neu-
berg, in the north ; the duchy, which constituted
the greater portion of the circle, divided into
Lower and Upper, the county of Werdenfels in
the south-west ; the bishopric of Passau on the
east ; the provostship of Rerchtolsgadcn, insulated
in the archbishopric of Saltzburg, which formed
the south-east part of the circle, forming together
an area of about 16,500 sq. miles, and containing
a population of 1 ,300,000. ^
The Duchy of Bavaria, which formed about
two-tliirds of the circle, was part of the ancient
Noricum, peopled from ancient Gaul, from which
they were driven about 590 years B. C. It was
constituted a duchy in the early part of the 10th
century of the Christian sera, under which title
it continued uninterrupted until the reign of the
emperor Ferdinand of Germany, who rai.sed Ba-
varia into an Electorate of the Germanic confed-
eracy ; but Maximilian Emanuel, grandson of the
first elector, forfeited his possessions, by violating
his allegiance in entering into an alliance .with
France, against the emperor. He was however
reinstated in his posse.ssions in 1714, and the suc-
ceeding elector, Charles, introduced numerous
salutary regulations into the social institutions
of the state, under which it rose in prosperity and
reputation, and continued to make advances in
social improvement, and to retain its influence in
the Germanic diet, until Napoleon interposed his
power, at the commencement of the 19th century
when the elector was again induced to withdraw
from the Germanic confederacy under the pledge
of being vested vi^ith regal authority, and guaran-
teed in an accession of territory at the expense of
Austria ; hence the
1' Ingdom of Bucuria, which was acknowledged
by the emperor of Austria at the peace of Pres-
burg in 1805: the accession of territory obtained
with the regal title, lay on the side of Franconia,
Suabia, and the Tyrol. The disaster experienced
by Napoleon at Moscow in the winter of 1812,
1813, induced the new king to conclude a secret
treaty with the confederate powers against his
former patron, on condition of being guaranteed
• in the integrity of his newly acquired dominions,
and at the congress of Vienna, in 1818, the bound-
aries of the Bavarian kingdom were finally adjust-
ed, when the territory was divided into the eight
following circles, with the chief towns of each
BAU
82
BAT
annexed as follows : viz.
1 The Rhine, W.
Spires.
S Lower Maine, N.
Wurzburgh.
3 Upper ditto, N.
Bayreuth.
4 Rezat, ^ N. W.
Anspach.
5 Upper Danube, S. W.
Augsburg.
6 Iser, S.
Munich.
7 Lower Danube, E.
Passau.
8 Regen, N. E.
Ratisbon.
Of these divisions the 1st lies on both sides of
the Rhine, at tlie northern extremity of the terri-
tory of the grand duke of Baden, and is detached
from the other seven. Nos. 2, 3, and 4, formed
part of the circle of Franconia, and No. 5 of Sua-
bia. The last three previously forming the grand
duchy and the palatinate, the archbishopric of
Saltzburnr having been ceded to Austria. The
whole of this territory comprises about 32,000 sq.
miles, and a population of about 3,600,000. The
frontier parts of the kingdom of Bavaria are in
general rugged and mountainous, but the inland
parts are fertile in corn and pasture ; all the va-
rious branches of manufacture of flax, wool, some
silk, leather, and working of metals, are followed
more or less as domestic occupations over most
parts of the country ; having but little surplus
produce of any kind for external traffic. Bavaria
maybe regarded as possessing within itself all the
means of domestic and social comfort. It is ex-
ceedingly well watered ; the Danube, which rises
on the border of the Black Forest in Suabia, runs
from west to east through the heart of the country,
passes Dilligen, Donauwerth, Neuberg, Ingol-
stadt, and Ratisbon to Passau, where it enters the
archduchy of Austria. The Inn, Iser, Lech, and
Iller, run from south to north into the Danube,
and the Maine runs from east to west, past
Schweinfurth and Wurtzburg into the Rhine.
Four-fifths of the inhabitants are Roman Catho-
lics, and the remainder Protestants : the latter
however not only enjoy the unrestrained exercise
of their worship, but are eligible to civil offices
and military appointments. Like all the ■ other
Germanic states, military pretension and parade
is the ruling passior of the government, and from
40,000 to 50,000 men are held under military
discipline, to sustain which and other expenses
of the state, taxes, equal to about 11,000,000 dol-
lars American money, are levied annually on the
produce of the labour of the people. Munich is
the capital of the whole kingdom, and the seat of
government, which is unlimited, and vested in the
king, the title to which is hereditary. The power
has however been exercised with discretion,
prudence, and mildness, although not with all
the wisdom and efficiency to be desired. Edu-
cation has of late years been widely diffused
through the Bavarian states ; academies, ly-
ceums, and universities, have been multiplied ;
productions of foreign literature have been Im-
ported ; and the effects are already apparent in
the improved condition of society and the grad-
ual .advance of moral and physical renovation.
Bavaria may now be considered as holding the
first rank among the secondary class of European
states.
Bavay, a town of France, in the department of
Nord. It was taken by the Austrians in 1792,
but recovered the same year. It is 6 m. N. E. of
Quesnoy, and 12 S. W. of Mens.
BauchervlUe, a beautifully located village, on
the west bank of the river St. Lawrence, about 10
la. W. of Montreal.
Baud, a town in the interior of the maritime
province of Morbihan, France, about 12 m. N. E.
ofL'Orient. Pop. 6,200.
Bauge, a town of France, in the department of
Mayenne and Loire, seated on the Coesnon, 18
m. E. of Angers. Pop. about 3,000.
Baughman, t. Wayne Co. Ohio.
Batdeak, a town of Hindoostan, in Bengal, on
the left bank of the Ganges. It is one of the
principal stations for collecting of silk, 22 m. N.
E. of Moorshedabad.
Baumari's Islands, three islands in the Pacific
Ocean, discovered by Bauman, a Dutchman, who
accompanied Roggewein, in 1722. Tliey are cov-
ered with fruit trees, and divers sorts of vegeta-
bles. The inhabitants are numerous, and armct*
with bows and arrows ; but of a gentle and humane
disposition, and friendly to strangers. The largest
island is about 22 m. in circumference. Long.
170. 0. W. lat. 14. 0. S.
Baume les J\fones, or Baume les Dames, a town
of France, in the department of Doubs. It has a
nunnery, from which it received its appellation ;
and is seated on the Doubs, 15 m. N. E. ofBe-
sangon.
Bausk, or Bautka, a town of Courland, on the
frontiers of Poland, with a castle on a rock. It is
seated on the Musza, 15 m. S. E. of Mittau.
Bautzen, or Budissen, the capital of Upper Lusa-
tia, with a citadel on a rock, called Ortenburg. Its
trade arising from various manufactures is con
siderable. It is famous for a great battle having
been fought here on May 20, 1813, between the
allied army under the emperor of Russia and the
king of Prussia, and the French army commanded
by Napoleon, in which the former were defeated.
It stands on the river Spree, 30 m. E. by N. of
Dresden. Long. 14. 30. E. lat. 51. 10. N.
Baux, a town of France, in the department of
Mouths of the Rhone, seated on a rock, at the top
of which is a castle, 10 m. E. by N. of Aries.
Ba.iptry, a small town in the West Riding of
Yorkshire, Eng. It has a trade in lead, mill-
stones, and grindstones ; and is seated on the ri-
ver Idle, 9 m. S. by E. of Doncaster, and 153 N.
of London.
Baija, a seaport of Guinea, on the Gold coast, GO
m. E. S. E. of Acra. Long. 1. 59. E. lat. 5. 45 N.
Bay of Islands, there are several bays in differ-
ent parts of the world so called ; viz. 1st, on the
west coast of Newfoundland ; 2nd, in the straits
of Magellan ; 3rd, on the north-east coast of New
Holland in lat. 10. 30. ; 4th, on the north-west
coast of America in lat. 57. N. ; 5th, on the east
coast of New Zealand.
Bayagtuina, an inland town of the Island of St.
Domingo, about 35 m. N. E. of the city of St
Domingo.
Buyumo, a town in the east part of Cuba ,on
the river Estero, which forms a bay on the coast,
20 m. below the town. It gives name to a chan-
nel, between Cuba and the islands, called the
Queen's Garden, and is 80 m. W. S. W. of St.
Jago. Long. 77. 20. W. lat. 20. 45. N.
Bayazia, or Baiezia, a large town of Asiatic Tur-
key, in the south-east corner of Armenia, near
tlie source of the Euphrates, on the confines of
Persia. It is surrounded by a wall, and contains
two mosques, and several other edifices of groat
architectural beauty, and about 30,000 inhab.
Bayersdorf, a town of the Bavarian circle of the
Upper Mayne, with a seat of justice and a large
synagogue, seated on the Rednitz, 4 m. N. of
Erlang.
«JU.
B3
BEA
Bayeux, a town of France, in the department of
Calvados, and a bishop's see. The cathedral is
very noble, and contains an exhibition on tapes-
try, of the conquest of England by William the
Norman, and there are 17 other churches. The
chief trade is in leather. It is seated on the riv-
er Aure, 4 m. from the English Channel, and 140
W. by N. of Paris. Long. 0. 42. W. lat. 49. 17.
N. Pop. about 10,500.
Bayon, a town of France, in the department of
Meurthe, on the river Moselle, 12 m. S. of Nancy.
Bayoa, a town of Spain, in Gallicia, on a small
gulf of the Atlantic, with a convenient harbour,
12 m. W. by N. of Tuy.
Bayonne, a city and seaport of France, in the
department of Lower Pyrenees, and a bishop's
see. Tlie Nive and Adour unite their streams in
the middle of the city, and proceed to the sea, at
the distance of a mile. The first, which is deeper
and more rapid than the Adour, divides the town
into two unequal parts, the smallest of which is
called the Bourg neuf, or new town. They have
a communication by three timber bridges. A bank
of sand, at the mouth of the Adour, renders the en-
trance of the harbour difficult. The citadel is the
strongest in France, and the cathedral is remark-
able for the height of the nef, and the delicacy
of the pillars which support it. The military weap-
on, the bayonet, bear the name of this city, in
which it was invented. The chocolate of Bayonne
is famous ; and it also exports wines, woolen
cloths, silks, cottons, «fec. The chief trade arises
out of its relation with Spain ; and it is a kind of
emporium for the merchandise of that country.
The court of France was held here for some time
in 1808, when the king of Spain and his son, the
prince of the Asturias, were invited here to settle
their differences before Bonaparte, the result of
which was, that they were made to sign a treaty,
resigning the crown of Spain into his hands. Bay-
onne was besieged by the Eno-lish in 1814, during
which the French made a sally, and attacked the
English with success, but were at leno-th driven
back. The loss of the British in this affair was
considerable, and their commander wounded and
taken prisoner. It is 25 m. S. W. of Dax and 518 S.
by W. of Paris. Long. 1. 29. W. lat. 4.3. 29. N.
Baypour, a town of Hindoostan, in the province
of Malabar, on a river capable of receivino- vessels
of 400 tons. It is 15 m. S. by E. of Calicut.
Bayou, the name given in Louisiana to the
forks of the rivers, or natural canals which inter-
sect almost every part of the state. It is probably
a corruption of the French word boyau.
Bayreutk, a city of Franconia, capital of a prin-
cipality of the same name, with a palace, a fine
castle, and a famous college. Near it, forming a
iind of suburb, is the town of Georgen, which has
a large castle, a manufacture of excellent brown
and white porcelain, and a house of correction, in
which the marble of the country is polished by
means of a machine. In 1783 the archives of the
principality were brought to Bayreuth, from Pla-
senburg; see Culmhach: and in 1791 the margravate
of Bayreuth, with that of Anspach, was abdicated
by the reigning prince in favour of the king of
Prussia, but both were annexed and guaranteed
by Bonaparte, and afterward confirmed by the
con;^rcss at Vienna, to the kingdom of Bavaria,
(which see ;) and Bayreuth is now the capital of
the circle of Upper Mayne. It is 32 m. E. of
Bamberg. L<mg. 11. 44* E. lat. 49. 55. N.
Baza, a town of Spain, in Granada, seated on
the Gaudalantin, 21 m. E. N. E. of Guadix
Bazas, a town of France, in the department of
Gironde and lately an episcopal see. It is seated
on a rock, 5 m. from the river Gcaronne, and 42
S. E. of Bordeaux. Long. 0. 2. W. lat. 44. 22. N.
Beachy Hea4, the highest promontory on the
south coast of England, between Hastings and
Seaford. Long. 0. 15. E. lat. 50. 44. N.
Beaconsficld, a town in Buckinghamshire, Eng.
The poet Waller lived here, and is interred in the
churchyard. It is also the place of interment of
Edmund Burke. It is seated on a hill, 23 m. W.
N. W. of London. Pop. 1,756.
Beallsville, p. v. Washington Co. Pa. 7 m. W.
Brownsville.
BeaminsUr, a town in Dorsetshire, Eng. with
manufactures of canvas, iron, and copper. This
place suffered greatly by fire in 1781. It is 15 m.
W. N. W. of Dorchester, and 132 W. by S. of Lon-
don. Pop. in 1821, 2,806.
Bear camp, r. N. H. falls into Ossipee Lake.
Bearjield, t. Perry Co. Ohio.
Bear Island, an island in Bantry Bay, Ireland,
with fortifications which form a strong defence
to the head of the bay. The island is about 12 m.
from the town of Bantry.
Beam, a late province of France, 40 m. long
and 30 broad ; bounded on tlie east by Bigorre,
south by Spanish Navarre, west by Soule and a
part of Lower Navarre, and north by Gascony and
Armagnac. The plains are fertile, especially in
pastures, and the hills are loaded with vines. It
now forms with Basques the department of the
Lower Pyrenees.
Beat, St. a town of France, in the department
of Upper Garonne, the houses are built of marble,
there being no other stone in the neighbourhood.
It is seated on tlie Garonne, 12 m. S. S. E. of St.
Bertrand.
Beaucuire, a town of France, in the department
of Gard, on the Rhone, about 20 m. from the sea,
where the river forms a spacious harbour and has
a communication by a bridge of boats with Taras-
con on the opposite bank of tlie river. Much
trade is carried on here, and an annual fair, held
for six days, in the month of July, was formerly
the most famous in Europe, but is now of little
importance. It is 11 m. E. of Nismes.
/Jcwurc, a late province of France, between the
Isle of France, Blasois, and Orleanois. It is so
fertile in wheat that it is called the granary of
Paris. It now forms the department of Eure and
Loire.
Beaufort, a maritime district, forming the
south-east corner of the state of South Carolina ;
bounded on the south-west by the Savannah Riv-
er. It is a low swampy district, but very pro-
ductive in rice and cotton. In addition to the
Savannah on the south, it is bounded on the north
by the Big-slake-hatchie River, and the Coosaw-
hatchie intersects the district from north-west to
the south-east, dividing into two branches about
the centre of the district and Arming an island
called Port Royal Island, on which is a town nam-
ed Beavfort, formerly the capital of the district,
but the courts are now held at the town of Coosaw-
hatchie, about 20 m. N. W. of Beaufort, and 193
S. of Columbia, the capital of the state.
Beaufort, a County of Nortli Carolina, divided
in two parts by the Pamlico River, at its entrance
into Pamlico Sound ; it is a swampy and dreary
district, with a population of 10,949. Washington,
130 m. E. by S. of Raleigh is the chief town.
Beavfort, p.t. a seaport of North Carolina, chief
town of Carteret County. It is situate on the N.
BEA
84
BEA
E. side of Core Sound, 55 m. S. S. E. of Newbern.
Long. 76. 50. W. lat. 34. 38. N.
Beaufort, p.t. Beaufort District, S. C. on the isl-
and of Port Royal, 75 m. S Charleston. It has a
fine harbour, but the town is not in a very flour-
ishing state.
Beaufort, a town of France, in the department
of Mayenne and Loire, with a castle, 15 in. E. of
Angers. Pop. 6,000.
Beaufort, a town cf Savoy, on the river Oron,
a^ branch of the Ysere, 12 m. N. E. of Moutier.
Pop. about 3,000.
Beaugency, a town of France, in the department
of Loire, famous for its wines, seated on the river
Loire, 6 m. W. of Orleans.
Beuvjeu, a town of France, in the department
of Rhone, with an ancient castle, seated on the
Ardiere, at the foot of a mountain, 13 m. N. N.
W. of Villefranche. Pop. 1,600.
Bcaujolois, a late province of France, 30 m.
long and 24 broad. It lies north of the Lyonois,
and both of them now form the department of
Rhone.
Beauleij, a river of Scotland in Inverness-shire,
formed by the union of the rivulets Farrar, Can-
nich, and Glass, on the borders of Ross-shire. It
takes a N. E. course, and after forming the falls
of Kilmorack and other cascades, flows to the
town of Beauley, where it enters the head of Mur-
ray frith. It produces a considerable supply of
salmon for the London market.
Beauley, a town of Scotland, in the parish of
Kilmorack, in Inverness-sliire, at the mouth of the
river Beauley, 12 m. W. of Inverness.
BeauLieu, a village in Hampshire, Eng. on a riv-
er of its name, six miles S. S. W. of Southampton.
It has a manufacture of coarse sacking; and on
the opposite side of the river are the remains of
its famous abbey, founded bv king John.
Beaumarchcz, a town of France, in the depart-
ment of Gers, 13 m. W. of Mirande.
Beaumaris, a borough of Wales, capital of An-
glesey ; governed by a mayor, a recorder, 24 burg-
esses, and other officers, who return one member to
parliament. It stands on the strait of Mcnai, was
fortified with a castle by Edward I. and has a good
harbour. It is 59 m. W. by N. of Chester, and
251 N. W. of London. Long. 4. 15. W. lat. 53.
15. N. Pop. 2,205.
Beaumont, a town of the Netherlands, on the
frontiers of the department of Nord, France, about
eight miles east of Maubeuge. Tliere are eight
other towns in different parts of France called
Beaumont, but none that merit any particular no-
tice, unless one in the department of Vaucluse,
the residence of Mirabeau ,
Beaune, a town of France, in the department of
Cote d'Or, remarkable for its excellent wine. It
is 25 m. S. S. W. of Dijon.
Beaurais, a town of France, capital of the depart-
ment of Oise, and lately an episcopal see. The
cathedral is admired for its fine architecture ; and
the church of St. Stephen is remarkable for its
curious windows. It was besieged in 1463, by the
duke of Burgundy, at the head of 80,000 men,
when the women, under the conduct of Jean de
Hachette, obliged the duke to raise the siege. The
inhabitants carry on a good trade in beautiful ta-
pestry. It is seated on the Thesin, 42 m. N. of
Paris. Pop. about 30,000.
Beauvoir, a town of France, in the department
of Vendee, on the Bay of Biscay, 32 m. N. N. W.
of Sables d'Olonne.
Beau, which implies fine, is prefixed to the
names of a number of other towns in difllerent parts
of France, and to a few in England.
Beaurivage, a river of Lower Canada, south ot
the St. Lawrence ; it falls into tJie Chaudieic,
about four miles above the entrance of that river
into the St. Lawrence.
Beaver, r. N. H. falls into the Merrimack at Dra-
cut, Mass.
Beaver, Great and Little, two head streams of the
Ohio, the former in Pa. and the latter in Ohio.
Beaver, a County at the west extremity of th»
state of Pennsylvania, bordering on Ohio ; it is in
tersected by the Ohio River. Pop. 24,206.
Beaver, or Beverton, the chief town of this coun-
ty, is situate at the junction of the Beaver Rivo'
with the Ohio, near the centre of the county, 2'tO
W. by N. of Harrisburgh.
There are also 9 other towns in Pa. called Bea-
ver N. S. Little, Big &c. Also 3 towns in Ohio.
Beaver Islands, a cluster of Islands at the north
extremity of Lake Michigan.
Beaver Dam, in Southampton township, Long
Island, and in Roxbury township, Delaware coun-
ty, and in Berne township, Albany county, and
Beaver-kill, in Hurly township, Ulster county, all
in the state of New York.
Behlingen, a town of the kingdom of Wurtem-
burgh, with a castle on a hill, 10 m. N. W. of Stut
gard.
Bee, a town of France, in the department of Low-
er Seine, with a noble Benedictine abbey, 18 m. S.
W. of Rouen.
Becancour, a river of Lower Canada, which falls
into the St. Lawrence, from the south, opposite
the town of Three Rivers.
Beecaria, .t. Clearfield Co. Pa.
Beccles, a corporate town in Sufiblk^ Eng. It
has a noble church, with a lofty steeple, and a
grammar school, endowed with 10 sholarships foi^
Emanuel college, Cambridge. It is seated on the
"Waveney, 12 m. S. W. of^Yarmouth, and 109 N.
E. of London. Pop. in 1821, 3,493.
Beehin, a town in Bohemia, capital of a circle
of the same name, in which are several medicinal
springs and mines of salt. It has an ancient for-
tified castle, and stands on the river Lausnitz, 57
m. S. by W. of Prague. Long. 14. 28. E. lat. 49.
18. N.
Becket, p.t. Berkshire Co. Mass. 110 m. W.
Boston. Pop. 1,065.
Beckhamsville, p.t. Chester Dis. S. C. on the
Wateree, 32 m. N.W. Camden.
Bcckum, a town of Westphalia, in the principali
ty of Munster, at the source of the Verse, 20 m.
S. E. of Munster.
Bedale, a town in North Yorkshire, Eng. the sur-
rounding district is distinguished for its breed of
horses, and of horse-jockies, 10 m. S.E. of Rich-
mond, and 222 N. N. W. of London. Pop. 1 ,] 37.
Bedarieux, a town of France, in the department
of Herault, with a manufacture of druggets, and
other woolen stuff's, seated on the Orbre, 16 m. N.
of Bezieres. Pop. 3,350.
Beddington, a village in Surrey, Eng. 2 m
W. of Croydon. Here is Beddington-park, one of
the many said to have been the residence of queen
Elizabeth. The church is a Gothic pile, with
stalls in the aisles, like a cathedral. Pop. 480.
Beder, a town of France in the department of
Ille Vilaine, 10 m. W. N. W. of Rennes.
Beder, a fortified town of Hindooston, in Dow
latabad, situate on the south bank of the Manzorah
river, once the capital of a considerable kingdom,
and still celebrated for the number and raagnifi
BED
85
BEE
cence of its pagodas. It is 80 m N. W. of Hydra-
bad. Long. 78. 2. E. lat. 17. 48. N.
Bedford, an inland county of England. At the
time Britain was invaded by the Romans, Cassib-
elinus, the chief of the inhabitants of this part of
the country, was appointed to the command of all
the forces of Britain, against Caesar; and under
the heptarchy of the Saxon's, it formed part of the
kingdom of Mercia, and the county-town is sup-
posed to have been the burial-place of king Offa ;
it was afterwards the scene of man/ contests be-
tween Britons, Saxons, and Danes and at later
., periods became involved in the collisions between
% king John and the barons ; and in 1642 it took
'■ the side of the people against the kingly authority
of Charles I. The river Ouse intersects it by a
very winding course from west to east; and the
Ivel, with several tributary streams, waters the
south part. The face of the country is varied with
small hills and valleys ; and on the south is a
range of chalky hills, which, rising to a consider-
able elevation, and projecting irregularly over the
valleys, give the landscape a bold and remarkable
appearance. From the south-east corner to the
middle of the county runs a line of good meadow-
land ; and the north and east portions have a deep
> soil, which is well cultivated and produces large
crops of corn. The mineral productions are lime-
stone, coarse marble, and imperfect coal; and ful-
ler's earth is obtained in considerable quantities.
Mineral springs are found in different parts of the
county, but they have not acquired muclrcelebri-
ty. The manufactures are chiefly confined to the
making of lace and preparing straw plat for bon-
nets, baskets, toys, &c. The remains of both Sax-
on and Gothic architecture are to be seen in sev-
eral of the churches, as also a few specimens of
stained glass in their windows. Roman antiqui-
ties have also been frequently discovered in the
county; and it is intersected by three Roman roads.
Bedford, the chief town of the preceding coun-
ty, is situate about the centre of the county, on
q, spacious plain, north of the Chiltern hills,
which run across the south part. The river Ouse,
over which there is a beautiful stone bridge of
five arches, divides the town into two parts. It
has five churches, a county hospital, and the luna-
tic asylum, a well endowed public school, and
about 50 alms-hduses, liberally endowed by Sir
William Harpur, knight, a former inhabitant of
tlae town. It is a borough town, governed by a
mayor, recorder, aldermen, two chamberlains, and
13 common council, and returns two members to
parliament, by the suffrage of the male inliabitants
at large. It is the seat of assize, and of election
fir the county. Pop. in 1821, 5,460, 27 m. E. by
N. of Buckingham, and 50 N. by W. of London.
Bedford Level, a tract of fenny land, about
yOO,000 acres, in the counties of Norfolk, Suf-
folk, Cambridge, Huntingdon, Northampton, and
Lincoln. After various attempts to drain these
■ fens, in the reign of Henry VI. and Charles I.,
William, earl of Bedford, in 1649, undertook and
completed it; and in the reign of Charles II. a
corporation was established for the government
of this great level. In these fens are several de-
coys, in which innumerable quantities of wild fowl
are taken during the season.
Bedford, a County in the E. District of Virgin-
ia, bounded on the west by the Blue Ridge : on
the north by James River, and on the south by the
Staunton, a branch of the Roanoke. Pop. 20,253.
Liberty, the chief town, in the centre of the coun-
ty, is 162 m. W. by S. of Richmond.
Bedford, is also the name of a county in West
Tennessee. Pop. 30,444. Shellbyville, 35m. south
of Murfreesborough, is the chief town.
Bedford, another county in the Western Dis-
trict of Pennsylvania, bordering on Maryland,
lying between the Tuscarora and the main ridge
of the Alleghany Mountains. Pop. 54,636. The
chief town of the same name, in the centre of the
county, is 105 m. W. of Harrisburg.
Bedford, p.t. Hillsborough Co. N. H. 52 m. fr.
Boston. Pop. 1,554.
Bedford, p.t. Middlebury Co. Mass. 16 m. N. W
Boston. Pop. 685.
Bedford, p.t. West Chester Co. N. Y. 110 m
S. Albany. Pop. 2,750.
Bedford, p.v. Cuyahoga Co. Ohio.
Bedminsler , t. Somerset Co. N. J.
Bedminster, t. Bucks Co. Pa.
Bednore, a district of Hindoostan, forming the
N. W. corner of the Mysore, intersected by the
Ghaut Mountains, the chief town of the district,
and which was formerly the capital of Canara, is
situate east of the mountains, and is supposed
once to have been a magnificent and important
place ; but having been repeatedly subject to the
assaults of the Mahrattas, the British, and Tippoo
Saib, it is much reduced. It is seated on a branch
of the Trombudra River, 185 m. N. W. of Ser-
ingapatam.
Bedouins, tribes of wandering Arabs, who live
in tents, and are dispersed all over Arabia, Egypt,
and the North of Africa, governed by their own
chiefs, in the same manner as the Patriarchs liv-
ed and governed anciently ; the principal employ-
ment of both, the grazing of cattle.
Bedwin, Great, a borough in Wiltshire, Eng.
it has neither market nor fair, but returns two
members to parliament. It is situate on the line of
the Kennet and Avon Canal, five miles S. W. of
Hungerford, and 70 W. of London. Pop. 1,928.
Bedioortk, a town in the county of Warwick,
England, seated on the great coal strata, which is
here extensively worked. A number of persons
are also employed in the riband manufacture ;
5 m. N. of Coventry. Pop. in 1821, 3,519.
Beekman, p.t. Duchess Co. N. Y. 86 m. S. Alba-
ny. Pop. 1,584.
Beckmantoicn, p.t. Clinton Co. N. Y. 160 m. N.
Albany. Pop. 2,391.
5ec?naA, a river of Hindoostan, which rises in
the mountains to the North of Poonah, and flows
S. E. upwards of 300 miles, till it joins the Kristna,
near Edghir.
Becring's Bay, a bay formerly called Admiral-
ty Bay, in N. lat. 59. 18. on the west coast of North
America.
Becring's Island, an Island in the Pacific Ocean,
about 90 m. long and 30 wide, 30 leagues east of
the coast of Kamschatka. Long. 166. 30. E. lat.
55.30. N.
Becring's Strait, the narrow sea between the
west coast of North America and the east coast
of Asia. It is 13 leagues wide in the narrowest
part, between the capes Prince of Wales and
Tchukotskoi, in lat. 65. 45. N. 168. 17. W. long.
Beeroo, a country of Negroland, between Zalia-
ra on the north, and Bambara on the south.
Walet is the capital.
Bees, St. a village in Cumberland, Eng. near the
sea, five miles south of Whitehaven. Here is a
noted free-school ; also the remains of a priory, the
nave of its church being now used as the parish
church.
Beesho, a town of Brandenburg, Prussia, with a
H
BEL
86
BEL
cloth manufacture ; seated on the Spree, 40 m. S.
E. of Berlin.
Befort, or Belfort, a fortified town of France, in
the department of Upper Rhine, with manufac-
tures of excellent iron. It stands at the foot of a
mountain, 34 m. S. W. of Colna. Pop. about
5,000.
Begherme, an interior country, in the centre
of North Africa, south of Bornou. The capital, of
the same name, is situate in the lat. of 17. N.
and 22. 50. E. long. A salt lake in the centre of the
territory supplies a great extent of country with
tliat indispensable ariicle.
Behahur, a town of Hindoostan, in Lahore, 75
m. W. by N. of Lahore, on the road to Cashmere.
BeliJcer, or Bhahor, a town of Hindoostan, capi-
tal of a country of the same name. It stands on
an island formed by the Indus, near the junction
of the Dummoody, IGO m. S. by W. of Moultan.
Long. 70. 2. E. lat. 27. 30. N.
Beilstcin, the name of several towns in different
parts of Germany : 1st in the Duchy of Wurtem-
burg at which is a mineral bath, about 20 m. N.
by E. of Stuttgard ; 2nd in the Prussian states of
the Grand Duchy of the Lower Rhine, on the east
bank of the Moselle, about 5 m. N. of Zell, and
22 S. W. of Coblenlz ; 3rd a little to the west of
Leon, on the Mayne.
Beinliclm, a town of France, in the department
of Lower Rhine, seated on the Sur, near its con-
fluence with the Rhine, 22 m. N. N. E. of Stras-
burg.
Beira, a province of Portugal, bordering on the
Atlantic Ocean, extending from the mouth of the
Mondego River, S. in lat. 40. to the Douro, which
forms its northern boundary, in hit. 41.11. N. It
is bounded on the east by tlie Spanish province of
Salamanca, and south by the Portuguese province
of Estremadura, and contains an area of 823 sq.
leagues, and in 1810 a populatfon of 1,121,095.
The province is interspersed with mountains,
from which rise several streams, some falling into
the Tagus, and others into the Douro, in addition
to the Mondego, wJiicii intersects nearly the
whole province from east to west, and is, on tlie
whole, a fine and fruitful district. The capital is
Coimbra, and the other clilef towns are Lamewo,
Viseu, Pinhel, Almeida, Guarda, and Castel
Branco.
Beit el Faki, a town of Arabia, in Yemen, fa-
mous as being a great mart for coffije. It is 24 m.
E. S. E. of Hodeida. and about 70 N. by E. of Moka.
Bcith, a parish and town of Scotland ; the parish
is partly in Ayr and partly in Pienfrewshire, and
in 1821 contained 4,472 inhabitants. The town,
in which tlie greater portion of the population is
concentrated, and employed in the cotton manu-
facture, is in Ayrshire, about 10 m. S. by W. of
Paisley.
Bcja, a town of Portugal, in Alemtejo, supposed
to h^ve been the Pax Julia of the Romans, seated
on an eminence in an extensive plain, near a lake
of i(s name, 72 m. S. E. of Lisbon. Lono-. 7. 40.
W. lat. 37. 53. N. Pop. about 0,000.
Be.japour. See Visiajtour.
Bekcsh, a town in a county of the same name,
in Upper Hungary, situate in a fork of the Korash
River, a few miles east of Tur.
Bcia, a large town of Upper Hungary, situate a-
moug the Carpathian Mountains on the frontiers
of Poland.
Bd-Mciixar, or BaJcaznr, a town of (^ordova,
Spain, situate on the east bank of the Goga river,
;{5 m. N. N. W. of Cordova.
Belabre, or Balahre, a town of France, in the de
partment of Indre, 25 m. S. W. of Chateauroux.
Belair, p.t. Hartford Co. Maryland, 53 m. N
Annapolis.
Beibeis, a considerable town of Egypt, 35 m. N
E. of Cairo, and 45 N. W. of Suez.
Belcastro, a town of Naples, in Calabria Ulteri-
ore, seated on a mountain, eight miles from the
Gulf of Squilace and 12 S. W. of St. Severino.
Belchertown, p.t. Hampshire Co. Mass. 80 ra.
N.W.Boston. Pop. 2,491.
Belchite, a town of Spain, in Arragon, on the ri-
ver Almonazir, 20 m. S. of Saragossa.
Befez, or Belz, a town of Gallicia, about 25 m
N. by E. of Lemberg.
Belem, a village ot Portugal, in Estremadura, on
the north side of the Tagus, four miles below Lis-
bon. Here is a royal monastery, where the kings
and queens of Portugal are interred ; a strong fort,
which defends the entrance to the city ; and to
the north a noble modern aqueduct.
Bcleslat, a town of France, in the department
of Aude, 27 m. S. W. of Carcassone.
Belfast, a town in the county of Antrim, Ireland,
situate at the head of a spacious bay, about 15
miles in length, which forms a safe and commo-
dious harbour. Vessels drawing more than eight
or nine feetof wat«r load and unload by lighters,
about seven miles below the town. Belfast is a
regular well-built town ; the principal street
runs in a straight line from the head of the bay,
and is very handsome. It is the entrepot for a
great portion of the linens manufactured in the
north of Ireland, for the storing of which there is
a spacious edifice called the Linen Hall, on the
plan of the cloth halls in Leeds. It has a thea-
tre and an exchange, over which is an assembly-
room ; two handsome churches, and several meet-
ing-houses, and in 1808 a public school on an ex-
tensive scale was founded ; there are "'..so very ex-
tensive barracks on the north side of the town ;
the river Lagan, over which there is a bridge of
21 arches, falls into the bay, on the S. E. side, and
communicates with Lough Neagh by a canal.
The markets are exceedingly well supplied with
all kinds of provisions, and large quantities of
linens, in small parcels, are brought in for sale
by the country people, for ^hose accommodation
there is a separate market. In addition to large
quantities of linens, butter, salt provisions, and
grain, shipped to Great Britian, partly in ex-
change for manufactures and partly in payment o'
rent, to a non-resident proprietor, Belfast carries
on a direct trade to the West Indies, Spain, Amer-
ica, and the Baltic; builds and owns a considera-
ble extent of slii])ping, and has several manufac-
tures of leather, chemicals, glass, &c.; and the
cotton manufacture, is endeavouring to establish
itself in Belfast and its vicinity. It is 88 in. N. of
Dublin. Pop. in 1821, 37,277, and returns one
member to the parliament of the United Kingdom.
Belfast, p.t. Waldo Co. Me. at the mouth of the
Penobscot, 12 m. W. Castine, has x good harbour
and considerable trade in lumber. Pop. 3,077.
^e/frts;,t. Bedford Co. Pa.
Belford, p.v. Nash Co. N. C. 04 m. E. Raleigh.
Bcjford, a town of Northumberland, Eng. on the
line of the high road from London to Edinburgh,
49 m. N. bv W. of Newcastle, and 15 S. by E. of
Berwick. "Pop. 1,208.
Belgaril, a town of Prussian Pomerania, immedi-
ately contiguous to Corbin, and about 15 m. S. bv
E. of Colberg.
Belgcin, a town of Saxony Proper, with a good
BEL
87
V
,BEL
E.of
trade in beer, seated^ on the Elbe, 8 m. S.
Torgau.
Belgium. See Netherlands
Belgrade, a celebrated town and fortress of Eu-
ropean Turkey, capital of Servia, and a Greek
bishop's see, seated at the confluence of the Saave
with the Danube, immediately contiguous to the
Sclavonian fortress of Semlin. It was first pos-
sessed by the Turks in 1522, retaken by the
confederated German powers in 1G88, but again
taken by the Turks in 1690. It was taken by
prince Eugene in 1717, and kept till 1739, when
it was ceded to the Turks. It was again taken in
1789, and restored at the peace of Reichenbach, in
1790, and in 180G it surrendered to an insurgent
force of Servians, in opposition to the wanton au-
thority of the Janissaries. In addition to its emi-
nence as a fortress, it is one of the most considera-
ble trading towns in Western Turkey. It is about
440 m. NTW. of Constantinople, and IGO S. S. E.
of Pest.
Belgrade, a town of European Turkey, in Ro-
mania, on the strait of Constantinople, 20 miles
north of tliat city.
Belgrade, a town of Italy, in Friuli, seated near
the Tojamenta, 81 m. S. by W. of Udina.
BeliiUi, or Bleeda, a town of Algiers, in the pro-
vince of Titeria, at the foot of a ridge of mountains,
15 m. S. E. of Algiers.
Belitz, a town of Brandenburg, Prussia, in the
Middle Mark, with a manufacture of cloth, sea-
ted on a river of the same name, 27 m. S. W. of
Berlin.
Bellac, a town of France, in the department of
Upper Vienne., seated on the Vincon, 20 m. N. of
Limoges. Pop. about 4,000.
Bellamy Bank, r. unites with the Piscataqua at
Dover, N. H.
Belleforte, p.t. Centre Co. Pa.
Bellegarde, a fortress of France, in the depart-
ment of Eastern Pyrenees, and an important place,
on account of its being a passage to the Pyrenees.
It was taken by the Spaniards in 1793, but retaken
the next year. It is 1.5 m. S. of Perpignan.
Bellegarde, a town of France, in the department
of Saone and Loire, on the river Saone, 15 m. N.
E. of Chalons.
Belleisle, an island of France, 15 miles from the
coast of Bretagne. It is 10 miles long and three
broad, diversified with craggy mountains, salt-
works, and fertile plains. The principal place
is Palais, a fortified town, with a citadel. It was
taken by the English, in 17G1, and restored in
17G2. It now forms part of the department of
Morbihan, and contains a population of about5,800.
Long. 3. 5. W. lat. 47. 17. N.
Belleisle, an island at the N. E. end of a channel
between New Britain and Newfoundland, called
the Strait of Belleisle. The island is 20 miles
in circuit, and has a small harbour on the N. W.
side. Long. 55. 25. W. lat. 51. 58. N.
Bdlesme, a town of Fr.ince, in the department
of Orne, with an ancient castle, 24 m. E. S. E. of
Alennon and 80 S. W. of Paris.
Bellevieic, p.t. Washington Co. Missouri, in the
Mine District.
Belleville, p.v. Essex Co. N. J. on the Passaic, 5
m. above Newark. Here are calico printing
works which turn out annually near 7,000,000
yards, also manufactures of copper, brass, silver,
red and white lead, &c.
BelUviUe, p.t. Wood Co. Va. on the Ohio. There
are also'.ownsof this name in Ohio, Illinois, Ken
tucky anC. Alabama.
Belley, a to-wn of France, in the department of
Ain, and lately a bishop's see ; seated near the
Rhone, 40 m. S. E. of Bourtr. Long. 5.44. tl. lat.
45. 47. N. Pop. about 3,S()0.
BclL'iiem, a town in the Bavarian circle of the
Rhine, lying between Laudan and Phillipsburg,
on the west side of the river.
Bellin. a town of Brandenburg, in the new Mark,
east of the Oder Canal, about 18 m. N. N. W. of
Kustin.
Bellin^ltam, a town in Northumberland, Eng.
seated on tiie nortli branch of the Tyne, 15 m. N.
N. W. of Hexham, and 300 of London.
Bellingham, p.t. Norfolk Co. Mass. 26 m. S.
W.Boston. Pop. 1,10].
BclUnzonn, a town of Switzerland, capital of the
canton of Tessin. It is seated on tiie Tesino, five
miles above its entrance into the lake Maggiore,
and 22 W. S. W. of Chiavenna. Long. 8. 55. E.
lat. 4G. 8. N.
Bellows Falls, a cataract on the Connecticut be-
tween Walpole and Rockingham, consisting ol
several pitches in a very narrow strait of tiie riv-
er. .\ large rock here divides the stream into two
channels, each i)0 feet wide, but when the river is
low the whole current is thrown into the western
channel, where it is contracted to 16 feet and rush-
es with astonishing rapidity. A bridge is built
over these falls, and a canal passes round them.
Bell Rock, or Inch Cape, a ledge of partly sunk-
en rocks, off the east coast of Scotland, between
the Friths of Forth and Tay, formerly very dan-
gerous in foggy weather, and by night, but some
what obviated since 1811, by tlie erection of a
light-house upon the most prominent point, in lat.
5G. 26. N. and long. 2. 23. W.
Belluncse, a district of Italy, lying between Fri-
uli, Cadorino, Feltrino, and Tyrol. It has large
woods, and iron mines ; and is fertile in corn,
wine, and fruit. Belluno is the only place of
note.
Belluno, a town of Italy, capital of the Bel-
lunese, and a bishop's see, seated among the Alps,
on the river Piave, 15 m. N. E. of Feltri. Long.
12. 9. E. lat. 43. 13. N. Pop. about 7,500.
Belmont, a county on the east side of the state
of Ohio, bordering on the Ohio River, which se-
parates it from Virginia. Pop. 24,412. St. Clairs-
vilie, the chief town, is 123 m. E. of Columbus.
Belmont, p.t. Waldo Co. Me. 20 m. W. Castine
Pop. 1,024.
Belmont, Wayne Co. Missouri.
Belmont, the name of two inconsiderable towns
in France, one in the department of Loire, and
the other in Aveiron.
Belover, a town in the N. E. part of Croatia,
near the frontiers of Sclavonia.
Beloochistan, a country of Asia, lying between
Persia and the Indus, the boundaries of which are
very imperfectly defined; the inhabitants consist-
ing whollj' of pastoral tribes, extend their territo-
ry wlierever pasture and fertility invite, and the
power of their arms prove sufficient to defend
them against interruption ; in fact, instead of Be-
loochistan being designated a country, it would be
more proper to consider it as the eastern part of
Persia, inhabited by numerous predatory and law-
less tribes, possessing peculiar Mahometan tenets,
from which the name of Belooches has been deriv-
ed, and which will be more fully described under
the head of Persia,.
Belluza, a town of Hindoostan, in Mysore, with
a citadel, both of them strongly fortified with a
mud wall and a ditch. In the vicipity is much
BEN
98
BEN
fine rice ground, and a great number of sheep
are bred.— It is 38 m. N. of Scringapatam.
Belper, a town in Derbyshire, Eiig. Here are
several large cotton-mills, a bleaching mill and an
iron-forge, and about a dozen large establishments
for the manufacture of nails. It is seated on the
Derwent, 8 m. N. of Derby, 134 N. N. W. of
London. Pop. in 1821,7,235.
Belpre, p.t. Washington Co. Ohio, on the N.
W. bank of the Ohio, opposite the mouth of the
Little Kanahwa, 14 m. S. W. of Marietta, and
4G N. E. of Gallipolis
Belpuig, a town of Spain, in Catalonia, with a
famous convent, 18 m. E. N. E. of Lerida.
Belt, Great, a strait of Denmark, between the
islands of Zealand and Funen, which forms a com-
munication between the Cattegat and the Baltic.
Owing to its more circuitous course it is not so
much frequented as the Sound. (See Baltic.) In
1658 the whole strait was frozen so hard, that
Charles Gustavus, king of Sweden, marched over
it, with a design to take Copenhagen.
Belt, Little, a strait, west of the Great Belt, be-
tween Funen and North Jutland. It is one of the
passages from the Cattegat to the Baltic, though
not three miles in breadth, and very crooked.
Belturbet, a town in the north part of the coun-
ty of Cavan, Ireland, it is in the parish of Annagh,
which in 1821 contained a population of 10,488,
and is sometimes called Belturbet. The town
contains about 1,800 inhabitants, 9 m. N. N. W.
of Cavan, and 61 of Dublin.
Belvedere, a town of European Turkey, capital
of a fertile province of the same name, in the Mo-
rea. The raisins called Belvederes come from this
place. It is 17 m. N. E. of Chirenza. Long. 21.
45. E. lat. 38. 0. N.
Belvedere, p.v. Warren Co. N. J. on the Dela-
ware.
Belvez, a town of France, in the department of
Dordogne, 27 m. S. S. E. of Perigueux. Pop.
about 3,000.
Beluin, a town of Hanover, near the mouth of
the Oste, 24 m. N. W. of Stade. Considerable
quantities of flax are raised in its vicinity.
Belur, a town of Usbec Tartary, capital of a
province of the same name, which is a hilly coun-
try, bounded on the north and east by the Belur
Tag, or Dark Mountains, anciently the Imaus.
The capital is 200 m. E. of Badakshan. Long. 74.
10. E. lat. 36. 35. N.
Belvidere, p.t. Franklin Co. Vt. 38 m. N. Mont-
pelier. Pop. 185.
Belzi<r, a town of Saxony Proper, with a castle,
seated on the Walse, 25 m. IN . N. W. of Witten-
burg.
Ben, a name prefixed to most of the mountains
in Scotland ; the following are among the most
considerable, with the counties in which they be-
long and their altitude above the level of the sea: —
Feet.
Ben
Ardlanich
Perth
3,500
Beauchonzie
2,!(22
Beinglo
3,725
Abourd
Aberdeen
3,940
Avon
Choachan
3,920
3,000
Ross
Cloch
Clackmannan
2,420
Ivas
Perth
4,000
Nevis
Inverness
4,370
Lomond
Stirling
3,240
Berui, or Bene, a fortified town of Piedmont, in
the north-west part of the province of Mondovi,
28 m. S. by E. of Turin. Pop. about 5,000.
Benares, an exceedingly fertile district of Hin-
doostan, in the north-east part of tlie province of
Allahabad, between those of Bahar and Oude. It
contains the circars of Benares, Jionpour, Chunar,
and Gazypour ; and was ceded to the English in
1775. It is very productive in rice, sugar, silk,
cotton, and indigo.
Benares, the chief town of the district, is one
of the finest and most populous towns of all Hin-
doostan. It is beautifully situated on the north
bank of the Ganges, and celebrated as the ancient
seat of Brahininical learning. Several Hindoo
temples embellish the high banks of the river;
and many other public and private buildings are
magnificent. The streets are narrow, the houses
higli, and some of them five stories each, inhabit-
ed by different families, but the more wealthy
Gentoos live in detached houses, with an open
court, surrounded by a wall. Nearly in the cen-
tre of the city is a considerable Mahomedan
mosque, built by tlie emperor AuruiTgzebe, who
destroyed a magnificent Hindoo temple to make
room for it. There is also a very superb temple,
built by the rajah Cheytsing, who was driven from
Benares for exciting an insurrection against the
British in 1781, and who was finally deposed in
1783. There are ruins of several Hindoo temples
in the vicinity, destroyed by the intolerance of
Mahometans. In addition to the consequence
derived from the vast congregation of persons oc-
casioned by the priestcralt of Benares, it is the
centre of a very extensive traffic for all the pro-
ductions and manufactures of the east, and is dis-
tinguished for its trade in diamonds, and works in
gold and jewelry. It is the seat of a British juris-
diction, and is about 130 m. W. by S. of Patna,
and 460 W. by N. of Calcutta. Pop. about 600,000.
Benatck, a town in the circle of Bunzlau, Bohe-
mia, situate on the west bank of the Iser River,
about 30 m. N. E. of Prague. Tyclio Brahe died
here in 1601.
Benavari, a town of Spain, in Arragon, 17 m.
N. of Lerida.
Benavente, a town of Spain, in Leon, on the
river Esla, 35 m. S. S. W. of Leon.
Benavente, a town of Portugal, in Alemtejo, on
the river Soro, near its confluence with the Tagus,
30 m. E.N. E. of Lisbon.
Benhecula, an island of Scotland, one of the
Hebrides, between North and South Uist, from the
last of which it is separated by a narrow channel,
nearly dry at low water. It is of a circular form,
including the inlets of the sea, 9 miles in diame-
ter. The soil is sandy and unproductive, but
much kelp is made from the sea-weed thrown on
the coast.
Bencoolen, a settlement of the English East
India Company, on the south-west side of the
Island of Sumatra. The settlement was first forni'
ed in 1690, after the valiant Dutch drove all the
Englisli from Batavia. The unhealthiness of the
spot first chosen, destroyed in 1692, nearly the
whole of the European population : a new site
was chosen, and the fort called Fort Marlborough,
has proved more congenial to the physical con-
stitutions of Europeans, but it is still considered
the most disagreeable place in all the British do-
minions cf the east. The town is inhabited by
natives from all parts of Asia. The chief occupa-
tion of Ihe people of the country is the culture of
the pepper plant, the extent of the produce of
which is very great, and constitutes its exclu'fve
means of external commerce. Fort Malbo^ough
is in lat. 3- 48. S. and 102. 28. E. long. /
BEN
BEN
Bencoonant, a town at the south-west extremity
of the island of Sumatra, about 120 m. S. E. of
Bencoolen.
Bencowse, a town of Algiers, in the province of
Constantlne, 2-5 m. S. S. E. of Sett^ef.
Bendala, a town of Bornou, North Africa, about
200 m. E. of the capital.
Bender, or Token, a fortified town oi European
Turkey, capital of Bessarabia. Here Charles the
XII. of Sweden resided, after his defeat at Pulto-
wa in 1709. Previous to 1770, when the Russians
took Bender by stor-.i, and totally destroyed the
town, and afterwards abandoned it, it contained
about 30,000 inhabitants. In 1769 it was taken
again by the Russians almost witliout a struggle,
but restored to the Turks in the following year ;
again taken by the Russians, to whom with the
whole of Bessarabia and all that part of Moldavia
east of the Pruth, it was confirmed by treaty in
1812. It is seated on the west bank of the Dnies-
ter, about 100 ra. E. by S. of Jassy, and 410 N. of
Constantinople. Present pop. about 10,000.
Bender Major, Begh, and Risher, three towns
on the north-east shore of the Persian gulf
Bendorf, a town on the east bank of the Rhine,
about 5 m. N. of Coblentz.
Beneadl, a large town of Upper Egypt, on the
west side of the Nile, in lat. about 27. 30 N.
Benedetto, St. a town of Italy, in the Mantuan,
near the river Po, 15 m. S. S. E. of Mantua, distin-
guished before the revolution, for one of the rich-
est and finest convents in all Italy. There is also
another town of the same name in Piedmont, 12
m. E. of Bena.
Benedict, a town of Maryland, in Charles Coun
ty, situate on the Patuxent, IG m. W. of Port To-
bacco.
Benedict, St. a market town of Hungaiy, on
the west bank of the Gran, about 5 m. W. of
Pukanz.
Beneschau, a town in the south-west part of
Silesia, on the frontier of theprincipality of Trop-
pau. Also the name of four small towns in Bo-
hemia.
Bensoeiif, a town of Egvpt, noted for its hemp
and flax ; seated on the Nile, 50 m. S. of Cairo.
Bencvente, a town of France, in the department
of Creuse, 10 m. N. N. W. of Borganeuf
Benevento, a city of Naples, and an archbishop's
see, capital of Principato Ulteriore, and of a small
duchy of its name, lately belonging to the pope.
Benevento has suffered greatly by earthquakes,
particularly in 1()S8, when the archbishop was dug
out of the ruins alive. Except Rome, no city in
Italy can boast of so many ruins of ancient sculp-
ture as are to b** found in this place. It is seated
near the confluence of the Sabato and Caloro,
35 m. N. E. of Naples. Long. 14. 47. E. lat. 41.
a N. Pop. about 14,000.
Benfeld*n, a town of France, in the department
of Lower Rhine, on the river 111, 12 m. S. S. W.
of Strasburg.
Bengal, a maritime province forming the north-
east extremity of the great promontory of Hin-
doostan, lying between the lat. of 22. and 26. 30.
N. and the 86th and 92nd deg. of E. long. It is
bounded on the north-east and north by IVleckley,
Assam, and Bootan, countries at present but little
known ; north-west by Bahar ; south by Orissa ;
and south-east by the ocean or bay of Bengal, and
containF an area of upwards of 100,000 sq. miles.
The river Ganges intersects the province from
north-west to south-east, dividing into numerous
channels before it falls into the sea, between the
12
88th and 91st deg. of long. The Burrampooter
enters the province from Assam, at the north-east
extremity, and unites with the most northern,
which is the main branch of the Ganges at its
confluence with the sea; whilst the Dummooda
waters the south side of the province, falling into
the Hooglv, or southern branch of the Ganges,
below Calcutta : these rivers, with their numer-
ous tributary streams, afford a facility of commu
nication by water to almost every town in the
province, and by their periodical overflowings add
fertility to the luxuriant and exhaustless soil.
Bengal is altogether a level country, formed of
vast plains, bounded to the eye only by the
horizon, yielding, with but little aid of culture, all
the plants and fr'uits peculiar to a tropical climate.
Rice, cotton, silk, and saltpetre, are its indigenous
and staple productions, and sugar and indigo have
been recently cultivated with great success and to
a vast extent. Tobacco, hemp, and flax, are
also produced for internal consumption, but being
inferior in quality to the like productions oT
America and Europe, they are not exported.
Gums and medicinal plants are various and abun-
dant. The great forests and marshy districts are
peopled with elephants. These gigantic animals,
once formidable in the field of battle, are now em-
ployed only to drag cannon and carry amunition,
to set heavy engines in motion, to carry on their
broad backs the purple tent where a nabob reposes
on his gilded cushions ; or to hunt the tiger in thf*
thick jungle which overspreads the plains. The
tigers are numerous among the underwood of the
marshes. The rhinoceros lives m the mud and
water, and is especially common upon the islands
at the mouth of the Ganges. Buflaloesand horn-
ed cjvttle are numerous, and horses of various
kinds are common. Birds and domestic poultry
of all kinds are very abundant. Previous to the
commencement of the 13th century, Bengal was
inhabited by an unmixed and feeble race of Hin-
doos, who at that period yielded their authority
to a horde of Mahometan marauders from the con-
fines of Persia and Tartary. They established
their seat of empire at Dehli, and Bengal con-
tinued tributary for about 140 years, when it re-
gained, and preserved its independence for nearly
two centuries. It was invaded again by Shere
Shah, and afterwards by the emperor Akbar, who
again rendered it tributary to Dehli, to which it
continued subject until the year 1756, when the
whole province became subject to the authority
of the English East India Company, who for half
a century previously had established settlements
on the banks of the Ganges, and progressively ex-
tended their influence. They have since divided
it into three districts for civil and judffRll pur-
poses : viz. Calcutta, Dacca, and Moorshedabad,
h2
BEN
90
BEN
and formed six great military stations of which
Calcutta is the chief, as well as the seat of gov-
ernment f f the whole British empire in Asia. The
total population is about 3,000,000, of whom about
nine-tenths are native Hindoos, and the remain-
der a mixrd race of Mahometans, descendants of
of the early conquerors, by intermarriages with
the natives; and a few Europeans. Manufactures
of cotton, or silk, are carried on in almost every
town of tlie province, and in the principal cities
the works in gold and jewelry are very extensive.
The nature and present extent of the commerce
of Bengal will be more fully elucidated under the
head ot Calcutta, and the nature and extent of
revenue under the head of Hindoostan.
BcnjTuela, a maritime district on the west coast
of South Africa, lying south of the Congo river,
between the lat. of 10. 30. and 16. S. There are
two towns or settlements of the Portuguese on the
coast, called Benguela, Old and New, the former
in the lat. of 10. 50. and the other in about 12.
30. S. from whence the Portuguese and Brazilian
ships obtain a considerable portion of their slaves.
Bent, a large river of South America, rising
near the south extremity of La Paz, running north,
parallel with, and within the most easterly ridge
of the Andes, and forming the east branch of the
Ucayale, which falls into the Amazon after run-
ning from south to north through the whole inte-
rior of Peru. The Jesuits founded some settle-
ments on the banks of the Beni, of which St. Fran-
cisco, Trinidad, and Reycz, in the lat. of 12. to
14. S. are the chief.
Benicarlo, a town of Valencia, Spain, a few m.
north of Peniscola. It is celebrated for its wines,
of which considerable quantities are exported.
Benigno, St. a populous village of Piedmont,
situate on the high road to the Alps, about 10 m.
N. of Turin. Pop. about 4,500.
Benihassen, a maritime province of Fez,border-
mg on the Atlantic, of which New Salee or Rabat,
in lat. 34. 5. N. is the principal outport.
Benin, a country in North Africa, towards the
east extremity of Upper Guinea, lying principal-
ly north and west of the river Formosa, the en-
trance to which is in lat. 5. 33. N. and 4. 35. E.
long. It is bounded on the west by Dahomey ;
on the east by Waree ; and north by undefined
boundaries and countries but little known. Benin
exhibits many beautiful landscapes ; but the air
IS noxious near the coast, on account of the gross
vapours from the marslies. Oranges and lemons
grow on the side of the roads, and the cotton and
pepper plants are indigenous to the soil, but both
are very imperfectly cultivated. Among the ani-
mals are elephants in great number, leopards,
stags, wild boars, civet and mountain cats, horses,
hares, and hairy sheep ; a vast number of serpents
and other reptiles ; and the principal birds are
parroquets, pigeons, partridges, storks, and ostri-
ches. The dress of the natives is neat. The rich
wear white calico or cotton petticoats, but the up-
per part of the body is commonly naked. The
women use great art in dressing their hair, which
they reduce into a variety of forms. The people
are skilful in making various sorts of dyes ; and
they manufacture some cotton into cloths. Poly-
g.imy is allowed, and the number of wives is lim-
ited by the state of their circumstances only.
Though jealous of each other, they offer their
wives to Europeans. Their religion is paganism,
the king himself being fetiche, and as such the
chief object of adoration in his dominion. The
chief town, called also Benin, is one of the most
populous of all Western Africa, containing about
15,000 inhabitants. It is situate inland about 40
m. from Gatto, a town standing at the head of a
large inlet of the Formosa river. Tlie road from
Gatto to Benin is over a level country, in some
places swampy and thickly wooded, and the coun-
try aiound the town of Benin is also thickly wood-
ed. Like all other African towns, Benin is very
unequally laid out. The houses are all built with
clay, and covered with reeds, straw, or leaves.
The royal palace is of vast extent, but neither el-
egant nor commodious. All male slaves here are
foreigners ; for the inliabitants cannot be sold for
such, only they bear the name of the king s
slaves. Since tlie restriction of the slave-trade to
the south of the equator, Benin, in common with
the whole extent of the western coast of Africa,
from the river Gambia, in lat. 13. N. to Malemba,
in lat. 5. S. has shewn itself capable of affording
all the means requisite for the formation of an
intercourse, as social and reciprocal, as the slave
traffic was debasing, partial, and vicious. The
commerce of Great Britain with this part of Africa
is inconsiderable.
Benin-Dazy, St. a town of France, in the de-
partment of Nievre, having several iron mines in
its vicinity. Pop. 1,600.
Bcnis2ief, a town of Egypt, with manufactures
of carpets, and woolen and linen stuffs, seated on
the Nile, 60. m. S. of Cairo.
Benkenstein, or Benneckenstein, a town of the
Prussian states, in the duchy of Saxony, 11 m.
S. W. of Halberstadt.
Benningen, a village of Wirtemburg, on the
Neckar, where the remains of a Roman town
were discovered in 1597.
Bennington, a village in Hertfordshire, England
near Stevenage. Here the Mercian kings had a
palace; and the castle, in which a council was
held in 850, still remains near the church. Pop.
658.
Bennington, a County forming the south-west
part of the state of Vermont, bordering on the
state of New York. Pop. 17,470.
Bennington, the chief town of the preceding
County. Though the largest and oldest town in
the state, the judicial courts are commonly held
at Rutland and Windsor alternately. Near this
town. General Stark gained two battles, on Aug
16th, 1777, which contributed to the subsequent
surrender of general Burgoyne's army. Benning-
ton is situate at the foot of the Green Mountains
near the S. W. corner of the state, 30 m. E. by
N. of Albany and 129 S. S. W. of Montpelier.
Pop. 3,419.
There are also towns of this name in New York,
Pa., Ohio and Alabama.
Bnnsalem, t. Burks Co. Pa.
Bensboro, p.v. Pitt Co. N. C. 60 m. S.E. Raleigk
Bensherg, a town of the duchy of Berg, West-\
phalia, 7 m. E of Mulheim, on the Rhine.
Bensheim. a town of Germany, 25 miles N. N.
W. of Heidelberg, and 10 N. E. of Worms. Pop.
about 3,100.
Bensington, commonly called Benson, a tow.-
in Oxfordshire, Eng. on the high road from Lon-
don to Oxford. It was formerly the abode of royal-
ty, and has a hospital called Cod's House. Pop.
960.
Benson, p.t. Rutland Co. Vt. on L. Champlain.
Pop. 1 ,493.
Bentheim, formerly a county of the circle of
Westphalia, but now forming part of the kingdom
of Hanover. It is about 18 miles in breadth and
SER
a
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45 in length, bordering on the United Provinces
of Holland, intersected from south to north by the
Vecht. Pop. about 20,000. There is a town of
the same name, inconsiderable. The chief towns
<^ are Neinhus, Nortliern, and Schuttorf.
J Bentioogiio, a town of Italy, in Bolognese, 10
cm. N. E. of Rologna.
' Berueytcule, p.v. Halifax Co. Va. 120 m. S. W.
t Richmond.
} Benton, p.t. Yates Co. N. Y. 200 m. West Al-
bany. Pop. 3,057.
lientoii, p.v. Scott Co. Missouri, IGO m. fr. St.
Louis.
Benzfumsen, a populous village with several
iron forges, in the mining district of Smalcalden,
county of Henneberg, circle of Franconia.
Btr.y , an interior province of the Deccan of Hin-
^v^ii'an, bounded on the north by Malwa and Al-
lahabad, east by Orissa, south by Golconda, and
west by Dowlatabad and Candeish. The princi-
pal part of it is nominally subject to a rajah, under
surveillance of the English East India Company,
the other to the Nizam of the deccan. The rajah's
country extends 550 miles from east to west, and
in some places 200 from north to south. Its cap-
ital is Nagpour. Little is known respecting the
interior ; but that about Nagpour is fertile and
well cultivated. The general appearance of the
countrv, particularly between Nagpour and Oris-
sa, is that of a forest, thinly set with villages and
towns.
Berut or Arnauth Belgrade, the ancient Eordea,
a large interior town of Albania, about 40 m. N. E.
ofValona. Pop. about 12,000.
Beraun-Podbrad, an interior circle of Bohemia,
lying between 49. 25. and 50. of N. lat. and 13.
4o. and 14. 30. of E. long. It is intersected from
south to north by the Moldau river, which falls
into the Elbe, about 20 miles north of Prague.
Beraun, the chief town, is situate near the
nothern frontier of the circle, on the south bank
of a river, of the same name, which rises near the
frontiers of Bavaria, and falls into the Moldau a
few miles south of Prague. It has manufactures
of fire-arms and earthen ware ; 15 m. W. S. W.
of Prague.
Berbera, the projecting coast of Eastern Africa,
extending from the straits of Babelmandel to
cape Guardafui. At a town of the same name
upon the coast, in lat. 10. 25. N. and 45. 8. E. long,
a larcre annual fair is held, at which the manufac-
tured productions of Persia and India are ex-
changed for gum, frankincense, myrrh, and va-
rious other commodities. This seems to be a point
of the African coast from whence a more advan-
tageous intercourse might be established with the
interior, than any other either on the western or
eastern coasts.
Brrhice, a river of South America, the entrance
t.. which is in lat. 6. 29. N. and 57. 11. W. long.
Plantations, formed by the Dutch, extend on
both sides of the river for about 150 miles along
the coast. The colony was surrendered to the Eng-
lish in 1790 ; given up at the peace of Amiens ;
retaken on the renewal of the war, and confirm-
ed to England at the peace of 1814.
Berrhtolsgaden, provostship of, encircled by the
archbishopric of Saltzburg, formerly part of the
circle of Bavaria, but now of the Austrian em-
pire. The chief town of the same name is situate
at the N. E. part of the district, about 14 miles S.
of Saltzburg. It has a handsome church. Pop.
about 3,000, who are much employed in the man-
u&cturt of wooden toys, large quantities of which
are exported to England ; the district produces
great quantities of salt.
Berdoa, a town of Persia, in Erivan, seated in
a fertile plain, 16 m. E. S. E. of Gangea.
Bere jilston, a borough in Devonshire, Eng.
containing about 100 houses, seated between the
Tamar and the Tave, 10 m. N. by W. of Ply-
mouth, and 212 W. by S. of London. It returns
two members to parliament.
Bere Regis, a toAvn in Dorsetshire, Eng. On
Woodbury-hill ; half a mile to the north-east, is a
circular Roman camp, inclosed within three
trenches. The town is seated on the Bere, near
its confluence with the Piddle, 12 m. E. by N. of
Dorchester, and 112 S. W. of London. Pop. 958.
Bcreiily, a city of Hindoostan, capital ofRohil-
la, which was conquered by tlie nabob of Oude, in
J774. It is]20 m. N. N. W. ofLucknow. Long.
79. 40. E. lat. 28. 30. N.
Berclos, a lake of Egypt, between Damietta and
Rosetta, of an oval form, 32 miles long, and 10
broad in the middle.
Beretsk, a town at the south-east frontier of
Transylvania, near the pass of Oitosch.
Beregh, a frontier county of Upper Hungary,
bounded on the south by the river Theiss, and
north by the Carpathian mountJiins. Pop. about
46,000. .
Beregh, and Bereghszaz, two of the principal
towns, are situate m the S. W. part of the pre-
ceding county.
Berezina, a river of Lithuania, which has its
source near a village of the same name, in lat. 54.
50. N. and after receiving several tributary
streams, and running south through the palatinate
of Minsk, parallel with the Dnieper, through
nearly three degrees of lat. falls into that river a
little above Rzeczyca. It is memorable for the
disasters which its passage occasioned to the
French army on its retreat from Moscow in 1812.
There is a small river of the same name falling
into the Vistula, a few miles S. E. of Thorn.
Berezinskoi, a town of Siberia, on the Irtisch
river, about 40 ra. S. E. of Tobolsk.
Ferezov, a considerable town of Siberia, situate
near the confluence of the Soswa river, with the
west branch of the O be, in lat. 64.
Beror, a duchy of Westphalia, lying along the
river Rhine, to the south of the duchy of Cleves,
about 60 miles in length, and from 10 to 22 in
breadth. It is full of woods and mountains, but
fertile upon the banks of the Rhine, and in the
valleys ; and has mines of lead, iron, and coal.
Dusseldorfis the capital. It now forms apart of
the Prussian provinces of the Lower Rhine. Pop.
about 295,000.
Berg is also the name of several towns in difier-
ent parts of Germany.
Berga, a town of Spain in Catalonia, seated on
tlie Lobregat, 18 m. E. N. E. of Solsona.
Berga, is also the name of two towns in Saxo-
ny, one in Switzerland, and another in Norway.
Bergamasrxi, a province of Italy, bounded by
Brescia, the Valteline, and the Milanese. Toward
the north it is mountainous and rocky, and has
mines of iron ; some of the valleys produce much
wine and oil ; and in the vicinity of the capital,
Bergamo, it is very fertile. It formed part of
the kingdom of Italy, under Bonaparte, but was
transferred to Austria at the Congress of Vienna,
subsequent to the peace of 1815. Pop. about
365,000.
Bergamo, an ancient city of Italy, and a bish-
op's see, capital of Bergamasco, with a citadel. It
BER
98
BER
is famous for its sewing silk ; and its fair on • St.
Bartholomew's day, is resorted to by merchants
from distant parts. It stands on a hill, between
the rivers Ri-eniba and Serio, 30 miles N. E. of
Milan ; and contains several fine edifices, and is
distinguished as the birth-place of several eminent
artists and literati. Pop. about 30,000.
Bergamo, a city of Natolia. See Pcrffami.
Bcrged/jvf, a tow'i of the north bank of the Elbe,
about 10 m. E. of Hamburgli.
Bcrgrn, a city and seaport of Norway, capital
of a government of the same name, and a jjishop's
see, with a castle. It forms a semicircle round a
small gulf of the sea, and is the most populous
town in Norway, containing 19,000 inhabitants.
On the land side it is defended by mountains, and
on the other by several fortifications. All the
churches and many of the houses are of stone, but
most of the latfer are constructed of wood. The
castle and catliedral are remarkable edifices. It
carries on a great trade in skins, fir-wood, deals,
tar, and dried fish ; and is 170 m. W. by N. of
Christiania. Long. 5. 20. E. lat. 60. 24. N.
Bergen, a town of North Holland, noted for two
bloody battles, in 1799, between the English
and Russian forces opposed by the Dutch and
French, which terminated in favour of the former.
It is situate among woods, 4 m. N. N. E. of Alc-
maer.
Bergen, the chief town of the island of Rugen,
which see.
Bergen, p.t. Genessee Co. N. Y. 258 m. W. Al-
bany. Pop. 1 ,.508.
Bergen, a County of New Jersey, bordering on
the Hudson. Pop. 22,414. Hackensack is the
chief town.
Bergen, p.t. in the above Co. The inhabitants
are mostly descendants from the Dutch settlers. It
is surrounded by water excepting the north, and
separated b}- the river Hudson from the city of
New York, 3 miles distant.
Bcrgcn-op-Zonm, a town of Dutch Brabant, cap-
ital ofa marr|nisate of the same name. It is a
handsome place, and its fortress is one of the
strongest in the Netherlands, seated partly en a
hill, and partly on the river Zoom, which commu-
nicates with the Scheldt by a canal. It has sev-
eral times been besieged to no purpose ; but was
taken by the French, in 1747, and 1794. In 1814,
the English attempted to carry this place by storm,
but after forcing a passage into the town, their re-
treat was cut off, when tficy were nearly all kill-
ed or made prisoners. It is 15 m. N. of Antwerp,
and 22. S. W. of Breda. Long. 4. 22. E. lat. 51.
30. N.
Bergerac, a town of France, in the department
of Dordogne, seated on the north bank of the Riv-
er Dordogne, 24 m. S. by W. of Perigueux, and
48 E. of Bourdeaux. Pop. 8,000.
Bergoo, an interior district of North Africa, ly-
ing to the east of Begherrae. Warra is the chief
town.
Berg-Reichenstein, and Bergstadt, two towns in
the circle of Prachin Bohemia, situate in a mining
district on the frontiers of Bavaria.
Bergues, a fortified town of France, in the de-
partment of Nord, on the river Colme, at the foot
of a mountain, 5 m. S. of Dunkirk.
BergzaJjern, a town of Bavaria, circle of the
Jthine, seated on the Erlbach, 6 m. S. S. W. of
Landau, and 34 S E. of Deux Fonts.
Berkliamstead or Barkhamslead, t. Litchfield
Co. Con. Pop. 1,715.
Berkhamstcad, a town in Hertfordshire, Eng.
Roman coins have been often dug up here ,
and on the north side are the remains of a castle,
the residence of the kings of Mercia. In <5!)7 a
parliament was held here, and Ina's laws publish-
ed. Here William the Conqueror swore to his no-
bility to maintain the laws made by his predeces-
sors. Henry II. kept his court in this town, and
granted to it many privileges ; and James I. whose
children were nursed here, made it a corporation ;
but this government was dropped in the civil wars.
The church is a handsome Gothic structure. It
is seated on the west branch of the river Gade,
and on the Grand Junction Canal, 20 m. N. W. of
London. Pop. ii 1821 .2,310.
Berkley, a town in Gloucestershire, Eng. It
has a trade in timber, coals, malt, and cheese
which is benefited by means of a can; 1 frorfj,
Gloucester. Here is an ancient castle on a rising
ground, in which Edward II. was murdered.
Berkley has the honour of giving birth to the
justly celebrated Dr. Edward Jenner, the discov-
erer of the vaccine inoculation. It is seated on
the Little Avon, near its confluence with the
Severn, 15 m. S. W. of Gloucester, and 114 W
of London. Pop. 836.
Berkley, p.t. Bristol Co. Mass. 35 m. S. Boston.
Pop. 907.
Berkley, p.v. Gloucester Co. N. J. 13 m. fr.
Philadelphia.
Berkley, a frontier County of Virginia, bound-
ed on the north by the Potomac River, which
separates it from Pennsylvania. Pop. 10,-528.
Marti nsburgh, 192 m. N. W. of Richmond, is
the chief town.
Berkley Springs, p.v. Morgan Co. Va. on the
Potomac.
Berks, or Berkshire, an inland and very irregu
lar shaped county of England. The river Thames
by a very circuitous course, divides it on the north
and east from the counties of Oxford and Wilt-
shire, and south from Hampshire. Reading, 39m.
west of London is the chief town. At the east
end of the county, on the south bank of the
Thames, is the castle and extensive domain of
Windsor, a residence of the kings of England,
and one of the most stately and magnificent abodes
in Europe or the world. The other principal towns
are Maidenhead, Newbury, and Hungerford. The
county has but few manufactures : some sacking
is made in the vicinity of Abingdon, and some
ribands and silk plush in the vicinity of Read-
ing ; but its supply of colonial, foreign and man-
ufactured productions, is obtained by means of a
surplus of grain, flour, malt, wool, some cattle
and sheep, and a considerable quantity of oak tim-
ber. Berkshire has long been distinguished as
containing the most celebrated residence of roy-
alty in the whole British dominions, Windsor
Castle, which was founded bv William the Cor.
queror. In this county are also Frogmore, Cum-
berland Lodge, Cranbourn Lodge, and other
residences of the royal family, with above 150
seats belonging to the nobility and gentry.
Berks, an interior county in the E. district of
Pennsylvania, bounded on the N. W. by the blue
ridge of the Apalacliian Mountains, and intersect-
ed from the N. W. to S. E. bv the Schuylkill Riv-
er. Pop. 53,357. Reading;! 52 m. E. by N. of
Harrisburgh, is the chief town.
Berkshire, p t. Franklin Co. Vt. on the Missis-
que. Pop. 1,308.
Berkshire, a county forming the whole western
boundary of the state of Massachusetts, bordering
on the state of New York. Pop. 37,825. Lenox,
4
BER
93
BER
thechief town, in the centre of the county, is 129
nj. due west of Boston.
Berkshire, p.t. Tioga Co. N. Y. 210 m. S. W.
Albany. Pop. 1,G83.
Berkshire, p.t. Delaware Co. Oliio.
Burlamont, a town of France, in the department
of Nord, 6 miles E. S. E. of Quesnoy.
Berleburg, a town of Germany in the Electo-
rate of llesse, with a castle seated on the Berle-
bach, near its confluence with the Eder, 20 m. N.
W. of Marburrr, and 70 S. E. of Casscl.
Berlin, a city of Germany, capital of the electo-
rate of Brandenburg, and of the whole Prus-
sian dominion; one of the largest, best built, and
best governed of any in Germany . It is defended
partly bv walls, partly by palisades, and has IG
gates. The streets are straight, wide, and long ;
and its Large squares, magnificent palaces, church-
es, and other buildings, are scarcely to be equalled.
It is 12 m. in circumference ; but within this in-
closure are numerous gardens, and many beauti-
ful houses are let in stories to mechanics. The
population in 1803, was 153,123, exclusive of the
garrison. The royal palace contains a fine libra-
ry, a rich cabinet of curiosities and medals, and
the supreme colleges of government. Near the
palace stands the magnificent cathedral. Here
are also several academies, and hospitals, an as-
tronomical observatory, a superb arsenal, and a
royal cloth manufacture. Berlin has a flourishing
trade occasioned by its numerous manufactures of
silk, wool, cotton, camels' hair, linen, Prussian
blue, cutlery, and porcelain; and by its enamelled,
inlaid, and embroidered works. It is seated on the
river Spree, from which there is a canal to the
Oder on the east, and another to the Elbe on the
west ; thus it has a communication by water, both
with the Baltic Sea and the German Ocean. This
city was taken, in 1760, by an army of Russians,
Austrians, and Saxons, who were obliged to evacu-
ate it in a few days. In 1806, ten days after the
battle of Jena, the French entered this city, and
Bonaparte held a court in the palace. It is 100
m. N. of Dresden, and 185 N. W. of Breslau.
Long. 13. 22. E. lat.52. 31. N.
Berlin, p.t. Washington Co. Vt. 5 m. S. E.
Montpelier. Pop. 1,664.
Berlin, p.t. Worcester Co. Mass. Pop. 692.
Berlin, p.t. Hartford Co. Conn. .10 m. S. Hart-
ford. Pop. 3,038. This town is celebrated for
the manufacture of tin ware.
Berlin, Rensselaer Co. New York, on the east
bank of the Hudson River, 15 m. E. of Albany.
Pop. 2,019.
Berlin, p.v. Adams Co. Pa. 100 m. W. Philad.
Berlin, p.v. Somerset Co. Pa. There are also 3
towns of this name in Ohio.
Berlinvillc, p.v. Northampton Co. Pa.
Bermco or Bormeo, a town of Spain, in Biscay,
"^n the bay of Biscay, near the cape of Machica-
co, 15 m. E. of Bilbao.
Bermuda. Hundred, or City Point, a port of Vir-
ginia, in Chesterfield Co. The exports from this
place are collected at Richmond 20 m. above it,
and to which it is the out-port. City Point, fro'bi
which it is named, is on the south bank of James
River, 4 m. S. S. W. of the town. Long. 77. 31.
W. lat. 37. 16. N.
Bermudas, or Somers Islands, four islands in the
Atlantic Ocean, 500 m. east of Carolina, and sur-
rounded by rocks. They were discovered by Ju-
an Bermudez, a Spaniard, in 1527; but not in-
habited till 1609, when Sir George Somers was
cast away upon them ; and they have belonged to
Britain ever since. They abound in cedar wood
with which a number of small vessels are built.
Some sugar and coffee is cultivated for e.xporta-
tion. The white inhabitants are estimated at
about 4,800, and in 1823 there was 5,176 slaves.
The principal island is called St. George, and the
town, of tJie same name, is in lat. 32. 22. N. and
65. 33.W. long.
Bermudiau, p.v. York Co. Pa. 48 m. S. Harris-
burg.
Bern, the largest of the cantons of Switzer-
land, being 150 m. long and 75 broad. It is the
most fertile country in Switzerland, and divided
into two principal parts, called the German and
Roman ; but the last is most commonly called the
Pays de Vaud. It is intersected from south to
north by the river Aar ; on the S. E. part are the
lakes of Thun and Brienz, and on the N. W it
extends to Lake Neufchatel, and to that of Gene-
va. The religion is Calvinism. Pop. about 215, 000.
Bern, a town of Switzerland, capital of the
canton of Bern. Here is a celebrated academy
and a rich library. It is a strong place, in a pen-
insula, formed by the river Aar, and estimated
to contain 18,000 inhabitants. The houses are
built of freestone, and pretty uniform, particular-
ly in the principal street, and there are piazzas
on each side, with a walk raised four feet above
the level of the street, very commodious in wet
weather. The streets are traversed by a canal,
and the public buildings are magnificent. In the
arsenal are preserved the figure and armour of
the celebrated Wm. Tell, in the act of taking aim
at the apple on his son's head. Bern was taken
in 1798, by the French. It is 70 m. N. E. of Ge-
neva. Long. 7. 29. E. lat. 46. 57. N.
Bern, p.t. Albany Co. N. Y. 31 m. fr. Albany.
Pop. 3,605. There are also 3 towns of this name
in Pa.
Bernard, p.t. Somerset Co. N. Y.
Bernard, Grand, St. a mountain of the Pen-
nine Alps, on the frontiers of Piedmont, 15 m.
N. N. W. of Aosta. On the summit, at a height
of 11,000 feet, is a large convent, where the monks
entertain all travellers gratis for three days. It
was by this passage Bonaparte conducted his
army into Italy in 1800. Little St. Bernard, to
the S. W. is 7,194 ft. in height.
BerTiard Castle, a town in the county of Dur-
ham, Eng. with manufactures of stockings and
camlets. It takes its name from a castle built
by Bernard Baliol,kingof Scotland, who founded
an hospital here. It is seated on the river Tees,
24 m. S. W. of Durham, and 246 N. N. W. of
London. Pop. in 1821, 3,580.
Bernaw, a fortified town of Brandenburg, in
the middle mark. The principal commerce is
in beer, of which large quantities are brewed. It
is seated on the Pancho, 15 m. N. N. £. of
Berlin.
Bcrnaij, a town of France, in the department
of Eure, seated on the Carantonne, 20 m. S. W.
of Rouen. Pop. 6,500.
Bernburg, a town of Upper Saxony, in the
principality of Anhalt, seated on the Saale, 22
m. S. W. of Magdeburg. Pop. about 2,500.
Berncastle, a town of Germany, remarkable
for good wine ; seated on the Moselle, 18 m. N.
E. of Treves. .J
Berne, t. Franklin Co. Mass.
Berngries, or Beilngries, a town of Franconia,
in the principality of Aichstadt, on the Altmuhl,
17 m. N. E. of Aichstadt, and 28 W. of Ratisbon,
Bernstadt, a town of Silesia, in the principoli
BES
94
BET
ty of Oels, with a castle, seated on the Weida,
20 m. E. of Breslau. Pop. S^iSO.
Berre, a town of France, in the department of
Mouths of tlie Rhone, formerly one of the strong-
est towns of Provence. It stands on a lake of
the same name, at tlie influx of a river, 18 m. W.
S. W. of Aix. Pop. 1,800.
Berry, a late province of France, bounded on
the north by the Orleanois and Blaisois, east by
the Nivernois and Bourbonnois, south by the
Bourbonnois and Marche, and west by Touraine
and Poitou. It is tertile in corn, fruit, hemp,
and flax; iind there is excellent wine in some pla-
ces. It now forms the two departments of Cher
and Indre.
BfTTijsJrurg, p. v. Dauphin Co. Pa. 30 m. fr. Har-
risburg.
Bersdio, a town of Italy, in the Modenese,
with a castle, seated on the Po, at the influx of
the Linza, 10 m. N. N. E. of Parma.
Bertie, a County of North Carolina, bounded
on the south by the Roanoke River, and east by
Albemarle Sound. Pop. ]2,27(). Windsor the
chief town, is IJM m. E. by N. of Raleigh.
Beitinero, a town of Italy, in Romagna, with
a citadel, seated on a hill, 15 m. S. of Ravenna.
Bertrand^ St. a town of France, in the depart-
ment of Upper Garonne. It was lately an epis-
copal see, and is 45 m. S. of Auch. Long. 0. 48.
E. lat. 42. 5G. N.
Berme, or Inrerlervie, a borough of Scotland,
in Kincardineshire, at the mouth of the Bervie,
which forms a harbour for small vessels, 12 m. N.
E. of Montrose. Pop. 1,092.
Be.rwick-upon- Tweed, a borough on the borders
of England and Scotland. It was once a strong
fortress, of great importance, when England and
Scotland were hostile nations, to each of which
it alternately belonged, or was considered as a dis-
trict separate from both countries. It now be-
longs to the bishopric of Durham, and the Eng-
lish judges hold the assizes here. It is still forti-
fied, ana has good barracks for the garrison, but
its castle is now in ruins. It supplies the Lon-
don markets with considerable quantities of sal-
mon, pickled pork, and grain, and has some manu-
factures. Pop. in 1821, 8,723. It returns two
members to parliament, and is seated on the north
side of the Tweed, near the sea, 54 m. S. E. of
Edinburgh, and 337 N. by W. of London. Long.
2. O.W. lat. 55. 46. N.
Berwick, p.t. YorkCo. Me. 7m. N. W. York. Pop.
3,1 G8. There are also 3 towns of this name in Pa.
Berwickshire, a maritime and the S. E. border
county of Scotland. Coldstream, Greenlaw,
Danse, and Lauder are the principal towns ; it is
an agricultural county, and has but few manu-
factures.
Berwick, J^orth, a borough of Scotland, in Had-
dingtonshire, on the Frith of Forth, 9 m. N. of Had-
dington and 22 E.N. E. of Edinburgh. Pop. 1,()94.
Bcsalu, a town of Spain, in Catalonia, seated
near the Fluvia, 44 m. N. N. W. of Gerona.
Besantjon, a fortified city of France, and an
archiepiscopal see, capital of the department of
Doubs. It has a citadel, on a high rock, tlte base
of which touches two sides of the Doubs, which
here forms a peninsula; also an university, an
academy of sciences, a literary, military society,
and a public library in the abbey of St. Vincent.
The triumphal arch of Aurelian, and other Ro-
man antiquities, are still to be seen. It is 52 m.
¥.. of Dijon, and 228 S. E. of Paris. It ha« sev-
eral manufactures. Pop. 28,200.
Besigheim, a town of Suabia, m the kingdom of
Wirtemburg, with two old castles, at the conflu-
ence of the Ncckar and Ens, 25 m. N. by W. of
Stuttgard. Pop. about 2,000.
Bessarabia, or Budzac, a territory of European
Turkey, on the N. W. coast of the Black Sea,
between the mouth of the Danube and the
Dniester. On the banks of the last river the
Tartar inhabitants rove from place to place. Their
common food is the flesh of oxen and horses,
cheese, and mares' milk. Bender is the capi-
tal.
Bessay, a town of France, in the depajtment
of Allier, 8 m. S. of Moulins.
Besse, a town of France, in the department of .
Puy de Dome, 18 m. S. of Clermont.
Bcsscnay, a town of France, in the department
of Rhone, 12 m. W. of Lyons.
Bestricia, a town of Transylvania, with gold
mines in its neighbourhood. It is 85 m. N. W. of
Hermanstadt. Long. 28. 45. E. lat. 47. 30. N.
Betanzos, a town of Spain, in Galicia, seated
on the Mandeo, at its entrance into the bay of
the Atlantic, 20 m. S. of Ferrol. Long. 8. 6 VV.
lat. 43. 20. N.
Betelfaugi, or Beit-el-fakih, a town of Arabia '
Felix, famous for the vast quantity of coffee
bought and sold in it. It is 25 m. E. of the Red
Sea. Long. 57. 20. E. lat. 15. 40. N.
BctkaJmra, a town of North Carolina, in Stokes
County, noted for being the first settlement of
the Moravians in those parts, begun in 1753. It
is 6 m. N. of Salem.
Bethania, or Bethany, a village at the foot of
Mount-Olivet, on the east side, where Lazarus
dwelt, and was raised from the dead ; and where
Christ appeared among his disciples for the last
time after his crucifixion. It is about two miles
to the east of Jerusalem.
Bethania, p.t. Stokes Co. N. C. 125 m. N. W.
Raleigh. This place was settled by the Moravians.
Betliany, t. Wayne Co. Pa.
Bethany, p.t. Genessee Co. N. Y 250 m. W
Albany. Pop. 2,374.
Bcthil, there are 14 towns of this name in the
U. States ; namely in Me., Vt., Conn., N. Y., Pa.,
and Ohio.
Bethlehem, a town of Syria, in Palestine, fa-
mous for the birth of Christ. It was once a flour-
ishing town, but now an inconsiderable place.
Here is a church erected by the famous Helena,
in the form of a cross; also a chapel, called the
Chapel of Nativity, where they pretend to show
the manger in which Christ was laid ; another
called the Chapel of Joseph ; and a third of the
Holy Innocents. Bethlehem is much visited by
pilgrims ; and is seated on a ridge of hills, six
miles S. E. of Jerusalem
Beth/them, a town of Pennsylvania, in North-
ampton County, situate on the Lehigh, a branch
of the Delaware. The town being partly on an
eminence, and partly on the lower banks of the
Manakes (a fine creek) has a pleasant and healthy
situation, and is frequently visited in summer by
the gentry from different parts. It is the princi-
pal settlement in America of the Moravians, who
were fixed here by count Zinzendorf, in 1741.
The German language is more in use than the
English ; but divine service is performed in both
languages. It is 53 m.N. N. W. of Philadelphia.
Long. 75. 8. W. lat. 40. 37. N. There are 11 other
towns called Bethlehem, in N. IL, Conn., N. Y.,
Pa., Va., Geo., Ohio., and Ind.
Bethnal- Green, one of the out-parishes on the
BEV
95
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N. E. side of London, in which there are about
10,000 looms employed in the broad silk manufac-
ture. Pop. in 1821, 45,676.
Bethsaida, p. v. Jones Co. Geo. 25 m. W. JMil-
ledgeville.
Bethune, a fortified town of France, in the de-
partment of Pas de Calais, with a castle. It was
taken by the allies, in 1710, and restored by the
treaty of Utrecht. It is seated on a rock, by the
river Brette, 120 m. N. of Paris.
Betley, a town in Staffordshire, Eng. 18 m. N.
N. W. of Stafford, and 157 of London. Pop.
932.
Beltis, a town of European Turkey, formerly
the capital of Curdistan. It is now the residence
of a bey, who is neither subject to the Turks nor
Persians, and has a numerous army of horsemen
and infantry. It stands on the Khabur, between
two mountains, 150 m. N. N. W. of Altunkupri.
Long. 43. 20. E. lat. 37. 20. N.
Bcttenlumsen, a populous village of the county
of Henncberg, Saxony, six miles west of Mein-
ungen ; it has considerable manufactures of lin-
en.
Bctilah, a town of Hindoostan. in Bahar, 85 m.
N. N. W. ofPatna.
Betzko, a considerable town of Lower Hungary,
situate on the east bank of the Waag River, a few
miles south of Trentschin.
Betuwc, an island of Holland, in Guelderland,
40 miles long and 10 broad, formed by the bifurca-
tion of the Rhine above Nimcguen, and by the
union of its streams, under different appellations,
near Worcum. It was the ancient Batavia, and
foriuerly gave the name of Bataveeren, or Batavi-
ans, to the inhabitants of the Dutch Netherlands.
In this island the ancestors of the present race first
settled, when they emigrated from Germany.
The principal place is Niiiiegucn.
Bcula, t. Cambria Co. Pa. 58 m. E. Pittsburg.
Bevccum, a town of the JNetherlands, in Brabant,
10 m. S. of Louvain.
Bevelaiid, JVorth and South, two islands of Hol-
land, in Zealand, between the east and west branch-
es of the Scheldt. They were occupied by the
English at the period of their disastrous expedi-
tion to Walcheren in 1809.
Bevergern, a town of Westphalia, in the princi-
pality of Munster, on the river Ems, 5 m. N.
W. ofTecklenburgh.
Bevcren, a populous town of the Netherlands,
&m. N. N. E. of Oudenarde.
Bever'eif, a borough in East Yorkshire, Eng.
It lias two churches, besides the Minster ; and a
large market-place , adorned with a beautiful cross.
The chief trade is malt, oatmeal, and tanned lea-
ther. It is famous for being the retirement of
John de Beverley, archbishop of York, who lived
here four years, built a monastery, and .died in
J211 ; in honour of whom several kings, particu
larly Athelstan, who chose him guardian saint, en-
dowed the place with many privileges and immu-
nities. It is seated near the river Hull, 23 m. E.
by S. of York, and 183 N. of London. It returns
two members to parliament. Pop. in 1321, 7,503.
Beverly, p.t. Essex Co. Mass. is a seaport, and
separated from Salem by an inlet which is crossed
by a bridge. This town was formerly a part of
Salem. It is pleasantly situated and has consid-
erable commerce and fishing business. Pop. 4,079.
BcMr/y, p.v. the seat of justice of Randolph Co.
Va. on the E. branch of the Monongahela, 250 m.
N. W. Richmond
Beverungtn, a town of Westphalia, in the
principality of Paderbom, at tne commence of tne
Beaver and Weser, 24 m. S. E. of Paderbom.
Beverwyck, a town of North Holland, on tl»e
Wyckermeer, which comnmnicates with the Wye>
7 m. N. of Harlem, and US. by W. of A'Ic-
maer.
Beuthen, a town of Silesia, capital of a lordship
of the same name. It stands near a branch of the
Oder, on the frontiers of Poland, 45 m. E. N. E.
of Ratisbon. Long. 18. 53. E. lat. 50. 21. N.
Beuthen, a town of Silesia, in the principality
of Carolath, on the river Oder, 13 m. N. W. Glo-
2RI1.
Beicdley, a borough in Worcestershire, Eng.
It has a good trade in malt, leather, salt, and
iron ware ; and a free school founded by James I.
It rs seated, on the Severn, 14 m. N. of Worcester,
and 129 N. W. of London. It returns one mem-
ber to parliament. Pop. in 1821, 3,720.
Btx, a town of Switzerland, in the cajiton of
Bern, noted for its salt rocks, 43 m. S. W. of Bern.
Bezieis, a city of France, in the department of
Herault, lately an episcopal see. The remains of
a circus, and some inscriptions, bespeak its an-
cient grandeur. It is seated near the royal ca-
nal, on a hill, at the foot of which flows the Obre,
a few miles from the s(?a, 85 m. £. by S. of Toul-
ouse, and 30 S. W. of Montpelier. Long. 3. 12.
E. lat. 43. 20. N. Pop. 12,500.
^Aaio-owo-, a considerable town of NepanI, about
eight miles E. by S. of the capital, Catmandoo;
it is the principal residence of the chief Brahmin
of Nepaul. Pop. about 7,000.
Bhurtpore, a town and fortress of Hindoostan,
in the province of Agra. The British took it by
storm, in 1805. Is it 38 m. W. of Agra.
Biafia, a country of Guinea, to the S. E. of
Benin, of which little is known ; but is said to
have a capital of the same name, on the river
Camerones, which enters ths Atlantic in long. 11.
30. E. lat. 3. 28. N.
Biala, a town of Gallicia, on the frontiers of
Silesia, opposite to Bilitz ; it participates in the
linen manufacture of the district. Pop. about
2,300. It is the name of three other small towns
in different parts of Germany.
Bialysf.ock, a considerable town of Russian Po-
land, seated on the Biala, a branch of the Vistula
River, 15 m. E. of Wilna.
Biar, a town of Spain, in Valencia. Its principal
riches consists in honey, celebrated for its whitc-
nessand solidity, which is not affected by weather.
It is 6 m. from Vilena.
Bihh, a county of Alabama. Pop. 6,305. Cen-
treville, 112 m. N. by E. of Cahawba, is the seat
of judicature for the county.
Biberach, a town of Suabia, with a manufac-
ture of fustians, seated in a fertile valley, on the
Reuss, 20 m. S. S. W. of Ulm. Pop. about 4,500
It now belongs to Wurtemburg.
Btftra, a town of Upj)er Saxony, in Thuringi%
much frequented on account of its mineral spring
It is 9 m. S. of Qucrfurt.
Bichcstcr, a town in Oxfordshire, Eng. 11 m.
N. N. E. of Oxford, and 54 W. by N. of London
on the mail coach road to Leamington and War
wick. Pop. 2,544.
Blclianeer, a town of Hindoostan, capital of a
cicar, in the country of Agimere. It is 42 m. W.
of Nagore. Long. 74. 0. E. lat. 27. 12. N.
Bidadie, a town of France, in the departmen
of Lower Pyrenees, with a castle, seated on the
Bidouse, 12 m. E. of Bayonne. Pop. about 2,000.
Bidassoa, a river of Spain, which rises in th«
BIE
96
BIL
Pyrenees, and enters the Bay of Biscay , at Fon-
tarabla. This river was a long time a subject of
dispute between France and Spain, but it is now
common between the two nations ; the duties paid
by those who pass from Sjjain to France belong-
ing to the latter, and by those who pass the con-
trarj' way to the former.
Jiidbur<s, a town of Netherlands, in the duchy
of Luxemburg, 30 m. N. N. E. of Luxemburg.
Biddcford, a seaport of England, in Devonshire.
It has a trade in coal, culm, timber, and oak bark,
also in the herring and Newfoundland fisheries,
and builds and owns a considerable burthen of
shipping. A great quantity of Welsh lime-stone
is burned here ; and there is a large pottery. It
is seated on both sides of the Torridge, over
which is an ancient Gothic bridge of 24 arches,
16 m S. by W. of Ilfracomb, and 201 W. of Lon-
don. Pop. in 1821, 4,053.
Biddeford, a seaport of York Co. Me. The
county courts are sometimes held here. It is sit-
uate on the sea-coast, at the mouth of the Saco, 14
m. S. S. W. of Portland. Pop. 1,995. Long. 70.
35. W. lat. 43. 2G. N.
Bidzigur, a town of Hindoostan, in Allahabad,
with a fort on a steep and lofty rock, 50 m. S. of
Benares.
Biedenkopf, a town of the_g^and duchy of Hesse,
situate on the north bank of the Lahn, near its
source, 15 m. N. W. of Marburg.
Bieez, a town of Poland, in Cracowia, remarka-
ble for its mines of vitriol; seated on the Wese-
loke, 50 m. S. E. of Cracow.
Biel or Bicnne^ a town of Switzerland, capital
of a small territory, lately subject to the bishop
of Basil. It stands near a lake of the same name,
on the river Suss, 17 m. N. W. of Bern.
Bicia, a town of Piedmont, and capital of a prov-
ince of the same name, bounded on the W. by
Aoust. The town is situate near the riVer Cerva,
24 m. W. of Vercelli. Pop. about 8,300.
Biclmo, a popnltjus town of Silesia, with con-
siderable manufactures of linen and cotton, 15
m. east of Buntzlaw. Pop. about 7,000.
Bielfcld, a tovirn of Westphalia, in the county
of Ravensberg. The linen made and bleached
here is much esteemed. It is 18 m. north of Lip-
stadt. Pop. about. 5,500.
Bida-orod, a tovi'n of Russia, in the government
of Kursk, and aji archbishop's see, 80 m. S. S. W.
of Kursk. Pop. about 10,000.
Biel (Torod . or Akcrman, a strong town of Eu'o-
pean Turkey in Bessarabia, on the coast of the
Black Sea, at the mouth of the Dniester, 70 m.
S. S. E. of Bender. Long. 31. 15. E. lat 4G. 8. N.
Bi.cloi, a town of Russia, in the governiaent of
Smolensk, 60 m. N. E. of Smolensk.
Bielozrrsk, a town of Russia, in the govern-
ment of Novogorod, on the south side of the lake
Bielo, 210 m. N. E. of Novogorod, and about the
same distance E. of St. Petersburgh. Pop. about
3,000.
Bielsk, a town of Prussian Poland, capital of
Podiakia, seated on the Biala, one of the sources of
the Vistula, 130 m. E. N E. of Warsaw. Long.
23. 3;t. E. lat. 52. 40. N.
Bienvenu, a bayou in the Parish of Orleans,
Lou. running E. into Lake Borgne. By this chan-
nel the British army reached the Mississippi in
Dec. 1814 when marching upon New Orleans.
Biervliet, a town of the Netherlands, in Flan-
ders, situate on the West Scheldt, and on a small
island of its name, 20 m. N. N. W. of Ghent.
Biggar, a town of Scotland, in I Lanarkshire,
with the ruins of a collegiate church, 10 m. S. E
ofCarnwarth. Pop. I,75i7.
Biggleswade, a town of Bedfordshire, Eng. seat-
ed on the Ivel, 10 m. E. S. E. of Bedford, and 45
N. N. W. of London. Pop. 2,778.
Bigorre, a late province of France, bounded on
the north by Armagnac, east by Comminges, west
by Beam, and south by the Pyrenees. See Py-
renees Upper.
Bigfiorn, a river of the Missouri territory, North
America, rising from the Rocky Mountains in the
lat. of about 41. N. runs north into the Yellow
Stone which falls into the Missouri in the lat. of
48. N. It is represented as flowing through a
fertile, but at present an uninhabited country.
Big Sandy, a river which divides the state of
Virginia from that of Kentucky, falling into the
Ohio, opposite Burlington, in Lawrence county,
state of Ohio.
Bigbay p. v. Johnson Co. 111.
Big Bone Lick, a small river in Woodford Co.
Ken., where numbers of enormous bones have
been found.
Biguha, a kingdom on the west coast of Africa,
watered by the Rio Grande. The capital is of
the same name, seated on the north bank of the
river, about 100 miles from its mouth. Long
13. 50. W. lat. 11. 12. N.
Big Walnut, r. an easterly branch of the Scioto
in Ohio.
Bihar, a county of Upper Hungary, bordering
on Transylvania. It is intersected by the Korosh
river. Groswarden is the capital. The east part
is mountainous, and inhabited by WallachiaRS.
Pop. about 223,000, chiefly Hungarians.
Bihatz, a town in Croatia, on the frontiers of
Bosnia, seated on an isle formed by the river
Unna, 65 m. S. E. of Carlstadt. Long. 16. 32. E.
lat. 44. 51. N.
Bilbao, a city and seaport of Spain, capital of
Biscay. The upper part is built mostly of wood,
and has narrow streets, which terminate in a
freat square ; the lovv'er part is of freestone and
rick, with fine broad streets. The houses are
rather high, and fully inhabited. The principal
exports are wool, oil, chcsnuts, sword-blades, and
other manufactures in iron and steel. It is seat-
ed in a fertile country, on the banks of the Du-
rango river, which forms a good harbour near the
Bay of Biscay, 50 m. W. of St. Sebastian, and
72 1-2 leagues N. of Madrid, by way of Aranda,
and 88 by way of Valladolid and Segovia. Long.
2.44. W. lat. 43. 14. N.
Bildcston, a town in Suffolk, Eng. seated on
the river Breton, 12 m. S. E. of Bury, and 63 N.
E. of London. It has two fairs annually. Pop. 836,
Biledulgerid, a country of Barbary, bounded
on the north by Tunis and Algiers, east by Tri-
poli, south by Guergula, and west by Tuggurt.
The air is hot and unhealthy. The country is
mountainous and sandy, producing little susten-
ance, except dates, which are exchanged with the
neighbouring countries for wheat. The inhabit-
ants are deemed lewd, treacherous, thievish, and
cruel. They are a mixture of ancient Africans
and wild Arabs ; the former living in towns and
the latter in tents.
Bilin, a town of Bohemia, in the south-west
part of the circle of Leutmeritz, near a mountain
of its name, 17 m. W. of Leutmeritz.
Bilitz, a town of Silesia, with a castle, and
considerable manufacture of cloth ; situate on the
Biala, on the verge of Poland, 18 m. E. N. E. of
Teschen. Pop. about 3,400.
BIO
9r
BIR
Billericay, a town in Essex, Eng. seated ^n a
hill, 9 m. S. W. of Chelmsford, and 23 E. of Lon-
don. Pop. about 1,200.
BUlesdon, a town in Leicestershire, Eng. 8 m.
N. of Leicester, and 93 N. by W. of London. Pop.
634.
BUlom, a town of France, in the department of
Puy de Dome, seated on an eminence, 15 ra. E. S.
E. of Clermont. Pop. 5,200.
B'dmah, a vast burning desert of Africa, be-
tween Fezzan and Bornou, which caravans are
ten days in passing.
Bllsah, a town of Hindoostan, in Malwa, capital
of a circar, noted for producing excellent tobacco.
It is situate near the source of the Betwa river,
120 m. E. ofOugein.
Bilscn, a town of the Netherlands, in the terri-
tory of Liege. Near it is Munster Bilsen, a cele-
brated temporal foundation and abbey for noble
ladies. It is situate on the Demer, 15 m. N. N.
W. of Liege. Pop. about 2,000!
Bilstein, a town of Germany, in the duchy of
Westphalia, situate on a mountain, 24 m. S. S. E.
of Arensburg.
Bilston, a large village in Staffordshire, Eng.
2 m. S. E. of Wolverhampton. It has a naviga-
ble canal, communicating with the Staffordshire
and Worcestershire canals, and several great riv-
ers. Near it are large mines of coal, iron-stone,
&c. also furnaces, forges, and slitting mills ; and
manufactures of japanned and enamelled goods.
Pop. in 1821, 12,003.
Bimini, one of the Bahama islands, near the ,
channel of Bahama, 8 miles long, and nearly as
many broad. It has a good harbour. Long. 79.
30. W. lat. 25. 0. N.
Bimlepatam, a town of Hindoostan, on the
coast of the Circars, 12 m. N. of Vizigapatam.
Binaros, or Vinaros, a town of Spain, in Valen-
cia, seated near the Mediterranean, at the mouth
of a river, which forms a small harbour, 7 m. N.
by E. of Peniscola, and 23 S. of Torsosa.
Binch, a fortified town of the Netherlands, in
Hainault, on the river Haye, 9 m. E. of Mons.
Pop. 3,800.
Binchester, a village in the county of Durham ,
Eng. on the river Wear, near Durham. By
several inscriptions and monuments, it appears to
have been the Roman Vinovium ; and many Ro-
man coins have been dug up here.
Bingazi, a town of Barbary, in Barbaca, with
a harbour for small vessels, 35 m. S. W. of Tolo-
meta.
Bingen, a town of Germany, seated at the con-
fluence of the Nahe with the Rhine, 15 m. W.by
S. ofMentz. Pop. 2,700.
Blngcnhcitn, a town of Germany, in the circle
of Upper Rhine, 16 m. N. N. E. ofFrankfort.
Bingham, a town in Nottinghamshire, Eng. in
the vale of Belvoir, 9 m. E. of Nottingham, and
124 N. by W. of London. Pop. 1 ,574.
Binglmm, t. Somerset Co. Me. Pop. 538.
Bingley, a town in West Yorkshire, Eng. seat-
ed on the Aire, 14 m. S. E. of Skipton, and 202
N. N. W. of London. Pop. in 1821, 6,176.
Biobio, the largest river of Chile, which rises
in the Andes, runs through veins of gold, and
fields of sarsaparilla. and passing the city of Con-
cepcion, enters the Pacific Ocean, in lat.'36. 55. S.
It is the boundary between Chile, and the coun-
try of the Araucan Indians.
Biorneburg, a town of Russian Finland, near
the mouth of the Kune, in the Gulf of Bothnia,
75 m. N. of Abo. Long. 22. 5. E. lat. 61. 42. N.
13
Bir, El-Bir,,Beer, or Biredgik, a town of Asi-
atic Turkey, in Diarbeck, with a castle. It stands
on the east bank of the Euphrates, near a high
mountain, in a fruitful country, 60 m. N. E. of
Aleppo.
Birboom, a town of Hindoostan, in Bengal, 66
m. W. S. W. of Moorshedabad, and 115 N. N
W. of Calcutta.
Bird Islands, there are a dozen islands and clus-
ters of islands in different parts of the world, cal-
led Bird Islands, mostly uninhabited, except by
birds, from which they have been named. Tite
most considerable group is in the Carribean Sea,
E. of Curacao.
Birdshorough, p.v. Berks Co. Pa. on the Schuyl
kill, 8 m. below Reading.
Birdsville, p.v. Burke Co. Geo. 48 m. S. E.
Milledgeville.
Birkevfdd, a town of Grermany, in the county
of Spanheim, in the circle of Upper Rhine ; seat-
ed near the source of the river Nahe, 25 m. E. S.
E. of Treves. It is distinguished for its cattle
fairs.
Birmah, an extensive empire in Asia, to the
east of the Bay of Bengal ; containing the king-
doms of Birmah, Cassay, Aracan, and Pegu, and
all the west coast of Siam, to the promontory of
Malay, extending from the 10th to the 24th deg.
of N. lat. The kingdom of Birmah, frequently
called Ava, from the name of its ancient capital,
has Pegu on the south, and occupies both sides of
the river Irrawaddy, or Errabatty, to the frontiers
of Assam on the north; on the west it has Arra-
can and Cassay, and on the east China and Upper
Siam. This kingdom was conquered in 1752, by
the king of Pegu, who carried the Birman mon-
arch prisoner to Pegu, and caused him to be mur-
dered there in 1754 ; but Alompra, a Birman of
low distinction, who was continued by the con-
queror as chief at Monchaban, a small place to
the north of Ava, revolted against the Peguese,
got possession of Ava in 1755, and after continued
battles, with various success, became the conquer-
or of Pegu, in 1757. This deliverer of his coun-
try continued in a state of warfare to his death, in
1760 ; and his successors have since added the
other countries, which now form the Birman Em-
pire. The climate of Birmah is very salubrious ;
the seasons being regular, and the extremes of
heat and cold seldom experienced. The soil is
remarkably fertile, producing rice, sugar canes,
tobacco, indigo, cotton, and all the tropical fruits
in perfection ; and on the banks of the Irrawaddy,
which runs south througli the whole country, is
produced pure amber, and the finest teak timber in
the world. The kingdom of Birmah abounds in
minerals ; it has mines of gold, silver, rubies, and
sapphires ; and affords amethysts, garnets, chrys-
olites, jasper, load-stone, and marble. The gene-
ral disposition of the Birmans is strikingly con-
trasted with that of the natives of Hindoostan,
though separated only by a narrow ridge of moun-
tains, in several places admitting of an easy inter-
course. The Birmans are a lively, inquisitive
race, active, irascible, and impatient ; but the
character of their Bengal neighbours is known to
be the reverse. The passion of jealousy which
prompts most eastern nations to immure their
women, and surround them with guards, seems to
have little influence on the minds of the Birmans;
for their wives and daughters have as free inter-
course with the other sex as the rules of Euro-
pean society admit. The Birmans are extremely
fond both of poetry and music. Their religion is.
BIR
98
BIS
in fact, that of the Hindoos, though they are not
votaries of Brama, but sectaries of Boodh. Their
jurisprudence is distinguished above that of any
other Hindoo community for perspicuity and
good sense. The emperor of Birmah is a despot-
ic monarch, and like the sovereign of China ac-
knowledges no equal. The prevailing character-
istic of tiie Birnian court is pride. There are no
hereditary dignities or employments in the gov-
ernment, for all honours and offices, on the demise
of the the possessor, revert to the crown. The
capital was formerly Ummerapoora, but this city
is now deserted, and the old capital Ava rebuilt.
The chief seaport is Rangoon.
Birniingharn, a large, inland, populous and im-
portant town of England, in Warwickshire, bor-
dering on the counties of Worcester and Stafford.
It is a place of great antiquity, and has long been
celebrated for its works in every kind of metal,
and the manufacture of hardware, fire-arms, cut-
lery, japanned wares, and trinkets. The era of
its pre-eminence however is comparatively recent,
its commencement may be dated subsequent to
the war ofl77G — I7d3; since when it has more
than doubled in extent and population. The
number of its inhabitants, including Aston, imme-
diately contiguous, in 1801 was 72,522, and in 1821
100,722, and the adjacent country, on the borders
of the counties of Staft'ord and Worcester, contains
from 80,000 to 100,000 persons more, chiefly occu-
pied in the manufacture of articles broughtrto Bir-
mingham, for sale and distribution. The Stiffbrd-
shire border abounds in iron and coal of the finest
quality, which contributes essentially to the excel-
lence and facility of most of its manufactures. The
town is considered peculiarly healthy, the chief
part being built along the ridge of a hill, having
a dry, sandy soil. The streets are regular, and
the buildings spacious. The church of St. Philip,
built in 1711, is a stately and fine edifice, and
since 1800 two other churches have been built,
both equally handsome. It has several sectarian
meeting houses, a well-endowed public school, a
handsome theatre, and an extensive suite of baths.
The perspective of the town, especially on the
east side, is very imposing, and independent of
its innate importance, being nearly in the centre
of the kingdom, it is a place of vast intercourse.
It has a canal basin at its higliest level, from
whence cuts diverge in every direction, and tty
which the manufactures of the district are con-
veyed to all the ports of the kingdom, for distri-
bution over every part of the habitable globe. The
surrounding country is very fertile, and its mark-
et is in consequence exceedingly well supplied
wil'i all the essentials of subsistence. Birmin?-
haio K not an incorporated town, and, notwitn-
staiiuing its size and importance, has at present
no representation in parliament, though this evil
will probably be soon removed. It is governed
by two bailiffs and two constables, and there are
several resident magistrates who are chosen an-
nually from the most respectable part of the com-
munity. In 1643 Birmingham was besieged and
taken by prince Rupert, and ordered to be burnt
to the ground, but, owing to some propitious cir-
cumstances, the conflagration did very little dam-
age. In 1(365, or 1666, the town suffered severe-
ly from the plague. It began shortly after this
period to be considerably enlarged, though in 1700
it consisted of only 30 streets, whereas there are
now upwards of 300. It is 109 m. N. N. W. of
London, by way of Coventry or Warwick, from
each of which it is distant 18 m. and 116 by way
of Oxford, from which it is distant o8 m.
There are 3 towns in Pennsylvania by the
name of Birmingham.
Birnam, a hill of Scotland, in Perthshire, cele-
brated by Shakspeare in his Macbeth, 1580 feet
above the level of the sea. It was anciently a
forest and part of the Royal domain of Scotland.
Biron, a town of France, department of Dor-
dogne, 73 miles E. of Bordeaux.
Biron, a town in the department of Lower
Charente, 12 m S. E. of Saintes.
Birr, a parish and town of Ireland, in King's
county, near the borders of Tipperary. The town
is sometimes called Parsons Town : it is .34 m.
N. E. of Limerick, and 34 N. N. W. of Kilkenny.
Pop. in 1821,5,406; and the parish 2,1)72 more.
Birse, a town of Scotland, in Aberdeenshire,
seated on the Dee, 28 m. West of Aberdeen. Pop.
1,505.
Birtlev, a village in the county of Durham, Eng.
10 m. N." of Durham. Pop. in 1821, 1,386. There
is a village of the same name in Northumberland,
having a salt spring, at which great quantities of
salt were formerly made.
Birviesca, a town of Spain, in Old Castile, 13
m. N. of Burgos.
Birza, a town of Poland, in Samogitia, 42 miles
S. E. of Mittau.
Bisaccia, a town of Naples in Principato Ulte-
riore, 15 m. N. E. of Conza.
Biscara, a town of Algiers, in the province
of Constantlna, and the chief place of the dis-
trict of Zaab. It is an ancient town, 120 m. S. S.
W. of Constantina. Long. 5. 12. W. lat. 33. 35. N.
Biscay, a maritime province on the N. coast of
Spain, extending from the Bidassoa, which di-
vides Spain from France in the long. of]. 40. W.
to Santona, in 3. 18. W. lying on the shore of
of the Bav of Biscay, nearly in a straight line, in
the lat. of 43. 20. N. extending inland, in nearly
a pyramidal form, to Logrono, in Old Castile ; its
area being 248 square leagues, and in ] 810 con-
tained a pop. of 283,450. It is bounded on the
W. by Asturias and Old Castile, and E. by the
Navarre. The river Ebro, which runs S. into the
Mediterranean, rises nearly in the centre of the
province, and afterwards forms part of its west-
ern boundary. It is divided into three parts viz.
Alava, S. containing 90 leagiies of area, and 67,523
of the pop. chief town Vittoria ; Guipuscoa, E.
containing 52 leagues of area, and 104,491 of pop.
chief town St. Sebastian ; this, it will be per-
ceived, is the most populous part ; Biscay Proper,
on the W. containing 106 leagues of area, and 111,-
436 of pop. chief town Bilbao. The country is in
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some parts mountainous, but well covered with
wood, and yielding abundance of iron and lead.
The plains and valleys are well cultivated, yield-
ing ample supplies of all that is essential to the
comfort of the inhabitants. The Biscay ans are a
brave choleric people, possessing a character and
speaking a language distinct from tliat of every
other part of Spain ; and through all the mutations
to which Spain has been exposed during a period
of 2000 years, by the irruptions of Romans, Cartha-
ginians, Moors, (fee. Biscay has retained its an-
cient Cantabrian laws and independence, and at
tlie present time forms an independent republic
under the protection of Spain, rather than an integ-
ral part of the kingdom. It admits a corregidor
and commissary appointed by the crown, but
permits no taxes to be levied without the sanction
of the province, and yields none to the crown but
as gratuitous donations, and sanctions no title of
the king but that of lord.
Biscuif, Baij of, a large bay of the Atlantic
Ocean ; formed by the Isle of Ushant, N. in lat.
4d. 22. N. and Cape Ortegal S. in lat. 43. 47. N.
and 7. 14. W. long, washing the N. coast of
Spain, from Cape Ortegal to St. Jean de Luz, in
lat. 42. 23 N. and the W. coast of France, on a
line of longitude from St. Jean de Luz, in 1,4J.
to Ushant in 5. 3. W. During a prevalence of
westerly winds, the swell of tiie Atlantic Ocean
sets into this Bay, and renders the approach to
the British channel by vessels from the S. and
S. W. exceedingly difficult, and if the gales
are powerful, quite impossible, until they subside ;
there being however, plenty of sea-room, it is a
position of tediousness and labour, rather than
of danger.
Biscay, New, a name given by the Spaniards to
a part of the W. coast of Mexico ; now incorpo-
rated with the intendency of Sonora, Durango,
and Guadalaxara (all of which see.)
Bisckofstein, a town of Prussia Proper, about
50 m. S. of Konigsberg, and 5 S. E. of Heilsburg.
Bischofsheivi,a. tow a of the duchy of Wurtzburg,
seated on the Tauber, 20 m. S. S. W. of Wurtz-
burg. — Another seated on the Rhom, 44 m. N. by
E. of W urtzburg.
Bischofslack, a town of Upper Carniola, with a
good trade in linen and worsted, 17 m. W. by N.
of Laybach.
Bischofswerda., a town of Upper Saxony, in Mis-
nia, seated on the Weiseritz, Irf m. E. of Dresden.
Bischofswcrder , a town of Prussia, in the prov-
ince of Oberlajid, on the river Oss, 28 m. N. E. of
Culm.
Bischofzdl, a town of Switzerland, in Thurgau,
with a castle ; seated at the confluence of the
Sittur and Thur, 12 m. south of Constance.
%* There are several other towns prefixed by
Bisckofs, in different parts, of Germany.
Bisegiia, a town of Naples in Terra di Bari, on
a hill, near the shore of the Adriatic, 6 in. E. of
W. Trani. Pop. 10,(300.
Bisciia, Bizerta, or Binzert, a seaport of the
kingdom of Tunis, in a country abounding with
corn, fruit, oil, cotton, and other valuable produc-
tions. It stands on a canal, which communi-
cates with a gulf of the Mediterranean, 37 m. N.
of Tunis. Long. 9. 79. E. lat. 37. 20. N.
Bisentz, a town of Moravia, near the frontier
of Hungary, 15 m. S. W of Haradish. Pop. about
2,600.
Bishops-Auckland, Stortford, Waltham, and
Wearmouth. See Auckland, &c.
Bishops-castle, a borough in Shropshire, with
a market on Friday, much frequented by th©
Welch. It is seated near the River Clun, 8 milei*
E. of Montgomery, and 159 W. N. W. of London.
It returns two members to Parliament. Pop. in
1821,1,880. Voters about 180.
Bishopsville, p. v. Sumpter Dis. S. C. GO m. S
E. Columbia.
*,j* There are about 3G other towns and villages
with Bishop or Bishops prefixed to their names
in different parts of England.
Blssigano, a town of Naples, in Calabria Cite-
riore, with a castle : seated on a hill near the
river Boccuna, 16 m. N. of Cosenza.
Bisleij, a village in Gloucestershire, Eng. 3 m
S. E. of Stroud. It has a large church standing
on an eminence. Pop. in 1821, 5,421, much em-
ployed in the woolen manufacture.
Bisnagur, or Bijntigur, a town of Ilindoostan, in
the couiitry of Sanore. It was the capital of the
ancient kingdom of Narsinga, and formerly a
large city, it is seated on the S. bank of the
Toombudra, 28 m. S. S. E. of Sanore, and 105
N. by W. of Chitteldroog. Long. 76. 0. E. lat. 15.
20. N.
Bisv.ee, a town of Bootan, capital of a district
on the borders of Ben.o-al and Assam. It is 50 m.
E. N. E. of Rantramutty, and 130 S. E. of Tas-
sasudon. Long.'pO. 45. E. lat. 26. 27. N.
Bissagos, or Bejugas, a cluster of islands and
shoals on the W. coast of Africa. The largest,
called Bissago, is 80 m. in circuit, inhabited by
Portuguese and Negroes, and well cultivated. Its
N. end is opposite the mouth of the Rio Grande.
Long. 15. 10. W. lat. 10. 58. N.
Bissunpour, a town of Hindoostan, capital of a
circar in Bengal, 74 m. N. W. of Calcutta.
Bistricz, a populous town in the N. E. part of
Transylvania, on the River Bistricz, 142 m. N.
E. of Coloswar. — also the name of another towji
in the circle of Prerau, Moravia.
Bitche, a fortified town of France, in the depart-
ment of Moselle, with a castle on a rock. It is
seated at the foot of a mountain near the river
Schwelb, 30 m. N. by W. of Strasburg. Pop.
2,300.
Bitchen. See Pitschen.
Bilteto, a town of Naples, in Terra di Bari, 11
m. S. S. W. ofBari.
Bitov.o, a town of Naples, in Terra di Bari, 10 m
W. S. W. ofBari.
Bittcrfeld, a town of the kingdom of Saxony,
seated on the Mulda,- 14 m. S. of Dessau.
Blacklna~n, an extensive parish and town in the
centre of the county of Lancaster, England, in-
tersected by the Leeds and Liverpool canal. It
is divided into 23 townships, and in 1821, contain-
ed a population of 53,350, chiefly employed in the
various branches of the cotton manufacture. Parts
of the parish are bleak and dreary, but it is part-
ly situate on tlie great coal strata, which supplies
abundance of fuel. The town of Blackburn is
seated in a valley, on both sides of a stream call-
ed the Derwent, over which there are four bridges,
and it is skirted by the Leeds and Liverpool canal.
Next to Manchester, it is one of the principal
focuses of that wide occupation, the cotton man-
ufacture, thsre being about a dozen large establish-
ments for spinning, forty more largely occupied
in the manufacture of calicoes, twenty large estab-
lishments for printing of ditto, with all the attend-
ant occupations of bleaching, dyeing, iron found-
ing and machine and reed making. It has three
public breweries. In 1821 it contained 21,940 of
the above population. 12 m. E. by S. of Preston
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and 23 N. W. of Manchester. It has a free gram-
mar school, with an endowment of about £150
per ann. and also a female charity school, with
nearly a similar endowment; four churches, two
of them handsome, and several meeting-houses.
Black Forest, a mountainous and woody district
of Germany, part of the ancient Hercynian Forest,
extending N. from the frontiers of Switzerland,
for about 100 m. parallel with the N. course of
the Rhine. The principal part lies within the
territory of the Duchy of Baden, bordering on
Bavaria, the N, part running into the territory of
Wurtemburg. It is in some places rich in iron
and other metals, and its wood is very valuable
as well for fuel <as for building both of houses and
vessels for navigating the Rhine.
Blackheat/i, an elevated and spacious plain, the
ascent to which is 5 m. E. of London Bridge. It
La partly in the parish of Greenwich, and the up-
jier part of the park of the hospital of Greenwich
is part of the plain. It is intersected by the great
liigh road from London to Dover, and is celebra-
ted in several periods of English history. The
Danes encamped upon it in 1012. In 1390 the
celebrated Wat Tyler assembled 100,000 men
against the government, to avenge an insult of-
fered to liis daughter by a petty tax-gatherer at
Dartford. In 1450, Jack Cade assembled his
forces on the same spot ; and in 1497, it was the
scene of a contest between Henry VII. and Lord
Audley. It is surrounded by detached houses, and
ranges of handsome buildings, residences of some
of the more opulent classes connected with the
transactions of London. It commands some fine
prospects, and in the summer season, especially,
is a beautiful and interesting spot. In the side
of the ascent from London is a cavern consisting
of seven large rooms, which communicate by
arched avenues ; the sidfes and roofs of rocks of
chalk ; and it has a well of clear water, 27 feet
deep.
Black Lake, a river of Louisiana rising in the N.
W. expanding into a wide sheet of water and
flowing into the Salme.
Black Lick, t. Indiana Co. Pa.
Blackness-castle, a fort of Scotland, in Linlith-
gowshire, built on a kind of peninsula on the frith
of Forth, 9 m. N. E. of Linlithgow. It consists of
four bastions, and is one of the forts which, by
the articles of nnion, are to be kept in repair.
Blackpool, a village in Lancashire, Eng. 3 m.
W. of Poulton, much resorted to for sea-bathing.
Black River, the name of several rivers in dif-
ferent parts of the world. 1st. In the county of
Mayo, Ireland, falling into Lake Mask. 2nd. In
the S. W. part of the island of Jamaica, falling
into the Caribean Sea. 3rd. In Upper Canada,
falling into Black Bay, Lake Superior. 4th. In
Orleans county, Vermont, falling into Lake Mem-
phremagog. 5th. In Windsor county, ditto, fal-
ling into the Connecticut, (ith. In Virginia, fal-
ling inti> the Nottoway, on the frontiers of N. Car-
olina. 7th. Intersecting Darlington district, S.
Carolina, fxlling into the great Pedee. 8th. Fal-
ling into Lake Michigan, towards the S. E. end ;
and several others, but all inconsidersible.
Black Rock, p.v. Erie Co. N. Y. on Lake Erie
4 m. N. Buffalo. It is a small village with a har-
bour artificially improved by a pier. The seams
and patches of dark coloured chert in the lime-
Btone here have given its name to this place.
Blackstone, a river rising near Worcester, Mass.
and flowing into Narraganset Bay near Provi-
dence. Along the valley of this river is the Black-
stone canal extending from Worcester to Provi-
dence, 45 miles. It contains 48 locks built of
hammered stone, and is 34 feet wide at the sur-
face and 4 feet deep. It was built at a cost of (iOO,
000 dollars and finished in 1828. The navigation
upon it is flourishing: the produce of the interioi
of Massachusetts finds by its means a ready mar
ket in the commercial city of Providence.
Blackslmrg, p.v. Montgomery Co. Va. 217 m.
S. W. Richmond.
Blackshurg, and Blacksville, 2 towns on the riv-
er Alabama in Monroe Co. Alab.
Black Sea. See Euxine.
Blackmail, a suburb of London, situate in a nook
at the S. E. extremity of the county of Middlesex.
It is bounded on the E. by the river Lea, which
divides it from the county of Essex, at its junc-
tion with the Thames, which from Blackwall to-
wards London Bridge, makes a considerable detour,
the distance by the course of the river being about
10 miles, and more than double the distance of the
meridional line. This has led to the construction
of a tide canal, nearly a mile in length, for ships
of 600 to 800 tons burthen, across the isthmus for-
med by the detour of the river ; ?ind also to the
construction of basins or docks for the reception
of all the ships arriving from the West and East
Indies. The West India dock establishm.ent is
the most magnificent and complete work of the
kind in the world : it consists of two outer basins '
from the river at Blackwall, which lead to the
grand receiving basin, an oblong square, 1.200
yards in length, affording quay room for about sev-
enty sail of large vessels to discharge their cargoes
at one time, with moorings for 100 to 200 vessels
more in the centre. On the S. side is a range of
magnificent store houses, alternately of two and
five stories, of sufficient capacity to warehouse
100,000 tons of merchandize. The N. side has a
covered quay, and a low range of warehouses over
vaults, for the storing of 50,000 puncheons of rum,
dye-woods, (fee. Sec. After discharging their car-
goes, the vessels leave the receiving basin at the
W. end through anouter basin that communicates
again with the river, or to tlie outward bound basin
on the S. in a line parallel witl) the grand receiving
basin, taking their departure through the outer
basins at Blackwall. The quays of the grand re-
ceiving basin are all of stone, and the conveniences
for unloading stores, and distributing of the mer-
chandize, with the swing-bridges over the entrance
to tlie outer basins and the dock gates, are all as
complete as labour and art can make them, whilst
a suitable taste pervades the whole. It was first
opened in 1802. Between the West India Docks
and the river Lea are two spacious basins for the
reception of all ships from China and the East In-
dies with store-houses for the ships' stores, salt-
petre, and some of the more bulky productions "
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but all the more valuable articles are stored in ware-
houses in different parts of the E. side of London.
There is also the largest private ship-building yard
in the world, where eight or ten ships, averaging
1,000 tons each, are occasionally on tJie stocks,
or repairing, at one time. Blackwall commands
a very extensive view down the river, which draws
a constant succession of visitors to witness the
unrivalled passing scene of vessels from and to all
parts of the world, which almost every flood and
ebb of the tide presents. The pop. of this appen-
dage of London in 1821 was 12,223.
Black Walnut, p.v. HaUfax Co. Va. 100 m. S.
W. Richmond.
Black Warrior, r. the N. E. branch of Tombig-
bee river in Alabama. It rises among the moun-
tains in the northern part of the state and is nav-
igable for a great part of its course.
B'ockicater, a river of Ireland, which flows
through the counties of Cork and Waterford into
Youghal Bay.
Blackwater, a river in Essex, Eng. which flows
by Bradfield, Braintree, Coggeshal, Kelvedon, and
Maiden, and then enters the estuary, to which it
gives the name of Blackwater bay, near the mouth
of the Thames. It is also the name of four or
five rivers in the United States, but all inconsider-
able.
Bladen, a county in the S. part of N. Carolina,
bordering on the maritime county of Brunswick.
It is intersected by Cape Fear River. Pop. 7,801.
Elizabethtown, 98 m. S. of Raleigh, is the chief
town.
Bladenoch, a river of Scotland, which rises in
the hills in the N. part of Wigtonshire, and after
a winding course of 24 m. enters Wigton bay.
Several islands are formed in its bed, which are
famous for the resort of eagles.
Bladenshurg, a town of Maryland, in George
county, on the E. side of the Potomac, 9 m. from
its mouth, at Washington, and 38 S. W. of Balti-
more. The American army sustained a defeat by
the British at this place, on the 24th of August,
1814, in attempting to arrest the progress ot the
British towards Washington.
Blain, a town of France, in the department of
Lower Loire, 22 m. N. N. W. of Nantes.
Blair Atliol, a town of Scotland, in Perthshire,
with a castle, the seat of the Duke of Athol, 36
m. N. N. W. of Perth.
Blair Gowrie, a town of Scotland, in Perthshire,
with a manor house, built in the form of a castle,
22 m. N. N. E. of Perth. Pop. 2,253, partly em-
ployed in the cotton manufacture.
Blmnzille, p.v. Indiana Co. Pa. 184 m. W.
Harrisburg.
Blasois, a late province of France, bounded on
the N. by Beauce, E. by Orleanois, S. by Berry,
acd W. by Touraine. It nOw fornis the depart-
ment of Loire and Cher.
Blaison, a town of France, in the department of
Mayenne and Loire, 8 m. S. E. of Angers.
Blakely, p.t. a seaport of Baldwin Co. Alab. on
a branch of the Mobile, at the head of Mobile Bav.
The town was founded in 1816, and is a flourish-
ing place. The situation is healthy, and the har-
bour commodious.
Blakely, t. Luzerne Co. Pa.
Blakesburg, plantation, Penobscot Co. Me. Pop.
403.
Blamont, a town in France, in the department of
Meurthe, seated on the Vezouze, 12 m. E. of Lu-
neville.
Blanc-enrberry, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Indre, with a castle, seated on the
Creuse, 35 m. E. of Poitiers. Pop. 3,850.
Blanco, a cape of Patagonia, 130 m. N. E. of
Port St. Julien. Long. 65. 56. W. lat. 47. 20. S.
Blanco, a cape of Peru, 12.) m. S. W. of Guay-
aquil. Long. 81. 10. W. lat. 4.24. S.
Blanco, a cape on the W. coast of Africa, 180
m. N. of the river Senegal. Long. 17. 10. W.
lat. 20. 55. N. It is the name of 12 or 14 other
Capes or Promontories in different parts of the
world.
Blandford, a corporate town in Dorsetshire,
Eng. In 1731 almost all the town was burnt
down ; but it was soon rebuilt, and a neat town-
hall of Portland stone, on columns, in which is a
pump, was erected in remembrance of that disaster.
The houses and shops are very handsome. It has a
considerable manufacture of thread and shirt but-
tons, and is seated on the river Stour, near the
Downs, 18 m. N. E. of Dorchester, and 103 W.
by S. of London. Pop. in 1821, 2,643.
Blandford. p.t. Hampden Co. Mass. 15 m. N.
W. Springfield and 116. S. W. Boston. Pop.
1,594.
Blandford, p.v. Prince Geo. Co. Va.
Blanes, a town of Spain, in Catalonia, near the
mouth of the Todera, 20 m. S. of G«rona.
Blankenberg, a town and fort of the Netherlands,
in Flanders, situate on the German Ocean, 8 m.
N. E. ofOstend.
Blankcnburg, a town of Westphalia, at the S.
end of the duchy- of Berg, on the river Sieg, 12
m. E. of Bonn.
Blankenhurg, a town of Lower Saxony, capital
of a principality of the same name, in the Hartz
district, containing about 140 sq. miles. The
castle stands on a craggy mountain and is one of
the finest buildings of the kind in Germany. It
was the residence of Louis XVIII. during a part
of his exile. The town contains about 3,000 in-
habitants, and is 9 m. S. of Halberstadt.
Blankenhiirg, a town in the principalitv of
Schwartzburg, circle of Thuringia, 5 m. N. W. of
Saalfeld.
Blankenesse, a town of Holstein, on the north
bank of the Elbe, 9 m. W. by N. of Hamburg.
Pop. about 2,000.
Blankenhayn, a town of Saxony, 10 m. S. W.
of Jena. Pop. about 1,850.
Blannerhassetfs Island, a small but very beau-
tiful island in the Ohio, near Belpre. It was
named from an Irish gentleman who settled upon it
in 1801 and was implicated in Burr's conspiracy.
Blarney, a parish and town in the county of
Cork, Ireland. In 1821 the parish contained a
population of 1,851. The town is situate about 4
miles N. W. of Cork, on a branch of the river Lee,
which works a paper-mill, and the cotton manu-
facture was attempted in this neihbourhood about
1820, at which period the town contained 333 in-
ha'o.
Bias San, a seaport town of Mexico, on an is-
land at the mouth of the Rio Grande, or Santiago
river, which falls into the Pacific Ocean in lat. 21 .
30. N. and 104. 46. W. long.
Blauheurcn, a town of Suabia, in the kingdom
of Wurtemburg, with a castle on a hill. Great
quantities of fustian and linen cloth are made
here. It is seated at the confluence of the Ach
with the Blau, 11 m. W. of Ulm.
Blaye, a seaport of France, in the department ot
Gironde, on the east bank of the river of thai
name, 17 miles below Bordeaux. It has a good
citadel, and a fort on an island in the Gironde, or
12
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108
BOB
Garonne, which is here 3,800 yards wide. Its
trade consists in the wines of the adjacent country.
Its harbonr is much frequented, being the outport
to Bordeaux, as Gravesend is to London, and
ships bound to Bordeaux having guns on board,
leave them at Blaye. Pop. about 5,000.
Bledsoe, a county of E. Tennessee. Pop. 6,448.
Pikeville is the capital.
Blekingen, a province of Sweden, in Gothland,
on the coast of the Baltic. It is 90 m. long and
21 broad ; and though mountainous, is one of the
most agreeable countries in the kingdom. The
principal trade is in potash, pitcli, tar, tallow,
hides, and timber. The chief town is Carlscrona.
Blenheim, a village of Suabia, now in the Bava-
rian circle of the Upper Danube, seated on the
Danube, 3 m. N. E. of Hochstat. It is memora-
ble for the signal victory over the French and Ba-
varians, gained August 2nd, 1704, by the duke of
Marlborougli. The Austrians were defeated by
the French near this place in 1800.
Blenheim, p.t. Schoharie Co. N. Y. 53 m. from
Albany. Pop. 2,280.
Blere, a town of France, in the department of
Indre and Loire, on the river Cher, 18 m. E. by
S. of Tours. Pop. 2,600.
Blessington, a parish and town in the county of
Wicklow, Irelan'l. The parish contains quarries
of granite which are very extensivel}' worked.
Pop. in 1821, 1,618. The town is 14 m. W. by S.
of Dublin, on the border of Kildare, andjn 1821,
contained 494 inhabitants, partially employed
in a branch of the woolen manufacture .
Bletchingly, a borough in Surrey, Eng. seated
on a hill, 4 m. E. of Ryegate, and 21 S. of Lon-
don. It returns two members to parliament.
Pop. in 1821, 1,187.
Block Island, on the coast of Rhode IsJand, ly-
ing 21 m. S. S. W. of Newport and in Newport
County. It is 7 m. in length, and 4 in its ex-
treme breadth, and famous for cattle, sheep, but-
ter, and cheese. The south part of it is in lat. 41.
8. N. It is inhabited by about 700 persons, a con-
siderable portion of whom subsist hy the fishery.
Blockley, p.t. Philadelphia Co. Pa. 3 m. from
Philad.
BlocJczijl, a town of Holland, in Overyssel, with
a fort ; seated at the mouth of the Aa, on the
Zuyder Zee, where there is a good harbour, 8 m.
N. W. of Steenwick. Long. 5. 39. E. lat. 52. 44. N.
Blois, a city of France, capital of the depart-
ment of Loire and Cher, and lately an episcopal
see. The cathedral is a large structure, seated on
an eminence at one extremity of tlie city, and on
another eminence at tlie other end is a magnifi
cent castle. In this castle Louis XII. was born ;
and here in 1588, Henry III. caused the Duke of
Guise, and his brother the cardinal, to be assassin-
ated. Here are some fine fountains, supplied by
an aqueduct, supposed to have been erected by
the Romans. The principal commerce is in wi^.e
and brandy ; and the chief manufactures are ser-
ges and ticken, It it seated on tlie Loire, over
which is a handsome bridge, 37 m. E. N. E. of
Tours, and 100 S. S. W. of Paris. Pop. about
13,000.
Bloniez, a town of Poland, in Masovia, 20 m.
W. of Warsaw.
Bloom, there are 6 towns of this name in the
U. S., 4 in Ohio, and 2 in Pa.
Bloomjield, there are 14 towns of this name
in the U. S.
Bloominghurg, villages in SuHivan Co. N. Y.
and Fayette C-o- Ohio.
Bloom.ingdnl.e, a village on the Hudson, 7 m.
abeve New York.
Blooming Grove, p.t. Orange Co. N. Y. 102 ra.
S. Albany. Pop. 2,099. Also 2 towns in Ohio.
Bloom-inrrton, p. v. the capital of Monroe Co. Ind.
70 m. N. E. Vincennes.
Bloomingville, p v. Huron Co. Ohio, 123 m. N.
Columbus.
Blo&mslmrg, 3 towns ; in Columbia Co. Pa : in
Hunterdon Co. N. J. and Halifax Co. Pa.
Blore, a village in Staffordshire, Eng. 10 m. N.
of Utoxcter. Its heath is famous for a battle be-
tween the houses of York and Lancaster, in which
Nevil, earl of Salisbury, for York, with 500 men
only, defeated lord Audley with 10,000. Tu<r
latter was killed, and on the spot is erecte d u
stone-cross to his memory.
Blount, a County of E. Tennessee, pop. 11,-
027, Marysville is the capital ; also a County of
Alabama, pop. 4,233, Blountsville is the capital.
Blountsvillc. is also a village of Jones Co. Geo
Bluchill, p.t'. Hancock Co. Me. Pop. 1,499. It
stands upon a bay, 12 m. N. E. Castine.
Blue Mountains, several mountains so called in
different parts of the world ; viz. 1st, intersecting
the island of Jamaica from east to v/est. North
Peak is 8,180 ft. above the level of the sea ; 2nd,
the most eiksterly ridge of the Apalachians, in the
state of Pennsylvania, extending in the south-west
direction, from the Delaware to the south of the
Susquehannah river, altitude, 3,000 to 4,000 ft.;
3rd, a more southern branch of the same ridge,
extending in the same direction from the north
of the Potomac river, through the state of Vir-
ginia into North Carolina. Otter Peak is 3,103 ft.
nigh, and is the highest point in all Virginia.
The passage of the Potomac river through this
ridge is peculiarly grand ; 4th, an extensive range
in New Holland, dividing the settlements of Port
Jackson, &c. on the coast, from Bathurst Plains :
5t.h, intersecting the island of Java in various
directions.
Blue Rock, t. Muskingum Co. Ohio.
Blufton. p.v. Ray Co. Missouri, on the Missouri,
280 rn. from St. Louis.
Bhjth, a large parish and town, at the north-west
extremity of the County of Nottingham, Eng. bor-
dering on Yorksliire. The town is 5 m. N. of
Worksop. Pop. 801 , and of the parish 3,456.
Blyth, a town of Northumberland, England, sit-
uate at the mouth of a river of the same name,
which falls into the German Ocean, 14 m N. N.
E. of Newcastle. It lias a convenient quay from
which a considerable quantity of coal is shipped.
Pop. 1,805. There are two other rivers of the
same name, in England : viz. one in the County
of Suffolk, falling into the sea at Soufhwold, and
anotlior in the County of AVarwick, falling into
the Tame, below Coleshill.
Boud, a town of Hindoostan, in Orissa,on th".
river Mahanuday, 65 m. S. S. E. of Sumbul-
pour, and 115 W. of Cuttack.
Bodlslmrg, p.v. Centre Co. Pa. 115 m. N W.
Harrisburg.
Bnardman, p.t. Trumbull Co. Ohio.
Bohbia, a town of Italv in the Milanese, on the
river Trebia, 25 m. S. E. of Pavia. Pop. 3,500.
Bolicnhause.n, a town of Germany, in Hesse
Darmstadt, with a castle, seated on the Gers
brentz, 43 m. S. E. of Frankfort on the Mayne.
Bober, a river of Germany, which rises in Si
lesia, on the borders of Bohemia, flows north bj
Lowenburg, Buntzlau, and Sagan, and joins the
Oder below Cro»sen.
Boa
103
BOH
Bohersherg, a town of Brandenburg, in the New
Mark, and duchy of Crossen; seated on the side
of a hill, by the river Bober, 5 m. S. of Crossen.
Bobingca, a town of Bavaria, 9 m. S. of Augs-
burg. Pop. about 1 ,500.
Bobrawa, a town in the circle of Brunn, Mo-
ravii, 4 m. S. W. of Bistitz.
Bohrelz, a town in the County of Liptau, Up-
per Hungary, among the Carpathian Mountains.
Pop. about 1,700.
Bnbrij<k, a town in the palatinate of Minsk,
Lithuania; situate east of the Bobrigia river, just
above its confluence with the Berezina.
Boca, signifying mouth, is a term which has
been prefixed by the Spaniards, to the name of
several straits or sea-passages in different parts
of South America ; the most celebrated is the
north strait, between the island of Trinidad and
the coast of Cumana, called the Boca del Drago,
or Dragon's Mouth.
Boca Tigris, a strait in Canton river, China.
Bochelta, a chain of mountains, in the territory
of Genoa, over which is the road into Lombardy.
On the highest mountain is a strong pass that
will hardly admit three men to wo abreast; and
this is, properly, the Bochetta. It is the key of
Genoa, and was forced by the French in J 796
and by the Austrians in 1800.
Bochnia, a town of Poland, in the palatinate of
Cracow, with large salt mines, 20 m. E. S. E.
of Cracow. Pop. about 3,300.
BocJioU, a town of Westphalia, in the principal-
ity of Munster, on the river Aa, 40 m. W. of
Munster.
Bockenheim, a town of Lower Saxony, in the
principality of Hildesheim, on the river Nette, 13
m. S. S. E. of Hildesheim.
Bocking,a. large village in Essex, Eng. adjoin-
ing to Braintree. Its church is spacious ; and
here is a great manufacture of baize. Pop. in
1621, 2,78(i.
Bockum. a town of Westphalia, in the county
of Mark, 26 m. S. E.of Wesel.
Boden See. See Constance, Lake of.
Bodmin, a borough in Cornwall, Eng. The
summer assizes are held here. It has some man-
ufactures of serge, and a trade in wool and yarn.
The church is the largest in the county, and the
remains of an episcopal palace and a priory are
still to be seen. It is 32 m. N. E. of Falmouth,
and 235 W. by S. of London. It returns two
members to Parliament. Pop. in 1821 , 3,278.
Bobrogh, a river of Upper Hungary, rising
among the Carpathian mountains, and falling into
the Theiss at Tokay.
Bodrun, a town of Asiatic Turkey, in Natolia,
on the N. side of the gulf of Scalanova, 18 m. S.
of Smyrna. Another, on the site of the ancient
alicarnassus, on the N. side of the gulf of Stan-
hio,45 m. W.by S. of Melassa.
Bog, a river which rises on the S. border of
Volhynia, in Poland, flows through Podolia and
Budzac Tartary, and enters the Black Sea, be-
tween Oczakow and the river Dnieper.
Bogg, t. Centre Co. Pa.
Boglio, or Beuil, a town of Savoy, situate on
the Tinea, 21 m. N. N. W. of Nice.
Boglion, a town of Austrian Istria, about 30 m.
S. S. E. of Trieste.
Boglip&ur, a town of Hindoostan, capital of a
circar in Bengal ; seated on the Ganges, 112 m.
N. E. of Moorshedabad.
Bogodouli, or Bogoduchow, a large inland town
of Europeein Russ°>a, in the province, of Kharcov.
It has considerable manufactures of leather. Pop.
about 7,000.
Bognor, a village in Sussex, Eng. 7 m. S. of Chi-
chester. It is an improving place, and much
frequented in summer for sea-bathing.
Bogota, a river of Colombia, which falls into
the Pacific Ocean, in the lat. of 1 . N.
Bogoroditsk, a handsome town, containing
about 5,000 inhabitants, in the province of Thoula,
Russia.
Bogota, a large city and the capital of Colom-
bia. During the rule of the Spaniards in S.
America, it was the capital of the viceroyalty of
New Granada, and was then more commonly call-
ed Santa Fe. Since the organization and estab-
lishment of the republic of Colombia, it has been
more commonly called Bogota, and made the
chief town of the province of Cundinamarca,
and seat of the whole republican government of
Colombia. It is situate on a spacious and fertile
plain, on the most easterly ridge of the Andes,
in the lat. of 4. 36. N. and 73. 30. of W. long,
at an elevation of upwards of 8,000 feet above the
level of the sea, which, notwithstanding its con-
tiguity to the equator, renders its climate com-
paratively temperate and agreeable. It is inter-
sected by a small river called the Bogota (hence
its recent appellation) which falls into the Mag-
dalena, W. of the ridge of mountains on which
the town is situate. The town is tolerably well
laid out, having four squares, containing some
handsome buildings ; and, although its remote-
ness from the sea, and destitution of water com-
munication, will ojjerate against its becoming a
place of the first magnitude, should it continue
to be the sea: of government, it will doubtless
considerably increase both in extent and popula-
tion, which at present amounts to about 40,000.
The most convenient points of debarkation for
Bogota from Europe, are either Laguira or Car-
th.agena, the distance from the former about 6G0
miles N. W. and from Carthagena about 450
N. E. ; but the routes usually taken will in both
instances, greatly exceed those distances. It is
about 450 m. N. E. of Quito, about 15 m. S. W.
of the town, at a place called Tequendama ; the
river Bogota falls down a precipice with consid-
erable fury, and is an objei^t of great attraction
to the strangers who visit Bogota.
Bogwanvoor , a town of Bahar, Hindoostan, a
few m. S. E. of Benares.
Boheima, a kingdom and very compact terri-
tory in the centre of Europe, supposed to have
derived its name from a tribe of Celts called the
Boii. It was originally more extensive, inclu-
ding Lusatia and Silesia on the N. E. and Mora-
via on the S. E. Previous to 1517, it was an in-
dependent kingdom, having an elective form of
government, the popularity of which excited the
jealousy of the Emperor of Germany, Ferdinand
I. who obtained at that period the consent of the
Germanic diet, to declare it an hereditary append-
age of the dominion of Austria. This union was
severely contested on the part of the Bohemians
for about seventy years, but since 1690 they have
implicitly yielded to the Austrian yoke. Bohe-
mia, in its present extent, is in the form of a dia-
mond, and lies between the lat. of 48. 35. and 51.
5. N. and 12. 20. to 16. 30. of W. long. Its south-
ern point borders on Upper Austria,and it is boun-
ded by Bavaria on the S. W., Saxony on the N.
W., Lusatia and Silesia on the N. E., and Moravia
on the S. E.,its extreme length and breadth will
be about 180 by 190 m., but each of the four sidei
BOH
104*
BOK
of its quadrilateral figure will not average more
than about 125, and as si ch give a superficial ex-
tent of 15.(i2o sq. m.
Since 1751 it lias been divided into the 12 fisl-
lowing circles^ named after 12 of the principal
towns, (exclusive of Prague, the metropolis of the
wliole territory, which has a separate jurisdiction :)
viz. Leutmeritz, Bunzlau, Konigingratz, Chrudim
Tchaslau, Bechin, Praclwn. Bohemia is consider-
ed the most elevated part of Europe, no rivers
running into it. The Spree, the Neisse, and the
Bober, running north through Lusatia and Silesia,
have their source on the frontiers of the circles of
Bunzlau and Konigingratz, and the Elbe hiis its
source in the latter circle near the frontier of
Silesia, running south into the circle of Chrudim,
and then takes a north-west course, bounding the
circle of Buntzlau on the south, intersectingCeut-
meritz towards Dresden in Saxony. The Mol-
dau rises near the frontier of Austria at the south
extremity of the circle of Bechin, and runs near-
ly due north past Prague, into the Elbe at Melnik
in Buntzlau. Several streams have their sources
in the circle of Pilsen, which unite near the town
of that name, and there form the Beraun, which
runs into the Moldau a little below Prague. The
Eger intersects the circle of Saaz from south-west
to north-east, falling into the Elbe a little below
the town of Leutmeritz. These rivers, with their
several tributary streams, contribute alike to the
diversity and fertility of the country. There are
also several small lakes in the south part of the
circle of Bechin. The frontiers on all sides, ex-
cept on that of Moravia, are mountainous and
woody, whilst the whole of the interior possesses
a soil of great capability ; but as a species of feudal
tyranny pervades the whole territory, it naturally
precludes all excitement to social exertion, and
its productions are consequently confined to a
bare means of subsistence. It grows a considera-
ble quantity of flax, which, as well as their wool,
is manufactured into linens and cloths, for domes-
tic use, and some on the side of Lusatia and Silesia
for exportation. Almost every kind of mineral is
found in one part of the country, or the other, and
having but little external intercourse, every branch
of manufacture is carried on as domestic occupa-
tions for internal supply. It has several mineral
springs, but it is deficient in the essential article
of salt, part of the supply being obtained from
external sources.
On the subjugation of Bohemia by Austria, the
ancient form of government was retained, but it
was merely the form : and aJjsolute and despotic
dictation nullified whatever was calculated to jus-
tify or vindicate the rights of man, and the con-
duct of blind, passive obedience, may now be con-
sidered as firmly established in Boliemia, as in
any part of Europe, or the world. The establish-
ed religion of Bohemia is the Roman Catholic,
and before the year 1781 the Protestants were not
permitted the free exercise of their worship : at
present all religious creeds are tolerated. Out of
a population of about 3,000,000, the dissentients
from Catholicism do not exceed 100,000, about
half of whom are Jews. In time of peace, about
50,000 men are maintained in arms, to support
whom, and other state pretensions, exactions,
equal to about 9,000,000 American dollars, are im-
posed on the productive labours of the people.
The original language of Bohemia seems to have
been Sclavonic, a dialect of which is still common
in the country ; but the German or high Dutch is
spoken with considerable purity.
BokmerwalJ, a dense mountain forest, forming
the south-west boundary of Bohemia. The term
implies Bohemian Forest, Baum in German signi-
fying wood ; Bokm is probably a corruption of
that term in Boheniia, and may have given name
to the country, signifying a woody country, and
the two following places as situated in woods.
Bohmisch Mche, a town of Bohemia, in the cir-
cle of Bunzlau, 20 m. N. of Jung Bunzlau.
Bohmisch Brod, a town of Bohemia, in the cir-
cle of Kaurzim, 14 m. E. S. E. of Prague.
Bohof, one of the Philippine islands, to the
north of Mindanao. Long. 124. 5. E. lat. 10. 0.
N.
Bohol, or Bool, a town at the mouth of a river
of the same name, falling into the Sooloo Sea, on
the north coast of the isle of Celebes.
Bohtts, or Bahus,a, small district of West Goth-
land, Sweden, bordering on the Cattegat, north
of Goltenburg. Stromstadt, on the coast, in lat.
53. 56. N. and 11. 15. E. long, is the principal
town.
Bojador, a cape on the west coast of Africa,
doubled by the Portuguese in 1433. Long. 14.
27. W. lat. 26. 12. N.
Boiano, a town of Naples, in the Molise, at the
foot of the Apennines, on the east, near the river
Tilerno In 1808 it suffered greatly by an earth-
quake, and most of the inhabitants were destroy-
ed. It is 45 m. N. N. E. of Naples.
Bois Blanc, an island in Michigan Teritory, in
Detroit river, opposite Ainherstburg.
Bois le Due, a fortified city of Dutch Brabant,
capital of a district of the same name, which con
tains also the towns of Helmont, and Eyndhoven
It has a castle named Papen-briel, and a little to
the south are two forts, called Isabella and St.
Antony. It was taken by the French in 1894.
It is situate among morasses, on the river Dom-
mel, where it receives the Aa, 22 m. E. by N. of
Breda, and 45 S. S. E. of Amsterdam. Pop.
about 13,000.
Boiscowmun, a town of France, in the depart-
ment of Loiret, 25 m. N. E. of Orleans.
Boitzcnlnirg , a town of Lower Saxony, in Meck-
lenburg, at the confluence of the Boitze with the
Elbe, 30 m. S. W. of Schwerin.
Boitzenburg, a town of Brandenburg, in the
Ucker Mark, 10 m. W. of Prenslow.
Bokhara, a, city of Usbec Tartary, in Bokharia.
It stands on a rising ground, surrounded by a
slender wall of earth, and a dry ditch, on the
south side of the river Sogd. The houses are
low, and mostly built of mud ; but the caravan-
seras and mosques, which are numerous, are all
of brick. The bazars, or market-places, have
been stately buildings, but the greatest part of
them are now in ruins. Here is also a stafelv
building for the education of the priests. Great
numbers of Jews and Arabians frequent this
place; and the Irade with Russia and Persia is
considerable. In 1220, Bokhara was tnken by
Jenghis Khan, with a numerous army, who burnt
the city, a«d demolished the cast-Ie ; but after the
city had remained in ruins some years, he at
length ordered it to be rebuilt. It is 138 m. W.
by S. of Samarcand. Long. 62. 56. E. lat. 39. 4.
N. ^
Bokharia, or Bucharia, a country of Usbec Tar-
tary, bounded on the north by Turkestaft, east by
Cashgar, south by Hiiidoostan and Persia, and
west by Chorasan and Charism. It is fertile in
corn and fruit, and the best cultivated of any part
of Tartary. This country comprehends the ancient
BOL
105
BOL
district of Bactriana, the native country of the
two-humped camel. The one-humped camel, or
dromedary, is a much more common animal.
The inhabitants are in general tawny, with black
hair, but some are white and well made. They
are cleanly in their food, which often consists of
minced meat, and tea is the general drink. They
are not warlike, but use the bow, lance, and sabre.
Saniarcand is the capital.
Bnkharia, Little. See Cashgar.
Bolabola, one of the Society Islands, in the Pa-
cific Ocean, 4 leao-ues N. W. of Otaha. Long.
151. 52. W. lat. 1(3. 32. S.
Bolchcrcsk, a town of Kamtschatka, on the river
Bolchoireka, 22 miles from its mouth, in the sea
of Okotsk. Long. 1.56. 37. E. lat. 52. 54. N.
Bolingbroke, a town in Lincolnshire, Eng. It
was the birth-place of Henry IV. and has a
manufacture of earthen ware. It stands at the
source of a river wliich runs into the Witham,
29 m. E. of Lincoln, and 133 N. by E. of London.
Bolivia, a Republic of South America, formed
out of the province of Upper Peru in 1825. It is
bounded N. W. by Peru, N. E. and E. by Brazil,
S. by Buenos A3'res, and W.by the Pacific Ocean
and Peru. The territory is mountainous, and
many of the streams which fall into the Amazon
and La Plata had their origin here. It contains
miny silver mines, among other the celebrated
mine of Potosi. Its principal towns are Potosi,
Charcas, Oropesa, Oruro, La Paz, Cochabamba, and
La Plata or Chuquisaca which is the capital. The
population is estimated at something more than
a million. The government consists of a Presi-
dent, and a legislative body of three chambers.
The battle of Ayacucho wliich established the in-
dependence of this territory, was the last effort
made by the Spaniards to retain a footing in their
ancient dominion of South America. This battle
was fought Dec. 9, 1824. The Colombian army
under General Sucre, gained a complete victory
over the Spaniards, commanded by the Viceroy
La Serna. Sucre was made President of Bolivia,
but was afterwards assassinated.
Bolkenluiijn, a town of Silesia, in the principali-
ty of Schweidnitz, a few miles west of the town
of Schweidnitz ; the inhabitants chiefly employed
in the linen manufacture.
Bolkowitz, or Polkwitz, a town of Silesia, 12 m.
S. of Glogau.
Bolognu, a city of Italy, capital of the Bolognese,
and an archbishop's see. It is about 5 miles in
circuml'erence, and contains 80,000 inhabitants.
It has long been distinguished as a school of sci-
ence ; the university being one of the most an-
cient and celebrated in Europe. An academy of
arts and sciences was founded in 1712, and con-
tributed grdatly to that fame which the city has
acquired. As a school of painting, it is immortal-
ized by the number of masters it has produced.
There are here 169 churches, and these, as well
an the numerous mansions of the nobles, are most
14
munificently furnished with their best produc-
tions. Nor have the exertions of art been con-
fined to the sphere of painting ; the city exhibits
some of the finest monuments of architecture,
such as the palace of Capraria, the marble foun-
tain in the Piazza-del- Gigante, and in fact, almost
every building of any note. The academy of arts
and sciences is a building of great magnificence,
and the public theatre is one of the largest and
most beautiful in Italy. The church of St. Petro-
nius is the largest in Bologna, but is more remark-
able for its pavement, wliere Cassini drew his
meridian line, 180 ft. long. T-lie trade of Bologna
is verv considerable, being situated in a fertile
country, and having an easy conveyance of its
produce by a canal to the P'o. The exuberance
of the adjacent country enables the inhabitants to
furnish all Europe witfc the greatest delicacies in
confectionary, distilled waters, essences, &c. oil,
wine, flax, hemp, and silk, also furnish abundant
sources of trade and employment. The Reno, ~
which passes by the city, turns no less than 400
mills for silk-works. It is situated at the foot of
the Apennines, 22 m. S. E. of Modena, and 175 N.
W. of Rome. Long. 1 1 . 21 . E. lat. 44. 30. N. It
was taken possession of by the Frencli in 1796, but
restored to the states of Rome at the general peace.
Bolognese. a province of Italy, bounded on the
north by the Ferrarese, west by Modena, south
by Tuscany, and east by Romagna. It is watered
by »iany small rivers, and produces all sorts of
grain and fruit, particularly rich muscadine grapes
Some miles before the entrance into Bologna, the
country seems one continued garden. . The vine-
yards are not divided by hedges, but by rows of
elms and mulberry-trees ; the vines hanging in
festoons, from one tree to another. There are
also mines of alum and iron. Bologna is the cap-
ital. There are about 300 other towns, contain-
ing a population of about 200,000.
Bolsena, a town of Italy, in tlie patrimony of
St. Peter, on a lake of its name, 13 m. N. N. W.
of Viterbo.
Bolsoter, a town in Derbyshire, Eng Ti has
a spacious castle on the brow of a hil! : ana is
noted for the manufacture of tobacco pipes. It is
6 m. E. of Chesterfield, and 145 N N W. oi
London. Pop. in 1821, 1,245.
Bolsiceart, a town of Holland, in Friesland. near
the Zuyder Zee, 10 m. N. of Sloten. Npsi- this
town, which is about two miles in ejctent was
formerly an abbey of the Cistertians, wV'* *ne
Munster Anabaptists took refuge in 1534 and
where William, count of Holland, was buried in
the 14th century.
Bolton-le-Moors, a large and populous town in
Lancashire, Eng., consisting of two townships.
Great and Little Bolton. It is so called from its
situation amidst several extensive moors, and also
to distinguish it from another town in the north
part of the county, called Bolton-le-Sands. It is
11 miles N. W. o? Manchester, on the mail-coach
road to Preston and Glasgow, and, ne.xt to Man-
chester, is one of the most considerable stations
of the cotton manufacture, the branches more par-
ticularly pursued being those of muslins, dimities
and counterpanes. The canal to Manchester,
from which there is a branch to Bury, has added
materially to the prosperity of the place ; and the
new railway to Leigh, by affording facilities for an
additional supply of coal, has reduced the price
of that indispensable fuel. Besides the parish
church, here are two other episcopal churches
of recent erection, a Roman Catholic ckapel, and
BOM
106
BON
about sixteen meeting houses for dissenters, with
various schools and charitable institutions. A
town hall, for the transaction of public business,
has been recently erected. Pop. in 1S21, H9,197,
of which Little Bolton contained 9,258. The earl
of Derby was executed here, in 1651 , for pro-
claiming Charles II.
*^* There are 12 other towns and villages
named Bolton, besides Bolton on the Sands, in
different parts of England ; viz. three in Cu'iber-
land,one each in Northumberland and Westmore-
land, and seven in Yorkshire.
Bohim, p.t. Worcester Co. Mass. 33 m. W. Bos-
ton. Pop. 1,2.')8. The town abounds in lime-stone.
Bolton, p.t. Chittenden Co. Vt. 24 m. N. W.
Montpelier. Pop. 452.
-^'Bolton, p.t. Tolland Co. Conn. Pop. 744.
Bolton, p.t. Warren Co. N. Y. 09 m. N. Albany.
Pop. i,Am.
Bomal, a town of the Netherlands, in Luxem-
burg, on the river Ourt, 20 m. S. of Lie^e.
Bombay, an island on the west coast of the Dec-
can of Hindoostan, 7 miles in length, and 20 in
circumference. It came to the English by the
marriage of Charles II. with Catherine of Portu-
gal, and was made over to the East India Compa-
ny in 1688, when it was made the seat of govern-
ment of all their possesions on that side of Hin-
doostan, which was previously at Surat. It is
now one of the three presidencies by which their
oriental territories are governed. It contains a
strong and capacious fortress, a city, dockyard,
and marine arsenal. Here the finest merchant ships
are built all of teak, supplied from the neighbour-
ing countries, which is more durable than the
best English oak ; and in 1810, the Mindcn, 74
gun ship, was launched, having been built entirely
under the superintendence of a Persee. The
f round is in general barren, and good water scarce ;
ut it has abundance of cocoa-nuts, and its mar-
kets are well supplied with every delicacy. The
population of the territory of Bombay is estimated
at 225.000, three-fourths of whom are Hindoos,
the remainaer Mahometans, Armenians, and Jev/s
and about 8,000 Persees or fire worshippers. (See
Bachu.) The city of Bomhay, next to Calcutta,
may be considered the most commercial place in
Hindoostan ; its intercourse with China is very
great, the export of cotton sometimes amounting
to 350,000 bales per annum. It is much resorted
to, by traders from Persia, Arabia, Abyssinia, Ar-
menia, and all parts of western Asia, as well as
from most of the islands of the Indian Ocean, and
all the eastern parts of Asia, and the commercial
transactions are conducted with more integrity
than is U:-;nal in Asiatic cities. It is about 180 m.
S. of Surat, and 1,300 W. by S. of Calcutta. The
lighthouse, which is a very prominent object, and
visible for 20 miles out at sea, is in lat. 18. 53.
N. and 72. 53. E. long.
Bomenx, a seaport of Holland, in Zealand, on
the north shore of the Island of Schowen, 3 m. E.
of Browershaven.
Bommel, a town of South Holland, in the isle
of Overfrakke, 7 m. W. of Williamstadt.
Bommel , a strong town of Holland, in Guelder-
land, in the island of Bommelwert, on the river
Waal, 21 m. S. by E. of Utrecht, and 7 N. of Bois-
le-Duc. Pop. about 3,000.
Bommelwert, an island of Holland, formed by
tlie junctions of the Waal and Maese. It lies in
the province of Guelderland, except a small dis-
trict at the west end, which belongs to South Hol-
land. It is 15 miles in length, from Lowestein to
Fort St. Andrew, and is not more than 4 in the
broadest part. It was taken by the French in
1072, and again in 1794.
Bona, a seaport of Algiers, in the province of
Constantina. Near it are the ruins of the ancient
Hippo Regius. It has a trade in corn, oil, wax
and wool, and is 270 m. E. of Algiers. Long. 7
45. E. lat. 30.52. N.
Bonair, or Bucn Jiyre, a fertile island in the
Caribean Sea, to the E. of Curagoa. It is 00 m.
in circuit, and has a good harbour and road on
the S. W. side. Long. 08. 18. W. lat. 12. 10. N.
Bonavlsta, one of the Cape Verd islands, so call
ed from its beautiful appearance to the first dis-
coverers, in 1450 ; but is now become barren,
through the extreme idlenews of the inhabitants.
Long. 22. 47. W. lat. 10. 6. N.
Bonavisfa, a cape on the east side of the island
of Newfoundland. Long. 52. 32. W. lat. 48.
15. N.
Bond, a County of Illinois or the Kaskaskias.
Pop. 3,124. Greenville is the chief town.
Bondorf, a town of Suabia, in the Black Forest,
capital of a county which joins the Brisgau. It
is 7 m. S. by W. of Furstenburg, now included in
the territory of the Duchy of Baden.
Bondiiu, an interior country of North Africa,
lying between the rivers Senegal and Gambia, in-
habited by the Foulah race of negroes, who are
industrious and social in their habits, and Mahom-
etans in religion.
Boness, or Borrowstonnes, a town of Scotland,
in Iiinlithgowshire, with a safe and commodious
harbour on the frith of Forth. It has a consider-
ble trade in ship-building and coal, and extensive
manufactures of salt and stoneware. It is 5 m.
N. of Linlithgow. Pop in 1821, 3,018.
Bonhomme, t. St. Louis Co. Missouri.
Bonnefemme, t. Howard Co. Missouri.
Boni, or Bony, a spacious bay between the two
southern promontories of the Isle of Celebes. It
has numerous shoals and rocks, and is commonly
called Bugges Bay by Europeans. Near the up-
per end of the bay, on the shore of the western
promontory is the town of Boni, which is the cap-
ital of a kingdom of the same name, but little
known. The inhabitants are partly Mahometans.
It is in the lat. of 3. S. and 120. 30. of E. long.
Bonifacio, a fortified seaport of Corsica, with a
good harbour and a coral fishery. It stands on a
small peninsula, at the south extremity of the
island, 37 in. S. of Ajaccio. Long. 9. 20. E. lat.
41.25. N. Pop. about 3,000.
Bonn, a city of Germany, in the territor}' of
Cologne. It has a flourishing university , four [lar-
ish churches, and several religious foundations
It was taken by the Duke of Marlborough, in
1703, and by the French in 17f^4. It is seated on
tlie Rhine, 14 m. S. by E. of Cologne.
Bonrifit, a town of France, in the department of
La Creuse. Pop. al)out 2,000.
Bonnetable, a town of France, in the depart-
ment of Sarte, 15 m. N. E. of Mons. Pop. 4,500
Bonncval, a town of France, in the department
of Eure and Loire, seated on the Loire, 8 m. N. of
Chateaudiin.
Bonneville, a town of Savoy, capital of Fau
cingay, seated on the river Arve, at the foot of a
mountain called the Mole, 20 m. S. E. of Geneva.
Bonny, a. kingdom of Guinea, N. Africa, lying
between Waree and Callabar. The inhabitants
are less social than their neighbours, and live in
constant collision with those of Callabar.
Bontliain, a seaport at the S. extremity of the
BOR
107
BOR
western promontory of tlie island of Celebes, seat-
ed on the shore of a large bay, where ships may
lie in security during both the monsoons. The
town has a palisadoed fort, ani stands on the
south side of a small but deep river. Long. 120.
32. E. lat.5. 31. S.
Boocrebooge, a town of Hindoostan, capital of the
countiy of Cutcli, 140 m. S. E. of Tatta, and 230
W. by N. of Amedabad. Long. 69. 2. E.lat. 23.
IG. N.
Bool. See Bohol.
Boom, a town of Brabant, on the north bank of
the river Nelhes, 10 m. S. of Antwerp. Pop.
about 3,500.
Boone, a frontier country of the state of Ken-
tucky, nearly encircled by the Ohio River, which
divides the north end from the states of Ohio and
Indiana, opposite to where the Miami River falls
into the Ohio. Pop. 9,012. Burlington, 90 m. N. by
E. of Frankfort, is the chief town.
Boonsboro, p. v. Washington Co. Maryland, 16
m. N. W. Fredricktovvn.
Boonsborough, a town of Kentucky in Madison
county, seated on Red River, which runs into tlie
Kentucky, 3S m. E. S. E. of Lexington.
Booncton, v. Morris Co. N. J. 30 m. N. W.
Newark.
Boonville, p.t. Oneida Co. N. Y. 116 m. N. W.
Albany. Pop. 2,746.
Boo»iin.h,n. town of Hindoostan, in Bengal, 98
m. N. E. of Calcutta.
Bootan, a mountainous country of Hindoostan
Propter, lying between the province of Bengal and
Thibet. It is a i'eudatory province of Thibet, and
abounds in mountains covered with verdure, and
rich with abundant forest trees ; there is scarce-
ly a mountain whose base is not washed by
some torrent, and many of the loftiest bear popu-
lous villages, amid orchards and plantations, on
their summits and on their sides. The soutliern-
most ridge of the Bootan mountains rises near a
mile and a half above the plains of Bengal, in a
horizontal distance of only 15 miles ; and from the
summit the astonished traveller looks on the plains
below as on an extensive ocean. The Booteas are
mucli fairer and more robust than their neighbours
the Bengalees, with broader faces and higher
cheek-bones : their hair is invariably black, and
cut short ; their eyes small and black, with long
pointed corners ; and their skins remarkably
smooth. The houses are built on props, though
the country is hilly, and ascended by a ladder :
the lower part, closed on all sides, serves for hold-
ing stores, and accommodating hogs, cows, and
other animals. The capital is Tassasudon.
Boothbay, p.t. Lincoln Co. Me. between Sheeps-
cut and Damariscotta river. Pop. 2,290.
Bootle, a village in Lancashire, Eng. contiguous
to Liverpool, which it supplies with fine fresh
water, from abundant and never-failing springs
near the sea-shore.
Bond, a town of Hindoostan, in Malwa, 98 m.
E. of Ougeia.
Bopjingen, a town of Suabia, on the river Eger,
19 m. N. W. of Donawert.
Boppart, a town of Germany, seated at the
foot of a mountain, near the Rhine, 8 m. S. of
Coblentz.
Borahs, a town of W. Gothland, Sweden, about
10 m. E. of Gottenburg.
Borcholz, a town on the west side of the bishop-
ric of Paderborn, Westphalia, now part of the
Prussian States.
Bord, or Boit, a town of France in the depart-
ment of Correze. It was the birth-place of
Marmontel.
Borba, a town of Alemtejo, Portugal, lying be-
tween Estremoz and Vitra-Vicosa.
Bordeaux, a city of France, an episcopal see,
and cliief town of the department of the Gironde,
lies on the left bank of the Garonne, in a semicircu-
lar or oval form, corresponding with the curve of
the river which constitutes its port. The dat*,- of
its foundation, like those of many other cities, is
lost in the distance of time. -It is mentioned by
Strabo and some of tlie Augustine historians.
The etymology of its Ltalin name, Burdigala, i?
doubtful, and throws no light upon its foundeu.
Under Augustus it was regarded as a great city,
and was further aggrandised and embellished hy
him. Adrian made it the metropolis of the
second Aquitaine. In the third century it became
an episcopal see, and in the fourth was distin-
guished for the cultivation of arts and letters.
The Roman dominion gave way to barbarism and
the Visigoths, who were themselves soon driven
out by the still more barbarous Clovis and his
Franks. Henceforth it was an integral part of
France, and capital of Guienne, with the ex-
ception of the periods during wliich it was un-
der English dominion. The Saracens ravaged
it in the eight century, and the Normans in the
tenth.
The long and violent rather than sanguiuary
contests between the French and English, for the
inheritance of Eleanor of Guienne, bore directly
upon Bordeaux, the capital, which, alternately
French and English, and more indebted to the
latter, retained for them a strong partiality for
which it was severely mulcted by Charles VII.
in 1451. From that period it has continued an
integral part of the kingdom of France, partak-
ing, but in a less degree than other cities, the
troubles of the Reformation, the League, tlie Fronde
(during the regency of Anne of Austria), and
tlie Revolution. Bordeaux sent to the national
asser.iblies several of the most eloquent and vir-
tuous men of the popular party, called ' Giron-
dists,' from the department of wliich it is the chief
town. Deprived almost wholly of its foreign
commerce by the wars and decrees of Bonaparte,
it was the first place to open its gates to the
Bourbons.
The most striking objects upon ap]>roarhing
Bordeavix are the port aiid the stupend.nis bridge,
projected and partly executed by Bonap:ii-te. over
the Garonne, an arm of the sea rather than a
river. The practicability of such a bridge was
long doubted, from the breadth of the river — nearly
a quarter of a league — and the violence of the
current. The port should be viewed from La
Bastide, a village opposite Bordeaux, on the right
bank : it then presents its magnificent curve
round the corresponding segment of the river ,
its fagade, uniform and noble ; the qua3's, crowd-
ed and animated ; and the river, covered with
vessels, generally in a state of gentle movement,
heaving with the waves. The town is semicir-
cular ; but the port is an elliptic curve, near two
leagues in diameter between its extremities.
Bordeaux, like so many other cities, is divided
into the old and new town, on the right and left.
The "course" or avenue of Tourny, leading to
the fauxbourg de Chartrons, is remarkably beau-
tiful. The theatre, in the rue de Chapeau-rouge,
is a noble building, surpassing in its exterior, but
not interior, most other theatres of Europe. Its
peristyle consists of twelve Corinthian columns
m
BOR
108
BQR
Burmounlod by a balustrade, with a statue to each
column. The vestibule is majestic and ornament-
ed, having a double staircase lighted from a cu-
pola. The exchange, at the extremity of this
street, is a vast and imposing structure, with in-
terior arcades round the walls ; the central space
covered in, and lighted from the top ; and a grand
door opening into the Place Royale, one of the
handsomest squares of Bordeaux, and deficient
only in extent. This jjlace merits particular de-
scription : its form is that of a horseshoe, opening
upon the river, with a fine quay between. It is
lined by the exchange and tlie custom-house, with
corresponding fronts ; all the facades richly or-
namented, and bearing allegorical figures m re-
lief.
The cathedral is the principal Gothic edifice of
Bordeaux, but by no means of France, as some
have described it. It is remarkable chiefly for the
two bold, light, and lofty spires which rise above
the portal. The English built it, in part at least,
during their occupation of Guienne. There are
three other large Gothic churches, — those of St.
Michael, St. Croix, and St. Sturin, — whicli con-
tain some good pictures. The ancient Roman
remains called the " Palais Gallien," without any
good reason for the name, have nearly disappear-
ed, to make way for modern elegance and avarice.
The Roman remains, called the " Palais de Tute-
le " gave way to the chateau de Trompette ;
which, in its turn, has recently made room for
new and beautiful edifices, and the spacious Place
do Louis XVI. It was in the chateau de Trom-
pette that general Clausel held oat so long against
me Bourbons. This was probably the main cause
ot Its demolition upon their re-establishment. It
is well supplied by the place, new streets, and
market, wliich occupy its site, but which will take
some time to be finished. Count Lynch, mayor
of Bordeaux, at the fall of Bonaparte, and chiefly
instrumental in opening its gates to the Bour-
bons, erected in this quarter a small museum, in
which are pre.served all the antiquities discovered
in or about Bordeaux : they are scanty. The
house of Montaigne still exists as a curiosity in
the street bearing his name, and his monument is
in a church in the same street.
The communications open to Bordeaux by the
Atlantic with the north, America, and the Indies,
and by the canal of Languedoc with the south
and the Levant, afford to it the greatest facilities
for maritime commerce. It accordingly, has an
extensive and tlie most various trade of any port,
in every species of produce and manufacture.
But the difference of peace and war, especially
war between England and France, is to it the dif-
ference between prosperity and ruin. Its com-
mercial relations (it has been said) have no other
limits in time of peace than those of the world ;
m tmie of war they do not extend beyond the
lighthouse at the mouth of the Gironde, except
smuggling and privateering. The quay of Char-
tron was grass-grown during the continental
blockade : it is, since the peace, the most busy
and crowded, especially with the export of wines.
The merchants of Bordeaux are hospitable and
polite ; and the higher orders emulate the capital
in luxury, the love of pleasure, and what is called
fashion. The women are considered to come
nearest to those of the capital in accomplishments,
graces, aii._ the love of amusement.
It contains the same establishments as the other
great towns, but not on the same scale or with the
•amc degree of cultivation, for the purpose of
knowledge and the arts ; a branch university, an
academy, a library containing an old copy of
Montaigne's Essays corrected and noted by him-
self, a cabinet of natural history, a museum of
antiquities and painting, an observatory, but with-
out an observer or instruments of observation.
The ancient parliament of Bordeaux was dis-
tinguished for eloquence, learning, and philoso-
phy. — Montaigne, Montesquieu, and the presi-
dent Dupaty, were among its ornaments. The
modern bar has maintained its ancient reputation
for eloquence in Ferriere, some years dead ;
Deseze, Laine, and Ravez — all three peers of
France. In the second national or legislative
assembly the palm of eloquence was born away
by Vergniaud, inferior only to Mirabeau of all th«
orators of the Revolution. Guadet, Gensonne,
and Ducos, who perished by suicide or the guil-
lotine, also eloquent members of the national as
sembly and convention, were of the bar of Bor-
deaux. Among the other distinguished natives
of Bordeaux are the two Dupatys, sons of the
president; the engraver Andrieux ; the two mu-
sical composers darat and Rode, the former the
first singer — by the way, an equivocal distinction,
— the second, the first violin player — of France,
— and consequently of Europe. Lais, Avho was
the first singer at the Parisian grand opera for
several years, and since the restoration, was also
a Bordelese. Berquin, the author of " L'Anii
des Enfans ;" the grammarian Lebel, several
Jesuit controversialists, whose memory has pass-
ed away with the controversy respecting that or-
der ; and the Latin poet Ausonius, who lived in
the time and in the court of Adrian, were natives
of Bordeaux.
The city of Bordeaux, especially the new town,
is beautiful, rather as a uniform whole, than from
any detached or single objects. There are no
very striking beauties in its environs, with the
exception, perhaps, of the verdant and pictur-
esque banks of the Gironde. — The chateau of
Brede is visited rather as the residence, and in
.some measure the creation, of Montesquieu, than
for its intrinsic merits. It is situated in a plain,
well wooded ; a simple hexagonal building, with a
drawbridge, and approached by a long avenue of
oak trees. The Tour de Cordouan, at the mouth
of the Gironde, is the finest lighthouse in
France.
A natural phenomenon called the mascaret,
observed at the mouth of the Dordogne, and in
no other river of Europe, should not be passed
over. When the waters of the Dordogne are
low, and especially in summer, a hillock of wa-
ter, about the height of an ordinary house, is ob-
served at its confluence with the Garonne. It
suddenly rises iind spreads, rolls along the bank,
ascends the river in all its sinuosity, with extra-
ordinary rapidity and a fearful noise. All that
comes in its way, on the bank by which it moves,
yields to its fury. Trees are torn up, barges
sunk, and stones are driven to the distance of
fifty paces ; all fly from it in consternation ; cat-
tle even, with a strong and fierce instinct. It
sometimes takes the centre of the river, and
changes its shape. The watermen are able by
their observations to discover its approach, and
thus escape certain destruction. A similar phe-
nomenon was observed by the French traveller
Condamine in the Amazon river, and by the
English Rennell in the Ganges. Its cause is
known, and simple, — the tide flowing with a dis-
proportionate quantity and impulse into the Dor-
'^^
BOB.
109
BOR
dogne, which is right in the direction of the Gi-
ronde, whilst the course of the Garonne is angu-
lar or divergent. The impediments which the
mascaret meets as it ascends the Dordogne from
sand banks, the sinuosities, and the rapidity of
the opposing current, all tend to increase, and it
may be said to enfuriate, its force. Such is its
velocity, that a second must not be lost by him
who would eseape it.
The population of Bordeaux fluctuates with its
commerce between 60,000 and 100,000. From
the most recent calculations, in 18'2S, it apjjears
between 93,000 and 96,000. Its distance from
Paris is, by Orleans and Poitiers, 155 1-2 leagues;
by Tours and Angouleme, 154 1-2 leagues ; by
Chateauroux and Perigueux, 153 1-2 leagues.
Lat. 44. 50. N. long. 0. 40. W.
BordeJitaicn, a town of New Jersey, in Burling-
ton county, on the west side of the Delaware, 6
m. below Trenton, and 23 N. E. of Philadelphia.
Borge, a town of Denmark, the chief place in
the island of Femern, with a fort, on Femern
Sound. Long. 11. 17. E. lat. 54. 27. N.
Borgentryck, or Bergentrych, a town on the S.
W. side of the Bishopric of Paderborn, Westphalia.
Borghetto, a town on the E. bank of the Adige,
at the southern extremity of the bishopric of
Trent. — Also the name of a village in the vicinity
of Mantua, where a severe battle was fought be-
tween the French and Anstrians in 1796.
Borgholm, a Ibrtinea u»v»n >.ja vii ""^ni, oide of
the isle ofOland, in the Baltic, part of the province
of East Gothland.
Borg, Barg, or itcrgnoiuuiu^vn, d town in the
county of Ravensburg, Westphalia.
Borgne, a large lake or inlet of the sea, between
the states of Mississippi and Louisana, com-
municating with the Gulf of Mexico, and inland
with lake Pontchartrain.
Borgo, a seaport town of Russian Finland, lying
betv- n Ilelsingfurt and Lovisa. In lat. 60. 21.
N. and 25. 45. £. long.
Borgo Rusz, Prunt and Pass, three towns con-
tiguous to each other, near the source of the Bis-
tritz River on the eastern frontier of Transylvania,
bordering on the Bukowine. They have salt
springs and some manufactures of earthenware.
The population is considerable, principally Wal-
lachians.
Borgo, signifying a market town, is prefixed to
twelve towns in different parts of Italy.
Borgo, 6'/. Donnini, a town in the duchy of Par-
ma, so called from the martyrdom of Donnini, who
was beheaded here in 304. It is a bishop's see,
and is situate about midway, on the road from
Piacenza to Parma.
Borgo di St. Sepolcro, a town of Tuscany, in
the Fiorentino, with a fort, seated near the source
of the Tiber, 12 m. N. E of Arezzo. In 1789
about 1,000 of the inhabitants were destroyed by
an earthfj"'"
Borgojuiic, a town oi iiAiy, lu luf riauiaan, on
the river Po, at the influx of the Oglia, 10 nv S.
of Mantua; and nine others, all inconsiderable.
Borgo, or Burgo D'Osina, a town of Spain, sur-
rounded with walls, and containing about 200
famiUes. 33 ra. W. of Soria, and 40 S. E. of
Burgos.
Burgo di St. Jin^do, a fortress of the island of
Malta,~a little to the east of Valetta.
Borja, or Bergosa, a town of Spain, in Arra-
gon, in a fruitful spot, near Mount Cayo, at the
foot of the Pyrenees, 42 m. W. N. W. of Sara-
gossa.
Borja, a town of Colombia, situate on the head
waters of the river Amazon, 300 m. E. by N. of
Paita and 90 W. by N. of Jaen. Long. 76. 36. W.
lat. 4. 15. S.
Borja, a town in the province of Buenos Ayres,
near the frontier of Brazil. It was founded by
the Jesuits.
Borisoglebsk, a town of Russia, situate on the
banks of the Verona, near the south end of the
province of Tamboy, about 300 miles S. E. of
Moscow. — It is also the name of a town in the
province of Jaroslav, on the west bank of the Vol-
fa, a ievf miles north of the city of Jaroslav.
op. of each about 3,000.
Borrissow, a town of Russian Poland, on the
banks of the Berezina, about 35 m. E. of Minsk.
Borkelo, a strong town of Holland, in the coun
ty of Zutphen, remarkable for having been the
subject of two wars : one in 1665, against the
bishop of Munster, and the other with France, in
1672. It is seated on tlie river Borkel, 15 m. E.
N. E. of Zutphen.
Borken, a town of Westphalia, in the principjili-
ty of Munster, with a collegiate church, seated on
the Aa, 38 ra. W. of Munster.
Borkum, an island of the kingdom of Hanover,
lying between the east and west channels of the
Ems river. It is partly inundated at high water.
It has a town of the same name, the inhabitants
subsisting chiefly by fishing.
Bormio, a town of Switzerland, capital of a
county of its name, on the confines of Tyrol.
About a mile from the town are medicinal batlis.
It is seated at the foot of the mountains, on the
river Fredolso. near its confluence with the Adda,
40 m. S. E. of Coire. Long. 10. 20. lat. 46. 17. N.
Bormio, or Bormida, a large river of Piedmont,
which rises in the territory of Finale, runs north,
intersecting the dutchy of Montferrat, falling into
the Tanaro a little below Alessandria.
Boma, a town of Upper Saxony, in the circle
of Leipzig, with a manufacture of stuffs ; seated
near the river Pleysse, 13 m. S. E. of Leipzig, on
the road to Altenburg.
Borneo, an island of Asia, in the Indian Ocean,
discovered by the Portuguese in 1521, lying be-
tween the lat. of 4. 10. S. and 7. N. and 109. 15.
to 119. 25. W. long, being in its extreme length
775 geographical miles of 69 1-2 to a degree, and
650 in extreme breath ; but, as the north part con-
verges into a promontory, if resolved into a square ,
the sides would not exceed 600 miles; which,
however, will give a surface greater than that of
any island in the world, except New Holland, be-
ing about 360,000 sq. m. or nearly five times larger
than Great Britain. Although under the equator,
the air is not so excessively hot as might be ex-
pected, being frequently refreshed with showers
and cool breezes, the thermometer varying from
82. to 94. of Fahrenheit. In the monsoon, from
April to September, the wind is westerly, and
the rains are constant and heavy, attended with
violent storms of thunder and lightning. The
rainy season continues for eight months, and
during that time all the flat country, from ten to
twenty miles from the crest, is overflowed, and
the air rendered very unhealthy. For this reason
the inhabitants build their houses on floats, which
they make fast to trees. They have but one floor,
with partitions made with canes ; and the roofs
are covered with palmetto-leaves, the eaves ot
which reach within four or five feet of the bottom.
Some of their houses are built upon pillars, a suf-
ficient height from the surface not to be deluged.
K
BOR
110
BOR
The countries on the coast are inhabited by a mix-
ture of Malays, Javanese, and Macassars TJie
aborigines oi the island, however, live in the in-
terior, and are called Biadjoos, Biayos, or Dijak-
kese, &c., who are represented as the most un-
couth and unsocial of the human race. Indeed it
seems to be here where natnre has united the
chain of animated creation, and placed the orang
outang as the connecting link betwefru the articu-
lating, modulating, and inventing, and Se instinc-
tive ; or, in other words, between the biped and
the quadruped race of animals. On one side of
the orang outang, whicli seems to be a native of
the soil of Borneo, are apes, monkeys, bears,
goats, deer, horses, buffiiloes and other horned
cattle, tigers, and the elephant ; whilst on the
other side is a class of beings with apparently no
other claim to the character of man but that of
the power of articulation ; and yet, amidst this
unsocial and unappreciating race of beings, na-
ture seems to have bestowed in lavish profusion
all her most delectable gifts ; with iron, tin, and
various other metals for purposes of utility ; gold,
diamonds, and various other precious gems, for or-
nament, abound. It is here that the salangane, a spe-
cies of swallow, constructs its edible nest, which is
exchanged to gratify the luxurious palates of the
Chinese, at a rate double its weight of silver. In
the vegetable kingdom, in addition to rice and
maize for substantial subsistence, the sensations
of taste and smell are here to be gratified in the
highest possible degree. Cassia, cinnamon, frank-
incense, and inyrrh, are indigenous productions
of the country. The laurus camphoratus yields
an endless abundance of its fragrant and inflam-
mable substance ; whilst agaric, musk, aloes, and
various other substances and plants, are dispersed
over the country in endless profusion to aid the
domestic and social economy of man, and to serve
as alteratives in case of accident or disease. On
the otiier hand, the pernicious and poisonous
class of plants and reptiles are also common, and
the natives appear equally adept at applying thein
in revenue against their enemies, as in the appli-
cation of medicines to avoid their consequences.
Thus, whilst tlie soil of Borneo appears suscepti-
ble by social arrangements and due cultivation to
sustain in a high degree of comfort and enjoy-
ment, a fourth of the whole population of the
globe, the total number of inhabitants is suppos-
ed not to exceed 3,000,000, divided into numerous
petty sovereignties. With the exception, how-
ever, of the coast, very little is known as to the
extent and condition of the population. Tiie
English East India Company formed some settle-
ments upon the coast towards the close of tlie 17th
century ; but, in 1706, the Dutch, in the prime
of their valour, drove the English entirely from
the country, and for more than a century were the
inly European nation that maintained any direct
intercourse with the island. Their grovelling
policy has ever been, and still continues to be, to
preclude the world from all knowledge of the po-
sition, people, condition, and resources of the
countries with which they trade, as far as it is
possible for them to do so. During tlie war, sub-
sequently to the peace of Amiens in 1802, when
in their turn the Dutch were driven from all their
positions in Asia, the English again establisJied
themselves on the coast of Borneo, and were
making progress in the arts of cultivation and
social economy, whofi, by treaty in 181(5, the
Dutch were re-instated in their possessions, and
Itorneo again exposed to their confined and ex-
clusive line of policy. As far as our knowledge
of the country docs extend, whilst the coast on
all sides is low and swampy, the interior ueems
much intersected by mountains ; a river called
the Banjar has its source in the centre of the
country, about two degrees north of the equator,
and runs south into the sea of Java. There are two
or three rivers running from E. to W. falling into
the sea on the west side, but the north and east
coasts appear deficient in good navigable rivers
for internal communication by water. There are,
however, several fine harbours and roadsteads
round the coast ; the principal is Bandermassing,
at the mouth of the Banjar ; Sambar at the soutii-
west point ; Sambas on the west coast ; Borneo
at the north-west : and Passir at the south-east.
Borneo, the principal city, and capital of a
kingdom of the same name at the north part of
the above island, is situate up a river about 10 m.
from the sea, in the lat. of 4. 55. N. and 114. 15.
E. long. Like most or all tlie other towns on the
coast, the houses are built on piles driven into the
swamp, inundated at high water, and the trading
transactions, which are here very considerable
with the Chinese and other eastern nations, are
carried on in boats and wherries.
Bornheim, a town in the electorate of Cologne,
about 15 m. W. by JN. of Bonn. Pop. about 1,100.
— Also, a town of the Netherlands, about 10 ra.
N. E. of Dendermonde.
Bornholm, an island of Dewmark. iust within
the Baltic, of an oval ^ujriu, «um>ui ,«« miies in cir-
cumference, and nearly surroun-ieil «v rocks. The
soil is stony, but fenue, wir.n excellent pasture ;
and there are mines of coai, anu auarries of mar-
ble. It lies 10 m. S. E. or tne soutnern extremity
of Sweden. The chief town is Roune, on the
west side ; the north end is in lat. 55. 18. N. and
14. 49. E. long.
Bornos, a town of the province of Seville, about
15. m. N. E. of Cadiz. Pop. about 3,000.
Bornou, an extensive empire in the interior of
North Africa, having Cassina or Kashna on the W.
and Nubia on the h. It consists of a number of
oases, or fertile spots, interspersed with arid
wastes. The climate is said to be characterized
by excessive, though not by uniform, heat. Two
seasons, one commencing soon after the middle of
April, the other at the same period in October,
divide the year. The first is introduced by violent
winds from the south-cast and south, with intense
heat, a deluge of sultry rain, and such tempests
of thunder and lightning as destroy multitudes of
the cattle, and many of the people. At the com-
mencement of the second season, the ardent heat
subsides ; the air becomes soft and mild, and tlie
weather perfectly serene. Maize, rice, the horse-
bean, cotton, hemp, and indigo, are cultivated;
and tliere are figs, grapes, apricots, pomegranates,
lemons, limes, ana melons. The most valuable
tree is called redeynah, in form and height like
an olive, the leaf resembling that of a lemon, and
liearing a nut, the kernel ana shell of which are in
great estimation ; the first as a fruit, the last on
account of the oil it produces. Horses, asses,
mules, dogs, horned cattle, goats, sheep, and
camels (the flesh of which is much esteemed) are
the common animals. Bees are so numerous, that
the wax is often thrown away as an article of no
value. The game consists of partridges, wild
ducks, and ostriches, the flesh of which is prized
above every other. The other animals are the
lion, leopard, civet cat, wolf, fox, elephant, buffa-
lo, antelope, and the camelopard or giraffe, one of
BOR
111
BOS
the tallest, most beautiful and most harmless ani-
mals m nature. Its neck is very long and its fore
legs much longer than the hinder ones, at least
m outward appearance. It sometimes feeds upon
the grass, which however is scarce in this coun-
try, and its ordinary food is the leaf of a sort of
mimosa. Within a few years, several of these
animals have been transported to Europe. Here
are also great numbers of the hippopotamus. They
abound in Lake Tchad and the waters of the
neighbourhood. Major Denham in his travels in
this country saw a whole troop of them in the
water following a band of martial music in a negro
army marching along the shore. In this country
are also many snakes, scorpions, centipedes, i-nd
toads. The complexion of the natives is black,
but they are not of the Negro cast. The dress of
the greater part consists of shirts of blue cotton
manufactured in the country, of a red cap brought
from Trinoii ana a white muslin turban from
Cairo Nose, rinors of srold are worn by the prin-
cipal people. j>ai me only covering of the poorer
sort w o lr'"«^ nf «irdlf> for the waist. In their
manners me peopie are courteous and humane :
they aro n-joaionotalv fond of play ; the lower
classes of drauirnts. and the higher excel in chess.
More than 30 dil'erent languages are said to be
spokfi" in Fio^nmi ana its dependencies ; and the
reigning >^^»i<tioh is the Mahometan. The mon-
archy i« elfptivp The snltan is said to have 500
ladies in his seraguo, and that his stud contains
likewise 500 horses. His dominions extend be-
{rond the desert into the fertile country of Negro-
and, of which he possesses a large portion. He
has a vast army, which consists almost entirely
of horse : the sabre, pike, and bow, are their
weapons of offence, and a shield of hides is their
armour.
Bornou, the capital of the empire of the same
name, with a palace like a citadel. The whole
city is surrounded by a high wall, encompassed
with a ditch; but the other towns of the kingdom
are open. The principal trade is in gold-dust,
slaves, horses, ostriches' feathers, salt, and civet.
It is seated on the Gazel, 750 m. E. N. E. of
Kashna. Long. 25. 5. E. lat. 19. 45. N.
Boro Budor, the chief temple of the Javanese,
situate about GO m. from Samarang, nearly in
the centre of the island. It is dedicated to Boodh,
and contains several hundred subordinate idols.
Borodino, a village of Russia, near the river
Moskwa, about 90 m. W. of Moscow. It will
long be memorable in the annals of Russia, for
the desperate conflict between the French and
Russian armies, during the march of the former
towards Moscow, on the 7th of September, 1812,
when about 30,000 men on each side were either
killed or wounded.
Borourrh, t. Beaver Co. Pa.
Boroughhridge, a borough in W. Yorkshire,
Eng. it has a trade in hardware. Here Edward
II. in 1322, defeated the rebel earl of Lancaster.
It is seated on the Ure, over which is a stone
bridge, 18 m. N. W. of York, and 206 N. by W.
of London. It is immediately contiguous to Aid-
borough ; each place returning two members to
parliament. Pop. 8()0.
Borovkchi, a town of Russia, on the south
east side of the province of Novogorod, bordering
on Twer, seated on the soutli bank of the Msta
river, about 170 m. S. E. of St. Petersburg. Pop.
2,600. ^ ^
Borotnisk, or Boroosk, another town of Russia,
about 60 m. S. W. of Moscow.
Borriano, or Borrial, a town of Spain, in "Valen-
cia, near the mouth of the Manjares, 21 m. N. of
Valencia. Pop. about 4,000.
Borris, in Ossory, a village in the parish of Ag-
haboe. Queen's County, Ireland, 63 m. W. by S.
of Maryborough. Pop. in 1821, 919.
Borros, a parish in Queen's County, Ireland,
which includes the town of Maryborough, by
which name the parish is sometimes called. Pop.
of the parish, exclusive of the town, 2,032, and
of the town, 2,677. See Maryborough.
Borrowdale, a village in Cumberland, Eng. six
miles south of Keswick. It stands at the end of
a narrow and crooked valley, and is famous for
mines of plumbago or black-lead, a substance al-
most peculiar to England and the vicinity of Ma-
laga, Spain.
Borrowstonnes. See Boncss.
Borrod, a county in the north part of Upper
Hungary, bounded on the east by the Shajo
branch of the Sheif river. It is one of the most
fertile districts of the country. Pop. about 95,
000. Mishkoltz is the capital.
Bosa, a seaport on the west coast of Sardinia,
and a bishop's see, with a castle, on a river of the
same name, 17 m. S. S. E. of Argeri. Long. 8.
50. E. lat. 40. 29. N.
Boscaiccn, p.t. Merrimack Co. N. H. 68 m.
from Boston : 52 from Portsmouth. Pop. 2,093.
Boscawcn Island, an island in the Pacific Ocean,
about 10 m. in circumference. Long. 175. 10.
W. lat. 15. 50. S.
Bosco, or Boschi, a town of Italy, in the Milan-
ese, seated on the Orbe, 5 m. east of Alexandria.
Boscohd, a village in Shropshire, Eng. 9 m.
south east of Newport, where Charles II. was
concealed in an oak, after the battle of Worcester.
Boshua.na, or Boot.chuana, an extensive tract of
country in the interior of South Africa, extending
through about 5 deg. of lat. from 25. to 20. south,
inhabited by numerous tribes of people, of whom
at present very little is known. They seem phy-
sically considered, to be of the same stock as the
Caffres, but somewhat more advanced in social
economy, which seems to improve northwards.
Hence it may be inferred, that civilization and
improvement in Africa gradually extended itself
from the north. The chief town, as far as the
country is at present known, is Lattakoo, repre-
sented to have contained about 1 -5,000 inhabitants,
reduced to 7 or 8,000 during the present century,
bv the continued intestine broils of the different
BOS
112
BOS
tribes. They cultivate various kinds of grain, and
look upon fish, as an article of food, with horror.
As far as pretension to worship prevails, the peo-
ple are idolaters ; but they seem indifferent to
worship of any kind : polygamy is general ; the
elder men have usually one young wife, and
another who is p.ast child be.aring. Mahomedism
appears not to have reached them. Their dress
is principally of skins, which they tan into lea-
ther ; and, in tlie more northern parts, they ap-
pear to have made some progress in the smelting
and working of iron.
Bosnia, a compact and naturally fertile district
of European Turkey, lying between the lat. of 43.
18. and 45. 10. N. and the 17th and 20th of W.
long. It is bounded on the west by the Austrian
province of Croatia, north by the Saave river,
which falls into the Danube, and divides it from
Sclavonia; on the east by the Turkish Prov-
ince of Servia, and south by the north end of
Albania and Dalmatia. It has some mountain
districts, and is intersected by several rivers, run-
ning from the north into the Saave ; and the
Narenta, which rises in the south part cf the
province, runs south' through Dalmatia. into the
Adriatic at Narisi, a few miles north of Jlagusa.
Its area maj' be stated at about 15,000 square m.;
yet the population is supposed not to exceed 80,-
000. As a frontier district, it is principally oc-
cupied hy Turkish soldiery, who subsist upon the
products of the occupiers of the soil ; and as the
soldiery of the province amount to 40 or 50,000,
they of course tend to subdue all excitement to
agricultural exertion ; and thus, although the
vine and the olive would yield fruit in abundance,
one of the finest districts in Europe is kept a
wilderness, by an undisciplined, lawless, and ruth-
less horde of soldiery. The principal towns are,
Sarajo, the capital ; Banjaluka, Sworniek, Trau-
ruik, (the seat of the pacha,) and Prisrendi. As
far as any external commercial intercourse is
maintained with Bosnia, it is principally through
Dalmatia from Ragusa. The greater part of the
province formerly belonged to Hungary. The
inhabitants are principally Sclavonians, speaking
the Sclavonic with great purity, and professing
the formulary of the Greek church.
Bosphorus, the narrow strait, 20 miles in length,
and from 1 to 1 1-2 broad, which unites the Black
Sea with the sea of Marmora. It is sometimes
called the strait of Constantinople.
Basra, a town of Syria, where Mahomet is said
to have received much information from a Nesto-
rian monk, towards founding his religious doc-
trines. It is 100 m. S. of Damascus.
Bossiny, or Trevenna, a borough in Cornwall,
Eng. seated near the Bristol channel, 17 m. N.
W. of Launceston, and 233 W. by S. of London.
See Tintagel.
Bost, a strong town of Persia, capital of Sigis-
tan or Seistan. It is seated on the Heern)und,
and on the rovte of the caravans, from Ispahan to
Caubul, about 170 m. W. S. W. of Candahar.
Long. C4. 15. E. lat. 32. 30. N.
Bostan, a to\<n of Asiatic Turkey, in the north
part of the province of Aladeul, situate near the
eastern confines of Caramania, and near the source
of a river which falls into the Levant Sea, at
Adanah.
Boston, a borough and seaport town of Lincoln-
shire, Eng. When the idle, the crafty, and the
vicious, sought subsistence and refuge, and the op-
pressed and indigent relief, from monastic insti-
tutions ; and when monasteries, abbeys, priories.
and convents, with their pointed windows and
archways, and varied styles of tasteful architectur-
al display, were spread over the country, as bar-
racks, gaols, and workhouses, are at the present
day, Boston ranked among the most important
towns in the country, having had not less than ten
fraternal establishments ; all of whicli were an-
nulled, and the inmates dispersed under the gen-
eral demolition of tliose institutions by Henry
VIII. After this reverse, when England ex-
changed her agricultural productions and raw n a-
terials for the haberdashery and other manufac-
tures of Germany and Holland, Boston became
one of the principal markets in tlie kingdom for
wool, which used to be exported in large quanti-
ties to Holland, and the Hanse Towns: but, on
the exportation of wool being totally prohii)iU»d,
Boston was doomed to a further reverse, aiul grad-
ually declined until towards the close of the last
century, when a paper circulating medium sub-
verted that of gold and silver, and the modern
system of creating ideal wealth by funding had
doubled and trebled the money rate of all articles
of subsistence, tliereby exciting an unusual de-
gree of enterprize in agricultural pursuits, a great
portion of the pasture lands of Lincolnshire
were converted into tillage, and Boston became
the principal port through which the surplus pro-
duce found its way to market, and it has, since the
commencement of the present century, gradually
been rising in population and importance. The
number of inhabitants, which in 180! was only
5,920, in 1821 amounted to 10,330. The town is
situate on both the banks of the river Witham,
over whicli is a handsome bridge, of one arch, of
cast iron, eighty-six feet in span, a few miles
above the entrance of the rive" ""'' *Vie sea, called
Boston Wash, with which river, and by canals,
it communicates with a considerable portion of the
interior of the country, and, in addition to its very
considerable tr!><-'<- '<" f».<«;n fnr thq London mar-
ket, it carries on a airect trade with the Baltic for
deals, hemp, tar. itc. 'l"he parish church founded
by St. Botolrih in i;«)y. is a very stately edifice,
being 300 feet in Ipmrth. supported by Corinthian
pillars, lio-bO»fi hv nnuiieo windows, and its steeple
ascended by stens corresnonding in number with
the months, weeks and rlays, in the year. The
steeple or fn«;f^r id fisrifppt: 111 height, surmounted
with a lantern, whicn serves as a beacon for ma-
ny miles out at sea, and the country being very
level inland, it forins a beautiful and interesting
object in the persoective many miles distant.
The town is governed by a mayor, recorder, twelve
aldermen, and eighteen common councilmen, with
subordinate ofticers, who iire vested with the ad-
miralty jurisdiction of the adjoining coasts. The
corporation, since 1800, have erected a commodi-
ous fish market, which is abundantly supplied, and
large quantities are conve3'ed into the interior
counties of Nottingliam and Leicester. It has
four fairs annually, and two endowed schools, and
returns two members to parliament. It is 36 m.
S. E. of Lincoln, and UG N. of London. Lat. 52.
48. N. Long. 0. 2. W.
Boston Deeps, is the sea channel of the inlet
called the Wash, leading from the German Ocean
by the Lincolnshire coast, up to the port of Boston
The opposite side, which washes the coast of Nor-
folk is called Lynn Deeps. The body of the Wash
is a large shoal, partly dry at low water, and even
the Deeps are the reverse of what their name im-
plies, not admitting at the most, vessels of more
than 200 tons burthen.
BOS
113
BOS
Boston, the capital of Massacliusetts, and the
chief citv in New England, stands upon a penin-
sula in a capacious harbour, at the western ex-
tremity of Massachusetts Bay. Its situation is
noble and coinrnanding, the site being elevated
and the city nearly surrounded by water, so that
to the eye of the spectator its lofty domes and
spires seems like those of Venice to rise out of
the waves. In the interior, there is much irregu-
larity, and many crooked and narrow streets, but
there are also in Boston a greater number of ele-
fant buildings, beautiful sites, and objects that
isplay the wealth, taste, and public spirit of the
inhabitants, than in any other city of the United
States. The beautiful common in the western
rart, occupies the southerly slope of Beacon Hill,
t is a qte,rter of a mile in extent, surrounded by
a mall planted with elms, witii an open prospect
to the west and fronted in other parts by elegant
buildings. The State House, which stands on the
summit of the hill overlooking the common, and
indeed the whole city, is a spacious brick edifice,
painted of a stone colour and surmounted by a
lofljr dome. The finest ornament of its interior,
is a statue of Washington in white marble, by
Chantry. Fronting the mall, is also St. Paul's
church, built of hammered granite with a fagade
of freestone, exhibiting six massy Doric columns.
The effect of the simple elegance of this structure
is much injured by the contrast of a huge gothic
pile at its side, the Masonic Temple, whose lofty
front, however, exhibits an imposing specimen of
that order of architecture. The Stone Chapel is
the name given to a church of considerable an-
tiquity ; it is a plain edifice, with a square tower,
surrounded by a Doric colonnade, and the style is
both chaste and dignified. Trinity church is of
rough granite, in the mixed gothic style, with a
lofty tower, and its whole appearance is massy
and imposing . The congregational church in
Bowdoin street,i8 another edifice in the same style,
but smaller. The church, in ChurcJi Green, is of
white granite, octagonal in shape and supporting
a tall and slender spire ; it is much admired by
many, but is rather finical. The Brattle Street
church is worthy a stranger's notice for displayin<r
in its front the cannon ball shot into it during the
siege of Boston in 1775. The Old South church,
which the British soldiers turned into a hippo-
drome while they held possession of the city, still
remains, but its locality is now central and not
southerly. Park Street church at the head of the
mall, has a spire that towers above every other in
the city. There are besides these, many houses
of worship, not without claims to notice.
But the structure which most strikes the atten-
tion of the stranger, is perhaps Fanueil Hall Mar-
ket. This pile is 536 feet in length, two stories
15
high, and is built of white granite, with porticoes
of columns cut from a single stone. This is
probably the handsomest market-house in the
world, and is fronted on both sides by solid blocks
of stone stores in a uniform architecture. The
street on the north fi-ont is Go, and thaton the south,
102 feet in width. In the halls of the upper story,
are annually held the great sales of American
manufactures. Old Faneuil Hall, immortal in
the annals of our country as the ' cradle of
Liberty,' stands west of tlie market, and is an an-
cient pile of brick, containing a spacious hall, in
which popular assemblies are still held and pub-
lic dinners, celebrations, &c. are performed. The
Post Office and City Hall are in the Old State
House, at the head of State Street. Many of the
banks are elegant stone edifices. The County
Court House is stone and of handsome propor-
tions, but its situation is unfavourable for display,
and the spot it occupies would be more service-
able for a public square. The Massachusetts
General Hospital is large, and elegantly built of
stone ; it is a monument of the philanthropic
munificence of private citizens.
Here also the finest hotel in the United States dis-
plays the public spirit and liberality of the Boston
people. This edifice is called the Tremont House,
and occupies a beautiful situation ; its main body
is granite, with an ^elegant portico of fluted col-
ums cut from a single stone. The wings in the
rear are brick with stone basements, and with the
front, form three sides of a quadrangle. This
hotel contains nearly 200 apartments, and is un-
rivalled in the country for the excellence of its
accommodations. There are other structures for
public objec's worthy of attention, as the prisons,
houses of industry, &c., these are generally of
Quincy or Chelmsford granite, an excellent
Duilding stone, of which there is an abundance in
the neighbourhood of the place.
Alterations and additions have of late years
vastly improved the appearance of Boston. The
streets which were formerly almost without an
exception, narrow and crooked, have been in
a great degree rendered wide and commodious ;
the old wooden structures, have in the greater
part of the city been replaced by handsome build-
ings of stone or brick. In the western part, par-
ticularly, there is much neatness and elegance.
The splendour of the private buildings here, is
not equalled in any other part of the Union.
The literary institutions of this city are of the
first order. The public libraries contain 70,000
volumes. The Boston Atheneum is the finest es-
tablishment of its kind in the United States ; its
library contains above 25,000 volumes, and a read-
ing room, in which the most esteemed periodicals,
from all parts of the world, may be found. If we
add to these the library of Harvard College, in the
neighbourhood, of 40,000 volumes, making the
number of books within the reach of the citizens
110,000, it must be allowed that Boston offers to
the scholar a more advantageous residence than
any other spot in the western world. The litera-
ry character of the citizens corresponds to these
advantages; Boston is distinguished for the num-
ber and talent of its periodical works : the North
American Review, which is allowed to be the
most able of all the literary journals of our coun-
try, and the only one that has gained a reputation
in Europe, is published here. The Christian Ex-
aminer, which has now enlarged its plan, and as-
sumed more of a purely literary character, is rank-
ed among the first publications of the day. The
k2
BOS
114
BOS
periodicals of the city are more than 60, including
31 ntjwspapers, 7 of which are daily. The pub-
lic schools are not equalled in any other city in
the world. Tlie ambition of the schola'-s is exci-
ted by annual rewards to the most worthy, in the
shape of a public dinner at Fanouil Hall in com-
pany with the Mayor and ofScers of tlie city ;
and the distribution of gold and silver medals,
the product of a fund for this purpose establislied
by the great Franklin, who was born in this
city. In the department of the fine arts, tliere is
much taste and liberal patronage displayed here.
The annual exhil)itions of paintmgs in the gallery
of the Atheneum is the best in the country, and a
fund is collecting from its proceeds for the encour-
agement of the arts.
This city is distinguished for the early and res-
olute stand which it made in favour of American
liberty. It was, in fact, the birth-place of our in-
dependence, and the first American blood shed by
the British, was in the skirmish between the citi-
zens of Boston and the soldiery, in State Street,
on the 5th of March, 1770, which is known by the
name of the Boston Massacre. The animosity
occasioned by this occurrence never subsided, and
six years afterward the British were driven from
the place.
In commerce, Boston is the second city in the
union, and its trade is carried on with every quar-
ter of the world. The yearly imports are
13,000,000 dollars, and the exports 9,000,000.
The shipping of the port amounted in 1828, to
161,r)83 tons. The wharves lierc are tlie finest in
thfe United States. Long Wharf and Central
Wharf are each nearly a quarter of a mile in
length, and covered with stores ; those of the
latter are a solid pile, with an observatory in the
centre, where signals are received by telegraph
from the islands in the bay. India Wharf has a
solid pile of buildings, of large extent. All these
form spacious docks, and are furnished with broad
carriage ways.
The manufactures of the city and suburbs, con-
sist of glass, iron, cordage, leather, &c.; the finest
cut and crown glsss in the country is made here.
TJie manufacturing interests are strongly support-
ed in Boston, and a great portion of its capital lies
in the establishments of Lowell, Waltham and oth-
er manufacturing towns. A railroad is in progress
from Boston to Lowell, which, when completed,
will give additional spirit to the manufacturing in-
dustry of the state and contribute to the prosperi-
ty of the capital. There are 8 avenues to the city,
viz., G bridges, the neck, and the western cause-
way. The bridges lead from Charlestown, Cam-
bridge and South Boston ; they are of wood, and
that leading to Cambridgeport is nearly two thirds
of a mile in lenorth. The western avenue is of solid
earth, faced with stone, and is a mile and a half
in length. The traveller who approaches the city
on a dark evening, admires the brilliant and pic
turesque appearance of the lights upon the aven-
ues, stretcliing in long lines across the wide bay
that embosoms tlie city. The western portion of
the bay is enclosed by the causeway above mem-
tioned, and serves for a mill-basin.
The wealth of Boston is computed at 92 millions
of dollars ; probably no other city of its size can
be found equally rich. The inhabitants, although
distinguished for beirij; ' full of notions,' yet have
more of a settled and permanent character than
those of any other American city. The high de-
gree of wealth, education and literary talent
which prevails here, has imparted to the upper
classes a portion of that exclusive feeling, which,
for want of a more precise definition is called
aristocracy, although there is no wider distinction
of classes than such as the natural operations of
society mark out. The rich, the gifted, and the
well-bred, are self-complacent in the possession of
their power, or superiority, but their pride is tem-
pered with urbanity and never wears a repulsive
shape. No people are more tolerant in religion,
and they have long since discarded every tiling
offensive in the strait-laced puritanism of their
ancestors ; yet no where is the state of moral feel-
ing more correct. There are all sects in religion,
but the Unitarians are the most numerous, and
their clergy can boast of some of the ablest heads
of the day. The people are noted for their love
of parade, pomp, and public celebrations^ but the
occasions are generally well chosen, and the per-
formances seldom offend good taste.
The facilities for travelling in the neighbour-
hood of Boston are very great. There are more
stage coaches running to and from this city than
any other in America. Hourly and half-hourly
stages carry passengers to the neighbouring towns
at a very low rate. The number of daily arrivals
and departures is about 250. In summer there
are steamboats running to Hingham, Nahant ana
the coast of Maine. The roads about Boston are
excellent, and tlie public houses of the first order.
The country here is exceedingly varied and pic-
turesque, adorned with every graceful variety of
hill and dale, garden and grove, and abounding
in beautiful villages and elegant country seats.
From the dome of the State House, the spectator
may look down upon the whole city, the country
around it, the harbour and bay sprinkled with
beautiful islands and the ocean beyond, forming a
panorama not surpassed by any view of its kind
in tlie world. Tlie harbour is capacious, safe, and
impregnable to an enemy. The heights of Dor-
chester, which command tlie city and harbour
and whose batteries drove the British from Bop-
ton in 177G, are now within the limits of tJie city.
A city government was first adopted in iS'Zl ;
the officers are a Mayor, eight Aldermen, and a
Common Council of 48, all elected by a popu-
lar vote in Deceml)er annually. With Chelsea,
on the opposite side of the harbour. Boston com-
poses the county of Suffolk, which has G Senators
in the State Legislature. The city alone sends one
Representative to Congress. The yearly expenses
are about 300/100 dollars, of which above 50,000
are appropriated to the support of common schools ;
80,000 for improving the streets and 30,000 for
the poor.
Boston was founded in 1G30. Its name in the
Indian language was Shaumut ; and it was called
by the settlers TrcmorU or Trivwuntain, frgm its
BOT
115
BOT
three hills. The two-hundredth year of the city-
was solemnized on the 17th September 1830 by a
splendid jubilee, when all the public ofBcers, as-
sociations, &c., formed in an immense procession,
marched to the Old South Church, the usual scene
for such festivities, and were addressed by the
President of ITitrvard College.
Tlie census of 1830 gave a return of 61,392 in-
habitants for the 12 wards within the jurisdiction
of the city, but taking in those adjoining parts of
Charlestown, Cambridge and Roxbury, which are
to all practical purposes, so many portions of the
capital, its whole population will amount to about
80,000. The city proper has 40 churches ; 19
banks, 2 theatres, 80 public schools, 50 bookstores,
and is 210 m. N. E. from New York ; 300 N. E.
from Philadelphia; 300 S. S. E. from Montreal,
and 436 N. E. from Washington. It is in N. lat.
42. 22. and in W. long. 71. 3.
Bof'ton. p.t. Erie Co. N. Y. 320 m. W. Albany.
Pop. 1,520.
Boston, t. Portage Co. Ohio.
BosweUsvUlc, p.v. Louisa Co. Va. 20 m. N. W.
Richmond.
Bosioorth. Market, a town in Leicestershire,
Entr. In its vicinity, in 1468, was fought the fa-
mous battle between Richard IIL and the Earl
of Richmond, afterward Henry VIL in which
the former lost his crown and life. It is seated
on a hill. 13 m. W. of Leicester, and 106 N. N.
W. of London. Pop. 1,117.
Bosworth, Husband, another town in Leicester-
shire, 14 m S. of Leicester. Pop. 820.
Botany Bay, a bay of New South Wales, dis-
covered by Cook in 1770, and so called from the
great quantity of herbs, found on the shore. Tlie
promontories which form its entrance are named
Cnne Rinks and Po'nt Solander. It was origi-
nally fixed on for a colony of convicts from Great
Britain, which in the sequel, was established at
Port Jackson, 13 m. further to the N. See Hol-
land Mio. Long. 151. 21. E. lat. 34. 0. S.
Botany Island, a small island in the Pacific
Ocean, to the S. E. of New Caledonia. Long.
167. 17. E. lat. 22. 27. S.
Botesdde, a town in Suffolk, Eng. seated in a
valley, 15 m. N. E. of Bury, and 86 of London.
Pop. "584.
Botetourt, an interior county of the W. District
of Virgin'a. lyinrr between the two most easterly
ridges of the Apalachian mountains. The Roan-
oke and James rivers have both their sources
within this county ; and it is bounded on the north
by the valley over which is the natural bridge,
90 feet in length and 200 feet above the surface
of the water. (See Cedar Creek.) Pop. 16,354. Fin-
castle, 194 m.W of Richmond, is the chiof town.
Bothnia, Gulf of, a large gulf of the Baltic,
forming its northern continuation, extending in a
north by east direction, from the Isle of Aland, in
the lat. of 60. to ToVnoa, in the lat. of 66. N. and
having ah average breadth of about 3 degrees of
long, between 17. and 25. E. It is bounded on
the west by Sweden and east by Finland.
Bothnia, East, the northern province of Fin-
land, extending from Finland Proper, in tlie lat.
of 62. N. to the line of the arctic circle, which
divides it from Lapland ; lying on the east shore
of the Gulf of Bothnia, between 21. and 30. of
east longitude, bounded on the east by tlie Rus-
sian Province of Olonetz ; containing an area of
about 28,000 square miles, but having only about
70,000 inliabitants. It is generally low and marshy,
intersected by lakes and small rivers, abounding
with fish, some salmon. The climate is general-
ly unfavourable to vegetation. It has, however,
some herds of small horned cattle, and bears, and
other furred animals are common ; and it exports
some fir timber, deals, tar, and pitch. It it di-
vided into twenty-eight parishes under the eccles-
iastical jurisdiction of the see of Abo, which fa-
vours the tenets of Luther. Tiie inhabitants,
with some little exception of Swedish, speak the
Finnish language. The chief towns are Kajana
on the east side, and Uleaborg, Brahestad, Car-
leby, Jacobstadt, Wasa, and Christianstadt all on
the shores of the gulf of Bothnia. This prov-
ince, with Finland, was ceded by Sweden to Rus-
sia in 1809.
Bothnia, West, a province of Sweden, lying
between the west shore of the gulf of Bothnia
and Lapland, extending south from Angerman-
land, in the lat. of 63, 50. to that of 67. N. and 19.
to 25. E. long. Its area is about half that of East
Bothnia, and the population does not exceed 50,
000. It differs but little in character from the
eastern province ; it abounds somewhat more in
furred animals, which serve alike for subsistence
and traffic. It is intersected by numerous streams,
all running from west to east into the gulf. The
four principal rising from the mountains which
divide Lapland from Norland, give name to as
many districts and towns ; viz. Tornea, at the head
of the gulf, Lulea, Pitea, and Umea, at the south
extremity of the province, all upon the coast of
the gulf. It contains some veins of copper and
iron ; but its chief exports arc timber, deals, and
tar. It is under the ecclesiastical jurisdiction of
the see of Ilcrmsand.
Bot.hiccll, a town of Scotland, in the county ot
Lanark, situate on the east bank of the Clyde, be-
tween Hamilton and Glasgow. It is distinguish-
ed for the battle fought in its vicinitj^ in 1679, be-
tween the covenanters and the royal forces com-
manded by the duke of Monmouth, when the for-
mer were completely defeated.
Botlcy, a village in Hampshire, Eng. 6 m. E. of
Southampton, on the river Hamble, noted for a
considerable trade in flour. Pop. in 1821, 670.
Bottcsford, a village in Leicestershire, Eng. on
the confines of Nottinghamshire and Lincolnshire,
7 m. W. by N. of Grantham. Near it, on a lofty
f :ninence, is Belvoir castle, the ancient seat of the
dukes of Rutland. In the church are several
handsome monuments of that noble family ; and
many Roman antiquities have been found in the
neighbourhood. Pop. 1,070.
Botttehdl, p.t. Morris Co. N. J. 15 m. N. W. of
Elizabethtown.
Botwar, a town in the north part of the duchy
of Wirtemburg, on a river of its name, 15 m. S.
S. E. of Heilbron. Pop. about 2,000.
BOU
116
BOU
Kotzev., a large town in the interior of the Ty-
rol, beautifully located near the junction of the
Eich and Eisach, branches of the Adige river.
It has some manufactures of silks, and has four
fairs annually, numerously attended. The sur-
rounding country produces excellent wine. It
was taken by the French in March, ]7il7, but re-
taken by the Austrians immediately after. An
Austrian commandant resides here. It is about
13 m. N. of Trent. Pop. about 8,000.
Botzrmlmrgh, a tovn of Brandenburg, in the
Ueker Mark, 9 m. S. W. of Prentzlau, and about
50 m. N. of Berlin. It has a manufacture of silk.
Bouchain. a fortified to^vn of France, in the de-
partment of Nord, divided into two parts by the
Scheldt. It was taken by the allies in 1711, un-
der the Duke of Marlborough, but retaken the year
following; and was invested by the Austrians in
1793, but soon relieved. It is 9 m. W. of Valen-
ciennes.
liouchart. a town of France, in the department
of Indre and Loire, situate on an island in the river
Vienne, 15 m. S. S. W. of Tours.
Bouchemain, a town of France, in the depart-
ment of Mayenne and Loire, 4 m. S. of Angers.
Bouclfins, a town of France, in the department
of Doubs, 8 m. E. of Besanoon.
Boudrif, a town of Switzerland, in the County
of Neufchatel, 4 m. S. W. of Neufchatel. It was
the birth-place of Marat.
Bougainville's Strait, on the S. Pacific Ocean,
between an island of the same name and the north
end of Solomon's Island, in the lat. of 7. S. and
150. E. long.
Bouillon, a town of Netherlands, in Luxem-
burg, with a castle, on an almost inaccesible
rock. The French took it in 1676, when Louis
XIV. gave it to the duke of Bouillon. In 1794
this town w.as taken by storm, by general Beau-
lieu, after defeating a considerable body of French
republicans, and given up to pillage, [t is sea-
ted near the river Semoy, on the frontier of
France, 6 m. N. N. E. of Sedan, and 46 W. by
N. of Luxemburg.
Bouillij, a town of France, in the department
of Aube, 7 m. S. of Treves.
Boulai/. a town of France. In the department
of Moselle, 13 m. N. E. of Metz.
Boulocrne, a seaport of France, in the depart-
ment of Pas de Calais. It is divided into two
towns, the Upper and the Lower ; the former is
strongly fortified ; but the latter is merely sur-
rounded with walls. The port has for a long
time been so shallow that no ships of burden could
enter it. But owing to some recent improve-
ment, it is represented to hold ten feet at low wa-
ter ; and a large basin has lately been construct-
ed to contain 1 7 feet. The harbour is protected
by a mole, to which very strong fortifications
have been added. Under Bonaparte, Boulogne
was made a royal port, and no merchant vessel,
firivateers, nor even prizes were admitted, unless
oaded with ordnance or military stores, being the
principal depot of the armaments which he intend-
ed for the invasion of Britain. Since the pear^
in 1315, it has been much resorted by the Eng-
'ish, several hundreds of families havmg adopted
it as their place of residence, who, subsisting on
annuities paid out of the taxes raised in England,
contribute essentially to the interest of the town
and neighbourhood. Bonaparte commenced the
erection of a tower, apparently intended to be car-
ried to a great height ; but it is left in an unfinish-
ed state, and its utility is not very obvious. It is
16 m. S. W. of Calais, in lat. 50. 46. N. and 1.
37. E. long. There is also another town of the
same name in France, in the department of Upper
Garonne, having several tanneries. It is 12 m.
N. by W. of St. Gaudins.
Bourbon, an island in the Indian ocean, 50 m.
long and '.iT) broad, lying 400 m. east of Madagas-
car. It has not a safe harbour, but there are some
roads for shipping. On the S. E. is a volcano.
It is a fertile island ; producinsr, in particular,, the
finest cotton, and excellent cofFee. The French
settled here in 1672. It surrendered to the English,
after the capture of the Isle of France, on the 3d
of December, 1810. But Bourbon was restored
at the General Peace in 1815 ; since when, the
culture of sugar, coffee, and cotton, has been pur
sued with great avidity, by the aid of slaves, ob
tained from Madagascar. It also produces a va-
riety of woods, resins, gums, and flints. Wild
goats and hogs abound in the mountains and
woods. The cattle in the plains are numerous ;
and the coasts supply abundance of fish. On
the whole, this island affords, not only all the
means of subsistence, but of enjoyment in a very
high degree. The white inhabitants are suppos-
ed not to exceed 5,000; and the slaves about 20,-
000. St. Denis is the chief town, in lat. 20. 52.
N. and 55. 30. E. long, about 100 m. S. of the
Isle of France.
Bourbon, an interior County in the N. W. part
of the state of Kentucky. Pop. 18,434. Paris,
situate on a fork of the south branch of the Lick-
ing river, 40 m. E. of Frankfort, is the chief town.
Bourbon Lomci/, a town of France, on the west
side of the department of S.aone and Loire, cele
brated for its hot mineral waters, and a laro-e mar-
ble pavement, called the Great Bath, which is a
work of the Romans. It is 28 m. S. W. of Autun.
Pop. 2,800.
Bouibon V Jirchambaud, a town of France, in
the department of Allier, celebrated for its hot
baths and for giving name to the family of the
kings of France. It is situate near the river Al-
lier, 15 m. W. of Moulins. Pop. 2,600.
Bourbonnc les Bains, a town of France, in the
department of Upper Marne, famous for its hot
baths, 18 m. E N. E. ofLangres. Pop. 3,200.
Bourbonnois, a late province of France, boun-
ded on the north by Nivernois and Berry, west
by Berry and Marche, south by Auvergne, and
east by Burgundy and Forez. It abounds in
corn, fruit, pastures, wood, game, and wine. It
now forms the department of Allier.
Bourbourg, a town of France, in the depart-
ment of Nord, seated near the river Aa, and on
a canal, that communicates with Calais and
Dunkirk, 10m. S. W. of Dunkirk. Pop. 4,100.
Bourg, which in French signifies borough, is
prefixed to the names of about 20 pl.aces in differ-
ent parts of France ; among the more considera-
ble are,
Bourg-en-Brcsse, the capital of the department
of Ain. Near it is the magnificent churcli and
monastery of the Angustins, which contains the
mausoleum of Margaret of Austria, and of Charles
V. The principal commerce is in corn, horses,
cattle, and white leather. It stands in a marshy
but fertile country, on the river Ressousso, 36 m.
N. E. of Lyons, and 233 S. S. E. of Paris. It was
the birth place of Lalande. Pop. about 7,300.
Bourg-sur-Mrr, in the department of Gironde,
with a tide harbour on the Dordogne, near the
point of land formed by the junction of that river
with the Ga'-onne, on its north side. It has a
./
y
BOU
117
BOV
great trade in wine, and is 15 m. N. by E. of Bor-
deaux. Pop. 2,700.
Bouriraneuf, a town of France, in the depart-
ment of Creuse. Here is a lofty tower, faced with
stones cut diamond-wise, erected by Zisiui, broth-
er of Bajazet II. emperor of the Turks, when he
was obliged to exile himself, after the loss of a deci-
sive battle. Bourganeuf is seated on tlie Taurion,
20 m. N. E. of Liiuogcs. Pop. about 2,000.
Bjura-es, a city of France, capital of the depart-
ment of Cher, and an archiepiscopal see, with a
university, founded by Louis XI. the Nero of
France, who w:i3 barn here. In extent, it is one
of the greatest cities in France, but the inhabitants
hardly exceed 17,000. The principal manufac-
tures are cloth, woolen stuiFs, and stockings ; but
the trade is inconsiderable. It is seated at the
conflux of the Auron and Yevre, 25 m. N. W. of
Nevers, and 125 S. of Paris.
Bourgct, a town of Savoy, on a lake of the
same name, near the Rhone, 6 ra. N. of Cham-
berry.
Bouraneuf, a seaport of France, in the deprart-
ment ot Lower Loire. The chief trade is in salt,
made from the adjacent salt-marshes. It stands
on a bay to which it gives name, between the
isle of Noirmoutier and the continent, 20 m. S.
W. of Nantes. It has an oyster fishery on the
coast ; some ships are also fitted out from hence
for the Newfoundland fishery. Pop. about 2,000.
Long. 1.51. W. lat. 47. 3. N.
Bouroroin, a town of France, in the department
of Isere. Some hemp is raised in the vicinity,
and it has some manufactures of chintz. Pop.
about 3,600.
Bourgueil, a town of France, in the department
of Indre and Loire, 22 ra. W. of Tours. It has a
Benedictine abbey and castle. Pop. about 2,800.
Bourlos, a large lake, or bay, lying between the
Rose tta and Damietta branches of the Nile. On
the East Cape is a town called Bourlos, in the
lat. of 31. 3(5. N. and 31. 27. E. lonw.
Bourmont, a town of France, in the department
of Upper Marne, on a steep mountain, 20 m. E.
by .\ of Chaumont.
Bourn, a town in Lincolnshire, Eng. It has a
navigable canal to. Boston, and is seated at the
source of a rivulet that runs to Spalding, 35 ra. S.
of Lincoln, and 97 N. of London. Pop. in 1821,
2,242.
BournalxU, a village in the vicinity of Smyrna,
where Homer is said to have written his Iliad.
Bouro, one of the Molucca islands, in the Bnn-
da Sea, between Celebes and Ceram, about 90 m.
long and 30 broad. Some mountains in it are ex-
tremely high, and the sea on one side is uncom-
monly deep. It is represented as being exceed-
ingly fertile, yielding abundance of rice. One of
its peculiar vegetable productions is the mc'aleuca
cuti<roU.a, from the leaves of which the Cajeput
oil is extracted, which forms one of the principal
articles of traffic. The nutmeg, clove, cocoa,
banana, and ebony trees, as well as the orange,
lemon, citron &c., are also common to the island.
The natives, who live mostly in the interior, are
represented to be as rude and unsocial as those of
Borneo, to whom they bear a close affinity in fea-
ture, manner, and character. VV ild boars, goats,
and hog deer, range in the woods, which are also
much infested with reptiles, and some of an enor-
mous size. There is a town of the same name on
the shore of a commodious bay, called Cajeli, on
tlie north east part of the island, in lat. 3. 25. S.
and 127. E. long, where the Dutch have a fort ;
their grovelling policy precludes alike all social
improvement among the natives, whilst it consti-
tutes a barrier to the attainment of all knowledge
of the details of their numbers, economy, and re-
sources. Some Maliometans, and natives of oth-
er islands, who live in subservience to the Dutch,
inhabit the towns upon the coast.
Bourthes, a town of France, in the department
of Pas de Calais, 12 m. S. E. of Boulogne.
Boussac, a town of France, in tiie department
of Creuse, with a castle on a rock, 25 m. N. E. of
Gueret.
Bouton, an island of the Indian Ocean, lymg
off the south east promontory of tlie island of
Celebes, about 180 miles in length from N. to S.
and 25 in breadth. It is in part mountainous and
woody, but in other parts exceedingly fertile.
The natives appear to be of Malayan origin, pro-
fessing the Mahometan faith. It is governed by
a sultan, who lives in considerable state, and
whose authority extends over some small islands
contiguous. Forts are constructed, on several in-
accessible heights, in different parts of the island.
It is said to produce cotton of a very superior
quality, which the natives manufacture into
cloth. The north point of the island is in lat. 4.
21 . S. and 123. 5. E. long. The Dutch attempted
to establish themselves upon this island ; but
their perfidy led to a general massacre, and they
have not since renewed the attempt. There is a
town of the same name at the north west extremi-
ty of the island, at which the sultan usually re-
sides. There is also another island (a small one)
called Bouton, off the Malay coast, in lat. 6. 2o.
N. and 99. 15. E. long.
Poutanne, a river of France, rising in the de-
partment of Deux Sevres, becomes navigable at
St. Jean D'Angely, and falls into the Charente
about 10 miles above Rochefort. There is a town
of the same name, on the north bank of the river,
about 18 ra. W. of St. Jean D'Angely.
Bouvignes, a small fortified town of the Neth-
erlands, on the west bank of the Meuse, about 14
m. S. of Namur. This is the spot where a great
victory was gained by Philip Augustus, king of
France, over the Emperor Otho IV., A. D. 1214.
Bouzdogan, a town in the south west part of
Natolia, about 18 m. N. W. of Melasso.
Bouzok, a town of Asiatic Turkey, near the
north east confines of Caramania, and near the
source of a branch of tlie Kisil Jarmak River,
which falls into the Black Sea.
BouzonvUte. a town of France, in the depart-
ment of Moselle, on the river Nied, 27 m. N. £.
of Metz.
Bova, a town of Naples, in Calabria Ultra, at
the southern extremity of the promontory of
Italy. The inhabitants are supposed to be de-
scendants of Albanians, great numbers of whom
are scattered over the adjacent country. Pop. of
Bova about 2,300.
Bardies, a town of France, in the department
of Somme, 6 m. W. S. W. of Amiens.
Borenden, or Bawarden, a town in the princi-
pality of Callenberg, about 3 m. N. of Got-
tingen.
Bovense, or Borgense, a town on the north
coast of tlie island of Funen, fiwm whence there
is a ferry over to Klakring, in Jutland.
Bores, a populous town in Piedmont, a few m.
S. of Coni.
Bovina, p.t. Delaware Co. N. Y. 76 m. S. W
Albany. Pop. 1,346.
Bovino, a town of Naples, in Capitanata, seated
BOX
118
BRA
at the foot of the Apennines, 15 m. N. E. of
Benevento.
Bote, or Stratford le Bow, one of the out parish-
es of London, on the east side. The church is 4
miles from the Royal Exchange. Bow is situate
at the south-cast extremity of the county of
Middlesex, separated from Essex by the river Lea
(see Blackwail). The cliurch is very ancient;
and an old stone bridge over the river is supposed
to iiave been the fast erected in England, and
the curve or bow of the arch to have given name
to the town. Over this bridge is the great outlet
from London to the 3 eastern counties of England :
viz. Essex, Suffolk, and Norfolk. The pop. of
the parish of Bow in 1821 was 2,349 ; and of
Bromley, immediately contiguous, 4,3(i0. In this
section of the metropolis are several very exten-
sive flour-mills, chyinical laboratories, and other
works, the operations of which are aided, con-
jointly with steam, by the waters of the Lea.
Bow, one of the Society Isles at the south east
extremity of the Cluster, in lat. 18. 23. S. and
141. 10. W. long. It was discovered by Captain
Cook on his first voyage ; but, with 130 fathom of
line, no bottom could be found for anchorage. It
seemed barren ; but from appearance of smoke,
it was conjectured either to be inhabited or vol-
canic.
Bow, t. Merrimack Co. N. H. adjoining Con-
cord. Pop. 1,065.
Bowdoin, p.t. Lincoln Co. Me. Pop. 2,095.
Bowdoinliam, p.t. in the same Co. Pop. 2,061.
Bowerbank, t. Penobscot Co. Me. 40 m. N. W.
Bangor. Pop. 49.
Bowers, p.v. Essex Co. Va. and Southampton
Co. Va.
Bowes, a town at the north west extremity of
the county of York, Eng., situate at the foot of
the mountains on the frontier of Westmoreland,
on one of the Roman military ways, now the high
road from London to Carlisle. Its antiquity is fur-
ther manifest, from a stone in the church, which, at
the commencement of tlie last century, was used
as a Communion table, on which is an adulatory
inscription to the Emperor Adrian. It holds a
market on Fridays, 53 m. S. by E. of Carlisle, and
250 N. by W. of London. Pop. in 1821 , 1,438.
Bowling Grten, there are villages of this name
in Va., Ken., Ohio., Geo., and Missouri.
Boicmore, a town of the isle of Islay, Scotland,
on the coast of Argyleshire, on the east coast of
Loch Indal. Pop. about 700.
Boicnes, a village in Westmorland, Eng., on the
east side of Windermere-water, 9 miles west by
noith of Kendal. It is a great mart for fish and
charcoal ; and the chief place for trading and
pleasure boats used in navigating the lake.
Bowncss, a village in Cumberland, Eng., at the
west end of the ricts wall, on Solway frith, 13
miles west by north of Carlisle. It was a Ro-
man station, called Blatum Bulgium ; and from
hence Antoninus began his Itinerary.
Boxber^, a town of Germany, in the grand
ducby of Baden, with an ancient castle on an
eminence ; seated on the Tauber, 13 m. W. of
Mergentheim.
Buxborough, p.t. Middlesex Co. Mass. Pop.
474.
Boxford, a village in Suffolk, Eng., 5 miles
from Sudbury. It has a great trade in malt, and
a manufacture for dressing sheep and deer skins
in oil. Pop. 743.
Boxford, p.t. Essex Co. Mass. on the Merri-
mack, 14 ra. above Newburyport. Pop. 937.
Boxley, a village in Kent, Eng., four miles north
of Maidstone, famous for an abbey, founded in
1146, sonic remains of which still exist. In this
abbey, Edward II. granted the charter to the city
of London, empowering them to elect a mayor.
Pop. 1,166.
Boxtcl, a town of the Netherlands, in Brabant,
seated on the river Bommel, and furnished with
sluices. Here the British and Dutch troops, un-
der the duke of York, were defeated by the
French in 1794. It is 8 m. S. of Bois le Due.
Pop. 2,650.
Boijdstown, p.t. Mecklenburg Co. Va.
Boydsville, p.t. Davidson Co. Ten. 20 m fr'.tn
Nashville.
Boyle, a populous parish, and borough of Ire-
land, in the county of Roscommon, on the fron-
tier of Sligo. Here are the ruins of an abbey,
near the lake Key, and manufactures of linen and
yarn. It has extensive barracks, seated on the
river Boyle, 23 miles north of Roscommon, and
86 north west of Dublin. It returned two mem-
bers to the Irish parliament previous to the union.
Pop. of the town in 1821, 3,407; and of the par-'^
ish, including the town, 11,181.
Boyhton, p.t. Worcester Co. Mass. Pop. 820.
Boyne, a river of Ireland, which rises in the
north part of the county of Kildare, crosses the
county of Meath, past Trim and Navan, and en-
ters the Irish channel below Drogheda. In this
river and on its banks James II. was defeated by
William HI. in 1690.
Bozolo, a fortified town of Italy, in the Man-
tuan, seated on the Oglio, 15 m. S. W. of
Mantua.
Bozrah, p.t. N. London Co. Conn. Pop.
1,078.
Bra, a large town of Piedmont, in the province
of Alba, situate near the junction of the Stura
with the Tanaro River, 10 miles south east of
Carmagnola. Pop. about 10,000. Cherasco, with
a further population of about 11,000, is situate on
the opposite bank of the river.
Bruan, a river of Scotland, in Perthshire,
which descends from the hills east of Loch Tay,
and flows into the Tay above Dunkeld. Upon
this river is a grand scene, at a place called the
Rumbling-bridge. Under an arch, thrown over a
narrow chasm, between two projecting rocks,
the river is precipitated in a fall of near 50
feet.
Brabant, a territory in the north west part of
Europe, lying between the lat. of 50. 30. and 51.
35. N. and 4. and 5. 10. E. long, formerly belong-
ing to Austria, and afterwards part of the king-
dom of the Netherlands. It will be best under-
stood divided into two parts : viz. North or Dutch
Brabant, and South or Austrian Brabant. Dutch
Brabant lies north of the Scheldt, the north east
being bounded by the Maese,its4 principal towns
being Bergen-op-Zoom, Breda, Bois-le-duc, and
Endhoven. South, or Austrian Brabant, is bound-
ed on the west by the Dender and Scheldt, south
by Namur, and east by Liege. This district was
overrun by the French in 1702, who were driven *
back the following 3'car; but returned in 1794
and effectually subdued the whole of the Austri-
an Netherlands, which were confirmed to them
by the treaty of Campo Formio in 1797, and of
Luneville in 1801, when they divided South Bra-
bant into two departments; viz. Deux Nethes, af^
ter the name of two rivers which run from N. to
S. uniting at Lier, and afterward fall into the
Scheldt; and the Dyle, named after another river,
BRA
119
% BRA
running from S. to N. past Louvain and Malines,
into the Nethes, before it ialls into the Scheldt.
The forniei of these divisions, besides the towns
above mentioned, contains the citj of Antwerp,
and the towns of Turnhout and Herenthals, and
numerous villages ; and the latter, Brussels,
Arschot, Tirelmont, &c. &c. With some partial
exceptions, this is a very fertile and important
district; it yields, after supplying its inhabitants
with abundance of all things necessary for sub-
sistence and comfort, a surplus of flax and of
wheat of very superior qualiiy. It was annexed
to Holland at the general peace ; and Brussels
made the seat of government in alternate years
with the Hague (see Netherlands.) Tlie inhabitants
are Catholics, and speak the French language.
Bnuadale, a town and parish of Scotland, on
the west coast of the isle of Skye, which in 1821
contained a pop. of 2.103.
, Bracciano, a town of Italy, in the patrimony of
St. Peter, celebrated for manufactures of paper,
the ruins of Veia, and some warm baths in its
vicinity. It is situated on a lake of the same
,name, 12 m. N. W. of Rome.
BraccigUuno, a town of Naples, in Principato
Citeriore, 7 m. N. N. W. of Salerno.
Braceniile, p.t. Trumbull Co. Ohio.
Bracken, a frontier county on the north east
side of Kentucky, bounded by the Ohio River.
Pop. 6,392. Augusta, on the Ohio, 90 m. N. E.
of Frankfort, is the chief town.
Brachcnheim, a town of the duchy of Wirtem-
berg, about G miles W. of the Necker at LaufFen,
and" 18 N. of Stutgard. Pop. about 1,500. It
has a well endowed hospital.
Brarldetj, a borou >h in Northamptonshire, Eng.
It contains two churches, and had formerly a
college, now a free-school. It is seated on the
Ouse, 18 m. S. S. W. of Northampton, and G3
N. W. of London. It returns two members to
parliament. Pop. in 1821, 1,8-51.
Braclmc, a strong town in the south of Rus-
sian Poland, capital of the Palatinate oi its
name, in Podolia. It stands on the river Bog, 85
m. E. of Kaminieck.
Bradfield, a town in Essex, Eng. seated on the
river Blackwater, IG m. N. of Chelmsford, and 44
N. N. E. of London. Pop. 822.
Brculfield, is also the name of a township, in
the parish of Ecclesfield, Eng. 6 miles north of
Sheffield, in the manufactures of which it is ex-
tensively occupied. Pop. in 1821, 5,.2'.)8. It is
also tlic name of seven other towns and villages
in different parts of England, all inconsiderable.
Bradford, a town in Wiltshire, Eng. It is the
centre of the greatest fabric of superfine cloths in
England, and is eminent for the nicest mixtures.
There are about twenty extensive establishments.
It stands on the side of a rocky hill, on the Lower
Avon, 10 m. N. by W. of Warminster, and 100
W. of London. Pop. in 1821, 10,231.
Bradford, a large and populous parish and town
in the West Riding of Yorkshire, Eng. in which
manufacturing industry manifested itself as strong-
ly during the first 20 years of the present centu-
ry, as in any part of the kingdom. The town,
which in 1801 contained a pop. of only 6.393, and
in 1811 of 7,767, in 1821 , contained 13,064, and the
aggregate of the parish 52,954, which in 1311 was
^ only 36,358. In the town there are about forty
large dealers in wool, about 30 large establish-
ments for the spinning of ditto, and sixty factories
for the weaving of ditto, into various, kinds of
stuffs. It has five or six extensive iron foun ■
dries, as many machine manufactories, and several
employers both in the manufacture of hats and
combs ; and, that there may be no lack of un-
ceasing toil, the cotton manufacture has also es-
tablished itself in the parish. The town is situate
at the foot of the ridge of mountains which divides
the West Riding of Yorkshire from Lancashire,
on the banks of a small river, falling into the Aire,
on the south side. It has also the advantage of a
collateral cut to the Leeds and Liverpool canal ;
and consequently a facility of communication, of
water, with all parts of the kingdom. The sur-
rounding country abounds in iron ore, coal, flag-
stones, and slates. The parish church is a stately
Gothic edifice : a new church, built by subscrip-
tion, was opened in 1815. It has several other
religious places of worship, a free grammar
school, and a market hall for the exhibition of the
worsted stuffs brought for sale ; It is 10 m. W. of
Leeds, and 9 N. E. of Halifax.
Bradford, derived from two Saxon words imply-
ing Brofidford, is the name of six other towns and
villages in different parts of England, situate on
the banks of streams tliat formerly used to be
forded.
Bradford, a county in the E. District of Penn-
sylvania, bordering on New York. It is intersec-
ted by the east branch of the Susquehannah river,
which receives numerous collateral branches
flowing from all directions within the county.
Pop. 19,669. Towanda,189 m. N. by E. of Harris-
burg, is the chief town.
£ra<//orrf, p.t. Merrimack Co. N. H. 80 m. fr.
Boston. Pop. 1,285.
Bradford, p.t. Essex Co. Mass. on the Merri-
mack, opposite Haverhill. Pop. ],856. This town
has some ship-building and manufacture of shoes.
It is 10 ni. from Newburyport.
Bradford, p.v. Orange Co. Vt. 53 m. S. E.
Montpelier. Pop. 1,507.
Bradford, East and West, towns in Chester
Co. Pa.
Bradford, t. Clearfield Co. Ohio.
Brading, a corporate town of Hampsliire, Eng.
near the east angle of the Isle of Wight, at the
head of a large haven, which admits small vessels
to the quay at hi<rh water. It is 6 m. E. of New-
port, and 8 S. of Portsmouth. Pop. in 1821, 2,023.
Bradley, derived from two Saxon words, broad
ley, the latter signifying meadow or pasture
land, is the name of about twenty towns and vil-
lages in different parts of England ; all inconsider-
able. And Brad precedes different terminations,
names of about twenty other towns and villages
in England ; all, likewise, inconsiderable.
Bruga, a city of Portugal, capital of Entre-
Douro'e-Minho, and the see of an archbishop,
primate • f Portugal. It contains four churches,
besides the cathedral, and ei^ht convents. There
are some ruins of an amphitheatre, and an aque-
duct. It is seated in a fertile country, on the
Cavado, about 25 m. N. by E. of Oporto, and 180
m. N. of Lisbon.
Braganza, a city of Portugal in Tras os Montes,
capital of a duchy of the same name. It is di-
vided into the old and new town : the former is
on an eminence, surrounded bj' double walls, now
in ruins ; and the latter is on a plain, at the foot
of a mcantain, defended by a fort. It is seated
on the Fervanza, 32 m. N. N. W. of Miranda,
and 88 N. E. of Oporto. The duchy was con-
stituted in 1442, and the possessor of the title was
raised to the throne of Portugal in 1640, and haa
continued i** succession to the present time
BRA
120
BRA
Brahestad, one of the five principal towns of
the Russian province of East Bothnia, situate on
the east coast of the gulf of Bothnia, about 30
m. S. S. W. of Uleaborg, in lat. 64. 40. N. and
24. 30. E. long.
Braila, Brakilow, or Piraila, a fortified town of
European Turkey, situate on the north bank of
the Danube, at the east extremity of the province
of Wallachia, a few uiiles south of Galatz, and
about 320 N. by W. of Constantinople.
Brailoto,OT Brakylow, a town of Poland, in Po-
dolia, on the river Bog, 30 m. N. W. of Braclaw.
Braincrd, a missionary station in Tennessee,
on the Tennessee river, about 140 m. S. W.
Knoxville.
Brain le Comte, a town of the Netherlands,
in Haiuault, 15 m. S. S. W. of Brussels. Pop.
about 3,000.
Braintree, a town in Esse.x, Eng. It has. a
considerable manufacture of baize, and is joined
on the north by the e.xtensive village of Booking.
It is seated on the river Blackwater, 11 m. N. by
E. of Chelmsford, and 40 m. N. E. of London. Pop.
2,983.
Braintree, p.t. Orange Co. Vt. Pop. 1,209.
Braintree, p.t. Norfolk Co. Mass. 8 m S. by E.
of Boston. Pop. 1,752. It was the birth place of
John Adams second, and father of the sixth
president of the United States.
BrairUrem, p.t. Luzerne Co. Pa. on the Sus-
quehannah.
Brake! , a town of Westphalia, in the principal-
ity of Paderborn, on the rivulet Brught, 16 m. E.
oi Paderborn.
Bralio, a mountain of the Alps, in the countrj''
of the Grisons, which separates the valley of
Munster from the county of Bormio. It is sup-
posed to be the same which Tacitus mentions
under the name of Juga Rha3tica.
Bramant, a town of Savoy, on tlie river Arc,
20 m. E. S. E. of St. Jean do Maurienne.
Brambcr, a borough in Sussex, Eng. It is
seated on the Adur, immediately contijuous to
Steyning, 51 m. S. by W. of London. Each place
returns two members to parliament. Pop. of
Bramber 98 and of Steyning, 1,324.
Brampton, a town in Cumberland, Eng. On
the top of a high hill is a fortified trench, called
the Mote. It is seated on the river Irthing, 9
m. E. N. E. of Carlisle, and 311 N. N. W. of
London. Pop. in 1821,2,921.
Brampton, is the name of twelve other towns
and villages ; and Bram, derived from a Saxon
word implying a bushy country, precedes the
termination of the names of upwards of twenty
other towns and villages in different parts of
England, all inconsiderable.
Bramstedt, a town of Lower Saxony, in Hol-
stein, near which is a medicinal spring. It is
seated on the Bram, 21 m. N. of Hamburg.
Branaio, or Braunau, a town of Bohemia, on
the confines of Silesia, with a manufacture of
coloured cloth, 11 m. N. W. of Glatz.
Brancaleone, a town of Naples, in Calabria
Ulteriore, 9 m. S. E. of Bova, at the south ex-
tremity of the peninsula.
Brancaster, a village in Norfolk, Eng. 4 m. W.
by N. of Burnham. It was the ancient Brano-
dunum, a considerable Roman city, and has now
a considerable trade in malt.
Branchtoicn, p. v. Philadelphia Co. Pa.
Branchville, p.v. Sussex Co. N. J. 78 m. N.
Trenton.
BrandeiSf a town of Bohemia, in the circle of
Kaurzim, on the south bank of the river Elbe, 10
N. E. of Prague.
Brandenburg, electoral marquisate of, an inte-
rior and irregularly shaped territory of Europe,
in the circle of Upper Saxony, lying between the
lats. of 51. 45. and 54. N. and 11. and 16. of E. .
long. It is separated from the Baltic, on the
north, by Mecklenburg and Pomerania; bounded
on the east by Prussian Poiana, and on the south
by the duchy of Saxony and principality of An-
halt, and on the west by Magdeburg. Its area
may be estimated at about 12,000 square miles.
From the tenth to the fifteenth century this
territory passed under various governments sub-
ject to Poland, when, in 1417, it was vest-
ed in perpetuity, by the emperor Sigismund,
with consent of the Germanic confederacy, to
Frederic VI. of Nuremberg, and his descendants;
a succeeding margrave having been acknowledg-
ed sovereign of the then duchy of Prussia which ^
in 1701 was converted into a kingdom. The .
seat of government was transferred from Konigs-
berg, in Prussia, to Berlin in Bradenburg, which
has thereby become the chief part of the Prus-
sian dominions. It is divided into the five fol-
lowing parts: viz. the Old Mark, west; Prignitz,
north-west; Middle Mark, south; Ucker Mark,
north ; and the New Mark, on the east. It is in
part a sandy and sterile district ; but having the
advantage of several navigable rivers, and by the
aid of culture, it is rendered tolerably productive
in all that is necessary for subsistence and com-
fort. The bigoted edict of Nantes, which in
1685 drove thousands of the most industrious
and intelligent of the manufacturing population
of France from their homes, led a number of
them to settle in this part of Europe, where they
introduced their respective occupations in the
manufacture of silk and worsted stuffs, which
now contributes essentially to the reciprocal bene-
fit of the various classes of the country. The
principal rivers are, 1st, the Oder, which enters
the New Mark from the south, runs north, past
Frankfort, Kustrin, and Schwedt, through Pom-
erania, into the Baltic ; 2nd, the Netze, enters the
New Mark from the east, and falls into the Oder
at Kustrin ; 3rd, the Spree, enters the Middle
Mark from the south, runs west by north, falling
into t;ie Havel west of Berlin ; 4th, the Havel,
rises near the south confines of the Ucker Mark,
runs south to Potsdam, when it makes a circui-
tous course west, to the town of Brandenburg, then
north to Havelberg, where it falls into the Elbe ;
5th, the Elbe, from the south-east, divides the Old
Mark from the Prignitz ; the Havel is also united
with the Elbe by a canal across the principality of
Magdeburg from Brandenburg past Gentin ; and
with the Oder by another canal from Liebenwalde,
past Neustadt, to Oderberg ; the Spree is also
united with the Oder by a canal from the south-
east extremity of the Middle Mark to the point
where the Oder enters the New Mark from
Lusatia. The population of this part of the
Prussian dominions amounts to about 1 ,250,000,
who contribute a money tax equal to about 4,500,
000 dollars per. annum. The inhabitants are
mostly dissenters from the church of Rome, in-
dulging in the peculiar tenets of Luther, who
promulgated his doctrines at Wittemberg ; and
some of Calvin ; but the state makes no distinc-
tion ; religious profession be it what it may, being •*
no obstacle to civil service. The following is a
stivtement of the principal towns in each of the
five divisions ; viz. Prignitz, Witteml)erg, Put
BRA
ISt
BRA
litz, Perleberg; Old Mark, Werben, Osterberg,
Kalbe ; Middle do. Brandenburg, Potsdam, Ber-
lin ; Ucker do. Prenzlo, Boytzenburg, An^er-
munde ; JV'etc do. Fulkenburgh, Arenswald, Kus-
trin.
I Brandenburg, the city which gives name to
the preceding territory, is divided into two parts,
. old and new : the former on the north bank of
• the river Havel, and the latter on tJie south. It
is a place of considerable antiquity, supposed to
have been first founded by the Sclavonians, and
fortified in the early part of the tenth century, as
a barrier against the incursions of the Huns. It
has various manufactures. Pop. about 13,000. It
is about 30 miles S. of Havelsberg, and about the
same distance W. of Berlin. There are two other
towns named Brandenburg ; one in Mecklenburg-
Strelitz, surrounded by walls. The streets are
wide and straight, the church of St. Mary is a
large structure, and the townhouse is worthy of
notice. It is situate on the Tollensee, 72 m. N.
of Berlin : and the other in East Prussia, with an
ancient castle, at the south end of the Frische
Half, 13 ra. S. W. of Konigsberg.
Brandon, a town in Suffolk, Eng. It stands
on the Little Ouse, over which is a bridge, and a
ferry a mile below for conveying goods to and
from the isle of Ely. It has a great trade in com,
malt, coal, timber, &c. and in the vicinity are ex-
tensive rabbit warrens. It is 15 m. N. by W. of
Bury, and 78 N. N. E. of London. Pop. in 1821,
1,770.
Brandon, p.t. Rutland Co. Vt. Pop. 1,940.
Brandyicine, a river of Chester county, in the
south east pari of Pennsylvania, which falls into
the Delaware a little below Wilmington. It is
distinguished in American history for a defeat
sustained by the revolutionary army, on the 11th
of September, 1777.
Brandywine, towns in Chester Co. Pa. and
Newcastle Co. Del.
Branford, p.t. New Haven Co. Con. Pop.
2,333.
BraslavB, or Breslau, a city of Lithuania, in
the palatinate of Wilna, on the north side of a
lake which communicates with the Dwina, 76 m.
N.N. E. of Wilna.
Brassa, or Br essay, one of the Shetland islands.
Between this and the principal island, called
Mainland, is the noted Brassa Sound, where 1,000
sail of vessels may at once find commodious
mooring.
Brassaw, or Cronstadt, a strong town in the
south east part of Transylvania, on the river
Burezel, 50 m. E. by N. of Hermanstadt.
Brattleboro, p.t. Windham Co. Vt. on the Con-
neticut. Pop. 2,141.
BrattonvUU, p. v. Prince William Co. Va
Brava, a republic on the southern extremity of
the kingdom of Magadoxa, and the only one in
Africa. It was founded by seven Arabian breth-
ren, who fled hither from the tyranny of Lacah,
a petty monarch of Arabia, Finding a most de-
lightful situation between two rivers, near their
confluence into the Indian Ocean, they built the
city of Brava, which is now large and populous,
and the greatest mart on all the coast. Its mer-
chants are rich, carrying on an extensive trade in
gold, silver, elephants' teeth, ambergris, silk, cot-
ton, and other stuffs. The republic is under the
protection of the king of Portugal, for which they
pay a tribute of about £20 annually. The city of
Brava lies in long. 43. 25. E. lat. 1. 20. N.
Brava, on« of the Cape Verd islands, 12 miles
16
W. S. W. of Fuegq, and inhabited by the Portu
guese. The land is high and mountainous, but
fertile ; and horses, beeves, asses, and hogs are
numerous. It has three harbours, but Porto Fer
reo on the south side is the best for large ships
Long. 24. 31). W. lat. 14. 52. N.
Braubach, a town of Germany, in the Wester-
wald, with a castle, seated on the Rhine, 8 m. S.
of Coblentz.
Braunau, a fortified town of Bavaria, formerly
the residence of the elector. In 1742 it was taken
by the Austrians ; and, in 1777, by the peace of
Teschen the town and its district were ceded to
Austria. In 1805 it was captured by the French
and Bavarians. It is seated on the east bank of
the river Inn, on the frontier of Upper Austria,
28 m. S. W. of Passau, to which country it now
belongs.
Braunau, a town on the eastern frontier of the
circle of Koningsgratz, bordering on Silesia. It
is a manufacturing town, and has a rich Benedic-
tine abbey.
Braunfels, capital of the county of Solms. Here
is a magnificent palace, the seat of the prince of
Solms-Braunfels ; and near it is the decayed cas-
tle of Solms. It is seated near the Lahn, 10 m.
W. by S. of Wetzlar. Long. 8. 28. E. lat. 50. 30.
N.
Braunshurg, a town of west Prussia, in Erme-
land. It has an academy for catholics, establish-
ed in 1783 ; and is seated on the Passarge, near
its entrance into the Frische Haff. It exports
great quantities of linen yarn to England, 18 m.
N. E. of Elbing. Long. 19. 58. E. lat. 54. 30. N.
Braunston, a village in Northamptonshire, Eng.
four miles N. W. of Daventry, and 72 from Lon-
don, on the confines of Warwickshire. Here
commences the Grand Junction canal, under a
tunnel three-fourths of a mile in length, to the
Thames, which, with the Oxford and Coventrjr
canals, render it the central place of inland navi-
gation. Pop. 1,238.
Bray, a town of Ireland, in the county of Wick-
low, seated on the river Bray, near St. George's
channel, 10 m. S. of Dublin. Pop. in 1821, 2,481.
Bray, a village in Berkshire, Eng. one mile
south of Maidenhead. It is famous in song for
its vicar, who was twice a papist and twice a pro-
testant, in four successive reigns, and when taxed
with being a turncoat, said, he always kept to his
principle, 'to live and die vicar of Bray.' Pop.
in 1821, 3,159.
Brazil, a vast territory of South America, lying
between the lat. of 4. N. and 34. S. and 35. and
72. of W. long, but being triangular in form, con-
verging into a point southerly, its area will not
exceed 2,000,000 of square miles, though estima-
ted by some writers as exceeding 3,000,000. The
first discovery of Brazil has been claimed for a
Martin Behem, who is said to have visited it in
1487, but the credit of making it known to Euro-
peans is assigned to the Portuguese admiral, Pedro
Alvarez Cabral, who sailed from Lisbon on the
9th of March, 1500, with a squadron of thirteen
sail, destined for the East Indies ; when stretch-
ing more than usual to the westward to avoid the
calms on the coast of Africa, he accidentally dis-
covered this fine territory in the lat. of 16. south,
on the 24th of April ; and having communicated
with the natives, who manifested a social disposi-
tion, anchored his squadron in the Bay of Porto
Seguro, and on the following day landed and
planted the cross, and took possession of the ter-
ritory in the name of Emanuel, king of Portugal
BRA
199
BRA
For nearly filly years, however, it was but little
appreciated ; there being no indications of gold,
silver, or gems, upon the coast : it was merely
used as a place of" transportation for criminals,
the ships conveying tliem, carrying back nothing
but the red wood so important m dyeing ; and its
capabilities would probably have remained much
longer undisclosed, but for the banishment of the
Jews from Portugal in 154[l, who, by the assistance
of their friends in other parts of the world, intro-
duced the sugar-cane from Maderia, which flour-
rished to such a degree as .s:/on to render it an ob-
ject of great importance. Although its profuse
treasures of gold, silver, and gems, remained un-
disclosed, enougli liad been discovered, and the
celebrity of the colony became sufficiently general
by the close of the century, to excite the jealousy
and cupidity alike of the French, Spaniards, and
Dutch. In 1724 the Dutch dispatched a squadron
under the command of Admiral Willikens, who
succeeded in taking possession of St. Salvador, or
Bahia, the principal settlement, and proclaimed
the conquest of the whole territory. The Span-
iards next sent a formidable squadron, who com-
pletely dislodged the Dutch ; but, in 1630, tlie
Dutch again returned to the country with a force
of not less than forty-six armed ships, and after
seven or eight years of continued warfare, suc-
ceeded in extending their influence over more
than half the country ; but their oppressive, mean,
and grovelling policy became so obnoxious to the
settlers as to render their tenure exceedingly
precarious. After various collisions and alterna-
tions of success between Dutch, Spaniards, and
Portuguese, towards the close of the seventeenth
century, the Dutch by treaty ceded all their inter-
est to the Portuguese, and the influence of the
Spaniards having been previously subverted, at
the commencement of the 18th century the whole
territory came into the possession of tlie Portu-
guese. With them it remained for more than a
century, silently advancing in cultivation and im-
portance, though, comparatively speaking, but
little known to the world until the events of the
twenty years' war growing out of the French
revolution in 1793, led, in 1807, to the emigration
of the Portuguese court from Lisbon, to Rio Ja-
neiro.
From this period, the barriers which had pre-
viously confined the intercourse of Brazil to Por-
tugal, were at once annihilated, and its features,
condition, character, and resources, laid fairly
open to the view and intercourse of the world.
Since then, cultivation lias been vastly extended,
and its supply of productions doubled, trebled,
and in some cases, quadrupled. For purposes of
civil and military jurisdiction, it has been divided
into the thirteen following districts, viz. 1st, Gui-
ana, comprising the whole extent of country north
of the main branch of the Amazon river, bounded
on the north by the New Colombian Territory
and French Guiana. 2d, Para, which comprises
a vast tract extending from the frontier of Peru,
the whole breadth of tlie country parallel with
Para, south of the main branch of the Amazon to
*he Atlantic Ocean, and the following nine border
i>n the Atlantic coast, beginning at the north :
viz.
3. Maranham. 8. Rio Janeiro.
4. Seara. 9. St. Paul.
5. Pernambuco 10. St. Catherine.
G. Bahia. 1 1 . Rio Grande.
7. Minas Geraes.
I'l. Goi;is, interior ; and 13. Matto Grosso, on the
frontier of the United Provinces of Buenos Ayres
The extent and production of each of these dis-
tricts will be more fully elucidated under their
respective heads. Independent of the noble river
Amazon, which has one of its sources near tlie
shore of the Pacific Ocean, and by numerous col-
lateral branches opens a communciation with the
whole interior of Peru, and dividing the before-
mentioned provinces of Guiana and Para. The
Maderia, Tapajos, Xingu, Araguay, and the Toc-
antins, all flowing from the south into the Amazon,
intersect all the interior and nortliern part of
Brazil; whilst the Paraguay, and Parana, with
innumerable branches, intersect all the southern
part, running south into the great river La Plata.
In addition to these the Pinare, Barbadoes, Parai-
ba, St. Francisco, and numerous others of minor
note, water all the maritime provinces falling into
the Atlantic Ocean.
A chain of mountains intersects the maritime
provinces from south to north, from Rio Grande
to the St. Francisco River, which separates the
province of Bahia from Pernambuco. The ground
rises gradually from the coast to the summit of
this ridge, which varies in altitude from 3,C00 to
5,000 feet above the level of the sea. Westward
of this ridge, the ground gradually slopes till it
again ascends to form another mountain ridge of
somewhat greater altitude than the preceding,
dividing Goias from the maritime provinces, and
running east of, and parallel with, the Tocantins
to its entrance into the Para mouth of the Ama-
zon. From this chain a collateral ridge branches
off", intersecting the province of Seara, in a direc-
tion from south to north, to near the shore of the
Atlantic Ocean.
Over so vast a tract of land, it cannot be imag-
ined that the climate will be foundat all equal, or
the seasons uniform. The northern provinces
are subject to heavy rains, variable winds, torn;^-
does, storms, and the utmost fury of the elements ;
while the southerly regions are favoured with all
the comforts which a fine fertile soil and temper-
ate climate can afford. In some of tlie provinces
tlie heat of the climate favours the generation of a
variety of poisonous insects and reptiles ; some
of which, as the lihoya, or roebuck snake, are
said to extend to the length of thirty feet, and to
be two or three yards in circumference. Lizards,
which are found in almost every part of the world,
grow here to an enormous size, and are often lound
2 or 3 feet in length. The rattle-snake, and other
reptiles of the same kind, grow likewise to an in-
credible size ; and the serpent called ihahaloka is
affirmed to be seven yards long, and half a yard
in circumference, possessed too of a poison instan-
taneously fatal to the human race. Here also are
scorpions, ant-bears, the jaguar, porcupines, janon-
veras, and tapirs. No part of the world affords a
greater number of beautiful birds or greater vari-
ety of the most exquisite fruits. The chief indig-
enous vegetable production which gave name
to the country and title of prince to the heir pre-
sumptive of the sovereignity of Portugal, is the
lignum Brusilianum, or Brazil wood, so justly
celebrated for its colouring properties. Forests
BRA
Iti
BRB
of trees, as stately in size as endless in variety,
'intermixed with brambles and creeping plants
flowering in every variety and tinge of colour, emit-
ting the most delicious odours, and for hundreds
of square miles in extent so dense as to be quite
impenetrable, except to the native Indians, are
spread over the greater part of the country from
the sea-coast to the Araguay river, which separates
Goias from Matto Grosso. In the cultivated
parts, the palnia christi, orange, lemon, citron,
and various other trees and plants flourish in the
utmost luxuriance ; and among the foreign plants,
tlie sugar-cane, coff'ee tree, and cotton plant, are
yielding an increasing supply of their respective
products of the very choicest quality ; but th«
productions for wliich Brazil has hitherto been
the most celebrated are its gems, gold, and silver.
The gems are as various as beautiful ; and, al-
though diamonds have been appreciated from the
earliest periods of social refinement, the largest
and most valuable ever known was found in Bra-
xil, weighing in its rough state ■ -iSO carats or 14 oz.
troy, which, according to the imaginary and con-
ventional rule of valuation, at JE2 sterling for the
first carat, would be equal in value to 2o,0()2,912
dollars Ameri<jan money. The qtiantity of gold
and silver during a series of years averaged in
money, about 22 million dollars per annum. On
the gold and silver, the government levied a tax
of one fifth of the produce, but restric'ed the
searching for diamonds and cutting of the Brazil
wood to its own agents, subjecting the violators
of tlie law to the severest penalties. Rich as Bra-
zil is, in a comparative sense, in gems and metals,
they have obviously retarded, rather than advanc-
ed, the genuine prosperity of the country, having
tended to divert the inhabitants from the more ra-
tional and socializing pursuits of agriculture.
Since 1806, however, cultivation has been pursu-
ed with greater avidity, and its superior advanta-
ges once established, it will probably increa.so in
estimation, whilst the infatuating pursuits in
search of diamonds and gold will subside. The
revolutionary spirit, so widely spread over all
Spanish America shortly after the commence-
ment of the present century, e.Ttended itself" in-
to Brazil. Pernambuco, in 1817, revolted agamst
the government, and the whole country manifest-
ing rather an equivocal dispositon towards the
ruling family, the court of Rio Janerio, in 1821,
emigrated back to Lisbon, leaving Don Pedro,
the eldest son of the king, as viceroy, who no
sooner felt himself separated from paternal allegi-
ance, than he began to turn his thoughts to his
individual aggrandizement, and strove to cherish,
rather than subdue, the revolutionary spirit which
had previously been excited ; and on the 11th of
September, all allegiance to Portugal was formal-
ly denounced, and Uon Pedro proclaimed emper-
or of Brazil. This change not proving satisfacto-
ry to all parties, and the integrity of Don Pedro
appearing^ equivocal to tlie neighbouring govern-
ment of Buenos Ayres, a spirit of political disqui-
etude generally prevails, and the final issue of its
mode of government consequently remains pro-
blematical. The political cabals, however, have
not materially retarded cultivation and commerce,
which continue to increase. Of the extent of the
population accounts are much at variance. The
introduction of slaves from the coast of Africa,
since the excitements to agriculture commenced,
has been very great, and must have added at
least 50,000 annually to the population of the
coast, unless the mortality has been proportional
bly great with the importation. The aggregate
population probably amounts to near a million,
four-fifths of whom are slaves and people of col-
our. The Brazilians are indolent, and great num-
bers of those who are wealthy pass their time up-
on their estates in the country, where their chief
delight is to swing in their hammocks all the af-
ternoon. The chief amusement besides this is
hunting, which from the abuiidance of game in
the interior districts may be carried on to a great
extent The natives who inhabit the inland parts,
live almost in a state of nature ; they are copper-
coloured, go naked, cohabit indiscriminately, and
have no signs of religion ; they are strong, lively,
and gay, and subject to few diseases ; but of their
aggregate number, whether one, two, or more
millions, or only a few thousand, even conjecture
does not hazard an opinion. See Lisbon, Portugal,
Rio Janeiro.
Brazza, an island in the Adriatic, near the coast
of Dalmatia, 30 miles long, and 10 broad. The
soil is stony, but it produces much excellent wine,
and this article, with fire-wood and sheep, form
the chief trade. It has a town of the Same name,
several villa<res, and an aggregate population of
about 15,000. Long. 17. 35. E. lat.43. 50. N.
Breage, a populous village on the shore of
Mount*s Bay, Cornwall, Eng. with ten mines in
its vicinity, 4 m. W. of Helstone, and 10 E. by
S. of Penzance. Pop. in 1821 3,668.
Brechin, a borough of Scotland, in Forfar, an-
ciently a bishop's see and the county town. The
cathedral is partly ruinous, but one of its aisles
serves for the parish church. Adjoining to this is
a curious antique round tower, which tapers from
the bottom, and is very slender in proportion to its
height. Here is a manufacture of linen and cot-
ton, and a considerable tannery. It is seated on
the South Esk, 8 m. W. of Montrose, and 12 E.
N. E. of Forfar. Pop. in 1821, 5,906.
Breckenridge, a county of Kentucky, on the
Ohio. Pop. 7,345. Hardensburg is the chief town.
Breckerfeld, a town of Westphalia, in the coun-
ty of the Mark, about 30 m. N. N. E. of Cologne.
Pop. 1,100.
Brecknock, towns in Berks Co. and Lancaster
Co. Pa.
Brecon, or Brecknockshire, a border county of
South Wales, bounded on the east by the coun
ties of Hereford and Monmouth, north by Radnor,
west by Caermarthen and Cardiganshires, and
south by Glamorgan. It j^ a mountainous dis-
trict, yielding iron, coal, and limestone in great
abundance, and some copper and lead, and at
Llanelly, on the border of Glamorganshire, tiie
BRE
194
SOR
smelting of iron is carried on to some extent. It
has some fertile valleys, and is watered by the
rivers Wye and Uske and other streams, and has
the advantage of a canal for barges of 25 tons bur-
then from the centre of the county to the Bristol
Channel at Newport. It has few or no manufac-
tures ; but, in addition to its iron, it produces a
surplus of grain, cattle, and butter, and some wool,
out of which a considerable rent .and other taxes
are discharged, and a supply of manufactured,
colonial, and foreign productions obtained. The
four principal towns are Brecon, Builth, Crick-
howel, and Hay.
Brecknock, or Brecon, a borough and chief town
of the preceding county. It is an ancient place,
as appears by the Roman coins tliat are often dug
up ; and its once magnificent castle is now an in-
significant ruin. It contains three churches, one of
which is collegiate ; and in that part of the town,
called the Watton is a fine arsenal. To the east
of the town is a considerable lake, well stored with
fish, whence runs a rivulet into the Wye. It is
seated at the confluence of the Hondey with the
Uske, which falls into the Bristol Channel and
with which it communicates by a canal to New-
port, near the mouth of the Uske, 34 m. N. W.
of Monmouth, and 171 W. by N. of London. Pop.
in 1821, 4,193.
Breda, a fortified city of Dutch Brabant, sur-
rounded on all sides by water and morasses. The
great church is a noble structure, with a lofty
spire 362 feet in height. In 1625 the Spaniards,
ailer a memorable siege of 10 months, reduced
this city ; but, in 1637 the prince of Orange retook
it. In 1793 it surrendered to the French, after
a siege of only three days, but was retaken soon
after. It is seated on the river Merk, 25 m. N.
N. E. of Antwerp, and 60 S. of Amsterdam.
Bredon, a considerable village in Leicester-
shire, Eng. 5 m. N. N. E. of Ashby de la Zouch,
seated at the base of a high limestone rock, on
the summit of which the church stands, and com-
mands very extensive views. Pop. l,044.
Bredstedt, a town of Denmark, in the duchy
of Sleswick, 21 m. W. N. W. of Sleswick. Pop.
about 1,500.
Breeds Hill, an eminence on the north side of
Charlestown, in Massachusetts, celebrated for the
stand made by the Americans against the Brit-
ish troops, at the commencement of hostilities
with the mother country. This action is usually
called the battle of Bunker Hill (another hill near
it.) See Bunker Hill.
Bregentz, or Bergens, a town of Germany, in
Tyrol, with a castle on an eminence; seated at
the mouth of a river of its name, on the east end
of the Lake of Constance, 6 m. S. E. of Lindau.
Fop. about 2,000.
Breglio, a town of the continental part of Sar-
dinia, 19 m. N. E. of Nice.
Brehar, the most mountainous of the Sicily
islands, 30 miles W. of the Land's End. Long.
6. 47. W. lat. 50. 2. N.
Bredna, a town of the duchy of Saxony, 8 m.
N. E. of Halle.
Brcme, a town of Italy, in the Milanese near
the confluence of the Sessia with tlie Po, on the
frontiers of Montferrat, 28 m. W. of Pavia.
Bremen, a duchy and maritime district of Ger-
many, in the circle of Lower Saxony, lying be-
tween the Weser and the Elbe ; the former of
which separates it from Oldenberg, and the other
from Holstein. The country is fertile and popu-
leos, but in wiatcr is subject to inundations. It
formerly belonged to the Swedes, but was sold to
the elector of Hanover, in 1719. Stade, on the
south bank of the Elbe, is the seat of regency. It
is about 2,100 square miles in extent, contains a
population of about 170,000, and now forms part
of the kingdom of Hanover.
Bremen, a free city, and capital of the duchy of '
the same name. The Weser divides it into the
old and new town, both of which are fortified : the
former is the largest, and in it stands the cathedral.
It has a harbour, nine miles below the town, and
carries on a considerable, trade, but which was
formerly much more extensive. In 17.57 it was '
taken bv the French, who were driven out in 1758,
by the Hanoverians If is 22 m. E. of Oldenburg,
and 54 S. W. of Hamburgh. Pop. about 40,000.
Long. 8. 40. E. lat. 53. 5. N.
Bremeiivord, a town in the duchy of Bremen,
defended by a castle. The chancery of the duchy
is kept here. It stands near the Oste, 32 m. N.
by E. of Bremen.
Bremgarlen, a town of Switzerland, in the free
lower bailiwics, between the cantons of Zurich
and Bern. The inhabitants deal chiefly in paper;
and it is seated on the Reuss, 10 m. W. of Zurich.
Breno, a town of Italv, in Bresciano, seated on
the Oglio, 36 m. N. of Brescia. Pop. about 2,000.
Brenta, a river which rises in the principality of
Trent, passes by Bassano and Padua, and enters
the gulf of Venice, a little S. of Venice.
Brentford, an appendage to London, 7 m. from
Hyde Park corner, on the great western road. It
is seated on the north bank of the Thames, where
the grand junction canal originally communica-
ted with the river ; but an extended line having
since been cut, skirting the whole of the north
side of London, to the vicinity of the docks on
the east, and jetting in its course into the very cen-
tre of the city, Brentford derives but little compar-
ative advantage from that canal. It has however
some very extensive flour mills, distilleries, soap
works, pan, tile, and coarse pottery works, exten-
sive nursery grounds, and various other occupa-
tions dependent on the metropolis. It is a very
old town, as may be inferred from its name being
derived from the Saxon, implying a ford over
the little river Brent, which here falls into the
Thames ; and in earlier times it was distinguish-
ed as having a market on Tuesday, whilst now,
from the continual intercourse with London, it
has every day the appearance of holdinff a great
fair. On the opposite bank of the river is a
Gothic edifice, built by George HI. for an occa-
sional residence ; and at the west end of the town
is a magnificent edifice, called Sion House, form-
erly a monastery, now belonging to the dukedom
of Northumberland. The election of the two
members of parliament for the metropolitan coun-
ty of Middlesex is held here ; and duringa contest,
the whole line of road from London and Brent-
ford itself, presents a scene of gaiety, animation,
and spirit, that must be seen to be understood ;
for described correctly it cannot be. Being on
the confines of two or three parishes, the popula-
tion has not been specifically returned ; but, in
1826, it may be stated at 9,000.
Brentwood, p.t. Rockipgham Co. N. H. 20 m. ft,
Portsmouth. Pop. 891 . Here are manufactories
of cotton .
Brentville, p. v. Prince William Co. Va.
Bresciano, a province in the north of Italy,
lying between the lat. of 45. 10. and 46. 20. N.,
and 10. 45. of E. long., bounded on the south by
Mautua and th« Cremoness, west by BergamasoO|
BRE
1S5
BRl
north by the country of the Grisons, and east by the
principality of Trent, the Veronese, and Mantua.
The Oglio has its sjurce in the north extremity
of this province, runs south for about 30 miles,
when it forms the lake of Jeso, and afterwards
the boundary between Bergamasco and the Cremo-
nese. The Chiana intersects the east side, falling
into the Oglio at the south-east extremity ef the
province; the Smela and several other streams,
mtersect the centre and southern part of the prov-
ince, all falling into the Oglio, and lake Garda
divides i^ from the Veronese on the east. Its su-
perficies may be stated at about 3,000 square miles,
and population at 500,000. It has some dreary
spots ; but on the whole it may be considered a
fertile district, producing corn, wine, and oil, in
abundance. T.'«e vine, olive, and mulberry, all
luxuriate in its soil ; and the lakes and rivers sup-
ply abundance of fish. It exports some silk ;
but its manufactures do not much, if at all, ex-
ceed the demand and consumption of the province.
Besides Brescia, the capital of the other principal
towns are, Breno, Chiari, Orci, Novi, and Salo.
It was formerly a part of the republic of Venice :
but is now under the dominion of Austria.
Brescia, an ecclesiastical city and capital of the
preceding province, situate in a spacious and fer-
tile plain, between the rivers Mela and Navilo,
on the high road from Bergamo to Mantua. It is
well fortified, and has a good citadel, on an em-
-inence. It has twelve churches, and thirty con-
vents. The cathedral and the palace are adorned
with beautiful paintings, and in the former is
shown the standard of Constantine. Here are
several flourishing manufactures, and its fire-arms
are particularly celebrated. This city has been
taken and retaken several times, by the Austrians
and French. Pop. about 50,000. A stream, cal-
led the Garza, runs through the city, afterwards
falling into the Mela. It is about 50 m. N. of
Parma, 40 N. W. of Mantua, and 30 S. E. of
Bergamo.
Bresello, a town of Italy, in the Modenese, on
the river Po, 27 m.N. W. of Modena.
Brestau, an ecclesiastical city and capital of a
principality of the same name and of all Silesia;
seated on the banks of the Oder, just below the
junction of the little river Ohlau, which runs
through several of the streets, and forms two is-
lands. It has one Lutheran and twenty-six Cath-
olic churches, and is' surrounded by walls,
strengthened hy ramparts and other works. It
has a great trade in linen, leather, Hungarian
wines, S^c. and contains 60,000 inhabitants.
The public squares are spacious, the streets toler-
ably wide, and the houses lofty. Here the Jes-
uits founded a university, in 1702, at which there
are generally about four hundred students. The
two principal churches belong to the protestants ;
near one of which is a college. This city be-
came subject to the king of Prussia in 1741. It
was taken by the Austrians, in 1757, but regained
the same year. It was for some time besieged by
the French, and surrendered to them in January,
1807, and again in 1813 ; but reverted to Prussia
afl^rthe peace of 1814. It is 112 m. N. E. of
Prague, and 165 N. of Vienna. Long. 17. 9. E.
lat. 51. 3. N. The principality contains about 950
square miles of area, and 180,000 inhabitants.
Bresle, a river of France, which divides the
department of Lower Seine from that of Somme
and enters the English channel at Treport.
Bressc, a late province of France, bounded on
the north by Burgundy and Franohe Comte, east
by Savoy, south by the Viennois, and west by the
Lyonnois. It now forms the department of Ain.
Bressuire, a town of France, in the department
of Two Sevres, with a college, 35 m. N. W. of
Poitiers. Pop. 2,000.
Brest, a maritime town of France, in the depart-
ment of Finisterre. Prior to 1631, it was an insig-
nificant fishing town ; but having one of the most
commodious and secure harbours in Europe, it
was improved by the French government, under
the administration of Richelieu, in the reign of
Louis XIV. for a marine station, and it is now the
chief naval depot of France ; situate on a promon-
tory at the western extremity of the kingdom. It
is equally convenient for the equipment of expedi-
tions to all parts of the coast, or of the world. The
English made an ineflfeotual attempt to take it in
1694; and during the twenty -three years' war,
from 1793, to 1814, it compelled the English to
maintain a large blockading squadron ofl^the har-
bour, without doing the least possible injury to
France. The extensive occupations attendant on
the building, repairing, and equipment of a great
national marine, necessarily gave rise to an ex-
tensive interchange and consumption of commod-
ities of various kinds ; and the town of Brest has
consequently risen into importance proportionate
to the consequence derived from its being the chief
naval station of the kingdom. It now contains
a population of about 25,000. It has a marine
academy, theatre, &c. It is 33 m. E. of LTshant
Light, in the lat. of 48. 23. N. and 4. 29. of W. long,
being 27 m. S. and 6 deg. 49. ; or about 325 geo-
graphical miles, W. by S. of Paris.
Bretagne, or Brittany, a late province of France,
150 miles long and 112 broad. It is a promontory,
united on the east to Maine, Anjou, and Poitou.
The air is temperate, and it has large forests. It
now forms thedepartmentsof Finisterre, Cotes du
Nord, Ille and Villaine, Lower Loire, and Morbi-
han.
Bret.euil, a town of France, in the department
of Oise, 14 m. N. N. E. of Beauvais, and 18 S. of
Amiens. Pop. about 2,200.
Breton Cape. See Cape Breton.
Bretten, a town of Germany, in the late palati-
nate of the Rhine, on the frontier of Wurtera-
berg, 20 m. S. of Heidelberg, and about 30 N. by
W. of Stuttgard. Pop. 2,500. It was the birth-
place of Melancthon, and is now included in the
territory of the duchy of Baden, circle of the
Pfintz and Enz.
Bretton Woods, t. Coos Co. N. H. at the foot of
the White Mountains. Pop. 108.
Brevord, or Brevoort, a strong town of Holland,
in the county of Zutphen with a castle, situate in
a morass, 24 m. S. E. of Zutphen.
Srejccr, p.t. Penobscot Co. Me. Pop. 1,078.
Brewood, a town in StaflTordshire, Eng. 10 m.
S. by W. of Stafford, and 129 N. W. of London.
Pop. in 1821,2,263.
Breipster,-p.t. Barnstable Co. Mass. upon Cape
Cod, 16 m. E. Barnstable. Pop. 1,418.
Brainsk, an interior town of Russia, in the
province of Orel, situate on the Desna, an eastern
branch of the Dnieper, about 250 m. S. W. of
Moscow. Pop. about 4,000. It has an annual fair
very numerously attended.
BriauQon, a town of France, on the frontier r'
Piedmont, in the department of Upper Alps, with
a castle on a craggy rock, and other fortifications.
In its neighbourhood, manna is gathered from a
sort of pine tree. It has a handsome church, and
a noble bridj^e over the Durance, 20 m. N. of
1.3
BRI
1«6
BRI
Embrun, and about 70 E. by S. of Turin. Pop.
about 3,000.
Brianconnet, a fortress of Savoy, near the town
of Moustiers, situate on a rock inaccessible every
way, except by the side of a river, where it is as-
cended by two or three hundred steps. The com-
mon passage from Savoy to Italy is by this
fortress.
Briare, a town of France, in the department of
Loiret, seated on the Loire, and has a canal be-
tween that river and the Seine. It is 40 ra. E. S.
E. of Orleans.
Bricksv'dh, t. Cuyahoga Co. Ohio.
BriAvehampton, p.v. Suffolk Co. N. Y. at the E.
end of Long Island.
Bridgerul, a town of Wales, in Glamorganshire,
with a woolen manufacture ; seated on the Og-
more, a river abounding in trout and salmon, 7
miles W. by N. of Cowbridge, and 181 W. of
London. Pop. in 1821 , 1 ,701 .
Bridgenorth, a borough in Shropshire, Eng. It
has two churches, and a free-school that sends
and maintains eighteen scholars at the university
of Oxford. It was formerly fortified with walls,
and had a castle, now in ruins. Its trade both by
land and water is considerable. It is seated on
botli banks of the Severn, over which is a hand-
some bridge of six arches. The upper part of the
town is 180 feet above the bed of the river, and
commands an extensive and delightful prospect.
An annual fair, on the 2nth of October, is very nu-
merously attended, and the quantities of cattle,
sheep, butter, cheese, and bacon, brought for sale,
is very great. It had formerly some manufactures
of worsted, which have declined, and the popu-
lation, since 1800, has in consequence remained
stationary, being in 1821, 4,345, and two out par-
ishes about 1,100 more. It returns two members
to parliament, and is 23 m. S. E. of Shrewsbury,
and 139 N. W. of London.
Bridgeport, p.t. Fairfield Co. Conn, on L. I.
Sound, 10 m. S. W. Strafford. Pop. 2,803. Also 2
towns, in Harrison Co. Va. and Belmont Co. Ohio.
Bridgeton, p.t. Cumberland Co. Me. Pop. 1,541.
Bridgetown, p.t. Cumberland Co. N. J. and the
seat of justice, 40 m. S. E. Philadelphia. It
stands on a creek running into the Delaware ; it
is a port of entry and has some manufactures.
There are also 2 villages in Maryland of this
name.
Bridgetown, the capital of the island of Barba-
does, situate in the inmost part of Carlisle bay,
which is large enough to contain .500 ships, but
the bottom is foul, and a])t to cut the cables. This
city was burnt down in 1()88 ; and suffered also
greatly by fires in 1756, 17(i0, and 1767. Before
these fires it contained 1,.5()0 houses; and it has
since been rebuilt. The streets are broad, the hous-
es high, the wharves and quays convenient, and
tlie forts strong. The church is as large as some
cathedrals. Here also is a free-school, an hospi-
tal, and a college ; the latter erected by the socie-
ty for propagating the gospel, pursuant to the will
of colonel Codrington, who endowed it with £2,000
a year The town had scarcely risen from the
calamities already mentioned, when it was torn
from its foundation by a hurricane in 1780, in
which many of the inhabitants perished. It is
(scarcely yet restored to its former splendour.
Long. 59. 43. W. lat. 13. 5. N. See Barhadoes.
BridgeiDoter, a borough in Somersetshire, Eng.
It is seated on the Parret, over which is a hand-
some bridge. It has a large handsome church
with a lofty spire. The summer assiaes are held
here every other year. In the wars between
Charles I. and the parliament, the forces of the
latter reduced great part of the town to ashes ; «
and the castle was then so far demolished, that few
vestiges of it are now observable. The river is
navigable up to the town, for vessels of 200 tons
burthen, and for barges as far as Lanoport, and
by the Tone to Taunton ; and although a preva-
lence of westerly winds causes the tide at times
to set into the river with great fr,ry, its naviga-
tion contributes essentially to the interest of the
town ; commercial intercourse however is prin-
cipally confined to the coast. The population
which in 1301 was only 3,644, in 1821 was 6,155.
and the adjoining parish of North Pcrtherton, on
the south, contained a further population, of 3,091
It returns two members to parliament, and is 31
miles S. S. W. of Bristol, and 138 W. bv S. of
London. It was the birth place of Admiral
Blake, the worthy antagonist of Van Tromp.
Bridgeicater, I. Grafton Co. N. H. 70 m. from
Portsmouth. Pop. 783.
Bridgeicater, p.t. Windsor Co. Vt. 16 m. N.
W. Windsor. Pop. 1,311.
Bridgewater, p.t. Plymouth Co. Mass. 22 m.
S. Boston. Pop. 1,855. Here are manufactures
of cotton, woolen and iron.
Bridgewater, p.t. Oneida Co. N. Y. 83 m. N.
W. Albany. Pop. 1,608. There are 3 towns of
this name in N. J. and Pa.
Bridgewater, or Lundy's Lane, a spot in Upper
Canada on' the West side of Niagara river, near
the falls, celebrated as the scene of a battle be-
tween the Americans and British, on the 25th j
July, J 814.
Bridlington, commonly called Burlington, a sea-
port in East Yorkshire, Eng. The harbour ia
commodious and defended by t%vo strong piers.
Its mineral waters, and accommodations for sea-
bathing, draw much company in summer ; and
its trade is considerable, owning about 6,000 tons
of shipping. It is seated on a creek south of Flam-
borough-head, 40 m. E. N. E. of York, and 206
N. of London. Pop. in 1821, 4,275, being 1,145
more then in 1801.
Bridport, a borough in Dorsetshire, Eng. It
is seated about 3 miles from the shore of the
British channel, between the rivers Brit and Bride,
which unite just below the town, and form a con-
venient harbour, which, since 1822, has been im-
proved so as to admit vessels of 200 to 300 tons
burthen. It was formerly celebrated for its man-
ufactures of cordage, sail-cloth, twine, and net-
ting ; and Henry Vlll. granted it a monopoly
for making all the cordage for the national ma-
rine, which it retained for about sixty years;
but its manufactures are now inconsiderable. It
builds and owns some shipping, and carries on a
little external, as well as coasting trade. It re
turns two members to parliament. Pop. in 1821,
3,742. It is 12 m. W. of Dorchester, and 135
W. by S. of London.
Bridport, p.t. Addison Co. Vt. on L. Cham-
pl.ain, near Crown Point. Pop. 1,774.
Brieg, a fortified town of Silesia, capital of a
principality of the same name, with a Lutheran
cathedral, and several other churches for pro-
testants and catholics. Here is a manufacture
of cloth. It was taken by the Prussians in 1741,
and its ancient castle burned down during the
siege. It is seated on the Oder, 25 m. S. E. of
Breslau. Pop. about 9,000.
Brieg, or Brig, a handsome town of the Valais,
seated on the Baltina river, which falls into tfa«
BBT
187
BRI
Rhone on the south side, about 28 miles east of
Sion. It suffered much from an earthquake in
1755.
Briel, or Brill, a j^nlified seaport of South Hol-
land, capital of the island of Voorn. The Dutch
took it from the Spaniards in 1572, which was
the fjundation of the republic^ It was the birth
place of Van Tromp, and is seated at the mouth
of the Maese, 20 m. W. S. W. of Rotterdam.
Lonur. 4. 1. E. lat. 51. 48. N. Pop. about 3,000.
Brienne, a small town of France, in the depart-
ment of Aube, distinguished for its military
school, at which Napoleon received his educa-
tion. It is about 20 m. E. ofTroyes.
Brieiitz, a town of Switzerland, in the canton
of Bern, famous for the cheese made in its neigh-
bourhood. It is situate on a lake of the same
name (nine miles long and three broad) 42 m. S.
£. of Bern.
Briezen, a small town of Brandenburgh, in the
middle mark, on the frontier of Anhalt, about 25
m. S. of Potsdam.
Brieux, St. a town of France, capital of the de-
partment of Cotes du Nord, and a bishop's "see,
with a small harbour. It is seated among hills,
near the English channel, 30 m. S. W. of St.
Malo. Pop. about 6,000.
Briey, a town of France, in the department of
Moselle, near the river Manse, 12 m. N. W. of
Metz. Pop. 1,800.
Brigala, a town in the Col de Tende, on the
frontier of Nice, a few miles S. of the town of
Tende.
Brighthdmstone, commonly called Brighton, a
town of England, in the County of Sussex, situ-
ate on a very abrupt and uninteresting part of the
coast of the British channel, at the foot of a range
of naked hills, without a tree, either for shelter,
or to diversify the scene. Having no accommoda-
tion for shipping beyond a fishing boat, and the
coast here forming a sort of bay with shoal water,
vessels passing up and down the channel keep
too far out at sea ever to be visible from the
shore ; so that the view by sea and by land is
equally monotonous, yet without any one natural
feature or convenience to recommend it, from an
insignificant fishing town. Brighton has become
(chiefly in consequence of the patronage of the late
king) one of the principal resorts of gaiety and
fashion in the kingdom.
In 1784 the prince of Wales, afterwards George
IV., erected at Brighton, for an occasional resi-
dence, an edifice calif d a marine pavilion. This
he afterwards converted into a splendid palace,
where he spent a great portion of every year, till
the cares of royally and the infirmities of age
rendered its distance inconvenient. Up to this
period the buildings were comparitively mean ;
but the improvements within the last twelve years
have been verv considerable. A new and perfect-
ly unique village, denominated Kemp Town,
forms the eastern boundary of Brighton ; while
Brighton Terrace, a magnificent range of houses
on the west, stretches into the parish of Hove. A
commodious market is erected in the Bartholo-
mews, on the former site of the workhouse ; and
it is in contemplation to build a town-hall near
the same spot. The new workhouse, near the sum-
mit of the Church Hill, is a building of consider
able extent, well adapted to secure the health
and comfort of its inmates. The parish church,
situate on an eminence at the north-west, was
formerly at a small distance from the town, which
has now almost entrenched upon its sacred enclo-
sure. The other places of worship connected
with the establishment, are the Chapel Royal, St
James's Chapel, and Trinity Chapel, and four oth-
ers situate in the eastern and western divisions of
the town, besides the church of St. Peter's, recent
ly erected, which is by far the most beautiful orna
ment that Brighton has to boast. Here are alijo
a Roman Catholic chapel, a Jews' synagogue, and
several meeting houses for the different denomi-
nations of dissenters, most of whom have their
schools and distinct benevolent and religious in-
stitutions. Besides the accommodations for sea-
bathing, warm, cold, and vapour baths, of the most
elegant and commodious construction, have also
been erected ; while the park furnishes a beautiful
ride, and the spa all the varieties of artificial,
mineral, and medicinal waters. Here are also two
assembly rooms, a handsome theatre (opened in
1807,) a celebrated race ground, «Stc. After the
battle of Worcester, in 1(>51, Charles II. embark-
ed at this place for France, in a vessel which is
said to have been moored after the restoration in
the Thames, opposite Whitcchapel. Brighton is
subject to the county magistrates. It is J 7 miles
W. by N. of Beachy Head, 50 E. by N. of Ports-
mouth, and 52 S. from London.
Brighton, p.t. Middlesex Co. Mass. 5 m. W.
Boston. Pop. 972. This town is celebrated for its
Annual Cattle Show and Fair which has been
held here ever since the revolution. Vast num-
bers of cattle for the Boston market are brought
here from all parts of the country.
Briohton, p.t. Monroe Co. N. Y. 235 m. W. Alba-
ny. Pop. 6,519. Also a town in Beaver Co. Pa.
Brightside, Bierlow, the west quarter of the par-
ish of Sheffield (which see,) containing in 1821 a
population of 6,6l5.
Brignais, a town of France, in the department
of Rhone. During the summer season it is the
favourite resort of the citizens of Lyons, who have
here many elegant villas and country houses. It
is seated on the small river Garron, 9 miles S.
of Lyons.
Brignolles, a town of France, in the department
of Var, famous for its prunes. It is seated among
mountains, in a pleasant country, 20 m. N. N. E.
of Toulon. Pop. about 9,000.
Brihuega, a town of Spain, in New Castile, with
a manufacture of broad cloth, and a trade in wool.
Here General Stanhope and an English army were
taken prisoners, in 1710. It is seated on the Ta-
juna, 43 m. N. E. of Madrid.
BriUon, a town of the duchy of Westphalia, on
the river Alme, 27 m. E. by S. of Arensberg.
Briwfield, p.t. Hampden'Co. Mass. 75 m. S. W.
Boston. Pop. 1,599.
Brindisi, (the ancient Brundusium,) a maritime
and archiepiscopal city of Naples, in the province
of Otranto, situate just within the entrance to the
Adriatic, in the lat. of 40. 39. N. and 18. 20. of E.
long. Its harbour at one period was the most
commodious and secure in the Mediterranean;
but during the commercial career of Venice, it be-
came neglected and inaccessible, except for small
vessels. Within the present century, efforts have
been made to render it again convenient and use-
ful ; but so long as the subduing and precluding
line of policy of the present government of Na-
ples prevails, all efforts at social improvement will
be made in vain. The adjacent country, like the
harbour, presents an aspect of desolation. It is
surrounded by extensive forests of olive trees, and
some mulberries, from which silk is gathered.
Present pop. of the city about 6,000. It is about
BRJ
128
BRI
190 m. S. E. of Naples. Virffil died at Brindisi,
B. C. ly.
Brinti. See Brunn.
Brioiide, a town of France, in the department of
Upper Loire. Near it is a small town called
Church Brioude, on account of a famous chapter.
Brioude sUinds on the AHier, over which is a
bridtrc of one arch, 173 feet in diameter. It is 32
miles N W. of Puy, and M S. by E. of Clermont.
Pop. about 5,000. It was the birthplace of La
Fayette, distinguished for his enthusiasm in the
cause of the Americans to obtain their indepen-
dence.
Brusach, Old and JVeto. Old Brisach is on the
east bank of the Rhine, and was formerly the
chief town of the Brisgau ; but the fortifications
were demolished in 1/41, and the ordnance re-
moved to Friburg, about 15 miles in the interior.
New Brisach is a fortified town on the opposite
bank of the river, in the French department of
the Upper Rhine, about 40 m. S. of Strasburg,
and 2-50 E. by S. of Paris. The fortification is one
of those constructed under the superintendence of
Vaubcan, in the reign of Louis XIV.
Brisaa-Of a town of Switzerland, on the lake
Maggiore, 5 m. S. of Locarno.
Brisgau. a territory in the circle of Suabia, of
about 1,0(K) square miles in extent, intersected
by the line of the 48th degree of N. lat. and 8th of
E. long, extending eastward from the Rhine into
the Black Forest. As a frontier district border-
ing on France, it has been exposed to ravage in
all the wars between that nation and Austria,
and lias been the scene of several bloody contests.
At an early period of the French revolution, in
1793, the French reduced nearly the whole of the
town of Old Brisach to ashes ; and, in 17fl6, after
a severe action possessing themselves of Friburg,
the capital, but which they were obliged to aban-
don the same year. After various changes of
sovereignty, it was wholly ceded by Bonaparte to
the grand duke of Baden, in 1805, confirmed by
treaty with Austria, and in the new subdivisions
of the territory of the states ofBaded, in 1810, the
Brisgau was divided between the three circles of
Wiesen, Treisam, and Kinzig, the names of three
rivers by which the territory of Baden in inter-
sected.
Bristino, a town of Naples in Capitanata. 11 m.
S. S. W. of Manfredonia.
Brissac, a town of France in the department of
Maine-et- Loire : seated on the Aubence, 13 m. S.
of Angers.
Bristol, an ancient maritime, and ecclesiasti-
cal city and county of England, situate at the
south-west extremity of the county of Glouces-
ter, at the confluence of the little river Frome
with the Lower Avon, which divides it from
Somersetshire on the south, about ten miles above
the confluence of the Avon with the Severn into
the arm of the sea called the Bristol Channel.
Bristol was known at a very early period ; and
about the year 430 it is mentioned as one of the
fortified cities of Britian. It was known lo the
ancient Britons by the name of Cacr Odir nnnt
Baden, or the city of Ostorius, in the valley of
Bath, and by way of eminence it was sometimes
called Ca^r Brito, the British city, and by the
Saxons, Bightstowe, pleasant place. It is adverted
to both by Gildus and Nennius, in the fifth and
seventh centuries, and from the period of Henry
II. in the twelfth, to the middle of the eighteenth
century, it ranked, next to London, as the most
populous, commercial and important place in the
kingdom. Since the latter period, although it
has not declined, it has been greatly exceeded in
population, commerce, and importance by Glas- ^
gow, Liverpool, jManchester, Leeds, and Birming-
ham. Tlie po])uIation of Bristol including the
suburb of Bedminister, on the Somersetshire side
of the river, and Clifton on the north (which see)
in 1810 was f)5,!)24, and in lfe21, 95,758 of which
number 42,1()9 were in the out-parishes, and 52,
819 within the city ; of the increase, tha greatest
proportion was in the suburb of Bedminister,
which was as 7,979 to 2,279. As into all the
rivers falling into the Bristol channel, the tides
rise to a great height, and occasionallj^ rush in
with considerable fury. Tlie spring tides at Bris-
tol rising to the height of 42 feet, ebbs and neaps
were consequently attended with great inconven-
iences and detentions. This circumstance, since
the completion of the canal navigation of the in-
land counties communicating with Liverpool and
London, neither of which parts are materially
affected by the inequality of the tides, tended to
divert a considerable portion of the West India
trade, and refining of sugar, from Bristol. It
however, retains a certain portion : the importa-
tion of sugar, on an average, of the six years
1819—1824, was about 27,000 hogsheads per ann.
It also imports a considerable quantity of wool,
fruit, and wine, direct from Spain, Portugal and
France ; and maintains a partial intercourse direct
with all other parts of the world, except the East
Indies, to which, up to 1S26, it had not sent more
than one or two ships. From 1809 to 1822, about
£600,000 had been expended towards the improve-
ment of the harbour. In the latter year an-
other act was granted for its further improve
ment ; and in 1825 numerous arbitrary and op-
pressive town dues were abolished, or duly reg
ulated ; all of which are as well calculated to re
vive and maintain its commercial prosperity, as
to add to the comfort, interest, and character, of
the city at large. It has some extensive works
in copper and brass, and manufactures of glass
bottles, lead, painters' colours, &c. &c. The
value of its exports, howev^er, are inconsiderable,
its West India produce being imjjorted to defray
the interest on mortgages, or as the proceeds of
property acquired by means of the traffic in slaves,
and the produce of their labour, since the traffic
was abolished. Its imports from all other parts
are principally equal?zcd through London. In
addition to the advantages derived from its com-
merce it is indebted to a hot well for a considera-
ble portion of the increase of its population, the
water being considerjod very efficacious in the
cure of diabetes, phthisical, scorbutic, and inflam-
matory disorders, it renders it the resort alike of
valetudinarians and of fashion. Besides the ca-
tlfedr.al and the church of St. Mary RadclifFc, it
has sixteen other churches, and five episcopal
chapels, some of them beautiful and most of them
fine edifices. There are several dissenting meet-
ing-houses, thirteen fellowship companies, soriie
of whom have elejrant halls, several hospitals, and
other public buildings ; and being surrounded by
a very fertile as well as picturesque country, its
markets are abundantly supplied with every kind
of fish, flesh, fowl, vegetables, and fruits; and
two annual fairs in March and September are
very numerously attended. It has a distinct
jurisdiction, and returns two members to parlia-
ment, the voters amounting to about 8,000. In
November 1831 this city was the scene of a terri-
ble riot occasioned by the rejection of the Re-
BAl
120
BRO
form Bill by the House of Lords. The populace
were in complete insurrection for two or three
days ; ninny building were set on fire and des-
troyed, and several people killed. It is 13 ra.
W." N. W. of Bath, 34 S. S. W. of Gloucester,
and 1 14 \V. of London. Long. 2. 3G. W. lat. 51.
27. N.
Bristol, a maritime county of the state of Mas-
sachusetts, bounded on the south by Buzzard's
Bay, and west by the state of Rhode Island.
Pop. 40,474. Taunton, the cliief town, situate near
the head of a river of the same name, nearly in the
centre of the county, is 33 m. south of Boston.
New Bedford, on Buzzard's Bay, is the other prin-
cipal town.
Bristol, a small maritime county of the state of
Rhiide Island, bounded on the west by the upper
part of the preceding county, and on the east
by Naraganset Bay. Pop. 5,4t56. The chief
town of the same name, situate near the south end
of the county, was distinguished for the part
which it took in the slave trade previous to its
abolition by the American government. It owns
about 7,00(1 tons of shipping.
Bristol, p.t. Lincoln Co. Me. 13 m. E. Wiscas-
set. Pop. 2,450.
Bristol, p.t. Grafton Co. N. H. 90 m. from Bos-
ton. Pop. 799.
Bristol, p.t. Bristol Co. R. I. seat of justice for
the county of the same name. It stands on Nar-
aganset Bay, 15 m. S. Providence. It is a hand-
some town and has considerable conunerce. Pop.
3,054.
Bristol, p.t. Hartford Co. Conn. Pop. 1,707.
This town has large manufactures of wooden and
brass clocks, and 30,000 are sometimes made in a
year.
BrUt^l, p.t. Ontario Co. N. Y. 213 m. 'W. Alba-
ny. Pop. 2,952. There are 7 other towns of this
name in Pa. and Ohio.
Bristol Bay, a spacious bay, formed by two pro-
jecting points of the west coast of North America.
The inouth of a river called Bristol River, falling
into the head of the bay is in the lat. of 58. 12. N.
and 157. 33. W. long, and Cape Newnham, which
forms the north point of the bay is in lat. 58. 34.
N. and 1(31. 55. W. long, and the island of Oona-
laska, one of the Aleutian group off the south
point of the bay, is in lat. 53. 54. W. and 1C6. 22.
VV. long.
Bristol Channel, an arm of the sea between the
south coast of Wales and the north coast of the
counties of Somerset and Devon, leading into the
rivers Severn and Lower Avon on which the city
of Bristol is situate ; hence its name or rather
misnainer, for it should properly be called Bristol
Bav, the term channel being applicable only to
straits of the sea that have passages through them,
which that in question has not.
Britain. See Great Britain.
Britain, .Xeto, a country of North America,
comprehending all the tract N. of Canada, com-
monly called the Esquimaux country, including
Labrador and New North, and South Wales. It is
subject to Great Britain ; and lies between 50. and
70. N. lat. and 50. and 100. W. long. There are
innumerable lakes and morasses, which are cov-
ered with ice and snow a great part of the year.
The principal settlements belong to the English
Hudson Bay Company. See Esquimaux, Hudson
Bay, and Labrador.
Britain, .Yew, an island in the South Pacific
Ocean, to the east of New Guinea, explored by
Dampier, who sailed through the strait which se-
17
parates it from New Guinea ; and captain Carte-
ret, 1 767, sailed through a channel which divides
it on the N. E. from a long island, called New
Ireland. New Britain lies in long. 152. 20. E
and lat. 4. 0. S. The shores of both islands are
rocky, the inland parts high and mountainous,
but covered with trees of various kinds, among
which are the nutmeg, the cocoa nut, and differ-
ent kinds of palm. The inhabitants are black, and
woolly-headed, like negroes, but have not their
flat noses and thick lips.
Brittany. See Bretagne.
British .imerica, comprises the whole of the
north part of the northern division of the western
hemisphere, from the Atlsmtic to the Pacific
Ocean, extending south in the long, of 83. W. to
the lat. of about 42. N. but further west it is
bounded on the south by a conventional line di-
viding it from the territory claimed by the United
Slates of America, in tlie lat. of about 48. N. This
extensive territory of several millions of square
miles will be found more particularly elucidated
under the ten heads, aa specified under the head
of British Empire.
Brive, a town of France, in the department of
Correze, with manufactures of silk handkerchiefs,
muslins, gauzes, &c It is seated on the Cor-
reze, opposite the influx of the Vezere, in a de-
lightful valley, 12 m. S. W. of Tulle. Pop. about
6,000.
Brix, or Brux, a considerable town of Bohemia,
at the north end of the circle of Saaz, about 8 m.
S. W. of Bilin, and 40 N. W. of Prague. Pop.
2,500.
Brixen, a principality of Germany, lately a
bishopric, in the east part of Tyrol. It is extreme-
ly mountainous, but produces excellent wine.
Brixen, a town of Germany, capital of the prin-
cipality of Brixen. Beside the cathedral, there
are one parochial and six other churches. It was
taken by the French in 1796, and again in 1797.
It is seated on the Evsach, at the influx of the
Rientz, 38 m. S. by E'. of Inspruck. Pop. 4,000.
Brixham, a small seaport in Devonshire, Eng,
on the west side of Torbay, celebrated for its
fishery. A quay hjis been built for the purpose of
supplyinor the ships of war with water. The
prince of Orange, afterward William III., landed
here in 1688. ft is 4 m. N. E. of Dartmouth, and
201 W. by S. of London. Pop. in 1821, 4,503.
Brizen, or Britzen, a town of Brandenburg, in
the Middle mark, on the Adah, 18 m. N. E. of
Wittenberg.
Broach. See Baroach.
Broadalbin, p.t. Montgomery Co. N. Y. 45 m.
N. W. Albany. Pop. 2,657.
Broadkiln, t. Sussex Co. Del.
Broadstairs, a village in Kent, Eng. or. iie sea-
shore, two miles nortli of Ramsgate. It has a
small pier, with a harbour for light vessels ; and
is a fashionable resort for sea-bathing, more retired
than Ramsgate. Population inconsiderable!
Broadicater, a village in Sussex, Eng. near the
sea-coast, 4 m. W. of Shorehara. Pop. in 1821,
3,725.
Brod, Broit, or Brodo, a strong town of Scla-
vonia, on the river Saave, which divides it from
the Turkish province of Bosnia, where the empe-
ror gained a victory over the Turks in l(j88. It
is 4o m. S. W. of Esseck, and about 120 west of
Belgrade. Long. 18. 30. E. lat. 46. 10. N.
Brod Hun, or Hun Brod, a town of Moravia, on
the frontiers of Hungary, 10 m. E. S. £. of
Hradisch. Pop. about 3,000.
BRO
190
BRO
Brod, Bohmisch. See Bohmisch.
Brod, Deutsch, a town of Bohemia on the river
Sazawa, SW m. S. by E. of Czazlau.
Brwitrd, a town and fortress of Hindoostan, in
Guzerat, celebrated for its linens, indigo, and
lace. It is G2 m. S. S. E. of Ainedabad. Long.
73. 11. E.Iat.22. 15. N.
Brodziac, a town of Lithuania, on the river
Berezina, 100 m. S. ofPolot.sk, and 40 W. of Mo-
hiluw.
Broek, a town of Westphalia, in the duchy of
Berg, capital of a county of its name ; seated on
the Iloer, 11 m. N. of Dusseldorf.
Broek, a village of North Holland, six miles
from Amsterdam. It is one of the most singular
and picturesque places in the world. The streets
are paved in mosaic work with variegated bricks ;
and no carriages ever enter them. The houses
are painted on the outside, and each has a terrace
and garden to the street, inclosed by a low rail-
ing ; the garden is adorned with china vases and
shell-work, with borders composed of minute par-
ticles of glass, of diifereut colours. Behind the
houses are meadows, full of cattle, in which the
inhabitants carry on a great trade. Pop. about
700.
Broken Bay, a bay of New South Wales, 18
miles north of Port Jackson. It is formed by the
mouth of a great river called the Hawkesbury,
and is a good harbour. Long. 151. 27. E. lat. 33.
34. S.
Bromley, a town in Kent, Eng. Here is a col-
lege for 20 poor clergymen's widows ; and near
the town is a palace of the bishops of Rochester,
where there is a chalybeate spring. Bromley is
seated on the Ravensbourn, 10 m. S. by E. of Lon-
don. Pop. in 1821, 3,417.
Bromley, a town in Staffordshire, Eng. It was
formerly called Abbots-Bromley, and afterward
Paget Bromley, being given to lord Paget at the
dissolution of the abbeys. It is 7 m. E. of
Stafford, and 129 N. W. of London. Pop. 1,533.
*^* There are seven other inconsiderable places
named Bromley in different parts of England.
Broiiipton, a village in Kent, Eng. situate on an
easy ascent from Chatham, and containing fine
barracks for the military of that garrison." See
Chatham.
Brampton, an appendage to London, in the par-
ish of Kennington, which see.
*^* There are six other towns and villages
named Brompton, in different parts of England.
Bromsgrove, a corporate town in Worccster-
shire, Eng. Here are manufactures of sheetinar,
nails, and needles ; and a grammar school, found-
ed by Edward VI. It is seated on the Salwarp,
13 m. N. N. E of Worcester, 13 S. W. of Bir-
mingham, and ll(j N. W. of London. Pop. in 1821 ,
7,(ilU.
Broviwlck, West, a town in Staffordshire, Eng.
7 m. W. by N. of Birmingham. Pop. in 1«21,
9,505, extensively occupied in the various branch-
es of the hardware manufacture.
Bromyard, a town in Hertfordshire, Eng. seat-
ed near the Frome, amid fine orchards, 13 m. N.
E. of Hereford, and 125 W. N. W. of London.
Pop- 1.^227.
Brono, or Broni, a town of Italy, near the south
frontier of the Milanese, where the French defeat-
ed the Auatrians in 1800. It is 10 m. S. E. of
I'avia.
Bronti, a town of Sicily, in Val di Demona, at
the foot of Mount ./Etna, on the wes?t side. It was
onfp'-'-ed, with its territory, by the king of Na-
ples, on lord Nelson, for his naval &ervices, after
the battle of the Nile.
Brooke, a County in the W. District of Virgin-
ia, bounded on the east by Washington county,
Pennsylvania, and west by the Ohio River. Pop.
6,774. Wellsburg, on the east bank of the Ohio,
409 m. N. W. of Richmond, is the chief town.
Brookfield, p.t. Strafford Co. N. H. 90 m. from
Boston. Pop. ()71.
Brookfield, p.t. Orange Co. Vt. 16 m. S. Mont-
pelier. Pop. 1,677.
Brookfield, p.t. Madison Co. N. Y. 8G m. W
Albany. Pop. 4,3(17.
Brookfield, p.t. Fairfield Co. Con. Pop. 1,261
Also 2 towns in Ohio.
Brookfield, p.t. Worcester Co. Mass. 64 m. S.
W. Boston. Pop. 2,.342. This town was settled
at an early period, and during Philip's war in
1675, was attacked by the Indians. The inhabit
ants collected in one house which was mimediato
ly besieged by the savages who set fire instantly
to every other building in the town. For two
days and nights the Indians poured in shot upon
the people in the house incessantly but were met
by a most determined defence on the part of the
besieged. They then attempted to fire the house
by flaming torches at the ends of long poles ; but
the garrison continued to defend themselves by
firing from the windows and throwing water upon
the names, as they fortunately had a pump with-
in the liouse. These attempts failing, the Indians
then prepared a cart loaded with flax, hemp and
other combustible matters, and under cover of a
barricade of boards thrust the burning mass by the
means of long timbers against the house. In this
movement one of the wheels came off which turn-
ed the machine aside and exposed the Indians to
the fire of the garrison ; a shower of rain coming
on at the same time extinguished the flames-
Shortly afterwards a reinforcement of forty men
arrived from Boston, forced their way through
the enemy and joined Ihe garrison. The Indians
then abandoned the siege and retired, having suf-
fered a heavy loss.
Brookliaven, a township of New York, in Suffolk
county. Long Island, 60 m. E. of New York. Pop.
6,095.
Brookline, t. Hillsborough Co. N. H 43 m. from
Boston. Pop. 627.
Brookline, p.t. Norfolk Co. Mass. adjoining
Boston, from which it is separated by a wide bay,
and with which it communicates by the great
western avenue or causeway. The face of the
country is bold and picturesque, and the hills ex
hibit the most charming view from Boston Com
mon. Pop. 1,041.
Brooklyn, p.t. Windham Co. Conn. 45 m. E
Hartford. Pop. 1,451.
BRO
131
BRU
BrooJiIijn, a large town on Long Island, sepa-
rated from the ciW of New York by the narrow
channel called East River. It is properly a
suburb of that city and is a place of great business.
It is regularly built, and contains many fine
houses, the residence of merchants from the city.
The United States Navy Yard is in the east part
of the town upon a bay called the Wallabout.
Pop. 15,3n(i. Near this town a bloody battle was
fought with the British in 1776, and the neigh-
bourhood exhibits many remains of the fortifica-
tions thrown up at that time.
Brooklyn, t. Cuyahoga Co. Ohio.
Brooksville, p.t.Hancock Co. Me. Pop. 1,089.
BrookviUe, the chief town of Franklin county,
Indiana. It is finely situated between the east and
west forks of the White Water River, which falls
into the Miami, a little above its entrance into
the 01)io.
Broome, a south frontier county of the state of
New York, bordering on Susquehannah county,
Pennsylvania, and the S. E. corner borders on
the Delaware River. It has some mountain dis-
tricts. Pop. 17,582. Binghampton, on the north
bank of the Susquehannah, 148 miles W. by S. of
Albany, is the chief town.
Broome, is also the name of a township in Scho-
narie county, New York, 53 m. W. of Albany.
Pop. 3,161.
Broom Loch, Great and Little, two lakes or arms
of the sea, on the west coast of Scotland, in Ross-
shire. They contain several good harbours, have
long been noted for excellent herrings, and are
esteemed as the best fishing stations on the coast.
Ullapool, on the N. E. coast of the Great Loch is
a good harbour, and at the head is the town of
Lochbroom, the parish of which, in 1821, contain-
ed a population of 4,540.
Broro, a river of Scotland, in Sutherlandshire,
which issues from a lake of the same name, and
forms several cascades in its course to the town of
Brora, where it enters the sea.
Brora, a village of Scotland, on the S. E. coast
of Sutherlandshu-e, with a small harbour at the
mouth of the Brora, 14 m. N. E. of Dornoch.
Brosdey, a town of Shropshire, Eng. it is situ-
ate near the Severn, on the west side, in a very
interesting and important district, abounding in
coal, iron, and lime. The celebrated iron-works
of Colebrooke Dale are in the parish, and imme-
diate vicinity of the town, on the banks of the
river, over which there is an iron bridge of one
arch, leading to Madely, on the opposite side,
which may be considered an appendage to the
district. It has also an extensive porcelain manu-
factory, and another of tobacco pipes. The coal
of this district contains much bitumen, and in 1711
naphtha was discovered issuing from a spring of
water, but which has totally disappeared sinoe
1755. Brosely is 6 m. N. N. W. of Bridgenorth,
and 140 N. W. of London. Pop. in 1821, 4,815,
which owing to the more extensive iron-works in
Glamorganshire having superseded a portion of the ■
demand from this district, is rather less than in
1800. Madely and the surrounding district con-
tain a furthei population of 6,000 to 8,000.
Brotherton, a village in West Yorkshire, Eng.
one mile north of Ferrybridge, where Thomas de
Brotherton, son of Edward I. was born. It has a
trade in lime. Pop. 1 ,720.
Brouage, a town of France, in the department
of Lower Charente. It has the most considerable
salt-works in France, and stands near a bay of the
sea, 17 m. S. of Uockelle.
Brouca, a town of Sicily, in Val di Demona, on
the gulf of Catania, 15 m. S. of Catania.
Brmigh, a town in Westmoreland, Eng. Near
it is a cotton spinning manufacture, at the foot of
a mountain. It is 8 m. E. S. E. of Appleby, and
261 N. N. W. of London. Pop. 940.
Bowersliaven, a seaport of Holland on the north
side of the island of Schonen,9 m. S. W. of Hel-
voetsluys. Long. 3. 50. E. lat. 41. 38. N.
Brown, a frontier county of the state of Ohio,
bounded on the south by the Ohio River, which
divides it from Mason county, Kentucky. Pop.
17,867. Georgetown is the chief town.
Brown, is also the name of a county in the
Michigan territory, westward of Lake Michigan.
Pop. 964. Menomonie, is the chief town or sta-
tion of the county.
Brownfield, t. Oxford Co. Me. Pop. 936.
Brow7ihelm, p.t. Huron Co. Ohio.
Brownington, t. Orleans Co. Vt. Pop. 412.
Broicnsborough, p.t. Madison Co. Alab.
Broicnshurg, 2 villages in Rockbridge Co. Va.
and Washington Co. Ten.
Broumstown, p.v. Wayne Co. Michigan, 16 m.
S. yV. Detroit.
Brownstown, p.t. the seat of justice for Jackson
Co. Ind. 43 m. N. W. Louisville.
Brownsville, p.t. Jefferson Co. N. Y. on Sack-
ett's Harbour. Pop. 2,938.
Brownsville, p.t. Penobscot Co. Me. Pop. 402
Also the name of 5 other towns in Pa., N. and S.
Carolina, Ken. and Illinois.
Brownsville, a town of Pennsylvania, in Fay-
ette county. The trade to Kentucky renders it a
flourishing place, and many boats are bui't here.
The vicinity abounds with monuments of Indian
antiquity. It is seated on the Monongahela, at
the mouth of Redstone Creek, 30 m. S. S. E. of
Pittsburg. Also the name of 3 townships in Pa.
and Ohio.
Bracctown, p.v. Frederick Co. Va.
Bracev-ille. p.v. Knox Co. Ind.
Brvrhsal, a town of the duchy of Baden, circle
of Pfinz and Enz. It has a large salt-work, and
is seated on the river Satz, 5 m. S. E. of Phillips-
burg. Pop. about 6,0i)0.
Bruck, a town of Saxony, 25 in. N. by W. of
Wittenburg.
Bruck, a town of Austria, on the river Leyta,
20 m. E. S. E. of Vienna.
Brack, or Brug, a town of Switzerland, in Ar-
gau, with a college, seated on the river Aar, 22
m. S. E. of Basel.
Bruck, or Pruck, a town of Bavaria, on the
river Ammer, 12 m. W. of Munich. Another in
the Palatinate, 22 m. N. N. E. of Ratisbon.
Bruck, or Pruck, a town of Gerninny in Stiria,
capital of a circle of its name. It stands on the
river Muehr, 24 m. N. N. W. of Gratz, and 82 S
W. of Vienna.
Brue, a river in Somersetshire, Eng. which rises
in Selwood forest, on the borders of Wiltshire,
and. flows through the county, by Bruton and
Glastonbury, into Bridgewater bay.
Brug, or Brig, a town of Switzerland, in tho
Valais, seated on the Rhone, 39 m. E. of Sion.
Bruges, a city of the Netherlands, in Flanders.
It was once a great trading town ; but, in the 16th
century, the civil wars drove the trade first to
Antwerp, and then to Amsterdam. The inhabit-
ants are estimated at 20,000, but it is not populous
in proportion to its extent. Its situation still com-
mands some trade, for its has canals to Ghent, Os-
tend, Sluys, Nieuport, Fumes, Ypres, and Dun
BRU
]33
BRU
kirk. Bruges has been often taken. It is 14 m.
E. of Ostend.
Brugge, or Bruggen, a town of Lower Saxony,
in the principality of Hildesheim, on the river
Leyne, 12 m. S. W. of Hildesheim.
Bruggen, a town of Germany, the duchy of
Juliers; seated on the Schwalm, 6 m. N. E. of
Ruremonde.
Brugencto, a town of the territory of Genoa, at
the foot of the Apennines, 35 m. E. S. E. of Ge-
noa.
Bruguiere La, a town of France, in the depart-
ment of Tarn, 5 m. S. of Cashes. Pop. about
4,000.
Brukl, a town of the Lower Rhine, in the elec-
torate of Cologne, about 7 m. S. of the city of Co-
logne. Pop. about 2,000.
Brumau, a town of Moravia, in the circle of
Hradisch, at the foot of the Carpathian Mountains,
on the frontiers of Hungary, 20 m. E. Hradisch.
Brummen, a populous village of Holland, in
Guelderland, on the road from Arnheim, to Zut-
phen.
Brump, or Brumeth, a frontier town of France,
in the department of the Lower Rhine, 10 m. N.
of Strasburg.
Bruneg, or Prunecken, a town of the Tyrol, sit-
uate in a fork of two branches of the river Rientz ;
it has medicinal baths in its vicinity, and is about
15 m. E. by N. of Brixen.
Brunn, or Brian, a town of Moravia, capital of
a circle of the same name, and a bishop's see. It
is defended by a strong fortress, called Spilberg,
built on an eminence ; and has manufactures of
cloth, velvet, and plush. The Prr.-sians besieged
it in 1742, but were obliged to raise the siege. It
is seated at the confluence of the Zwittau and
Schwartz, 33 m. S. W. of Olmutz. Long. IG. 38.
E. lat. 49. 13. N.
Brunnen, a town of Switzerland, in the canton
of Schweitz. Here the cantons of Uri, Schweitz,
and Underwalden, formed the alliance which was
the foundation of the republic of Switzerland. It
is seated on the Waldsta3dler See, 2 m. S. W. of
Schweitz.
Brunsbuttel , a town of Germany, in Holstein,
near the mouth of the Elbe, 13 m. N. W. of
Gluckstadt.
Brunsicick, Duchy of, a territory of Germany,
in the south part of the circle of Lower Saxony.
This territory formed the patrimony of the family
of Cruelph, \Velf, or Whelps, who trace their de-
scent from the marquis of Este, who died about
the middle of the 10th century. In 154G, it was
divided by Ernest, the then duke, between his two
sons ; one founding the dukedom of Brunswick
Luneburg, and the other of Brunswick Wolfen-
buttel ; the former will be described under the
head of Luneburg and Hanover, and the other
under that of Wolfenbuttel.
Brunsicick, the chief town of the states of Bruns-
wick Wolfenbuttel, is situate in the principality
of Wolfenbuttel, on the banks of the river Ocker,
which falls into the Aller. It is strongly fortified,
and contains ten Lutheran churches, a cathedral,
dedicated to St. Blasius, one Calvinist, and one
Catholic church, a college, two academies, a mint,
opera house, town hall, &c. The ducal palace was
formerly a monastery. There is a large building
appropriated as a public storehouse for wine. It
has several manufactories, and claims the inven-
tion of the spinning wheel; and is distinguished for
its breweries of mum, made principally from
vrheaten malt, with a portion of oat and bean
malt, tops of fir and birch, and various herbs ; and, '
with the exception of Leipzig and Frankfort, the
fairs of Brunswick are more numerously attended
than in any other town in Germany. It formerly
ranked as a free independent city ; and for the
continuance of its freedom it long and strenuous-
ly contended ; but towards the close of the 17th- *
century, yielded all its pretensions, and became
the ducal residence in 1704. It is 47 m. W. by
N. of Magdeburg, 35 E. by S. of Hanover^ and
about 110 S. by E. of Hamburgh, in the lat. of "'
52. 16. N. and 10. 30. of E. long. Pop. about J!'
35,000.
Brunswick, New, a province of British America,
extending from the bay of Fundy south, in the
lat. of 45., to the frontier of Lower Canada, in
the lat. of 48. N., bounded on the west, partly by
the Schoodic River, and partly by a conventional
line running from the head of tide water in the
above river, which divides it from the American
State of Maine, in the long, of 07. 45. W., to the
Gulf of St. Lawrence, in the long, of (54. It is
joined to Nova Scotia, at the south-east corner, by
an isthmus, about 15 miles in breadth, and con-
tains an area of about 8,500 square miles, and an
aggregate population of about 60,000. It is inter-
sected from the north by the river St. John, which
falls over a rapid into the bay of Fundy ; the
rapid impedes the navigation for vessels of 100
tons burthen for a hundred miles, and vast quan-
tities of masts and logs of timber are floated down
for shipment in the bay, which is spacious and
secure. St. John's, the chief town of the pro-
vince, it situate on the east shore of the bay, im-
mediately contiguous to the river of the same
name. It has several rivers running from W. to
E. into the gulf of St. Lawrence, on which side
of the province are several spacious bays, such
as Chaleur, Mirimichi, Richibucto, &c., from
whence vast quantities of timber are shipped to
Great Britain annually. A (ew tribes of native
Indians are scattered over the province. It pos-
sesses in general a capable soil, but cultivation
has made but little progress ; the inhabitants de-
pending more on the forests and the fishery, in
obtaining a supply of manufactures and other for-
eio-n productions, than on agriculture. Besides
St. John's, the other chief towns are, St. Andrews,
on the east bank of the Schoodic, and St. Ann's,
or, as it is now called, Fredericton, which is the
seat of the provincial government, about 80 m. up
the river St. John.
Brunswick, p.t. Cumberland Co. Me. Pop.
3,747. It is situated on the south side of Andros-
coggin river, 26 m. N. E. of Portland. The river
has many falls at this place on which are situated
a number of mills as well as cotton and woolen
manufactories. But what chiefly distinguishes
the town is Bowdoin College, which was established
here in 1806. It has a President and 6 professors.
Its library contains 12,000 vols, and it has a phi-
losophical and chemical apparatus and a cabinet
of minerals. The college is supported partly by the
income of property bequeathed by James Bow-
doin, Governor of Massachusetts, from whom it
derives its name. The number of students is
137. There are 3 vacations, in Ma}', September
and December, of 13 weeks. Commencement is
in September.
Brunsicick, p.t. Rensselaer Co. N. Y. Pop.
2,570. Also the name of 3 towns in Vt.,Pa.,and
Ohio.
Brunswick, a south frontier county of the E
District of Virginia, bordering on Northamptoa
Btiir
133
BRU
county, North Carolina. The south-west corner
jets upon the Roanoke river. Pop. 15,770. Law-
renceville is the chief town.
Brunstcick, a maritime and frontier county at
the soutli extremity of North Carolina. It is
bounded on the north and east by Cape Fear Riv-
er. It is a swampy and desolate district. Pop.
6,.523. Smithville, near the mouth of Cape Fear
River, 255 m. S. by E. of Raleigh, is the chief
town. It has also a town of the same name about
30 miles up the river.
Brunswick, a seaport of the state of Geo., chief
town of Glynn county, with a safe harbour, capa-
ble of containing a numerous fleet of men of war.
It is seated in a fertile country, at the mouth of
Turtle River, in St. Simon Sound, 60 ra. S. S.
W. of Savannah, and 10 S. of Darien. Long. 81.
0. W. lat. 31. 10. N.
Bruny's Me, an island off the S. E. point of
Van Dieman's Land, about 30 m. in length, in-
dented by Adventure Bay.
Bruree, a parish in the county of Limerick,
Ireland. Pop. in 18"21, 4,038. A small village of
the same name, within the parish, 16 m. S of Lim-
erick, was formerly celebrated as the half yearly
rendezvous of the Irish bards ; but avarice and
oppression have long since subdued all social in-
tercourse among the native Irish ; and the min-
strel has not sounded at Bruree since 1746.
Brussels, or Bruxelles, one of the chief cities
of Belgium, in South Brabant, and formerly the
capital of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. It
stands on a gentle eminence on the banks of the
Senne, a small stream flowing into the Scheldt.
Its existence can be traced to a vt:y remote period,
and the simplicity of its origin forms a striking
contrast with its subsequent splendour. Early in
the seventh century, St. Gery, bishop of Cam-
bray, erected a small chapel in one of the islands
formed by the Senne, and there preached the
gospel to the surrounding peasantry. The beau-
ty of the situation, and the piety and eloquence
of the preacher, attracted many to the spot ; their
united numbers soon formed a large village,
which increased so, that in the year 990 it could
boast of a market and a castle. In process of
time it became the favourite residence of the
dukes of Brabant, and of the Austrian governors
who succeeded them, and even acquired the title
of " the ornament of the Netherlands." In the
vear 155.5, it was chosen by the emperor Charles
V. as the place in which he made a formal resig-
nation of his dominions to his son, afterwards
Philip II. : the chair in which he sat, on that me-
morable occasion, is still religiously preserved.
During the wars that raged in Europe in the
oeventeenth and eighteenth centuries, and of
which the Netherlands were the principal theatre,
Brussels underwent its share of suffering; being
occupied, in turn, by each of the contending
powers. In 1695 it was bombarded by marshal
Villeroy ; when fourteen churches, and upwards
of 4,000 houses, were destroyed. After the cele-
brated battle of Ramillies, its keys were surren-
dered to the duke of Marlborough. It was taken
by the French under marshal Saxe in 1746, but
restored to its former master at the peace of Aix-
ta-Chajielle. During the revolutionary war it
again fell into the hands of the French, to whom
it remained subject till the general peace of Eu-
rope in 1814. While under their government,
it was made the seat of a court of criminal and
special justice, a chamber and tribunal of com-
merce, and a coiurt of appeal for five departments.
Durmg the revolution of 1830, it was the scene
of the most bloody battles between the inhabi-
tants and the Dutch troops. The 24th, 25th and
26th of October were days of perpetual and terri-
ble carnage in the streets of tlie city. The
Dutch were driven out of Brussels on the 27th
with the loss of 3,000 men.
Brussels has always been eminent as a manu
facturing town ; the fabric of lace, which is in
high estimation every where, gives employment
to upwards of 10,000 individuals. Its camlets,
and still more its carpets, are much admired, and
command high prices. It is also celebrated for
the manufacture of carriages, which are consider-
ed to be superior to those of London and Paris in
cheapness and elegance. Neither, although in
an island position, is it without a consider-
able share of commerce, not only with the sur-
rounding parts, but with foreign countries. It
owes this great advantage to its numerous canals,
by which it communicates with the Scheldt. The
principal of these is that leading to Antwerp,
constructed about the year 1560, at an expense of
£ 170,000 sterling. It is 110 feet above the level
of the sea.
The present flourishing condition of the citj-
is also owing to the great influx of foreigners,
particularly French and English. To the latter
it has become peculiarly attractive of late years,
from its contiguity to the plain of Waterloo ;
but, before that period, the salubrity and mildness
of its temperature, the cheapness of its economi-
cal arrangements, and the tone of its society, had
made it a favourite place of abode with numbers
of this nation. So early as the time of Cromwell,
it was marked in the annals of England, as being
the chosen residence of Charles II., and of his
brother, afterwards James II., during the greater
part of the period of their exclusion from their
native country.. The interior of the town, of it-
self, offers much to attract and to retain strangers.
Its environs are also beautiful by nature, and are
rendered still more so by the elegant additions of
art guided by refined taste.
The city was formerly surrounded by a wall
and ditch, neither of which now exist : what were
the ramparts, are, at present, beautiful walks bor-
dered with trees ; those to the north and east are
called boulevards. The lower part of the city,
adjacent to the river, is irregular, and, from its
situation, somewhat unhealthy ; but in the new
part, which occupies the more elevated portions,
the streets are spacious and airy, the houses well
built and lofty. Considerable attention is paid to
architectural ornament ; and the custom of paint-
ing the outside with some lively colour presents
an agreeable variety to the eye.
The appearance of tlie city is much enlivened
by the elegance of its squares ; the principal are
the Place Royale, the Great Market, the Place
St. Michael, the Corn Market, and the Grand Sa-
blon. Of these, the great market-place is indis-
putably the finest : it is an oblong of large dimen-
sions ; each side is of a different style of architec-
ture, yet all combine to form a whole highly
pleasing to the view. The town hall, and several
of those of the different trading companies, form
three of the sides, and one uniform edifice on the
remaining side completes tlie parallelogram. St.
Michael's square, also, deservedly attracts much
attention : it is, like the former, an extended ob-
long ; but it differs from it in having the buildings
of uniform architecture, ornamented with pillars
of the Doric order. The centre has been planted
M
BRU
134
BRT
and laid out as a pleasure ground. The fish mar-
ket, which has been but a few years erected, is
one of the neatest in Europe. There is also a
market for frogs, which are brought alive in pails
and cans, and prepared for dressing on the spot.
The hind limbs, which are the only parts used,
are cut from the body with scissors by the women
who bring the animals for sale.
The favourite place of recreation for the inha-
bitants is the Park. It is a large pleasure ground,
adjoining the palace, laid out with great taste,
planted with a variety of fine trees and flowering
shrubs, and diversified with lawns ornamented
with fountains and statues. Some of these latter
are of the purest style of sculpture. In the centre
is a fine basin, stocked witli gold and silver fish.
On each side of the principal walk is a valley
planted so as to exclude all annoyance from the
overpowering rays of the sun. A fountain, in
one of these, is marked with an inscription, stat-
ing that Peter the Great, during his residence
here, sat down by its margin to drink a bottle of
wine : another version of the story says, that he
fell into it, while strolling through the park after
dinner. Both may be true.
One of the approaches to the town also forms a
favourite promenade. It is called the Allee Verte,
and is planted with a triple row of trees along the
canal ; the prospect of which, with the numerous
villas around, and the varying scenes of pleasure
and employment that every moment present
themselves, render it singularly beautiful.
A copious supply of water is secured to the
inhabitants by a number of fountains, whose
elegance of structure adds much to the beauty of
the city. One of the finest was erected by Lord
Aylesbury, an English nobleman, as a public ex-
pression of his gratitude for an agreeable residence
of forty years in the town. The water for the
supply of these fountains is raised, by machinery,
from a lake about half a mile from the city.
The palace of the States-general is a magnifi-
cent building, supported on pillars of the Ionic
order. Its entrance leads to a spacious hall, on
each side of which is a marble staircase ; one con-
ducting to the chamber of peers, the other to the
chamber of deputies. This latter is in the form
of a semicircle, with a very capacious gallery for
the people. The town-hall is a noble specimen
of the old irregular but highly ornamented Gothic
style. So irregular is the building, that its tower
stands at a considerable distance from the centre.
The elevation of this part of the edifice is 3G4
feet : it is surmounted with a statue of St. Mi-
chael with the dragon under his feet, in copper
gilt, seventeen feet high, which it turns on a
pivot, and serves as a vane for showing the direc-
tion of the wind.
The Orange Palace, generally called La Vieille
Cour, was formerly the residence of the govern-
ors of Belgium ; but is now occupied as a muse-
um, a public library, a cabinet of natural history,
and singing and dancing schools. It is also fur-
nished with a valuable, though not large, collec-
tion of Flemish paintings. The library, which
contains upwards of 100,000 volumes, was chiefly
collected from suppressed convents. Adjoining
the building is a fine botanic garden, containing
more than 4,000 exotics. The philosophical col-
lege, wliich has been but a few years in existence,
is founded on a liberal scale. The great hall, or
amphitheatre, is capable of accommodating 1,200
persons. Each student has a room furnished at
the expense of government ; all tlie courses of
lectures are gratuitous ; and stipends are allowed
to a number of pupils whose means are not ade-
quate to defray the moderate expenses of their
board.
The principal church is that of St. Gudule,
erected on an eminence, and adorned with two
square towers which command a very extensive
prospect. It contains no less than sixteen chapels,
which are enriched with numerous paintings.
The windows are adorned with curious painted
glass; and the pulpit exhibits a beautiful speci-
men of sculpture in wood, both as to design and
execution. The monument of John II. duke of
Brabant is in the choir : it is of black marble,
with a lion of copper, weighing 6,000 pounds
couching *n it. The archduke Lrnest has also a
mausoleum here. This church is celebrated in
legendary history for three miraculous hosts,
which were stolen by Jews, but were afterwards
restored. The event is commemorated by an an-
nual procession, during which time the church
is decorated with six exquisite pieces of tapestry
explanatory of the event.
The cemeteries are detached from the churches,
being situate outside the boulevards. David, the
celebrated French painter, is buried in that with-
out the gate of Louvain. Among the hospitals,
is one for foundlings, one for penitent women of
the town, and a third in which strangers are main-
tained gratuitously for three days.
In the village of Lacken, about half a league to
the north of Brussels, is the splendid palace of
Schoenburg, or Schoonenburg, originally intend-
ed for the reception of the governor of the Neth-
erlands. During the reign of Napoleon, it was
occiisionally his residence, as also that of his
brother, the late king of Holland. The interior
of the palace is laid out m a style of superior mag-
nificence. A subterranean grotto, and some tem-
ples connected with it, are also much admired.
The inhabitants of Brussels are Catholics, and
speak the French language, but all religious te-
nets are tolerated. The population has increased
considerably since 1814 ; and, in the absence of
correct data, may be estimated at 80,000 to 90,000
It is 25 miles S. of Antwerp, about the same dis-
tance E. by S. of Ghent, and 148 N. by E. of
Paris. Lat. 50. 51. N. long. 4. 22. E.
Bruton, a town in Somersetshire, Eng. Here
are manufactures of silk and hosiery ; a free-
school, founded by Edward VI. ; and a stately
alms-house, consisting of the ruins of a priory,
with an income of nearly £3,000 per annum. It is
seated on the river Brue, 12 m. S. E. of Wells
and 100 W. of London. Pop in 1821, 1,858.
Brutus, a township of Cayuga county. New
York, lying between the south shore of Lake
Ontario, and the Erie Canal, 161 m. W. by N.
of Albany. Pop. 1,827.
Brux, a town in the north part of the circle of
Saaz, Bohemia.
Bruijeres, a town of France, in the department
of Vosges, 11 m. E. N. E. of Epinal. Pop. 1 ,900.
Bryan, a small maritime county of the state of
Georgia, bounded on the north by the Ogeechee
River, which divides it from Chatham county ;
the Cannouchee River intersects it from the S.
W. corner, falling into the Ogeechee about the
centre of the north side. Pop. 2,319. The
court-house of the county is about 15 miles south
of Savannah, and 206 S. E. W E. of Milledgeville.
Bryan sliridge, a village of Ireland, in the par-
ish of Killaloe, county of Clare, seated on th«
Shannon, 8 m. N of Limerick.
BUG
135
JH/C
Brzese, or Polesm, Palatinate of, a district of
Russian Poland, lying between the rivers Bug on
the west, and Dnieper on tho east, intersected by
the line of the 52nd degree of JN. lat., and also
from W. to E. by the Przspice River, with nu-
merous collateral branches falling into the Dnie-
per. These rivers, from a total absence of all
attempts to free the obstructions of their currents,
tend to make Brzese a marshy and dreary district,
which, under social and reciprocal arrangements,
might easily be made to rank among the most
fertile in Europe. The Pina, a branch of the
Frzspice, is united by a canal to the Machawiza,
a branch of the Bug, falling into the Vistula,
thereby uniting the waters of the Black Sea with
those of the Baltic.
Brzf^c I.itov, the chief town of the above dis-
trict is situate at the confluence of the river Ma-
chawiza with tlie Bug, opposite to Therespol. It
is a considerable place, the see of a Greek bishop,
and celebrated for its being the chief place for the
instruction of Jews destined for raltbiuical pur-
suits. It is strongly fortified, and has a castle on
an eminence about 100m. E. by S. of War.saw, and
250 S. E. of Dantzic.
Brzese, is also the name of another town, capi-
tal of another Palatinate of the same name, lying
between the rivers Wartha on the S. W. and Vis-
tula on the N. E. The town, seated near the
Vistula, is about DO m. W. by N. of Warsaw, and
150 due S. of Dantzic.
Brzezany, a town in the S. E. part of Austrian
Gallicia, seated near a small lake communicating
with the Dneister River. Pop. about 5,000.
Brze, and Brzo, begin the names of numerous
other towns and villages in different parts of Po-
land and Gallicia, but none of them merit any
particular notice.
Brzesnitz, a town of Bohemia, in the circle of
Saatz, on the frontier of the principality of Mies-
sen, with manufactures of lace, fire-arms, and
hardware, 24 m. W. N. W. of Saatz. Another,
in the north part of the circle of Prachin, 18 m.
W. N. W. of Pisek.
Bua, an island in the gulf of Venice, on the
coast of Dalmatia, called likewise Partridge Island,
because frequented by those birds. It is joined
by a bridge to the town of Traon, about 20 m. W.
S. W. of'Spalatro.
Btuircos, a town of Portugal, in Beira, on the
sea-coast, at the mouth of the Mondego, 27 m. S.
ofAveira. It suffered greatly by the earthquake
which destroyed the greater part of Lisbon in
1759.
Buccari, or Buchari, a seaport of the Austrian
empire, on the coast of Morlachia, at the head of
the N. E. part of the gulf of Venice, declared by
the emperor, in 1780, a free port for commerce
with the East Indies ; but the favour might just
as well have applied to trading with the moon, for
any advantage that has resulted from the declara-
tion. It is 12 m. E. of Fiume. Pop. about .3,000.
Buckanes, the most eastern promontory of Scot-
land, to the east of Peterhead, in Aberdeenshire,
in long. 1. 34. W. lat. 57. 27. N. Near this prom-
ontory are the Bullers of Buchan, and other stu-
p«ndous rocks and precipices, much admired for
their awful grandeur.
BiLcharia. See Bokharia.
Buchau, a.to-wn of Suabia, with a nunnery, seat-
ed on a small lake, called Feyder See, 2o m. S.
W. of Ulm.
Buchau, a town of Bohemia, in the circle of
Saatz, 26 m. S. W. of SaaU.
Buchotz, a town of Brandenburg, in the middle
mark, seated on the Dahme. near the frontier of
Lusatia, 23 m. S. S. E. of Berlin.
Bucharest, a strong city of European Turkey,
capital of Wallachia, where the hospodar com-
monly resides. The patriarchal church is large,
adjoining to the palace of the archbishop ; and in
a square, near the centre of the town, is the great
church of St. George, the patron saint of Wal-
lacliia. The inhabitants are estimated at 60,000.
It is seated on the Domboriza, which falls into
the Danube, 25 m. S. S. E. of Tergovist. and
200 N. by W. of Adrianople. Lon<r. 26. 8. E. lat.
44. 37. N.
Buchorn, a town of Suabia, seated on the north
bank of the lake of Constance, 18 m. N. W. of
Lindau.
Backden, a village in Huntingdonshire, Eng.
5 m. S. W. of Huntingdon, and 61 N. of Lon-
don. Here is a sujjerb palace of the bishops of
Lincoln, and several of the prelates have been
interred in the church. Pop. 368.
Backchvrg, a town of Westphalia, in the coun-
ty of Schauenburg, with a castle, on the river
Aa, 3 m. E. S. E. of Minden.
Buckengham, Old and JVe?c, two towns in Nor-
folk, Eng. 12 m. E. by N. of Thetford, and 93
N. E. of London. Pop. together 1,854.
Buckfastleigh, a village m Devonshire, Eng.
three miles S. by W. of Ashburton. Here are
some remains of a Cistercian abbey ; and many of
the houses are built with materials from its ruins.
Pop. 2,240.
Buckfieid, p.t. Oxford Co. Me. Pop. 1.510.
Bvckhead, p.t. Fairfield Dis. S. C. 33 m. N.
Columbia.
Buckingham, an interior county of England,
bounded on the south by the river Thames, which
divides it from Berkshire, east by the counties of
Middlesex, Hertford, and Bedford, south by North
ampton, and west by Oxfordshire. The south
part is intersected by the Ouse River, running
from west to east into Bedfordshire, working sev-
eral corn and paper mills, but is now navigable
within the county. The Syssel runs from south
to north into the Ouse, and the Coin, which di-
vides the county from that of Middlesex, runs
from north to south into the Thames. The Thame,
which rises in the centre of the county, runs
west, falling into the Thames, in Oxfordshire.
The north part is intersected by a range of chalk
hills, and the Grand Junction Canal runs through
the south-east part of the county, being carried
over the river Ouse, by an aqueduct three quar-
ters of a mile in length. The county may be con-
sidered divided by the chalk hills into two exten-
sive plains the south part producing wheat and
beans of superior quality, and the north part ap-
propriated more to pasture. In addition to its
chalk, which is distributed over all its inland
counties, for whitewashing, it has veins of fuller's
earth and ochre
This county has long been celebrated for its corn
and cattle : formerly fine flocks of sheep were fed
m the vale of Aylesbury, but the breeding of
these useful animals has been for some time on
the decline. At present this vale feeds oxen for
the London market, to which it also sends im-
mense supplies of butter weekly. There is a
small proportion of arable land in the northern
division of the county ; and not much in any
other part, except the Chiltern districts, which
are usually cultivated with wheat, barley, oats,
beans, and sainfoin. In the neighbourhood of
BUD
136
BUE
Aylesbury, ducks are reared very early in the
spring, and sometimes at Christmas, which being
sent to London, sell at high price. The only
manufactures of consequence in this county are
those of bonelace and paper. The former is car-
ried on at Olney, Newport-Pagnell, and Han-
slope, and the latter principally in the neighbour-
hood of Wycomb. At Amersham there is a
manufacture of sacking and of white cotton goods ;
and at Marlow are some large works of copper,
brass, and brass-wire ; and mills for making thim-
bles and pressing rape and linseed. This county
is adorned with several magnificent seats, and in
various parts Roman roads and military stations
are traced, and Roman antiquities have been
occasionally discovered. The principal towns
are Aylesbury, Buckingliam, Marlow ; and of
a secondary class, Amersham, Wycomb, and
Wendover ; each of which returns two members
to parliament, in addition to two for the county.
Buckingham, a borough, and one of tlie prin-
cipal towns in the preceding county, is situate
on the north bank of the Ouse, by which it is
nearly surrounded, and over which there are
three bridges. It is a place of considerable an-
tiquity, having been fortified by Edward the Elder
in 918, against the incursions of the Danes. It
had formerly a castle in the centre of the town,
on the site of which, towards the close of the last
century, an elegant new church was erected. The
summer assizes for the county are held here. The
town hall is a spacious edifice of brick. A great
number of calves are fattened, and large quantities
of butter made for the London market in this piirt
of the county : lace is also made here. Market
on Saturday. Pop. in 1821, including four ad-
joining hamlets, 3,465, IG m. north of Aylesbury,
26 N. E. of Oxford, 23 S. W of Northampton,
and .55 N. of London.
Backingham, an interior county in the E. district
of Virginia, forming nearly a square, the west
and north sides of which are bounded by James
River. Pop. 18,351. The court-house, in the
centre of the county is 64 m. W. of Richmond.
Also the name of three towns in Pa.
Buckinghamshire, a county of Lower Canada,
m the district of Trois Rivieres, on the south
bank of the St. Lawrence.
Buckland. p.t. Franklin Co. Mass. 105 m. W.
N. W. Boston. Pop. 1,039.
Bucks, a frontier county in the E. district of
the state of Pennsylvania, bounded on the north-
east and south-east by the Delaware River, which
divides it from New Jersey, and on the south-west
by Montgomery county, the south-west corner
jetting upon Philadelphia. Population, 45,740.
Bristol, the chief town, in the south-east part of
the county, on the bank of the Delaware, is 142
m. E. of Harrisburg, and 18 N. E. of Philadel-
phia.
Bucksport, p.t. Hancock Co. Me. on the E. bank
oftlie Penobscot, 17 ni. above Castine. It is a
maritime town and has a considerable trade. Pop.
2,237.
Budu, or Ofcn, theodpilal of Lower Hungary,
situate en the side of a hill, on the west side of
the Danube, over whicii is a bridge of boats to
Pest. Tha inhabitant!! are estimated at 25,000.
The churches and public buildings are "handsome.
In the adjacent country are vineyards, which pro
duce excellent wine. Prior to 1.526, when it sur-
rendered to the Turks, it was the residence of the
kings of Hungary. From that period, for 160
years, it was an object of jealousy and contention
between the Turks and the Christian powers of
Europe ; when, in 1686, it surrendered to the lat-
ter, who strengthened the fortifications, and by
whom it has since been retained without inver-
ruption. It suffered greatly by fire in 1810, when
600 houses were destroyed ; but their places have
since been supplied with improved buildings. It
is about 130 m. E. S. E. of Vienna, and 180 N.
N. W. of Belgrade. Long. 19. 5. E. lat. 47. 30. N.
Budanitza, a town at the north-west end of
Sclavonia, near the south bank of the Drave, 23
m. S. W. of Funfkirchen.
Budlich, a town of Germany, in the territory
of Treves ; seated on the Traen, 12 m E. N. E. of
Treves.
Buderick, or Burich, a town of Germany, in the
duchy of Cleves ; seated on the Rhine, 22 m. S. E.
of Cieves, and 4 S. E. of Wcsol.
Budin, a town of Bohemia, in the circle of Ra-
konitz, witli a castle, 9 m. S. by W. of Leut-
meritz.
Budingen, a town of Germany, in Wetteravia,
with a castle ; situate on the Sambach, 25 m. E.
N. E. of Frankfort, on the Maine.
Budinze, a town of Sclavonia, 18 m. S. W^. of
Essey.
Budoa, a strong seaport of Dalmatia, and a
bishop's see. It sustained a siege by the Turks,
in 1636, and is 30 miles S. E. of Ragusa. Lone.
18. 58. E. lat. 42. 10. N.
Budrio, a town of Italy, in the Bolognese, 8
m. E. of Bologna.
Budiccis, a fortified town of Bohemia in the
circle of Bechin, and lately a bishop's see. In the
environs are mines of gold and silver. It is seat-
ed on the Muldau, 75 m. S. by W. of Prague.
Budweis, a town of Moravia in the circle of
Znaim, 40 m. S. W. of Bunn, and 65 N. N. W.
of Vienna.
Buenos Ayres. Under this head it has been
usual to include a vast portion of the sou-theru
divisions of the western hemisphere, extending
from the 13th to the 41st deg. of south lat. com-
prising an area of about 1,450,000 square miles;
constituted a vice-royalty of Spain in 1778, but
from the period of July, 1806, to Julv, 1821, it
continued in perpetual revolution ; when at the
latter period it was constituted an independent
republic by the title of the United Provinces of
South America, under which head its aggregate
and general features will be found exhibited.
Buenos Ayres, one of the eight united provinces
of South America, is the most easterly division
of the republic, being bounded on the east from the
2G*h to the 34th deg. of south lat. by the Brazilian
territory, and from the 34th to the frontier of Pata-
gonia, in the lat. of 41 south by the Atlantic Ocean ;
divided into two parts north and south by the great
river La Plata, which falls into the Atlantic Ocean,
between the lats. of 35. and 37. The north part
of this province is intersected from north to south
by the great rivers Parana and Uruguay, the
united waters of which form the La Plata. This
part is bounded on the west by a conventional
line, which divides it from the province of Cor-
dova, from 50 to 120 m. W. of Parana River.
The greater portion of this division of the province
is exceedingly fertile, and the congeniality of its
climate worthy of the title which it has conferred
upon the country. It contains several considera-
ble towns, the most important of which are Cor-
rientes in the north, on the east bank of the
Parana: Santa Fe, south, on the west bank of
ditto ; and Monte Video on the north bank of tlie
BUE
137
BU&
La Plata towards its entrance into the sea. On
the east bank of the Uruguay there are numerous
settlements founded by uie Jesuits. The south
part of this province is also divided by a conven-
tional line from Cordova, and south by the Rio
Negro, which separates it from Patagonia, and is
intersected from north-west to south-east, between
the lats. of 3d. and 40. by the Colorado River, and
in the lat. of 36. by the Saladillo, which falls into
the La Plata. This part of the province is very
little known, but is celebrated as conUining the
chief town and seat of government of the eight
united provinces.
Buenos Ayres, city of, is seated on the south
bank of the La PlaU, about 130 miles from its
mouth, in the lat. of ^4. 35. S. and 5d. 24. of VV.
long, opposite to where the Uruguay forms its
junction with the Parana. This city is justly es-
teemed as the finest country and as containing
the most active and intelligent population of all
South America. It was founded by Mendoza, in
1535, but afterwards abandoned ; and in 1544,
another colony of the Spaniards came here, who
left it also ; but it was rebuilt in 1582, and inhab-
ited by Spaniards and the native Americans.
It was, however, but little known to the world
until the commencement of the last century, up to
which period the intercourse of the country had
been restrained by a rigorous monopoly, when in
174vS the annual fleet ot the monopolists sailed for
the last time to Cadiz, the intercourse being
thrown open to the whole of Spain. In 1774, the
freedom of its intercourse was extended to the
greater part of the ports of the other Spanish
governments in America; and in 17/8, when the
pro^ mces of Buenos Ayres, which had previously
been under the government of Peru, were consti-
tuded a separate viceroyalty, and the city of
Buenos Ayres made the seat of the viceroy, it grad-
ually increased in extent, population, and import-
ance, during the remainder of the last century ;
about which period the imperial French govern-
ment under Napoleon sent emissaries for the pur-
pose of rendering it subservient to the views and
policy of France, which tended materially to re-
tard its commerce and career, on which alone the
prosperity of the city depended. To counteract
this influence, the English, in 1806, sent an expe-
dition from the Cape of Good Hope against
Buenos Ayres, which they took by surprise in the
month of "May of that year, but the whole force
were compelled to surrender at discretion, after
a few weeks, to a body a militia under the com-
mand of General Liniers, a partizan of the French
government. In June of the following year, suc-
cessive reinforcements having arrived from Eng-
land, a renewed attack was made upon the city
with a force of 10,000 men under the command of
General Whitelocke,but the inhabitants, animated
by Liniers to the most determined resistance, and
aided by the militia, converted every house into
a fortress, from which they assailed the English
troops at all points with such disastrous cffiect, as
to compel the whole force to surrender prisoners-
of-war. From this period, up to July, 1816, the
c ty became the theatre of internal dissensions,
when a declaration of independence wais agreed
upon, and it has since then remained compara-
tivelv tranquil, and been progressively recover-
ing from the disasters of the preceding fifteen or
twenty years. The buildings of Buenos Ayres
are stately and uniform, and the streets regu-
lar. Among the public buildings are a stately
cathedral, and two or thre« churches, town hall,
18
several convents, and other similiar institutions.
The public edifices are all built of stone of a
whitish colour, and produce an imposmg efl*ect.
Its commercial intercourse now extends to all
parts of the world, and its export productions of
hides and tallow, in addition to the silver and gold
from the mines of Potosi, &c. enable it to com-
mand an abundant supply of all the manufac-
tured productions of Europe and Asia, as well as
of every other commodity, from every quarter of
the globe. The population, which at the com-
mencement of the present century was estimated
at about 40,000, in 1825, was supposed to amount
to 70,000.
Buffalo, p.t. Erie Co. N. Y. on Lake Erie, near
its outlet. This is a port of entry with a good
harbour, furnished at the entrance with a light-
house. It is the great emporium of the lake com-
merce and the point at which the great canal from
Albany joins the waters of the lake. The town
occupies a pleasant spot on a gentle acclivity, and
consists principally of one long s*jeet with many
handsome and commodious buildings. It is a ve-
ry flourishing place and increases fast from year
to year. Tlie harbour is frequented by great num-
bers of lake craft and steamboats. Pop. 8,653.
There are 9 other towns called Buffalo, in the U.
S. viz. 6 in Pa. and one in Ohioj Va. and Missouri
Bug, a river of Poland, rising near Leopol or
Limberg, running north, dividing Austrian Gal-
licid from Russian Poland, to Brzesc, {which see.)
It then takes a westerly course, between Gallicia
and Prussian Poland, falling into the Vistula a few
miles below Warsaw.
Biigses Bay. See Boni.
Bugia, or Bujein, a seaport of Algiers, in the
province of Constantina, at the mouth of the Ma-
jor, on a bay of the Mediterranean. It has a
strong castle, but Sir Edward Sprague destroyed
several Algerine men of war under its walls in
1(571. The harbour is safer and more capacious
than that of Algiers, but its entrance is equally
dangerous. The principal trade is in instruments
of agriculture, made of iron, obtained from moun-
tains near the town. It is 90 miles E. of Algiers.
Long. 5. 28. E. lat. 36. 49. N.
Bugie, a town of Egypt, situate on the west
shore of the Red Sea, almost opposite to Ziden,
the port town of Mecca, and about 110 m. W. of
it. Long. 36. 6. E. lat. 22. 15. N.
BuiUh, or BuaJt, a. town of Wales, in Brecknock-
shire. Here was an ancient castle, whose keep,
its last remains, was burnt down in 1690. In this
neighbourhood the Welsh made their last stand
for independence, and were defeated by Edward
I. in 1283. Builth has a manufacture of stockings.
It is seated on the Wye, over which is a bridge
into Radnorshire, 12 m. N. of Brecknock, and 173
W. by N. of London. Pop. 946.
Buis, a town of France, in the department of
Drome, 40 m. E. of Orange, and 65 S. S. E. of
Valence.
Buitrago, a fortified town of Spain, in New
Castile, on the frontier of Segovia, celebrated for
the wool collected in its environs. It is seated on
the Lozoya, 40 m. N. of Madrid.
Bukharia Great. See Bokhara.
Bukharia Little. See Cashgur.
Bukowine, a district in the nortb-west part of
the province of Moldavia, bordering on Gallicia
comprising about 4,000 square miles, and 160,000
inhabitants of various nations, among whom ar«
about 2,000 gypsies. It is nominally under th« do
mipion of Austria.
m3
Bim^
i«
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BuIm, a town of Egypt, on the Nile, two miles
west of Cairo, and the port of that city. On the
north side of it is the Calisch, whose banks are
cut every year, to convey the waters of the Nile,
by a canal, to Cairo.
Bulam, or Boolam, an island on the west coast
of Africa, at the mouth of the Rio Grande. The
soil is good ; and a settlement of free blacks was
formed here in 1792, but abandoned the following
year. Long. 14. 30. W. lat. 11. 0. N.
Bui !f aria, a province of European Turkey,
bounded on the north by the Danube, which di-
vides it from Wallachia and Bessarabia, east by the
Black sea, south by Romania and Macedonia, and
west by Servia. It is mountainous, but fertile
in the intervening valleys. Sofia, or Sophia, on
the frontier of Romania, 280 m. N. N. E. of Con-
stantinople, is the capital.
Bullitt, a county of Kentucky, the west end of
which borders upon the Ohio River. Pop. 5,660.
Shepherdsville, 69 m. W. S W. of Frankfort, is
the chief town.
Bullock, an interior county of Georgia, lying be-
tween the Cannouche and Great Ogechee Rivers.
Pop. 2,586. Statesborough, in the centre of the
county, 35 m. N. W. of Savannah, is the chief
town.
Bullskin, a township in Fayette Co. Pa.
Bulltown, p.v. Lewis Co. Va.
Bunaice, a village of Scotland, in Argyleshire,
on the east side of Loch Etive, at the mflux of
the river Awe. Here is an iron foundery, a valu-
able salmon fishery, and a bay that affords safe
anchorage in any wind. It is 15 miles E. N. E.
of Oban.
Buncomh, a large county at the western extrem-
ity of North Carolina, bounded on the north by
Tennessee, and south by South Carolina. Pop.
16,259. Ashville, in the centre of the county, 273
m. W. by S. of Raleigh, is the chief town.
Bunddcund or Bundela, a cicar of Hindoostan,
lying south of the Ganges, in the province of Al-
lahabad, inhabited by a tribe of Rajpoots. It is
a mountainous tract, and contains tlie celebrated
diamond mines of Paunah, with some strong fort-
resses. Chatterpour is the capital. It was annex-
ed to Benares in 1804.
Bungay, a town in Suffolk, Eng. seated on the
Wavenay, which is navigable hence to Yarmouth,
[t has two churches, and the ruins of a nunnery
and a castle. It is 36 m. N. by E. of Ipswich, and
106 N. E. of London. Pop. 3,2!)0.
Bungo, a kingdom of Japan, in the island of
Ximo. The king of this country was converted
•■.o Christianity, and sent a solemn embassy to the
wpe in 1583. The capital is Fumav. Long. 132.
). E. lat. 32. 40. N.
Bnniva, a mountain of Greece, between Janna
ind Livadia, extending to the gulf of Zeiton. The
mc'.ent name was CEta ; and it is famous for the
jass of Thermopylffi, (so called from the hot baths
n he neighbourhood) where Leonidas, and his
$00 Spartans, resisted for three days the whole
Pe flian army.
unker Hill, a steep height occupying the cen-
re of the peninsula upon whith stands the town
if Charlestown, Massachusetts. The southern
•X remity offers a less abrupt eminence detached
rom the main height, and properly called Breed's
U 11. Here was Mught on the 17th of June 1775
the celebrated battle known as the Battle of Bunk-
er Hill. General Warren fell in the action, and
the Americans finally retreated from the spot, but
the British suffered the loss of nearly half their
men and were unable to make the least use ol
their advantage. To perpetuate the memory of
this obstinate struggle between the undisciplined
K
r^fli^B
/ ■■■■ -'"I^&!^'
^tL-^S^f^^^UMd^SSH^K^
militia of New England and the veterans of Brit-
ain, a noble monument has been commenced on
the spot, and is now about one third finished. It
is a plain obelisk of granite, and will be 220 feet
high.
Bujiiinoford, a town in Hertfordshire, Eng. 31
m.N. by E. of London. Pop. 907.
Buntwala, a town of Hindoostan, in Canara,
which has a great inland trade ; situate near the
Netrawari, 10 m. E. of Mangalore.
Buntzlau, a town of Silesia, in the principality
of Jauer. It has a manufacture of brown pottery
with gold and silver flowers ; and is seated on
the Sober, 23 m. W. by N. of Lignitz. Pop
3,300.
Buntzlau, a circle in the north part of Bohemia,
between Leutmeritz and Konigingratz, bounded
on the north by Lusatia, and south by the Elbe,
which divides it from Kaurzem. It contains
about 1 ,850 square miles, and 280,000 inhabitants.
The Iser intersects it from N. to S. falling into
the Elbe.
Buntzlau, Jilt, a town of Bohemia, seated on the
Elbe, 16 m. S. S. W. of Jung Buntzlau.
Buntzlau, Jung, a town of Bohemia, capital of
the circle of Buntzlau. It was a royal town un-
der Rodolphus II. and is seated on the Iser, 28 m.
N. N. E. of Prague.
Buragrag, a river of the kingdom of Fez, which
enters the Atlantic Ocean, at Sallee.
Burdwan, a town of Hindoostan, capital of a
district in Bengal, seated en the north bank of the
Dummooda, 57 m. N. W. of Calcutta.
Burello, or Civita, Burella, a town of Naples, in
Abruzzo Citeriore, 20 m. S. of Lanciano.
Buren, a town of Holland, in (iuelderland, with
a fortified castle, 22 m. W. of Nimeguen. Pop.
3,500.
Burcn, or Bueren, a town of Westphalia, in
the principality of Paderborn, seated on the Alme.
10 ni. S. by W. of Paderborn.
Buren, a town of Switzerland, in the canton
of Bern, seated on the Aar, 6 miles S. by W. of
Soleure.
Burford, a town in Oxfordshire, Eng. Here
are manufactures of saddles, dusscls, and rugaw^
It is seated on the Windrush, 17 m. W. by N. of
Oxford, and 72 m. W. of London. Pop. 1 ,686.
Burg, a town of Holland, in the county of Zut-
phen, seated on the Old Yssel, 18 m. E. by N. of
ISimeguen.
Burg, a town of Lower Saxony, in the ducliV
of Magdeburg, on the River Ihle, 12 m. N. N. E.
of Magdeburg. Pop. about 7,000.
Burg, or Borg, a town of Westphalia, m the
BUR
ciS9
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duchy of Berg, with manufactures of gun barrels
and woolen stuffs ; seated on tiie Wipper, 18 in.
S. E. of Dusseldorf.
BM/vrrt^, a town of European Turkey, in Roma-
nia, ')0 in. VV. of tlie coast of the Black Sea, and
iKiN. i\. W. of Constantinople.
Rtinrau, a town of Suabia, with a castle which
gives name to a marquisate, ceded to Bavaria in
180."), and now forming part of the circle of the
Upper Danube. It is seated on tiie Mindel,() m.
E. of Guaizburg, (the capital) and 22 N. N. W.
of Augsburg.
Bar<r(L<irf,\\. town of Switzerland, in the canton
of Bern, witli a castle, seated on an eminence, on
the river Eininen, 8 m. N. E. of Bern.
Riirgdorf, a town of Lower Saxony, in Lune-
bur<r, with a castle, on the river Awe, 15 m. S. of
Zell.
Biirgk, a village in Cumberland, Eng. 5 miles
W. N. W. of Carlisle. Near it is a column, erect-
ed to denote the spot where Edward I. died, when
preparing for an e.vj)edition against Scotland.
Biirff/iaiin, a town of Germany, in tiie princi-
pality of Fulda, on the river Haun, 8 m. N. N. E.
of Fulda.
BartrlumsPM, properly Burlchansen, (which see.)
Burglcii<rcnfcl, a town of Bavaria, in the princi-
Sality of Neuburg, seated on the river Nab, IG m.
[. W. of Ratisbon.
Burgos, a city of Spain, capital of Old Castile,
and an archbishop's see. It has an antique castle,
once the abode of the kings of Castile ; and the
catliedral is one of tiie most magnificent Gf>thic
fabrics in Europe. The squares, public buildings,
and fountains, are fine. In 1812 the allied army,
under Wellington, entered Burgos, after the bat-
tle of Salamanca, and besieged the castle near
tliree nionths, during which they made several at-
tempts to carry it by assault, but in vain ; and
the allies were ultimately obliged to raise the
sieir • and retire into Portugal, but it surrendered
the following year without resistance. It is seat
ed partly on a mountain, and partly on the river
Aranzon, !)5 m. E. by S.of Leon, and 117 N. of
Madrid. Pop. about"i),()()().
Burgu, or Berdou, a territory of Zaiiara, in the
d(»sert of Lii)ya, to the south of Aiigila and east
of Fczzan. The capital is of the same name, 2.')()
m. S. S. W. of Au<rila. and 4:W E. S. E. of Mour-
zook. Long. 21. 40. E. lat.2{). !0. N.
Burgundy, or Bnurgognc, a late province of
France, 112 miles long, and 75 broad; bounded
on tiie east by Franche Comte, west by Bour-
bonnois and Nivernois, south l)y Lyonois, and
north by Cham)>ague. It is fertile in corn, fruits,
and e.xcelleut wines, and is now formed into the
three departments of Cote d'Or, Saoneand Loire,
fend Yonne.
Bnrlimnpour, a town of Hindoostan, caiiital < f
Candeish, and, at one period, of the deccan also.
li has a great trade in fine cotton for veils, shawls,
&.C. In the war witii the Mahrattas in 1803 it
surrendered to the British. It is situate in a de-
linrhtful country, on the river Tapty, 225 m. E.
bj N. of Surat. Long. 7(). 1!). E. lat. 21 . 25. N.
Biiri.ano. a town of Tuscany, in the Siennese,
near the lake Castigleno, 10 ni. S. S. E. of Massa.
Buriclt. See Biidcricli.
Bitrica, a fortified seaport of Arabia, on the ea.st
eoast, in the province of Oman, 45 m. W. N. W.
of Mascat.
Burins, one of the Philippine islands lying with-
in the S. E. promontory of Luzon.
Burlic, a western county of North Carolina,
bounded on the west by the Blue Ridge of the
Alleghany mountains, which divides it from Bun
comb. The Great Catawi>a River rises from
about twenty sources, at the fi)ot of the mountains,
within tiiis county. Pop. 17,727. Morgantown,
205 ni. W.of Ralei li, is the cliicf town.
Burke, a frontier county in Georgia, bounded
on the N. E. by the Savannah River, which di-
vides it from South Carolina. It is bounded on
the south by the Great Ogeechee. Pop. 1 1 ,K?3.
Waynesborough, in the centre of tlie county, 104
m. E. of Milledgeville and 75 N. W of Savannah,
is the chief town.
Burke, p.t. Caledonia Co. Vt. 8{> ni. N. E
Montpelier. Pop. 8(i(i.
Burhen^ a town of Germany, in the territory of
Mentz, 27 m. E. of Heidelberg.
Burkliuusen, a town of Bavaria, w'tli an old
fortified castle on a mountain. It is the seat of a
regency, and stands on the river Salza, near its
confluence with the Inn, 27 m. N. N. W. of
Salzburg.
Burlinglon, a town of England. See Brid-
lington.
Burlington, p.t. Cliittenden Co. Vt. on Lake
Champlain, is a beautiful town situated at the
bottom of a small bay. It has considerable com-
merce and manufactures and a population of
3,52(). Mere is the University of Vermont, which
has a President and 4 Professors and Tutors.
The library iiowever is small. The numl)er of
students is 'M'). There are 2 vacations in January
and August of 12 weeks. Commencement is in
August.
Burlington, p.t. Middlese.x Co. Mass. 10 m. N.
W. Boston. Pop. 48(1.
Burlington, p.t. Hartford Co. Conn. Pop. 1,30L
Burlininon, p.t. Otsego Co. N. Y. ()5 m. W.
Albany. Pop. 2,4.5<).
Burlington, a county of New Jersey, the S. E.
point of which jets upon the Atlantic Ocean, at
little Egg Harbour, and the N. W. end is
bounded by tlie Delaware River. Pop. 3I,0(5(J.
Chief town Mount Holly.
Burlington, city, in the Co. of the same name,
N. J. stands on the Delaware opposite Bristol, 2()
in. above Philad. It is Iwndsomelv situated,
mostly on an island comnuinicatin<r with the
main land by several bridges and causeways.
There are 8 other towns of this name in Pa.,
Ohio, Ind., and Ken.
Burnham, a town in Norfolk, Eng. It stands
near the sea, on the river Burn, in which is a
small harbour. Around it are five villages of the
same name, with an addition ; and that of Burn-
ham Tliorp is the birthplace of the celebrated ad-
miral lord Nelson, whose father was the n^clor.
Burnham is 2*.) in. N. W. of Norwich, and 1 17 N.
E. of London.
Burnlium, a town in Esse.v, Eng. at the mouth
of the river Crouch, which is here called Burn-
ham Water. The Walfleet and Murnhain oysters
are the product of the creeks and pits of this
river. Burnham is 11 m. S. E. of Maiden. Pop.
1,371.
Burning Springs, the name given to certain
sprinirs in the western part of the State of New
YorkTchiefly in the towns of Bristol, Middlesex
and Canandaigua. They emit gas which may be
set on fire. At Bristol the gas rises from the cJefls
of the slate rocks on the margin of a brook, and
here it burns continually with a steady flame
Where it rises through the water it is formed inta
bubbles and flashes when th« flame is npuliod.
BUR
140
^tJR
In Middlesex the springs lie along a tract about a
mile in length, partly at tlie bottom of a valley.
The gas arises from the summits of little hillocks
of a dark bituminous mould, and burns with a
itendy flame. In winter when these hillocks are
covered with snow, openings are made through
it, and the gas when set on fire, burns in contact
with the snow. Sometimes tubes of ice are form-
ed about the currents of gas, and rise to the height
of several feet ; when several of these are lighted
at once in a still evening, the illumination produc-
es a most brilliant effect There is another burning
spring upon Niagara river about half a mile tabove
the falls, and within a few feet of the rapids ; the
water is charged with sulphuretted hydrogen gas.
In the south-east part of Lake Erie, about 20
rods from the shore, is a burning spring rising from
the bottom of the lake. The water is here 4 or 5
feet deep, and the stream from the spring is thrown
to the surface with considerable force Wlien a
brand is applied to the water it bursts into a flame.
If drank, it proves a powerful emetic.
Burnley, a town in the parish of Whalley,
Lancashire, Eng. situate at the foot of the range
of hills whieh divide Lancashire from Yorkshire,
in the centre of a very populous district, exten-
sively occupied in the cotton manufacture, and
abounding in coal ; immediately contiguous to
Burnley there are eight extensive colleries, about
30 extensive cotton mills and manufactories, four
calico printers, five or six machine makers, &.c.
&c. The Leeds and Liverpool Canal nearly en-
circles the town, which in 1801 contained a pop-
ulation of only 3,30r>, but in 1821, 0,374 ; 24 miles
due north of Manchester, and 15 W. of Halifax.
Burnt Island, an island near the south coast
of Newfoundland, 15 m. E. S. E. of Cape Ray.
Long. 58. 50. W. lat. 47. 30. N.
Burnt Islands, a cluster (»1 islands m the Indian
Oc^an, W. N. W. fiom Goa. Long. 73. 30. E. lat.
16. 0. N.
Burntisland, a borough of Scotland, in Fife-
flhtre, on the frilh of Forth, with an excellent
harbour, and a tjdde in ship-building. It is seated
at the foot of lofty hills, 9 m. north of Leith.
Pop. 2,13G.
Burram.poottir,Megna, or Brahama.pootra, a river
ot Asia, which rises in the mountains of Thibet,
near the head of the Ganges, in the lat. of 34. N.
and of 80. of E. long. These two rivers, issuing
from opposite sides of the same ridge of mountains,
direct their course toward opposite quiarters, till
they are more than 700 miles asunder; and after-
wards meet in one point near the sea, eacli hav-
ing performed a winding course of about 1,400
miles. From its source, the Burrampooter pro-
ceeds S. E. through Thibet, where it is named San-
poo, or Zancin ; that is, tlin liircr : after washing
the border of the territory of Lassa, it proceeds S.
E. beyond the Doth degree of E. long, to within
220 miles of Yunan, the western-most province of
Ciiina : it then turns suddenly to the west, and
passing through Assam, assumes the name of Bur-
rampooter. It enters Bengal on the N. E., makes
a circuit round the western point of the G arrow
Mountains, and then, altering its course to south,
meets the Ganges about 40 m. from the sea, in
the lat. of 22. 40. N. During the last 00 miles be-
fore its Junction with the Ganges, it forms a stream
which IS regularly from four to five miles wide.
BurrillsciUe, p.t. Providence Co. R. I. in the
N. W. corner of the state. Pop. 2,1UG.
Burton, t. Straflbrd Co. N. H. Pop. 325. Also
a town in Geauga Co. Ohio.
Bursa, or Prusa, a city of Asiatic Turkey, in
Natolia, built by Prusius, king of Bythinia. It
was the capital of the Ottoman empire, before the
taking of Constantinople ; and it now contains
about 00,000 inhabitants. It stands upon several
little hills, at the bottom of Mount Olympus, and
on the edge of a fine plain full of fruit-trees. So
many sprmgs proceed from the mount, that, eve-
ry house has its own fountain : and at its foot are •<
splendid hot-baths. The mosques are elegant, as
are the caravanseras. The Bezestine is a large
structure full of warehouses and shops, containing
all the commodities of the east, besides their own
manufactures in silk. Here are the best work-
men in all Turkey, who are excellent imitators
of the tapestry of Ittaly and France. None but
musselmen are permitted to dwell in the city ;
but the suburbs, which are much finer, and better
peopled, are filled with Jews, Armenians, and
Greeks. Bursa is seated on the banks of the Nil-
ifur, which falls into the sea of Marmora, <>8 m.
S. by E. of Constantinople. Long. 29. 12. E. lat.
40. 12. N.
Burstdon, a village in Hampshire, Eng. five
miles E. S. E. of Southampton. It stands on the
Hamble, three miles from its mouth, and several
ships have been birilt here for the navy. Pop. 473.
Burshm, a town in Staffordshire, Eng. Till
towards the close of the last century, it was an in-
considerable place, but being intersected by the
Trent and Mersey Canal, it has become one of
the principal centres of the pottery, porcelain,
earthenware and several other manufactures. The
population, which in 1801 was 0,578, in 1821 waj»
9,099. It is three miles north of Newcastle-under-
Line, and 151 N. by W. of London.
Burton-upon-Trent, a town in Staffordshire,
Eng. It has the remains of a large abbey ; and
is seated on the west b.ank of the Trent, which
here divides the counties of Staflford and Derby ;
there is an old bridge of 30 arches over the river,
and on its banks are two extensive corn mills, one
cotton mill, and six extensive breweries, the prod-
uce of which is distributed, and justly esteemed,
over every part of the world. There are also six
or eight employers in the manufacture of hats ;
the cotton spinning, at the commencement of the
present century, was more extensive, and, in con-
sequence of its transfer to Lancashire, the popu-
Lation of the town, which in 1801 was 4,4,59, in
1821, was only 4,1 14, four contiguous hamlets con-
taining 2.580 inhabitants more. It is 12 m. E. of
Litclifield, 12 W. of Derby, and 123 W. of Lon-
don.
*„* There are about 3.5 other towns and villages
named I'vrton, or to which it is prefixed, in dif-
ferent parts of England, but all of them are in-
considerable.
Bvrrrah, a town of Hindoostan, in Bengal, on
the border of Orissa, 250 m. W. by N. of Cal-
cutta,
Bvry, a town in Lancashire, Eng. extensively
engaged both in the cotton and woolen manufac-
ture, in all the branches of spinning, weaving,
scouring, fulling, dressing, blenching, printing,
&c. in all the various branches of which there
are nearly 100 establishments, someof thrm \fry
extensive. There are also iron founderies, ma-
chine makers, and six or eight employers in the
manufacture of hats ; it communicates with the
Leeds and Liverpool canal by a collateral cut cal-
led the Bury Extension. It is seated on the bank ,
of the Irweil, !» in. N. of Manchester. Pop. in'
1821, 10,583, beinp 3,511 more than in 1810,
BUT
141
BUX
tad the total population of the parish, which in-
cludes hamlets, in 1821, was 34,581.
Bury, St. Edmund, a borough in Suffolk, Eng.
It took its name from St. Edmund the king, who
was buried here ; and to his honour an abbey was
founded, of which some noble ruins remain.
Here are two parish churches, which stand in
one church-yard ; in St. Mary's lies Mary, queen
of France, wlio was married to Charles Brandon,
duke of Suffolk. At this town the barons met
and entered into a league against king John.
Henry VI. called a parliament here in 1446, when
Humphrey, duke of Gloucester, was imprisoned,
and here he died, as supposed, by poison. The
assizes for the county are held here ; and it has
a free-school founded by Edward VI. The num-
ber of inhabitants in 1811 was 7,986; and in 18*21,
9,999, and most of them were returned as employ-
ed in trade and manufactures. It is seated on
the Larke, a branch of the Ouse, 25 m. N. W. of
Ipswich, and 71 N. N. E. of London.
Buryens, St. a village in Cornwall, Eng. 5 m.
W. S. W. of Penyance. It was once of great
note, and had a college founded by king Athels-
tan. The church is spacious, and contains many
curious relics of antiquity. In its neighbourhood
are 19 large stones standing in a circle, 12 feet
from each other, and in the centre is one much
larger than the rest. Pop. 1,188.
BusheiVi or Bushirc, a town of Persia, in Far-
Bistan, surrounded by a wall, with a few bastions.
The English East India Company had formerly
a factory here. The trade with Shiraz, by cara-
vans, is considerable. It is situate on a narrow
neck of land, in the gulf of Persia, 110 m. W. S.
W. of Shiraz. Long. 51. 0. E. lat. 29. 20. N.
Biishhill, t. Northampton, Co. Pa.
Bushwick, t. Kings Co. N. Y. on Long Island,
3 m. from Brooklyn. Pop. 1,620.
Bussorah. See Bassarah.
Bute, an island of Scotland, in the frith of Clyde,
separated on the north from the peninsula of Cow-
al in Argyleshire by a narrow channel. It is
fourteen miles long and four broad ; the north
part hilly and barren, but the south fertile and
well cultivated. The coast is rocky, and indent-
ed with several safe harbours, chiefly appropriat-
ed to the herring fishery. Rothsay is the capital.
Buteshire, a. coanty of Scotland, consisting of
the island of Bate, Arran, Great and Little Cam-
bray, and Inchmarnoc, lying in the frith of
Clyde, between the counties of Ayr and Argyle.
This shire sends a member to parliament alternate-
ly with Caithnesshire.
Butjemback, a town of the Netherlands, 25 m.
S. by E. of Aix-la-Chapelle.
Btitler, an interior county in the W. District
of Pennsylvania, the south-east point jetting upon
the Alleghany River, 18 m. above Pittsburg. Pop.
14,683. The chief town, of the same name, in the
centre of the county, is 242 m. W. by N. of Har-
risburg
But'er, an interior county in the west part of
Kentucky, intersected from east to west by Green
River, which falls into the Ohio. Pop. 3,055.
M">rgantown, on the south bank of Green River,
144 W. by S. of Frankfort, is t!ie chief town.
Butler, a frontier county nl l!j': S E. extremity
ofthe state of Oiiio, bordering on Indiana. It is
intersected from the north-west corner to the cen-
tre ofthe south border by the Miami River. Pop-
ulation, 27,044. Hamilton, on the east bank of
the Miami, 107 m. W. S. W. of Columbus, and
12 north of Cincinnati, is the chief town.
Butler, a county in Alabama. Pop. 5,634,
Greenville is the capital. Also the name of 2
towns in Pa. and Ohio.
Butler, the name of 2 towns in Ohio.
Butrinto, a seaport of European Turkey, in
Albania, and a bishop's see ; seated on the canal
of Corfu, at the entrance of the gulf of Venice,
30 m. S. of Chimajra. Long. 19. 9. E. lat. 36. 49. N.
Butternuts, p.t. Otsego Co. N. Y. 94 m. W.
Albany. Pop. 3,991.
Butter mere, a lake in Cumberland, Eng. eight
miles S. W. of Keswick. It is two miles long, and
nearly half a mile broad. On the west side it is
terminated by a mountain, called, from its fer-
ruginous colour, the Red Pike ; a strip of culti-
vated ground adorns tue east shore ; at the north
end is the village of Buttermere and a group of
houses, called Gatesgarth, is seated on the south
extremity, under an amphitheatre of mountain-
ous rocks. Here Honister Crag is seen rising to
a vast height, flanked by two conical mountains,
Fleetwith on the east, and Scarf on the west side.
Numerous mountain torrents create never-failing
cataracts that thunder and foam down the rocks,
and form the lake below. This lake is called the
Upper Lake ; and, near a mile from it, to the
north-east is the Lower Lake, called also Cro-
mack-water. The river Cocker flows through
both these lakes to Cockermouth.
Buttertcorth, an appendage to the town of Roch-
dale, in Lancastershire, Eng. Pop. 5,554. See
Rochdale.
Buttenant, a town and parish of Ireland, in the
county of Cork. The town is 4 m. N. of Mallow,
and in 1820 contained a population of 1 ,020 ; totcil
of the parish, 5,049.
Button Bay, the north part of Hudson Bay,
through which attempts were made by Sir Thom-
as Button, to discover a north-west passage to
China, when he lost his ship, and came back in a
sloop built in the country. It lies between 60.
and 66. N. lat.
Buttstadt and Buttelstatdt, two towns of Upper
Saxonv. in Thuringia, seated on the Loss, 16 m.
W. of Kaumburg.
Bvtzhach, a town of Germany, in Wetteravia,
seated in a marshy but fertile plain, 10 m. S. of
Giessen, and 25 N. of Frankfort. Pop. about
3,200.
Butzow, a town of Lower Saxony, in Mecklen-
burg-Schwerin, seated on the Warna, 17 ra. S.
W. of Rostock.
Buxadewar, a strong fort of the country of
Bootan, at the entrance of the mountains from
Bengal. It stands on the top of a rock, 20 m. N.
of Chichacotta.
Buxar, a town and tbrt ot Hindoostan, in Ba-
har, on the south bank of the Ganges, 72 m. W.
of Patna.
Buxtehude, a town of Lower Saxony, in the
duchy of Bremen, on the river Este, 18 m. S. E.
of Stade.
Btixton, a village in Derbyshire, Eng. at the
entrance of the Peak. It has nine wells that rise
near the source of the river Wye ; and they are
deemed one of the seven wonders of the Peak.
Their waters, noted in the time ofthe Romans, are
hot and sulphureous, temperature about 82 ; much
company resort to them in the summer. The
building for the bath was erected by George, earl
of Shrewsbury ; and here Mary, queen of Scot-
land, resided for some time. The duke ofDevon-
shire has erected a beautiful building in the form
of a crescent, under which are piazzas and shops.
CAB
148
CAC
A mile hence is another of the wonders, called
Pool's Hole, at the foot of a mountain. The en-
trance is low and narrow, but it presently opens
to a cave of considerable height, and 696 feet long,
with a roof resembling a Gothic cathedral. It
contains many stalactitious concretions, and sev-
eral curious representations both of art and nature,
produced by the petrifying water continually drop-
ping from the rock. iBuxton is 32 m. N. W. of
Derby, and 160 N. N. W. of London. Resident
pop. in 1821, 1,036.
Buxton, p.t. York Co. Me. a little above the
mouth of the Saco. Pop. 2,856.
Buzanrois, a town of France, in the department
of the Indre, on tlie east bank of the river of that
name, 12 m. S. E. of Chatillon. Pop. 3,200.
Buzzard's Baij, in the southern part of Massa-
chusetts, is about 30 miles long and 7 wide. On
the south it is bounded by a range of islands cal-
led the Elizabeth Islands A canal 31-2 miles in
length from the bottom of this bay to the waters
of Massachusetts Bay would completely insulate
the whole peninsula of Cape Cod and enable the
coasting craft to avoid a long and dangerous navi-
gation around the cape. But although such a
comnmnication has been talked about for above
an hundred years, the want of a good harb mr at
the northern extremity will probably hind r its
being undertaken.
Byberry, t. Philadelphia Co. Pa.
Bychow, a town of Lithuania on the west bank
of the Dnieper, 180 m. S. S. W. of Wilna, and 8
S. of Mohilow.
Byfield, a village in Essex Co. Mass. 5 ra. S.
W. from Newburyport, containing Dummer Aca-
demy, and another Female Seminary.
Byker, an appendage to Newcastle-on-Tyne.
Pop. in 1821, 3,852. See JVcwcastle.
Byron, p.t. Gennesee Co. N. Y. 268 m. W. Al-
bany. Pop. 1,939.
Byron Island, an island in the Pacific Ocean,
discovered by Commodore Byron in 1705. It is
low, full of wood, and very populous. The na-
tives are tall, well-proportioned, and clean ; and
their countenance expressive of a surprising mix-
ture of intrepidity and cheerfulness. Long. 173
46. E. lat. 1. 18. S.
c
CABARRAS, a small interior county of North
Carolina, lying to the west of the Yadkin River.
Pop. 8,796. Concord, 143 m. V/. S. W. of Ra-
leigh, is the chief town.
Cahezade Vide, a town of Portugal, in Alemtejo,
with a castle, 12 m. S. W. of Portalegro.
Cabell, a large mountainous county of the W.
District of Virginia, bounded on the S. W. by the
Big Sandy River, which divides it from Ken-
tucky, and on the N. W. by the Ohio River,
which divides it from the state of Ohio. It is
about 50 miles in length from S. E. to N. W. and
25 in breadth. Pop. 5,884. Guyando, at the
moutli of a river of the same name, which inter-
sects the country its whole length, falling into
the Ohio, is the chief town.
Cabello, or Cavdlo. See Porto Cabello.
Calienda, a seaport on the west coast of South
Africa, subject to Portugal, 100 m. S. E. of Loan-
go. Long. 12. 2. E. lat. 4. 5. S.
Cabes, or Gabcs, a town of the kingdom of
Tunis, near a gulf of the same name, 170 m. south
of Tunis. Long. 10. 55. lat. 33. 40. N.
Cabot, p.t. Caledonia Co. Vt. Pop. 1,304.
CfflAra, a town of Spain, in Andalusia, with six
convents, and a college for the study of philoso-
phy and divinity. It is situate at the foot of a
mountain, near the source of a river of the
same name, 25 m. S. E. of Cordova.
Cabra, a town of the kindom of Tombuctoo.
It is a place of great trade, seated on the Niger,
and serves as a port to the capital, 10 m. S. E. of
Tombuctoo.
Cabrera, one of the Balearic Isles, in the Medi-
terranean, 7 m. S. of Majorca. It has a large har-
bour, on the north side, defended by a castle.
Long. 2. 55. E. lat. 39. 8. N.
Cabul, a country of Asia, bounded on the west
by Persia, north by the Hindoo-ko, east by Cash-
mere and Lahore, and south by Candahar. It was
anciently a province of Persia, afterward it was
annexed to the Mogul empire till 1739, when it
was restored to Persia by Nadir Shah. The coun-
try is highly diversified, consisting of mountains
covered with snow, hills of moderate height,
rich plains, stately forests, and innumerable
streams. It produces every article necessary for
human life, with the most delicate fruits and
flowers. It is sometimes called Zabulistan, from
Zabul, one of the names of Ghizni. It now forms
a part of Afghanistan.
Cabul, the capital of the province of Cabul, and
of the dominions of the sultan of the Afghans,
seated near the foot of the Hindoo-ko on the river
Attock, a branch of the Indus. It carries on a
considerable trade, and is considered as the gate
of India toward Tartary. In 1739, Nadir Shah
took it by storm, and plundered it of great trea-
sures. It is 170 m. N. E. of Candahar. Long.
68. 35. E. lat. 34. 30. N.
Cacaca, or Kasusa, a town of the kingdom of
Fez, with a fort upon a rock, 16 m. S. of Melilla,
on the shores of the Mediterranean.
Cacella, or Taceila, a town of Portugal, on the
S. E. coast of Algarva, 6 m. E. by N. of Tavira,
and 8 W. S. W. of Castro Marim.
Caceres, a town of Spain, in Estremadura, seat-
ed on the Sabrot, 22 ra. S. E. of Alcantara, on the
road to Truxillo. Pop. about 8,000.
Caceres, a town in the south part of the island
of Luconia, capital of the provinc i Camarinos,
and a bishop's see. Long. 124. 0. E. lat. 14. 33. N.
Cachan, or Kashan, a town of Persia, in Irac
Agemi, which has considerable trade in «<>lks,
silver and gold brocades, and porcelain. iTeie
are many Christians, and Guebres, or worship-
pers of fire. (See Bachu.) It is seated in a vast
plain, 55 m. N. by W. of Ispahan.
Cac/iao, or Kcsho, the capital of the kingdom
of Tonquin. It contains 20,000 houses, whose
walls are of mud, and the roofs covered with
thatch; a few are built with brick, and roofed
with pantiles. The principal streets are very
wide, and paved with small stones. The king has
three palaces here, such as they are ; and near
them are stables for his horses and elephants, i
The house of the English factory is the best in
the city; and the factories purchase silks and
'^;^l.
CAD
14S
CAD
lackered ware, as in China. It is seated on the
river Hoti, 80 m. from the gulf of Tonquin. Long.
105. 11. E. lat. 21. 10. N.
Cacheo, a town of the kingdom of Cumbo, on
the west coast of North Africa, seated on the riv-
er Cacheo, or St. Domingo, 50 miles from its
mouth, between the Gambia and Rio Grande. It
is subject to the Portuguese, who have three forts,
and formerly carried on a great trade in wax and
slaves. Long. 14. 55. E. lat. 12. 6. N.
Cackoiro, a town of Brazil, in the government
of Bahia. It is the mart for the northern gold
mines, and stands on a small river, 42 m. N. W.
of St. Salvador.
Cacongo, a town of the kingdom of Loango, on
the west coast of South Africa, seated near the
mouth of a river, 40 m. S. S. E. of Loango.
Cacorla, a town of Spain, situate between two
mountains on the frontiers of La Mancha, Murcia,
and Granada, 15 m. E. N. E. of Ubeda.
Cadenac, a town of France, in the department
of Mouths of the Rhone, 28 m. S. E. of Avignon.
Cadenac, a town of France in the department
of Lot, on the river Lot, 27 m. E. N. E. of Cahors.
Cader Idris, a mountain of Wales, in Merio-
nethshire, to the south of Dolgelly. The perpen-
dicular height of which is 2,914 feet above the
level of the sea; and on it are several lakes
abounding in fish.
Cadiar, a town of Spain, in Granada, 28 m. S.
E. of Granada.
Cadillac, a town of France, in the department
of Gironde, with a castle, seated on the east bank
of the Garonne, 15 m. S. E. of Bordeaux.
Cadiz, a celebrated city and seaport of Spain in
Andalusia, called by the Phoenicians, who found-
ed it, Gadir, a fence or fenced place, and by the
Arabs Gczira Cades, is the richest trading port of
Spain, and one of its finest cities. It stands on
the western extremity of a tongue of land project-
ing from the isle of Leon, which on its south-east
side was formerly connected with the main land
by a bridge. The town is surrounded with a wall
and irregular bastions, adapted to the variations of
the ground. On the south side there are steep
acclivities which render it inaccessible, and the
landiag-place on the north is defended by sand-
banks and sunken rocks. On the south-west point
IS a range of rocks, partly covered at high water ;
and the point of St. Sebastian is defended be a
strong fort. At the neck of the isthinus, where it
is most accessible, every precaution has been
taken to secure it against hostile attacks ; and it
may, therefore, be regarded as almost impregna-
ble, lis spacious bay forms an excellent haven,
and is divide'^. -nto two harbours communica'.ing
with each othe'' ,^the one called the bav of Cadiz,
the other that of Puntales. The entrance to
each, as well as the town and port generally, are
com n^ ided by the forts of St. Catherine, St. Se-
bastisin, Chiclano, Matagorda, Puntales, and Fort
Luis. The bay of Cadiz is tiie appointed resort
of merchant vessels ; that of the Puntales is re-
served for Spanish men of war, and merchantmen
trading with America; a passage into it is not
permitted to ships of foreign nations. The en-
trance to this inner harbour is commanded on one
side by the fort of Puntales, an isle formed by the
Cortadura, and on the other by the fort of Mata-
gorda. The Trocadero is an isle formed by the
bay of Cadiz and the channel leading from Mata-
gorda to Puerto Real. These, and other advan-
tages of nature and art, render Cadiz the most
co.nplete maritime station in Europe, while its
position qualifies it as an emporium for the com*
merce of both hemispheres. The city is an epis-
copal see, including, however, only twenty-eight
parishes ; its cathedral is ancient, and very mair-
nificent : there are also thirteen convents, an
academy of the fine arts, a nautical and mathe-
matical school, an e.xcellent observatory, a naval
and military asylum, a chirurgical institute, a
botanic garden, a theatre, and thirteen hospitals.
Since the year 1786, Cadiz has been much en-
larged and improved. In 1808, the number of
houses was 8,000, and that of the inhabitants, in-
cluding many English and Germans, 75,000 ; but
at the last census the population had sunk to
53,000, — a diminution in a great measure ascriba-
ble to the loss of trade with the colonies. On the
isthmus, near the town, are important saltworks,
and some vineyards which produce good wine.
There is a considerable tunny fishery. Among
the inconveniences of Cadiz, that which is most
severely felt by foreigners is the want of good
spring water. Each house, indeed, has its cis-
tern ; but the fresh water chiefly in request is
brought in casks across the bay from Port St.
Mary's. The streets are straight, and in general
well paved and lighted, but in some parts narrow.
The houses, with their small windows and pro-
jecting slate roofs, have rather a gloomy appear- ^
ance, notwithstanding their whitened walls. The ^
principal square is that of St. Antonio. A fa-
vourite luxury, during the summer heats here, is
water cooled with snow brought from the distant
mountains of Ronda.
When Cadiz had become the centre of the com-
mercial intercourse between Spain and the Indies,
all the maritime nations of Europe established
relations with it by means of resident consnls,
agents, and correspondents. In 1795, there were
110 great commercial houses ; and about the same
period, or a few years previous, the imports
amounted to 100 millions of reals, and the exports
to 270 millions. In 1804, the number of vessels
that entered the port was 1,:}86. The battle of
Trafalgar, in the following year, ruined the Sp»an-
ish navy ; and the decline of Cadiz was accele-
rated by the usurpation of Bonaparte, which
afforded the South American states an opportuni-
ty to declare their independence and open a direct
intercourse with Europe.
Few seaports can boast of higher antiquity. In
the sea, near the isle of San Pedro, are still to be
traced the ruins of the temple of Hercules and of
the ancient Gades. The port was successively
occupied by the Tyrians, the Carthaginians, and
the Romans, who preserved to it the name of
Gades. The Arabs, after their invasion of Spain,
made themselves masters of the town, and held it
until 12(i2, when it was taken from them by the
Spaniards. In 169G, it was plundered and "burnt
by the English, after which it was rebuilt and
more strongly fortified. During the wars with
England it was frequently blockaded, and once
bombarded, but without success. From 1808, un
til the return of Ferdinand VII., it was the rally
ing point of Spanish loyalty ; and, on the advance
of the French troops into Andalusia, the supreuie
junta adopted strenuous measures for its defente,
and obtained powerful reinforcements from Gib-
raltar and Portugal. The French laid siege to
Cadiz on the 6th of February, 1810, and, notwith-
standing a determined fire from the ships, forts,
and floating batteries, seized several strong p>oints
along the bay, and in particular the fort of Mata-
gorda, whence they determined to bombard Hm
CAE
eity, notwithstanding its great distance ; and mor-
tars for this purpose were cast at Seville. Some
shells and grenades were thrown ; but as the hou-
ses of Cadiz were strongly built of stone, no con-
flagration ensued, and the damage done was but
inconsiderable. The possession of the isle of
Leon was the object for which the most strenuous
{(reparations were made on both sides, eis it must
lave decided the fate of the city. These were
continued until the autumn of 1812, when the
144 ,CAE
and flows twice in 24 hours. The county ano^
city send each a member to parliament.
Caermarthen, a borough of Wales, capital of
Caermarthenshire. It is seated on the Towy,
over which is a stone bridge, to which vessels of
200 to 300 tons burden may come up. It was
fortified with a wall and a castle, now in ruins;
and on the east side of the town, near the river,
are the remains of a monastic building of consid-
erable extent. There are iron and tin mines in
victorious progress of Lord Wellington in the the neighbourhood. It is 24 m. S. E. of Cardi-
centre of Spam compelled the French to depart
from Andalusia, and abandon a siege which had
been continued and resisted with extraordinary
vigour and pertinacity. Few subsequent events
occurred here of much importance. In 1820,
Riego commenced the ill-starred military revolu-
tion on the isle of Leon. In 1823, during a short
blockade, the French, under the duke d'Angou-
leme, carried the Trocadero. Since the return of
an, and 220 W. by N. of London. Pop. in 1821,
8,906.
Caernarvonshire, a county of North Wales, of
an oblong form, the south part projecting into St.
George's Channel, the north being bounded by
the Irish sea, or what would now more properly
be called Liverpool Bay, from the celebrity of the
town of that name : the Menai Strait divides it
from the Isle of Anglesea on the north-west, and
Ferdinand VII. to absolute power, the trade of the river Conway divides it from Denbighshire
■^ '' ' ' -111- 1 1 .1 on the east, whilst part of the south-east side bor-
ders on Merionethshire. This county, being the
most rugged district of North Wales, may be truly
called the Cambrian Alps. Its central part is oc-
cupied by the famed Snowden, rising to the height
of 3,571 feet above the level of the sea, and the
prospects around are rude and savage in the hio-h-
est degree ; but not without a mixture of beauty,
when the dimensions of the vales admit the vari-
eties of wood, water, and meadows. The soil in
the valleys on the side of St. George's Channel is
pretty fertile, especially in barley ; great num-
bers of black cattle, sheep, and goats, are fed on
the mountains ; and the sea, lakes, and rivers,
abound with a variety of fish. Copper mines
have been worked in various parts of these moun-
tains, as well as lead; and quantities of stone, ex-
cellent for hones, are dug near Snowdon ; to the
dreary region of which the rich vale of Conway
below forms a pleasing contrast.
Caernarvon, a borough and seaport of Wales,
capital of Caernarvonshire. It is seated within
the Menai strait, near its entrance into Caernar-
von bay, and carries on a considerable trade with
Ireland, and the principal English ports, to which
it exports vast quantities of slates. It has a cele-
brated castle, built by Edward I. in which his son,
Edward II. the first prince of Wales, was born.
Caernarvon is governed by the constable of tlie
castle, who is always mayor. Here are salt-water
baths, and elegant hot and cold baths, which are
much frequented during the season. It is 7 m
S. W. of Bangor, and 244 N. W. of London.
Long. 4. 20. W. lat. 53. 8. N. Pop. in 1821,
5,7?8.
Caerphilly, a town of Wales, in Glamorganshire,
The ruins of its celebrated castle more resemble
that of a city than a single edifice ; a circular
tower, about 75 feet in height, inclines 11 feet 6
inches from its base. It is seated between the
Taafe and Rumncy, 7 m. N. of Cardiff", and IGO
W. of London. Pop. 8<J9.
Caerwent, a village of Monmouthshire, Eng. 4
m. S. W. of Chepstow, and about 2 m. from the
bank of the Severn. It is the Venta Silurum of
the Romans, once crowded with palaces and tem-
ples ; but now the buildings within its ruined
walls are only a church and a few scattered
houses, the rest of the area being laid out in fields
and orchards, where a tasselated pavement, and
numerous other antiquities have been discovered.
Pop. 394.
Caerwys, a town of Wales, in Flintshire, 5 m
Cadiz has been on the decline; and, perhaps, the
measure best calculated for its revival, though,
unfortunately, that which he seems least willing
to adopt, would be to recognise the independence
of the South American colonies. Lat. 36. 30. N.
long. 6. 25. W. Pop. 53,000.
Cadiz, p.t. Harrison Co. Ohio, and Trigg Co.
Ken.
Cadolzbury, a town of Bavaria, circle of Rezat,
8 m. W. of Nuremberg.
Cadore, a town of the Austrian Venetian terri-
tory, the birth-place of Titian, the painter. It is
seated on the Piave, 15 m. N. of Belluno.
Cadsand, or Cassand, an island of Holland, on
the north coast of Flanders, at the mouth of the
Scheldt. The land is fertile, and the inhabitants
make a large quantity of excellent cheese. The
chief town is Cassandria.
Caen, a city of France, capital of the depart-
ment of Calvados. It has a celebrated university,
and a castle with four towers, built by the Eng-
lish. The abbey of St. Stephen was founded by
William the Conqueror, who was buried in it.
The river Orne, which falls into the English chan-
nel, runs through the city, to which the tide
brings up large vessels. It exports large quanti-
ties of clover seed to England. It is 05 miles W.
oy S. of Rouen, and 125 W. by N. of Paris.
Long. 0. 22. W. lat. 49. 11. N. Pop. about
36,000.
Caerleon, a town of Monmouthshire, Eng.
Many Roman antiquities have been found here,
and it has the ruins of a castle. It is seated on
the Usk, 19 m. S. W. of Monmouth, and 146 W.
by N. of London. Pop. in 1821 , 1,062.
Caermarthenshire, a maritime county of South
Wales, 48 miles long and 25 broad. It is bound-
ed on the south by the Bristol channel, on the
west by Pembrokeshire, on the north by Cardi-
ganshire ; and on the east by Brecknock and
Glamorganshire. The air is wholesome, and the
soil less rocky and mountainous than in most
other parts of Wales, and consequently it iS pro-
portionally more fertile both in corn and pasture.
It has also plenty of wood, and is well supplied
with coal and lime-stone. The principal rivers
are the Towy, Cathy, and Tave ; of which the
first abounds with excellent salmon. It abounds
with ancient forts, camps, and tumuli. Near
Caermarthen towards the east, may be seen the
ruins of Kastelk Karry and several vast caverns
supposed to have been copper mines of the Ro-
mans. Near this spot is a fountain, which ebbs
CAP
145
CAF
W. of Flint, and 212 N. W. of London. Pop. 952.
Caffa, or Theodosia, the largest town of the Cri-
mea, with an excellent road and harbour. It was
taken, in 1266, by the Genoeso, who made it one
of the most flourishing towns in the east of Eu-
rope. It was taken from them by the Venetians,
in 1297, but soon recovered ; however, in 1474,
the Tartars, assisted by the Turks, finally expel-
led them. It was the last post in the Crimea of
which the Genoese retained the sovereignty.
Caffa was the Theodosia of the ancients ; a name
which has been restored to it since the Russians
became possessed of the Crimea, in 1770. It con-
tains about 20,000 inhabitants, and is constantly
well garrisoned. The trade consists in wax, furs,
Vimbskins, leather, horses, and female slaves;
most of the latter are brought from Circassia, and
are here sold at from 400 to £800 each, in propor-
tion to their charms. Caffa is seated on a bay of
the Black Sea, at the foot of some high mountains,
65 m. E. by N. of Sympheropol, and 130 S. E. of
Precop. Long. 35. 20. E. lat. 40. 0. N.
Caffy, Strait of, the ancient Cimmerian Bos-
phorus, a strait that forms the communication be-
tween the Black Sea and the sea of Asoph, and a
separation between Europe and Asia.
Caffristin, or Kettore, a mountainous country of
Asia, lying between the north-east part of Persia
and Tartary. The valleys are ''nhabited by vari-
ous independent tribes possessmg manners, and
speaking a language peculiar to themselves, but
of which very little is known.
Caffraria, or Kaffraria, a country on the east
coast of South Africa, extending from the latitude
of about 30. S. to the Great Fish River, in the
latitude of about 34., which divides it from the
country of the Hottentots, its western boundaries
are not ascertained. The Caffres are tall and well
proportioned ; and, in general, evince great cour-
age in attacking lions and other beasts of prey.
Their skin is a jet black, their teeth white as ivo-
ry, and their eyes large. The clothing of both
sexes is the same, consisting entirely of the hides
of oxen, which are as pliant as cloth. The men
wear tails of different animals tied round their
thighs ; pieces of brass in their hair, and large
ivory rings on their arms ; they are adorned also
with the hair of lions, and feathers fastened on
their heads, with many other fantastical orna-
ments. They are fond of dogs ; and have great
pride in their cattle, which pay the most perfect
obedience to their voice. Their exercise is hunt-
ing, fighting, or dancing. They are expert in
throwing lances, and, in time of war, use shields
made of the hides of oxen. They sometimes make
incursions into the English territories of the Cape
of Good Hope. The women are employed in the
cultivation of their gardens and corn. They raise
several vegetables, which are not indigenous to
19
the country, as tobacco, water-melons, kidney
beans, and hemp. Their huts are higher and
more commodious than those of the Hottentots,
and their lands more fertile, but their oxen, and
almost all their animals, are much smaller. In-
dustry is the leading trait in the character of the
Caffres, who are distinguished from their neigh-
bours to the south by their fondness for agriculture
They have a high opinion of the Supreme Being,
and of his power; they believe in a future state
of rewards and punishments; but think that the
world had no beginning, and will be everlasting.
They have no sacred ceremonies, and consequent-
ly no priests; but they have a kind of conjurers
whom they greatly revere. They are governed
by an hereditary king, whose power is very limit-
ed ; but, being permitted to take as many wives
as he pleases, he has a larger portion of lands to
cultivate, and a greater number of cattle to tend
and feed. The distance of the different hordes
makes it necessary that they should have inferior
chiefs, who are appointed by the king.
One of the most remarkable animals of this re
gion is the spring-bok a species of antelope about
two feet and a half in height, of a pale yellowish
colour, with a stripe of white, bordered by dark
brown extending from the tail half way up the
back and a similar stripe on each side from the
shoulders to the haunches ; the belly is of a snow-
white. The name of spring-bok was given it by
the Dutch settlers of the Cape of Good Hope,
from the prodigious leaps which this animal takes
when startled. When thus alarmed, it has the
power of extending the white space about the tail
into the form of a circle, which returns to its lin-
ear form when the animal is tranquil. When pur-
sued, it is pleasing and curious to see the whole
herd leaping to a considerable height over each
other's heads ; and they will sometimes take three
or four leaps successively. In this situation they
seem suspended in the air, looking over their
shoulders at their pursuers, and forming the radi-
us of the white part about tlie tail in a most beau-
tiful manner. They are extremely swift, and it
must be a good horse that can overtake them.
They migrate annually from the interior of the
country in small herds, and continue near the Cape
for two or three months, and then retreat towards
the north in herds of many thousands, covering
the great plains for several hours in their passage.
They are attended in these migrations by num-
bers of lions, hyajnas, and other wild beasts of
prey, which commit great devastation among
them. They also make periodical migrations
in seven or eight years, in herds of many thous-
ands, from the north, being probably compelled to
leave their haunts in the Terra de Natal by the
excessive drought of that region, where it some-
times happens that not a drop of rain falls for two
or three years. In these migrations they spread
over the whole country of Caffraria, which they
desolate , not leaving a blade of grass. Their flesh
is excellent ; an.d, with other antelopes, they fur-
nish the venison of the Cape.
Thompson, in his travels in Southern Africa
gives the following account of these animals.
" I passed through prodigious flocks of spring-
boks, spread over the plains as far as the eye
could reach : the number it is impossible to esti-
mate with any nicety, but I suppose I saw at
least 100,000 in the course of fifty miles. They
were migrating from the great desert towards the
Colony. The colonists, as I came along, inquir-
ed anxiously if I had seen many spring-boks, and
^9K
CAG
J 46
CAT
were much concerned to hear that they were ad-
vancing upon them ; for these beautiful creatures,
when they spread over the inhabited country in
such migrations, are more dreaded than even tlie
devouring locust ; they eat up entirely both corn
and pasture, and frequently oblige the farmers
to fly with their flocks to other districts. The
incredible numbers wnich sometimes pour in from
the north, during protracted droughts, distress
ihe farmer inconceivably. Any attempt at nu-
merical computation would be vain ; and by try-
ing to come near the truth, the writer would
subject himself in the eyes of those who have no
knowledge of the country, to a suspicion that he
tvas availing himself of a traveller's assumed priv-
ilege. Yet it is well known in the interior, that
on their approach the grazier makes up his mind
to look for pasturage for his flocks elsewhere, and
considers Jnmself entirely dispossessed of his lands
until heavy rains fall. Every attempt to save the
cultivated fields, if they be not enclosed by hiffh
and thick hedges, proves abortive. Heaps of dry
manure (the fuel of the Sneeuwbergen and other
parts) are placed close to each other round the
fields, and set on fire in the evening, so as to
cause a dense smoke, by which it is hoped the an-
telopes will be deterred from their inroads ; but
the dawn of day exposes the inefiicacy of the
precaution, by showing the lands, which appeared
proud of their promising verdure the evening be-
fore, covered with thousands, and reaped level
with the ground. Instances have been known of
some of these prodigious droves passing through
flocks of sheep, and numbers of the latter, carried
along with the torrent, being lost to their owner,
apd becoming a prey to the wild beasts. As long
as these droughts last, their inroads and deprada-
tions continue ; and the havock committed upon
them is of course great, as they constitute the
food of all classes ; but no sooner do the rains
fall, than they disappear, and in a few days be-
come as scarce on the northern borders as in the
more protected districts of Bruintjes-Hoogte and
Camdeboo."
Cagaijan Sooloo, an eastern island lying off" the
north-east. point of Borneo, in the lat. of 7. N.
and 118. 36. E. long. ]t is about 20 m. in
circumference, and governed by a Rajah.
Cagayan, a district, the most northern part of
Luconia, the chief of the Philippine islands. It
is a fertile and poi alous district, in the lat of 19
N.
Cagayan Isles, a group of small islands in the
Mindoro Sea,between Borneo and the Philippines,
ai the lat of 9. N. ani 1:^1. E. long.
Cagliari, a fortified city and seaport of Sardinia,
capital of the island, and an archbishop's see, with
a university and a castle. Here are numerout
churches, besides the cathedral, three o^ which
are collegiate. It stands on the south part of the
island, at the bottom of a gulf of its name, which
forms a large and secure harbour, and exports con-
siderable quantities of olive-oil and salt. Long.
9. 8. E. lat. 39. 20. N. Pop. about 30,000.
Cagnete, Canete, or Guarco, a town of Peru, cap-
ital of a district of the same name, extending
about 24 leagues along the seacoast. It is situate
near the sea, 80 m. S. E. of Lima. Long. 7G. 16.
W. lat. 13. 10. S.
Cakatcba, the chief town of Dallas county,
Alabama. It is seated at the junction of a river
of the same name with the Alabama River, Dlu
m. S. W. of Washington, and about 180 north of
New Orleans.
Cahir, a town and parish in the south part of
the county of Tipperary, Ireland. The town is
seated on the west bank of the Suir, about six
miles south of Cashel, and 85 S. W. of Dublin,
and in 1820 contained a population of 3,288, and
the parish 4,310 more.
Cahir, is also the name of a small island off the
south-west coast of the county of Mayo, in the
lat. of 53. 44. N. and 9. 53. W. Long.
Cakokia, p. v. St. Clair Co. 111. on the Mississippi.
Cahors, a city of France, capital of the depart-
ment of Lot, and a bishop's see, with a university.
It is seated on a peninsula, made by the river Lot,
and built partly on a craggy rock. There are
three bridges over the river. The cathedral is a
Gothic structure, and has a large square steeple.
The town has a manufacture of fine cloths and
ratteens, and furnishes excellent wine, of the kind
called vin de grave. It was taken by assault, in
1580, by Henry IV. by means of petards, which
were first employed here. In one of the suburbs
are the remains of a Roman amphitheatre. Ca
hors is 70 m. N. of Toulouse, and 315 S. by W
of Paris.
Caicos, or Caycos, the southernmost of the Ba
hama Isles. See Bahamas.
Cai-fong,a. city of China, capital of the province
of Ho-nan. It is situate on a plain, six miles
from the river Hoang-ho, or Great Yellow River
about 300 in. above its entrance into the sea,
which is higher than the plain, and kept in by
raised dikes that extend above 90 m. When the
city was besieged by the rebels, in 1G42, they cut
the dikes of the river, which drowned 300,000 of
the inhabitants. Some of the ruins still remain,
which shows that its present state is far inferior
to its former magnificence. Its jurisdiction com-
prehends fourcifles of the second class, €and 30 of
the third. It is 350 m. S. S. W. of Pekin, and
about 850 N. by E. of Canton. Long. 114. 28
E. lat. 34. 53. N.
Caifa, or Haifa, a seaport of Syria, in Palestine,
defended by a wall and a citadel. It stands on
the south side of the. bay of Acre, 8 m. S.
W. of Acre.
Caivian, or Caymans, three small islands lyinw
to the N. W. of Jamaica, between it and the south
coast of Cuba. The north-east point of Grand
Caymans is in lat. 19. 12. N.and 81.26. W. long.
The inhabitants of Jamaica come hither to eaten
tortoises.
Cairngorm, a mountain of Scotland, at the
south-west extremity of Banffshire, on the border
of Inverness. It rises in a conical form 1 ,750 feet
above the level of a small lake near its base
CAI
147
CAL
which 19 tke source of the Aven, and 4,050 feet
above the level of the sea. Its sides clothed with
firs, and its top generally covered with snow. It
is famous for beautiful rock-crystals .iuch es-
teemed by lapidaries. About 30 m. £. of Fort
Augustus .
Cairo, or Grand Cairo, a large city, capitiil of
Egypt. It consists of three towns, about a mile
ap^rt ; Old Cairo, New Cairo, and the port term-
ed B'lkc. The population is estimated at 300,000.
Old Cairo is now reduced to a small place. New
Cairo is a mile from the river, and seven miles
in circumference. The streets are narrow ; and
the finest houses are built round a court, in which
they make the best appearance, having few
or no windows next to the street. The castle
stands on a steep rock, and is surrounded by
thick walls, on which are strong towers. Joseph's
Well, made bv a vizier of that name, about the
year 1100, is the most curious part of the Castle :
it is sunk in the rock 230 feet deep and 40 in cir-
cumference, with a staircase carried round ; and
a machine, turned bv oxen, raises the water
(which com^s from the Nile) into a reservoir,
whence it is again raised by a similar machine.
There are many other reservoirs for water ; and
numerous bazaars, where each trade has its jillot-
ted quarter. There are several public bagnios,
very handsome within, and used as places of
refreshment and diversion, especially for the
women, who go there twice a week : but the
wives of great men have baths at home. The
women have greater libertv here than in any part
of the Turkish empire ; and on Friday a mosque
without the wall is frequented by them as a pil-
grimage of pleasure. The Calish.a canal which
conveys the waters of the Nile into the citv, is 20
feet broad, and has houses on each side of it. As
soon as the water begins to rise, they close the
mouth of the canal with earth, and place a mark,
to show the time when this and ail other canals
in the kingdom are to be opened, which is done
with great solemnity. There are not less than
300 mosques in Cairo, the lofty minarets of which
present a very picturesque appearance. It was a
place of verv great trade before the discovery of
the Cape of Good Hope ; and is still the centre
of that of Eastern Africa. The chief manufac-
tures are sugar, sal ammoniac, glass lamps, salt-
petre, gunpowder, red and yellow leather, and
linen made of the fine Esrvptian flax. This city
was taken by the French, under Bonaparte, in
(703, and retaken by the British in 1801. It
stands on the east bank of the Nile, about 120 m.
S. E. Alexandria, and about the same distance from
each of the two mouths of the river at Rosetta
and Damietta. Lat. 30. 2. N. and 31. 20. of E. long.
Cairo, a town of Piedmont, 25 miles, west of
Genoa. It was the scene of a sanguinary battle
between the French and Austrians in 1704, and in
1796 was taken bv the French. Pop. about 4,000.
Cairo, p.t. Green Co. N. Y. ^5 m. S. W. Al-
bany. Pop. 2,919. Also 2 towns in Ten. and Ohio.
Cairoan, or Kairican, an interior town of the
kingdom of Tunis, a»d next to the city of Tunis
for trade and number of inhabitants. It is situate
near a sandy desert, where are found many ves-
tiges of former magnificence, and on the river
Magrida, about 60 m. S. E. of Tunis, and a few
miles west of Susa.
Caistor, a town in Lincolnshire, Eng. Near it
are the remains of a monastery, and many Roman
vestiges. It is 12 m. S. W. of Grimsby, and 156
N. of London. Pop in 1831, Ifm.
*»* There are 2 other towns named Caistor, in
the county of Norfolk.
Caithness-shire, a. connty at the S. E. extremity
of Scotland, 35 miles long and 20 broad ; bound-
ed on the north by Pentland Frith, which divides
it from the Orkneys, east and south-east by the
German Ocean, and west by Southerlandshire.
Tlie south angle is occupied by mountains ; and
a vast ridge of hills forms the south-west bounda-
ry, ending in a promontory called the Ord of Caith-
ness, which runs out into the sea, in the lat. of
53. 10. N. The rest of the county may be deem-
ed an immense morass, interspersed with some
fruitful spots, producing oats and barley, and others
affording pasture for sheep and black cattle. Its
other chief products are butter, cheese, yarn,
skins, feathers and kelp. It sends a member to
parliament alternately with Buteshire. English
is chiefly spoken on the coast, but in the high-
lands the Gaelic prevails. Thurso on the north,
and Wick on the east coast, are the chief towns.
Cajana, or Kajana, one of the seven principal
towns of East Bothinia, ichich see.
Cajazzo. a town ol" Naples, 25 miles north of
the city of Naples.
CaJahar, Old and. J^ew, a territory at the east-
ern extremity of the coast of Guinea on the west
coast of North Africa. Since the restriction of
the slave trade to the south of the Equator, this
district has carried on a more extensive trade in
palm oil and bar wood, and some elephants' teeth,
than any other part of the coast. "The town of
New Calabar is situate at the mouth of a river
of*he same name, in the lat. of 4. 10. N. and 6.
42. of E. long. Dukes Town, the chief town of
Old Calabar, is situate at the mouth of another
river of the same name, falling into a bay, about
80 m. E. by N. of New Calabar.
CalaJjazo, or Calabaco, an interior town of Co-
lombia about 150 miles south of Caracas, contam
ing about 5,000 inhabitants.
Cafabria, a promontory and province of Naples,
forming the foot and southern extremity of Italy,
extending from 37. 53. to 40. 5. of North lat. and
being about 40 m. in mean breadth, between the
long, of 15. 40. and 1 7. 30. E. A ridge of mountains,
the Apennines, intersects the whole territory from
nortii to south, and numerous streams fall into
the sea on both coasts. It gives the title of Duke
to the eldest son of the king of Naples. It is di-
vided into two parts ; Citra, north, bordering on
the Basilicata, contains about 350,000 inhabitants,
and Ultra, south, containing about 400,000. This
country abounds in excellent fruit, corn, wine,
oil, silk, cotton, and wool. In 1783, a great part of
Calabria Ultra, as well as of Sicily, was destroys
by one of the most terrible earthquakes on rec-
ord : besides the destruction of many towns, vil-
lages, and farms, above 40,000 people perished by
this calamity. The principal towns are Bova, at
the south extremity, Reggio, Rosarno, St. Eufe-
mia, Castifflione, and Paula, on the we.st; and
Rossano, Cariato, Catanzaro, and Squillace on the
east coast, and in the interior, Cossano. Bisagna-
no, Cosenza, (the capital) Policastro, Mileto, and
Oppido.
Catahorra, an episcopal town of Spain, in Old
Castile, on the side of a hill, which extends to the
Ebro, 90 m. E. of Burgos. It was the birth-place
of Quintilian. Pop. about 4,300.
Ca/ais, a seaport of France, in the department
of Pas de Calais, with a citadel. It was taken by
Edw. III. of England, in 1347, after a siege of
man tkan 11 raontlui, whiok has given risa to som*
CAL
148
CAL
historical as well as dramatic fiction. In 1557 it
was retaken by the duke of Guise. It was bom-
barded by tlie English in 1696, without receiving
much injury. The fortifications are good ; but
its greatest strength is its situation among the
marshes, which may be overflowed at the approach
of an enemy. In the centre of the town is a spacious
square, surrounded by good buihlings, and the
church is a stately edifice ; the harbour, wiiich is
formed of two wooden piers run into tlie sea, only
admits small vessels. Calais derives all its im-
portance from its contiguity to the English coast,
being only 20 miles from Dover, with which a daily
intercourse is maintained ; several hundred per-
sons passing to and from it weekly. It is 25 m.
W. by S. ofDunkirk, 20 N.by E. of Boulogne, and
145 due north of Paris. Pop. about 8,000.
Calais, p.t. Washington Co. Maine. Pop. 1 ,686.
Also a p.t. in Washington Co. Vermont. iPop.
1,539.
Calais, St. a town of France, in the department
of Sarte, 24 m. E. S. E. of Le Mans.
Calamas, a town of Persia, on tlie coast of Mek-
ran, 60 miles east of Guadal, and 290 west of
Tatta, on the western branch of the Indus.
Calamata, a town of Greece, at the head of the
gulf of Coron, in the Morea, on the river Spinarza,
36 m. W. S. W. of Misitra.
Calamianes, a cluster of islands, the most wes-
terly of the Philippines, and to the north of Bor-
neo. They are 17 in number, and mountainous,
but produce great quantities of wax, honey r and
edible birdsnests. The principal island is Para-
goa, in thelat. of 12. N. and 120. of E. long.
Calanore, a town of Hindoostan, 70 m. E. of
Lahore, distinguished as the place where the em-
peror Akbar ascended the throne of Indir in 1556.
Calataa-irone, a large town in the interior of
Sicily, about 50 m. W. by N. of Syracuse ; it has
manufactures of earthenware. Pop. 15,000.
Calatayud, a city of Spain, in Arragon, with a
castle on a rock. It stands at the foot of a hill,
on the river Xalon, at the influx of the Xiloca,
42 m. S. W. of Saragossa. It has manufactures
of soap. Pop. about 9,000.
Calataniselta, a town of Sicily, in Val di Noto,
50 m. N. W. ofLentini.
Calatrava, a town of Spain, in New Castile, the
chief place of the military order of the knights of
Calatrava. It is seated near the Guadiana, 90 m.
S. of Madrid. Long. 3. 10. W. lat. 39. 4. N.
Calbe, or Kalhe, a town of Lower Saxony, in the
duchy of Manrdeburg, on the river Saale, 16 m.
S. by E. of Magdeburg. Pop. about 3,000.
Calbc, a town of Brandenburg, in the Old Mark,
with a castle, 7 m. S. W. of Stendel.
Calberga, a town of Hindoostan, in Golconda,
formerly a vast city, and the residence of the sov-
ereigns of the Deccan. It is 85 m. W. of Hydra-
bad, and 110 E. of Visiapour. Long. 77. 20. E.
lat. 17. 25. N.
CaJcar, a town of Germany, in the duchy of
Cleves ; seated near the Rhine, 8 m. S. E. of
Cleves.
Calcasiu, a river of Louisiana, which rises 20 m.
S. of Natchitoches and flows through a lake of
the same name, 30 m. long and 10 wide into the
Gulf of Mexico.
Calcinato, a town of Italy, in Bresciano, where
a victor/ was gained over the Austrians by the
French, in 1706. It is 8 m. S. E. of Brescia.
Calcutta, the capital of Bengal, and the seat of
the governor-general of the British dominions in
the Eaat Indies, is situated on the eastern bank
of the river Hoogly, (the western arm of the
Ganges) about 100 miles from the sea. Its name
is derived from Cutta, a temple, dedicated by the
Hindoos to Caly, the Goddess of Time, which
was situate between the villages of Chuttanutty
and Gobindpore, where the agents of tlie English
East India Company, in 1690, obtained permis-
sion of Aurungzebe to establish a trading fticto-
ry, which, in 1696, in consequence of the disturb-
ed state of the province of Bengal, they were
allowed to fortify. In 1698, Prince Azeen Ooslian,
grandson of Aurunarzebe, granted a lease to the
agents of the English Company, of the villages
above mentioned in perpetuity, upon which, they
strengthened the fortification, and gave it tht
nameofForf William , \n com\>\\meni to the Eng
lish monarch of that time. From this period Cal-
cutta gradually increased in population and im-
portance up to 1756, when it was attacked by tlie
soubah of Bengal, with an army of 70,000 horse
and foot, and 400 elepha-nts, when the besieged
were forced to abandon their posts, and retreat into
the fort ; on which the enemy's troops entered
the town, and plundered it for 24 hours. An
order was then given for attacking the fort ; the
garrison of which defended themselves bravely
for some time; but many of them being killed
and wounded, and their ammunition almost ex-
hausted they were at last obliged to surrender
and were all, to the number of 149, crammed
into the Black Hole prison, a dungeon about 18
feet square , from v/hence only 23 came out alive
in the morning. The rest were all suffocated
from want of air. Calcutta, however, was
retaken the next year; and, after the victory of
Plassey, the inhuman soubah was deposed, and
put to death by his successor, and the whole of
the province of Bengal transferred to the Eng
lish East India Company. Immediately aftei-
this victory, the erection of a new fort, about a
mile below the old one, was commenced, which
is superior in extent and security to any fortress
in India, containing commodious accommodation
for 4,000 men. From this period Calcutta rapidly
increased in extent and population. In 1798 the
number of houses was 78,760, exclusive of the
forts, since which time they have increased more
than one half. The number of inhabitants, com-
posed of people from all parts of the world, amount-
ing to 600,000 or 700,000. The part inhabited
by the English is elegantly built ; but the great-
est part is built after the general fashion of the
cities of India. Their streets are exceedingly
confined, narrow, and crooked, with a vast num-
ber of ponds, reservoirs, and gardens, interspers-
ed. A few of them are paved with Isrick. The
houses are built, some with brick, others with
mud, and a still greater number with bamboos and
mats; all which different kinds of fabrics, inter-
mixed, form a very uncouth appcariince, and are
very readily destroyed by fire. The brick houses
are seldom above two stories high, with flat and
terraced roofs ; these of mud and bamboos are
only one story, and are covered with thatch.
During the administration of the Marquis Welles-
ley, at the commencement of the present century,
a magnificent palace was erected at the distance
of about a mile from the fort. The line of houses
that surround two sides of the esplanade of the
fort is also magnificent ; they are all on a large
scale, and detached from one another. From the
necessity of having a free circulation of air in a
climate so extremely hot, the approach to the hou
ses is generally by a flight of steps, with great
OAC.
149
CAL
proiectinw porticoes, or surrounded by colonnades
and arcades, which give thera much tlie appear-
ance of Grecian temples. Since the commence-
ment of the present century, Calcutta has been
greatly improved, both in appearance and in the
salubrity of its air; the streets have been proper-
ly drained, and the ponds filled ; thereby remov-
ing a vast surface of stagnant water, the exhala-
tions of which were particularly hurtful. Con-
i Tuous to the old fort is a spacious square, on
oni side of which is the college, founded also un-
der I •* administration of the Marquis Wellesley
111 1801 ; another side of the square is occupied
by building-s appropriated to tlie use of the junior
servants ol^ie company, and the remainder is
occupied by some of the principal traders. Cal-
cutta is the residence of a bishop, who, assisted
by three archdeacons, is intrusted with the eccle-
siastical affairs of all the British possessions in
Asia ; the cathedral is a spacious edifice. Here
is likewise a supreme court of judicature, in which
justice is dispensed according to the laws of Eng-
land, by a chief justice and Uiree puisne judges.
The natives of the province still retain their Hin-
doo laws, as well as religion, and courts are duly
appointed for the administration of justice Eiccord-
ingly. The southern part of Calcutta is occupi-
ed almost entirely by Europeans, who have adopt-
ed a style of building at once magnificent in its
appearance and well adapted to the climate. Eve-
ry house is detached, inclosed with walls and front-
ed with an elegant veranda shading a flight of
steps. The northern part is chiefly inhabited by
natives, whose dwellings are for the most part
mere mud or bamboo cottages. The mixture of
European and Asiatic manners, that may be ob-
served in Calcutta, is curious : coaches, phaetons,
single-horse chaises, with the palanquins and hack-
eries of the natives, the passing ceremonies of the
Hindoos, and the different appearance of the
fakirs, form a sight more novel and extraordinary,
perhaps, than any other city in the world can
present. The Hoogly is navigable up to the town
for ships of 400 to 500 tons, but those of greater
burden lie at Diamond Point, about 50 miles below,
their cargoes being conveyed to and from the
town by lighters. Independently of its commer-
cial intercourse with England, Calcutta main-
tains an extensive intercourse with China as well
as with almost every port in Asia, and islands
in the eastern seas, with which an interchange
is effected in every possible commodity that man-
kind can desire, either for subsistence and com-
fort, or to gratify the most refined and luxurious
taste. Ship-building is also carried on to a great ex-
tent ; there are several banking establishments
to facilitate the operations of commerce, and in-
surance establishments for its protection. The
control of the governor-general and council of
iJengal, at Calcutta, extends over the presidencies
of Madras, Bombay, and Bencoolen ; the extent
of the civil establishments attending the admin-
istration of so extensive an empire, in addition to
the military and commercial affairs of tlie place,
necessarily give an importance to Calcutta beyond
that of any city in Asia, except those of China and
Japan. The new fort is in the lat. of 22. 35. N.,
and 8.S. 28. E. long., 1,030 m. N. N. E. of Madras,
and about 1,100 E. N. E. of Bombay.
Caldas, the name of several small towns in dif-
ferent parts of Spain and Portugal, which, like
the Badens of Germany, implies their contiguity
to hot or medicinal springs : one 25 m. N. by E.
•f Lisbon, another 10 m. N. E. of Castel Branco ;
another contiguous to Montalegre, 60 m. N. E. of
Oporto; another 15 m. N. of Barcelona; another
25 m. N. of Vigo.
Catdecot, a village in Monmouthshire, Eng. sea-
ted in a plain, five miles S. W. of Chepstow and
noted for the massy remains of its castle. There
are six other villages of the same name in differ-
ent parts of England.
Colder, a river of England which rises on the
west border of Yorkshire, flows by Halifax to
Wakefield, and eight miles below joins the Aire.
It is navigable the greater part of its course.
There are three or four rivers, and as many villa-
ges, named Calder, in different parts of Scotland
Caldolzburg, a town of Franconia, in the prin-
cipality of Anspach, with a castle, 18 m. N. E.
of Anspach. It is now included in the Bavarian
circle of Rezat.
Caldwell, p.t. Warren Co. N. Y. on Lake
George, 56 m. N. Albany. Pop. 797. Also a
town in Essex Co. N. J.
Caldwell, an interior county in the western part
of Kentucky, bounded on the south-west by the
great Cumberland River. Pop. 8,332. Eddy-
ville, on the north bank of the river, about 30
miles above its entrance into the Ohio, and 200
S. W. of Frankfort, is the chief town.
Caiedon, a town in the parish of Aughloe,
(sometimes called Caiedon,) south part of the
county of Tyrone, Ireland. Pop. of the town in
1821, 856, and of the parish 7,148.
Caledonia, a county in the north part of Ver-
mont, the south-east part of which is bounded by
the Connecticut River, which divides it from New
Hampshire. Pop. 20,967. Danville, in the cen-
tre of the county, ab<jut 20 m. N. E. of Montpe-
lier, is the chief town.
Caledonia, a township of Livingston county,
N. York, lying to the west of Gene.see river, and
south of Erie canal, 245 m. W. of Albany. Big
Spring, remarkable for the abundance of its water,
is in this township. Pop. 1,618.
Caledonia, JV'eic, an island in the Pacific Ocean,
to the east of New Holland, discovered by Cook,
in 1774. It is 26(t miles from north-west to south-
east, and 70 broad. The inhabitants are strong,
active, and well made ; their hair is black and
much frizzled, but not woolly ; their beards are
crisp and thick ; they besmear their faces with
black pigment, and tlieir only covering is a wrap-
per made from the bark of a tree, or of leaves.
Their houses are circular, like a bee-hive ; form-
ed of small spars and reeds, covered with long
coarse grass, and the floor laid with dry grass.
They deposit their dead in the ground, and deco-
rate the grave of their chiefs with spears, darts,
paddles, «Stc. They are of a pacific disposition,
and their women cliaster tlian those of the more
eastern islands. They cultivate the soil with
some art and industry, but subsist chiefly on roots
and fish. Plantains and sugar-canes are not plen-
tiful ; bread-fruit is scarce, and cocoa-nut trees
axe but thinly planted ; but yams and taras are in
great abundance. The cape at the south end,
called Queen Charlotte Foreland, is in long. 167.
12. E. lat. 22. 15. S.
CaJeaburg, a principality of Lower Saxony,
which constitutes a part of the duchy of Bruns-
wick. It is divided into two parts by the princi-
pality of Wolfenbuttel. The south part is inter-
sected from east to west by the Werra, and the
chief town is Gottingen. The Lena has its
source in this part, near the banks of the Werra,
and runs north through the principality of Wolf.
n2
CAL
t50
CAL
enbuttel, then dividing the Bishopric of Hildes-
heim from North Calenberg ou the east, and after-
wards intersects the north part of North Calen-
berg. The Weser also intersects the south part
of N. Calenberg from south-east to north-west,
the chief towns being Hanover, Neustadt, and
Hameln. The aggregate extent of the surface
may be estimated ut about 1,700 square miles, and
the population at 220,000. The soil is generally
fertile, and under social and reciprocal arrange-
ments, Calenberg might be made to yield a sur-
plus produce sutficicnt to command an abundance
of tropical and other luxuries, the consumption of
which has hitherto been very limited.
Calhuco, a town at the south extremity of
Araucan, opposite the north end of the Isle of
Chiloe, in the South Pacific Ocean, inhabited by
Spaniards, Mestozos, and Indians, 180 m. S. of
Valdivia. Long. 73. 37. W. lat. 41. 40. S.
CaU, a city of Colombia, in the valley of Popa-
yau, on the west bank of the river Cauca. The
fovernor of the province generally resides here,
t is 90 m. E. of 3onaventura, and 200 W. by S.
of St. Fe. Long. 77. 5. W. lat. 3. 15. N.
Calicut, a city of Hindoostan, capital of a pro-
vince of the same name, on the coast of Malabar.
It was the first Indian port visited by European
shipping ; being discovered by the Portuguese, in
1496. Here is a manufacture of plain cotton
goods; and much salt is made by the natural
evaporation of the sea water. The principal ex-
ports are cocoa and betel nuts, black pepper, gin-
ger, and turmeric. It is seated at the mouth of a
river, 110 m. S. W. of Seringapatam, and 130 S.
S. E. of Mangalore. Long. 75. 52. E. lat. 11. 12.
N. It was formerly much more considerable,
having been much encroached upon by the sea.
California, a nromontory, in the Pacific Ocean,
separated from the west coast of North America
by the Vermilion sea, or Gulf of California ; ex-
tending N. W. from Cape St. Lucar. in the lat. of
22. 44. to lat. 3:3. N. being about 50 miles in aver-
age breadth. It was discovered by Cortez, in
1536; and is said to have been visited by Sir
Francis Drake, in 1578. Toward the close of the
seventeenth century, the Jesuits formed several
settlements here, and endeavoured to govern the
natives with the same policy and authority that
they exercised in iheir missions in Paraguay.
They seem studiously to have depreciated the
climate and soil of the country ; but on their ex-
pulsion from the Spanish dominions, the court ap-
pointed Don Joseph Galvez to visit this peninsula.
His account of the country was favourable ; he
found the pearl fishery on its coast to be valuable,
and he discoveredmina^^of goldof a very promis-
ing appearance. Divers nations or tribes inhabit
the country, without acknowledging any chief.
Each father is a prince over his own family;
but his power ceases when the children are able
to provide for themselves. Each tribe, neverthe-
less, has persons appointed, who call assemblies
to divide the productions ot the earth, regulate
the fisheries, and march at their head when en-
gaged in war. Want of provision obliges them
often to change their abodes ; and in severe win-
ters they retire into caves. A girdle and piece
of linen round the body, some ornaments for the
head, and a chain of pearls, serve them for dress
and finery. Those who live toward the north,
where they have no pearls, dress their heads with
shells. The women commonly wear a kind of
.ong robe, made of leaves of palms; though some
wear nothing but a girdle. A range of mountains
runs parallel with the cojist, its whole extent
rising in some places to the height of about 4,700
feet. The soil in many places is excellent ; and it
is reported that vines grow naturally in the moun-
tains, and that the Jesuits, when they resided here,
made abundance of wine, in taste approacliing to
that of Maderia. The chief town is St. .loseph ,
about 25 m. N. E. of Cape St. Lucas. The por i-
lation of the whole territory is supposed nr ^ to
exceed 10,000.
California. JVew, is an extension of territory
along the coast, north of the promontory of Cali-
fornia to the lat. of about 40. N. comprising the
greater part of the coast formerly called New Al- f^
bion. The same mountain ridge which intersects
the promontory continues to run nortn, parallel
with the coast, at a distance of thirty to fifty miles.
The Jesuits, who extended themselves in this di
rection, found the soil somewhat more congenial
for the genei'al purposes of culture, and founded
about twenty settlements upon and between the
coast and the mountain ridge, each settlement
dedicated to some saint of their holy order. The
four principal settlements on the coast are St. Die-
go, in the lat. of 32. 42.; La Furissima, in 34. 32.;
St. Carlos de Monterey, in 36. 36.; and St. Fran
cisco, in 37. 48. N. The total population of this
district is estimated at about 16,000.
Calix, a town of Sweden, in West Bothina, on
a river of the same name, near its entrance into
the gulf of Bothnia, 22 m. W. of Tornea.
Callah, a town of Algiers, in the province of
Mascara, which has a considerable trade, and the
greatest market for carpets in the country. It is
40 m. E.of Oran.
Callan, a town of Ireland, in the county of Kil
kenny, on the frontier of Tipperary, 7 m. S. W
of the city of Kilkenny, and 65 from Dublin
Pop. in 1821,5,678.
Callander, a town of Scotland, in Perthshire
with a considerable manufacture of muslin ; seal-
ed on the river Teath, 30 m. W. S. W. of Perth.
Pop. 2,030.
Callao, a seaport of Peru, with the best harbour
on the co«st, and a large and safe roadstead de-
fended by the islands of Callao and St. Lawrence.
In the port every commodity is to be procured
that vessels may be in need of. The town was
almost totally destroyed by an earthquake, in
1746. It is seated on a river of the same name,
5 m. W. of Lima, of which it is the port. Long.
76. 58. W. lat. 12. 2. S.
Callaway, a county of Kentucky. Pop. 5,159.
Wadesborough in the chief town.
Calle, a town of Algiers, in the province ol
Constantina, where the French have a factory es-
tablished for a coral fishery, and trade for grain,
wool, leather, and wax. It stands on a rock, al-
most surrounded by the sefl,, 36 m. E. of Bona.
Callinger, a fortified town of Hindoostan, in
the province of Allahabad, formerly capital of
Bundelcund. It was ceded by the Mahrattas to
the p:nglish in 1793. It is 20 m. N. of the Dia-
mond Mines of Punuah, and 150 W. by S. of
Benares.
Cullington, a borough in Cornwall, Eng. with
a manufacture of cloth ; situate on the Lynher,
12 m. S. ©f Launceston, and 216 W. by S. of
London. It returns two members to parliament.
Pop. in 1821, 1,3^51.
Calloma., or Caillomo, a town of Peru, celebrat
ed for its silver mines, 50 m. N. by E. of Arequipa,
and 170 S. of Cuzco. \
Cahnar, a strong seaport of Swedes, capital of
CAM
151
CAM
Sinaland, and a bishop's see. It is celebrated as
the place where the deputies of Sweden, Den-
mirk, and NDrway, were appointed to assemble
»>r the election of a king, according to the Union
of.Calrnir. On an eminence, half a mile from
tho town, is the ancient castle, now converted
into a distillery. The cnief exports are deals and
tar. It is seated near the Baltic, 190 m. S. S. W.
of Stockholm. Long. 16. 22. E. lat. 56. 41. N.
Ciihmii'.i, or Calimno, an island of the Grecian
Archioolago, near the coast of Asia, 7 m. N. W.
of Sta'nchio. Long. 26. 46. E. lat. 36. 56. N.
Cain, East and West, townships in Chester Co.
Pa.
CiiJne, a bor )Ugh in Wiltshire, Eng. It has
ei<rht or ten extensive manufactories of woolen
cloth, and in the vicinity are many fulling and
corn mills. It is seated on a river of the same
name, 25 m. E. of Bristol, and 88 W. of London.
It returns two members to parliament. Pop. in
1821,4,612.
Caltiira, a town on the west coast of Ceylon,
with a fort. A great quantity of arrack is made
here, and other manufactories carried on. It
stands at the mouth of a large branch of the Mu-
liwaddy, 2S m. S. by E. of Columbo. Long. 79.
56. E. lat. 6. 44. N.
Calvados, a maritime aepartment of France, in-
cluding part of the late province of Normandy,
bounded north by the English channel. It is so
called from a ridge of rocKs of the same name,
near the coast of what was heretofore called
Normandy, e.xtending twelve miles in length. It
contains an area of about 2,200 square miles, and
upwards of 500,000 inhabitants. It is intersected
from the south to the sea by the river Orne. It
is a fertile province, and exports a considerable
quantity of clover seed. Caen, on the banks ol
the Orne is the chief town.
Calrert, a county of Maryland, lying between
the Patuxent River and Chesapeak Bay. Pop.
8,899. Prince Frederick, 40 m. S. of Annapolis
and St. Leonard's, in the south part of the county,
on the shore of the Chesapeak, 71 m. S. of An-
napolis, are the chief towns.
Calvi, a town of Naples, in Terra di Lavoro,
eight miles north of Capua.
Calvi, 'J. town of Corsica, on a craggy moun-
tain and gulf of the same name, with a strong
fortress and a good harbour. It was taken by
the English in 1794. It is 38 m. W. S. W. of
Bastia.
Calvisano, a town of Bresciano, 12 m. S. by
E. of Brescia. Pop. about 3,000.
Calw, a town of Suabia. in the kingdom of
Wurtemburg, with a porcelain manufacture, and
a great trade in stuffs. It is 20 m. W. by S. of
Stuttgard. Pop. 3,500.
Cam, a river which rises in Hertfordshire, Eng.
flows by Cambridge into the isle of Ely, and
there joins the Ouse, to which river it is naviga-
ble from Cambridge.
Camana, a town of Peru, capital of a jurisdic-
tion ; situate on a river of the same name near
the Pacific Ocean. 70 m. W. of Arequipa, in
lat. 16. 10. N. and 73. 15. W. long.
Camaran, an island of Arabia on the Red Sea,
where there is a fishery for white coral and pearl
oysters. Long. 42. 22. E. lat. 15. 6. N.
Camiiret, a town of France, in the department
of Finisterre. In an expedition against Brest, in
1694, the English landed here, and lost a great
number of men. It stands on a bay of the same
name, S m. S. of Brest.
Camarines, the most southern province of tlie
isle of Luzon, of which Caceres is the chief
town.
Camargue, an island, or cluster of islands, of
France, in the mouths of the Rhone, separated
by canals and fortified. The whole contiiins 80
square miles ; the land is fertile, but the air is
unwholesome.
Cambat, the southernmost province of Abyssi-
nia, inhabited by a people called Seb-a-adja, who
are a mixture of Pagans, Christians, and Mahom-
etans. It is abundant in fruits.
Cainhay, a considerable city of Hindoostan, in
the province of Guzerat. It stands on a gulf of
the same name, and was the Camanes of Ptol©»
my. Here are three bazars, and four publick ci»
terns, capable of supplying the whole town witfc
water in times of the greatest drought. Its pro
ducts and manufactures are considerable ; for th«
country abounds in corn, cattle, and silk : and
cornelian and agate stones are found in its rivers.
The inhabitants are noted for embroidery. It is
100 ra. N. of Snrat, and 50 m. S. of Amadabad,
of which it is the port. It belongs to the Eng-
lish, and is included in the presidency of Bombay.
Long. 72. 34. E. lat. 22. 17. N.
Camherg, a town of Germany, on the south-
west fronfier of the electorate of Hesse, situate on
a hill, 17 m. E. by S. of Nassau, and 20 N. W.of
Frankfort on the Maine.
CamberweJl, a parish in Surrey, contiguous to
London, on the south side ; and to which it forms
an appendage, being occupied principally by the
private residences of the merchants, shopkeepers,
and clerks emploj ed in the several public estab-
lishments of the Bank, East India House, cus-
toms. Sec. &c. The number of inhabitants in
1821 was 17,876 ; since when they have consider-
ably increased. The old church is 2 1-2 m. S. of
London Bridge : an additional church, after the
model of one in Rome, was erected in 1825.
Cambodia, Camboja, or Camhoya, a kingdom
or territory of Asia, extending from Cape Cam-
bodia, in the China sea, south, in the Lat. of 8. 40.
to Laotchua or Laos, in the lat. of about 17. N.:
bounded on the east, at the south end, by Tsiom-
pa, and further north by the country of the Ke
moys, which divides it from Cochin-China, and
on the west from the 8th to the 14th degree of
latitude by the Gulf of Siam, and further north
by the territory of Siam ; being of an average
breadth of about three degrees of longitude be-
tween 101. and 106. E. comprising an aggregate
e.xtent of surface of about 100,000 square miles.
As far as any knowledge of this country has been
obtained, it appears to be exceedingly rich, alike
in vegetable, animal, and mineral productions;
whilst the unsocial habits of the people, who ap-
pear to be a mixture of Japanese, Cochin-Chi-
nese, Malays, and natives of the Eastern islands
preclude nearly all intercourse with Europeans.
In the 17th century, the Portuguese, Dutch, and
English, each unsuccessfully endeavoured to es-
tablish an intercourse in this country, and all suc-
ceeding attempts, except to a trifling extent sur-
reptitiously, appear to have met with disadvan-
tageous results. It is intersected by a noble river
of the same name, which rises in Chinese Tarta-
ry, runs through Thibet and the west side of
Yunnan, the south-west province of China, xnd
Laos, and through the Cambodian territory in a
south-east direction, falling into the China Sea,
by several channels, between the latitudes of 9.
and 11. N. In Thibet, this river is called tho
CAM
152
CAM
Matchott, in China the Kiou Long, and througli tlie
Laos the May Kung, and the eastern channel into
the sea is sometimes called the Japanese. The
chief town of the country, called also Cambodia,
is situate on the western bank of the river, about
240 miles above its entrance into tiie sea. Cam-
bodia appears to be thinlj' peopled, but of tlie
numlRT of its inhabitants no estimate has been
formed. They appear to manufacture both silk
and cotton, and tlie country prod ucinir every pos-
sible article necessary fur subsistence and com-
fort, and also to gratify the most luxuriant sense,
cither of taste, smell, or ornament, tliere is hut
little inducement on tlie part of the Cambodians
to cultivate an intercourse with Europeans, more
especially on the overbearing, higgling, and self-
ish principle which they seem to have exercised
over ail Asia. As far as the Cambodians main-
tain an external commerce, sandal wood, ele-
phants' teeth of the finest quality, camphor, and
the gum called cambogia, or gamboge, from the
name of the country, constitute the chief articles
•f export. (See Siam.)
Cambray, a fortified city of France, capital of
the department of Nord. The linen manufacture
is extensively carried on in this district, and
the term cambric was derived from the finer
qualities of linen, which were distributed from
this city. It has since been applied by the Eng-
lish to the fine fabric of cotton as well as of linen.
Cambray has also some manufactures of lace and
leather. It is seated near the source of the
Scheldt, which runs through the city, 18 m. S. by
W. of Valenciennes, 35 S. by E. of Lisle, and 102
N. N. E. of Paris. The fortification was one of
those retained by the allies for five years after the
peace of 1815.
Cambria, a county in the W. District of Penn-
sylvania, lying west of the main ridge of the Al-
leghany mountains. The south-west branch of
the Susquehannah River rises in this county, and
a branch of the Alleghany intersects its south
part. It is about 33 miles in length from north to
south, and 18 in breadth. Pop. 7,()7i). Ebens-
burg, in the centre of the county, 143 m. W. by
N. of Harrisburg, is the chief town.
CkiinJtria, p.t. Niagara Co. Now York, near the
freat falls of Niagara, 290 m. W. Albany. Pop.
,712.
Cambridge, an interior county towards the S. E.
part of England, being about 50 miles in extent
from north to south, and 20 to 25 from west to
east. It is bounded on the south by a range of
hills which divide it from the counties of Bedford
and Essex, having the counties of Suffolk and
Norfolk on the east, and Bedford, Huntingdon,
Northampton, and Lincoln on the west, the north-
ern extremity jetting upon the Boston Wash.
The river Ouse intersects it from west to east,
whilst the Nen forms the boundary between the
counties of Northampton and Lincoln, and the
Cam, which rises at the foot of the hills, which
form the southern boundary, falls into the Ouse,
about the middle of the county. After descend-
ing the hills from the south, the country is one
entire level, and that part was formerly little bet-
ter than a swamp, which, by well-directed efforts
i« draining and embanking, since the middle of
tlie last century, has been converted into rich and
verdant pastures, which yield a vast surplus of
butter, and cream-cheese, for the London market.
It has no surplus of manufactures of any kind,
but in addition to its butter, it yields a surplus of
eaives, cattle, sheep, and wool, and large quanti-
ties of wild fowl. Its supply however of foreign
and manufactured productions is obtained in ex-
change for the expenditure of the students at the
university of the town of Cambridge, and rents
abstracted from different parts of the country, on
account of the endowments of the several colleges
The only other place in the county deserving of
notice, besides the town of Cambridge, is the city
of Ely. (See Brdford Level.)
Cambridge, the chief town of the preceding
county, and seat of one of the two universities or
England, is situate in the south part of the coun-
ty, 17 m. south of Ely, 23 east of Bedford, and 28
west of Bury, and 51 north by east of London.
It is a corporate town, governed by a mayor and
13 aldermen ; but its importance is derived from
its university, which dates its foundation by Sige-
bert, king of the East Angles, in G30. It acquir
ed, however, but little celebrity until after the
period of the collisions between the barons and
the court had subsided, in the 13th century, from
which period, to the close of the Kith century, 12
colleges and 4 halls were founded, by the names,
and in the order of date as follows, viz. :
COLLEGES.
1 St. Peter's in
1257
7 St. John's in
1509
2 Gonville,
1348
8 Magdalen,
1519
3 Corpus Christi,
1350
9 Trinity,
1546
4 King's,
1441
10 Jesus',
1570
5 Queen's,
1448
11 Emanuel,
1584
6 Christ's,
1505
12 Syd. Sussex,
1598
HALLS.
1 Clare,
1326 1 3 Trinity,
1350
2 Pembroke,
1343
4 Catherine,
1475
These institutions, founded in ages of monastic
influence, and when architecture was the ruling
passion of those who possessed the means of in-
dulging either in acts of benevolence or vanity,
claim the attention of the present age, some for
their monastic features, some for the history of
their foundations, and others for their architec-
tural beauty. Most of them have chapels and
libraries attached, some of them extensive and
valuable, and the chapel of King's College is
justly esteemed, as the most beautiful Gothic edi-
fice in the world. It is 304 feet in length, 71
broad, and 91 in height ; the effect of its propor-
tions, and beauty of its decorations, must be seen
to be understood. In 1807 another college was
founded, pursuant to the will of a Sir George
Downing, whose name it bears; and, in 1810,
viscount Fitzwilliam bequeathed a very extensive
and valuable cabinet of works of nature and art,
and ample funds for the foundation of an observa-
tory and a building for the reception of his colleo
tion, for the use of the university at large. Thi»
munificent donation excited a general spirit of
improvement, both in the town and university
several of the colleges have been enlarged, re-
paired, and beautified, several old buildings in the
town taken down ; judicious sites for the new
buildings selected, and those edifices more par-
ticularly deserving of attention for their architec-
ture, laid more open to the view. In addition to
tlie libraries attached to the several colleges and
halls, there is also one common to the university ;
a senate house, and scliools for public examina-
tions, which, together with 14 parish churches, a
county hospital, and other public buildings for
county purposes, afford a very interesting extent
of varied architectural display. There are also
six bridges of stone, over the river Cam, whichj
CAM
153
CAM
in addition to their convenience, add considerably
to the general picturesque effect. The county,
town, and university, each sends two members to
parliament. About two miles from the town, one
of the largest fairs in England is held, for a fort-
night, commencing on the 7th of September.
The population in 1801 was 10,087, and in 1821,
14,142, of whom about 1,000 maybe considered
members of the university.
Cambridge., p.t. Middlesex Co. Mass. This
town is separated from Boston by the wide bay
which nearly surrounds the city. Two long
bridges open a communication between them.
The town properly consists of three divisions,
viz. 1. EiiM Cambridge, or Lechmere Point, which
is a suburb of Boston and connected with the
city by Craigie's bridge. This is a flourishing
place, and has many manufactories of glass, iron
«fcc. 2. Cambridge-port, which comn\unicates with
the city by West Boston bridge, and 3. Old Cam.-
bridge, 3 miles from Boston, containing Harvard
University, the oldest and richest literary institu-
tion in the United States. It was founded in 1638.
The officers are a president and 23 professors
and tutors. The libraries contain 40,000 volumes,
and the philosophical apparatus, cabinets and
similar materials for scientific purposes are of the
first excellence. The Botanical Garden and green-
house, are handsomely arranged and furnished
with the choicest plants. The college buildings
are 8 ; one of these is elegantly built of granite ;
the others are brick. They are beautifully situa-
ted upon a spacious level common. The number
of students is 236. There are 3 vacations in April,
August and December, of 10 weeks. Commence-
ment is in August.
A short distance west of the colleges is the spot
occupied by Washington as his head quarters dur-
ing the siege of Boston, in 1775 and 6. Many
parts of the town exhibit the remains of the forti-
fications thrown up by the Americans at that pe-
riod. In the western part of the town and bor-
dering upon Watertown, is Mount Jiuburn, a spot
lately chosen for the establish.-nent of a Cemetery
and Horticultural Garden. This place is charm-
ingly variegated with hills and dells, woods and
lawns, and when the design is fully completed
will be among the most interesting objects in the
country.
In the san,e neighbourhood is Fresh Pond, a
small sheot of water skirted by steep and woody
hills in a highly picturesque manner. This is a
favourite resort of the people of Boston in the
summer. Pop. (./Cambridge, 6,071.
Cambridge, Went, p.t. Middlesex Co. Mass. ad-
joining the preceding town. Pop. 1,230.
Cambridge, p.t. Franklin Co. Vt. Pop. 1,613.
Cambrida-e, an unsettled township in Coos Co.
N. H.
Cambridge, p.t. Washington Co. N. Y. Fop.
2,319. Also towns in Maryland, S. C, and Ohio.
CamhriU.a, a town of Spain, in Catalonia, sur-
rounded by a wall, and seated near the sea, 14 m.
\V. by S. of Tarragona.
Camburg, a town of Thuringia, on the east
bank of the Saal, 18 m. N. by E. of Jena, and 32
S W. of Leipzig.
Cambijna, an island lying between the S. E.
fromontory of Celebes, and the Isle of Bouton.
t is about 60 miles in circumference.
Camden, a county in the N. E. part of North
Carolina, about 25 m. from N. to S. and four in
breadth ; the north end borders on Virginia,
and forms part of the Great Dismal Swamp,
20
and the south end jets upon Albermarle Sound,
between Pasquetank and George Rivers. Pop.
6,721. New Lebanon is the chiettown.
Camden, a maritime county of the state of
Georgia, bounded on the south by St. Mary's Riv-
er, which divides it from East Florida. It is
about 20 miles in extent each way, bounded on
the west by the Great Swamp of Oke-fin-ocaw.
The Santilia River intersects it from the N. W.
corner, running to the centre of the county, falling
into the sea, at the N. E. corner. It is very pro-
ductive in rice and cotton. Pop. 4,578. Jeffer-
son, is the chief town.
Camden, p.t. Waldo Co. Me. Pop. 2,200.
Camden, p.t. Oneida Co. N. Y. Pop. 1,945.
Camden, p.t. Gloucester Co. N. J. opposite
Philad. Also a town in Kent Co. Del.
Camden, p.t. Kershaw District. S. C. on the
Wateree, 35 m. N. E. Columbia. It is the seat of
justice for the district. Here the Americans, un-
der Gen. Gates, were defeated by Lord Cornwallis
in 1780, and another battle fought between Gen.
Greene and Lord Rawdon in 1781.
Camel, a river in Cornwall, Eng. which rises
two miles north of Camelford, flows south almost
to Bodmin, and then north-west to Padstow,
where it enters the Bristol channel. Its banks
were the scenes of some bloody battles between
the Britons and Saxons.
Camelford, a borough in ' Cornwall, Eng. A
great quantity of yarn is spun in this place and
its neighbourhood. Ft is seated on the Camel, 14
m. W. of Launceston, and 22S W. by S. of Lon-
don. It returns two members to parliament. Pop.
in 1821, 1,256.
Camerino, a town of Italy, in the marquisate of
Ancona, and an archbishop's see. It is seated oa
a mountain, near the river Chiento, 37 m. S. W
of Ancona.
Cameron, p.t. Steuben Co. N. Y. Pop. 924.
Ca7niUus,p.i. Onandaga Co. N. Y. Pop. 2,518.
Camin, a seaport of Further Pomerania, and
once a bishop's see, which was secularized at the
peace of Westphalia ; but it still has a fine cathe-
dral and a chapter. Its navigation and commerce
were formerly extensive, but it is now of little
note. It stands on the Diwenow, or east mouth
of the Oder, opposite the isle of Wollin, 25 m. N.
of Stettin. Long. 14. 52. E. lat. 53. 54. N.
Caminha, a town of Portugal, in Entre Douro
e Minho, with a fort ; seated at tlie mouth of the
Minho, 12 m. N. of Viana.
Camalin, a village in the county of Wexford,
Ireland, on the north bank of the Bann, 4 m. S.
W. of Gorey. Pop. in 1820, 377. It was possess-
ed by the insurgents in 1798.
Camorta, one of the Nicobar isles off the west
coast of Malaya, in the lat. of 8. N.
Campagna, or Campania, a town of Naples, in
Principato Citeriore, 40 m. S. E. of Naples.
Campagna di Roma, or Territory of Rome, the
most south-west province of the ecclesiastical
states of Rome, extending from the river Tiber,
for about 65 miles along the shore of the Mediter-
ranean to the Neapolitan province of Lavoro, being
about 50 miles wide, bounded on the east by Abruz-
zo. This extensive district, lying between the 41st
and 42d degree of north latitude, was the ancient
Latium, and was once the most populous and fer-
tile district in the world, but now presents one
general scene of desolation. The Pontine marsh-
es, which are constantly emrtting the most noi-
some vapours, comprise a greai portion of the
Bouth-^a?* part of the province ; besides the. city
CAM
V54
CAN
©r Home on the banks of the Tiber, at the north-
ern extremity of the province, Albano, Velletri
and Piperno, all on the western side, still exhib-
it marks of former greatness, whilst the ruins
of temples, baths, and other stately edifices, are
seen scattered in all directions. (See Rome.)
Campbell, a county in the E. District of Virgin-
ia being nearly a square, about 14 miles each
way, bounded on the south by the Roanoke River,
an^ north by James River. It is a fertile district.
Pop. 15,704. Lynchburg is the chief town.
Campbell, a county of Georgia. Pop. 3,323.
Campbellton is the capital.
Campbell, a county of East Tenessee, bounded
on the north by Harlan county, Kentucky ; in-
tersected by the Cumberland ridge of the Allegha-
ny mountains, and from the north-east to the
south by Powell's River, a branch of the Tenessee.
It contains an area of about 230 square miles,
and a population of 5,110. Jacksonborough is the
chief town.
CampMl, a county of Kentucky, containing
about 90 square miles, bounded on the north by
Boone county, and on the east and north by the
Ohio River, and intersected from south to north
by the Licking. Pop. 9,893. Newport, on the
east bank of the Licking, at its entrance into the
Ohio, opposite to Cincinnati, 96 m. N. N. E. of
Frankfort, is the chief town.
Campbellsville, p.v. Green Co. Ken. on a branch
of Green River.
Campbelltown, 3 villages in Steuben Co. N. Y.,
Lebanon Co. Pa. and Edgefield Dis. S. C.
Canipbelton, a borough and seaport of Scotland,
in Argyleshire, situate on a bay, toward the south
extremity of the peninsula of Cantyre. It has a
considerable trade in the distillation of whiskey,
besides being the general rendezvous of the fish-
ing vessels that annually visit the western coast.
It IS 65 m. S. S. W. of Inverary. Long. 5. 32. W.
lat. 55. 28. N. Pop. in 1821, 6,445.
Campden, a corporate town in Gloucestershire,
Eng. 22 m. N. E. of Gloucester, and 90 W. N. W.
of London. Pop. 1,249.
Campeachy, a town of Yucatan, on the west
coast of the bay of Campeachy, in the Gulf of
Mexico, defended by strong forts. The port is
large but shallow, and has a good dock. It is no-
ted for logwood, which, however, does not grow
very near it. It was taken by the English in 1059,
by the buccaneers in 1678 ; and by the freeboot-
ers of St. Domingo, in 1685, who burnt it, and
blew up the citadel. Long. 91. 30. W. lat. 19.
35. N.
Campen, a town of Holland, in Overyssel, with
a citadel, and a port almost choked up. It is
seated near the mouth of the Yssel, on the Zuv-
der Zee, 8 m. W. N. W. of Zwoll. Pop. about
6,009.
Cam,perdoiDn, a seaport of Holland, about 25
miles south of Texel Island, famous for the signal
victory obtained by admiral lord viscount Duncan,
off its coast, over the Dutch fleet, on the 11th Oc-
tober, 1797.
Campo Basso, a town of Naples, in the Molise.
In 1805, it suffered greatly by an earthquake, and
most of the inhabitants were destroyed. It has a
considerable trade in articles of cutlery, and is 12
ra. S. of Molise. Pop. about 6,000.
Campo Formio, a village of Italy, in Friuli, with
an elegant castle, where a treaty of peace was
concluded between the Austrians and French, in
1797. It is 2 m. S. W. of Udina.
Campo Mayor, a fortified town of Portugal, in
Alemtejo, on the frontier of Spain, 14 m. N. by E.
ofElvas. Pop. about 5,000.
Campo St. Pietro, a town and castle of Italy, in
the Paduano, on the river Menson, 12 ra. N. of
Padua, and about the same distance N. W. of
Venice. Pop. about 3,000.
Campoli, a town of Naples, in Abruzzo Ulter-
iore, 23 m. N. by E. of Aquila.
Campredon, a town of Spain in Catalonia, at
the foot of the Pyrenees, and on the river Ter, 45
m. N. of Barcelona.
Campsie, a village of Scotland, on the south
confines of Stillingshire, 9 miles north of Glas-
gow. It has some extensive printfields, and oth-
er manufactures.
Campton, p.t. Grafton Co. N. H. 75 na. fr. Ports-
mouth. Pop. 1,313.
Canaan, p t. Somerset Co. Me. Pop. 1,076.
Canaan, p.t. Essex Co. Vt. Pop. 373.
Canaan, p.t. Grafton Co. N. H. 103 m. fr. Ports-
mouth. Pop. 1,428.
Canaaji, p.t. Litchfield Co. Conn, on the Hous-
atonic. Pop. 2,301. This town has some iron
manufactures; and near it is a fall upon the
river.
Canaan, p.t. Columbia county, New York, on
the east side of Hudson River, 25 m. W. by S. of
Albany. Pop. 2,064.
Canaan. See Syria.
Canaan, JVew, p.t. Fairfield Co. Conn, near the
the shore of L. I. Sound. Pop. 1,826. There are
3 townships called Canaan in Pa. and Ohio.
Canada, a vast territory of North America, ly-
ing between the 42d and 54th degrees of north
latitude, and the 05th and 98th of west longitude.
This country appears to have been first made
known to Europe in 1535 by Cartier, command
ing a fleet fitted out from St. Malo, under the
auspices of the French government. Three or
four attempts during the fifteen years from 1535
to 1560 were made to establish a colony upon it
but all proved unsuccessful. In 1607 the first
permanent establishment was foi-med by M. De
Champlain, from France, who founded the city
of Quebec ; but for more than fifty years it remain-
ed without any laws or social arrangements, the
settlers being little better than hordes of banditti,
living in constant collision with the native In-
dians, with whom the most sanguinary conflicts
frequently occurred with alternate success.
In 1663, at which period the European inhabit-
ants did not exceed 7,000, the French govern-
ment affected to extend its paternal regard to the
colony, and appropriated a train of civil officers
to organize and administer a code of laws on the
principles of those then prevailing in France.
This arrangement produced some excitement and
indications of improvement ; but both were of
short duration. The collisions with the natives
were renewed, and their frequent incursions
upon the lands of the settlers which were often
stained with acts of cruelty, operated as a check
to all social enterprise ; so that at the end of
another half century, the number of settlers did
not exceed 20,000. During the earlier part of
the 18th century the colony made some progress to-
wards improvement ; but the object of the French
government seemed to be extension of territory
rather than social arrangement, and as such, in ad-
dition to the hostilities in which it was so frequent-
ly involved with the natives, it interfered itself
also with the outposts of the English, who then
possessed the territory now forming the United
States of N. America, and on war being declared
CAN
J55
CAN
between France and England in 1756, the Eng-
lish prepared to expel the French entirely from
the North American continent, in which they
completely succeeded in 1759. At this period,
the number of settlers in Canada amounted to
about 70,000. During the first fifteen years af-
ter its surrender to the English, it made but Httle
progress either in population or improvement, the
prejudices of some of the older settlers being in-
imical to the English laws introduced immediate-
ly after its surrender, led, in 1775, to a revision of
the civil code, more conformable to the usage
and prejudices of the inhabitants. The revolt
of the American States taking place about this
time, occasioned a considerable accession of pop-
ulation to Canada, which progressively increased
up to the periodof 1792, when a further import-
ant arrangement took place in its internal admin-
istration, the territory was divided into two parts,
denominated Upper and Lower Canada, with
separate jurisdictions, and a council, and As-
sembly of representatives established for each,
, as more particularly elucidated under each of
their respective heads, viz.
Canada, Ixiwer, although the least favoured in
climate of the two, is by far the most populous,
owing to its near contiguity to the sea, and earli-
er settlement. This division extends from the
United States Territory, in the lat. of 45. to that
of 52. N. ; and W. from the Goth degree of long,
to an undefined boundary ; the part, however,
^ which is inhabited and under cultivation, lies
within much narrower limits, comprising a tract
of territory about 700 miles in length, and 150 in
mean breadth, lying in a N. E. direction, from
the lat. of 45. N. and 74. 30. of W. long. ; the
geographical bearing of this territory has been
owing to the noble river St. Lawrence, which in-
tersects it in that direction its whole extent, fall-
ing into the gulf of St. Lawrence, at the N. E.
The settlements extend along both banks of the
river, and are intersected on bcth sides by
innumerable tributary streams and rivers, some
of them of great magnitude ; the most consider-
able of those on the south side of the St. Law-
rence, taking them in order from the west, are
Ist the Chambly, whicii runs out of Lake Cham-
plain, falling into the St. Lawrence about GO
miles below Montreal ; 2nd the Tortue ; 3rd the
St. Francis ; 4th the Nicolet ; 5th the Becancour ;
6th the Beaurivage ; and 7th the Chaudiere,
which falls into the St. Lawrence, about 20 miles
below Quebec ; east of the Chaudiere, the waters
chiefly flow to the south, or east into the gulf of
St. Lawrence ; the north bank is intersected at
the distance of every 15 to 20 miles by rivers of
greater or less magnitude, the most considerable
IS the Piekouagamis, which, after passing through
a lake of considerable extent is called the Segu-
enai and falls into the St. Lawrence about 150
miles below Quebec. At the new organization of
' the government in 17G2, this territory was divi-
*ded into the four districts of Montreal, Trois
Rivieres, Quebec, and Gaspe ; the three first ex-
''_ -tend on both sides of the river ; the latter, which
is called the district and county of Gaspe, com-
'■ prises all the S. E. part of the territory, south of
'.. the St. Lawrence, bounded on the east by the
, Gulf of St. Lawrence, and south by the Province
of New Brunswick, the three first districts were
• further subdivided into 20 counties, 11 on the
south, and nine on the north side of the river,
aa follows, beginning at the S. W. viz. —
o <
12 York
13 Efiingham
14 Leinster
15 Warwick
16 St. Maurice
g -{ 17 Hampshire
18 Orleans
19 Quebec
20 Northumberland
1 Huntingdon
2 Bedford
3 Montreal
4 Richelieu
5 Surrey
6 Kent
7 Buckingham
8 Dorchester -^
9 Hertford *. a
10 Devon '^
11 Comwallis
Of these, the first eight, which all lie within or
soutli-west of the river Chaudiere, are the most
fertile, Jind affbrd the most favourable spots for
agricultural and commercial enterprize. The
counties of Comwallis and Northumberland,
each extend from the latitude of abont 47, the
former to the district of Gaspe, and the latter bor-
ders on Labrador, all of which at present may
be looked upon as one great wilderness. With
this subdivision of territory and new organization
of the government of Canada in 1792, a more
stedfast career of improvement seems to have
been pursued than in any former period.
One of the most distinguishing characteristics
of Lower Canada is its climate, in the intensity
of cold in the winter, and of heat in summer,
and the sudden transition from one to the other,
without producing any injurious effect upon the
constitutions either of the inhabitants or other
parts of the animal creation. The frosts bt^gin
about the middle of October, the sun continuing
to render the days mild and agreeable for three
or four weeks, when the snow storms set in,
which continue for about a month, with varia-
ble winds and a hazy atmosphere, until about the
middle or end of December ; by which time the
whole country is covered with an average depth
of snow of three to five feet. An invariable season
now commences ; an uninterruptedly clear sky
prevails for about 20 weeks, the thermometer rang-
ing the greater part of the time from 20 to 25 be-
low zero, sometimes descending more than 30
below, when the frost suddenly breaks, and in
the course of a few days, about the end of April,
or middle of May, the snow as suddenly disap-
pears. All the energies of the husbandman are
now directed to prepare the earth for seed, and
in the short space of a month the most luxuriant
verdure and vegetation are spread over all Ctanada ;
the thermometer sometimes, in June, ranging as
high as 95 or 100, prevailing through the summer
from about 75 to 80. Although the severity of
the winter hinders the earth from yielding any
produce, yet it essentially facilitates the convey-
ance to market of its summer products ; a track
once beaten upon the snow, which iseasih- eflfect-
ed after the storms have ceased, enables a horse
to drag, on a sledge, a twofold weight, twice or
thrice the distance in a day, which he would be
able to draw in the best constructed carriage on
the best possible road. In any country this facili-
ty of conveyance would be a great advantage, but
in Canada especially, where the rapidity of vegeta-
tion, and the abundant produce of the summer,
claims all the attention and all the energy of the
population during that season, it more than coun-
terbalances the severe and long duration of the
winter, inasmuch as it supersedes the necessity
of cost and labour in the construction of bridges
and roads, and renders conveyance easy by routes
and over tracts that would otherwise be impassa-
ble ; thus so far from being deemed severe or in-
convenient, it is regarded by the Canadians as ths
CAN
156
CAN
season of social intercourse and festivity. The
basis of the commerce of Canada is in the produce
of its forests, which, since 1817, have supplied
England and the West Indies with an average
of about 300,000 loads (of 50 cubic feet each)of
timber annually. Its next source of supply for
export is the skins of the innumerable wild ani-
mals which inhabit the forests, comprising the
bear, stag, elk, deer, fox, marten, wild cat, and
various others, including hare and rabbit, as well
as a great variety of the weasel species, and the
banks of the numerous lakes and rivers supply
large quantities of otter and beaver skins. The
aggregate value of this branch of commerce to
Canada may be estimated at from £100,000 to
JE150,000 annually, varying, in some measure,
according to the caprice of fashion. Fox and
otter skins, which atone time sold in London for
£10 to £15 a skin, at other times obtain only two
or three to five pounds each ; the others occasion-
ally varying in nearly like proportion. Another
great article of production for export is pot and
pearl ash, which, with a few other articles of mi-
nor importance, constitute tlie whole of the ex-
ports ; amounting in the aggregate, including
the freight of a portion of the wood in Canadian
built vessels, to a money value of about £800,000,
which might and would be considerably augment-
ed by an export of grain, did not the selfish and
blind policy of the British legislature prefer con-
fining the manufacturing population of England
as well as of Ireland to a potato diet, and that in
the most sparing supply, lest any grain of foreign
production should be admitted into England, and
lower the money price, and thereby preclude a
high money rent tax. The exclusion of a market
for the surplus of grain, which would easily be
supplied, is, however, more than counterbalanced
to Canada by a large military force and civil es-
tablishment, which is maintained in that country
out of the taxes levied on the people of England.
These maintenances, in addition to its exports,
whilst the system subjects the people of England
to increasing privation, enables the Canadians to
draw from England a supply of manufactured and
Asiatic productions to the amount in money value
of about £1,400,000 annually, whilst the direct
intercourse of Canada with the British West In-
dia Islands enables it to obtain a liberal supply of
the products of those luxuriant climes. From
these circumstances, it is easy to conceive that
Canada affords great advantage to agricultural
enterprise, and well-directed exertion.
The civil government consists of a governor,
who is uniformly a military man and commander-
in-chief of all the forces in British America, and
an executive council of fourteen other members,
who are all appointed by the governor for the
approval of the king. The House of Assembly
consists of fifty-two members, elected for four
years in due proportions from each district of the
country by the freeholders of forty shillings a
year and upwards, or renters of £10 per annum
and upwards. There is also a legislative council,
consisting of not less than fifteen members. The
legal establishment consists of a court of King's
Bench, Common Pleas, and court of Appeal ; and
the civil and criminal law is administered by a
chief justice and two puisne judges : the chief
justice is also president of the legislative council.
The ecclesiastical affairs of this country are under
the superintendence of a catholic bishop resident
at Quebec, and an assistant bishop, nine vicars-
general, and about 200 cures, who are supported
chiefly out of grants of land made under the
French government, and an assessment of one
twenty-sixth part of all grain produced on the
lands held by catholics. The protestant estab-
lishment consists of a lord bishop, also resident at
Quebec, nine rectors, and several curates or cler-
gymen supported in part out of the civil list, and
an appropriation of one-seventh of all the lands
held by protestants. The protestant bishop has
also a seat in the legislative council by virtue of
his appointment : no distinction is otherwise made
on account of religious profession, catholic and
protestant being alike eligible to a seat in the ex
ecutive or legislative council and assembly, as
well as to all other civil or military appointments
Numerous tribes of native Indians still inhabit ill
the western and interior parts of this vast coun-
try, though their number has been much reduced
since 1780, about which period the small-pox
raged with such destructive fury as to entirely
depopulate several hundred thousand square miles
of territory. Since the abatement of that dreadful
catastrophe, and the conciliatory measures of the
Canadian government towards them, although
they still withhold themselves as much as ever
from the society of the settlers, they have main-
tained a much more social intercourse, with but
few attempts at open hostility ; and it is the In-
dian population who contribute so essentially to
the traffic in furs. The principal towns in Lower
Canada are Quebec, Montreal, and Trois Rivieres.
The pine forests of this region are inhabited by
vast numbers of martens, who live in the lofljr
tops of the trees. Their fur Is higlily esteemed,
and great numbers of them are hunted for their
skins. This aniiniil destroys great quantities of
small quadrupeds and birds. He frequently mfikes
his nest in the hollow of a tree, but commonly
seeks for a squirrel's nest, drives away or kills
the owner, and takes possession.
The wolverene inhabits the northern parts of
Canada and America generally, quite to the Arc-
tic Sea, and it is probable that its visits extend
beyond the continent towards the Pole, as a skull
of this animal was found on Melville Island by
Capt. Parry. It is an inhabitant alike of the
woods and barren grounds, and is capable of en-
during the severest cold. The motions of the
wolverene are necessarily slow, and its gait
CAN
157
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heavy, but the acuteness of its sight and power
of smcllingr are an ample compensation ; as they
are seldom or never killed without being found
fat, there is good reason for believing that they
rarely suffer much from hunger. This animal is
surprisingly strong, and an overmatch for any
. quadruped near its own size.;— indeed its sharp
; claws and teeth enable it to offer a very effectual
' resistance even to the bear.
Among the birds may be mentioned the wild
'' pigeon, spotted grouse, and the smallest humming
bird known. The raven, a bird found in every
quarter of the world, is also very common here.
■ He seems to bear the cold of the northern regions
with as much indifference as the heat of the tor-
rid zone. It is remarkable, that wherever these
birds abound, the common crow seldom makes
his appearance.
Canada, Upper, in its most comprehensive
Bense, comprises a tract of country extending from
the Ottawa, OT Grand River, which divides it from
Lower Canada at its junction with the St. Law-
rence, in the longitude of 74. 30. W. and 45. of
N. lat. to the north-west extremity of l^ake Win-
nipeg, in the latitude of 59. N. and the 98th of
W. long, bounded on the south by the chain of
lakes which discharge their waters into the sea
by the great river St. Lawrence, and on the north
by the Ottawa River, in a north-west direction to
the longitude of about 82., when it borders by un-
defined limits on the Hudson's bay and north-
west territories. However, like Lower Canada,
the part under cultivation, and which at present
more particularly merits attention, lies within
comparatively narrow limits, in a south-west di-
rection, along the north bank of the St. Lawrence,
and north shores of Lakes Ontario and Erie, from
the Ottawa River before-mentioned at its en-
trance into the St. Lawrence to the straits of Erie
and St. Clair River, between the Lakes Erie and
Huron, in the longitude of 82. 30. W. It is about
570 miles from N. E. to S. W. and 40 to 50 in
breadth, including about 10.000.000 of acres of as
fertile land as any in all North Ameiica. The
south-west extremity extending to the 42d degree
of latitude, it is not subject to such severity of
winter as the lower province ; numerous streams,
affording the most advantageous site for the erec-
tion of mills, fall into the lakes, and two consid-
. erable rivers in the eastern district fall into the
Ottawa, and two others run in a south-west di-
rection, falling into Lake St. Clair, between the
strait of Erie and the St. Clair River. The
southernmost of these rivers is called the Thames,
with a London on its banks, destined perhaps^ at
some future time, to rival in population and im-
portance its namesake in Britain. Upper Canada
is divided, for judicial and local purposes, into
eight districts, which are again subdivided into
the 33 following counties, taking them in order
from the south-west : viz
1. Essex, 13. Hastings,
2. Kent, 14. Lennox,
3. Suffolk, 15. Addington,
4. Middlesex, 16. Frontinac^
5. Norfolk. 17. Prescot,
6. Oxford, 18. Russell,
7. Lincoln, 19. Leeds,
8. York, 20. Grenville,
9. Durham, ^ 21. Dundas,
10. Carleton, 22. Stormont,
11. Prince Edward, 23. Glengary
12. Northumberland,
These countie-s are further subdivided into about
160 townships. Nearly one-third of the lands
were granted in free and common soccage prior
to 182o, about 500,001) acres of which are already
under cultivation, one-third more being reserved
for the ciown and clergy, leaves about 4,000,000
of acres of fertile land, in the immediate vicinity
of settlements already formed, for future grants ;
in addition to which, millions of acres in tiie rear,
northward, covered at present with the finest tim-
ber of oak, hickory, beach, walnut, maple, pine,
SoC. &c. present a rich field for exertion, and the
supply of future ages. The population of this
province has increased, and continues increasing
in a greater ratio than the lower one. The inhab-
itants, which in 1783 did not exceed 10,000, in
1814 amounted to 95,000, and in 1825 to double
that number. Its civil and religious institutions
are similar to those of the sister province, with
the exception that being settled since the expul-
sion of the French, there are no feudal tenures or
lands held in seignorage, which is the case with
all those granted to the original French settlers
in the lower province. The inhabitants also of
Upper Canada being emigrants from the United
States, Scotland, and England, are principally
protestants, and as such there are no special
enactments or reservations for the catholics. The
executive council of this province consists of six
members, the legislature of not less than seven,
and the house of assembly of twenty-five. Upper
Canada participates in common in the commerce
of the lower province, in addition to which it has
also the advantage of interchanging its surplus
productions with the United States, as either one
direction or the other may best promote its inter-
est. As long, however, as the English govern-
ment are enabled to afford the same protection to
Upper Canada, and under the same circumstan-
ces as prevailed in 182G, and more especially
should the English government qualify tlieir
present policy of excluding grain of foreign
growth importation into England, the interest of
the Canadians will unquestionably lie on the side
of England, and the Canadas afford the fairest
field for agricultural exertion of any country in
the world : independent of its abundant supply of
train and animal food, the forests supply abun-
ance of every variety of game and fowl, and the
rivers and lakes every variety of fish common to
inland waters ; and, by due attention to culture,
the gardens may be made to yield every variety
of delicious fruits.
The Canadas, in a general sense, may be con
sidered a level country, beautifully undulated,
but no where attaining an elevation exceeding
300 to 500 feet above the level of the waters of
the great chain of lakes. A ridge of mountain
skirts the northern boundaries of both provinces
from the 74 th to the 98th deg. of west longitude
the altitudes have not been correctly ascertained
but they seem to claim the character only of A
o
CAN
158
CAN
chain of broken hills, rather than mountains.
But little discovery of minerals has as yet been
made : coals, copper, and iron, have been found,
and as population extends itself, and when neces-
sity requires them, the mineral substances will
most probably not prove deficient. The two prin-
cipal towns are York and King'ston.
Cunajokarie, p.t. Montjjomery Co. N. Y. Its
vicinity abounds with apple-tjees, from which it
makes cider of an excellent quality. It stands on
a creek of the same name, between the Mohawk
River and the Erie Canal, 25 m. N. E. of Coop-
erstown,and 53 W. N. VV. of Albany. Pop. 4,348.
Canandaig-ua, a lake in the western part of the
State of New York, v/hich discliara^es its wnters
into Lake Ontario. It is 20 miles lon^, and from
2 to 3 miles wide. The banks are high and va-
riegated, and ornamented with many beautiful
villas
Canandaig7ia, p.t. Ontario Co., on the outlet of
the above lake. It is one of the pleasantest towns
in the country. The principal street runs along
the ridge of a hill which rises from the north end
of the lake ; it is handsomely planted with trees,
and the houses have an uncommonly neat ap-
pearance, being generally painted white, with
green blinds. In the centre of the town is a large
square. In the neighbourhood are many beauti-
ful gardens. Canandaigua has a very flourishing
trade, and a steam-boat plies upon the lake. It is
208 m. V/. of Albany. Pop. 5,162
Cananore, a town of Hindoostan, in Malabar,
defended by a fortress, with other works after the
European fashion; It is the hoad-quarters of the
province. This town was taken in 1700 by the
British, in whose possession it remains. It has
several good houses, and carries on a good trade
with other parts of the peninsula, and with Ara-
bia and Sumatra. The country furnishes a large
quantity of pepper, cardamoms, sandal wood, coir,
sharks' fins, &c. : the imports are horses, benzoin,
camphor, almonds, opium, sugar, and piece goods.
It is governed by a native sovereign, who pays an
annual tribute of 14,000 rupees to the English
East India Company. It is seated on a small
bay, one of the best on the coast, 56 m. N. N. W.
of Calicut. Long. 75. 30. E. lat. 11. 53. N
Canari, a provmce on the west coast of Hin-
doostan, lately subject to the regent of Mysore, on
whose defeat and death, in 1799, it came into the
hands of the British. It is ISO miles in length,
between the Concan and Malabar, and from 30 to
80 in breadth. The soil is fertile, and it produces
abundance of rice, betel-nuts, and wild nutmegs.
The principal port is Mangalore.
Canaries, or Canary Islands, anciently called
the Fortunate Islands, are thirteen in number,
lying in the North Atlantic Ocean, off the west
coast of North Africa, between the latitudes of
28. and 30. N. Seven of them are considerable,
namely, Palma, Ferro, Gomera, Teneritfe, Ca-
nary, Fuerte-ventura, and Lanzerota, each of
lohich see : the other six are very small, Graciosa,
Rocca, Allegranza, St. Clare, Inferno, and Lobos.
They were formerly inhabited by a brave and in-
dependent race of people called Gaunches. Fuerte-
ventura and Lanzerota, being the least populous,
were taken possession of by John de Betancourt,
a Norman, about the commencement of the 15th
century, in behalf of .John, the then king of Cas-
tile : but it was not till towards the close of that
century that the Spaniards, under whose sove-
reignty they still remain, obtained complete pos-
Bcssiou of the whole group, after the moat deter-
mined resistance of the natives; the whole of
whom, during the 16th century, fell victims to
the cruelty of the Spaniards, either by the sword
or the inquisition, which was established in these
islands in 1532.
Canary, Grand, one of the principal of the above
islands, lying between the east side of Teneritfe
and the south end of Fuerte-ventura. Next to
Teneriffe,it is the most fertile and productive of
the group . The surface near the coast is beau-
tifully diversified with hill and dale and well
watered with streams issuing from mountains
which lie towards the centre of the island. The
vine in all its varieties flourishes in this island ir
the utmost luxuriance. It is here that the most
delicious malmsey wine or sack is made, and it
was from hence that the English obtained their
sack, so celebrated in the time of Shakspeare.
Under reciprocal arrangements and due excite-
ment of protection and reward, this island would
produce nearly all the fruits and vegetables com-
mon to the tropics ; but under the proscriptive
and bigoted policy of Spain, nothing depending
on human exertion prospers, and, though the Ca-
nary Islands are less exposed to its despotism than
any other part of the Spanish dominions, every
thing languishes. The extent of this island is
about 30 m. from north to south, and 28 in breadth.
Palmas, or Canary, as it is sometimes called, the
chief town, is situate on the coast towards the north-
east end of the island, in the latitude of 28. 43. N.
and 17. A(S. W. long, having a tolerable harbour
for vessels of 100 to 200 tons burthen, sheltered
by a promontory jetting for about two miles into
the sea from the north-east extremity of the
island. Palmas was formerly the ca])ital and seat
of government, both civil and ecclesiastical, of the
whole group of islands, but the governor now re-
sides at Santa Cruz on Teneriffe ; the bishop con-
tinuing at Palmas, the population of which is es-
timated at about 25,000, and the remainder of the
island at about the same number.
Cancale, a town of France, in the department of
llle and Vilaine, seated on a bay of its name, and
celebrated for oysters. The English landed here
in 1758, and proceeded by land to burn the ships
at St. Malo. It is nine miles east of St. Malo,
and 40 N. N. W. of Rennes Pop. about 3,000.
Caadahar, or Kandahar, a province of Afgha-
nistan, lying between the 31st and .34th degree
of north latitude, and the 65th and 70th of east
long. ; the chief city, of the same name, is situate
on the frontier of the Persian province of Sigis-
tan. in the lat. of 33. N. and 65. 30. of E. long
During the entirety of the Persian and Mogul
empires, it was considered the most important
barrier between the two territories, and it was for-
merly the capital and seat of government of ♦he
whole Afghan territory, which is now at Caoul.
It is however still an important place, both as a
fortress and of commercial intercourse See .Af-
ghanistan.
Candeish. a province of the Deccanof Hindoos-
tan, subject to the Poonah Mahrattas ; bounded on
the N. by Malwa, E. by Berar, south by Dowlata-
bad and W.by Baglana. The soil is fertile, though
mountainous, and produces abundance of cotton
Burhampour, which surrendered to the British in
1803, is the capital.
Candcs. a town of France, in the department of
Indre and Loire, at the confluence of the Vienne
with the Loire, 30 m. W. S.W. of Tours.
Candia, an island in the Mediterranean, for-
merly Crete, lying to the south of the Archipela
CAN
n»
CAN
go. It is ISO mil«s long, from west to east, and
50 broad, and pervaded by a chain of mountains.
The soil is fertile ; and it abounds in fine cattle,
sheep, swine, poultry, and game. The chief pro-
ducts are corn, wine, oil, wool, silk, and honey.
' It was taken by the Turks in 1669, after a war of
25 years. It was invaded by the Venetians, in
1692, without effect. Mount Ida, so famous in
history, is in the middle of this island ; beside the
capital of the same name, the other principal
towns are Canea, Retimo, Nuovo, Legortino, and
Setia. Tota.1 population about 230,000, in nearly
an equal proportion of Greeks and Turks.
Candia, the capital of the island of the same
name, and the see of a Greek archbishop. Though
populous formerly, little of it remains beside the
walls and the market place ; and the harbour is
now fit for nothing but boats. It is seated on the
north side of the island, about 240 m. S. S. W. of
Smyrna. Long. 25. 18. E. lat 35. 19. N. Pop.
about 13,000.
Candia, p.t. Rockingham Co. N. H., 36 m. fr.
Portsmouth. Pop. 1,362.
Candiemas Isles, two islands in the Southern
Ocean, near Sandwich Land. Long. 27. 13. W.
lat. 57. 10. S.
Candor, p.t. Tioga Co. N. Y. 177 m. W. Alba-
ny. Pop. 2,653.
Candy, formerly a kingdom, comprising the
greater part of the interior of the island of Cey-
lon ; the chief town, of the same name, is situate
nearly in the centre of the island, on the banks of
a river called the Malivaganga, which falls into
the sea by several channels on the east side. The
town consists principally of one street about two
miles in length ; the principal buildings being the
former king's palace and the temple of Boodh.
It surrendered to a British force in March 1815,
and was annexed with the whole of the Island
Ceylon, to the British dominions. Candy is about
70 m. E. N. E. of Colombo, and 85 S. W. of Trin-
comalee.
Canea, a strong town in the island of Candia,
with a good harbour. The environs are adorned
with olive-trees, vineyards, gardens, and brooks,
bordered with myrtle and laurel roses. It was
taken from the Venetians by the Turks, in 1645,
after a defence of two months, in which the vic-
tors lost 25,000 men. It is seated on the north
coast of the island, 63 m. W. by N. of Candia.
Long. 24. 7. E. lat. 35. 27 N.
Caneadea, p.t. Alleghany Co. N. York. Pop.
782.
Canelle, a town of Piedmont, at the south ex-
tremity of Asti, 12 m. S. S. E. of the town of
Asti. Pop. about 3,000.
Canete. (See Caifnete.)
Caneto, a town of Italy, in the Mantuan, seve-
ral times taken and retaken by the French and
Austrians. It is seated on the Oglio, 20 m. W.
ofMantua.
Canfield, p.t. Trumbull Co. Ohio.
Camsa, a town of the kingdom of Congo, on
the river Zaire, 280 m. N. E. of St. Salvador.
Long. 17. 10. E. lat. 2. 10. S.
Cangiano, a town of Naples, in Principato Cite-
riore, 40 m. E. by S. of Salerno.
Cangoxima, a strong seaport of Japan, on the
most southern verge of the isle of Ximo, or Kiusiu,
with a commodious harbour. At the entrance of
the haven is a light-house, on a lofty rock ; and
at the foot of the rock is a convenient road for
shipping. Here are large and sumptuous maga-
zines, belonging to the emperor, some of which
are proof against fire. Long. 132. 15. £. lat. 32
10. N.
Caniy.a, a town of European Turkey, in Alba
nia, near the entrance of the Gull of Venice, 8 m
S. E. of Avlona.
Canischa, a strong town of Lower Hungary. It
was taken, in 1600, by the Turks, who held it till
1690, when it was taken by the Austrians, after a
blockade of two years, and ceded to the empteror
by the peace of Carlov/itz. It is seated on the
bank of a small lake, 12 m. N. of the Drave River,
and 85 m. S. S. W. of Raab. Long. 17. 10. E.
lat. 46. 30. N.
Canisteo, p.t. Steuben Co. N. Y., 260 m. S. W.
Albany. Pop. 620.
Ca.nna, one of the Hebrides of Scotland, S. W
of the Isle of Skye. It is four miles long and one
broad ; the high parts producing excellent pasture
for cattle, and the low is tolerably fertile. Here
are many basaltic columns. On the S. E. side ,
of Canna is Sand Island, separated by a narrow
channel ; and between them is a well frequented
harbour. Long. 6. 38. W. lat. 57. 13. N.
Cannes, or Cagnes, a small seaport at the S. E.
extremity of France, distinguished as the place
of debarkation of Napoleon from Elba, on the 1st
of March, 1815. It is about 6 m. S. W. of Nice.
Canobia, a town of Italy, in the Milanese, on
the lake Maggiore, 35 m. N. N. W. of Milan.
Canoge, a town of Hindoostan, in the province
of Agra. It is said to have been the capital of
all Hindoostan, under the predecessor of Porus.
who fought against Alexander ; and that in the
6th century it contained 30,000 shops in which
betel-nut was sold. It is now reduced to the size
of a middling town, and seated on the Calini, near
its conflux with the Ganges, 110 m. E. by S. of
Agra. Long. 80. 13. E. lat. 27. 3. N.
Canonshurg, p.t. Washington Co. Pa. 18 m. S.
W. Pittsburg. Here is a Seminary, founded in
1802, called Jefferson College. It has 7 instruct-
ers, 120 students, and a library of 2,500 vols.
There are 2 vacations in May and October. Com-
mencement is in September. The town has an
elevated and plea.sant situation.
Canosa, a town of Naples, in Terra di Bari,
which stands on part of the site of the ancient
Canusium, one of the most magnificent cities of
Italy. Between Canosa and the river Ofanto are
still some traces of the ancient town of Cannes,
in the plain of which was fought the celebrated
battle between Hannibal and the Romans, where-
in the latter lost 45,000 men. Canosa is 4 m.
W. by N. of Trani.
Canoul, a town of Hindoostan, in Golconda,
capital of a circar of the same name, seated on
the south bank of the Toombudra River, 110 m.
S. S. W. of Hydrabad. Long. 78. 7. E. lat.
15. 48. N.
Canourgue, a town of France, in the depart-
ment of Lozere, with a trade in cattle and woolen
stuffs, seated near the Lot,13 m. S. W. of Mende.
Canco, a seaport at the S. E. extremity of Nova
Scotia. Near the town is a fine fishery for cod.
Long. 60. 55. W. lat. 45. 20. N.
Canso, Chit of, a strait about 25 m. in length
and from a half to a mile wide, between the east
end of Nova Scotia and Cape Breton, leading
from the Atlantic Ocean through Chedabucto
Bay into St. George's Bay, in the Gulf of St.
Lawrence.
Canstadt, a town of Suabia, in the kingdom of
Wurtemburg, with a manufacture of printed
cottons. In the neighbourhood are some me
CAN
100
CAN
dicinal spnngs. It is seated on the Neckar, three
m. N. E. of Stuttgard.
Cantal, an interior department in the south of
France, including part of the late province of
Auvergne. It is so called from a mountain, near
the centre of the department, whose summit is
always covered with snow. The capital is St.
Flour. Pop. about 2.')0,000.
Cantazaro, a town of Naples, in Calabria Cite-
riore, near the sea, 26 m. S. W. of St. Severino.
Canterbury, a city of Kent, Eng. capital of the
county, and the see of an archbishop, who is pri-
mate of all England. It was the Durovernum
of the Romans, and founded before the Christian
era. The cathedral, a large structure, was once
famous for the shrine of Thomas a Becket, a tur-
bulent priest, who was murdered here in 1170,
and afterwards made a saint. In this cathedral
are interred Henry IV. and Edward the Black
Prince. The city has likewise 14 parish church-
es ; the remains of many Roman antiquities ;
and an ancient castle, with walls and a deep
ditch ; and a grammar-school founded by Henry
VIII. It is a county of itself, p-overned by a may-
or ; find is noted for excel liv I hrawn. The adja-
cent country produces aburdmce of hops. It is
seated on the river Stour, o-i m. E. S. E. of Lon-
don, on the high road to Dover, from which it is
distant 17 m. Pop. in 1821, 12,754.
Canterbury, p.t. Merrimiick Co. N. H. 9 m. from
Concord. Pop. 1,663. Il-ne is a village of Sha-
kers.
Canteroury, p.t. Windl i i Co. Conn. 40 m. E.
Hartford. Pop. 1,881. PJcre are some manufac-
tories of cotton and woolea. Also a town in Kent
Co. Del.
Canth, a town of Silesia, on the river Weistritz,
15 m. S. W. of Breslau.
Cantin, Cape, a promontory of the Atlantic
Ocean, on the coast of Morocco. Lonw. 9. 5. W.
lat. 32. 33. N.
Canton, a city, seaport, and capital of Quang-
tong, the most southern province of China, and
the only port in that vast empire with which Eu-
ropeans are permitted to hold any intercourse ; it
is finely situated at the head of a bay, into which
flow two large rivers, one from the westward,
which by numerous colla(eral branches intersects
all the southern part of the empire, and the otlier
from the north, which, by a portage of only one
day's journey, communicates with the great chain
of inland waters that intersects every other pro-
vince. These rivers afford a facility of conveyance
by water, which renders Canton peculiarly well
adapted for the great outp<.-rt of the empire The
harbour is very commodiC'Us. and being sheltered
by several small islands, it affords secure moor-
ings for the innumerable barks or junks which
navigate the inland wateis ; all the foreign ships
anchor several miles distant from the town, not
on account of the incapacity of the harbour to ac
commodate them, but from the peculiarly jealoui
■policy lyf the Chinese, which seems to dread noth-
mg so much as sociality of intercourse. Canton
consists of three towns, divided by high walls, but
80 conjoined as to form almost a regular square.
The streets are long and straight, paved with flag-
stones, and adorned with trmmphal arches. The
houses in general have only one floor, built of
earth or brick, some of them fantastically colour-
ed, and covered with tiles. The better class of
people are carried about in chairs ; but the com-
mon sort walk barefooted and bareheaded. At the
end of every street is a barrier, which is shut every
evening, as well as the gates of the city. The Eu
ropeans and Americans occupy a range of build-
ings termed the factories, fronting a spacious quay
along the bank of the harbour, without the city;
and no foreigner is permitted to enter without
the special permission of the viceroy, which is sel-
dom obtained.
There are 40,000 sampans or boats upon the
river, which contains above 100,000 people who
live constantly upon the water. The wall around
the city is 4 or 5 miles in extent. The city con-
tains vast numbers of triumphal arches and tem-
ples richly adorned with statues. The streets
are crowded with passengers to such a degree that
it is difficult to get along. The European or Amer-
ican visiter is struck with the variety and oddity
of the different articles offered for sale in the
streets and markets. If he is in quest of a dainty
morsel of fresh meat he may here purchase a fin©
lot of rats, cats and puppies, which the Chinese
esteem particularly nice for making pies ! The
foreign trade of Canton resolves itself into a mo-
nopoly more peculiar and oppressive than any
where else exists, (except the Bank of England
and East India Company in London) it is vested
in 12 persons precisely on the same principle as
the 12 Jews are permitted to act as brokers in
the city of London, each paying a large premium
for the privilege of trading, or in other words, as
far as the principle applies in China, for the priv-
ilege of extorting from and oppressing the produ-
cers of the commodities in which they trade.
There is, however, this difference in China ; whilst
each of the 12 individuals all trade on separate
account, they are collectively amenable, as well
to foreigners as the government, for any default
or mulct imposed upon any one or more of them
individually ; whilst each of the Jew brokers of
London is only responsible for his own acts. In
addition to the external commerce of Canton, it
also appears to be the seat of almost every branch
of manufacture, more especially of silks and
household gods ; and as from the circumstance of
there being no public worsliip in China, every
house has its own collection of idols, the manu-
facture of these forms one of the most important
branches of occupation. The main article of ex-
port from Canton is tea, which since 1798, to
England alone, has averaged about 25 millions of
lbs., whilst to America and other parts (since
1815 more especially) it has been gradually in-
creasing, making an aggregate average quantity
annually exported at the period of 3826, of about
40 milUons of lbs. The other principal articles
exported to England are raw silk and nankeens,
CAN
161
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of the former about 250,000 lbs. weight, and of
the latter, about 600,000 pieces of four and seven
yards each, annually ; a few manufactured silks
and crapes, fans, ivory chess men, fancy ooxes,
and other toys, soy, and ink, constitute the re-
maining exports to England, which employs
about 25 sail of ships annually, of about 1 ,200 tons
each. The reimbursement by the English for the
above productions is made in cotton, wool, opium,
and some other articles from Bombay and Ben-
gal, and in woolen cloths, lead, &<5. from Eng-
land, to the amount of about £700,000 annually
In addition to the trade direct to England, there
is also an extensive traffic on English account
between the different ports of India and Canton,
which consists in a reciprocal interchange of the
productions of the respective countries, and in
which porcelain forms a considerable article of
export from Canton. The intercourse of America
with Canton is maintained on the part of Ameri-
ca with furs from the N. W. coast, sandal wood,
and the edible birdsnests collected among the
eastern islands, and v/ith dollars. A considerable
portion of the tea exported in American ships,
being on account and risk of the Chinese mer-
chants, more especially the portion brought to
Hamburg, Antwerp, and other European ports, is
wholly reimbursed in specie. The imposts of
the government on its external commerce are
levied on the length and breadth of the shipping
entering and leaving the port. The following
statement of the amount of duties returned to the
Chinese treasury for the year 1822, will best show
the extent and proportion of the three great
branches into which the external commerce of
Canton resolves itself: viz. 1st. that with the
English East India Company ; 2nd. that with the
different ports of British India; 3rd. that with
America : —
On Import. On Export.
English East Ind. Com. 395,112 460,042
Country Trade, .... 118,533 80,623
America, 276,578 339,409
Total Tale, . . 790,224 880,076
The Tale being only equal to 6s. 8d. of English
money, the whole impost will be seen to amount,
according to the above statement, to only £556,-
800, not equal to the amount levied on the single
article of coals alone, at the port of London ; and
yet such is the extent and insidious nature of the
intermediate oppression of the Chinese Hong, (or
council, which is the term by which the 12 privi-
leged merchants of Canton are collectively called)
on one side ; and the English East India Compa-
ny on the other, that whilst the 25,000,000 lbs. of
tea annually consumed in Great Britain and Ire-
land, costs the consumer, on an average, at least
78 per lb., it does not yield to the producer, inclu-
ding the inland conveyance to Canton, an aver-
age of 3 l-2d. per lb. In 1823 several thousand
houses in Canton were destroyed by fire, but the
ground has since been rebuilt upon, the population
is estimated at about 2-50,000. It is in the lat.
of 23. 8. N. and 113. 2. of E. long, being 16. deg.
47. or about 1,190 British statute^miles S. by W.
of Pekin, the metropolis of the empire.
Canton, p.t. Norfolk Co. Mass. 14 m. S. W.
Boston. Pop. 1,517. It has some manufactures.
Also, a p.t. Hartford Co. Con. Pop. 1 ,437. Also
a p.t. St. Lawrence Co. N. Y. Fop. 2,440. Also
5 other towns in Pa., Ohio, Ten. and Va.
CarUyre, or Kintyre, a peninsula of the west
cowt of Scotland, in Argyleahire, 35 miles lon^
and 7 broad, connected on the north by an isthmus^
scarce a mile broad, to the mountainous district
of Knapdale. To the south the peninsula termi-
nates in a great promontory, surrounded by a
group of dangerous rocks, called the Mull of Can-
tyre, on which is a light-house, in the lat. of 55.
17. N. and 5. 41. W. long. It is a mountainous
district, with some fertile spots. The chief town
is Cambelton. The other towns are Kirkmichael
Ballachintea, Killean, Kilcahnonil, and Skipnes
Total pop. in 1821, 20,66.3.
Cany, a town of France, in the department of
Lower Seine, situate in a country which produces
great quantities of corn and flax, 26 miles north-
west of Rouen.
Caorlo, a small island in the gulf of Venice, on
the coast of Friuli. It has a town of the same
name, 20 m. S. W. of Aquileia. Long. 12. 36. E
lat. 45. 42. N.
Capacio. a town of Naples, in Principato Citeri-
ore, 20 m.'S. E. of Salerno.
Cape Breton, an island forming part of the Brit-
ish dominions in America, lying between the
north end tf Nova Scotia, from which it is sepa-
rated by the Gut of Canso ; and the south-west
point of Newfoundland, from which it is separa-
ted by the principal entrance into the Gulf of St.
Lawrence. It extends, in a north by east direction
from the lat. of 45. 30. to 47. 6. N. and from the
long, of 59. 45. to 61. 35. W. forming a barrier be-
tween the Atlantic Ocean and the gulf, which
it completely landlocks and forms into a vast in-
land sea ; the passage between the north-east end
and Newfoundland being about 65 miles wide,
intercepted, however, by the island of St. Paul,
and just within the gulf by the Magdalen group
of isles. Cape Breton is indented from north to
south by spacious bays, dividing it into two isl-
ands joined together by a very narrow isthmus.
The coast on all sides is also much indented by
bays, making the figure of the land very irregu-
lar. Its area, however, amounts to about 40,000
sq. miles. The French first formed a settlement
upon this island in 1712, which surrendered to a
British force from New England in 1745, and was
confirmed, with all tlie other French possessions
in North America, to England, by the treaty of
1763. Its most distinguishing property is it rich
strata of coal of superior quality ; with some drea-
ry surface it also presents some very fertile spots,
well wooded, and containing a variety of wild
animals, the skins of which form a branch of its
traffic ; and should the colonies of England ever
be rendered subservient in promoting the mutual
interests of both the settlers and the British peo-
ple. Cape Breton, at present, as little known to
the people at large as though it had no existence,
might be made very instrumental in promoting a
highly beneficial and reciprocal intercourse.
Louisbourg, the chief town, is situate on the At-
lantic coast, in the lat. of 45. 54. N. and 59. 55. W.
long. The chief occupation of the people not
only of Louisbourg but of the whole island, in
addition to agriculture, is the cod fishery, which
they pursue to some extent for the West India and
other markets. Total population of the island
about 4,000. It was constituted a separate gov-
ernment in 1784, under a lieutenant-governor ap-
pointed by the king ; but by a stretch of authority
on the part of the legislative assembly and coun-
cil of Nova Scotia, it has reverted as a province to
that government, to which it was originally at-
tached.
Cape Girardeau, a county n£ Missouri, lyin|;
o3
CAP
162
CAP
between the St. Francis and Mississippi rivers,
just above the junction of the Ohio with the Mis-
sissippi, in the lat. of 37. N. It is 40 miles in
length, from north to south, and about 20 in mean
breadth. Pop. 7,430. There is a town of the
same name on the west bank of the Mississippi;
but Jackson, further north in the interior, 80 m.
S. S. E. of St. Louis, and about GOO N. N. W. of
New Orleans, is the chief town.
Cape of Good Hope, a territory comprising the
whole southern extremity of Africa, discovered
by the Portuguese navigator, Bartholomew Diaz,
in 1493, who gave it the name of Cabo Tormento-
30, from the boisterous weather which he met with
near it; but Emanuel, king of Portugal, on the
return. of Diaz, changed its name to that of Cape
of Good Hope, from the hope he entertained of
finding a passage beyond it to India ; and in this
he was not deceived, for Vasco de Gama, having
doubled this cape on the 20th November, 1497,
proceeded to India, and landed at Calicut, on the
22d of May, 1498. The Cape of Good Hope was
was first touched at by the Dutch in 1600, and in
1650, they established a settlement at this place
of which they held undisturbed possession for
nearly 150 years. The cape or promontory which
gives name to the territory is about 1 3 leagues
W. N. W. of Cape Agulhas, which it' the ex-
treme S. point of the African continent, and
the territory extends northward to the lat. of
about 30. S. and eastward from the shore of the
Atlantic Ocean in 18., to that of the Indian Ocean
in 28. of E. long, being about 560 miles from W.
to E. with a mean breadth of about 200 from S. to
N. giving an area of about 112,000 square miles.
This extensive territory was taken from the
Dutch, by the English in 1795 ; but restored to
Holland at the peace of Amiens in 1802 ; retaken
in 1806, and confirmed to Great Britain by the
congress at Vienna in 1816, and it now forms
part of the British dominions. From the southern
extremity to the latitude of about 30, the ground
rises by three successive gradations to the height
of 5 or 6,000 feet above the level of the sea.
The quagga or wild ass of South Africa is found
in herds in this quarter, but has lately grown
scarce in the territory of the cape. The back
mountain ridge in some places rising to the height
of 9,000 to 10,000 feet. This variation in altitude
is subject to almost every variety of climate, and
the surface is as various as the climate, there be-
ing much dreary and sterile territory, some very
fine pastures, and some exceedinjrly fertile arablo
land. The capriciousness of the seasons, however,
is such as to render the pursuit of tillage exceed-
ingly hazardous, though, when the seasons are fa-
vourable, the produce is superabundant. The
culture of the vine seems attended with less risk,
and is likely to supersede the attention to agricul-
ture beyond what is necessary for the subsistence
of the colony. The surplus produce of wine, expor-
ted during the eight )'ears 18)7 to 1824, averaged
about 4,500 pij)es per annum. In 1819, an attempt
was made to establish a settlement at Algoa Bay,
towards the eastern extremity of the southern
coast, in the long, of 25. 42. E. about 450 miles
east of the settlement at the Hope Cape, but the
seasons in succession cutting off all tiie crops, the
settlers were all subjected to the extreme of priva-
tion. By due attention, however, to the nature
of the climate, and application of the soil to pur-
poses for which it is best adapted, the Cape terri-
tory in the aggregate is doubtless susceptible of
being rtndered subservient to the highest degree
of comfort and enjoyment of the settlers, and re-
ciprocally so to the inhabitants of Great Britain. It
is divided into four districts ; viz. the Cape, Zwel-
lendam, Stellenbosch, and Graff Reynet. The
Cape district com prises the promontory which gives
name to the territory. The promontory jets into
the Southern Ocean, at the south-west extremity.
On each side of this promontory is a bay frequent-
ed alternately as the winds prevail ; that on the
east side, in the Southern Ocean, is called False
Bay, restored to during the prevalence of north and
north-west winds, and that on the west side, in
the Atlantic Ocean, is called Table Bay, which
affords tolerable shelter during the prevalence of
south and south-east winds. They are, however,
both destitute of convenient harbours. There are
two other bays north ot Table Bay ; Saldanha, in
the lat. of 33. 7. S. and St. Helens in 32. 40. both
of which have more convenient harbours than eith-
er of the other two ; but, being deficient in fresh
water, they are not much frequented. On the
shore of Table Bay, in the lat. of 33. 56. S. and
18. 28. E. long, is the chief town of the colony,
called Cape-town, rising in the midst of a desert,
surrounded by black and dreary mountains. To
the south-east of the town are some vineyards,
which yield the famous wine called Constantia.
The store-houses built by the Dutch East India
Company are situate next the water, and the pri-
vate buildings lie beyond them, on a gentle ascent
toward the mountains. The castle, or principal
fort, which commands the road, is on the east side ;
and another strong fort, called Amsterdam fort, is
on the west side. The streets are broad and reg-
ular ; and the houses, in general, are built of
stone, and white-washed. There are barracks
for 2,000 men, built on one side of a spacious plain,
which serves for a parade. There are two other
large squares, in one of which the market is held,
and the other serves to assemble the numerous
waggons and vehicles bringing in the produce
from the country. There is another large building
erected by the Dutch for a marine hospital, and a
house for the accomodation of the government
slaves: the government house, a town hall, and
a Calvinist and Lutheran church, constitute the
remainder of the public buildings. The popula-
tion in 1826 amounted to about 20,000, more than
one-half of whom were Hottentots, Negro and
Malay slaves, and people of colour. The Table
Mountain, so called from the flatness of its main
^ ummit, rises from immediately behind the town
to the height of 3,592 feet above the level of the
sea, having a collateral peak on the east 3,315 feet
in height, and another on the west 2,160 feet. The
profitable productions of the colony, taken as a
whole, are wine, grain, all the European and most
of the tropical fruits, vegetables of every descrip-
tion, cattle, and sheep. At the foot of the Table
Mountain are considerable plantations of the pro-
tea argentea, or silver tree (a species of the protea
peculiar to this spot,) the stone pine, and the
white poplar. Avenues of oak adorn the country
houses, and this tree grows rapidly throughout the
colony, but rarely to any perfection as timber. It
is constantly cut down, with the rest of the few for-
est trees of the Cape, forfuel, which is so scarce that
most families in decent circumstances keep a
slave employed entirely in collecting it. On the
eastern side of the mountains that run northward
from the Cape, and at the southern foot of the
Zwartzberg or Black Mountains, are some good
pasture farms, and whole plains of the common
aloe, which forms a considerable article of trade
CAP
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In these parts are great numbers of the gazelle or
hart beest, as the Dutch call it. This is one of
the most common animals of the territory. The
markets are well supplied with fish from the open
sea, and from the numerous inlets of the coast.
Cape May, a maritime county, forming a prom-
ontory at the south extremity of the state of New
Jersey. The cape, at the extreme south point, is
in lat. 38. 57. N., the west side being washed by
Delaware Bay, and the east to great Egg harbour,
in the lat. of 39. 18. N., by the Atlan~tic Ocean,
this side in its whole extent being flanked by a
chain of islands. Pop. of the county, 4,945.
The court-house of the county is 102 m. S. of
Trenton.
*^* For numerous other capes see their respec-
tive names.
Capelle, a town of France in the department of
Aisne, 10 m. N. E. of Guiese.
Capestan, a town of France, in the department
of Herault, near the river Aude and the ca-
nal of Languedoc, 6 m. west of Beziers.
Capfion Springrs, p. v. Frederic Co. Va. At this
place are mineral springs resorted to by invalids.
Capitanata, a province of Naples, east of the
Apennines, bounded on the east for about 70 miles
by the Adriatic, varying in breadth from 40 to 80
miles, containing an area of about 3,500 square
miles, and 270,000 inhabitants. It is watered by
several streams falling into the Adriatic. The
chief town upon the coast is Manfredonia ; and
Lucera, 35 m. W. of Manfredonia, and 90 E. by
N. of the city of Naples, is the chief town.
Capo Fino, a barren rock in the territory of
Grenoa, with a castle on its eastern peak. Near it is
a port of the same name, 13 m. E. S. E. of Genoa.
Long. 8. 5(5. E.^t. 44. 20. N.
Capo £ Istria, a town of Italy, capital of Istria,
and a bishop's see. It stands on a small island
in the gulf of Trieste, connected with the conti-
nent by acauseway, which is defended by a castle.
The principal revenue consists in wine and salt.
It is 8 m. S. of Trieste. Long. 14 0. E. lat.
45. 40. N. Pop. about 5,000.
Cappet, a town of Denmark, in the duchy of
Sleswick, on the east coast, 16 m. N. E. of Sles-
wick.
Caprarla, an isle in the Mediterranean, to the
N. E. of Corsica, 15 miles in circumference. It
has a town of the same name, with a good har-
bour defended by a castle. It is included in the
Sardinian States. Pop. about 2,000. Long. 9. 5C.
E. lat. 43. 5. N.
Capri, an island in the Mediterranean, at the
entranr^e of the gulf of Naples, nearly opposite
Sorrento. It is nv« miles long and two broad,
with steep shores, accessible only in two places ;
and was the retreat of the emperor Tiberius, who
here spent the last ten years of his life in luxu-
rious debauchery. A vast quantity of quails come
here every year ; and the tenth of what are caught,
forms a great part of the revenue of tlie bishop,
who is hence called the Bishop of Quails. Pop.
about 3,600.
Capri, the capital of the island of the same
name, and a bishop's see, with a castle. It was
once a delightful place, embellished with magnifi-
cent works, which were demolished after the
death of Tiberius. It is 27 miles S. S. W of
Naples Long. 14. 10. E. lat. 40. 32. N.
Caprycke, a town of the Netherlands, 18 m. E.
of Brushes, on tlie road to Phillipina. Pop. abcut
3,500.
Capua, a strong city of Naples, in Terra di
Lavoro, and an archbishop's see, with a citadel.
It is two miles from the ancient Capua, and was
built out of its ruins. No city in Italy, except
Rome, contains a greater number of ancient in-
scriptions. In 1803 it suffered much by an earth-
quake, and a number of cavalry were buried un-
der the ruins of their barracks. It stands at the
foot of a mountain, on the rivfr Volturno, 20 m.
N. of Naples. Long. 14. 19. E. lat. 41. 7. N.
Cara, a river of Russia, which issues from the
north extremity of the Ural mountains, and flows
into the gulf of Karskoi, in the Arctic Ocean;
forming the boundary between Europe and Asia,
for the space of about 140 miles.
Caracas, a territory extending along the north-
ern coast of South America, between the 64th
and 70th degree of W. long. It was first discov-
ered by Columbus, on his third voyage, in 1493.
Several attempts were immediately after made
by Spanish adventurers to form settlements,
which being partially effected, it was sold by
Charles V. of Spain to a company of German
trading adventurers, who, by their intolerable op-
pressions, were expelled the country in 1550.
It was then formed into a captain-generalship,
under the command of a supreme governor ap-
pointed by the king of Spain, under whose
sovereignty it remained in undisturbed possession
up to 1806. When the events of the war, which
flesolated Europe from 1793 had cut off all
direct intercourse between Spain and her exter-
nal possessions, a futile attempt was made by
General Miranda to revolutionize this part of
South America. In 1810, however, when the
French had obtained the entire possession of Spain,
and proclaimed the sovereignty of all its external
possessions, a congress was convened of deputies
from all the provinces of the captain-generalship
of Caracas, to devise measures either for the es-
tablishment of an independent government, or
for effecting some modification in the then e.xist-
ing one. This led to internal dissensions and in-
veterate hostility between the two parties ; one, ad-
vocates for maintaining the government as it then
existed, which were supported by Spain on the
restoration of Ferdinand in 1812, and the other,
who placed General Bolivar in the command of
their armed forces, resolved upon acceding to
nothing short of unqualified independence. The
contest continued with alternate success up to
the close or the year 1819, when on the 19th of
of December a union was effected between
the provinces of Caracas and those of New
Granada, and on the 24th of June, 1821 the
last battle was fought, which decided the fate
of the pretensions of Spain and the final extinction
CAR
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of its aiithority over all this part of South Ameri-
ca. This territory then became one great republic
under the denomination of Coloml)ia.
Caracas, or Leon de Caraats, the chief town of
New Venezuela, a province of the republic of Co-
lombia, is situated on an elevated plain, 2,900 feet
above the level of the sea, at a distance of about 8
m. from tlie shore, in the lat. of 10. 'M. N. and 67. of
W. long. Notwithstanding its altitude, it is wa-
tered by two or three streams, whilst, by its eleva-
tion it enjoys a comparatively temperate and de-
lightful climate. The town is regularly laid out
and has two or three squares, a cathedral, college,
and several churches, but none remarkable for
architectural beauty. The population in 1802 was
estimated at 42,000, but an eartliquake in March,
1812, destroyed 12,000 of the number, as well as
great part of the tov^rn. Its markets are well sup-
plied with almost every luxury as well as neces-
sary of life. (See Lasuira.)
Caraman, a town of France, in the department
of Upper Garonne, 20 m. S. E. of Toulouse. Pop.
about 2,300.
CaramatiiM, a province of Asiatic Turkey, to
the east of Natolia. It comprehends the ancient
Pamphilia, and a great part of Cilicia, Pisidia, and
Cappadocia. It contains several lakes, which a-
bound with fish, and furnish great quantities of
salt, and the Kisil Jermak river intersects the
eastern part of the province, running north into
the Black Sea. Cogni, or Konieh, in the lat. of 38.
10. N. and 32. 25. of E. long, is the capital.
Caranuinta, a district of Colombia, included in
the south part of the province of Magdalena ;
bounded on the west by Ystmo, south by Popayan
and east by Zulia. It is a valley surrounded by
high mountains, and there are waters whence the
natives get salt. The capital, of the same njime,
is seated on the Cauca, 240 m. N. N. E. of Popa-
van. Long. T-'S. 15. W. lat. 5. 18. N.
Carangas, a town of Peru, capital of a district
which contains valuable silver mines, and feeds a
great number of cattle. It is 45 m. W. of Potosi
Carara, properly Carrara, a town of Italy, in
the principality of Massa, celebrated for its quar-
ries of marble of various colours. It is 5 m. N.
N. E. of Massa.
Carasui, a lake of European Turkey, in Bul-
garia, 55 miles in circumference, containing sev-
eral islands. It is formed by a branch of the Dan-
ube, not far from its entrance into the Black Sea.
Caravaya,a. town of Peru, capital of a jurisdic-
tion of the same name. It is 100 miles S. E.
of Cuzco. Long. GD. 30. W. lat. 14. 40. S.
Carhonne, a town of France, in the department
of Upper Garonne, on the east bank of the river
Garonne, 25 m. S. by W. of Toulouse. Pop. about
2,000.
Carragante, a town of Valencia, on the south
bank of the river Xucar, 25 m. S. of the city of
Valencia.
Carcassone, a city of France, capital ot the de
partment of Aude, and a bishop's see It is situ-
ate on the line of the grand canal of Languedoc,
and divided into the upper and lower town by the
Aude, over which is a stone bridge. In the upper
town, called the city, are a strong castle and the
cathedral. The lower town is square, regularly
built, and kept very neat, by means of an aque-
duct which brings the waters of the Aude to dif-
ferent fountains. Here are manufactures of all
sorts of cloth. It is 35 m. W. of Narbonne, and
60 S. E. of Toulouse. Pop. about 15,000.
Carculla, or Cariad, a town of Hindoostan, in
Canara, chiefly inhabited by shopkeepers. In an
open temple here is the image of a naked man, 38
feet in height by 19 in thickness, made of one
piece of granite. Much rice, ginger, turmeric,
and betel-nut, is raised in the vicinity. It is seat-
ed between two lakes, or tanks, which give source
to two rivers, 20 m. N. bj' E. of Manpalore.
Cardiff, a borough and seaport of VVales, capital
of Glamorganshire. It is seated on the Taafe,
over which there is a handsome bridge of five
arches. Its castle was an elegant Gothic struc-
ture, but has lately undergone a motley repair.
The town was formerly encompassed by a wall,
and vestiges of its four gates yet remain. The
constable of the castle is the chief magistrate, who
is called mayor ; and here the assizes for the
county are held. Near the town are some iron
works, and a canal, e.xtending 25 miles, to the
gre.al iron works at Merthyr Tidvil. In tiic castle
died Robert, duke of Normandy, eldest son of
Willianj the Conqueror, after having been blind-
ed, and confined 28 years, by his brother Henry
I. Cardiff is 40 miles west of Bristol, 47 east of
Swansea, and 100 west of London. Loner. 3. 12.
W. lat. 51. 28. N. Pop. in 1821, 3,521.
Cardigan, a maritime county of South Wales,
extending for about 50 miles along the shore of
St. George's Channel, from the river Ticvy, which
divides it from Pembroke and Caermarthenshires
on the south, to the Dovey, which divides it from
Merionethshire, north ; being about 30 miles in
mean breadth, bounded on the east by the coun-
ties of Montgomery, Radnor, and Brecknock.
The Rheidal and one or two other rivers intersec
the county from east to west. Parts of this coun
ty are very fertile, both in tillage and pasture,
which enables the inhabitants to produce a consid-
erable surplus of grain, and small black cattle,
with which, and some few sheep and wool, they
obtain a tolerable supply of manufactured and co-
lonial productions. The principal towns besides
Cardigan are Aberystwith and Llanbeder.
Cardigan, the chief town of the preceding
county, is situate at the mouth of the Tievy, over
which is a handsome bridge of seven arches, at the
S. W. extremity of the county. It had formerly
a strong and an extensive castle, of which but
little now remains. It was from hence that the
first descent upon Ireland was made by the Eng-
lish. The church is a spacious edifice ; the
county gaol and hall have been rebuilt within
the present century. It is a corporate town, gov-
erned by a mayor, 12 aldermen, &c. and unites
with Aberystwith and Llanbeder in returning
one member to Parliament. Pop, in 1821, 2.397.
It is 25 m. E. N. E. of St. David's Head, 132 m.
west of Gloucester, and about the same distance
due east of Waterford, in Ireland. Its commerce
by sea is confined to the coast.
Cardigan Bay, is formed by St. David's Head,
the western point of Pembrokeshire, south, in the
lat. of 51. 44. N. and 5. 17. 'W . long, and Bardsey
Island, off the S. W. point of Caernarvonshire
north, in the laL of 52. 44. and 4. 39. of W. long.;
the main coast of Caernarvonshire being in the
long, of about 4. it gives a stretch of about 40
miles from W. to E. and 50 from S. to N. within
the bay.
Cardona,tL town of Spain, in Catalonia, with a
castle. Near it is a mountain of solid rock salt,
of which are made vases, snuff boxes, and trink-
ets ; and there are vineyards that produce excel-
lent wine. It is seated on the Cardenero, 36 m.
N. W. of Barcelona. Pop. about 3,000.
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Carclia, or Russian Finland. (See Wihurg.)
Carentan, a town of France, in the department
ofManche, with an ancient castle, 8 miles from
the sea, and 21 W. of Bayeux. Pop. 2,860.
Cares, or Kareis, a town of European Turkey,
in Macedonia, situate on Mount Athos, 17 m. S.
E. of Salonica.
Careio, a village of Wales, 4 miles E. by N. of
Pembroke, noted for the noble and extensive re-
mains of its castle, situate on a gentle swell above
an arm of Milford Haven. Pop. 975.
Ciirhaix, a town of France in the department
of Finisterre, on the river Yer, 19 m. S. of Mor-
laix.
Carham, a village in Northumberland, Eng. 5
miles east of Kelso. Near it a battle was fought
between the English and Danes, in which 11
bishops and 2 English counts were slain, beside a
great number of soldiers. Here likewise was a
battle between the English and Scots, in 1018, in
which the latter were victorious. In 1370, sir
John Lilburne was defeated near this place, and
taken prisoner by the Scots. Pop. 1,370.
Cariaco, a city in the Colombian new province
of Orinoco, containing a population of about 6,000.
It is about 50 m. E. of Cumana.
Cariaii, a town of Naples, on the sea coast, in
Calabria Citeriore, near the Gulf of Taranto, 25
m. N. of Severino.
Caribbean Sea, that part of the Atlantic Ocean
lying between Cuba, St. Domingo, and Porto Ri-
co, on the north, and the north coast of the new
republic of Colombia on the south, and extending
west from the 62nd to the 84th degree of W. long.
Caribbee Islands, the most eastern islands of
the West Indies, divided into Windward and Lee-
ward Islands. See Indies (Vest.
Caribou, a considerable island in Lake Supe-
rior, toward the east end, claimed by the United
States, as being wholly within their boundary
line.
Carical, a town of Hindoostan, in the Carnar-
tic, where the French had a settlement, which
was taken by the British in 1760. It stands at
the mouth of a branch of the Cavery, 8 m. S. of
Tranquebar.
Cai ignan, or Carnignano, a town of Piedmont,
in a district of the same name, in the south part
of the province of Turin, with a castle, seated on
the river Po, 12 m. S. of Turin. Pop. about
7,000.
Carimo, an island in the straits of Malacca, at
the entrance into the China Sea, in the lat. of 1.
N. and 104. E. long.
Carimon Java, a cluster of islands to the north
of Java, at the principal of which ships touch for
refresh.nent, in their vovage to Borneo. Long.
110. 12. E. lat. 5. 56. S.
Carinacnu, the chief of the Crenadilla Islan Is,
in the West Indies, 16 m. N. N. E. of Grenada.
It produces much cotton, and has a good harbour.
See Grenada.
Carini,, a town of Sicily, seated on a point of
land near the sea, about 16 m. N. W. of PalermD ;
it was the birth-place of Lais.
Carinola, a town of Naples, in Terra di Lavoro,
seated near Mount iVIassico, about 8 m. from the
sea, and 25 m. N. W. of Naples.
Carintlua, Duchy of, an interior province or di-
vision of the Austrian empire, lying betwee i * 'o
at. of 46. 21. and 47. 6. N. and 12. 30. to 14. 50.
of E. long comprising an area of about 3,500 Eng-
lish i?i miles; the west end borders on the Tyrol,
and it is bounded on the north by the bishopric of
Saltzburg and Upper Styria, east by Lower Styria
and south by Upper Carniola, and the Venetian
territory. The river Drave, which rises in the
Tyrol and falls into the Danube at Belgrade, in-
tersects Carinthia its whole extent from W. to E.
receiving several tributary streams, both from the
north and south ; there are also several lakes. It
is a mountainous and woody district, the moun-
tains, yielding abundance of iron, lead, and cop-
per, as well as quicksilver, bismuth, and zinc, and
also the purest marbles, and a variety of gems ;
whilst the forests abound with the finest timber,
the valleys afford some excellent pasturage, as well
as fertile lands for tillage ; but being edged in by
mountains both on the north and south, whilst the
remoteness of the course of the Drave precludes
it from being availed of as a channel of convey-
ance, the rich store of natural products which this
district contains are of little advantage either to
the inhabitants or to the world. Could a water
communication be obtained with the Adriatic,
which, by a social and reciprocal order of society,
might be effected from the west end of the pro-
vince, either by the Tajamento, or the Piave ;
Carinthia might then rank among' the most inter-
esting and important districts of Europe ; but un-
der the bigoted, blind, and unsocializing policy of
Austria, the inhabitants pass away their time in
indolence and apathy, such supply of foreign pro-
ductions as they get being obtained chiefly by
means of cattle, which they drive to the markets
of the towns of Italy. It is divided for local juris-
diction into two parts. Upper, West ; and Lower,
East; the former containing about 175,000 inhab-
itants, and the latter about 105,000. The princi-
[»al towns in the upper part are Gmund and Vil-
ach, and in the lower, Clagenfurt, (which is the
capital of the duchy) Wolfsberg, Wolfenmarck,
Pleyburg, &c. The inhabitants, who speak chiefly
the Sclavonian language, are bigoted adherents to
the mummeries of the Romish church, and con-
tribute to the Austrian government an impost of
about £250,000 English per annum.
Cari.sbrook, a village contiguous to Newport, in
the Isle of Wight, Eng. remarkable for its castle
and church, which are both very ancient. The
church had once a convent of monks annexed,
part of which is now a farm-house, still retaining
the name of the priory. The castle stands on an
eminence, and was the prison of Charles 1. in
1647, before he wiis delivered to the parliament
forces. It is now nominally the seat of the gov-
ernor of the Isle of Wight.
Caristo, or Castel Rosso, an episcopal town of
Greece, at the south extremity of the island of
Negropont. Long. 21. 35. E. lat. 38. 34. N.
Carlely, Old and New, two towns on the coast
of West Bothnia, about 50 m. N. of Wasa.
Carlentini. See Lentini.
Carlingford, a populous parish and town in (he
county of Louth, Ireland. The parish comprises
a promontory between Dundalk and Carlingford
Bays; and in 1821, contained a population of
10,921. The town is situate on the south shore
of the bay of Carlingford, and is noted for its oys-
ter fishery ; it is a corporate town, and returned
two members to the Irish Parliament. It is 8 m.
S. of Newry, and 52 N. of Dublin, and in 1821
contained 1,275 of the inhabitants of the parish.
Carlinwark, or Castle Douglas, a village of Scot-
land, at the N. corner of a lake of its name, 7 m.
N. E. of Kirkcudbright, with a considerable manu-
facture of cotton. Pop. 750.
Carlisle, a city, bishop's see, and capital of th»
CAR
isr
CAR
county of Cumberland, Eng. is situate at the junc-
tion of three rivers, the Calder, Pettorill, and
Eden, about (5 m. above tlie entrance of the united
streams into tlie Solway Frith, and 13 m. from
the S. W. frontier of Scotland. Carlisle has held
a distinguished rank among the cities of England,
in every period of British history, and is supposed
to have been first founded by Luil, a native Briton,
long before the irruption of the Romans into Eng-
land. The contiguity of Carlisle to Scotland, dur-
ing the less social habits and distinctiveness of in-
terest, of the people of that country, frequently ex-
posed it to their depredations ; to avoid which,
the Romans, on tlioir possessing themselves of
this part of England, erected a wall from Solway
Frith to the German Ocean, which included Car-
lisle on one side, and Newcastle on the other,
within its southern limits. After the departure
of the Romans frorn England, Carlisle was sur-
rounded with a wall, by Egfrid, king of Northum-
berland ; and after the Norman conquest it was
further protected by a citadel and castle, having
three gates, called the English, Irish, and Scot-
tish, with reference to their bearing on the side
of each respective country, built by William Ru-
fus. These defences, however, did not prevent it
from falling into the possession of the Scots, who
held it alternately with the English from the peri-
od of William Rufus, to that of Henry VII.; it
was constituted a bishop's see by Henry I., de-
stroyed by fire by the Scots, in the reign of Henry
III., and experienced the same disaster twice in
the following reign. In 1568 the castle was made
the prison house of the unfortunate Mary of Scot-
land ; in 1645 it surrendered, through famine, to
the parliamentary forces, and in 1745 fell into the
possession of the partizans of the Pretender, but
was immediately after retaken by the duke of
Cumberland, who demolished the gates and part
of the wall ; and it has since that period enjoyed
an uninterrupted tranquillity. Since the com-
mencement of the present century, it has under-
gone great improvement : on the site of the cita-
del two commodious court-houses have been
erected, the county gaol rebuilt, a handsome
stone bridge built over the Eden, with other im-
provements, have contributed to render it one of
the most agreeable and interesting cities of Eng-
land. The castle is still kept in repair, and serves,
with other purposes, for a magazine, and an ar-
moury of about 10,000 stand of arms. The cathe-
dral is a stately and venerable edifice, partly of
Saxon and partly of Gothic architecture ; there
are two other churches, as well as several secta-
rian meeting houses. The population, which in
1800 was 10,875, in 1810 was 12,531, and 1821,
15,476, exclusive of about 1,000 in an adjoining
out-parish. The cotton manufacture has long
been established here upon an extended scale,
whilst the architectural and external appparances
of the city indicate great prosperity. The con-
veyance of its commodities of commer .e has been
facilitated by a canal to the Solway I'rith, and it
is a point of union and interchange for the mails
to all parts of England, Scotland, and Ireland.
its corporation consists of a mayor. 12 aldermen,
&c. It returns two members to parliament, and
is 101 m. S. E. of Glasgow, 91 S. by E. of Edin-
burgh, and 303 N. N. W. of London.
Carlisle, p.t. Middlesex Co. Mass., 20 m. N. W,
Boston. Pop. 566.
Carlisle, p.t. Scnoharie Co. N. Y., 40 m. W.
Albany. Pop. 1,748.
Carlisle, p.t. Cumberland Co. Pa., 18 m. S. W.
Harrisburg. It is a pleasant town regularly built ,
the houses are generally of brick or limestone.
Here is a seminary called Dickinson College,
which was founded in 1783. It was suspended
for some years, but is now in operation. It has 4
instructers, 21 students, and libraries containing
7,000 volumes. There are two vacations in April
and September, of ten weeks. Commencement
is in September.
*^* There are also townships called Carlisle in
Ken. and Indiana.
Carlisle Bay, on the south coast of Jamaica
west coast of Barbadoes ; and island of Antigua
Carlo, an island oflt" the coast of East Bothnia,
about 20 miles in circumference ; it is opposite to
the harbour of Leaborg.
Carlobago, a town of Morlachia, at the 'bot of
a craggy rock, near the channel that separates the
island of Pago from the continent. The commerce
consists chiefly of wood. Pop. about 12,000. It
is 46 m. S. E. of Buccari. Long. 15. 13. E. lat.
44. 55. N.
Carlo, St., a city in the interior of the new Co-
lombian province of Apure, situate on one of the
branches of the Apure River, about 85 m. S. S. W.
of Valencia. The inhabitants are principally de-
scendants of settlers from the Canary Isles, who
are more industrious and social than those from
Spain. Under the newly formed government of
Colombia, St. Carlo promises to become a flour-
ishing place, being situate in a very fertile
country, affording great inducements to agricul-
tural enterprise. Pop. in 1826, about 10,000; but
since that period it has greatly increased.
*^* There are several other towns in Old Spain,
and her late dominions in America, dedicated to
San Carlo, but they are all unimportant.
Carlo de Monterey, San, the principal settlement
of New California, on the west coast, of N. Ame-
rica, in the lat. of 36. 36. N. and 121. 34. of W.
long. It is beautifully situated within a small
bay of the same name, first discovered by Cabril-
lo in 1542. It was afterwards visited by the
count de Monterey, from whom it received iin
present name. The forests and mountains pri
elude much intercourse with the interior ; no
does it appear that there is any considerable rivet
either north or south, for some distance, other
wise it would be an inviting spot for colonizn.
tion.
Carlow, or Cathc.rlogh, an interior county in ili6
S E. part of Ireland; u is bounded on the west
by the Barrow River, which divides it from the
county of Kilkenny, and is intersected on the
east by the Slany River, which falls into Wex-
ford Haven ; it is one of the smallest counties of
Ireland, but exceedingly fertile ; its butter, out
of the produce of which the absentee rentals and
other exactions are mainly discharsrcd, is the most
esteemed of any in the country. The only towns
besides Carlow, the capital, are Tullow and Hack-
etsown.
Carloto, the chief town of the preceding couitt ',
is situate on the east bank of the Barrow river,
at the N. W. extremity of the county, bordering
on Queen's county. In 1821 it contained 8,035
inhabitants ; the ruins of a castle overhanging the
river, the ruing of a very fine abbey, a convent,
and Roman Catholic college, are the principal
objects of interest in the town. It has also a re-
spectable market-house, county court-house, gaol
and cavalry barracks, and manufactures some
woolen cloths. It is one of the 31 places in Ire-
land each of which returns one member to the par
CAR
07
CA
liament of the United Kingdom. It is 18 m. N. E.
of the city of Kilkenn^y^ and 39 S. W. of Dublin.
Carlowitz, a town of Sclavonia, where a peace
was concluded between the Turks and Germans,
in IGGi). It is seated on the south bank of tlie
Danube, just below Peterwaraden, 38 m. N. W. of
Belgrade. Pop. about 5,600.
Curlshad, a town of Bohemia, in the circle of
Saatz, celebrated for its hot baths, discovered by
the emperor Charles IV. as he was hunting. It
is seated on the Topel. near its confluence with
the Egra, 24 m. E. N. E. of Eger, and 70 S. E. of
Dresden. Pop. about 3,000.
Carlshurg, a town of Lower Saxony, in the duchy
of Bremen, on the river Geeste, at the mouth of
Ihe Weser, 30 m. N. by W. of Bremen Long 8.
45. E. lat. 53. 32. N
Car/stero-, a city of Transylvania. (See Weis-
senhurg.)
Cartscrona, or Carlscroon, a city and seaport of
Sweden, in Blekingen. It was founded in 1080
by Charles XL, who removed the fleet from
Stockholm to this place, on account of its cen-
tral situation, and the superiority of its harbour,
the entrance of which is defended by two strong
forts. Tlie greatest part of the town is built of
wood, and stands upon a small rocky island, which
rises gently in a bay of the Baltic. The suburbs
extend over another small rock, and along the
mole, close to the basin where the fleet is moored;
and are fortified, towards the land, by a stone
wall. Here are excellent docks for tlie repairing
and building of ships, foundries for cannon, and
manufactures of gunpowder, ropes, sails, &c. The
Admiralty Board was transferred buck to Stock-
holm ni 1770. The inhabitants are estimated at
15,000. It is 220 m. S. S. W. of Stockholm.
Long. 15. 2(5. E. lat. 50. 7. N.
Ca.Jshavcn, or Carlskamm, a town of Sweden,
in Blekingen, with a woolen manufacture, a forgo
for copper, and a timber yard, 22 m. W. of Carls-
crona.
Carlsruhe, a town in the northern part of the
territory of the grand duke of Baden, and recent-
ly adopted as the seal of government. It was
first founded in 1715, but has not been of
much importance until subsequent to tlie peace
of 1814 ; it was taken possession of by the French
in 17!)G ; the streets are laid out in regular order ;
the ducal palace is in the centre of tlie town, and
has a lofty spire, and being, as well as several
other public buildings, with the houses generally,
built of stone, the wliole presents rather an im-
posing appearance. The population in 1826,
amounted to about 12,000. It is about 40 m. N.
bv E. of Strasburg, and about the same distance
W. by N. of Stuttgard.
Carlstadt, the capital of Croatia, with a for-
tress; seated on the Kulpa, a branch of the Save,
at the influx of the Corona, 180 m. S. by W. of
"Vienna, and 45 E. N. E. of Fiume.
Carlstadt, a town of Sweden, capital of Wer-
meland, and a bishop's see. It stands on the
north side of the lake Wener, and on the island
of Tingwalla, which is formed by two branches
of the Clara, The houses are built of wood, and
painted ; the episcopal palace is also of wood, and
has an extensive front. The inhabitants carry
on a trade in copper, iron, and wood across I lie
lake. It is 155 m. west of Stockholm. Pop.
about ] ,500.
Carlstadt, a town of Franoonia, in the princi-
pality of Wurtzburg, seated on the Maine, 13 ra.
K. by W. of Wurtzburjr. It is now included
in the Bavarian circle of Lower Maine, f • p.
about 2,200.
Carlton, there are about 30 villages of this
name in different parts of England, probably de-
rived from the Saxon word Carle, implying a
small or mean town.
Carviagnola, a fortified town of Piedmont, with
a citadel, seated on a small river, which runs into
the Po, 14 m. south of Turin. Pep. about ]2,00C.
Car. For some places that begin thus, see un-
der Caer, and Kar.
Carntel, a mountain of Syria, in Palestine,
about 2,000 feet above the level of the sea, on the
north side of the Bay of Acre ; noted for having
been the retreat of the prophet Elias, and for a
monastery of Carmelites. It is 50 m. N. of
Jerusalem.
Carmel, p.t. Penobscot Co. Me. Pop. 237.
Carmel, p.t. Putnam Co. New York, on the
east bank of the Hudson, 88 m. south of Albany.
Pop. 2,379.
Carmi, p.t. White Co. Illinois, on the Little
Wabash.
Carmona, a town of Italy in Austrian Fiiuli,
on a mountain near the river Indri, 7 m. N. SV.
of Goritz.
Carmona, a town of Spain, in Andalusia, with
many remains of ancient walls, inscriptions, «SLc.
The gate towards Seville is one of the most ex-
traordinary pieces of antiquity in all Spain ; and
its castle, now in ruins, was formerly of immense
extent. It is seated on a high hill, 24 m. E. N
E. of Seville.
Can-natie, a territory of Hindoostan extending
along the east coast from Cape Comorin, the
southern extremity of Asia, in the lat. of 8. 4. N.
to near the mouth of the Kristna in the lat. of 16.
N. varying in breadth from 50 to 100 miles,
bounded on tne west by the Mysore, and on the
E. for about two degrees of lat. by the Gulf of
Manara and Palks Strait, which divides it from
the north end of the island of Ceylon, the re-
mainder of its eastern boundary being better
known by the name of the coast of Coromandel.
The principal towns on the coast, beginning
from the south are Negapatam, Pondicherry, Ma-
dras, Pullicat, and Gangapatara, and those in the
interior, beginning also from the south, are
Tinevelly, Madura, Tritchinopoly, Tanjore, Ar-
cot, Nellore, and Ongole. Numerous streams
and rivers from the westward intersect this terri-
tory, the principal of which are the Cauverj , Cud-
dalore, Paliare, and Pennar. The soil is various in
quality, being in some places exceedingly fertile,
and in others sandy and barren ; the inhabitants
are occasionally exposed to great privations for
want of water. Since 1801, it has been uninter-
ruptedly possessed by the British, and included in
the presidency of Madras, which see.
Carnawl, a town of Hindoostan, in the pro-
vince of Dehli. Here in 1739, Kouli Khan gain-
ed a victory over the army of the great mogul ;
and in 1761, the Seiks, under Abdalla, defeated
the Mahrattas. It is seated at the junction of
the Hissar canal with the Jumna. It is 80 m.
N. W. of Dehli.
Carnesville, p.t. Franklin Co. Geo. 114 m. N
Milletigeville.
Carniola, duchy of, a territory of the Austria.!
empire, lying between the lat. of 45. 30. and 46
30. N. and 13. 25. and 15. 40. of E. long, com
prising an area of about 4,600 square miles, anti
containing about 400,000 inhabitants. It il
bounded on the north by Low»y: Carinthia th#
CAR
168
CAR
Bouth-west point jetting upon the gulf of Trieste.
It is intersected from the north-west to the south-
east by the Save river, which receives several
tributary streams, both from the north and south.
In feature, character, and productions, it is very
similar to Carintliia, somewhat more diversified
and fertile, and having the advantage of a nearer
proximity to the sea, the inhabitants are some-
what more active and enterprising. It is divided
into four parts, viz. Upper, north ; Inner, south-
west; Middle and Lower, south-east. Laybach,
in the middle district., is the chief town. For
commercial purposes it has the advantage of the
port of Fiume, as well as Trieste.
Curolath, a town of Silesia, capital of a princi-
pality of the same name, seated on the Uder, 14
ni. N. W. of Glogau.
Carolitia, a to-va of Spain in Andalusia, the
#l«ef of a new colony of the same name, in the
fcji>;rra Morena. It stands on a hill, towering
above the whole settlement, 20 m. ]\. E. of An-
duxar.
Carolina, See Korth and South Carolina.
Caroline a county of Maryland, bounded on the
east by Kent county, state of Delaware, and on
the west by the Tuckapo and Choptank Rivers,
which fall into Chesapeak Bay. Pop. 9,070.
Denton is the chief town.
Caroline, an interior county in the District of
Virginia, bounded on the north-east by the Rap-
pahannock River, and south-west by the North
Anna River. Its area is about 20 miles each way,
or 400 square miles, and is tolerably fertile. Fop.
17,774. Above one half of tlie population are
slaves. Bowling Green, is the chief town.
Caroline, p.t. Tompkins Co. N. Y. 399 m. W.
Albany. Pop. 2,633.
Caroline Islands, a range of islands in the North
Pacific Ocean, discovered in ]()8(j, by the Span-
iards, in the reign of C'harles II. Tliey lie to the
east of the Philippines, between 138. and 155, E.
long, and &. and 11. N. lat. They are aboui 6\i
in number, and populous; the natives resembling
those of the Philippines. The most considerable
island is Ilogoleu, about 90 m. long and 40
broad : the next is Yap, at the west extremity
of this chain, but not above a third part of that
size. They have been little visited by recent
navigators.
Caroon, Lake of. See Kairoun.
Caroor. See Carvru.
Carora, a city of Colombia, in the province of
Venezuela, situate about 45 m. from the strait
that separates the gulf from the lake of Mara-
caibo, and 150 m. west of Valencia. It is inter-
sected by a stream called the Morera, that runs
east into the Caribbean Sea. The inhabitants,
about 6,000 in number, subsist principally by
means of cattle and mules, which they drive to
the coast for transhipment to the West India
islands. The surrounding country produces a
variety of odoriferous balsams and aromatics,
which under social arrangements might be made
to constitute an extensive and reciprocal external
commerce.
Carpathian Mountains, a crand clyiin which
jJivides Hungary and Tr.ansylvania from Poland
on tne north and north-east, and from Moravia on
the north-west, extending about 500 m.
Carpendolo, a town of the Bresciano, on the
Chiese, 15 m. S. S. E. of Brescia. Pop. about
4,000.
Carpentaria, a large bay on the north coast of
,5f«»w Ho"«»>»d discovered, in J6)8 hf Dutch
captain, named Carpenter. That part of the
country which borders on the east side of the bay
is also called Carpentaria. It has about 1 ,200 ra
of coast, and some good harbour-j. It is frequent-
ed by Chinese junks to fish for me Beech-le -mar,
one of the most delicious of the finny tribe,
which supcrabound at the entrance of this bay.
Carpentrus , a town of France in the depart-
ment of Vaucluse. It wj*"* '....lerly the capital
of Venaissin, and a tlouop's see. It is seated on
the Auson, at the foot of a mountain, 14 m. N. E.
of Avignon. Pop. about 9,000.
Car-pi, a town of Italy, in the Modenese with a
fortifiied castle, and a good trade. It stands on a
canal to the Secchia eight miles north of Modena.
Carpi, a town of Italy, in the Veronese, where
a victory was gained by the Austrians over the
French, in 1701. It is seated on the Adige, 24
m. S. E. of Verona.
Car rick on Shannon, a town of Ireland, capital
of the county of Leitrim. It is a small place,
seated on the Shannon, 78 m. W. N. W. of Dub-
lin. Pop. in 1821,1,673.
Carrick on Suir, a town of Ireland, in Tippera-
ry, famous for its woolen cloth, called ratteen.
It is seated on the Suir, 22 m. S. E. of Cashel,
and 10 W. N. W. of Waterford. Pop. in 1821.
7,466.
Carrickfergus, a borough and seaport of Ire-
land, chief town of the county of Antrim, with a
castle. It is seated on a bay of its name, in tne
Irish channel, 88 m. N. by E. of Dublin, and 8
from Belfast. Pop. of the town in 1821, 3,711,
and of the parish 8,023.
Carrickmacross , a tovv'n of Ireland, in the coun-
ty of Monaghan, 19 m. E. S. E. of Monaghan,
and 44 N. by W. of Dublin. Pop. in 1821, 1,641.
Carrion dc los Condes, a town of Spain, in Leon
on the frontiers of Old Castile. It has ten parish
churches, ten convents, and two hospitals ; and
is seated on the river Carrion, 18 m. N. of Pla-
centia, and 40 W. of Burgos.
Carroll, a county at the western extremity of
Tennessee, bordering on Wood Lake, contiguoua
to the Mississippi River. Pop. 9,378. Hunting-
don is the chief town
Carrolton, p.t. Green Co. Illinois, 48 m.W.^^-
of Vandalia. ~
Carrolville, p.t. Jefferson Co. Alab.
Carron, a river of Scotland, in Stirlingshire ^
which rises on the south side of the Campsey hilla
and flows into the frith of Forth, below Falkirk.
Two miles from its source, it forms a fine cascade,
called the Fall of Auchinlilly ; and near its mouth
commences the Great Canal from the Forth to
the Clyde.
Carron, a village of ScotLind, in Stirlingshire,
on the river Carron, two miles from Falkirk, cel-
ebrated for the greatest iron-works in Europe.
These works employ about 3,000 men ; and, on .
an average, use weekly 800 tons of coal, 400 tons
of ironstone, and 100 tons of limestone. All sorts
of iron goods are made iiere, from the most trifling
article to the largest cannon; and the short piece
of ordnance called a carronade hence received lia
name. The trade in coke and lime is also consid-
erable. These works were erected in 1761, and
are carried on by a chartered company.
Carru, a town of Piedmont, in the province of
Mondoni, 8 ni. S. S. of Bene. Pop. about 4,000,
Cart, two rivers in Scotland, in Renfrewshire,
distinguished by the appellation of Black and
White. The Black Cart issues from the lake
LochwinrfH-ii : tlie White Cart descends from the
CAR
1(»
CAb
north-east angle of the county ; and they both
flow into the Gryfe,afew miles before its conflu-
ence with the Clyde.
Cartago, a city and capital of Costa Rica, and
a bishop's see. It stands on a river of the same
name, 50 ra. from its mouth in the Pacific Ocean,
and about the same from Lake Nicaragua. Long.
, 84. 10. W. lat. 10. 15. N.
Cartago, is also the name of a town in Colom-
bia, in the valley of Popayan, about 100 m. W. of
■' Bogota. Pop. about 5,000.
Cartama, a town of Spain, in Granada, at the
foot of a mountain, near the river Guadala Medi-
na, 8 m. N. W. of Malaga.
Carter, a frontier county at the north-east ex-
tremity of Tennessee, bounded on the east by the
Iron, Yellow, and Stone mountains which divide
it from North Carolina. It is intersected by the
Watonga, a branch of the Tennessee River. Pop.
6,418. Elizabeth Town, on the west side of the
county is the chief town.
Carteret, a county of North Carolina, bordering
on the Atlantic Ocean, south of Pamlico Sound.
It is a swampy and dreary district. Pop. 6,607.
Beaufort, is the chief town.
Carteret Island, an island in the Pacific Ocean,
Been by Captain Carteret in 1767. It is six leagues
lonir from east to west. Long. 159. 14. E. lat. 8.
'- 26. S.
Cartersville, p.t. Cumberland Co. Va. on James
river, 40 m. W. N. W. of Richmond.
Carthage, p.t. Jefferson Co. N. Y. 177 m. N. W.
\ Albany. Also a village in Monroe Co. N. Y. on
the Genesee, a little below the falls. Also towns
in N. C, Ten., and Ohio.
Carthage, Cape, a promontory on ^he east coast
of the kingdom of Tunis, near which stood the fa-
mous city of Carthage, razed by the Romans, and
. some of the ruins are to be seen on the coast. It
is 10 m. N. E. of Tunis. Long. 10. 20. E. lat. 36.
60. N.
Carthagena, a seaport of Spain, in Murcia, built
by Asdrubal, a Carthaginian general, and named
after the city of Carthage. It is the see of a bish-
op, and a great mart for merchandise. It has the
best harbour in Spain ; also the most considerable
docks and magazines. The principal crops of ba-
rilla are produced in its vicinity ; and a fine red
earth, called almagra, used in polishing mirrors,
and preparing tobacco for snuff. Carthagena was
taken by Sir John Leak in 1706, but the Duke of
Brunswick retook it. It is seated on a gulf of the
same name, 27 m. S. of Murcia. Long. 1. 0. W.
lat. 37. 35. N. and 240. S. S. E. of Madrid. Pop.
about 25,000.
Carthagena, a city of South A merica, in the New
Colombian province of Magdalena. It is situate
on an island off the shore of the Caribbean Sea,
in the lat. of 10.25. N. and 75. 27. of W. long,
about 70 m. S. S. W. of the mouth of the Magda-
lena, and 180 N. N. E. of the Gulf of Darien. It
has a commodious and safe harbour, and for near-
ly three centuries has ranked among the most con-
siderable cities of America. It was the port first
resorted to by galleons from Spain during the mo-
nopoly of the commerce of America with that
country. It has experienced various alternations
of fortune, having been several times captured,
and was an object of severe contention between
the royalist and republican forces from 1815 down
to the pe.-iod of the final extinction of Spanish
domination in America in 1823. The island is
united to the main land by two wooden bridores.
The houses are chiefly built of stone, and it has
22
several churches and convents, some of whicn ar*
elegant edifices. Its harbour will doubtless con-
tribute towards its retaining a high rank among
the cities and seaports of the new republic. Pop.
in 1826, about 26,000.
Cartmd, a town in Lancashire, Eng. It has
a spacious old church, with a curious tower,
being a square within a square, the upper part
set diagonally within the lower. It is seated
among the hills called Cartmel Fells, not far
from the sea, 14 m. N. by W. of Lancaster, and 254
N. N. W. London. Pop. 371, and of the parish
4,923.
Carura, or Caroor, a town of Hindoostan, in ♦
the province of Coimbetore, with a neat fort, in
which is a large temple. Much suwar-cane is
raised in the vicinity. It is seated on the Amara-
wati, eight miles above its confluence with the
Cavery, and 37 N. E. of Daraporam.
Carver, p.t. Plymouth Co. Mass. 40 m. S.
Boston. Pop. 976. This town furnishes much
bog iron ore, and several furnaces are employed
in manufacturing the metal.
Carwar, a town of Hindoostan, in the province
of Canara, and a British settlement. It is seated
near the mouth of the Aliga, 50 m. S. S. E. of
Goa. Long. 74. 14. E. lat. 14. 52. N.
Casac, or Cazac, a country in the dominion of
Persia, on the frontiers of Armenia, governed by
princes of its own, nominally subject to Persia.
The inhabitants are descended from the Cossacs,
and represented as a rude and barbarous people.
Casac or Cazac Lora, is the name of the capital.
Casagiande. a town of New Mexico, in the
north part of New Navarre. Here is an immense
edifice, supposed to have been built by the ancient
Mexicans for a fortress : it consists of three
floors, with a terrace above them ; and the en-
trance is at the second floor, so that a scaling-ladder
was necessary. Long. 113. 23. W. lat. 33. 40. N.
Casale, a town of Piedmont, lately the capital of
Lower Montferrat, and a bishop's see. Its castle,
citadel, and all its fortifications have been demol-
ished. It is seated on the river Po, 37 m. N. E.
of Turin. Pop. about 15,000.
Casale Maggiore, a town of Italy, in the duchy
of Milan, on the river Po, 20 m. E. S. E. of Cre-
mona. Pop. about 4,900.
Casale Kuova, a town of Naples, in Calabria
Ulteriore. An earthquake happened here in
1783, by which upward of 4,000 inhabitants lost
their lives. It stands near the sea, 11 m. N. by
W. of Oppido.
\* There are numerous other towns in differ-
ent parts of Italy either named Carole, or to
which it is perfixed.
Casbin, or Caswin, a town of Persia, in Irac
Agmei, where several of the kings of Persia have
resided. Nadir Shah built a palace here, inclosed
by a wall a mile and a half in circumference ;
and the town is surrounded by another four miles
in circuit. It carries on a great trade, and is sea-
ted near the south shore of the Caspian Sea, in a
sandy plain, 280 m. N. W. of Ispahan. Long.
50. 10. E. lat. 36. 8. N. Pop. estimated at 60,000.
Cascaes, a town of Portugal, in Estremadura, at
the mouth of the Tagus, on the north bank, near
the rock, 17 m. west of Lisbon. Pop. 2,500.
Casco Bay, a bay of the state ofMaine, between
Cape Elizabeth and Cape Small Point, leading
into the harbour of Portland. It is 25 m. wide,
and interspersed with a great number of small
islands. Long. 69. 30. W. lat. 43. 40. N.
Caserta, a town of Naples, in Terra di Laror*.
C::ia
no
CAS
H"re .8 a magnilicent royal palace : and a grand
modern aqueduct, which furnislies a great part of
the city of Naples with water. Most of the build-
ings were greatly damaged by an earthquake in
1303. It is 15 m. N. of Naples. Pop. about 16,000.
Casey, an interior county of the state of Ken-
tucky. Pop. 4,342. Liberty is the chief town.
Cashan. See Kasan.
Cashel, a borough of Ireland, capital of the
county of Tipperary, and an archbishop's see. It
had formerly a wall ; and part of two gates are
still remaining. The old cathedral is supposed to
have been the first stone edifice in Ireland. A
synod was held here by Henry I. in 1158, by which
the kingdom of Ireland was confirmed to him.
The new cathedral is an elegant edifice ; it has
several other public buildings, and barracks for in-
^ntrv. It is seated on the east bank of the Suir, 43
m. N". N. E. of Cork, and 77. S. S. W. of Dublia.
Pop. in 1821, 5,974.
Cashgur, or Little Bokharia, a country of Usbec
Tartary, which commences on the north and north-
east of Cashmere in llindoostan (from which it is
separated by the Himmaleh mountains) and ex-
tends to 41. N. lat. Great part of it is a sandy
desert ; the other parts are populous and fertile.
Here are mines of gold and silver, which the na-
tives do not work, because they are employed
wholly in feeding cattle. The musk-animals are
found in this country. It likewise produces dia-
monds and several other precious stones. Ireken
is the capital.
Cashgur, a city of Usbec Tartary, formerly the
capital of the country of the same name. It has
a good trade with the neighbouring countries,
and stands at the foot of the Himmaleh Mountains,
11m. S of Ireken. Long. 73. 25. E. lat. 41. 30. N.
Cashmere, a province of Hindoostan, subject to
the king of Candahar, or sultan of the Afghans,
bounded on the west by the Indus, north by Mount
Himmaleh, and east and south by Lahore. It is
an elevated valley, 90 m. long and •")0 broad, lying
between the 34th and 35th deg. of N. lat. and 73.
to 76. of E. long, surrounded by steep mountains,
which tower above the regions of snow. The pe-
riodical rains, which almost deluge the rest of In-
dia, are shut out of Cashmere by the height of the
mountains, so that only light showers fall here :
but these are sufficiently abundant to feed some
hundreds of cascades, which are precipitated into
the valley. The soil is the richest that can be
conceived, and its productions those of the tem-
perate zone. Numerous streams, from all quar-
ters of the valley, bring their tribute to the Che-
lum, a large navigable river, running from east to
west, falling into the Indus. It contains several
small lakes, some of which contain floating islands.
But the country is subject to eartliquakes ; and
to guard acrainst their most terrible effects, all the
houses are built of wood. Among other curious
manufactures of Cashmere is that of shawls ; and
the delicate wool of which the finest are made is
the product of a species of goat of this country,
or of the adjoining Thibet. Here are bred a spe-
cies of sheep, called Hundoo, which are employed
in carry'no- burdens. The Cashmereans are stout
and well made, but their features often coarse and
broad : even the women are -^ \ deep brown
complexion ; but they are gay and lively, and fond
of parties of pleasure on their beautiful lakes.
They have a language of their own, said to
be an interior to that of the Sanscrit ; and a reli-
?ion too, it is thought, different fr"i i that of the
Ilndoos. The superstition of the mhabitants has
multiplied the places of worship of Mahadoe
Beschan, and Brama. All Cashmere is holy land,
and miraculous fountains abound. In addition to
their shawls, in the manufacture of which about
16,000 looms are supposed to be employed, saffron,
otto of roses, and some drugs, form the chief arti-
cles of commerce.
Cashmere, or Serinaghur, a city of Hindoostan,
capital of the province or valley of Cashmere.
Here are many fountains, reservoirs, and temples.
The streets are narrow and dirty. The houses,
many of them two and three stories high, are
slightly built of brick and mortar, with a large in-
termixture of timber ; and on the roof is laid a
covering of fine earth, which is planted with a va-
riety of flowers. This city is without walls, and
seated on both sides of the Chelum, 285 m. E.
by S. of Cabul. Long. 73. 11. E. lat. 33. 49. N.
Cashna. See Cassina.
Cashville, p.v. Spartanburg Dis. S. C. 110 m.
N. Columbia.
Caspe, a town of Spain, in Arragon, where Fer-
dinand IV. was elected king of Arragon. It stands
at the confluence of the Guadalupe and Ebro,
35 m. S. of Balbastro, and 44 S. E. of Saragossa.
Caspian Sea, a large inland sea of Western
Asia, bounded on the south by the Persian prov-
ince of Mazandran, in the lat. of 36. 40. and north
by the Russian government of Astracan, in the
lat. of 46. 50., thus being about 700 m. in length
from south to north ; its eastern and western
boundaries are very irregular, extending from the
long, of 46. 30. to 57., whilst the mean breadth
does not exceed 260 miles, The eastern coast is
indented by several bays, the more prominent of
which are Calkan, in the lat. of 39., Alexander, in
43., and Mertvoi, or Koultjouk, in 45. N. The
Persian province of Khorassan exterids along the
east coast to the Bay of Balkan, and further
north the east coast is occupied by the Turcomans,
Kirgees, and other Tartar tribes; and the west
coast by the governments of Ghilan, Baku, Dc--
bent, and the Caucasus. Numerous rivers flow
into this sea from all points, the most important
of which are the Oural, the Volga, and the former
at its north extremity and the latter at the N. W.
It contains several islands near both the eastern
and western coasts, and the depth is very irregu-
lar, being in some places unfathomable with a hue
of 450 fathoms, whilst in other places the naviga- ^
tion is diflicult with vessels drawing only 10 feet of
water ; the water is as salt as that of the ocean,
with a bitter taste, which taste is ascribed to the
prevalence of the naphtha on the western coast.
(See Baku.) Its waters have no visible outlet,
their equilibrium must therefore be maintained
either by subterraneous channels, or by evapora-
tion. Salmon, sturgeon, and other fish abound in
all parts of this sea, and seals are extremely nu-
merous. Of birds properly aquatic, it contains
the grebe, the crested diver- the pelican, the cor-
morant, and several species o/luII, while geese,
ducks, storks, herons, crows, &o., frequent the
shores. The Russiana are tl. < nly people who
derive much benefit from this great natural basin,
althouo-h so well calculated to facilitate an exten-
sive and reciprocal intercour4e between all its
surrounding nations ; and were a communication
to be effected with the Black Sea, by means of ca-
nals, Europe at large might participate in the ad
vantages of an extended intercourse.
Cassandria, a town of Holland, on the S. W.
side of the island of Cadsand, at the mouth of the
Zwin, three miles north of S' - s
CAS
171
CAS
' Cassano, a town of Italy, in the Milanese, with a
castle. Here prince Eugene, in 1705, was check-
ed, attempting to force the passage of the Adda ;
and in 1799 the French were defeated by the Aus-
trians. It is seated on the Adda, 15 m. N. E. of
Milan.
Cassano. a town of Naples, in Calabria Cite-
riore, 24 m. N. W. of Rossano, and 50 E. S. E. of
Policastro.
Cassay, or Meekleij, a country of Asia, bound-
ed on the west by Bengal, north by Assam, east
and S. E. by Birmah, and S. W. by Aracan. The
inhabitants are called Mugguloos, a tribe of
rude mountaineers little known. It is now
subject to the Birmans. Munnypour is the
capital.
Cassel, a city of Germany, capital of Lower
Hesse, and seat of the court and government of
the electorate of Hesse. It is divided into the Old
Town, Lower New Town, and Upper New Town ;
the former towns are chiefly built in the ancient
style, but the last is very regular and handsome
The inhabitants are estimated at 25,000, and they
have manufactures of linen, cloth, hats, procelam,
&c. Here is a college, founded by the landgrave
in 1709. The castle, or palace, the gardens, the arse-
nal, the foundery, and the cabinet of curiosities, de-
serve the attention of travellers. It was taken by
the French in 1760 and restored at the peace in
17G3. It is seated on the Fulda, 40 m. S. E. of
Paderborn. Long. 9. 25. E. lat. 51. 19. N.
Cassel, a strong town in Germany, situate on
\ the Rhine, opposite Mentz, with which it has a
communication by a bridge of boats. It was ta-
ken by the French in 1792, and retaken by the
Prussians in 1793.
Cassel, a town of France, in the department of
Nord, with a fortified castle. Its stands on a moun-
tain, rising like a sugar loaf, from the centre of a
vast plain, whence may be seen 32 towns, and
the German Ocean, though 50 miles distant. It
is 10 m. N. E. of St. Omer, on the road from Lisle
to Dunkirk. Pop. about 3,000.
Casselle, a populous town of Piedmont, about
six miles north of Turin, having a variety of man-
ufactures ; number of inhabitants, about 9,000.
Cassimi, or K«s/i7ia, an extensive empire, in the
interior of North Africa, to the west of Bornou. It
resembles Bornou in climate, soil, and natural
productions, and in the colour, genius, religion,
and government of the people. It is bounded on
the south, by a large river flowing to the eastward,
the celebrated Niger.
Cassina, or Kashna, the capital of the empire
of the same name. The chief trade is in senna,
gold dust, slaves, cotton cloths, goat skins, ox
' and buffalo hides, and civet. It is 750 m. W.
S. W. of Bornou, and about the same distance
east of Tombuctoo and N. by E. of Old Calabar,
tin. the coast of Guinea. Long. 11. 35. E. lat. 15.
40. N.
Cassis, a town of France in the department of
Mouths of the Rhone, with a small port on the
Mediterranean, 9 m. S. S. E. of Marseilles. Pop.
2,3U0.
Cassovia, oT Kaschau, a. strong town of Upper
Hungary, with a fine arsenal, seated near the riv-
ert Herat, 85 m. E. by N. of Schemnitz. Long.
20. 55. E. lat. 48. 40. N. Pop. about 8,000.
Castagnol, a town of Piedmont, on the river
Po, 8 m. south of Turin.
Castamena or Castomoni, a town of Asiatic Tur-
key, in Natolia, formerly a large city, but now
much reduced in siz« and magnificence. I* is
240 miies cast of Constantinople. Long. 34. 22
E. Ixt. 41. 32. N.
Castanowitz. See Costainitzo.
CaMel a Mare, a town'of Naples in Principato Ci-
teriore, where the ships of the royal navy are built.
It stand on the site of the ancient Stabia, at the
foot of a woody mountain, on the Bay of Naples
15 m. S. E. of Naples.
Cartel a Mare, a town -of Sicily, in Val di Maz-
ara, on a bay on the north coast, 30 m. W. by S
of Palermo.
Castei Arragoncsc, a fortified seaport of Sardin-
ia, and a bishop's see. It was the first place ta-
ken in this island, at the end of the thirteenth
century, by the Arragonese, whence its name;
but in 1767, the king ordered it to be called Castei
Sardo. It stands on the north coast, 20 m. N. E
of Sassari. Long. 9. 1. E. lat. 40. 56. N.
Castei Baldo, a town of Italy, in the Paduan, on
the river Adige, 30 m. S. W. of Padua.
Casld Branco, a strong town of Portugal, in
the S. E. part of Beira, with a castle and two
churches. In 1762, it was taken by the Span-
iards. It is situate between the rivers Vereza and
Poncul, about 15 m. above their entrance into the
Tagus, 62 m. S. E. of Coimbra. Long. 7. 22.
W. lat. 39. 52. N.
Castei de Vide, a town of Portugal, in Alemtejo
8 m. N. E. of Portalegre. Pop. about 6,000.
Castei Follit, a town of Spain, in Catalonia, on
an eminence near the river Fulvia, 15 ra. west of
Geiona.
Cartel Franco, a town of Italy, in Trevisano,
12 miles west of Treviso.
Castei Gondolfo, a town of Italy, in Campagna
di Roma, near the lake Albano. Near this place
is the villa Barbarini, where are the ruins of an
immense palace, built by the emperor Domitian.
It is 10 m. S. by E. of Rome.
Castei Jaloux, a town of France, in the depart-
ment of Lot and Garonne, with a considerable
trade in wine, honey, and cattle ; seated on the
Avance, 20 m. E. by south of Bazas, and 32 W.
by N. ofAgen.
Castei Leone, a town of Italy, in the Cremonese,
18 m. north of Placenza. Pop. about 8,000.
Castei JVuovo, a town of Dalmatia, on the gulf of
Cattaro,12 m.N.by W.of Cattaro. Pop.about 2,000.
Castei, or Castro JVuova, a town of Sicily, in
Val di Mazara, seated on a hill, 18 m. S. S. W. of
Termina.
Cartel JVuovo di Carfagnana, a town of Italy in
the Modense, with a strong fort; seated in the
valley of Carfagnana, on the river Serchio, 18 m.
N. of Lucca, and 37 S. S. W. of Modena.
Castei Rodrigo, a town of Portugal, in Beira,
11 m. N. of Pinhel.
Castei Rosso, an island in the Mediterranean,
near the coast of Caramania, 90 m. E. of Rhodes.
It is two miles long, and has a secure road and
harbour. Long. 29. 21. E. lat. 36. 7. N.
Castei Sarasin, a town of France, in the depart-
ment of Upper Garonne, 30 m. W. N. W. of
Toulouse. Pop. about 5,000.
Castei Vetere, a town of Naples, in Calabria
Ulteriore, 33 m. S. of Squillace.
Castei Vetrano, a town of Sicily, in Val di
Mazara. Here is a palace, in which is a consid-
erable collection of old armour. It is eight miles
E. by N. of Mazara.
*^ Castei is prefixed to the names of se^ eral
otJier towns in the several Italian states.
Casteiaun, a town of Germany, in the cou? *'
Spanheim, 23 m. S. S. W. of Coblentz.
C!AS
178
CAS
Castellane, a town of France, in the depart-
ment of Lower Alps. Near it is a salt spring,
from which the water issues in such abundance
as to turn a mill at the very source. It is seated
on the Verdon, in a hilly country, 20 m. S. E. of
Digne. Pop. about 2,000.
Castellazo, a town of Piedmont, 7 m. S. of
Alessandria. Pop. about 4,700.
Castellanetla, a town of Naples, in Terra d'Ot-
ranto, J9 m. W. N. W. of Taranto.
Castellara, a town of Italy, in the Mantuan, 6
m. N. E. of Mantua.
Castellon de jimpurias, a town of Spain, in Cat-
alonia, at the mouth of a river in the Gulf of
Rosas, 8 m. W. by S. of Rosas.
Castellon de la Plana, a town of Spain, in Va-
lencia, 28 m. S. S. W. of the city of Valencia.
It contains many vestiges of ancient grandeur,
and is still populous, having upwards of 10,000
inhabitants.
Castelnaudary, a town of France, in the depart-
ment of Aude, on an eminence, at the foot of
which is the grand basin of the Canal Royal. It
is 15 miles west of Carcassonne. Pop. about
.8,000.
Caster, a town of Germany, in the duchy of
Juliers, seated on the river Erst, 9 m. E. of
Juliers.
Castigleno, a town of Tuscany, in the Sien-
nese, on a lake of the same name, which commu-
nicates with the sea, and produces much salt. It
is 12 m. S. by E. of Massa.
Castiglione, a fortified town of Italy, in the
Mantuan, with a castle. It was taken by the
Austrians, in 1701 ; and the French defeated them
near it, in 1706, and again in 1796. It is 20 m.
N. W. of Mantua. Pop. about 4,000.
Casri/c, the principal and most opulent of the
kingdoms into which Spain was formerly divided.
It now forms the two provinces of Old and New
Castile ; the former having been recovered from
the Moors some time before the latter.
Castile, Old, a province of Spain, bounded on
the north by Asturias, and Biscay, east by Na-
varre and Arragon, south by New Castile, and
west by Leon, being in extreme length from north
to south about 240 miles, and 100 in mean breadth.
It is subdivided into four inferior provinces, after
the name of the four chief towns. The superficies
and population of each province, in 1810, were as
follows : viz.
Sq. leag. Inhab.
Burgos - - N. 642 470,588
Soria - - - E. 341 198,107
Segovia- - S. 290 164,007
Avilla - S. W. 215 118,061
Cuenca - -
Toledo - S.
La Mancha -
E. 945
W. 734
S. 631
294 ,29'J
370,641
205,548
Old Castile - - 1488 950,763
The Ebro rises on the north part of Burgos, and
forms the boundary of Old Castile, on the side of
Biscay and Navarre. Several streams fall into
the Ebro, but the waters of Old Castile run chief-
ly to the westward, into the Douro. The chief
productions of this part of Spain is wood, of which
commodity about 6,000,000 lbs. are annually ex-
ported to England. King-craft and priestcraft
preclude all social exertion in this as well as every
other part of Spain.
Castile, JVeic, lies to the south of the preceding
province, and is divided into five inferior provinces
as follows : viz.
Sq. leag. Inhab.
Guadalaxara N. 163 121,115
Madrid - N. W. 110 228,528
New Castile - - 2583 1,220,114
The Tagus, Guadiana, and Xucar, all aflTord tr>
New Castile the advantage of a facility of inter-
course, which, to a social community, would be
highly appreciated, but to a besotted and priest-
ridden people they are of no avail. See each of
the inferior provinces.
Castillon, a town of France, in the department
of Gironde, seated on the Dordogne, 25 m. E. f»f
Bordeaux. Pop. 2,600.
Castine, a seaport of the state of Maine, chief
town of Hancock county, situate on Penobscot
Bay, 65 m. W. S. W. of Machias. It has an ex-
cellent harbour and commands the entrance to the
Penobscot. Pop. 1,155. It was taken by the
British in 1814, but restored at the peace in 1815.
Long. 69. 0. W. lat. 44. 26. N.
Castle Cary, a town in Somersetshire, Eng. 12
m. S. E. of Wells, and.113 W. by S. of London.
Pop. 1,627.
Castle Rising, a borough in Norfolk, Eng. The
Market is now disused, its harbour choked up,
and the castle, whence it has its name, is in ruins.
It, however, returns two members to parliament.
Pop. 343. It is seven miles N. E. of Lynn, and
103 N. N. E. of London.
*■,* There are 24 other towns and villages in
England to the names of which Castle is pre-
fixed.
Castlehar, a parish and town in the county of
Mayo, Ireland. The parish, exclusive of the town
in 1821 contained a population of 4,109, and the
town 5,404, a considerable portion of whom are
employed in the linen manufacture. The town
is also the seat of assize, and a chief place in the
county, having a spacious church, a handsome
court-house, gaol, and cavalry barracks. It is
situate at the east end of a small lake, 11 m. E. by
N. of West-port and 113 W. by N. of Dublin.
*^* There are about 20 other parishes, towns,
and villages, in different parts of Ireland, to the
names of which Castle is prefixed, but none of
any particular importance.
Castleton, a village on the peak of Derbyshire,
five miles north of Tideswell, Eng. It is situate
at the foot of a rock, above 250 feet high, on
which are the remains of a castle, ascribed to
William Peverel, natural son of the conqueror.
Three of the seven wonders of the peak are in its
neighbourhood ; the Devil's Cave, Mam Tor, and
Elden hole. The first is in a cavern in the rock
above mentioned, whose arched entrance is 42
feet high and 120 wide. It becomes narrower
as it proceeds, and ths roof descends to within two
feet of the surface of a brook ; this being passed
over, another large cavern succeeds, with several
high openings in the roof. It descends again
to a second brook ; after which is a third cavern,
called Roger Rain's House, because of the per-
petual dropping : the length of the whole '<javern
is 617 yards. Mam Tor, a mile west of the vil-
lage, is a mountain, 1,300 feet above the level of ■
the valley on the top and sides of which is a
camp, supposed to be Roman : it overtops the
whole Peak country ; and the vulgar story is,
that this hill is continually crumbling, without
being diminished. Elden hole, a mile south of
Mam Tor, is a perpendicular gulf or chasm in a
limestone rock, the depth of which is unfamom-
able its sides being so very shelving and irregu-
CAS
CAT
lai, it has been plumbed from 192 to 295 yards,
70 of which seemed to be in water. Pop. of the
village in 1821, 993.
Casdeton, a township in the parish of Roch-
dale, Lancashire, Eng. Pop. in 1821, 7,894.
See RochdaJ.e.
Castletown, the capital of the Isle of Man, near
the south coast, with a rocky and shallow har-
bour, which checks its commerce, aid renders
it inferior to Douglas in most respects. In the
centre of the town, on a high rock, is Castle
Rushen, a magnificent nile, built of free stone, in
960, by Guttred, a prince of the Danish line, who
lies buried in the edifice. It is occupied by the
governor of me island, ana on one side of it are
the chancery offices, and good barracks. Net.i
the town is a fine quarry of black marble, whence
the steps to St. Paul's church, in London, were
taken. Long. 4. 38. W. lat. 55. 4. N. Pop. in
1821,2,036.
Castletoicn, a town of Richmond Co. N. Y. on
Staten Island, at the entrance of New York har-
bour, where is the quarantine Ground and Marine
Hospital for that city. Pop. 2,204.
Castres,a. city of F'rance, capital of the depart-
ment of Tard, and lately an episcopal see. In
the reign of Louis XIII. it was a kind of pro-
testant republic ; but in 1629, its fortifications
were demolished. It is the birthplace of Rapin
Thoyras and M. Dacier, has a good trade, and
contains a number of beautiful edifices and about
12,500 inhabitants. In the vicinity turquoise
stones have been found. It is seated in a fine
valley, on the Agout, 36 m. E. of Toulouse.
Castries, Bay of, a bay on the north-east coast
of Chinese Tartary, in the strait of Saghalen,
visited by Peyrouse. Long. 142. 1. E. lat. 51.
29. N.
Castro, a town of Italy, in the patrimony of
St. Peter, capita! of a duchy of its name. It is
56 m. N. W. of Rome.
Castro, a town of Naples, in Terra d'Otranto,
six miles S. S. W. of Otranto.
CBstro, a town of the island of Chiloe, with a
castle, which commands the harbour. It is 180
m. S. of Valdivia. Long. 75. 5. W. lat. 42.
4. S.
Castro, the ancient Mytilene, a seaport and
capital of the island of Metelin, with two har-
bours, one of which will admit large vessels.
There are two castles, the one ancient, the other
modern, in each of which is a Turkish gover-
nor and commander. Considerable vestiges still
remain of its former grandeur and magnificence.
The chief trade is ship building. It is 80 m. W.
of Adramitti, and 60 N. W. of Smyrna. Long.
26. 39. E. lat. 39. 14. N.
Castro de Uriales, a tovn of Spain, in Biscay,
with a castle and an arsenal, on the seacoast, 22
m. N. W of Bilbao.
Castro Giovanni, a town of Sicily, in Val di
Demona. It~was the ancient Enna, famous for
the worship of Ceres and Proserpine. It is 40
m. \y. of Catano. Pop. about 12,000.
Castro Marim, a strong town of Portugal, in
Algarve, seated near the mouth of the Guadiana,
15 m. E. N. E. of Tavira, and 62 S. by E. of Beja.
Long. 7. 20. W. lat. 37. 12. N.
Castro Reale, a town of Sicily, in Val di Demo-
na, 15 m. W. of Messina. Pop. about 8,000.
Castro Verde, a town of Portugal, in Alemtejo,
on the Corbes, 18 m. S. S. W. of Beja.
Castro Vireyna, a town of Peru, in the pro-
•wice of Guamanga, noted for good tobacco and
fine wool. It is 125 m. S. E. of Lima. Long. ''4.
45. W. lat. 13. 50. S.
"^ There are several other towns in lta;y.
Spain, and Portugal, tc the names of which CrtS-
tro is perfixed.
Castria, a town of Austrian Istria, a few if 'ep
W. ofFiume.
Castrop, a town of Westphalia, in the corz1\
of Mark, 7 m. W. of Dortmund.
Castropol, a town of Spain, in Asturiaa, 14 o"?
N. E. of Mondonedo.
Caswell, a county of North Carolina, borderinjsr
on Pittsylvania county, Virginia. It is a square o^
20 miles each way, intersected by numerous
streams falling into the Roanoke. Pop. 15,499.
The principal town is Pittsborough.
Cat Island, the name at present given to Guan-
ahani, or St. Salvador, one of the Bahamas and
the spot when the first discovery of America was
made. Columbus discovered this island on the
12th of October 1492, landed upon it and took for-
mal possession in the name of the King and Queen
of Spain. The island is about 60 m. long anc' \M
wide, but is not a place of any commercial or pcOit
ical importance. It is in lat. 24. 30. N. long 75
W.
Cataiamha, or Cotobamha, an interior town ol
Peru, in a district of the same name, in the Htt'
degree of south latitude. The town is seated on
the south-west bank of the Apurimac River abour
60 m. S. of Cuzco.
Catahaw, properly Catawba, a river of the Uni
ted States, rising from numerous sources in tJbe
north-west part of North Carolina, in the lat of
36. N. and 82. of W. long, running in a S. S E
direction into South Carolina, in which state it ii:
called the Wateree until it reaches the centro or
the state, where it is joined by the Saluda or Con
garee and numerous other streams from the S. W .
where it is called the Santee, falling into the At
lantic Ocean, in the lat. of 33. 5. N. and 79. 15.
of W. long, about 40 m. N. of Charleston, with
the harbour of which city it is connected bv a
canal from a point 50 m. above its entrance into
the sea.
Catabatc, or Catawba, an Indian town on the
banks of the preceding river at its entrance into
South Carolina. The native inhabitants amount
to about 450, the remains of a once powerful j h-
tion, who have degenerated in physical enert v .
and progressively decreased in number, sir-*
their association with Europeans.
Catahtmla, or Ocatahool, a parish in the western
district of I.,ouisiana, about 60 miles in extent fr >m
north to south, and 30 in mean breadth ; it is n-
tersected by the Washita and several other riv^-TS
and lakes. Pop. 2,576. A town of the sane
name, on the west bank of the Washita, is 260 f»
p 2
CAT
174
CAT
N. W. of New Orleans, by the course of the Mis-
eissippi, and about 160 in a meridional line.
Catalonia, a province of Spain, lying along the
shore of the Mediterranean, in a N. N. E. direc-
tion from the lat. of 40. 30. to 42. 30. N. separated
from France on the north by the Pyrenees, and
bounded on the west by Arrtigon, being in the
shape of a right angled triangle, of which the
Pyrenees are the base, and the seacoast the hy-
pothenuse. It contains 1,003 square leagues, and
in 1810, a population of 858,818. Barcelona is the
chief town ; the other towns of note being Torto-
sa, Lerida, Tarragona, Manresa, Gerona, and
Rosas. The river Ebro intersects the south end
of the province, and the united streams of the
Pallaresa and Segre run from the Pyrenees into
the Ebro near the frontier of Arragon. The Lobre-
gat, Ter, and several other streams of minor note,
fall into the Mediterranean. The Catalonians are
the bravest, and least bigoted, and the most active
and enterprising of the Spanish people ; but the
subduing tendency of tlie national policy of Spain
precludes all advance towards social improve-
ment. The chief surplus products of the soil of
Catalonia are cork, nuts and brandy ; woolens,
hardwares, and cutlery, are manufactured for dis-
tribution over the other parts of Spain, and par-
tially for exportation.
Catamandoo, a city, and capital of Nepaul, con-
taining about 50,000 inhabitants, 200 m. due north
of Patna. See Nepaul.
Catanduanes , one of the Philippine Islands,
lying off the S. E. coast of Luzon; it is about 30
m. in extent from north to south, and 20 in
breadth ; the inhabitants are much employed in
building of boats for the neighbouring islanders.
Catania, a celebrated city on the east coast of
Sicily ; it is a place of great antiquity, but has suf-
fered greatly, as well by the eruptions of Mount
iEtna, as by earthquakes ; it was nearly over-
whelmed with lava from the former, in 1669, and
in 1693 an earthquake destroyed a great portion
of the city, and buried 18,000 persons in its ruins ;
it appears, however, to have risen from each suc-
ceeding disaster with increasing splendour, and
in 1825 ranked among the finest cities in Europe.
It is the see of a bishop, and seat of the only uni-
versity in Sicily. The principal square, formed
by the cathedral, college, and town-hall, is very
grand ; it has about 30 convents and 50 churches,
some of them fine edifices, a museum of natural
history and antiquities, the remains of a Roman
•amphitheatre, and other vestiges of ancient splen-
dour, render it a place of peculiar interest to an
intelligent and enquiring traveller. It is situate
at the foot of Mount .Stna, on the south side, 35
m. N. of Syracuse, in the lat. of 37. 26. N. and 15.
15. of E. long. Pop. about 50,000.
Catanzaro, a city of Naples, capital of Calabria
Ulteriore, and the see of a bishop. The chief
manufacture is silks of various kinds, and these,
with corn and oil, are the principal articles of
trade. It is seated on a mountain, near the gulf
of Squillace, 42 m. S. E. of Cosenza. Long. 15.
48. E. lat. 39. 0. N.
Cataicissa, or Hugheshurg, a town of Pennsyl-
vania, in Northumberland county, situate at the
mouth of the Catawissa Creek, on the east branch
of the Susquehannah, 25 m. E. N. E. of Sunbury,
and 100 N. W if Philadelphia.
Catharinburg, a town of Russia, capital of a
province of the same name, in the government of
Perm. The chief gold mines of Siberia are in its
vicinity, and above 100 founderies, chiefly for cop-
per and iron. It is seated at the foot of the UraJ
Mountains, on the east side, near the sourcf of
the Iset,'310 m. W. S. W. of Tobolsk. Long HI.
25. E. lat. 56. 45. N.
Catharine, p.t. Tioga Co. N. Y. 210 m. W. Al
bany. Pop. 2,064,
Catharinenslaf, a government of the Russian
empire, divided into two provinces, namely, Catlt
rinenslaf, which includes New Russia ; and the
late government of Asoph, and Taurida, which
includes the Crimea.
Catharinenslaf, a town of Russia, capital of a
government of the same name. It was built by
the late empress Catharine, and is seated near the
confluence of the Kiltzin and Samara, with the
Dnieper, 178 m. N. E. of Cherson. Long. 35. 15.
£. lat. 47. 23. N.
Catherine, St. the principal island on the coast
of the south partjof Brasil, with a harbour defen-
ded by several forts. It is 27 miles long, but not
more than 6 broad, but exceedingly fertile,; it
forms a separate government of the Brazilian em-
pire. Pop. about 30,000. There is a town of the
same name, the chief place on the island. Long.
49. 17. W. lat. 27. 35. S.
Cato, p.t. Cayuga Co. N. Y. 179 m. W. Albany.
Pop. 1,781.
Catoche, Eape, the N. E. promontory of Yuca-
tan, where the English adventurers from Jamaica
first attempted to cut logwood. Long. 87. 30.
W. lat. 21.25. N.
Catrine, a village of Scotland, 14 miles east of
Ayre, on the river Ayr. Here is a flourishing
cotton manufacture.
Catskill, p.t. Green Co. New York, situate on
the west bank of the Hudson River, nearly oppo-
site to the town of Hudson, and 31 m. S. of Alba-
ny. Pop. 4,861.
Catskill Mountains, a branch of the Shawan-
gunk ridge, being a detached portion of the great
Apalachian chain of mountains ; forking oft" from
the ridge toward the north near the Hudson, and
afterwards making a bend towards the west. The
general height of these mountains is about 3,000
feet, and they abound with the most beautiful
scenery. The quarter most visited by travellers
is at the eastern extremity of the ridge, where on a
spot called the Pine Orchard, 2,274 feet above the
waters of the Hudson, has lately been erected an
elegant hotel called the Catskill Mountain House.
Few places of fashionable resort present stron-
ger attriictions to the tourist than this spot. A few
years ago this delightful retreat was almost un-
known and rarely visited, but by the hardy hunter
in pursuit of the deer, the bear, and the wolf, who
had hitherto maintained undisturbed possession
of its cliffs and caverns. At length the tale of the
extent and beauty of the prospect and the grand-
eur of the scenery, drew the attention of individ-
uals of taste, and the glowing descriptions they
gave, effectually roused the attention of the pub
lie. Each successive season the number of visit-
ers increased till the temporary buildings, at first
erected for their accommodation, gave place to a
splendid Hotel, 140 feet in length and four stories
high. This establishment was erected by the
Mountain Association, at an expense of about
$22,000. It occupies the Eastern verge of a table
of rock some six acres in extent. An excellent
line of stages is established to this place from
Catskill, a distance of twelve miles. The ride to
the foot of the mountam is not particularly inter-
esting — but as you ascend, every moment devel
opes something magnificent and new. The sides
CAT 175
of the mountain, steep and seemingly inaccessible,
tower far above you, clothed in tlie rich, deep
foliage peculiar to such regions ; while below your
path a clear stream runs, one moment bubbling
1 over its rocky bed, and the next leaping down in
cascades to the valley. The road is extremely
circuitous, and so completely hemmed in by the
luxuriant growth of forest trees that the traveller
is for a long time unable to judge of his progress
in the ascent by any view of the country he has
left. At an abrupt angle of the road, however, he
oDtains at once a full view of the Mountain House
— perched like the eyrie of an eagle among the
clouds — or rather like the enchanted castle in a
fairy tale ; seemingly inaccessible to mortal foot,
still it reminds him of such terrestrial comforts as
are sure to be acceptable after exercise in the pure
air of the mountains. Another turn and it again
disappears, and the traveller next finds himself on
the level rock of the Pine Orchard, and approach-
ing the Hotel from the rear. A moment more
and he is on the edge of the precipice in front of
the noble building. From this lofty eminence all
inequalities of surface are nver-looked. A seem-
ingly endless succession of woods and waters —
farms and villages, towns and cities, are spread
out as upon a boundless map. Far beyond rise
the Tagkannuc Mountains, and the highlands of
Connecticut and Massachusetts. To the left, and
at a still greater distance, the Green Mountains
of Vermont stretch away to the north, and their
blue summits and the blue sky mingle together.
The beautiful Hudson, studded with islands, ap-
pears narrowed in the distance, with steam-boats
almost constantly in sight ; while vessels of every
description, spreading their white canvass to the
breeze, are moving rapidly over its surface, or
idly loitering in the calm. These may be traced
to tlie distance of nearly seventy miles with the
naked eye ; and again at times all below is en-
veloped in dark cloud and rolling mist, which,
driven about by the wind, is continually assuming
new, wild, and fantastic forms.
From the Pine Orchard a ride or walk of a mile
or two brings you to the Kauterskill Falls. Here the
outlet of two small lakes, leaps down a perpen-
dicular fill of 180 feet — then glides away through
a channel worn in the rock to a second fall of 80
feet. Below this it is lost in the dark ravine
through which it finds its way to the valley of the
Catskill. The waterfall, bold as it is, forms how-
ever, but one of the many interesting features of
this scene. Standing on the edge of the first fall,
you look down into a dreary chasm whose steep
sides, covered with the dark ivy and the thick
foliage of summer, seem like a green bed prepar-
ed for the reception of the waters. Making a
circuit from this spot, and descending about mid-
way of the first fall, you enter a footpath which
conducts into an immense natural amphitheatre
behind the waterfall. The effect of this scene is
imposing beyond description. Far over your head
projects a smooth surface of rock, forming a mag-
nificent ceiling to this amphitheatre. In front is
the ever-falling water, and beyond, the wild
mountain dell with the clear blue sky above.
Cattaraugus, a county toward the west extrem-
ity of the state of New York, bordering on Penn-
sylvania ; it is a square of about 35 miles each
way. The Alleghany River, falling into the
Ohio, is, however, navigable for more than 30
miles within this county, which will doubtless
tend to excite industry, and thereby increase its
population ; it is bounded on the north bv Catta-
t:AU
raugus River, or creek, which falls into the east
end of I^ake Erie. Pop. 16,726. EUioitsville is
the chief town.
Cattaro, a town of Dalmatia, with a castle, seat-
ed oij a gulf of its name, in the Adriatic, which
forms two extensive and secure harbours. The
town is built at the extremity of the inner basin,
surrounded by rocks, and strongly fortified. It is
24 m. S. of Scutari. Long. 19? 15. E. lat. 42. 12.
N.
Cattegat, a gulf of the German Ocean, between
Sweden and Jutland, extending for about 120 m.
from north to south, and 70 from E. to W.,
through which the Baltic Sea is entered by three
straits, called the Sound, the Great Belt, and the
Little Belt.
Cattaio, a town of Italy, in the Paduan, 5 m. S
of Padua.
Calterick, a village in West Yorkshire, Eng,
near Richmond. It has a bridge over the river
Swale, and a Roman highway crossed the river
here, on the banks of which are the foundations
of great walls, and a mount cast up to a vast
height.
Catwyck, a village of South Holland, on the
German Ocean, near which the river Rhine is lost
in the sands. It is six miles north by west of
Leyden.
Catzenellenhos-en, or Kutzenellenbogen, a town
and castle of Germany, in the circle of Upper
Rhine, which gives name to a county. The town
has an iron mine near it, and is 10 m N. E. of St.
Goar.
Caub, a town of Germany, with a citadel ; seat-
ed on the Rhine, 2 m. N. by E. of Bacharach.
Cauca, a river of Colombia, rising near Popa-
yan, in the lat. of 3. N. running north through the
valley of Popayan, between the 2d and 3d ridges
of the Andes, falling into the Magdalena about
120 m. above the entrance of that river into the
Caribbean Sea in the lat. of 11. N.
Caucasia, a government of Asiatic Russia, di-
vided into the two provinces of Astracan and
Caucasia. The province of Caucasia comprises
the Cuban, and all that aistrict to the east and
south, now in the possession of Russia, between
the rivers Don and Cuban, and between the
Black Sea and the Caspian, extending as far as
the confines of Georgia.
Caucasus, a chain of mountains extending from
the mouth of the Cuban, in the Black Sea, to the
mouth of the Kur, in the Caspian. Their tops
are always covered with snow : and the lower
paits abound in honey, corn, wine, fruits, gum,
hogs, and horned cattle. The Caucasian moun»
tains are inhabited by seven distinct nations, each
speaking a different language : namely, the Tur-
comans, the Abkahs, the Circassians, the Ossi,
the Kisti,the Lesgius, and the Georgians.
Caudebec, a town of France, in the department
of Lower Seine, 18 m. W. by N. of Rouen. Pop.
about 3,000.
Caudette, a town of Spain on the frontiers of
Murcia and Valencia, about 50 m. W. of Denia.
Pop. about 6,000.
Caudhully, a town of Hindoostan, in the prov-
ince of Coimbetore. It is the first place of any
note above the Ghauts, and a principal thorough-
fare between the country below and that above
those mountains. The inhabitants are chiefly
traders. It is 60 m. S. E. of Seringapatam.
Caughnaicaga, p. v. Montgomery county. New
York, situated south the river Mohawk, 42 m. 2^
W. Albanv.
C.'IAW
176
CEC
Cauglinary, a town of Hindoostan, in Bengal,
fying Itetween the Ganges and Burrampooter, 30
n N. W. of Dacca, and 146 N. E. of Calcutta.
Caulabaugh, a town of the Afghan territory, on
the west bank of the Indus, 110 m. N. of Moul-
tan.
Caune,, a town of France, in the department
of Tarn, 20 m. E. N. E. of Castres. Pop. 2,500.
Cauteres, a village of France, in the department
of Upper Pyrenees, at the foot of the mountains,
noted for its mineral water, 18 m. S. W. of Bag-
neres.
Cmivery, or Cavvery, a considerable river of
Hindoostan, which rises amongthe western Ghauts,
flows by Seringapatam, Bhawanikudal,and Tritch-
inopoly, and enters the bay of Bengal, by a wide
delta of mouths, which embraces the province of
Tanjore, in the lat. of 11. N.
Cava, a town of Naples, in Principato Citeriore,
»t the foot of Mount Matelian, 3 m. W. of
Salerno.
Cavaillon, a town of France, in the department
of Vaucluse ; seated on the Durance, 20 m. S. E.
of Avignon. Pop. about 7,000.
Ca.valeri, an island in the Archipelago, between
the S. W. point of the island of Negropont and
the continent of Greece. Long. 24. 17. E. lat. 38.
'/. N.
Cavalla, a town of European Turkey, on the
coast of Ruiuelia, about 90 m. E. of Salonica.
hop. about 3,000.
Caver ijpatam,a.town of Hindoof,tan, in the Car-
natic, seated on the Panaur, 80 m. W. S. W. of
Arcot. There is anotlier town of the same name
at one of the mouths of the Cxvery River, a few
miles north of Tranquebar.
Cavargere, a town of the Venetian territory,
on the south bank of the Adige, near its entrance
into the Gulf of Venice.
Cavan, an interior county of Ireland, in the
south part of the province of Ulster. It has sev-
eral lakes ; two on the south side discharge their
waters eastward by the Blackwater River into the
Boyne, and others westward into Donegal Bay
tlirough Lough Earn, which jets upon the north-
ern boundary of the county. The Lagan River,
which falls into Dundalk Bay, also intersects its
Btjuth-east part ; it partakes but partially of the
linen manufacture. The chief town, of the same
name, is situate in the centre of the county, 30
miles due west of Dundalk, the same distance
S. S. E. of Armagh, and 54 N. N. W. of Dublin.
As the seat of assize for the county, it has a court-
house, jail, and that indispensible appendage to
an Irish town, a barrack. The population in 1821
amounted to only 2,322. There is no other town
«i) the county containing even that number. See
Irdand.-
Cavendish, p.t. Windsor Co.Vt. on Black River.
Pop. 1,498.
Caviana, an island of South America, at the
mouth of the river Amazon, 90 miles in circum-
ference, and of a triangular form, with its base
to the ocean. It lies under the equinoctial line,
in long. 50. 20. W.
Cavite, a seaport on the west coast of the is-
land of Luconia. See Manilla.
Cavor, a town of Piedmont, in the province of
Pignerol. 8 m. S by E. of the town of Pignerol.
Pop. about 7,00^
Catorvpour. a town of Hindoostan, on the wes-
tern bank of the middle branch of the Ganges,
50 m. W. by S. of Lucknow.
Cawood, a village in E. Yorkshire, Eng. on the
river Ouse, 12 miles south of Tork. Here are
the ruins of a very ancient castle, a manufacture
for hop-bagging, and a good ferry over the river.
Pop. 1,127.
Caxamarca, a town of Peru, capital of a territo-
ly of its name, in the province of Truxillo. Here
the Spanish general, Pizarro, in 1532, prefidious-
ly seized the Inca, Atahualpa, and the next year,
after a mock trial, caused him to be publicly exe-
cuted. It is 70 m. N. E. of the city of Truxillo.
Long. 78. 20. W. lat. 7. S.
Caxamarquilla, another considerable city of
Peru, also in the province of Truxillo, about 40
m. S. S. E. of Caxamarca.
Caxtamho, another city of Peru, in the pro-
vince of Tarma, about 200 m. S. by E. of Cax-
amarquilla, and 140 N. by E. of Lima.
Caxton, a town in Cambridgeshire, Eng. 10 m.
W. by S. of Cajnbridge, and 49 N. of London.
It was the birthplace of Caxton, who introduced
the art of printing into England ; and also of
Matthew Paris, the historian. Pop. about 400.
Cayamba, a town of Peru, in the province of
Quito, 30 m. N. E. of Quito.
Cayenne, a rich town and island on the coast of
Guiana, capital of the French settlements there,
bounded on the west by the Dutch colony of
Surinam. The island is about .50 miles in circum-
ference, separated from the continent by a very
narrow channel. The surface is low and marsh}',
and covered with forests. Cayenne pepper, su-
gar, coffee, cloves, and the singularly elastic gum
Ctalled caoutchouc, are the principal commodi-
ties. The French settled here in 1625, but left it in
1654, and it was successively in the possession of
the English, French, and Dutch ; but the latter
were expelled by the French in 1677. It surren-
dered to the English in 1809, but was restored to
Fi-ance at the peace of 1814. Long. 52. 15." W.
lat. 4. 56. N See Guiana,
Cayte, a town of Brazil, in the government of
Para, near the mouth of the Cateypera, 15 miles
N. E. of Para. Long. 46. 12. VV'. lat. 0. 56. S.
Cayuga, a county of the state of New York,
the nortn end of which borders on Lake Ontario,
extending south about 50 miles, .and being about
ten miles in mean breadth, it contains about .500
square miles. Pop. 47,947. Auburn is the
chief town.
Cayuga Lake, bounds the west side of the above
county for about 25 miles, extending about 10
miles further south into Tompkins county. It is
three to four miles wide, and discharges its waters
at the north end through Seneca River into Lake
Ontario, from which the north end of Cayuga Lake
is distant about 25 miles. The Erie canal runs
past, near the north end of Cayuga. There is a
town of the same name on the east bank, five
miles west of Auburn.
Cayuta, p.t. Tioga Co. New York, 173 m. W.
Albany. Pop. 642.
Cazauborn, a town of France, department of
Gers, on the banks of the Adour, 80 m. N. N. E.
of Bayonne.
Cazenovia, the chief town of Madison county,
state of New York, situate on the bank of a
small lake, a few miles south of the line of the
Erie canal, 130 m. W. by N. of Albany. Pop.
4,344.
Cazeres, a town of France, in the department
of Upper Garonne, about 35 m. S. W. of Tou-
louse.
Cecil, a county of the state of Maryland, at
the head of Chesapeak Bay, being about 25
CEL
177
CEL
miles from north to south, and 15 in mean
breadth, forming the north-east extemity of
the state ; bounded on the east by Newcastle
county, Delaware, and west by the Susquehan-
na River. Pop. 15,432. Elkton, is the chief
town.
Cecil, t. Washington Co. Pa
Cazhnir, a town of Little Poland, in the pala-
tinate of Lublin, seated on the Vistula, 80 m.
E. of Zarnaw. Long. 22. 3. E. lat. 51. 0. N.
Cedar Creek, a water of James River, in Vir-
ginia, in the county of Rockbridge ; remarkable
for its natural bridge, justly regarded as one of
the most magnificent natural curiosities in the
world. It is a huge rock, in the form of an arch,
90 feet long, 60 wide, and from 40 to 60 deep,
lying over the river more than 200 feet above
tlie surface of the water, supported by abutments
as light and graceful as though the/ had been the
work of Corinthian art. This bridge gives name
to the county, and affords a commodious paosage
over a valley ,wliich cannot be crossed elsewhere
for a considerable distance. It is about 100 m.
W. of Richmond, and 160 S. S. W. of Washing-
ton city.
Cedar Faint, a seaport of Maryland, in Charles
county. Tlie exports are chiefly tobacco and
maize. It is seated on the Potomac, 12 miles be-
low Port Tobacco, and 40 south by east of Wash-
ington.
Cedogna, a town of Naples, in Principato Ulte-
riore, at the foot of the Apennines, 20 m. N. N. Vt.
ofConza.
Cefalonia, or Cephalonia. the most considerabls
of the Ionian Isles, in the Mediterranean, on tha
coast of Greece, opposite the gulf of Lepanto
It is 40 miles long, and from 10 to 20 broad, fer-
tile in oil and muscadine wine. The capital is of
the same name, on the south-east coast. Long.
20. 56. E. lat. 38. 12. N.
Cefalu, a seaport of Sicily, in Val di Demona,
and a bishop's see, with a castle ; seated on a
promontory, 40 m. E. by S. of Palermo. Long.
13. 5d. E. lat. 38. 15. N. Pop. about 5,500.
Celano, a town of Naples, in Abruzzo Ulteriore,
near a lake of the same name, 30 miles in circum-
ference. It is 15 m. S. of Aquila.
Celaya, or Silao, a town of Mexico, situate on a
spacious plain 6,000 feet above the level of tiie
sea, a few miles N.N.W. of tlie city of Guana.xuato.
Celhridge, a town of Irelani, in the county of
Kildare, 10 miles W. of DubUn. Fop. in 1820,
1,2G0.
Celebes, or Macassar, a very irregular and sin-
gularly shaped island in the Eastern Sea, lying be-
tween Borneo anJ the iVioluccas. I'lie centre of
tlie island is inte.'jecled by tiie line of 120. of E.
long, and 2. of S. lat. From tliis centre four
tongues of territory project, terminating as fol-
lows viz.
Lat. Long.
1st, at Bontham, 5. 34. S. 120. 32. E.
2d, at Cape Lessen, 4. .54. S. 121. 28. E.
3d, at Cape Talabo, 0. 48. S. 123. 57. E.
4th, at Cape Rivers, 1. 15. N. 120. 34. E.
5th, from Cape Rivers another tongue projects
eastward, in nearly a straight line wholly north
of the equator to the long, of 125. 5. E. The
centre from whence the tongues respectively di-
verge, comprises an extent of territory of about
150 miles from north to south, and 110 from west
to east, the mean breadth of the projections, each
being about 55 miles, gives an aggregate extent
of surface of about 67,000 square'' miles. The
23
Portuguese, who first doubled the Cape of Good
Hope into the eastern seas in 1493, formed a set-
tlement upon the south-west point of Celebes in
1512. The Portuguese were expelled by the
Dutch in 1667, by whom the possession was called
Macassar. They held it undisturbed till after the
commencement of the present century, about
which period the Eng'isli, in their turn, with one
or two unimportant ex'-.eptions, dispossessed eve
ry European state of their Asiatic possessions ;
but all the former possessions of the Dutch in the
eastern seas were restored by the English at the
pea«e of 1815, and confirmed to them by treaty in
182.5. Celebes abounds in all the varieties of pro-
ductions common to its climate and geographic al
position. Minerals, gems, animals, vegetable*,
esculent, ambrosial, and medicinal ; as well as
reptiles, birds, and fishes, all abound to display
the varied, liberal, and unsparing hand of crea-
tion, and to afford to man all the means of the
highest possible degree of human enjoyment.
Yet these advantages are balanced by some dread-
ful scourges. The great boa constrictor is an in-
habitant of this island. He is 25 or 30 feet long,
and proportionably thick. He is the most glut-
tonous and rapacious, as well as the most for-
midable of the serpent tribe. He has been known
to kill and devour a buffalo. His strength is'
prodigious, and he crushes his prey within the
twinings of his enormous folds. A Malay sailor
in 1799 was seized by a boa in this island, and
almost instantaneously crushed to death. Before
swallowing his prey, the serpent licks it over and
covers it with a gelatinous substance, to make it
slip down his jaws ; in this condition he will
swallow a mass three times his own thickness
When gorged in this manner with food, they
crawl into some retreat, and fall into a stupid
heOiVy sleep, in which they become so unwieldy
and helpless that they may be easily ki3ea.
Whilst the inhabitants are said to be brave, ingen-
ious, high-spirited, daring in adventure, enter-
prising in pursuit, and honest in dealing, and that
to a degree which renders their martial character
celebrated all over the eastern seas, they are, on
the other hand, said to be suspicious, ciuel, and
ferocious. An acquaintance with the natives of
those islands in the eastern seas, with whom Eu-
ropeans appear to have had no trading inter-
course, leads to infer that the extension of the
commerce of Europeans, with all their pretensions
to scientific attainment and social refinement, hai»
operated as a curse rather than a blessing ; rapine
and cruelty, subjugation and misery, having
marked its progress, and followed in its train^
wherever it has extended itself. Sa«h cannot b«.
CER
178
CER
V necessary consequence of commercial inter-
course ; and when reciprocity and justice, instead
of selfishness and chicane, shall constitute the
basis of its pursuit, Celebes, in common with the
whole eastern Archipelago, will afford an un-
bounded field for exertion and enterprise. The
total population of Celebes is supposed to amount
to about 3,000.000, under the surveillance of sev-
eral separate rajahs, among wliom polygamy and
the other sensualities of Mahometanism generally
prevail. The following are the principal towns
or ports in each of the five projections previously
described :
1st, Bon thin, Macassar, Maros, and Tannette.
2nd, Mountainous, and very thinly inhabited.
3rd, Ditto, ditto, Waya and Tayabo.
4th, Palos, Dondo ; fine and fertile.
5th, Bool, Castricom; and Manado,
And of the main part of Me island are Bonny,
Sofin, and Mamoojoo. The principal river of
the island, the Chrinrana, falls into the Bay of
Bony or Bugges, lohlcli see; and see also Tobo
Ift * Tominie, Cambyna, and Bouton, other bays and
islands connected with Celebes.
Cell, or Maria Zell, a town of Stiria, with a cele-
brated abbey, seated on the Saltza, 17 m. N. N.
E. of Bruck.
Cencda, a town of Italy, in Trevisano, 18 m. N.
-\ ofTreviso.
Cenis, a mountain of the Maritime Alps, in
Savoy, which is a noted passage from the north
■■if. of France to Turin. The summit of the pass,
which is about 9,000 feet above the level of the
sea, is 35 m. W. J^'. W. of Turin. The facility
of intercourse by this route was much improved
by Napoleon.
Centre, a county of the W. District of Penn-
sylvania, being in conformity with its name, in
the centre of the state. Its shape is an irregular
square, about 35 m. each way. The main ridge
of the Alleghany Mountains terminates in a bluff
towards the north side of the county, near to which
runs the vi'est branch of the Susquehanna River,
a branch of which bounds all the west side of the
county. Bald Eagle Creek intersecting it from S.
J, to N. eastward of the mountain ridge. Pop.
* 18,765. Bellefonte, is the chief town.
Centre Harbour, p.t. Strafford Co. N. H. 110 m.
from Boston : 70 from Portsmoutli. Pop. 577.
*^* There are 8 towns called Centre, and 17
called Centrevillc, in the U. States.
Cephalonia. See Cefalonia and Ionia.
Ceram., one of the Molucca Isles, extending rem
128. to 130. 51. of E. long, being about 3 m. in
mean breadth between the lat. of 2. 51. and 3.55.
S. The island of Amboyna, on which the Dutch
have their principal spice plantations, lies off the
south-west end of Ceram, on which island, they
endeavoured to destroy all the spice trees, and
succeeded to a very great extent. Sago is now
the prominent production of Ceram. The salan-
fan, whose edible nests command such an exor-
itant price in China is common in the island.
Ccrdagtia, a district of the Pyrenees, partly in
Spain, in the province of Catalonia, and partly
in France, in the department of Eastern Pyren-
ees. Puycerda is the capital of the Spanisli part,
and Mont Louis of the French.
Cere, St. a town of France, in the north-east
corner of the department of Lot, 37 m. N. E. of
Cahors,and 280 south of Paris. Pop. about 4,000.
Cerenza, or Gcrcenaz, a town of Naples, in Cal-
abria Citeriore, seated o-.i a rock, 10 m. north
by west of Severino.
Ccrci, a town of France, in the depiartment of
Eastern Pyrenees, with a magnificent bridge
of one arch over the Tet. Here the commission-
ers of France and Spain met, in 1G60, to settle the
limits of the two kingdoms. la 1794, the French
defeated the Spaniards near th:A town. It is 14
ra. W. S. W. of Perpignan.
Cerignola, a town of Naples, in Capitanata,
celebratt'd by Horace for its excellent bread.
Near this town is tiie ancient Salapia, the ruins
of which are still called Salpe. It is 20 m. south
of Manfredonia. Pop. about 12,000.
Cerigo, (the ancient Cythera.) an island of the
Mediterranean, lying off the S. E. promontory
of the Morea ; it formerly belonged to the Vene-
tians ; the French took possession of it in 1797 ; it
surrendered to the English in 1809, and at the
peace of 1815 was included in the Ionian repub-
lic, under the protection of England. It is about
17 m. long from north to south, and 10 in breadth,
mountainous, and but little cultivated. The
inhabitants are principally Greeks, whose chief
occupation is in attending to their flocks of sheep
and herds of goats. There is a town of the same
name near the south-end of the island, contain-
ing about 1,200 inhabitants; the extreme south
pomt of the island is in lat. 36. 9. and 22. 57. E.
long.
Ccrigotto, (the ancient W^gilia,) a small island,
lying between the S. E. point of Ceriiro, and the
N. W. point of Candia. Lat. 35. 51 N. and 23.
44. W. long. It is unproductive, and has but few
inhabitants.
Cerilly, a town of France, in the department
of Allier, 25 m. west of Moulins, and 40 south
by east of Bourges.
Cerina, a seaport, (the ancient Ceryiiia,) on
the north coast of Cyprus, and a Greek bishop's
see, with a castle on an immense rock. The
chief exports are barlej"^, silk, cotton, oil, and carob
beans. It is 20 m. N. W. of Nicosia. Long. 32.
55. E. lat. 25. 45. N.
Cerne Abbey, a town in Dorsetshire, Eng.
It is surrounded by high chalk hills, and on the
side of one of them is cut the figure of a man, 180
feet in height, holding a club in his rigiit hand^
and extending tlie other. Here was formerly a
stately abbey, and part of its remains is now con-
verted into a house and barn. It is seated on the
river Cerne, 7 ra. N. N. W. of Dorchester, and
120 west by south of London. Pop. in 1821,
1,060.
Cernetz, a town of Switzerland, in the cantf^n of
Orisons, with a mineral spring; seated on the
river Inn, 24 ni. S. E. of Coirc.
Cerrito, a town of Naples, in Terra di Lavoro,
with a cathedral and collegiate church, 5 m.
N. N. E. ofTelesa.
Certosa, a town of Italy, in tlie Milanese, Mith
a celebrated Carthusian monastery, five miles
north of Pavia.
Cervcra, a town of Spain, in Catalonia, with
a university, 34 m. north by west of Tarragona.
Another on the borders of France and the Medi-
terranean, eight miles north of Roses, and five or
six o iRus in liitierent pnrts of Spain.
C /ritf, a town of Italy, in Romagna, seated
near the Gulf of Venice, whence canals are cut
to ad nit sea wnter. from which much salt is made.
It is 10 m. S. E. of Revenna
Cervin, Mont, the most conical point of the
Alps, in Savoy, contiguous to Mont Blanc.
Cerninara, a town of Naples, in Principato
Ulteriore, 12 m. S. W. of Benevento.
C».l
CJil
Cesen*, a town of Italy, in Romaffna, seated on
the Savio, 18 m. S. by E. of Ravenna.
Ccsenatico, a sea-port of Italy in Romagna.
In 1800, the inhabitants having arrested a messen-
ger with despatches, the English set fire to the
moles of the harbour, and destroyed 16 vessels.
It is seated on the Gulf of Venice, 16 m. S. E. of
Ravenna, and 8 E. of Cesena.
Cessieaux, a town of France, in the department
of l3ere,27 m. E. S. E. of Lyons.
Cette, a sea-port of France, situate on the tongue
of land, stretching along the coast of the depart-
ment ofHerault, on the Gulf of Lions. A con-
siderable quantity of salt is made from the water
of the inlet. It has a manufacture of soap, and
sugar refinery, and exports a considerable quanti-
ty of brandy ; the canal of Langaedoc falling
into the inlet, occasions Cette to be the medium
of an extensive intercourse between the eastern
and southern departments of France. Pop. about
8,000. The lighthouse is in lat. 43. 24. N. and 3.
42. W. long, and about 18 m. S. W. of Montpe-
lier.
Ceva, a town of Piedmont, with a fort. It was
taken by the French, in 1796, and retaken by the
Piedmontese peasants in 1799. It stands on tlie
Tanaro, 8 m. S. E. of Mondova. Pop. about
5,500.
Cevennes, a late territory of France, in the prov-
ince of Languedoc. It is a mountainous country,
and now forms the department of Gard.
Ceiita, (the ancient Mylo, a town of Fez, at
the N. W. extremity of Africa, opposite to Gib-
raltar, from which it is distant only 14 m. It
was taken from the Moors, by the Portuguese in
1409 ; it fell into the hands of the Spaniards in
1640, and confirmed to them by the treaty of
Lisbon in 1668, and in whose possession it still
continues. The Moors besieged it in 1694, and
maintained a close blockade before it on the land
side, for nearly 30 years, when they ultimately
retired with great loss. Its fortress, like that of
Gibraltar, to which it is considered a counterpart,
maybe regarded as impregnable; and, as such,
both are poetically termed the Pillars of Hercules.
It has a tolerably good harbour for vessels not of
very large burthen, in the lat. of 35. 54. N. and 5.
17. W. long.
Cetjlon, an island of the Indian Ocean, lying
cfF the south-west coast of the promontory of Hin-
doostan, from which it is separated by the Gulf
of Manara and Palk's Strait, about 90 miles in
breadth. The form of Ceylon has not inaptly
been compared to that of a pear, the north part
forming the stem. It is 270 m. in extreme
length from Point de Galle, in the lat. of 6. 4. to
Point Pedro, in 9. 50. N. and 120 in extreme
breadth between the long, of 80. and 81. 52. E.
The early histoiy of Ceylon is involved in ob-
scurity, but supposing it to be the Tayrobuna ad-
verted to by Strabo, Pomponius, Mela, and Pliny,
it must have ranked high in population and influ-
ence among the nations of Asia, for ages antece-
dent to the Christian era, having sent an embas-
sy over land to Rome, in the reign of the emperor
Claudius. It appears to have been visited by
some Nestorian missionaries, in the ninth cen-
tury. About the middle of the thirteenth century,
it was visited by Marco Polo, a Venetian, wlio
travelled over a great part of Asia, and afterwards
published an account of his travels The informa-
tion, however, which he communicated being of
a general, rather than of a circumstantial nafure,
but little was known of Ceylon, beyond its actual
existence as an island, until after the disco e f
of the passage by the Cape of Good Hope ; and
its being visited by the Portuguese in 1505, who
found it divided into several petty sovereignties
which subsequently merged into one, under the
title of the kingdom of Candy. The Portuo-uese
held settle ments on different parts of the^coast
for upwards of 150 years, when they were expel-
led by the Dutch, who [wssessed themselves of
the entire circuit of the coast for 10 to 20 miles
from the sea, and the whole of the north part of the
islands; confining the dominions of the king of
Candy entirely to the interior. The Dutch pos
sessions of the island all surrendered to the Enor-
lish in 1796, after sustaining a siege of three
weeks : and in 1815 a British force marched into
the interior, took the king of Candy prisoner, de-
posed him, and possessed his territory, thereby
rendering the whole island a part of the British
dominion. The entire revenues yielded by the
island to the British government have been esti-
mated at £250,000. The general character of the
surface of the island of Ceylon is mountainous
and woody, with an ample extent of soil ; and
sufficiently intersected by streams of water, to
afford the most abundant means of subsistence
and comfort to a population more than tenfold its
present extent. The most lofty range of moun-
tains divide the island nearly into two parts, and
terminates completely the effect of the monsoons,
which set in periodically from opposite sides of
them. The seasons are more regulated by the
monsoons than the course of the sun ; for the
coolest season is during the summer solstice,
while the western monsoon prevails. Spring
commences in October, and the hottest season is
from January to the beginning of April. The
climate on the coast, is more temperate than on
the continent of Hindoostan ; but in the interior
of the country the heat is many degrees greater,
and the climate often extremely sultry and un-
healthy. The finest fruits grow in vast plenty,
but there is a poisonous fruit called Adam's apple,
which in shape resembles the quarter of an apple
cut out, with the two insides a little convex, and
a continued ridge along the outer edges ; and is
of a beautiful orange colour. Pep{)er, ginger, and
cardamons are produced in Ceylon ; with five
kinds of rice which ripen one aft*r another. One
of the most remarkable trees in the island is the
talipot, which grows straight and tall, and is as
big as the mast of a ship; the leaves are so large
as to cover 15 men ; when dried, they are round,
and fold up like a fan. The natives wear a
piece of the leaf on their head when they travel,
to shade them from the sun ; and they are so
tough that they are not easily torn. Every sol-
dier carries one, and it serves for his tent : other
trees and shrubs, some valuable for their timber,
and others for their resin, gums, and flowers, are
interspersed over every part of the island ; but
the most important of all its vegetable produc-
tions is the cinnamon tree, the bark of which
is distributed over every part of the habitable
globe.
Ceylon also abounds with topazes, garnets, ru
hies, and other gems ; besides ores of copper,
iron, &c. and veins of black crystal. Common
deer, as well as Guinea deer, are numerous ; but
the horned cattle are both very small and scarce,
six of them weighing altogether only 714 lbs.
and one of these only 70 lbs. Yet the island pro-
duces the largest and best elephants in the world,
which occasionallv form an extensive branch of
GET
180
CHA
traffic to different parts of Hindoostan. The
woods are infested by tigers. They abound also
ivith snakes of a monstrous size, amonfj which is
the boa constrictor, one of which has been known
to destroy a tiger, and devour him at one meal.
Spiders, centipedes, and scorpions also grow to
an enormous size. Here the mantis, or creeping
leaf, is met with; which is supposed to be a
species of grasshopper, having every member of
common insects, though in shape and appearance
it greatly resembles a leaf: it is of a green colour.
The sea coasts abound with fish. Alligators and
all the lizard tribe are also numerous.
The aborigines of Ceylon consist of two classes
of people, the Cingalese and the Veddahs. The
latter are still in the rudest stage of social life ;
they live embosomed in the woods, or in the hol-
lows of the mountains : hunting their sole employ-
ment, and providing for the day their only care.
Some of them acknowledged the authority of the
king of Candy ; and exchanged with the Cingal-
ese elephants' teeth and deer flesh, for arrows,
cloth, &c. but this practice is not general, for two-
thirds of them hold no communication with the
Cingalese, and have an utter antipathy to strangers.
They worship a particular god ; and their reli-
gious doctrine seems to consist of some indistinct
notions of the fundamental principles of the
Braminical faith. In some places they have erect-
ed temples ; but for the most part they perform
worship at an altar constructed of bamboos, un-
der the shade of a banyan-tree. The Cingalese,
subjects of the kings of Candy, during the ex-
istence of their reign, appear to have been, be-
pond time of memory, a race of Hindoos, in-
Vi'Qcted in all the arts of civil life, and maintain-
'lig, if not an ascendancy, a co-equality of influ-
T « and importance with their continental
aeigr.uours. The distinction of castes into 19
grades prevails among them as scrupulously as
among the Hindoos. In their devotion they are
Pagans ; and though they acknowledge a supreme
God, they worship only the inferior deities,
among which they reckon the sun and moon.
In their temples are images, well executed, though
their figures are" monstrous; some are of silver,
copper, &c. The different sorts of gods have
various priests, who have all some privileges.
Their houses are small and low, with walls made
of hurdles, smoothly covered with clay, and the
roofs thatched. They hive no chimneys, and
their furniture is only a few earthen vessels, with
two copper basins, and two or three stools; none
but their king having been allowed to sit in a
chair. Their food is generally rice, and their
common drink is water, which they pour into
their mouths out of a vessel like a tea-pot, through
the spout, never touching it with their lips.
There are some inscriptions on the rocks, which
must be very ancient, for they are not understood
b^ any of the present inhabitants. The subver-
sion of the native government of Ceylon, and
the predilection of the English to force a distribu-
tion of the products of British labour, over every
part of the globe, are calculated to effect a great
change in the tastes and habits of the Cingalese,
the result of which it is difHcult to foresee. In
addition to the various productions of Ceylon
previovisly enumerated, connected with it is the
pearl fishery, in the gulf of Manara, which is
considered the richest source of that article in the
world, and which, with cinnamon to the amount
of 300,000 to 400,000 lbs. weight annually, consti-
tutes the basis of its commerce, in exchange for
European productions. The population is esti-
mated at about 1,500,000; the principal towns me
Colombo, Negombo, and Arrobo on the west coast,
Trincomalee and Batacola on the east coast, Ma-
gane and Matura at the south end, and Candy
nearly in the centre of the island.
Chabeuil, a town of France, in the department
of Drome, with about 4,000 inhabitants, 8 m. S.
by E. of Valhuce.
Chablais, a fertile province of Savoy, bounded
on the north by the lake of Geneva, east by
Valois, south by Faucigny, and west by the
Genevois. Thonon, 22 ni. E. N. E. of Geneva
is the capital.
Chahlis, a town of France, in the departmen.
of Yonne, celebrated for its excellent white wine.
It is 12 m. E. by N. of Auxerre.
Cfiacao, a seaport at the N. E. end of the island
of Chiloe, on the strait that separates it from the
main land, in the lat. of 41 . 53. S
Charhapoyas, a town of Peru, in the province
of Truxillo, capital of a district lying east of the
main ridge of the Andes. It is seated on a river,
160 m. N. N. E. of Truxillo. Long. 77. 30. W
lat. 6. 20. S.
Chaco, or Gran Chaco, an interior district of
South America, bordering east on the Paraguay
River, which, under the influence of the Incas,
and more recently of the domination of the
Spaniards, was a sort of country of refuge for the
native Indians. Its length is estimated iit 750,
and its breadth 450 miles. It is well watered,
and yields most of the productions of other parts
of Peru : it is now merged into the United pro-
vinces of Buenos Ayres.
Chaddeston, a township of Eng, in the parish
of Oldham, Lancashire, with 5,124 inhabitants in
1821. See Oldham.
Chafalia, properly Atchafalayn, a diverginor
branch of the Mississippi river, which see.
Chagang, a city of Birmah, with a small fort.
It is the principal emporium for cotton, which is
brought from all parts of the country, and em-
barked here in boats up the river Irravvaddy into
the province of Yunen. Here also is the only
manufecture of marble idols, whence the whole
Birman empire is supplied ; none being allowed
to be made in any other place. It is situate op-
posite Ava, the present capital, on the north side
of the Irrawaddy, which here turns north and
parts it from Ummerapoora, the present capital.
Chagre, a town and fort on the isthmus, connect-
ing, the two great divisions of the western hem-
isphere, at the mouth of a river of its name, to
the S. W. of Porto Bello, forming the easiest
channel of communication between the Atlantic
and Pacific Ocean. The fort was taken by Ad-
miral Vernon in 1740. Long. 80. 17. W. lat. 9.
10. N.
Chais Dleu, a town of France, in the depart-
ment of Upper Loire, wHrh a celebrated Benedic
tine abbey, 12 m. E. of Brioude.
Chaico, a town of Mexico, 18 m. S. E. of the
city of Mexico.
Chaleur, Bay of\, a spacious bay on the west
side of the Gulf of St. Lawrence, which di-
vides the district of Gaspe, Lower Canada, from
the province of New Brunswick. Miscou Island,
at the entrance of the bay, is in lat. 48. 4. N. and
64. 14. W. long, from which point the bay runs
about 80 miles further west, being about 20 miles
in breadth, indented on the north by Cascapedia,
and on the south by Nipesiguit bay. It receives
several rivers, the principal of which is the Risti
CHA
181
' CHA
gouche, at its head. Along the coast are numer-
ous inhabitants whose occupation is fishing and
ship-huilding.
Cfialford, or Chafford, a village in Gloucester-
shire, Eng. 2 m. S. E. of Stroud. It stands on
the Stroud canal, and has a considerable manufac-
ture of broad cloth. See Stroud.
ChaUans, a town of France, in the department
of Vendee, situate aoout 12 m. from the coast,
and 21 m N. of Sables d'Oloone.
Challone, a town of France, in the department of
Mayenne and Loire, situate on the S. bank of the
Loire, 30 m. E. N. E. of Nantes. Pop. about 5,000.
Chalons sur Marne, a city of France, capital of
the department of Marne, and lately an episcopal
gee. It contains several public buildings and
12,000 inhabitants, who carry on a considerable
trade in shalloons and other woolen stuffs. Here
is an academy of the sciences, arts, and belles-let-
tres. Chalons is seated on the river Marne, over
which there is one very handsome, and two other
bridges. It is 25 m. S. E. of Rheims, and 95 E. of
Paris.
Chalons sur Sa-one, a city of France, in the de-
partment of Saone and Loire, with a citadel, and
lately an episcopal see. It is the staple of iron for
Lyon and St. Etienne, and of wines for exporta-
tion. Here are various indications of Roman
magnificence, particularly the ruins of an amphi-
theatre. The city contains the old town, the new
town, and the suburb of St. Lawrence. In the
first is the court of justice, and the cathedral.
Chalons is seated on the Saone, 70 m. N. of Ly-
ons, and 170 S. E. of Paris. Pop. about 9,000.
Chains, a town of France, in the department of
Upper Vienne, with a castle. Richard I. of Eng-
land, while preparing to besiege this place, re-
ceived a wound in his shoulder, by an arrow,
which proved mortal. It is 15 m. W. S. W. of
Limoges.
Cham, a town of Bavaria, seated on the river
Cham, at its confluence with the Regen, 27 m.
N. E. of Ratisbon. Pop. about 2,000.
Cham, is also the name of a small town on the
N. W. bank of the Lake of Zug, in Switzerland,
and a town at the mouth of a small river, falling
into the Gulf of Siam, on the west side ; it is also
(or Ciwrn) the name of a district in Cochin China.
Chambersburg, a town of Pennsylvania, Frank-
lin county, situate in a hilly country, 30 m. S. W.
of Carlisle. It is a flour isliing place and has
manufactories of excellent cutlery.
Chamberry, the capital of Savoy, with a castle,
and a ducal palace. It is fortified by walls and
ditches, and watered by manj' streams, which run
through several of the streets. There are piazzas
under most of the houses, where people may walk
dry in tlie worst weather. It has large and hand-
some suburbs ; and in the neighbourhood are some
baths, much frequented ix\ summer. In 1742, the
Spaniards made themselves masters of this capi-
tal, but it was restored by the peace of 1748. It
was taken in 1792 by the French, who were dis-
possessed of it in 1799, but regained it in 1800. It
is seated at the conflux of the Lesse and D'Albon,
27 ra. N. E. of Grenoble, and 85 N. W. of Turin.
Pop. about 12,000. Loner. 5. 50. E. lat. 45.
33. N.
Chambertin, a village of France, in the depart-
ment of Cote d'Or, celebrated for its delicious
wine. It lies to the south of Dijon.
Chambly, a fort of Lower Canada, on the river
Chambly, or Sorel, issuing from Lake Champlain.
It was talf <^i by tlie Americans in 1775, and reta-
ken by the English in 1776. It is 15 m. east o.
Montreal; and a little higher on the same river
is the fort of St. John, which is a frontier
garrison.
Chamneiskoi, a town of Asiatic Russia lying
south of the south end of Lake Baieal, near the
frontiers of Chinese Tartary.
Chamouni, one of the elevated valleys of the
Alps, about 3,300 feet above the level of the sea.
It is at the foot of Mont Blanc, on the north side,
and is watered by the Arve, and celebrated for" its
herds of goats. There is a village of the same
name in the bosom of the valley, on the banks of
the Arve, 42 m. E. N. E. of Chamberry, and 35
S. E. of Geneva.
diamond, St. a town of France, in the depart
ment of Rhone, with a castle on the river Giez, 17
m. S. of Lyon.
Champagne, a late province of France, 162 m.
long and 112 broad; bounded on the north by
Hainault and Luxemburgh, east by Lorrain and
Franche Comte, south by Burgundy, and west by
the Isle of France and Soissonnois. It now forms
the departments of Ardennes, Aube, Marne and
Upper Marne.
*^* There are several small towns and vil-
lages of the same name in different parts of
France .
Champaign, an interior county of the State
of Ohio, about 20 miles in length, from east to
west, and 10 broad ; it is intersected from north
to south by Mad River, a branch of the Great
Miami. Pop. 12,130. Urbana,50 m. W. N. W.
of Columbus, is the chief town.
Cfiampaneer, a city and capital of a district of
the same name, in the province of Malwa, Hin-
doostan ; it was formerly the capital of the rajahs
of Guzerat ; ruins of temples and mosques renuain
to attest its former consequence. It is 45 m. f'ue
east of Canibray.
Champion, p.t. Jefferson Co. N. Y. Pop. 2,342
Also a township in Trumbull Co. Ohio.
Champlain, a lake of North America, which di-
vides the north part of the state of New York from
that of Vermont. It is 90 miles long, in a direc-
tion due north, and 15 in its broadest part ; the
mean width is about six miles, and its depth is
sufficient for the largest vessel. It contains many
islands, the principal ol" which, called North He
ro, is 24 miles long, and from two to four wide
It receives the waters of Lake George from the
S. S. W. and sends its own waters a north course,
through Chambly River, into the St. Lawrence.
The land on its borders, and on the banks of its
rivers is good. Although this lake lies between
the lat. of 45. and 47. it is frequently frozen over
so as afford a passage on the ice for two or three
months in the year ; it is united with Lake Erie
by a canal.
Cliamplain, a town of New York, in Clinton
County, situate on Lake Champlain, near its
north extremity, 190 m. N. Albany. Pop. 2,456.
Champlemy, a town of France, in the depart-
ment of Nievre, near the source of the Nievre,
25 m. N N. E. of Nevers.
Chancay, a seaport of Peru, capital of a district
of the same name. It has a convenient port, 45
m. north by west of Lima.
Chanctford, Upper and Lower, towns in York
Co. Pa.
Chanda, a town of Hindoostan, in Berar, seated
on a branch of the Godavery, 78 m. S. of Nag-
pour. Long. 79. 54. E. lat. 20. 2. N.
Chanderee, a town of Hindoostan, capital of a
Q
i •
•^A
CHA
182
CHA
district in the Malwa country, near the river Bet-
v/ha. It is the residence of a rajah, and 170 m.
S. of Agra. Long. 78. 43. E. Lit. '24. 48. N.
Chandernagore, a town of Hindoostan, in Ben-
gal It was the principa' French settlement in
the Eaet Indies, and had f ,tron<r fort, which was
destroyed by the Englisl in 1757; anfl in 1793
they again dispossessed t\ie French of this settle-
ment. It is seated on tlie west side of the Hoog-
ly, 15 m. north of Calcut i.
Chandor, a town of Hii loostan, in the country
of Baorlana, taken by the Knglish in 1804. It is 90
m. W.N. W. of Aurung. bad. Long. 74. 38. E.
lat. 20. 8. N.
Cliandraguti, a town of Hindoostan, in Mysore,
with a fort on a high peaked hill. The vicinity
produces sandal wood of a good quality. It is
seated near the Varada, on the confines of the
country, 110 m. N. by E. of Mangalore.
Chan, begins the name of numerous other towns
in different parts of Hindoostan.
Chandui, a seaport of Colombia, near the north
point of the Gulf of Guayaquil, in the Pacific
Ocean. Lat. 2. 23. S. ; it is inconsiderable.
Chang-hai, a town of China, in the province of
Kiang-nan. In this town, and the villages de-
dependent on it, are more than 200,000 weavers
of cotton cloth. It is situate near the sea coast, 18
m. N. E. of Songkiang.
Chanmanning , a city of Thibet, which has been
the residence of the grand Ian a. It is 130 in. W.
of Lassa. Long. 89. 4.5. E. 1»). 31. 0. N
Chanonry. See Fortrose.
Chan-si, a province of China, the north end
bordering on the Great Wall, and the south on
the Great Yellow River, bound ;d on the east by
the Metropolitian province of I'etcheli, and west
by Chensi. The climate is salubrious and agree-.
tjy y
ble,
ble, and the soil generally fertile, though the
north part is full of mountains. Some of these
are rough, wild, and uninhabited ; but others are
cultivated w th the greatest care from top to bot-
tom. They abound with coal, wlii( h the inhabi-
tants pound, and make into cakes w th water; a
kind of fuel principally used for fi -ating their
stoves, which are constructed with M ck ; and in
the form of small beds, so that the people sleep
upon them. The comitry aboni'ds with musk,
porphry, marbie, lapis lazuli, and jaspt r, of vari-
mus colours > and iron mines, as well as salt-pits
nnd crystal, are very common. Here are 5 cities
of the first class and 85 of the second and third,
■fhe capital is Taiyouen-fou.
Chantilly, a town of France, in the department
of Oise, celebrated for a great pottery ; also for a
fine forest and maornificent hunting-seat. It is 17
m. N. byE. of Paris.
Chan-tung, a maritime province of the noi .h of
China. It contains six cities of the first clats, and
114 of the second and third ; besides which there
lire along the coast several forts and villageu of
considerable note on account of their comni#< v,
and a number of small islands in the Gulf of l,ea-
otong, the greater part of which have very «.on-
venient harbours. T'-is province has lary i man-
ufactures of silk, and a kind of stuffs peculior to
♦his part of China. It is traversed by the impe-
/lal canal. The capital is Tsinan.
Chao-hing, a city of China, in the province of
Tche-kiang which hao eight cities of the inird
rank under its jurisdiction. It is situate near tne
«ea coast, 730 m. S. by E. of Pekin. Long. 120.
«. E. lat. 30. 10. N
Chao-tcheo, a city of China, in the j^rovince of
Quang-tong, situate between two navigable riv*
ers, and celebrated for a monastery of the bonzes
in its neighbourhood. It is 140 m. north of
Canton. *
Chajmla, a lake 15 miles in breadth and 55 in
length, in the province of Guadalaxara, Mexico
which discharges its waters by the Rio Grande
de Santiago, into the Pacific Ocean, the east end
of the lake is about 200 m. N. W. of the city ol
Mexico.
Chaparang, or Dsaprong, a city of Thibet,
seated on the southern head of the Ganges, 90
miles westward from the Lake Mansaroar .vhence
that branch is supposed to take its rise. It ia 160
m. N. N. E. of Sirinagur. Long. 79. 22. E. lat
33. 10. N.
Chapel-en-lc-Frith, a town in Derbyshire, Eng.,
seated on the confines of the Peak, 17 m. S. E. of^
Manchester, and 107 N. N. W. of London. In
1821 it had three establishments for spinning of
cotton, and two for the manufacture of nails, and
a population of 3,234.
Chapel Hill, p.v. Orange Co. N. C, 24 m. W.
Raleigh. It is seated in an elev&ted and pleasant /
country, and contains the University of North
Carolina. This institution was founded in 1791.
It has 9 instructers and 69 students. The libra
ries iiave about 5,000 volumes. There are two
vacations in June and December, of 10 weeks.
Chapel Izod, a village on the bank of the Liffey,
on the west side of Dublin. Pop. in 1821, 597
and the parish G27 more.
Cha.rasm, or Kharizm, a fertile country of Usbec
Tartary, bounded on the north by Turkestan, east *
by Bokharia, south by Chorasan, and west by the ^'
Caspian Sea. It is divided among several Tarta-
rian princes, of Wtiom one takes the title of khan,
with a degree of pre-eminence over the rest.
Khiva is the capital, and the usual residence of »
the khan in winter ; but during the summer he
generally encamps on the banks of the river
Amu.
Charhorough, a village in Dorsetshire, Eng., 6
m. S. S. E. of Blandfc-*. In the grounds of a
gentleman's seat here, is the house where the
plan of the revolution of 1688 wa-s mnffirted.
Charcns, one of the t/nitea rrovinces of South
America, lying between the lat. of 18. and 21. S.
and the Gist and 70th of W. long. Chuquisaca,
or La Plata, is the chief town, near to which the
main branch of the Pilcomayo has its source ; it
is bounded on the west and south by the province
of Potosi, and is in the centre of the chief silver
mining district.
Char, a Saxon word of somewhat uncertain de
rivation ; there are about 60 towns and villages
in different parts of Englarj] .^^Linnng with
Char, probably ori.'i.-atlng in their having been
situated in a woe j*rt of the country, where
the operation oi chairing, or burning of wood for
charcoal, was carried on. There is. a river call^^
the Char in Dorsetshire, /ailing into the r...i»r
Channel at Charmouth, a little to liie west of
Lyme Regis.
Chard, a town in Somersetshire, Eng. It stand*,
on an eminence above all the country between the
two seas; and has a copious stream, w^^'ch mig.'it be
easily conducted in a direction opposit« that
which it now takes. It is 12 m. S. S. E. ot
Taunton, and 1.39 W. by S. of London. Pop. of
the town in 1821, 1,330, and of the parish 3,106.
Charente, a department of France, including tb'
late province of Angoumois. It is named from a
river, which rises m Limosin, and runs by Au-
^:i
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183
CHA
gouleme, Sayites, and Rociiefort, into the Bay of
Biscay. Anorouleme is the capital. Pop-, about
4 32o,060.
• Charente, Lower, a maritime department of
France, consisting of the two late provinces of
Aunis and Saintonge. Rochefort, Rochelle, and
Marennes on the coasts, and Saintes and St. Jean
d'Ano-ely, are tlie principal towns in this depart-
ment, and in which the Isles of Re, and Oleron
^ are included. It is a fertile district, and exports
a considerable quantity of brandy. Pop. 395,000.
Chnrcnton. a town of France, about 5 m. S. E.
of Paris, celebrated for its iron works There is
another town of the same name in the department
of Cher.
. Charite, a town of France, in the department
of Nievre, with manufactures of woolen and hard-
ware. Here is a priory of Benedictine Clunistes,
which once, in a season of scarcity, maintained the
whole town by its bounty, and hence it derives
« its name. It is seated on the east bank of the
Loire, 15 m. N. by W. of Nevers. Pop. about
4,000.
Charkow. See KJiarkoff.
Cliarlburrj, a village five miles from Woodstock,
in Oxfordshire, England. It holds four large cat-
tle fairs annually. Pop. in 1821, ],;M8, and of
the parish, 2,877, the greater part of whom are
employed in the manufacture of gloves, and other
articles of leather.
Charlemont, a town of Ireland, in the county
of Armagh, seated on the river Blackwater, 6 m.
S. of Duno-annan, and 68 N. of Dublin. Pop. in
1821,628.
Charlemont, a fortified town of France, on the
frontier of the Netherlands, in the department of
Ardennes, seated on a craggy mountain, by the
river Meuse, 20 m. N. E. of Rocroy. Pop. about
4,000.
Charleroy, a town of the Netherlands, in the
county of Namur. It has been often taken. It
is seated on the Sambre, 18 m. W. of Namur, and
32 S. of Brussels.
Charles, Cope, a promontory of Virginia, form-
ing the north point to the entrance of Chesapeak
Bay. Long. 76. 14. W. lat. 37. 12. N.
Charles, Cape, the north point of an island in
the south channel of Hudson's Strait, leading
into Hudson's Bay. Long. 74. 15. W. lat. 62.
46. N.
Charles, a county in the S. W. part of the state
of Maryland, lying between the Patuxent and
Potomac Rivers. Pop. in 1820, 17,666. Port
Tobacco, at the head of an inlet of the Potomac,
65 m. S. of Baltimore, is the chief town.
' Charles City, a -county of the E. District of
Virginia, extending for about 15 miles along the
north side of James River, being about 6 miles in
mean breadth, bounded on the north by the Chick-
ahoming River. The court-house of the county
is 30 ra. S. E. by E. of Richmond. Pop. 5,504.
Charles River, a small river of Massachusetts,
falling into Boston haibour, on the N. W. side of
the city.
Charles, St. a parish of the E. District of Lou-
isiana, lying on both sides of the Mississippi,
bounded on the north by the lakes Maurepas and
Pontchartrain ; it is a swampy district, contain-
ing about 300 square miles. Pop. 5,107. The
court-house of the district is 4-5 miles west of
New Orleans. Also the name of a county in the
state of Missouri, being a nook formed by the
Missouri and Mississippi Rivers, opposite to the
junction of the Illinois with the latter Pop. 4.322.
The chief town of the same name, on the north
bank of the Missouri, is 21 miles N. W. of St.
Louis.
Charleston, a maritime district of the state of
South Carolina, extending for about 70 miles
along the shore of the Atlantic Ocean, in a north-
eastern direction, from the lat. of 32. 30. to 33. 5
N. and inland about 50 miles ; it is bounded on
the north by the Santee River, and intersected by
Ashley, Cooper, and one or two other rivers of
inferior note. It contains a good deal of swampy
land ; but is on the whole very productive in
maize, rice, and cotton. The coast is broken into
numerous islands, which yield a cotton of very
superior quality, known by the name of Sea Isl
and.
Charleston, the chief city of South Carolina,
stands upon a point of land at tb*; ^unction of
Ashley and Cooper Rivers, with t good harbour,
but difficult of entrance. It is regularly built,
with many fine streets and elegant buildings. Its
situation is low and flat, but the mildness of the
climate, and the lively verdure of the country in
the neighbourhood, make it a very agreeable resi-
dence, except during the heat of summer. Most
of the houses are furnished with a piazza extend-
ing from the ground to the top, giving each
story an open shaded walk. Except in the com-
mercial part of the city, the houses are surround-
ed with gardens, trees, and shrubbery, and their
white walls gleaming among the green foliage give
the whole a peculiarly romantic appearance. The
most celebrated edifices of the city are the orphan
asylum and the circular church. The society of
the place is refined, intelligent, and affable.
Charleston has considerable commerce,principally
in the exportation of cotton. It is much resorted
to in winter by visiters from the northern states
and the West Indies. The shipping of this dis-
trict amounted in 1828 to 32,445 tons. Pop.
30,280. It is 553 m. from Washington, in lat. 32.
47. N. long. 70. 54. W. There are also towns of
this name in New York and Indiana.
Charlestoicn, p.t. Middlesex Co. Mass., adjoining
Boston, with which it is connected by three
bridges. The compact part of the town is built
on a peninsula partly along the foot of Bunker
Hill. The main street is a mile in length, and at
the south end is a large square. The town is
irregular, but has many handsome situations.
Here is the U. S. JVavy Yard, containing a spa-
cious dock. The Massachusetts State Prison con
sists of several piles of stone buildings, surround
ed by a high wall, and stands in the western part
of the town. The Massachusetts Insane Hospital,
and the Ursuline Convent, are without the penin
sula, upon elevated and beautiful situations
Charlestown has many manufactures of leather
cordage, pottery, &c. The Bunker Hill monu
ment overlooks the town. (See Bunker Hill.)
Pop. 8.787. There are 10 other towns of this
name m the U. States.
Charlestown is also the name of the principal
town m the island of Nevis, and of a town of the
island of Barbadoes.
Charlestoicn, a town of Scotland, in Aberdeen-
shire, much frequented by invalids for the bene-
fit of goat's whey. It is seated near the Dee, 28
m. W. by S. of Aberdeen.
Charleville, a town of Ireland, on the north
boundary of the county of Cork. It has a Roman
Catholic school, which in 1820 had 230 males and
177 female pupils, supported by voluntary sub
scriptions ; it has 11 other schools Total popu
CHA
184
CHA
lation in 1820, 3,887. It is situate on the high
road from Limerick to Cork, about 20 miles dis-
tant from each, and 108 W. S. W. of Dublin.
CharlevUle, a town of France, in the depart-
ment of Ardennes. Here is a magnificent square,
and in the centre a handsome fountain. It has
extensive manufactures of fire-arms, and is seated
on the Meuse, opposite Mezieres, 25 m. W. N. W.
of Sedan. Pop. about 8,000.
Charlotte, a county of the E. District of Vir-
ginia, extending for about 2.5 miles along the
north side of the Roanoke River, being about 12
miles in breadth, intersected by several streams
falling into the Roanoke. Pop. 15,254. Marys-
ville, about 70 m. S. S. W. of Richmond, is the
chief town. There are also seven towns of this
name in the U. States.
Charlottenburg, a town of Brandenburg, in the
middle mark, with a royal palace, and magnifi-
cent gardens. It was built by Sophia Charlotte,
the first queen of Prussia, on the river Spree, four
miles west of Berlin.
Ckarlotte-toicn, the capital of the isle of St.
John, (now Prince Edward Island.) in the Gulf
of St. Lawrence. It stands on a point of land,
on the S. W. side of the island, which forms two
bays. Long. G2. 50. W. lat. 46. 14. N.
Charlotte-town, the capital of Dominica, for-
merly called Roseau. In 1806, it was nearly de-
stroyed by a hurricane. It is 21 m. S. E. of
Prince Rupert Bay. Long 61. 23. W. lat. 15.
18. N.
Charlotte Hall, p. v. St. Mary's Co. Maryland,
56 m. S. E. Washington. It has a large acade-
my, patronised by the State.
Charlottesville, p.v. Albemarle Co. Va. 86 m. N.
W. Richmond, The University of Virginia is
established at this place. It was founded in 1819.
It has 9 instructers, 130 students, and a library
of 8,000 volumes. It has a vacation in July and
August of about 6 weeks.
Charlton, there are upwards of 20 villages of this
name in England. See Clmr.
Charlton, p.t. Worcester Co. Mass. 52 m. S. W.
Boston. Pop. 2,173. Also a p.t. Saragota Co.
N. Y. 31 m. N. W. Albany. Pop. 2,023.
Charlton Row, a township in the parish of Man-
chester, Eng. containing in 1820, 8,209 inhabi-
tants. See Manchester.
Charmes, a town of France, in the department
of Vosges seated on the Moselle, 8 m. E. of Mire-
court.
Charolles, a town of France, in the department
of Saone and Loire, with a ruinous castle ; seated
on the Reconce, 24 m. W. N. W. of Macon.
Charost, a town of France, in the department of
Indre, seated on the Arnon, 6 m. N. E. of Is-
sondun.
Charrouz, a town of France, in the department
of Vienne, 25 m. S. of Poitiers.
Cha.rtrins, t. Washington Co. Pa.
Chartres, a city of France, capital of the depart-
ment of Euro and Loire. The cathedral is one
of the finest in France, and its steeple much ad-
mired. The principal trade consists in corn. It
is seated on the Eure, over which is abridge, the
work of the celebrated Vauban, 45 m. S. W. of
Paris. Pop. about 13,000.
Charybdis, a famous whirlpool, in the strait of
Messina, on the coast of Sicily, opposite the cele-
brated Scylla, in Italy. According to the theme
of ancient poets, it was very formidable to mari-
ners ; but it is said to have been entirely removed
Dy the great earthquake in 1783.
Chatahoochec, a rapid river of the state of Geor-
gia, which rises in the Apalachian mountains, on
the frontier of Tennessee, and runs south for 300 ♦•
miles to East Florida, where it is joined by the *<•
Flint, and then their united stream takes the name
of Apalachicola. It separates the state of Alaba-
ma from that of Georgia for about 100 miles be-
fore it enters Florida.
CAa<e«Mtriaw(i, a town of France, in the north
part of the department of Lower Loire, 35 m. N. ^
by E. of Nantes. Pop. about 3,000. ■>
Chateau Cambresis, a town of France, in the
department of Nord, with a palace belonging to «
the bishop of Canibray. A treaty was concluded
here in 1559, between Henry II. of France, and
Philip II. of Spain. It is seated on the Scille, 14
m. S. E. of Cambray. Pop. about 4,000.
Chateau Chinon, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Nievre, with a considerable manufac-
ture of cloth ; seated near the source of the Yonne,
36 miles E. by N. of Nevers. %
Cliateau Dauphin, a strong castle of Piedmont,
near the source of the Po, 16 m. W. by N. of Sa-
luzzo.
Chateavdun, a town of France, in the depart-
ment of Eure and Loire, with a castle, built by
the famous count of Dunois ; seated on an emi-
nence nenr the Loire, 30 m. N. of Blois. It was
entirely burnt dovi'n in 1723, but was speedily re-
built. Pop. about 6,000.
Chateau du Loir, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Sarte, famous for a siege of seven
years against the count of Mans. It is seated on
the Loire, 22 m. S. S. E. of Mans.
Chateaugay , a town of Franklin county, state of *
New York, situate mid- way between Lake Cham- -
plain and the St. Lawrence, 219 m. N. by W. of
Albany. Pop. 2,016. There is a small river of
the same name falling into the St. Lawrence.
Chateau Gontier, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Mayenne, with a castle, a mineral
spring, and a trade in linens. It is seated on the
Mavenne, 22ra. N. W. of Angers. Pop. about
5,500.
Chateau London, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Seine and Marne, with an Augustine
abbey, seated on a hill, 30 m. south of Melun.
Cha.tcavlin, a town of France, in the depart-
ment of Finisterre, with a considerable trade in
slates ; seated on the Auzon, 12 m. North of
Quimper.
Cha.teaurouo;, a town of France, capital of the
department oflndre, with a castle. It has a man-
ufacture of cl'th, and iron mines in its vicinity,
and is seated in a pleasant plain, on the Indre,
35 m. S. W. of Bnurges, and 148 S. by W. of '
Paris. Pop. about 8,500.
Chateau Sal ins, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Moiirthe, with extensive saltworks,
16 m. N. E. of Nancy.
Chateau Thierry, a town of France, in the de-
fartment of Aisne, with a castle on an eminence,
t is the birth-place of tiie celebrated Fontaine,
and famous for a battle fought near it, in February,
1814, when a part of marshal Blucher's army Wias
defeated with great loss, and driven through the
town, by the French, under Bonaparte. It is
seated on the river Marne, 57 m. E. S. E. of Paris.
Pop. about 4,000.
\* The names of several other towns in
France are preceded by Chateau, a word meaning
Castle ; but there are none that merit any partic-
ular notice.
Chatel, a town of France, in the denartment of ,
CHA
185
CHA
Vo3ges seated on the Moselle, 8 m. north of
Epinal.
C/iatel Chalon, a town of France, in the depart-
ment of Jara, 25 m. E. N. E. of Lons le Saunier
CluUelleraidt, a town of France, in the depart-
ment of Vienna, noted for its cutlery, watchmak-
ing, and the cutting of false diamonds ; seated
on the Vienne, over which there is one of the
finest bridges in France, 22 m. N. E. of Poitiers.
Pop. about 8,000.
C/iatenoy, a town of France, in the department
of Vosges, 6 ra. S. E. of Neufchateau.
Chaihwm, a town in the county of Kent, Eng-
land, situate on the south bank of the river Med-
Tray, about eight miles above its confluence with
the Thames. It is one of the stations for building,
fitting, and victualling of the national marine ;
and the apparatus and accommodation for this
purpose, in conjunction with its fortifications,
and marine artillery barracks, render it one of
the most magnificent establishments of the kind
in the world, and every way worthy of the distin-
guished character of the British nation. The lo-
cal advantages of its situation are very great,
whilst the lines of the fortifications command the
segment of a circle from the river of several miles
in extent, and are as complete and efficient as art
and execution can make them ; there are si.x slips
for building ships of the first rate, and four docks
for repairing ; and 12 to 15 first-rate ships are gen
erally lying oiF the town. The dock-yard was
first established in the time of Elizabeth ; and the
Dutch, in the hey-day of their valour, in IG67,
ascended with a naval force up the river, and did
considerable damage. In 15.53 the fund for re-
lieving the wounded in the naval service was es-
tablished at Chatham ; but the chest (the term by
which the accounts of the fund were called) was
transferred to Greenwich in 18U2. In 1592 a hos-
pital for decayed marines, shipwrights, and their
widows was founded by Sir John Hawkins. —
This hospital has been rebuilt during the present
century, on a commodious and extensive scale.
The town was very inconsiderable till after the
i)eace with Holland, in 1G78. It increased great-
y in population after the declaration of war a-
gainst France in 1793, and in 1821 contained a
population of 14,754, independent of Gillingham,
which forms the boundary of the fortification on
the east, containing a further population of G,363,
and the city of Rochester on the west, with a
further number of 9,300, to which it is immedi-
ately contiguous. Chatham is 30 m. E. S. E. of
London bridge, on the road from London to Do-
ver. It has a weekly market on Saturdays, and
two or three public breweries. See Gillingham,
Rochester, and Sheerness.
Chatham, au interior county of North Carolina,
intersected by Cape Fear River. Pop. 15,499. —
Pittsborough, is the chief town.
Chatham, a maritime county of Georgia, bound-
ed on the N. W. by the Savannah River, which
divides it from South Carolina. Pop. 14.230.
Chath-im., t. Strafford Co. N. H. on the E. side of
the White Mountains Pop. 419
Chatham, p.t. Barnstable Co. Mass. on Cape
Cod. Pop. 2,134.
Chatham, p.t. Columbia county, New- York, on
the east bank of the Hudson River. Pop. 3,538 ;
26 m. S. E. of Albany.
Chatham, p.t. Middlesex Co. Conn, opposite
Middletown. Pop. 3,646. Also towns in N. J.,
Pa. and S. C.
Chalillon, a town of Pledmoat, 10 m. S. E. of
U
Aoust. There are several towns in France called
Chatillon, which implies a town, and as such is
generally a prefix, as Chatillon-sur Seine, sur
Loire, &c. &c. implying Chatillon, or the town,
on the Seine, Loire, &c. There are none that
merit any particular notice.
Chattonnatj, a town of France, in the depart-
ment of Isere, 12 m. east of Vienne and 22 S. E
of Lyons.
Chatre, La, a town of France, in the department
of Indre, with a woolen manufacture, seated on
the Indre, 22 m. S. S. E. of Chateauroux. Pop
about 4,000.
Chatuworth, a village in the peak of Derby-
shire, Eng. near the river Derwent, 6 m. west of
Chesterfield. Here is a magnificent seat of the
dukes of Devonshire, which, for its fine situation,
park, gardens, fountains, &.c. is justly deemed
one of the wonders of the peak. In its first age
it was the prison of Mary, queen of Scots, for 17
years, and afterwards of the French marshal Tal-
lard, taken prisoner at the battle of Blenheim.
Chatteris, a town of Cambridgeshire, England,
with a population of 3,283, in 1821. It is 75 m.
N. by E. of London, and 11 W. of the city of
Ely.
Chatterponr, a town of Hindoostan, in the
country of .\ilahabad, capital of the circar of
Bundelcund. It is 130 m. W. S. W. of Allaha-
bad Long 79.50. E. lat 25. 0. N.
Chaudiere, a river of Lower Canada, which
falls into the St. Lawrence about six miles below
Quebec ; it rises on the frontier of the state of
Maine ; it might perhaps easily be united with
the Kennebeck, and thereby open a communica-
tion between the St. Lawrence and Atlantic
Ocean.
Chaumont, a town of France, capital of the de-
partment of upper Marne. Here is a manufac-
ture of woolen cloth, and a trade in deer and
goat skins. It is seated on a mountain, near the
river Marne, 55 m. E. by S. of Troyes. Pop.
about 6,000. It is also the name of another town
in the department of the Loire, about 5 m. E. by
N. of St. Etienne. Pop. about 5,000. It is also
the name of several other towns in different parts
of France.
Chaumont, a town of Jefferson county, state of
New York, beautifully seated at the head of a
small bay, at the east end of Lake Ontario, 187
m. N. W. of Albany.
ChMiintj, a. town of France, in the department
of Aisne, on the river Oise, 20 m. E. of Noyon.
Pop. about 450.
Chatauqufi, a county at the S. W. extremity of
the state of New York, bordering on the south on
Pennsylvania, and west on Lake Erie. Pop.
34,687. Mayville is the chief town. There is a
lake of the same name about 10 miles in length
and two broad, in the centre of the county, which
discharges its waters, by the Alleghany River, in-
to the Ohio, although the N. W. end of the lake
is within six or seven miles of that of Erie.
Cliaux (le Fonds, a village of Switzerland, in
the principality of Neufchatel. The inhabitants,
about 3,000, make numerous watches and clocks ;
and the women are employed in the lace manu-
facture. It is seated in a fertile valley, 9 m.
N. N. W. of Neufchatel. Pop. about 3,000.
Chaves, a town of Portugal, in Tras os Montes,
with two suburbs, and two forts. Between the
town and the surburb Magdalena is a Roman stone
bridge. It stands near the confines of Spain, on
the river Tamega, 26 m. west of Braganza
q3
CHE
166
CHE
Chazy, a small river in Clinton county, state
of New York, which falls into Lake Champlain.
A town of the same name in Clinton Co. on the
north bank of the river, is 171 m. due north of
Albany. Pop. 3,097.
Cheadle, a town in Staffordshire, Eng. Here
is a large tape manufactory, and in the vicinity
are several copper and brass works, and rich
coal mines. Four miles S. E. are the ruins of
Croxden abbey. It is seated in the most fertile
part of the Moorland, 12 m. N. N. E. of Stafford,
and 146 N. W. of London. Pop. in 1821, 3,8(32.
Cheadle, a parish in Cheshire, Eng. lying on
the S. W. side of Stockport {which see.) Pop. m
1821, 6,508.
Chebucto Bay, Nova Scotia. See Halifax.
Chedabucto Bay, at the east end of Nova Scotia,
opening into the Atlantic Ocean, at the entrance
of the Gulf of Canso, in lat. 45. 20. N. and 61. of
W. long. Salmon river, which abounds in the
estimable fish of that name, falls into this Bay.
Chcdder, a village contiguous to Axminster, in
Somersetshire, England. It is situate in a de-
lightfully picturesque part of the county, on the S.
W. side of the Mendip hills, and is deservedly
celebrated for the excellence of its cheese. Pop.
in 1821, 1,797.
Cheduha, an island in the Bay of Bengal, on the
-•.oast of Birmah, 45 m. long, and ten broad. It
yields abundance of rice, and the most western
point is in long. 93. 35. E. lat. 18. 56. N.
Chego Miiddi, a town of Hindoostan, in the
country of Cutch, at the mouth of the Caggar,
23 m. S. W. of Boogebooge, near the mouth of
the eastern branch of the Indus.
Chcitorc or Chitore, a town of Hindoostan, in
the territory of Oudipour. It was the capital
of the ranna, or chief prince, of the Rajpoots, in
the days of his greatness ; and was a fortress and
city of great extent, situate on a mountain : but
it has been in ruins since the time of Aurungzebe,
in 1681. It is 48 m. N. N. E. of Oudipour, and
88 S. S. W. of Agimere. E. loner. 74. 50. and 24
35. N. lat.
Chelm, a town of Poland, in Red^Russia, cap-
ital of a palatinate of its name and a bishop's see.
In 1794, the Poles were defeated by the Prussians
near this town. It is 100 m. E. S. E. of Warsaw.
Long. 23. 29. E. lat. 51. 20. N.
Chclmer, a river, in Essex, Eng. which rises
near Thaxted, and flows by Dunmow and Chelms-
ford, to Maiden, where it joins the Blackwater.
Chelmsford, the county town of Essex, Eng.
Here is a stately church, a magnificent shire-
house, theatre, and barracks, an excellent conduit,
and a free school founded bv Edward VI. It is
situate at the confluence of the Can with the
Chelmer, 29 m. E. N. E. of London. Pop. in
1821,4,994.
Chelmsford, a town of Massachusetts, in Mid-
dlesex county, situate on the south side of the
Merrimac, over which is a curious bridije, at Paw-
tucket Falls, connecting this town with Dracut.
It is 28 m. N. N. W. of Boston. Middlesex canal
from the Merrimac to Boston harbour, commen-
ces at Chelmsford, which contributes considera-
bly to its importance and interest ; there is an ex-
tensive quarry of very fine granite in this vicinity.
Pop. 1,387.
Chelsea, a parish lying along the north bank of
the Thames, to the S. W. of London, and of
which it forms an integral part. This section of
the metropolis is distinguished for its hospital for
the support of decayed and maimed boI4 '^V8,
founded in the time of Charles II. ; its chief pro
moter was Sir Stephen Fox, who contributed
£13,000 towards the building. It was finished in
the time of William and Mary ; the building is a
quadrangle, the wings extending towards the
river , tlic base, wiiich is nearly 800 feet in ex-
tent, is entered from the centre of the north front
into a noble vestibule ; the east side is appropria-
ted to a chapel, and the west to a hall, in which
tlie inmates dine ; the wings, which are divided
into wards, are each 3G0 feet in length, 80 wide,
and three stories high ; the infirmary, other out-
buildings and gardens compose an area of nearly
50 acres. Sir Oistophcr Wren was the architect,
and in respect to prf)portion and convenience,
the edifice is worthy of his Jiigh reputation, and
the whole produces an imposing effect; but be-
mg built mostly of brick, it is inferior in mag-
nificence to the marine hospital at Greenwich.
Tiie number of inmates is 336, exclusive of ofti-
cers and the necessary attendants ; there are
about 20,000 out-pensioners. In 1801 a milita-
ry asylum, contiguous to the hospital, was estab-
lished for the education of 1,000 children of non-
commissioned officers and soldiers, towards the
support of which the whole army contributes one
day's pay per annum ; the building which is prin-
cipally of brick, cost about £150,000. Chelsea
is also distinguished for its Botanic garden, form-
ed by Sir Hans Sloane, and presented by him in
1721, to the Apothecaries' Company of London,
on condition of paying a quit rent of £5 per
ann. and presenting annually to the Royal Socie-
ty 50 different specimens of plants grown in the
garden, until th'^ number of new specimens
amounted to 2,000. This section of the metropo-
lis, during the first 20 years of the present century
exceeded most others in the increase of its pop-
ulation, the number in 1821 having been 26,860,
and in 1801 only 11,604. It is surrounded by
extensive nursery grounds, which with the usual
routine of shop-keeping, constitutes the chief oc-
cupation of the inhabitants, among which are
numbers of retired families on comparitively small
incomes. A handsome new church, in theGothic
style, was completed in 1825. The hospital is
about two miles W. S. W. of Westminster Ab-
bey, and four miles in the same direction from
the Royal Exchange.
Chelsea, p.t. Orange Co. Vt. Pop. 1,958.
Chelsea, p.t. Suffolk Co. Mass. separated from
the city of Boston by the harbour, and from
Charlestown by Mystic river, over which is a
very long bridge. Here is a United States Marine
Hospital. Pop. 770.
Chelsea Ijanding, a village in Norwich, Conn. 14
m. above New London, on the Thames.
Cheltenham., a town in Gloucestershire, Eug.
situate in a fertile vale, near the foot of Colds-
wold Hills, 94 m. N. W. of London, on the road
to Gloucester. Till within the present century
it was an inconsiderable place, participating par-
tially in the woolen manufactures of the neigh
bouring district. It acquired some distinction by
the discovery of a medicinal spring in 1740,
and being visited by George III. in 1788, it be-
came somewhat celebrated ; the population, how-
ever, in 1801 amounted only to 3,076, since which
it has greatly increased in numbers and import-
ance, and in 1826 it was one of the chief resorts
of gaiety and fashion in the kingdom; a theatre
was erected in 1803; baths, assembly rooms, li-
braries, public walks, and other attractions, have
progressivelv b«»e" extended for the accommoda
CHE
wr
CHE
tnn of an increasing population, which in 1811
amounted to 8,325, and in 1821 to 13,396. Its
waters, which increase in quantity in proportion
to the demand for them, and increase of visitors,
operate both as aperient and restorative, being
impregnated with salts, st. phur, stee., and calca-
reous earth. The parish church is an ancient and
venerable structure ; there are several sectarian
places of worship ; its market on Thursday, is
well supplied with ever}' necessary.
Chelum, or Behut, a river of Asia, the western-
most of the five eastern branches of the Indus.
It rises above Cashmere, flows through the prov-
ince of that name, into that of Lahore, and joins
the Chunaub, 16 miles below Kooshaub. This
river is the Hydaspes of Alexander.
Ckclva, or Chulilla, a town of Spain, situate on
the north bank of the Guadalaviar, about 20 m.
N. W. of Valencia.
Chemnitz, OT Kemnitz, a town of upper Saxony,
in Misnia, surrounded by walls and ditches. It
has four suburbs, and a castle about a mile from
the town. Great quantities of cottons and other
fine stuffs are made here ; and the bleaching
business is considerable. It is situate on a river
of the same name, 38 m. S. W. of Dresden, and
about the same distance S. E. of Leipzig. Pop.
about 10,000.
*^* There is another town of the same name in
the north part of the circle of Leutmeritz in Bo-
hemia, about 42 m. S. E. of Dresden.
Chemung^, p.t. Tioga Co. N. Y. 190 m. W.
Albany. Pop. 1,462.
Chennngo, an interior county on the south side
of the state of New York, it is i«tersected by a
river of the same name, which flows from north
to south into the Susquehanna ; population
37,406. Norwich is the chief town; there is also
a town of the same name at the entrance of the
river into the Susquehanna, in the adjoining
county of Broome, N. Y . near the frontier of Penn-
sylvania, 127 m. W. S. W. of Albany. Pop.
3,716.
Chanwpatam, or Chinnypatam, a town of Hin-
doostan, in Mysore, near which is a handsome
stone fort. It has manufactures of sugar, glass,
and excellent music-wire, and a great trade in
the produce of the palm-gardens in its vicinity.
It is 40 m. E. N. E. of Seringapatam.
Chencour, or Chemkon, a town of Armenia,
on the frontiers of Georgia, with a beautiful cas-
tle, grand caravanserais, and several mosques,
160 m. N. E. of Erivan.
Chen-si, or Shen-si, a western frontier province
of China, lying between the lat. of 32. and 38. N.
and 103. to llO. of E. long. It is bounded on
the south by the province of Setchuen, and on
the east partially by the province of Honan, but
plainly by the Ho'ang-ho, or Great Yellow river,
which divides it from Chan-si, on the north, part-
ly by the great wall which divides it from Chinese
Tartary, and on the west by the dreary country of
the Monguls, containing an area of about 147,000
square miles. The Hoang-ho,in the eccentricity
of its course, skirts the N. W. part of the prov-
ince, running in a northerly direction ; whilst
on the east side it runs a course due south.
Numerous streams intersect this province in all
directions, some falling into the Hoang-ho on the
west, and some into the same river on the east,
and others into the Kiang Kien, or Great River,
which intersects the province of Setchuen ; a
province so extensive, as may be expected, com-
prises much diversity of soil and features. It
abounds with drugs, rhubarb, musk, cinnabar"
wax, honey, and coals ; of which last it containn
inexhaustible veins. It has also rich gold mines,
which, for political reasons, are not alfowed to h-a
opened. It produces little rice, but plentiful
crops of wheat and millet ;~ but is occasionally
subject to long droughts, when clouds of locusts,
from the forests of Mongul Tartary, destroy the
entire vegetation of extensive districts ; the in-
habitants, however, make a food of the locusts,
and esteem them as a delicacy. The population
is estimated at upwards of 30,000,000.
Chen-yang, Chin-yan, or Mou-den, a city ofeast-
ern Tartary, capital of a province of the same
name, otherwise called Leatong. It is situate on
the bank of a fine river, running south into the
Gulf of Leaotong. The walls are 10 miles in cir-
cumference ; and it is ornamented with several
public edifices, and provided with arsenals and
storehouses. It is 3o0 m. E. N. E. of Pekin.
Long. 123. 5. E. lat. 41. 55. N.
Chepello, an island in the Bay of Panama, about
20 m. from the city of Panama, which it supplies
with provisions and fruit.
Chepstoid, a town in Monmouthshire, Eng. It
is seated on the side of a hill, on the Wye, near
its confluence with the Severn. It was surround-
ed by a wall, traces of which are observable ; and
on a perpendicular rock are the remains of a large
castle. Here was also a priory, part of which is'
converted into a church, and comparatively it was
in former times of much greater consequence than
at present. It is now the port of entry for all the
towns on the rivers Wye and Lug, and sends a few
ships annually to the Baltic and British America,
for timber, deals, &c. ; ships coast-way, a consid-
erable quantity of timber, bark, Slc. and has two
ship-yards, where vessels of 500 to 600 tons are
generally in a course of building. The spring
tides rise to the height of 70 feet ; the neaps are
consequently attended with great inconvenience,
and preclude it from materially extending its com-
merce. There is a fine bridge of iron over the
Wye, erected at the joint expense of the counties
of Monmouth and Gloucester. It is about 10 m.
N. of Bristol, and 130 W. N. W. of London. Pop
inl821,3,0p8.
Cher, an interior department in the centre •f
France, including part of the late province of
Berry. It receives its name from a river which
ri^es in Auver^ne, and flows into the Loire, be
low Tours. Bourges, 126 m. due S. of Paris, is
the capital. It contains about 3,000 sq. m. and
230,000 inhab.
Chirasco, a fortified town of Piedmont, capital
of a fertile territory of the same name, with a
strong citadel. It is seated on a mountain, at the
confluence of the Stura with the Tanaro, 24 m.
S. S. E. of Turin. Pop. about 11,000.
Chcrhoury, a seaport of France, in the depart-
ment of Manche, with an Augustine abbey.
Here was a sea-fight between the English and
French, in 1692, when the latter were beat, and
upward of 20 of their men of war burnt, near Cape
la Hogue. The English landed here in 1 758, took
the town, with the ships in the basin, demolished
the fortifications, and ruined the works for im-
proving the harbour. These works were resum-
ed on a stupendous scale, by Louis XVI. ; but
their progress was interrupted by the revolution ;
resumed again under Napoleon in 1803; and the
works destroyed by the fury of the elementb ia
1808 ; after which a new plan of operations was
resolved upon, by excavating a basin out of the .
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life
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reach of the violence of the ocean, which in 1813
was so far acconiBlishod, as to hold 50 sail of the
line, having 50 feet depth of water. Other works of
corresponding magnitude have since been carried
on, and it now appears destined to become the chief
naval station of France, and to rival in extent and
magnificence every establishment of the kind
in the world. Its situation is very advantageous,
either for dispatching a fleet to any part of the
world, west or south ; or for commanding the chan-
nel between France and England. It is about 70
m. due south of the south side of the Isle of Wight,
and 100 W. N. W. of Par s, in N. lat. 49. 39. and
1. 37. W. long.
Cheribon, a seaport on the north coast of the
Island of Java, about 150 m. N. of Batavia; it ex-
ports large quantities of coffee.
Clierokecs, an Indian tribe occupying an exten-
sive tract of country, betweea the Chatahoochee
and Tennessee rivers, at the S. extremity of the
Apalachian chain. The Cherokees were among the
bravest and noblest of the American race. This na-
tion has been long distinguished, for being in ad-
vance of the other Indian tribes in the arts of
civilization. Some of their chieflains have been
really great men, fully sensible of the disadvan-
tages of their condition, and sagacious in devising
means to remedy them. Among these chieftains,
the lat.e Charles Hicks, and John Ross, now at
the head of the nation, were pre-eminent. Under
their directing counsels, and aided by the policy
of the general government, they have outstrip-
ped all the other tribes in the march of improve-
ment.
Advantageously situated in, the northwest of
Georgia, and extending themselves into Alabama
and Tennessee, they occupy a well watered and
healthy country, conveniently divided into hill
and dale. The northern part is quite mountain-
ous ; but the southern and western parts are com-
posed of extensive and fertile plaln.s, covered with
the finest timber, and furnishing excellent pas-
turage. The winters are mild, and the climate
healthy. Large herds of cattle and horses are
owned by the natives, and they are used for culti-
vating the earth. Numerous flocks of goats,
sheep, and swine, cover the hills. The valleys
and plains furnish the best soil, and produce In-
dian corn, cotton, tobacco, wheat, oats, and pota-
toes. The natives carry on considerable trade
with the adjoining states, and some of them carry
their cotton down the Tennessee, and even down
the Mississippi, to New Orleans. Apple and
peach orchards are very common, and much at-
tention is paid to gardens in the nation. There
are many public roads in the nation, and houses
of entertainment kept by the natives.
Numerous and flourishing villages are to be
Been in every section of the country. Cotton and
woolen cloths, and blankets, are manufactured
here. Almost every family raises cotton for its
own consumption. Industry and commercial en-
terprise are extending themselves through the
nation. Different mechanical trades are pursued
The population is rapidly increasing, and the fe-
male character is much respected. The religion
of the nation is Christian — that religion which,
wherever it reigns, whether in Europe, Asia,
Africa, or America, elevates its professors above
those of other religions.
Another proof is given by this people of their
capacity of self improvement, in the alphabet in-
vented by <me of their native chieflains, called
Guess. I %e Cadmus, he has given to his people
the alphah of their language. It is composed oi
eighty-six characters, so well adapted to the pecu-
liar sounds of the Indian tongue, that Cherokees,
who had despaired of acquiring the requisite
knowledge by means of the schools, are soon en-
abled to read, and correspond with each other.
This invention is one of the great triumphs of tlie
aboriginal intellect. Like the Greeks and the
Latins, the Indians have now found a means of
perpetuating the productions of mind. They have
erected a barrier against the inroads of oblivion.
Henceforth their peculiar forms of expression,
their combinations of thought, and the sugges-
tions of their imaginations, will be preserved. An
empire of intellect is founded on a stable founda-
tion ; and when did such an empire experience a
decline, till it had first attained the climax of hu-
man grandeur .^ A printing press establislied in
the nation issues a newspaper, periodically im-
parting information, both of domestic and foreign
origin, throughout the tribe.
Their political constitution affords another
proof of their capacity of self government. Re-
publican in its character, its provisions are better
calculated, as expressed in the preamble, "to es-
tablish justice, insure tranquillity, promote the
common welfare, and secure to ourselves and pos-
terity the blessings of liberty," than many of the
more elaborate contrivances of their European
brethren. The government is representative in
its form, and is divided into executive, legislative,
and judicial departments. The trial by jury is
established ; and the particular provisions of the
constitution, while they are calculated to accustom
the Cherokees to the principles of our system of
jurisprudence, are peculiarly well adapted to the
anomalous condition, in which the nation is placed.
The whole is well suited to secure to the tribe the
improvements already made, and to stimulate
them to further advances in civilization.
The sympathies of the public have within a
short time been strongly excited in their behalf
in consequence of a determination manifested by
the government of Georgia to expel them from
their territory. The Cherokees refuse to depart.
They avow themselves to be independent of the
state of Georgia and under the protection of the
United States.
Their numbers amount to about 14,000. Their
capital is New Echota, on the Coosa river, within
the limits of the territory claimed by Georgia.
Cheroniso, a town of European Turkey, on the
N. E. coast of the island of Negropont, 25 m. E.
of Negropont.
Chcroy, a town of France, in the department
of Yonne, 10 m. W. of Sens.
Cherrijfield, t. Washington Co. Me. Pop. 533.
Cherrifton, t. Northampton Co. Va. on the east'
ern shore.
Chcrryvalley, p.t. a flourishing town of New
York, in Otsego County, at the head of a creek
of its name, 18 m. S. of Canajoharie, and 55 W.
by N. of Albany. Pop. 4.098.
Cherryville, villages in Pa., and Louisiana.
Cherso, an island in the Gulf of Venice, be-
tween the coasts of Istria and Croatia. On the
south it is separated from Osero by a very narrow
channel, and the two islands are united by a
bridge. The soil is stony ; but it abounds in cat-
tle, wine, oil, and honey. It hiis a town of the
same name, with a good harbour. Long. 14. 45.
E. lat. 45. 10. N. The two islands contain to-
gether a population of about 10,000, and wer«
ceded to Austria by the treaty of Campo Fornio,
chjt.
i&^
Cii
in 1796, after having for nearly eight centuries
formed a part of the Venet«an republic.
•»» Clicrson, the capital of New Russia, in the gov-
ernment of Catharineslaf, founded by Catharine
II. on the north bank of tlie Dnieper, 10 miles be-
low tlie influx of the Ingulec. The church and
many of the houses are built of stone. Here is a
dock from which several men of war and mer-
chant ships have been launched ; but owing to
some sand banks in the river, the naval establish-
ment has been Ir.insferred hence to Nicolayef, and
its commerce to Odessa; the population, which
at one time amounted to sibout 50,000, has pro-
gressively decreased to below 10,000. In 1787,
the empress made a triumphant journey to this
capital, and here met emperor Joseph II. At
.. this place, in 1790, the philanthropic Howard fell
a victim to liis indefatigable humanity ; and a mon-
ument was erected to his memory by tlie Russian
admiral. Cherson is 50 m. E. of Oczakow. Long.
32. 5G. E. lat. 45. 38. N.
Chertsey, a town in Surry, Eng. Here was for-
merly an abbey, of which only a part of the walls
now remain ; it was the first burial place of Hen-
ry VI. who was afterward removed to Windsor.
It is seated near the Thames, over which is a
handsome brido-e, 20 m. W. by S. of London.
Pop. in 1821, 4,279.
Chcsapcak, the largest and safest bay in the
United States. Its entrance is between Cape
Ciiarles in Maryland, and Cape Henry in Virgin-
ia, 12 m. wide. It extends 270 m. to the north;
is from 10 to 40 miles broad, and generally nine
fathoms deep ; containing several islands and
many commodious harbours. It receives the Sus-
quehannah, Potomac, Rappahannoc, York, and
James rivers, which are all large and navigable.
Chcsapeak, a village in Cecil Co. Maryland.
Chesapeak and Delaware canal, unites tlie two
bays of that name. It begins at Delaware city on
the Delaware, and proceeds nearly west through
Delaware and Maryland to Back Creek, a brancli
c^ Elk river. It is 14 miles long, GO feet wide,
and navigable for vessels drawing 10 feet. At
every half mile are recesses where the canal is
widened for the passage of vessels. Four miles
of the canal pass through a hill in some places 90
feet high, being the deepest cut upon any canal in
tlie world. Here a bridge of a single arch is
thrown across it. This canal was finished in 1829,
and cost 150,000 dollars per mile. It has a great
navigation.
Cheskam, a town in Buckinghamshire, Eng.
with manufacturesof lace and wooden ware, such
us malt-shovels, butchers' trays, &c. It stands
in a vale, 27 m. N. W. of London. Pop. in 1821,
0,032.
Cheshire, a county palatine of England, bound-
ed on the north by the river Mersey, which di-
vides it from Lancashire, N. E. by Yorkshire, E.
by Derbyshire, S. E. by Staffordshire, S. by Shrop-
shire, VV. by the river Dee, which divides it from
Denbigshire and Flintshire, and N. W. by the
Irish Sea, into which projects a peninsula, 13 m.
long and six broad, formed by the mouths of the
Mersey and the Dee. This county extends 33
miles from north to south, and 42 from east to
west, without including the peninsula just men-
tioned on tlie west, and narrow tract of land,
which stretches between Lancashire and Derby-
shire, to Yorkshire on the N. E. Antecedent to
the invasion of Britain by the Romans, this part
of the country was occupied by a tribe called the
Comavii; ajid Cheshire was constituted a coun-
ty palatine by William the Norman, who confer
red it upon his nephew, Hugh Lupus ; but the
succeeding palatines, exercising an authority in-
compatible with justice to other parts of the coun-
try, such as affording sanctuary, &c., Henry VIII.
who, whatever faults he might possess, is entitled
to the gratitude of the present age for having been
instrumental in breaking up the strong holds
of priest-craft, and numerous other kinds of local
t}-ranny, abrogated most of the privileges of this
palatinate, tlie forms of which, however, it still
retains. Its principal towns besides the city of
Chester, are Stockport, Macclesfield, Congleton,
and Nantwich : Stockport, at the N. E. extremi-
ty of the county, and the surrounding country,
participates largely in the cotton manufacture ;
Macclesfield and Congleton are extensively enga-
ged in the silk manufacture ; and Nantwich is
celebrated for its salt springs ; and ship-building
is extensively carried on at the city of Chester.
In addition to the rivers Mersey and Dee, the
county of Cheshire is intersected by the rivers
Wever and Bollin, and contains several small
lakes well stored with fish ; it is also intersected
by several canals, affording it a facility of com-
munication with all parts of the kingdom. The
river Dee is united by a canal of one entire level,
about 14 miles in length, from the city of Chester
to the Mersey, about 12 miles above Liverpool;
other canals diverge from the city of Chester to
Northwich, and into Wales. The Trent and Mer-
sey Canal {see Runcorii and Preston) intersect the
heart of the county, whilst the Duke of Bridge-
water's is carried nearly parallel with the Mersey
to Manchester, and the Peak Forest Canal inter-
sects the N. E. end of the county. The E. and
N. E. parts of the county supply abundance of
coal and various minerals ; but the distinguishing
characteristics of the county are its salt and
cheese ; the supply of the first is inexhaustible,
and celebrated for its purity ; whilst the cheese
stands unrivalled for the excellence of its quality.
The salt is produced both in a rock or solid state,
and by evaporation of the water from the numer-
ous springs. The quantity consumed in Great
Britain since 1779 has averaged about 55,000 tons
per annum, produced chiefly by evaporation ; and
the quantity exported since that time has averaged
about 250,000 tons per annum, in the proportion
of about 35,000 tons of rock, and the remainder
produced by evaporation, constituting in the ag-
gregate an exchangeable money value of about
£300,000 per annum, exclusive of the tax of £30
per ton levied on that consumed in Great Britain
during the period 1806-1822, (in which latter
year the tax was repealed,) yielding in the aggre-
gate about £1,500,000 per annum. The £300,-
000 produce of the salt is principally distributed,
in the first instance, for labour, and for reparation
of machinery, buildings, and pans, used in the pro-
cess of evaporation and stoving. The total ex-
changeable money value of the cheese annually
produced in this county may be estimated at about
£750,000 per annum, and the aggregate exchan-
geable money value of all its other agricultural
productions, may be estimated at from double to
treble that amount, out of which a land rent lax
of about £700,000 per annum is exacted. For the
relative proportion of this amount to that exacted
in other counties, as well as for territorial extent,
population, &c. &c. see England. The south
and west part of the county it is, that is th» mo**,
productive in cheese, and in which the sa.^, springs
abound. This part of th« county is rather level
CHE
iw
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than hilly, and subdivided by hedge rows, well
stocked with timber, into comparatively very
email enclosures, intersected by numerous paved
roads, which imply either a Roman origin, or per-
haps found necessary on account of the sandy
prevalence of the surface. On the north and east
side of the county about 100,000 persons are em-
ployed in the silk and cotton manufacture. See
Conglcton, Macclesfield, and Stockport. The 250,-
000 tons of salt per annum exported, are convey-
ed by the river Wever, into the Mersey, about 20
m. above Liverpool, at which port it is principally
shipped.
Cheshire, a county of New Hampshire, bound-
ed on the west by the Connecticut River, which
separates it from Vermont ; it is about 20 miles in
mean breadth, and is, upon the whole, a tolerably
fertile district ; the south-end borders on Massa-
chusetts. Pop. 27,016. Keene, in the interior
of the county, 60 m. S. W. by W. of Concord, is
the chief town.
Cheshire, is also the name of a town in Berk-
shire County, Massachusetts. Pop. 1,049. And
of another in New Haven County, Connecticut.
Pop. 1,764.
Cheshunt, a parish in Hertfordshire, England.
Pop. in 1821, 4,376. Waltham Cross, at the en-
trance of the parish from London, is 11 m. from
Shoreditch church, on the line of the great north
road.
Chester, a city of England, an ecclesiastical see,
and capital of the county of Cheshire, is situate
on the banks of the river Dee, at the western
extremity of the county, 183 miles N. N. W. of
London, and 24 due south of Liverpool. Chester
is one of the most ancient and interesting cities
of England ; it is surrounded by a wall, nearly
two miles in circumference, still kept in a good
state of repair, the top affording, in its entire
circuit, a delightful promenade. It has four
gates, in the position of the four cardinal points,
two of them very ornamental, and the whole in-
teresting for their antiquity. Within the present
century, the city has undergone vast improve-
ments. Formerly, the houses in the principal
streets projected over the foot-path, forming a
covered way five or six feet wide ; which although
agreeable enough in wet weather, rendered the
shops and rooms on the ground floor dark and
disagreeable, and gave an uncouth feature to the
city. This defect is now wholly, or nearly so,
removed, whilst several public edifices, unequalled
in the British dominions for tiieir architectural
taste and grandeur, ornament different parts of
the city; the most distinguished of these, are the
county gaol, on the site of tlie old castle, and
the county hall contiguous thereto ; the porticoes of
these two edifices, in their appropriateness of de-
sign, exactness of proportion, and grandeur of
etfect, have no parallel in Britain, and cannot be
surpassed in any part of the world. Here are a
public lib'ary. an exchange, &c. The cathedral
IS a venerable structure of reddish sand stone,
built in the 8th century; there are eight other
churches, and several dissenting places of wor-
ship, a county infirmary, and several schools. Two
annual fairs, in July and October, each of which
continues several days, are very numerously at-
tended, giving rise to great traffic in linens from
Ireland, and woolen clotiis and stuffs from York-
shire, and for the accommodation of which, a
commodious hall was erected in 1809, and an-
other in 1815. Chester, in 1825, had nine public
breweries, seven establisbmenta for the euttin^; of
corks, five iron founderies, two paper and four
extensive flour mills, six manufactories of pipes,
and nine of tobacco, and several other manufac-
torie of minor importance. The river Dee is
navigable up to the city for vessels of considera-
ble burthen ; and ships of 300 to 400 tons are
always in a course of building, and occasionally
eight or ten at a time ; on the whole, however,
Chester has more the character of a provincial,
than of a seaport town. The contiguity of Liv-
erpool having superseded it in its latter character.
Its local jurisdiction is vested in a mayor and 24
aldermen ; it returns two members to Parliament
by about 1,400 electors. The population, which
in 1801 was 15,052, in 1821 amounted to 19,940.
exclusive of about 1,500 in two adjoining oul
parishes.
Chester, a county at the S. E. extremity of the
state of Pennsylvania in the E. District, bound-
ed on the N. E. by the Schuylkill River, and in-
tersected by the Brandywine. The county is
about 35 miles from north to south, and 15 in
mean breadth. Pop. 50,908. West Chester, on
the east border of the county, 18 miles from
Philadelphia, on the great western road to Pitts-
burg, is the chief town.
Chester District, a county or district in the
north part of'the state of South Carolina, bound-
ed on the east by the Catawba River, and west
by Broad River, distant from each other about
25 miles. The district is about 20 north to
south. Pop. 19,182.
Chester, p.t. Rockingham Co. N. H. 43 m. from
Boston ; 30 from Portsmouth. Pop. 2,039. The
town is about 12 miles in extent, and the village
consists of a single street a mile long. Most of
the trade of the county centres here. Plumbago
of a good quality is found in this town. Here
are two remarkable caves, one of which exhibits
columns of stalactites.
Chester, p.t. Windsor Co. Vt. Pop. 2,320.
Chester, p.t. Hampden Co. Mass. Pop. 1,406
Chester, p.t. Orange Co. N. Y. There are 13
other towns and villages called Chester in the
U. States.
Chesterfield, a town in Derbyshire, England.
It has three establishments for the manufacture
of baskets or skips, much used in the conveyance
of cotton yarn from the mills to the dealers, five
tanneries, two iron founderies, nine potteries
chiefly coarse ware, some trifling manufactures
of hosiery, &c. and next to Derby it is the
most import.int trading town in the county. It has
mines of coal, lead, and iron in its vicinity, and
a canal, communicating with the Trent below
Gainsborough ; a prison for debtors, a market-
house, town- hall and sessions- room are all com-
bined under one roof. In 1821 the town con-
tained 5,077 inhabitants, and the parish, which
incljUdes eight contiguous townships and hamlets,
4,113 inhabitants more. It is 155 miles N. by W
of London, on the direct road from thence
through Nottingham to ShofKeld, from which it
is distant 13 miles, and 26 from Nottingham.
Chesterfield, a county of Virginia bounded on
the east and north by James River, and soutli by
the Appomattox Iliver. Pop. 18,637. The
court house of the county is 15 miles S. by
W. of Richmond. The county contains about
300 square miles.
Chesterfield District, a frontier district of South
Carolina, bordering on North Carolina, bounded
on the east by the Great Pedee River^ and west
by Lynche's Creek ; it contains 450 square miles,
CHI
191
cm
and a population of 8,472. The chief town is of
the same name.
Chesterfield, p.t. Clieshire Co. N. H. 100 m. from
Portsmouth ; 90 m. from Boston.
CIcesterfield, p.t. Hampshire Co. Mass. Pop.
1,417.
Chesterfield, Essex Co. N. Y. Pop. 1,671. Al-
so a town in Burlington Co. N. J.
Chesterfield Inlet, an inlet extending about 200
miles westward from the north end of Hudson's
Bay ; the entrance to the inlet is in lat. 63. 30.
N. lonor. 90. 40. W. ; its mean breadth is about 15
miles.
Chester-le-Street, a parish in the county of
Durham. Eng. containing 18 townships. The to-
tal population of which in 1821 was 13,936 ; the
parish abounds in coal, and is intersected by the
river Wear; the township of Chester-le-Street is
situate on the west bank of the Wear, six miles
lorth of Duram, and 18 south of Newcastle, and
in 1821 contained 1,892 of the population.
Chestertoicn, port of entry and capital of Kent
Co. Maryland, on Chester river, flowing into the
upper part of Chesapeak Bay from the East. An
academy which was originally incorporated as a
college, is established here and receives an annui-
ty from the state.
Chesternille, Kennebec Co. Me. Pop. 923.
Chesterville, p. v. Kent Co. Maryland.
Chestnut Hill, a township inNorthamptonCo.Pa.
Cheviot Hills, a ridge of mountains in Eng-
land, which run from north to south through
Northumberland and Cumberland, famous for its
free chase, formerly much used by the English
and Scotch gentry. " These hills are now chiefly
wild and open sheep-walks ; goats also are fed
among them, and some of the finest cattle in
the ki'ngdom, in parts of the Scotch border. Near
these many an obstinate battle has been fought
between the English and Scotch, before the two
kingdoms were united ; among which niay be
numbered the encounter between the earls Percy
and Douglas, celebrated in the ancient ballad call-
ed Chevy Chace. The altitude of the peak called
Cheviot Pill, which is about 20 m. W. by N. of
Alnwick, is 2,658 feet above the level of the sea,
other peaks of the range rise 3Clt) to 400 feet
higher.
Chiapa, a province of America, uniting the
two grand divisions of the western hemisphere.
This province extends from the lat. of 14. 50. to
17. 30. of north lat. and lies between the long, of
90. 20. and 92. 50. W. being about 180 miles in
extreme length but the mean breadth not exceed-
ing more than about 100 miles, its area may be
stated at 18,000 square miles. It is bounded on
the north by the province of Tabasco, which en-
closes it on the side of the Atlantic Ocean, and
on the south by part of the province of Gua-
temala, which encloses it on the side of the Paci-
fic Ocean; on the east by Vera Paz> and west by
Guaxaca, the extreme southern province of Mex-
ico. The Andes run into this province in broken
ridges at its S. E. extremity ; but towards its more
western boundary, the grand mountain chain
may be said to be completely divided. The
Tabasco River rises at the foot of the termination
of the mountain chain, runs first in a W. N. W.
direction, and afterwards takes a northerly course
through the province of Tabasco, into the Bay
of Campeachy, thereby affording an advantageous
opening with the Atlantic Ocean. Four or five
other streams of inferior importance intersect the
central and eastern side of the province, all uni-
ting into one, near its northern frontier ; after
wards running through the province of Tabasco,
also into the Bay of Campeachy, there being no
river of any note running out of Chiapa into the
Pacific Ocean. With the exception of the S. E.
part, Chiapa may be considered a level rather
than a mountainous country, and exceedingly
fertile; and having hitherto been uncursed with
the discovery of any gold or silver mine, the
native inhabitants are proportionably~ more nume-
rous, more social, and exhibit more primitive
characteristics than in any other part of the
western hemisphere. Nearly all the animated
creatures and vegetable productions common to
the tropical section of this division of the globe,
are common in Chiapa. The most prominent of
the animal race is the horse, the breed of which,
first introduced from Europe, is deservedly cele-
brated, and cherished with great care by the in-
habitants, with whom the horse constitutes their
most important branch of traffic, great numbers
being constantly sent into Mexico. When, in-
stead of chicane and oppressive exactions, integ-
rity and mutual reciprocity shall constitute the
basis of commercial intercourse, no part of the
world will aiford a fairer field for enterprize than
the province of Chiapa. Its forests will supply
abundance of cypress, cedar, pine, walnut, and
other timber, whilst the cultivated parts will
yield abundance of cotton, cocoa, coffee, sugar,
and cochineal, with a boundless variety of aro-
matic resins, gums, and dyes, to constitute fit
and ample equivalents to exchange for the varied
useful productions of European art. Most of
the domestic animals and fowls common to Eu-
rope, as well as the horse, have become natural-
ized in Chiapa, and in greater plenty and excel-
lence than in almost any other part of America
south of the United States ; and its climate, in
reference to its geographical position, being of a
genial and moderate, rather than of an extreme
temperature, it affords as favourable a domicile
for a portion of the population of the denser in-
habited parts of Europe as any part of the world.
This territory is comprised within the republic
ot Guatemala, or Central America, as it is some-
times called.
Chiapa, the chief town of the preceding prov-
ince, is situate on the west side of the river Tabas-
co, near the N. W. extremity of the province, in
the lat. of 17. 5. N. and 92. 40. of W. long. The
number of inhabitants is estimated at 20,000,
chiefly Indians, hence it is called Chiapa de los
Jndios, in contradistinction to another town about
20 miles west, called Chiapa de los Espanoles, in
consequence of being inhabited chiefly by persons
of Spanish descent: the latter jfe sometimes called
Ciudad Real, and is the see of a bishop, having a
stately cathedral, and several monastic establish-
ments ; its population is, however, inconsiderable,
not exceeding more than 2,000.
Chiarenza, a town of European Turkey, in the
Morea, on the river Sillus, situate near the sea,
opposite the east end of the island of Cefalonia.
Long. 21. 28. lat. 37. 46. N.
Chiari, a town of Italy, in Bresciano, where
the Austrians defeated the French in 1701. It is
situate between two rivers which fall into the
Oglio, on the east side, 14 m. N. N. E. of Crema.
Pop. about 7,000.
Chuiromonte, a town of Sicily, in Val di Noto,
seated on a mountain 25 miles west of Syracuse ;
it gave the surname to the family of the virtuoiw
and amiable pope Pius VII.
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192
CHI
Chiavari, a town of the territory of Genoa,
situate at the mouth of a river falling into the
gulf, about 20 m. S. E. of Geioa. It has seve-
ral manufactures. Pop. about 8,000.
Chiavenna, a town of Switzerland, capital of a
country of its name, subject to the Grisons. It
is a trading place, especially in wine and delicate
fruits, being the principal communication be-
tween the Milanese and Germany. The govern-
or's palace and the churches are magnificent ; and
the inhabitants are Roman Catholics. Here are
the ruins of a once celebrated fortress, on the
summit of a rock ; and close to the town is a rock
of asbestos. It is seated on the banks of the river
Maira, which falls into the north end of the Lake
of Como. Pop. about 3,000. The district, which
is mountainous, contains a population of about
18,000.
Chicago, a town with a military post called Fort
Dearborn, at the southern extremity of Lake
Michigan in the state of Illinois. A river of the
same name here flows into the lake.
Chickasaws, a nation of American Indians, set-
tled on the head branches of the Tombeckbe and
Yazoo rivers, in the N. E. corner of the state of
Mississippi; the N. W. extremity of their territo-
ry jets upon the river of that name; they have
seven towns, the central one of which is in long.
89. 43. W. lat. 34. 23. N. Their numbers have
lately been on the increase and they are now
about 4.000. They have many mills and work-
6hops,and pay considerable attention to agriculture.
Cldchacotta, a fortified town of Bootan, on the
south frontier, frequently taken and relinquished
by the British India troops, in the war with the
Booteeas in 1772. It is 48 m. S. by E. of 'Tas-
easudon. Long. 89. 35. E. lat. 26. 35. N.
Chichester, a city, the capital of Sussex, Eng.
and a county of itself. It is a bishop's see,
and has seven churches, beside the cathedral, a
spacious edifice, 410 ft. in length, with a tower,
surmounted by a spire rising to the height of 297
feet. The city is walled round, and had formerly
four gates. It exports corn, malt, &c. has some
foreign commerce, and a manufacture of nee-
dles. The haven affords fine lobsters. It is
seated in a plain, on the river Levant, near its
entrance into an arm of the English Channel,
12 m. E. N. E. of Portsmouth, and 61 S. W. of
London. Pop. in 1821, 7,362.
Chichester, p.t. Merrimack Co. N. H. 45 m. N.
W. Portsmouth. Pop. 1,084.
Chielefa, a town of Independent Greece, in the
Morea, near the Gulf of Coron. 14 m. W. of
Colocythia.
Chiem-Sce, a lake of Bavaria 35 miles in circum-
ference. In the midst of it are two islands ; on
one of them is a convent of Benedictine nuns,
and on the other an Augustine monastery. It
lies 22 m. W. N. W. of Salzburg, and discharges
its waters by the river Alza, in a^ northerly direc-
tion into the Inn.
Chicri, a town of Piedmont, surrounded by an
ancient wall, in which are six gates. It has four
grand .squares, many churches and religious hou-
ses, and considerable manufactures of cloth and
silk. It is 7 miles east of Turin. Pop. about
11,000.
Chieti. See Civita di Chicti.
Chigioell, a village in Essex, Eng. 10 m. N. E.
of London. It is noted for a free-school, founded
by archbishop Harsnelt, who had been vicar of
this place, and lies buried in the church. Pop. in
18?' 1,696.
Chihtiahtia, a city in the province of DurangO,
situate in the lat. of 28. 50. N. on the high roaa
from the city of xVIexico to Santa Fe, about 700 m.
N. N. W. of Mexico. Chihuahua is a considera-
ble place, having several public buildings, and
about 11,000 inhabitants. "The principal church
is a beautiful edifice ; the surrounding country is
productive in silver.
Chilca, a small seaport of Peru, about 30 m. S.
of Lima.
Chile, a territory of the southern division of
the western hemisphere, extending- from the lat. -
of 24. 20. to 43. 50. S. and from 65. 50. to 74. 20.
W. long, bounded on the w^-'t by the Pacific
Ocean, and on the east by t{ ■* Andes, which di-
vides it from the United Provinces of Buenos
Ayres, being about 1 ,350 miles in length, from
north to south, and 130 in mean breadth, in a po-
sition from the south, of N. N. E. Antecedent
to the irruption of the Spaniards into this part of
the world, Chile was divided into several inde-
pendent states, of whom the earliest information
hitherto obtained respecting them, is, that in
1450 Upanqui, the then Inca of Peru, made in-
roads upon the Chilian territory, and subdued the
four northern provinces, at the southern boundary
of which their progress was stayed by the brjivery
of a tribe called the Promancians. The Peru-
vians, however remained roasters of the four
provinces, up to the period of },535, when it was
first visited by the Spaniards, who invaded it
from Peru with a force of ','70 Europeans and
15,000 Peruvians, under the .ommand of Alma-
giso, the companion of Vin.rxo. Two-thirds of
the number of this expediJon perished with fa-
tigue on the march, the remainder, however, suc-
ceeded in reaching the northern province of
Chile, and the Spaniards were received by the
inhabitants with cordiality and respect ; but the
perfidy and baseness of Almagro indulged in the
wanton massacre of some of the chief men of the
country, and thereby raised the indignation of the
whole population against him : and having in a
general engagement with the Promancians, sus-
tained a complete defeat, and dissatisfaction pre-
vailing amono- > 'b troops, he returned to Peru in
1538. In 1540 nowever, Pizarro dispatched an-
other expediti m, under the command of Val*
divia, who, ?1er much resistance, succeeded in
extending ' « arms as far as Mapocho, and from
that peri' the Spaniards maintained possession
of the CO ntry, though not without repeated con-
flicts with the natives, and occasional reverse of
fortune. Such has been the bravery of the Arau-
cans, a tribe of Indians, occupying the southern
part of the territory, from the lat. of 37. to 42. S.
that up to the present time they have never been
subdued. The last conflict in which they were
engaged with the Spaniards was in 1773, in which
great slaughter ensued, without a decided triumph
to either party. From that period, however, tran
quillity has generally prevailed, the Araucans
having since then had a resident at Santiago,
more m the character of representative of an m-
deprndent nation, than a conquered or dependent
province.
In 1742, Don Josef Manto, the then Spanish
governor, under whose administration peace and
order generally prevailed, founded several new
towns, and divided the country iato the 22 fol-
lowing provinces, commencing at the north, viz
1. Copiapo
2. Huasco
3. Coquimbo
4. Cuscos
5. Pectorca
6. Quillota
CHI
193
CHI
7. Melipilla
8. Rancagua
9. Colchagua
10. Curico
11. Maule
12. Canquenes
13. ItaU
14. Puchacay
15. Concepcion
16. Aconcagua
71. Santa Rosa
18. Mapocho
19. Isla de Maale
20. Chilian
21. Rere
22. Isla de la Laxa.
The Chilians are gay and hospitable, and am
highly fond of bull fights, music, and dancing.
They sleep from noon till sunset, after which the
shops and streets are lighted up, and all the pub
lie places are thronged till midnight.
Of these, the first five divisions extend from the
Pacific Ocean to the Andes; Nos. 6 to 15 are
bounded on the east by the seven remaining
provinces, which with Concepcion, are bounded
on the south by the Biobo River, in the lat. of 3C.
50. S.; the more southern portion of the territory
to the lat. of 42. S., being occupied by the Arau-
cans, and the island of Chiloe projecting into the
Pacific Ocean forms the southern extremity of
the territory, which is separated from Peru on the
north, by the dreary Desert of Atacama. The
Andes, which flank the whole eastern boundary,
rises to an average altitude of 12,000 to 14,000
feet above the level of the sea, having in the
course of this range 14 volcanoes in a state of
constant eruption, and several others which emit
occasionally. All of them are, however, too re-
mote from the inhabited parts of the territory,
either to occasion inconvenience, or inspire ter-
ror, by the violence of their eruption. The sev-
eral provinces are mostly divided from each other
by ranges of hills, each intervening valley being
intersected by one or more streams of water, con-
tributing alike to the beauty and fertility of the
country, which, as a whole, for diversity, beauty,
and grandeur of feature, is unequalled in the
world. Although the soil and cHmate of Chile
are alike favourable to the culture and breed of all
the fruits, grain, and animals conducive to the
well-being, comfort, and enjoyment of society, its
more distmguishing feature is the abundance of
its mineral productions, in gold, silver, copper,
tin, and iron. Such, however, for nearly three
centuries, was the subduing and perverse policy
of the Spaniards, that with means to command
every comfort, the inhabitants of this fine and
fertile territory were kept in a state of barbarism,
and on the verge of want. The ties of Spanish
bondage, however, now appear broken, never to
be united. The first movement of resistance to
Spanish authority, which took place in 1809, for
some time, appeared likely to succeed without in-
terruption ; but in 1814, a Spanish force from
Peru subdued nearly the whole country, and held
it again in subjection until 1817, when a force, in
the cause of independence, under the command
of general San Martin, entered Chile from Buenos
Ayres, and turned again the tide of victory
against Spanish domination. On the 12th of
February, 1819, the Chilians formally renounced
all obligation to Spanish authority, and declared
themselves independent ; which the battle of
Maypu, in the following April, not only confirm-
ed to them, but enabled them to extend their
arms, in pursuit of their oppressors, into Peru.
Tlie new government is, however, for the pres-
ent, too unstable to justify any positive conclusion
as to the future destiny of the country. The
population, according to a census taken in 1812,
amounted to about 1 ,230,000, exclusive of some
scattered tribes of Indians. Santiago, or St. Jago
de Chile, (as it is sometimes written) in the
province of Mapocho, in the lat. of 33. 20. is the
chief city, to which Valparaiso, distant 100
miles west, is the seaport. The other seaports are
Copiapo, Coquimbo, Concepcion, and Valdivia.
25
A traveller in Chile in 1820, has furnished ns
with the following remarks :
The merchants and other principal Inhabitants
reside in the houses built along the base of the
cliffs in Valparaiso, and along the streets of the
Almendral. But the poorer people live chiefly in
the Quebradas, or ravines. This class of society
have been the least affected by the changes in the
political state of the country, and retain, as we
were informed, nearly the same manners and
habits as before ; a circumstance which gave them
a higher interest to us; and induced us frequent-
ly to rove about, in the cool hours of the evening,
amongst their ranchos, or cottages. We were
every where received with the utmost frankness,
and, as far as the simple means of the inhabitants
went, with hospitality. They were chiefly brick-
makers, day-labourers, and washerwomen, who
were always gratified by the interest we took in
their affairs, replying readily and cheerfully to
our inquiries. Their first anxiety was that we
should be seated, in order, to use their phrase,
that we might " feel ourselves in our own house."
Their next wish was that we should taste some-
thing, no matter how little ; some offering us
spirits, or milk and bread ; others, who could
afford nothing else, presenting a cup of water.
Yet, however wretched the cottage, or poor the
fare, the deficiency was never made more appa-
rent by apologies : with untaught politeness, the
best they had was placed before us, graced with
a hearty welcome.
These ranchos, as well as the houses in the
town, are built of large flat bricks dried in the
sun ; and thatched with broad palm leaves, the
ends of which, by overhanging the walls, afford
shade from the scorching sun, as well as shelter
from the rain. Each cottage is divided into two
rooms ; one for the beds, and the otlier as a dining
room ; a portion of the mud floor in this apart-
ment is always raised seven or eight inches above
the level of the other parts, and being covered
with mats, serves as a couch for the siesta sleep-
ers after dinner.
In one cottage we found a young woman grind-
ing corn in a very primitive mill, which consisted
of two stones, one a large grooved block placed
on the ground, the other polished, and about
twice the size of her hand. The unground com
appeared to be baked till it could be crunibled
R
CHI
194
CHI
into powder between the finger and thumb ; this
coarse flour, when mixed with water, made an
agreeable drink called Ulpa.
In some of the Quebradas, we occasionally dis-
covered houses of a better class, generally occu-
pied by elderly ladies of small incomes, who had
relinquished the fashionable and expensive parts
of the town, for more remote, though not less com-
fortable dwellings. Nothing could exceed the
neatness and regularity which prevailed in these
houses, where we were often received by the
inmates with a politeness of manners, indicating
that they had known better days. These good
ladies generally entertained us with the celebrated
Paraguay tea, called mattee, a beverage of which
the inhabitants are passionately fond. Before infu-
sion, the Yerba, as it is called, has a yellow colour,
and appears partly ground, and partly chopped ; the
flavour resembles that of fine teaj to which, in-
deed, many people prefer it. The mattee is made
in an oval-shaped metal pot, about twice as large
as an egg-cup, placed nearly full of water, on the
hot embers of the brazier, which always stands
in the middle of the parlour; when the water
begins to boil, a lump of sugar burnt on the out-
side is added. The pot is next removed to a
filagree silver stand, on which it is handed to the
guest, who draws the mattee into his mouth
through a silver pipe seven or eight inches in
length, furnished at the lower extremity with a
bulb pierced with small holes. The natives drink
it almost boiling hot, and it costs the stranger
many a tear before he can imitate them in this
practice. There is one custom in these mattee
drinkings, to which, though not easily reconcile-
able to our habits, a stranger must not venture to
object. However numerous the companj' be, or
however often the mattee pot be replenished, the
tube is never changed ; and to decline taking
mattee, because the tube had been previously
used, would be thought the hciglit of rudeness.
A gentleman of my acquaintance, becoming very
fond of this beverage, bought a tube for himself,
and carried it constantly in his pocket ; but this
gave so much offence, that he was eventually
obliged to throw away his private bombilla, as
it is called, and follow the customs of the coun-
try.
The people in general, and particularly the
peasantry, and the lower orders in the outskirts
of the town, appeared to us much better bred
than the corresponding ranks in other countries.
In their domestic circle, they were at all times
remarkably polite to one another; the children
being respectful and attentive, and the parents
considerate and indulgent. But this was con-
spicuous only at home ; for, when abroad , the
men were very negligent of good manners ; and,
although actual rudeness was contrary to their
nature, they were, in general, careless of the
wishes of the women, and never sought opportu-
nities of obliging them, nor seemed to take any
pleasure in being useful on trivial occasions.
This habitual inattention on the part of the young
men, rendered the women, in some degree, dis-
trustful of the civility with which strangers, as a
matter of course, treated them; and, at first, we
often observed a look of embarrassment and
doubt, when we paid them the most ordinary at-
tention.
atdi, p.t Munroe Co. N. Y. 241 m. W. Alba-
ny. Pop. 2/)10.
Cliilha, a lake in the Doccan of Hindoostan,
which bounds the five Circars on the north. It
lies on the coast of the Bay of Bengal, and seema
the effect of the breach of the sea over a flat san-
dy surface, whose elevation was something above
the level of the country within. It communicates
with the sea by a very narrow but deep opening,
and is shallow within. It is 40 miles long and
14 broad, with a narrow slip of ground between
it and the sea. It contains many inhabited
islands. On the N. W. it is bounded by a ridge
of mountains, a continuation of that which ex-
tends from the Mahanuddy to the Godavery River
and shuts up the Circars towards the continent.
Chilian, one of the seven inland provinces of
Chile ; it is inconsiderable, and the least impor-
tant of them all. The chief town, of the same
name, is about 105 miles N. W. of Concepcion.
A river of the same name intersects the province
from east to west, falling ink) the Itata in the
maritime province of Puchacay.
ChiUicothe, the chief town of Ross County,
Ohio, and second in rank in the state ; seated on
a point of land formed by Paint Creek, and the
west bank of the Scioto River, 70 miles by the
water-course, above its entrance into the Ohio,
it has several mills and manufactures in its vicin-
ity. It is 45 miles south of Columbus, the capital ^
of the state, and 90 E. by N. of Cincinnati. Pop.
2,846.
Chilian, a town of Switzerland, in the canton
of Berne, at the end of the lake of Geneva or
Leman. On a rock in the lake is an ancient
castle, which has lately been used as a state pris-
on, and is imortalized in the verse of Byron.
It is 5 m. E. S. E. of Vevay.
Chiloe, Island and Archipelago of; the Island of
Chiloe forms the southern extremity of the
territory of Chile, separated from the province
of Araucan on the north by a channel four to
five miles wide. It is 140 miles in length and
about 50 in mean breadth, separated on the east
from the main land by a gulf about 50 miles wide,
containing 40 small islands, 15 uninhabited, form-
ing the Archipelago of Chiloe. The total popu-
lation is about 30,000. Castro, seated at the head
of a bay, opening into the Archipelago, is the chief
town.
Chllpanzingo, a considerable town, 2,500 feet
above the level of the sea, G5 m. N. by E. of Aca-
pulco, on the road to Mexico.
Chilques y Masques, a district of the province
of Cuzco, Peru, lying east of the Apurimac Riv-
er, having a ridge of the Andes for its east bound-
ary. It is a fertile district, containing about lO.OOO
inhab. Parino, in the lat. of 12. 45. S. and 71.
35. of W. long, is the chief town.
Chiltern, a cliam of chalky hills in England,
passing from east to west, out of Hertfordshire,
through the middle of Buckinghamshire, to the
Thames at Henley. This district formerly be- t
longed to the crown, which, for time immemorial
has had the nominal office of steward of the Chil
tern Hundreds, by the acceptance of which a
commoner vacates his seat in parliament.
Chilvers Coion, a village in Warwickshire, Enir, '^
land, contiguous to Nuneaton, (which see.) Pop.
in 1821,2,169.
Chimay, a town of the Netherlands, in the for-
est of Thierarche. Near it are mines of iron, with
founderies and forges. It is seated near the
French frontier, 12 m. N. W. of Ilocroy.
Chimhorazo, commonly esteemed the highest
peak of the Andes, is in the province of Quito, Col-
ombia ; lat. 1. 50. S. On the 23d of June, 1797,
this mountain was ascended, by the Prussian trav-
CttI
196
CHI
eller, Humboldt, to the height of 19,300 feet above
the level of the sea, when a chasm several hun-
dred feet wide prevented tlie summit being attain-
ed ; the, extreme altitude of which is 21,440 feet.
At the height attained, the cold was intense, and
respiration rendered difficult by the extreme te-
nuity of the air. The peak <s about 100 m N. N.
E. of Guayaquil, and presents a most magnificent
spectacle for many leagues out at sea in the Pa-
cific Ocean.
Chimera, a town of European Turkey, in Al-
bania, with a fort, seated on a rock, at the entrance
of the Adriatic, 24 miles S. of Avlona.
Ckirui, an empire of Asia, extending from the
lat. of 21. 30. to 41. N. and from 98. to 122. of
E. long, giving an extreme length of about 1,400
miles, and about the same number in an extreme
breadth ; but its boundaries being somewhat ir-
regular if resolved into a square, it would comprise
about 15 1-2 degrees of lat. between 22. 30. and 38.
N.and 18 degrees of long, between 102. and 120. E.
thereby giving a superficial area of about 1,200,000
square miles, or more than 20 times the extent of
England and Wales, exclusive of the eastern
provinces of Leaotong and tlie Corea, and the
vast territory of Tartary on the north, (each of
which see, under their respective heads). The
above limits, comprise what may be considered
as constituting China Proper, which has about
1,700 miles of sea coast, on the S. S. E. and E.
from the long, of 108. E. in the lat. of 21. 30. N.
to the long, of 120. E. in the lat. of 40. N. or
from the Gulf of Tonquin to the Gulf of Leao-
tong. The P^. and N. E.part of China Proper is
bounded by a waD, which divides it. from Mongul
Tartary, and the west by Kokonor and Sifan,
provinces of Thibet, at present but little known ;
and the S. W. province of Yun nen, borders on
the Briman Empire, and the territory of Tonquin
or Tonkin. Every part of this extensive territo-
ry appears to be intersected by streams of water,
falling into two grand rivers, both rising in Thi-
bet, and falling into the sea, one in tlie lat. of 31.30.
and the other in lat. 34. N. the most northerly
of these is called the Hoang-ho or Great Yellow
River, and the other the Kiang-keou, or the
Great River, (each of which see, under their res-
pective heads). There are also several lakes in
the interior ; two, south of the Kiang-keou, called
Tong-tong and Foyang ; each contains about 300
square miles of surface, and in the latter are sev-
eral islands. The coast also, from the Gulf of
Tonkin to the mouth of the Great River, is
flanked by a chain of small islands ; and, as for-
ming an integral part of China Proper, are the
the islands of Hainan Formosa ; the former at
ihe south extremity of the empire, intersected by
the lines of 19. N. lat. and 113. of E. long., and
the other, intersected by the line of the Tropic
t>f Cancer, and the 121st of E. long. ; and the de-
pendent islands, are the Loo Choo Group, the
principal of which is about 150 miles in length,
from north to south, and .30 to 40 in breadth, in
the long, of 129. E. and the lat. of 26. N. Be-
tween these and Formosa is another group 30 or
40 in number, nearly all of which are inhabited.
Mountain ridges, run in various directions ovr
nearly every part of China Proper : but the-.e
are none remarkable for their altitude ; and, in
and aggregate sense, it may l>e considered a lev-
el, rather than a mountainous country.
Of all the communities at present existing,
that of China is unquestionably the most ancient,
and, from a very early period it had obviously
made great progress in the arts of socid' life ,
but of the origin of the community, nt-tliinar
satisfactory is at present known ; for although
their records appear to have been preserved with
great care, the peculiarity, and formerly supposed
difficulty of acquiring a knowledge of the written
characters of their language (being svmbolic)
together with the peculiarly jealous character of
the people, had antecedent to the close of the
18th century, precluded Eufopeans from obtain-
ing any correct knowledge either of the past or
present extent and condition of the people. In
the absence of all authentic, and correct data
on the subject, numerous, vague, and exagger
ated statements, relating alike to their antiquity
and extent of numbers, obtained current belief
in Europe ; but since the commencement of the
I9th century, the supposed difficulty of acquiring
a knowledge of tlieir language has proved er-
roneous, and the details of the several local di-
visions and institutions of the county are be-
coming every year more extensively and accu-
rately known.
Of their origin, the most rational supposition,
is, that about 4,000 years before the Christian era,
the Chinese were among the first portion of the
wanderinor tribes spread over the northern hem-
isphere, dispersed from some of the populous dis-
tricts of that time, who formed themselves into
a social community ; whilst an examination of
the localities and natural advantajjes of the ter-
ritory of China Proper, as well with reference to
the natural fertility of its soil, as the variety and
adaptation to the wants of a social community,
of its indigenous productions, will sufficiently ac-
count for the numerical extent and peculiarity
of manners of its population. By the writings of
Confucius (the only Chinese that appears to have
obtained immortalitj' among them) who flourish-
ed 520 years before our era, China had then at-
tained nearly, if not quite as iiigh a degree of
sociality and refinement as prevails there at the
present time. In the 15th century, China Proper
may be considered as having been subjected to
the arms of the Mongul Tartar chief Genghis
Khan, who subverted the ruling power, and es-
tablished a Tartar dynasty in the government of
China ; but notwithstanding this change in the
government instead of the territory of China yield-
ing itself up as a dependent province of Tartary,
the superior fertility of China brought Tartary
into its subservience ; thereby reversing the usual
result of conquest, and the conquerors became the
dependents. The dynasty of Genghis <rradually de-
clined in influence, until it became entirely sup-
planted again by one of Chinese origin, which
ruled undisturbed until the commencement of the
17th century, when a host of Manchoo Tartars
from the N. E. part of Asia poured down their
arms and the ruling power in China was again sub-
verted, but with the same result to the country
as in the former instance, the revolution having
only extended itself to the central government,
and the substitution of a Tartarian, for a Chi-
nese sovereign. Manchoo like Mongul became
a dependent province on China ; and amid the
various changes which have taken place in the
ruling power, no material alteration appears to
have been effected in the character, habits, or
manners of the people.
According to an account furnished by an intel*
ligent native of China to the agents of the English
East India Comp'my, in Canton, in 1823, the terri-
tory of China Pr. x»er was then divided into 19 Biyil
CHI
106
CHI
&nd military jurisdictions. Notwithstanding all
the magnified impressions which have heretofore
prevailed, in reference to the supposed populous-
ness of China, relatively to the extent of territory
in the two countries, its population is but little
more than half tliat of England and Wales ; and,
althougli the numerical military force of China is
lepresented as exceeding 1 ,200,000 men, the state
revenues will be seen relatively not to amount
to lOOth part of those of England. Yet, notwith-
standing the abject and servile condition to which
centuries of severe rules have subjected them, the
Chinese are, in general, a cheerful people; in-
deed, every thing relating to and connected with
China, in comparison with the communities and
institutions of Europe, seems anomalous. With
a soil of more than ordinary fertility, in which all
the fruits and vegetable productions common to
Europe flourish, and which abounds in a variety
inestimably valuable peculiar to itself, and a peo-
ple proverbially and really industrious, famine fre-
quently prevails extensively. To unfold, howev-
er, these mysteries belongs more to the philoso-
pher than to the geographer.
In some of the provinces of China, part of the
exactions for the support of the government are
levied in kind, in grain and rice. This fact, whilst
it serves to show somewhat tlie nature of the soil
in the respective provinces, leads to the consider-
ation of a feature in the policy of China peculiar
at this time to itself but which appears in past
times to have been acted upon in Egypt and in
Rome; viz. that of storing up grain to meet the
exigences of occasional dearth. The average stock
maintained in China for this purpose is about
30,000.000 of Ski, equal to about 2,000,000 of En-
glish tons, in the proportion of one-sixth rice, and
the remainder in grain, chiefly maize and wheat;
and although this quantity is not more than equal
to two month's subsistence for the aggregate pop-
ulation, yet, when it is considered that China
Proper extends through 20 degrees of latitude,
partly within the tropic of Cancer, and 25 degrees
of longitude, in which extensive range it is not
likely that a scarcity would at most pervade more
than one-fifth part, if so much, at one time, it is
probable tliat the quantity in question has proved,
by the experience of centuries, adequate to its
proposed object ; and it is unquestionably a mea-
sure, if duly regulated, worthy the adoption of
every social community.
As there is scarcely a town or even a village
in China which has not the advantage either of
an arm of the sea or a canal, navigation is so com-
mon that almost as many people live on the wa-
ter as on land. The great canal runs from north
to south, from the city of Canton to the extremi-
ty of the empire; and by it all kinds of foreign
merchandize entered at that city are conveyed
directly to Pekin, a distance of 825 miles. This
canal is about 50 feet wide, passes through or
near 41 large cities, and has 75 large sluices to
keep up the water, besides several thousand
bridges. Chinii owes a great part of her riches
to these numerous canals, which are cut through
any kind of private property, not even excepting
the gardens of the emperor.
Among the birds maybe mentioned th« cormo-
rant, which the Chinese train up for the purpose
of fishing. They tie a leather thong round the
lower part of their necks that they may not
swallow the fish they catch, and then throw the
cormorants into the river. The birds dive under
water and pursue the fish, and when they have
caught them, riise to the top and swallow their
prey as far as possible. After each bird has in
this manner swallowed five or six fish, the keer)erg
call them and oblige them to vomit up all they
have taken.
Among the fruits peculiar to China, and in ad
dition to the orange, lemon, lime, citron, pome
granate, and the vine in great variety, are the
tse-tse, a kind of fig; the li-tchi, of the size of a
date, its stone covered with a soft juicy pulp, of
an exquisite taste, but dangerous when eaten to
excess ; the long yen, or dragonseye, its pulp
white, tart, and juicy, not so agreeable to the
taste, but more v/holesome than the li-tchi. Of
esculent plants they have an infinity unknown to
Europe. They cultivate also the bottom of their
waters ; the beds of their lakes, ponds, and rivu-
lets, producing crops unknown to us, particularly
of the pitsi, or water chestnut, the fruit of which
(found in a cover formed by its root) is exceed-
ingly wholesome, and of a very delicate taste. —
Among the trees peculiar to China are the tallow-
tree, the fruit of which is white, of the size of a
small walnut, and the jiulp has the properties ol
tallow ; the wax-tree producing a kind of white
wax, almost equal to that made by bees ; the tsi-
chu, or varnish tree, which produces the admira-
ble Chinese varnish ; the tie-ly-mou, or iron wood,
the wood of which is so hard and heavy that it
sinks in the water, and the anchors of the Chi-
nese ships are made of it ; the camphire-tree ;
the bamboo reeds, wiiich grow to the height and
size of a large tree ; and, besides being used as na-
tural pipes to convey water, are employed for
numberless other purposes ; the tea-plant, whose
leaves and flowers are of the following shape
also cotton, betel, and tobacco ; the flowering
shrubs, flowers, herbs, and medicinal plants, are
exceedingly numerous. The tea plant grows
best in valleys and on the banks of rivers, or tlie
CHt
19t
CHI
slopes of mountains facing the South. In 7 years
it grows to the height of a man's head, when it is
cut down and a new crop of shoots spring forth.
The leaves are picked one by one. They are
steamed over boiling water and then dried by the
fire.
In the mountains and forests are wild animals
of every species; but that valuable quadruped,
the muskdeer, is peculiar to this country. Gold
and silver are said to be common in several parts
of the empire ; but the working of the mines is
interdicted, to prevent, as is pretended, the pro-
duce leading to a derangement of their general
system of policy. The mountains, also, chiefly
in the north and west parts of the empire, contain
mines of iron, tutenag, copper, and quicksilver, as
well as quarries of marble, coal, lapis lazuli, jas-
per, rock crystals, granite, and a kind of sonorous
stones, of which musical instruments are com-
posed ; and here is potters' earth, of such vari-
ous and superior kinds that the fine porcelain of
China is unrivalled. The number of domestic
animals appears to be very limited, and animal
food, though not interdicted either from state or
religious scruples, as is the case over a great part
of Hindoostan, is very uncommon.
The manufactures of China embrace every pos-
sible commodity to gratify artificial wants ; and
their fabrics in porcelain, silk, and paper more es-
pecially, cannot be surpassed; nor is their carv-
ing in ivory, and other works of fancy, equalled
in any other part of the world ; but in all that re-
quires skill, combined with superior physical pow-
er, they are inferior to the least settled parts of
Europe. Iffnorant of the laws of geometry, as
well as of the laws of nature, their fortifications
for defence, their habitations, public edifices, and
monuments, in which a display of taste has been
aimed at, are ridiculously fantastic ; and when
solidity has been the object, exceedingly clumsy ;
hence the water communication between the
northern and southern parts of the empire, which
Gazetteers have adorned with the designation of
Grand, and as surpassing any thing of the kind
in the world, is a mere connection of natural
streams displaying no evidence of genius or skill
beyond that of finding the nearest level whereby
to effect the union. The only work of art con-
nected with China having the least claim to ad-
miration is the Great Wall, which separates the
N. and the N. W. parts of China Proper from
Mongul Tartary, which was probably not the
work of the Chinese, but of the Tartars them-
selves, soon afler the conquest of Genghis Khan;
but the accounts hitherto obtained of the period of
Its erection are too imperfect to justify any posi-
iive conclusion on the subject.
The most singular characteristic in the civil
policy of China is the total absence of all state
religion and priest-crafl, which are supposed to
have been subverted for the two-fold purpose of
preventing a priesthood from sharing in the influ-
ence of the government, and the people from con-
gregating in too large numbers ; and the latter
notion seems also to haye precluded the toleration
of public theatres. Both religious worship and
dramatic represenations are, however, universal
throughout the empire ; of the former, every
house has its own altar and collection of gods ;
the form and number of which are generally in
proportion to the taste of the head of the fam-
ily to select, and of his ability to purchase ; hence
their religious worship may be said to resolve it-
geif into one of their most extensive branches of
manufacture. In like manner, the dramatic re
presentations are all of a family nature. The
performers consisting of strolling companies, sv\io
engage themselves for an evening to any one who
can afford to pay them. Connected with the ques-
tion or religion, (according to the notions of the
English) the civil policy of China tolerates polyga-
my. It appears, however not to be so extensively
indulged in, as in other parts of Asia and Africa.
Burials are not permitted in cities or towns, and
their sepulchres are commonly on barren hills and
mountains. They pretend to have a gseat vene-
ration for their ancestors ; and some keep images
of them in their houses, to which they pay a sort
of adoration. They have laws which regulate the
civilities and ceremonious salutations they pay to
each other, for which reason they always appejir
to be extremely good-natured, whilst low cun-
ning and deceit are their ruling passions ; and yet,
while infanticide is not unfrequent among them,
they are not destitute of social affections in their
families.
In person, the complexion of the Chinese is a
sort of tawny ; they have large foreheads, small
eyes, short noses, large ears, long beards, and
black hair ; and those are thought to be the most
handsome who are the most bulky. The women
affect a great deal of modesty, and are remarkable
for their little feet. The men endeavour to make
a pompous appearance when they go abroad ; and
yet their houses are mean and low, consisting
only of a ground floor. For a more ample eluci-
dation of the nature and character of the general
government, language, literature, &c. of China,
see Pekin; for further particulars respecting the
Great Wall, see Petche-li ; of the Grand Canal,
see Ho-an^-ho ; of the public monuments, and in-
ternal traffic of China, see JS'ankin ; of the nature
and extent of its external commerce, see Canton
and Kiachta. In conclusion here, it maybe said,
in point of aggregate efficiency, or in affording
general examples of social policy worthy of imita-
tion, China is inferior to the least important state
of Europe; whilst the extent and grandeur of its
natural features, the diversity, beauty, and inter-
est of its productions, both natural and artificial,
and the superlative excellence of many of its
fabrics, both of utility and ornament, render
research and development in the details of all
these characteristics, an object in the highest de-
gree desirable, which it is sincerely hoped will
now very soon be attained.
China, p.t. Kennebec Co. Me. Pop. 2,234.
Also a p.t Genesee Co. N. Y. Pop. 2,387.
Chl.nabakeer, a town of Pegu, situate in the
marshes of the Irrawaddy, south of Rangoon.
ChinnpaJabram, a town of the Mysore, 55 m. N.
of Bangalore.
Chinapatam,OT Ckinypatam, another town of the
Mysore, about 40 m. E. S. E. of Seringapatam.
Cldnchilla, a town of Spain, in Murcia, 37 m.
west of Almanza, and 67 N. N. W. of Murcia.
Pop. about 5,000.
Chin-chi. See Quin-nonff.
Chingleput, a town of the Carnatic, near the
sea-coast, about 40 m. S. of Madrais.
Ckinachin, or Cheenychin, the chief town of the
district of Jenilah, in the N. W. part of Nepaul,
at the foot of the Himmaleh Mountains.
Chin India, a general name comprising that
part of southern Asia situated between Hindoos-
tan and China. It contains the Birman Empire,
Tonquin, Cochin China, Cambodia, Laos, Siam
and the peninsula of Malacca. It is often called
r2
CHI
198
CHM
the Peninsula beyond the Ganges. The name
of Chin India was first applied to this region by
Malte Brun. See the several divisions under the
head above named.
Cliinon, a town of France, in the department of
Indre and Loire, with a stronff castle, in which Hen-
ry II. of England expired. Clunon is the birth-place
of Rabelais and of Quillet. It is seated on the
Vienne, 10 m. N. of Riclielieu, and 150 S. W. of
Paris. It has some manufactures, and contains
about 5,500 inhabitants.
CIdnsura, a town of Hindoostan, in Bengal,
with a fortress, seated on the Hoogly, 17 m. N.
of Calcutta. It was formerly the principal settle-
ment of the Dutch in Bengal.
Chtny, a town of the Netherlands, in Luxem-
burg, on the river Semoy, 40 m. W. by N. of
Luxemburg.
Chiourlic, a town of European Turkey, in Ro-
mania, the see of a Greek bishop, seated on
a river of the same name, 47 m. W. N. W. of
Constantinople.
Chiozza, a town and island of Italy, in the Gulf
of Venice. Much salt is made here. The town
is built on piles, and has a harbour, defended by a
fort, 18 m. S. of Venice. This island contains
about 20,000 inhabitants.
C'Ay»iowa, a town of Spain, in Andalusia, situ-
ate on a rock, near the sea, 5 m. W. S. W. of St.
Lucar de Barrameda.
Chippenham, a borough in Wiltshire, Eng. It
has three establishments for the manufacture of
fine woolen cloth. It is seated on the Lower
Avon, over which is a bridge, 21 m. E. of
Bristol, and 93 W. of London. Pop. in 1821,
3,200.
Chippewa, townships in Beaver Co. Pa. and
Mayne Co. Ohio.
Chippeway, a river falling into the Mississippi,
from the N. E. about 70 m. below the falls of St.
Anthony. It has its source near one ot the rivers
falling into the west end of Lake Superior. Also
a creek of Upper Canada falling into Niagara
river above the cataract. A village of the same
name stands at the mouth of the creek, and here
was fought a battle between the Americans and
British, July 5, 1814.
Chipping, a Saxon word, signifying market or
fair, precedes, in all formal proceeding, the name
of several towns in England, such as those of
Barnet, Norton, Ongar, fee. &c. ; but the prefix
is now fallen into disuse, in common parlance,
except in the case of Chipping JVorton, which is a
neat town in Oxfordshire. The church is an
elegant structure of gothic architecture. It is 73
m. W. N. W. of London, on the road to Wor-
cester.
Chirequi, a town of Veragua, on a river of the
same name, 12 miles north of its mouth, in the
Pacific Ocean. Long. 83. 28. W. lat. 8. 30.
N. ,
Chirk, a village of Wales, in Denbighshire, on
the top of a hill, near Wrexham. It had formerly
two castles, one of which seems to have been a
magnificent structure. In the vicinity, the Elles-
mere Canal is carried over the vale and river
Ceiriogby a magnificent aqueduct. Pop. in 1821,
1,458.
Chisme,a. seaportof Asiatic Turkey, in Natolia,
•n the strait that parts the continent from the
Isle of Scio. It was anciently called Cysus, was
celebrated for the great victory whieii the Romans
gained here over the fleet of Antiochus, in 191
B. C, and has been distinguished by the destruc-
tion of the Turkish fleet by the Russians in 1770.
It exports lar<re quantities of raisins, and is 40 m.
W. of Smvrna. Long. 26. IG. E. lat. 38. 24. N.
CliisioicK, a villao-e in Middlesex, Eng. on the
Thames, 7 m. W. by S. of St. Paul's, London.
Here is a celebrated villa of the duke of Devon
shire ; and in the church-yard is a monument of
Hogarth. Pop. in 1821, 4,236.
Chilore, the chief town of a district of the same
name, in the province of Ajimere, about 100 m
S. by W. of the city of Ajimere.
Chilpoor, a considerable town of Guzerat, about
30 m. N. E. Mangalore, on the shore of the Ara-
bian sea. It has extensive manufactures of
chintzes.
Chitro, or Kitro, a town of European Turkey^
in Macedonia, on the west shore, near the head of
the Bay of Salonichi. Here the mother, wife, and
son of Alexander were murdered by Cassander
It is .36 m. S. S. E. of Edessa.
Chittagong, a province of Asia, lying between
the Bay of Bengal and Arracan. It was conquered
from Arracan by Aurungzebe, in 1666, and now
belongs to the English East India Company. Isla-
mabad is the chief town, which sec.
Chitteldroog, or Chaltrakal, a strong fort and
town of Hindoostan, capital of theN. E. district
of Mysore. The plain of Chitteldroog is 10 miles
long and four broad, surrounded by rocky hills,
on one of which stands the fort. The town form-
erly occupied a great portion of the plain, and is
still a considerable place but now confined entirely
within the walls, which are near the foot of the
rock. Hyder, who obtained possession of this
^lace by treachery, strengthened the walls ; and
other works have been since added, so as to render
it totally impregnable against any neighbouring
power. Since the final defeat of Tippoo, in 17!i9,
it belongs to the rajah of the Mysore ; and the
English keep a garrison here. It is 48 m. N. W.
of bera, and 117 N. by W. of Seringapatam.
Chittenden, a county of Vermont, bounded on
the W. for about 38 m. by Lake Champlain,
between the lat. of 44. and 45. N. It is about 18
m. in mean breadth, and is divided into 24 town-
ships. Pop. 21,775. Burlington, is the chief
town.
Chittenden, t. Rutland Co. Vt. Pop. 610.
Chittenham, t. Montgomery Co. Pa.
Chitteningo Creek, a stream in Onondaga Coun-
ty, New York, having in the course of about 10
miles, a fall of 80 feet, into Oneida Lake.
Chittle, or Chitterdroog , a fortress, and consid-
erable town of the Mysore, about 120 m. N. by
W. of Seringapatam.
Chittore, a town of Hindoostan, in the Carnatic,
28 m. N. W. of Arcot, and 70 west of Madras.
Chivas, or Chivazzo, a fortified town of Pied-
mont, on the river Po, 12 m. N. N. E. of Turiii.
Pop. about 5,500.
Chiusa, a st'ong town of Italy, in the Veron-
ese, on the eaai bank of the Adige, in a narrow
pass, 14 m. N. N. W. of Verona. Also of anoth-
er town in Piedmont, about 10 m. S. E. of Coni.
Pop. about 6,000.
Chiusi, a town of Tuscany, in the Siennese,
on the river Chiano, 35 m. S. E. of Sienna.
Chiutaja, or Kutaieh, a town of Asiatic Tur-
key, capital of Natolia Proper. Here are several
mosques, and three Armenian churches ; and in
the vicinity are some warm baths. It stands at the
foot of a mountain, near the river Pursak, 75 m.
S. E of Bursa. Long. 30. 47. E. lat. 39. 16. N.
Chmielmik, a town of Poland, in Podolia, on an
CHO
199
CHR
island formed by the river Bog, 80 m. N. E. of
Kaminieck. Long. 27. 50. E. lat. 49. 44. N.
Ckoco, a bay of Colombia, in the Pacific Ocean.
There is a town named Buenaventura, at the
mouth of a river, falling into this bay, in the lat.
of 3. 50. N.
Ckoco, is also the name of a district in Colom-
bia, lying between the two first western ridges of
the Andes, between^the Cth and 8th degrees of
N. lat. The river Atrato intersects this district
from south to north, falling into the Gulf of
Darien ; the head waters of this river were uni-
ted in 1733 by the Canal de Raspadura, with the
river St. Juan, falling into the Pacific Ocean
about 20 m. N. W. of Buenaventura.
ChoconiU, t. Susquehanna, Co. Pa.
Choctaws. or FUU Heads, a tribe of Indians in
liie State of Mississippi and Alabama. They are
about 20,000 in number, and possess a fertile soil
producing cotton which they manufacture into
cloth for their own use. Within a few years
their condition has been much improved, and the
state of agriculture among them is quite respect-
able. They have missionary' stations in their terri-
tory at Elliot, Enimaus, (roshen, Hebron, May-
hew and other places.
Choczim, a town and fortress of Moldavia,
situate on the south bank of the Dneister, 110 ra.
N. N. W. of Jassy, and 15 S. W. of Kamienic,
in Podolia. Choczim was the scene of repeated
conflicts between the Turks and Poles, during
the integrity of Poland, and since its dissolution
between the Turks and Russians, till it was finally
ceded to the latter power in 1812 and it is now
included in the government of Podolia.
Choiseul, a town of France, in the department
of Upper Marne, 12 m. N. E. of Langres.
Chollet, a town of France, in the department of
Mayenne and Loire, with a castle, 27 m. S. S. W.
of Angers. Pop. about 4,800.
Cholm, or Kolm, a town of Rus&ia, in the gov-
ernment of Pskov, on the river Lovat, 180 m. S.
of Petersburg.
Cholviogor, or Kolmogor, a town in the govern-
ment of Archangel, situate on an island in the
river Dwina, 30 m. S. of the city of Archangel.
Cholula, a city of Mexico, in the intendancyof
Puebla, and about seven miles west of the city of
Puebla. Previous to the irruption of the Span-
iards into Mexico, Cholula was the seat of gov-
ernment of an independent state, which, in con-
junction with three other adjoining republics,
had resisted the authority of the Mexicans for
several centuries. Cortes halted at Cholula, on
his way to the city of Mexico, in 1519, at which
time it contained about 200,000 inhabitants, who
carried on extensive manufactures of cotton
cloths, jewelry, and earthenware. It was also
the chief place of religious resort in all Mexico,
having a temple in the shape of a pyramid, of
great extent and magnificence ; it had also, at
that time, not less than 400 other places of wor-
ship. Cholula is now, comparatively, an incon-
siderable place, having only about 15,000 inhab-
itants, being eclipsed in splendour and importance
by Puebla.
Chonad, or Csonad, an episcopal town of Hun-
fary, and capital of a county of the same name,
t is seated on the south bank of the north branch
of the Marosch River, 25 miles above its entrance
into the Theiss, at Zegedin.
Choptank, a river of Delaware and Maryland,
flowing into the Chesapeak Bay.
Clurrassan, or Khorassan, a province of Persia,
extending from the lat. of 32. to 39. N. and froKi
54. 30. to 93. of E. long, containing an area of
about 147,000 square miles. It is bounded on the
west by the Great Salt Desert, Mazenderan, and
the Caspian Sea; norlh by the Bay of Balkan,
and the Desert of Kaiakum ; N. E. by the main
branch of the Gihon Amn, or Oxus River, which
divides it from Great Bucharia, east by the terri-
tory of Balk ; S. E. by the Lake Zeresh, or Dur-
ra, which divides it from Segistan, and the ex-
treme south, projects upon the Desert of Kernian
A ridge of the Gaur Mountains intersects the
east side of the province, from south to north ;
and east of this ridge is the Magrab River, which
falls into the Oxus at Amol. Another river, with
several tributary streams, rises near Herat, in the
S. E. corner of "the province, and runs in a N. W.
direction into the Bay of Balkan. Meshid, in the
latitude of 37. 35. N. and 57. 15. E. long, is the
capital of the province ; the other chief towns are
Herat, Badkis, Zenzau, Abiverd, Sec.
Chorley, a town in Lancashire, Eng. It is seat
ed on the line of the Liverpool, Lancaster, and
Leeds canal, 22 m. i^. W. of Manchester, on the
road to Preston, from which it is distant 9 miles.
Chorley participates largel)' in that great business
for which Lancashire is so celebrated, viz. the cot-
ton manufacture. In 1825, there were four large
establishments for spinning, upwards of twenty
for weaving (chiefly muslins.) six for printing of
calicoes, with a proport::.iia<;e number for dyeing,
bleaching, reed-n)akir:g, I'cc. In the neighbour-
hood are quarries of ashlar, flag, and millstone ;
and mines of coal, lead, and alum, and also car-
bonate of barytes. It holds four fairs annually.
The population in 1801 , 4,516 ; and in 1821 , 7,315
*^* There are six villages in difl'erent parts of
England named Charlton, all inconsiderable.
Choule, a town of Hindoostan, on the coast of
Concan, with a harbour for small vessels, which
is fortified. It is 24 m. S. of Bombay.
Chowan, a county of North Carolina, contain-
ing about 100 square miles, bounded on the east
by°the Chowan River, at its influx into Albemarle
Sound. Pop. C,C88. Edenton is the chief town.
Chiistburg, a town of West Prussia, with a
castle on a hill, situate on the Sorge, 15 m. S. E.
of Marienburg.
Christchurrh, a borough in Hampshire, Eng.
with considerable trade in knit silk stockings and
watch-strings. It returns two members to par-
liament. Here are the remains of a castle and a
priory ; and the church is a large and interesting
structure. It is seated on the Little Avon, oppo-
site the influx of the Stour, about half a mile
above the entrance of the united stream into the
British Channel, 25 m. S. of Salisbury, and 100
S. W. of London. Pop. in 1821, 4,644.
Christian, a western county of Kentucky, the
south end of which borders on Tennessee. It is
watered by several streams, which, after being
united into one, run west into Cumberland River.
Pop. 12,694. Hopkinsville, in the centre of the
county, is the chief town.
Christian, a township of Lawrence Co. Arkan-
saw.
Christiana, a town of Delaware, in Newcastle
county. It stands on a navigable creek of its
name, 4 m. S. W. of Newcsistle.
Christiansburg, a town of Virginia, chief of
Montgomery county, situate on the west side of
the Alleghany Mountains, near a branch of th«
Kanahwa, 170 m W. S. W. of Richmond. Long.
80. 50. W. lat. 37. 5. N.
CHR
800
CHU
Chrlstianhurg, a fort of Guinea, on the Gold
Coast, subject to the Danes. Long. 1. 55. E. lat.
4. 10. N.
Christiansville, p.t. Mecklenburg Co. Va.
Christianfcld, a town of Denmark, in the duchy
of Slcswick, built by a society of Moravians, un-
der the protection of Christian VII. All articles
manufactured here are of excellent quality. It is
8 m. N. of riadersleben.
Christlania, the capital of Norway, and an epis-
copal see. in the government of Aggerhuys, situ-
ate at the extremity of a fertile valley, forming a
semicircular bend along the shore of the Bay of
Biorning, which forms the north extremity of
the Gulf of Christiania. It is divided into the
city, the suburbs of Waterlandt, Peterwigen, and
Fierdingen, the fortress of Aggerhu)'s, and the
old town of Opsloe. The city was rebuilt in its
present situation by Christian IV. after a plan
designed by himself. The streets are carried at
right angles to each other, end uniformly 40 feet
broad. It covers a considerable extent of ground,
but has not more than 10,000 inhabitants. The
castVe of Aggerhuys is built on a rocky eminence
on the west side of the bay, at a small distance
from the city. Opsloe was the site of the old
city, burnt in 1624 ; it contains the episcopal
palace. Christiania has an excellent harbour,
and its principal exports are tar, soap, iron, cop-
der, deals and alum. It is 30 railes from the
open sea, and 290 N. by W. of Copenhagen.
Long. 10. 50. E. lat. 59. 50. N.
Christianopel, a strong seaport of Sweden, in
Blekingen, seated on the Baltic, 13 m. N. E. of
Carlscrona. Long. 15. 47. E. lat. 50. 26. N.
Chrisliansand, a seaport of Norway, capital of
a province of the same name, which is famous for
iron mines. It is seated at the mouth of the
Torrisdals, on the north shore of the Scagerack
opposite the isle of Fleckeren, 110 m. E. S. E. of
Stavangcr, and 120 S. S. W. of Christiania.
Long. 8. 40. E. lat. 58. 25. N.
Christianstadt, a fortified town of Sweden, in
Blekingen, built by Christian IV. of Denmark,
when the country was in the power of that
crown. The chief trade is in alum, pitch, and
tar; and it has manufactures of cloth and silken
stuffs. The town is seated in a marshy plain, on
the river Helge-a, which is navigable only for
small craft, 57 m. W. by S. of Carlscrona. Long.
14. lO.E. lat. 50. 25. N.
Christianstadt, a seaport of Russian Finland, at
the mouth of a river, on the Gulf of Bothnia,
155 m N. by W. of Abo. Long. 21. 28. E. lat.
62. 40. N.
Christiansund, a town of Norway, in the island
of Fossen, with a commodious harbour and wharf.
The chief trade is in limber. It is 36 m. W. S.
W^ ofDrontheim.
Christineliam, a town of Sweden, in Werme-
land, at the east end of the lake Wenner, 30 m.
5. E. of Carlstadt.
Christini, St. the principal of the islands called
Marquesas. See Marquesas.
Christmas Island,, an island in the Pacific Ocean,
so named by Cook, who first landed here on
Christmas day, 1777. It is 45 miles in circum-
ference, uninhabited, and destitute of fresh wa-
ter ; but has abundance of fine turtle. Long. 157.
30. W. lat. 1.59. N.
Christmas Sound, a bay on the south coast of
Terra del Fuego, so named by Cook, who passed
here the 25th December, 1774. The country is
barren, and the refreshments to be got here are
chiefly wild fowl. Long. 70. 3. W. lat. 55. 22. S
Christophe de Laguna,, St. the capital of the isl
and of Teneriffe. Here the courts of justice are
held, and the governor has a palace ; but he com-
monly resides at St. Cruz. It stands on an em-
inence, in an extensive fertile plain, and has
several fountains supplied with water from the
neighbouring heights by an aqueduct. The lake,
from which it has been supposed to take its name,
is now a very inconsiderable piece of water.
Long. 16. 11. W. lat. 29. 29. N.
CliHstophcr, St. or St. Kitts, one of the Leeward
Islands, in the West Indies, 00 m. W. of Anti-
gua, the N. W. end being divided by a narrow
strait from the small island of Nevis. It was for-
merly inhabited by the French and English ; but,
in 1713, it was ceded to the latter; taken by the
French in 1782, but restored to the English again
in the following year. It is 15 miles long and 4
broad, with high mountains in the middle, whence
rivulets flow. Between the mountains are dread-
ful rocks, horrid precipices, and thick woods ;
and in the S. W. parts, hot sulphurous springs at
the foot of them. Basseterre is the capital.
Christorf, a tov/n of Bohemia, in the north part
of the circle of Bunslau, 6 m. S. S. E. from
Krottau.
Chroberg, a town of Austrian Poland, in the
palatinate of Sandomirz, 52 m. W. of Sandomirz.
Chrudim, a town of Bohemia, capital of a circle
of the same name, which is remarkable for a
great number of fish ponds, and an excellent
breed of horses. It stands on the river Chru-
dinka, 10 miles above its entrance into the Elbe,
46 m. E. S. E. of Prague.
Ckucutto, a town of Peru, in the diocese of
Paz. on the west side of Lake Titicaca. called also
the Lake of Chucuito, 130 m. N. W. of Paz.
Long. 70. 26. W. lat. 16. 20. S.
Chudlcigh, a town in Devonshire, Eng. The
neighbourhood is famous tor its cider, and for a
stupendous rock of bluish limestone, called Chud-
leigh marble, in which is a large cavern. This
town was almost destroj'ed by fire in 1807. It is
seated near the Teign, 9 m. S. W. of Exeter, and
185 W. by S. of London. Pop. in 1821, 2,059.
Chuganseriai, a town of Hindoostan, in the
province of Cabul, on a river of the same name,
80 m. E. of Cabul. Long. 70. 8. E. lat. 34. 55. N.
Chukotshija, or Tchonkchi, a province of Siberia,
and the most easterly of the dominions of Russia.
It extends from 156. to 197. E. long, and from 63.
to 73. N. lat. and is separated from America bj
Behring's Straits.
Chidmleigh, a town in Devonshire, Eng. on the
river Taw, flowing into the Bristol channel, 21
m. N. W. of Exeter, and 194 W. by. S. of London.
Pop. in 1821, 1,500.
Chumbul, a consideriible river of Hindoostan,
rising near Ougein, in Malwa, and after a wind-
ing course of about 400 miles, falls into the Jum-
nan, about 90 m. below Agra.
Chunar, a fortress of Hindoostan in Allahabad,
built on a rock, fortified all around by a wall and
towers. It was unsuccessfully attempted by the
English in 1704; but in 1772, it was ceded to
them by the Nabob of Oude. It is seated on the
south bank of the Ganges, 15 m. S. of Benars,
and HOW. by S. ofPatna.
Chunauh, a river of Asia, the chief of the five
eastern branches of the Indus. It rises in the
Thilietian Mountains, runs through Cashmere ana
joins the Indus 20 miles below Moultan. This
river is the Acesines of Alexander
CIN
20]
CIN
Chung-king, a city of China of the first rank,
in the province of Setchuen ; it is beautifully sit-
uated on a mountain, in the fork of a river which
runs from north to south, into the Kiang-kou
Chun-ning, another city of China, of the first
rank, in the province of Yun-nen. Chun-ning
may be considered the frontier city of China on
the side of the Birman empire ; it is seated on a
stream, which falls into the Kiou-long, or Great
River of Cambodia, and is only a few miles distant
from another stream, which falls into the Mavgue,
or Great River of Siam. It is in lat. 34. 47. N.
and 100. 15. of E. long.
Chun-te, a city of Cliina, in Pe-tcheli, with
nine cities of the third rank under its jurisdiction.
Itis210m. S. S. W. ofPekin.
Chuprah. a large town of Hindoostan,in Bahar,
on the north bank of the Ganges, 28 m. W. N. W.
of Patna.
Chuquisaca. See Plata.
Churbar, a seaport of Persia, on the coast of
Mekran ; it is seated on the east shore, near the
entrance of a bav, of the same name in the lat. of
25. 16. N. and GO. 24. of E. long.
Church, there are 30 towns atid villages in dif-
ferent parts of England, the names of which
are preceded by Church, but none that claim any
particular notice ; the most considerable are
Church Staunton, in Devonshire, and Stretton,
in Shropshire.
Church Hill, ftllages in Queen Anne's, Co. Ma-
ryland and Abbeville Dis. S. C.
ChurchlowH, p. v. Lancaster Co. Pa.
ChuTchcUle, p.v. Middlesex Co. Va.
Chusan, an island on tlie east coast of China,
with a town called Ting-hai, and a much frequent-
ed harbour. Long. 122. 30. E. 30. 0. N.
Chu^istan. See Cusistan.
Chiampa, or Tsiompa, a small kingdom of Asia,
bounded on the north by Cochin-China, S. E. by
the China Sea, W. and N. W. by Cambodia. It
is more elevated than Cambodia, but not so fer-
tile ; having tracts of sand intersected with rocks.
The productions are cotton, indigo, and silk. The
inhabitants are much employed in fishing. Cape
St. James, at the S. E. extremity of the territo-
ry is in lat. 10. 13. N.and 107. 10.' E. long. ; from
this point the coast lies in a direction E. N. E.
for about 200 miles. There are two or three small
harbours along the coast, of %vbich Ceeir Bay,
about 140 m. E. N. E. of Cape St. James, is the
most considerable.
Ciacole, a town of Hindoostan, capital of one of
the northern Circars. It is 150 miles N. E. of Baj-
amundry, and 308 E.. N. E. of Hydrabad. Long.
84.8. E. lat. 18. 16. N.
Cicero, p.t. Onondaga Co. N. Y. Pop. 1,808.
Ciclut, a frontier town of Dalmatia, on a rocky
hill, on the west bank of the Narenta. It was
taken from the Turks, by the Venetians, in 1694,
and is 6 nj. S. VV. of Narenta. Long. 18. 22. E.
lat. 43. 29. N.
CUle.ij, a town of Germany, in Stiria, capital of
a circle of the same name. It has a considerable
trade in merchandize going to and from Vienna and
Trieste ; and is seated on the Saan, where it re-
ceives the Koding, and becomes navicrable, 58 m.
S. by W. of Gratz. Long. 15. 19. E. lat. 46. 21.
N.
Ciinhrlsham , a seaport of Sweden, in Schonen.
24 m. S. of Christianstadt. Lono'. 14. 21. E. lat.
55. 33. N.
CinaJoa, or SUonia, a province and town of Mex-
ico, in the intendency of Sonora, on the gulf of
26 Q^
California. The Aborigines in this province
are robust and warlike, and were with difficulty
brought to submit to the Spaniards, about the year
1771 . This province produces abundance of
maize, legumes, fruits, and cotton, and abounds in
the richest gold mines. The town is seated on a
river of the same name, and contains about 9,500
inhabitants. Long. 109. 35. W. lat. 26. 15. N.
Cincinnati, the largest town of the state of Ohio,
and the capital of Hamilton County. It is seated
on the north bank of the Ohio river, about two
miles below the entrance of the Licking, from
the state of Kentucky, and 20 above the entrance
of the Great Miami, and about 600 above the en
trance of the Ohio into the Mississippi, in the
lat. of 39. 7. N. and 7. 30. W. long, of Washing-
ton city. Cincinnati has increased in population
and importance more rapidly than any other town
in the Union. The population which in 1805 did
not exceed 500, in 1830 amounted to 26,515 with
indications of still greater increase. It has exten-
sive flour and saw-mills, worked by steam, and va-
rious manufactures. It carries on a very extensive
traffic with New Orleans, in exchanging tlie agri-
cultural productions of the state of Ohio for tropical
and other foreign articles ; and is the most import-
ant city of all tlie territory of America west of the
Alleghany Mountains. It is regularly built in
squares and many of the structures are handsome.
It has a college and a medical institution.
Cinefi, a town of Sicily, in Val di Mazara, in the
neighbourhood of which excellent manna is col-
lec^f^d. It is 20 m. west of Palermo.
Ciney,a. town of the Netherlands, in the territo-
ry of Liege, 17 m. S. E. of Namur, and 37 S. W. of
Liege.
Cinque Ports, certain ports on the south coast
of England, opposite France, so called on account
of their being five in number, when their first
charter was granted by William I. in 1077. These
were Dover, Hastings, Hythe, Ronmey and
Sandwich ; to which were aflierwards added Win-
chelsea. Seaford, and Rye. The king appointed
a constable of Dover castle (who is now called
Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports) and invested
him with the command of these ports, whose in-
habitants had considerable privileges and immu-
nities, for which they were to supply the gov-
ernment with 57 ships, at 40 days notice and to
pay th?ir crews during 15 days. At that period,
the opulent traders of London were styled barons ;
a privilege that was enjoyed likewise by the
merchants of these ports ; each of which at pres-
ent returns two members to parliament, the rep-
resentatives being styled barons of the Cinque
Ports. Their other privileges are now become
nominal. See each place under its respective
head.
Cinque Villas, a town of Portugal, in Beria, 6
m. N. E. of Almeida.
Cintegabelle, a town of France, in the depart-
ment of Upper Garonne,on the frontier of Arriege,
17 miles south of Toulouse. Pop. about 3,000.
Cinlra, a town of Portugal, in Estremadura, situ-
ate between the mountains of Cintra, on the north
side of the entrance of the Tagus. Here was a pal-
ace built by the Moors, which was destroyed by
an earthquake, in 16-55, and rebuilt by king Jo-
seph. It is 12 m. N. W. of Lisbon, by the inhab-
itants of which place it is much frequented as an
occasional retreat; and is distinguished for the
convention concluded at it, on the 22nd August,
1803, between the English general Dalrympleaad
the French general Junot.
cm
CIR
Ciotat La, a seaport of France, in the depart-
ment of Mouths of the Rhone, defended by a
strong fort. It is famous for muscadine wine,
and seated on the Bay of Laquee, 14 m. S. E. of
Marseilles.
CeVcars, five provinces of the Deccan of Ilindoo-
stan, on the Bay of Bengal. They were original-
ly denominated Northern, from their position in
respect to the Carnalic. — Under the Mogul dy-
nasty the government of these provinces wasvest-
ed in the nizam of the Deccan, and were assign-
ed to the French in 1753, for arrears of pay claim-
ed by them for auxiliary troops, with which they
had supplied the nizam. In 1759 they were con-
quered from the French bv the English ; and in
1765 were formally ceded by the Great Mogul,
Shah Alum, to the English East India Company,
during the governorship of lord Clive. Four of
these provinces, viz. Guntoor, Codapilly, Ellore,
and Rajamundry, comprise about 7,000 square miles
of territory, between the Mouths of the Kristna
and Godavery rivers, and the line of 16. to 17. of
north latiude, and the fifth, Ciacole, extends in a
N.E. direction along the shore of the Bay of Ben-
gal, from the Godavery River, in the latitude of 17.
N. for about 230 miles, to the lake Chilka, and is
about 60 miles in mean bre'adth. This is the dis-
trict from whence 500,000 to 600,000 pieces of
cotton manufactured goods were formerly import-
ed into England, under the name of long cloths,
Sallampores, and calicoes ; and handkerchiefs un-
der the name of Mazulipatams, &c. ; it is also
fertile in maize. Ciacole is now divided into two
districts, viz. Ganjam and Vizigipatam, and the
other four circars resolved into three districts, viz.
Rajamundry, Mazulipatam, and Guntoor.
Circassia, a country of Asia, lying between the
44th and 45th degrees of north lat. and longitudi-
nally between the Black Sea, the Sea of Azof
and the Caspian ; its precise boundaries are very
undefined ; the Caucasian Mountains dividing it
from the territories of the Abklias, may be consid-
ered as forming its boundary on the south ; but
the habits of the people being completely preda-
tory, they acknowledge no boundar}' but that pre-
scribed by the force of arms. It was formerly
governe^d by several princes ; but is now almost
wholly subject to Russia, and included in the
government of Caucasus. It contains the dis-
tricts of Great Cabarda, Little Cabarda, Beslen,
Temirgoi, Abasech. Bseduch, Hatukai, and Bsha-
ni. From the peculiarly advantageous local cir-
cumstances of this country, and the extraordina-
ry courage, and military genius of its inhabitants,
it might become independent and very formida-
ble were they united under one chief; but 'they
are entirely a predatory people, divided into many
different and hostile tribes ; and want thitt spirit
of unity necessary to make their power effectual.
The Cabardians are the most powerful race, and
their superiority has introduced a general imita-
tion of their manners among their neighbours, so
that from a description of these, an idea may be
formed of all the rest. They are divided into
three classes, the princes, the usdens, or nobles
and the vassals, or people. The people are divi-
ded into certain portions, who are each governed by
p princely family; the oldest of whom is considered
as chief, and the judge, protector, and father of
the vassals. His person is sacred ; but he cannot
be a landholder. His property is nothing more
than his arms, horser , slaves, and what tribute
lie Cttri iccusiomii-.y itact from foreign powers,
t jaw *' 3**>3 Je'y are with difficulty distin-
guished from their subjects, their dress and food
being the same, and their houses little better. The
usdens are chosen by the princes from among the
the people ; and are their officers, the executors
of the law, the ministers of the legislature. Both
the usdens and the people are proprietors of land.
There does not appear to be any written law :
the people are governed by a kind of common law,
founded on a collection of ancient usages. They
have a few manufactures ; and their tillage pro-
duces scarcely sufficient for their own subsistence.
The principal articles of commerce are sheep and
horses, particularly the latter, which sell at a high
price, being much esteemed. The balance of
trade would, however, be considerably against
them, were it not for the slaves they make in
their predatory excursions. They have no mo-
ney, and all their commerce is carried on by ex
change. They almost universally subsist by rob-
bery ,being trained to itfrom their very cradle. This
disposition naturally produces a bold adventurous
spirit : they are expert horsemen, and able war-
riors, being in general stout and well made.
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Their woman are famed for their beauty ; and
chiefly supply the seraglios of Persia and Turkey.
Those that are thus sold are, however, chiefly
slaves, or their descendants. They sell from 20^
to 100/. according to their beauty. The women
participate in the general character of the nation,
taking pride in the courage of their husbands, and
loading them with reproaches when defeated.
They are kept extremely close ; and the greatest
reserve subsists between the married pairs. Their
habitations are usually two huts, one for the hus-
band, and the reception of strangers ; and the other
for the wife and family. The Circassians were
formerly Christians ; but, for want of instruction
and written laws, they confent themselves with a
bare profession of being Christians or Mahome-
tans. They have no letters of their own ; and
those who wish to write their language are obliged
to make use of Arabian characters.
Cirdevillf., p.t. Pickaway Co. Ohio on the Scioto
An ancient Indian fortress of a circular shape
at this spot gave name to the town. Pop. 1,136.
Cirencester, cominonXy called Ciciter, a borough
in Gloucestershire, Eng. The ruins of the walls
are ;yet visible ; it had also a castle and an abbey,
and here three Roman roads, the Foss,Irvnn, a.nd
/cnfwz'W, crossed each other. It is one of the greatest
marts in the country for wool ; and has a manufac-
ture of curriers knives, highly valued, and two pub-
lic breweries ; the church is a very stately edi-
fice. It is seated on the b,*nks of the little river
Churn, 18 m. S. E. of Gloucester, and b9 W. of
crv
203
CLA
London. It communicates both with the Severn
and the Thames, by a canal. Pop. in 1821,
4,987.
Cirie, a town of Piedmont, seated on the Do-
na, near the foot of the Alps, 8 m. N. N. W. of
Turin. Pop. 3,500.
Cirtknitz. See Czirnitz.
Cismar, a town of Lower Saxony, in Holstein,
seated near the Baltic, 17 m. north of Trave-
munde.
Citaddla, or Ciudella, a seaport and the capital
of Minorca, surrounded by walls and bastions, with
d good harbour at the N. W. point of the island.
Long. 3. 11. E. lat. 39. 58. N.
Citladdla, an inland town of the Venetian terri-
tory, 25 m. N. W. of Venice. Pop. about 6,000.
Citta di Castello, a city of Italy, with a castle,
capital of a district of the same name, west of
the Apennines, seated on th« Tiber, 27 m. S. W.
of Urbino.
Citta Kuova, a town of Italy, in the marquisate
of Ancona, on the Gulf of Venice, 10 m. S. of
Loretto.
Citta JVuova, a seaport of Istria, and a bishop's
see, seated on an isthmus, at the mouth of the Que-
to, which forms a good harbour, 26 m. S. S. W.
of Capo d'Istria. Long. 13. 47. E. lat. 45. 32.
N.
Citta Vecchia, a fortified city of Malta, formerly
the capital of the island, and still the seat of the bish-
opric. The most remarkable edifices are the pal-
ace of the grand master, and the cathedral. Here
are extensive catacombs, about 15 feet below the
surface of the rock in which they are cut ; they
contain streets formed with such regularity, that
the title of Subterranean City has been given to
this place. Near the city is the Grotto of St.
Paul, divided into three parts by iron grates ;
in the furthest part is an altar, and a statue of the
saint, in white marble. This old city was consid-
erably larger than at present ; for the new city,
Valetta, being more conveniently seated, has
drawn away the greater number of its inhabitants.
It stands on a hill, in the interior of the island, 6
m. W. by S. of Valetta.
City Point, p. v. Prince George Co. Va. on James
River at the mouth of the Appomattox.
Ciudad Real , a town of Spain, capital of Mancha.
The inhabitants are noted for dressing leather for
gloves. It is two miles from the Guadiana, and
98 S. of Madrid.
Ciudad Real, a city of Chiapa. See Chiapa
dos Espaa-noles.
Ciudad Rodrigo, a town of Spain in Leon, and
a bishop's see, seated on the river Aguada, on the
frontier of Portugal. It was taken by the French
in 1310, and retaken by the English in 1811 ; 50
m. S. W. of Salamanca.
Civita Castdlana, a town of Italy, in the patri-
mony of St. Peter, seated on a high rock, at the
foot of which is a river that flows into the Tiber,
25 m. N. of Rome.
Civita Cliieti, a city of Naples, capital of Abruz-
zo Citeriore, and an archbishop's see. It contains
four churches and nine convents, and is situate
on a mountain, near the river Pescara, a few miles
above its entrance into the Adriatic, 23 m. E. of
Aquila, and i)6 N. of Naples.
Civita di Friuli a town of Italy, in Friuli, seat-
ed on the Natisona, 10 m. E. of Udina.
Civita di Penna, a town of Naples, in Abruzzo
Ulteriore, near the river Salino, 25 m. N, E. of
Aquila.
Civita Ducale, a town of Naples, in Abruzzo
Ulteriore, on the River Velino, 10 m. W. of
Aquila.
Civita Mandonia, a town of Naples, in Calabria
Citeriore, near which are the ruins of the famous
city of Sybaris. It is seated on the Gulf of Tar-
ento, at the influx of the Crati, 3 m. N. by E. of
Cosenza.
Civita Vecchia, a strong seaport of Italy, in the
patrimony of St. Peter, with an arsenal. The
chief exports are puzzolana, and a superior kind
of alum, prepared at Tolfa. Here the pope's gal-
lies are stationed, and it is a free port. It was ta-
ken by the French in 1798, and retaken by the
Austrians and Russians in 1799. It is 35 m. N.
W. of Rome. Long. 11. 46. E. lat. 42. 5. N.
Civitella, a town of Naples, in Otranto, 5 m. N.
of Tar an to.
Civra.y. See Sivray.
Clackmannanshire, a county of Scotland, bonnd-
ed on the S. and S. W. by the Forth, and on all
other sides by Perthshire. It is nine miles long
and six broad ; produces good com and pasture,
and plenty of coal and salt. It has also veins of
lead, cobalt, and antimony. Alloa is the princi-
pal town. It has a population of 12,000, one third
of whom are engaged in trade and manufactures.
Clakmannan, a parish and town of the above
county. The parish comprises nearly four-fifths
of the county, and contains about 800 acres of
woodland. The town is seated on an eminence,
and has a harbour formed by the Devon, at its in-
flux with the Forth. On the top of a hill, 190
feet above the level of the Forth, is a square tow-
er, which derives its name from the illustrious
Robert Bruce, whose great sword and casque are
here preserved. It is 27 m. W. N. W. of Edin-
burgh. In 1821 the parish contained 4,056 inhab-
itants, about a fourth of which inhabited the
town.
Clagenfurt, a town of the Austrian empire, cap-
ital of Lower Carinthia. It has a strong wall, and
contains six churches and three convents. Here
is a manufacture of cloth, and a considerable one
of white lead. This town was taken by the
French in 1797, and again in 1809, when they de-
molished the fortifications. It, stands on the riv-
er Glan, which falls into the Drave, 148 m. S. W.
of Vienna. Pop. about 10,000.
Clair, St.n lake of North America, between the
lakes Huron and Erie, 90 miles in circumference.
It receives the waters of the lakes Superior. Michi-
gan, and Huron, and also of the River Thames,
from Upper Canada, in the lat. of 42. 32. N. and
discharges them, through the strait called Detroit,
into the lake Erie.
Clair, St. a county in the state of Illinois, the
west side of which borders on the Mississippi Riv-
er in the lat. of 38. 30. N. Pop. 7,092 Belleville
is the chief town. St. Clair is also the name of a
township in Alleghany County, and of another
in Bedford County, both in Pennsylvania.
Clairac, or Clavrac, a town of France, in the
department of Lot and Garonne. Corn and to-
bacco are cultivated, and a great deal of wine and
brandy made here. It is seated in a valley, on
the river Dort, 13 m. N. W. of Agen. Pop. about
6,000.
Claiborne, a county of the state of Mississippi,
bounded on the south by the Big Black, and north
by the Yazoo Rivers, and on the west for about
^ miles by the Mississippi River, between the
lat. of 32. and 33. north. It is about 8 miles oa.'y
in mean breadth. Pop. 9,818. Port Giwc .16
ra. N. W. by W. of Monticello, is the ch*' *»«
CLA
804
CLA
Claiborne, is also the name of another county,
on the north frontier of East Tennessee, intersect-
ed in a N. E. direction by Clinch, a ridge of the
Alleghany Mountains ; it is bounded on the south
by Clinch River, and intersected on the N. W. by
Powell's River, whose united streams, with the
Holston, form the Tennessee River. Pop 8,470.
Tazewell, north of the Mountain Ridge, and 222
m. E. N. E. of Murfreesborough, is the chief
town.
Clamicy, a town of France, in the department
of Nievre. Before the late revolution, the chapel
of an hospital in the suburb was the provision for
the bishop of Bethlehem, who was fixed here in
1180, after the Christians had been driven from
the Holy Land. Clamecy is seated at the conflu-
ence of the Beuvron with the Yonne, 35 m. N.
N. E. of Nevers. Pop. about 5,300.
Clapfiam, a village in Surrey, an appendage to
the British metropolis, 4 m. S. of London Bridge.
It is composed of a number of very neat houses,
built round an extensive common, presenting a
very rural, picturesque, and interesting scene.
The houses are occupied chiefly as the private
residences of the upper class of shopkeepers, in-
cumbents of public offices, and merchants of the
metropolis. In proof of the agreeableness of its
situation, the population, which in 1801 was 3,8G4,
in 1821 was 7,151.
Clapton, Upper and Lower. See Hackney.
Clara, St. a small island of Peru, in the Bay of
(Gruavaquil, 70 m. S. W. of Guayaquil. Long. 82.
20. W. lat. 2. 20. S.
Clare, a town in SuflTolk, Eng. It is famous
for the great men who have borne the title of earl
and duke of it. Lionel, third son of Edward III.
becoming possessed of the honour of Clare, by
marriage, was created duke of Clarence ; and that
title has ever since belonged to a branch of the
royal family. Here are the ruins of a castle ; also
of a priory, the house of which is now occupied
by a farmer, and the chapel is a barn. Clare hiis
a manufacture of baize, and is seated near the
Stour, 15 m. S. of Bury St. Edmund, and 56 N.
E. of London. Pop. in 1821, 1,487.
Clare, a maritime county in the province of
Munster, on the west coast of Ireland, bounded
on the north by Galway Bay, and south by the
Shannon. It contains a good deal of mountainous
surface ; the valleys however are very fertile ; and
it breeds more horses than any other county in
Ireland, beside a great number of cattle and sheep.
Ennis, 113 m. W. by S. of Dublin, is the capital.
Although it has 70 m. of sea-coast, it has no fre-
quented harbour, its principal outport being Lim-
erick. For subdivision, population, &c. see Ire-
land.
Clare, a parish and town on the north bank of
the Shannon, in the preceding county. The par-
ish in 1821 contained 3,010 inhabitants. The town,
at the head of a bay, in the Shannon, 3 m. S. of
Ennis, contained 505 of the above inhabitants.
There is also another parish of the same name in
the county of Galway, intersected by the river
Clare, which falls into Lake Corrib, about 5 miles
north of the town of Galway. Population of this
parish 3,146.
Claremont, p.t. Sullivan Co. N. H. 97 m. from
Portsmouth ; 100 from Boston. The principal
village is situated on Sugar River, a branch of the
Connecticut. It is a flourishing town, with man-
ufactures of woolen and paper. Pop. 2,526.
Claredon, a village in Wiltshire, Eng. near
Salisbury. Here was once a royal palace, in
which the parliament was several times conven-
ed ; the first time by Henry II. in 1164, who en
acted the laws called the constitutions of Claren-
don, by which the power of the clergy was re
strained.
Claritza, a town of European Turkey, in Janna,
at the mouth of the Fenco, in the Gulf of Saloni
ca, 26 m. E. of Larissa.
Clark, or Clarke, the name of seven counties
in different parts of the United States, as follows,
viz. with the number of inhabitants in each, and
the chief town : —
In Georgia 10,176 Watkinsville
Alabama 7,584 Clarkesville
Kentucky 13,052 Winchester
Ohio 13,074 Springfield
Indiana 10,719 Charlestown
Illinois 3,940 Clark
Arkansas 1,369 Clarke
Clarkesville, or Clarksville, the name of 9 towns
in N. Y., Pa., Va., Geo., Alab., Missouri, Ten.,
Ohio and Indiana.
Clarkesborough, p.t. Jackson Co. Geo.
Clarksburg, p.t. Berkshire Co. Mass. Pop. 315.
Also towns in Maryland, Va., Geo., Ken., and
Ohio.
Clarkson, p.t. Monroe Co. N. Y. Pop. 3,251.
Clarkstown, p.t. Rockland Co. N. Y. Pop. 2,298.
Clatsops Fort, at the mouth of the Oregon
River, in the Pacific Ocean, named after a tribe
of Indians inhabiting the banks of that river.
Claude, St. a town of France, in the department
of Jura. It owes its origin to a celebrated abbey,
which was secularized in 1742. The cathedral
is extremely elegant ; and here are many public
fountains with large basins. It is seated between
three high mountains, on the river Lison, 35 m.
N. W. of Geneva. Pop. about 3,700. There is
another town of the same name in the depart-
ment of Charente ; it is inconsiderable.
Claverack, a town of New York, in Columbia
county, seated in a large plain, near a creek of
its name, 2 m. E. of Hudson. Pop. 3,038.
Clavo, a town of the island of Corsica, 8 m. E.
S. E. of Ajaccio.
Clausen, a town of Germany, in Tyrol, with a
castle. The adjacent country produces a fine red
wine. It stands on the river Eisack, 8 m. S. W.
of Brixen.
Clnascn, a town of Germany, in the electorate
of Treves, 5 ra. S. of Wittlick.
Clausenburg, or Coloswar, a town of Tran.
sylvania, where the states of the province genei-
ally assemble. On one of the gates is an inscrip-
tion in honour of Trajan. It suffered greatly bt
fire in 1798, at which period it contained abou*
13,000 inhabitants. It is seated on the Samos,60
m. N N. W. of Hermanstadt, and 225 E. S. E
of Vienna. Long. 23. 20. E. lat. 46. 55. N.
Clausthal, a town of Lower Saxony, in the
principality of Grubenhagen, and immediately
contiguous to Zellerfeld. Here is a mint foi
coining money ; and near it are some rich silver
mines. It stands in the Hartz Mountains, 14 m.
S. S. W. of Goslar, and 48 S. E. of Hanover.
Pop. about 8,000.
Clausz, a town of Germany, in the Traun
quarter of Upper Austria, 17 m. S. W. of
Steyn.
Clay, or Cley, a village in Norfolk, Eng. seated
on an arm of the sea, four miles N. N! W. of
Holt. It has some large salt-works, and is fre-
quented for sea-bathing. Pop. in 1821, 742.
Clay, an interior county in the S. E. part of
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205
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Kentucky, containing about 1,000 square miles of
surface, thinly inhabited. Pop. 3,549. The south
fork of the Kentucky River has its source in this
county. Manchester is the chief town.
Claydon, there are five villages of this name in
different parts of England, all inconsiderable.
Clayton, there are eight townships and villages
of this name in different parts of England, all
inconsiderable.
Clayton, there are eiffht townships and villa-
ges of this name in difftrent parts of England,
the most important of which is a township, con-
taining 3,60!) inhabitants, in the parish of Brad-
ford, Yorkshire, which see. The others are unim-
portant.
ClaysviUe , p.v. Washington Co. Pa. and Har-
rison Co. Ken.
Clayton, t. Perry Co. Ohio.
ClaytonviUe, p.v. Rodin Co. Geo.
%* There are eight other villages in different
parts of England beginning with Clay.
Clear, Cape, the south point of a small island
off the south extremity of Ireland, in the lat.
of 51. 20. N. and 9. 37. W. long. It generally
forms the point of departure, or commencement
of the reckoning of vessels sailing out of St.
George's Channel to the westward.
Clearfield, an interior county, in the west
part of Pennsylvania, in which the western bank
of the Susquehanna and several creeks have
their source. Pop. 4,803. The chief town of
the same name is about 200 m. N. N. W. of
Philadelphia.
Clearfield, t. Butler Co. Pa.
Clear Stream, r. N. H. a branch of the Andros-
coggin.
Cleguerec, a town of France, near the north
frontier of the department of Morbihan, 11m.
N. W. of Pontivi. Pop. about 4,000.
Cleohury, a town in Shropshire, Eng. seated on
the river Rea, 28 m. S. S. E. of Shrewsbury,
and 137 N. W. of London. Pop. in 1821, 1,602.
Clerkemcell, one of the out-parishes, forming
an integral part of the British metropolis, lying
on the north side. The inhabitants, in 1801,
amounted to 23,396, and in 1821, to 32,105,
about 5,000 of whom were employed as lapida-
ries, working jewellers, and in all the various
branches of the manufacture of clocks, watches,
and time-keepers, which are here made in greater
perfection than in any other part of the world.
In this district are two or three extensive dis-
tilleries, serveral iron foundries, and various other
manufactures, as also the works of the New Riv-
er Company, which supply a great portion of
the metropolis with water, conveyed by pipes into
ihe several houses. Clerkenwell contains also
d very elegant and spacious edifice, in which the
sessions for the county of Middlesex are held ;
two extensive prisons, one appropriated as a
house of correction for juvenile offenders, and
the other, which has recently been much enlar-
ged, to general purposes. It has a theatre
for pantomime and aquatic exhibitions, called
Sadler's Wells, and was formerly distinguished
for an extensive establishment of the Knights
of St. John of Jerusalem. This was destroyed
by the rebels under Wat Tyler, in 1381, except
the principal gate tower, which still remains en-
tire, and forms one of the most interesting fea-
tures of antiquity connected with tlie metropolis.
It has two churches, but neither of them remark-
able for their architecture ; nor is the general
asoect of this division of the metropolis in any
way imposing to the eye ; but in the extent and
value of its productions, it is entitled to rank
among the most important.
Clerke, or Sinde Isles, two islands near the
entrance of Behring's Strait, between the coasts
of Kamtschatka and North America. They
were seen by Cook in 1778, and so named in hon-
our of captain Clerke, his second in command.
They were both inhabited, and not unknown to
the Russians. Long. 169. 30. W., lat. 63.
15. N.
Clermont, a city of France, capital of the de-
partment of Puy de Dome, and a bishop's see.
It is seated on an eminence, and sometimes call-
ed Clermont Ferrand, since the town Montfer
rand, about a mile dist-,ntto the N. E., was uni-
ted under the name of a suburb ; the cathedral,
public squares, and walks, are very fine, but the
streets are narrow, and the houses built of stone
of a gloomy hue. In the neighbourhood are
some mineral springs : and that of the sub-
urb St. Allyre, has formed a natural bridge over
the brook into which it falls, so that carriages can
pass over. Clermont is the birthplace of the
celebrated Pascal, and has manufactures of rat-
teens, druggets, serges, and leather. It is 215
m. S. by E. of Paris, and 10 W. of Lyons. Pop.
about 16,000.
Clermont, a town of France, in the department
of Meuse, on an eminence by the river Ayr, 12
m. W. by S. of Verdun.
Clermont, a town of France, in the department
of Oise, on an eminence near the Bresche, 37
m. N. of Paris. Clermont is also the name of
several other inconsiderable towns in different
parts of France.
Clermont, a county in the state of Ohio, the
south end of which is bounded by the Ohio Riv-
er. It is about 30 miles from north to south, and
fi-om east to west. Pop. 20,466. Batavia is the
chief town.
Clermont, p.t. Columbia Co. N. Y. Pop. 1503.
Clermont de Lodeve, a town of France, in the
department of Herault, with manufactures of cloth
and hats ; seated on an eminence near the Lo-
arnere, 80 m. S. S. E. of Lodeve, and 24 W. of
Montpelier. Pop. about 5,500.
CZery, a town of France, in the department of
Loiret, once famous for the pilgrimages to our
lady of Clery. Here is the tomb of Louis XL,
who appears in white marble as the saint and
the patriot king. It is 9 m. S. S. W. of
Orleans.
Cleveland, p.t. Cuyahoga Co. Ohio, on Lake
Erie, at the junction of the Ohio canal with the
waters of the lake. Pop. 1,076.
Cleves, a duchy of Westphalia, bordering on
the S. E. part of Holland, divided into two
parts by the Rhine. It is a fine country, varie-
gated with hills, woods, fields, towns, and villa-
ges, and the chief rivers are the Rhine, Lippe,
and Roer. The capital is Wesel.
Cleves, a city of Germany, and the capital of
the duchy of Cleves. It is seated on the eas-
tern side of three hills, two miles west of the
Rhine ; and has a castle, built in the time of Ju-
lius CiEsar. It is 70 m. N. N. W. of Cologne,
and about the same distance E. by S. of Rotter-
dam. Pop. about 5,000.
Cleves, p.v. Hamilton Co. Ohio.
Cliff, a Saxon word implying a rock or high
ground. There are six villages in different parts
of England so named, probably from theii situa-
tion (in a relative sense) on high ground. There
S
CLO
206
CLU
are three others named Clifford, in reference to
their contiguity to a fordable stream ; and 22 na-
med Clifton, implying towns on a cliff, or high
ground. None of these demand any particular
notice, except Clifton contiguous to Bristol, to
which city it forms a beautiful and interesting ap-
pendage ; as its name implies, it is built on an em-
inence, at the foot of which, on the north bank
of the Lower Avon, is a hot well, that contrib-
utes greatly to its advantage, by the numerous
visitors who seek to avail themselves of the ben-
efits of its restorative properties. The buildings
of Clifton are in general elegant and commodious,
and from their elevated site command extensive
and beautiful prospects. The population, which
in 1801 was only 4,457, in 1821 amounted to 8,811.
See Bristol.
Clifford, t. Susquehanna Co. Pa.
Clinch, a river of Tennessee^ flowing into the
Tennessee river.
Clinton, a county at the N. E. extremity of the
state of New York. It is bounded on the east for
about 35 m. by Lake Champlain, which divides
it from Vermont, and on the north, for about 32
miles, by the conventional line that separates
the United States from Lower Canada. Pop.
19,344. Pl'ttsburg is the chief town.
Clinton, an interior county in the S. W. part
of the state of Ohio, in which one of the branch-
es of the Little Miami River has its source.
Pop. 11,292. Wilmington, in the centre of the
county, is the chief town.
Clinton, p.t. Kennebec Co. Me. Pop. 2,125.
Clinton, a village in Oneida Co. N. Y. 9 m. S.
W of Utica. Hamilton College at this place
was founded in 1812. It has 7 instructers and
77 students. The libraries have 6,000 volumes.
There .are 3 vacations in January, May and
August of 13 weeks. Commencement is in Au-
gu.st. Clinton, is also the name of 7 other towns
in N. C, Geo., Ten., Oliio and Indiana.
Cluhero, a borough town in Lancashire, Eng.
seated on the east bank of the river Ribble, at
the foot of Pendle Hill, on the confines of York-
shire. It is a place of some antiquity, having
the ruins of a castle built by the Lacys, in 1178;
but was comparatively insignificant, until the
early part of the present century, at which
period the cotton manufacture was introduced.
The population which in 1801 was only 1,368,
and in 1811, 1,767, in 1821 had increased to
3,213. At the latter period it had two extensive
works for spinning of cotton yarn, three for man-
ufacturing of ditto, and one for printing of ditto.
At the same period a neat edifice was erected for
a town-hall ; the church is also a neat edifice and
it has a free grammar school. It communicates
by a collateral cut with the Leeds and Liverpool
canal, which facilitates the conveyance of large
quantities of lime, dug in the vicinity of the
town. It has a spring of water impregnated
with sulphur. It holds a market on Saturday,
and four fairs annually, and returns two members
to parliament. It is 30 miles due north of Man-
chester, and 20 E. N. E. of Preston.
Cloglicr, a parish in the county of Tyrone,
Ireland, which in 1821 contained 15,856 inhab-
itants, including a decayed city of the same name
with 524 of the number. The city, which is the
see of a bishop, is 20 m. W. by N. of Armagh,
and 76 N. N. W. of Dublin.
Clan, there are about 100 parishes and towns
in Ireland, beginning with Clon, among which
the following are the most important, viz. : —
Clonakilty, a town of the county of Cork, Ire«
land, seated at the head of a bay on St. George's
Channel. The principal part of the town is
formed of a spacious square. Pop. in 1821, 4,033.
It is 20 m. W. S. W. of Cork.
Clones, a town of Ireland, in the county of
Monaghan, 61 m. N. by W. of Dublin. Pop. in
1821,2,240. The parish of Clones extends into
Fermanagh county, and contains an aggregate
population of 15,362, including two other towns,
viz. Royslea and Smilhsborough, containing
about 250 persons each.
Clonfert, a bishop's see, on the eastern confines
of the county of Galway, Ireland. It is a miser-
able place, containing only 31 houses, 36 miles
east of Galway, and 70 west of Dublin. There
is a parish of the same name, in the county of
Cork, containing 12,324 inhab.
Clonmell, a town partly in the county of Tip- ■
ferary and partly in that of Waterford, Ireland. .'
t is seated on the banks of the river Suir, over
which is a bridge of 20 arches, 22 m. W. N. W,
of the city of Waterford and 82 S. W. of Dublin.
It is the assize town for the county of Tipperary,
and returns one member to the parliament of the
United Kingdom ; and has considerable manu-
factures of woolens, a lunatic and orphan asy-
lum, several schools, and other publick buildings,
It was the birth place of Sterne. Pop. in 1821,
15,890.
Clonmines, a small village at the head of Ban-
now Bay, 16 m. W. N. W of Wexford.
Clojitarf, a town on the north shore of Dublin
Bay, two miles east pf the city of Dublin. It
has several neat residences in its vicinity, and
is memorable in Irish history, for the last battle
fought between the native Irish and the Danes,
in 1015, which led to the expulsion of the latter
from Ireland. Pop. 1,439.
Cloy-penhurg, a town of Westphalia, in the
principality of Munster, 32 m. N. E. of Lingen
Closter Keuburg, a town of Austria, with an
Augustine convent of regular canons. It has a
yard for ship-building, and is seated on the
Danube, 7 m. N. N. W. of Vienna.
Closter Seven, or Kloster Zevcn, a town of the
duchy of Bremen, memorable for a convention
entered into between the duke of Cumberland,
and the duke of Richelieu, commander of the
French armies, in 1758, by which 38,000 Han-
overians laid down their arms and were dispersed.
It is 19 m. S. of Stade.
Clond, St. a town of France, in the vicinity of
Paris celebrated for its palace, which was the
favourite residence of Napoleon.
Clovally, a village in Devonshire, Eng. three
m. E. N. E. of Hartland. It is built on the side
of a steep rock, to which the houses seem fixed
like pigeon-huts ; and it has a good pier on thfc
west shore of Biirnstable Bay. Pop. 941.
Cloye, or Clois, town of France, in the depart-
ment of Eure and Loire, 5 m. S. W. of Chateau-
dun.
Clown, a. town of Ireland, on the east shore of
Cork harbour, in the County of Cork, and a bish-
op's see, 16 m. E. of Cork. Pop. in 1821, 1,847.
Clundert, a town and fortress of South Hol-
land, near an arm of the sea, called Hollands
Diep. In 1793, it was taken by the French, who
were obliged to evacuate it sooa after ; but it
surrendered to them in 1795. It is 9 m. S. E. of
Williamstadt.
Clunij, a town of France, in the department of
Saone and Loire, with a late famous Benedictine
COB
907
COC
abbey, seated on the Crosne, 13 m. N. W. of
Macon.
Cluses, a town of Savoy, in Faucigny, seated on
the Arve, 22 ra. S. E. of Geneva.
Clwyd, a river of Wales, which rises in the
middle of Denbighshire, runs N. through a fertile
valley of the same name, and having entered
Flintshire flows into the Irish Sea, 6 miles below
St. Asaph.
Clyde, a river of Scotland, which rises in the
south part of Lanarkshire, passes by Lanark,
Hamilton, Glasgow, Renfrew, Dunbarton, and
Port Glasgow to Greenock, where it enters an
arm of the sea, called the Frith of Clyde. This
river runs, for several miles, between high rocks,
and in its course forms several cataracts : is de-
servedlj' celebrated for its romantic and diversified
scenery, and has several extensive cotton, and
other works on its banks. At Glasgow it becomes
navigable ; and 6 miles below that city it is joined
by the Great Canal from the Forth.
Clyde, Fritfi of, an inlet of the sea, between the
coast of Ayrshire, and the Isle of Arran, which
opens into the north channel, between the N. E.
end of Ireland and Scotlj^nd.
Clythness, a cape of Scotland, on the S. E.
coast of the county of Caithness. Long. 0. 33.
E. lat. 58. 16. N.
Coango, a tributary stream of the great river
Congo, in South Africa. It rises in Matamba,
and runs a course nearly due north, falling into
the Congo, about 100 m. above the Cataracts. It
is supposed by some to be the main branch of the
Congo.
Coanzo, a river of Africa, which rises in the
interior parts, crosses the kingdoms of Matamba
and Angola, and enters the Atlantic in lat. 9.20. S.
Coast Castle, Cape, the principal settlement
of the English on the coast of Guinea, with a
strong citadel. The Portuguese first formed an
establishment here in 1610 ; but were soon after
dislodged by the Dutch, who, in their turn, sur-
rendered it to the English, in 1661. At the pre-
sent period it appears increasing in commercial
importance. It is in the lat. of 57. N. and 152.
of W. long.
Cohhc, the capital of the territory of Darfur, in
Zahara, North Africa, situate on the borders of
Mubia, 150 m. W. S. W. of Sennar, and 500 S.
E. of Mathan. Long. 28. 8. E. lat. 14. 11. N.
Cohbesseconte, r. a branch of the Kennebec,
which runs into that river at Gardiner, Me.
Cobhatn, a village in Surrey, Eng. on the river
Mole, 7 m. S. W. of Kingston, ft has several
handsome villas, two medicinal springs, and a
manufacture of iron and copper. Pop. in 1821,
1,340.
Cobi, called by the Chinese Sliamo, a \ast des-
ert of Asia, extending from the 75th to the 110th
degree of E. long, and lying between the 35lh
and 25th of N. lat. The western part of this
vast district borders on Bochara, and the S. W.
on Thibet. The Chinese province of Kan-suh
(lohich see) projects into this desert, and the N.
E. part stretches toward the frontiers of Asiatic
Russia; but its limits are on every side too imper-
fectly defined to admit of any precise description.
See, however, as well as Kan-suh, Kara-Kum
and Shing-King.
Cobija, a town of Peru, on the coast of the des-
ert of Atacama with a good harbour for vessels
carrying the metals from the neighbouring mines.
It is 250 miles south of Arica. Lons. 34. 44. W.
lat. 22. 20. S.
jCoblentz, a strong city of Germany, in the cir
cle of Lower Rhine, situate at the conflux of the
Rhine and the Moselle ; with a bridge of boats over
the former, and a stone-bridge over the latter. In
the time of the Romans it was the station of the
first legion by whom it was called Confluentes ;
and after them, the residence of the successors of
Charlemagne ; and at a later period, it was the
capital of the grand duchy of Treves. It contains
three large churches two of which are collegiate,
a college, eight convents, &xi. It is memorable for
having been the chief rendezvous of the French
emigrant princes at the commencement of the
revolution. It was taken by the French in 1794,
who retained it until the peace of 1814, when it
was assigned to Prussia. It transmits large quan-
tities of excellent wine, timber, and iron, by the
Rhine, into Holland. It is285m.VV. S. W.of Ber-
lin, 420 W. N. W. of Vienna, and 260 E. S. E. of
Paris. Long. 7. 32. £. lat. 50. 24. N. Pop. about
11,000.
Coblentz, a town of Switzerland, in the district
of Bayden, at the conflux of the Aar and the
Rhine. It is 10 m. N. N. W. of Baden.
Cobleskill, p.t. Schoharie Co. N. Y. Pop. 2,988.
Cohre, El, a town of the island of Cuba, 10
m. W. of St. Jago.
Coburg, Saxe, a principality, at the S. W. ex-
tremity of the circle of Upper Saxony, projecting
into the circle of Franconia. It is one of the petty
states of the Germanic confederacy. Its area ia
about 400 square miles ; the population in 1824
was 80,012 ; its quota of soldiery for support of
the confederacy being 800 men, and its total rev-
enue equal to about £.50,000. It emerged some-
what from obscurity in 1816, by the alliance of
its prince, to the Princess Charlotte of England.
It is a tolerably fertile district, intersected by the
river Itsch, which runs from north to south into
the Mayne, and contains, besides several villages,
the towns of Hilburghausen, Eisfeld, Sonneberg,
Schalkaw, Ncustadt, Heldburg, Umerstadt, and
Coburg ; and Koiiigsberg, with several villages
insulated in the bishopric of Wurzburg.
Coburg, the capital of the preceding principali-
ty, is seated on the banks of the Itsch, 95 m. S. S
W. of Leipzig, and has a college, a fort, and a
castle. Here are manufactures of porcelain, and
of petrified wood, with which the country abounds,
and it carries on some trade in wool. The govern-
ment offices and town house form part of the sides
of a spacious square. Pop. about 7,000.
Coca, a town of Spain, in Old Castile, with a
strong castle for state prisoners ; seated among
mountains, on the river Eresma, 22 m. N. W. of
Segovia.
Cochtibamba, a district of South America, lying
between the 62nd and 68th degrees of W. long,
and the 16th and 19th of S. lat. and forming a part
of the Republic of Bolivia. It is watered by
several streams, all running from south to north,
uniting on the northern frontier, to form the river
Mainore, running through the government of
Moxos and Brazil, where after the union of the
Guapare, it is called the Madeira, falling into me
Amazon. Cochabamba is an exceedingly fertile
district ; and the inhabitants, about 70,000 in num-
ber, seem to perfer the pursuits of agriculture,
rather than of mining. The chief town of the
same name is situate on the western confines of
the province, in the lat. of 18. S. and about 200
miles east of Arica.
Cocheco, r. N. H. a branch of the SalmoQ Fall
river.
coc
908
COG
Cocheim, a town of Germany, seated on the
Moselle, 25 m. S. W. of Coblentz.
Cochecton, t. Sullivan Co. N. Y. Pop. 438.
Cockerel, a town of France, in the department
of the Eure ; noted for a victory gained by Gues-
clin over the king of Navarre, in 15G4. It is
7 m. E. of Evreux.
Cochin, a province of Hindoostan, on the coast
of Malabar, towards the southern extremity of the
Peninsula; a chain of islands flanks the whole
extent of the coast. It is a very fertile district,
and yields abundance of rice, pepper, and cocoa
nuts, and exoellent timber for ship-building. It
was the first j-art of India where the Portuguese,
after passing the Cape of Good Hope, formed a
settlement; but their intrigues and extortions
soon caused them to be repulsed from the main
land ; but they were allowed, in 1503, to erect a
fortification on one of the islands, in the lat. of 9.
57. N. The fort surrendered to the Dutch in
1C63, who, by their toleration of all religious pre-
tensions, occasioned it to increase greatly in popu-
lation. The natives of the province successfully
resisted the Mahometan arms up to the period of
1776, when Hyder Alii, rendered them tributary ;
and the exaction being enforced with increased
vigour under Tippoo Saib, in 1791, the rajah
sought tne protection of the English ; to whom
the Dutch fort surrendered in 1795 and thereby
the whole territory became subservient to the
English. The fort is 120 m. S. by E. of Calicut.
Cochin China, a maritime kingdom of Asia, ex-
tending from Cape Varela-falsa, in the lat. of 12.
55. N. to Sinboo Bay, in the lat. of 16. N. ; it is
bounded on the west by a high mountain ridge,
running parallel with the coast its whole extent,
at the distance of GO to 70 miles; this mountain
ridge divides Cochin China from a vast desert,
lying between the mountains and the great river
Cambodia. The aborigines of Cochin China are
called Moys, and reside chiefly on the western
declivities of the mountains. To these strong
holds they were driven, about the beginning of
the 15th century, by the present possessors of the
country. The aborigines are a savage people,
and in features resemble the CafFres. The present
inhabitants bear evident marks of being derived
from the same stock as the Chinese ; their re-
ligion is also the same, and most of their manners
and customs. They are a courteous, affable, in-
offensive race, rather inclined to indolence. The
women are by far the most active sex, and mer-
chants often employ them as their factors and
brokers. The cities and towns have gates at the
end of each street, which are shut every night.
The houses are mostly of bamboo, covered with
rushes or the straw of rice, and stand in groves of
oranges, limes, plantains, and cocoa trees. Here
is plenty of sugar, pepper, rice, yams, sweet po-
tatoes, pumpkins, and melons; also ivory, musk,
honey, and silk, and the edible birds'-nests. The
climate is healthy, the summer heat being tem-
pered by regular breezes from the sea. In Septem-
ber, October, and November is the rainy season,
when the low lands are suddenly overflowed by
torrents of water from the mountains ; the inun-
dations happen generally once a fortnight, and
continue three or four days. In the three follow-
ing months there are frequent rains, brought by
cold northerly winds, which distinguish this
country with a winter different from any other in
the east. The inundations render the land fruit-
ful, many parts producing three crops of grain in
the year. Gold is taken almost pure from the
mines, and there are rich silver mines. The
country is intersected by rivers, which are well
calculated for promoting inland commerce, yet not
large enough to admit vessels of great burden ;
but there are commodious harbours on the coast,
particularly that of Turon, in the lat. of 16. 5. N.
The vanity of tl»e Chinese induces them to con-
sider Cochin as a tributary province of their em-
pire ; but if any acknowledgment is made, it is
merely nominal. The Cochin Chinese are the
most brave and efficient of the eastern nations ;
they have iiitherto held very little intercourse
with Europeans, but carry on an extensive traffic
with China and various parts of the eastern seas.
CochransviUe, p. v. Chester Co. Pa.
Cocke, a county of E. Tennessee, bounded on
the S. E. by a ridge of the Apalachian Mountains,
called the Smoky Mountains, which divide it
from North Carolina. It is intersected by the
Big Pigeon and French Broad Rivers, which unite
their streams towards the N. W. boundary of the
county. Pop. 6,048. Newport is the chief town.
Cocker, a river which rises in the south of Cum-
berland, Eng. flows through the lakes of Butter-
mere, Cromack- water, and Lowes- water, and joins
the Derwent, below Cockermouth.
Cochermouth, a borough in Cumberland, Eng.
It stands on the Cocker, at its conflux with the
Derwent, and between two hills, on one of which
is a handsome church, and on the other the re-
mains of a stately castle. It has manufactures of
shalloons, coarse linen and woolen cloths, leather,
and hats. It returns two members to parliament,
and is 30 m. S. W. of Carlisle, and 305 N. N. W.
of London. Pop. in 1821, 3,770.
Cocoiiato, a town of Piedmont, the birth place
of Columbus, as some affirm, 20 m. east of Turin.
Cod, Cape, is the northern extremity of a penin-
sula, more than 120 miles in extent, and 10 to 15
in mean breadth, forming part of the state of Mas-
sachusetts. Cape Cod and the main land form a
very spacious bay, about 50 miles each way ; and
Cape Cod and Cape Ann are the south and west
points which form the open bay called Massachu-
setts Bay, leading to the harbour of Boston : the
outer side of the peninsula forming Cape Cod is
flanked by shoals, which render the navigation
thereabouts dangerous. A light-house, on the
Cape Point, is in lat. 42. 3. N. and 70. 6. VV. long.
Codogno, a town of Italy, in the Lodesan,
duchy of Milan, near the confluence of the Adda
with "the Po, 12 m. S. S. E. of Lodi.
Codomvdi, a town of Hindoostan, in Coimbe
tore, seated near the Cavery, a little above the in
flux of the Noyelar, 23 m. S. E. of Bhawaniku
dal.
Codortis, a township in York Co. Pa.
Coesfeld, a town of Westphalia, in the princi-
pality of Munster, near the source of the Burkel,
18 m. west of Munster.
Coerorrfcw, a fortified town of Holland, on th«»
confines of Drenthe, Westphalia, and Overyssel,
and one of the strongest places in the whole coun-
try. It stands in a morass, on the river Aa, 33
m. S. by E. of Groningen. It is the capital of
Drenthe.
Coeymans, a. town in Albany County, New York,
on the west bank of the Hudson River, 14 m. S
of Albany. Pop. 2,723.
Coffiesville, p. v. Clark Co. Alab.
CojrircshaJl, a town in Essex, Eng. with a man
ufacture of baize ; seated on the north bank of the
river Blackwater, seven miles west of Colchester,
and 44 E. N. E. of London. Pop. in 1821,2,896;
/\
C501
«X)
COL
and a tillage of the same name, on the opposite
side of the river, contains 362 inhabitants more.
Cognac, a town of France, in the department of
Charente, with a castle, where Francis I. was born.
It is celebrated for excellent brandy, and seated
on the Charente, 17 m. west of Angouleme, and
40 east by south of Rochefort.
Cosne, a town of Piedmont, in a valley, and on
a river of the same name. The mountains which
surround it are rich in mines of iron and copper.
It is six miles south of Aosta.
Cogni, or Konieh, a city of Turkey, capital of
Caramania, and the see of a Greek archbishop.
The walls have 108 square towers at 40 paces dis-
tance from each other; and it has two large suburbs,
into one of which the caravans and strangers re-
tire. It has upwards of 100 mosques, and though
much declined of late years, it is still a place of
great trade, and seated on the east side of a ridge
of lofty mountains, in a country abounding in
corn, fruit, pulse, and cattle, 280 m. S. E. of Con-
stantinople, and about the same distance due east
of Smyrna.
Cofiasset, a town on the south coast of Massa-
chusetts Bay, just without the entrance to Boston
harbour, 25 m. S. W. of Boston. Cohasset has a
tolerably good harbour ; but a ledge of rocks at
its entrance renders its approach dangerous. Pop.
1,227.
Cohoes Falls, a village eight miles due north of
Albany, in New York ; it is seated on the banks
of the Mohawk River, over which is a bridge,
about a mile and a half above its entrance into the
Hudson : about three-quarters of a mile higher up,
the Mohawk, being about 350 yards wide, pours
down its waters over a precipice in an unbroken
sheet, a height of 70 feet perpendicular and next
to Niagara, forms the grandest cascade in the state
of New York.
Coimhetorc, a province of the peninsula of Hin-
doostan, lying south of Mysore, to which it was
lately subject, but ceded to the English on the
final defeat ofTippoo in 1799. It is 110 miles
long and 70 broad ; and is divided by the river
Noyelar into two districts. North and South, of
which Bhawanikudal and Daraporam are the chief
towns.
Coimbetore, a town of Hindoostan, the ancient
capital of the province of the same name. It was
taken by general Meadows in 1790, and retaken
in 1791 by Tippoo, who soon after destroyed the
fort. It contains 2,000 houses, an extensive mud
palace, and a tolerable mosque, built by Tippoo,
who sometimes resided here ; but it has no large
temple. The palace now serves as a barrack for
a reffiment of British cavalry. The chief manu-
factures are muslins, and cotton cloths ; and these,
with cotton wool and thread, tobacco, sugar, and
betel leaf are the principal articles of trade. It is
100 m. S. by E. of Seringapatam. Long. 77. 6.
E. lat. 11.0. N.
Coimfcrffi, a city of Portugal, capital of Beira,
and a bishop's see, with a celebrated university,
the only one in Portugal, transferred hither from
Lisbon in 1306, where it was originally founded
in 1290. The cathedral is magnificent, beside
which there are nine churches, and eight con-
vents. It stands on a mountain, on the river
Mondego, over which is an elegant bridge about
25 miles above its entrance into the sea, 100 m. N.
E. of Lisbon. It suffered considerably by the
great earthquake in 1755. Pop. about 12,000.
Coirt, or Chur, a town of Switzerland, capital
of the canton of the Grisons. and a bishop's see
27
It is surrounded by ancient brick walls, with
square and round towers, and divided into two
parts, the least of which is of the catholic religion
and the greatest of the protestant. The French
surprised and defeated the Austrian army at this
place in 1799. It is seated between two moun-
tains, on the river Plessur, near the Rhine, 65 m.
S. by W. of Constance, and contributes to render
Coire a place of considerable traffic. It was the
birthplace of Angelica Kauffman, the female pain-
ter.
Coitsville, a township in Trumbull Co. Ohio.
Coikincr, a city of China, of the first rank, in
the N. W. part of the province Yu-nan, 1,160
m. S. S. W. of Pekin.
Colalico, t. Lancaster Co. Pa.
Colapoor, a small independent state of Hindoos-
tan on the coast of the Concan, bounded on the
south by the Portuguese territory of Goa. The ra-
jah of this district pretends to be descended from
the founder of the Mahratta empire. The na-
tives were formerly celebrated for their piracies ;
Vingorla, the principal town, is in lat. 16. N.
Colar, or Colorant, a town of Hindoostan, in
Mysore, with a large mud fort, and the remains
of a hill-fort. It is the birth-place of Hyder Aly,
who erected here a handsome mausoleum for his
father ; and near it is a mosque, and a college of
of Mussulman priests. The chief manufactures
are cotton cloths and muslins. It is 40. m. E.
N. E. of Bangalore, and 140 W. of Madras.
Long. 78. 9. E. lat. 13. 9. N.
Colbene, a town of Tripoli, on the S. W. part
of the Gulf of Sidra, 90 m. S. S. E. of Messurata.
Colherg, a fortified seaport of Further Pomera-
nia. It has a collegiate church, good linen man-
ufactures, and considerable saltworks. The Rus-
sians laid siege to this town in 1758 and 1769,
without success ; but it surrendered to them after
a long siege in 1761 , and was restored at the sub-
sequent peace. It is seated at the mouth of the
Persant on the Baltic, 60 m. N. E. of Stettin.
Long. 15. 36. E. lat. 54. 9. N.
Colchagua, the ninth in order of the provinces
of Chile extending from the Pacific Ocean to the
Andes, in the lat. of 34. 30. S. It is intersected
by two or three rivers, falling into the Pacific ;
but it has no port or harbour of note. Pop. about
15,000. San Fernando, about 50 miles from the
sea, and 100 south of St. Jago, is the chief town.
Colchester, a borough and market town in the
county of Essex, Eng. pleasantly situate on a
gentle eminence, on the west bank of the river
Colne, about eight miles above its entrance into
the English Channel. It is a place of antiquity,
supposed to have been a Roman station ; and was
formerly surrounded by a wall, some vestiges of
which still remain, and contained a castle of
great strength, supposed to have been built by a
son of Alfred the Great, the remains of which
now serve for a house of correction for petty of-
fenders. Prior to the civil war, in the time of
Oliver Cromwell, the wall, castle, and fortifica-
tions were entire, and held out with great obsti-
nacy against the parliamentary forces, until after
Charles I. was beheaded in 1648, in which year
it surrendered. The town sustained great dam-
age during the siege. It is now by far the larg-
est and most important town in the county, and
has undergone great improvement within tho
present century ; a spacious quay has been con-
structed, and the river made navigable up to tho
town for vessels of 90 to 100 tons ourthen. It is
a port of entry for vessels from foreign parts, and
83
COL
no
COL
has a custom house a little below the town ; but
its external commerce is very inconsiderable. Its
chief traffic in export is in oysters and grain,
which it sends to the London market in great
quantities, and receives in return every descrip-
tion of shop goods for the supply of the town, and
distribution over the surrounding country. It
had formerly extensive manufactures of woolen
stuff's, but the manufacture at Colchester is now
trifling , no small share of its present importance
is derived from the extensive intercourse of which
it is a centre point between London, Harwich, Ip-
swich, Yarmouth and Norwich. It is divided into
16 parishes, and has as many churches ; but four
of them are not used, and only three are entitled
to notice for their architecture. It has three
bridges over the Colne, a spacious market place,
town hall, corn exchange and a theatre. It has
also an hospital, free grammar schools, water
works, two public libraries, a botanical and phi-
losophical institution, and several dissenting meet-
ing houses. The town is governed by a mayor,
recorder, town clerk, 12 aldermen, 18 assistants,
and 18 common-councilmen ; and returns two
members to parliament, the right of election being
vested in the corporation and free burgesses not
receiving alms. Its markets are on Wednesdays
and Saturdays. Pop. in 1821, 14,016. It is 51
m. E. N. E. from London, 21 W. by S. of Har-
wich, and the same distance S. S. W. of Ipswich.
Colchester, a town of Vermont, in Chittenden
County, on a Bay of Lake Champlain, at the in-
flux of the Onion, 6 m. N. by E. of Burlington.
Pop. 1,489.
Colchester, a town of Connecticut, in New Lon-
don County, 20 m. N. W. of New London. Pop.
2,083.
Colchester, a township in Delaware County,
New York, 91 m. S. of Albany. Pop. 1,424.
Colchester, a town of Virginia, in Fairfax,
County, on Ocquoquam Creek, three miles from
its confltix with the Potomac, and 16 S. W. of
Alexandria.
Colding, or Kolding, a town of Denmark, in
Jutland, formerly the residence of many Danish
kings, who adorned it with several edifices. The
harbour is choked up, and its commerce nearly
annihilated. It is seated on the Thueths, near its
entrance into a bay of the Little Belt, 30 m. E.
N. E. of Ripen.
Coldinghavi, a town of Scotland, in the county
of Berwick, anciently noted for a nunnery, re-
built by Edgar, king of Scotland, in 1098, Ebba,
one of the abbesses, renowned in tradition for her
charity, gave name to the neighbouring promon-
tory called St. Abb's Head. It is 9 m. N. N.
W. of Berwick. Pop. about 1,000.
Cold Rioer, r. N. H. joins the Connecticut at
Walpole.
Colditz, a town of Upper Saxony, in Misnia,
with manufactures of linen and stuffs, seated on
the Mulda, 22 m. S. E. of Leipzig.
Coldstream, a town of Scotland, in the county
of Berwick. Here general Monk first raised
the Coldstream regiment of guards, with
which he marched into England to restore
Charles II. It is seated on the Tweed, over
which is a handsome bridge, 13 m. S. W. of
Berwick.
Coleagara, a town of Hindoostan, in the prov-
ince of Coimbetore. It has two large temples,
and is a considerable mart for the traders between
Seringapatam and the country below the eastern
Ghauts. It is 34 m. S. E. of Seringapatam.
Colebrook, p.t. Coos Co. N. H. on the Con-
necticut. Pop. 542.
Colebrook Dale, a village in Shropshire, Eng.
on the banks of the Severn, 2 m. N. by E.
of Broseley, tchirh see.
Colebrookdule, a township of Berks Co. Pa.
Coleraine, a borough of Ireland, in the county
of Londonderry, seated on the banks of the river
Bann, about four miles above its entrance into
the Atlantic Ocean. In 1821 the town and sub-
urbs of Coleraine contained a population of 4,851,
and the remainder of the parish 1,630 more. It
participates largely in the linen manufactures,
and its fabrics and bleach are in the highest es
teem. The fall of the river Bann precludes it
from affording much commercial advantage to
Coleraine ; but this defect is in some measure
compensated for by its salmon fishery, which is
the most valuable in Ireland. Coleraine sends
one member to the parliament of the United
Kingdom; and is 25. E. by N. of Londonderry,
and 108. N. by W. of Dublin.
Coleraine, p.t. Franklin Co. Mass. Pop. 1,877.
Colerain, a town of the state of Georgia, in
Camden County. A treaty was concluded here,
in 1796, between the United States and the
Creek Indians. It is seated on St. Mary River,
35 miles W. by N. of the port of St. Mary, and
14 S. by E. of Louisville.
Coleraine is also the name of a town in Hamil-
ton County, Ohio, on the east bank of the Miami
River, about 15 miles above its entrance into the
Ohio, and 10 north of Cincinnati.
^^ There are 6 other towns of this name in
the United States ; namely in Pa., N. C. and Ohio.
ColeshiU, a town in Warwickshire, Eng. seated
on a hill, by the river Cole, 10 m. E. of Birming-
ham, and 105 N. W. of London, on the mail
line of road to Liverpool. The church is an el-
egant structure. Pop. in 1821, 1,760.
ColesviUe, p.t. Broome Co. N. Y. Pop. 2,387.
Also towns in Maryland and Va.
Calford, a town in Gloucestershire, Eng. five
miles E. S. E. of Monmouth, and 124 W. by N.
of London. It has several iron forges in its
vicinity.
Colin. See Kolin.
Colima, a town of Mexico, in the intendencia
of Guadalaxara, on the frontiers of Valladolid ;
it is seated at the foot of a volcanic mountain,
about 300 miles due west of Ihe city of Mexico,
under the banks of a small river, about 30 miles
above its entrance into the Pacific Ocean, in the
lat. of 18. 40. N. The intervening country be-
tween the town and the sea is very fertile. Pop.
of the town about 2,500.
Coll, an island of Scotland, one of the He-
brides, to the W. N. W. of Mull, 13 miles long
and three broad. The greatest part is covered
with heath, and abounds with rabbits ; and many
black cattle are fed here. The castle of Coll is a
strong square-built structure, and still in tolera-
ble repair. Total pop. in 182], 1,264.
Collakuas, a district of Peru, lying between
Lake Titicaca, and the Pacific Ocean. It is a very
mountainous district ; the Andes here diverging
into several ridges, among which the Apuriniac
and other streams, forming the head waters of the
noble river Amazon, have their source. Caillo-
ma, in the lat. of 15. 40. S. is the capital.
Colle, a town of Tuscany, on a hill near the
river Elza, 10 m. N. N. W. of Sienna. There
are five other towns of the same name in differ-
ent parts of Italy all inconsiderable.
COL
Colledfi, a town of Upper Saxony, in Thurin-
gia, on the Unstrut, 19 in. N. by W. of Weimar.
Colleton, a maritime district of South Carolina,
south of Charleston ; it is intersected by the
Edisto River, and is fertile in rice and cotton.
Pop. 27,256.
Collioiire, a town of France, in the department
of Eastern Pyrenees, with a castle. It was talcen
by the Spaniards in 1793, but retaken the next
year. It has a small port on the Mediterranean,
IG ra. S. S. E. of Perpi'gnan.
ColUnsville, p.v. Huntingdon Co. Pa.
CoUon, a well-built town of Ireland, in Louth
County, with a stocking manufactory, and an ex-
tensive bleach field, 2i} m. from Dublin. Pop.
in 1821, 1,347.
Collumpton, a town in Devonshire, Eng. with
a considerable trade in woolen cloth. It is seat-
ed on the river Culm, 12 m. N. N. E. of Exeter,
and 160 W. of London. Pop. in 1821, 3,410.
Colmar, a town of France, capital of the de-
partment of Upper Rhine. It is surrounded by
a wall, flanked with towers, near the river 111 ;
and has various manufactures, 42 m. S. by W. of
Strasburg. Pop. about 15,000.
Colmar, a town of Germany, in the duchy of
Holstein, 5 m. S . E. of Gluckstadt.
Colmars. a town of France, in the department
of Lower Alps, 20 m. E. N. E. of Digne.
Colmitz, a town of Austria, 4 m. S. S. W. of
Drossendorf
Coin, a river of England which rises near
Clare, in Suffolk, passes by Halstead and Col-
chester in Essex, and after a course of about 40
miles enters the German Ocean, at the east end
of Mersey Island. In the inlets and pools at the
mouth of this river are bred the famous Colches-
ter oysters. There are several small rivers of the
same name in England.
Colnbrook, a town in Buckinghamshire, Eng.
seated on the river Coin, which falls into the
Thames, 17 m. W. of London, on the road to
Bath. Pop. in 1821, 2,817.
Colne, a town in Lancashire, Eng. It is a
place of great antiquity, having been selected for
a Roman station, by Agricola. It is situate near
the border of Yorkshire, within about a mile of
the Liverpool and Leeds Canal. It formerly par-
ticipated in the woolen manufacture, which, with-
in the present century has given way to the more
profitable pursuit of the cotton manufacture, in
which branch, in 1821, there were seven large
establishments for spinning and weaving, and
twelve others for weaving only. The vicinity
abounds in coals and slate. The population,
which in 1800 was only 3,636, in 1821 had in-
creased to 7,274. It is 21 miles N. by E. of
Mancliester.
Colocijthia, a town of Independent Greece,in the
Morea, on the west side of a bay to which it gives
name, 36 miles S. of Misitra. Long. 22. 24. E., lat.
36. 38. N.
Colocza, or Kalotsha, a town of Hungary, on the
east bank of the Danube, and an arch-bishop's
see, 57 m. S. of Buda.
Cologna, a town of Italy, in the Paduan, 26 m.
W. by S. of Padua. Pop. about 6,000.
Cologne, a late archbishopric and electorate of
Germany, in the circle of the Lower Rhine ;
bounded on the north by the duchy of Cleves and
G«lderland ; on the south by the archbishopric of
Treves, and from the south, in a N. N. W. direc-
tion, for about 90 miles, by the Rhine, which
divides it on the east from the duchy of Beror
211 COL
and on the west it is divided by a very irregular
boundary from the duchy of Juliers. It is not
more than about 15 miles in mean breadth, and
contains a good deal of forest, some mines of
coal and iron, and parts of it are fertile in com,
wine, and flax. Pop. about 220,000: it held a
distinguished rank in the Germanic confederacy
as early as the fourth century, and at the general
partition in 1814, it was transferred to Prussia.
Besides the city of Cologne, the other principal
towns are Kemper, Lunne, Nuys, Brul, Mecken-
heim, Bonn, «Src.
Cologne, the chief town of the preceding ter-
ritory, and one of the most ancient and celebrated
cities of Europe, is seated on the west bank of the
Rhine, in the lat. of 50. 55. N. and 6. 55. of W.
long. 295 miles W. S. W. of Berlin, and 105 E. of
Brussels. Antecedent to the ascendancy of the
Romans over western Europe, the site of Cologne
is supposed to have been the capital of a tribe
called the Ubii ; and at a subsequent period, to
have given birth to Agrippina, the mother of Nero ;
in reference to whom the Romans named it
Colonia ^grippinia. It joined the Hanseatic
League at an early period of its formation ; and in
the 13th century ranked high as a commercial
city. After that period its commercial activity
yielded to the influence of priestcraft and in
dolence — persecution followed ; in 1485 the Jews,
and in 1618 the Protestants, were expelled the
city ; so that in 1794, when the French took pos-
session of it, the ecclesiastics amounted to about
2,000 ; and besides the university, founded in 1388,
nine collegiate churches, two abbeys, and an
archiepiscopal seminary, it contained no less than
126 other monastic and religious establishments.
The walls of the city are about seven miles in
circumference ; but a considerable portion of the
area is now converted into gardens and vineyards ;
and although the perspective of the city on all
sides is very imposing, on inspection it proves to
be low and ill built. The town-hall, cathedral,
and some of the churches are, however, stately
and fine edifices. Cologne is connected with
Duytz, on the opposite bank of the river, by a
bridge of boats ; and contains within itself almost
every branch of manufacture for domestic use ;
it still carries on some traffic up and down the
Rhine, from the waters of which it is liable to in-
undation. The city was transferred with the ter-
ritory of Cologne, to Prussia in 1814. Pop. about
40,000. It was the birth-place of Rubens.
Colombe, St., the name of about 20 towns in
diflTerent parts of France, all inconsiderable.
Colombey aux Belles Femmes, a townof France,
in the department of the Meurthe, and chief place
of a canton in the district of Veselize, 15 m. S. W.
of Nancy.
Colombia, Republic of, an extensive territory,
forming the whole northern part of the southern
division of the western hemisphere commonly
called South America, and includes what, pre-
vious to 1811, constituted the vice-royalty of JVew
Granada., and the captain-generalship of Caracas
or Venezuela. In its extreme length from N. to S.
Colombia extends from the shores of the Carribean
Sea, in the lat. of 12. 30. N. to the Tunguragua,
the main western branch of the great river Ama-
zon, in the lat. of 5. S. and longitudinally from
59. to 83. W. From the 59th to the 68th of W.
long, however, it extends only to 3. of N. la^. and
its mean long, on the western side, or side jf tJi3
Pacific Ocean, will not exceed the line of 71. W.;
these limits will give an aggregate extent of aur
COL
Ifcis
COL
face of about 1,200,000 square miles, or an area 14
times the extent of Great Britain ; but over this
wide domain the human inhabitants are supposed
not to exceed 3,000,000. In its north-western ex-
tremity, it includes the Isthmus of Panama, with
several spacious and commodious harbours. On
its eastern extremity it is bounded by the Esse-
quibo River, which divides it from French Guyana
and the English and Dutch settlements of Deme-
rara, Berbice, and Surinam ; from the 59th to the
6oth deg. of W. long., it is bounded on the south
by a mountain ridge, which divides it from Por-
tuguese Guyana, the most nortliern part of Brazil ;
whilst the Tunguragua, or, as it is afterwards
called, the Maranon River, divides it from Peru ;
the whole of its western boundaries being washed
by the Pacific Ocean, and its northern by the
C5arribean Sea, and the N. E. by the Atlantic
Ocean. The earlier history of this territory will
be found more particularly adverted to under the
heads of New Granada and Venezuela. A futile
attempt was made by General Miranda to revolu-
tionize Venezuela in 180(i; but it was not till
1811 that the people generally exerted themselves
in favour of independence : from which period
up to 1819, various sanguinary conflicts ensued be-
tween the European Spaniards and the natives,
with alternate success. It was on the 17th of
Dec. 1819, that the two territories of New Grana-
da and Venezuela became united under the title of
the Republic of Colombia, and a popular repre-
sentative government divided into legislative,
executive, and judicial. On the 6th of May, 1821,
in conformity with the fundamental law, the in-
stallation of the general congress took place in the
city of Rosario de Cucuta, but the seat of gov-
ernment has since been established at Bogota.
It was at Carabobo, on the 24th of June of the
same year, that the last battle was fought which
decided the downfall of Spanish domination, and
independence of the Colombian Republic. The
territory was at first divided into four parts ; viz.
Quito, Cundinamarca, Venezuela and Spanish
Guyana ; but it was afterwards divided into twelve
provinces. The local circumstances of each pro-
vince will be found under their respective heads.
The aggregate features of the Colombian ter-
ritory are, in the highest degree, grand and im-
posing. The Andes, in a parallel ridge of about
200 miles in extent, between which is a valley
twenty or thirty miles wide, at an elevation of
about 9,000 feet above the level of the sea, enter
at the S. W. extremity, in which direction the
peaks of Chimborazo, Cotopaxi, and Antisana,
rear their majestic heads, all south of the equa-
tor ; and in the lat. of 2. N. the chain diverges
into three ridges, the most easterly of which
takes an E. N. E. direction towards the shore
of the Carribean Sea, with which it runs parallel
through seven deg. of long, to near the Delta of
the Orinoco, opposite to the island of Trinidad.
It is on the eastern declivity of this ridffe, which
is called the Venezuelan elinin, at an altitude of
1,000 feet above the level of the sea, in the lat.
of 4. 45. N. that Bogota is situate. Between this
and the central ridge, which is called the Chain
of Santa Martha, runs for a course of (550 m. the
fine River Magdalena ; and between the Chain
of Santa Martha and the main ridge, runs the
River Cauca, which unites with the Magdalena
at the foot of the Santa Martha Chain, about 150
miles above the entrance of the Magdalena into
the Carribean Sea. From the lat. of 6. N. the
main ndge of the Andes takes a N. by W. direc-
tion into the isthmus that unites the two grand
divisions of the western hemisphere, whilst anoth-
er collateral ridge runs nearly due north towards
Carthagena. Between these two ridges runs the
river Atrato N. into the Gulf of Darien, the head
waters of which river are contiguous to those of
the St. Juan, which runs S. into the Bay of Cho-
co in the Pacific Ocean, which rivers seem to
form the most favourable means for effecting a
water communication between the Atlantic and
Pacific Oceans. East of the Andes, the country
is intersected by innumerable streams, those in the
south part running into the Maranon, or Amazon,
and those in the north part into the Orinoco.
From the extreme north the country is indented
by a spacious bay called the Gulf of Maracaibo,
which leads by a narrow strait into a spacious
lake of the same name. This lake, which is
about 180 miles in length and 70 in width, is
bounded on the E. by the Venezuelan chain of
the Andes, and on the W. by a ridge which di-
verges from it in the lat. of 8. N. ; and with the
lake forms a very distinguishing feature of the
country. Numerous islands flank the coast of
the Carribean Sea, from the long, of 61. to the
Gulf of Maracaibo in the long, of 70. : the most
easterly and important of these is Trinidad, in
possession of the English, and near the entrance
of the Gulf of Maracaibo is Curayao in possession
of the Dutch. The rest may be considered as
forming part of the Colombian territory, the most
important being Margarita. The principal sea-
ports on the side of the Atlantic and coast of the
Carribean Sea, are Cumana, Laguira (the out-
port of Leon de Caracas), Maracaibo, Carthagena,
and Portobello ; and on the side of the Pacific
Ocean, Panama, Bay of Choco, and, Guayaquil.
The most important towns in the interior, be-
sides Bogota, are Lojan, Juan de Bracomoros,
Cuenca, Riobamba, Quito, Popayan, Merida, and
Angostura.
Colombia is not remarkable for any peculiar
productions either animal or vegetable. Its ca-
pabilities for supplying all that can contribute
to the comfort and enjoyment of man, are liow-
ever of the first order; while the elevated plains
on the western side of the territory, afford the
most agreeable temperature of climate. The S.
W. section of the territory is rich in minerals,
including both gold and silver ; but the most dis-
tinguishing feature of surplus production, hith-
erto, has been horses, mules, and horned cattle,
which have been exported in large quantities to
Jamaica, and all the other West India islands ;
these, with an inconsiderable supply of cotton,
wool, cocoa, (the best in the world), coffee, tobacco,
and indigo, and some dye-woods, with silver to
the amount of about 2 to 3,000,000 of dollars,
making an aggregate return of about 6,000,000
dollars, constituted the aggregate extent of its ex-
ternal commerce, at the period of 1826. It af
fords, however, under social institutions, an un-
bounded field for human exertion and enterprize ;•
but although the integrity and independence of
the Colombian Republic have been recognized
by the United States of America, and provision-
ally by England and other European States,
its continued integrity is at present too equivo-
cal, many of its measures too speculative, and
some of its institutions, too incompatible with
social welfare, to justify any very sanguine ex-
pectations, as to its future prosperity.
Colomhier, a town of France, in the department
of the Upper Saone, and chief place of a canton
COL
913
COL
in the district of Vesoul, 4 m. N. E. of Vesoul,
and 10 west of Lure.
Cofomiers, a town of France, in the department
of Seine and Marne, 18 m. S. E. of Meaux, and
40 E. of Paris.
Colonna, Cape, the S. E. pointof Livadia, 30 m.
S. E. of Athens. The name also of another cape
on the east coast of Calabria, near the entrance to
the Gulf of Tarento, in lat. 39. 6. N.
Colonsa, a fertile island off the west coast of
Scotland, to the west of Jura. It is separated on
the south from that of Oronsa, by a narrow chan-
nel, which being dry at low water, they may be
considered as one island, about 12 miles long and
abroad. Pop. in 1821,904.
Coloor, a town of Hindoostan, in the circar of
Guntoor, near which is a diamond mine. It is
situate on the south side of the Kistnah, 13 m. N.
W. of Condavir.
Colorado, a river of Mexico, which falls into
the Gulf of California, at its head, in the lat. of 33.
N. The main branch, which is called the St. Ra-
fael, has its source in the lat. of about 40. N. not
far distant from those of the del Norte, the Arkan-
sas and the Platte, all of which flow, south and west,
into the Gulf of Mexico. There are six other
branches, all of which have their source north of
the 3f5th deg. ofN. lat. which fall into the St.
Rafael, whose united stream may be considered
the main branch of the Colorado ; about 50 miles
above its entrance into the Gulf of California it is
united by another stream, from the eastward call-
ed the Gila. These rivers are said to afford sev-
eral hundred miles of navigation for vessels of
considerable burthen.
Co'orado, or Red River, is also the name of
another river, rising east of the Andes in the lat. of
32. S. running in a S. S. E. direction, through the
red loamy plains of Pampas and Buenos Ayres in-
to the S. Atlantic Ocean, in tlie lat. of 40. S.
Colouri, an island of Greece, formerly called
Salam's, near the coast of Livadia, seven miles
long and two broad. The principal town is of the
same name, on the south side, with an excellent
harbour, 17 m. W. by S. of Athens. It was in
the strait between this island and the main land
that Themistocles defeated the Persian fleet.
Colosxoar. See Clausenhurg.
Colst.prworth, a village in Lincolnshire, Enor. on
the Witham, 8 m. S. of Grantham, celebrated for
being the birth-place of the famous Sir Isaac
Newton.
Columh, St. a town in Cornwall, Eng. seated
on a hill 26 m. N. N. W. of Penrvn. and 249 W.
S. W. of London. Pop. in 1821, 2,493.
Columhia, District, a territory ten miles sqjiare
upon both sides of the Potomac between Viro-inia
and Maryland. It is under the immediate juris-
diction of tlie United States, and contains the seat
of the Federal Government. It comprises the
cities of Washington, Alexandria and George-
town. It is divided into 2 countries, Washing-
ton and Alexandria, and contains a population of
39,8,^>S.
Columbia, a county of the sta-te of New York,
on the east side of the Hudson River, bounded on
the east by Berkshire County. Massachusetts.
It is about 3.0 m. from N. to S. and 20 from W. to
E. Pop. .3!),9.")2. It is divided into 14 townships.
It yields some iron at Ancram in the S. E. part
of the county. Tlie city of Hudson (which see) on
the east bank of the noble river of that name, is the
chief place in the county.
Columbia, a town of the district of Maine, in
Washington County, situate on Pleasant River,
near the Atlantic, 15 m. W. S. W. of MachiaB.
Pop. 603.
Columbia, p.t. Coos Co. N. H. on the Connecti-
cut. Pop. 442.
Columbia, a county in the state of Georgia,
bounded on the E. by the Savannah Riirer, which
divides it from Edgefield County, South Carolina,
It is nearly a square of about 25 m. each way ; be-
ing on the verge of the upland district. It is a
healthy, agreeable, and fruitful county. Pop.
12,606.
Columbia, a city of South Carolina, capital of
Kershaw County, and the seat of government of
the state ; is situate on the Congaree, just below
the conflux of the Saluda and Broad rivers, 110
m. N. N. W. of Charleston, 170 S. W. of Raleigh,
and 507 S. W. by S. of Washington. Long. 81.
10. W., lat. 33. 58. N. The College of South Car-
olina at this place was founded in 1801. It has 9
instructors and HI students, with a library of 7,000
vols. It has one vacation in July, August, and
September.
Columella, a town of Pennsylvania, in Lancjis-
ter County, situate on the Susquehannah, at
Wright's Ferry, 12 m. W. of Lancaster, and 70
W. by N. of Philadelphia.
Columbia, is also the name of a township in
Herkimer County, New York, and of a town in
St. Lawrence County, in the same state, 227 m.
N. W. of Albany. Pop. 2,181.
*^* There are 7 other towns called Columbia
in the U. S.
Columbia River. See Oregon.
Columbiana, a county of the State of Ohio. It
is a square of about 35 m. each way ; the S. E.
corner jets upon the Ohio River at the point
where it divides the state of Ohio from that
of Virginia, the east side being bounded by Bea-
ver County, in the state of Pennsylvania. It is
intersected from the N. W. by Little Beaver Iliv-
er, which falls into the Ohio at the point of union
with Beaver County. The fertility and local ad-
vantages of this county may be inferred from the
increase of population since 1810, when it was
10,870, and in 1830, 35,508. There is a town of
the same name in the north part of the county ;
but the chief town is New Lisbon, on the north
bank of Little Beaver River, in the centre of the
county, 185 m. E. N. E. of Columbus.
ColumbiaviUe, a village of Columbia Co. N. Y.
on the Kinderhook Creek on the East bank of the
Hudson just above the city of Hudson. Here are
11 manufactures, producing yearly 16,240,000
yards of calico, besides carpeting and flannels.
Columbo, the maritime capital of Ceylon. In
1805, its site was the residence of a powerful na-
tive chief, on whose territory the Portuguese
first settled in 1517, and founded the present town
in 16.38; the Portuguese in J 658, were expelled
by the Dutch, and they surrendered it to the Eng-
lish in 1796. The fort, upwards of a mile in cir-
cumference, stands on the extremity of a peninsu-
la, and is strong both by nature and art. The
town is built more in the European style than any
other garrison in India, and nearly divided into
four equal quarters by two principal streets, to
which smaller ones run parallel, with connecting
lanes between them. The natives, who are very
numerous, live in the old town, without the walla
of the new, as in most of the maritime cities of the
east. Its inhabitants comprise some of all nations,
and the aggregate population is very considerable
Here is a^'school for the propagation of the Chris-
COM
S)4
COM
ti&n reliorion, and a botanical garden. Columbo
18 the chief place for the staple trade of the island.
The articles exported are cinnamon, pepper, ar-
rack, and coya rope, or cordage; also cocoa-nuts
and oil, wax, honey, cardatnons, coral, ivory, fruit,
*;c. Columbo is situate in a rich district on the
west coast, towards the south part of the island.
Long. 79. 49. E. lat. 7. 4. N.
Colwnhus, p.t. Chenango Co. N. Y. Pop. 1,744.
Columbus, a small county in the S. E. part of
North Carolina, in the swampy district, through
which runs the line dividing 'North from South
Carolina. Pop. 4,141. AVhitesville is the capital.
Columbus, the chief to An of Franklin County,
Ohio, and seat of government of the state. It is
pleasantly situate on a gentle eminence, on the
E. bank of the Scioto River, just below the junc-
tion of the Whetstone, 45 miles above, or N. of
Chillicothe, and 418 W. by N. of Washington.
A lateral canal extends from this place to the
grand canal of Ohio. Pop. 2,437.
*,* There are 6 other towns called Columbus
in the U.S.
Columna, a town of Russia, in the government
of Moscow, and an archbishop's see, situate on the
S. E. frontier ot the province, at the confluence
of the Moskwa with the Oka River, 50 m. S. E.
of Moscow.
Colyton, a town of Devonshire, Eng. seated on
the Cole, at its confluence with the Ax, 17 m. E.
of Exeter, and 171 W. by S. of London. Pop. in
1825, 1,945.
Com, or Kom, a town of Persia, in Irac Agemi,
with several beautiful mosques, and some grand
sepulchres, especially those of Seli I. and Abbas
n. The trade is considerable; and the chief articles
are fruit, both fresh and dry, the best soap in Per-
sia, excellent sword blades, white porcelain, silks,
and velvets. It is seated near the foot of a moun-
tain, and on the banks of a river, in a fine plain,
110 m. N. N. E. of Ispahan.
Comaehio, a town of Italy, in the Ferrarese,
seated in a lake of the same name, lying between
two mouths of the river Po, 27 miles E. S. E. of
Ferrara.
Comana. See Cumana.
Combe Martin, a town in Devonshire, Eng. It
is seated on an inlet of the Bristol Channel, sur-
rounded by mines of iron and lead, the produce
from which is shipped for Wales and Bristol.
It is six miles E. of Ilfracomb, and 202 W. of
London. Pop. in 1821, 1,023.
Combourg-, a town of France, in the department
of Ille and Vilaine, 25 m. S. S. E. of St Malo : it
was the birth place of Chateaubriand.
Combiconum, a town of Hindoostan, situate on
the banks of the Cavery River, about 20 miles
above its entrance into the sea. It was the cap-
ital of the most ancient of tlie Hindoo dynasties ;
it is now inconsiderable, but several ruins still
remain to attest its former greatness. It is about
15 m. N. by E. of Tanjore.
ComercoUy, a town of Bengal, near the south
bank of the main branch of the Ganges, and about
100 m. N. by E. of Calcutta; it is one of the sta-
.tions or factories of the English East India Com-
pany, for collecting of silk and cotton manufac-
tures.
ComUla, a town of Hindoostan, in Bengal, and
chief place of the country ofTibera. It is seated
on a river that flows west into the Burampooter,
58 m. E. S. E. of Dacca, and 185 E. N. E. of
Calcutta.
Commetido, or Comnumi, a kingdom of Gxiinea,
on the Gold coast, formerly a part of the kinafdom
of Fetu. The natives are of a warlike disposition,
and so numerous, that the king is said to be able
to raise an army of 20,000 men. The capital,
where the king resides, is called Grand Comiiien-
do, or Guffb; four miles to the south of which,
on the sea coast, is Little Commendo, where the
English and Dutch have forts. It lies to the west
of Cape Coast castle, in the lat. of 4. 54. N. and 3.
34. W. long.
Commercy, a town of France, in the department
of the Meuse, with a castle seated on the Meuse,
16 m. E. of Bar le Due. Pop. about 3,(500.
Com,matau, or Cliomvtou, a town of Bohemia,
in the circle of Saatz. Its alum pits, and the
great quantities of fruit and vegetables raised
here, are the principal part of its trade. It is 58
m. N. W. of Prague, on the road to Chemnitz.
Como, a town of Italy, in the Milanese, and a
bishop's see. It is surrounded by a wall, backed
by a conical eminence, on which are the ruins of
a castle. The cathedral is a handsome edifice of
white marble, hewn from the neighbouring quar-
ries. The inhabitants have manufactures of cot-
ton and silk, and carry on some trade with the Gri-
sons. Pliny was born here ; and, in his Letters,
speaks of the delightful scenery of its environs
It stands at the S. W. end of the Lake of Como,
18 m. N. of Milan, and 80 N. E. of Turin. Pop.
about 15,000.
Como, Lake of, a lake of Italy, in the Milanese,
extending from the city of Como in a N. N. E. di-
rection for about 35 miles : it varies in breadth from
one to six miles, and receives from the north the
river Maira, and from the east the Adda, both of
which rivers fall into the lake at its N. E. end,
and discharge their waters by an arm from near
the centre, on the S. E. side ; this arm extends
for about twenty miles from one to two miles
wide and is called Lake Lecco, when it again
narrows, and resumes the name of the Adda, till
it falls into the Po, after a further course of aliout
GO miles, a few miles above Cremona.
Comorin, Cape, the most southern point of
Hindoostan, in the lat. of 8. 4. N. and 77. 45. of
E. long.
Comorn, a strong town of Hungary, capital of
a territory of the same name. It is seated on an
island called Schut, formed by the confluence of
the Wag with the Danube, 70 m. E. S. E. of
Vienna. The castle is deemed one of the strong-
est in Europe ; and has never surrendered to any
besieging force. The town was taken by the
sultan Solyman in 1543 ; and has since then been
exposed to various conflicts and ravages ; alike
from war, fire, and earthquake. It contains about
9,000 inhabitants, who carry on a considerable
traffic with the surrounding country.
Com,oro Islands, five islands in the Indian
Ocean, between the coast of Zanguebar, and the
north end of the island of Madagascar. They
are called Hinzeuan, Mahota, Mohilla, Anorezeia,
and Comora. See Hinzuan. Grand Comoro
rises to the height of nearly 8,000 feet above the
level of the sea.
Compieirne, a town of France, m the depart-
ment of Oise. Here is a palace, in which the
kings of France often resided. The maid of Or-
leans was taken prisoner here by the English in
14:50. It is seated near an extensive forest, on
the east bank of the River Oise, over which is an
elegant bridge, a little below the confluence of
the Aisne,and 45 m. N. E. of Paris.
CornposicUa, or St. Jago de ComposUlUi, a city
CON
215
CON
of Spain, capital of Galicia, and an archbishop's
Bee, with a university. The public squares and
chur<!hes are magnificent ; and it has a great
number of convents for both sexes. It is pre-
tended that the body of St. James, the patron of
Spain was buried here ; and pilgrims visit his
wooden image, which stands on the great altar
of the cathedral. From this city the military
order of St. Jago had its origin. It is seated in
a beautiful plain between the rivers Tambra and
Ulla, 35 m. S. by W. of Corunna, and 300 N. N.
W. of Madrid. Pop. about 12,000.
Compostella, a town of Mexico, in Guadalajara,
capital of the district of Xalisco. There are sev-
eral mines of silver in its neighbourhood. It is
110 m. W. of Guadalajara, and about 50 from the
shore of the Pacific Ocean, in the long, of 105.
42. W. lat. 21. 15. N.
Compton, t. Bergen Co. N. J.
Conanicut, or Canonicut, an island in Narragan-
set Bay forming part of the state of Rhode Is-
land. It lies parallel to Rhode Island on the west,
and is 8 miles long and one mile broad. It con-
tains the town of Jamestown, and has a produc-
tive soil.
Concan, a low tract of country, on the west
coast of the Deccan of Hindoostan. From this
tract rises abruptly that stupendous wall of
mountains, called the Ghauts. It lies between the
Portuguese settlement of Goa and Bombay, in
the lat. of 16. and 19. N., and was formerly desig-
nated the Pirate Coast, in consequence of the
frequent piracies committed upon it during the
17th and 18th centuries. The pirates were ex-
tirpated by a united British and Mahratta force
in 1756, and the territory guaranteed to the
Peishwa of the Mahnittas, in whose sovereignty
it still continues. It is about 40 miles wide, and
intersected by several small rivers ; and the coast
is indented by numerous bays and harbours, the
principal of which are as follows, beginning at
the north, viz. Choul, Bancjote, or Fort Victoria,
Dabul, Zigar, Gheria, and Raj poor : off Dabul,
lies the small island of Severndroog, which was
the main point of rendezvous for the pirates.
Concarneau, a town of France, in the depart-
ment of Finisterre, with a castle seated on a
small inlet of the sea, 16 m. S. E. of Quimper.
Concepcion, Bay and town of, in Chile. The
Bay of Concepcion is one of the most commo-
dious on the whole western coast of South
America. It is about ten miles each way, open
to the N. W., the entrance being divided into two
channels by the small island of Quinquina.
Both channels have sufficient depth of water for
the largest vessels ; the eastern is about two
miles wide, and the western about one mile and a
half The south side of the island of Quiriquina
affords very good anchorage ; but the S. W. ex-
tremity of the bay is more convenient. On the
shore of this part of the bay is the town of Tal-
cahuana, nearly on the site of which the town of
Concepcion was originally founded by Valdivia in
1550 ; and it was, for a considerable time, the
capital of all Chile ; but having repeatedly suffer-
ed from the attacks of the Araucanians, the seat
of government was transferred to St. Jago, and
having also been injured by an earthquake in 1730,
and totally destroyed in 1751, the town was re-
built on the north bank of the Biobio River, at a
distance of about six miles S. E. of the site of
the former town. Nfxt to St. Jago, it is the
most populous town in Chile, and in 1826 contain-
ed about 13,000 inhabitants. It is situate in the
3g
province of Puchacay, in the lat. of 36. 48. N,
and 73. 8. of W. long.
Concepcion, a sea-port of the province of Vera-
gua; seated near the shore of the Caribbean sea,
on the river Veragua, 9.5 m. W. by S. of Porto-
bello. Long. 81. 40. W., lat. 8. 48. N.
Concepcion del Pao, an interior town of Colom-
bia, in the province of Venezuela, situate on the
border of the great plain of the Orinoco, about
140 m. S. S. W. of Cumana. The inhabitants
drive considerable herds of cattle to Barcelona
and Cumana, for exportation to the West Indies.
Conception, one of the large bays of the Isl-
and of Newfoundland, at the S. E. end, in th«
lat. of 47. 30. to 48. N., and 52. 30. of W. long.
Conchas, a river of Mexico, in the Intendency
of Durango, which has its source near St. Cruz,
in the lat. of 48. 40. N. ; runs south for about 70
m. then in a W. N. W. direction for about the
same distance, and then due north for about 160
m. into the Rio del Norte.
Concize, a town of Switzerland, on the west
bank, near the south end of the Lake of Neuf-
chatel. Pop. about 2,500.
Concobello, a town in the interior of South
Africa, in Anziko, the residence of a prince ;
seated on the River Zaire, and borders on Congo,
___ _ - lat.
2. 5. S.
150 m. S. W. of Monsol. Long. 15. 54. E. lat.
Concord, p.t.. Merrimack Co. is the seat of gov-
ernment of N. Hampshire. It is pleasantly situ-
ated on both sides of' the Merrimack, along which
spread some rich intervals. The chief village is on
the west side, and forms a strait 2 miles in length.
It contains a State House and State Prison, both
of stone. Concord has a considerable trade and
a boat navigation to Boston by the river and Mid-
dlesex canal. Distance from Boston 62 m. from
Portsmouth. Pop. 3,727.
Concord, p.v. Middlesex Co. Mass. 16 m. N. W.
Boston. Pop. 2,017. The first provincial congress
met here in 1774, and the first opposition to the
British arms in the conflict usually termed the
battle of Lexington, was made at this place. See
Lexington.
*»* There are 17 other towns named Concord
in different parts of the United States.
Concordia, a town of Italy, in the Modenese,
on the river Sechia, 5 miles west of Mirandola.
Concordia, a town of Italy, in Friuli, 28 m.
S. S. W. ofUdina.
Concordia, a parish of Louisiana, extending
north from the entrance of Red River about 140
miles along the west bank of the Mississippi,
being about 15 miles in mean breadth. Pop.
4,662. The seat of justice has the same name
and is seated on the Mississippi opposite Natchez.
Condunore, a town of Hindoostan, in Golconda,
24 m. E. of Adoni.
Condapilly, a town of Hindoostan, capital of
one of the five Circars. It is situate near the bay
of Bengal, north of the Kistnah, 80 m. S. S. E.
of Rajamundry. Long. 80. 30. E. lat. 16. 37.
N.
Condapour, a town of Hindoostan, in Golconda,
20 m. S. by W. of Hydrabad.
Condatchy, a town on the west coast of the Isl-
and of Ceylon, off which is the principal pearl
fishery. It is south of the Island of Manar, in
the lat. of 8. 45. N.
Condavir, a town of Hindoostan, and the piin-
cipal post of Guntoor, one of the five Circars. It
is strongly situate on a mountain, 30 m. S. W
of Condapilly, and 65 N. N. W. of Ongole
\J^ R A ^ y>^
UNIVERSITY j
CON
816
CON
Conde, a strong town of Fiance, in the depart-
ment of Nord, with a fortress. It surrendered to
the allies, after enduring the rigours of famine
in 1793 ; but was retaken in 1794. Conde
is seated on the Scheldt, at the indux of tlie
Haisne, 7 m. N. by E. of Valenciennes, and 26
S. E. of Lisle. Pop. about 6,000.
Conde, a town of France, in the department of
Calvados, seated on the Noireau, 28 m. S. S. W.
of Caen.
Condecedo, or Lm Desconocida, a cape of Yuca-
tan, on the east shore of the Bay of Campeche,
100 m. W. of Merida. Long. 91. 27. W. lat. 20.
50. N.
■Condesuyas , a town of Peru, capital of a dis-
trict, in which is gathered a species of wild cochi-
neal, that forms a great article of trade. It is 85
m. N. N. W. of Arequipa.
Condom, a town of France, in the department
of Gers, seated on the Baise, 26 m. N. N. W. of
Auch, and 28 S. E. of Bordeaux.
Condore, or Pido Condore, a fertile island in
the China Sea, near the Coast of Cambodia, 9
miles long, and two where broadest ; and is sur-
rounded by several islets. Buffaloes, hogs, veg-
etables and water are to be had here. The Eng-
lish had a settlement here in 1702 ; but the fac-
tors falling out with the natives, most of them
were murdered, and the rest driven thence in
1795. It has a spacious bay on the east side.
Long. 107. 20. E. lat. 8. 40. N.
Condrieu, a town of France, in the department
of Rhone, celebrated for excellent wine, seated
near the Rhone, 18 m. S. of Lyons. Pop. about
4,000.
Conemaugh, there are 3 towns of this na me in
Pa. There is also a creek of this name in the
same state, on the banks of which, about 30 miles
East of Pittsburg are saline springs from which
salt is manufactured.
Conestogo, a stream falling into the Susque-
hanna in Lancaster Co. Pa. Also a town in
the same county.
Conewago, the name of two streams running
from opposite directions into the Susquehanna in
Pa. Also a town in York Co. Pa.
Coneicango, the name of a town and a branch
of the Alleghany river in Warren Co. Pa.
Conflans, a town of Savoy, near the confluence
of the Isere and Doron, 18 m. east of Cham-
berry.
Conflans, a town of France, in the department
of Upper Saone, 12 miles north of Vesoul.
Confolens, a town of France, in the department
of Charente, on the River Vienne, 30 m. N. E.
of Angouleme.
Cong, a village of Ireland, in the county of
Mayo, 24 miles south of Castlebar. It is seated
on the north bank of Lake Corr, and was former-
ly the residence of the kings of Connaught.
The ruins of several churches and religious
houses are yet visible. Pop. in 1821 , 508. The
parish extends into the County of Galway ; and
contained in 1821, an aggregate population of
7,568.
Congaree, a river of South Carolina ; it is form-
ed of the united waters of the Broad and Saluda
Rivers, which after a course of about 40 miles,
unite with the Wateree, in nearly the cen-
tre of the state ; the united streams then take
the name of the Santee.
Congleton, a town of England in the county of
Cheshire. It is seated on the banks of the River
Dean, 161 m. N. W. of London, on the mail-coach
road to Liverpool. In 1754 an extensive silk mill
was erected here ; and in 1825 the number of mills
for the like purpose exceeded thirty, with four or
five for spinning of cotton : the weaving, also both
of cotton and suk, has been partially established
in the tdwn and neighbourhood. It has two tan-
yards and various other manufactures dependent
on the process of spinning. The pon. which in
1801 was 3,801, in 1821 had increased to 6,404.
itis7m. S. S.W. of Macclesfield.
Coneatt, t. Crawford Co. Pa.
Congo, a country on the west coast of South
Africa, between 4. and 15. deg. of S. lat. contain-
ing the kingdoms of Loango, Congo, Angola,
Matamba, and Benguela. It was discovered by
the Portuguese in 1481 ; and is bounded on the
north by Guinea, east by parts unknown, south
by Bemba, and west by the Atlantic. It is some-
times called Lower Guinea ; and the Portuguese
have many settlements on the coast, as well as in
the inland country. There are many desert pla-
ces within land, in which are elephants, leo-
pards, monkeys, and monstrous serpents ; but
near the coast the soil is more fertile, and there
are fruits of many kmds, beside palm-trees, from
which wine and oil are made. The greatest part
of the inhabitants go almost naked ; they wor-
ship the sun, moon, and stars, and animals of
different kinds ; but the Portuguese have made
many converts. They are skilml in weaving cot-
ton cloth, and trade in slaves, ivory, cassia, and
tamarinds. Congo, properly so called, is only
150 m. broad along the coast, but is 370 inland.
From March to September is called the winter
season, when it rains almost every day ; and the
summer is from October to March, when the
weather is very hot. The principal rivers are the
Zaire and Coanza. The capital is St. Salvador.
See Zaire.
Congo, a town of Persia in Laristan. It is a
market for pearls, brought from Bahrin, and is
seated on a river, which flows into the Persian
Gulf, 90 m. W. by S. of Ormus. Long. 54. 30.
E.,lat. 20. 36. N. Pop. about 7,000.
Congress, t. Wayne Co. Ohio.
Coni, a fortified town of Piedmont, capital of a
territory of its name, with a strong citadel. Its
trade is considerable, being the repository for all
the merchandize from Turin and Nice, which is
intended for Lombardy, Switzerland, and Ger-
many. It is so strong by nature and art, that
though frequently besieged by the French, they
never could take it. In 1796 it was delivered up
to the French, after their victory at Mondovi, as
a hostage for the performance of a treaty ; and it
surrendered to the Austrians in 1799. It fell again
into the hands of the French in 1810, and was ce-
ded to Sardinia at the general peace of 1814. It
is seated on a rock, at the confluence of the Gez-
zo and Stura, 35 m. south of Turin. Pop. about
10,000.
Conjeveram, a town of Hindoostan, in the Car
natic. The streets are tolerably wid? ; and on
each side is a row of cocoa-nut trees. The inhab-
itants are most of them Bramins belonging to two
large temples ; there is also a small mosque of
very neat workmanship. It is seated near the Pa-
lear,24 m. E. of Arcot, and 44 W. S. W. of Mad-
ras.
Conil, a town of Spain, in Andalusia, on a bay
to which it gives name. The inhabitants are
much engaged in fishing, especially for tunnies;
and beautiful crystalized sulphur is found here
It is 18 m. S. S. E. of Cadiz.
CON
8
Conisberg. See Konigsher^.
Conisbroiigh, a village in West Yorkshire, Eng.
5 m. S. W. of Doncaster. It was formerly a
place of note, and has large remains of an ancient
castle. Pop. in 1821, 1,142.
Coniston-mei e, a lake in Lancashire, Eng. 6 m.
long and nearly one broad. It is in some places
40 fathoms deep, and abounds in excellent char.
Near the head of it, on the N. W. side, is the
village of Coniston, 3 m. W. by S. of Hawks-
head , and north of the village rises the peak of
Coniston Fell, to the height of 2,577 feet above
the level of the sea.
Connanght, one of the four provinces of Ireland,
bounded on the south by Munster, east by the
River Shannon, which divides it from Leinsler,
north by Donegal and Sligo Bays, and west by
the Atlantic Ocean, which indents it with nu-
merous bays, giving it from three to four hun-
dred miles of sea-coast, flanked by numerous
islands. It contains a good deal of mountainous
territory, and several lakes. For extent of sur-
face, divisions, population, «fec. See IreJand.
Connecticut, one of the united states of America,
bounded on the N. by Massachusetts, E. by Rhode
Island, S. by Long Island Sound, and W. by New
York. It lies between 41. and 42. 2. N. lat. and
71. 20. and 73. 15. W. long. It is 88 miles in
length, and 53 in mean breadth, ?rd contains 4,664
sq. miles. The surface of Connecticut is agreeably
diversified by gently swelling hills and valleys,
presenting to the eye of the traveller a constantly
varying prospect ; and in some parts he hills rise
to a height to claiming the denomination of moun-
tains. The Housatonic mountains enter the state
in the N. W. part, and continue southerly along
the Housatonic river to the coast; this is but a
■ succession of eminences, spurs and branches, some
of which are considerably elevated. The next,
proceeding easterly, is the Greenwoods Range,
which is not very high ; the summits in the north-
ern parts are covered with evergreens ; the south-
ern division is more rugged and less lofty than the
northern.
The third is broken and precipitous on its west-
ern face, with gentle declivities on the eastern,
this range divides into branches towards the S.,
which end in East Rock and West Rock, near
New Haven. The fourth range extends from
Hartford to New Haven, and is of the same
geological character with the preceding, but is
not continuous. It is of only a moderate height,
but has a few bold elevations. This range is
called the Middletown Mountains, though its
separate parts have several distinct appellations.
Passing W. of the Connecticut river, we come
to the 5th, called the Lyme Range, being the
height of land which separates the waters of the
Connecticut from those of the Thames ; this
range has also two branches toward the S., but
in the N. is a distinct and continuous ridge, high-
est in the northern part.
The chief rivers are the Connecticut, the Hous-
atonic and the Thames. The first mentioned is
the only one that affords extensive navigation.
New London harbour is the best in the state, yet
it is but little frequented. Hartford and New
Haven are the chief trading places.
The climate of Connecticut is somewhat mild-
er than in Massachusetts. The soil and agricul-
tural pursuits are about the same. There are
mines of iron in the state but they are little
wrought. Copper and lead are also found here,
and quarries of marble are wrought extensively.
28
CON
Manufactures are in a flourishing state here. One
of the largest manufacturing places is Middletown,
where are made cotton and woolen cloths, paper,
soap, combs, rifles, pistols, swords, also coffee-
mills to the number of 200,000 annually, and band
boxes 30,000. At Tarifville are manufactories of
cotton and carpeting. At Norwich, are manufac-
tories of flannel, cotton, leather, paper, iron, &c.
At Manchester there are extensive cotton manu-
factories. Vast quantities of tin ware are made
in various parts of the state, and sent to every
town in the Union for sale. At Canton is a man-
ufactory of axes, which have acquired a reputa
tion above all others in the United States. Near
New Haven, at the foot of East Rock, is a gun
factory, for several years occupied in manufactur
ing muskets for the United States. It is re-
markable for the excellence of its internal ar
rangements, and the perfection of its various "
mechanical processes. Wooden clocks also form
a very thriving branch of manufacturing industry.
In the single town of Bristol above 30,000 clocks
are made annually, and whole ship loads are ex-
ported at a time. Some of the clocks are of met-
al, and the whole bring an average price of 8 dol-
lars each.
There are also in different parts of the state, ex
tensive manufactories of hats, block-tin ware, and
other things ; there are a multitude of small estab-
lishments m different places devoted to the mak-
ing of articles of various kinds.
Most of the commerce of this state consists in
the coasting trade, although New London has a
considerable share in the whale fishery. The
shipping enrolled and licensed in 1827, amounted
to 56,708 tons. The domestic produce exported
in 1828, amounted in value to 493,925 dollars.
The imports for the year were estimated at
485,174 dollars. The internal trade is somewhat
assisted by the Farmington Canal, which see.
The state is divided into 8 counties. New Lon
don, Middlesex, New Haven, Fairfield, Litchfield,
Hartford, Tolland and Windham. The first four
border on Long Island Sound. The number of
towns and cities is 120. The pop. 297,711. Hart-
ford, and New Haven are the capitals, and the le-
gislature meet alternately at these places. The
present constitution was adopted in 1818; before
this time, the state was governed according to the
colonial cliarter. The legislature is called the
General Assembly, and consists of a Senate and
House of Representatives. The representatives
arc chosen in towns, according to numbers, and
the senators by a general ticket. All elections are
annual, and the qualifications for voting, amount
to universal suffrage. The executive branch
consists of a Governor, and Lt. Governor, cho-
sen by the people. There is no religious test in
office. The Congregationalists have 236 minis-
ters ; the Baptists 78 ; the Methodists 40 ; the
Episcopalians 58. There are some Unitarians,
Universalists, Catholics and Shakers.
There are colleges at New Haven and Hartford
and many academies in different parts of the
state. Tlie Connecticut School fund, arising from
the sale of western lands belonging to the state,
amounts nearly to 2,000,000 dollars. The income
of this fund is appropriated by the constitution of
the state, to the support of primary schools, and is
divided among the different counties, in propor-
tion to the number of children. The population,
next to that of Massachusetts, is more dense than
in any other part of the United States, notwith
standing which great numbers axe constantlr
CON
218
CON
emigrating to Ohio and other parts of the western
territory.
This State was settled in 163G by emigrants
from Massachusetts. See Hartford. The peo-
ple are remarkable for thrift, ingenuity and enter-
prise, and display with peculiar strength many
prominent traits of the New England character.
See JVeiD England.
Connecticut, the largest river in New England,
rising at the northern extremity of New Hamp-
shire, on tlie boundary between that state and
Canada. It runs southerly, dividing the states
of New Hampshire and Vermont, after which it
passes through Massachusetts and Connecticut
to the sea at Long Island Sound. Its whole
course is above 400 miles. It is navigated by
sloops to Hartford 50 miles, by steamboats to
Springfield in Vermont and by the help of im-
provements in canals, it will soon have a steam-
boat navigation of 200 miles.
The valley of this river is from 5 to 4-5 miles
in width, and its .surface is composed of a suc-
cession of hills, vallies and plains. The interval
lands begin about 12 or 14 miles from its mouth.
These lands are formed by a long and continued
alluvion of the river. The tributary streams of
the Connecticut run every wiiere through a soft
and rich soil, considerable quantities of which, par-
ticularly the lighter and finer particles, are from
time to time washed into their channels, by occa-
sional currents, springing from rains, and melted
snows. Wherever the stream moves with an
uniform current, these particles are carried along
with it ; but where the current is materially
checked, they are in greater or less quantities
deposited. In this mnnner, the interval borders
of the river are formed. The form of most of
them is elegant; a river, passing through them
becomes almost of course, winding; the earth of
which they are composed is of a uniform texture,
the impressions made by the stream upon the
margin entirely neat, and very comm >nly orna-
mented with a fringe of shrubs and trees. Nor
is the surface of these grounds less pleasing j
their terraced form and undulations are eminent-
ly handsome, and their universal fertility makes a
cheerful impression on every eye. A great part
of them is formed into meadows, which are here
more profitable, and everywhere more beautiful
than lands devoted to any other culture ; here
they are extended from 5 to 500 acres, and are
everywhere covered with a verdure, peculiarly
rich and vivid. The finest and most abundant
crops of hay are raised upon these intervals.
There are many falls and rapids upon the Con-
necticut, the lamest of which is a violent rapid
called Bellows Falls, at a village of that name in
Vermont. A canal passes round this obstruction
on the western side. Most of the other rapids
are also avoided by locks and canals. The scenery
along the banks of the Connecticut is exceeding-
ly varied and picturesque, and though many other
streams surpass it in grandeur of features, yet for
the variety, elegance and cheerfulness of the
landscape which its borders everywhere exhibit,
it may be regarded as one of the most beautiful
rivers in the world. Its waters afford vast num-
bers of the finest shad, and the taking (ff these fish
furnishes occupation to many of the inhabitants
along the river.
iiorder are also nearly uniform; hence this border
is almost universally a handsome arch, with a
Connecticut, lake, N. H. the source of one of
the branches of that river.
Conecuh, a south frontier county of the state of
Alabama, bordering on West Florida. Pop. 7,444.
A river of the same name intersects the county,
running south through West Florida into the Bay
ofPensacola. Sparta is the chief town.
Connor, a parish in the county of Antrim, Ire
land, which, in 1821, contained a population of
7,123. There is a decayed town in the parish, for-
merly a bishop's see. now united to Down. It it
G m. north of Antrim. Pop. in 1820,239.
Connorsmlle, p. v. Fayette Co. Ind.
Conquest, ip.i. Cayuga Co. N. Y. Pop. 1,50~
Conquct, a town of France, in the department of
Finisterre, witha good harbour and road. It is
12 m. W. of Brest.
Conscite, a town of Italy, 12 m. S. of Padua.
Pop. about 0,000.
Consiglione, a town of Sicily, in Val di Mazara,
19 m. S. of Palermo.
Constable., p.v. Franklin Co. N. Y. Pop. G93.
CoH.s^///i, a town of Silesia, in the principality
of Oels, 23 m. E. of Brieg.
Constance, a fortified city Qf Suabia, seated on
the south side of the Rhine^ bttween the upper
and lower lakes of Constance, or the lakes of
Constance and Zell. Though once flourishing in
commerce, and celebrated in history, it now
scarcely contains 4,0C0 inhabitants. Constance ia
CON
219
CON
famous for a council in 1514, which caused John
Huss and Jerome of Prague to be burnt : and
likewise condemned the doctrine of Wickliffe,
ordered his bones to be burnt forty years after he
was dead. It was formerly the capital of a secu-
larized bi-shopric, extending on both sides of the
Rhine ; that on the south is now included in the
Swiss Canton of Thurgau ; and that on tiie north,
with the city itself, now forms part of the circle
of the lake in the territory of the Grand Duke of
of Baden, 100 miles S. S. E. of Carlsrube, 80 E.
of Basle, and 42 N. N. E. of Zurich.
Constance, Lake of, the most considerable
lake of Switzerland, which it separates from
Suabia, that part excepted where the city of Con-
stance is seated on its south side. It is divided
into three parts. The upper and largest part is
called Boden See ; the middle part is named
Bodmer See ; and the lower part Unter See, Zeller
See, or the lake of Zell. The upper lake, from Bre-
gentz, at its eastern extremity to Constance, is 37
m. long, and l.^in its greatest breadth. Through
this lake the Rhine flows, and enters tlie Zeller See,
which IS IG m. long and 10 in its greatest breadth,
[t is in some places 350 fathoms deep, and 100
generally; and like all the lakes in Switzerland is
deeper in summer than in winter ; which is owing
to the first melting of the snow from the adjacent
mountains. It abounds with fish, and its trout are
much esteemed; and besides the city of Constance,
has many agreeable towns and villages on its banks.
Constantia, p.t. Oswego Co. N. Y. on Oneida
Lake. Pop. 1,193.
Constantina, a town of Spain in Andalusia,
with a castle on a mountain, 40 m. N. E. of Seville.
Constnntina, the eastern province of the king-
dom ot Algiers, and the largest and richest of
the four. The greatest part along the coast is
mountainous. In the mountains dwell free Ara-
bian and Moorish tribes, of whom the Cabyles are
deemed the most turbulent and cruel. As these
free mountaineers possessed a superfluity of oil,
soap, dried figs, and timber, the government of
Algiers, which stood in need of these articles
were formerly obliged in many things to show in-
dulgence to these tribes. See Zaah.
Constantina, a city of the kingdom Algiers,
capital of the province of the same name. It is
seated at the top of a steep rock, and there is no
way to it but by steps cut out of the rock.
The usual way of punishing criminals here is to
throw them down the cliff. Here are many Ro-
man antiquities, particularly a triumphal arch.
Next to Algiers, this city is the most populous in
the kingdom. It is 100 miles E. by S. of Aloriers.
Long. 6. 24. E., lat. 36. 24. N.
Constantinople, one of the largest cities in Eu-
rope, and the capital of the Turkish Empire. It
is of a triangular form : and seated between the
Black Sea and the Sea of Marmora, on a neck of
land that advances toward Natolia from which it
is separated by a strait a mile in breadth. The
Sea of Marmora washes its walls on the south,
and a gulf of the strait of Constantinople does
the same on the N. E. It was anciently called
Byzantium, but the name was changed in the
vear 330 by Constantine the Great, who made it
the seat of the Roman empire in the east. It was
taken in 1453 by the Turks, who have kept pos-
session of it ever since. The grand signior's
palace, called the seraglio, is on the sea side, sur-
rounded by walls flanked with towers, and sepa-
rated from the city by canals. It stands on the
site of ancient Byzantium, the east point of the
present city, and is three miles in circumference,
consisting of an assemblage of palaces and apart-
ments placed by the side of one another, without
symmetry and without order. The principal en-
trance of this palace is of marble, and is called
Capi, that is the Porte (or gate), a name used
frequently to express the court, or the empire.
The castle of Seven Towers is a state prison,
and stands near the Sea of Marmora, at the
west point of the city from the seraglio ; and at
the north-west point, without the walls, is the
imperial palace of Aijub, or Atmcjdan, the (an-
cient Hippodi-ome) witii a village of the same
name. The number of houses in Constantinople
is prodigious ; but in general, they are mean, and
all of them constructed of wood, and the roofs
covered with hollow tiles. The public edifices
alone are built by masonrj' in a very solid manner.
The streets are narrow, badly paved, and dirty ;
and the people are infested with the plague al-
most every year. __The inhabitants, who are va-
riously said to amount to from 3 to 400,000, are half
Turks, two thirds of the other half, Greeks or
Armenians, and the rest Jews. Here are a great
number of ancient monuiueuts still remaining;
particularly the snperb temple of St. Sophia built
in the sixth century, which is converted into a
mosque, and will contain 100,000 persons conven-
iently. Between the two mosques of sultan Sol-
yman and Bajazet is the old seraglio, in which are
shut up the wives of the deceased sultans, and
also such women as have displeased the grand
seignior. The bazaars, or bey.esteins, are large
square buildings, covered with domes supported
by arcades, and contain all sorts of goods,
which are there exposed to sale. There is a
market for slaves, the Jews are the principal mer-
chants, wlio bring them here to be sold ; great
numbers of girlsare brought from Hungary, Greece,
Candia, Circassia, Mingrelia, and Georgia, for
the service of the Turks, who generally buy tliem
for their seraglios. The great square near the
mosque of sultan Bajazet, is the place for public
diversions. The gulf on the north-east of the
city is the harbour, which runs up from the point
of the seraglio to the village of Aijub, about
four miles in length and half a mile wide where
broadest. Aijub may be reckoned one of the
suburbs, and has a mosque, in which is the tomb
of sultan Othman. the founder of the empire.
The suburbs of Galata and Pera, are on the other
side of the harbour. The former extends alonor
the entrance of the harbour, and is chiefly occu-
pied by merchants ; and adjoining it on the east,
is a cannon founder}', called Tophana. Pera
stands behind these on an eminence, and is the
place where the foreign ambassadors reside. In
this part there are several houses where Euro-
pean sailors, Greeks, and even Turks, go to drink
and intoxicate themselves, notwithstanding the
severity of the government in this respect. The
circumference of this city is 14 miles, and 24 with
the suburbs included ; and as they are built on
ground which rises gradually, there is a view of
the whole town from the sea. The city is sur-
rounded by walls of freestone, here and there
mixed with bricks, and flanked v\'ith 250 towers.
There are 22 gates ; six on the land side, and the
rest towards the harbour and sea. The palaces,
mosques, bagnios, and caravanserais, are many of
them magnificent. Constantinople is 780 miles
in a meridional line S. E. of Vienna. Long. 28.
35. E., lat. 41. 1. N.
Constantinople, Strait of, anciently the Thracian
coo
2S0
COP
Bosphorus, and forming the communication be-
tween the Propontis, or sea of Marmora, and the
Euxine or Black Sea. It is 20 miles long and lit-
tle more than a mile wide ; and forms the sepa-
ration here between Europe and Asia. At its en-
trance on the west side is situate Constantinople,
and on the other Scutari. Both its banks are
lined with villages, where are seen some very
handsome houses, almost entirely built of wood,
and variously painted ; those belonging to the
Turks are in white or red ; those of the Greeks,
Armenians, and Jews, are of a blackish brown,
for they are not allowed to employ the colours of
the Mussulmen. At its termination in the Black
Sea, are two forts opposite each other, to defend
the passage.
Constantinaw, a town of Poland, in Podolia, on
the river Bog, 8 m. S. W. of Chmielnik, and 72
N. E. of Kaminifeck.
ConstantinoiD, another town of Poland, in Vol-
hina, on the River Sulucza, 30 m. W. by N. of
the former.
Contessa, a seaport of European Turkey, in
Macedonia, advantageously located at the head
of agulf of its name, at the influx of the Strimoon,
60 m. E. by N. of Salonichi, and 24G W. of Con-
stantinople. Long. 24. 8. E., and lat. 40. 52. N.
Contoocook, r. N. H. flows into the Merrimack
near Concord.
Contres, a town of France, in the department of
Loire and Cher, 10 m. S. E. of Blois.
Conty, a town of France, in the department of
Somme, seated on the Seille, 14 m. S. S. W. of
Amiens.
Conversano, a town of Naples, in Terra di Bari,
12 m. S. E. of Bari.
Conway, a river of Wales, which flows through .
a fertile vale of the same name, along the whole
eastern border of Caernarvonshire, and enters the
Irish sea at Aberconway.
Comoay, p.t. Strafford Co. N. H. on Saco river,
118 m. fr. Boston ; 7-5 fr. Portsmouth. Pop. 1,601.
Conway, p.t. Franklin Co. Mass. 100 m. W.
Boston. Pop. 1,563.
Conynghum, p. v. Luzerne Co. Pa.
Coma, a town of Naples, in Principato Ulte-
riore, and an archbishop's see. It suffered so
much by an earthquake in 1694, that the place
where the cathedral stood is hardly known. Its
principal commerce is in marble. It is seated
near the head waters of the Ofanti River, 52 m. E.
of Naples.
Cooch Beyliar, a district of Bengal on the fron-
tier of Bootan, which exhibits a melancholy proof
of two facts frequently united ; the great facility
of obtaining food, and the wretched indigence of
the lower order of inhabitants. It became tribu-
tary to the English in 1772. Beyhar, the chief
town, is 260 m. N. by E. of Calcutta.
Cook's Inlet, an extensive arm of the sea, on
the N. W. coast of America, discovered in 1778,
by Captain Cook, who traced it 70 leag. from its
entrance, in long. 152. W. and supposed it to be
the mouth of a large river, but it was further ex-
plored in 1794 by captain Vancouver, who found
its termination to be in long. 148. 43. W., lat. 61.
29. N.
Cookstown, p.v. Fayette Co. Pa.
Cooksville, p.v Anne Arundel Co. Maryland.
Cook's Strait, a strait dividing the two islands
of which New Zealand is composed : it is about
four or five leagues broad.
Coolspring, t. Mercer Co. Pa.
Coolville, p.v. Athens Co . Ohio.
Cooper, a county of the state of Missouri, and on
the western frontier of the United States territory.
It lies south of the Missouri River, and is bound-
ed on the east by a mountain ridge, which di-
vides it from Wayne County, and is intersected
from west to east by Orange River. Pop. 6,019.
Booneville on the south bank of the Missouri, in
the lat. of 39. S. is the chief town.
Cooper, a river of S. Carolina, falling into the
harbour of Charleston.
Cooperstoicn, a town of New York, chief of Ot
sego County, situate at the S. W. end, and the .
outlet of lake Otsego, 12 m. N. W of Cherry Val-
ley, and 64 W. by N. of Albany.
Coos, an island in the Archipelago, 56 m. N. W.
of Rhodes, subject to the Turks. Long. 27.44.
E., lat. 37.1. N.
Coos, a county forming the whole of the north
part of the state of New Hampshire. It is about
90 miles in length from north to south, and 28 in
mean breadth ; it is bounded on the east by the
state of Maine, and west by the Connecticut River,
which divides it from Vermont, and north by the
ridge of mountains which divides the United
States territory from Lower Canada. On the
southern confines of the county are the White
Mountains, through which is a pass in one place
not more than 22 feet wide, and appears cloven
down to its very base, in a perpendicular line on
one side, and on the other in an angle of about
45 deg. ; through this JVotch or Gap, as it is term-
ed, a turnpike road has been constructed from the
banks of the Connecticut River to the Atlantic
Ocean at Portland, a route much used for the con-
veyance of heavy produce on sledges in the wintei
season ; and thus, whilst it forms one of the grand-
est natural features of the world, it is rendered sub-
servient to the medium of an extensive and an
advantageous intercourse. Coos County is at
present but thinly inhabited. The population,
however, which in 1810, was only 3,991, in 1830
had increased to 8,390. Lancaster, on the east
bank of the Connecticut river, is the chief town.
Coosawatchie, a town of South Carolina, in
Beaufort district. The courts formerly held at
Beaufort are held here. It is seated on the Coo-
saw, over which is a bridge, 20 m. N. W. of Beau-
fort, and 60 W. S. W. of Charleston.
Copenhagen, the capital of Denmark, built on
a morass, and surrounded with several s«iall lakes.
It was founded by some wandering fishermen, in
the 11th century, and is now accounted the best
built city of the north of Europe. It became the
seat of the court and government of Denmark in
1443. The streets are well paved with a foot-way
on each side. The greatest part of the buildings
are of brick, and a few of free-stone ; the houses
of the nobility are in jreneral splended, and built
in the Italian style. The harbour is capable of
containing 500 ships ; and the streets are intersect
ed by broad canals, which bring the merchandize
close to the warehouses on the quays. Copenha-
gen contains four royal palaces, 19 churches, a
great number of public buildings, and a universi-
ty ; and, in 1826. about 90,000 inhabitants. The
palace called Christiansburg, built by Christian
VI., but burnt down in 1794, was an immense pile
of building, of hewn stone, the wings and stables
of brick, stuccoed. The hospital of Warlow is
large and convenient, containing 330 beds, occu-
pied by as many poor. The church is so placed,
that service may be heard by those who are con-
fined to their bed. The exchange is a large
Gothic building ; vessels are brought very near it
COP
Til
COR ♦
by moans of canals; and here the merchants assem-
ble. The new royal market is the largest square
in the city, and almost entirely composed of
stately buildings ; as the academy of painting and
sculpture, the theatre, the great hotel, the artil-
lery house, «fec. and in the centre is a marble
equestrian statue of Christian V. In the north
suburbs is an obelisk of reddish stone, erected in
1793, by the city, to the honour of Christian VI.
on his abolishing vassalage ; and around its pedes-
tal are four female figures of white marble. The
citadel is a regular fortification, with five bas-
tions, a double ditch full of water, and several ad-
vanced woiks. This city owes its present beauty
to the fire of 1723, which destroyed five churches
and 67 streets, having been rebuilt in a better
style. It suffered greatly by fire in 1794 ; and
again in the following year. The new part of the
town, raised by Frederic V., is extremely beauti-
ful. It consists of an octagon containing four
uniform and elegant buildings of hewn stone, and
of four broad streets leading to it, in opposite direc-
tions. In the middle of the area stands an eques-
trian statue of Fred. V. in bronze, as large as life,
which is justly admired. The round tower built by
Christian IV. and designed for an observatory,
is a singular structure, not having a single step
in it, though very lofly : its ascent is by a spiral
road nearly fourteen feet wide, and one of their
kings has driven in his carriage up and down it.
On the interruption to the commerce of Holland,
by the events of the French revolution in 1793-4,
Copenhagen became the principal entrepot for the
commerce of the north of Europe; and for this,
no place can be more advantageously situated ;
but Denmark becoming involved in the conten-
tions of that period, and joining in a confederacy
with Russia and Sweden against the naval as-
cendancy of England, an English fleet, in March,
1801, was despatched to bombard Copenhagen,
when, after considerable damage being done to
the town, and 28 ships of war taken or destroyed,
an armistice was entered upon, which led to a
treaty of peace with all the northern powers, but
not without operating as a severe check to the
commercial enterprise of Copenhagen. In 1807,
the British government, although at peace with
Denmark, sent a fleet of 17 ships of the line, with
frigates, which bombarded the city for three days,
when 300 houses, the cathedral, and part of the
university were destroyed, and as many more
buildings greatly damaged. Eighteen Danish
ships of the line, fifteen frigates, six brigs, and
twenty-five gun-boats, with all the naval stores in
the arsenal of Copenhagen, wore carried off by
the British. This infamous act of treachery was
committed under the pretence that the French
"vould otherwise become masters of the Danish
fleet. The city is five miles in circumference,
seated on the east shore of the is^e of Zealand, at
the entrance into the Baltic Sea, about 25 m.
within the strait called the Sound, 'MO m. S. W.
of Stockholm, and 500 N. E. of London. Long.
12. 35. E., lat. 55. 41. N. See £mak.
Copiapo, the most northern province of Chile,
*.mnded on the north by the great desert of Ata-
cama, east by the Andes, and west by the Pacific
Ocean, being about 260 m. from N. to S. from 24.
20. to 28. of S. lat., and about 90 in mean breadth,
abounding in mines of gold, iron, copper, sulphur,
tin, and lead. The chief town, of the same name,
stands on the south side of a river, also of the
same name, at its entrance into the Pacific Ocean,
490 m. N. by E. of Valparaiso. Long. 70. 50. W.
lat. 27. 20. S. On the Andes, in a parallel lino
with the town of Copiapo is a volcano, called the
Volcano of Copiapo.
Coppcnhruire, a town of Hanover, in the princi-
pality of Collenberg, 10 m. E. by N. of Hamelen.
Cupper-Mine River, a river of North America,
which runs from south to north into the Icy Sea,
in the long, of 111. 5. W., and 69. 7. of N. lat.
Coppet, or Copet, a town of Switzerland, with a
castle, on the west bank of the lake of Geneva,
10 m. N. of Geneva. The castle and barony be-
came the property of M. Neckar, celebrated for
his pretensions as a financier in the time of the
French Revolution : both he and his daughter.
Madam de Stael, lie interred here in a fine mau-
soleum in the castle-garden.
Coquet, a river of England, which rises on the
borders of Scotland, crosses the centre of North-
umberland, and enters the German Ocean, at
Warkworth. Opposite its mouth is a small island
of the same name.
Coquimbo, or Serena, a seaport of Chile near
the mouth ofa river of the same name, and the
capital of a province also of the same name, rich
in corn, and mines of gold and silver. The
streets are shaded with fig-trees, palms, oranges,
olives, &<;. always green. It is 260 m. N. by E.
of Valparaiso. Long. 71. 19. W., lat. 29. 52. S.
Corachie, Korachee, or Crotchey, a seaport of
Asia, at the mouth of a creek which communi-
cates, in the rainy season, with the Indus, on the
western side. It is supposed to be the Sangada
of Arrian, or Port of Alexander, and is now the
principal out-port of the Afghans. The inhabi-
tants are of an enterprising disposition, and it ap-
pears to afford a favourable opening for commer-
cial adventure. It is about 100 m. W. of Tatta,
in the lat. of 24. 30. N. and 67. 15. of E. long.
Corah, a town of Hindoostan, capital of a dis-
trict of the same name, lying between the Jumna
and the main branch of the Ganges, which came
wholly into the possession of the English in 1801.
It is a very fertile and productive district; the
town is 98 m. N. W. of Allahabad.
Corhach, a town in the Electorate of Hesse, cap-
ital of the county of Waldeck. It is divided into
the old and new town, and near it, on a mountain,
is the castle of Eisenberg. The Hanoverians were
defeated here by the French in 1760. It is seat-
ed on the [tter, 22 m. W. of Cassel. Long. 9. 1.
E., lat. 51. 16. N.
Corbeclt,a. town of the Netherlands, in Brabant,
3 m. S. of Louvain.
Corbeil, a town of France, in the department of
Seine and Oise, seated on the Se^e at the con-
flux of the Juine, 17 m. S. of Pans.
Corbie, a town of France, in the department of
Somme, with a celebrated Benedictine abbey,
seated on the Somme, 10 m. E. of Amiens.
Corbieres, a town of Switzerland, in the canton
ofFriburg, 10 m. S. of Friburg.
Corby, a town of Lincolnshire, Eng. 13 m. N.
of Stamford, and 102 N. by W. of London.
Cordilleras. See Andes.
Cordova, an interior province of Andalusia, in
the south of Spain, comprising an area of about
5,500 square miles, and in 1810 contained a popu-
lation of 252,028. ' It is divided into nearly two
equal parts, by the Gaudalquivir river, which in-
tersects it from east to west : the N. W. part is
mountainous, but the more southern part is ex
ceedingly fertile in corn, fruit, wme, and olives
It was formed into an independent kingdom by
Abderame, a Moorish General, about the vear 695
t2
♦ COR
COR
besides the city of Cordova, the other principal
towns are Bujalance and Montilla.
Cordova, City of, the capital of the preceding
province, is seated on the north bank of the Gua-
dalquivir, over which is a bridge of sixteen arch-
es, built by the Moors. It was a considerable
place in the time of the Romans , who surrender-
ed it to the Goths, in 572. In G92 it was taken
by Abderame, a Moorish general, who soon af-
ter renounced the authority of the Grand Ca-
liph of Damascus, and made the city of Cordova,
the capital of a kingdom. It is now a bishop's
see, and one of the finest cities of Spain. The
circumference is large, but there are many or-
chards and gardens within the walls. Tiie pal-
aces, church, and religious houses are superb,
J)articularly the cathedral, which is 534 feet In
ength, and 387 wide, built by Abderame for a
mosque, and it still retains the name of Mezquita.
The square called the Plaza Magor, is surrounded
by fine houses, under which are piazzas. The
trade consists in wine, silk, and leather ; but is
not so considerable as formerly. In the neigh-
bourhood are a vast number of orange and lemon
trees ; and here are the best horses in Spain. It
was from hence that the leather called cordovan
derived its name, the mode of manufacture being
first introduced here by the Moors. Cordova is
130 m. N. E. of Cadiz, and 190 S. by W. of
Madrid.
Cordova, a town of Mexico, in the intendency
of Vera Cruz, and a bishop's see. Here are up-
wards of thirty sugar mills. It is seated on a riv-
er which flows into the G^ulf of Mexico, 80 m. E.
S. E. of Puebla de los Angelos, and 55 W. by S.
of the port of Vera Cruz.
Cordi)va, one of the eight intendencies of the Uni-
ted Provincesof South America,extending through
9 deg. of lat. from 29. to 38. S. and 10 deg. of long.
between 60. and 70. W. it comprises nearly the
whole of the vast plain lying between the great
river La Plata and the Andes. The principal
towns are St. Louis and Mendoza, both on the
route from Buenos Ayres to Santiago in Chile.
There is also a town of the same name in the N.
C. part of the province, in the vicinity of some
salt lakes, and on the line of road from Buenos Ay-
res to Potosi. Some scattered tribes of Indians
roam over parts of this extensive district, but the
aggregate population is very limited.
Corea, a kingdom of Asia, bounded on the north
by Chinese Tartary, on the east by the sea of Ja-
pan, on the south by a narrow sea, which separ-
ates it from the Japanese islands, and on the west
by the Yellow Sea, which separates it from China.
The west coast is flanked by innumerable islands.
It is a peninsula, being surrounded on every side
by the sea, except towards the north. It is gov-
erned by a king, tributary to the emperor of Chi-
na, and is divided into eight provinces, Hien-king,
Ping-ngan, Hoang-hai, Kiang-yuen, King-ki,
Tchu-sm, King-chan, and Tchuen-so, which con-
tain 33 cities of the first, 53 of the second, and 70
of the third, rank. The towns are exceedingly
populous, and the inhabitants follow nearly the
same customs, and are of the same religion with
the Chinese. The country abounds in corn and
rice, of which last they have two kinds, one of
which delights in water, and the other which
is the better sort, is cultivated on dry ground,
like corn. There are mines of gold and sil-
ver in the mountains, and good pearl fisheries
on the coast. The Coreans are well made, in-
genious, brave and tractable. Thev are fond of
dancing and music, and show great aptness for
acquiring the sciences, which they cullivate with
ardour. They are less fastidious and less cer-
emonious than the Chinese, but equally jealous
of admitting strangers into the country. Men of
learning are distinguished from other people by two
plumes of feathers, which they wear in their caps.
Their women are less confined than those in Chi-
na, and have the liberty of appearing in company
with the other sex. In China, parents often marry
children without their consent, but in Corea they
choose for themselves. They never bury their
dead till three years after their decease, but keep
them in cofiins for that time. Corea extends from
north to south from the lat. of 34. 30. to 42. 30. N.
and from east to west from 125. to 129. of E. long
King-ki-tao, nearly in the centre of the kingdom,
is the capital.
Corfe Castle, a borough in Dorsetshire, Eng.
It is seated on a peninsula in the British Channel,
called the Isle of Purbeck, on a river, between
two hills. On one of these stands the castle,
formerly a place of great importance, and where
king Edward the Martyr was stabbed at the insti-
gation of his mother-in-law. It has a large church
which is a royal peculiar, not liable to any episco-
pal jurisdiction. Great quantities of fine clay and
stone are shipped here for the Staffordshire pot-
teries. The town is governed by a mayor ; and
every alderman that has served the office has the
title of baron. It returns two members to parlia-
ment, is 21 m. E. of Dorchester, and 116 W. by
S. of London. Pop. in 1821, 1 ,465.
Corfu, an island in the Mediterranean, near the
coast of Albania, at the entrance of the Adriatic.
Here is made a great quantity of salt ; and it
abounds with vineyards, lemons, and olives. It
was anciently known under the several names of
Scheria, Phacia, and Corcyria. The Corey rians
were an independent people, coeval with the
proudest epoch of the Greeks. In the 14th cen-
tury the island became subjected to the Venetians,
in whose possession it continued until 1797, when
it was ceded to the French, by the treaty of
Campo-Formio. It capitulated to the Turks and
Russians in 1799, and with six other islands, was
constituted independent, under the title of Ionian
Republic (which see.)
Corfu, (the ancient Corcyra,) the chief town of
the preceding island, is situate on the east side, on
the shore of a spacious and secure harbour, for
vessels of easy draught of water. The fortifica-
tions are very strong. It is the seat of govern-
ment of the whole of the Seven Islands, or Ionian
Bepublic, and contains about 15,000 inhabitants.
Lat. 39. 36. N., long. 19. 50. E.
Coria, an episcopal town of Spain, in Estre-
madura, seated on the Alagon, 120 m. W. S. W.
of Madrid.
Coringa, a town at the north extremity of the
coast of Coromandel, having a commodious har-
bour a few miles north of the main channel of the
Godavery River, in the lat. of 17. N.
Corinna, t. Somerset Co. Me. Pop. 1,077.
Corinth, Isthmus of, a neck of land which joins
the Morea to Livadia, and reaches from the Gulf
of Le panto west, to that of Egina east. The nar-
rowest part of it is six miles over; and on a mount
here, called Oneius, were formerly celebrated the
Isthmian games. There are still the ruins of a
town upon it. and of the temples dedicated to the
Sun, Pluto, Diana, Neptune, Ceres, and Bacchus.
It is said Julius Cassar, Caligula, and Nero, at-
tempted to cut a <;hannel through the isthmus ;
con
9Si3
COR
they therefore built a wall across it. called Hexa-
milia, because it was six miles in length. This
was demolished by Amurath II., rebuilt by the
Venetians, and levelled a second time by Ma-
homet II.
Corinth, a town of the Morea, situate on the
northern declivity of a mountain, sloping towards
the Gulf of I^epanto and the preceding isthmus,
to which it gives name. During the zenith of
Grecian glory, Corinth justly ranked among the
most important and magnificent cities of Greece :
its temples, theatres, and fountains, were the
admiration of every beholder. In the propor?
tions and richness of their columns and porticos,
architecture was perfected, leaving nothing for
after ages to perform in that noble art, but to
copy : and the Corinthian pillar or column now,
more or less adorns every city of the civilized world.
Corinth fell a prey to the fury of the Roman arms
under Mummius in the year 146 B. C. ; and al-
though Julius Cassar endeavoured to restore it to
its farmer grandeur, in whose time it was visited
by St. Paul, it has progressively sunk into a place
of insignificance. It fell into the hands of the
Venetians during the ephemeral career of their
ascendency ; the Turks became masters of it in
1715, and it now forms a part of Independent
Greece. It had formerly a port on the Gulf of
Egina, called Cenchrea, as well as on that of Le-
panto ; but the former is now little used. The
ancient citadel, Jlcro- Cor intkus, still rem?Lms en-
tire, and to a well-disciplined garrison, maybe con-
sidered impregnable. Corinth is the seat of a Greek
metropolitan and bishop. Pop. about 1 ,500. It is
65 m. E. by S. of Patras, and 48 W. by S. of Athens.
Corinth, p.t. Penobscot Co. Me. Pop. 712.
Also a p. t. in Orange Co. N. Y. Pop. 1,953. Also
a p.t. in Saratoga Co. N. Y. Pop. 1,412.
Cork, a maritime county forming the southwest
extremity of Ireland, having upwards of 100
miles of sea-coast, indented with several very
spacious and safe bays and harbours, openincrinto
the .\tlantic Ocean. It is about 35 miles in mean
breadth from south to north, and is intersected
from east to west by two fine rivers, the Black-
water and the Lee, with five or six others of in-
ferior note. The following are the principal bays
and harbours, beginning at the west: viz. Bantry,
Dunmanney, Baltimore. Glandore, Ross,Clonakil-
ty, Kinsale, Cork, and Youghal. Besides the city
of Cork, the principal towns in the interior are
Charleville, Mallew, Daneraile, Michelstown,
Bandon, Cloyne, &c. Bandon, Mallow, and
Youghal, each return one, and the city of Cork
and the county each two members to the parlia-
ment of the United Kingdom. The agriculture
of this county, both in tillage and pasture, has
been much improved since the middle of the
eighteenth century, and in conjunction with the
adjoining interior county of Tipperary, supplies a
great portion of the Enrrlish marine with salt-beef
and pork, more especially the former, and exports
vast quantities of butter ; and since 1800, it has
also exported a considerable quantity of grain.
Some woolen manufactures are carried on for in-
ternal consumption in the eastern part of the
county, and during the present century, several
efforts have been made to establish the cotton
manufacture over the county generally'. For terri-
torial extent, divisions, population, &c. see Ireland.
Cork, City of, and capital of the preceding
countv, supposed to have been first founded by
the Danes in the 6th century, is beautifully and
advantageously situate on the banks of the River
Lee, about fiVe miles above its entrance into Cork
Harbour. Cork, in conjunction with Ross, is a
bishop's see. The city is divided into twenty-two
parishes, which in 1821, contained a population of
100,058, being an increase of upwards of 35,000
since 1813, exclusive of 8,998 in eight of the pa
rishes which extend beyond the stations of the
city. Next to Dublin, Cork is the largest and
most important place in all Ireland. During the
twenty-four years' war, from 1793 to 1815, Cork
Harbour was one of the chief rendezvous of the
British navy ; and the extensive demand which
that war created for salt provisions, enabled Cork
to become the largest and most celebrated market
in Europe for that article. The Cork beef contin-
ues to be the chief source of supply , not only of the
national, but of the commercial navy of the United
Kingdom, and for long voyages and tropical
climates, is preferred by the ships of all nations.
As the cliief commercial town in the south-west
of Ireland, Cork receives the surplus production,
not only of the whole county, but of the greater
part of those of Kerry and Tipperary, which it
also supplies with such British and foreign pro-
ductions as are received in exchange. Since the
commencement of the war in 1793, the city has
undergone great improvement, both in regard to
public and private buildings. There are five
bridges over the Lee ; that of St. Patrick is a fine
structure. The exchange, custom-house, and
town-hall, are all fine edifices. It has two thea-
tres, several hospitals, and other public buildings.
The cathedral, erected between 172-5 and 1735, is
a stately edifice, and some of the parish churches
are of the like character. The barracks on the
north side of the city, situate on an eminence,
present a very imposing aspect. Cork has a pub-
lic brewery on a very extensive scale, and which
makes also its own malt. The city is 125 miles
southwest of Dublin, in the lat. of 51. 54. N., and
8.28. of W. long.
Cork, Cove of, is that part of the harbour ot
Cork usually occupied as the anchorage ground.
The harbour, which is entered by a deep and nar-
row channel, and defended by a strong fort on
each side, is about nine miles from the mouth ot
the River Lee, and about the same extent in
breadth. At the upper end is an island called
Great Island, from four to five miles long from
west to east, and from two to three miles wide.
At the west end of this island is a town called
Cove, which, in 1821, contained 6,508 inhabitants,
and the rest of the island 2,897 more ; and at the
entrance of the channel between Great Island and
the main land, are two small islands called Haul-
bowline and Rocky Islands, strongly fortified, and
inhabited by 950 persons ; and thus, whilst the
natural positions of Cork Harbour are such as to
afford accommodation for the whole British ma-
rine, secure from the efi'ects of the elements, the
fortifications render the shipping and the town
equally secure from the irruptions of an enemy j
and the surrounding shore being studded with
neat and commodious residences render the whole
as picturesque and agreeable as it is important in
point of security and defence.
Corleone, a large and well-built town of Sicily,
in the Val di Mazzara. [t is 24 miles S. S. W. of
Palermo. Pop. about 12,000.
Corlin, a town of Further Pomerania, with a
castle. It has considerable woolen manufactures,
and is seated on the Persant, 10 m. S. E. of Colberg.
Cormanlin, a town of Guinea, on the Gold
Coast, large and populous. Here the Dutch have
COR
S24
COR
a fort, which was taken by the English in 1665.
Long. 0. 15. W., lat. 5. 30. N.
Comcrw, a town of France, in the departmentof
Indre and Loire, with a Benedictine Abbey; seat-
ed on the Indre, 8 m. S. E. of Tours.
Coma, a town of Asiatic Turkey, in Irak Arabi,
seated on the Tigris, near its conflux with the
Euplirates, 35rnil<?s W. N. W. of Bassora.
Corneto, a town of Italy, in the patrimony of
Saint Peter, seated ou the Marta, three miles
east of the sea, and ten north of Civita Vecchia.
CornJiill, a town of the county of Durham, Eng.
seated near the Tweed, over which it has a large
bridoe to Coldstream, in Scotland. It is 12 m.
S. W. of Berwick, and 333 N. N. W. of London.
Pop. 688.
Comigliano, a town of Italy, in the Milanese,
15 m. E. of Milan.
Cornish, p.t. Sullivan Co. N. H. 108 m. from
Boston. Pop. 1,087. Also a p.t. York Co. Me.
Pop. ],2S4.
CornvUle, p.t. Somerset Co. Me. Pop. 1,104.
Cornwall, a county forming the S. W. extrem-
ity of England, projecting into the Atlantic
Ocean. It is bounded on the E. N. E. by the
river Tamar, which divides it from Devonshire,
being washed on all its other sides by the sea.
The south coast for about 70 miles, borders on
the entrance to the English, and the north, for
about 90 miles, on the entrance to the Bristol
Channel. At its eastern, or E. N. E. extremity
it is about 42 miles wide, but gradually narrows
towards the west to about 15 miles, when it di-
verges at a distance of about 60 miles into two
points, the most southerly called the Lizard, in
the lat. of 49. 58. N., and 5. 11. of W. long., and
the other the Land's End, in the lat of 50. 4. N.,
and 5. 42. of W. long ; the intermediate space
being known by the name of Mount's Bay. The
distinguishing characteristics of this county are
its minerals, semi-metals, and clays, which are
found here in greater variety than in almost any
other part of the world. Gold, silver, cobalt, an-
timony, manganese, and lapis calaminaris, are all
found to a certain extent, and some in abun-
dance ; but the predominating productions are
copper and tin, with which are mixed mundic
and arsenic ; in the supply of which, upwards of
100 mines are in constant work. Some of the
mines are worked to a vast depth ; but the per-
fection of the means applied, as well in bringing
the ores to the surface as in smelting, &c., ren-
ders the operations comparatively easv, and the
proceeds a source of great wealth to the parties
engaged in them, and of general advantage to
the county. The mining business is entirely reg-
ulated by a code called the Stannary Laws, enac-
ted by a court of stannaters, or proprietors.
These laws divide the tinmen into ten divisions,
under the superintendance of one warden. A
vice-warden is appointed every month ; and there
is a steward for each precinct, who holds his
court every three weeks, where a jury of six per-
sons decides disputes, with a progressive appeal
however to the vice-warden, lord-warden, and
lords of the duke of Cornwall's council. The
mines are under no other jurisdiction excepting
in such cases as affect land or life. In addition to
its minerals, a vein of soapy earth and of potter's
clay, estimable in the manufacture of porcelain,
add considerably to the resources of the county.
The shaping of granite for building, and moor-
Btone for grinding of corn, giv, employment to
great numbers. And, in addition to these resour-
ces, the coast of Cornwall is annually visited by
shoals of pilchards, which, in fish and oil, yield
an average produce of £50,000 per annum. The
occupations of mining and fishing, up to the
middle of the 18th century, prevailed to such an
extent in this county as to render agriculture al-
most entirely neglected, and to give it a rudeness
and wildness of character distinct from that of
every other part of the kingdom ; but since that
period agriculture has been progressively improv-
ing, and potatoes and grain are now included
among its surplus productions, which in the ag-
gregate may be considered as exceeding £500,000
per annum in amount. What are denominated
the duchy lands are very extensive, and the in-
come derived from them together with the duty
on tin ore, form the only remaining parts of those
immense hereditary revenues which were an-
ciently appropriated as a provision for the heir
apparent to the crown. Previously to the inva-
sion of Britain by the Romans, Cornwall was in-
habited by a tribe called the Dumnonei with whom
the Phoenicians are supposed to have traded
largely for tin. The descendants of that tribe,
and the succeeding inhabitants, continued longer
to retain the language, manners, and customs of
antiquity, than in any other part of England, and
which up to this time can hardly be said to be
extinct. The coast is, in many parts, extremely
rugged, and ridges of granite intersect the west-
ern part of the county, whilst the valleys are
beautifully diversified with verdure, shrubs, and
plants, among which the myrtle is common, with
several peculiar to the district. The coast
abounds with marine vegetables, which are much
used for manure. The blocks of broken granite
appear in remote ages, according to the supposi-
tion of some persons, to have been much used in
the construction of rude temples for religious
worship. Near the Land's End is a block, from
90 to 100 tons in weight, so nicely poised as to
be moveable with tlie hand ; there are several
others of less magnitude similarly poised ; these
are termed loggin stones, dM.6. are ridiculously sup-
posed by some to have been contrivances of art,
and objects of religious adoration ; whilst they are
doubtless only the natural results of repeated
submersions of our planet, during which the lay
ers of earth or clay have been washed away.
Similar evidences of the operations of nature are
to be seen in the western hemisphere, a few miles
east of Boston, in Massachusetts, on the road to
Salem ; and it is probable that the supposed cairns,
CTomleclis, rockbasins, &c., of the Druids, are
nothing more than the simple results of the pro-
gressive operations of nature. The principal ports
on the north coast, are Padstow and St. Ives ; on
Mount's Bay. Penzance and Helstone ; on the
south coast, Falmouth, Truro, Fowey, and Looe ,
Plymouth Sound bounding the south-east extrem-
ity of the county. The principal towns in the
interior are Redruth, St. Auske, Penryn, Bod-
win, Launceston, &c. The assizes, &C., for the
county, are held alternately at Bodmin and
Launceston. Streams of water intersect the
county, in all directions, and add considerably to
its diversity and picturesque beauty. Some
woolen, and a few other manufactures, are car-
ried on in different parts of the county, but they
are inconsiderable.
Cormnall Cape, is about 5 m. N. by E. of the
Land's End.
CornioaJl, a township in Orange County, New
York, situate along the west bank of the Hudson
COR
SS5
COR
River, 105 m. S. of Albany. Pop. 3,486. Also
the name of a township in Addison county, Ver-
mont. Pop. 1,264 ; and of a town in Litchfield
County, Connecticut. Pop. 1,712.
Cormcall, a town of Stormont County, Upper
Canada, situate on the north bank of the St. Law-
rence, about 50 m. above Montreal.
Cornwall, JYew, a county in the western part of
N. America, extending from Gardner's channel,
in lat. 53. 15., to Frederick's Sound, lat. 57. 6. N.
CornwaUis, a town of Nova Scotia, seated on
the south shore of the basin of mines at the head
of the Bav of Fundy, about 10 m. N. W. of
Windsor and 45 N. W . of Halifax.
Cormcal.lis. a county of Lower Canada, extend-
inor for about 160 miles along the S. E. bank of
the great River St. Lawrence, bounded on the
N E. by the district of Gaspe. It is at present
but thinly inhabited.
Coro, a town of Colombia, in the province of
Venezuela. It is advantageously situate at the en-
trance of an isthmus, at about an equal distance
from the Carribean Sea, and the Gulf of Mara-
caiho. It contains about 10,000 inhabitants, who
carry on a considerable trade in mules, cattle, &c.
with Curagao and other islands, in the Cariibean
Sea. See Venezuela.
Coroviandel, Coast of, the eastern coast of the
peninsula of Hindoostan, extending from Point
Calymere in the lat. of 10. 18. N. to the Kistnah
River, in the lat. of 16. N. There is not a port
for large ships on the whole coast, which is an
even, low, sandy country. Madras is the prin-
cipal town, and the other places of note are
Negapatani, Pondicherry, Pullicate, «&,c.
Coron, a seaport of Independent Creeec, in the
Morea, seated on the W. side of a bay to which
it ffives name, 15 m. E. of Modon. Long. 21. 46.
E., lat. 36. 55. N.
Coronation, Cape, a cape of the island of New
Caledonia, in the Pacific Ocean. Long. 167. 8.
E., lat. 22. 5. S.
Correggio, a town of Italy, in the Modonese,
with a castle, 9 m. N. N. E. of Reggio.
Correze, an interior department of France, con-
taining the late province of Limousin. It takes
its name from a river which runs into the Vezere,
after having watered Tulles and Brives. Tulles
is the capital.
Corricntes, Cape, on the E. coast of South
Africa, opposite the S. end of the island of Mad-
agascar. — Also the name of another cape on the
W. coast of Mexico, in the Pacific Ocean, in the
lat. of 20. N.
Corrientes, a town of Paraguay, with a fort,
seated on the E. side of the Parana, at the influx
of the river Paranruav, 490 m. N. of Buenos
Ayres. Long. 59. 0. W. lat. 27. 30. S.
Corryvrekan, a dangerous whirlpool on the W.
coast of Scotland, between the Isle of Scarba and
the N. point of that of Jura. It is so named
from a young Danish prince, who perished in
this place. Its vortex extends above a mile in
circuit.
Corsham, a town in Wiltshire, Eng. and a con-
siderable woolen manufacture. It is nine miles
E. N. E. of Bath, and 97 W. of London. Pop.
in 1821,2,727.
Corsica, or Corse, an island in the Mediterrane-
an, sepirated from that of Sardinia, on the south, by
the Strait of Bonifacio. It is 150 miles from
north to south, and from 40 to 50 in breadth. It
was known to the ancient Greeks, by the names
of Callista and Cyrnus, and to the Romans by its
29
present appellation. On the coast are many ex
cellent harbours. It is mountainous, but fruitfu,
valleys are interspersed ; and it has some fine
lakes and rivers. In the earliest time it has been
famous for its swarms of bees, and produces vast
quantities of honey, which, however, is reckoned
bitter, on account of the box and yew with which
the country abounds. The mountains are rich
in lead, iron, copper, and silver ; and there are
also mines of alum and saltpetre. The granito
of Corsica is nearly equal to the oriental; por
phyries, jasper, talc, amianthus, emeralds, and
other precious stones, are found scattered in the
mountains, and the south coast abounds with
beautiful coral. This island was, for some cen
turies, under the dominion of the Genoese, whose
tyranny was such, that the Corsicans were almost
in a perpetual state of insurrection. In 1736 a
German adventurer, Theodore Baron NewhofF,
brought some assistance to them ; and, on his as-
surance of more powerful aid, they elected him
king ; but as he could not substantiate his prom-
ises he was obliged to leave the island. He went
into England, was thrown into the Fleet prison,
released by an act of insolvency, (after having
registered his kingdom of Corsica for the benefit
of his creditors,) and suffered to die in extreme
indigence. The Genoese, tired of the contest,
sold the sovereignty to France, in 1767; and
Paoli, who had been elected to the chief com
mand, in 1755, was obliged to abandon the island
in 1769. After the French revolution in 1789
Corsica was admitted as an eighty-third depart-
ment of France at the particular reqiiest of a de-
putation, of which Paoli was at the head. In
consequence of some events which followed the
revolution of 1792, Paoli revolted ; the French,
by the assistance of the English, were expelled
from the island ; and Corsica, in 1794, was de-
clared annexed to tlie crown of Great Britian.
In 1796, however, the English found it expedient
to evacuate the island, of which the French im-
mediately took possession, and again united it to
France, of which country it now forms the eighty
sixth department. It is divided into four prefec-
tures, viz. Bastia, Calvi, Corte, and Sartenne
Ajaccio, on the wes coast, is the principal sea-port
Pop. about 1S0,000.
Corsoer, a town of Denmark, in the isle of
Zealand, on a peninsula, in the Great Belt, with
a good harbour for light vessels. It is defended
by a citadel, which serves also as a magazine for
corn ; and is 54 miles W. S. W. of Copenhagen.
Long 11. 12. E. lat. 55. 12. N.
Corte, a town of Corsica, situate in the centre
of the island, on the side and foot of a rock, at the
confluence of the Tayignano and Restonica. On
the point of a rock, rising above the rest, is the C£is-
tle, to which there is but one winding passage,
that will admit only two persons abreast. While
the island was in the possession of the English,
Corte was made the seat of the viceroy ; and it has
been enlarged and fortified by the French. It is
27 miles N. E. of Ajaccio, and 40 S. W. of Bastia
Pop. in 1326, 2,735.
CortcmigJia, a town of Piedmont, in Montferrat,
situate on the Bormida, 16 miles E. of Cherasco.
Cortona, a fortified town of Tuscany, and a
bishop's see, with a famous academy. It stands
on a mountain, on the frontiers of the Ecclesias-
tical States, 32 m. E. of Sienna.
Corunna, a seaport at the N. W. of Spam, in
Galicia, with a large and safe harbour, called the
Groyne, defended by two castles. The town in
COS
s»
COT
nf a circjilar form : but the poverty of the sur-
roatidinff country affords few resources for trade.
A British army of 13,000 were, on the 16th Jan.
1809, near being driven into the sea, by a French
force of 30,000 men. It is 20 miles S. W. of
Ferrol, and 35 N. by E. of Compostella. Long.
a. 19.W. and lat. 43. 33. N.
Corvey, a town and small principality of West-
phalia, with a celebrated abbey ; situated on the
Weser, 27 m. E. by N. of Paderborn. Long. 9.
35. E. lat. 51. 46. N.
Corvo, the smallest and most northerly island of
the Azores, so called from the abundance of
crows found upon it. The inhabitants cultivate
wheat and feed hogs. Long. 31. 6. W., lat. 39.
4-2. N.
Corydon, a flourishing- town of Harrison coun-
ty, Indiana, situate on the base line of a bend
of the Ohio River, from which it is distant about
15 m. both E., W. and S.
Casenza, a city of Naples, capital of Calabria
Citeriore, and an archbishop's see, with a strong
castle. The environs produce abundance of corn,
fruit, oil, wine, and silk. It is situate on several
small hills, at the foot of the Apennines on the
east side, and by the River Crati, 155 m. S. E. of
Naples. Pop. about 16,000.
Coshocton, an interior county of the state of
Ohio. Several streams of considerable magnitude
unite within this county to form the Muskingum
River, which river it is in contemplation to unite
with the Cuyahoga, and thereby open a direct
water communication between the Ohio and Lake
Erie. The chief town of the same name is situ-
ate on the east bank of the Muskingum, 65 m. N.
N. E. of Columbia, the capita! of the state. Pop.
11,162.
Coslin, or Koeslin,a, town of Further Pomerania,
which has good woolen manufactures, excellent
fisheries, and fine cattle. It is seated 'on the
Neslbach, 18 m. E. of Colberg.
Cosne, a town of France in the north-west part
of the department of Nievre. Anchors for ships
are forged here ; and its cutlery and gloves, are
much esteemed. It is seated on the east bank of
the Loire, at the influx of the Noain, 34 m. N.
by W. of Nevers, and 110 S. by E. of Paris. It
is the seat of a prefect. Pop. in 182G, 5,823.
Cospour, a town of the kingdom of Assam, 276
miles east of Patna.
56. N.
Long. 92. 57. E. lat. 24.
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^f
- ".'-^ - - - '^•'^■fifl*;??^
Cossaes, a people inhabiting the confin ^s o Po-
land, Russia, Tar'.3ry, and Turkey. They are
tlivided into the K )sakki-sa-Parovi, the Kosakki-
Donski, and the Uralian Cossaes. The men arc
large and well made, have blue eyes, brown hair,
and aquiline noses ; the women are handsome, well
shaped, and complaisant to strangers. Tlie Ura
lian Cossaes dwell in villages along the banks of
the Ural and their chief town is Uralsk. The
country which the Kosakki-sa-Parovi inhabit is
called tlie Ulkraine, and their towns are b<iilt of
wood after the manner of the Russians. The
Kosakki-Donski dwell on both sides of the Don,
are under the protection of Russia, and profess the
same religion. See Ukraine, and Uralian Cos
sacs.
. Cosseir, a town of Egypt on the Red Sea, an't
the chief place of trade across that sea, between
Egypt and Arabia. It is 280 m. S. by E. of Sue/
Long. 33.50. E. lat. 26. 8. N. '
Cossimbazar, a river of Hindoostan, in Bengal,
the most western arm of the Ganges, from which
it separates 3-5 miles below Rajemal. It i)asses
by Moorshedabad, Cossimbazar, &c. to Nuddea,
where it is joined by the Jellingy, another arm
of the Ganges, and their united streams form the
Hoogly.
Cossimbazar, a town of Hindoostan, in Bengal.
It has been at all times the residence of the dif-
ferent European factors, this being the centre of
their trade. It is seated on the river of the same
name, by which it is surrounded, 7 miles south
of Moorshedabad, and 105 north of Calcutta.
Cossimcotta, a town of Hindoostan, in the cir-
car of Circacole, on a river that flows into the Bay
of Bengal. 74 m. S. W. of Circacole. Long. 83.
7. E. lat. 17. 42. N.
Cossipour, a town and fortress of Hindoostan,
in Dehli, on the north-east border of the prov-
ince, 100 m. E. N. E. of Dehli. Long. 79. 18. E.
lat. 29. 14. N.
Costa Rica, a province of the chain of territory
that unites the two grand divisions of the western
hemisphere, bounded on the north by Lake Nicara-
gua, and on the south-east by Veragua. It has
rich mines of gold and silver but in other respects
is mountainous and barren. Cartago is the
capital.
Costainitza, a town of Croatia, on the river
Udda, and borders of Bosnia, 57 m. E. S. of Carl-
stadt. Long. 17. 8. E., lat. 45. 20. N.
Coswick, a town of Upper Saxony, in the prin-
cipality of Anhalt, with a castle, situate on the
Elbe, 10 m. W. by N. of Whittenburg.
Cotubavtba, a town in the province of Cuzco,
Peru, seated on tlie west bank of the Apurimac
River, 75 miles south of the city of Cuzco.
Cotbvs, a town and district of Lower Lusatia.
The castle stands on an eminence on the east side
of the town. Here are a great number of French
protestants, who have introduced their iDanufac
tures ; and it is noted for excellent beer, pitcn,
and flax. It is seated on the river Spree, 60 m.
E. by S. of Wittenburg. Long. 14. 24. E., lat.
51. 46. N.
Cote d'Or, an interior department in the east
part of France, which has its name from a moun-
tain, situate at the south of Dijon. It contains
part of the late province of Burgundy. Dijon is
the capital. Population estimated at 400,000.
Cotes du J\'ord, a department of France, so nam-
ed from its northern rr.aritime position. It con-
tains part of the late province of Bretagne. St.
Brieux is the capital.
Cotesioold Hills, a long tract of high ground in
the east part of Gloucestershire, Eng. It affords
in many places a fine short grass for the feed of
COT
227
GOV
sheep ; and others are de^voted to tht ^owth of
corn. The sides of this long range are beautiful
as they sink into the vale, from tlie hills of Stinch-
comb and Nibley in the south, to that of Bredon
in the north, which has been celebrated in ancient
rhyme.
Cot/ien, a town of Upper Saxony, capital of the
principality of Anhalt-Cothen. with a castle. It
IS 12 m. S. W. of Dessau. Long. 12. 9. E., lat.
51. 48. N.
Cotignac, a town of France, in the department
of Var, on the River Argens, 33 m. N. N. E. of
Toulon.
Cotignola, a fortified town of Italy in the Fer-
rarese, 25 m. S. S. E. of Ferrara.
Cotopaxi, one of the highest peaks of the An-
des, remarkable for the frequency and violence
of its volcanic eruptions. It is about 25 m. S. E.
of the city of Quito.
This mountain is the most elevated of those
volcanoes of the Andes, from which, at recent
periods, there have been eruptions. Its absolute
height is 12,392 English feet : it would conse-
tjuently exceed by more than 2,.550 feet the height
fif mount Vesuvius, even supposing that it were
piled on the summit of the Peak of TenerifFe.
Cotopaxi is likewise the most formidable of all
the volcanoes of the kingdom of Quito; and it
is also from it that explosions have been the most
frequent and the most destructive. The cinders
and fragments of rocks that have been ejected
by this volcano, cover the neighbouring valleys
to an extent of several square leagues. In 1753,
the flames of Cotopaxi shot up to a height of
2,700 feet above the edge of the crater. In 1744,
the roaring of this volcano was heard as far as
Honda, a town situated on the banks of the river
Magdalena, a distance of two hundred leagues.
On the 4th April, 1763, the quantity of cinders
vomited up from the mouth of Cotopaxi was so
great that the sky continued as dark as night until
the third hour after mid-day. The explosion
which took place in the month of January, 1803,
v.-as preceded by a frightful phenomenon — the sud-
den melting of the snows that covered the moun-
tain. For more than twenty years, neither smoke
nor any distinguishable vapour had issued from
the crater, and yet, in one single night, the
subterranean fire had become so active that at
sun-rise, the external walls of the cone, strong-
ly heated, had become naked, and had acquired
the black colour which is peculiar to vitrified
scoria. At the port of Guayaquil, fillv-two
leagues in a straight line from the edge of the
crater. M. de Humboldt heard day and night the
roaring of this volcano, like repeated discharges
•jf artillery.
Were it an established fact that the proximity
of the ocean contributes to feed volcanic fire, we
should be astonished to see that the most active
volcanoes of the kingdom of Quito, Cotopaxi,
Tungurahua, and Sangay, appertain to the eastern
chain of the Andes, and, consequently, to that
which is farthest removed from the coast. Coto-
paxi is more than fifty leagues from the nearest
shore.
Coulan, a seaport of Hindoostan, in Travancore
with a good harbour, and a navigable river. It
stands on a peninsula 60 m. N. W. of Travancore.
Long. 76.24. E., lat. 8.51. N.
Coupee Point. See Point Coupee.
Courland, a duchy of Europe, bounded on the'
west and north by the Baltic, east by Livonia,
and south by Poland. It is divided into Courland
Proper and Semigallia, and is 250 miles long and
40 broad. The country swells into gentle hills,
and is fertile in corn, hemp, and flax. It is most-
ly open, but in some parts there are forests of pine
and fir, and groves of oak. It was formerly a
feudatory province of Poland, but was annexed
to the dominions of Russia in 171)5 by an act of the
states. Mittau is the capital. Population about
500,000.
Courtray, a town of the Netherlands, in Flan-
ders, celebrated for its trade and manufactures of
table linen and woolen cloths. It is seated on
both sides the River Lis, 12 m. east of Ypres.
Coutances, a seaport of Erance, capital of the
department of Manche, and a bishop's see, with a
finecfithedral. It is 37 m. S. W. of Bayeux, and
185 W. of Paris. It is the seat of a prefect. Pop.
in 1826, 9,015.
Coutras, a town of France, in the department
of Gironde, at the conflux of the Ille and Dronne,
25 m. N. E. of Bourdeaux.
Cove. See Cork, Cove of,
Coventry, City and County of , is insulated with-
in the County of Warwick. The city, in 1821,
contained a population of 21,242, and the remain-
der of the county, which comprises nine adjoin-
ing parishes and hamlets, 8,138. It is a place of
considerable antiquity, and was formerly sur-
rounded with strong walls which were 3 miles
in circumference, having 26 towers and 12 gates,
but few vestiges of which now remain ; having
been demolished by order of King Cliarlcs if.
in 1602, in revenge for the resistance made to the
troops of his predecessor. A parliament was held
here in the reign of Henry IV. caWeA Pari lament-
um Indoctnm, or the unlearned parliament, because
the lawyers were excluded. Leofric, Earl of
Mercia, who was lord of the place about 1040, is
said to have loaded the inhabitants with heavy
ta.xes, on account of some provocation he had
received from them ; and beinng importuned
by his lady, Godivia, to remit them, he consented
upon condition that she would ride naked through
the town, which condition she accepted and per-
formed ; for, being possessed of a long flowing
head of hair, she contrived to dispose oi her tres-
ses so as preserve her decency ; and at the same
time enjoined the citizens on pain of deatli, not
to look out as she passed. The curiosity of a
poor tailor, however, prevailed over his fi>ars, and
he ventured to take a single peep, but was struck
blind, and was ever after called Peeping Tom
This improbable story is annually commemorated
by the citizens of Coventry with great splendour,
and a female, closely habited in fine linen of flesh
colour, rides through the town, attended by a
very numerous and elegant procession The
window through which the tailor is said l(» ' «ive
GOV
VUi
CRA
gratified his curiosity is still shown, with his effigy
always newly dressed for the procession which is
on the Friday preceding Trinity Sunday.
It had formerly extensive manufactures of
woolens and worsted stuffs, now quite discontin-
ued in this part of the country, they having been
supplanted by the manufacture of ribbons,of which
it IS the focus for the produce of from 17 to 18,000
looms. It has also, two tolerably extensive es-
tablishments for the manufacture of watches, and
four or five others of inferior importance. It has
a canal communicating with the grand line of ca-
nal navigation between London, Liverpool, and
Manchester. It is situate on the verge of the great
coal strata, running through all the northern part
of the country. The vein is worked in abun-
dance within five miles of the city of Coventry.
The city is divided into two parishes, and the
churches, contigious to each other, are both fine
structures, mi)re particularly so that dedicated to
St. Michael, which was twenty-two years in
building, and finished in 1394. The spire is 303
feet high, and deservedly ranks among the most
beautiful specimens of architecture in the king-
dom. There is a third spire, the church to which,
has long since been demolished ; but there is a
third church with a stately tower, which serves
as a chapel of ease to St. Michael. The three
spires form beautiful and interesting objects in
the perspective from the surrounding country for
many miles, on all side^. The corporation con-
sists of a mayor and nine other aldermen. St.
Mary's Hall, in which the archives of the city
are kept, and its business transacted, is an ancient
and venerable edifice : the county hall is a neat
Doric structure. It has a free-school and two
hospitals, and had formerly a very extensive en
tablishment of Carmelites, or Whitefriars, whosi;
house, after lying in ruins many years, was con
verted into a workhouse in 1806, at which period
the two parishes were united for parochial purpo-
ses. Coventry is united with Litchfield, as a bislj-
op's see, but Coventry does not exhibit any eccle-
siastical parade. It returns two members to parlia-
ment. Its market on Friday is well supplied,
and it has three fairs annually ; one on the Friday
preceding Trinity Sunday, on the occasion of
the procession of Lady Godivia, is numerously
attended, and continues till the Friday following.
Since 1820 the city has undergone considerable
improvements in the widening, cleaning, and light-
ing the streets, and several new buildinsrs have
been erected. It is 10 m. N. by E. of Warwick,
18 E. S. E. of Birmingham, and 91 N. W. of Lon-
don, on the mail-coach road to Liverpool.
Coventry, t. Grafton Co. N. H. 100 m. fr. Ports-
mo-ath. Pop. 441. Also a p.t. in Orleans Co.
Vt. Pop. 728. Also a p.t. in Tolland Co. Conn.
Pop. 2,119. Also a p.t. in Kent Co. R. I. Pop.
3,851. Also a p.t. Chenango Co. N. Y. Pop.
1 ,576. Also townships in Chester Co. Pa. and
Portage Co. Ohio.
Coveripnrum, a town and fortress of Hindoos-
tan, in Mysore, on the south bank of the Cavery,
60 m. S. E. of Mysore. Long. 77. 38. E., lat. 11.
51 . N.
Covert, p.t. Seneca Co. N. Y. Pop. 1,791
Covilham, a town of Portugal, in Bcira. It has
a manufacture of woolen cloth, and is 18 m. S. W.
of Gua^da.
Covington, a county of the state of Mississippi,
bounded on the north by the territory of the Choc-
taw Indians, and intersected by the line of road
from the Tennessee River to Lake Portchartrain,
Pop 2,549. Williamsburgh is the chief town
Also the name of a newly-formed county, in the
state of Alabama, bordering on West Florida.
Pop. 1,522. Montezuma is the chief town.
Covington, p.t. Genesee Co. N. Y. Pop. 2,716
Also the name of 8 other towns and villages in
Pa., Va., Geo., Ken., Illinois, Mississippi, and
Louisiana.
Cowbridge, a corporate kown of Wales, in Gla-
morganshire. It is called by the Welsh, Port-
saen, from the stone bridge over the river, which .
soon after enters the Bristol Channel. Near it
are the remains of Llanbithian Castle, of which *
a massive gateway is now converted into a barn ;
and about a mile distant, on a lofty hill, are the
ruins of Penline Castle. Cowbridge is 12 m. W.
of Cardiff, and 173 of London. Pop. in 1820,
1,107.
Cowes, a seaport on the west side of the Isle of
Wight at the mouth of the Medina, or Cowes.
On the opposite side is the village of East Cowes,
and at each place is a fort built by Henry VIII
for the security of the island and road. Cowes
has an excellent harbour, which is m-uch frequent-
ed l)y ships to repair damages sustained at sea, ,,
and to water ; and also a good trade in provisions
&c. for the use of shipping. During the summer
it is much frequented for the purpose of sea-bath-
ing ; and here are a number of genteel lodging-
houses, and an assembly room. It is 12 m. S. by
E. of Southampton, 12 m. W. S. W. of Ports-
mouth, and 86 S. W. of London. Pop. in 1821,
3,579.
Coiclduraga, a town of Hindoostan, in Mysore,
with a strong hill fort. It is surrounded by hilh
and forests, and stands 12 m. S. of Niagara.
Cowpens, in Union District S. C. at the north
em extremity of the state, is a spot remarkable in
the revolutionary history for one of the most
decisive pitched battles in the whole contest. The
Americans under Gen. Morgan here totally de-
feated the British under Col. Tarelton, Jan. 11. *
1781.
Cmcper skill, v. Robertson Co. N. C.
Cozumel, an island on the east coast of Yucatan,
where Cortes landed and refreshed his troops, be-
fore he attempted the conquest of Mexico. It
abounds with fruit, pulse, cattle and fowls, and is
inhabited principally b,v native Indians. Long
87.19. W.,lat. 19. 40.T^.
Cracaloa, the southernmost of a cluster of isl-
ands in the entrance of the strait of Sunda. It
consists of elevated land, gradually rising on all
sides from the sea, and is covered with trees ex-
cept a few spots, which have been cleared by the
natives for the purpose of forming rice fields ,
and its coral reefs afford small turtle in abun-
dance. The inhabitants are not considerable
and their chief, like those of the other islands iu
the strait, is subject to the king of Bantam.
Cracoic, a city of Poland, capital of a palatinate
of the same name, and a bishop's see, with an uni-
versity. It was formerly the capital of Poland,
where the kings were elected and crowned,
but since the partition of Poland, it has become
a republic under the protection of Austria, Rus-
sia and Prussia. On a rock near the Vistula
is the ancient royal palace, surrounded by brick
walls and old towers, which form a kind of
citadel. Adjoining is the cathedral, within
the walls of the citadel, in which most of the
sovereigns of Poland are interred. Though tho
city and suburbs occupy a vast tract of ground,
they scarcely contain 24,000 inhabitants. The
CRA
229
CRE
great square is spacious and well built, and many
of the streets are broad and handsome ; but almost
every building bears the mark of ruined grandeur.
This devastation was begun by the Swedes in
170'2, when it was taken by Charles XII. ; but it
has since experienced greater calamities, having
been taken and retaken by the Russians and the
confederates. When the general insurrection
broke out in 1794, against the Prussian and Rus-
sian usurpers of the Polish territory, Kosciusko,
the cliief of the patriotic insurgents, expelled the
Russian garrison from this city, on the 24 th of
March, 1794 ; but having marched in the sequel
to the protection of Warsaw, Cracow surrendered
■ to the Prussians, on the 15th of June. It is seat-
. .'>n the Vistula, 130 m. S. S. W. of Warsaw.
* 41 Long. 9. 50. E., lat. 40. 50. N.
•• . Craftshurg, p.t. Orleans Co. Vt. Pop. 982.
• Crail, a borough of Scotland, in Fifeshire,
seated on the frith of Forth, 7 m. S. E. of St.
Andrew.
Crainburg, a town of Germany, in Carniola,
with a castle, on the River Save, 18 m. N. W. of
Laybach.
Cramond, a village of Scotland, three miles
north-west of Edinburg, at the mouth of the
Amond, in the frith of Forth. It has a commodi-
ous harbour, and considerable iron works.
Cranberry, p.t. Middlesex Co. N. J.
Cranbourn, a town in Dorsetshire, Eng. It stands
near a fine chase, which extends almost to Salis-
bury, 38 m. N. E. of Dorchester, and 93 W. of
London.
Cranhrook, a town in Kent, Eng. Here is a
free-grammar school and a free-writing school for
poor children, the former endowed by Queen Eli-
zabeth. It is 13 m. S. of Maidstone, and 49 S. E. of
London.
Cranganore, a town and fort of Hindoostan,
on the coast of Cochin. It was taken from the
Portuguese in 1GC2, by the Dutch, who sold it in
1789 to the rajah of Travancore. It is seated at
the mouth of a river, 30 m. N. by W. of Cochin.
Long. 75. 58. E., lat. 10. 23. N.
Cransac, a village of France in the department
of Aveiron, celebrated for its mineral waters, 15
m. N. W. ofRhodez.
Cranston, p.t. Providence Co. R. I. Pop. 2,651.
Craon, a town of France, in the department of
Mayenne near the River Oudon, 17 m. S. by W.
of Laval.
Crato, a town of Portugal, in Alemtejo, witii a
priory belonging to the order of Malta, 14 m. W.
of Portalegre.
Craren. a county of North Carolina, the east
end of which borders on Pamlico Sound. It is
intersected by the Neuse River. Pop. 14,325.
Newbern, on tlie west bank of the Neuse, is the
chief town.
Crawford. There are five counties of this name
in different parts of the United States.
1. At the north-west extremity of Pennsylva-
nia, bordering on the state of Ohio, intersected by
French Creek, falling into the Alleghany River.
Pop. 10,005, Meadville is the chief town.
2. In the state of Indiana, bounded on the east
by Bi^ Blue River, the south end jetting upon
the Ohio. Pop. 3,184. Fredonia is the chief
town.
3. In the state of Illinois, extending westward
from the Wabash River for about 80 m. being
about 35 m. in breadth. Pop. 3,113. Pales-
tine, on the west bank of the Wabash, is the chief
town.
4. In theMichigan Territorj. Prairie du Chien
is the chief town. Pop. 692.
5 In the interior of Ohio, intersected by the
Sandusky River, which falls into Lake Erie : the
Scioto falling into the Ohio, rises in the adjoining
county. Pop. 4.778. Bucvrus is the chief town.
Crawford, p.t. Orange "Co. N. Y. Pop. 2,019.
Crawfordsville, p. v. INIontgomery Co. Ind.
Crawford, a village in Kent, Eng. on the River
Cray, two miles west by north of Dartford. Here
are some calico-printing grounds, and a manufac-
ture of iron hoops. Pop. in 1821, 1,860.
Credilon, a town in Devonshire, Eng. with a
considerable manufacture of serges. The church
is a noble structure, and was formerly a cathe-
dral. The town was almost destroyed by fire
in 1769. It is seated between two hills, 8 m. N.
W. of Exeter, and 180 W. by N. of London. Pop.
in 1821, 5,515.
Cree, a river of Scotland, which rises in the
northern parts of the counties of Wigton and
Kirkcudbright, forms the boundary between them
and enters the head of Wigton Bay.
Creek, or Muskogee Indians, one of the most nu-
merous tribes of Indians of any within the limits
of the United States of North America. They
inhabit an extensive tract of country in the east-
ern part of Alabama, and till within a few years
possessed territories in Georgia, but this portion
ot their lands they have relinquished by treaty.
They are about 20,000 in number, and are ac-
counted among the most warlike of the Aborigines.
They have several pretty large towns containing
from one to two hundred houses, and pay consid-
erable attention to the cultivation of their lands.
They raise cattle and live stock of various kinds
as well as corn, rice, and tobacco.
Creetown or FerryUncn, a^ imall port of Scot-
land, in Kirkcudbrightshire. Here several sloops
are constantly employed in the coasting trade.
It stands on Wigton Bay, near the influx of the
Cree, 12 m. W. by N. of Kirkcudbright.
Creglingen, a town of Franconia, in the prin-
cipality of Anspach, on the Tauber, 22 m. S.
of Wurtzburg, and 30 N. W. of Anspach, now
included in the Bavarian circle of the Lower
Mayne.
Creil, a town of France, in the department of
Oise, on the River Oise, five miles east of Senlis.
Creilsheim, a town of Franconia, in the princi-
pality of Anspach, on the River Jaxt, 22 m. S. W.
of Anspach, now included in the Bavarian circle
of the Rezat.
Crema, a fortified town of Italy, capital of Cre-
masco, and a bishop's see. It is well built and pop-
ulous, and seated on the Serio, 30 m. S. of Ber-
gamo.
Cremasco, a small territory of Italy, in the south
part of the province of Bergamasco. It is near-
ly surrounded by the Duchy of Milan, and fertile
in corn, wine, flax, and hemp. Crema is the
capital.
Crcmieu, a town of France, in the department
of Isere, at the foot of a mountain near the Rhone,
20 m. N. E.of Vienne.
Cremnitz, a town in the north part of Lower
Hungary, noted for its gold mines, 17 m. N. of
Schemnitz. Pop. about 10,000.
Crcmond, a city of Italy, capital of the Cre-
monese, and a bishop's see, with a castle and a
university. The streets are broad and strait^
adorned with some small squares, a few palaces^
40 parish churches, and 43 convents of both sex-
es. It stands in a deliglitful plain, wateied b»
u
CRl
230
CRO
the Oglio, about a quarter of a mile from the Po,
over which is a bridge of boats, defended by a
fort. A canal passes through the town, and forms
a communication between the tvvo rivers. Cre-
mona has been several times taken. It has con-
siderable manufactures of silk, and is peculiarly
celebrated for the manufactures of violins. A
tower, 372 feet in height, forms a prominent ob-
ject over all the surrounding country. The Ro-
mans established themselves here' in 291. B. C.
It is 48 m. S. of Milan, and about the same dis-
tance S. by W. of Mantua. Pop. about 30,000.
Cremonese Territory, extends from the south in
a W. N. W. direction, for about 45 miles, be-
tween the River Po on the south, which divides
it from the Duchy of Parma, and the Oglio on
the north, which divides it from Bresciano ; the
east end borders on the Duchy of Mantua, and the
west on the small district of Cremasco. It is a
very fertile country.
Cremsier, a town of Moravia, with a fine castle
and a convent, seated on the west bank of the
River Marsch, 18 m. S. S. E. of Olmutz.
Crepy, a town of France in the department of
Oise, 17 m. S. of Compiegne.
Cresapsburg, p. v. Alleghany Co. Maryland.
Crescentino, a fortified town of Piedmont, on
the north bank of the River Po, 20 m. N. E. of
Turin.
Cressy or Crecy, a village of France, in the de-
partment of Somme, celebrated for the victory-
over the French, gained by Edward III. in 1346.
It is 32 m. N. W. of Amiens.
Crest, a town of France in the department of
Drome, on the River Drome, 16 m. S. S. E. of
Valence.
Crevddt, a town of Germany, at the north ex-
tremity of the territory of Cologne. Near this
nlace the French were defeated by the Hano-
verians in 1758. It has considerable manufac-
tures of linen. It is 32 m. N. N. W. of Cologne,
and 7 from Dusseldorf. Pop. about 700.
Creuse, an interior department nearly in
the centre of France, so named from a river,
which crossed from south to north, and flows in-
to the Vienne. It contains the late province of
Marche. Gueret is the capital.
Creusen, a town of Franconia, in the princi-
pality of Bayreuth, seven miles east of Bay-
reuth.
Creutzbury, a town of Silesia, in the principali-
ty of Brieg, with a castle. It has a great trade
in honey, wax, leather, and flax ; and is seated
on the Brinnitz, 35 m. E. by N. of Brieg.
Creutznack, a town of Germany, in the cir-
cle of Upper Rhine. It has a trade in wine, salt,
corn, wool, and tobacco. On Dec. 2, 171)5, this
town was taken three times ; first, by the French,
then by the Austrians, and again by the former.
It is seated on the Nahe, 25 m. S. W. of Mentz.
Crewkerne, a town in Somersetshire, Eng. In
1825 it had six considerable establishments for
the manufacture of sail-cloth. It is seated near a
branch of the Parret, 25 m. S. of Wells, and 132
W. S. W. of London. Pop. in 1821, 3,021.
Crewsville, p.t. Goochland Co. Va.
Crichdth, a town of Wales, in Caernarvon-
shire, 18 m. S. S. E. of Caernarvon, and 244 IN.
W. of I^ndon.
Crickkoicell, a town of Wales, in Brecknock-
shire. Near it are the ruins of an ancient castle.
It is seated on the Usk, 10 m. S. E. of Brecknock,
and 153 W. by N. of London. Pop. in 1821,
1,008.
Cricklade, a borough in Wiltshire, Eng. seated
near the Thames, and the Stroud Canal, 25 ni
W. by S. of Oxford, and 84 W. by N. of London.
Pop. in 1821,1,506.
C'rief, a town of Scotland, in Perthshire, with
manufactures of paper and thin linen, seated on
the Erne, 18 m. W. of Perth.
Crim, a town of the Crimea, supposed to be on
the site of an ancient city that once gave Us
name of Crim Tartary, or Crimea, to the whole
peninsula of the Taurida ; after having, under '^
the name of Crimmerium, been the capital of a
famous people, who gave laws to the greatest
part of Europe. The modern town called Eski
Krim (Old Crim) by the Tartars, is seated at
the foot of an insulated mountain, 10 m. W. of
Caffa.
Crimea, or Taurida, the ancient Taurica Cher- '
sonesus, a peninsula of Europe, bounded on the •
south and west by the Black Sea, north by the
province of Catharlnenslaf, with which it com-
municates by the isthmus of Prekop, and east by
the Sea of Asoph and the Strait of Caffa. To-
wards the end of the 11th century the Genoese
settled in this country, but they were expelled
by the Crim Tartars in 1474. See Caffa. These
Tartars had been settled in the Crimea above
two centuries before the expulsion of the Gen-
oese. They were subjects of Batu Khan, grand-
son of Zingis ; and their conquest was annexed
to the kingdom of Kasan, ti41 the death of Tamer-
lane in 1400, when Edegai Khan, an officer of
that prince, took possession of it, and was suc-
ceeded by Duelet Cherai, in whose family the sov-
ereignity continued till the 18th century. The
Khans however, were vassals, or tributary to
the Turks, till the year 1774, when their inde-
pendence was stipulated in the treaty of Cainargi.
In 1783 the Russians took possession of the coun
try with an army ; the following year it was ced-
ed to them by the Turks ; and the peaceable pos-
session of the whole was secured to them in 1791
by the cession of the fortress of Oczakow. The
Crimea is divided into two parts by the river
Salgir, whicJi runs from west to east. The north
division is flat, poor, and fit for pasturage only.
It has neither tree nor hillock ; salt lakes and
flocks of sheep are its greatest riches. This dis-
trict is bleak and cold in winter, and sultry and
scorching in summer. The south part is moun-
tainous ; but the valleys are astonishingly pro
ductive. and the climate extremely mild, from
the exclusion of those violent winds by which
the north division is frequently incommoded.
The lower hills, extending from Caffa to the east
extremity of the country, are principally used in
gardening, and produce excellent fruit. Beside.-i
the port of Kertch, the road of Caffa, and the
harbour of Balaclava, there is, near Sebastopol,
one of the -finest harbours in the world The
principal articles of export are corn, salt, hon-
ey, wax, butter, horses, female slaves, hides, and
furs, especially the Taviric lamb- skins, which are
in high esteem. The Crimea now forms one of
the two provinces of the government of Catha-
rlnenslaf, under the name of Taurida. Symphe
rodo] is the capital. See Russia.
Croatia, a province of the Austrian Empire,
bounded on the N. by the river Drave, which se-
parates it from Lower Hungary, extending south
for about 100 miles to the Adriatic : tlie Save
intersects it from the west in an E. S. E. direc-
tion, parallel with the Drave, at a distance ol
about forty-five miles j the part north of tlie Save
CRO
2ni
CRO
IS bv">unded on the east by Sclavonia, and on the
west by Lower Stiria; and the part so\ith of the
Save is bounded on the east by the Turkish pro-
vince of Bosnia, and on the west by Lower Car-
aiola : this part was ceded to France at the peace
of Vienna in 1809, but restored to Austria at the
general peace of 1815. Tlie mean breadth of
Croatia is about sixty miles, and it^ superficial
area 9,420 square miles, containing a population
of about 800,000. It was called by the Romans
Liliurnla, and subsequently formed part of Illyria
and Sclavonia, and at a somewhat later period be-
came an independent kingdom under the proti^c-
tion of the eastern emperors. In 1087 it was
conquered by Ladislaus, king of Hungary, and
passed into the hands of Austria by its being
made an integral part of Hungary in 1102. It
is now divided into six counties, and the south-
east part into six districts. It is in general a moun-
tainous country ; containing some mines of iron
and copper, and the best timber in Europe.
The valleys are tolerably fertile, and the mulber-
ry, prune, vine, and olive are interspersed over
most parts of the country, and in parts flourish
luxuriantly. Honey is collected in great quanti-
ties on the banks of the Drave. The Port of
Fiume, at the south-west extremity of the pro-
vince, supplies the interior with such foreign pro-
ductions as the inhabitants can command, in ex-
change for their surplus produce, which is limit-
ed both in value and extent. The capital of the
country is Carlstadt, and the other principal
towns are Warasden, Agrara, Petrinia, OgUiia,
Zettin, &c. «fec. See Morlackia.
Croghansville, v. Sandusky Co. Ohio,
Croja, a town of European Turkey, in Albania,
seated near the Gulf of Venice, 13 m. N. by E.
of Durazzo, It was once tlie residence of the
kings of Albania.
Croisic, or Croisil,a. town of France in the de-
toartment of Lower Loire, seated on the Bay of
Biscay, between the mouths of the Loire and
Vilaine, 35 m. W. of Nantes.
Croix, St., a river of North America, which
forms the north-east boundary of the United
States, and runs into the Bav of Fassamaquoddy,
in the lat. of 45. 0. N., and 67. 0. of W. long.
Croix, St., one of the Virgin Islands, in the Car-
ribean Sea, thirty miles long and eight where
broadest ; lyinor forty miles east by south of St,
Thomas, and about the same distance E. S. E. of
Crab Island, off the S. E. end of Porto Rico,
Columbus landed upon this island in one of his
early voyages. It was successively held by the
Spaniards, English, and Dutch. In 1651 it was
bought for the knights of Malta, who sold it in
1664 to the French West India Company, by
whom it was sold to the Danes in 1696 ; these held
it till 1801, when it was taken by the English, and
restored after the naval action off Copenhagen in
the same year ; retaken in 1807, and restored again
at the general peace of 1815. It is divided into
about 3o0 plantations, yielding about 25,000 hogs-
heads, or 16,000 tons, of sugar annually. The
population in 1813 amounted to 31,387, of whom
23,000 were slaves. The chief town is Chris-
tianstadt, on the north coast, with a fine harbour,
defended by a fortress. Long, 65. 28, W,, lat. 17.
45. N.
Croce, St., Croix, St., or Cruz, Santa. There
are several towns, villages, and rivers of this
name both in Europe and America, but all incon-
siderable,
Cromack-water, a lake in Cumberland between
Buttermere- water and Lows-water, receiving the
former at its south end by the river Cocker, and
the latter at its north end. It is 4 m. long, and half
a mile over ; with throe small isles, one of them a
rock, and the other covered with wood. Half a
mile from the south-west end is a waterfall, called
Scale Force, between the mountains of Mell
brake and Bleacragg. At the north-east corner
is a stone bridge over its outlet, the Cocker. It
abounds with char and red trout.
Cromarty, a county of Scotland, 16 miles long
and six broad, comprehending part of a peninsu-
la on the south side of a frith to which it gives
name. On the south and west it is bounded by
Ross-shire, It is divided into five parishes,
and contains about 6,000 inhabitants. The high-
lands are healthy, and on the coast it is fertile and
well cultivated. It sends one member to parlia
ment alternately with' Nairnshire, The towns
are Cromarty, Kirkraichael. Resolis, and Urqu-
hart.
Cromarty, a seaport of Scotland, and capital of
the preceding county. The harbour is one of the
finest in Great Britain, and has a commodious
quay. Here is a considerable manufacture of
hempen cloth, and a coasting trade in corn, thread,
yarn, fish, and skins of various sorts. It stands at
the mouth of the frith of Cromarty, 16 m, N, N.
E. of Inverness. Long. 3. 50. W., lat. 57, 38, N.
Pop. in 1821, 1,993.
Cromer, a town in Norfolk, Eng, It formerly
had two churches, one of which, with several
houses, was swallowed up by the sea. The in-
habitants are chiefly fishermen; and the best lob-
sters on this part of the coast are taken here. It
is seated on the German Ocean, 22 m, north of
Norwich, and 129 north- east of London, and is
frequented in the summer seaiion for sea bathing.
Fop, in 1821, 1,023.
Cromford, a village in Derbyshire, Eng, on the
river Derwent, 2 miles north of Wirks worth. The
Arkwrights have erected an extensive cotton mill
at this place, and connected it by a canal with the
Erwash and Nottingham canals, a qd t hereby -with
the river Trent, Fop. in 1821, \jKl.
Crompton, a township in the parish of Oldham,
Lancashire, Eng, Pop. in 1821, 6,482. See
Oldham.
Cronach, a town of Bavaria, in the principality
of Bamburg, near which is a mountain-fortress
called Rosenberg. It is seated near the river Cro-
nach, 11 m. N. of Culmbach,
Cronhorg, a strong fortress of Denmark, on the
Isle of Zealand, near Elsinore, which guards the
passage of the sound. It is situate on the point of
a peninsular promontory, opposite Helsingburg in
Sweden, little more than two miles distant. In
1658 it was taken by the king of Sweden, and re-
stored in 1660. In this fortress is a palace where
queen Matilda was imprisoned till she was per-
mitted to retire to Zell. Not far from this is Ham-
let's Garden, said to be the spot where the murder
of his father was perpetrated.
Cronenherg, or Kronberg, a town of Germany,
in the late electorate of Mentz, seated on a moun-
tain, nine miles north-west of Frankfort.
Cronstadt, a seaport and fortress of Russia, on
the island of Retusari, in the Gulf of Finland.
The harbour is the chief station of the Russian
fleet. Here are great magazines of naval stores,
docks, and yards for building of ships, a foundry
for casting cannon balls, and an extensive marine
hospital. The Man of War's Mole is enclosed
by a strong rampart, built of granite, in the sea,
CRO
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and Peter's Canal, lined with masonry, is 1,050
fathoms long, 60 broad at the bottom, and 100 at
the top ; it is 24 fathoms deep, and in this man-
ner stretches 358 fathoms into the sea. At the end
of the canal are two pyramidal columns, with in-
scriptions relative to this great work. The town
occupies the east part of the island, and the in-
habitants are estimated at 40,000. It is 22 m. W.
of Petersburg, of which it is the outport. Long.
29. 26. E., lat. 59. 56. N.
Cronstadt, a town of Transylvania. See Brassau.
Crooked Island. See Bahamas.
Cropani, a town of Naples, in Calabria Ulteri-
ore, 9ni. K. N. E. of St. Severino.
Crosby, a village in Hancock Co. Me. Also a
township in Hamilton Co. Ohio.
Cross Creek, a township in Jefferson Co. Ohio.
Crosne, a town of Austrian Poland, in the pa-
latinate ofLemberg, 80 m. W. S. W. of Lem-
berg.
Crossen, a town of Brandenburg, in the New
Mark, capital of a duchy of the same name, with
a strong castle. It is seated on the frontiers of
Silesia, near the conflux of the Bober with the
Oder, in a country abounding with wine and fruit,
23 m. S. E. of Frankfort.
Cross-fell, a mountain in Cumberland, Eng. 8
m. E. S. E. of Kirkoswold. Its extreme altitude
IS 2,802 feet. At different elevations there are
two extensive plains; and a third on the summit
contains several hundred acres covered with moss
and other vegetable prodHctions. The view from
this height comprehends a great part of six coun-
ties. A few yards below the summit is a spring
called the Gentleman's Well.
Cross Plains, p. v. Fayette Co. Ken. _
Cross River, p. v. West Chester Co. N. Y.
Cross Roads, villages in Chester Co. Pa. and
Kent Co. Maryland.
Crosswick, p. v. Burlington Co. N. J.
Crotona, or Croton, a seaport of Naples, on the
east coast of Calabria Ulteriore, and a bishop's
see, with a citadel. It has a trade in grain, cheese,
oil, and silk, and is 15 m. S. E. of St. Severine.
Long. 17. 27. E. lat. 39. 9. N.
Crotoy, a town of France, in the department
ofSomme,on the east side of the mouth of the
Somme, 35 m. north-west of ahucjis.
Crouch, a river in Essex, Eng. which rises near
Horndon, and enters the German Ocean between
Burnham and Foulness Island. The Walfleet
and Burnham oysters are the product of its creeks
and pits.
Crowland, a town in Lincolnshire, Eng. Here
was formerly an abbey of great note, and some
stately ruins yet remain. The town consists of
four streets, which jire separated by watercourses,
and connected by a curious triangular bridge for
foot passengers. The chief trade is in fish and
wild ducks, which are plentiful in the adjacent
pools and marshes. It is 11 miles north of Pe-
terborough, and 93 north by west of London.
Pop. in 1821, 2,113.
Crowle, a town in Lincolnshire, Eng. seated on
the Isle of Axholm, near the river Dun, 18 m.
N. of Gainsborough, and 167 N. N. W. of Lon-
don. Pop. in 1821, 1,961.
Crown Point, a fort and town of New York,
in Essex county. The fort was erected by the
French in 1731 , on a point that runs north into
Lake Champlain. It was reduced by the Eng-
lish in 1759, taken by the Americans in 1775
and retaken by the English the year after. It is
123 m. N. of Albany. Pop. 2,041.
Croydon, t. Sullivan Co. N. H. 80 m. fr. Ports
mouth. Pop. 1,057.
Croydon, a town in Surrey, Eng. It has an
hospital and free-school, founded 'oy archbishop
Whitgift ; and in the church are some monu-
ments of the arch-bishops of Canterbury, who had
here an ancient palace; which was alienated from
the see in 1780 : the building and adjoining pre-
mises are now occupied by some cotton manufac-
tures. Croyden, is seated near the source of the
Wandle, 10 miles south of London. Pop. in 1821 , %
9,254.
Crowsville, p.v. Spartanburg Dis. S. C.
Crozen, a town of France, in the department of
Finisterre, situate on the promontory which forms
the south boundary of Brest Harbour, 16 m. N.
W. of Chateaulin. Pop. about 8,000, mostly sail-
ors and fishermen.
Cruachan, Ben, a mountain of Scotland, be-
tween Loch Etive and the north end of Loch
Awe, in Argyleshire. It has two conical peaks,
one of which is 3,962, and the other 3,390 feet
above the level of the sea.
Cruces, a small seaport in the Gulf of Mexico,
about 15 m. W. S. W. of Porto Bello.
Crumlau, or Crumau, a town of Bohemia, in *
the circle of Bechin, with a castle, seated on the
Muldau, 12 m. south by west of Budwois.
Crumlaw, or Cromau, a town of Moravia, in
the circle of Znaim, with a castle, 10 m. N. N.
E. of Znaim.
Cruz, St. a sea-port of Morocco. The Portu-
guese had a fortress here, which was taken from
them by the Moors in 1536, and the emperor
caused it to be destroyed in 1773. The harbour
is safe and commodious. It is seated on a bay of
the Atlantic, 130 miles W. S. W. of Morocco,
and 65 S. of Mogadore. Long. 9. 30. W. lat. 30
28. N.
Cruz, St. a seaport on the south-east side of
Teneriffe, and the general residence of the gov-
ernor of all the Canary Islands. It has a well-
built pier and quay, and is defended by several
forts and batteries. Long. 16. 16. W., and lat. 28.
27. N. ..."
Cmz, St. a town of Peru, capital of a jurisdic-
tion, in the audience of Charcas, and a bishop's
see. The country is woody and mountainous ;
but the town stands in a fertile valley, near the
River Guapaix, 160 miles N. N. E. of Plata. Long.
65. 15. W., lat. 17. 26. S.
Cr2iz, St. a town on the north side of the Island
of Cuba, 50 m. E. of Havana.
Cruz, St. an island in the Pacific Ocean. See
Croce, St.
Cuba, an ishnd of the West Indies lying be
tween the lat. of 19. 42. and 23. 20. N., and ex-
tending from 74. to 85. of W. long. The east
end is bounded by a strait called the Windward
Passage, about 65 m. wide, which dividee it from
the north-west end of Hispaniola ; and the west
end projects into the Gulf of Mexico, being about
100 miles from the promontory of Yucatan on the
south, and the same distance from the promonto-
ry of East Florida on the north. Its mean breadth,
however, does not exceed 75 miles, comprising
an area of about 52,000 square miles or a super-
ficies, nearly equal to that of England and Wales.
The island was first made known to Europeans
by Columbus in 1492; and from the great extent
of its coast from east to west, was at first supposed
to form part of the western continent. It was,
however, ascertiiined to be an island in 1508, by
Nicholas Ovando, who sailed round it in that
CUB
833
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year, and in about three years after it was taken
jpossession of by a Spanish force from Hispaniola,
under the command of Don Diego de Velasquez,
who extirpated the natives ; after which the is-
land remained, with but little interruption, in
possession of the Spaniards, until 1741, when an
unsuccessful attempt was made upon it by the
Enorlish, to whom however it surrendered on the
13th of August, 17')2, after a desperate resistance
of the Si)aniards, for about two months. It was
restored to Spain in the following year, and has
remained in their quiet possession up to 1826, hav-
ing been but little affected by the events which
ii .'> the entire subversion of Spanish domi-
nation over every part of their continental pos-
sessions in the western hemisphere. Since the
period of 1791, when the mania of the French
revolution extended to the neighbouring island of
Hispaniola, numerous planters of that island fled
to Cuba, which has ever since continued to im-
prove in cultivation and increase in population,
and its produce in sugar, coffee, and tobacco,
since the commencement of the present century,
has been very great and progressively increasing.
The tobacco is unequalled in quality, and is chief-
ly made into cigars.
Mountain ridges pervade the whole island, ren-
dering the face of the country exceedingly pic-
turesque. It is tolerably well watered ; and, by
social arrangements and well-directed exertion,
it is capable of maintaining twenty millions of
people in the highest degree of earthly enjoyment.
In the woods are some valuable trees, particularly
cedars of a large size ; and birds abound here,
both in variety and number, more than in any
of the other islands. The soil is fertile, and cattle,
sheep, and hogs are numerous. There are copper
mines in the mountains, and the forests are full
of game. The principal ports are Havana,
and Matanzas, on the north coast, near the west
end ; and St. Jago de Cuba and St. Salvador, on
the south coast, near the east end. In addition
to its staple productions, of sugar, coffee, and
tobacco ; ginger, long pepper, cassia, tamarinds
wild cinnamon, mastic, aloes, honey, &c. Sec. are
abundant.
The lime grows plentifully in this island. It
is produced by a small tree or rather shrub.
Its fruit is a great favourite in the West Indies
and its acid is sharper as well as more cooling
than that of the lemon .
Cuba, a town of Portugal, in Alemtejo, 36 m.
S. by E. of Evora.
Cubagua, a small island off the north coast of
Colombia, between that of Margaretta and Cuma-
na. Here the Spaniards, in 1509, established a
fishery of pearl ; but the banks disappeared in
in 1 524. The island is barren and nitrous. Long.
yi. 10. W ht. 10. 5<). N.
30
Cuban, a river, which issues from the north
side of the Caucasian Mountains, divides Cir-
cassia from part of Taurica, and flows into the
north extremity of the Black Sea, near the en-
trance to the Sea of Asoph; it receives several
tributary streams from the south.
Cuban, or Cuban Tartary, a county in the Rus-
sian province of Taurica ; bounded on the west by
the sea of Taurica, north by the river Don, which
separates it from Europe, east by the desert of
Astracan, and south by the river Cuban, which
divides it from Circassia.
Cuckfield, a town in Sussex, Eng. 13 m. N. W.
of Lewes, and 39 S. by W. of London. Pop. in
1821,2,385.
Cuddalore, a town of Hindoostan, on the coetst
of Carnatic, near the place where Fort St. David
once stood. It was taken by the French in 1758,
and again in 1783. It is 20 miles S. S. W. of
Pondicherry. Long. 79. 55. E., lat. 11.41. N.
Cuddapn, a town of Hindoostan, capital of a
circar of the same name, ceded by Tippoo in
1792, to the nizam of the Deccan. It is 133 m.
N. W. of Madras. Long. 78. 57. E., lat. 14.
23. N.
Cudrefin, a town and bailiwick of Switzerland,
in the canton of Bern, 21 miles west of Bern.
Cuenza, a province of Spain, on the east side
of New Castile, intersected by the River Xucar.
Sq. miles, 11,884. Pop. 294,290.
Cuenza, a city, bishop's see, capital of the
preceding province : is seated on a high and
craggy hill, on the banks of the Xucar, over which
is an elegant stone bridge of five arches. The
cathedral is a stately edifice, besides which there
are several churches and six monasteiies. It is
90 m. E. by S. of Madrid. Pop. about 6,000.
Cuenca, a town of Colombia and capital of a
jurisdiction of the same name in the province of
Quito, bounded on the west by the shore of the
Bay of Guayaquil, and east by the Andes. The
town is situate in a valley, about midway from
the foot of the Andes and the shore of the bay
and 176 miles south by west of the city of Quito,
Pop. about 14,000
Cuernavaca, a town of Mexico, 40 miles south
by west of the city of Mexico on the road to
Acapulco. In the time of Cortes it was the capital
of an independent state. It is situate on the
southern declivity of the Cordilleras 5,400 feet
above the level of the sea. The climate is delight-
ful. ^
Cuiaha, a town of Brazil, in the province of
Matto Grosso, seated on the west bank of the
river Cuiaba, which falls into the Paraguay, in the
long, of 56. W.,and lat. of 15. a5. S. The popu-
lation is estimated at 30,000. There is a tolerably
productive gold mine in the vicinity of the town.
Cuilly, a town of Switzerland, in the canton of
Bern, on the north-east side of the Lake of Gene-
va, eight miles E. S. E. of Lausanne.
Ctdenburg, or Karleribourg, a town of Holland,
in Gelderland, on the south bank of the river
Leok, 16 m. S. S. E. of Utrecht.
Culiacan, a town of Mexico, seated near the
source of a river of the same name, which, after a
course of about 50 miles, falls into the Gulf of
California, in the lat. of 24. 20. N. It is cele-
brated in the Mexican history undei the name of
HueicoUinacan, and as the capital of a popuKms
and fertile district.
Cullcn, a borough of Scotland, in Banffshire, at
the mouth of the Culan or Cullen. It has
manufactures of linen and damask, and a trade in
U 2
CtJM
SS4
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fresh and dried fish. Near it are seen three lofty
spiring rocks, formed of flinty masses, called the
Three Kings of Cullen. It is 13 m. west by north
of Banff. Pop. in 1821 , 1,452.
Cullera, a town of Spain, in Valencia, at the
mouth of the Xucar, 21 m. south of Valencia.
Pop. about 4,000.
Ctilm, a city of Prussia, capital of a palatinate of
the same name, and a bishop's see, with a Catho-
lic university. It is seated on the east bank of the
Vistula. 85 m. south of Dantzic. Long. 18. 30.
E., lat. 53. 24. N.
Culm is also the name of a town in Bohemia,
in the west part of the circle of Saaz. It was
near this place where the French gen'jral Van-
damme was defeated by a corps of Austrians and
Prussians, in August 1813.
Culrnbach, a town of Franconia, formerly the
capital of a principality of the same name. Near
it, on a mountain, stands the fortress of Plassen-
burg, where the archives of the principality were
preserved, but they were removed to Bayreuth in
1783. Culrnbach is seated near the Weiss branch
of the Maine, 13 m. N. N. W. of Bayreuth. Pop.
about 3,800.
Culmore, a town of Ireland, in the county of
Londonderry, on the coast of Lough Foyle, five
m. north by east of Londonderry. It is stated in
a return made to parliament in 1821, to be extra-
parochial, and exempt from tithe, and parish, and
county rate. Pop. in 1821, 6C1.
Culpeper, a county of the E. District of Vir-
ginia, bounded on the north-west by the blue ridge
of the Apalachian Mountains, and on the east by
the Rappahannock River. Fairfax, is the chief
town. Population of the county 24,026.
Culross, a borough of Scotland, in Perthshire,
in a district almost surrounded by Clack manan-
shire. Here is a princely abbey, built in 1217.
It is situate on the frith of Forth, 20 m. south of
Perth, and 21 W. N. W of Edinburgh. Pop. in
1821, 1,611.
Currmna, a sea-port of Colombia, and capital
of the province of Orinoco. It is seated on an
arid sandy plain at the entrance of a spacious
inlet of the Carribcan sea, in the lat. of 16. 12. N.
and 64. 24. W. long. Cumana has suffered much
both by inundations and by earthquakes. On the
14th of Dec. 1707 about four-fifths of the town was
destroyed. It is other ways advantageously situate
for external commerce, which it carries on to
some extent in cotton, cocoa, mules, cattle, &c. in
exchange for the manufactures of Europe gene-
rally. Pop. in 1826, about 20,000.
Cumber, or Comber, a parish and town in the
county of Down, Ireland. The town is pleasant-
ly seated at the head of a small bay of Strangford
Lough. Population of the town in 1821, 1,283,
and of the parish 6,918 more.
Cumberland, a maritime and mountainous coun-
ty of the north of England, bounded on the north
by the river Liddel, which separates it from Scot-
land, and on the east by the counties of Northum-
berland and Durham ; south by those of West-
moreland and part of Lancashire, and east by the
Irish sea. This county contains a good deal of
dreary moor, but some of the valleys intersected
by streams of water and interspersed with lakes
are exceedingly picturesque, and very fertile.
The two principal rivers are the Eden and Der-
went, which abound with salmon and char. The
mountains and moors are rich in minerals, espe-
cially coals and lead. It has also a very valuable
bed of plumbago, or blacklead. Sea Fell, the
highest peak of the mountains, rises to a height of
3,1 66 feet above the level of the sea. Skcddau and
Helvellyn also each rise to heights exceeding
3,000 feet, and five or six others approximate to
3,000 feet. Carlisle is the capital, where some
considerable manufactures of cotton are carried
on. The county also yields a surplus of cattle
and about 200,000 chaldron of coals annually.
The sea-ports are Whitehaven, Workington and
Maryport ; and the principal towns in the interioi,
Aldbton, Cockermouth, Penrith, and Wigton.
Cumberland, is also the name of six counties in
different parts of the United States of North Amer
ica: viz.
1st. In the state of Maine, of which Portland is
the chief town, .and formerly was the seat of gov
ernment of the state. It is a maritime county, its
area not exceeding 700 square miles, comprising a
considerable suriace of lakes. The north-east
corner of the county is bounded by the Kenebec
River. Pop. 60,113.
2nd. At the S. extremity of New Jersey, bor-
dering on Delaware Bay, in the lat. of 39. 15.
to 39. 30. N. Pop. 14,091. Bridgetown is the
capital.
3rd. In the E. District of Pennsylvania, bound-
ed on the north by the Blue Ridge of the Alleghany
Mountains, and on the east by the Susquehanna
River. It is about 35 miles in extent from east to
west, and 15 in mean breadth. Pop. 29,218. Car-
lisle, is the chief town.
4th. In the E. District of Virginia, extending
south from James River for 28 miles, to the Ap-
pomattax River. The mean breadth of this county
does not exceed eight miles. Carterville is the
chief town. Pop. 11,689.
5th. In the interior of North Carolina, intersect-
ed by Cape Fear River. Pop. 14,824. Fayette-
ville is the chief town.
6th. In Kentucky, bordering on Tennessee, in
tersected by the Cumberland River. Pop. 8,636
Burkesville is the chief town.
Cumberland, p.t. Providence Co. R. I. Pop.
3,675. Also towns in Pa. and Va.
Cuviberland River, which gives name to three of
the above counties, rises on the west side of the
Cumberland Ridge of mountains, which divide
the south-east end of the state of Kentucky from
that of Virffinia, in the lat. of 37. N., runs west
for about 1§0 miles, when it leaves the state of
Kentucky in a southerly direction, at the south-
west corner of Cumberland County, into the state
of Tennessee, through which it runs a course of
about 150 m., when it re-enters the state of Ken-
tucky in a north-west direction, and, after a fur-
ther course of about 60 miles, falls into the Ohio
about 50 miles above the entrance of that river
into the Mississippi. From the source of the
Cumberland River to its conflux with the Ohio,
the distance in a direct line is 300 miles, being
deg. of long, between 82. 15. and 88. 15. in the
lat. of 37. N. but the distance by the course and
windings of the stream is near 600 miles, 500 of
which it is navigable for batteaux of 14 or 15 tons
burthen.
Cumherland Ridge, is the most westerly of tne
Apalachian chain of mountains, and extends from
the frontier of Georgia in the lat. of 35. N. in a
E. N. E. direction, through the state of Tennessee,
flanking the south-east end of the state of Ken-
tucky, into Tazeville County, in the state of Vir-
ginia, in the lat. of 37. 20. N. where it terminates
in several knolls, which give rise to the streams
that form the Big Sandy River.
CUR
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Cumberland, an island on the coast of Georgia ;
the most southern territory of the United States
on the Atlantic Ocean, previous to their posses-
sion of the Floridas in July 1821. It is 15 miles
long and two broad. Opposite its south extremity
is the island of Amilla, and between them is the
entrance to St. Mary's River, n the lat. of 30.
39. N.
Cumberland, a town and fort of British Ameri-
ca, in a county of the same name, forming the
isthmus which unites Nova Scotia to New Bruns-
wick. The fort is situate at the head of the bay of
Fundy, on the east side of its northern branch,
called Chignecto Bay. The isthmus is here about
15 miles across, easily admitting a canal to unite
the Bay of Fundy with the Gulf of St. Lawrence.
Long. G4. 10. W., lat 45. 45. N.
Cumberland House, a station of the Hudson
Bay Company, in the country of the Knisteneaux
Indians, on the south-west side of Pine Island
Lake, in the lat. of 54. N. and 102. of W. long.
Cumbo, or Combo, a kingdom on the west coast
of Africa, south of the river Gambia. The Por-
tuguese have a settlement at Cacheo.
Cumbray, Great and Little, two islands of Scot-
land, at the entrance of the frith of Clyde, to the
south-east of the isle of Bute. The former is six
miles in circumference, has excellent freestone
quarries, and the ruins of a cathedral dedicated to
St. Columba. The latter lies a little to the south
of the other, and on it is a lighthouse. Long. 4.
47. W., lat. 55 45. N. They are included in the
county of Bute. Pop. in 1821, 657.
Cumirna, a town of Piedmont, 12 miles south-
west of Turin. Pop. about 4,500.
Cumly, a fort and town of Hindoostan, in Ca-
nara, seated between two rivers, at their entrance
into a salt water lake, which is separated from the
sea by a spit of sand. On the opposite side of the
south river is the town of Kanyapura, to which it
was formerly joined by a bridge. It is 15 m. S by
E. of iVIangalore.
Cummington, p.t. Hampshire Co. Mass. 102 m.
W. Boston. Pop. 1,260.
Cumree, t. Berks Co. Pa.
Cundinamarca, one of the four great divisions
into which the new republican territory of Colom-
bia was first divided ; but since the division of
1823, when the country was divided into twelve
provinces, it forms the central and metropolitan
province of the republic. See Bogota.
Cupar, a borough of Scotland, capital of Fife-
shire. Here are manufactures of coarse linens,
and a considerable tannery. It is seated in a rich
valley, on the north side of the Eden, eight miles
west by south of St. Andrew, and 30 N. N. E. of
Edinburg. Pop. of the parish in 1821, 5,892
Cupar, in Angus, a town of Scotland, partly in
Forfar, but chiefly in Perthshire, with a consider-
able linen manufactory and tannery. It is seat-
ed on the Isla, 12 miles north-west of Dundee, and
13 N. N. E. of Perth. Pop. 1821, 2,622.
Curasao, an island in the Carribean Sea, lying
off the coast of Colombia, near the entrance to the
Gulf and Lake Maracaibo, 35 miles long and 12
broad, subject to the Dutch. It produces sugar,
tobacco, and salt ; has numerous warehouses,
which used formerly to supply the adjacent coast
with the productions of Europe and Asia, and
which still continue to do so to some extent. In
1800 some French having settled on part of the is-
land, and becoming at variance with the Dutch,
the latter surrendered the island to a single British
frigate. It was restored to the Dutch, by the
peace of 1802, and taken from them by a British
squadron in 1807, and again restored by the peace
of 1814. The principal town is St. Peter, at the
north-east extremity of the island. Long. 69. 15.
W., lat. 12. 52. N.
Curico, the tenth in order to the provinces of
Chile, the chief town of the same name is about
100 m. from the sea, in the lat. of 35. S., on the
road from Concepcion to Santiago.
Curia Muria, an island on the coast of Arabia
Felix, opposite the mouth of the river Prim. Long.
55. 25. E., lat. 17. 0. N.
Curisch Huff, a lake or bay of Prussia, separa-
ted from the Baltic 3ea by a tongue of land, 70
miles in extent, in a N. N. E. direction but not
more than from two to three miles wide ; the HaflT
is about 30 miles wvde at the south end, pro-
gressively narrowing to about a mile only at its
outlet into its sea at Mennel.
Cvrrah, a town of Hindoostan, in Allahabad,
on the south bank of the Ganges, 36 m. north
west of Allahabad.
Current, a township in Lawrence Co. Arkan-
sas.
Currinsville, p. v. Clearfield Co. Pa.
Currituck, a maritime country at the north-east
extremity of North Carolina, the north end border-
ing on the Great Dismal Swampof Virginia, and
the south end on Albemarle Sound. This was
formerly a very dreary district, but some of the
land within the present century has been render-
ed very productive in rice. Pop. 7,654. The
county gives name to one of the inlets into Albe-
marle Sound.
Curupa, a town of Brazil, in the government of
Para, seated on the south bank of the main chan-
nel of the Amazon, 250 miles west of Para. Long
53. 10. W., lat. 1. 50. S.
Curzola, an island in the Gulf of Venice, on
the coast of Dalmatia, about 26 miles long. It
abounds in wood proper for building ships, and
produces good wine . At the east end is a forti-
fied town of the same name, with a good harbour,
Long. 17. 10. E., lat. 43. 6. N.
Cusco, or Cuzco, a city of Peru, and a bishop's
see, formerly the capital of the Incas, supposed to
have been first founded by Manco Capac, in 1043.
The Spaniards, under Pizarro, took possession of
it in 1534. On a mountain contiguous to the
north part of the city are the ruins of a fort and
palace of the Incas, the stones of which are of an
enormous magnitude. Cuzco is built in a square
form, in the middle of which is the best market
in all America : four large streets, which are
perfectly straight, terminate in the square. It
contains nine churches besides the cathedral,
which is a noble structure. The number of in-
habitants is about 30,000, of which one-half are
original Americans. Streams of water run through
the town, which are a great conveniency in a
country where it seldom rains. It is seated near
the source of a river falling into the Pilcomayo,
on the east side of the first collateral ridge of the
Andes, 350 miles east by south of Lima. Long.
71.47. W., lat. 1.3. 20. S.
Cusldng, t. Lincoln Co. Me. Pop. 681.
Citssnt, a town of France, in the departmenfdf
Allier, 37 miles south by east of Moulins. Pop.
about 4,000.
Cuslee, a town of Bengal, on the south bank
of the main branch of the Ganges, 100 miles
north by east of Calcutta. It has considerable
manufactures of silk.
Cuslrin, a fortified town of Brandenburg, capi-
cyp
936
CZE
^
Uil of the New Mark, with a castle. In 17C0 it
was bombarded and almost destroyed by the
Russians, and in 1806 it was taken by the French.
It is seated amid morasses, at the conflux of the
Warta with the Oder, 46 m. east by north of
Berlin.
Cutais, the chief town of Imeritia. The re-
mains of the cathedral seem to prove that it was
once a considerable place. It is seated on the
Riona, 120 miles west by north of Teflis. Long.
43. 0. E., lat. 42. ^'>. N.
Cutch, a country of Ilindoostan, governed by a
rajah, and situate on the south-east of Sind ; the
east branch of the Indus separated the two coun-
tries. It extends along the north coast of the
Gulf of Cutch, and is separated from Guzerat by
the river Ban. It abounds witii hills, woods, and
sandy wilds. The capital is Booge-booge, in the
lat. of 23. 16. N., and 69. 2. of E. long.
Cuttack, a maritime district of Hindoostan, ex-
tending from Lake Chilca in the lat. of 19. 30. N.
to the Subunreeka River which separates it from
Bengal in the lat. of 21. 30. N., being bounded on
the west by the province of Orissa. The rivers
Coyle, Nuddy and Mahanuddy intersect it from
west to east. It is a very fertile district, and has
numerous and extensive manufactures of cotton ;
but is more particularly celebrated as the chief
district of Hindoo devotees, and containing the
temple of Jagarnaut. The chief town of the
same name, sometimes called
Cuttack Benares is seated on an island formed
by the Mahanuddy River, about fifty miles from
the sea, in the lat of 20. 30. N. and 86. 10. of E.
long. Besides Jagernaut the other places of note
are Balasore, Masulipatam and Jagepoor. This
district was familiar to the Mahomedans as early
as the commencement of the thirteenth century,
but continued in possession of the Hindoos till
1569, when it surrendered to Solyman Kerang,
who annexed it to Bengal. In 1757 it was ceded
to the Nagpore Mahrattas, and fell into the pos-
session of the English in 1803. Population about
1,200,000.
Cutterah, a town of Hindoostan in the province
of Oude, 2o miles south by eiist of Bereilly, cele-
brated for a decisive battle fought in its vicinity
on the I8th of April, 1774, between the Rohillas
and the British.
Cuxhaven, a sea-port of Lower Saxony, in the
Duchy of Bremen, situate near the point of the
promontory formed by the mouths of the rivers
Weser and Elbe. It is an insignificant place, but
rendered of some importance as the station of the
post office packets between England and the north
of Europe. It is 60 miles N. N. W. of Hamburg.
Lat. 53. 50. N., and 8. 40. of E. long.
Cuyahoga, a stream of Ohio falling into Lake
Erie at Cleaveland. The great Ohio Canal , passes
along this river and joins the Lake at its mouth.
See Ohio Canal.
Cuyahoga, a county of Ohio bordering upon
Lake Erie at the outlet of the above stream. Pop.
10,360. Cleaveland is the capital.
Cycladcs, the ancient name of ten islands at
the entrance of the Grecian Archipelago, between
36. and 38. of N. lat.
Cynthiana, p.t. Harrison Co. Ken. Also a
township in Posey Co. Ind.
Cyprus, an island at the eastern extremity of
the Mediterranean Sea, lying off" the coast of
Syria, from which the eastern extremity of the
island is distant 70 miles. It is 165 miles in ex-
treme length, and 50 wide in its broadest part.
but its mean breadth does not exceed 30 miles,
giving an area of about 5,000 square miles, inter-
sected by mountains and streams of water. The
mountains are of considerable elevation, and the
tops of some of them are covered with snow a
great part of the year. The principal river runs
from west to east, and is called the Pedia. Dur-
ing the national career of Egypt, Persia, Greece,
and Rome, Cyprus was the resort of the learned,
gay, refined, and vicious, of those nations. Its
preeminence declined with the fall of the Roman
Empire, and from its being the abode of all that
was refined in art, and voluptuous in every spe-
cies of indulgence, yielding to a numerous pop-
ulation abundance of every thing necessary to
subsistence and a variety of the most delicious
fruits ; it rapidly became a wilderness in compar-
ison with its previous fertility, overrun by tribes
of Arabs, who were driven from the island during
the crusades, at the close of the twelfth century
by Richard I. of England, who assumed the title
of king of Cyprus. In 1480 it fell into the hands
of the Venetians, at which period it is made the
place and scene of a drama by the English dra-
matic poet, Shakspeare. The Venetians surren-
dered it to the Turks in 1570, in whose possession
up to 1826 it still continued. Its present popula-
tion is supposed not to exceed 60,000, about one-
third of whom are Turks, and the remainder
Greeks, who have three bishops and one arch-
bishop. The principal towns are Pafo, or Bafa,
at the west end ; Massarea, and Mancorta, or Fam-
agousta, at the mouth of the Pedea towards the
east end ; and Cerina, on the north coast of the
island, and Lesscossia, or Viconia, the capital in
the interior. Cyprus is still rich by nature, in
mineral, animal and vegetable productions : the
vine and olive, with a variety of other plants and
flowers, esculent, ambrosial and medicinal, lux-
uriate in a perfection equal to any part of the
world, and superior to most parts. The wines
possess a strong aperient quality, and require for-
ty years to duly qualify them for the palate. The
inhabitants carry on various manufactures in silk,
cotton, and wool, and their carpets are deservedly
esteemed for the variety, richness, and beauty of
their colour.
Cyr, St. a village of France, two miles from
Versailles, celebrated for an abbey founded by
Madame de Maintenon, who was the abbess till
her death in 1719.
*^* There are a number of towns and villages
of this name in different parts of France, but all
inconsiderable.
Cz. For places sometimes written with Cz, see
Cs and Tsch.
Czaslav, or Tohaslau, a circle of Bohemia, bor-
dering on Moravia, the N. end jetting upon th«»
Elbe ; containing about 800 square miles of terri
tory. It is intersected from east to west by the
Yasawa, which river falls into the Moldau, and
from north to south by another river which falls
into the Elbe. Pop. about 180,000, chiefly agri-
cultural. The chief town of the same name is
seated in the north part of the circle, 8 miles S.
of the Elbe, and 45 E. N. E. of Prague. The
church has the highest tower of Bohemia. Near
this place the king of Prussia gained a victory
over the Austrians in 1742.
CzenMochotc, or Czestochow, a town of Prus-
sian Poland, near the frontier of Silicia and the
source of the Warta ; near which there is a cele-
brated convent, fortified and garrisoned. It sus-
tained a seige against the Swedes in 1657, and
DAG
837
'it!*
DAH
near it a battle was fou£rht in 1665. between the
royal army of Poland and Lnbomirski, to the dis-
advantacre of the former. It was srarrisoned by
the French in 1812. It is 50 m. "N. N. W. of
Cracow.
Czcrcossi, or St. Czyrkossy, a town of Russia,
in the Ukraine, with a castle, seated near the
Dneiper, 85 m. S. E. of Kiow. Long. 32. 5. E.,
lat. 49. 20. N.
Czernetz, a town of European Turkey, in
Walachia, near the Danube, 140 m. W. by N. of
Bucharest.
Czcrnstz, or Kasckau, a town of Carniola, re-
markable for its lake, which produces grass and
corn every year. The lake is surrounded by
mountains, and in dry seasons is from 20 to 26
miles in circumference ; but when full it is 40
miles round, and contains several islands, on the
laro'est of which is a village. When the water
subsides, buck-wheat is sown on the dry parts,
and becomes ready for the sickle in six weeks,
and the pasturage is not hurt by the water if it
does not stay too long. The town is sitnatc at
the north part of the lake, 20 m. S. by W. of
Lay bach.
Czcrnigov, or Tckemigov, a government of Eu-
ropean Russia, bounded on the west by the Dnies-
ter. The chief town of the same name is seated
on the north bank of the Desna, which falls into
the Dniester, 450 m. S. S. W. of Moscow, and
75 N. by E. of Kiev. Pop. about 5,000.
Czersko, a town of Prussian Poland, in the
palatinate of Masovia, seated on the west bank
of the Vistula, 30 m. S. S. E. of Warsaw.
Czertceniza, a town of Upper Hungary, famous
for mines of opal, a noble gem not yet discovered
in any other region of the globe. It is 15 m. N.
of Cassovia.
Czongrodt, or .IJt-Czonsrrad, a town of Hun-
gary, at the influx of the Theiss and Korosh, 13
m. N. of Zegedin.
Cz begins the names of several other towns in
Poland, Russia and Austria.
D
DABER, a town of Hither Pomerania, in a
circle of its name, 16 m. N. N. E. of Stargard.
Dahul, a town of Hindoostan, on the coast of
Concan, with a trade in pepper and salt, seated at
the snoiith of a river, 75 m. S. by E. of Bombay.
Long. 72. 54. E., lat. 17. 50. N.
Dacca, a district of Bengal, lying between the
main branch of the Ganges and the Burrampooter
rivers. The chief town of the same name is seat-
ed on the banks of a small river, which commu-
nicates with the Burrampooter. It was once the
capital of Bengal, and defended by a strong fort-
ress, the remains of which appear. It has a vast
trade in muslins and other cotton manufactures
of the most delicate texture, manufactured from
the cotton produced in the province. The coun-
try round Dacca lies low, and is always covered
with verdure during the dry months. It is 150
miles north-east of Calcutta. Long. 90. 32. E.,
lat. 23. 42. N.
Darhdu, a town of Bavaria, where the king has
a palace seated on a hill near the river Ammer,
10 m. N. N. W. of Munich.
Dag-elet's Island, an island about nine miles in
circumference, in the Japanese Sea, at about an
equal distance from the tsle of Niphon and the
Coast of the Corea, in the lat. of 37. 25. N. It
was visited by La Perouse. It abounds with tim-
ber, which the Coreans are supposed to use in
buil ding of boats.
Daa-cnharn, a village of Essex, England, on the
north bank of the Thames, from the tide-water of
which it is secured by an embankment. In 170.3
the embankment gave way, and inundated .5,000
acres of ground, which were reclaimed in 1715.
lkiirhestan,?L province of Georgia, lying between
the west shore of the Caspian Sea and the Cau-
casian mountains. It is intersected by several
small rivers falling into the Caspian. The inhab-
itants are a brave and hardy race, and successful-
ly resisted the arms of Nadir Shah in 1743. Its
sovereignty is claimed by Russia, but the resolute-
ness of the inhabitants renders it nominal rather
than real. It has two considerable towns, Tasker
and Derbent, on the shores of the Caspian. It is
a fertile district, and under social institutions
might be made an agreeable country. It is inter
sected by the line of 42. of N. lat.
Dago, or Dagao, an island in the Baltic, on the
coast of Livonia, seven miles north of the Isle of
Oesel, near the entrance to the Gulf of Finland.
It is 20 miles in circumference, and has two cas-
tles, called Dagerwort and Paden. Long. 22. 56.
E., lat. 58.44. N.
Dagon. See Ragoon.
Dagsborough, p.t. Sussex Co. Del.
Dahl, the finest river of Sweden , which flows
through Dalecarlia, or Dalarne, and on the south
confines of Gastricia, and enters the Gulf of Bothnia
south of Gefle. Near Escarleby, not far from its
mouth, it forms a celebrated cataract, little inferi
or to that of the Rhine atLauffen.
Dahlak, an island in the Red Sea, near the north
end of the coast of Abyssina, 40 miles long and
six broad. It is fertile, populous, and renmrkable
for a pearl fishery. The inhabitants are blacks,
and great enemies to the Mahometans. Long. 40,
10. E., lat. 15. 44. N.
Dalme, a town of Prussia, at the south extremi
tv of the middle mark, 45 m. S. of Berlin. Pop.
about 3,000.
Da/iomey, a kingdom of Guinea, supposed to
reach 180 miles inland. The country is fertile,
yielding a plentiful supply of farinaceous vegeta-
bles and tropical fruits ; also indigo, cotton, su-
gar-cane, tobacco, palm-oil and a variety of spi-
ces. The religion of Dahomey consists of a jum-
ble of superstitious ceremonies, of which it is im-
possible to convey any satisfactory idea. The
king of Dahomey is under a partial subjection to
the king of the Eyeos. The government is per-
haps the most perfect despotism in the world ; for
the policy admits of no intermediate degree of
subordination between king and slave, at least in
the royal presence, where the prime minister
prostrates himself with as much abject submission
as the meanest subject. The king maintains &
considerable standing army, commanded by an
agaow, or general, and their subordinate ofiicers,
who must hold themselves in readiness to take
the field at the command of the sovereign. On
extraordinary occasions, all the males able to bear
DAL
238
DAM
arms are obliged to repair tx) the general's stan-
dard ; every caboceer marching at tlie head of
his own people. Sometimes the Iting takes the field
at the head of his troops ; and on very great em-
ergencies at the head of liis women. In the differ-
ent royal palaces, in Dahomey, are immured not
less than 3,000 women ; several iiundreds of whom
are trained to arms, under a female general and
other officers. The general character of the Da-
homans is marked by a mixture of ferocity and po-
liteness; the former appears in the treatment of
their enemies ; the latter they possess far above
the African nations witli whom Europeans have
hitherto had any intercourse. The leopard and
hysena are common in tliis part of Africa, and
commit great ravages, as sometimes do also a spe-
cies of white ant. Grewlio, or Grivvhce,in the lat.
ofG. 17. N., and 3. G. of E. long, is the principal sea
port. Pop. about 6,500. Abomey, about 90 m.
inlan I is the capital.
Dufhcattie, a village of Scotland, 12 miles east
by north of Kirkcudbright. It stands near the
mouth of the Urr,in Solway Frith, and has a con-
venient harbour for small vessels.
Dahlia, a town of Sweden, capital of Dalia, sit-
uate on the south-west side of Lake Wener, GO
m. north by east of Gotheburg.
Dalecarlia, or DaJarne, an interior province of
Sweden, in the division of Sweden Proper, be-
tween Nordland and the mountains of Norway.
It is 270 m. long, and from 40 to 120 broad. The
principal productions are wood, corn, and hemp ;
and it contains many mountains, in which are
mines of silver, copper, and iron. The capital is
Fahlun. The manners of the people are distinct
from tnose of other parts of Sweden.
Daletoinn, p.v. Wilcox Co. Alab.
Dalheiro, a town of the Netherlands, in the
duchy of Limberg, capital of a territory of the
same name, seated near the Meuse, 15 m. N. W.
of Limburg.
Dalen, a town of German)', in the duchy of Ju-
liers, situate on the Bervine, which falls into the
Meuse, 15 m. N. N. ^\ . of Juliers. Pop, about
3,700.
Dalia, Daland, or Dalsfand, a province of Swe-
den, in Gothland, to the west of W'ermeland
and Lake Wener. It is eighty-five miles long
and forty broad. The north part is full of moun-
tains, forests, and lakes ; but to the south it
produces corn sufficient for the inhabitants. Cat-
tle, fish, butter, and cheese are the chief articles.
The capital is Daleburg, or Amal, on the shore of
the lake.
Dalkeith, a town of Scotland, in Edinburgshire,
■with a great market, for corn and oatmeal. Here
is Dalkeith house, the magnificent seat of the
duke of Buc« leugh. It is seated on a strip of
land between the north and south Esk, six miles
south-east of Edinburgh. Pop. in 1821, 5,1(;9.
Dalia, or DellM,, a district of lowland at tlie Del-
ta of the Irrawaddy River; a town of the same
name on the east bank of the main branch of the
river, about 40 miles W. S. W. of Rangoon,
manufactures a great quantity of salt. The soil
is capable of being rendered very productive. It
is at present much infested with wild animals.
Dallas, a county of Alabama. Pop. 14,017.
Cahawba is the chief town. Also a township in
Luzerne Co. Pa.
DalnuUia, a country of Europe stretching in a
north-west direction, from the lat. of 42. to 44.
N., along the east shore of the Adriatic Sea. It is
a i»ountry of great antiquity, and formerly extend-
ed inland to the lat. of 45. 39. N. and included
parts jf Croatia, Bosnia, and Albania: the whole
was incorporated with Hungary in the twelfth
century. The Venetians afterwards made inroads
upon the sea-coast, and in the 15th century the
whole country, now commonly called Dalmatia,
became subject to that republic. It was ceded to
Austria by the treaty of Campo Formio in 1797;
Austria ceded it to France in 1805. It fell again
into the possession of Austria at the general par-
titioning of 1814. This portion of Dalmatia,
which IS all now understood by that name, has
about 200 miles of sea coast, within the latitude
above mentioned, being about 40 miles in meafi
breadth, which gives an area of about 8 000
square miles, and is supposed to contain 350,(!0tf
inhabitants. It is bounded on the east by the Bo-
cana River, which separates it from Albania, and
on the north by Bosnia and Croat'a ; west by Mor-
lachia. It has several islaiids lying oft" the coast,
the principal of which are Brazza, Lessena, Car-
zola, Sabonelio and Meleda. It has some moun-
tainous territory, containing marble, gypsum, iron
and other minerals ; but parts are very fertile, and
the mulberry, vine, and olive, flourish in consid-
erable luxuriance. The principal river is the
Narenta, which ris-js in Bosnia, and either this or
the Bocana might easily be united with collateral
branches of the Save, near its union with the
Danube, and thereby open a water communica-
tion by means of the latter, with the Black Sea ,
on one side, and the interior of Germany on the
other, but military despotism and catholic subju-
gation are incompatible with social improvements.
The principal towns on the coast are Cattaro, Ra-
gusa, and Spalatro, and in the interior Krin and
Mostar. '■
Dairy, a village of Scotland, in Ayrshire, 7 m.
N. N. W. of Irvine. It has a cotton manufac-
ture, and near it are valuable coal mines, and
a strong sulphureous spring. Pop. in 1821, 3,313.
Dalsland. See Dalia.
Dalton, a town in Lancashire, Eng. Here are
the remains of an ancient castle, and near it are
the magnificent ruins of Furness abbey. It is
seated in a champaign country, not far from the
sea, six miles S. W. of Ulverston, and 2G5 N. N.
W. of London. Pop. in 1821, 714.
Dalton, p.t. Coos Co. N. H. on the Connect!
cut, at the 15 mile falls. Pop. 532.
Dalton, p.t. Berkshire Co. Mass. Pop. 791.
Damanhar, a town of Egypt, near the canal ot
Alexandria, .32 m. E. S. E. of Alexandria.
Daviar, a town of Arabia Felix, in Yemen,
with a university, 00 m. S. by E. of Sana.
Damariscutta, a river of Maine flowing into the
sea between Penobscot and Casco Bays.
Damascus, or (as it is called by the Arabs)
Sham, a city of Syria, capital of a Turkish pacha-
lic, and the see of^ a Greek archbi«hop. The form
is an exact square, each side being a mile and a
half long, and is supposed to contain from 180,
000 to 200,000 inhabitants, among whom are great
numbers of Christians and Jews. It has three
walls, now almost entirely ruined ; and of the
several suburbs which it formerly had, there re
mains only one, which extends three miles in
length. Several streams flow across the fertile
plains of Damascus, which water all the gardens,
supply the public fountains, and are carried into
every house. The houses are built of wood, with
their fronts inward, where there is a court ; in-
the streets there are only walls to be seen, but the '
insides are richly adorned. The most remarkubla
• «
DAM
239
DA»
buildings are the caravanserais, which consist of
long galleries supported by marble pillars, and
surrounding a large square court. The castle is
like a little town, having its own streets and hous-
es : and the famous Damascus steel was kept here
in a magazine. The mosques, of which there
are about 200, are extremely handsome edifi-
cies, the most stately of which was a christian
church. One street runs across the city and sub-
urbs in a direct line, on each side of which are
shops, where all sorts of rich merchandise are
sold. Several manufactures are carried on here,
among which that of sabres and knives has been
the most famous. Damascus is one of the most
ancient places existing ; it is mentioned by Abra-
ham 1917 years before the christian era, as the
place near which he encountered the forces of
Chedorlaomer king of Elam, (Persia,) and res-
cued his nephew Lot with considerable treasure,
which the Elamites had taken from the cities of
the plain. It afterwards became the capital of
an independent kingdom, and at a later period
became subject to the Jews. It was conquered
by the Romans ; and after the fall of the Roman
empire, Damascus became the seat of the grand
caliph of tlie Sarticens, who surrendered it to the
Turkish emperor Selim, the third of the Otto-
man dynasty about 1515. It has continued sub-
ject to the Turks since that time. The pachalic
which extends from the desert of Arabia, through
five degrees of latitude to Aleppo, is considered
the most valuable and important of all the Turk-
ish possessions. The pacha makes an annual
journey to Mecca, as the representative of the
grand seignior. (See Si/ria.) Damascus is seated
sixty miles from the sea, at Berut, in the lat. of
33. 30. N., 130 miles N. N. E. of Jerusalem, and
170 S. by W. of Aleppo.
Damascus, towns in Wayne Co. Pa., Frederick
Co. Md., and Logan Co. Ohio.
Damaun, a sea-port of Ilindoostan, in the
country of Baglana, at the entrance of the Gulf
of Cambay. Aurungzebe besieged it about the
middle of the seventeenth century, with an army
of 40,000 men ; but the garrison sallying out on
a part of his camp, guarded by 200 elephants, so
terrified those animals by their fire-arms, that they
turned on their masters, and trampled to death
half his army. The Persees (see BarJni) have a
celebrated temple here. It is subject to the Por-
tuo-uese, and is sixty miles south of Surat. Long.
72. 47. E., lat. 20. 18. N.
Damegan, or Damgan, a town of Persia, seated
near the south shore of the Caspian Sea, in the
district of Mazenderan. It is supposed once to
have been the seat of government of the Parthian
empire. It is 90 m. east by south of Ferrabad,
and 300 north by east of Ispahan.
Damgartin, or Damqard, a town of Hither
Pomerania, with a castle-seated at the mouth of
the Recknitz, 18 m. W. of Stralsund.
Damietta, a town of Egypt, and a Greek arch-
bishop's see, with a good harbour, atone of the
eastern mouths of the Nile. It has several
squares, various grand mosques, and public baths
faced with marble. The rice mezelaoui, the
finest in Egypt, is cultivated in the neighbouring
plains. Here are likewise Indian stuffs, silk, sal
ammoniac, wheat, &c. The Christians of Aleppo
and Damascus carry on the principal trade, the
Turks being indolent, and contenting themselves
with occasional extortions. During the crusades,
Damietta was frequently an object of contention.
It surrendered to the French in 1798, since which
period it has been on the decline. It is about
ninety miles east of Alexandria, the same
distance north by east of Cairo, in the lat. of 31.
26. N., and 31. 50. of E. long. Pop. about 30,000.
Damvi, a town of Further Pomerania, which
has a considerable trade in steel manufactures. It
is seated at the south end of a lake of the same
name, near the mouth of the Oder, 8 m. E. S. E.
of Stettin. Pop. about 2,000.
Damme, a town of the Netherlands, in Flan-
ders, seated on the canal between Sluys and
Bruges, 5 m. N. by E. of Bruges.
Damme, or Jlppingedam, a town of Holland, in
Groningen, seated on the Damster, near the
mouth of the Ems, 14 miles N. E. of Groningen.
Dampier's Land, in the lat. of 19. S., on the
west coast of New Holland, so called from a nav-
igator of that name, who visited it in 1688, and
who reported having discovered a large river or
deep inlet of the sea in that part, but the assertion
yet remains to be confirmed.
Dan, a river of North Carolina, rising in Vir-
ninia and falling into the Roanoke near Mecklen-
burg.
Dana, t. Worcester Co. Mass. Pop. 623.
Danhury, a village in Essex, England, 5 m. E.
of Chelmsford, and 16 W. of the sea. It stands
on the highest ground in the county, and the
spire of the church serves as a sea-mark. Pop. in
1821, 1,005.
Danhury, t. Graflon Co. N. H. 93 m. from Bos-
ton. Pop. 786.
Danhury, a town of Connecticut, in Fairfield
County. This town, with a large quantity of
military stores, was burnt by the British in 1777.
It is 20 miles N. N. W. of Fairfield, and 65 N. N.
E. of New York. Pop. 4,325.
Danby, p.t. Rutland Co. Vt. Pop. 1,362.
Dancali, a country in the east part of Abyssinia,
at the entrance to the Red Sea. The soil is un-
productive ; and its chief riches consist in fossil
salt and honey. It is governed by a prince nomi-
nally tributary to the negus, or emperor of Abys-
sinia. Bailor is the principal town.
Dandridge, p.t. Jefferson Co. Ten.
Danielsville, p. v. Spotsylvania Co. Va. and Mad-
ison Co. Geo.
Danger, Isles of, three islands in the Pacific
Ocean, seen by Byron in 1765, but so surrounded
by rocks and breakers, that it was unsafe to land.
The commodore supposed them to be the islands
seen by Quiros, in the beginning of the seven-
teenth century, and named Solomon's Islands.
Long. 169. 28. W., lat. 10. 15. S.
Dannemora, or Dammora, the most celebrated
iron mine in Sweden. It produces from four to
five thousand tons of iron of the very best quality
annually. It is about thirty miles N. of Upsal.
Dannenhurg, a town of Lower Saxony, in the
duchy of Luneburg, capital of a district of the
same name ; seated on the Jetze, near the Elbe,
30 m. E. by S. of Luneburg.
Dansville, p.t. Steuben Co. N. Y. Pop. 1,728.
Dantzic, a city of Europe, very advantageously
located on the west bank of the Vistula, about five
miles above its entrance into the Baltic Sea, in
the lat of 54. 21. N., and 18. 38. of E. long. It
is supposed to have been first founded by the
Danes in the twelfth century, and for some time
continued afiee and independent city. In 1454
it became subject to Poland, retaining, however,
all its municipal institutions, and long continued
to rank as the chief commercial city of the north
of Europe, included in the Hanseatic league. At
DAN
240
DAR
the commencement of the eighteenth century it
contained upwards of 100,000 inhabitants, more
than 20,000 of whom were carried off by a pest in
1701). In 1734 it offered protection to Stanislaus,
king of Poland, when it was besieged by the Rus-
sians and Saxons, to whom it was forced to sur-
render. In 1793 it was taken possession of by a
Prussian force, who held it till 1807, when, after
a long siege, it surrendered to the French, who,
in their turn, were forced to surrender it to a uni-
ted Russian and Prussian force, after the disaster-
ous campaign of 1812-13, and in the following
year (1814) it was confirmed in full sovereignty to
rrussia. The easy navigation of the Vistula, and
three or four considerable collateral rivers which
intersect an extensive and fertile country, affords
to Dantzic great commercial advantages. The
chief product of the interior country is grain, of
which article Dantzic has occasionally exported
500,000 quarters per annum, and the vicinity of the
city contains some extensive granaries. It is al-
so capable of affording very large supplies, of'
timber, pearl-ash, flax, and hemp. It has several
yards for ship building, but its commercial activi-
ty has of late years very much declined. It has
upwards of twenty churches, chiefly Lutheran,
and several other public buildings. It is nearly
surrounded by water, and two streams intersect
the city, dividing it into three parts. The fortifi-
cations are very strong by nature, and rendered
formidable by art. Il is 90 m. W. S. W. of Kon-
isburg, 2.50 N. E. of Berlin, and 190 N. by W. of
Warsaw. Pop. iu 1825, 52,820.
Danube, or Donau, (the lower part called Ister
by Strabo,) the noblest river of Europe ; has its
source in the territory of the grand duke of Baden
on the eastern confines of the Black Forest, in the
lat. of48. N , and 8. 15. of E. long. It pursues
a winding course in a N. N. E. direction to Ulm,
where it receives the Iller from the south, and be-
comes navigable. From Ulm it bears north into
Bavaria, to the lat. of 49. at Ratisbon, previously
receiving the united waters of the Wartascl* and
Loch from the south, and before passing Ratisbon
it receives the waters of the Altmucht and of the
Nab from the north. From Ratisbon it bears to
the south, past Ilstadt into Austria, previously re-
ceiving the Iser, Inn, and Salza, all from the
south.
Its course through the archduchy of Austria,
past Vienna to Prcsburg, is rather circuitous;
from Presburg it runs E. by N. for about 100 m.
receiving several streams from the Carpathian
mountain, when it takes a course due south
through the heart of Lower Hungary, past Buda,
for IGO miles to the lat. of 45. 25. Here it re-
ceives the waters of the Drave from the west,
and again bears to the east, receiving the Theiss,
which divides Upper and Lower Hungary from
the north, and the Save from the west at Bel-
grade. From Belgrade it forms the boundary be-
tween Hungary and Servia, then bears S. sepa-
rating Bulgaria from Walachia, receiving nume-
rous streams, both from the north and south. It
again bears north to Galatz, near wh^ch it re-
ceives the waters of the numerous rivers of Mol-
davia and Bessarabia, falling into the Black Sea
on the east, by several channels between the lat.
of 44. 40. and 45. 30. N. in 29. 20. of E. long.
The meridional distance from the source to the
mouth of this river is 21 degrees of long., be-
tween the lat. of 45. and 49., equal to about 1,000
English miles, but the course of the stream, by
its continued windings, may be estimated at from
1,500 to 1,600 miles. It is navigable to Ulm,
within 150 miles of its source, but political per-
versions preclude the countries through which
this noble river flows, from deriving much exter-
nal advantage from its navigation. In the arch-
duchy of Austria it forms several islands. Un-
der the head of Dalmatia it is shown that it might
easily be made to communicate with the Adriatic.
It contains a great variety of fish, and is celebra-
ted for its sturgeon, which ascend the river seve-
ral hundred milei.
Danube, Upper, Circle of, forms the south-west
part of the kingdom of Bavaria, lying between 48
and 49. of N. lat. and 10. and 11. of E. long
it comprises the S. part of the circle of Su-
abia, the county of Pappenheim, and the principal-
ity of Neuberb. It is watered by the Iller, Min-
del, W^ertach, and the Lech, all running from
south to north into the Danube, which gives name
to the circle. The Iller might readily be united
with the lake of Constance, and thereby open a wa-
ter communication between the Danube and the
Rhine. It is a district of capability, and of re-
source, under a well-directed exertion of agricul
tural pursuit. The principal towns are Gunsburg,
Dillengen, Hochstadt, Donauwert, Pappenheim,
Neuberg, Eichstadt, Nordlingen, &c.
Danube, Lower, Circle of, another circle of the
kingdom of Bavaria, comprises the east part of
Lower Bavaria, and the bishopric of Passau.
It lies on both sides of the Danube, between the
lat. of 12. 30. and 13. 40. E. in the same parallel of
lat. as the Upper Circle. The Iser and the Inn
intersects the south part, which is considered the
most fertile district of all Bavaria. Passau is the
capital ; and the other principal towns are Strau-
bing, Landau, Deckendorf, Osterhofen, &c. Pop
about 400,000.
Danube, Circle of. The source of the Danube
also gives name to a circle in the territory of the
grand duke of Baden, comprising part of the
Black Forest. Willengen, 20 m. E. by N. of Fri-
burg, is the capital. Pop. about 75,000.
Danube, District of, one of the four great divi-
sions of the kingdom of Wurtemberg, according
to the distribution of 1818.
Danvers, p.t. Essex Co. Mass. adjoining Salem.
Pop. 4,283. It has many flourishing manufactures
of cotton.
Darby, the name of 4 townships, viz. in Dela-
ware Co. Pa., Union, Madison, and Pickaway Cos,
Ohio.
Danville, p.t. Cumberland Co. Me. Pop. 1,128.
Also a p.t. in Caledonia Co. Vt. Pop. 3,G31. Al-
so a p.t. in Columbia Co. Pa. Also villages in
Pittsylvania Co. Va., Mercer Co. Ken., Knox
Co. Ohio and Hendricks Co. Indiana.
Darabghcrd,a. town of Persia, in Farsistan, said
to have been founded by Darius. It is large but
not populous ; and surrounded by luxuriant groves
of orange and lemon trees. Near it salt is found
of various colours, white, black, red and green.
A considerable manufacture of glass is carried on
here. It stands 140 m. E. S. E. of Shiraz, on the
road to Ormus. Long. 54. 56. E., lat. 28. 56. N.
Darah, or Drnss, a country of Barbary, bound-
ed on the north by Sus, east by Tafilet, south by
Zahara, and west by the Atlantic. A river of the
same name flows through it, which enters the At-
lantic on the south side of Cape Non. The prin-
cipal produce is indigo and dates. The rnhabi-
itants are Arabs and Mahometans ; a.'*.d some of
the districts are dependant on Morocco.
Daraporam, a town of Hindoostan, capital of
DAR
241
DAR
the south part of Coimbetore. It has a large mud
fort, and straight and wide streets. Much cotton
and tobacco are cultivated in the vicinity, and the
garden and rice grounds are considerable. It is
seated at about an equal distance from the Mala-
bar and Coromandel Coasts ; 42 miles E. S. E. of
Coimbetore, and 106 W. ofTanjore. Long. 77.
40. E., lat. 10. 47. N.
DansvUle, p.t. Steuben Co. N. Y. Pop. 1,728.
Darda, a town and fort of Lower Hungary
built bv the Turks in 1(536, and taken by the Aus-
trians the next year. It is seated near the Drave,
at the end of the bridge of Esseck, 8 m. S. of
Barrany.
Dardanelles, two castles of Turkey, the one call-
ed Sestos. seated in Rumelia, the other called My-
dos, in Natolia. They command the south-west
entrance of the strait of Gallipoli, leading from the
Grecian Archipelago, into the sea of Marmora,
which separates Europe from Asia.
Dardenne, p.t. Charles Co. Missouri.
Darfoor, a kingdom of North Africa, on the
borders of Nubia and Negroland, governed by a
chief who calls himself sultan, and assumes the
most extravagant titles. The wild animals are
the lion, leopard, hyaena, wolf and bulFalo. The
domestic animals are camels, goats, sheep and
horned cattle. Considerable quantities of grain
of different sorts are raised, and after the tropical
rains the fertility is sudden and great. The peo-
ple are very barbarous ; consisting of native tribes,
of a deep black complexion, and woolly hair,
though with features different from those of the
Negroes, and of Arabs of various tribes. Polyga-
my is not only established, but the intercourse of
the sexes is totally destitute of decency. The
most severe labours of the field are left to the wo-
men'; and the houses, which are of clay covered
with thin boards, are chiefly built by them. Salt
is the general medium of commerce here, as gold
dust is in other parts of Africa. Caravans travel
between this country and Egypt. Cobbe is the
capital, in the lat. of 13. 40. N., and 28. 30. of E.
long.
Darien, Gulf of , at the north-west extremity
of the territory of Colombia, opening into the
Carribean Sea. It runs inland about 80 miles,
and is from 20 to 30 miles wide; under the do-
mination of Spain, in South America, this gulf
gave name to a province on the east side in the
vice-royalty of New Granada, now comprised in
the Colombian province of the Ysthmo, or Isth-
mus. On the west shore of the gulf, at the
mouth of the river Atrata, are the remains of a
town founded by a company of Scotch adventurers
in 1699, and although the most favourable spot
in all South America, on the Atlantic side, for
opening a water communication with the Pacific
(see Choco) the project for forming a permanent
establishment completely failed. It has been usual
to confound the narrowest part of the cham of
territory which unites the two grand divisions of
the western hemisphere under the name of the
Isthmus of Darien, but this is 200 m. west of
the Gulf of Darien ; and the isthmus more proper-
ly comes under the head of Panama (wkic/i see)
and between the province of Darien and Panama
lies the province of Terra- Fiiina, which, as well
as South America, see also.
Darien, p.t. Fairfield Co. Conn. Pop. 1,201.
Darien, a town of the state of Georgia, in
Liberty County, seated on the Alatamaha, not
far from its mouth, and 47 m. S. S. W. of Savan-
nah. Long. 81. 14. W., lat 31. 23. N.
Darke, a frontier county of the state of Ohio,
bordering on Indiana. It is about 33 miles from
north to south, and 22 wide. Chief town, Gren-
ville. Pop. 6,203.
Darlaston, a parish of Staffordshire, England,
contiguous t<r the great coal district of Wednesbury
(which see). Pop. in 1821, 5,585.
Darlington, a town in the county of Durham,
Eng. Here are manufactures of huckabacks,
camlets, small wares of the Manchestei kind, and
leather ; also a curious water machine for grind-
ing optical glasses, the invention of a native, and
another for spinning linen yarn. It is seated on
the Skerne, 19 miles south of Durham, and 241
N. by W. of London. Pop. in 1821, 6,551.
Darlington, a district of S. Carolina; the seal
of justice has the same name, and stands a little
to the west of the Great Pedee River.
Darmstadt, the capital and seat of government
of the landgrave of Hesse Darmstadt, in the
circle of the Upper Rhine. It is seated on the
banks of the river Darm, contains several public
buildings, and a population of about 13,000. It
is about 18 miles south of Frankfort on the Maine,
and the same distance S. E. of Mentz.
Darnestown, p. v. Montgomery Co. Maryland.
Darney, a town of France in the department
of Vosges, 21 m. W. S.W. of Epinal.
Daroca, a town of Spain in Arragon, with sev
en parish churches one of which is collegiate.
It stands between two hills, on the Xiloca, 57 m.
S. S. W. of Saragossa.
Darraway, a town of Hindoostan, in the coun-
ty of Tatta, at the mouth of a river of the same
name, a branch of the Indus, 75 m. W. S. W. of
Tatta. Long. 67. 31. E. lat. 24. 32. N.
Dart, a river in Devonshire, Eng. which rises
at the foot of Dartmoor hills, crosses Dartmoor to
Ashburton and Totness, where it is navigable
for small vessels, and enters the English Channel
at Dartmouth.
Dartford, a town of Kent, Eng. seated on the
river Darent. Here was a celebrated nunnery,
which Henry the Eighth converted into a royal
palace, and is now become a gentleman's seat.
The first paper mill in England was erected here
by Sir John Spilman, to whom king Charles I.
granted a patent with 200i. a year, to encourage
the manufacture. On this river was also the first
mill for slitting iron bars to make wire. Dart-
ford is distinguished in English history as the
place where, in 1391, the insolence of a taxgath-
erer to the daughter of Wat Tyler provoked the
father's resentment to such a degree, as led to
his exciting 100,000 men to arms, who threaten-
ed tlie subversion of the government of Richard
II. Tyler was killed by the treachery of the lord-
mayor of London. It is 15 m. E. S. E. of Lon-
don, on the great road to Dover. Pop. in 1821,
3,595, being 1,190 more than in 1801.
Dartmovlh, a borough and sea-port in Devon-
shire, Eng. It stands on the side of a craggy hill,
by the river Dart, near its entrance into the sea, and
has a spacious bay, defended by a castle and strong
battery. The dock yards and quay project into
the river, and the rocks on each side are compos-
ed of a purple coloured slate. The town contains
three churches, and has a considerable trade to
the south of Europe and to Newfoundland, as
well as a share in the coasting traflSc. It was
burnt in the reigns of Richard I. and Henry IV.
by the French ; but they were repulsed in a third
attempt afterwards, chiefly by the valour of the
women, who fought so bravely, that after a great
DAV
242
DEA
•laughter, they took M.Castel.tlic French gener-
al, three lords, and twenty-three knights, prison-
ers. It is 31 miles south of Exeter, 204 W. S.
W. of London, and returns two members to par-
liament. Pop. in 1821, 4,485.
Dartmouth College. See Hanover, N. H.
Dartmouth, a sea-port in Massachusetts, in
Bristol county, adjoining New Bedford. Pop.
3,867, 62 m. S. of Boston. Long. 70. 52. W., lat
4L 37. N.
Dartown, p.v. Butler Co. Ohio.
Darwar, a fortress of Hindoostan, in the coun-
try of Sanore, taken from Tippoo by the British in
1791, and afterward restored to the Mahrattas. It
IS 45 m. W. N. W. of Sanore, and 90 E. of Goa.
Darioen, Upper and Lower, two townships in
the parish of, and contiguous to, Blackburn, Lan-
cashire. Pop. in 1821, 8,949. See BInc/ihurn.
Dartmoor, an extensive forest in Devonshire,
Eng. bounded on the north by bleak hills com-
prising about 80,000 acres, and is watered by the
river Dart. Many sheep are bred here, but of
a small kind, and black cattle, which thrive well
on the coarse herbage.
Dasscl, a town in Germany, in the principality
of South Calenburg, 48 m. S. by W. of Hanover.
Dauphin, a county in the E. District of Pennsyl-
vania, bounded on the west for about 40 miles by
the Susquehanna River, being about 20 miles in
mean breadth. The Blue Mountain Ridge inter-
sects this county from W. to N. by E. Pop. 25,-
303. Harrisburg is the chief town, and seat of
government of the state.
Dauphiny, a late province of France, extend-
ing 40 leagues from north to south, and 36 from
east to west ;. bounded on the west by the Rhone,
north by the Rhone and Savoy, south by Pro-
vence, and east by the Alps. The heir apparent
of the kings of France derive the title of dauphin
from this province. Two-thirds of Dauphiny are
intersected by mountains, which afford good pas-
turage ; plenty of timber, fir-trees in particular,
for the building of ships : and very scarce simples.
In these mountains, wliich are branches of the
Alps, are bears, chamois, marmots, eagles, hawks,
&c. and mines of iron, copper, and lead. The
valleys afford wheat, and the hills in the vicinity
of the Rhone, excellent wines, olives and silks.
The principal rivers are the Riione, Durance,
Isere, and Drome. It now forms the departments
of Drome, Isere, and Upper Alps (each of which
see.)
Davenport, p.t. Delaware Co. N. Y. Pop.
1,780.
/JaDCftfri/, a town in Northamptonshire, Eng. with
a manufacture of whips. It stands on the Roman
highway called Watling-street, on the side of a
hill, 16 miles west of Northampton, and 72 N. W.
of London, on the mail-coach road to Birmingham
and Liverpool. It is distinguished for its cheese
fairs, in April and October. Pop. in 1821, 3,826.
David, St. a town of South Wales, in Pem-
brokeshire. It was formerly an archbishop's see,
and in king Arthur's days the metropolitan of the
British church, and continued so tiH king Henry
I. at which time Bernard, who was the forty-
seventh archbishop of St. David's, became suffra-
gan to the see of Canterbury. The situation of
the town being very unhealthful, and the soil of
the adjacent country very barren, it has nothing
now to boast of but its catjiedral, wiiich is 300
feet long, and about 127 higli, and supposed to be
the higliest in Britain ; though the east end is in
ruins, the western part and choir are in good re-
pair. St. David's is at present a bishop's see, yet
only a single street of miserable cottages. It is
seated on the Illen, near the coast, 24 miles N. W
of Pembroke, and 255 west by north of London.
Pop. in 1821, 1,816.
David, St a village of Scotland, in the parish of
Dalgety, Fifeshire, with a harbour in Inverkei-
thing bay. It has a considerable manufacture of
salt, and exports an immense quantity of coal.
David, Fort St. an English fort on the coast of
Coromandel. which was taken and destroyed by
the French in 1758, and has not yet been rebuilt.
It is 80 miles south of Fort St. George.
Davidson, a. coanty of West Tennessee, about 30
miles square. It is intersected from east to west
by Cumberland River. Pop. 22,523. Nashville,
on the south bank of the river, is the chief town.
Davidsonville, p.t. Lawrence Co. Arkansas, on
Current River.
Davidstoicn, village, Huntindon Co. N. J.
Davies, an interior county of the state of In-
diana, 25 m. from south to north, and 15 wide,,
intersected by White River, which falls into the
Wabash. Pop. 4,512. Washington is the chief
town.
Davies, another county in the western part of
Kentucky, bounded on the south and west by
Green River, and on the north by the Ohio, which
separates this county from the state of Indiana.
Owenboro', on the south bank of the Ohio, is the
chief town. Another town called Vienna, is seat-
ed on the north bank of Green River. The ex-
tent of this county is about 25 miles each way.
Pop. 5,218.
Davis's Straits, &n arm of the sea between Green
land and North America, discovered by captain
Davis in 1585, when he attempted to find a north-
west passage. This sea comprises a space be
twcen the lat. of 58. and 68. N., and from 50. to
70. of W. long., to which from fifty to sixty sail of
ships are annually fitted out from England to fish
for whales.
Davishurg, v. Christian Co. Ken.
Dayton, p.v. Montgomery Co. Ohio, on the
Great Miami river.
Drtro5, a town of Switzerland, in the canton of
Grisons, capital of a district in which are mines
of copper, lead, and silver. It is 14 miles east of
Coire.
Dawley, Great and Little, two villages contigu-
ous to Shiffnal in Shropshire, Eng. abounding in
coal and iron ; the working of which gives em-
ployment to from 2,000 to 3,000 persons. Total
population in 1821,5,147.
Dawlish, a village pleasantly situate near Teign-
mouth, on the shore of the English Channel, in
Devonshire. It is a good deal frequented in the
summer season for sea bathing. Pop. in 182J ,
2,709.
Dax, or Dacqs, a town in France in the depart-
ment of Landes,and lately a bishop's see. Here
are some famous hot baths, the spring of which
discharges thirty-six cubic feet of water in a
minute. It is surrounded by walls, flanked with
towers, and seated on the Adour, 24 m. N. E. of
Bayonne. It is the seat of a prefect, and in 1826
contained 4,849 inhabitants.
Dead, r. Coos Co. N. II. falls into the Margalla-
way.
Dead Sea, a lake or inland sea of Palestine into
which the river Jordan runs. It is sixty miles
long and fifteen broad, enclosed on the east and
west by high mountains. There is no verdure on
its banks, or fish in its waters owing to the ex-
DEA
24H
DED
treme saltness and otlier qualities of its water.
Mines of fossil salt are found in the sides of the
mountains, which supply the neighbouring Arabs,
and the city of Jerusalem ; also fragments of sul-
phur and bitumen, which the Arabs convert into
trifling articles of commerce. This lake, called
also Lake Asphaltites, and by the Turks and
Arabs Almotana, has no outlet ; and it has been
demonstrated, that evaporation is more than suffi-
cient to carry off the water brought in by the
rivers. It was on the site of this lake that Sodom
and Gomorrah, and three other cities were situate,
which were destroyed by a miraculous conflagra-
tion about 1 ,900 years antecedent to the Christian
vera.
Deadman's Head, a cape on the south coast of
England, in Cornwall, between St. Mawes and
Fowey.
Deaf, a town in Kent, Eng. It is seated be-
tween the North and South Foreland, and is a
member of the cinque port of Sandwich, governed
_by a mayor. It has no harbour, but the sea be-
tween the shore and the Godwin Sands, called the
Downs, is generally a secure road for ships, where
they usually ride at their leaving or entering the
river Thames. The port is defended by two
castles, Deal or Walmer Castle to the south, and
Sandown Castle to the north ; and also by several
batteries. The mariners of Deal are considered
most intrepid seamen, but there being no port
regulations, strangers embarking or disembarking
in the Downs, are exposed to the most wanton
and unjustifiable impositions, whilst the induce-
ments to smuggling, which the unparalleled rates
of taxation in England excite among the inhabi-
tants of this part of the coast, on account of its
proximity to the continent, makes the seamen as
desperate and vicious as they are crafty and im-
posino-. The town of Deal is 9 m. N. of Dover,
and 7l E. by S. of London. Pop. in 1821, 6,811.
Dean, a celebrated forest in Gloucestershire,
Eng. which originally included all that part of the
county which lies between the Severn and the
shires of Monmouth and Hereford, and contained
four market towns and twenty-three parishes. It
is fertile in pasture and tillage, bears very fine
oaks, and has rich mines of iron and coal. It was
once reckoned the chief support of the English
navy ; but having been much thinned by fre-
quency of felling, and narrowed by increase of
cultivation, it was near losing all features of its
former character, until within the present century,
when a still extensive tract, containing a popula-
tion exceeding 5,.^>00, has been replanted and re-
plenished with deer, and divided into six walks,
extra parochial, over which proper rangers have
b^en appointed. There is a village without the
b.iundary of the present forest, one mile north of
Newnham, caWed Little Dean, containing, in 1821,
807 inhabitants ; and contiguous is Mitcliel Dean,
at which a market was formerly held on Mon-
days. Pop. in 1821, 550.
** There are ten other villages in different
parts of England named Dean, all inconsider-
able.
Dearborn, a frontier county at the south-east
extremity of the state of Indiana. Lawrenceburg,
the principal town, is seated on a point of land
formed by the junction of the Miami with the
Ohio River. The county is about 30 m. from
south to north, and 15 in mean breadth. The
N. E. part borders on the state of Ohio, and the
S. E. on that of Kentucky. Pop. 14,578. Law-
renceburg is the chief town
Dearborn, p.t. Kennebec Co. Me. Pop. 616.
Dehalpoor, a town of Hindoostan, capital of a
district m the country of Moultan. It is situate
on the great road from Delhi to Moultan, near the
river Setlege. 80 miles south of Lahore, and 170
east by north of Moultan. L<png. 73. 32. E., lat.
30. 5. N.
Delien, a river in Suffolk, Eng. which rises near
Debenham, and flows to Woodbridge, wb^re it
expands into a long narrow arm of the German
Ocean, a little to the north of Harwich.
Denbenham, a town in Suffolk, Eng. seated on
the side of a hill, near the source of the Deben 24
m. east of Bury St. Edmunds, and 83 N. E. of
London. Pop. in 1821 , l,v535.
Dcbretzin, a town of Upper Hungary, capital of
a district of the same name, and one of the most
populous and important trading towns in all Hun-
gary. It was taken by the Turks in 1684, and the
Austrians retook it the same year. It is 107 m,
E. of Buda. Lon^. 21 . 33. E., lat. 47. 34. N.
Dccamr, p.t. Otsego Co. N. Y. Pop. 1,110. Also
towns in Mifflin Co. Pa., Morgan Co. Alab.,
Adams and Brown Cos. Ohio.
Dficcan, an extensive tract in Hindoostan, which
from the signification of its name, the South, has
been supposed to include the whole region south
of Hindoostan Proper. But, in its more accepted
sense, it contains only the countries situate be-
tween Hindoostan Proper, and what is termed the
Peninsula; namely, the provinces of Candeish,
Dowlatabad, Visiapour, the north part of Golcon-
da, Berar, Orissa, and the Circars. It is bounded
on the north by the river Nerbudda, by Bengal,
and by Bahar ; and the river Kistna forms its
separation on the south from what is called the
peninsula of Hindoostan. All this Vast country
was once the southern province of the Moguls,
who did not pass the Kistna till a recent period.
Candeish, Visiapour, and a part of Dowlatabad,
Berar, and Orissa are subject to the Mahrattas.
The English have part of Orissa and of the Cir-
cars. The dominionsof the Nizam of the Deccan
comprising Golconda, the principal part of Dow
latabad, and the western part of Berar. His ter-
ritories are bounded on the north-west by the
Poonah Mahrattas, north by the Berar Mahrattas,
east by the Circars, and south by the Carnatic and
Mysore. By a family succession in 1780 the
Nizam became possessed of the districts of Adoni
and Tachore, and of the Gunto or Circar ; and
by the peace of 1 792 and partition of 1 799 he had
a share of the countries belonging to Tippoo Sul-
tan, including Kopaul, Cuddapa, Gangecoha,
Gooty, and Gurrumconda. His dominions (with-
out including the cessions) are supposed to be
430 miles from N. W. to S. E. by 300 wide. The
capital is Hydrabad.
Decize, a town of France, in the department of
Nievre, seated on an island, at the conflux of
the Airon with the Loire, 16 miles S. E. of Nevers.
Deckendorf, a town of Lower Bavaria, seated
on the Danube, 27 miles N. W. of Passau.
Deckerstown, p.v. Sussex Co. N. J.
Deddington, a town in Oxfordshire, Eng. 16 m.
north of Oxford, and 69 W. N. W. of London.
Pop. in 1821, 1,847.
Dedhum, a town in Essex, Eng. with a manufac-
ture of baize. It has an ancient large church,
with a curious steeple, and a free grammar-
school endowed by queen Elizabeth. It is seated
on the Stour, 8 m. N. N. E. of Colchester,
and 58 N. E. of London. Pop. in 1821, 1,651.
Dedham, a town of Massachusetts chief of
DEH
244
DEL
Norfolk connty, seated on Charles river, 11m. S.
W. of Boston. Pop. 3,117.
Dee, a river of Wales, held in great veneration
by the ancient Britons, and the theme of many
a poet since. It issues from the lake of Bala, in
Merionethshire, whence it flows through a fine
vale across the soutli part of Denbigshire to the
nortii- west part of Shropshire, visits the west bor-
der of Cheshire, passes on to Chester, and flows
thence to the Irish sea, making a broad estuary,
which separates Cheshire from Flintshire. The
Dee is navigable from near Ellesmere, in Shrop-
shire, to Chester, where the continuity of the nav-
igable is broken by a ledge of rocks, running
across the river ; but by embankments made here,
much land has been gained from the tide ; and a
narrow channel, fitter for navigation, has been
formed from Chester half way to the sea. See
Chester.
Dee, a river of Scotland, which rises on the
west border of Aberdeenshire, amid the moun-
tains of Mar Forest, and flows east throuffh a
wild country till it reaches the fertile vale of Brae-
mar, whence it proceeds to Aberdeen, below
which it enters the German ocean.
Dee, a river of Scotland, which rises in the
west part of Kirkcudbrightshire, receives the Ken
below New Galloway, and runs into the Irish
eea, five miles below Kirkcudbright.
Deeping, or Market Deeping, a town in Lin-
colnshire, Eng. seated on the banks of the river
Welland, in a fenny country, six miles east of
Stamford,and 90 N. of London. Pop. in 1821 ,1 ,016.
Deeping, St. James's, contiguous, contains about
the same number of inhabitants.
Deer, a village of Scotland, in Aberdeenshire,
on a river of its name, 10 miles west of Peter-
head. It has a trade in fine yarn, and near it are
the remains of the abbey of Deer.
Deer Creek, a township of Madison Co. Ohio.
Deerjield, p.t. Rockinaham Co. N. H. 55 m. N.
W.Portsmouth. Pop. 2,08G.
Deerjield, a town of Massachusetts, in Hamp-
shire county, seated on the Connecticut, near the
influx of the river Deerfield. 15 m. N. of North-
ampton, and 80 W. by N. of Boston. Pop. 2,003.
Deerjield, p.t. Oneida Co. N. Y. on the Mohawk,
opposite Utica. Pop. 4,182. Also a p.t. in Cum-
berland Co. N. Y., 4 townships in Ohio, and a
village in Augusta Co. Va.
Deerhust, a village in Gloucestershire, Eng.
three miles south of Tewkesbury, subject to fre-
quent inundations from the Severn. Here was a
celebrated monastery, which was afterwards made
a cell to Tewkesbury abbey.
Deering, p.t. Hillsborough Co. N H. (iQ m. fr.
Boston. Pop 1,227.
Deer Island, in Penobscot Bay, state of Maine,
containing 2,217 inhabitants.
Dehli, commonly mis-spelt Delhi, a province of
Hindoostan (bounded on the N. W. by Lahore ,N. E.
by Serinagur, east by the Rohilla country, south by
Agra,and westby Moultan. Having been the seat of
continual wars above sixty years, previous to 1806,
when it fell under the influence of the English,
it had become almost depopulated; and a tract of
country that possessed every advantage that could
be derived from nature, contained the most mis-
erable of inhabitants. It is now all that remains
to the Great Mogul of his once extensive empire,
but since his alliance with the English, the country
has been progressively improving.
Dehli, the capital of the province of the same
name. It is the nominal capital of all Hindoos-
tan, and was actually so during the greatest part
of the time since the Mahometan conquest in
1193. In 1738, when Nadir Shah invaded Hin-
doostan, he entered Dehli, and dreadful were the
massacres and famine that followed : 100,000
of the inhabitants perished by the sword ; and
plunder to the amount of 62,000,000/, sterling
was said to be collected. The same calamities
were endured in 1761, on the invasion of Abdalla,
king of Candahar. In 1803 the Mahrattas, aided
by the French, got possession of this place ; but
they were afterwards defeated here by Gen. Lake,
and the aged Shah Aulum, emperor of Hindoos-
tan, was restored to his throne. Dehli may be
said to be now in ruins ; but there are many
splendid remains of palaces with baths of marble.
The grand mosque is a magnificent edifice of
marble and red freestone, with high minarets,
and domes richly gilt. At Cuttab Minor, 15 m. S.
W. of the city, is a noble monument, 242 feet
high, built by the Khan Cuttabaddcen in 1)94, to
commemorate his conquest of Dehli, which is
seated on the west bank of the Jumna, 350 miles
N. W. of Allahabad, and 1.500 N. W. of Calcutta
Long. 77. 40. E., lat. 28. 27. N.
Deizahad, a town of Persia, in Irac Agemi, 90
ni. N. of Ispahan.
De Kalb, p.t. St. Lawrence Co. N. Y. Pop
1,061.
Delagoa, a bay on the east coast of South Af-
rica, at the north end of the country of Natal.
The adjacent country abounds in cattle and
poultry, which may be purchased for a trifle ; and
it is frequently visited by vessels employed in the
whale fishery. Long. 32. 0. E., lat 26. 0. S.
Delaicare, a town of Virginia, in King Wil-
liam County, seated on the broad peninsula for-
med by the confluence of the Pamunky and Mat-
tapony, whose united streams hence assume the
name of York River. It is 20 m. N. by W. of
Williamsburg, and 45 W. of Richmond.
Delaicare, a river of the United States, formed
of two streams in the state of New York, in the
lat. of 42. 30. N. In its course south, it separates,
for about fifty miles, the north-east part of Penn-
sylvania from New York, and afterwards for about
100 miles in a direction nearly due south, it sepa-
rates Pennsylvania from New Jersey, and a few
miles below Philadelphia, the state of Delaware
from New Jersey, till it enters the head of Dela-
ware bay, at Bombay bar, in the lat. of 39. 15.
N. where it is about five miles wide. At Phila-
delphia, it has sufficient depth of water for a 74
ffun ship ; is navigable thence for sloops up to the
falls of Trenton, a distance of about thirty miles,
and for boats that carry eight or ten tons, forty
miles higher.
Delaware Bai/, into which the preceding river
falls, is formed by Cnpe Henlopen on the south,
and on which is a light-liouse, in the lat. of 38.
45., and Cape May on the north, in the lat. of 39.
N. ; the two capes being about 18 m. distant, nar-
rowing to about 10 m. at Bombay bar which is
considered as forming the entrance to the river.
The bay, and its entrance is interspersed with
numerous shoals, the ship channel being on the
side of Cape Henlopen, and about midway be-
tween Bombny Hook and Philadelphia is a small
island called Pea Patrh, on which are two strong
forts. Just within Cape Henlopen, at the mouth
of the bay, there is now constructing a breakwa-
ter of solid rock, and a dike farther inward, whii;h
form an artificial harbour with 5 or 6 fathoms of
water.
DEL
245
DEL
Ddaimre, one of the United States, bounded
N. by Pennsylvania; E. by Delaware Bay and
river : S. and W. by Maryland, extending from
33. 29. to 39. 47. N. lat. and from 74. 56. to 75. 40.
W. long. 92 miles in length ; and 23 in its great-
est breadth ; containing 2,120 sq. miles. Pop.
76,739, of whom 3,305 are slaves.
This state is almost wholly an alluvial level ;
the northern extremity is hilly. In the south the
soil is sandy and unproductive, but toward the
north it is excellent and produces the finest wheat
in the United States. This article is the staple
■
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k
commodity of the state, and the flour mills of
Brandywine, near Wilmington, are among the
largest in the country. The soil also produces
maize, flax, buck-wheat, potatoes, &c. and there
are some excellent grazing lands. At the south-
ern extremity of the state, is the Cypress Swamp,
from which great quantities of timber are obtained
for exportation. In the same quarter is found
abundance of bog iron ore.
There is no large river in the state, nor any
good harbour upon the bay, although this latter
defect will in some measure be remedied by the
breakwater above mentioned. The Uhesapeak
and Delaware canal {xchich see) crosses the north-
ern part of the state and will materially assist the
trade of the country. The chief pursuits are ag-
ricultural. The commerce consists in the export
of flour. The shipping in 182S, amounted to
13,213 tons. The manufactures of the state are
considerable. They are chiefly at Wilmington,
and consist of cotton, woolen, paper, gunpowder,
snuflT, &c.
Delaware is divided into 3 counties, New-
castle in the north, Kent in the middle, and
Sussex in the south. The legislature is called
the General Assembly, and consists of a Senate
and House of Representatives. The Governor
IS chosen for 3 years. All elections are popular
and suffrage is universal. Dover is the capital.
The other chief towns are Wilmington and New-
castle.
The Methodists have 15 ministers ; the Presby-
terians 10; the Baptists 9, and the Episcopalians
6. There is no college in Delaware, but common
schools are established by law ; and the School
Fund of the state yields an annual income of 9,225
dollars. Also the proceeds of 25,000 dollars in-
vested in the Chesapeak and Delaware Canal
are devoted to purposes connected with education.
This state was first settled by the Swedes, and
afterwards formed a part of the colony of Pennsyl-
vania. The present constitution was framed in
1792.
Delaware is also the name of four counties in
the different states of North America, as fol-
lows : —
1. In the state of New York, bordering on
Pennsylvania, in which is the Susquehanna, as
well as the Delaware rivers, both have their
source. It is a somewhat mountainous district,
but its fertility and local advantages may be in-
ferred from its increase of population, which in
1800 was 10,228, and in 1830, 32,933. Delhi is
the chief town.
2. In E. Pennsylvania, bounded on the south
by the state and east by the river Delaware, and
north by the county of the city of Philadelphia.
It is the smallest county in the state. Pop. 17,361.
Chester, 15 m. S. W. of Philadelphia, is the chief
town.
3. In the centre of the state of Ohio, intersect
ed by the Scioto river, and Walnut, Alum, and
Whetstone creeks. It is a square of about 28
miles each way. The pop. which in 1810, was
only 2,000, in"lS30 had increased to 11,523. The
chief town of the same name is seated between
the main branch of the Scioto and Whetstone
creek, twenty-five miles north of Columbus.
4. In the eastern part of Indiana. Pop. 2,372.
Muncytown is the capital.
Delaware, city, Newcastle Co. Del. This place
has just been laid out, and is situated on the
Delaware at the entrance of the Chesapeak and
Delaware Canal.
De^Mware, is also the name of 4 townships and
villages in Pa., Va. and Ohio.
Delft, a town of South Holland, well built,
with canals in the streets, planted on each side
with trees. Here are two churches, in one of
which is the tomb of William I. prince of Or-
ange, who was assassinated. It has a fine arsenal,
and a considerable manufacture of earthenware.
Delft is the birth-place of the renowned Grotius.
It is seated about midway between Rotterdam
and the Hague.
Delftsharen, a fortified town of South Holland
on the north side of the Maese, with a canal tc
Delft. It is between Rotterdam and Schiedam
about three miles from each.
Delfizuyl, a town and fortress of Holland, in
Groninwen, with a good harbour. It is seated on
the Demster, at its entrance into the mouth of
the Ems, 12 miles west by south of Emden. Long.
6. 58. E., lat 58. 18.
Delhi, the chief town of Delaware County, in
the state of New York, seated on the north bank of
the Mohawk branch of the Delaware River, 40 m
W. S. W. of Albany. Pop. 2,114. See also Delhi.
Delitz, a town and castle of Upper Saxony, in
Misnia. Great quantities of worsted stockings
are made here. It is 15 miles north by east of
Leipzig.
Dellamcotta, a fortress of the countiy of Bootan,
which r,ommands the principal pass over the
mountains. It was taken by storm in 1773, by a
detachment under the command of captain John
Jones. It is 55 m. S. S. W. of TassiL-udon, and
200 N. of Moorshedabad. Long. 88. 46. E. lat.
27. 2. N.
Delmenhorst, a town of Westphalia, capital of
a district in the duchy of Oldenburg ; seated on
the Delm, near the Weser, 8 m. S. W. of Bre-
men.
Delos, or Deli, an island of the Grecian Archi-
pelago, formerly celebrated for the temples "f
Diana and Apollo, whose birth-place it is said to be.
It is 6 miles in circumference, but now little
more than a desert rock, covered with ruins, and
uninhabited. Long. 25. 12. E. lat. 37. 38. N.
Delphi, or Delphos, a town of Independent
x2
DEM
M6
DEN
Greece, in Livadia, once famous for the oracle of
Apollo, which people came from all parts to
consult. It is seated in a vallejr near Mount
Parnassus, 18 m. W. S. W. of Livadia and now
called Castria.
Delphi, p.v. Onondaga Co. N. Y., also a p.t
m Marian Co. Ten.
Del Reij, a tract of country on the coast of Brazil ,
about 100 miles wide, and 800 from north to south,
between the mountains of Paraguay and the
Atlantic ocean. At its south extremity are two
lakes, called de los Petos and Mini, each about
160 miles long, and from 10 to 50 broad, with a
fort at each end. The principal place on this
extensive coast is the island of St. Catherine, in
the lat. of 27. 30. S. This coast is now princi-
pally included in the province of Rio Grande.
Delsbury, a town of Switzerland in the late
bishopric of Basil, on the river Birs, 10 m. N.
W. of Soleure.
Delta, a part of Lower Egypt, inclosed between
the mouth of the Nile and the Mediterranean ;
so called, it is supposed by some, from its trian-
gular form resembling the Greek letter of that
name, and by others, as implying a maritime and
swampy district ; hence, the term Delta is now
generally applied to the mouths of all great rivers
having diverging branches, such as the Indus,
Ganges, Mississippi, «fec.
Delvino, a town of Lower Albania, seated about
15 miles from the coast of the Adriatic, opposite
Corfu. It is the residence of a pacha, ■ and is
populous.
Dembea, an interior province of Abyssinia, of
which Emfras is the capital, in the lat. of 12. N.
and 37. 30. E. long. In the centre of the province
is a lake, supposed to be 450 m. in circumference,
and contains many islands, one of which is a place
of confinement for state prisoners. Its waters
appear to form one of the principal sources of the
Nile ; but this part of Africa is at present very
little known.
Dcmerara, a river and plantation of South
America. The entrance to the river is in the lat.
of 6. 48. N. and 58. 2. of W. long. It is naviga-
ble for about 100 m. inland, and at its entrance
forms a very commodious harbour, impeded how-
ever by a bar, not admitting vessels drawing
more than 18 feet of water, f he plantations lie
on both banks of the river. They were original-
ly formed by the Dutch, but fell into the hands
of the English in 1796 ; restored at the peace of
Amiens in 1802 ; retaken on the renewal of the
war in the following year, and confirmed to Eng-
land at the general peace in 1814 ; since which
the cultivation has been greatly extended, and
next to Jamaica, is now the most populous and
f reductive of all the British colonies in the West
ndies and South America.
Demianskoi, a. town of Siberia, in the govern-
ment of Tobolsk, seated on the Irtysh, at the
influ.ic of the Demianha, 100 m. N. N. E. of
Tobolsk.
Demmln, a fortified town of Anterior Pomera-
nia, seated on the banks of the Ribnitz, 27 m. S.
of Stralsund. Pop. about 3,000.
Deniona, a town and fort of Piedmont, on the
river Stura, 10 m. S. W. of Coni.
Demona Val. See Dimona.
Demotica, or Damotica, a town of European
Turkey, in Romania, where a Greek archbishop
resides. It was the residence of Charles XII.
for some years; and is situate near the Marisca,
12 m. S. of Adrianople.
Dewain, a village of France, in the department
of Nord, where a victory was gained over prince
Eugene, by Marshal Villars in 1712. It is seated
on the Scheldt, 6 m. S. W. of Valenciennes.
Denbigh, a borough of North Wales, capif al of
Denbighshire. Its ruined castle, with its vast in-
closure crowning the top of the hill, forms a
striking object. Denbigh has a considerable
manufacture of gloves and shoes. It is situate on
the side of a rocky hill, above the vale of Clywd,
on a branch of the river of that name, 27 miles
west of Chester, 5 S. of St. Asaph, and 218 N.
W. of London. Pop. in 1821, 3,195. It returns
one member to parliament.
Denbighshire, a. county of North Wales bounded
on the north by the Irish sea, north-east by Flint-
shire, east by Cheshire, south by Salop, Merio-
neth and Montgomeryshires, and west by the river
Conway, which separates it from Caenarvon-
shire. It is 48 miles long from south to west, and
20 in its broadest part, but its mean breadth does
not exceed 14 miles. This county contains some
picturesque and beautiful scenery, besides the
the Conway, the Clywd and Elwy also fall into
the Irish sea, whilst the Dee, running in a mean-
dering course from east to west, intersects all the
south part of the county ; and the vale of Clywd,
for 20 miles in extent, is deservedly celebrated
for its fertility as well as for its picturesque
beauty. Its surplus product consists principally
of cattle and butter, a partial supply of grain,
some wool, &c. «!fe:c. by which the rent-tax, state
and local exactions are discharged. It contains
veins of both coal and lead, but the mines are
very partially worked. Besides the borough of
Denbigh, the other principal towns are Wrexham,
Ruthin, Abergely, and Llhangolen.
Dender, a river of the Netherlands, which rises
in Hainault, flows by Leuze, Ath, Lessines,
Grammont, Ninove, and Alost, and joins the
Scheldt at Dendermond.
Dendera, a town of Egypt, the residence of an
Arabian prince who takes the title of Emir. It
was anciently called Ten,tyra, and from the ruins
that are seen appears to have been a large city.
This place supplies most part of Egypt with char-
coal. It is seated near the west bank of the Nile,
260 miles S. by E. of Cairo. Long. 31. 58. E., lat.
26. 15. N.
Dendermond, a fortified town of the Nether-
lands, in Flanders, with a strong citadel. It was
taken by the allies in 1706, and the Dutch put a
garrison into it as one of the barrier towns. The
French took it in 1745, and again in 1794. It is
surrounded by marshes and fine meadows which
can be covered with water, and seated at the con
flux of the Dender with the Scheldt, 16 miles E.
of Ghent. Pop. about 6,000. Its name is ren-
dered immortal by Sterne in his tale of Lefevre.
Dcnia, a seaport of Spain, in Valencia. The
entrance into the harbour is difficult, and the chief
trade is in almonds and raisins. It stands at the
foot of a, mountain, 47 miles N. E. of Alicant.
Long. 0. 2. E., lat. 38. 50. N.
Denis, St., or St. Denys, a town of France, in
the department of Paris. The abbey of the Ben-
edictines, to which the town ovi^cs its rise, has
the appearance of a palace. Here is an ancient
and magnificent church, in which were the tombs
of many of the French kings, and in the treasurj^,
among other curiosities, the sword of St. Louis
and the Maid of Orleans, and the sceptre of
Charlemagne. In 1793, after the abolition of roy-
alty, the royal tombs in the church were all d«
DEN
247
DEN
Btroyed ; and the name of the town was changed
to that of Francade ; but, at the re-estabhshnient
of the monarchy and Catholic mummery, St
Denis resumed its former celebrity. It is the seat
of a prefect, and seated on the river Crould, near
the Seine, five miles N. of Paris. Pop. in 1825,
5,56!).
Denmark, a kingdom of the north of Europe,
lying between the lat. of 53. 34. and 57. 43. N.,
partly continental and partly insular. The conti-
nental part comprises North and South Jutland
and Holstein Lunenburg ; and the insular part, the
islands of Zealand, funen, Laaland, Falster,
Bornholm, Femern, &c., all lying between the
east coast of Jutland and Sweden ; and in the At-
lantic Ocean, in the lat. of 62., are the Ferro Isles ;
and itt the lat. of from 64. to 66. Iceland, and
several other islands lying off the west coast of
Jutland, all fornung a part of the European do-
minions of the kingdom of Denmark, comprising
together an area of about 22,000 square miles of
surface. In addition to these the islands of St.
Croix, St. Thomas, and St. John, in the West
Indies, are also subject to Denmark. See each
part and island under its respective head. The
aspect of the continental part of Denmark is flat
ftnd undi versified, containing neither mountains
nor rivers of any magnitude. It is largely inden-
ted by the sea, and possesses numerous creeks
ind bays, as well as internal lakes. The only ca-
nal of importance is that of Kiel, which will ad-
nit vessels of 120 tons burden, and extends from
,he Baltic to the Eyder at Rendsburg, where the
fiver becomes navigable, thus japening a com-
nunication between the two seas, through 105
niles of territory. It is 22 English miles in
ength, and ten feet deep ; its breadth at the top
s 100 feet, at bottom 54 feet. It was begun in
l777, and completed in 1785, at an expense of
£800,000 sterling. During the last war, between
3,000 and 4,000 vessels annually passed through
it, but in the time of peace the number is much
smaller. The lands are in general in an excellent
state of cultivation, and the pasturage is rich : the
climate bears a great resemblance to that of
Great Britain.
The Danish community, although its early his-
tory is involved in considerable obscurity, appears
to have been of Scandinavian origin, and its
monarchy ranks among the most ancient, perhaps
the most so of any, in Europe, having been con-
temporary with the proudest epoch of the Roman
empire. The advancement of the Danes in dis-
cipline and arms in the tenth century may be in-
ferred from their irruption into England at that
'^ period, and their complete conquest of the coun-
try in the early part of the following century. It
• Was not, however, till towards the close of the
fourteenth century that Denmark appears to have
obtained a respectable and commanding position
in the great European compact, when Norway by
inheritance, and Sweden by conquest and cession
in 1397, became united with Denmark under
queen Margaret, whose heroism obtained for her
the appellation of the Semirimis of the North.
<Vhen, in 1448, the royal race of Skioldung be-
came extinct. Christian of Oldenburg succeeded
to the crown, by whom Holstein and Sleswick,
the southern province of Jutland, also became
annexed to the dominions of Denmark. Sweden
however, reestablished her independence in 1523,
which she has ever since maintained. The doc-
trines of Luther were early promulgated in Den-
mark. In 1522 the inhabitants embraced the
confession of Augsburg, and in 1536 the bishops
were deprived of their temporal power, and
placed on a fooling similar to those of England,
with the excepT.ion of the Danish bishops having
no legislative voice. Previously to J 660 Denmark
was a limited and elective monarchy ; in that
year it was made absolute and hereditary, by a
revolution almost unparalleled in hisiory. The
avarice and contentions of a rival aristocracy led
to such oppressions of the people as induced them
voluntarily to resign their liberties into the hands
of their sovereign. The turbulent and martial
spirit of Charles XII. of Sweden involved Den-
mark in a state of continual warfare during the
first twenty years of the eighteenth century, which
contention terminated in 1720. In this year a
treaty of peace was concluded, that continued
with but little interruption for about eighty years,
during which period the inhabitants of Denmark
directed much of their attention to external com-
merce. This they pursued with considerable
success, purchasing from a company of French
adventurers the island of St. Croix in the West
Indies. They formed settlements in the East, at
Tranquebar on the Coromandel coast, and iit the
Nicobar Isles ; and a factory at Canton, in Chi-
na ; and at the close of the century the commer-
cial navy of Denmark exceeded 250,000 tons, with
a proportionate national marine for its protection.
The interruption of the external commerce of
Holland and France, by the events of the war
with England, commencing in 1793, promised for
a time to make Denmark the emporium for all the
external commerce of the north of Europe, which
her local and advantageous maritime position at
the entrance to the Baltic Sea, tended much to
favour. But, unhappily for the Danes, Denmark
became involved in the general contention of the
time, and in 1801 a British armament frustrated
their commercial career by the almost total de-
struction of their national marine. {See Copenha-
gen). The peace of Amiens, and the almost im-
mediate renewal of war, tended to revive the
hopes of Denmark for regaining her commer-
cial importance, and great exertions were made
to replenish and strengthen her national marine ;
but the spirit and circumstances of the times
were such as to admit of no neutrality, and in
1807 another armament from England annihilated
her commercial career and her power for resu-
ming it. Her possessions both in the East and
West all fell into the hands of the English in that
year, and Norway was offered to Sweden as a
boon to induce that power to join the confederiicy
against France, with which Denmark had coales-
ced. This proposal being assented to by Sweden,
involved Denmark in the political necessity of
endeavouring to resist the transfer ; but, although
the efforts made were not inconsiderable, they
proved ineffectual. After the battle of Leipzig,
however, in'Oct. 1813, which changed the rela-
tions of all the states of Europe, it was endeav-
oured to reconcile Denmark to the transfer of
Norway to Sweden, by proposing to cede to Den-
mark the Island of Rugen and Swedish Pome-
rania ; but in the general partitioning which took
place after the peace of Paris, in 1814, Norway
was confirmed to Sweden ; the island of Rugen
and Pomerania to Prussia ; whilst Denmark was
confirmed in the possession of Holstein Lunen
berg, and reinstated in her former possessions in
the West Indies.
As sovereign of Holstein- Lunenberg, Denmark
is a member of the Germanic confederation, her
DEN
S18
DER
quota of troops being 3,G00, occupying the lOth
place in the diet, and having three votes.
Since the general peace, in 1815, Denmark has
excited little or no interest in the considerations
of the relations of Europe. Like most of the other
Btates she has been occupied in attempting to re-
pair her finances, so extensively deranged by the
events of so protracted a state of warfare, and the
speculative experiments to which it gave rise. In
1826 the national marineof Denmark consisted of
three ships of the line, four frigates, and three
brigs : her commercial navy has increased since
the termination of the war, but not equal to its
extent in 1300, when she possessed above 2,000
merchantmen, 20,000 seamen, and 2-50,000 tons of
shipping. The nature and extent of her commerce
and capabilities will be found more particularly
elucidated under the heads of Holstein, Jutland,
and Zealand. The manufactures of Denmark are
very limited. The ancient literature of Denmark
is rich in tlie elucidation of Scandinavian antiqui-
ties ; and their traditions, whilst they vie with the
Heathen Mythology in preposterousness , are ex-
ceedinglv amusing for their quaintness. For the
higher order of mental cultivation, at the present
time, there is a university at Copenhagen on an
extensive scale and under liberal regulations ;
another at Kiel in Holstein, and a college at Oven-
see in the island of Funeh. The manners and
customs of the superior classes differ but little,
whilst the manners of the people are more social
and orderly than in most other parts of Europe.
For some time after the adoption of the tenets of
Luther, the penal statutes against dissenters were
very severe, but the most complete toleration in
reference to religious pretensions now prevails.
The Danes have regular and well-formed fea-
tures ; frequently fair or brownish hair, blue eves,
and a body capable of sustaining fatigue. The
women are of a more delicate frame. Their com-
plexion is dazzlingly white ; but upon the whole
their countenances are destitute of animation ; and
soon after twenty-five they begin to lose all their
charms. The Dane is gallant and brave ; a spir-
ited sailor or soldier, but averse to enterprise. The
dress of the Danes is generally copied from the
French, and the French language is very general
in Denmark. The populatfon of the Danish do-
minions is about 2,000,000. This includes Ice-
land, the Ferro Islands, Greenland, and the settle-
ments in Africa and the West Indies, which
amount to 107,000.
Denmark, p.t. Oxfcrd Co. Me. Pop. 054. Also a
p.t. Lewis Co. N. Y. Pop. 2,270. Also a township
in Ashtabula Co. Ohio.
Deniieicitz, a village of Brandenburg, where the
French experienced a severe defeat in 1813, two
miles from Jute rbock.
Dennis, p.t Barnstable Co. Mass. on Cape Cod.
Pop. 2,317.
Dennis Creek, p. v. Cape May Co. N. J.
Dennysvillc, p.t. Washington Co. Me. Pop. 856.
Dcntila, a country of Western Africa, situated
to the W. of Kcnkodoo. It is famous for its iron, \
in preparing which the natives employ as a flux
the ashes of the bark of the kino tree.
Denton, a town of Maryland, capital of Carolina
county ; seated on the E. side of Choptank River,
37 m. S. S. E. of Chester.
Dentrecasteaux's Channel, a strait on the S. E.
coast of Van Diemen's Land, about 30 or 40 m
long.
Dentrecasteaux's Port, or Port North,, a harbour
near the S. extremity of Van Diemen's Land.
Deogur, the Mansion of the Gods, a town in the
the province of Bahar, Hindoostan, 170 m. N. N.
W. of Calcutta; the name is applied to several
hill forts in different parts of India.
Deounella, a town of the Mysore, supposed to
have been the birth place of Hyder Ali, it surren-
dered to the English under Lord Cornwallis in
1791. It is 20 m. N. by E. of Bangalore.
Deptford, an appendage to London, situate in
the county of Kent, on the S. bank of the
Thames, the market place is 4 1-2 miles E. of
London bridge. The town is intersected by a
stream called tire Ravensbourne, on the banks of
which are some extensive flour mills ; a hand-
some bridge over the river near its entrance into
the Thames, connects Deptford with Greenwich
on the E. It contains the principal store house
for victualling the national marine, and also sev-
eral slips for building and repairing the largest
ships of war. It has also two floating docks, a
basin, and two ponds for masts, and extensive
workshops for the manufacture of cables, anchors,
and blocks. In the reign of Hen. VIII., a socie-
ty was incorporated here under the title of the
Master, Warden, and Assistants of the guild of
the most glorious and undivided Trinity, which
society was invested with the power of examining
the masters of the king's ships, the appointment
of all pilots, ballasting of all ships in the Port of
London, and the erecting and maintaining light-
houses, buoys, beacons, &c. in the river 1 hames,
and within certain limits on the E. coast of Eng-
land. The business of this society was trans-
ferred to an elegant edifice in the vicinity of the
Tower in London, in 1788 ; but in 1(1^5 a hos-
pital with 56 apartments, and another in 1788,
with 25 apartments, was endowed here for decay-
ed Masters of Vessels and Pilots, and their wid-
ows, with very comfortable allowance. Dept-
ford is divided into two parishes, St. Nicholas and
St. Paul ; the church of the latter, erected in
1730, is an elegant and spacious structure. With
the exception of the importance which Deptford
derives from its extensive government establish-
ments, it is an uninviting part of the metropolis;
and as such its population has not materially in-
creased since 1801. when it amounted to 17,548,
and to 19,802 in 1821.
Derhent, a district or khanship in the province
of Daghestan, Persia, extending for about 20 m.
along the W. sliore of the Caspian sea, and 15 m.
inland: the chief town of the same name, which
implies a door locked, or an impassible place, ia
DER
%
249
DER
snpposcd to have been built by order of Alexan-
der of Macedon, as the portal of Persia from the
North. The town extends from the shore of the
Caspian to the foot of a lofty mountain, and is
surrounded by a strong wall, flanked with nume-
rous towers, and with a well organized garrison
might defy any assault. It surrendered to the
Russians in 1722, when it was defended by 230
pieces of ordnance ; the Russians held it till 1735,
since when it has several times changed masters,
and since 1890, has again been occupied by the
Russians; tlie inhabitants of the district, however,
acknowledge no sovereignty but their own will,
and the town is now deemed but of little impor-
tance. It is inhabited by about 900 families, Per-
sians, Tartars, and Armenians ; the harbour is near-
ly choked up. It is in the lat. of 42. 8. N, and 48.
10. of E. long.
Dcptford, p.t. Gloucester Co. N. J.
Derbt/, &n interior county of England, extend-
ing about 56 miles from N. to S. and 20 in mean
breadth, the greater part of its W. side is bound-
ed by the river Dove, which divides it from Staf-
fordsliire ; the N. W. corner is bounded by the
county of Chester, and the N. by the county of
York ; and the counties of Nottingham and Lei-
cester bound it on the E. and S. The noble
river Trent and the Trent and Mersey canal in-
tersect the S. end, whilst the Derwent falling into
the Trent, intersects the heart of the county
from N. to S. The N. W. part of the county is
mountainous, several of the peaks rising to the
height of upwards of 1,700 feet, and Holme Moss,
the highest point, to 1,859 feet above the level
of the sea ; near the centre of the county is a rich
vein of lead ore ; it also contains several veins of
iron ; in the mountainous district of the N. W.
corner of the county, are several extensive cav-
erns, which attract numerous visitors, and pro-
duce a beautiful variety of spar and petrifactions,
which are extensively wrought into vases and
other ornaments (see Peak.) It abounds also in
numerous miner.al sprir.gs, (see Buxton and Mat-
lock) and parts of the county are esteemed as the
most beautifully picturesque of any in the king-
dom; the soutli part of the county is rich in pas-
ture and yields a considerable surplus of cheese
and cattle, and other agricultural produce. The
county also contains several tan-yards, participates
partially in the cotton, silk, and hosiery manufac-
tures, and extensively in the manufacture of nails.
Besides the Trent and Mersey canal, already
jtientioned, another canal extends from the S.
extremity of the county into Warwickshire. Two
others, the Derby and Erewash, intersect the S.
£. part of the county ; another extends from
Chesterfield in the N. E. into Yorkshire, and
nnother intersects the mountainous district of the
N. W. running through Cheshire into Lanca-
shire. The principal towns in Derbyshire, be-
sides those previfiusly mentioned, are Derby, the
county town, Alfreton, Ashborne, Bakewell,
Chapel-in-le- frith, Dronfield, Duffield, and Tides-
well.
Derby, the chief tov/n of the preceding county
IS situate on the W. bank of the river Derwent,
about ten miles above its entrance into the Trent,
28 miles N. of Leicester, 15 W. of Nottinirham,
about 30 E. of StatFord, and 120 N. N. W. of
London, on the mailcoach road to Manchester,
from which it is distant 00 miles. Derby is a
place of considerable antiquity, and was created
a royal borough by Edward I. in 1305. It con-
sists of five parishes. The church of All Saints
32
is a stately and elegant structure, having a beau
tiful gothic tower 178 feet in height. About the
year 1735 an extensive silk mill was erected here,
the model of which was sureptitiously obtained
from Italy; it was for many years the only estab-
lishment of the kind in England, and is still one
of the most extensive ; and in 1750, a porcelain
manufacture was established which is now in
high repute for the elegance of its productions.
In 1803 a military depot was established here,
suitable for the arming and equipment of 15,000
men ; and in 1810 a county infirmary was erect-
ed on an extensive scale, and rendered very com-
plete in all its interior arrangements. Besides
the original silk mill, Derby has now 3 others,
and 2 for spinning of cotton on a tolerably exten-
sive scale, 4 paper mills, 5 tan yards, 14 malting
houses, and 2 public breweries, 5 establishments
for the manufacture of silk stuffs, and 6 for small
wares of cotton, &c., 5 for the manufacture of
hats, 11 for hosiery, 2 bleach grounds, 9 manu-
factures of shot, white lead, and painters colours,
3 soap houses, 5 foundries, 2 watch manufacturing
establishments, and 7 for the working of spar and
petrifactions into chimney ornaments, with some
of almost every other occupation attendant on an
active and social state. This variety of occupa-
tion since the commencement of the present cen-
tury, has rendered Derby one of the most flourish-
ing towns in the kingdom ; the population, which
in 1801 was only 10,332, in 1821 had increased to
17,423. The general aspect of the town is re-
spectable, and in its prinicipal part assumes a fea-
ture of importance ; the county hall and other
county buildings are stately ; it has a spacious as-
sembly room, and a literary and philosophical so-
ciety, a range of alms houses for clergymen's
widows, 2 otners for lay persons, and several dis-
senting places of worship. Derby was formerly
surrounded by a wall, and contained a castle and
3 monasteries, no vestiges of any one of which
now remain. The Pretender's army from Scot-
land entered the town in 1745, but withdrew after
a very short stay. Derby returns two members
to parliament, and holds 7 fairs annually. The
river Derwent is navigable from the Trent up to
Derby in a N. N. W. direction, but the town com-
municates with the Trent and Mersey canal by
a cut in a direction due S. and with the Erewash
canal, in a direction nearly due E. which affords
an easy conveyance to all the S. E. parts of the
country.
Derby, West, a township 4 miles N. of Liver-
pool, Lancashire, which in 1821 contained 6,304
inhabitants (sec Walton and Liverpool.)
Derby, a town of Connecticut, in New Haven
county, seated on the Housatonic, which is navi-
gable hence to the sea. It is 14 miles N. W. of
New Haven. Pop. 2,253.
Derby, a town of Pennsylvania, in Dauphin
county. Here is a cave divided into several apart-
ments, and adorned with stalactites. It is situate
on the Swaiara, two miles above its conflux with
the Susquehanna, and 10 S. E. of-Harrisburg.
Derby, is also the name of a township in Orange
Co. Vermont, on the E. side of lake Memphre-
magog, and bounded on the N. by the conven-
tional line which divides the United States ter-
ritor}' from Lower Canada. Pop. 1,409.
Dereham, a town in Norfolk, Eng. The church
is a very ancient structure, with four chapels, and
a curious stone font. It is 10 miles W. of Nor
wich, and 101 N. N. E. of London. Pop. in 1821
3,273.
DES
250
DEV
Deikus, a town of European Turkey, in Ro-
mania, on the coast of the IJlack Sea, 30 miles
N. N. W. of Constantinople. At some former
period a w^ll appears to have extended from this
place to Erekli, 100 miles W. of Constantinople
on the coast of tiie sea of Marmora.
De.rmon, t. Fayette Co. Pa.
Derne, a town of Barbary an the coast of the
Mediterranean. It is the cajjital of the district of
Barca, and is a pleasant town, surrounded by
fardens, and watered by a number of rivulets,
'he government is a dependency of Tripoli, and
during the war between the United States and
that power in 1808, Derne was stormed and taken
by the Americans under General Eaton.
Derrtj, townships in Dauphin, Mifflin, West-
moreland and Columbia Cos. Pa and Guernsey
Co. Ohio.
Derry, see Londonderry.
De Rmjter, p.t. MadisrW Co. N. Y. Pop. 1 ,447.
Dertncnt, the name of4 rivers in different parts
of England ; 1st rising in the peak district of
Derbyshire, and after a course of about 50 miles in
a directipQn S. E. by E. fails into the Trent about
10 miles below the town of Derby, from whence it
i-s navigable. 2nd rises near Whitby, in the N.
Riding of Yorkshire, and after a winding course
of about 25 miles is joined by the Rye, when the
united stream ruijs S. for about 35 miles falling
into the Ouse, and G miles below Selby. 3rd
rises at the foot of Kilhoiie Law Mountain, and
for about 15 miles in an irregular course forms the
boundary between the counties of Durham €and
Northumberland, when it intersects for about 7
miles the N. W. corner oftheformercounty, falling
into the Tyne about 5 miles above Newcastle. 4th
rises on the border of Westmoreland, intersects
the S. E. part of the county of Cumberland, and
after a course of about 30 miles through Derwent
and Bassentbwaite waters, and past Cockermouth,
falls into the Solway Firth at Workington ; this
river abounds in excellent fish.
Derwcnt-water. near to Keswick in Cumberland,
is of an oval form, three miles in length, and a
mile and a half wide. It is surrounded by rocky
mountains, broken into many fantastic shapes.
The precij)ices seldom overhang the water but are
arranged at some distance ; and the shores swell
with woody eminences or sink into green pastoral
margins. The lake contains five islands ; one of
which near the centre, is famous for having been
the residence of St. Herbert, the ruins of whose
hermitage are yet remaining.
Desaguadcro, a river and lake of Bolivia, com-
municating with the S. end of the lake Titicaca.
Dcsaguade.ro Chuhalge is the name applied to
part of the channel of waters concentrating in the
great plains E. of the Andes, between the lat. of
30. and 41. S. whose outlet is into St. Matthias' Bay.
Deseada, a small island 12 miles E. of Point
Chateau, the eastern extremity of Guadaloupe, to
which it is dependent ; it is about 25 square miles
in extent, and contains about 300 white inhabitants
and 600 slaves ; it was the first land-mark of
Columbus on his second voyage. Lat. IG. 40. N.
and61.20. ofE.iong.
Deseada, Cape, the N. W. point of Terra del
Fuego, forming the S. W. point of entrance into
the straits of Mairellan from the Pacific Ocean.
Lat. 53. 48. and 74. 16. of W. long.
Deseada River, see Port Desire.
Dessau, a strong town of Upper Saxony, capi-
tal of the principality of Anhalt-Dessan. It has
manufactures of cloth, stockings, and hats ; and
is seated on the Mulda, at its conflux with the
Elbe, 37 m. N. of Leipzig. Pop. about 9,.500.
Defmold, a town of Westphalia, in the county of
Lippe, with a fortified castle ; seated on the river
Wehera, 17 m. N. N. W. of Paderborn. Pop.
about 2,400.
Detroit, the capital of Michigan territory. Its
trade consists in a barter of coarse European
goods with the Indians for furs, deerskins, tallnw,
<fec. It is situate in a fruitful country, on the
W. side of the strait, or river, that forms the
communication between the lakes of St. Clair,
and Erie, and the boundary line between the
United States territory and Upper Canada. Long
83. 0. W. lat. 42. 40. N.
• Dcttenheim, a small town of Bavaria in the
district pfPappcnheim, in the circle of the Upper
Danube, it is seated on the E. bank of the Alilt-
muhl, and is remarkable as the place from near
which Charlemagne in the 8th century under-
took to unite by a canal, the waters of the
Ahltmuhl with the Rednitz and thereby the Dan-
ube with the Rhine.
Dettlcbach, a town of Franconia, in the princi-
pality of Wurtzburg, now included in the king-
dom of Bavaria, circle of the Lower Maine, seat-
ed on the Maine, 8 m. E. of Wurtzburg.
Dettingcn, a village of Bavaria, in the territory
of Hanau, circle of the Lower Maine, 4 miles S.
E.ofHanau. Here George II. gained a victory
over the French, in 1743.
*^* There are three small towns of this name
in the Duchy of Wurtemburg.
Deva, a considerable town of Transylvania,
seated on the S. bank of the Marosch, about 12
m. S. W. ofCarlsburgh.
Deval cotty, a town of Upper Hindoostan, on
the E. bank of the main branch of the Ganges, 10
m. S. of Gangotry, in the lat. of 32. 40. N.
Dcvaprayaga, or Deuprag, another town of Up
per Hindoostan, on the E. bank of the Ganges,
a few miles S. of Sirinagur, {which see), and
near the junction of 4 united streams from the
N. with the Ganges, and where the water is es-
teemed most sacred by the Hindoos. The town
contains the celebrated temple of Ramachandra,
the resort of numerous pilgrims who contribute
to the support of numerous Brahmins who form
the principal population of the town. It suffered
considerably by an eartliquake in 1803.
Deucar, a district of Nepaul, bordering on the
province of Oude, a town of the same name is
about 90 m. N. of the city of Oude.
DeveUo,OT Zagora, a town of European Turkey,
in Romania, the see of a Greek archbishop ; situ-
ate on the Paniza, near its entrance into the gulf
of Forus in the Black Sea, 58 m. N. E. of Adri-
anople, and 106 N. N. W. of Constantinople
Long. 27. 22. E. lat. 42. 35. N.
Dcventcr, a city of Ilol'aiid, the capital of
Overyssel, with a college. It is surrounded by
strong walls, and seated on the Yssel,50 ni. E. of
Amsterdam. Pop. about 10,000.
Deveron, a river of Scotland, which rises in
the S. E. of Banffshire, and enters the ocean at
Banff. It forms the boundary between the coun-
ties of Aberdeen and Banff for about 50 m.
DevicoUa, a town on the coast of the Carnatic
at the mouth of the Colran or N. branch of the
Cavcry river in the lat. of 11. 40. N. This place
surrendered to the English in 1749, and for seve-
ral years was one of the principal factories of the
East India Company on that coast ; the entrance
to the harbour, is impeded by shoals.
DEV
251
DEV
Devil's Bason, a harbour in Christmas Sound,
at the S. W. extremity of Terra del Fuego, open-
ing into the S. Pacific Ocean in the lat. of 55. 25.
S. ; the harbour is surrounded by rocks of a very
repulsive aspect, and so lofty as to preclude the
rays-of the sun from ever beaming on its waters,
hence its name.
Devil's Island, Key and Race, names given to
several small islands in the West Indies, and off
the E. coast of S. America, generally of rugged
aspect and difficult to approach.
Devizes, a borough town in the centre of the
county of Wiltshire, England, 85 miles W. by S.
of London, on the road to Bath, from which it is
distant 18 miles. It was a Roman station, and at
a more recent period, had considerable manufac-
tures of worsted stuff; but two public breweries
on no very extensive scale are now the only
source of surplus of production.
Devoiiport, the principal station of the national
navy of England, fo-merly called Plymouth Dock
(see PI ijmoutli) ; but received its present name by
mandate of Geo. IV. on Jan. 1st, 1824 ; it is situ-
ate at the S.W. extremity of the county of Devon
at the mouth of the Tamar river, which here forms
one of the most commodious harbours in the
world. This spot was first used for a marine sta-
tion at the close of the 17tli century, previous to
whicli it was a mere fishing village, and it was not
till after 1760 that it assumed any thing like im-
portance, whilst during the long war from 1793
to 1816, it progressively rose to be the most ex-
ten ive and complete arsenal in the world, the
natural advantages having been rendered as con-
venient as labour and skill could make them.
The natural accommodations of Devonport con-
sist of a triple harbour, tb.e outer one is called
the Sound, the first inner one Catwater, and tlie
upper one Haraoaze ; the Sound was formerly
open and exposed to the sv.'clls of the Atlantic
Ocean, which during a continuance of S. W.
winds, used to subject the anchorage to much
inconvenience, and sometimes to danger; but in
August, 1812, the first stone was sunk of a break-
water, pier, or mole, 5,100 feet in length, 4,000 feet
in a straight line, with an angle inclining into the
Sound at each end ; this stupendous work is com-
posed of upwards of two millions tons of stone,
blasted from the adjoining rocks, in pieces of 1 1-2
to 5 tons each, sunk indiscriminately into the wa-
ter to work their own position; it is carried up
10 feet above high water mark at spring tides, 30
feet broad at the top, on which it is proposed to
erect storehouses at intervals, and lights along its
whole extent. The space within the pier is about
3 miles each way, affording anchorage for 2,000
sail of the largest ships, secure from the fury of
the ocean however tempestuous ; the ingress and
egress being safe and easy at either end of the
pier, defended from the land side on the W. by
the rock of St. Carlos, and on the E. by the Sho-
vel rock. The Catwater is formed by the estu-
ary of the little river Plym with the Tamar, and
may be regarded as the harbour of the town of
Plymouth, and applicable to the commercial in-
tercourse of the port ; whilst the Hamoaze extends
inland for about 4 miles, in a direction nearly due
N. and about half a mile wide, forming one of the
the most convenient and beautiful natural basins
known in the world, affording moorings for 100
of the largest ships of war, without interruption
to the anchorage and movement of numerous
other vessels ; and with sufficient depth of water
to enable ships of the largest burden to take in
their stores directly off the quays and jettys, that
range along its eastern shore. The Dock Yard ex-
tends 3,500 feet along the shore and comprises 96
acres, containing a basin 250 feet by 180, in which
are kept the boats and launches belonging to the
Yard ; also two mast ponds and a canal, which
enables vessels bringing stores, to land them at the
door intended for their reception. Ships and dry
docks for building and repairing of the largest
ships of war, range along the shore of Ha-
moaze, and communicate with the Dock basin, a
block of store houses built of stone, 450 feet long,
and 300 wide, 2 roperies 1,200 feet in length, 3
stories high, and a smithery containing 48 forges,
all are within the Yard. The bakehouse, brew-
house, and cooperage, and slaughter house, hos-
pital and barracks for 3,000 men, are without the
Yard, but contiguous thereto; all defended on
the land side by several batteries, and a line of
circumvallation mounted with numerous cannon,
and an outer trench excavated 22 to 20 feet deep,
out of the solid rock, forming altogether the most
complete and magnificent display of human art
and exertion in the world. The parish church is
at Stoke, about a mile distant, but the town con-
tains two chapels of ease and numerous dissen-
ting meeting-houses. Here are also a commo-
dious town-hall and a public library, besides sev-
eral other handsome buildings. The column
erected to commemorate the name of the town is
a prominent and interesting object. The streets
are mostlv at right angles and well paved. In the
census of 1821 the population of Devonport, then
Plymouth Dock, was returned with Plymouth,
ichick see ; the post office at Devonport is 217 lAl
miles S. W. of Hyde Park Corner, London, by
way of Salisbury and Exeter, distant from the
latter 45 miles. The block house flag-staff of the
garrison is in the lat. of 50. 22. 56. N.. and 4. 9.
11. long. W. of Greenwich.
Devonshire, a maritime county in the S. W. of
England, bounded on the N. E. by the county of
Somerset, N. W. by the entrance to the Bristol
Channel, W. S. W. by the Tamar River, which
divides it from the county of Cornwall, and S. by
the English Channel. Its extreme length from
the Start Point in the English Channel to Ilfra-
comb, on the shore of the Bristol Channel, is
about 70 miles, but its mean length and breadth
is about 50 miles, giving the largest area of any
county in England, except those of York and
Lincoln. It is the fourth county in order of pop-
ulation, and the most agricultural of any in the
kingdom. Although it has the finest harbour in the
world, and several other convenient ones, and in-
tersected by numerous streams, favourable for mill
sites, and other manufacturing operations, rela-
tively, it is one of the least commercial and man-
ufacturing counties in the kingdom. The S. W.
part of the county contains a dreary tract called
Dartmoor, containing upwards of 53,000 acres ;
the highest elevation of this moor, is 1,549 feet
above the level of the sea ; the other parts of the
county more particularly the S. and W. are ex-
ceedingly fertile. Its principal surplus produce
is cattle of a remarkably fine breed, either for
dairying or for feeding, and of beautiful symme
try; the N. E. part of the county contains veins
of copper, lead, manganese, gypsum, and of load-
stone ; antimony, bismuth, and cobalt are also
found in small quantities ; it has also quarries of
beautiful marble and granite, none of which how-
ever are worked to any great advantage. The
principal manufactures of the county are serges,
DEW
252
i>lA
kerspys, shalloons, broadcloth, blond lace, and
porcelain ; there is also a considerable ship-build-
ing trade at Barnstable. The woolen cloth man-
ufactures at Tiverton and Great Torington, and
the wool-combing at Chumleigh, were formerly
extensiv^e, but have now much decayed or van-
ished. Besides the Tamar, which divides the
county from Cornwall on the S. W., the other
principal rivers falling into the English Channel
are the Dart and the Exe, and into Bideford Bay,
on the side of the Bristol Channel, the Torridge,
and the Taw ; Devonshire contains one citj', Ex-
eter.
Devon, a river of Scotland, which rises in the
S. E. part of Perthshire, and, after a course of 40
miles, enters the Forth at Clackmannan, only
eight miles distant from its source. In Perthshire
it forms some romantic waterfalls, called the De-
vil's Mill, the Rumbling Bridge, and the Caldron-
linn.
Dcuren, a town of the Prussian states, in the
duchy of Juliers, with manufactures of cloth and
paper, and some iron works. It is 14 miles E. of
Aix-la-Chapelle. Pop. about 3,500.
Deutz. See Duytz.
Deux Fonts, a late duchy of Germany, lying
W. of the Rhine ; it is about 30 miles in length
from N. to S., and 12 in mean breadth, and tole-
rably fertile. It was ceded to France at the peace
of Luneville in 1802, assigned to Austria at the
general partitioning after the peace of Paris in
1814, and by Austria exchanged with Bavaria for
other districts on the E. It now forms part of the
Bavarian circle of the Rliine, and is supposed to
contain from 50,000 to 60,000 inhabitants ; besides
the chief town of the same name, the other prin-
cipal towns are Kussel, Honiburg and New Horn-
bach.
Deux Fonts, the chief town of the preceding
district or duchy, is seated at the confluence of
the Hornbach with the Erlbach, a short distance
above the entrance of the united stream into the
Blise near the S. end of the duchy. Its castle,
tlie former residence of tlie grand duke, is a state-
ly edifice ; and it has two spacious churches, an
academy, and an orphan house, and was formerly
celebrated for a printing establishment, which pro-
duced a valuable edition of the Greek and Latin
Classics, since removed to Strasburg. Pop. about
5,000 ; Deux Ponts is 55 miles E. by N. of Metz,
and 65 N. W. by N. of Mentz. Lat. 49. 15. N.
and?. 22. of E. long.
Deicangunge, a town of Bengal, on the W.
bank of the Burrampooter, 110 miles N.N. W. of
Dacca.
Detcarcotta, a town and district of North Hin-
doostan, between the Ganijes and the Jumna ; the
town is seated on the W. bank of the main branch
of the Ganges, 175 miles N. by W. of Dehli, and
90 N. W. of Sirinagur.
De Witt's Land, the name given to about 10 de-
grees of lat. of the N. W. part of New Holland,
after the Dutch navigator of that name, who first
made it known to Europeans.
Dewshurgh or Dewsbury, a parish and town in
the west Riding of Yorkshire, England. The
parish which includes the townships of Osset,
Soothill, and Clifton-cum Heartsliead, contain-
ed in 1821, 16,261 inhabitants. The town of
Dewsbury is a place of great antiquity, being
mentioned as early as 626, when Paulinus, the
first archbishop of York, preached Christianity to
the inhabitants of the surrounding country ; it is
now distinguished as the seat of an extensive
commerce, having upwards of 50 establishment?
for the manufacture of blankets, carpets, and other
heavy woolen fabrics ; and Heckmondwike ad-
joining, has 40 other establishments for the like
purpose, chiefly blankets. Dewsbury is seated
near the N. bank of the Calder river, 5 miles W.
by N. of Wakefield, on the road to Halifax, and
in 1821, the town contained 6,380 inhabitants.
Deynse. a town of Flanders, seated on the S.
bank of the Ly, 9 miles W. S. W, of Ghent.
Deyrah, a town of Upper Hindoostan, on the
frontier of Dehli, in the province of Sirinagur.
Dcsaigne, a town of France, in the N. part of
the department of L'Ardeche, 25 miles W. N. W.
of Valence. Pop. about 3,500.
Dexter, p.t. Penobscot Co. Me. Pop. 885.
Dezensano, a town of Breciano, situated at the
S. end of lake Garda, 15 miles E. of Brescia.
Pop. about 3,500.
Dezful, a populous town of Persia, in the pro-
vince of Chochistan, seated on the banks of the
Abzal, over which is an elegant bridge of 22 arch-
es. Dezful is 130 miles N. by E. of Bassora ; the
Abzal falls into the Ahwas, which joins tlie Tigris,
at its junction with the Euphrates.
Diadin, a town of Armenia, seated near the
source of the Euphrates, and frontier of Persia, 80
miles S. S. W. of Erwan.
Diakovar, a town of Sclavonia, about 20 miles
S. S. E. of Essig, on the road to Brodo Pop.
about 3,000.
Diamond Harbour and Foint, on the Hoogly
river, (see Calcutta).
Diamond Isle, a small island lying off the S. W.
point of Pegu, and S. E. point of the Bay of
Bengal, in the lat. of 15. 51. N. and 94. 12. of E
long.
Diamond Point, the N. E. point of the island of
Sumatra, at the entrance to the strait of Malacca,
in the lat. of 5. 18. N. and 97. 48. of E. long.
*^* There is a river of Sumatra, called Diamond
river, falling into the strait a little S. of the
point. The S. W. part of the island of Mar-
tinique in the West Indies, in the lat. of 14. 25.
N. and 61. 9. of W. long, is also called Diamond
Point.
Diano,a. town of Naples, W. o^'the Apennines,
in Principato Citra, 15 miles Js. by E. of Poli-
castro. Pop. about 4,500.
Diarbekir, a district of Asiatic Turkey, in the
province of Algazira, the whole of which extend-
ing from 33. 20. to the lat. of 39. N. was for-
merly called Diarbekir : and the Pasha or gover-
nor of the province is still called the Pasha of
Diarbek. It formed the ancient kingdom of
Mesopotamia; but the district of Diarbekir is
is now confined between the 37th and 38th de-
grees of N. lat. ; it lies E. of the Euphrates, and
IS intersected by numerous streams, forming the
head waters of the Tigris. It is beautifully di-
versified with mountains and vallies, and to a
social people would form a most delightful resi-
dence.
Diarbekir, the chief city of the preceding dis-
trict, or as it is called by the Turks Karle Amid,
which signifies a black wall, in reference to a
lofty wall of black stone with which the city was
formerly surrounded, is seated on the banks of
the main branch of the Tigris, in the lat. of 37.
55. N. and 39. 22. of E. long. 570 miles E. S. E.
of Constantinople, and 180 N. E. of Aleppo.
The Pasha resides in an extensive castle on the
N. side of the city. Extensive manufactures of
silk, wool, cotton, and leather, and in metals are
DIE
253
OlM
carried on at Diarbekir ; and their dyed fabrics in
wool and cotton are justly esteemed for the beau-
ty of their colours. As in most eastern cities,
the streets are narrow and dirty, but many of
the houses are spacious and elegant within. It
contains several commodious bazaars, a magnifi-
cent mosque, and also a noble cathedral belong-
ing to the Armenians. As a place of residence
■ to Europeans it is considered among the most
agreeable of all the Turkish cities. The popu-
lation is variously estimated at from 40,000, to
80,000, consisting^ of Armenians, Kurds, Chris-
tians, Jews, and Turks.
Dickinson, p.t. Franklin Co. N. Y. Pop. 446.
Also a township in Cumberland Co. Pa.
Dickson, a County of West Tennessee, about
28 miles from N. to S. and 25 in breadth. Duck
river, which falls into the Tennessee, washes all
the S. part of the county, whilst the E. and W.
-rorners of the N. side jet upon the great Cumber-
land river ; a collateral ridge of the Alleghany
mountains intersects the county from the S. E.
to the N. W. Pop. 7,261. Charlotte, N. of the
mountain ridge, is the principal town.
Didier, St. a town of France at the N. E. ex-
tremity of the department of Upper Loire, 40
miles S. S. W. of Lyons. Pop. about 3,200.
%* There are three other small towns of the
same name in different parts of France.
Die, a town of France in the department of
Drome, situate on the N. bank of the river
Drome ; it is the seat of a prefect, and in 1825
contained 3,509 inhabitants. It produces excel-
lent wine, and has a mineral spring in its vicini-
ty. It is 30 miles S. W. of Grenoble, and 80 S.
S. E. of Lyons.
Dieburgh, a town of Hesse Darmstadt, seated
on the N. bank of the Gerspienz river, 7 miles
E. by N. of Darmstadt, and 18 S. S.E. of Frank-
fort on the Maine.
Diego, St. a town on the coast of New Albion,
in the north Pacific Ocean, capital of a jurisdic-
tion of its name. It stands in so barren a coun-
try, that in the dry season cattle are sent up-
ward of 23 miles for pasturage. The port aflfords
excellent anchorao-e. Lon'»'. 116. 53. W. lat. 33.
12 N.
Diemen's Land. See Van Diemen's.
Diepkoltz, a town and castle of Westphalia,
capital of a county of the same name. It has
manufactures of coarse woolen and linen cloth,
and stands on the river Hunte, near the lake
Dummer, 30 miles N. W. of Mindcn, and 33 S.
S. W. of Bremen ; the county comprises about
265 square miles, and contains about 15,000 in-
habitants ; and now forms part of the kingdom of
Hanover, the inhabitants subsist chiefly by breed-
irg of cattle, which they drive down to the mar-
kets of Holland.
Dieppe, a sea port town of France, in the de-
partment of Lower Seine, with a good harbour
formed by the mouth of the river Arques, an old
castle and two piers. The principal trade consists
in fish, ivory, toys, and laces. It was bombarded
by the English in 1694, and is not so considera-
ble as formerly. It is situate on the coast of the
English Channel, jpposite to Brighton, from
whence packet boats sail daily to Dieppe dur-
ing the summer season, forming the easiest route
from London to Paris. Dieppe is 50 miles N. N.
E. of Havre, 35 N. of Rouen, and 96 in a meri-
dional line N. N. W of Paris, the lighthouse at
the entrance of the harbour is in lat. 49. 55. 34.
N. and 1. 4. 29. of £. long. ; it is the seat of a
prefect, and in 1825 contained a population of
16,664.
Dierdorf, a town of Westphalia, capital of the
upper county of Wied, with a castle, situate on
the Wiedbach, 10 miles N. N. W. of Coblentz.
Diernstein, a town of Austria, with an Augus-
tine convent, and the ruins of a casile, in which
Richard I. of England was imprisoned. The
French were repulsed here by the Austrians and
Prussians in 1805. It is seated on the N. bank
of the Danube, 17 miles N. of St. Polten, and 45
W. by N. of Vienna.
Diesen, a town of Bavaria, on the W. side
of the lake Ammersee, 10 ra. S. E. cf Lands-
berg.
Diesenhofen, a town of Switzerland, in Thur-
gau, seated on the Rhine, 5 miles E. of SchafF-
hausen.
Diest, a town of the Netherlands, in Brabant,
with considerable manufactures of cloth, stock-
ings, &c. seated on the Demer, 82 miles E. N. E.
of Brussels. Pop. about 6,000.
Dietz, a town of Germany, in the Westerwald,
capital of a county of the same name, with a
strong castle. It is seated on the Lahn, 18 miles
above its entrance into the Rhine, near Coblentz.
Dieuze, a town of France, in the department
of Meurthe, with wells of salt water, which pro-
duce much salt. It is seated on the Seille, 22 m.
N. E. of Nancy, and 50 W. N. W. of Strasburg.
Pop. about 3,600.
Diez, St. a town of France in the department
of Vosges. It had lately a celebrated chapter,
whose canons were obliged to produce proofs cf
nobility. It is seated near the source of the
Meurthe 30 m. S. E. of Luneville, and 45 S. ^y.
Strasburg. It is the seat of a prefect, and in
1825 contained 6,823 inhabitants.
Dio-hton, a town of Massachusetts, in Bristol
county, situate near Taunton river, 7 miles S. S.
W. of Taunton. Pop. 1,737. Upon the rocks
on the margin of the river are some rude inscrip-
tions, which the researches of antiquarians have
not yet rendered intelligible.
Dicrne, a town of France, capital of the depart-
ment of Lower Alps, and a bishop's see. It is
famous for its hot baths, and. seated on the Bleone,
30 miles S. by W. of Embrun, and 70 N. E.
of Marseilles. Pop. in 1825, 3,621.
Dijon, a city of France, capital of the depart-
ment of Cote d'Or. The public structures, and
particularly the churches, are very fine. The
spire of St. Benigne is 370 feet in height. In
front of the Palace Royale is the ancient palace
of the dukes of Burgundy ; and at the gates of
Dijon is a chartreuse, in which some of those
princes are interred. Dijon is seated in a pleas-
ant plain, which produces excellent wine, be-
tween two small rivers, 48 m. N. E. of Autun,
and 175 S. E. of Paris. Pop. in 1825, 22,397.
Dili. See Delos.
Dillenhurg, a town of Germany, in the Wes-
terwald, capital of a county of the same name,
rich in mines of copper and iron. It has a for-
tress, on a mountain, the usual residence of the
prince of Nassau-Dillenburg ; and is seated on the
Dillen, 41 miles N. N. W. of Wetzler. Long.
8. 27. E., lat. 50. 42. N.
Dill.ingen, a town of Suabia, with a catholic
university, seated on the Danube, 17 m. N. W. of
Augsburg. Now included in the Bavarian cir-
cle of the Upper Danube.
DiUiardsville, p.v. Rutherford Co. Ten.
Dimotuc, or Damotica, a town of European
Y
DIS
254
DM
Turkey, in Romania, and a Greek archbishop's
see ; seated on a mountain, surrounded by the
Meriza, 12 m. S. W. of Adrianople.
Dinagepoor, the capital of a district, north of
the Ganges in Bengal, 10 miles north of Mooshe-
dabad.
Dinan. a town of France, in the department of
Cotes du Nord, seated on a craggy mountain, by
the river Ranee, 20 miles south of St. Male. It
is the seat of a prefect. Pop. in 1825, 7,075.
Dinant, a town of the Netherlands, in the
territory of Liege, with a castle, and eight church-
es. The chief trade is in leather, and in the
vicinity are quarries of marble and mines of
iron. It is seated near the Meuse, 15 miles S.
by E. of Namur, and 44 S. W. of Liege.
Dinapore, or Danapoor, a military cantonment
of Hindoostan, 11 m. W. ofPatna, ontiie S. bank
of the Ganges.
Dinasmoulhy , a town of Wales, in Merioneth-
shire. It stands at the foot of a high precipice,
on the river Dysi, 18 m. S. by W. of Bala, and 196
N. W. of London.
Dindigul, a province of the peninsula of Hin-
doostan, 80' miles long, and 40 broad, lying be-
tween Coimbetore and Travancore, and chiefly
fertile in rice. On the defeat of Tippoo, in 1799,
it became subject to the British.
Dindigul, a town of Hindoostiin, capital of the
province of the same name, with a fortress on a
rock. It is 40 m. N. by W. of Madura, and 77
S. E. of Coimbetore. Long. 78. 2. E. lat. 10.
24. N.
Dincrelfingen, a town of Bavaria, seated on the
Iser, 20 m. E. N. E. of Landshut.
Dingle, a seaportandboroughof Ireland, in the
county of Kerry. The chief exports are butter,
beef, corn, and linen. It is seated at the head of
an inlet, on the N. side of Dingle bay, 23 m. W.
3. W. of Tralee, and 1G4 S. W. of Dubhn. Pop.
in 1821,4,538, and the parish 1,942 more. Long.
iO. 38. W. lat. 51.58. N.
Dingwall, a borough of Scotland, in Ross-shire.
Some linen yarn is manufactured here, and there
is a lintmill in the neighbourhood. It is seated
at the head of the frith of Cromarty, 18. miles W.
of Cromarty. Pop. in 1821, 2,031.
Dinkelsbuhl, a town at the N. E. extremity of
the circle of Suabia. It has a foundation of Teu-
tonic knights, and a trade in cloth and reaping-
hooks. It is seated on the Wernitz,22 miles S. S.
W. of Anspach, and is now included in the Bava-
rian circle of the Rezat Pop. about (j,.500.
Dinwiddle, a county of the E. District of Vir-
ginia, lying between Appomattox and Nottoway
rivers. It is about 18 miles square. Pop. 18,037.
Petersburg is the chief town.
Dippolaisu>alda, a town of Saxony, 12 miles S.
by W. of Dresden.
Dlsentis, a town of Switzerland, in the canton
of Grisons, with an abbey founded in the seventh
century. It is situate near the source of the Low-
er Rhine, 10 miles W. by S. of Ilantz.
Dishley, a village in Leicestershire, Eng., two
miles N. W. of Loughborough, rendered lanious
by a native grazier and farmer, Robert Bakewell,
(who died in 1795) from his successful experi-
ments and practices in the improvement of live
stock, more particularly sheep.
Dismal Swamp, Great, extends about 30 miles
ftom N. to S., and 10 broad between the Cliesa-
peak and Albemarle Sound, partly in Virginia,
and partly in North Carolina. It derived its
name from its dismal aspect, being impervious in
most parts, for trees and brushwood ; there is a
pond in the centre about 15 miles in circumfer-
ence. This territory abounds with noxious rep-
tiles and wild animals ; within a few years a ca-
nal has been cut through it from the Elizabeth
River, falling into the Chesapeak to the Pasquo-
tank, falling into Albemarle Sound ; this canal
unites the harbour of Norfolk with Albemarle
Sound : it is 23 miles long and is navigable for
sloops. There is another swamp between Albe-
marle and Pamlico Sounds, called the Little Dis-
mal Swamp.
Diss, a town of Norfolk, Eng. on the border
of Suffolk. It is seated on the river Waveney,
on the side of a hill, 19 m. S. of Norwich, anc
85 N. N. E. of London. Population in 1821,
2,764.
Dissen, or Tissen, a town of Westphalia, in the
principality of Osnaburg, where are salt works
which belong to Hanover. It is 16 miles S. E.
of Osnaburg.
Ditmarsen, a district of the Duchy of Hol-
stein, lying on the coast of the German Ocean,
between the rivers Eyder and Elbe, it contains
no towns of importance.
Ditteah, a town and fortress of Hindoostan, in
Bundelcund, on the frontier of Agra, about 120
miles S. by E. of the city of Agra.
Diu, an island of Hindoostan, making the S.
point of Guzerat, at the entrance of the gulf of
Cambay, 3 miles long and one broad. On it is
a fortified town of the same name, built of free-
stone and marble ; and it contains some fine church-
es, erected by the Portuguese, about the time
they took possession of the island in 1515.
The trade of the town, once so important, is
almost entirely removed to Surat. It is ISO
miles W. by S. of Surat, and 200 N. W. of
Bombay. Long. 71. 5. E. lat. 20. 45. N.
Dixan, town of Abyssinia, in Tigre, seated
on the top of a conical hill, and inhabited by
Moors and Christians. Their chief trade is steal-
ing children, and carrying them to a market at
Masuah, whence they are sent to Arabia or
India. It is 34 miles S. of Masuah.
Dix Cove, a British fort on the Gold Coast^ of
N. Africa, 40 miles S. W. of Cape Coast Castle.
Dirjield, p.t. Oxford Co. Me. Pop. 890.
Dixmont, p.t. Penobscot Co. Me. Pop. 945.
Dixmude, a fortified town of the Netherlands,
in Flanders, celebrated for its excellent cheese and
butter, it is seated on the Yper, 13 miles N. of
Ypres and 11 S. of Ostend.
Dixon, a township in Preble Co. Ohio.
Dixville, an unsettled township in Coos Co.N.H.
Dizier, St. a town of France, at the N. extremi-
ty of the department of Upper Marne, seated on
the Marne, 13 m. N. N. E. of Joinville, and 120
E. of Paris. The Marne is navigable from here
to Paris which renders St. Di.ier a place of con-
siderable commerce. Pop. ubfit 0,000.
Djcbail, or Gebail, a town of Syria, seated near
the coast on the site of the ancient Biblos, about
25 miles N. of Berus. It was a place of some
importance during the reign of Solomon, the
Biblos, having had at that time several vessels
employed in the conveyance of wood for the
building of the temple. The town was taken
possession of by the Crusaders in 1100, and at
present contains from 5 to 6,000 inhabitants.
Djebel, or Gebel Hadda, Gebel Saade, and Gebel
Amer Kemir, places of Mahometan devotion S. of
Mecca.
Dnieper, a river of European Russia (the an-
DOL
S53
DOM
cient Borysthenes), rising near the northern front-
ier of the government of Smolensk, in the lat. of
56. 20. N. and after a course of about 800 miles
in a direction nearly due S. falls into the filack
Sea, at Otchakov in the lat. of 46. 30. N. It is
navigable from above the city of Smolensk, the
whole of its remaining course, but is impeded by
rapids within about 200 miles of its entrance into
the Black Sea ; it receives a great number of trib-
utary streams both from the E. and W., the prin-
cipal of those on the E. are the Sotz, the Uiput,
an 1 the Deszna; and from the W. the Berezina,
and the Przypiec, by the latter and a canal, the wa-
ters of the Black Sea are made to communicate
with the Baltic. See Brazesc.
Dneister, a river of Europe, (the ancient Tyros),
rising on the N. side of the Carpathian mountains
in Austrian Galicia, in the long, of 23. E. ; and
from the long, of 26. 20. to 29. E. in a direction
S. S. E. it divides the Polish Palatinate of Podo-
lia, from Moldavia, when it takes its course near-
ly due S. for about 100 miles past Bender, and
dividing Bessarabia from the Russian province
of Catharineslaef, falls into the Black Sea at
Akermen, 100 miles W. of Otchakov, it is navi-
gable the greater part of its course.
Dolirzin, a town of Poland in the palatinate of
Ploczko, or Polock, seated on a rock near the
Vistula, 14 m. N. W. of Ploczko.
Dokum, a town of Holland, in West Friesland,
near the mouth of the river Ee, 10 rn. N. E. of
Le warden.
Dodbrook, a town of Devonshire, Eng. noted
as being the first place where white ale was brew-
ed. It stands on a rivulet, by which it is parted
from Kingsbridge, 208 miles W. S. W. of Lon-
don. Pop. 885.
Dochlen, a town of Saxony, 35 miles S. E. of
Leipzig. Population upwards of 4,000, chiefly
employed in manufactures.
Doel, a town of the Netherlands, in Flanders,
on the river Scheldt, opposite Lillo, 7 m. N. W.
of Antwerp.
Doeshurg, a town of Holland, in Gelderland.
It has been often taken ; and the reduction of it,
in 1586, was the first exploit of the English for-
ces sent by queen Elizabeth to the assistance of
the Dutch. It is seated on the Yessel, 10 m. S. S.
W. of Zutphen.
Dofar, a town on the coast of Arabia, in the
Indian Ocean, seated on the E. shore of a bay
of the same name ; it is the residence of a sheik
and exports some gum olibanum and other drugs.
Lat. 16. 16. N. and 54. of E. long.
Dogger Bank, a sand bank in the German
Ocean, between Flamborough Head and the
coast of Jutland; it is about 200 miles from W.
to E. and 30 to 50 broad, having from 15 to 30
fathoms depth of water; it yields abundance of
excellent cod to the English and Dutch fisher-
men. A sanguinary but undecisive sea fight be-
tween the Dutch and English, took place on this
bank, on the 8th August, 1781.
Dogliani, a populous town of Piedmont, 18 m.
N. by E. of Mondovi.
Dol, a town of France, in the department of
Ille and Vilaine, situate in a morass, 5 miles from
the sea, and 11 S. E. of St. Malo. Pop. about
3,500.
Z)o/ce ^g'wa, a town of Piedmont, in the county
of Nice, with a castle, seated on the Nervia, 5 m.
N. of Vintimiglia.
Dole, a town of France, in the department of
Jura, on the river Doubs. It contains several
public buildings, evidences of Roman magnifi-
cence. Under the ancient regime of France, it
was the capital of Franche Comte, until 1674,
when Bensancon was made the capital. It is
now the seat of a prefect ; and in 1825 contained
9,647 inhabitants. It is 70 miles N. by W. of
Geneva, and 30 S. E. of Dijon.
Dole Im, one of the loftiest peaks of the Jura
chain of mountains, rising to the height of 5,600
feet above the level of the sea.
Dolgelly, a town of Wales, in Merionethshire,
with a manufacture of coarse woolen cloth, un-
dyed called webbing. It is seated on the river
Avon, on the foot of the mountain Cader Idris,
12 miles S. E. of Harleigh, and 208 N. W. of
London, on the road to Caernarvon, from which
it is distant 39 miles. The summer assizes for
tlie county are held here. Population in 1821,
2,0!)3.
DoUart Bay, a bay or lake separating East Fries-
land, in Germany, from Groningen, in Holland.
It was formed by an inundation of the sea, in
1277, when 33 villages are said to have been des-
troyed.
Domfront, a town of France, in the department
of Orne, seated on a craggy rock, by the river
Mayenne, 35 miles N. W. of Alengon, and 65 E.
of St. Malo. It is the seat of a prefect. Pop
in 1825, 1,670.
Domingo, St. or Hispaniola, or Hayti, an islpnd
of the West Indies, extending from Cape Engano,
in the long, of 68. 20. W. to Cape Donna Maria,
in 57. 26. W., this gives an extreme length of
408 English statute, or 346 geographical miles, but
as the west end projects out in two promontories,
the mean length will not exceed 275 English
statute miles, between 18. and 20. of north lat. or
a breadth of 135 statute miles ; these limits give
an area of 23,760,000 English statute acres, being
about three fourths the extent of England exclu-
sive of Wales. The east end of the island is
separated from Porto Rico, by the Mona, or Porto
Rico channel, about 120 miles wide, and the
northern promontory of the west end is separat-
ed from the island of Cuba, by the windward
passage about 60 miles wide ; and the southern
promontory of the west end, is about 100 miles
distant from the east end of the island of Jamaica.
A chain of mountains extend from the extremity of
the northern promontory of the west end to the
S. E. end of the island and about the centre rise
to the height of about 6,000 fbet above the level
of the sea. Other mountain chains run in various
directions, giving great variety of feature and
climate to every part of the island, whilst streams
of water intersect it in all directions, contributing
alike to its beauty and fertility. There are four
principal streams rising about the centre of the
island, the Yuna flowing into Samana Bay in the
E., the Yaque de Santiago, flowing to the N., the
Artibonate to the W. and the Neibe to the S.
This island was discovered by Columbus, on
the 6th of December, 1492, after having touched
at the Bahamas on his first voyage, and is mem-
orable for being the first spot in America, which
was colonized by Europeans. Columbus landed
at Navidad near the extrem'ty of the N. W. prom
ontory, where he left 38 of his comrades ; returning
to Spain the following month. At this time the
country was called Hauti by the natives ; Colum
bus gave it the name of Espanola, or little Spain,
hence Hispaniola. Columbus returned in No-
vember following, and landed on the N. coast
of the island in the long, of 71 near to the mouth
DOM
256
DOM
of a small river, which in compliment to his
patroness, Isabella of Spain, he named after her.
The avarice of the settlers soon excited the just in-
dignation of the native inhabitants, whose resent-
ment, however, was readily subdued by the more
ample and destructive means of warfare of tlie
Spaniards. Columbus returned to Spain in
149G, leaving his brother Bartholomew in com-
mand of the settlement, who soon after removed
to the southern coast, and founded the city of St.
Domingo, which afterwards gave name to the
whole island. The number of settlers from Spain
increased rapidly, and the natives were compelled
to the severest labour, which soon brought on dis-
ease and premature death, and so fatal to life was
the cruel policy of the Spaniards, that after a
lapse of about 20 years, an efficient labourer scarce-
ly remained on the island. Under this exigency,
about 40.000 of the inhabitants of the Bahama
Isles were decoyed from their homes to become
labourers or slaves in St. Domingo ; but such was
the perverse policy of the Spaniards ; that not-
withstanding this acquisition, and 1,000,000 of
native inhabitants, (some historians even carry
the number as high as 3,000,000,) which the isl-
and was supposed to contain on its first discovery
in 1492, by the middle of the following century
scarcely 150 remained alive ; whilst the Span-
iards had progressively sunk into indolence, and
the island was reduced again to a wilderness.
The French obtained a footing on the W. end
of the island about the middle of the 17th century,
and resumed the culture of the sugar-cane which
had been early introduced by the Spaniards from
the Canary Islands, but had been entirely neglect-
ed by them. By the treaty of Ryswick in
1(591 , Spain ceded to France all the west part of
the island from the little river Pedernallo on the
S. to the Capotillo falling into the Bay of Man-
cenilla on the N., in the long, of about 71. 40. W.,
being about a tliird part of the island. After this
period the French plantations progressively in-
creased in number and importance, and in 1789 the
population of the French part of the island had
increased to 30,830 whites, 94,000, mulattoes, and
480,000 slaves, making a total of 534,8.30 inhabi-
tants, whilst the total population of the Spanish
part did not exceed 155,000, and in 1791, the fol-
lowinor produce was exported to France : viz.
84,017,328 lbs. of coffee, 11,317,222 lbs. of cotton,
3,257,010 lbs. of indigo, 1,536,017 lbs. of cocoa,
and 217,463 casks of sugar.
From this period a new and important era in
the history of St. Domingo commences. The deso-
lating mania of the French revolution, had ex-
tended to this island ; an insurrection ensued, in
which upwards of 5,000 of the whites fell a prey
to the fury of their slaves. In 1792 the national
assembly of France proclaimed the political equal-
ity of the negroes and whites ; in the following
year three commissioners were despatched from
France, who on their carrival in St. Domingo pro-
claimed the emancipation of the slaves. Tliis served
as a signal for the slaves to wreak their vengeance
en their white oppressors, and on the 21st of
June 1703, a force of 3,000 blacks entered Cape
Francjois and began an indiscriminate slaughter
among the white inhabitants, whilst the most
cruel vengeance displayed itself over all that
part of the island.
In the midst of this confusion, the English at-
tempted to establish their authority ; and a force
from Jamaica succeeded in taking possession
of Port au Prince, but after suffering mxich from
disease and the resistance of the blacks, they aban
doned the island in 1798. By this time the
whole of the white population had become nearly
extirpated, whilst the blacks, under the command
of Rigaud and Toussaint L'Ouverture, had effect-
ed considerable progress in military discipline
On the 1st of July 1801. the independence of the
island was formally proclaimed in the name of the
republic of Hayti, when Toussaint L'Ouverture
was appointed governor for life, with the power
of naming his successor. On the 6th October,
1801, the French concluded a peace with England,
and in the December following despatched a
squadron with 20,000 men, under the command of
general Le Clerc, to attempt the subjugation of
St. Domingo. The troops landed in Samana
Bay, at the E. end of the island. Le Clerc com-
menced the campaign in February 1802, and
fought with varied success until the following
May, when a truce was concluded upon ; during
which Toussaint was inveigled on board a ves-
sel and conveyed to France, where he died in
prison, in April, 1803. Suspicion of treachery in
his death having been entertained against the
French, hostilities recommenced with greater an-
imosity than ever. Tlie command of the black
troops devolved on Dessalines, and the English
being now regarded as auxiliaries against the
French, on the 30tli December 1803, the whole of
the remaining French forces surrendered prison-
ers of war to the English.
Thus St. Domingo was again freed from all
European oppression ; but new calamities now
awaited it. On the 1st of January 1805, the gen
erals and chiefs of the army entered into a solemn
compact, in the name of the people of Hayti, re-
nouncing forever all dependence on France.
Dessalines was then appointed governor for life,
and invested with extensive powers ; in Septem-
ber following he assumed the imperial title of Jac-
ques the 1st, Emperor of Hayti. His ambition
and tyranny brought upon him the detestation of
the people, and he was slain by a military conspi-
racy in October 1806. He was succeeded by
Christophe as " chief of the government," but
Petion starting as a rival candidate for the su-
preme authority, a severe battle was fought be-
tween the forces of Petion and Christophe, on the
1st of January 1807, in which Petion was defeat-
ed. In the same year Christophe was appointed
chief magistrate for life, with the power of ap-
pointing his successor, hni like his predecessor
Dessalines he was not content with conditional
power, and in 1811, he assumed the regal title of
Henry I. King of Hayti, making the title heredi-
tary in his family, and Sans tiouci, a village about
15 miles from Cape Francois, now called Cape
Henry or Cape Hayti, the seat of his court an^
government. King Henry was both avaricious
and cruel, and like Dessalines fell a prey to his
own soldiery, who dragged him from his palace
by force, and massacred him in October 1820. In
the mean time, from 1801 to 1818, Petion after his
defeat in 1807 retreated to the south of the west
part of the island, and remained at the head of a
considerable portion of the country. In 1816 he
was appointed president for life, but died in May
1818, universa'ly lamented byallwhr had espous-
ed his cause. He was succeeded by Boyer, who
on the death of Christophe obtained the command
and government of the whole of what was for-
merly the French part of the island.
In 1794 Spain ceded the whole of the remaining
part of the island to France, but the troublea
DOM
^7
DOM
wliich ensued rendered the cession nominal, the
French never having been able to take possession.
The Spanish flag continued to wave over the
fortress of the city of St. Domingo, until the 1st
of December 1821, when the inhabitants issued a
formal declaration of independence, and made
overtures to the republic of Columbia, to be ad-
mitted as an integral part of its confederacy, which
proposition however was not acceded to. Such
was the political state of St. DommJu at the pe-
riod of 1822, about which time the French by in-
trigue endeavoured again to regain an ascendan-
cy in the island, and conceiving all attempts by
force of arms likely to prove ineffectual, they suc-
ceeded in inducing the Hay tians to agree to a pecu-
niary indemnity, tor the loss of the plantations at
the commencement of the revolution ; this after
several years negociation, in 182.5, was settled at
120,000,000 francs, or about £.5,000,000 sterling,
payable by instalments, and under regulations
calculated to divert a great portion of the produce
of the island into the lap of France on better
terms than though she held the island in coloni al
possession.
Under the mild and judicious administration of
president Boyer, Hayti promises to advance in
prosperity and social influence; a college has
been founded and liberally endowed at Cape Hay-
ti, •'" which provision is made for mstruction in
all trie languages, arts, and sciences, usually
taught in the European establishments of the like
kind ; public schools have been established in
most of the principal towns of the west part of
the island ; and be the future destiny of St. Do-
mingo what it may, she is at present one of the
most interesting subjects for contemplation in the
world ; an age has hardly passed away since the
bulk of the inhabitants were held in the most ab-
ject and degraded state of bondage ; since when
they have successfully resisted the arms of two of
the most powerful nations of their time, and now
n main pursuing a silent but steady course to-
M rads giving a new and additionally important
character to the social relations of the civilized
world.
Of its present extent of population and produce
there is no satisfactory information. The popu-
lation of the Spanish part of the island is suppos-
e,d to have decreased considerably since 1785,
and is thought, now, not to exceed 100,000. In
speaking therefore of the island of St. Domingo
or Hayti, as it is now again generallj^ called, all
that is politically important in relation to pop-
ulation and intercourse applies almost exclu-
sively to the W. end or about one third only of
the island ; the chief occupation of the compari-
tively few inhabitants of the eastern, or greater
part of the island, being that of attending to the
breeding of cattle, which they drive to the
markets of the more populous districts of the
west.
Under social institutions, and well directed ex-
ertion, Hiiyti would doubtless prove adequate to
supply the whole of Europe with an abundance
of all the luxurious products common to a tropi-
cal climate, whilst the artificial productions and
conveniences which Havti would be able to com-
mand in exchange, might make it the most de-
lightful residence on earth. The temperature of
the mountains ranges at a mean of about 70, and
although in the plains it ranges at about 100, the
pressure of the heat is considerably modified by
the alternate land and sea-breezes ; the coast on all
sides is indented with convenient bays and har-
33
hours The indigenous vegetable productions of
St. Di mingo are various, beautiful and valuable ;
its maiogany is unrivalled for its texture and
beauty, and there is a satin wood proportionably
superior to that of other parts of the world. The
flowering shurbs are various, and no where sur-
passed in beauty and fragrance ; vanilla and the
plantain are both luxuriant; pine for ship building
and house carpentry is abundant, whilst the cot-
ton tree supplies the material for canoes. Of
quadrupeds one only is known peculiar to the
island, the agouti cat, in size less than the com-
mon cat of Europe ; all the domestic animals of
Europe, have, however, been introduced, and
thrive exceedingly ; swine, horses, and horned
cattle, all running wild in considerable numbers.
The feathered race are numerous and beautiful in
plumage, and more melodious than common with
birds of tropical climates. There is a salt water
lake of considerable extent between the French
and Spanish part of the island, on the S. side,
which as well as the plains and rivers of that side,
abound in alligators and other reptiles of great
size, and also in the noxious insects common to
the situation and climate. The land tortoise is
common, and the coast abounds in turtle and oth-
er fish.
Domingo, St., City of, is situate on the west
bank of a river called the Ozama, in lat. and long.
as previously laid down. The city was originally
founded in 1496, on the opposite bank of the riv
er, but afterwards moved to its present site. It is
regularly laid out, and like most of the cities built
by the t^paniards in this part of the world, the
private houses have interior courts and flat roofs
The cathedral, finished in 1540, is a ponderous ed-
ifice ; the government house, hall of justice, bar
racks, and arsenal, are all respectable buildings .
it has also several convents, which have been
mostly deserted by their inmates since 1794. The
harbour is capacious, but exposed to the tempests
from the S. W. The population, which at one
time amounted to 25,000, is now reduced to half
that number, and indicates decline rather than
prosperity. It was sacked by the English Admi-
ral Drake, in 1586, who obtained a ransom from
the inhabitants of about £7,000 to prevent further .
devastation. It has not experienced any marked
vicissitudes since that period.
*^* There are several other towns called St.
Domingo in different parts of America, settled by
the Spaniards, but all inconsiderable.
Doviinica, one ot the West Indian Leeward Is-
landsjlying N. of Martinique and S. of Guadaloupe,
being about 34 miles from N. to S. and 10 in mean
breadth. It was discovered by Columbus on Sun-
day, November 3, 1493. A party of Frenchmen
settled upon it about the beginning of the 17th
century, who by cultivating the friendship of the
natives, succeeded in the culture of the soil. At
the treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle in 1743, it was
agreed that it should be neutral, but the English
took possession of it in 1750, and it was confirmed
to them at the peace of 1763. It was captured by
a French force from Martinique in 1778, but re-
stored to the English in 1783, since when it has
remained in their possession. It is very produc-
tive of coffee of a choice quality, and yields some
sugar. Charlotte Town at the moutli of a river
towards the S. end of the island on the W. side,
is in lat. 15. 18. N. and 61. 28. of W. long.
Dominica, the largest of the islands of the Pa ■
cific Ocean, called the Marquesas. Long. 139. 2,
W. lat. 9. 41. S.
y 2
DON
358
DON
Domino, St one of the Tremitti islands, in the
gulf of Venice, 15 miles from the coast of Naples
m the lat. of 42. 10. N.
Domitz, a town of Lower Saxony, in Mecklen-
burgh-Schwerin, with a fort seated at the conflu-
ence of the Elde and Elbe, 25 m. S. 3f Schwerin.
Dommel, a river of Dutch Brabant, which re-
ceives the Aa below Bois le Due, and then flows
into the Meuse.
Domo d'Ossola, a town oi Italy, in the Milan-
ese, with a castle, seated near the frontier of the
Valois on the Tossa, 20 m. N, of Varallo.
Domotica, or Dimottce, a large town of Europe-
an Turkey, situate on tlie W. bank of the Maris-
sa, 12 miles S. by W. of Adrianople. Pop. about
8,000.
Dompaire, a town of France, in the department
of Vosges, 10 m. AV. N. W. of Epinal.
Doviremy, a town of France, in the department
of Meuse, the birth-place of the celebrated Joan
of Arc, the Maid of Orleans. It is seated on the
Meuse, 5 m N. of Nenfchaleau
Domvillcrs, or Danvillers a town of France in
the tiepartment of Meuse, 14 m. N. of Verdun.
Dun. a river of Europe (the Tanais of the an-
cients,) which intersects the south-east provinces
of Russia. It issues from the lake St. John, in
the governmeut of Tula, and after a very circui-
tous course of several hundred miles, flows into
the sea of Azoph. Thi:< river has so many wind-
ings, and such numerous shoals, as to be scarcely
navigable, except in the spring, on the melting
of the snows ; and flat-bottomed boats only, ex-
cept in the same seas jn, can pass into the sea of
Asoph.
Don, a river of Scotland, which rises in the W.
fart of Aberdeenshire, receives the Urie-water at
nverary, passes by Kintore, and enters the Ger-
man Ocean, at Old Aberdeen.
Don, a river in Yorkshire, Eng. which rises on
the borders of Cheshire, flows by Penistone, Shef-
field, Rotheram, Doncaster, and Thorn, and joins
the Ouse near its termination in the Humber.
Donaghadee, a town and parish of Ireland,
in the county of Down, it is seated on the coast
35 miles W. N. W. of the Isle of Man, and 23
W. by S. of the Mull of Galloway. It is celebra-
ted as the mail packet station between Ireland
and Scotland (See Port Patrick.) It has a custom
house, and exports some cattle and other live
slock to Scotland, but in other respects its com-
merce is very inconsiderable, the receipt of cus-
toms not equalling the expense. Population of
the town in 1821, 2,795, and the parish 3,793
more ; on Mew island at the entrance of the har-
bour, which has been made convenient for the
packets, is a light house in the lat. of 54. 40. N.
and 5. 24. of W. long.
Donuldsonville, p. v. the capital of the parish of
Ascension. Louisiana, on the Mississippi.
Donaveschingen. or Doneschingen, a town of
Suabia on the E. border of the Black Forest, in
the principality of Furstcnburg. It is the chief
residence of the prince ; in the court yard of
whose palace are some springs, collected in a res-
ervoir about 30 feet square, which has the honour
of being called the head of the Danube. It is 13
m. N. N. W. of SchaflThausen.
Donuicert, a strong town of Bavaria, seated on
the N. bank of the Danube, at the influx of the
Wernitz, 25 miles N. by W. of Augsburg ; here
is a bridge over the Danube, which causes Dona-
wert to be a place of considerable intercourse.
Pop. about 2,500.
Doncaster, a handsome town in the S. E. part
of the west riding of Yorkshire, Eng. It is situate
on the great high road from London to York and
Edinburgh, on the S. bank of the river Don, over
which are two handsome bridges. The principal
street is about a mile in length ; the mansion
house, in which the mayor and justices hold their
sittings, is a spacious and elegant building; there
is also a town hall, theatre, dispensary, hospital,
and two or three other public buildings, and the
church dedicated to St. George is a noble ed-
ifice. Doncaster has 5 tan yards, several flax
dressers, and some manufactures of sacking, car-
pets, nails, &c. and its trade in corn is consider-
able ; but the agreeableness of its locality ren-
ders it more celebrated as a place of gaiety and
fashion, than as a manufacturing or trading town
The annual races are about the gayest in the kir(j-
dom, and the frequent balls and concerts held in
the mansion house make it the resort of all the
fashion and gaiety of the surrounding country ;
there are also about a dozen separate private es-
tablishments for the education of young ladies and
gentlemen ; these with its constant thoroughfare
tend to render it a cheerful and an agreeable res-
idence. It is 158 miles N. from London, 18 N.
E. of Sheffield, 20 S. E. of Wakefield, and 37 S
of York. The population, which in 1801 was
5.697, in 1821 had increased to 9,116. Market on
Sunday.
Dondra Head, the southern point of the island
of Ceylon, in the lat. of 5. 55. 30. N. and 80. 42.
of E. long. The land is low and densely popula-
ted, but appears to have been of greater impor-
tance than at present, there being the ruins of a
magnificent Hindoo temple in the vicinity. See
Matura.
Donegal, a maritime county forming the N. W.
extremity of Ireland ; it is about 70 miles in ex-
treme length, but being indented by numerous
bays and harbours, it has about 150 miles of sea
coast ; the principal bay is called Lough Foyle.
and divides Donegal from the county of London-
derry, opening by a narrow strait into the north
channel. Lough Swilly is another capacious bay,
opening into the Atlantic Ocean, and Donegal
bay, forms the southern boundary of the county,
which is bounded on the E. and S. E. by the
counties of Tyrone and Fermanagh. The river
Finn intersects the centre of the county from W.
to E. and then takes a northern course into Lough
Foyle. Donegal is a mountainous and rather
dreary district, and its inhabitants maybe consid-
ered the rudest in Ireland, the greater portion
speaking only their vernacular language. The
mountains contain various minerals ; kelp is made
upon the coast, which yields also a salicious sand
used in the manufacture of glass ; the spinning
of flax, the linen manufacture, and distillation of
spirits prevail over the greater part of the coun-
ty ; the principal towns are Lifford, Raphoe,
Johnstown, Letterkenny, Ballyshannon, Donegal,
and Killibegs ; at Ballyshannon is a valuable
salmon fishery. It contains the ruins of several
castles and other works of antiquity. For divi-
sions, superfices, population, «fcc. see Ireland.
Donegal, a town and parish of the preceding
countv, seated at the head of a bay 111 miles N.
W. of Dublin, and 25 S. W. of Lifford. Pop.
of the town in 1821, 696, and of the parish 4,426.
*^* There are four townships called Donegal in
the state of Pennsylvania.
Doneraile, a town and parish of Ireland, in the
county of Cork. Near it are quarries of beautiful
ORK
259
DOR
yariejaled marble. It is situate on the Awbe?,
which falls into the Black Water 19 miles N. W.
of Cork, and 113 S. W. of Dublin. Pop. of the
town in 1821,2,455, and the parish 1,419 more.
Dongo'n, or Dungala, a town of Nubia, capital
of a province of the same name. It contains
10,000 houses of wood, and is seated on the Nile,
among mountains. 500 miles N. by W. of Sen-
mar. The country is celebrated for a fine breed
of horses, and the inhabitants for their skill in
horsemanship. Tioncr. 32. 5. E. lat. 19. 25. N.
Donjon, a town of France, in the department of
Allier, 24 m. S. E. of Moulins.
Donninglon, a town in Lincolnshire, Eng.'
Much hemp is cultivated in the neighbourhood.
It is 8 miles W. S. W. of Boston, and 106 N. of
London. Pop. in 1821, 1,633.
*^* There are 7 villages of the same name in
different parts of England, the principal one in
Leicestershire, with a population of 2.308.
Donny Brook, one of the out parishes of the
city of Dublin, celebrated for its annual saturna-
lia or fair.
Donzy, a town of France, in the department of
Nievre, 22 m. N. of Nevers.
Dooub, a term applied by the Hindoos to tracts
of land lying between two rivers ; the most cele-
brated tract is that lying between the Ganges and
Jumna, in the provinces of Allahabad, Agra, and
Dehli.
Doon, a river of Scotland, which issues from
a lake of the same name in Ayrshire, and enters
the frith of Clyde, 2 m. S. of Ayr.
Doran, a town of Arabia, in Yemen, on the
side of a mountain, 28 m. S. of Sana.
Dnral, a town of France, in the department of
Upper Vienne, seated on the Abran, near its junc-
tion with the Sevre,25 m. N. of Limoges.
Dorchester, a borough and the capital of Dor-
setshire, England. It was formerly much larger,
and the ruins of the walls axe still to be seen in
some places. It has three churches ; and a fine
terrace-walk, planted with trees, almost surrounds
the town, which has no manufactures, but is fa-
mous for excellent ale. A little to the S. is a
Roman amphitheatre, constructed of chalk and
turf, supposed to be the most perfect in the king-
dom. One mile to the S. W. is the Maiden cat-
tle, another work of the Romans; there are three
ramparts and ditches, nearly oval, and the whole
area is 115 acres. Dorchester is seated on the
river Frome, about 10 m. from the sea at Wey-
mouth, 53 E.of E.^eter. and 120 W. by S. of
London. Pop. in 1821, 2.743.
Dorchester, a town in Oxfordshire, Eng. which
was a station of the Romans, and ruined in the
wars with the Danes. It was a bishop's see till
1086, when William the Conquerer translated it to
Lincoln ; and it had five churches, though now
but one, which was the cathedral. It is seated
on the Tame, 3-4 of a mile above its junction
with the Isis ; the united streams forming the
river Thames, 10 miles S. E. of Oxford and 49
W. N. W. of London. Pop. in 1821, 8.54.
Dorchester, a county of the state of Maryland,
lying between the Nanticoke and Choptank riv-
ers, on the E. side of Chesapeak bay. Pop.
18,685. The chief town is Cambridge, on the S.
bank of the Choptank, 60 miles S. S. W. of Bal-
timore.
Dorchester, p.t. Grafton Co. N. H. 90 m. from
Portsmouth. Pop. 702.
Dorchester, p.t. Norfolk Co. Mass. adjoinin<r
Boston. Pop. 4,064.
Dorchester, p.t. Colleton Dis. S C.
Dordogne, an interior department in the S. W.
of France, comprising the late province of Peri-
gord, and part of the Limousin ; a river of the
same name intersects the S. part of the depart-
ment ; the Vizere, Ille, and la Drome, all fall-
ing into the Dordogne, in its course to the Ga-
ronne at Bourg, intersects other parts of the de-
partment, which is in general fertile and yields
some delicious wines ; it is divided into five ar-
rondissements, the principal towns of which are
Perigueux, the capital, Bergerac, Nontron, Ribe-
rac, and Sarlat ; the other principal towns are
Belves, Monpont, and Eaciderfil. For territori-
al extent, population, &c. &c. see France.
Doi-estro. See SUistria.
Dorking, a beautifully picturesque town in
Surrey, England, with a market on Thursdays,
celebrated for a remarkably fine breed of poultrj-;
a vast quantity of lime is burnt in the neighbour-
hood. It is 23 m. S. S. W. of London bridge.—
Pop. in 1821, 3,812.
Dorn, a village in a detached part of Worces-
tershire, Eng. 3 m. S. E. of Camden in Glouces-
shire. The Roman fossway runs through it, and
abundance of coin, both Roman and British have
been found here.
Dornburg, a town of Upper Saxony, in the
principality of Weimar, with a castle ; situate on
a hill, by the river Saale, 14 m. E. of Weimar, and
40 S. W. ofLeipsig.
Dornoch, a borough on the E. coast of Scotland,
capital of Sutherlandshire, at the entrance of a
frith of the same name, over which it has a ^erry
to Tain. It is a small place, and half in ruins,
but was formerly the residence of the bishops of
Caithness, and part of the cathedral is kept up as
the parish church. It is 40 miles N. of Inverness.
Long. 3. 48. W. lat. 57. 52. N. Pop. in 1821,
3,100.
Dorp, Dorpat, or Dorfat, a town of Russia,
in the government of Riga, with a university;
seated on the Ember, between the lakes Wosero
and Pepas, 60 m. S. of Narva, and about 50 E. of
Pernau. Pop. about 5,000.
Dorset, p.t. Bennington Co. Vt. Pop. 1,507.
Dorsetshire, a maritime county of England,
having about 70 miles of coast in the British
Channel ; bounded on the W. by Devonshire, N.
by the counties of Somerset and Wilts, and E. bj
Hampshire; it is of an irregular form, having aii
extreme length of 55 miles from W. to E. and 35
in extreme breadth, but the mean lines do not
much exceed half that extent ; the superficial
area being only 1 ,005 square miles. The soil is
generally rich and fertile, though in some parts
very sandy ; the northern part, which is divided
by a range of chalk hills from the southern,
affords good pasturage for cattle ; while the south-
ern part chiefly consists of fine downs, and feeds
incredible numbers of sheep. The chalk hills,
which run through every county from the S. E.
part of the kingdom thus far, terminate at the
further extremity of this ; but on the coast. Chalk
cliff's extend beyond it into Devonshire, 10 miles
W. of Lyme. From the Hampshire border to
the neighbourhood of Blandford a heathy com-
mon extends, which causes an exception to the
general character of fertility which this county
merits ; but the rich vales to the S. W. make
ample amends. The greater altitude of the
county is 669 feet above the level/f the sea ; the
climate is mild and congenial.. The principal
rivers are the Stour, Piddle, an.d Frome. Heie is
DOU
DOV
plenty of poultry of all sorts, swans, woodcocks,
pheasants, partridges, fieldfares, &c. The prin-
cipal towns on the coast are Lyme Regis, Mel-
combe Regis, Weymouth, Bridport, Wareham,
and Poole ; at the two latter some ships are built,
and some foreign trade carried on ; and Poole
was formerly celebrated for its extensive interest
in the NewU)undland fishery ; and considerable
manufactures of cordage, twine, and coarse wool-
fens were formerly carried on in the vicinity of
Bridport and Poole. The commercial and
manufacturing concerns of the county have of
late years declined and are now, relatively, in-
significant, the shipping being principally em-
ployed in carrying, and the rental, taxes, and sup-
ply of shop goods for the consumption of the
county, are now paid out of the surplus produce
of sheep and lambs for the London market, some
cattle, wool, and stone, from the quarries of
Portland, and Purbeck, and freight of shipping.
Some trifling manufactures also contribute to con-
stitute an exchange ; and the W. part of tlie coast
abounds in mackerel during the season. The prin-
cipal towns in the interior are Dorchester (the
capital), Corfe castle, and Shaftesbury, each of
which, as well as each of those on the coast, and
the county, return two members to parliament.
There are 13 other market towns, and upwards
of 200 villages in this County.
DorsettsviUe, p. v. Chatham Co. N. C.
Dorstcn, a fortified town of Westphalia, in the
county of Recklinghausen, seated on the Lippe,
15 m. E. by N. of Wesel.
Dort, or Dordrecht, a city of South Holland on
an island formed by the Meuse, which is here
called the Merwe. The island was formed in
1421, in November of which year an inundation
destroyed 72 villages and drowned 100,000 per-
sons. In 1457 Dort was nearly destroyed by fire,
and is further celebrated for an assembly of pro-
testant clergy from all parts of Europe, in 1618
— 1619 called the synod of Dort, which condemn-
ed the tenets of Arminius. Here are several Lu-
theran and Calvinist churches, a fine council-
house an excellent academy, and the mint of
South Holland. It has a good harbour, and a
great trade in corn, wine, and timber ; of the
'atter immense rafts are floated hither from An-
dernach, in Germany. It was formerly the chief
depository of Rhenish wines ; but its commerce
has much declined of late years, having been
transferred to Rotterdam. The father of the cel-
ebrated De Witts was Burgomaster of Dort, and
Vossius was once superintendant of its academy.
The natural situation of Dort is such that it has
never been taken by an enemy ; but it surren-
dered to the French in 1795. It is 10 miles S.
E. of Rotterdam. Lon<r. 4. 45. E. lat. 51. 51. N.
Pop. about 20,000.
Dortmund, a strong town of Westphalia, in a
nook at the S. extremity of the upper bishopric
of Munster. It was lately imperial, and is seat-
ed on the Emster, 15 m. S. W. of Ham, and 30
S. by W. of the city of Munster. Pop. about
4,000.
Dotckom, or Deutckom, a town of Holland, in
Gelderland, with afoundery for bombs and cannon
balls ; seated south of the Yssel, 10 m. S. E. of
Doesburg.
Douarnenez, a town of France in the depart-
ment of Finisterre, seated on a bay of the same
name, at the entrance of the English channel, 8
m. N. W. of Quimper.
Douav, a city of France, formerly the capital of
the department of Nord, with a fine arsenal, a foun
dery for cannon, a military school, a citadel, and
three famous colleges ; to which a great number
of the catholic youths of England and Ireland
are sent for education. It was taken by the Duke
of Marlborough in 1710, and retaken by the
French in 1712, after the suspension of arms. It
is 110 miles N. by E. of Paris, 70 E. S. E. of Bo-
logne, and 18 S. of Lisle, to which it is connect-
ed by a canal. It is the seat of a prefect, and in
1825 contained 18,854 inhabitants.
Douhs, a department of France, on the frontier
of Neufchatel in Switzerland. It comprises the
eastern part of the late province of Franche
Compte, and is watered by a river giving name
to the department which falls into the Saone a
little above Chalons. Doubs is a woody and
mountainous district, interspersed with fertile
vallies ; the mountains yield a considerable sup-
ply of iron, the forests abundance of timber,
whilst sheep and black cattle abound in the val-
lies, yielding a considerable supply of butter and
cheese, the latter is celebrated by the name of
grueyere ; the vine is also cultivated with suc-
cess, and to some extent ; it has been proposed
to unite the river Doubs with the Ille, falling
into the Rhine, and thereby unite the waters of
the north sea, with the Mediterranean. The de-
partment of Doubs is divided into four arron-
dissements ; Besangon, 210 miles S. E. of Paris,
is the capital; and the chief towns of the other
three arrondissements are Baume, Pontarlier, and
Montbelliard ; there are two other considerable
towns, viz. Quingey and Ornans.
DoMC, a town of France, in the department of
Mayenne and Loire, with a considerable manu-
facture of druggets and tammies. Near it is a
vast Roman amphitheatre, cut out of the solid
rock. It is 9 miles S. W. of Saumur.
Dove, a river of Derbyshire, Eng. which rises
in the Peak, near Buxton, parts the county from
Staffordshire, and after a course of about 40 miles
joins the Trent, 4 miles below Burton
Dover, Straits of, between the S. E. point of
England, and the N. W. extremity of France,
leading from the Atlantic Ocean, through the En-
glish channel into the north sea ; the narrowest
part of the strait is about 20 English statute
miles, and the two usual points of intercourse
about 23 miles. Dover castle being in I. 19. 7.
and Calais lights in 1. 51. 1. of E. long, being a
difference of 32 miles of long, which in the lat.
of 51. is equal to 19 geographical or 23 English
statute miles. The straits extend from the S. W.
in a direction N. N. E. for about 44 m., intersect-
ed by the long, of 51. of N. lat.
Dover, Town of, which gives name to the pre-
ceding strait, is seated on the English coast, in the
county of Kent, and is celebrated in every perioQ
of English history ; by the ancient Britons it was
called Dour, by the Romans Dubris, and by the
Saxons Dovre ; and the Romans regarded it as
Claris et refragulum., totius regni — tbe lock and
key of the whole realm. Dover may doubtless
still be regarded as the great outlet and portal of
the realm on the side of northern Europe, and
from its peculiar local situation and advantages to
be still entitled to high consideration. But as
navigation has advanced towards perfection, and
England advanced in her maritime ascendency, in
a relative sense, Dover has become an inconsider-
able place, and in point of security and defence
is very insignificent compared with either Ports-
mouth or Davonport; while Harwich, SouAamp-
DOU
261
DOW
ton and Falmouth vie with it, as points of egress
and ingress to and from foreign parts, and since
the application of steam to purposes of navigation,
numerous visitors to and from France now pro-
ceed and arrive direct from and to the Thames at
Jjondon, who used formerly to pass by way of
Dover. Dover is, however, still (1331) the medi-
um of conveyance for the mails, and of all mes-
sengers and travellers intenton despatch, between
England and France, for whose accommodation
packets proceed to and from Calais with every
tide, and the intercourse is still very great, consti-
tuting the chief support of the town. It ex-
tends for near a mile along the shore, and is divi-
ded into two parts ; the eastern part is called the
town, at the extremity of which, on an eminence,
is the castle, supposed to have been first founded
by Julius Caesar, the west part is called the pier,
and is overhung by a range of chalk cliffs, which
seem to threaten an immediate overwhelming of
all below ; the heights 300 to 350 feet, above the
level of the sea, are fortified with trenches, subter-
raneous works and casements for the accommoda-
tion of 2,000 men, and in clear v.-eather present
fine prospects of the coast of France. Dover is
one of the (five) cinque ports vested with peculiar
privileges : by the 32 Hen. VIII. cap. 48. On
condition of furnishing a numljer of ships equip-
ped and manned for the national defence, one of
t!ie privileges was, each port returning two mem-
bers to parliament, by the title of Barons of the
Cinque Ports. Dover post office is 71 m. S. S. E.
of London Bridge, by way of Canterbury, from
whic'i il is distant 16 miles. It is divided into two
parishes, with two weekly markets on Wednes-
days and Saturda,ys. The castle is a very exten-
sive edifice, and interesting from its antiquity, and
the historical events connected with it; besides
the castle and two churches, the other public
buildings are a town hall, theatre, military hospi-
tal, victualling office, and custom house •- the busi-
ness of the latter is confined almost exclusively to
the inspecting the bags^age of the passengers arriv-
ing by the packets. The harbour will admit ships
of 500 tons burthen ; but the town carries on little
or no foreign trade. Pop. in 1811, 9,074, and in
182 L, 10,327.
Dover, p.t. Penobscot Co. Me. Pop. 1.042.
Dover, p.t. Strafford Co. N. H. 10 m. fi-. Ports-
mouth on the falls of the Cochoco, a stream run-
ning into the Pisoataqua. The falls have several
pitches, one of which is 40 feet perpendicular, af-
fording a vast water power, which has been ap-
plied to manufacturing purposes. Tlie cotton
manufactories produce 10,000 yards of shirting
a week. The iron works roll and slit 1.000 tons
of iron annually, and make 700 tons of nails. New
sstablishinents are also in progress, and the mill
sites here are numerous. Dover is one of the
oldest towns in the state. Pop. 5,449.
Dover, p.t. Norfolk Co. Mass. Pop. 497.
Dover, p.t. Dutchess Co. N. Y. Pop. 2,198.
Diivcr. p.t. Kent Co. Del., the capital of the
state of Delaware. It is situated upon a small
stream falling into the Delaware, and is hand-
somely laid out and built. The houses are mostly
of brick and in the centre of the town is a spacious
square surrounded by the State House and public
offices.
*^* There are six other towns called Dover in
the United States, viz. in Monmouth Co. N. J.,
York Co. Pa., Cuyahoga, Athens and Tuscarawas
Cos. Ohio and Stuart Co. Ten.
Douglas, a village of Lanarkshire, Scotland,
seated on a river of the same name, falling into
the Clyde, 29 m. S. S. E. of Glasgow on the road
to Carlisle. Pop. in 1821, 2,195.
Douglas, the chief town of the Isle of Man,
seated at the mouth of two united streams, on the
E. side of the island, in the lat. of 54. 4. N. and 4.
36. of W. long. Pop. in 1821, 6,054. See Man.
Douglas, p.t. Worcester Co. Mass. Pop. 1 ,742.
Douglas, Cape, a promontory on the W. coast
of America, the W. point of the entrance to
Cook's Inlet. Its summit forms two very high
mountains. Long. 153. 30. W. lat. 58.56. N.
Doulaincourt, a town of France, in the depart-
ment of Upper Marne, 10 m. S. W. of Joinville.
Doullens, a town of France in the depannent
of Somme, with two citadels ; seated on the Autie,
15 m. N. of Amiens; it is the seat of a prefect.
Pop. in 1825, 3,504.
Doune, Donn, or Donne, a town of Scotland, in
the parish of Kilmadock, Perthshire, with the ru-
in of a huge square castle, whose tower is yet full
80 feet in height. Here is a manufacture of pis-
tols; also an extensive work called the A delphi cot-
ton-mill. It is seated on the Teih, 8 ni. N. W.
of Sterling, and 32 S. W. of Perth. In 1821 the
parish contained 3,150 inhabitants.
Dourdan, a town of France, in the department
of Seine and Oise, with a manufacture of silk and
worsted stockings : seated on the Orge, 25 m. S.
W. of Paris.
Douro, a river of the Peninsula, rising near So-
ria, in old Castile, in the long, of 2. 30. W. It
rises to the W. of Soria, and from thence runs S.
for about 20 miles, when it takes a course nearly
due W. past Aranda into Leon, past Zamora to
the frontier of the Portuguese province of Trazos
Montes; it then takes a course S. S. W. past Mi-
randa, and for about 60 miles forms the boundary
between Leon in Spain and Tras os Montes : it
then takes a course N. by W. dividing the latter
province and Entre Douroe Minho from Beira,fall-
ing into the sea a short distance below Oporto.
The meridional distance from its source to its en-
trance into the sea is about 300 miles, while the
course of the stream will be near 400 miles ; it re-
ceives numerous tributary streams botli from the
N. and S.
Doiclaiahad, formerly called Amednagur, a
province of the Deccan of Hindoostan ; intersect-
ed by the Godavery river, bounded on the N. by
Candeish, W. by the Gauts, S. by Visiapour and
Golconda, and E. by Berar. Aurungabad is the
capital.
Doiolatahad, one of the celebrated hill-forts
of Hindoostan, and formerly the capital of the
preceding province. The fort is 420 feet above
the level of the plain. In the beginning of the 14th
century the Emperor Mahomet III. caused a great
number of the inhabitants of Dehli, to emigrate S.of
the Godavery river, and attempted to make Dow-
latabad the seat of government of his empire, but
the project did not succeed, and his successor re-
turned to the ancient capital. Dowlatabad never-
theless continued an important place and capital
of the province, until the time of Aurungzebe,
who fixed his residence at Aurungabad {which
see), about 10 miles to the S. ; it is now included
in the territories of the Nizam of the Deccan.
Dow7i, a maritime county on the N. E. coast of
Ireland, opposite to the Isle of Man, it is bounded
on the N. by the Lough of Belfast, which divides
it from the county of Antrim, S. by Carlingford
Bay, which divides it from the county of Louth,
and on the W. il is bounded by the eounty of Ar
DRA
262
DRK
magh. It is 53 miles in extreme length from S.
VV. to S. E. and about 25 in mean breadtli, the N.
E. being indented by Strangford Lough, contain-
ing about 100 square miles of surface : a canal
from Carlingford Bay to the Lough Ncagh, bounds
the W. end of the county, and the river Lagan
failing into Belfast Lough, waters the northern
eide ; the river Bann intersecting tiie S. W. Down
is the fifth county in Ireland, iu order of popula-
tion, both collectively and relatively, an<l although
it is one of the least productive counties in the
country, a great portion of its surface being occu-
fjied as bleach grounds, the industry of the in-
labitants in the linen manufactures, enables it
to command an equal or greater share of comforts
than in most other parts of Ireland ; the S. part
of the county is mountainous, Slieve Donard Peak
rising to the height of 2,800 feet above the level of
the sea ; various minerals are found in different
parts of the county, but none are worked to ad-
vantage, the linen manufactures absorbinsr all the
labour and exertion of its inhabitants, about an
equal portion of whom are Protestants, emigrants,
or uescendants of emigrants from Scotland. Re-
mains of antiquitjr are common in every part of
the county. Tlie principal towns are Downpat-
rick (the capital and a bishop's see), Newton Ar-
des, Bangor, Donaghadee, Killyleagh, Hills-
borough, Dromore, (another bishop's see), and
Newry, at the head of Carlingford Bay, which is
the largest and most considerable trading town in
the county. For extent of surface, divisions, &c.
see Ireland.
Down, or Downpaf.rick, the chief town of the
preceding county, is pleasantly located on the
banks of a stream falling into the S. end of
Strangford Lough, 74 miles N. N. E. of Dublin,
and 23 S. by E. of Belfast ; it a bishop's see in
conjunction with Connor, in the county of An-
trim, and besides the cathedral has three other
places of religious worship ; its other public
buildings consists of a diocesan school, hospital,
town hall, court house and goal. Down is cele-
brated as the supposed place of interment of Ire-
land's adopted saint, St. Patrick, and a well in
the vicinity dedicated to that saint, is held in
high veneration. Down participates in the linen
manufacture; its population in 1821, amounted
to 4,123, and the parish to 4,417 more. It returns
a member to the parliament of the United
Kingdom.
Downe, a township in Cumberland Co. N. J.
Doicnham, a town in Norfolk, Eng. seated on
the side of a hill, about a mile from the Ouse. It
has a great trade in butter, which is sent up the
river in boats to Cambridge, and thence conveyed
in waggons to London, under the name of Cam-
bridge butter. It is 11 miles S. of Lynn, and 86
N. by E. of London, and is celebrated for a foun-
dery of church and turret bells, of a peculiarly
harmonious tone. Pop. in 1801 , 1 ,512, and in
1821,2,044.
*^* There are four villages of the same name
111 different parts of England.
Dorringlon, p. v. Chester Co. Pa.
Downs, a famous road for shipping, on the E.
coast of Kent, between the North and South Fore-
land. See Godwin Sands, and Deal.
Downton, a borough in Wiltshire, Enj'. seated
on the Avon, 6 m. S. E. of Salisbury, and 88 W.
S. W. of London. Pop. in 1821, 3,112.
Doijlestown, p. v. Bucks Co. Pa.
Draahurgli, a town of Carinthia. on the river
Drave, near the frontier of Tyrol.
Dracut, a town of Massachusetts, in Middlesex
countv on the N. bank of the Merriniac, at Paw-
tucket falls, 28 m. S. W. of Exeter, and 30 N. N.
W. of Boston. Pop. 1,615.
Dradate, or Dorlio , a town of Nubia, with a
harbour on the Red Sea, and wells of good water
in the vicinity. It is 36 miles N. N. W. of
Suakem.
Dragidgnan, a town of France, capital of the
department of Var, 10 miles N. W. of Frejus, 40
N. E. of Toulon, and 420 S. S. E. of Paris. Pop.
in 1825,8,616.
Dra.hcnstcin, an extensive valley in the Cape
of Good Hope territory. See Stcllenhosch.
Drame, a town of Macedonia, near the ruins of
Philippi, and about 20 m. N. N. E. of Emboh.
Dramlnirgh, a town of Brandenburgh, in the
N. part of the New Mark, seated on the Drage, 15
m. E. by N. of New Stargard.
Drammen, the two towns of Stromsoe and Brag-
nas, on each side of the Drammen river, falling
into the bay of Christiana, in Norway, are callea
Drammen. See Stromsee.
Dranesville, p t. Fairfax Co. Va.
Dravc, a river which rises in Germany, at In-
nichen in Tyrol, flows through Carinthia and
Stiria, then along the confines of Sclavonia and
lower Hungary, and after a course of about 300
miles joins the Danube a little below Essig.
Drayton, a town in Shropshire, England, with
a market on Wednesday, it is seated on the banks
of the river Tern, at the N. E. end of the county,
on the road from Shrewsbury to Newcastle. It
has 3 tan yards, 2 paper mills, and 2 manufac-
tures of hair cloth; 151 miles N. W. of London.
Pop. in 1801, 3,162, and in 1821, 3,700.
*J* There are 16 villages called Drayton, and
9 Draycott, in different parts of England. Dray
is a Saxon word, but its application to tlie names
of places is not very obvious; the etymologist
must draw his own inferences respecting it.
Dresden, a city of Germany, and the capital of
the kingdom of Saxony. It is divided by the Elbe
into the old and new town, which are united by a
grand bridge, and surrounded by strong fortifica-
tions. It has a castle, an academy of painting
and sculpture, and a magnificent church for the
Roman catholics, with a tower 300 feet in height,
one Calvinist, and 11 Lutheran churches. The
houses are built of freestone, almost all of the
same height ; and though the palaces are few, it
is deemed the handsomest city in Germany. The
palaces of Holland and Japan arc full of curiosi-
ties from that country and China ; and the pic-
tiire gallery may claim precedence over every in-
dividual gallery in Italy. The royal palace has a
tower 355 feet in height. Dresden is deservedly
celebrated for its manufacture of porcelain , the
repository for which is in the castle. Here are
also manufactures of gold and silver lace, jewel-
lery, paper-hangings, and wind-instruments of
music, &c. &c. The arsenal contains specimens
of the first invented fire arms, and a curious col-
lection of arms of all ages and countries. The
other public buildings of Dresden are the house
of assembly of the Saxon diet, an academy for
the 3'oung nobility, a military school, and several
edifices for charitable institutions. It was taken
by the king of Prussia in 1745, and again in 1756,
but retaken in 1759; and it was bombarded by
him in 17()0, for nine days, when he was obliged
to raise the siege. Dresden is further rendered
memorable for its neighbourhood being the prin-
cipal theatre of operations between tlie allied and
DRI
963
DRO
French armies, during the greater part of the year
1813. The Russian and Prussian troops having
entered it in the month of March, was obliged to
quit it in May, after the battle of Lutzen ; and
Bonaparte afterwards held his head-quarters here
for a long time. On the 26 and 27th of August
of tiie same year, the allied army, 200,000 strong,
under prince Schwartzenburg, attempted to carry
the town by assault ; but Bonaparte having arri-
ved from Silesia, with his guards, the night be-
fore the attack, repulsed them with great loss in
killed, wounded, and prisoners. It was at this
time, the celebrated general Moreau, received a
mortal wound, while in conversation with the
Emperor of Russia. The allies, in consequence
of this disaster, immediately commenced their re-
treat into Bohemia ; and the French being too ea-
fer to profit by their success, had sent general
andamme with about 30,000 men, into the
mountains of that country to cut off their retreat.
But on their arrival near Culm, they were assail-
ed oil all sides; and after a furious conflict, the
whole army was nearly destroyed, and the com-
mander with the whole of his staff were made
prisoners. On the 6th of November, after the
battle of Leipzig, marshal St. Cyr who remained
in Dresden with a French force of 39,000 men,
after a fruitless attempt to negociate a retreat,
was compelled to yield to an unconditional sur-
render. Prior to the spoliation by Prussia in 1756
Dresden contained aboul 65,000 inhabitants, from
which period it progressively declined down to
45,000 in 1810, but since the restoration of peace
in 1814, it has gradually increased, and in 1825
contained again a population of 54,000. In the
vicinity are several fine gardens and public prom-
enades, which serve to render Dresden one of
the most ao-reeable abodes in the north of Europe.
It is in the'lat. of 51. 2. 50. N. and 13. 43. of W.
lono- 230 miles N. N. W. of Vienna, 240 N. N. E.
of Muaich, 100 S. by E. of Berlin, 190 E. of Cas-
sell by way of Leipzig, from which it is distant
55 miles. See PUnitz and Saxony.
Dreiix, a town of France, in the department of
Eure and Loire, with a considerable manufacture
of cloth for the army. It is seated on the river
Blaise, at the foot of a mountain, AS m. W. by S.
of Paris. It was burnt by Hen. II. of England,
in 1186, taken by Hen. V. in 1421, and is further
celebrated for a battle fought in its neighbourhood,
on the 18th of December 1562, between the army
of the King of France and the protestants under
the Prince of Conde, when the latter were defeat-
ed. It surrendered to Hen. IV. of France in
1593, and is now the seat of a prefect, with a pop.
of 6,032 in 1825.
DrewsvUle, V. Cheshire Co. N. H. included
in Walpole.
Driesen, a town of Brandenburg, in the New
Mark, on an island, formed by the river Netze, near
the Polish frontier, 20 miles E. of Landsberg.
DriffboTjl. Norway, in Drontheim; 46 m. E.
Romsdal.
Driffield, Great, t. Enor., in the east Riding of
Yorkshire, on a canal which joins the river Hum-
ber ; 23 m. N. Hull, 30 E. York. Long. 0. 20. W.
lat 54. 6. N. Pop. 1,857. Here are manufac-
tures of woolen and cotton, both lately introduced,
and a weekly market on Thursday.
Drighlington, t. Eng., in the W. Riding of
Yorkshire; 5 m. from Leeds. Pop. 1,355.
Drifo, a small island on the W. side of the gulf of
Bothnia. Long. 17. 7. E. lat. 62. 28. N.
Drillo, or Achates, r. Sicily, in the valley of
Noto, which runs into the Mediterranean, 6 m.
S. E. Terra Nuova.
Drimana Point, cape, Ireland, on N. coast of
the bay of Donegal; 3 m. S. Killibegs.
Drill, or Drinus, r. which rises in S. W. part
of Servia, and runs into the Save, 32 m W. Sabaoz.
Drinaza, r. Servia, which runs into the Save,
15 m. W. Sabacz.
Dringenburg, t. Prussia Minden ; 6 m. E. S. E.
Paderborn. Pop. 734.
Dringfort, t. Prussia; 9 m. N. E. Rastenburg.
Drino Kero, or Black Drino, or Drilo, r. Ea.
Turkey, which rises in the lake near Akrida ;
joining the Drino Bianca, it takes the name of
Drino only , and runs into the Adriatic ; about 8 m.
S. W. Alessio, forming a bay at its month, called
the Chilf of Drino. It is navigable nearly 100 m.
for large rafts,
Drissa, a town of Russia, in the government
of Polotsk, at the conflux of the Drissa with the
Dwina, 20 m. W. N. W. of Polotsk, and 272 S.
of Petersburg.
Drista. See SiUstria.
Drivastro, a town of European Turkey, in Alba-
nia, 20 m. N. E. of Dulcigno.
Drogheda, a seaport on the S. coast of Ireland,
seated at the head of a bay on the banks of the
river Boyne, which here divides the counties
of Meath and Louth, Drogheda, being a town
and county of itself, with a separate jurisdiction.
It is a respectable town, and carries on a consid-
erable trade in butter, grain, and coarse linens ;
the harbour is tolerably commodious, but its en-
trance is impeded for shii>s of large burthen by a
bar. It is divided into three parishes ; Oliver
Cromwell took it by stsrm in 1649, and it was
near here where the decisiA'e battle was fought
between the forces of William and James in 1691 ,
when the latter were defeated. See Boyne. Drog-
heda is 24 m. N. of Dublin. Pop. in 1821,
18,300. It returns a member to the parliament
of the United Kingdom.
Droitwich, a borough in Worcestershire. Here
are famous salt springs, which were in great celeb-
rity at the period of the Norman conquest ; from
these is made much jjeculiarly fine white salt.
It is seated on the Salwarp, 7 m. N. N. E. of
Worcester, and 116 W. N. W. of London. It is
connected with the river Severn by a canal, 7 m.
in length, and the Birmingham and Worcester
canal runs at a short distance, and by this means
the salt is distributed over all jKirts of the king-
dom. Droitwich is divided into four parishes,
and returns two members to parliament. Pop. in
1821,2,176.
Drome, a Department of France, takes its ap-
pellation from the river Drome, which crosses it,
bounded by the department of the Upper Alps,
Lower Alps, and Vaucluse ; the Rhone bounds
it on the west. The country is high, full of
mountains and valleys; the soil in many parts un-
productive. Valence is the capital. Pop. ^3,372.
Protestants, 34,000.
Drome, or Druna, a r. of France, which rises
near Valdrome, passes by Die, Pontaix, Saillans,
Crest, Livron, «Stc., and falls into the Rhone about
11 m. S. Valence.
Dromo, a small island in the Grecian Archipel-
ago. Long. 24. E. lat. 39. 28. N.
Dromore, a town and parish in the county of
Down, Ireland ; the town is a bishop's see, the
palace of the prelate is a stately edifice. It is
20 m. W. by N. of Downpatrick, and 66 N. of
Dublin, on the road to Belfast. Pop. of the town
DRU
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DUB
inl«yi, 1,861, and of the parish 12,769 more;
there is anollier parish and town of the same
name in the county of Tyrone. Pop. of the town
415, and of the parish 7,698.
Droviore, p.t. Lancaster Co. Pa.
Dronuro, a town of Piedmont, at the foot of the
Alps, on the river Maira, 15 m. S. S. W. of Sa-
lu.£zo, and about the same distance W. by N. of
C-ini. It contains 6 churches, and has a fine
bridge across tlie river. Pop. about 6,500.
Drontheim, the most northerly of the four great
diocesses of Norway, extending from the lat. of
62. 5. to 05. 20. N. being about 80 miles in mean
breadth ; it is intersected by several small streams,
and the coast is indented with numerous inlets
and bays, and flanked with numerous islands ;
although a dreary district, the industry of the in-
habitants counteracts in a considerable degree
the inhospitality of its position and climate. It
is divided into 80 parishes containing a population
of about 250,000, having considerably increased
during the last and present century. The chief
town of the same name is seated on a point of
land, formed by a deep inlet, about 40 m. from
the open sea, in the lat. of 63. 26. N. and 10. 22.
ofE. long., 253 m. N. E. of Bergen, about the
same distance due N. of Christiana, and 360 N.
W. of Stockholm. It was the residence of the
ancient kings of Norway, and is now the princi-
pal trading town of the diocese, and exports a
very considerable quantity of fir timber and deals,
some pitch, tar, peltry, &c. It is the residence of
the bishop of the diocese ; the cathedral is a state-
ly edifice ; the houses are mostly built of wood,
but the streets are commodious, and in the sum-
mer season this town is not an unpleasant resi-
dence. Pop. about 9,000.
Drosendorf, a town of Austria, with an ancient
castle, seated on the Toya, on the frontier of Mo-
ravia, 10 m. N. of Horn.
Drossea, a town of Brandenburg, in the New
Mark, 14 m. S. E. of Custrin.
Drum, the name of two parishes in Ireland, one
in the county of JVIayo, and the other in Roscom-
mon ; there are also about thirty other parishes,
and several villages in different parts of Ireland
beginning with Drum, such as Drumara, Drum-
boe, Drumcannon, &c. &c.
Drumsna, a town of Ireland, in the county of
Lcitrim, seated on the E. bank of the Shannon, 4
m. S. E. of Carrick, and 73 from Dublin, it is
rather a neat town. Pop. in 1821, 606.
Drusenhcim,, a town of France in the depart-
ment of Lower Rhine, seated on ihe Motter, near
the Rhine, 15 m. N. by E. of Strasburg.
Druses, a community of people in Syria,
which had its origin in a fanatical persecution
of a caliph of Egypt, against the Mahomedans.
About the beginning of the 11th century, the ca-
liph and his prophet (a native of Persia), both met
a violent death, and such of their disciples (the
Druses) as adhered to their tenets, fled for a refuge
to the mountains of Lebanon,and-Antilibanus; from
whence they successively made war against the
Crusaders, the Sultans of Aleppo, the Mamelukes
and Turks ; they were effectually subdued by Am-
urath III. in 1588, who imposed a regular tribute
upon them, appointing an emir or chief whom he
invested with executive power, and held him re-
sponsible for the payment of the tribute. This
organization, however, the Druses soon turned
against the Turks, with whom they have since
been involved in repeated conflicts with alter-
nate success ; they still maintain a nominal inde-
pendence, occupying about 70 miles of coast from
Saide the ancient Sidon, to Gebail or Djebail
Bairut or Berut {which see) being their chief sta-
tion. Their number is estimated at about 120,
000, all the males being trained to arms. Their
language is the Arabic ; and they now appear to
have but little religion of any kind, praying indif
ferently in Christian churches or Turkish mosques,
Dryburg, or Drilnirg, a town in the Prussian
States, seated near the source of a stream, falling
into the Weser, in the principality of Paderborn ;
it is pleasantly located and distinguished for its
baths ; 10 m. E. of the town of Paderborn.
Drydcn, p.t. Tomkins Co. N. Y. Pop. 5,206.
Duanesburgh, 'p.t. Schenectady Co. N. Y. Pop,
2,837.
Dublin, a maritime and fertile county on the
E. coast of Ireland, being about 30 miles in ex-
treme length, and 13 in mean breadth. Its capital
a city of the same name is the capital of all Ire-
land, and in extent of population and architectu-
ral display is the second city of the British domin-
ions in Europe, but in other respects inferior to
either Liverpool, Manchester, Glasgow, or Edin-
burgh. For divisions, extent of superfices, popu-
lation, &c. of the county of Dublin. See Ireland
Dublin City, the capital of Ireland, is seated on
the banks of the river Liffey, at its entrance into
a bay of about 40 square miles in surface. The
city lies up the river, about a mile from the bay,
which is much more remarkable for its pictur-
esque beauty on either side than for its navigable
uses. This bay has been compared, rather idly,
by some person in the first instance, with that of
Naples ; and after him, still more idly, by a thou-
sand others. It forms a vast semicircular basin
about eight miles in diameter, perilous from its
shallows and breakers ; which are, however, coun-
teracted by a long and massive central mole run-
ning into it, with a lighthouse at its extremity,
and two piers on either side at its entrance. A
bold peninsular promontory, called the hill of
Howth, shelters it on the north, having a range
of lowlands from its base skirting the sea, luxuri-
antly wooded and varied, exhibiting here and
there, a church, a mansion, or a pretty villa :
whilst, on the south, it is bordered, at a short dis-
tance, by the picturesque and beautiful range of
hills called the Wicklow mountains.
Dublin resembles the cities to be met on the
continent much more than those of England, in
the frequent juxtaposition of magnificence and
meanness. TTae late Mr. Curran compared it to
a man with a new coat over a dingy under dress
Its square area of about two miles and a half con-
tains more noble edifices, wretched habitations,
and public charities, than will be found within the
same compass elsewhere. It is in form a rectan-
gle, divided by the river into two nearly equal
parts. We will suppose the spectator in the open
space called College-green, on the left bank of the
river and eastern side of the city. Looking east-
ward, he beholds the Ban^ of Ireland, formerly
the parliament hou.=:e,on hi^left; and the Univer-
sity immediately facing him, with a bronze eques-
trian statue of king William between
The Bank of Ireland presents a noble, simple,
and really classic mass of Grecian architecture.
Its principal front is a grand Ionic colonnade, 147
feet long, resting on an elevated plane, reached
by a flight of steps.
The front of the University, at a right angle
with the Bank, is a long and florid Corintian fa-
gade 3 the central columns surmounted by apedi-
DUB
S65
DUB
ment, and the whole terminated by Corinthian
pavilions, with coupled pilasters of the same or-
der. An octagonal vestibule, with the museum
on the right, leads from the town into the first of
three squares, which is built of hewn stone, and
contains three principal buildings ; — the chapel,
presenting a beautiful Corinthian colonnade, on
the left ; the theatre or examination-hall on the
right, exactly corresponding ; and beyond this
square, on the left hand, forming the smaller side
of a rectangle, with a simple pilastered front, the
hall in whicTn the fellows and students of the whole
university dine. The library, though inferior to
to many others in the number of volumes, is one
of the most complete and precious in Europe ;
containing rich materials of bibliography. It con-
sists of two compartments ; the ancient library of
the university, entered at one end, and present-
ing a long and noble vista, with, on either side,
a gallery and balustrade above. The books are
admirably arranged in stalls beneath. At the re-
mote end is a handsorne pavilion, containing the
Fagel library, a gem in its kind, once the family
library of the Fagels, Grand Pensionaries of Hol-
land, and purchased by the university. There is,
again, archbishop Usher's library, left by him to
the university, of which he was the founder, —
containing many books noted and commented on
with his own hand. There is, lastly, a collection
of valuable, or at least curious, manuscripts, Per-
sian, Arabic, Chinese, and Irish. Graduates of
the university only, as in the Bodleian, have
the privilege of reading ; but studious strangers
are admitted, upon a proper introduction to the
provost and board. The chapel and theatre were
built from the designs of sir W. Chambers ; the
latter contains a monumental marble group in
memory of provost Baldwin, full of grace, senti-
ment, and beauty, and not sufficiently apprecia-
ted or known. There are also some mediocre
portraits, including one of Swift, in whom, by the
way, his Dublin alma mater could discover only
ill nature and incapacity. The spectator returns
to his former place, goes up Dame-street, and
meets at its extremity on the left hand tlie Royal
Exchange, on an elevated site, a quadrangle of
which the principal facade presents a Corinthian
portico surmounted by Corinthian pilasters and a
balustrade, over which is visible the summit of
the dome. Tlie interior is a rotunda formed by
twelve fluted Corinthian columns, and richly
stuccoed. Immediately to the left is the Castle,
the residence of the vice-regal court. The upper
castle-yard or court is a quadrangle, with an Ionic
structure crowned with a Corinthian tower and
cupola, from which the vice-regal flag waves ; and
on the opposite side a colonnade leads to the vice-
regal apartments. In the lower chapel-yard is
observed a Gothic chapel built by a living archi-
tect of Dublin : it is a very graceful specimen
of the pointed Gothic.
Crossing the river to the north side, the Law
Courts present theroselves; a noble edifice, ill-
placed on a low sit«, looking immediately over
the river : it is a modern building, the first stone
having been laid by the duke of Rutland, lord
lieutenant, in 1786. The whole faqade is 450
feet, with a central portico of Corinthian columns
surmounted by a pediment, and allegorical statues
over these, — the wings connected in a right line
with the front by arched screen walls with areas
behind. The hall a circular area, lighted from the
top and surmounted by a dome with a mosaic ceil-
ing, is paced round and round, or occupied in
groups, by barristers, attorneys, and strangers,
while business is proceeding in the several courts
which are in the periphery of the hall. Return-
ing on the same side, and descending with the
river, Sackville-street, a spacious and even noble
avenue, opens on the left. At about half its
length appears Nelson's pillar, a heavy column,
placed in its centre, with a perversness of absur-
dity rarely seen to break a fine and complete view.
The new Post-oflice, a fine building, with an
Ionic fluted portico surmounted by a pediment
and several allegorical figures, is in this street
immediately near Nelson's pillar ; and at the re-
mote end another handsome mass of buildings,
comprises the Lying-in Hospital and Rotnnd»
Assembly-rooms. A little further on are the
King's Inns, comprising the record-ofiice and
prerogative court; a recent edifice, with much of
architectural and well-executed sculptural orna-
ment. Having retraced his steps to the river, and
followed its course a short way, the observer be-
holds the Custom-house, with its principal front
nearly at the water's edge — its centre a Doric
portico, supporting an entablature and frieze rather
too ornamental, with various allegorical groups
single figures, — and a noble dome, supported by
columns and surmounted at its vertex by a colos-
sal statue of Hope, — placed there most inauspi-
ciously, — for all idea of customs or commerce has
been abandoned even in expectancy, and the
building receives another destination. Crossing
again to the left bank or south side of the town,
the spectator should halt for a moment on Carlisle-
bridge to view Sackville-street, — unfortunately
broken and disfigured by Nelson's pillar, but
adorned by its own breadth and elegance, — the
portico of the Post-office, and the Rotunda in the
distance ; the south front of the Custom-house,
and a noble line of walled quays, over an innavi-
gable river flowing into a bay without ships ;
Westmoreland-street, with on either side a por- ^
tico of the bank and a pavilion of the university ;
and d'Olier-street, with the Dublin Library, and
a view of the front of the new square of Trini-
ty-college. A little furthur on to the south is the
theatre, a handsome building, and adapted to its
purposes, built in 1821 by Mr. Henry Harris,
whose name is honourably associated with the
English drama.
There are in Dublin five squares ; three on the
south and two on the north side of the river ; of
which one, called Stephen's-green, may be called
magnificent, from its space, ornament, and edifi-
ces. The river is crossed by seven bridges within
the city, all, with one exception, modern and well
built, and one of them of cast iron. Sarah's
bridge, so called from Sarah, countess of West-
moreland, who laid the first stone in 1791, is about
a mile above the city ; consisting of a single arch,
beautifully constructed and of very picturesque
eff'ect.
Dublin is an archiepiscopal see, and is sin-
gular in the United Kingdom as having two ca-
thedrals, both of which are more interesting for
their antiquity and monumental associations than
for their architecture. St. Patrick's cathedral,
founded in 1190, but commenced in its present
form in 1370, is a Gothic structure, beautiful only
for its arched stuccoed ceiling ; and containing,
among many other monuments, that of Jonathan
Swift, dean of St. Patrick's, " one who loved
virtue, liberty, and his country ; and here only re
leased from the torture of his honest indiirnation."
Christ-church cathedral, founded, it is stated,
DUD
266
DUL
in 1038, but constructed successively some centu-
ries later, is a dilapidated Gothic edifice, contain-
ing some interesting monuments : among them
that of earl Strongbow, the first English invader
of Ireland. There are, besides the two cathedrals,
nineteen churches and two chapew of east ; of
which few are deserving of particular notice. St.
Andrew's is a vain and unfinished attempt after
the church of the Rotunda at Rome St. Wer-
burgh's exhibits the Ionic, Corinthian, and com-
posite, in its faoade ; and contains tlie remains,
but not the monument, of lord Edward Fitzge-
rald. St. George's is a modern edifice, with a
handsome Ionic fluted portico and a light and
lofty steeple.
There are in Dublin twenty Roman (Catholic
chapels. The metropolitan chapel, built by sub-
scription, and begun in 1816, is in the best taste,
— a large edifice, with a simple but majestic Doric
portico, resting on an elevated plane, approached
by a flight of steps, and sustaining a marble pedi-
ment. The places of worship for dissenting non-
catholic congregations are also very numerous,
and exceed, in proportion, the number in any
other part of the United Kingdom. There are
about a hundred public hospitals, and other be-
nevolent institutions and private associations, for
the relief, protection, reformation, and education
of the poor.
Dublin contains one public and two large sub-
scription libraries ; the Dublin Society, for pur-
poses of science and art ; the royal Irish acade-
my, and several others. Literature, however, in
Dublin is rather an accessory accomplishment
than a profession : there is no authorship, no pub-
lishing trade. The university sends forth well
educated and disciplined generations, but does no
more : the junior fellov/s are occupied with the
" crambre repetita" of public and private lectures,
and other academic duties, whilst the senior fel-
lows I've in opulence and learned ease.
The medical and surgical schools are well sup-
plied with professors and all the other means of
knowledge, — much frequented, and in high re-
pute. Several attempts have been made in Dub-
lin, but without success, to establish a school of
art : men conscious of their genius, or who have
proved it, migrate to London. From these may
be singled out, without distinguishing invidious-
ly, the president of the royal academy in London
(Mr. Shee,) and Mr. Mulready.
The chief manufactures of Dublin are, what are
called Irish poplins, tabinets, silks, cottons, wool-
ens, and hardware, — of which last the extent
does not at all equal the excellence.
Dublin occupies a square area of about 2 m.
and a half. It is distant 102 m. from Belfast. 95
from Waterford, 122 from Limerick, and ir)G
from Cork. Lat. 53. 21. N. Long. 6. 0. 15. W.
Top. 200,000.
Dublin, p.t. Cheshire Co. N. H. 70 m. fr. Bos-
ton. Pop, 1,218. Also tov.-ns in Huntington,
Bedford, Philadelphia and Montgomery Cos. Pa.,
Laurens Co. Geo. and Franklin Co. Ohio.
ZJwAoJs, 8 county of Indiana. Pop. 1,774. Por
tersville is the chief town.
Dubro, a town of Russian Poland in the pro-
vince of Volhynia, seated on the banks of a branch
of the Przypiec, near the frontier of Galicia ; it
was formerly celebrated for its great annual fair.
It is 24 miles S. E. of Lucko. Pop. about 6,500,
chiefly Jews.
Duddingslon, a pleasant village on the S. side
of Edinburgh, Scotland.
Duderstadt, a town of Germany, in the territory
of Eichsfeld, 18 miles E. of Gottinisen. Pop. about
4,000. s H
Dudley, a town of Worcestershire, Eng., insu-
lated in the county of Stafford, 10 miles W. by N.
of Birmingham, and 128 from London. It is a
place of antiquity, having the remains of a castle,
built about the year 700 ; the neighbourhood
abounds in coal, iron, and limestone, and the town
participates largely in the manufactures of the dis-
trict ; having about 20 establishments fo! the man-
ufacture of nails, anvils, vices, tracery, and other
heavy iron work ; 10 other establishments for th«
manufacture of fenders and fire irons, 5 glas*
houses, and two other establishments for glass
cutting; 3 malt and coffee mill makers, 20 malt
ing houses, &c. &c. It has two churches, that
of St. Thomas, recently rebuilt, is a beautiful
structure with a lofty spire. The pop. which in
1801, was only 10,107, and in 1811,13,925, in
1821 had increased to 18,211.
Dudley, a town in Worcester county, Massa
chusetts near the frontier of Connecticut, 20 m.
S. of Worcester. Pop. 2,155.
Dvffel, a town of the Netherlands, a few m. N
of Malines. Pop. about 3,000.
Duisburg, a town of Prussia in Cleves.
Duke of York Island, an island in the Pacific
Ocean, discovered by commodore Byron, in 1765,
lying N. of the Friendly islands. Long. 172. 30.
W. lat. 7. 56. S.
Duke of York Island, an island in the Pacific
Ocean, lying between New Britian and New Ire
land, so named by captain Carteret, in 1767, The
natives go entirely naked ; are stout, well made,
and of a light copper colour ; their hair is woolly,
but they dress it with grease and powder, and
make it hang straight. Their huts are made
chiefly of bamboo, and placed under the shade of
cocoa-nut trees, with a fence before them, within
which the plantain, banana, yam, sugar-cane, &c
are cultivated. The island produces, besides the
plants above-mentioned, betel-nuts, mangoes,
bread-fruit, and guavas. Here are also dogs, hogs,
poultry, and some spices. The nutmeg was seen
by captain Hunter, who anchored in Port Hunter
bav, in this island, in 1791. Long. 151. 20. E. lat
4. 7. S.
-Dw/ie's CowKiy, in Massachusetts. See Martha's
Vineyard.
Dulas, a village of Wales in the isle of Angle-
sey, 10 m. N. W. of Beaumaris. It stands on the
Irish sea at the mouth of a river of the same name ;
and is much frequented on account of tlie corn and
butter trade, and for fern-ashes and kelp. Pop.
in 1821, 220.
*^* There are several small rivers in different
parts of Wales, named Dw/as, and also a village
in Herefordshire.
Dulcigno, a town of European Turkey, in Alba-
nia, seated at the mouth of the river Boina, 15
m. S. W. of Scutari, which see. Long. 18. 56. E
lat. 42. 23. N. Pop. about 8,000.
Duleck, a borough of Ireland, in the county of
Meath, formerly the see of a bishop, but now an
inconsiderable place. It is seated near the S. bank
of the river Boyne, 3 m. S. W. of Drogheda, and
21 N. by W. of Dublin. Pop. of the town in 1821,
1,030, and of the parish 2,668 more.
Dulken, a town of the Prussian states, lying
about midway between the Rhine and the Maese,
20 m. N. by W. of Juliers.- Pop. about 4,000.
DullfUn extensive parish in the highlands of
Scotland, in the county of Perth, about 30 m. in
DUM
867
DUN
length, by 12 broad ; it is intersected hy the mili-
tary road, from Sterling to Inverness, it contains
a village of the same name on the N. bank of
Loch Tay. Pop. of the parish in 1801, 4,05o,
and in 1821, 4.508.
Dulmen, a town of Westphalia, in the princi-
pality of Munster, 14 m. S. W. of Munster. Pop.
about 1,800.
Dufverton, a town in Somersetshire, Eng. with
manufactures of coarse woolen cloths and blankets,
tt is seated near the Ex, 20 m. S. of Mlnehead, and
165 W. by S of London. Pop. in 1821, 1,027.
Dulwich, a beautifully sequestered village in
Surry, 4 m. S. of London. It is famous for a
college, founded by Edward AUeyn a comedian,
called the college of God's Gift ; to which is at-
tached a gallery containing a beautiful collection
of paintings; the village is seated in a vale. Pop.
included with Camberweli, which see.
Dtimarinc, a town of the island of Borneo,
on the E. coast. Long. 117. 30. E., lat. 2. 10. N.
Dumbarton, County of, sometimes called Dun-
barton, formerly Lennox, formed a narrow strip
of territory between the lowlands and highlands
of Scotland, extending W. from near the Frith
of Forth, for about 25 miles to the mouth of the
Clyde, and then N. for about 25 miles more be-
tween Loch Long and Loch Lomond, the mean
breadth not exceeding 5 miles ; the grand canal
from the Clyde to the Forth runs along the E.
part of the county, which is divided into 12 par-
ishes : the principal towns and villages are Cum-
bernald and Kirkintilloch in the E. part ; Kirk-
Eatrick, Killpatrick, Dumbarton, Cardcross, Bon-
ill, and Kilmarnock in the centre ; and Rose-
neath. Row, Lup, and Aroquhar in the N. The
cotton manufacture is carried on in the central
part of the county, and illicit distillation in the N.
Dumbarton, the chief town of the preceding
county, is a royal burgh, seated on the N. bank,
of the Clyde, at the junction of the Leven, the
outlet of Loch Lomond ; on a point of land form-
ed by the junction of the two rivers is a castle,
occupying a very commanding position, and
formerly deemed the key of the pasturage be-
tween the lowlands on the W., as well as com-
manding the navigation of the Clyde. The
town consists principally of one long street, in
the form of a cresent, parallel with the Leven;
over which is a handsome bridge of five arches.
It has a handsome church, with a lofty spire
erected at the close of the last century. Its prin-
cipal manufacture is glass; a portion of the in-
habitants are employed in the cotton manufac-
ture in connexion with Glasgow. It has a con-
venient port for small vessels, and a quay, but no
custom house, being included in the port of
Greenock. It is 12 miles W. N. W. of Glas-
gow. Pop. in 1801, 2,541, and in 1821, 3,481.
Dumbooc, or Domboo, a salt lake on the north
frontier of Bournou, in the interior of North
Africa, from whence much salt is carried to
Agades and other parts of western Africa ; there
I is a considerable town of the same name on the
W. side of the lake, which is S. of the Tropic
of Cancer, in the long, of 21. 50. E.
Dumfries, a county of the S. of Scotland, being
about 65 miles in extreme length from E. to W.,
and 30 in mean breadth its superficial area being
1,006 square miles ; it is bounded on the N. by the
counties of Ayr, Lanark, Peebles, Selkirk, and
Roxburg, and E. S. E. by the English border, W.
S. W. by Kirkcudbrightshire, and S. by the
Solway Frith : is intersected from N. to S. by
three considerable rivers, abundant in salmon
and trout, viz. the Nith, Annan, and Esk, all run-
ning from the N. into Solway Frith, and is divid-
ed into 44 parishes, including four royal burghs,
viz. Dumfries, Annan, Lochmaber, andSanquha,,
A great part of this county is mountainous, over-
spread with heath, well stocked with game, and
affording pasturage to numerous herds of sheep
and black cattle, which are driven into England,
in great numbers ; the valleys watered by the
three rivers before mentioned, and the coast bor-
dering on the Frith, are fertile both in pasture
and tillage ; the mountains in the N. W. part of
the county contain a bed of rich lead ore, yield-
ing a small portion of silver ; coa and lime abound
over the greater part of the county, and on the
English border both copper and iron have been
found ; the county also contains a vein of anti-
mony, and two mineral springs. It has no man-
ufactures of importance.
Dumfries, a royal burgh, and chief town of
the preceding county, seated on the E. bank of
the river Nith, where that river forms the boun.
dary between the counties of Dumfries and
Kirkcudbright, and about 7 miles above its en-
trance into Solway Frith. Dumfries is a port of
entry, but its external commerce is inconsideru/-
ble (except coastwise) ; it derives its chief impor-
tance from being the assize town for the county
of Kirkcudbright as well as for Dumfries, and
from being the seat of the commissary and sher-
iff court and of the Presbytery and Synod,
while the agreeableness of its locality renders
it the focus of gaiety and fashion for all the S.
W. part of Scotland. It has 2 bridges over
the Nith, one of them ancient, the other modern
and elegant, 2 churches, a catholic chapel, and
4 dissenting places of worship. Its other public
buildings are the town house, guild-hall, infir-
mary, house of correction and lunatic asylum ;
Dumfries is 38 m. W. N. W. of Carlisle, 75 S. W.
of Edinburgh, 79 S. S. E of Glasgow, and 80 E.
N. E. of Port Patrick. Pop. in 1801, 7,288, and
1821, 11,052. It is the place of interment of Burns,
Dummer, t. Coos Co. N. H., 20 m. fr. Lancas-
ter. Pop. 65.
Dun, a to wo of France, in the department of
Meuse, on the river Meuse, 15 m. N. N. W. of
Verdun.
Dun le Roi, a town of France, in the department
of Cher, on the river Auron, 15 m. S. of Bouges.
Dunamnnde, a town of Russia, in the govern
ment of Riga. It formerly belonged to the duchy
of Courland, but was taken by the Swedes in
their wars with the Poles. In 1700 it was taken
by the Poles, and retaken the next year by
Charles XII. In 1710 it was taken by Peter the
Great. Tt is situate at the mouth of the Dwina,
15 m. N. W. of Riga, to which it is the outport,
and 20 N. of Mittau. Long. 23. 41. E., lat. 57. 5. N.
Dunaburgh, a town of Russia, in the govern-
ment of Vitepsk, seated on the E. bank of the
Dwina, about 100 m. above Riga. The Rus-
sians formed extensive entrenchments near this
place in 1812, but abandoned them on the ap-
proach of the French towards Moscow. Pop.
about 6,000.
Dunbar, p.t. Fayette Co. Pa.
Dunbar, a town of Haddingtonshire, on the S.
E. coast of Scotland, seated on the shore of a
bay opening in the German Ocean, the har-
bour, defended by a battery, is difficult of access,
but safe and commodious when attained. It is
a port of entry, but its foreign commerce is in-
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268
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considerable ; it has a yard for ship-building, a
roperj'', soap work, one or two iron founderies;
exports a considerable quantity of corn to the
London market, and the inhabitants in the sea-
son pursue the herring fishery with much indus-
try. Here was anciently a castle, now in ruins,
wliich stood on a rock, and before the use of
artillery, was deemed impregnable. Under the
rock are two natural arches, through which the
tide flows ; and between the harbour and the cas-
tle, is a stratum of vast basaltic columns of red
Btone, interspersed with veins of jasper. Dun-
bar is distinguished in various periods of Scot-
tish history through several centuries, and was
formerly deemed of much greater importance than
at present. It was created a royal burgh about
the middle of the 14th century. The parish ex-
tends for about 9 m. along the coast, and in 1801
contained a pop. of 3.951, and in 1821,5,272. It
is 27 m. E of Edinburgh, and 29 N. W. of Ber-
wick on Tweed. Lat. 56. N. and 2. 30. of W.
long.
Dunbarton, p.t. Merrimack Co. N. H. 65 m. fr.
Boston. Pop. 1,067.
Dunblane, or Dumblane, a town of Scotland in
Perthshire, formerly a bishop's see, with a mag-
nificent cathedral ; it is 6 m. N. of Stirling. Pop.
in 1821, 3,1 as.
Duncanshj, or Dunijisby Head, the extreme N.
E. point of Great Britain, in the lat. of 58. 40.
N. and 3. 8. of W. long.
Dancanville, p. v. Barnwell Dis. S. C.
Dunchurch,a. village in Warwickshire, Eng. 80
m. N. W. of London on the mail coach road to
Liverpool and to Holyhead, by Birmingham,
which makes it a place of great intercourse ; it
derives its name from its situation on the border
of what was formerly an extensive heath, called
Dunsmore heath, celebrated for a legendary tale
of a cow of enormous size, which roamed upon it.
Dundalk, a parish and town on the E. coast of
Ireland, in the county of Louth, and of which it
is the assize and chief town. The town is seated
at the mouth of a small river, falling into a bay of
the same name. It participates largely in the
linen manufacture, and is distinguished for a
manufacture of fine cambrics, established in
1737. It has a custom house, and an elegant
town hall, and other public buildings. Pop. in
1821, 9,256, and the parish 3,096 more. It is 18
m. N. of Drogheda, and 12 S. of Newry. It re-
turns a member to the parliament of the United
Kingdom.
DwruZcc, a seaport of Scotland, seated at the S.
extremity of Angus, or Forfarshire, on the N.
shore of the Frith of Tay, whicli forms a con-
venient and commodious harbour for ships of
large burthen. Next to Edinburgh and Glas-
gow, Dundee is the most manufacturing and
commercial town in Scotland ; independent of
its extensive coasting trade, it imports a large
quantity of flax and other products direct from
the Baltic, and employs several ships in the
Greenland whale fishery. Its manufactures con-
sist of sail-cloth, cotton, bagging, osnaburgs
and other heavy linen fabrics, and coloured sew-
ing threads. The town consists of 4 principal
streets, diverging from a square in the centre ;
the public buildings are a town house, trades hall,
infirmary, ophan and lunatic asylum, 3 churches,
and a theatre. Dundee was erected into a royal
burgh in 1165, and has been exposed to the repeat-
ed ravages of the contending parties which
have prevailed in Scotland since that period ; the
last time it suffered from such cause was in the
time of Cromwell, when it was taken by assault
and given up to pillage by the troops under gen-
eral Monk, who shared £(50 a man from the booty
they obtained. It is 22 m. E. of Perth, and 42
N. E. of Edinburgh. Lat. 56. 27. N. and 3. 3. ot
W. long. Pop. in 1801, 26,084, and in 1821,
30,575.
Dundonald, a village S. of Irvine, in Ayrshire,
Scotland, abounding in excellent coal. The cot-
ton manufacture is also carried on in the villages.
Pop. in 1801, 1,^0, and in 1821, 2,4o2.
Dunfermline, a royal burgh of Scotland, in
Fifeshire, seated near the S. W. extremity of the
county about 3 m. from the north sliore of iho
Frith of Forth. It is celebrated for its once mag
nificent abbey, which fell a prey to the plunder
ing army of Edward I., and as the place of inter-
ment of Malcolm Canmore, the founder of the
abbey ; 7 other Scottish monarchs, 5 queens, and
several of the most eminent persons who figure
in the Scottish history. Dunfermline has been
celebrated in latter times for its extensive manu-
facture of fine linen, and still ranks among the
most important manufacturing towns of Scotland.
The town is well built on an ciiiinence, and com-
mands some beautiful prospects of the surround-
ing country ; its jjublic buildings consists of a
town house, an elegant guildhall, &c. It is 17
m. W. of Edinburgh. Pop. in 1801, 9,980, and in
1821, 13,681.
Dungannon, a town of Ireland, in the S. E
part of the county of Tyrone. It returns a mem
ber to the parliament of the United King
dom. It is 11 m. N. by W. of Armagh, and 73
from Dublin. Pop. in 1821, 3,243.
Dungarvon, a town of Ireland, seated at the
head of a bay, in the county of \Vaterford ; al-
though the harbour is safe and convenient, it is
not a port of entry, its principal trade consists of
potatoes and fish, for the Duljlin market. It re-
turns a member to the parliament of the United
Kingdom, and is frequented in the summer sea-
son for sea bathing ; the principal object of the
town is the ruin of an ancient castle, 17 m. W.
by S. of Waterford, in the lat of 52. 2. N. and 7.
35. of W. long. Pop. in 1821, 5,105.
Dungencss, a celebrated promontory forming
the S. E. point of the county of Kent, Eng. at
the entrance into the straits of Dover ; the light-
house is in the lat. of 50. 55. 1. N. and 0. 57. 48.
of E. long.
Dunkcld, a town of the highlands of Scotland,
seated on the N. bank of the river Tay, in a de-
lightfully romantic part of the county of Perth. —
It was the capital of ancient Caledonia; and
at an early period a Pictish king founded here a
monastery of Ciildoes, which was converted into
a bishopric by David I. in 1130, and for a length
of time held the first rank in Scotland. The
choir of the cathedral is still entire, and serves
for the parish church. At a more recent period
it was much frequented as a place of fashionable
retreat, and for obtainmg goat's whey ; but this
practice has ceased. The town and surrounding
country is claimed by the Duke of Argyle, as his
exclusive property, and as such, he has convert-
ed the whole of the adjacent vicinity to his own
immediate profit and gratification ; here is an
elegant bridge of 7 arches over the Tay. Dun-
keld is the chief market town of the highlands
it is 15 miles N. of Perth, on the line of the mili-
tary road to fort Augustus and Inverness. Poo
in 1821, 1,364.
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DUR
Dunkard, a township in Greene Co. Pa.
Dunkirk, a seaport of France, in the depart-
ment of Nord. It was taken from the Spaniards
by the English and French in 1658, and put into
the hands of the English, but sold to the French
by Charles II. in 1662 Louis XIV. made it
one of the best fortified ports in the kingdom ;
but all the works are demolished, and the basins
filled up), in consequence of the treaty of Utrecht,
in 1713. The French afterwards resumed the
works ; but they were ordered to be demolished
at the peace of 1 763. They continued thus till
the peace of 1733, when the works were again
resumed ; and the next year it was declared a
free port. The English attempted to besiege this
place in 1793, but were obliged to retire with
loss. Dunkirk is divided into the old and new
town, is well built, has a sp.icious market place,
and an elegant modern built church ; as a sea-
port it is now but of little note. It is the seat
of a prefect, and in 182.5 contained a population
of 23,012; 16 m. E. by N. of Calais.
Dunkirk, p. v. King and Queen Co. Va.
DunlapsvUle, p. v. Union Co. Indiana.
Dunleary See Kingstown.
Dunmow a corporate town in Essex, Eng. It
is seated on a hill, 13 m. N. N. W. of Chelms-
ford, and 38 N. E. of London. Pop. in 1821,
2,409.
Dunmow, Little, a village 2 miles from Dun-
mow. It had once a monastery, built in 1103,
and part of the priory now forms the parish
church. This place is famous for the tenure of
its manor; namely, that whatever married couple
will go to the priory, and swear they have not
repented of their marriage, within a year and a
day after it took place, shall receive a flitch of
bacon.
Dunnet Head, an extensive promontory of
Scotland, in the county of Caithness. Its N. ex-
tremity, in the Pentland frith, is the most north-
ern point of Great Britain. Long. 3. 29. W.
lat. 58. 42. N. it gives name to a bay on the
west ; on the E. shore of which is a village of
the same name. See Thurso.
Dunnose, a cape in the English channel, on
the S. E. side of the Isle of Wight. Long. 1. 12.
W. lat. 50. 37. N.
Dunmhury, p. v. Lycoming Co. Pa.
Dunse, a town of Scotland, the largest in Ber-
wickshire. Here is a woolen manufacture, and a
celebrated mineral well, similar to that of Tum-
bridge in England. It is situate under a hill,
near the river Whiteadder, 14 m. W. of Berwick,
and 40 E. S. E. of Edinburgh ; it is distinguish-
ed as the birth place of Joannes Duns Scotus, in
1274. Pop. in 1821, 3,773.
Dunsinnan, or Dunsinane, a hill, 6 miles N. E.
of Perth, in Scotland, 1,024 feet above the level of
the sea ; immortalized by Shakspeare, in his
drama of Macbeth.
Dunstable, a town in Bedfordshire, Eng. It is
of great antiquity, having been ruined by the
Danes, and restored by Henry I., who made it a
borough, but no members were ever sent to par-
liament. The church is the remainder of a prio-
ry, and opposite to it is a farm house, once a roy-
al palace. Dunstable consists principally of one
long street, and is celebrated for its manufactures
of straw for bonnets, &.c. It is seated on the
verge of a range of chalk hills, which extend
across the counties of Bedford, Buckingham, and
Oxford ; and large quantities of larks, are caught
in its vicinity, and sent to the London market
It is 33 miles N. N. W of London. Pop. in 1821
1,831.
Dunstable, p.t. Hillsborough Co. N. H. on the
Merrimack, 34 m. from Boston. Pop. 2,417.
Dunstable, p.t. Middlesex Co. Mass. 25 m. N.
W. of Boston. Pop. 593. Also a township in
Lycoming Co. Pa.
DunstanviUe, p. v. Edgefield Dis. S. C.
Dunstaffnage, a castle of Scotland in Argj'le-
shire, one of the first seats of the Pictish and
Scottish monarchs. Here was long preserved the
famous stone, used as the coronation seat of the
Scottish monarchs, which was removed to Scone
by Kenneth II., and thence by Edward I., m
1296, to Westminster abbey, where it now re-
mains as an appendage to the coronation chair.
Some of the ancient regalia still continue in the
castle ; and near it is a small roofless chapel, of
elegant architecture, where several of the kings
of Scotland are said to be interred. It stands on
a promontory, almost insulated, at the entrance
of Loch Etive, 24 m. N. W. of Inverary.
Dunster, a town in Somersetshire, Eng. It
has a castle, an a steep knoll ; and at one corner
of the terrace is an ancient turret, supposed to be
part of the original castle, built in the time of
William I. A priory stood on the N. W. side of
the castle, part of which now serves for the parish
church. It stands on the edge of a vale, near
the Bristol channel, 20 m. N. W. of Taunton,
and 161 W. of London. Pop. 895.
Dunwich, a borough in Suffolk, Eng. It was
formerly a bishop's see, and had many churches
which have been swallowed up by the sea. The
remains of two churches and a palace are the on-
ly marks left of its former greatness. It is seated
at the top of a loose 0118*24 miles S. of Yarmouth,
and 100 N. of London ; it returns 2 members to
parliament. Pop. in 1821, 200.
*^* There are numerous other towns and villa-
ges in England, the names of which begin with
Dun, a Saxon word signifying a down or level
place, or country. There are also a number
more in Ireland, and Scotland, but none that
merit any particular mention.
Duplin, an interior county in the S. E. part of
the state of North Carolina, watered by' the N. E.
branch of cape Fear river. Pop. 11,373. Kenans-
ville is the chief town.
Duprcesville, Northampton Co. Va.
Duquella, a province of Morocco, about 80 m.
long and 60 broad, exceedingly fertile in corn and
pasture.
Durance, a river in the S. E. of France, which
is formed near Briangon, of th'- rivulets Dure and
Ance, and flows by Embrun, Tallard, Sisteron,
Monsoquc, Cavaillon, and Avignon, into the
Rhone.
Durango, a town of Spain, in Biscay, 14 m. S.
E. of Bilbao.
Duranso, one of the 15 new divisions of Mexi-
co, extended from the lat. of 24. to 32. N. compri-
sing the greater portion of the late province of
New-Biscay, intersected from S. to N. by the
main ridge of the Andes. Its superficial area is
computed at 129,247 square miles, and it. 1803
contained a population of 159,700. The chief
town of the same name, is seated near the S. end
of the province in the lat. of 24. 10. N. and 104.
of W.long. at an elevation of 6,854 feet above the
level of the sea. It is about 520 miles N. W. of
the city of Mexico Pop. about 12,000.
Durazzo, a town of European Turkey, capital
of Albania, and a Greek archbishop's see. It has
z2
DUR
270
DUX
a ruined fortress, and a good harbour on the gulf
of Venice, 50 m. N. of Alvona. Long. 19. 3(5. E.
lat. 41. 25. N. Pop. about 5,000.
Durbunffa, a town of Hindoostan, in Bahar,
near the (rogary, 50 m. N. E. of Patna.
Durbuif, a town of the Netherlands, in Luxem-
burg, seated on the Ourthe, 25 m. S. by W. of
Liege, and about the same distance E. by S. of
Namur.
Duren, or Deuren, a town of the Prussiaji states
of the Riiine, on the E. banis of the Roer, in the
duchy of Juliers, 15 m. E. of Aix-la-Chapelle.
Pop. about 4,700.
Durham, a maritime county, on the N. E. coast
of England, bounded on the S. and S. W. by the
river Tees, which divides it from Yorkshire ; the
western extremity of the county jets upon West-
moreland and Cumberland, and the rivers Der-
went and Tyne divide it from Northumberland
on the N. ; the line of the coast from the mouth
of the Tees to the Tyne, is about 32 miles, but
in its extreme extent from N. to S. the distance
is 36 miles, and from E. to W. about 40 miles;
be,' r, however of a triangular form, its superfi-
cial area does not exceed 1,061 square miles. All
the W. part of the county is mountainous, some
of the peaks rising upwards of 2,000 feet above
the level of the sea : from these mountains rises
the river Wear, which by its circuitous course
and collateral streams, waters all the interior
parts of the county. The chief characteristic of
this county, is the coal mines, which yield about
two million tons annually, chiefly for the supply
of London, and the E. and S. E. parts of Eng-
land. The river and coasts abound in salmon
and o)^>er excellent fish, while the E. and S. E.
parts oi' the county yield a surplus of agricultural
produce, both in grain and cattle : it owns also a
considerable extent of shipping, employed chiefly
in the conveyance of its coal, the value of which,
including the freight and its supply of agricul-
tural produce, together with some lead, iron, and
mill-stones, constitute an exchangeable amount,
exceeding £1,000,000 per annum. The principal
towns besides the capital of the same name, are
Stockton, Darlington, and Bernard castle, on the
N. bank of the Tees; Gateshead, and South
Shields on the S. bank of the Tyne ; Monk Wear-
mouth, Bishop's Wearmouth, and Sunderland,
at the mouth of the Wear ; Bishop's Auckland,
Chester-le-Street, &c. iq the interior.
Durham, City, the chief place, and capital of
the preceding county, is seated on the banks of
the river Wear, about the centre of the county,
on the line of the great high road from London
to Edinburgh, 10 miles from the sea in a direct
line, about 20 from the mouth of the Wear by
the course of the stream, 14 from the Tyne at
Newcastle, 19 from the Tees at Darlington, 242
in a meridional line, and 255 by the line of road
N. by W. of London. It was created a bishop's
see, by a king of Northumberland prior to the
conquest, who out of devotion conferred the
whole county of Durham upon St. Cuthbert, a
monk of Landisfarne, its first bishop, and his suc-
cessors for ever. This grant was confirmed by
William the Norman Conqueror, who constitu-
ted it a principality, or county palatine ; hence
the county is sometimes designated the principal-
ity of Durham ; and the revenue of the see jus-
tifies the appellation, it being the richest in Eng-
land. The cathedral was founded towards the
close of the 11th century, and is a magnificent ed-
ifice, upwards of 400 feet in length, seated on
an eminence 80 feel above the surface of the river;
the principal tower is 214 feet in height. Besides
the cathedral there are six other churches, three
of them fine edifices, two Roman catholic, and
several dissenting places of worship. Durham
has also a stately castle, founded by William the
Norman, now the bishop's palace, and several
public buildings more immediately belonging to
the city ; while the goal, house of correction,
courts and governor's house for county purposes,
have all been recently rebuilt in a handsome
style. There are three bridges over the river;
and on the whole, the city of Durham presents a
very interesting and imposing aspect and is cele-
brated in several pages of English history. It re-
turns two members to parliament ; market nn
Thursday ; it has no manufacture of importance.
Pop. in 1801, 7,530, and in 1821, 9,822.
Durham, p.t. Strafford Co. N. H. 11 m. fr.
Portsmouth. Pop. 1,006. Also a p.t. Cumber
land Co. Me. Pop. 1,731. Also a p.t. Middlesex
Co. Conn. Pop. 1,116. Also ap.t. Green Co. N,
Y. Pop. 3,039. Also a township of Bucks Co.
Pa.
Durkheim, a town of Germany, in the palati-
nate of the Rhine ; seated on the river Hardt, 17
m. S. W. of Worms.
Durkheim, or Tnrkheim, a town of France, in
the department of Upper Rhine, where the French
gained a victory over the Austrians in 1675. It
IS 4 m. N. W. of Colmar.
Dvrlach, a town Suabia, capital of Baden-Dur-
lach, with a castle. It was formerly the seat of
government of the grand Duke of Baden, who
transferred his residence to Carlshrue, since the
peace of 1814. Here are manufactures of porce-
lain, cloth, and stuffs. It is seated on the Gies-
sen, 15 miles N. N. E. of Baden. Long. 8. 35.
E., lat. 48. 58. N. Pop. about 8,000.
Dursle.y, a corporate town in Gloucestershire,
Eng. In 1821 it had 3 establishments for draw-
ing of wire, 4 for the manufacture of carding ma-
chines, and 4 for the manufacture of woolen cloths;
it had formerly a captle. It is 13 m. S. W. of
Gloucester, 20 W. of Cirencester, and 108 from
London. Pop. in J 821, 3,186.
Durtal, a town of France, in the department
of Mayenne and Loire. The chief trade is tan-
ning. It is 16 m. N. E. of Angers.
Dusky Bay, a bay on the S. W. coast of New
Zealandf, in the Pacific Ocean. The country here
is steep, and the hills near the sea-side are cover-
ed with intricate and impenetrable forests. Abun-
dance of excellent refreshments are found here •
and it contains several coves and harbours. Long
166. 18. E., lat. 45. 47. S.
Dusseldorf, a strong city of Westphalia, capital
of the duchy of Berg. Contiguous to the palace
is a celebrated gallery of paintaings. DussJedorf
was taken by the French in 1795. It is seated on
the river Dussel, near the Rhine, 25 m. S. of Wes-
sel. [t was included in the sessions to P ussia m
1815, and is now the capital of a cirr t with
about 356,000 inhabitants : that of the town about
20,000. Long. 6. 40. E., lat. 51. 12. N.
Dutchess, a county of N. Y., extending for 45
m. along the E. bank of the Hudson river, and 22
in breadth. Poughkeepsie, the chief town, seat-
ed near the banks of the river, is 60 m. N. of the
city of N. Y., and 73 S. of Albany. Pop. 50,926.
Dutton, a township in Penobscot Co. Me. Pop.
G52.
Duxbu.ry, I. Washington Co. Vt. Pop. 652.
Duxbury, a town of Massachusetts, in Plymouth
J2AS
271
EAT
county, on the W shore of Massachusetts bay,
with a harbour for small vessels, and a light-house
at the S. extremity of the beach. It is situate S.
bv E. of Plymouth, 3 m. across Plymouth bay.
Pop. 2,705.
Duyshurg, a fortified town of Westphalia, in
the duchy of Cleves, with a Calvinist university.
It has a considerable trade with Holland, and is
seated on the Roer, near the Rhine, 12 m. S. by
E. of Wesel.
Duytz, a town of Westphalia, in the duchy of
Berg, with a Benedictine abbey. It is inhabited
chieSy by Jews, and seated on the Rhine, oppo-
site Cologne.
Dutfceland, one of the islands of Zealand, in
Holland, E. of Schowen, from which it is separa-
ted by a narrow channel.
Dwina, a river of Russia, which runs from S. to
N. into the White Sea, at Archangel.
Dwina, another river of Russia, which issues
from two lakes, one in the government of Twer,
»nd the other in the government of Pskov,
runs S. by W. to Vitepsk, then W. N. W. past
Polotsk and Dunabourg, dividing the ancient
province of Livonia on the N.,from Samigaliaon
the S., and after a course of 450 m. in a. meri-
dional line, and upwards of 600 by the course of
the stream, falls into the gulf of Riga at Duna-
maunde, a few miles below the city of Riga.
Dyberry, a township of Wayne Co. Pa.
Dyer, a county of West Tennessee. Pop. 1,904.
Dyersburgh is the capital.
Dynapoor, a town and fort of Hindoostan, in
Bahar, near which is a diamond mine. It is seat-
ed on the Ganges, 10 m. W. of Patna.
Dysart. a borough of Scotland, in Fifeshire,
with a good harbour. It has a considerable trade
in coal, a salt work, a manufacture of checks, and
some employ in building ships. The number of
inhabitants in tne borough in 1821, was 1,658, and
of the parish 4871 more. It is seated on the N.
shore of the frith of Forth, 16 m. N. by £. of Ed-
inburgh, and 20 S. W. of St. Andrews^
E
EAGLE, a township of Hocking Co. Ohio.
Eaglesham, a village of Scotland, in Renfrew-
shire, 9 m. S. W. of Glasgow. It has bleaching-
grouuds, and a considerable cotton manufacture.
Pop. in 1821,1,927.
Eaglesville, v. in Onondaga Co. N. Y. and
Marengo Co. Alabama.
EutinfT, with Old Brentford, a village in Mid-
dlesex, having a great number of private schools
for the education of the youths of the metropolis.
Pop. of the parish in 1821, 6,608. See Brentford.
Eaoowp., one of the Friendly islands, in the
Pacific Ocean, discovered by Tasman in 1643,
and by him named Middleburgh. The land gent-
ly rises to a considerable height, presenting a beau-
tiful prospect of extensive meadows, adorned with
tufts of trees, and intermixed with plantations.
Long. 174. 30. W., lat. 21. 24. S.
Earl, townships in Bucks Co. and Lancaster
Co. Pa.
Earlston, a town of Scotland, in Berwickshire.
Near it, on a rocky bank, stands Cowdenknows,
an old building, now somewhat modernized ^ and
on the adjacent knolls may be seen, the remains
of its Broom, so renowned Scottish ditty. Earls-
ton is seated on the river Leader; 35 m. S. E. of
Edinburgh.
Earn. See Erne.
Easdale, a small island of Scotland, near the
coast of Argyleshire, to the S. E. of Mull, cele-
brated for its slate quarries, which abound
throughout the whole island : it is also traversed
in many places with basaltic veins and thin layers
of quartzose and calcareous stones.
Easenhall, a village in the parish of Monks
Kirby, Warwickshire, seated near the river Avon,
4 m. N. by W. of Rugby ; the line of canal from
London to Manchester and Liverpool passes
through the hamlet.
Easinsrtoo!d,9. town in the North Riding of York-
shire, Eng. with a great trade in bacon and but-
ter. It is 13 m. N. N. W. of York, and 208 N.
by W. of London. Pop. 1821,1,912.
Easthourn, a town in Sussex. Eng. noted for
plenty of the birds called wheatears, and as a
place of resort for bathing. Near it is a chaly-
beate spring. In 1707 a tessellated pavement
and a Roman bath were discovered here. It is
seated near Beachy Head, in the English channel
15 m. E. S. E. of Lewes, and 61 S. S. E. of
London. Pop. in 1821,2,607.
East Cape, the most eastern extremity of Asia,
on the W. side of Behring's strait, nearly opposite
Prince of Wales Cape on the continent of America.
Long. 92. 20. E. lat. 59. 17. N.
East Chester, p.t. Westchester Co. N. Y. Pop
1,300.
East Greenwich, p.t. Kent Co. R. I. Pop,
1,591.
East Haddam, p.t. Middlesex Co. Conn. Pop,
2,763.
East Hampton, p.t. Hampshire Co. Mass. Pop.
734.
East Hartford, p.t. Hartford Co. Conn. Pop.
3,373.
East JTffl»en, township, Essex Co. Vt. Pop. 33.
East Kingston, p.t. Rockingham Co. N. H.
Pop. 442.
East Manor, a township of Lancaster Co. Pa.
East JVantsviUe, a township in Chester Co. Pa
East Sudbury, p.t. Middlesex Co. Mass. Pop. 944.
East Windsor, p.t. Hartford Co. Conn. Pop.
3,537.
Easton, p.t. Bristol Co. Mass. Pop. 1,756.
Easton, p.t. Washington Co. N. Y. Pop. 3,753.
Easton, p.t. Talbot Co. Maryland.
Easton, p.t. Northampton Co. Pa. It is seated
on the Delaware immediately above the Lehigh,
and is a handsome town regularly laid out, with a
large square in the centre. There are two bridges
across the Delaware and Lehigh. The Delaware,
Morris and Lehigh canals unite at this point, and
afibrd it remarkable facilities for trade.
Eastown, a township of Chester Co. Pa.
Eastville, p. v. Northampton Co. Va.
Eastwood ford, p. v. Union District, S. C.
Eaton, p.t. Strafford Co. N. H. Pop. 1,432
Eaton, p.t. Madison Co. N. Y. Pop. 3..t58
Also townships in Luzerne Co. Pa. and Preble
Co. Ohio
EBR
272
EDD
E'fdyciUe, p.v. Caldwell Co. Kentucky.
EtUonton, p.t, Putnam Co. Geo.
Eatontotcn, a village of Monmouth Co. N. J.
Ehensburg, p v. Cambria Co. Pa.
Easter Island, an isle in the Pacific Ocean,
12 leagues in circuit. It has a hilly and stony
surface ; is naturally barren, and affords neither
safe anchorage, fresh water, nor wood for fuel.
Rats are the only quadrupeds, and there are but
lew birds. The natives are industrious, and plant
paper-mulberries and bananas, with regular fields
of potatoes and yams. This island was seen by
Davis in 1(586; it was visited by Roggewein in
1722, and by Cook in 1774. Long. 109. 57. W.,
lat. 27. 6. S.
Eastport, p.t. Washington Co. Me. the most
eastern point of the United states of America.
The town is situated on Moose island, in Passama-
quoddy bay, and is favourably placed for carrying
on an extensive traffic, up the Passamaquoddy , and
other rivers falling into the bay of Fundy. Lat.
44. 43. N. and 10. 5. or about 530 statute m. in a
meridional line N. E. of Washington, in the Long,
of 66. 49. W. of Greenwich. Pop. 2,450.
Eastonness, a cape of England, on the coast of
Suffolk, forming the N. point of Southwold bay.
Eastwood, a parish of Renfrewshire, Scotland,
seateu on the border of Lanarkshire, participat-
ing largely in the cotton manufacture. Pop. in
1821,5,676.
Eaton Socon, a town in Bedfordshire England,
vnited with St. Neots, in Huntingdonshire by a
handsome bridge over the river Ouse, 55 m. N. of
London. Pop. of Eaton in 1821, 2,039, and of
St. Neots, 1 ,255.
Eause, a town of France, in the department of
(Jers, 17 m. S. W. of Condom. Pop. 3,3.50.
Ebeltoft, a town of Denmark, in Jutland, with a
good harbour, on a bay of the Cattegat, 16. m. N.
E. of Aarhus.
Ebenezer, a town of Effingham county in Geo.
situate on the Savannah 25 m. N. N. W. of Sa-
vunnah.
Ebenfurth, a town of Austria, on the Leyta, 22
m. S. of Vienna.
Eberbach, a town of Germany, in the Lower
Rnine, with a Cistertian abbey ; seated on the
Keckar, llm. E. by N. of Hiedelberg, now in-
cluded in the territorv of Baden.
Ebermfinsfadt, a town of Franconia, in the prin-
cipality of Bamberg, on the Wisent, near its en-
trance into the Rednitz, 13 m. S. S. E. of Bam-
berg.
Eberstein, a town and castle of Suabia, 8 m. S.
by E. of Baden.
Ebervillc, a town of France, in the department
of Puy de Dome, with a Benedictine abbey, seated
on the Scioule, 8 m. N. of Riom.
Ebingen, a town of Wertemberg, noted for its
cheese, 7 m. S. of Hohenzollern Pop. about
3,800.
Ebro, a river of Spain, the ancient Iberis, which
rises in the mountains of Asturias on the confines
of Leon, about 00 m. from the shore of the bay
of Biscay, runs E. across the N. part of Old Cas-
tile, and afterwards in a direction E. S. E., form-
ing the boundary between that province and those
of Biscay and Navarre: it then, in a S. E. direction,
divides Arragon into nearly two equal parts, in-
tersecting the S. part of Catalonia, and after a
course of 300 m. in a meridional line, and about
400 by the course of the stream, past Logrono. Ca-
lahorra, Tudfla and Saragossa. falls into the Med-
iterranean a few m. below Tortosa. Tliere are
several Islands off its mouth, and a canal runs par-
allel with it through Arragon, used mor? for ir-
rigation than navigation. The river is but little
Used for navigable purposes, on account of its
numerous shoaus and rapids.
£cc/rs, a parish of Lancashire, Eng. consisting
of five townships on the W. side of Manchester,
(which see). Pop. in 1821, 23,331.
EcdesalL Bierlow, a township in the parish of,
and contiguous to Sheffield, Eng. on the S. W.
side. Pop.inl801,5,362, and in 1821,9,113. See
Sheffield.
Ecclesfield, a town and parish 5 m. N. of Shef-
field, the town in 1821 contained 7,163 inhabitants,
and the remainder of the parish 5,333 more. See
Sheffield.
Eccle.sfechan, a town of Scotland, in Dumfrie-
shire, noted for its great monthly market for cat-
tle, 5 m. N. of Annan, and 15 E. of Dumfries.
Pop. about 500.
Ecclesho.il, a parish and town in Staffordshire,
Eng. The bishop of Litchfield and Coventry
has a castle here. It is seated on the river Sow,
7 m. N. W. of Stafford and 148 of London. The
parish consists of 21 small townships ; the total
pop. in 1821, 4,227, of which the town contained
1,254.
Ecclesiastical State, or States of the Church. See
Popedom, and Rome.
Echoconno, p.t. Crawford Co. Geo.
Echternach, a town of the Netherlands, in Lux
emburg, on the river Sour, surrounded by moun-
tains, 18 m. N. E. of Luxemburg.
Ef.ija, an episcopal and populous town of Spain,
in Andalusia, with manufactures of leather and
shoes, and a trade in wool and hemp. It is seated
on the Xenil, 62 m. E. N. E. of Seville.
Eqhardsberfr, a town and castle of Upper Saxo-
ny, in Thuringia, 10 m. S. W. of Naumburg.
Eckernforde, a seaport of Denmark, in South
Jutland, on a bay of the Baltic. Near the town
in a fresh-water lake, which is connected with
the bay. It is 14 m. N. W. of Kiel in Holstein.
Long. 10. 1. W., lat. 54. 33. N.
Eckmuhl, a small town of Bavaria, near to which
Bonaparte defeated the Austrians in Apr. 1809 :
it is 13 m. S. by E. of Ratisbon, and about the
same distance W. of Straubing S. of the Danube.
Economy, a beautiful little village in Beaver
Co. Pa. on the Ohio, a few m. below Pittsburg.
It is inhabited solely by the sect of Harmonists
under the celebrated Rapp. The village is regu-
larly laid out with wide and rectangular streets.
The houses are mostly of wood. The inhabitants
are Germans, and are very industriously occupied
in manufacture, and husbandry. They have a
woolen and cotton manufactory with steam ma-
chinery on a large scale, also breweries, distille-
ries, tanyards, «fec. The buildings for these are
generally of brick. Here is also a handsome
church, and a spacious building with a hall for
concerts, a museum, a mineralogical collection,
a mathematical school, a library and a school for
drjiwing. Considerable attention is paid to the
cultivation of grapes, and close to the village is
a hill covered with vineyards. All their property
is held in common. They carry on an extensive
trade with the neighbouring county, and are in a
very thriving condition. Pop. about 800.
Eddenburs, p-v. Portage Co. Ohio.
Ednm.fi town of North Holland, famous for
its red rind cheeses ; seated on tiie Ey, near the
ZnvdcrZee. 11 m. N. N. E. of Amsterdam.
Eddystove, the name of some rocks in the En-
EDI
273
EDI
glish channel, lying S. S. W. from the middle of
Plymouth soand, at the distsnce of 14 m. On
the principal rock (for the rest are under water)
Mr. Winstanley built a light-house in 1700, which
was destroyed by a storm in 1703, and the projec-
tor perished in it. In 1709 anotlier, built of
wood, was erected by Mr. Rudyard, which was
consumed by fire in 1755. Witliin four years
after, one was built by Mr. Smeaton, wliich also
was burnt down in 1770; and another, of stone,
was completed by him in 1774, which has hither-
to withstood the fury of the elements. The
building to the height of 33 feet from the foun-
dation, is a solid mass of stones, engrafted into
each other ; above this are four rooms, one over
the other, and at the top a gallery and lantern.
It is nearly 80 feet high ; and its distance from
the Ram Head, the nearest point of land is 12 m.
Long. 4. 24. W., lat. 50. 8. N.
Eden, p.t. Hancock Co. Me. Pop. 957. Also a
p.t. in Erie Co. N. Y. Pop. 1,066.
Edenhurg, p. v. Johnson Co. Indiana.
Edenton, a town of North Carolina, capital of
Chowan county ; it formerly gave name to an
extensive district now divided into 8 or 9 coun-
ties, in the N. E. corner of the slate. It is sit-
uate on Albemarle sound, at the mouth of the
Chowan, 110 m. E. by N. of Raleigh. Long. 77.
5. W.,lat. 32. 38. x\.
Edessa, or Vodena, a town of European Turkey
in Macedonia, once the residence of the Mace-
donia>< kings. It is seated near the Viestrieza,
44 m. W. N. W. of Salonichi. Long. 22. 3. E.,
lat 40. 50. N.
Edsu'i ion, p.t. Dukes Co. Mass. on the island
ofMirthd's Vineyard. Pop. 1,509.
Edgbanon, an out-parish of the town of Bir-
mingham, {which see.)
Edgecomh, p.t. Lincoln Co. Me. Pop. 1,258.
Edgecomb, Mo-ant, a hill on the W. side of the
harbour of Devonport, from the summit of which
is an enchanting prospect of the surrounding
country and the English channel.
Edgecombe, an interior county on the E. part
of N. Carolina, intersected by "Tar river. Pop.
14,933. Tarborough is the chief town.
Edgefield, a district of S. Carolina, bounded on
the S. W. by the Savannah river, comprising
about 1,500 square m. of surface. Pop. 30,511.
The chief town of the same name in the centre
of the county, is 63 m. E. S. E. of Columbia, and
140 S.S. E. of Sivannah.
Edgchill , a village in Warwickshire, Eng. 14
m. S. of Warwick, memorable for the first battle
fought between Charles I. and the parliament, in
1642 ; from the brow of the hill there is an exten-
sive and delightful prospect over the vale of
Red horse.
Edgricarc, a town in Middlesex, Eng. It stands
on the Roman road, leading to St. Albans, 8 m.
N. W. of London.
Edinburghshire , or Mid Lothian, a county of
Scotlind, bounded ou the N. by the Frith of Forth,
E. by the shires of Haddington, Berwick, and
Roxbnrg, S by those of Selkirk, Peebles, and
Lanark, and W. by Linlithgowshire. It is divi-
ded into 31 parishes, comprising an area of 354
square miles. The soil is fertile, and produces
corn of all sorts with plenty of grass; also coal,
iron, limestone, and black marble. The princi-
pal rivers are the N. and S. Esk, Leith, Amond,
and Gala, all flowing into the Frith of Forth. See
Scotland.
Edinburgh, the capital of Scotland stands on
35
the southern shore of the Frith of Forth about ft
mile and a half from the sea. The situation of
this interesting city is worthy of the capital of
such a romantic land. Built on three lofty emi-
nences, the interior arrangment of its streets and
public edifices, and the surrounding scenery, af-
ford a spectacle of the greatest beauty and variety.
The castle, from which it originated, is built on
the rocky verge of the central hill, and marks,
with Holyrood-house on the opposite side, the
limits of the Old Town. The northern division is
occupied by the New Town, which is as remarkable
for the neatness of its buildings and the elegance of
its streets and squares as the more ancient quarter is
for its closeness and irregularity. The two divisions
are connected by a bridge thrown over the inter
vening hollow, and an artificial hillock called the
Mound. The southern quarter is less distinguished
for regularity of plan than the New Town, but con-
tains several important public buildings,and is join-
ed to the other parts of the city by Bridge-street,
formed of the north and south bridges, which re-
spectively cross the two lakes, now dry, that former-
ly' separated the different eminences, on which it
stands. About a mile and a half distant is the Frith
of Forth. On the east rise, the precipitous rocks
named Calton-hill, Arthur's-seat, and Salisbury-
crags ; the Corstorphine-hills bound the prospect
on the west ; and the Pentland mountains, with
those of Braid, form the romantic landscape of
the south. The principal part of the Old Town
consists of the High-street, which is more than a
mile long, and in some parts ninety feet wide ; of
Cowgate, which runs parallel with the former;
and of innumerable lanes and alleys which form
the communication between these great avenues.
Owing to the narrowness of the inferior streets,
and to the extreme height of the houses in the
larger ones, this quarter of the city has to stran-
gers an unpleasant appearance ; but when viewed
without relation to the advantages of domestic
comfort, there is something very imposing in its
massy extent of building ; while the beautiful
bridge across the southern valley, covered as it is
on each side by rows of handsome houses, offers
an object as picturesque as it is singular. The
New Town is intersected by George-street, which
is terminated by St. Andrew's-square on the east,
and Charlotte-square on the west, and is 115 feet
wide. The principal streets parallel with this are
Prince's-street and Queen-street, which are cross-
ed by others of proportionate width and extent.
But every year is adding to the size and beauty of
this elegant capital. The road by which it is con-
nected with Leith has become a street, and the
new road over the Calton-hill has opened another
magnificent passage for its growing wealth.
Of the public buildings of Edinburgh the most
interesting are the palace and abbey of Holyrood.
The former is a quadrangular edifice, surrounding
a spacious court, the sides of which are ornamen-
ted with piazzas. The west front is supported by
circular towers at the angles, and has a portico
and cupola resting on Doric columns. It was in
a small apartment of the north-west tower that
Rizzio was murdered while attending the unfor-
tunate queen Mary ; and the bedchamber which
she occupied, with some relics of its furniture, are
still shown. The great gallery is 150 feet long
by 72 wide ; and is now used by the nobility when
they elect their sixteen representatives in parlia-
ment. Of the ancient abbey only the walls re-
main standing, but the spot marked out as itsbu'
rial-ground possesses the dust of a long line of
EDI
274
EGG
kings. The rastle is at present employed as a
?iarrack, and can hold about 3,000 men. It was
once a place of great strength ; the rock on which
it is situated being near 200 feet above the plain
beneath, and in some places overhanging the base.
Palisades, a dry ditch surmounted by a draw-
bridge, and two batteries to protect the gate, form
the principal defences of the fortress ; the area of
the whole occupying about seven acres.
Of the religious edifices of Edinburgh, the
church of St. (iiles is the principal and tiie most
ancient. Charles I. made it the cathedra] of the
new diocese, and it was a collegiate church as
early as the year 14()6. It is built in the form of
a cross, and occupies one entire side of the Par-
liament-square. The most remarkable circum-
stance connected with it is, that it is divided into
four parts, each of which is a distinct church. It
is here also that the General Assembly is held,
and that the affairs of the Scottish church are or-
dered by its ruling ministers. The part of the
building most admired is the elegant tower and
spire, which rise from the centre of tlie edifice to
the heiglit of IGl feet, and are ornamented by
richly wrought arches. Of the other churches it
is only necessary to mention that of Trinity col-
lege, founded by Mary of Gueldres in 1462, a no-
ble Gothic structure ; and those of St. Andrew's
and St. George, which are elegant buildings of
modern erection. Besides these, which belong
to the national church, there are six episcopal
chapels, of which St. Paul's and St. John's, rais-
ed within late 3'ears, are amongst the grandest of
modern structures : the former is after the mod-
el of King's college chapel, Cambridge ; and the
latter is a parallelogram, the parts of which are
composed in richest Gothic style. A Roman
Catholic chapel built in 1814, is greatly admired
for a similar species of architecture ; and almost
every class of dissenters has its appropriate place
of worship.
The university was founded in the year 1582,
but at that period had only one professor : anoth-
er, however, was soon after appointed, and then
a third, till the number increased to twenty-seven,
the present establishment. The original building
belonging to the university was so ill adapted to
its increasing celebrity, that in 1789 it was part-
ly taken down, and a new structure commenced ;
but from want of funds the work was for many
years delayed, and was not till of late resumed,
and then on a diminished scale. The university
library contains more than 50,000 volumns; and
the number of students is, on an average, 2,000.
Next to this establishment we may mention the
high school, founded in the sixteenth century,
and consisting of a rector, four masters, and near
500 scholars.
The charitable institutions are numerous, and
some of them richly endowed. The hospital, es-
tablished by the celebrated jeweller of James VI.,
George Heriot, is a handsome Gothic edifice ;
and under its venerable roof 180 boys are boarded
and educated with benevolent care. Watson's
hospital is also on a similar plan ; and there are
others for the support of decayed tradesmen, their
wives, and daughters. Of the literary and scien-
tific institutions of Edinburgh, the Royal, Anti-
quarian, and Wernerian societies are deservedly
distinguished; and there is no other city in Europe
where the men of letters and scientific ability
bear so great a proportion to the number of the in-
habitants.
No particular manufacture is carried on in this
city ; the working and trading classes being chief
ly supported by the production and sale of the
more general articles of domestic use. Edinburgh
sends one member to parliament. Distance N.
N. W. of London 39(5 miles. Lat. 55. 58. N.
Long. 3. 12. W. Pop. in 1821, 112,335. See Lcith.
Edisto, a river in South Carolina, which after
a course of about 140 m. falls into tlie Atlantic
Ocean by two channels, about 40 m. S. of
Charleston. The island, formed by the diver-
gence of the stream, contains about 3,000 inhabi
itants, the greater part of whom are slaves.
Edmonton, a village of Middlesex, England,
C m. N. of Shoreditch Church, London, on the
great high road to Edinburgh. It has notliing
but its thoroughfare to entitle it to notice. Pop.
in 1801, 5,093, and in 1821,7,900.
Edwards, a county on the E. frontier of the
state of Illinois, bounded by the great Wabash
river, 35 m. from S. to N. and about 30 in mean
breadth, the little Wabash intersects the W. side
of the county ; and towards the S. part, between
the two rivers. Pop. 1,G49. Albion is the capi-
tal.
Edwardsville, a village in Madison Co. Illinois.'
Also a township in Greenville Co. Upper Can-
ada.
Eecloo, a populous town of the Netherlands, 11
m. N. by W. of Ghent.
Effcrdlng, a town of Austria, with a castle,
seated near the S. bank of the Danube, 12 m. W.
of Lintz.
Effingham, a village in Surry, Eng. 12 m. N.
E. of Guilford. It was once a much larger place,
and supposed to have contained IG churches,
wells, cavities like cellars, having been frequently
found in the neighbouring fields and woods ; and
in the present church are some ancient stalls and
monuments.
Effingham, a county in the state of Georgia,
bordering on the Savannah river, its area compri-
ses about 500 sq. m. Pop. 2,969. Willoughby is
the chief town.
Effingham, p.t. Strafford Co. N. H. 67 m. fr.
Portsmouth. Pop. 1,911.
Egein, a town and castle of Germany, in the
duchy of Mao-deburg, on the river Bode, 16 m. S.
S. W. of Magdeburg.
Egenhurg, a town of Austria, noted for good
wine, 13 m. S. W.ofZnain in Moravia.
Eger, a river in Germany, which rises in the
principality of Culmbach, running in an E. N. E.
direction through the circle of Saaz, and after a
course of about 120 miles falls into the Elbe, near
Leutmeritz.
Eger, a fortified town at the western extremity
of Bohemia, in the circle of Saaz, with a castle and
college. It was taken by the French in 1742, but
they were forced to evacuate it the next yecf
through famine. Here are manufactures of lea
ther, hats, cloths, and stuffs ; and its mineral wa-
ters are famous. It is seated on the Eger, 90 m.
W. bv N. of Prague. Long. 12. 27. E., lat. 50. 5.
N. Pop. about 8,000.
Egerseg Szala, a town of Lower Hungary, seat-
ed on the banks of the Szala, which falls into the
S. end of lake Balaton.
Egg, an island of Scotland, one of the Hebrides,
to the S. of Skye, 5 m. in length, and from 2 to 3
in breadth. It is partly flat, and partly hilly and
rocky, with some basaltic pillars. The low
grounds are fertile.
Egg Harbour River, Great and Little, the
former constituting the S., and the other the
EGY
275
EGY
N. boundary of Gloucester county, New Jer-
sey; the harbours opening into the Atlantic
Ocean, in the lat. of 3!). 17. and 39. 30. N. On
both these harbours are towns of the same name.
Egham, a village of England, in Surry, 18 m,
from Hyde Park Corner, London, on the great
western road.
Eglingen, a town of Suabia, capital of a lord-
ship of the same name, 8 m. N. of Dillengen.
Eglisau, a town and castle of Switzerland, in
the canton of Zurich, seated on the Rhine, 13 m.
N. of Zurich.
Egment op den Hoef, a village of North Hol-
land, 3 m. W. by S. of Alkmaer. It appears to
have been a considerable town, but was destroyed
in 1573, by the enraged Spaniards, after their
failure before Alkmaer. It now exhibits exten-
sive and picturesque ruins perhaps the only ruins
in all Holland. Near it are two other villages ;
Egmont op Zee, a in. to the W. on the sea-coast ,
and Egmont Binnen, nearly two m. to the S.;
where a bloody but undecisive battle was fought,
in 1799, between the allied English and Russian
army, and the French and Dutch.
E^remont, a town in Cumberland, Eng. On
the W. side is an artificial mount, with the ruins
of a castle ; and 3 m. S. E. of the town, in the
wooded vale of the Calder, are the remains of
the Calder abbey. Egremont, is seated near the
Irish sea, on the river Eden, 5 m. S. S. E. of
Whitehaven, and 289 N. W. of London.
Egremont, p.t. Berksnire Co. Mass. Pop. 889.
Egypt, a country comprising the N. E. extrem-
ity of Africa, having about 400 m. of coast, be-
tween Alexandria, and El Arish, including the
indentations of lakes and bays ; Cape Bourlos its
N. extremity is in lat. 31. 3G. N., from which
point it extends inlajid to the frontier of Nubia,
in the lat. of about 24. 30. giving a length of about
503 m. while its boundaries E. and W. are very un
defined. It is divided from Asia, at its N. E. ex-
tremity, by an extensive desert, and further S. by
the gulf of Suez, and the Red sea, (see Suez.)
It is bounded on the W. by the deserts of Barca
and Libya, and parts of Africa but I'.ttle known,
and in its extreme limits from W. to E. may be
considered as comprising about 2 degrees of long,
or 122 statute m. between 31. and 32. E.; the
inhabited parts however, do notexceed more than
15 to 25 m. on each side of the Nile, which runs
in a direction N. by W. through the whole ex-
tent of Egypt, except for about 120 m. above its
entrance into the Mediterranean, where it diver-
ges into two main and numerous collateral chan-
nels. This is called the Delta of the jYile, com-
prising an areaof about 12,000 sqiiare m. studded
over, the greater part, with towns and villages.
in the marshes of this region grows that remark-
able reed grass celebrated in ancient times by the
name of papyrus, the leaves of which affordej
the first materials for making paper. It has
a tapering stem surmounted by a tuft or plume
of hairy leaves.
This country, so celebrated in history for its
fertility, its policy and arts, appears first to have
attained pre-eminence under tiie renowned Sesos-
tris about 1720 years antecedent to the christian
era. For nearly four centuries prior to this period.
Egypt appears to have been divided into several
petty sovereignties, under what was then termed
Hycsos or Shepherd Kings, of whom Amasis al
Thetmosis was the first who gained an ascend-
ancy over his compeers ; this ascendancy
was acquired about 100 years prior to that
of Sesostris ; and it appears to have been the de-
scendants of Amasis who were ruling in Egypt
at the time of the dearth in western Asia, when
Jacob and his family established themselves in
the valley of Gessen, or Goshen, east of the Nile.
From the descendants of Amasis and Sesostris
sprung the race of the Pharoahs, who ruled over
Egypt for 12 centuries, until Cambyses king of
Persia, became master of it, 525 years B. C
By the Pharaoh's all those wonderful structures
were raised, and works perfected, which we
cannot behold without astonishment. These are,
the pyramids, the labyrinths, the immense grottos
in Thebaid, the obelisks, temples and pompous
palaces, the lake Mceris, and the vast canals, which
served both for trade, and to irrigate the land.
After this conquest, Cambyses demolished the
temples, disinterred the remains of Amasis and
burnt them, and persecuted the priests. This
country continued under the Persian yoke till
the time of Alexander of Macedon, who having
conquered Persia, built the city of Alexandria.
He was succeeded by Ptolemv, the son of Lagos,
324 years B. C. Ten kings of that name succeed-
ed each other, till Cleopatra, the sister of the last
Ptolemy, ascended the throne ; when Egypt be-
came a Roman province, and continued so till the
reign of Omar, the second caliph of the successors
of Mahomet, who drove out the Romans after it
had been in their hands 700 years. When the
power of the caliphs declined in the 13th century,
Saladin set up the empire of the Mamelouks
who in time became so powerful, that they ex-
tended their dominions over a great part of Afri-
ca, Syria, and Arabia. Next, about 1570, Egypt
yielded to the arms of Selim, the 2nd emperor
of the Turks, under whose dominion it still
continues.
The present inhabitants are composed of four
different races of people; the Turks, who assume
to be masters of the country ; the Saracen Arabs,
who were conquered by the Turks ; the Copts,
who were descended from the first Egyptians
that became Christians ; and the Mamelouks,
who were originally Circassian or Mingrelian
slaves, and being the only military force, continu-
ed for centuries to be the real masters of the
country ; and Egypt had been for many years,
distracted by the civil wars between the different
contending beys, by which its 24 provinces were
governed. The famous Hassan Ali, the Turkish
admiral, gained several victories over them in
1786 ; but though he repressed, he could not
totally subdue them. The French invaded Egypt
in 1798, under Bonaparte, who defeated the beys
in several engagements ; but after the departure
of Bonaparte, a strong British force arrived
to aid the country, and the French were expelled
in 1801. But the Turkish Pacha, finding the
EGY
S76
EIB
power of the Mamelouks broken by their con-
flicts with the French, partly by treachery and
partly by force, succeeded in driving them out
of E<rypt into Nubia.
The complexion of the Egyptians is of a dusky
brown, tiiey are generally indolent and cowardly;
and the lower class are disgustingly filthy in their
persons ; the richer sort do nothing all day but
drink coffee, smoke tobacco, aud sleep ; and they
are ignorant, proud, haughty, and ridiculously
vain. But the Copts are an ingenious people,
and have great skill in business. From March to
November, the heat, to an European, is almost
insupportable ; but the other months are more
temperate. The S. winds which occur at inter-
vals, from February to the end of May, are by
the natives called poisonous winds, or the hot
winds of the deserts ; they are of such extreme
heat and aridity, that no animated body exposed
to it can withstand its fatal influence ; and for
the three days that it generally lasts, the streets
are deserted. The sands are so subtile, that they
penetrate into the closets, chests, and cabinets,
which, with the hot winds, are probably the cause
of sore eyes being so very common here. It rains
very seldom in Egypt ; but that want is fully
supplied by the annual inundation of the Nile.
neumon enters the jaws of the Crocodile while he
is asleep and devours his entrails. This animar
When the waters retire, all the ground is covered
with mud ; then the corn is harrowed into it, and
in the following March there is usully a plenti-
ful harvest. But some lands are never fallow,
and yield three harvests annually ; particularly
in Lower Egypt, where sowing and reaping are
going on incessantly, wherever the water of the
river can be obtained for irrigation. There is no
place in the world better furnished with corn,
flesh, fish, sugar, fruits, and all sorts of garden
vegetables ; and in Lower Egypt, oranges, lemons,
figs, dates, almonds, cassia, and plantains, are
produced in great plenty. Lentils form a con-
eideriible article offoodtothe inhabitants of Up-
per Egypt, who rarely enjoy the luxury of rice ;
and onions remarkablymild and of the purest white
continue to be a favourite diet among all classes.
The animals of Egypt are tigers, hyenas,
antelopes, apes, black-cattle, fine horses, large
asses, the cameleon, crocodiles, hippopotami,
the cerastes, or horned viper, and a kind of
rat called ichneumon. This animal is do-
mesticated among the Egyptians, as the cat
is among us. He destroys rats and mice, and
hunts also birds, serpents, lizards and in-
sects. He sucks the eggs of the crocodile,
an'^ even kills the young ones when they first come
ou. of the shell. It is a fable however, that the ich-
was so highly esteemed for his services that he
was deified by the ancient Egyptians.
Among the birds may be mentioned eagles,
hawks, pelicans, water fowls of all kinds, and the
ibis, which resembles a duck, and was deified
by the ancient Egyptians, on account of its de-
stroying serpents and noxious insects.
The pyramids of Egypt, so justly celebrated as
evidences of human labour and art, are all built
on rocky and sandy plains ; the largest is 500
feet in height, and covers eleven acres of ground.
They are situate in the south part of the Delta,
or Lower Egypt, on the W. bank of the Nile.
Egypt is now spoken of as divided into three
parts. Lower, or the Delta, Middle, and Upper.
During the reign of part of the Pharoahs, Thebes
in Upper Egypt in the lat. of 25. 25. appears to
have been the capital of the whole country ; af-
terwards transferred to Memphis, in the lat. of
29. ; and during the reign of the Ptolemies, the
seat of the empire was transferred to Alexandria,
whilst at the present time Cairo is the seat of
government. Under the present Pasha, Mahom-
med Ali, who has ruled since 1798, Egypt has
made advances in enterprize and cultivation al-
most without a precedent; and cotton wool, indigo,
sugar, and grain, are again forming the basis of
an extensive external commerce. Respecting
the extent of the pop. of Egypt, information is
very imperfect, both in reference to the past, as
well as at the present time, being now variously
estimated at from 2 to 4 millions : conjecture
has hardly ever offered an opinion as to the num-
ber in former times. In further illustration of
this very interesting section of the globe, see JS'ile,
Suez, and Thebes.
Eldngcn, a town of Suabia, near which the
Austrians were defeated by the French, in J 805.
It is seated on the Danube, 12 m. S. W. of Ulm.
£/u'«o-e7i, another tov/n of Suabia, seated on the
Neckar, opposite Rotenberg, 6 m. W. by S. of
Tubingen, and 25 S. S. W. of Stuttgard ; both
these towns are in the dominions of trie king of
Wurtemberg, and contain each about 4,000 inhab-
itants.
Ehrenbreitstein, a fortress of Germany, in the
circle of Lower Rhine, on the E. bank of the riv-
er Rhine, opposite Coblentz. It stands on the
summit of a stupendous rock, not less than 800
feet above the level of the river, and is deemed to
be impregnable. It has a communication with
Coblentz by a subterraneous passage, cut out of
the solid rock, and is plentifully supplied with
water from a well 280 feet deep. In the vale of
Ehrenbreitstein is an old palace, which belonged
to the elector of Treves. This fortress surrender-
ed to the French through famine, in 1799, after a
blockade of above 20 months.
Elhenstock, or Eyhenstock, a town of Upper Sax-
ony, in the circle of Erzeberg, near the N. W.
frontier of Bohemia, CO m. S. by E. of Leipzig
Pop. 3,200. .;
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277
£LB
Eichsfeldt, a territory of Germany, at the N. E.
extremity of the circle of the Lower Rhine, sur-
rounded by Brunswick, Thuringia, and Hesse.
It produces much flax and tobacco. Heileigen-
stadt is the capital. It is now divided between
Prussia and Hanover : it formerly belonged to
the elector of Meiitz, and contained a pop. of
90,000, on a surface of about 600 square miles ;
Stadt Worbis and Mulhausen are the other prin-
cipal towns.
Eichstadt. See Mchstadt.
Eil Loch. See Linnhe Loch.
Eilenburg, a town of Upper Saxony, in Misnia,
situate on the Mulda, 12 m. N. E. of Leipzig.
Eimeo, one of the Society isles, in the Pacific
Ocean, lying 12 m. W. of Otaheite. The prod-
ucts of the two islands, and the manners of the
people, are much the same. Eimeo has steep
rugged hills, running in different directions, leav-
ing large valleys, and gently rising ground about
their sides. The hills, though rocky, are gener-
ally covered with trees almost to the tops.
Einheck, a fortified town of Lower Saxony, in
the principality of Calenberg. It has manufac-
tures of cloth and all kinds of stuffs ; and in the
mountains near it are mines of silver, iron, cop-
per, and lead. It is situate 17 m. N. of Gottin-
gen, and 45 S. of Hanover. Pop. about 5,000.
Eisenach, or Eysenach, a town of Upper Saxo-
ny, at the western extremity of Thuringia, capital
of a principality of the same name, with a cele-
brated college. The duke resides in a castle
within the town ; and there is another on a
mountain out of it, called Wartburg, which, in
1521, was for some time the asylum of Luther.
It is seated on the Nesse, at its conflux with the
Horsel, 16 m. W. of Gotha Long. 10. 21. E.,
lat. 51 0. N. Pop. about 8,000.
Eisenartz, or Eisenitz, a town of Germany, in
Stiria, famous for its iron mines, 34 m. N. N. W.
of Gratz.
Eisenbera-, another town in Thuringia, 35 m.
S. W. of Leipzig. Pop. 3,500.
Eiseiistadt, a town of Hungary, with a magnifi-
cent palace, 5 m. N. W. of Odenburg, and 27 S.
of Vienna.
Eisleben, a town of Upper Saxony, capital of
the county of Mansfield, with a decayed castle.
The celebrated Luther was born and died here.
In the churches of St. Andrew and St. Ann are
the superb burial places of the ancient counts of
Mansfield. Eisleben contains many breweries,
and derives much profit from the neighbouring
iron mines. It is 28 m. N. N. W. of Naumburg.
Long. 11. 47. E., lat. 52. 32. N.
Eisfeld, a town of Upper Saxony, in the prin-
cipality of Coburg, with a castle. It has manu-
factures of vitriol, &c. and stands on the Werra,
near its source, 7 m. E. of Hlldburghausen.
Elba, an island in the Mediterranean sea, be-
tween Italy and the island of Corsica, and separ-
ated from Tuscany by the channel of Piombino.
It was known to the Greeks by the name of
.£thalia, and to the Romans by that of Ilva. The
form of the island is very irregular, the length
from E. to W. is about 14 m. and the greatest
breadth, which is at the W. end, is between 8
and 9 m. and contains a pop. of about 14,000 souls.
The whole island presents numerous mountains,
separated by deep valleys, and some plains of con-
siderable extent ; the south-west part is the most
elevated, and are composed of black and white
granite, susceptible of a fine polish. Elba has
been renowned for its mines of iron and load-
stone, for a period beyond the reach of historj.
Aristotle speaks of them as opened from time im-
memorial ; it has also quarries of fine marble. On
the N E. part is the mountain, or mine of iron
ore, which supplies most of the forges of Italy.
The tower of Voltorjyo stands on this mountain,
on a shaggy rock. The view from this tower is
wonderfully fine every way, as the eye overlooks
the whole island, that of Corsica, many scattered
islets, the channel of Piombino, and a great range
of continent. On the E. side of the mountain
stands Rio, a village inhabited by miners. Under
it breaks out the only rivulet in Elba, which does
not run above a mile before it falls into the sea;
but the water gushes out of the rock in such abun-
dance, that it turns 17 mills in that short course.
The soil of Elba is very shallow, with scanty room
for cultivation, and few places level enough for
corn, producing little more than six month's pro-
vision for its inhabitants ; but the island is so situ-
ated that it can, in spite of a blockading fleet be
always supplied with provisions, and the garrison
with reinforcements. The wine is good, if made
with care and properly kept; the fruit of its stan-
dard trees are excellent, though not in great plen-
ty ; orange and lemon trees thrive very well in the
sheltered vallies and narrow plains near the sea.
There are several springs of excellent water in
the island ; and the climate is much milder than
the adjacent continent, for it produces many fruits
and plants that cannot stand the Tuscan winters.
Among the animals and birds are wild boars,
hedge-liogs, partridges, quails, canary-birds,
nightingales, ortolans, &c. It has no rivers ; but
there are a number of rivulets. This island was
held with Piombino, by the Appiani, as a fief of
the empire, till Charles V. thought proper to
transfer it to Cosmo I. duke of Florence, that he
might rescue it and the adjacent coasts from the
Turks and French. Before the French revolu-
tion, it was subject to the prince of Piombino, ex-
cept Porto Ferrajo, and Porto Longone, the former
belonging to the duke of Tuscany, and the latter
to the king of Naples ; but in 1801 the French be-
came possessed of the whole island. It now owes
its chief celebrity to the circumstance of its hav-
ing been ceded by the powers of Europe in full
sovereignty to Napoleon Bonaparte ; after the
surrender of Paris to the allies in March 1814.
He landed at Porto Ferrajo, the capital of the
island, on the 4th of May in that year, but on the
26th of February following, he embarked again
for France, and reached Paris, without encount-
ering the least obstruction : since when the island
has been wholly ceded to the duke of Tuscany.
Porto Ferrajo, on the N. side of the island, is in
lat. 42 50. N., and 10. 15. of E. long.
Elba, p.t. Genesee Co. N. Y. Pop. 2,679.
Elbassano, a town of European Turkey, in Al-
bania, 45 m. S. E. of Durazzo.
Elbe, a river of Europe, rising on the N. E.
frotitier of Bohemia, bordering on Silesia, in the
lat. of 50. 30. N., and 15. 35. of E. long., flows
S. for about 40 m. past Konigingratz to Pardu-
bitz, in the circle of Chrudin, from whence it
takes a meandering course in a N. W. direction
to Melnick, where it receives the Moldau from
the frontier of Austria on the S. : from Melnick,
it continues a winding course through the circle
of Leutmeritz, in which it receives the Eger from
the frontier of Franconia, on the W. S. W. and
then enters the circle of Meissen in Upper Sax-
ony, still running in a N. W. direction past Dres-
den, into the duchy of Saxony to Magdeburg ;
2 A
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278
ELK
from whence it takes a direction N. by E. to Ha-
velberg, where it receives the Havel ; from Ha-
velberg it intersects in a N. W. direction the Old
Mark of Brandenburgh ; and then divides Meck-
enburgh Schwerin, and the duchy of Saxe Lau-
enburg on the N., from Luneburg Zell, to Ham-
burgh : from whence it becomes navigable for
ships of the largest burthen, dividing for about
70 m. the duchy of Holstein on the N., from Bre-
men on the S. ; and after a course of 380 m. in a
meridional line, and upwards of 500 m. by the
course of the stream, falls into the North sea at
Cuxhaven, in the lat. of 53. 52. N., and 8.46. of
E. long. The Elbe is rendered subservient to
the purposes of navigation ; and by itself and col-
lateral branches, receives and distributes produce
along lines of country, several hundred m. in ex-
tent. See Lubec.
Elberfeldt, or Elerfeldt, a town of the grand
duchy of Berg, seated on the banks of the vVip-
per, which falls into the Rhine between Cologne
and Dusseldorf. It has extensivfe manufactures
of linen, silk, and wool, and a pop. of near 20,000.
It i» 18 m. due E. of Duseldorf.
Elherston, p.t. Effingham Co. Geo.
Elbeuf, a town of France, in the department of
Lower Seine. It has extensive manufactures of
cloth, and is seated on the Seine, 10 m. S. of
Rouen, and 65 N. W. of Paris.
Elbert, a county of the state of Georgia, lying
between the Savannah and Broad rivers. Pop.
12,354. Elberton the chief town ; it is 190 m. N.
W. of the city of Savannah.
Elbing, a strong town of W. Prussia, in the
palatinate of Marienburgh, with a considerable
trade i"> butter, cheese, and corn. It is seated on
a river of the same name, near its entrance into
the Frlsche Half, 30 m. E. S. E. of Dantzic.
Long. 19. 30. E. lat. 54. 18. N. Pop. about 18,000.
Elbonen, a town of Bohemia, in the circle of
Saatz, with a citadel ; seated on a mountain, by
the river Eger, 10 m. N. E. of Egra.
Etbridge, p.t. Onondaga Co. N. Y. Pop. 3,357.
Elbum, a town of Holland, in Gelderland, on
the E. coast of Zuyder Zee, 10 m. N. E. of Har-
derwick.
Elche Alhufera de, a town of Spain, in Valen-
cia, 10 m. W. S. W. of Alicant.
Elchingen, a village of Suabia, on the N. bank
of the Danube, about 5 m. N. E. ofUlm, where
a battle was fought between the French and
Austrians in 1805, which obtained for Ney, one
of Bonaparte's generals, the title of duke of El-
chingen.
Elda, a town of Spain, in Valencia, 20 m. W.
N. W. of Alicant.
Elderton, p.t. Armstrong Co. Pa.
Eldridge, p. v. Buckingham Co. Va. Also a
township in Huron Co. Ohio.
Elephanta, called by the natives Gharipoor, an
island on the W. coast of Hindoostan, 5 m. froin
Bombay. It contains one of the most celebrated
temples of the Hindoos. The figure of an ele-
phant of the natural size, cut coarsely in stone,
appears on the landing place, near the foot of a
mountain. An easy slope then leads to a subter-
ranean temple, hewn out of the solid rock, 80
feet long, and 40 broad, the roof supported by
rows of pillars 10 feet high. At the further end
are gigantic figures of the three Hindoo deities,
Brahma, Vishna, and Seva, which were mutilated
by the zeal of the Portuguese, when this island
was in their possession. Elephanta was ceded to
the English by the Mahrattaa
Eleuths, a kingdom of Tartary, lying to the N.
W. of Chinese Tartary. It was conquered in 1759
by the emperor of China. See Kalmucs.
Elgin, a borough of Scotland, capital of Mur-
rayshire, and formerly the see of a bishop. Here
are many large old buildings over piazzas. Its
cathedral was one of the most magnificent struc-
tures in Scotland ; of which its rums are a sufli-
cient proof. Twomiles to the N. E. on the banks
of a lake, is the palace of Spynie, formerly the
residence of the bishop, of which some rooms are
still pretty entire. Elgin stands on the Lossie, 5
m. from its port at Lossiemouth, where there is
a tolerable harbour, whence much corn is expor-
ted. It is 38 m. E. N. E. of Inverness, and 163
N. of Edinburgh.
Elginshire. See Murrayshire.
Elinge, a village of Hampshire, Eng. at the
head of Southampton bay, 5 m. W. of Southamp-
ton. Here are docks for building and repairing
ships, and store-houses for merchandize and corn,
in which last it carries on a considerable trade.
Elie. See Ely.
Elizabeth City, a. smaM county of Virginia, for-
ming the promontory between the mouths of York
and James rivers upon Chesapeak bay. Pop.
5,068. The chief town is called Hampton, and
gives name to the celebrated anchorage ground
called Hampton Roads, at the entrance of James
river. — A town of the same name is seated on the
Pasquotank river, in North Carolina, which is uni-
ted with Chesapeak Bay, by the canal cut through
the Great Dismal Swamp.
Elizabeth Islands, small islands near the coast
of Massachusetts, bearing N. W. of Martha's Vine-
yard, and belonging to Dukes county. They are
about 16 in number ; the chief of which are Nas-
hawn, Pasqui, Nashawenna, Pinequese, and Cha-
tahunk. Nashawn, the largest, supports a con-
siderable number of cattle and sheep, and is fa-
mous for excellent cheese and wool. It is two
miles from the continent, and the N. point 6. m.
W. S. W. of Falmouth. Long. 70.38. W.,lat.
41.34. N
Elizabeth, p.t. Essex Co. N. Y. Pop. 1,729.
Elizabethtown, a town of New Jersey, in Essex
county, with a handsome presbyterian church, an
episcopal church, and an academy. It is situate
on a creek of Newark bay, 14 m. W. S. W. of the
city of New York. Pop. 3,451 .
Elizabethtmcn, a town of North Carolina, chief
of Baldwin county, seated on the W. bank of Cape
Fear river. 36 m. S. by W. of Fayette ville. and 48
N. W. of Wilmington.
Elizabethtown, or Hagerstoten, a town of Mary-
land, chief of Washington county. It has a con-
siderable trade with the western country, and the
neighbourhood produces the finest Orinoko to-
bacco. It is situate in a vallev, 70 m. W. N. W
of Baltimore, and 80 N. N. W. of Washington
Also townships and villages in Lancaster Co. Pa.
Alleghany Co. Pa. Bladen Co. N. C. Hardin Co. .
Ken. Carter Co. Ten. Gallaway Co. Missouri ;
and Hamilton Co. Ohio.
Elk, a river of Maryland, which falls into the
head of Chesapeak bay. It has been lately
united with the Delaware, by a Canal.
Elk, a township in Athens Co. Ohio.
Elk River, a. township in Columbiana Co. Ohio.
Elk Creek, a township of Erin Co. Pa.
Elkholn, p.v. Montgomery Co. Missouri.
Elkland, a town of Lycoming Co. Pa.
Elk Lick, a township of Somerset Co. Pa.
Elk Marsh, p.v. Fauquier Co. Va.
fiLS
279
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Elk Ridge, p.t. Anne Arundel Co. Maryland.
Elklon, villages iu Todd Co. Ken. and Giles
Co. Ten.
Elkton. a town of Maryland, chief of Cecil coun-
ty with a considerable trade, particularly in wheat.
It is situate at the conflux of the head branches of
the Elk, 13 miles from its raouth in Chesapoak
bay. and 47 S. W. of Philadelphia. Long. 7C. 20.
W. iat. 39. 40. N.
Ellery p.t. Chatauque Co. N. Y. Pop. 2,001.
Ellesinere, a town in Shropshire, Eng. with a
considerable trade in malt. It has a canal from
Shrewsbury, which passes hence, by Wrexham
and Chester, to the estuary of the Mersey. The
town is seated on a lar^e mere, 16 miles N. N. W.
of Shrewsbury, and 178 N. W. of London. Pop.
in 1821,6,056.
E'lichpour, or EUishpoor, a town of Hiodoos-
tan, in Berar, capital of a circar of the same name,
subject to the Nizam of the Deccan. It was
formerly the capital of Berar, and is 154 m. N.E.
of Aurungabad. Long. 78. 5. E., Iat. 21. 12. N.
EllicoU, p.t. Chatauque Co. N. Y. Pop. 2,101.
Ellinaton, p.t. Chatauque Co. N. Y. Pop.
1,27!).
Ellington, p.t. Tolland Co. Conn. Pop. 1,455.
Elliot, p.t. York Co. Me. Pop. 1,845. Also
the name of a missionary station in the eastern part
of Mississippi.
EUisbum, p.t. Jefferson Co. N. Y. Pop. 5,292.
Ellisville, p. v. Nicholas Co. Ken.
EUore, a town of Hindoostan, capital of one of
the Circars, on the bay of Bengal. It is 32
miles north of Masulipatam. Long. 81. 15. E.,
Iat. 16. 43. N.
Ellsworth, p.t. Hancock Co. Me. Pop. 1,385.
Also a township in Trumbull Co. Ohio.
Elnhoven, a town of Bohemia, capital of a ter-
ritory, in the Circle of Saatz, with a castle on a
rock, by the river Egra, 38 miles W. S. W. of
Saatz. Long. 12. 50. E., Iat. 50. 20. N.
Elne, a town of France, in the department of
Eastern Pyrenees. It suffered greatly in the
civil wars, during the reign of Louis XI. and is
8 miles S. by E. of Perpignan.
Elora, a town of Hindoostan, in Dowlatabad,
celebrated for its wonderful temple cut out of the
natural rock. It is 15 miles N. of Aurungabad.
Elphin, a town of Ireland in the county of
of Roscommon, and the see of a bishop, 16 m. N.
of Roscommon.
Elrich, a town of Upper Saxony, in Thuringia,
capital of the county of Hohenstein. It stands on
the river Zorge, 12 m. N. N. W. of Nordhausen.
Long. 10. 43. E., Iat. 51. 38. N.
Elsflet, a town of Westphalia, at the conflux of
the Hunlorf with the Weser, 13 m. E. N. E. of
Oldenburg, and 12 N. W. of Bremen.
Elsborough, t. Salem Co. N. Y.
Elsinburg. See Helsinburgh.
Elsinore, a town in Denmark, seated on the
Sound, in the isle of Zealand. It is the most
commercial place in Denmark, next to Copenha-
gen, being the residence of a considerable num-
ber of foreign merchants, and the consuls of the
principal nations trading to the Baltic. A little
to the E. is the fortress of Cronborg, which
guards the Sound. Every vessel as it passes,
pays a toll at Elsinore, in return for which, the
crown takes the charge of constructing light-
houses, and erecting signals to mark the shoals
and rocks, from the Categat to the entrance into
the Baltic. Elsinore has no harbour, but a good
and safe road, and is 22 m. N. of Copenhagen.
Long. 12. 35. E., Iat. 56. 9. N. See Cronborg. -
Eisner, White and Black, two rivers of Upper
Saxony, the first rises near the northern frontier
of Franconia and runs N. nearly parallel with
and E. of the Saal, into which it fills about 18 m.
N. W. of Leipzig ; this river proved very disastrous
to the French troops, on their retreat after the
battle of Leipzig, in October 13] 3.— The Black
Elster rises near the Spree in Upper Lusatia, and
after a winding course E. of the Elbe, falls into
tliat river in the duchy of Saxony.
Elsterberg, a town on the W. bank of the
White Elster, near its source, 7 m. N. of Plauen.
Elsterioerda, a town and castle of Upper Sax-
ony, in Misnia, on the E. bank of the Black Els-
ter, 24 m. N. by W. of Dresden.
Eltham, a town in Kent, En^. Here are the
remains of a palace, in which Edward II. often
resided, and his son, John of Eltham, was born;
it is now in part converted into a farm house, and
the stately hall forms the barn. It is 8 m. S. W.
of London Bridge. Pop. in 1821, 1,883.
Elvas, a strong frontier town of Portugal, in
Alemtejo, and a bishop's see, with a castle. Here
is a cistern so large, that it will hold water enough
for the town for six months. The water is
brought by a Moorish aqueduct, three miles in
length, which, in some places is supported by
several stories of arches. On the side of it is a
forest of olive-trees, among which are walks and
fine mountains. Elvas was bombarded by the
French in 1706. A royal academy for young
gentlemen was founded here in 1733. It is seat-
ed near the Guadiana, 15 m. W. of Badajos, and
118 E. of Lisbon. Pop. about 16,000.
Elvira, a township in Union Co. Illinois.
Elwangen, a town of Suabia, near the S.
frontier of Franconia, with a castle on a moun-
tain ; seated on the Jaxt, 18 m. N. W. of Nord-
lingen.
Ely, a city in Cambridgeshire, Eng. and a
bishop's see. It is seated on the Ouse (which is
navigable hence to Lynn) in the fenny tract, call-
ed the Isle of Ely. The spring assizes are held
here. It is a county of itself, including the ter-
ritory around it, and has a distinct civil and crimi-
nal jurisdiction, of which the bishop is the head.
It has a fine cathedral, but is otherwise a mean
place. Tt is 17 m. N. of Cambridge, and 67 N.
by E. of London. Pop. in 1821 , 5,079.
Ely, or Elie, a town of Scotland, on the S. E.
coast of Fifeshire, with a good harbour, with up-
wards of 20 feet water at common tide, but has
little trade. It is opposite to N. Berwick, and
forms the N. point of entrance to the Frith of Forth.
Elyon, p.v. Jefferson Co. Alabama.
Elyria, p.t. Lorrain Co. Ohio.
Elze, a town of Lower Saxony, in the princi-
pality of Hildesheim, seated on the Leine, 12 m.
S. W. of Hildesheim, and 20 S. of Hanover.
Emanuel, a county of Georgia. Pop. 2,681.
Swainsborough is the capital.
Emboly, or Jemholi, a town of European Turkey,
in Macedonia, and a Greek archbishop's see. "It
is the ancient Amphipolis ; and is sometimes call-
ed Christopolis. It is seated on the Strumona,
at its entrance into the gulf of Contessa. Long.
23. 55. E., Iat. 40. 59. N.
Embden, p.t. Somerset Co. Me. Pop. 894.
Embrun, a city of France, in the department of
Upper Alps. It'has a fortress built by Louis X IV.
and is seated on a craggy rock, near the river Du-
rance, 17 m. E. of Gap. It is the seat of a pre-
fect, and in 1825, contained 3,002 inhabitants
1^
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280
ENG
Emden, a strong town of Westphalia, capital of
K. Friesland. It has a good harbour and a safe
road at the mouth of the Ems ; and considerable
manufactures of stockings, soap, leather, and cot-
ton. The greatest part of tiie inhabitants are
Calvinists, but there are some Lutherans, Papists,
and Jews. It was a free port under the protec-
tion of the United Provinces, but in 1744 they
sold their right to the king of Prussia. It was a
neutral port during the early part of the war be-
tween England and France, which began in 1793.
It is now included in the kingdom of Hanover ;
population about 12,000. It is 28 m. E. N. E. of
Gronincen, and 47 W. N. W. of Oldenburg.
Long. 7. 8. E., lat. 53. 20. N.
Emmaus, a village of the Moravians in Lehigh
Co. Pa.
Emmendingen, a town of Suabia, in Brisgau,
and chief town in the marquisate of Hochberg,
seated on the river Ens, 10 m. N. by W. of Fri-
burg.
Emmerick, a strong town of Germany, in the
duchy of Cleves. It has a considerable trade with
Holland, and is seated on the Rhine, 22 m. N. W.
of Wescl.
Emmittshurg, p.v. Frederick Co. Maryland, 50
m. N. W. Baltimore.
Ems, a river of Westphalia, which rises in the
territory of Paderborn, and after a course of about
150 m. in a N. N. W. direction, flows at Emden,
into the Dollart, a bay of the German Ocean.
Ems, or Embs, a town of Germany, in Tyrol,
near which are some baths impregnated with
sulphur. It is 10 m. S. E. of the lake of Constance.
Encheysen, a town of N. Holland, on the Zuider
Zee. It was once a flourishing place ; but its
harbour being now obstructed by sand, it has lost
its former consequence. It wab taken by the Eng-
lish in 1799. It is 27 m. N. E. of Amsterdam.
Endeavour Strait, a strait of the S. Pacific
Ocean, which separates New Guinea from the N.
E. point of New Holland. It received its name
from captain Cook, who explored it in 1770. Its
length, is 10 leagues, and its breadth about five,
except at the N. E. entrance, where it is contract-
ed to less than two miles, by the islands called
Prince of Wales Islands.
Zndingen, a town of Suabia, in Brisgau, near
the Rhine, 7 m. N. N. E. of Old Brisach.
Enfield, a town in Middlesex, Eng. It was
once famous for an extensive royal chase, disfor-
ested in 1779 ; and had a royal palace, of which
little now remains, the front having been taken
down in 1792, and its site occupied by some
houses. It is 10 m. N. of London. Pop. 8,227.
Enfield, p.t. Grafton Co. N. H. 105 m. fr. Bos-
ton. Pop. 1,492.
Enfield, p.t. Hampshire Co. Mass. Pop. 1.058.
Enfield, a town of Connecticut, in Hartford
county, situate on the E. bank of the Connecticut,
16 m. N. by E. of Hartford. Pop. 2,129.
Enfield, p.t. Tompkms Co. N. Y. Pop. 2,332.
Also a village in Halifax Co N. C.
Engudina, or Inthal, a delightful valley of Swit-
zerland, in the canton of Grisons, extending along
the banks of the river Inn, from its source to
Tyrol. It is divided into Upper and Lower, the
chief towns are Zurz and Cernetz.
En<relberg, a valley of Switzerland, in the can-
Ion of Underwalden, 10 m. long, surrounded by
mountains. It is subject to the abbot of a Bene-
dictine monastery of the same name, whose reve-
nues arise principally from a commerce in cheese.
The country contains extensive glaciers, on the
side of fertile mountains, fine black marble, white
veined; small crystals called Swiss diamonds;
silver and vitriol. The abbey is 12 m S. W. of
Altdorf
Engelholm, a sea port of Sweden, in Schonen,
on a bay of the Categat, with good anchorage
near the entrance to the Sound. In 1678, it was
taken by the Danes, after an obstinate defence
It is 44 m. N. by W. of Lund. Long. 12. 57. E.,
lat. 56. 22. N.
Engcrs, a town of Germany, in the Wester-
wald, capital of a county of its name ; seated near
the Rhine, 5 m. N. W. of Coblentz.
Enghein, a town of the Netherlands, in Hain-
hault, 15 m. S. W. of Brussels, on the road to
Tournay. It gives the title of Duke to one of the
Bourbon family.
Engia, En^ina, or JEgina (its ancient name),
an island of European Turkey, in the gulf of En-
gia, between Livadia and the Morea. It has a
town of the same name, 22 m. S. S. W of Athens.
Long. 23. 39. E.. lat. 37. 45. N.
England,, the southern part of the island of
Great Britain is a very irregularly shaped territory,
extending in its extreme length, from the Land's
End in Cornwall, in the lat. of 50. 4. 7. and long,
of 5. 41.31. to Berwick, at the mouth of the Tweed,
which divides it from Scotland, in the lat. of 55.
AQ. 21. N., and 1. 59. 41. of W. long. The me-
ridional distance between these two points is 366
geographical, or 425 English statute m. ; this line,
owever, intersects the entrance to the Bristol
channel. South and North Wales, and the Irish
Sea ; the extreme meridional line that could be
drawn on English ground, from N. to S. would be
from Berwick to St. Alban's Head, in the county of
Dorset: this line would measure 366 statute m.;
and the extreme length from W. to E. would be
from the Land's End, Cornwall, to the Dudgeon
lights on the N. E. coast of Norfolk, which would
measure 359 statute m. The four S. E. counties of
Somerset, Dorset, Devon, and Cornwall, however
form a promontory ; and as the superficial area of
England by actual survey proves to be 50,535
square m. taking the length from N. to S. to be 366
m. the mean breadth from W. to E. will be within
150 m. The sea on the S. is called the English
Channel, and which divides England from the N.
W. coast of France : the sea at the S. E. point is
called the straits of Dover, and divides England
from the N. W. point of France and the Nether-
lands : the sea on the E. coast of England is called
the North Sea, or German Ocean, and divides
England from Holland, Germany, and Jutland :
the sea on the N. W. coast of England is called
the Irish Sea, and divides England from the N.
E. coast of Ireland. 'Wales, North and South,
bound the centre of its western side ; and the four
S. W. counties before mentioned, project into the
Atlantic Ocean. England, for local purposes, is
divided into 40 counties, viz. : Bedford, Berks,
Bucks, Cambridge, Chester, Cornwall, Cumber-
land, Derby, Devon, Dorset, Durham, Essex,
Gloucester, Hants, Hereford, Huntingdon, Hert-
ford, Kent, Lancaster, Leicester, Lincoln, Mid-
dlesex, Monmouth, Norfolk, Northampton, North-
umberland, Nottingham, Oxford, Rutland, Salop,
Somerset, Staff'ord, Suff'olk, Surrey, Sussex, War-
wick, Westmorland, Wilts, Worcester, and York ;
each of which is subdivided into hundreds and
parishes. For judicial purposes it is divided into
six circuits ; and for ecclesiastical purposes into
two archiepiscopal and 20 episcopal sees, or juris-
dictions. The extent, relations. &c., of each of
ENG
281
ENG
tKe several counties, towns, &c., are noticed in
their alphabetical place in this work.
The face ot'the country affords all that beauti-
ful variety which can be found in the most exten-
sive tracts of the globe ; not, however, without
romantic, and even dreary scenes, lofty mountains,
craggy rocks, black barren moors, and wide un-
cultivated heaths ; and yet, few countries have a
smaller proportion of land, absolutely sterile and
incapable of culture. The richest parts are, in
general, the midland and southern. Towards the
N. it partakes of the barrenness of the adjoining
parts of Scotland. The E . coast is in many places,
sandy and marshy. A range of rude and elevated
land, sometimes rising into mountains 3,000 feet in
heiglit, extends from the borders of Scotland to
the very heart of England, forming a natural di-
vision between the E. and W. sides of the king-
dom. Cornwall is also a rough hilly tract; and
a similar c'laracter prevails in part of the adjacent
counties These mountainous tracts abound with
various mineral treasures, more particularly coal,
iron, copper, lead, and tin
The rivers of England are numerous, and con-
tribute essentially to the beauty and fertility of
the country, as well as to facilitate the convey-
ance of its products from one part of the kingdom
to another : the four most deserving of notice for
their magnitude and utility, are the Trent, Mer-
sey, Severn, and Thames. These four rivers
rise in the interior of the country, and flow in
contrary directions, the first to the N. E.,the next
to the N. W., the Severn to the S. W., and the
Thames to the S. E. ; and being rendered navi-
gable and united to each other by canals, they
atford an admirable facility of conveyance over
all parts of the country. In addition to these, the
great Ouse and the Nen, flow from the centre of
the country in a N. E. direction, into the N. sea
between the Thames and the Trent, and the Nen
IS united to the line of canal which unites those
two rivers, and thereby with the Mericy and
Severn. Further N. are the Humber, Teer,, Wear,
Tyne, and the Tweed, which divides England
from Scotland, all flowing from W. to E. into the
North Sea : and on the other side is the Eden,
Derwent, Ribble and the Dee, flowing into the
Irish Sea : the tributary rivers deserving of notice,
are the Med way and Lea, falling into the Thames,
the Soar and Derwent falling into the Trent, the
Don, Aire, and Ouse falling into the Humber, the
Irwell into the Mersey, and the Upper and Lower
Avon and Wye into the Severn ; all of which are
navigable, and yield a variety offish : The Tamar,
Torridge, Tame, Exe, Arun, and a few other
rivers of inferior note, intersect the S. and S. W.
parts of the country, falling into the Bristol and
English channels. The lakes are neither numer-
ous nor extensive, and are chiefly in the N. W.
counties : those of Westmoreland and Cumber-
land, in particular, exhibit such varieties of beau-
tiful scenery, as to become the object of summer
excursions from every part of the country. With
respect to climate, England is situate in the N.
part of the temperate zone, so that it enjoys but a
scanty share of the genial influence of the sun.
Its atmo-phere is inclined to chillness and mois-
ture, subject to frequent and sudden changes ; and
is more favourable to the growth, than to the
ripening of the products of the earth. No country
is clothed with so beautiful and lasting a verdure ,
but the harvests, especially in the northern parts,
frequently suffer from unseasonable rains. The
•.Quntry, nevertheless, generally affords an abnn-
36
dant supply of grain, and all the other ncce.ssarifen
of life, and the rigours of winter, and the heats of
summer, are felt here in a much less degree than
in parallel climates on the continent; a circum-
stance common to all islands. The whole coun-
try, some particular spots excepted, is sufficiently
healthy ; and the longevity of its inhabitants is
equal to that of almost any region. All its most val-
uable productions, both animal and vegetable, have
been imported from foreign countries, and have
been kept up and improved by constant attention.
England has now no other wild quadrupeds than
those of the smaller kind ; as the fox, bado-er,
marten, otter, hare, rabbit, squirrel, «S:.c. On the
other hand, every kind of domestic animal, im-
ported from abroad, has been reared to the greatest
degree of perfection. The horse has been trained
up for all the various purposes of strength and
swiftness, so as to excel in those qualities the same
animal in every other country. The whole num-
ber kept in Great Britain has been estimated at
1,500,000, including every valuable variety of that
noble animal. The breeds of cattle in various
parts of the kingdom have also been cultivated
with much care, and have been brought to the
largest size and greatest justness of shape. The
different races of sheep are variously distinguish-
ed, either for uncommon size, goodness of flesh,
or plenty or fineness of wool. The deer of its
parks, which are originally a foreign breed, are
superior in beauty of skin, and delicacy of flesh,
to those of most countries. Even the several
kinds of dogs have been trained to degrees of
courage, strength, and sagacity, rarely to be met
with elsewhere. Domestic poultry, as well as
wild birds, are numerous ; the shape and beauty
of plumage of the pheasant, and delicious note of
the nightingale, cannot be surpassed. The im-
provement in the vegetable products of this island
is not less striking than in the animal. Nuts,
acorns, crabs, and a few wild berries, were almost
all the variety of vegetable food which its woods
could boast. To other countries, and to the ef-
forts of culture, it is indebted for corn, esculent
roots, plants, and all its garden fruits. The seas
as well as the rivers of England are stocked with
a great variety of fish, which yield a plentiful ar-
ticle of provision to all ranks of people.
The English are generally of a middle size, and
are upon an average an inch shorter than the
Americans. They are well-formed, handsome,
robust, and though not so fair as the northern
nations generally, of a florid complexion. The
females are distinguished for thei»- grace and
beauty. In the cities a. d among the more &sh-
2 A 2
ENG
239
ENT
Jonable classes their dress is showy, although the
fashions are generally copied from the French.
The manners of the English are formal, stiff, and
reserved, and there is no country where ranks and
conditions are fenced round with so many bar-
riers.
Of the early history of England, but little is
known prior to its becoming a province of the
Roman empire, during the first century of the
Christian era. The first invasion of England by
the Romans was under Julius Caesar in the
year .35, at which period the country was in-
habited by a very numerous but hardy and rude
race of people denominated Britons, living in
tribes and sul)ject to an austere and rigorous
priesthood. About the year 8(5 the wh'.le country,
after numerous conflicts, was subdued by the
Romans. During a period of nearly 400 years,
from the time of Agricola to the year 447,
when the Romans finally quitted the island, they
had effectually succeeded in reconciling the na-
tives to a dependence on their government, and
in diffusing a taste and desire to cultivate and
practice the arts of social life ; they had, however,
BO implicitly yielded to Roman government and
protection, that, on being left to govern and pro-
tect themselves, they were unable to withstand
the rude and vigorous attacks of the Picts and
Scots, who poured into the country froni the
north. The Romans, on being applied to by
the Britons, declining from inability to render
them assistance, the Britons invited the assistance
of the Saxons, a people who had acquired celeb-
rity for their valour in the north of Europe. In
the year 449 Hcngist and Horsa, two Saxon
leaders, arrived with a force of 1 ,G00 men, who
succeeded in speedily subduing the Scots and
Picts ; but perceiving tlie inefficiency of the
Britons, the S.axons obtained a succession of rein-
forcements, made allies of the Scots and Picts,
and turned their whole force to the subjugation
of England ; and, in the progress of time, the
country became divided into seven monarchies,
some one of which, however in its turn maintain-
ing an ascendancy over the rest, the ascendant
monarch being regarded as king of England.
The following is a list of the seven monarchies:
with the dates of their foundation and extinction,
viz —
founded in 4-54 extinct 823
491 -
- 685
527 -
- 827
547 -
- 827
575 -
- 792
582 -
- 827
592 -
- 828
Rent . . . .
South Saxons .
East Saxons
Northumberland
East Angles
Mercia
West Saxons
This period is denominated the Heptarchy,
which merged into an undivided sovereignty un-
der Egbert, the 17th king of the West Saxons,
in 828. In 800 the Saxon Dynasty in its turn
was assailed by the Danes, and, after repeated
conflicts and aggressions, Sweyn, a Dane, was
crowned king of England in 1013. The crown
reverted again to the Saxons in Edward, sur-
named the Confessor, in 1042; but on the )4th
of October, 1060, the destinies of England were
placed in the hands of William of Normandy,
surnamed the Conqueror, from the decisive victo-
ry he gained on that day, over Harold II., king
of England. From that period to the present time
the whole country has been under tlie rule of a
successive line of kings, except for 11 years, from
1649, to IfiGO, when it was under the protectorate
of Cror.iwell, during which time it was ruled by
the Parliament or iTie Protector, and was called
the commonwealth of England.
England, A'ctc. See JVw England.
EngUsh Tiiwn, p. v. Monmouth Co. N. Y.
English Turn, a bend '.n the river Mississippi,
18 m. below New Orleans.
En/doping, a town of Sweden, in Upland, on
the N. side of Lake Maelcr, 21 m. S W. of
Upsal.
Ennis, a town in the parish of DrumclifF, Ire-
land, capital of the county of Clare. It is seated
near the head of a bay, on the N. side of the riv-
er Shannon. It is 19m. N. N. W of Limerick,
and 113 S. S. W. of Dublin. Population of the
town (which is sometimes called Clare), in 1821,
6,702, and the remainder of the parish 3,533 more.
It returns a member to the parliament of the
United Kingdom.
Ennisrnrthy, a borough of Ireland, in the coun-
ty of Wexford, .yiih a manufacture of coarse
woolen cloth, and some iron works. It is situate
on the Slaney, close under Vinegar-hall, 10 m.
N. of Wexford, and 27 N. E. of Waterford.
Enniskilhn, a borough of Ireland, capital of
the county of Fermanagh. It is seated on an
island in Lough Erne, where that lake is contract-
ed for about six miles to the width of an ordinary
river, and has a strong fort, it being a pass of
great importance between the N. and S. of Ire-
land. In 1595 it made an obstinate defence
against the army of queen Elizabeth, and again
in 1080 against James II. It is 80 m. N. W. of
Dublin. Population, in 1821, 2,399, and of the
parish 10,000 more. It returns one member to
the parliament of the United Kingdom.
EnnisvilJe., p. v. Huntingdon Co. Pa.
Eno, or Enos, a town of European Turkey, in
Rumelia, and a Greek archbishop's see ; seated
near a gulf of the Archipelago, at the influx of
the M.arissa, 90 m. S. by W. of Adrianople, and
145 W. S. W. of Constantinople. Long. 28. 15.
E., lat. 40. 46. N.
Enoshurgh, p.t. Franklin Co. Vt. Pop. 1,500.
Ens, a town of Austria, on a river of the same
name, at its conflux with the Danube, 12 m. E.
S. E. of Lintz.
Ensnne, a town of Egypt, on the E. side of the
Nile. Here are considerable ruins of the ancient
Antinoe. It is 120 m. S. of Cairo. Lone. 30.
54. E., lat. 28. 5. N.
Ensisheim., a town of France, in the depart-
ment of Upper Rhine, on the river Ulo, 10 m.
S. of Colmar.
Enshi.rken, a town in the duchy of Juliers, 15
m. S. W. of Cologne.
Enstorf, a town of the palatinate of Bavana,
22 milesN. of Ratisbon.
Entlibuck,a town of Switzerland, in the canton
of Lucern, 14 m. W. S. W. of Lucern.
Enfre Douro e Mivho, the most N. W. province
of Portugal, lying on the sea coast, between the
rivers Douro and Minho, and bounded on the E.
by Tra los Mont.es. It is 68 miles from N. to S.,
and 40 broad, and in 1810 contained a population
of 907,965. Braga, 30 miles N. N. E. of Oporto,
is the capital. It is watered by two other rivers,
falling into the Atlantic Ocean, viz. the Lima and
Cavado; the other principal towns are, Lagos,
Jjapeda, and Moncao, on the S. bank of the Min-
ho, which divides the province from the Spanish
province of Galicia: Port de Lima, and Viana,
near the mouth of the Lima, Barcellos, between
ERB
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Brnga and the mouth of the Cabado, Guimaraens,
and Ainarante in the S. E. and Oporto on the N.
bank near the mouth of the Douro, which sepa-
rates the province from Beira.
Epcrics, a town of Upper Hungary, capital of
the county of Soros, celebrated for its mines of
sjilt. It is seated on tlie Tatza, 20 miles N. E. of
Cassovia. Long. 21. 13. E., lat. 48. 50. N. Pop.
about 7,500.
Eperiuiy, a town of France, in the department
ofMarne. It was taken by Henry IV, in 1592.
when marshal Biron was killed while the king's
hand was on his shoulder. The wines produced
in its neighbourhood are excellent. It is 17 miles
N. W. of Chalons, and the seat of a prefect, with
a population in 1825, of 4,997.
E/iernon, a town of France, in the department
of Eure and Loire, 15 m. N. N. E. of Chartres.
Ephesus, a village of Asiatic Turkey, in Nato-
lia, anciently one of the most splendid cities of
Asia Minor, and the most frequented emporium
of that continent. Of its former splendour there
is nothing to be seen but heaps of marble, over-
turned walls, columns, capitals, and pieces of
statues. The fortress, which is upon an emi-
nence, seems to have been the work of the Greek
emperors ; and also the aqueduct, part of which
is yet standing, supported by pillars of fine mar-
ble. The eastern gate has three basso-relievos,
taken from some ancient monuments ; that in
the middle was constructed by the Romans.
The most remarkable structure was the Temple
of Diana, deemed one of the seven wonders of
the world, and which the primitive Christians had
converted into a church ; but it is now so entire-
ly ruined, that it is not easy to find the ground-
plot. Ephesus is seated near the mouth of the
Cayster, which formerly afforded a good harbour
for ships, but is now almost choked up with
sand. The present inhabitants are only Greek
peasants, who live in extreme wretchedness and
insensibility. It is 30 miles S. S. E. of Smyrna.
Long. 27. 23. E., lat. 38. 8. N.
Ephrata. or Tunkerstown, a town of Pennsylva-
nia, in Lancaster county, and the principal settle-
ment of a sect called Tunkers [Dippers], who
are of German extraction, and first appeared
in America in 1719. It is 22 miles N. of Lan-
caster.
Epinal; a town of France, capital of the de-
partment of '/osges. It is famous for its paper-
mills, and seated on the river Moselle, near the
mountains of the Vosges, 65 miles S. W. of
Strasburgh, and 195 E. by S. of Pjiris. Pop. in
1825, 7,941.
Eppinq, a town m Essex, Eng. It is famous
for excellent butter, and seated at the N. end of
a forest of the same name, 17 miles N. N. E. of
London. Pop. in 1821, 1,688.
Epping, p.t. Rockingham Co. N. H. 20 m. fr.
Portsmouth. Pop. 1,263.
Epsom, p.t- Merrimack Co. N. H. Pop. 1,418.
Epsam, a town in Surry, Eng. celebrated for
its mineral waters and salts ; and on its neigh-
bouring downs are annual horse-races. It is 15
miles S. S. W. of London. Population in 1821
3,890.
Eptoortk, a town in Lincolnshire ,Eng. on the isle
of Axholin, with a manufacture of sacking. John
Wesley, the founder of the Arminian sect of
methodists, was born here. It is 11 miles N. of
Gainsborough, and 106 N. N. W. of London.
Pop. in 1821,1,502.
Erback, a town ofFranconia, capital of a coun-
ty of the same name, with a castle. It is. 22
miles W. by S. of Wertheim, and 35 S. S. E. of
Frankfort.
Erekli, a town of European Turkey, on the N
shore of the sea of Marmora, 55 miles W. of Con-
stantinople. It was the ancient Heraclina, and
contains the ruins of an amphitheatre, built by
the emperor Severus ; and a wall at some former
time extended from this place to Dtrkus on the
shore of the Black Sea, a distance of about 55
miles, the object of which, seems to hav^e been
the protection of Constantinople from the nortli-
ern barbarians.
*^* There is another town of the same name
on the S. VV. shore of the Black Sea, 130 m. E.
by N. of Constantinople.
Erfurt, a city of Upper Saxony, sometimes ac-
counted the capital of Thuringia, with a univer-
sity and two strong forts. The principal magis-
trate is sometimes a protestant and sometimes
a papist ; but the greatest part of the burghers are
protestants. It has three fine libraries, one of
which belongs to the papists, another to the uni-
versity, and a third to the protestant ministers
The inhabitants are computed at 15,000. A fire
happened here in 1736, which burnt down 180
houses, and several churches. In 1806 it was
taken by the French ; and in 1814, it surrendered
to the allies. It is seated in a fertile country, on
the river Gerar, 58 m. W. S. W. of Leipzig.
Eribol, Loch, in Scotland, an arm of the sea, on
the N. coast of Sutherlandshire, in the long, of
4. 30. W., capable of affording a safe retreat to
the largest vessels. It receives several streams ;
particularly that which flows from a lake called
Loch Hope.
Ericht, Lock, a. lake of Scotland, lying in the
counties of Inverness and Perth. It is 24 m. in
length and one in breadth, surrounded by lofly
mountains and rugged cliffs, and its banks cover-
ed with heath and a few straggling birches and
alders. Its outlet, at the S. extremity, is the riv-
er Ericht, which flows into Loch Rannock.
Erie, Lake, one of the great chain of lakes
in North America, lies between 79. and 84. W.
long., and 41 . and 43. N. lat. Its length is 230 m.
and 40 its medium breadth. It is upwards of 650
m. in circumference, and navigable for ships of
any burthen. The coast on both sides is generally
favourable for batteaux and canoes ; yet in some
places, chiefly on the S. side, there are rocks that
extend several m. in length. Some of these, near
the mouth of the Cuyahoga, rise 40 or 50 feet
perpendicular out of the water, and project over
the lake. The heathen Indians, when they pass
this impending danger, offer a sacrifice of tobacco
to the water. The islands and banks towards its
W. end are so infested with rattlesnakes, as to
render it dangerous to land on them. The lake tg
covered, near the banks of the islands, with a
large pond lily ; the leaves of which are thickly
spread on the surface of ihe water, to an extent
of many acres : on these, in the summer, lie
myriads of watersnakes, basking in the sun.
This lake, at its N. W. end, receives the waters
of the great chain, from the N W. by the river
Detroit, and discharges them by the river Niaga
ra, over the great falls at its N. E.end, into Lake
Ontario. It forms the boundary line between the
United States, and British North American terri-
tories, both parties claiming an equal right of nav-
igation. During the war of 1812—1815, the
Americans had a squadron of 9 vessels, carrying
56 guns, andtlie British one of 6 vessels, carrying
ERl
384
£RZ
69 gans ; on the 10th of September 1813, after an
action of three hours, the whole of the British
squadron surendered to the American Commodore
Perry. The English have a fort called fort Erie, at
the N. E. extremity of the lake where it narrows
into the river Niagara, in the lat. of 42. 57. N.,
and 7rf. 20.of W. long.
Erie, a county of West Pensylvania. The
N. W. side is washed by the shore of the lake,
the W. end borders on the State of Ohio, and the
E. end on that of New York. Its area is about
750 square m. Pop. 16,!)0G. A town of the same
name seated near the shore of the lake, is 315 m.
in a meridional line, N. N. W. of Philadelphia.
Erie, a county of New York, bordering on the
E. end of the lake and Niagara river, bounded
N. by the Tonnewanta, and S. by the Cattarau-
gus river. Buffalo, opposite the British fort Erie,
is the chief town. Pop. 35,710.
Erie, p. v. Erie Co. N. Y.
Erie, p.t. Erie Co. Pa. on Lake Erie at the har-
bour of Presqu' Isle which is safe and commodious
but has only 8 feet water at the entrance. The
town has considerable trade, principally by the
lake commerce. A turnpike road extends from
hence to Pittsburg.
Ericville, p. v. Madison Co. N. Y.
Erie Canid, the largest in tlie United States
unites Lake Erie with the river Hudson. It is
362 m. long, 40 feet wide and 4 deep. It has 679
feet of lockage ; the locks are 90 feet in length
and 15 in width. This immense work leaves
the lake at Buffalo and passes northwardly along
Niagara river towards lake Ontario. It then
turns to the east and proceeds northward of the
small lakes of New York to the valley of the Mo-
hawk down which it passes to the mouth of that
stream. It then follows the western bank of the
Hudson to .\lbany where it joins the river. It
has several large aqueducts; one of which across
the Genesee at Rochester is 804 feet in length, and
two other across the Mohawk are 1188 and 748 feet
in length. The sides of the canal are paved with
stone or covered with thick grass. There are a
number of branches or side cuts to this canal ;
one of them which extending from Syracuse to
Osweffo is 38 m. long, and another to Geneva 20
m. The navigation upon this canal is very great,
and the canal duties amply compensate the cost
of the work, which was above 7,000,000 dollars.
It was begun in 1817 and finished in 1825.
Travelling upon the canal is very easy and
cheap. The boats for pas.sengers are 80 feet
long with cabins nearly the whole length of the
deck. They are drawn by horses and proceed 4
m. an hour, day and night. The fare is 4 cents
per mile.
Eriskay, a small island of the Hebrides of Scot-
land, at the S. end of South Uist ; noted for being
the first place upon which Charles Stuart landed,
in his wild attempt to gain the British crown.
Erith, a village in Kent, Eng. on the Thames,
5 m E. by S. of Woolwich. Great quantities of
corn and wood are shipped hence ; and here the
East India ships, in their passage up the river,
generally discharge a part of tlieir cargoes.
Erivun, the capital of Persian Armenia, in a
province of thesame name, and the seat of an Arme-
nian patriarch. The city is defended by a fortress,
in which is the governor's palace, and by a castle,
on the river Zuengui, near the lake of Erivan,
which is very deep, and 60 m. in circumference.
The Meidan is an open square, 400 paces over, in
which are very fine trees. The b.iths and cara-
vanserais have theirbeauties,but tlie churo^hes of
the Christians are small, and half under ground.
It is seated on the banks of the Arus river, which
runs past Shirvan into the Caspian sea, from wliich
it is distant about 130 m., and about the same dis-
tance from Gonieh on the S. E. shore of the Black
Sea. Long. 44. 10. E., lat. 40. 20. N.
Erkeleiis, a town of Germany, in the duchy of
Juliers ; seated on the Roer, 10 m. N. W. of Ju-
liers. Pop. about 2,300.
Erlan, or Eriau, a populous town on the fron-
tiers of Lower and Upper Hungary, 60 rn. E. N.
E. of Buda. It is the see of an archbishop. The
cathedral and archiepiscopal palace are stately
edifices.
Erlangen, a town of Franconia, with a univer-
ity and a palace. It is divided into the old and
new town ; and the latter is one of the handsom-
est towns in Germany. The principal manufac-
tures are hats, gloves, and stockings. It is seat-
ed on the Rednitz, 12 m. N. of Nuremberg; and
is now included in the dominions of the king of
Bavaria. Long. 11. 2. E., lat. 49.38. N.
Erne, a river of Scotland, which issues from
a lake of the same name in Perthshire, flows
by Crieff, and joins the Tay, a little below'
Abernethy.
Erne, a river of Ireland, which issues from a
small lake on the N. border of the county of Long-
ford, flows N. through that of Cavan, and N. W
through Fermanagh into Donegal bay. In the
latter county it forms a lake, called Lough Erne^j
30 m. in length, containing several islands ; and
on one in the middle part, where the lake is very
narrow, stands the town of Enniskillen.
Ernee, a town of France, in the department of
Mayenne, on a river of the same name, 15 m. N
N. W. of Laval.
Erodu, or Erroad, a town of Hindoostan, in the
province of Coimbetore, with a large mud fort.
Much coarse cotton cloth is made here and in the
vicinity. It is seated on a canal from the Bhaw-
ani, E. of the Cavery river, 75 m. W. N. W. of
Tritchinopoly.
Errol, t. Coos Co. N. H. on the W. of Umba
gog lake. Pop. 82.
Erromango, one of the new Hebrides in the S.
Pacific Ocean, 70 m. in circumference, with low
shores. On the W. side is a promontory that sep-
arates two bays, and captain Cook, from the
treacherous behaviour of the inhabitants, named
it Traitor's Head. Long. 169. 19. E., lat. 18.
47. S.
Ervy, a town of France, in the department of
Aube, 17 m. S. by W. of Troyes.
Erzerum, or Arz Roum, the capital of Turkish
Armenia, with Armenian and Greek episcopal
sees. It is surrounded by double walls, de-
fended by strong towers, and estimated to con-
tain 125,000 inhabitants. The Turks are all jan-
issaries ; but most of them tradesmen, and re-
ceive no pay. The Arinenians have two church-
es, the Greeks but one ; the latter are mostly braz-
iers, and live in the suburbs. A great trade is
carried on in furs, Persian silks, cottons, calicoes,
and drugs. This city is a thoroughfare, and a
resting place, for the caravans to the East Indies.
It is situate between the two sources of the Eu-
phrates, at the foot of a chain of mountains, 104
m. S. E. of Trebisond, on the S. E. shore of the
Black Sea. Long. 41. 36. E., lat. 39. 57. N.
Erzgeliirg, Circle of, a populous district of Up-
per Saxony, forming the S. W. part of the Mar-
graviate of Meissen, or Misnia, bounded on the
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285
ESQ;
S. by the Bohemian mountains. It abounds in
valuable minerals. Freyburg, Altenburg, and
Chemnitz, are the princi|»al towns.
EscalotuL, a town of Spain, in New Castile, sur-
rounded by walls. It is situate on an eminence,
in a fertile country, near the Albreche, a tributa-
ry of the Ta.ms, 20 m. N. W. of Toledo, and 32
S. W. of Madrid.
Escambia, a county of West Florida. Pop.
3,3SG. Pensacola is tlie capital.
Eschioeiren, a town nnd castle of Germany, in
the land^raviate of Hesse Cassel, seated on the
Werra, 2-3 m. E. S. E. of Cassel.
.Hsnirial, a village of Spain, in New Castile,
seated on the Guadara, 15 m. N. VV. of Madrid.
It takes its name from a noble structure, founded
by Philip II. in memory of the victorv gained
over the French near St. Quentin, in 15.')7. This
edifice consists of a royal palace, a church, a mon-
astery, a college ,a library .shops of different artists,
apartments for a great nu.mber of people, beautiful
walks, large alleys, an extensive park, and fine
gardens. It is built of grey stones, found in the
neiglibourhooJ, and in the lorm of a gridiron, be-
cause St. Lawrence, on wh:ise day the victory
was gained, suffered martyrdom by being broiled
on such an instrument. It is along square of 740
feet by 5dO, and four stories hiih, with a tower
at each angle 200 feet high ; and the palace forms
the handle of this imaginary gridiron. The most
remarkable part is the arched chapel ; in which
is a magnificent sepulchre called the Pantheon,
being built in imitation of that church at Rome :
it is the burying-place of the kings and queens of
Spain ; and is thought by some to be the most
curious piece of architecture in the world. The
church is built after the model of St. Peter's at
Rome.
Esirueyra, or Esa-uerta, a town of Portugal, in
Beira, S m. S. of Averio.
Esk, a river which rises in Scotland, in the N.
E. part of Dumfriesshire, and flows S. fi. through
a dale to which it gives name to the edge of the
county. It there receives the Liddel from Rox-
burghshire, and enters Cumberland, flowing S.
bv Longtown into the N. E. extremity of Solway
frith.
Esk, a river of Scotland, in Edinburghshire,
formed by the junction of two streams called N.
and S. Ebk. They almost encircle the town of
Dalkeith, passing on each side of the eminence
on wiiicii it stands, and unite a little below the
town. The river enters the Frith of Forth, at
Musselburgh.
Esk, JVorth and South, two rivers of Scotland,
in Angusshire, which descend from the hills call-
ed tiie Braes of .^ngus. The former divides the
county from Kincardineshire for several miles,
and reaches the ocean, a little to the N. of Mont-
rose : the latter, after traversing the whole breadth
of the county, enters the bay on the W. of the
same town.
Eski S/iehr, a town of Asiatic Turkey, in Na-
tolia, on tlie river Sakaria, which falls into the
Black Sea, 80 m. R S. E. of Bursa. Long. 31.
18. E., lat. 30. 48. N.
Esne, Asiia, or Esnay, a town of Egrypt, sup-
posed to be the ancient Latopolis. Here is an
ancient temple, with walls on three sides, and in
the front 24 columns, well preserved : within it
are three stories of hieroglyphics, of men about
three feet high ; and the ceiling is adorned with
animals, painted with beautiful colours. On the
N. side of the town is another temple; richly
carved with hieroolyphics, crocodiles, &c. and a
mili^ to the S. is the monastery of St. Helena, which
contains many magnificent tombs. Esne stands
on the Nile, 300 m. S. of Carlo. Long. 31. 40. E.,
lat. 24. 4G. N.
Esopus, p.t. Ulster Co. N. Y. Pop. 1,770.
Es/>a'ion, a town of France, in the department
of Aveiron, on the river Lot, 14 m. N. N. E. of
Rhodez. It is the seat of a prefect, and in 1825
contained 3,261 inhabitants.
•Esferance, p. v. Schoharie Co. N. Y.
Ei'posenda, or Esparuletula, a sea-port of Portu-
gal, in Entre Douro e Minho, at tiie mouth of
the Cavado, 22 m. N. of Oporto. Long. 8. 21. W.,
lat. 41 . 32. N.
Esquimaux, a people of North America, chiefly
inhabiting Labrador, the shores of Hudson's bay,
the country between Gulf Welcome and Mac-
kenzie's River, and probably Bhering's Straits.
To the S. they extend as far as Slave Lake, and,
to the N., the territory which they occupy is
bounded by an icy sea, if such a sea really exists,
or else they extend their wandering excursions
into a frozen desert. A permament establishment
of this nation was met with by Captain Ross, at
Prince Regent's Bay, in lat. 76. N. ; and their
huts were numerous in many parts of Melville
Island, in lat. 75. N. The latter officer observed
them frequently in the islands of the Archipelago
of Barrow's Straits, though their timidity preven-
ted any intercourse. Little, squat, and feeble,
the complexion of these Polar men partakes less
of a copper hue, than of a reddish and dirty yel-
low. Their huts, which are of a circular form,
and are covered with deer-skins, can only be en-
tered by creeping on the belly. Yet the rude
necessities of the climate have suggested to this
feeble race many contrivances which do honour
to their ingenuity. The snaio-house, or the com-
fortable, and comparatively speaking commodious
dwelling, which they construct from the frozen
snow that surrounds them, affords a favourable
e.xample. The rapidity and neatness with which
they raise these edifices, and render them imper-
vious to the rigorous atmosphere around, is tru!y
admirable; and these edifices, when finished, af-
ford their inhabitants a similar protection to that
which the vegetable world receives from a cover-
inor of snow. The Esquimaux of Prince Regent's
Bay, and of the Arctic Highlands, are entirely ig-
norant of boats and canoes, affording, it is said,
a unique instance of a fishing tribe unacquainted
with the means of floating on the water. Ross
advances strong grounds for considering them as
the true aboriginal race, from whence all other
Esquimaux are derived. They seem utterly ig-
norant of the nations to the' south, and may b«
considered as an independent tribe, separated by
ESS
286
EST
almost impassable mountains from the regions of
South Greenland, and extending beyond the most
northern inlet of Baffin's Bay. They are almost
entirely destitute of religious ideas. The othei
tribes have canoes made of the skins of the sea
calf, which sail with great swiftness. These sav-
ages patiently work a grey and porous stone into
the shape of pitchers and kettles. The edges of
these vases are elegantly ornamented. They
preserve their provisions of meat in bags, filled
with whale oil. Those who live near the mouth
of Mackenzie's River, shave their heads, a pecu-
liar custom, but not sufficient of itself to prove an
Asiatic origin.
Esquimnux Bay, a bay on the S. coast of Lab-
rador, at the entrance to the straits of Belleisle
from the gulf of St. Lawrence. Long. 57. 59. W.,
lat. 51.30. N.
Esqinviaux Islands, a cluster of small islands in
the gulf of St. Lawrence, off the entrance to the
bay.
Esserr, or Eszek, a trading town of Sclavonia,
with a strong castle. It has a wooden bridge over
the .'^rave, into Lower Hungary, and the marsh-
es, 8 m. in length, and 80 feet in breadth, with
towers at a quarter of a m. distant from each oth-
er. It is a difficult pass, and several battles have
been fought here between the Turks and Ger-
mans. Esseg was taken from the Turks in 1087,
since which time it has continued in the hands of
the house of Austria. It is seated on the river
Drave, 100 m. W. N. W. of Belgrade, and 136 S.
of Buda. Long. 19. 16. E., lat. 30. 45. N. Pop.
about 9,000
Essen, a town of Westphalia, in the duchy of
Berg. Here are several Catholic churches and
convents, but the inhabitants are chiefly Luther-
ans. It is 8 m. E. of Duysburg.
Essens, a town of Westphalia, in East Fries-
land, near the German Ocean, 20 m. N. N. E. of
Emden.
Essequiho, a river of Dutch Guiana, on which
is a settlement of the same name, in lat. 7. N.
long. 58. 30. W. It formerly belonged to the
Dutch, but was ceded to the English in 1814.
The river is 300 m. long and 20 wide at its mouth
but incommoded with shoals. The whole dis-
trict is fertile and well cultivated, producing cof-
fee, cotton, sugar and cocoa.
Essex, a maritime and beautifully fertile coun-
ty of England. It is bounded on the S. by the
river Thamf^s, which divides it from the county
of Kent. The county is nearly a square, the
area of which is 1,532 square m. It possesses a
variety of soil and face of country. The S. W.
part is occupied principally by the two forests ot
Epping and Hainhault, and is noted for its butter,
which takes the name of Epping butter. The N.
W. part from Saffron- Walden to Ca,mbridge, is
famous for the growth of saffron ; and for a kind
of triple crop of coriander, carraway, and teazle,
which are all sown together, but come to matu-
rity at different periods. The middle part is a
fine corn country, varied with gentle inequalities
of surface, aud sprinkled with woods. The part
bordering on the Thames and the sea consists
chiefly of marshy grounds, which afford excellent
pasturage, being secured from the inroad of the
tides by embankments. Its contiguity to the
metropolis, affords it a facile and advantageous
market for its surplus produce of grain, seeds,
calves, butter, poultry, potatoes, fruit, wild fowl,
and oysters, all of which it supplies in a greater
proportion than any other county in the kingdom ;
vet, notwithstanding all the advantages of fertil-
ity, abundance, and contiguity to market, pau-
perism and crime prevail to an equal extent to
any, and to a much greater extent than in most
other parts of the kingdom. The manufacture ot
baize and other worsted stuffs was formerly car-
ried on over the greater part of this county, but *
since the middle of the 18th century it h:is pro-
gressively declined, and is now almost extinct.
It has large establishments for the printing of
calico, and mills for making sheet lead.
Essex is aLso the name of a county in Upper
Canada, forming a promontory at the southern
extremity of the province, and nearly surrounded
by lakes Erie, and St. Clair, and Detroit river.
Essex is also the name of five counties in differ-
ent parts of the United States of America : viz.
First in Vermont, bounded on the E. for about
45 m. by the Connecticut river, and bounded on
the N. by Lower Canada; its mean breadth is
about 20 ni. Population 3,981 : chief town Guild-
hall.
Second, forming the N. E. part of the state of
Massachusetts, bordering on New Hampshire and
the Atlantic Ocean; it is intersected by the
Merrimack river, and contains several large
towns: viz. Newburyport, Ipswich, Gloucester,
Marblehead, Salem, and Beverly. &c. Popula-
tion 82,887. Salem is the chief town.
Third, in New York, bounded on the E. for 52
m. by lake Champlain. Population 19,187. The
court house is at Elizabethtown, in Pleasant Val-
ley.
Fourth, in New Jersey, bounded on the W., N.
and E. by the Passaic river ; its area is only about
150 square m. Pop. 41,028. Newark, is the chief
town ; its contiguity to New York renders it the
most populous and important part of the Slate.
Fifth, in the E. District of Virginia, on the S.
W. bank of the Rappahannock river, along which
it extends about 3(1 m. being about 8 m. in mean
breadth. Pop. 10,531. Tappahannock, is the
chief town.
Essex, p.t. Chittenden Co. Vt. Pop. 1,664
Also a village in Middlesex Co. Conn.
EssHngen, a village of Austria, on the N bank,
of the Danube, about 6 m. E. S. E. of Vienna,
between which and Aspern a sanguinary battle
was fought between the French and Austrians,
on the 21st and 22nd May, 1809.
Esslincren, a town of Suabia, in the kingdom
of Wurtemberg. Here are several convents, but
the inhabitants are chiefly Lutherans. It has
three extensive suburbs, and its district yields
good Neckar wine. It is seated on the Neckar, 8
m. S. E. of Stuttgard. Pop. about 7,000.
Estain, a town of France in the department of
Meuse, 12 m. E. N. E. of Verdun.
Estakar,a. town of Persia, in Farsistan, capital
of a district of the same name. Near it are the
magnificent ruins of ancient Persepolis. It is 50
m. N. E. of Shiras. Long. 53. 40. E.. lat. 30. 5. N.
Estavmjer, a town and baliwick of Switzerland, ^.
in the canton of Friburg, with a fine castle, seated *
on the lake of Neufchatel, 13 m. W. of Friburo-. <
Este, a populous town of tlie Venetian territory,
14 m. S. S. W. ofPadua.
Estella, an episcopal town of Spain, in Navarre,
with a castle and a university; se.ated on the
Eaa, 15 m. W. S. W. of Pamplona. Lonff. 2. 2-
W., lat. 42. 38. N.
Estepa, a town of Spain, in Andalusia, with an
ancient castle on a mountain, 18 m. S. of Eciia.
and 58 E. of Seville.
ETA
287
EUH
Estepona, a town of Spain, in Granada, near
the coast, 20 m. W. S. W. of Marbella.
Eslerabad. See Jlstcrabad.
Esthonla, or Revel, a government of the Russian
empire, bounded on the W. by the Baltic, N. by
the gulf of Finland, E. by Ingria, and S. by Livo-
nia. After having been long an object of bloody
contention between the Russians, Poles, and-
Swedes, it was confirmed to the latter by the
peace of Oliva in 16(50 ; but it was subdued by
Peter the Great in 1710, and finally ceded to Rus-
sia in 1721. It is divided into 4 circles. Revel
is the capital.
Esthwaite-tcater, a lake in Lancashire, Eng. be-
tween Hawkshead and Windermere-water. It is
two m. and a half long, and half a m. broad, in-
tersected by a peninsula from each side, jetting
far into the lake. On the banks are villages and
scattered houses, pleasantly situate under woods
and hanging grounds clothed with verdure, all
heightened by the strong back ground of rocky
mountains. No char are found in this lake,
though it is connected with Windermere-water.
Estill, an interior county in the E. part of the
state of Kentucky, intersected by the Kentucky
river ; its area is about 500 square m. Pop. 4,618.
Irvine is the chief town.
Estillville, p.v. Scott Co. Va.
Eslremadura, a province of Spain, extending
from the lat. of 37. 56. to 40. 15. of N. lat, bounded
on the W. by the Portuguese province of Alemtejo
and part of Beira. It is about 90 m. in mean
breadtli, giving an area of 14,400 square m. The
pop. in 1820, was returned at 428,493. The N.
end is Intersected by the Tagus, and the S. by the
Guadiana ; it seems a country of great capability.
Tlie vine, olive, and corn, all luxuriate witliin its
limits. Cattle and fine wool are the chief articles
of trade; and great herds of black swine are fed
on the hills, which are covered with oaks. Ba-
dajoz, near the Portuguese frontitT, is the capital,
and the other principal towns are Plazencia, Coria,
Alcantara, Albuquerque, Truxillo, Merida,01iven-
za, Xeres, and Llerena.
Extremadura, the metropolitan province of Por-
tugal, lying on both sides of the Tagus ; its area
is about 700 square m. and the pop. in 1810, was
returned at 826,630. The part S. of the Tagus
is mountainous and unproductive, whilst the N.
although in parts mountainous, is exceedingly
fertile ; the vine, olive, orange, lemon, and other
delicious fruits, as well as corn, millet, and le-
gumes, abound. Besides Lisbon, the capital of the
province, and of all Portugal, the other principal
towns are Leyria, Thomar, Abrantes, Santarem,
and Alenquer, all N. of the Tagus, and Setubal
near. the coast on the S.
Estremos, a town of Portugal, in Alemtejo, and
one of the strongest in the kingdom, being sur-
rounded by ten bastions. An earthenv/are is
made here, generally esteemed for its beauty and
fine smell ; and in tlie vicinity are quarries of
beautiful marble. It is 18 m. W. of Elvas. and
100 E. of Lisbon. Pop. about 0,500.
Eszek, or Eszeg. See Esse<r.
Elampes, a town of France, in the department
o*" Se ne and Oise, seated on the river Loet or
Etampes, 15 ra. E. of Chartres. It is distinguished
for the murder of its prefect on the 1st of March,
1792. Pop. in 1825, 7,693.
Etaples, a town of France, in the department of
Pas de Calais, situate on the English Channel,
near the mouth of the river Canche, 13 m. S. of
Boulogne.
Etaya, or Etaweh, a town of Hindoostan, in the
province of Agra, situate on the E. bank of the
Jumna, which is here 00 feet high. On the top,
near the river, are the remains of a fort. It is 02
m. S. E. of Agra. Long. 79. IG. E., lat. 26. 45.
N.
Ethiopia, a name by which a vast region of
Africa has been distinguished by some geogra-
phers, who have divided it into Upper and Lower
Ethiopia. The first includes Nubia, Abyssinia,
and part of Guinea : the second all the countries
S. of the equinoctial line, as Congo, Monnmugi,
Monomotapa, &c. Ethiopia appears to have once
been a great and powerful empire, but the details
of its history are lost in the vortex of time. The
Egyptian empire, was probably founded on the
ruin of that of Ethiopia.
Etienne, St. a town of France, in the depart-
ment of Loire. Beside the manufactures of arms,
hardware, and cutlery (the most considerable in
France,) the weaving of ribbands forms a consid-
erable article of commerce. Coal is found in the
neighbourhood, and also a soft stone, fit for grind-
stones. It is the seat of a prefect, 20 m. S. E. of
Montbrison, and 32 S. W. of Lyon. Pop. in 1825,
19,102.
*^* There are about a dozen other towns in dif-
ferent parts of France, named after St. Etienne,
(Stephen) all inconsiderable.
Etive Loch, a navigable inlet of the sea, on the
W. coast of Scotland, in Argyleshire. It is 20 m.
in length, but of very unequal breadth ; and its
banks are indented with creeks, which afford
safe anchorage. About 7 m. from the en-
trance it contracts into a narrow channel, called
Connel, where a ridge of rocks oceasioii, at par-
ticular times of the tide, a violent current. About
2 m. below is the ancient castle of Dunstaffnage.
Etna. See JEtna.
Etna, a township in Penobscot Co. Me. Pop.
362. Also a village in Tompkins Co. N. Y.
Eton, a town in Buckinghamshire, England,
seated on the N. bank of the Thames, opposite to
Windsor, to which it is united by an elegant stone
bridge over the river. Eton is celebrated for its
school, founded by Henry VI. 1440, for the edu-
cation of 70 scholars, a portion of which, when
duly qualified, are annually elected to King's Col-
lege, Cambridge. In addition to the 70 founda-
tion scholars, there are generally 3 to 400 of the
sons of the opulent classes, receive their educa-
tion at Eton. The buildings are commodious and
elegant, their light gothic turrets form a beautiful
and interestinff contrast to the massive and ma-
jestic towers of Windsor Castle, from which it is
separated only by the river. Eton is 22 m. N. W .
of London. Pop. in 1821, 2,475.
Etrnria. See Tuscany, and Stoke upon Trent.
Ettenhcim, a town in the territory of the grand
duke of Baden, 25 m. S.by E. of Strasburg.
Ettlingen, a town of Suabia, in the duchy of
Baden, on the river Albe, 4 m. S. S. W. of
Durlach.
£M,atown of France, in the department of
Lower Seine, with a strong castle, and a harbour
for small vessels at Treport. The principal trade
is in serges and lace. It is seated on the river
Bresle, near the English channel, 15 m. N. E. of
Dieppe.
Evfemia, St. a.iown of Naples, on the W. coast
of Calabria Ulteriore, on a gulf of the Mediter-
ranean, to which it gives name, 27 m. S. by E.
ofCosenza.
Eu-ho, or Precious-river, a river of China, in
EUR
288
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Pe-tche-li, which flows N. E. into the Pei-ho, at
Tien-sing. Much grain is conveyed by this riv-
er for Pekin and it is also important for its connec-
tion with the N. extremity of the grand cr.nal.
Eule, a town of Bohemia, in the circle of
Kurzin?, vith a gold mine, 11 m. S. by E. Prague.
El fUorgia, or Kostof. a town of Russia, in the
Crimea or government of Taurida, situate on the
W. side of a salt lake, and near the Black Sea,
C8 m. S. bv. W. of Perecop. Long. 33. 16. E.,
lat. 45. 12. "N.
Eupen. See Oeper .
Euphrates, a noble river of Western Asia, whicn
rises from three sources in Turkish Armenia.
The principal head is about 35 m. S. E. of Erze-
rum, and is called by the Turks Binggheuil Frat,
or 1,000 springs, and on the opposite side of the
mountains from whence these springs flow, the
Raksi, a branch of the Aras, which falls into the
Caspian sea below Shirvan, also has its source :
another branch of the Euphrates rises about 35 m.
N. by W. of Erzerum ; these two branches unite
in the long, of 40. E., and lat. of 39. 50. N., and
about 40. m. W. by S. of Erzerum, from whence
the united stream becomes navigable for boats.
Another branch rises on the frontier of Persia, in
the long, of 43. 40. E., and runs a course nearly
due W. to the long, of 39. 25. and lat. of 39. ; the
united streams are then called the Frat, and flow
in a direction S. S. W. to Semisat, in the lat. of
37. 8. N. and long, of 37. 20. E., being within GO
xn. of the gulf of Aiasso, at the N. E. extremity
of the Mediterranean; from this point the Eu-
phrates flows in aS. E. direction through 12 de-
grees of longitude in European Turkey, falling
into the gulf of Persia, in the lat. of 30., and long,
of 48. 40. E., the meridional distance from the
source to the mouth of this noble river, is about
800 m. but the course of the stream is about 1,200.
It is navigable for ships of the largest burthen to
Bassora,.35 m. from its mouth; and, were the
country through which it runs, inhabited h^ a so-
cial and well organized people, it might be instru-
mental to the conveyance of a reciprocal inter-
change of the products of Asia and Europe. A
sociaf, scientific, and enterprising people would
noi be content with its communicating with the
Per>!ian gulf, but would unite its waters with the
Mediterranean on one side, and the Caspian sea
on the other. The ancient Babylon was seated on
its banks. See Si/ria. Irak-Arahi. and Roum, and
Tigris.
Ettre, a department of the N. of France, so na-
med from a river which intersects the E. part, fall-
ing into the Seine, about 15 m. above Rouen ; the
Seine then forms its northern boundary to its en-
trance into the sea. Eure, however, may be con-
fciaered a manufacturing and agricultural, rather
than a maritime department. It is divided into
live arrondissements.
Evre and Ltiire, an mterior departrnent of
France, bordering on the preceding province, on
the S. It is so named from the two rivers, the
Ecre and the Loire, both of which rise within the
department; the Loire flowing to the S., and the
Eure to the N., as described in the preceding
article.
Europe, one of the five grand divisions of the
globe ; the extreme limits of which , are Cai>e
MaUpan, S. in 3G. 23. N. and 22. 29. E., Cape St.
Vincent, W. in 37. 3. N. and 9. 2. W., Cape North,
N. in 71. 10. N. and 25. 50. E., Cara River, E. in
66. 30. N. and 63. 30. E. The longest meridional
line, that could be drawn across Eurone, would
be from Europa point, in the strait of Gibraltar , -
which divides Europe from the N. W. extremity ♦
of Africa, in the lat. of 36. 7. N., and 5. 20. of W.
long., to the Cara river, in the long, of 63. 30. E.
in the lat. of 66. 30. N. This line, the angle of
which is N. E. bearing E. would intersect the
iulfs of Dantzig, Riga, and Finland, and the lakes
ladoga and Onega ; and its length would be \,
3,065 geographical, or 3,546 Englisli statute m.
The longest line that could be drawn from S. to
N. would be from Cape Matapan at the S. extrem
ity of the Morea, to Cape North, at the northern
extremity of Finniark : this line would intersect
the gulf of Riga, the entrance to the gulf of Fin-
land, and the N. E. shore of the gulf of Bothnia ;
and its length would be 2,090 geographical, or
2,423 English statute m. The boundaries of Eu-
rope, however, on all sides, are extremely irregu-
lar, jetting out into several great peninsulas, so
that if it was resolved into a square, the sides
would not exceed 1,600 geographical m. each way.
It is bounded on the N. by the Arctic Sea, W.
by the Atlantic Ocean, S.from the long, of 5. W.
to 35. E. by the Mediterranean Sea, and E. by
Asia.
Among all the divisions of tl;e globe, Europe is
that in which perhaps the works of external na-
ture are on the smallest scale, and in which cer
tainly the development of mind is the greatest.
" A mere adjunct of the immense Asiatic conti-
nent " — to use the words of the most illustrious
geographer of modern times — " the whole penin-
sula could hardly contain a basin large enough ■
for the Nile, the Kiang, or the Amazon. Its
loftiest mountains cannot be compared in height,
or in extent to the Andes, or Himalayas. If all
its downs and uncultivated lands were added to
the sandy plains of Africa, the augmentation might
be wholly imperceptible. The productions of
the animal, vegetable, and mineral kingdoms are
here few and insignificant. Its mines do not
abound in gold ; the diamond is not found among
its minerals. There are not more than fifteen or
twenty species of quadrupeds that belong exclu-
sively to Europe, and these are not of the most
useful kind. Sonne animals, as the horse, the ox,
the sheep, and the dog, have been greatly improv-
ed by the care and influstry of man ; but the
most valuable natural productions have been im-
ported from other quarters of tlie world. The
silk-worm was brought from India, fine wool from
Mauritania, the peach from Persia, the orange
from China, and the potato from America. If
it is rich, its wealth has been derived from
the produce or spoils of other countries." Pre-
senting a less extent of surface than Asia, Africa,
or America, this continent shows that surface more
crowded with men, improved by cultivation, en-
riched by productive industry, and extensive com-
merce, embellished with mighty cities, and splen-
did works of art, illumined with the reflections of
genius, and invested with irresistible preponder-
ance in the scale of political importance. In oth-
er regions, we contemplate, amid the great physi-
cal features of the scene,
A world of wonders, where creation seema
No more the works of Nature, but her dreamt.
In Europe, we behold a yet more elevating
spectacle,— spirit asserting its supremacy oyer
body,— and man, the lord of nature, pursuing
most gloriously the high destiny originally as-
signed him ' to replenish the earth, and to sub-
due it.' In other regions, it is matter we wonder
EUR
289
EUR
at ; in Europe, it is rnind we admire. Here hu-
manity has her chosen seat, and from hence have
emanated her noblest gifts.
The superficial extent of Europe has been va-
riously estimated by different geographers. Our
want of information respecting the extent of some
countries, and the doubts regarding the real boun-
daries between Europe and Asia, noticed above,
increase the difficulty of statin^precisely the ex-
tent of surface belonging to Europe. Kitchen
reckons 3,258,033 English square miles ; Hassel,
3,331 ,579 ; and Crome, 3,796,349. Perhaps, not-
withstanding its irregularity of form, we may as-
certain the superficial area of this continent with
tolerable accuracy, by reducing it to an oblong
square. If for angles of this square, be taken the
North Cape in Norway, and the town of Ekate-
rineburg in the Russian government of Perm,
Bordeaux in France, and Cape Solomon the east-
ern extremity of the Island of Crete, the sides
of this parallelogram will measure 2,100 m., and
1,500 m. respectively, and will enclose a super-
ficies of 3,150,000 square m. ; and the different
portions of land excluded horn this measure-
ment, will amount to about 300,000 square m.,
making in all a superficial extent of 3,450,000
square m. Europe thus embraces about one-
sixteenth part of the whole terrestrial surface
of the globe ; and, with all its islands, does not
exceed in superficial extent, the Australian con-
tinent. Europe is particularly distinguished by
the seas and numerous gulfs that wash its shores,
and the number and extent of its inland waters.
Hence the facility with which the commercial in-
tercourse of nations is here conducted ; and hence
too the influence which Britain has been enabled
to exert over the political destinies of Europe, as
a great maritime power. Europe has an abun-
dance of inland lakes. The greater pi.rt of them
are situated in Switzerland, Upper Italy, Ger-
man}', Russia, and Sweden ; but very few of
them can be compared, in point of extent, to
those found in other parts of the world. The
largest European lake is the Ladoga, in Russia,
which has a superficial extent of C,340 square m. ;
the Onega, in the same country, is about half that
size, and greatly exceeds the largest of the re-
maining lakes. The accumulation of lakes, or
insulated pools of water, in some places of Europe,
is very remarkable. Some Russian governments
possess an incredible number. They are less nu-
merous in the western parts of Europe. But in
Iceland, a hundredth part of the territory is occu-
pied by lakes. Europe is Abundantly watered,
though its rivers are greath' inferior in size to
those of the other continents. In fact, this con-
tinent is too much intersected by the sea, and
presents too small a mass of land, to abound in
such magnificent streams as are found elsewhere.
In the eastern part only, where it stands con-
nected with the great Asiatic mass of land, is found
any considerable breadth of contiguous territory,
and here also do we find its largest rivers.
The greater part of Europe is a mountainous
surface ; but the masses which tower up in the
south greatly exceed those of the north. The
plains of Europe are much inferior in dimensions
to the same physical feature in the other conti-
nents. With the exception of the wide valley of
the Theiss, and the basin of the Po, we do not
recognise any extensive plain on the south of the
Sudetic chain ; but an enormous plain extends
from the mouth of the Rhine, over the whole of
northern Germany and the greater part of Poland,
37
to the foot of the Uralian chain. The difTereuce
in general elevation between northern and south-
ern Europe maj' be illustrated by stating, that if
the waters of the Atlantic Ocean were to rise
] ,500 or 1 ,600 feet above their present level, the
whole of northern Europe, with the exception of
the mountainous districts of Norway and Scot-
land, would be laid under water ; while southern
Europe, on the contrary, being higher than the
level of such inundation, would form one or two
large and high islands. The most elevated dis-
tricts in Europe are Switzerland and Savoy. In
the comparatively level countries of Europe, ex-
tending from Iceland to the Caspian sea, the
mountains rise in insulated groups ; while in the
southern and central parts of this continent, ti
from Etna in Sicily, to the Blocksbergof the Haiz,
and from the Strait of Gibraltar, to the Bosphoius,
all the mountains belong to one great connected
system. In this quarter are the Alps, — the high-
est, and beyond comparison the most extensive
range of mountains in Europe, though scarcely
exceeding t e-half of the average height of the
great South American chain under the equator.
Perpetual ice commences here at the elevation of
7,000 or 8,000 feet. At the height of 10,800 feet
the ice disappears, and the atmospheric vapour,
congealed as it descends, covers the gi'ound with
eternal snow. The Alps extend over a space of
13,000 square miles. They branch out, in vari-
ous angular directions, into the Maritime, Cot-
tian, Graian, Peninne, Lepontine, Swiss, Rhe-
tian, Norian, Carnian, Julian, and Dinarian Alps,
which again spread out in many secondary chains.
The Apennines, stretching in a vast crescent
through the whole length of the Italian peninsula,
and evidently connected with the mountains of
Sicily, may be regarded as a southern branch of
the Alpine scries. The average height of this
chain is about 5,000 feet. A second great chain
stretches its branches over the whole peninsula
of the Pyrenees. The two outer bulwarks of this
peninsula — which consists of a central plain ele-
vated from 2,000 to 4,000 feet — are the moun-
tains commonly called tiie Pyrenees, stretching
between France and Spain on the north, and the
Alpujarras or Sierra J^evadn of Spain^h tJie south.
The mountains of Auvergne, whi(>. are connect-
ed with those of Vivarais and the Cevennes, are
united to the Pyrenees by the Logere. At the
other extremity of Europe, three chains of moun-
tains meet together, collectively called Argen-
taro, at a point nearly equidistant from the Danube,
the Adriatic, and the jEgean Sea. This central
point may be considered as the nucleus of all the
mountain in European Turkey. From it pro-
ceeds the ancient Heemus or modern "Balkan,
eastwards to the Black Sea. A second range runs
N. W. till it joins the Carnian Alps; and a third
runs southwards through the peninsula, dividing
tlie northern continent of Greece into two parts
of nearly equal breadth, and passing into the
islands of the Archipelago. As the Hellenic
Mountains, with the exception perhaps of Athos
and Olympus, have never been accurately meas-
ured, it is impossible to determine whether or
not they are higher than the Apennines. Mount
Orbelus, the northern boundary of the country,
has, according to Pouqueville, its summit perpetu-
ally covered with snow, and must therefore, ac-
cording to the laws that fix the lower limit of con-
gelation, exceed 8,500 feet of elevation. Nona
of the other Hellenic Mountains, however, wheth
er they be insulated or disposed in groupa and
EUR
390
EUR
ranges, attain the line of perpetual snow. The
Carpathian and Hercynian Mountains are sepa-
rated from the Alps and the Hellenic Mountains
by the Danube. This wild range, the general
elevation of which is from 4,000 to 5,000 feet,
completely encircles Transylvania, and is con-
nected with the Sudetes or Giant Mountains of
Silesia, and the Erzgcbirge or Metallic Mountains
of Saxony. The mountains of Russia have no
visible connexion with the other European moun-
tains. The wocdy heights of Valdai and Duder-
hof seem to form their centre, from which a num-
ber of secondary branches diverge, like radii, in-
to the surrounding country. The British, Irish,
and Icelandic mountains are all of secondary
rank. There are only three volcanoes properly
so called, in Europe ; viz. Etna, Vesuvius, and
Hecla. Besides these, however, there are nine
jukds in Iceland, and two mountains upon Strom-
boli and Milo, which emit flames. Some natural-
ists assert that there are two great subterranean
fires under Europe, one of which cuts the first
meridian of the Arctic polar circle, and the other
extends under Italy and the Mediterranean, to-
wards the Archipelago.
The greater part of Europe is situated withia
the northern Temperate zone ; about a twelfth
part only of its superficies extends within the
Arctic polar circle. Although the astronomical
climates are greatly modified in this part of the
world by physical causes, we may, in taking a
general view of the climate of Europe, consider
it divided into four different districts, the boun-
daries of which are defined by parallels of latitude.
The Arctic district of Europe extends over a
superficies of about 400,000 square m., and the
warm district may be esti)nated at .540,000 square
ni ; while upwards of 1 ,500,000 square m. belong
to the cold, and 1)70,000 to the temperate. With
the exception perhaps of Australia, Europe in
natural fertility of soil, and variety and richness
of pr »i.Lciions, is much inferior to any other di-
vision o' i;,e earth. Zimrnermann asserts that
it has oniy s^vfeen species of indigenous animals,,
and these chif»riy mice and bats. Some species
of wild animals have entirely disappeared before
the increase? of pripulation, while others have be-
come extrei. "-ly rare Tlie Fallow Deer are
found in greatest abundance in England. Yet
here they are diminisiiing. — And according to
Aristotle, the lion was once found in Greece, but
it no longer exists in Europe. The buffalo, the
elk, the stein-buck, and the beaver, are becoming
daily more rare in Europe ; and the varieties of
game — which once seemed to possess, under the
protection of merciless tyrants, a fuller right in
the soil than man himseir — are now confined to
jaster limits. The rein-deer and dog are the
uu\v domestic animals of tlie Polar zone. The
walrus, white bear, and blue fox, appear on the
shores of the Frozen Sea. The horse is found
to the G6th parallel, but in the high latitudes is
reduced to a dwarfish stature; cattle too lose
their horns in the northern regions, and shrink
in size ; even man himself appears here an infe-
rior species, whether physically or morally con-
sidered. Some Asiatic animals are found in
the neighbourhood of the Caspian and Sea of
Azof. The black bear, the urus, and the wolf,
are the most formidable wild animals now known
*^^-vK/55C:>=:^^T5ri^--«iV6^
in Europe. The jackal is found in all the warm
regions ; and the lynx and wild-cat attain con-
siderable dimensions in the Italian forests. Eu-
rope, though not wholly free of dangerous rep
tiles, suffers less from their presence than any
other region of the globe. The chameleon is
one of the most singular European reptiles The
mosquito is troublesome in the highest north ; and
flights of locusts occasionally arrive in Taurida
from the African or Syrian coast. Europe is in-
debted for its most valuable plants to other climes.
Originally it probably possessed little more tlian
forest-trees, a ie-w shrubs, and some species of
grass. The cereal and leguminous plants are
now universally cultivated, and garden-herbs are
here usually of finer quality than elsewhere. The
vine is successfully cultivated at Witzenhausen
under 51. 21. 30., and at Zullichau under 51. 58. ;
but, with these exceptions, wine manufactured
above the 5()th parallel does not deserve the name.
The northern countries furnish good materifils for
the carpenter and ship-builder. The forest-trees
of the warmer climate are tamarisks, carubes,
sumachs, mastics, the cork-tree, pianos, syca-
mores, and cypresses. Ever}' species of the infe-
rior and superior metals, and even several of the
more precious minerals, are fr^uiid in Europe.
Hungary and Transylvania possess the nobler
ores; Russia, Sweden, and Norway, abound in
iron ; England produces copper and tin ; and
Scotland, lead. There are likewise extensive
mines of rock-salt, alum, saltpetre, and coal, in
Europe.
It is difficult to estimate the precise amount of
the population of Europe, notv.'ithstanding the
accuracy with which the census of most coun-
tries has been taken : for we do not possess a
census of contemporary surveys, and in Turkey
the population can only be loosely estimated from
the number of hearths paying tax to the Porte.
The population-returns of Russia, Hungary, Spain,
EUX
291
EVO
and Transylvania, are very old. In 1787, Zim-
merinann estimated the population of Europe
at 144,000,000; at present, according to Malta
Brun, it is not likely to be overrated at 205,1)00,000.
In 1810, Hassel estimated it at 180,550,000. Per-
haps 200,000,000 will be pretty near the truth,
which gives an increase of 56,000,000 in 40 years.
Tliis population is not equally concentrated
throtiohout Europe. Thus, in the Duchy of
Lucca, it is in the ratio of 238 to a square m. ;
while in Iceland and Faroe it is only 4 2-3. ;
in the Netherlands it is as 212, in Great Britain
as 178, and in Sweden and Norway as 10 to
the square . m. Upon the whole, the south of
Europe is more populous than the north in
proportion to its extent : and must continue so,
as the means of subsistence are procured with so
much greater facility in the countries of the for-
mer than in those of the latter. The climate of
Norway is quite as favourable to longevity as
that of Lucca ; but the one comprehends a vast
tract of rugged, uiitillable surface, — the other is
a warden throughout.
In almost every European State, we find the
citizens divided ioto four distinct classes. The
first is that of the nobility, which exists in every
State, v/ith the exception of Norway and the
Turkish empire. Nobility is, in most cases view-
ed in Europe as an hereditary rank ; but it can
be acquired by the will of the sovereign, and
even, in some instances, purchased by money.
The clergy form the second cl.ass of the commu-
nity. The third is that of the citizens, or inhab-
itants of towns, which in most countries enjoys
peculiar rights and privileges. The fourth and
lowest class includes the peasants, and forms the
mass of the population in every country.
Eurville, a town of France, department of Up-
per Marne, 5 m. S. E. of St. Dizier.
Euskhchen, a town of the Prussian states, 23 m.
m. S. E. of Juliers.
Eustace, an island which forms, with a long
point of land, the entrance to the harbour of St.
Augustine, in E. Florida.
Eustalia, St. one of the least of the Leeward Isl-
ands, in the West Indies, 10 m. N. W. of St. Chris-
topher. It is a mountain in the form of a sugar
loaf, whose top is hollow, yet for its size, it is one
of the most valuable of all the Carribees. To-
bacco is cultivated on its sides, to the very sum-
mit ; and hogs, kids, rabbits, and all kinds of poul-
try, are in great abundance. It has a town of
the same name, with a good fort. It was taken by
the English in 1781, who pillaged the inhabitants,
and confiscated all private property ; it was soon
after retaken by the French, and restored to the
Dutch, in 1783 ; again taken by the English, in
IS'll, and again restored to the Dutch, attne gen-
eral peace of 1814.
Eutin, a town of Lower Saxony, in Holstein,
near the side of a lake, 20 m. N. N. W. of Lu-
bec.
Euxine, or Black Sea, a large inland sea, divid-
ing Europe from Asia, between the latitudes of
41. and 47. N. extending E. from the long, of 28.
to 41 . 25., giving an extreme length from W. to
E. of 006 geographical, or 702 British statute m.
On the W. it washes the coasts of Romania, Bul-
garia, and Bessarabia ; and on that side receives
the waters of the Danube: at the N. W. corner
it receives the waters of the Dneister, and the
Dnieper, which flow through the southern prov-
inctis of European Russia ; and from the N. be-
tween the lonjritudes of 33, and 37. E. projects
the peninsula of the Crimea, or Russian provmce
of Taurida. A narrow strait at the eastern ex-
tremity of tliis peninsula, leads into the sea of
Azof, into which flows the river Don : the N. E.
part of the Euxine, washes the coast of Circassia,
and the territory of the Abkhas; the eastern ex-
tremity washes the coast of Mingrelia, which con-
tributes to the waters of the Euxine by several
streams, the most important of which is the Roni
or Pliasis : the S. part washes the coasts of the
Turkish provinces of Armenia, Roum, and Natolia
which contribute the waters of the Kisil-Jermak,
and numerous other rivers of inferior note. The
Euxine communicates with the Mediterranean,
first by the narrow strait of Constantinople into
the sea of Marmora, and from thence by the Dar-
danelles, the ancient Hellespont, or Tliracian Bos-
phorus, into the Grecian Archipelago. The nav-
igation of the Euxine appears to have been more
general in past than at the present time, the PhcE-
nicians, Egyptians, Greeks, Romans, Venetians,
and Genoese, all appearing to have maintained an
extensive intercour.se with the inhabitants on its
shores. In 1476, when the Turks drove the Gen-
oese from the Crimea, they precluded all inter-
course through the straits of Constantinople, and
claimed an exclusive riglit of navigation within.
In 1774 the Russians, and in 1784 Austria obtained
by treaty an equal right of navigation, which at the
peace of Amiens was extended to all nations ; and
since the peace of 1814 a considerable traflic has
been carried on from the port of Odessa, between
the rivers Dniester and Dneiper, with the Medi-
terranean and with England ; but the other parts
of its extensive shores are but little frequented,
and but little known, though doubtless suscep-
tible of aflbrding a rich field for well-directed en-
terprize and exertion.
Euzct, a town of France, in the department
of the Gard, and the chief place of a canton, in
the district of Uzes, 9 m. W. N. W. of Uzes.
Evansv'dl e, p.t. Vanderburg Co. Indiana.
Evaux, a town of France, in tne departmen;
of Creuse, near which is a mineral spring ana
baths. It is 25 m. E. of Gueret.
Evanshurg, p. v. Crawford Co. Pa.
Evcrcttsville, p. v. Albermarle Co. Va.
Everdlng. See Ejfcrding.
Kverfdd, or Elverfeld, a town of Westphalia,
in the duchy of Berg, near the river Wipper, 18
m. E. of Dusseldorf.
Evergham, a populous town of the Netherlands,
7 m. N. of Ghent.
Ercsham, a borough in Worcestershire, Eng-
land. Here are three churches, and it had form-
erly an abbey, of which some remains are still
visible. A remarkable battle was fought here in
1265, between prince Edward, afterward Edward
I., and Simon de Montfort, earl of Leicester, in
which the earl and most of his adherents were
slain. Evesham is seated in a fertile vale, and
is nearly surrounded by the Avon. The vale is
mostly appropriated to gardens, and supplies vast
quantities of fruit and vegetables for the Worces-
ter, Bath, Bristol and other markets. It has also
some extensive flour mills, worked by the water
of the Avon, over which there is here a bridge
of 7 arches. It is 14 m. S. E. of Worcester,
and 100 N. W. of London. It returns two mem-
bers to parliament.
Evc.shatn. t. Burlington Co. N. J.
Evora, a fortified city of Portugal, capital of
Alemtejo, and a bishop's see, with a university.
Some remains of the ancient Roman wall are
VAC
292
FAH
visible , part of a temple of Diana, of which
there are seven entire pillars standing, is now
converted into butchers' shambles ; and the fa-
mous aqueduct built by Sertorius, still conveys
a noble stream of water to the city. Evora is
seated in a pleasant country, surrounded on all
sides by mountains, 65 m. E. byS. of Lisbon.
Long. 7. 50. W., lat. 38. 28. N.
Evoramonte, a town of Portugal, in Alemtejo,
situate on a rock, 8 m. W. S. W. of Estremoz,
and 23 N. N. E. of Evora.
Evereux, a town of France, capital of the depart-
ment of Eure, and a bishop's see. The cathedral
is a handsome structure. The trade consists in
corn, linen, and woolen cloth ; and it has manu-
factures of cotton, velvets, and tick. It is seated
on the Iton, 25 m. S. of Rouen, and 55 N. W. of
Paris. Pop. in 182.^, 9,728.
Ezcell, a town in Surrv, Eng. contiguous to Ep-
som, 6 m. W. of Croydon, and 13 S. S. W. of
London.
Ex, a river rising in the forest of Exmoor. in
Somersetshire, Eng. and leaving the county
below Dulverton, runs through Devonshire, by
Tiverton, Exeter, and Topsham, whence itforn.s
an estuary to the Engliah channel, at Exmouth.
Exeter, a city of England, and the capital of
Devonshire, on the river Ex. It was formerly
the seat of the W. Saxon kings, who resided in
the castle, called Rougemont, from the colour
of the hill on which it is built. It was encom-
passed by walls, and four gates, two of which are
now pulled down. With its suburbs it contains
19 churches, beside the cathedral, which is a
magnificent fabric. It is governed by a mayor,
has 13 companies of tradesmen, and formerly car-
ried on an extensive commerce in woolen stuffs to
Spain, &c. ; but its commerce end manufactures
have materially declined since the close of the
18th century, and its present importance is deriv-
ed from the agreeableness of its locality, occasion-
ing it to be much resorted to by the neighbour-
intr gentry : an elegant new bridge crosses the
river. The public buildings consists of a guildhall,
county hall, hospital, lunatic asylum, &c. &c.
It is situate 9 m. above the entrance of the river
into the sea, 43 m. E. of Plymouth, 87 S. W. of
Bath, and 168 W. S. W. of London, by way of
Salisbury. Pop. in 1821, 23,479.
Exeter, p.t. Penobscot Co. Me. Pop. 1,438.
Exeter, p.t. Rockingham Co. N. H. on Exeter
river, a branch of the Piscataqua. It has several
manufactures, and the sadlery business is carried
on to a great extent. Some vessels are built here,
the river being capable of floating down those
of 500 tons. Here are an academy, and a court-
house, 15 m. S. W. of Portsmouth, and 47 N. of
Boston. Pop. 2,759. Also a p.t. in Washington
Co. R. I. Pop. 2,389. Also a p.t. m Otsego Co.
N. Y. Pop. 1,690. Also a p.t. in Luzerne Co
Pa. Also a township in Berks Co. Pa. and
villages in New Hanover Co. N. C. and Harrison
Co. Indiana.
Exidetiil, or Exciderfil , a town of France, in
the department of Durdogne, 20 m. N. E. ofPeri-
gueux, and 32 S.of Limoges.
Exilles,a. strong town of Piedmont, with a fort-
ified castle on a mountain, which guards one of
the passes into the country. It is seated on the
river Doire, 37 m. W. N. W. of Turin.
Exmouth, a village in Devonshire, Eng. on the
E. side of the mouth of the river Ex, 10 m. S. S.
E. of Exeter. It is much frequented for the
benefit of sea-batlnng.
Eybenschitz, a town of Moravia, in the circle
of Znaim, on the river Ollawa, 12 m. S. W. of
Brunn.
Eydcr, a river and canal that separates Jutland
from Holstein. The river rises in Holstein, and
flows W. by Rendsburg, Fredericstadt, and Ton-
ningcn into tlie German Ocean. The canal pas-
ses E. from Rendsburg to a bay of the Baltic,
a little N. of Kiel. These jointly afford a safe
inland navigation across the country, between
the Baltic sea and German Ocean.
Eye, a borough in Suffolk, Eng. Here are the
ruins of a castle and a Benedictine abbey. The
women are employed in making bonelace. It
is a mean place, 20 m. N. of Ipswich, and 89 N.
E. of London. It returns two members to par-
liament. Pop. in 1831, 1,882.
Eyemouth, a town of Scotland, in Berwick-
shire, with a harbour for vessels of small burden
and a trade in corn and meal. It is seated at
the mouth of tlie Eye, 8 m. N. by W. of Ber-
wick
Eylau, a town in E. Prussia, 20 m S Ko
nigsberg ; famous for a bloody battle between the
Russians and French, Oct. 7, 1807.
Eymoutiers, a town of France, in the depart-
ment of Upper Vieiine, with a considerable trade
in skins, leather, and rags ; seated on the Vienne,
20 m. N. of Limoges.
Eyndhoven, a town of Dutch Brabant, at the
conflux of the Eynds with the Dommel, 13 m
S. E. of Bois le Due.
E]iwanowitz, a town of Moravia, in the circle
of Olmutz, 27 m. S. S. W. of Olmutz.
Ezagen, a rich and ancient town in the king
dom of Fez, 60 m. S. of Tetuan.
Ezel, an island in Russia, in the Baltic sea, of
a triangular form, about 8 m. in circumference.
Long. 40. E., lat. 58. 20. N.
Ezy, a town of France, in the department of
the Eure, 15 m. S. E. of Evreux.
F
FAABORG, a seaport town of Denmark, on the
S. coast of the island of Funen, in a flat but fer-
tile country. The principal trade is in provis-
ions. It is 17 m. S. of Odence. Long. 10. 16.
E., lat. 55. 12. N.
Fabius, p.t. Onondaga Co. N. Y. Pop. 3,071.
Fabriano, a town of Italy, in the marquisite of
Ancona, famous for its excellent paper. It is
25 m. N. E. of Foligno.
Factoryville, p.v. Tioga Co. N. Y.
Faenza, a city of Italy, in Romagna, and a
bishop's see, with an old fortress. The cathedral
stands in the great square, and has a steeple 5
stories high, with balustrades. In 1796 it was
taken by the French; and afterwards taken by
the troops of the pope. In 1797, the pope's troops
were defeated and expelled. Faenza is famous
for fine earthen ware. It is seated on the Amona,
20 m. W. S, W. of Ravenna.
FaJdun, a towr of Sweden, capital of Dalecar-
FAl
293
FAL
lia. Near it is a large copper mine, deemed the
most ancient in Europe ; also a manufacture of
green and blue vitriol. It is situated in the midst
of the rocks and hills, between the lakes Run and
Warpen, 110 m. N. W. of Stockholm. Pop.
about 4,000.
Faifo, a town of Cochin China, and a place of
great trade ; situate on a river that flows into the
bayof Turon, 30 m. S. E. of Turon.
Fairbank, p. v. Chatauque, Co. N. Y.
Fairfax, a county of the E. District of Virgin
ia lying W. of the Potomac river, bounded on the
E. by the district of Columbia. Its area ia about
400 square rn. Pop. 9,206.
Fairfax, p.t. Franklin Co. Vt. Pop. 1,729. Also
towns in Fairfax and Culpepper Cos. Va.
Fairfield, a county at the S. W. extremity of
Connecticut, bounded in a W. S. W. direction
by Long Island Sound, and N. N. E. by the
Housatonick river. It is divided into 18 town-
ships. Pop. 46,950. The chief town of the same
name is seated on the W. bank of a creek in Long
Island Sound, 22 m. W. S. W. of New Haven. It
was burnt by a party of tories and British in 1777.
Pop. 4,246.
Fairfield, is also the name of an interior coun-
ty in the south part of Ohio, in which the Hock-
hockings river and a tributary of the Scioto have
their sources ; it extends about 20 m. from N. to
S., and 15 in mean breadth. Pop. 24,788. Lan-
caster is the chief town.
Fairfield, a district of South Carolina, lying
between the Catawba and Broad rivers. Pop.
21,546. Wanesborouffh is the chief town.
Fairfield, p.t. Herkimer Co. N. Y. Pop. 2,265.
Also towns in Cumberland Co. N. J. ; Crawford,
Westmoreland and Adams Cos. Pa. ; Rockbridge
and Nelson Cos. Va. ; Columbia and Putnam Cos.
Geo. ; Jefferson, Columbiana, Highland, Tusca-
rawas, Greene, Butler, and Licking Cos. Ohio.
Nelson Co. Ken. ; Franklin Co. Indiana, and
Wayne Co. Illinois.
Fairford,& town of Gloucestershire, Eng. The
church was founded in 1493, by John Tame, a
merchant of London, purposely for the reception
of some glass, taken by one of his vessels, in a
ship going to Rome : it has 23 windows, beauti-
fully painted with subjects chiefly scriptural, de-
signed by tiie famous Albert Durer. It is seated
near the Coin, 2.5 m. S. E. of Gloucester, and
80 W. by N. of London. Pop. in 1821, 1,547.
Fairhavin, p.t. Rutland Co. Vt. Pop. 675. Also
a p.t. Bristol Co. Mass. on Buzzard's Bay opposite
New Bedford. Pop. 3,034.
Fairhead, the N. E. point of Ireland, rising
631 feet above the level of the sea, in lat. 55. 44.
N., and 6. 2. of W. long. It is opposite to
Raughlin Island.
Fair Isle, a small island in the Northern ocean,
between the Shetland and Orkneys, from both
which its high towering rocks are visible. On
the E. side the duke of Medina Sidonia, admi-
ral of the Spanish armada, was wrecked in 1588.
Fairlee, p.t. Orange Co. Vt. Pop. 6.56.
Fairley, a village of Scotland, on the coast of
Aryshire, 12 m. N. W. of Irvine. It has a small
harbour ; and the strait in the frith of Clyde,
formed by the coast and the Cumbray isles is call-
ed Fairley Road.
Fairport, p. v. Geauga Co. Ohio, on lake Erie.
It has a good harbour for small vessels.
Fairtown, a village in Cumberland Co. N. J.
Fairview, a township in York Co. Pa. Also a
Tillage in Erie Co. Pa. on the lake. Also a vil-
lage in Brooke Co. Va. ; and a village in Guern
sey Co. Ohio.
Faisarvs, an island in the river Bidassoa, which
separates France from Spain. It is also called
the Isle of Conference, because Louis XIV. and
Philip IV. here swore to observe the peace of
the Pyrenees, in 1660, after 24 conferences be-
tween their ministers. It is considered as a neu-
tral place, and is situate between Andaye and
Fontarabia.
Fakenham, a town in Norfolk, Eng. situate
on a hill, by the river Yare, 9 m. from the coast,
20 N. W. of Norwich, and 108 N. N. E. of Lon-
don. Pop. in 1821, 1,635.
FaJaise, a town of France, in the department
of Calvados, with a castle, and one of the finest
towers in France. It is the birth-place of Wil-
liam the Conqueror, and has a good trade in ser-
ges, linen, and lace. It stands on the river Ante,
20 m. S. E. of Caen, and 115 W. of Paris, it is
the seat of a prefect. Pop. in 1825, 9,912.
Fale, a river in Cornwall, which flows by Grara-
pound and Tregony to Falmouth, where it forms
a fine haven in the English channel.
Falkenau, a town of Bohemia, in the circle of
Saatz, with manufactures of alum, sulphur, and
vitriol; seated on the river Egra, 12 m. N. E. of
Egra.
Falkenberg, a town of Sweden, in Holland at
the mouth of the Athran, on the Categat, oppo-
site to the isle of Anholt, 17 m. N. by W. of
Halmstadt.
Falkenberg, a town of Brandenberg, in the New
Mark, with a castle, seated on the Drage, 32 m.
E. by N. of New Stargard.
Falkenberg, a town of Silesia, in the principal-
ity of Oppein, with a castle, 14 m. S. by E. of
Brieg.
Falkenstein, a town in Germany, in a county
of the same name. It stands a little to the N. of
Winweiler, 24 m. W. by S. of Worms.
Falkenstein, is also the name of a town in
the Vogtland, near the N. W. frontier of Bo-
hemia.
Falkiopinfr, a town of Sweden, in W. Gothland,
56 m. E. of Uddevalla. It is memorable for a bat-
tle fought in 1388, between Margaret, queen of
Denmark, and Albert, king of Sweden, when the
latter was defeated and taken prisoner with his
son.
Fa'kirk, a populous town of Scotland, in Stir-
lingshire, famous for its trysts, held thrice a year
at which 60,000 head of black-cattle have been
sold at one tryst, beside a great number of sheep
and horses. It is seated near the Carron and the
Great canal, 12 m. S. E. of Stirling. The royal
armv was defeated near this place in 1746. Pop.
about 12,000.
Falkland, a town of Scotland, in Fifeshire, with
some linen manufactures. Here are the ruins of
the royal palace in which James V. died in 1582 ;
some of its apartments are still inhabited. It is
20 m. N. of Edinburgh.
Falkland Islands, two large islands, surrounded
by a great number of smaller, lying in the Atlan-
tic ocean, to the E. of the strait of Magellan.
The smaller of the two large islands lies E. of the
other, from which it is separated by a channel
called Falkland Sound. These islands were
probably seen by Magellan, but Davis is deemed
the discoverer of the min 1592. They were visit-
ed by sir Richard Hawkins, in 1594 ; and in
1765, commodore Byron made a settlement here ;
but in 1770, the Spaniards forcibly dispossessed
2 b2
FAM
294
FAR
the English. This affair was settled by a csnven-
tion, and the English regained possession ; but in
1774, it was abandoned, and the island ceded to
Spain. Since the commencement of the 19th
centurj they have been uninhabited.
Fall Creek, a stream in New York which runs
into Cayuga Lake. The falls upon it consist of a
violent rapid which after descending for a mile
and a half, falls perpendicularly in a cataract of
90 feet. The view is very grand and pictur-
esque.
Falling Spring, a cascade in Virginia upon a
small creek which rises about 20 m. from the
warm spring and runs into Jackson's River. This
stream falls over a precipice 200 feet in perpen-
dicular height, and the sheet of water is thrown
so far forward that a person may walk dry be-
tween the cataract and the rock.
Falling Waters, p. v. Berkeley Co. Va.
FaU.owjield, East and JVeat, two townships in
Chester Co. Pa.
Fallowjield, townships in Washington and
Crawford Cos. Pa.
FJl River, a village in the town of Troy, Mass.
(which see.)
Falls, townships in Bucks Co. Pa. and Mus-
kingum and Hocking Cos. Ohio.
Fallsington, a village in Bucks Co. Pa.
Fallstown, p. v. Iredell Co. N. C.
Falmouth, a seaport on the E. coast of Corn-
wall, Eng. It has a noble and extensive harbour,
communicating with a number of navigable
creeks, and its entrance is defended by the castles
of St. Mawes and Pendennis. It is a town of
great traffic, much improved by its being the sta-
tion of the Post Office packets to the S. of Eu-
rope, the West Indies and x^merica. It stands on
the Fale, at its entrance into the English channel,
14 m. N. N. E. of the Lizard Point, 10 S. of Tru-
ro, and 269 W. S. W. of London. Long. 5. 2.
W., lat. 50. 8. N. Pop. in 1821, 2,543.
Fcdmoulh, a town of the island of .Tamaica, on
the N. coast, and on the S. side of Martha Brae
harbour. Long. 77. 3!^. W., lat. 18. 31. N.
Falmouth, a town of the island of Antigua, on
the S. coast, with a forlified harbour. Long. 62,
0. W., lat. 16. 55. N.
Falmouth, a seaport of Massachusetts, in Barn-
stable county. It is situate on the W. side of a
small bay, 70 m. S. S. E. of Boston. Long. 70.
32. W., lat. 41. 36. N. Pop. 2,548.
Falmouth, p.t. Cumberland Co. Me. Pop. 1,966.
Also villages in Strafford Co. Va. and Pendleton
Co. Ken.
Falae Bay, a bay between the cape of Good
Hope and Cape False, frequented during the
prevalence of the N. W. winds in May. Long.
18. 53. E., lat. 34. 10. S.
False Cape, a promontory 20 m. E. of the Cape
of Good Hope. Long. 18. 44. E., lat. 34. 16. S.
Falster, a fertile island of Denmark, 60 m. in
circumference, near the entrance of the Baltic,
off the N. end of Zealand, and between the is-
lands Moen and Laland. Nykoping is the capi-
tal. Its area is about 185 square m. and pop
16,500.
Fa.lsteroo, a town of Sweden, in Schonen,
chiefly known for its lighthouse, at the entrance
of the Baltic from the Sound, 22 m. S. S. VV. of
Lund. Long. 12. 48. E., lat. 55. 22. N.
Famagusta, a town on the S. E. coast of the
island of Cyprus, and a Greek bishop's see, with
a harbour defended^ by two forts. It was taken
by the Turks, mAh7\ after a siege of 10 months.
when they flayed the Venetian governor alive
and murdered the inhabitants, though they sur-
rendered on honourable terms. It is 62 m. S. by
E. of Nicosia. Long. 33. 35. E., lat 35. 10. N.
Famars,n village of France, in the department
of Nord ; near which the French were defeated
by the allies in 1793. It is 3 ni. S. of Valen-
ciennes.
Fanne.t, p.t. Franklin Co. Pa.
Fano, a fortified town of Italy, in the duchy of
Urbino, and a bishop's see. Here are an ancient
triumphal arch, handsome churches, and fine pal-
aces. It is seated on the gulf of Venice, 13 m,
E. of Urbino, and 32 N. W. of Ancona. Fop
about 7,500.
Fanoe, an island of Jutland, at the entrance of
the Little Belt from the Categat.
Fantees, Fantin, the Gold Coast of Africa, from
Cape Three Points, to Anconah, was formerly
called Fantin; but since 1811, it has more com-
monly been called Ashantee. The Fantees occu-
py the coast, and the Ashantees the interior. See
Ashantee.
Faoua. See Foue.
Faouet, a town of France in the department of
Morbiham, 21 m. N. by W. of L'Orient.
Fa.reham, a town in Hampshire, Eng. Sloops
and smaller vessels are built here ; and it has a
considerable trade in coal, corn, canvas, and ropes.
It is seated at the N. W. point of Portsmouth
harbour, 5 m. N. N. W. of Gosport, and 37 W. by
S. of London.
Farewell Cape, the most southerly promontory
of Greenland, at the entrance of Davis strait.
Long. 42. 42. W., lat. 59. 38. N.
F'arexcell Cape, a promontory of the N. end of
the island of New Zealand. Long. 172. 41. E., lat
40. 37. S.
Fargtau, St. a town of France, in the depart
ment of Yonne, with a castle, 10 m. S. E. of
Au.xerre.
Farim, a county of Africa, to the S. of the riv-
er Gambia. It has a town of the same name, on
the river St. Domingo, about 130 m. above its en
trance into the sea. Long. 14. 30. W., lat. 12
10 N
Farlijsville, a village in Charlotte Co. Va.
Farmersville, p.t. Cattaraugus Co. N. Y. Pop
1,005.
Farmington, p.t. Kennebec Co. Me. Pop. 2,340.
Farmincrton, p.t. Strafford Co. N. H. 26 m. N.
W. Portsmouth. Pop. 1,464.
Farmington, a town of Connecticut, in Hart-
ford county, with a large congregational church,
situate on the river Farmington, which below the
town receives the Cambridge, and then acquires
the name of Windsor river. It is 10 m. W. S.
W. of Hartford, and 22 E. of Litchfield. Pop.
l,90L
Farmington Canal, in Connecticut and Massa-
chusetts, extends from New Haven to Westfield
in Massachusetts, passing for a considerable dis-
tance along the valley of Farmington River,
whence it has received its name. It is intended
to prolong the canal to Northampton, on the Con-
necticut, which will make its whole length about
90 m. ; at present its extent is nearly four fifths
of this distance. The transportation upon it is al-
ready considerable, but as it does not fully meet
the expectations of the projectors, the completion
of the work will probably be delayed for a time.
Farmington, p.t. Ontario Co. N. Y. Pop. 1,773.
Also towns in Trumbull and Belmont Cos. 'Ohio.
Farmville, p. v. Prince Edward Co. Va
.^
FAW
295
FEL
Farnhum, a town in Surry, Eng. on the border
of Hampshire. It has a castle, situate on an emi-
nence, belonging to the bishop of Winchester.
Farnham is celebrated for its plantations of hops,
and has a great trade in corn. It is seatea on the
Wey, 38 m .W. S. W. of London.
Farnham, p. v. Richmond Co. Va. Alsp a town
in Bedford Co. Lower Canada. ' '
Faro, an island of Swedeif, in th# Baltic, off the
N. E. end of the island of Gothland, about*30 m.
in circumference, populous, '^nd feiiue. The
principal town has the same name, and is situate
on the S. E. coast. Long. 19. 27. fc^., lat. 57. 50.
N
Faro, a town in Portugal, in Algarve, and a
bishop's see. It has some trade in almonds, figs,
oranires, and wine ; and is seated on the^ulfof
Cadiz, 20 m. S. W. of Taviiria. Long. 7. 54.
W., lat. 36. 52. N.
Faroer Isla.nds. See Feroe Islands.
Faro of Messina, the strait between Italy and
Sicily, remarkable for having the tide ebb and
flow every six hours, with great rapidity, though
it is but 7 m. over. It is so named from the faro,
or lighthouse, on Cape Faro, and its vicinity
to Messina.
Farr, a town of Scotland, in Sutherlandshire,
at tile head of a bay of its name, on the N. coast,
52 ni. N. by VV. of Dornoch.
Farringdon, a town in Berkshire, Eng. seated
on an eminence ; vast quanties of hogs are fatten-
ed in its neighbourhood. It is (3S m. W. by N. of
London.
Farrowville, p. v. Fauquier Co. Va.
Fars, or Farsistan, a province of Persia, bound-
ed on the E. by Kerman, N. by Irac Agemi, W.
by Kusistan, and the gulf of Persia. It is very
fertile in the centre ; mountainous on the N.,
where are a great number of wild swine ; and the
land so sandy on the S. as to produce little else
than palm-trees. In the forests is a tree from
which mastic is gathered, and emeralds are com-
mon. Shiras, {which see), is the capital.
Fartash, a town of Arabia Felix, in Hadramant,
at the foot of a cape of the same name in the In-
dian ocean, 150 m. E. of Shibam. Long. 51. 50.
E., lat. 15. 30. N.
Fasano, or Fasiano, a populous town of Naples,
near the coast of the Adriatic in Terra di Bari, 15
m. S. S. E. of Polignano.
Fale, a township in Clermont Co. Ohio.
Fattipour, a town of Hindoostan, in the prov-
ince of Agra. Here the emperors of Hindoostan,
when in the zenith of their power, had a palace
which is now in ruins; and on a hill is a grand
mosque, built by the emperor Acbar. It is 22 m.
W. by S.of Agra.
Faucigny, a town and castle of Savoy, in a dis-
trict of the same name ; seated on the Arve, 14 m.
S E. of Geneva.
Fauquemont. See Valkcnhurg.
Fauquier, a county of the E. District of Virgin-
ia, bounded on the W. by the Rappahannock riv-
er, and N. W. by the Blue Mountains : it is about
35 m. in length, and 12 in mean breadth. Pop.
26,379. Warrenton is the chief town of the
county.
Faverneij, a town of France in the department
of Upper Saone,8 m. N. of Vesoul.
Favognana, an island, 15 m. in compass, off the
W. end of Sicilv, with a fort and a good har-
bour. Long. 12."25. E., lat. 33. 16. N.
Faiocettstown, p.v. Columbiana Co. Ohio.
Fawn, p.t. York Co. Va.
Faydl, one of the Azores, or Western Islands,
which suffered greatly by an earthquake, in
1764. Its capital is Villa do Ilorta, the S. E.
point of the island ; is in lat. 38. 31. N., and 23.
42. of W. long. It is very fertile, and exports
large quantities of wine.
Fayette, the name of five counties in the United
States.
1st, at the S. W. corner of Pennsylvania, bound-
on the E. by the Laurel Ridge of the Allegha-
ny mountains ; W. by the Slonongahela river,
and S. by Monongahela county, Virginia. It is
nearly a square of about 32 m. each way. Pop.
29,237. Union, 186 m. W. by S. of Harrisburgh, is
the chief town.
2nd, in Georgia, bounded on the W. by f^lint
river, which divides it from the territory of the
Creek Indians. Pop. 5,501. Fayette ville is the
chief town.
3rd, in the S. W. part of Ohio, W. of the Scio-
to river. Pop. 8,180. Washington, the chief
town, is 40 m. S. W. by S. Columbia, and 35 N.
W. ofChilicothe.
4th, in the interior of Kentucky, E. of Ken-
tucky river. Pop. 25,174. Lexington, {which
see) is the chief town.
5th, in the E. part of Indiana. Pop. 9,112.
Connersville, 65 m. S. E. by E. of Indianopolis is
the chief town.
Fayette, p.t. Kennebec Co. Me. Pop. 1,049.
Also a township in Seneca Co. N. Y. Pop. 3,216.
Also a township in Alleghany Co. Pa.
Fayettevilie, a town oiN. Carolina, in Cumber-
land Co., capital of a district, formerly called F<iy-
ette, but now divided into several counties. Its
trade with Wilmington is considerable, to which
it sends tobacco, wheat, hemp, cotton, lumber,
staves, naval stores, «&c., and has a return of Eu-
ropean and India goods. It is situate on the N.
W. branch of Cape Fear river, 50 m. S. by W. of
Raleigh, and 90 N. W. of Wilmington.
Fayettevilie, p.v. Fayette Co. Geo. and Lincoln
Co. Tenn.
Fayoum, or Fium, a town of Egypt, capital of a
province of the same name. It has a trade in
flax, linen, mats, raisins, and figs ; and is sealed
on a canal, which communicates with the Nile,
49 m. S. S. W. of Cairo. Long. 30. 39. E., lat.
29. 27. N.
Fatfston, a township in Washington Co. Vt.
Pop. "458.
Fear, Cape, a cape of N. Carolina, where there
is a dangerous shoal, called, from its form, the
Frying Pan, lying at the entrance of Cape Fear
river. This river is formed by two branches,
called the N. W. and N. E. branches, which
unite above Wilmington ; and it enters the At-
lantic below Brunswick. Long. 77. 45. W., lat.
33. 40. N.
Fecamp, a town of France, in the department of
Lower Seine, with a trade in linen, serges, lace,
leather, and hats ; seated near the English chan-
1.M, 24 m. N. E. of Havre de Grace.
Federalshurg, p.v. Carolina Co Maryland.
Fcestown. p.t. Clermont Co. Ohio.
Feira. a town of Portugal, in Beira, 10 m. S.
E. of Oo.>rto, and 30 N. by E. of Aveiro.
Feldkii -h, a town of Germany, in Tyrol, capi-
tal of a coimty of the same name. It is seated
on the river ill, near its entrance into the Rhine.
19 m. S. of the Lake of Constance.
Feld^burg, a town and castle at the N. E. ex-
tremity of Lower Austria, with a fine palace,
seated on the Teya, 18 m. E. of Laab.
FER
296
FER
Feliruda, one of the Lipari islands, in the Med-
iterranean, 28 m. W. of Lipari.
Felipe, St, a populous town of Colombia, seated
on the banks of a river falling into the Carribean
sea, about 100 m. W. of Caracas.
Felipe, St. See Xativa.
Felix, St., an island in the Pacific ocean, N. N.
W. of Juan Fernandez. Long. 8(5. W. lat. 2C S.
Felletin, a town of France, in the department
of Creuse, with a manufacture of tapestry. It is
20 m. S. S. W. of Evaux, and 21 S. S. E. of
Gueret.
Fcllin, a town of Russia, in Livonia, on the
river Pernau, C2 m. S. E. of Revel.
Felsherg, a town of Germany, in Hesse-Cassel
with an ancient castle on a rock, 12 m S. ol
Cassel.
Felso-Banya, a village of Upper Hungary, near
the frontier of Transylvania, celebrated for a gold
mine in its vicinity.
Feltri, a town of Italy, capital of Feltrino, and
a bishop's see. It is fortified, and seated on the
Asona, a small stream, falling into the Piave from
the W., 30 m. N. W. of Treviso. Long. 11. 55.
E., lat. 4(5. 3. N. Pop. about 5,000.
Feltrino, a district of Italy, lying between Bel-
unese, Trevisano, Vicentino, and the principality
of Trent. It abounds in mountains, in which are
iron mines. Feltri is the only place of note.
Ff.mern, a fertile island of Denmark, at the en-
trance of the Baltic, from the passage of the Great
and Little Belt. It is 10 m. long and 5 broad,
separated from the coast of Holstein by a narrow
channel, called the Femern Sound, Borg is the
chief town. Pop. of the island about 7,50&.
Femme Osage, a village in St. Charles Co
Missouri.
Fcucstrana-e, or Fenestrange, a town of France,
in the department of Meurte, on the river Sarre,
40 m. E. by N. of Nancy.
Fenestrelle, a town and fort of Piedmont, seated
on the Cluson, 18 m. W. of Turin.
Fenner, p.t. Madison Co. N. Y. Pop. 2,017.
Feraliad, a town of Persia, capital of the prov-
ince of Mazenderan. The environs produce su-
gar, cotton, and silk. The inhabitants, about IG,
0>j0, are principally descendants of Georgians and
Arn^enians. It ia seated among the mountains
which bound the Caspian sea to the S., 12 m. from
that sea, and 2.S0 N. of Ispahan. Long. 52. 21.
E., lat. 36 54. N.
Fercula, or Forcula, a town of the kingdom of
Tafilet, E. of Morocco, and the principal place of
a district. It is 50 m. W. of Sigilmessa. Long.
4. 30. W., lat. 31. 40. N.
Ferdinand, a township, in Essex Co. Vt. Also
a township in St. Louis Co. Missouri.
Fere, a town of France, in the department of
Aisne, famous for its powder mill and school of
artillery. Near it is the castle of St. Gobin, in
which is a manufacture of fine plate-glass.
Fere is seated' at the conflux of the Serre, with the
Oise, 20 m. N. of Soissons, and 75 N. E of Paris.
Ferentino, or Fiorenzo, a town of Italy, in Cam-
pagna di Roma, 3 m. W. of Alatri, on the high
road from Rome to Naples.
Fertttc, a town of France, in the department
of Upper Rhine, on the river 111, near its source,
40 m. S. ofColmar.
Ferguson, a township in Centre Co. Pa.
Fermanagh, a fcountj of Ireland, in the province
of Ulster, bounded on the N. by the counties of
Donegal and Tyrone, E. by Monaghan. S. by
Cavan. and W. by Leitrim, the N. W. end jetting
upon Donegal Bay ; it extends from the S. in a N.
W. direction about 3(5 m. being about 24 in mean
breadth, one-fourth of its area is occupied by />ough
Erne, which discharges its w.T.t,ers into Donegal
bay , dividing the county into nearly two equal parts.
In the centre of the county, the water narrows so
as to admit of the two parts being united by a
bridge, see EnniskUlen. The linen manufacture,
and the raisingi of cattle, and hemp, are the chief
employ of the inhabitants. The county is navi-
gable throughout, by means of Lough Erne, but
its uneven surface, and numerous bogs, render it
difficult for travelling. Enniskillen is the capital
and only town of importance in the county.
Fermo, a town of Italy, in the marquisate of
Ancona, and an archbishop's see, with a good
trade in corn, wool, «fec. It has a harbour on the
gulf of Venice, and is 17 m. S. E. of Macerata.
Long. 13. 50. E., lat. 43. 7. N. Pop. about 7,000.
Fremosella, or Formosella, a town in Snain, in
the province of Leon, seated on the N bank of
the Tormes, near its entrance into Douro.
Fermoy, a town of Ireland in the county of
Cork, seated on the banks of the Blackwater,
106 m. N. W. of Dublin, on the road to Cork,
from which it is distant 17 m. This place has risen
from an inconsiderable villaffe since the commence-
ment of the war in 17i}3, to a town of 6,702 inhabi-
tants in 1821.
Fernando JVoronha, an island in the S. Atlantic,
100 leagues from Cape St. Roque, the N. E.
point of the province of Pernambuco. Long.
32. 33. W., lat. 3. 56. S.
Fernando Po, an island of Africa, on the coast
of Benin, 30 m. long and 20 broad. Loner. 7. 36.
E., lat. 3. 6. N.
Ferney, a village of France, in the department
of Ain, a few m. N. W. of Geneva, celebrated
as having been the residence of Voltaire.
Ferns, a town of Ireland, in the county of
Wexford, and a bishop's see united to Leighlin.
It is seated on the Bann, near its conflux with
the Slanev, 17 m. N. of Wexford, and 30 S. S.
W. of W'icklow.
Ferae Islands, a cluster of 22 small islands in
the Northern Ocean, between the Shetland
Islands and Iceland, in 5. and 8. W. long., and 61.
and 63. N. lat. subject to Denmark. Seventeen
are habitable, each of which is a lofty mountain,
divided from the others by a deep and rapid cur-
rent. Some of them are deeply indented with
secure harbours all of them steep, and most of
them faced with tremendous precipices. They
produce agate, jasper, and beautiful zeolites.
The surface consists of a shallow soil of remarkable
fertility ; yielding plenty of barley and fine grass
for sheep. No trees above the size of a juniper, or
stunted willow will grow here; and the only quadru-
peds are sheep. Vast quantities of sea fowls frequent
the rocks, and tlie taliing of them furnishes a peri-
lous employment for the inhabitants. The exports
are snlted mutton, tallow, goose-quills, feathers,
eiderdown, knit woolen waistcoats, caps, and
stockings. To the S. of these islands is aconsid
erable whirlpool. Pop. in 1820,5,265.
Ferzabad, or Firvzabad , a city of Persia, in
Farsistan, formerly of considerable reputi;, and
yet contains a number of fine tombs, gardens,
and buildings. It is seated in a fertile country,
60 m. S. by W. of Shiras, on the route to Ormus
Long. 53. 0. E., lat. 28. 50. N.
Ferrara, a city of Italy capital of a duchy of
the same name, and an archbishop's see, with a
strong citadel, and a university. Its broad streets,
FEV
297
FEZ
and nninber of fine buildings, evince that it was
formerly a flourishing place, but the present in-
habitants are few in proportion to its extent.
In the middle of the city is a palace, surrounded
bv walls flanked with towers and ditches. The
cathedral is remarkable for its antiquity. In the
Br-nedictine church, Ariosto the poet is interred.
Ferrara was taken by the French in 17!)6; in I7i)9
it was retaken by the Austrians, but shortly after
surrendered to the French. It is seated near the
Po, 25 m. N. E. of Bologna. Long. 12. 36. E.,
lat. 44. 50. N.
Ferrara. or Ferrarese, a duchy of Italy, bound-
ed on the N. by the Po, which divides it from
Polesino di Rovigno, W. by the Mantuan, S. by
tiie Bolognese and Riniagna, and E. by the gulf
of Venice. It had its own dukes till 1597, when
(Element VIII. united it to the apostolic cham-
ber. The air is unwholsome, on account of the
marshes which the abject condition of the inhab-
itints precludes from draining. Ferrara is the
capital.
Ferrendlna, a town of Naples, in Basilicata,
nenr the river Basianto, 25 m. S. W. of Matera.
Ferrisburir, a township in Addison Co. Vt. Pop.
1,822.
Ftrro, or Hierro, the most westward of the
Canarv Islands, above 18 m. in circumference.
It is not fertile, but produces some corn, sugar,
fruits, and legumes. The inhabitants make use
of water collected in cisterns during the rainy
seasons, for there is no spring in the island.
Voyairers speak of a fountain tree in the middle
of the island, and say that in the night much water
distils from its leaves. Some geographers have
taken their first meridian from the W. extremity
of this island. Long. 17. 52. W., lat. 27. 47. N.
Ferrol, a sea port of Spain, in Galicia, on a
bay of the Atlantic. Its harbour is one of the
best in Europe, and here the Spanish squad-
rons frequently rendezvous in time of war. The
town is surrounded on three sides by the sea,
and strongly fortified on the other. In 1800 the
English made an unsuccessful attempt on this
place. It is 20 m. N. E. of Corunna, and 305 N.
W. of Madrid. Long. 8. 4. W., lat. 43. 28. N.
Ferryshridge, a large village in West Yorkshire,
Eng. on the S. side of the .Aire, over which is a
noble bridge, 21 m. S. by W. of York, and 174 N.
by W. of London.
Ferrijport, a village of Scotl.and, in Fifeshire,
on the frith of Tay, 4 m. below Dundee, and
9 N. N. W. of St. Andrews. It has a considera-
ble manufacture of brown linens ; and a ferry
over the Tay, well frequented before the bridge
at Perth was built.
Ferte sur Aube, a town of France, in the depart-
ment of Upper Marne, seated on the Aube, 22
m. W. by S. of Chaumont, and 33 E. S. E. of
Troyes.
%* There are seven or eight other towns in
France named Fcrte, all prefixed to some other
name, as in the case of Aube, to distinguish them
from each other.
Festenberg, a town of Silesia, in the principality
of Oels, 14 m. N. W. of Wartenburg.
Fetliard, a borough of Ireland, in the county
of Tipperary, 8 m."S. E. of Cashel, and 86 S. S.
W. of Dublin. Pop. in 1820, 2,878.
Fethard, a. hoTough of Ireland, in the county
of Wexford, on the W. side of Bannow bay, 14
m. S. by E. of New Ross.
Feversham, a town in Kent, Eng. on a creek
fellinff into the mouth of the Thames, much fre-
38
quented by small vessels. It is a member of the
port of Dover, and governed by a mayor. The
church is in the form of a cross, and the interior
well worthy of observation ; and here is a free
grammar-school founded by queen Elizabeth. It
has a market on Wednesday and Saturday ; ia
famous for the best oysters for laying in stews ;
and has several gTinpovvder mills in its neighbour-
hood. Here are the remains of a stately' abbey,
built by king Stephen, who was interred in it
with his queen and son. James II. embarked
here in disguise, after the success of the prince
of Orange; but the vessel was detained by the
populace, and the king conveyed back to Lon-
don. Feversham is 47 m. E. by S. of London.
Pop. in 1820, 3,919.
Feurs, a town of France, in the department of
Loire, seated on the Loire, 13 m. E. N. E. of
Montbrison.
Fr.ijstrkz, or Windisch Fistntz, a town and castle
of Germany, in Lower Stiria, on a river of the
same name, 17 m. N. N. E. of Cilley.
Fcr, a kingdom of Barbary, at the N. W. ex-
tremity of North Africa, bounded on the W. by
the Atlantic, N. by the Mediterranean, E. by
Algiers, and S. by Morocco and Tafilet. It ex-
tends upwards of 400 m. from E. to W. and is
about 150 in breadth ; is divided into 9 provinces,
and forms part of the empire of Morocco. The
country is full of mountains, particularly to the
W. and S. where Mount Atlas lies; but it is
populous and fertile, producing citrons, lemons,
oranges, dates, almonds, olives, figs, raisins,
honey, wax, cotton, flax, pitch, and corn in abun-
dance. The inhabitants breed camels, beeves,
sheep, and the finest horses in Barbary. At the
extreme N. point is the town and fortress of
Ceuta, garrisoned by the Spaniards, (see Ceuta) ;
the principal places on the Atlantic coast are
Salee and Larache ; Melitta and Tangier, on the
coast of the Mediterranean; and in the interior
Mequinez, Fez, and Teza.
Fez, the capital of the kingdom of Fez, and
one of the largest cities in Africa. It is composed
of three towns called Beleyde, Old Fez, and New
Fez. Old Fez is the most considerable, and con-
tains about 80.000 inhabitants. New Fez, foun-
ded about the 13th century, is principally inhab-
ited by Jews, who trade with the Moors, not-
withstanding the contempt with which they are
treated by them. Old Fez was founded in
793 by Sidy Edris, a descendent of Mahomet and
Ali, whose father fled from Medina to avoid the
proscriptions of the caliph Abdallah. The palaces
are magnificent; and there are numerous mosques,
one of which, called Carubin, is one of the
finest edifices in the empire. The houses are
built of brick or stone, and adorned with mosaic
work : those of brick are ornamented with glazing
and colours like Dutch tiles, and the wood-work
and ceilings are carved, painted, and gilt The
roofs are flat ; and every house has a court, in
which is a square marble basin. Here are two
colleges for students, finely built of marble, and
adorned with paintings. The hospitals and pub-
lic baths are numerous, many of which are state-
ly structures. All the traders live in a separate
part of the city ; and the exchange, full of all
sorts of rich merchandise, is as large as a small
town. The gardens are full of all kinds of fra
grant flowers and shrubs. The Moors of Fez are
clothed like the Turks ; and though more polish-
ed than their countrymen, are vain, superstitous,
and intolerant. The wants, whom they pretend
FEZ
298
FIG
to have bctii buried in the city, serve them for
a pretext to forbid its entrance to Jews and Chris-
tians ; and an order from the emperor is necessary
to jfain adinission. Arabic is better spoken here
than in other parts of the empire; and the rich
Moors send their children to the schools at Fez,
where they gain more instruction than they could
do elsewhere. Fez is the centre of the trade of
this empire; and hence caravans jjo to Mecca,
carrying ready-made garments, leather, indigo,
cochineal, and ostriches feathers, for which they
bring in return silks, muslins, and drugs. Other
caravans go to Tomhnctoo, and the river Niger.
They travel over such dry barren deserts, that
every other camel carries water. Their com-
modities are salt, cowries, wrought silk, British
cloth, and the woolen manufactures of Barbary.
Fez is seated in a circular valley, watered by a
river, and surrounded by mountains, 160 m. S. S.
W. of Gibraltar, and "240 N. E. of Morocco.
Long. 4. 4.5. W., lat. 33. 40. N.
Fczzan, an interior kingdom of North Africa,
lyincr betvsreen the great deserts of Zahara and
Libya bounded on the N. by Tripoli to the Ba-
shaw of which province Fezzan pays an annual
tribute of 4,000 dollars. It is an extensive plain,
encompassed by mountains, except to the W. ;
and to the influence of these heights it may be
owing, that here, as well as in Upper Egypt, no
rain is ever known. Though the character of
the surface (which in general is a light sand) and
the want of rain, may seem to announce sterility,
yet the springs, are so abundant, that few regions
in the N. of Africa, exhibit a richer vegetation.
The greatest length of the cultivated part is about
300 m. from N. to S., and 200 from E. to W.
From wells of 10 or 15 feet deep, with which
every garden and field is furnished, the husband-
man waters the productions of his land; among
these are the date tree, the olive, lime, apricot,
pomegranate, fig, maize, barley, wheat, pompions
or calabash, carrots, cucumbers, onions, and gar-
lic. Among the tame animals are the sheep,
cow, goat, camel, ass, and a species of the domes-
tic fowl of Europe. The wild animals are the
ostrich, and antelopes of various kinds. A mul-
titude of noxious animals infest the country ; ad-
ders, snakes, scorpions, and toads, swarm in the
fields, gardens, and houses ; the air is crowded
with mosquitos ; and persons of every rank are
over-run with vermin. The heat of the climate
in summer is ihtense, and the S. wind is scarcely
supportable even by the natives ; and in winter
a penetrating N. wind prevails, which drives to
the fire even the natives of a northern country.
Tempests of wind are frequent, which whirl up
the sand and dust so as to give a yellow tinge to
the atmosphere. The towns are chiefly inhabit-
ed by husbandmen and shepherds ; for though
they also contain merchants and artificers, yet
agriculture and pasturage are the principal occu-
pations. The houses are built of clay, with a
flat roof composed of boughs of trees, on which a
quantity of earth is laid. The natives are of a
deep swarthy complexion ; their hair a short curly
black, their lips thick, their noses flat and broad,
and their skin emits a fetid effluvia; they are
tall, and well shaped, but weakly, indolent, and
inactive. Their dress is similar to that of the
Moors of Barbary. In their common intercourse,
all distinctions of rank seem forgotten ; the she-
reef (or governor) and the lowest plebeian, the
rich and the poor, the master and the servant,
Gonvcriv familiarly, and eat and drink together.
Generous and hospitable, let his fare be scanty or
abundant, the Fezzaner is desirous that others
should partake of it; and if twenty persons were
unexpectedly to visit his dwelling, they must all
participate as far as it will go. When thej' settle
their money transactions, they squat upnn the
ground, and having levelled a spot with their
hands, make dots as they reckon : if they are
wrong, they smooth the spot again, and rejicat
the calculation. Gold dust constitutes the ciiief
medium of payment ; and va,lue in that medium
is always expressed by weight. In religion, tlioy
are rigid, but not intolerant Mahometans. The
government is monarchical ; and its powers are
administered with such a temperate hand, that
the people are ardently attached to their sovereign.
Mourzouk, is the capital.
Fiano, a town of Italy, in the patrimony of St.
Peter, on the Tiber, 1.5 m. N. of Rome.
Fianono, a town of Istria, on the S. W. coast,
17 m. N. ofPola.
Fiascone, a town of Italy, in the patrimony of
St. Peter, noted for fine muscadine wine ; seated
on a mountain near lake Bolsena. 12 m. N. W.
of Viterbo.
Ficherulolo, a fortified town of Italy, in the
Ferrarese, seated on the Po, 12 m. W. of Fer
rara.
FicktcJhcrg, a mountain in Franconia, one of
the highest mountains in Germany. It extends
from near Barcnth, to Eger in Bohemia, about 16
m., and is covered with pines and other trees.
Ficleicier, an island near the W. coast of Nor-
way, 22 m. long and 4 broad, with a town of the
same name, 48 m. W. N. W. of Drontheim.
Long. 10. 40. E., lat. 03. 44. N.
Fife, a maritime county on the £. coast of
Scotland, forming a peninsula between the frith
of Forth and Tay, it extends from the mouth of
the river Forth, in a N. N. E. direction, about 40
m., and is about 12 m. in mean breadth. Some
linen manufactures are carried on in the S. W.
parts of the countv, (see DumfermJine), but as a
whole it is an agricultural rather than a manufac-
turing district ; it produces coal and lime in
abundance, and copper, lead, iron, and other
minerals are also found in different parts of the
county though but partially worked ; a beautiful
grey marble, cornelian, agates, and jasper, are oc-
casionally met with, and fishing on its coasts and
its rivers is assidiously pursued by the inhabit-
ants. For divisions, rental, population, ifec. see.
Scotland. Cupar is the assize town.
Figantolo, an island in the gulf of Venice, near
the coast of Istria. Long. 13. 47. E., lat. 45. 18. N.
Figrac, a town of France, in the department of
Lot, with a Benedictine abbey ; seated on the
Selle, 22 m. E. of Cahors. It is the seat of a
prefect, and in 1825, contained 6,153 inhabitants
Fighter, (ir Fi.hig, a town of Barbary, in Bile-
dulegerid, at the foot of the mount Atlas on the
S. The inhabitants carry on a great trade with
the merchants of Morocco and Fez, and with the
negroes. It is 240 m. E. S. E. of Mequinez.
Long. 1. 5. W. lat. 32. 20. N.
Figueras, or St. Fernando de Figueras, a strong
town and important fortress of Spain, in Catalo-
nia. It surrendered to the French in 1794, with-
out firing a shot. It is 10 m. S. by W. of Roses,
and 25 due S. of Perpignan.
Figucro dos Vinhos, a town of Portugal, in Es-
tremadura, celebrated for its wine ; seated among
mountains, near the frontier of Beira, and the
river Zezere, 22 m. E. of Thomar.
FIN
FIN
Finale, a sea-port of Genoa, with a strong cita-
del, two forts, and a castle. It was the capital
of a marquisate, and annexed to the duchy of Mi-
, . Ian in 1G02, but sold to the Genoese in 1713. In
174G, it was taken by the king of Sardinia, and
restored in 1748. It is 30 m. S. W. of Genoa.
t Long. 8. 25. E., lat. 44. 14. N. Pop. about
7,0l)U.
Finale, a town of Italy in the Modenese, on an
island formed by the river Panaro, 22 m. N. E.
of Modena.
Fincastle, p.v. a village of Bottetourt Co. Va.
190 m. N. W. of Richmond.
Finistcrre, Cape, a cape of Spain, forming the
extreme N. W. point of that country, projecting
into the Atlantic Ocean, from the province of
Galicia. It was thought by the ancients, to have
no country lieyond it, and therefore they gave it
this name which signifies the Land's-end. Long.
9. 17. W., lat. 42. 54. N.
Finlsterre. a maritime department of France,
which includes part of the late province of Bre-
tagne. It is the most westerly part of France,
and bounded on three sides by the sea ; on the
N. it forms the boundary to the entrance of the
English channel. It is divided into five arron-
dissements, of which Quimper, Brest, Morlaix,
Chateaulin, and Quimperle, are the seats of the
prefects. The other principal towns are Lesne-
ven, Landenieau, and Carhaix. For pop. &c.
see France.
Finland, a country of the North of Europe, ex-
tending from the lat. of 60. to 6U. 30. N., and in
its extreiae breadth from the long, of 21. to 31.
30. E. It is bounded on the S. by the gulf of
Finland, and W. by the gulf of Bothnia ; iM. by
Lapland, and E. by the Russian provinces of
Wilburg and Olonetz ; it formerly belonged to
Sweden and was divided into two great parts, the
N. called E. Bothnia, (see Bothnia,) and the S.
? Finland Proper, which contains several conside-
rable towns, of which Abo is the chief and capi-
tal of the whole country, (see Abo.) The other
, ■ towns are Nystadt, Raumo, and Biorncborg, on
the shore of the gulf of Bothnia, and Helsinfors,
Borgo and Louisa, on the shore of the gulf of
^ Finland. There are also 4 or 5 considerable
towns in the interior. About one-third of the
area of Finland Proper is composed of lakes. The
• contiguity of Finland to the maritime capital of
the Russian empire, had long rendered it an ob-
ject of jealousy to the Russians, and in 1808 they
overran it with so formidable a force as to com-
pel the Swedes to consent to a formal cession of
the whole country, and it Jiow forms one of the
50 governments of the Russian empire. It is di-
* vided into 13 districts, containing together in
1825, a pop. of 980,000, who contributed a reve-
nue of 3,200,000 rubles, equal to about £130,000.
The Finns have been supposed to be nearly re-
lated to the Lapps ; but though they are equally
diminutive in stature, the fair hair, either yellow,
flaxen, or almost white, added to the brave and
warlike character of the Finn, evidence him to be
of a diiferent origin.
Tacitus describes the ancient Finns as a people
" whose ferocity was extraordinary, and poverty
extreme ; having herbs for their food, skins for
their covering, and the ground for their couch : re-
fardless of man and of gods," continues he, " they
ave attained the very difficult condition of not
having a single wish to form."
The modern Finn is honest, laborious, and ca-
pable of cndurino great hardship ; but he bears
the reproach of being sometimes obstinate and in-
flexible. The Lutheran form of Christianity
was introduced among the Finns by the Swedes;
and since the annexation of their country to Rus-
sia, no attempt has been made to change their
mode of religious worship.
Dr. Clarke describes the costume of the Finnish
peasants as very elegant. Among the men it
consists of a jacket, with pantaloons, buskins, and
a sash, worn as a girdle, round the loins. The
sash, though generally yellow, is sometimes red,
and sometimes variegated with flowers. The
buskins are bound about the ankles with scarlet
garters, ending in a black tassel. The jacket and
pantaloons are generally white ; though blue,
black, and grey, are also used. A few of the
men appear in long white coats bound with the
Don Cossack sash. The women wear a short
scarlet or striped vest, made as gaudy as possi-
ble, with large and loose sleeves of very white
linen, and white hoods or kerchiefs upon their
heads. The vests are often of silk or rich damask,
embroidered with large brocade flowers.
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The Finns, like their neighbours, exhibit a scat-
tered population, and a rude state of society. The
cottages consist of dismal huts, with walls made
of the round trunks of trees, barely stripped of
their bark, and rather resembling a casual pile of
timber, than a human dwelling. The interstices
are caulked with clay and moss ; a few glazed
windows are occasionally seen ; but their place
is more generally supplied by square open cran-
nies. " In fact," says Mr. James, from whom
this account is derived, " the felling of the timber
is the only part of the labour which a peasant
thinks it behoves him to calculate upon, when
about to erect his habitation."
Of the Finns who inhabit the islands of the
Baltic, the last quoted writer thus speaks : — '* The
cottages of the islanders are rough-hewn log-
hoiises ; and they are themselves a people appa-
rently of such simple manners and habits, as their
secluded situation and scanty number might lead
one to expect; each rustic householder is provi-
ded with the tools and implements of a dozen nec-
essary arts or professions ; performing for him-
self, with equal address, the duties of carpenter,
shoemaker, tailor, fisherman, miller, baker, &c.
Their corn mills are of simple form, and driven
by sails constructed of wooden planks ; and their
mill-stones are shaped like the querne, or old Cel-
tic machine for grinding with the hand. Luxu-
ries, such as ochre paint for their cabins, or coats
of woolen cloth, where sheepskins will sufiice,
FIS
300
FLA
are not common. Caps of the most ordinary fur
serve as a covering for their heads ; and for their
feet, the want of shoes is supplied by a mis-sha-
pen bag of dried seal-sliin. The harness of their
horses consists of nothing more tiian a plain col-
lar attached to the shafts of the cart or sledge,
through which, when the horse's neck is thrust,
he has only to proceed : this contrivance answers
ail the purposes of draught, for neither here nor
in Sweden is the animal trained to resist the
weight of a carriage on the descent, however
steep it may be."
Finlayville, a village of Mecklenburgh Co. N. C.
Finlcy, a township of Washington Co. Pa.
Finnet/sviUe, p. v. Rutland Co. v t.
Finrnark, the most northern section of Europe,
jetting into the Arctic Ocean ; it formerly be-
longed to Denmark, but with Norway was ceded
to Sweden, in 1815. The coast is flanked with
islands, and indented with bays. It comprises
about 400 sq. m. of surface, but the inhabitants, a
mixed rtTce of Finns, and Laplanders, do not ex-
ceed 2t),()00, who principally inhabit the coast,
fishing and hunting constituting their chief em-
ployment : the S. part bordering on Lapland is
mountrinous. North Cape, its extreme northern
limit, and also of Europe, is in the lat. of 71. 10.
N., and 25. 50. of E. long.
Finow, a town of Brandenburgh, in the Ucker
Mark. It has a canal, by which the Oder and
Havel are united. It is 28 m. N. W. of Custrin.
FiontJa, a town of Asiatic Turkey, in Natolia,
and a bishop's see, on the gulf of Satalia, 25 m.
S. W. of Satalia.
Fiorenzo. See Fcrentino.
Fiorenzo, St. a sea-port on the N. W. coast of
Corsica, defended by walls and a tower. It was
taken by the English and Corsicans, from the
French, in 1794. It is 7 m. W. ofBastia.
Fireplace, p.v. Suffolk Co. N. Y.
Fisher sjield, p.t. Merrimack Co. N. H. 95 m. fr.
Boston. Pop. 793.
Fisldng Creek, p.t. Columbia Co. Pa.
Fishing Ford, p.v. Bedford Co. Ten.
Firosepour, a town of Hindoostan, in Moultan,
seated on the Setlege, at the influx of the Beyah,
20 m. W. of Depalpour, and 150 E. by N. of
Moultan.
Fishhack, a town of Switzerland in the Valais,
27 m. E. of Sion. A battle was fought in this
neighborhood betu'een the Swis, and Amadeus,
Duke of Savoy in which the Swiss were victori-
ous
Fishers Islands, in Long Island Sound, opposite
to Stonington harbour in Connecticut. It is 10
m. long and 2 broad, with a fertile soil, and is
annexed to the township of Southhold, in Long
Island, and belongs to the State of New York.
Fishguard, a town of Wales in Pembrokeshire.
Here is a good pier, with every convenience for
ehip-building, and a considerable trade in herrings,
corn, nnd bu ter. It is situate on a steep cliff", on
a bay of St. George's channel, 16 m. N. E. of St.
David, and 249 W. by N. of London. Pop. in
1821,1,837.
Fishausen, a town of Prussia, with a royal cas-
tle, seated on the Frische Haff", 21 m. W. of Konis-
berg, and 5 N. N. E. of Pillau.
Fishkill, a town of New York, in Dutchess coun-
ty, on a creek of the same name, 5 m. E. of Hud-
son river, and CO N. of New York. Pop. of the
township 8.292.
Fishkill Tending, a village of Dutchess Co. N.
y. on the Hudson opposite Newburg.
Fish Lake, p.v. Delaware Co. N. Y.
Fish River, Great, a river of Southern Africa
flowing South into the ocean East of the Cape
of Good Hope. The limits of the Cape Colony
extend a little beyond it to the East.
Fissato, a sea-port of Barbary, in the province
of Tripoli, 90 m. N. W. of Tripoli. Long. 12. 10.
E., lat. 33. 50. N.
Fistclla, a fortified town of Morocco. The in-
habitants carry on a great trade in fine garments.
It is 125 m. N. E. of Morocco. Long. 5. 55. E.
lat. 32. 27. N.
Fitchhurg, p.t. Worcester Co. Mass. 48 m. N.
W. Boston. It has some manufactories. Pop.
2,180.
Fitzwilliam, p.t. Cheshire Co. N. H. on the
Massachusetts border, 05 m. N. W. Boston. Pop.
1,229.
Fium. See Fayotim.
Fiume, a sea-port of Austrian Istria, with a cas-
tle, and many fine churches and convents. It is
noted for wine, good figs, and other fruits ; and
has a sugar refinery, and a wax manufacture.
The harbour is formed oy tl>e river Fiumara
which enters the bay of Carnero, at the extremity
of the Adriatic. It is 37 m. E. of Capo distria.
Long. 14. 12. E., lat. 45. 38. N. Pop. about
12,000.
Fladstrand, a sea-port of Denmark, in North
Jutland, with a harbour defended by three forts,
just within the entrance to the Cattgat. It is 30
m. N. N. E. of Alburg. Long. 10. 29. E., lat. 57.
33. N.
Flaggtoicn, p.v. Somerset Co. N. J.
Flamborough, a factory of the Hudson Bay
Company, on Hayes river, 70 m. from its mouth,
on the W; side of Hudson Bay. Long. 90. 5. W.
lat. 56. 8. N.
Flamborough Head, a lofty promontory on the
coast of Yorkshire, Eng. whose snow-white cliff's,
rising from 300 to 450 feet above the level of the
sea, are seen at a great distance from shore, and
afford shelter to innumerable multitudes of sea-
fowls. The lower parts contain vast caverns,
and on the summit is a litrht-house, 5 m. E. N.
E.of Burlington. Long. 0.2. W.,lat. 54. 8. N.
There is a village of the same name, contiguous to
the cliffs. Pop. in 1821, 917. Off this headland the
celebrated John Paul Jones in the American
Frigate Bonne Homme Richard, captured the
British Frigate Serapis after one of the most des-
perate battles ever fought.
Fiamstead, a village in Hertfordshire, Eng.
Pop. in 1821, 1,392. It was a place of some im-
portance at the time the Romans were in pos-
session of England. The house in Greenwich
Park, in which is the Royal Observatory, and »
from whence the English meridional line of lon-
gitude is drawn, is commonly called Fiamstead
House after the name of its first astronomer. See
Greenwich.
Flanders, & country of Europe, bounded on the
N. by the mouth of the Scheldt, and N.' W. by
the North Sea or German Ocean, lying between
the lat. of 50. 40. and 51. 20. N. and 2. 15. to 4. 15.
of E. longitude. The early history of this coun-
try is involved in considerable obscurity ; it has,
however, for several centuries ranked among the
most fertile, populous, and civilized parts of Eu-
rope, it was formerly known under three divisions,
of French, Austria, and Dutch Flanders j the
French, or S. part, was comprised in the late
province of Artois, now the department du Nord,
or N. The Austrian comprised the centre from
«<
rLE
301
FLO
E. to W. ; and the Dutch the coast off the mouth
of the Scheldt ; the whole country \vas overrun
by the Frencii in the early part of the war which
commenced in 1793, and confirmed to them by
the treaty of Campo Formio in 1797. After
the treaty of Luneville in 1801,Austrian and Dutch
Flanders were divided into two departments;
Lys on the W. and Scheldt on the E. and incor-
porated with the French Empire. At the gener-
al partitioning of this part of Europe ,which follow-
ed the peace of 1S14, those two departments were
ceded to the new kingdom of the Netherlands,
and were called the Eas^ and West Flanders.
For their subsequent history, see JVetherlands. The
area of the E. part comprises about 1,080 square
ra., and contains about t)00,000 inhabitants. It is
divided into four circles, of which Ghent, Dender-
nionde, Oudenarde and Eecloo, are the chief
towns ; the other places of note are Sluys, Arden-
berg, Phillipina, and Sas Van Ghent on the shore
of tlie mouth of the Scheldt; and Deynse, Ren-
aix, Grammont, Sotteghem, Alost, and Watteren
in the S. The river Scheldt which rises in the
French department, of Aisne enters the S. W.
corner running N. by E. to Ghent in the centre
of the province, and then nearly due E. till it
changes its course to the N. forming the bounda-
ry of the province on the side of Brabant ; towards
the S. the surface is slightly undulated, but north-
ward it is an entire level intersected by canals,
communicating both with the North Sea and the
mouth of the Scheldt.
West Flanders is bounded on the S. and S. W.
by the French department ; on the N. and N. W.
by the North Sea ; the area of this province is
about 1,500 square m., containing 530,000 inhabi-
tants. It is also divided into four circles, of which
Bruges, Furnes, Ypres, and Courtray are the chief
towns, the other places of note are the sea-ports of
Nieuport and Ostend; the latter is regarded as the
maritime portal of this part of Europe. This like
E. Flanders is a level country; in the S. E. part, fine
thread, lace, and linen cambrics are manufactured
to a great extent for exportation ; over all the oth-
er parts of the two provinces, fishing, agriculture
and manufactures are assiduously pursued, and
tend to render the inhabitants among the most soci-
al and best conditioned in Europe. The language
of the common people is peculiar, a mixture of
Dutch and French ; but in the towns the French
is most generally spoken. The Catholic religion
prevails through both provinces ; the clergy are
a tolerant and respectalsle body.
Flanders, p. v. Morris Co. N. J.
Flatbush, a. town of N. Y., chief of King's coun-
ty, Long Island. The Americans were defeated
near this place by the British in 1776. It is situ-
ate amid garden-grounds, 5 m. S. by E. of New
York. Pop. 1,143.
Fladnnds, a township of Kings Co. N. Y. on
Lorj^ Island. Pop. 596.
Flattery, Cape, on the W. coast of North Amer-
ica, discovered by Cook, in 1778 ; and so named,
because he was disappointed at not finding a har-
bour. Long. 124. 57. W., lat. 48. 25. N.
Flamgny, a town of France, in the depart-
ment of Cote d'Or, with a Benedictine abbey ;
seated on a mountain, by the river Ozerain, 27
m. W. N.W. of Dijon.
Fleche, La, a town of France, in the depart-
ment of Sarte. Here was a noble college, built
by Henry IV., at which Descartes was educated ;
the centre is now converted into a town-house,
and one of the wings rebuilt as a prytaneum, or
military school for soldiers' children. It is sea-
ted on the N. bank of the Loire, and is the seat
of a prefect. Pop. in 1825, 5,387. It is 80 m.
E. N. E. of Nantes.
Fteckeroc, Justeroe, or Fleckeren, an island in
the Scagerack, near the coast of Norway, a few
m. E. of Christiansand. Between the island and
the continent is a most excellent harbour, de-
fended by a fortress. Long. 8. 18. E., lat. 53. 4. N.
Fleet, a river of Scotland, in Kirkcudbrightshire
which issues from a small fake of the same name,
and enters Wigton bay, below Gatehouse. On
its W. side are the vestiges of a camp, adru-
idical circle, and a vitrified fort.
Fleming, a. county of Kentucky. Pop. 13,493.
Flemingsburg is the capital, 50 m. N. E. of Lex-
ington.
Flcmington, p. v. Hunterdon Co. N. J.
Fletcher, a township of Franklin Co. Vt. Pop.
793.
Flenshurg, a seaport of Denmark, in the duchy
of Sleswick, with a strong citadel, and a harbour
at the head of a bay in the Little Belt, at its en-
trance into the Baltic. It is a place of great com-
merce, 15 m. N. N. W. of Sleswick. Long. 9.
47. E., lat. 54. 52. N. Pop. about 15,000.
Fleurance, a town of France, in the department
of Gers, on the river Gers, 3 m. N. of Auch.
Fieurus, a village of the Netherlands, in Na-
mur, 6 m. N. E. of Charleroy. Here, in 1690, a
victory was gained by the French over the allies ;
and in 1794, the Austrians were defeated in a
general attack of the French posts.
Flie, or Vlieland. an island on the coast of Hol-
land, N. of the Texel, at the middle of the en-
trance of the Zuider Zee.
i^/mf, a county at the N. E. extremity of Wales,
bounded in a N. W. direction by the estuary of
the river Dee, and N. by W. by the Irish sea.
It is the smallest county in Wales, its superficies
being only 243 sq. m. It is, however, rich in
coal, copper and lead, and since the commence-
ment of the present century, the cotton manu-
facture has been introduced, and the pop. du-
ring the 20 years, 1801—1821 has increased 3G
per cent. The principal towns are Mold, Holy-
well, Hawarden, and St. Asaph {etich of which
see), there is also a town called Flint, formerly
the chief town of tlie county, though now a small
place. It has the county-goal, but the assizes
are held at Mold. Here are the remains of a
royal castle, in which Richard 11. took shelter
on ariving from Ireland ; but on leaving it he was
delivered into the hands of his rival, afterv/ard
Henry IV. : it stands on a rock close to the sea,
and is governed by a constable, who is also mayor
of the town. Flint has no market, but is well
frequented as a bathing-place. It is seated on
the estuary of the Dee, 12 m. W. N. W. of Ches-
ter, and 195 N. N. W. from London. Pop. in
1821,1,612.
Flint, a river of the state of Georgia, which
rises in the country formerly occupied by the
Creek Indians, runs S. W. and joining the Chat-
ahoochee, at its entrance into E. Florida, forms
the Apalachicola.
Flintstone, p. v. Alleghany Co. Maryland.
Flix, a town of Spain, in Catalonia, strong both
by nature and art. It stands on a peninsula
formed by the Ebro, and the side where the rivei
does not pass is covered by mountains, and defen-
ded by a castle. It is 23 m. N. of Tortosa.
Floddon, a. field in the parish of Kirknewlon,
Nortliumberland, Eng. 5 m. N. N. W. of Wool-
2 C
FLO
SOS
FLO
cr, on which a battle was fought between the
English and Scots in 1513, in which James IV.
was killed, with many of his nobility, and 10,000
men.
Florae, a town of France, in the department
of Lozere, 13 m. S. of Mende, and 55 N. of
Montpelier. It is the seat of a prefect. Pop. in
182.5, 2,082.
Florence, a celebrated city of Italy, capital of
Tuscany, and an archbishop's see, with a citadel,
and a university. It was first founded by the
soldiers of Sylla, embellished and enlarged by the
triumvirs ; destroyed by Totila, and rebuilt by
Charlemange. The circumference is about C m.
and the fortifications consist of only a wall and a
ditch, with two or three forts which command a
part of the town. It is divided into two unequal
parts, by the river Arno, over which are four
handsome bridges. The quays, the buildings on
each side, and the bridges, render the part
through which the river runs by far the finest;
but every part is full of wonders in the arts of
painting, statuary and architecture. The envi-
rons are beautiful, rich, and populous. Some of
the Florentine merchants, formerly, were men
of great wealtii ; and one of them, in the middle
of the fifteenth century, built that noble fabric,
which, from the name of its founder, is still called
the Palazzo Pitti. It was afterwards purchased
by the Medici family, who made some enlarge-
ments ; and it thence became the residence of
tiie grand dukes of Tuscany. The Palazzo
Vecchio, or old palace, contains a room 172 feet
long, and 70 wide, for public entertainments.
The beauties and riches of these palaces, in all
that is masterly in architecture, literature, and
the arts, especially those of painting and sculpture
have been often described. The celebrated Venus
of Medici, the standard of taste in female beauty
and proportion, stood in a room called the Tri-
bune ; this, with other masterpieces of sculp-
ture, was carried away to Paris, but restored with
most of the other works of art at the general
peace in 1815. There are other rooms, whose
contents are indicated by the names they bear;
as the cabinet of arts, of astronomy, natural histo-
ry, medals, portraits, porcelain, antiquities, &c.
Beside the Medicean library begun by Julius
de Medici, and greatly augmented by duke
Cosmo I., there are several other copiow.s libra-
ries, especially those in the two Benedictine and
Carmelite convents. The Florentine Academy
and the Academia della Crusca were instituted
to enrich the literature and improve the language
of Tuscany ; the latter is so named because it
rejects like bran all words not purely Tuscan.
The cathedral, the churches, and other public
buildings, contain paintings and sculpture by the
first masters in Italy ; and the chapel of Lorenzo is
perhaps, the most expensive habitation that ever
was reared for the dead, being incrusted with
precious stones, and adorned with the workman-
ship of the best modern sculptors. The manufac-
tures of Florence are chiefly silks, satins, gold
and silver stuffs, and damask table cloths. It has
a considerable trade in fruits, oil, and excel-
lent wines. Florence is 45 m. E. N. E. of Leg-
horn, which is its out-nort, and 125 N. W. of
Rome. Long. 11. 3. E., lat. 43. 46. N. Pop. in
1825, 75,207.
Florence, p.t. Oneida Co. N. Y. Pop. 964. Also
a village in Alabama, the ca|)ital of Landerdale
Co. on the Muscle Shoals of Tennessee Pvivcr.
Also a village in Huron Co Ohio.
Florent, St. a town of France, in the department
of Mayenneand Loire, with a Benedictine abbey;
seated on the Loire, 20 m. W. S. W. of Angers.
Florentin, a town of France, in the department
of Yonne, at the conflux of the Armance and
Armancon, 15 m. N. £. of Auxerre, and 80 S. E.
of Paris.
Florentino, or Fiorentino, a province of Tusca-
ny ; bounded on the N. W^. by the republic of
Lucca and the Modenese ; N. E. by the Apen-
nines, and S. by the Siennese. Pop. about 580,-
000: besides Florence the capital, the other prin-
cipal towns are Leghorn, Pisa, and Pistoia.
Flares, or Mangeyle, an island of llie East Indies,
one of the chain {hat forms the S. boundary of
the Java and Banda seas, 108 m. long and 45
broad, lying to the E. of that of Sumbawa. On
the S. side, near the E. end, is a town named
Larantuca. Long. 121. 56. £., lat. 8. 50. S.
Flores,a. fertile island, one of the Azores, so
called from the abundance of flowers found upon
it. Lagens is the most populous town, but St.
Cruz is the capital. Long. 31. 0. W., lat. 39.
34. N.
Florida, a Territory of the United States,and the
most southern portion of the country. Its south-
ern point is in 25. N. lat., and it extends N to 3J.
It lies between 80. 25. and 87. 20. W. long, and
contains, about 45,000 sq. m. It is shaped some-
what like an L, the southeastern part being a pe-
ninsula washed by the ocean on the E., and the
Gulf of Mexico on the W. Its boundaries on the
N. are Georgia, and Alabama. It has been usual
to consider this territory as consisting of two divi-
sions, East and West, but there is at present no
political distinction.
The land is low and generally either sandy or
swampy. On the coast it is mostly barren. There
are many savannas covered with a thick growth
of grass and flowers. In the swampy tracts the
cane brakes are of an enormous height and thick-
ness. The reed canes are sometimes 30 and 40
feet high. The ponds and bayous are in summer
covered with aquatic plants, and abound with al-
ligators. The uplands of the interior are the most
fertile and bear the name of hamwoc lands from
the tufts or swells which they exhibit. The greater
part of the surface is a pine barren ; this is a la.nd
with a grey and reddish soil producing coarse
grass and a scanty growth of pine trees. Almost
every part of the county affords abundance of
timber, as pitch pine, live oak, cypress, &c. Two
thirds of the country are covered with pine for-
ests.
The magnolia is a very common and beautiful
tree, and grows to the height of 100 feet with a
straight trunk surmounted by a conical mass of
dark green foliage covered over with large milk-
white flowers. Orange trees also flourish here,
and about St. Augustine and on the borders of ma-
ny of the lakes and savannas are many beautiful
groves of them. Limes, grapes, and figs, grow
wild. The long moss or Spanish beard which
hangs in festoons upon the branches of the live
oak and pine, affords a good material for stuffinor.
This country is very thinly inhabited, and har-
dly any thing is known from experience as to its
capabilities for agriculture ; but it is thought to be
excellently adapted to the culture of tobacco, cot-
ton, indigo, rice, and sugar. At present the chief
objects of attention among the planters, are maize,
rice, potatoes, beans, melons, &c. The olive and
cotfee have been tried here and the former will
undoubtedly succeed.
FLO
303
FOI
The climate is very hot, although in the north-
ern parts water sometimes freezes. In the peninsu-
la the most delicate orange trees bear fruit in full
perfection. In the lower parts the air is moist,
and in the neighbourhood of the rice fields it is
unhealthy. From October to June the weather
is most delightful. The southern extremity is
subject to the hurricanes of the West Indies.
The largest river is the St. Johns, which rises
in tiie centre of the peninsula and flows north-
easterly to the sea ; it passes through several lakes
and its current is gentle. The Apalachicola pas-
ses through West Florida into the Gulf of Mexico.
Many small streams rise in the pine forests
and fall into the inlets of the Gulf The springs
which irive rise to these rivers are very remarka-
ble for their size and depth. See Wakulla Fountain.
The only towns of consequence are St. Augustine
on the eastern coast, and Pensacola on the western.
There is a chain of low islands or sand banks skirt-
ing the whole coast, but they afford few good
harbours. Off cape Sable, which is the southern-
most point of the peninsula, are a cluster of islands
• at some distance from the land, on one of which,
called Key West, was lately established a naval
station of the United States.
Florida is divided into 15 counties. The Gov-
ernor is appointed by the United States, and there
is a legislative council of 16 members. Talla-
hassee is the seat of government. It has one del-
egate in Congress. The Pop. is 34,723, of whom
15,510 are slaves. The commerce of the territory
is inconsiderable. The shipping in 1828 amoun-
ted to 2,781 tons. The imports for 1829 were
153,642 dollars. The exports of domestic produce,
38,163 dollars. Total exports 56,086 dollars.
This territory was discovered in 1497. It was
first settled by the Spaniards in 1524. Some set-
tlements were made by the French about 30 years
afterwards, and they established themselves in the
neighbourhood of the spot where St. Augiistine
now stands in 1564. The Spaniards however, ex-
• pelled the French. In 1763 Florida was ceded to
Great Britain, and retained by that power till 1781
when it was reconquered by the Spaniards. In
1821 Spain ceded it by treaty to the United States
as an indemnity for spoliations upon our com-
merce ; and the following year it was made a ter-
ritorial government.
Florida Cape, is on the E. coast of East Flori-
da, in the gulf of the same name, in the lat. of 25.
41. N.. and 80. 5. of W. long. ; 90. m. N E. of
Cape Sable, and about 30 W. of the N. W. end
of the Great Bahama Bank.
Florida, Gulf of, is the passage out of the gulf
of Mexico into the Atlantic Ocean, between the
N. W. coast of the Island of Cuba, and the Bah^
ma Bank and islands on the E., and the promon-
tory of East Florida on the W. Through this
passage the great body of waters flowing into the
gulf of Mexico from the Mississippi, Colorado,
and Rio del Norte, set, in a continual stream,
running at the rate of 4 to 5 m. per hour: the
stream continues to run along the eastern coast
of North America, to the lat. of 42., when the
current is dispersed by the great bank of New-
foundland. The gulf passage is from 30 to 130
m. wide, the narrowest part being between Cape
Florida, and the Great Bahama Bank before men-
tioned.
Florida Ketjs, or Martijrs Islands and Reefs, are
the Bhoals and sand-banks flanking the southern
extremity and E. coast of the promontory of East
Florida, as previously described.
Florida, p.t. Berkshire Co. Mass. Pop. 454.
Also a p.t. Montgomery Co. N. Y. Pop. 2,838.
Florisaiit, a village m St. Louis Co. Missouri,
on tlie Missouri.
Flour, St. a city of France, in the department
of Cantal, and a bishop's sec. Good knives are
made here, and it has a considerable trade in corn.
It is seated on a mountain, 35 m. S. of Clermont,
and 108 N. by W. of Montpelier. It is the seat
of a prefect. Pop. in 1820, 6,372.
Flour Town, a village in Montgomery Co. Pa.
Floyd, a county of Kentucky. Pop. 4,262.
Prestonburg is the capital. Also a county of In-
diana. Pop. 6.363. New Albany is the capital
Floijd, p.t. Oneida Co. N. Y. Pop. 1,699.
Floyd^sburg, a village in Jefierson Co. Ken.
Flushing, a strong sea-port of Dutcli Zealand,
in the island of Walcheren, on the N. side of
Western Scheldt, the entrance of which it de-
fends. It has a good harbour, and a great canal
runs through the town, which is deep enough to
admit loaded vessels. The stadihouse is a superb
building, after the model of that of Amsterdam.
Flushing was the birth place of admiral De Ruy-
ter, and has a capacious harbour and basin for
ships of the largest burtiien. It is one of the na-
val depots of the Netherlands. Its trade is
chiefly smuggling. Pop. about 6,000. It is in
lat. 51. 27. N.,and 3. 34. of E. long.
Flushing, a town of New York, in Queen's
countv. Long Island, situate on the E. side of
Hell-gate, 7 m. E. by N. of New York. Pop.
2,820.
Flushing, p. v. Belmont Co. Ohio.
Fluvanna, a county of the E. District of Vir-
ginia, N. of James river, at the foot of the first
ridge of the Alleghany mountains. Pop. 8,221.
Palmyra is the chief town.
Fochabers, a town of Scotland belonging to
Murrayshire, though seated on the E. side of the
river Spey. It is 8 m. E. by S. of Elgin, and 22
W. of BanflT.
Fochan, a populous village of China, in the vi-
cinity of Canton.
Fochea, or Foggia, a sea-port of Asiatic Tur-
key, in Natolia, with a castle. The Venetians
beat the Turkish fleet near this place, in 1(550
It is seated on the gulf of Smyrna, at the influx
of the Hermus, 28 m. N. W. of Smyrna. Long.
26 39. E., lat. 38. 44. N.
Foedwar, a town of Hungary, seated on the
W. bank of the Danube, opposite Colocza, 40 m
S. of Buda. Pop. 2,500.
Fogaras, a town and castle of Transylvania, on
the river Alauta, 30 m. N. by E. of Hermadstadt.
Foggia,, a town of Naples, in Capitanata. It is
a staple for corn and wool, and seated near the
Cerbero, 20 m. S. of Manfredonia j it suffered
greatly by an earthquake, in 1732. Pop. about
17,000.
Foglesville, a village in Lehigh Co Pa.
Foglia, a river of Italy, which rises on the con
fines of Tuscany, crosses the duchy of Urbino,
and enters the gulf of Venice, at Pesaro.
Focrlizzo, or Foglino, a town of Piedmont, 5 m.
N. W. of Chivasso, and 13 W. of Crescentino.
Fogo. See Fuego.
Fohr, or Fora, an island of Denmark, about 12
m. in circumference, near the coast of Sleswick,
in the German Ocean, 65 m. N. of Heligoland.
Pop. about 5,500. Long. 8. 31. E., lat. 54. 44 .N.
Foix, a late district of France, in Languedoc,
adjoining the Pyrenees. It now forms, with
Couserans, the department of Arriege.
FON
304
FOR
Foix, a town of France, capital of the depart-
ment of Arriege. Here is a manufacture of coarse
woolen cloths, with some copper-mills. It is seat-
ed on the Arriege, near the foot of the Pyrenees,
42 m. S. by E. of Toulouse.
Fo-kien a maritime province in the S. of China,
bounded on the N. by Tche-kiang, W. by Kiang-
si, S. by Quang-tong, and E. by the China Sea.
The climate is warm ; and yet the air is so pure,
that no contagious diseases ever prevail. It pro-
duces musk in abundance, precious stones, quick-
silver, iron, and tin ; also gold and silver, but it
is forbidden to dig for these. It has fine plains ;
and industry fertilizes even the mountains, the
greater part of which are cut into terraces, rising
above each other. Its valleys are watered by
springs and rivers from the mountains, which the
husbandman distributes with great skill, to refresh
his rice : he has even the art to raise his water to
the tops of the mountains, and to convey it from
one side to the other, by pipes made of- bamboo.
The people speak a different language !n most of
the cities, each of which has its particular dialects.
The language of the mandarins is that which is
spoken every where; but few understand it in
this province : however, it produces a great num-
ber of literati. It contains 9 cities of the first
and GO of the third class. Fou-tcheo is the
capital.
FoleshiU, a parish in the county of the city of
Coventry, Eng. lying on the N. side of the city,
and intersected by the Coventry canal. Pop. in
1820, 4,937, almost exclusively employed in the
riband manufacture.
Foligno, a town of Italy, in the duchy of Um-
bria, famous for its sweetmeats, paper mills, and
silk manufactures. It is seated on the W. side
of the Apennines, near a fertile plain, 69 m. N. of
Rome.
Folkingham., a town in Lincolnshire, Eng.
Here are the ruins of an ancient castle. It is
seated on a rising ground, 18 m. W. S. W. of
Boston, and 106 N. of London. Pop. 759.
Folkstone, a town in Kent, Eng. It had once
five churches, four of which liave been destroyed
by the incursions of the sea. The inhabitants are
chiefly employed in fishing. Dr. Wm. Harvey,
the celebrated discoverer of the circulation of the
blood, was born here in 1578. It is a member of
the port of Dover, governed by a mayor, and a
little to the W. is Sandgate castle, built by Henry
VIII. It is seated on the English channel, 8 m.
S. W. of Dover, and 72 E. by S. of London. Pop.
in 1821, 4,232, chiefly dependent on fishing and
smuggling for support.
Fondc, a town of Naples, in the Terra di Lavoro,
seated on the ^ippian Way near the sea coast, 65
m. S. S. W. of Rome.
Fong-tsiang, or Fontcheou, a city of China, in
the province of Chen-si. Its district contains
eight cities of the second and third class. It is
seated on the Hole Ho, which falls into the Yel-
low river, 560 m. S. W. of Peking. Long. 106.
57. E., lat. 34. 36. N.
Fong-yang, a city of China, in the province of
Kiang-nan. It incloses within its walls several
fertile little hills ; and its jurisdiction comprehends
five cities of the second, and 13 of the third class.
It is seated on a mountain which overhangs a
river falling into the Hongts Hou, 70 m. N. E. of
Na-king. Long. 11(). 58. E., lat. 32. 52. N.
Fons, a town of France, in the department of
jA)t, 5 m. N. W. of Figeac.
Fontainbleau, a town of France, in the depart-
ment, of Seine and Marne, celebrated for its fine
palace, and a hunting seat of the sovereigns of
France. It stands in the midst of an extensive
forest, 35 m. S. S. E. of Paris. It is the seat of a
prefect. Pop. in 1820, 6,439.
Fontaine V Evequc a town of the Netherlands, in
the territory of Liege, 6 m. W. of Charleroi.
Fontanetto, a town of Piedmont, 7 m. E. of
Crescentino.
Fontarabia, a sea-port of Spain, in Biscay, on
the frontiers of France, from which it is separated
by the river Bidassoa, which forms a harbour at
its mouth, in the bay of Biscay. It stands on a
peninsula, at the foot of the Pyrenean mountains,
and is so strong both by nature and art as to be
accounted the key of Spain, on that side ; but il
opened its gates to the French in 1794. It is 22
m. S. W. of Bayonne, and 62 E. by N. of Bilbao
Long. 1. 47. W., lat. 43. 23. N.
Fontenay Ic Comte, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Vendee. It has a woolen manufac-
ture, and its fairs are famous for cattle. It is
seated on the Vendee, 25 m. N. E. of Rocfielle, 55
W. by S. of Poitiers, and 215 S. E. of Paris. It
is the seat of a prefect. Pop. in 1820, 7,470.
Fontenoy, a village of the Netherlands, iu
Hainault, 4 rn. S. E. of Tournay. It is celebra-
ted for a battle between the allies and the French
in 1745, in which the former were defeated.
Fontcvrault, a town of France, in the depart-
ment of Mayenne and Loire. Here is a famous
abbey, in the church of which, several kings and
queens of France lie interred. It is 7 m. S. £. ot
Saumer.
Fora, an island of Denmark, on the W. coast
of S. Jutland, between those of Sylt and Nord-
strand. It is of an oval form, 20 m. in circum-
ference, and the chief place is Utersen. See
Fohr.
Forcheim, a strong town of Franconia, in the
principality of Bamberg, with a fine arsenal. It
surrendered to the French in 1796, but the Aus-
trians compelled them to abandon it soon after-
ward. It is seated at the conflux of the Wisent
and Rednitz, 16 m. S. S. E. of Bamberg, and is
now included in the territory of the king of Ba-
varia.
Fordinghridge, a town in Hampshire, Eng. with
a manufacture of checks and bed-ticks ; seated on
the Little Avon, 10 m. S. of Salisbury, and 88 W.
by S. of London. Pop. in 1820, 2,444.
Fordsvilh, a village in Pearl River, Marion Co.
Mississippi.
Foreland, North, a promontory of Kent, Eng.
the E. point of the isle of Thanet. It is the most
southern point of the port of London ; and a line
thence extended N. to the point called the Nase,
in Essex, forms the mouth of the Thames. Here
is around brick tower, nearly 80 feet high, erect-
ed by the Trinitv-house for a sea-mark. Long.
1.29. E., lat. 51 ."22. N.
Foreland, South, another promontory of Kent.
It is called South, in respect to its bearing from
the other Foreland, which is 13 m. to the N. Be-
tween these two capes is the noted roadstead, call-
ed the Downs.
Forest Towns, four towns of Suabia, in Brisgau,
situate on the Rhine and the confines of Switzer-
land, at the entrance of the Black Forest. Their
names are W^aldschut, LaufFenburgh, Seckingen,
and Rheinfelden.
Foresterton, a village in Burlington Co. N. Y.
Forfar, a borough of Scotland, capital of An-
gusshire. It contains many neat modern houses
FOR
305
rou
and has manufactures of coarse linens and shoes.
It is situate in an extensive plain, nearly in the
centre of the county, 14 m. N. by E. of Dundee.
Forfarshire. See Angusshire.
Forges, a town of France, in the department of
Lower Seine, celebrated for its mineral waters.
It is 24 m. N. E. of Rouen.
Forio, or ForUario. See Ischia.
Forti, a town of Italy, in Romagna, seated on
the frontier of Tuscany, in a fertile country, near
the river Rones, 11 m. S. S. W. of Ravenna.
Formentera, an island in the Mediterranean,
belonging to the crown of Spain. It is situated
to the south of Ivica, from which it is separated
by a channel 4 m. wide.
Formosa, an island in the China Sea, lying be-
tween 120. and 122. E. long., and 22. and 25. N.
lat., and separated from the province of Fo-kien,
in China, by a channel about SO m. where nar-
rowest. It is 280 m. from N. to S., and 70 in its
broadest part, but is greatly contracted at the S.
extremity. It is subject to the Chinese, who,
however, did not know of its existence till the
year 1430. A chain of mountains, running its
whole length, divides it into two parts, the E. and
W. The Dutch built the fort of Zealand, on the
W. part, in 1G43. They were driven thence, in
1661, by a Chinese pirate, who made himself
master of all the W. part. In 1682 the whole
island submitted to the emperor of China. It
contains extensive and fertile plains, watered by
a great number of rivulets from the mountains.
It produces abundance of corn and rice, most of
the Indian fruits, many of those of Europe, to-
bacco, sugar, pepper, camphire, and cinnamon.
Wholesome fater is the only thing wanting in
Formosa. The inhabitants rear a great number
of oxen, which they use for riding, from a want
of horsos. This island was almost totally destroy-
ed by a furious hurricane and dreadful inundation
of the sea. Taiouang, at the S. W. end of the
island, is the capital.
Formosa, Cape, the point of land between the
bights of Benin and Biafra, in the gulf of Guinea.
Lat. 4. 15. N., and 5. 10. of E. long. One of the
Bissagos Isles on the W. coast of North Africa, is
• also called Formosa. Lat. 11. 30. N., long. 16.
10. W
Farnovo, a town of Italy, in the duchy of Par-
ma; near which, in 1495, Charles VIII. of France
obtained a victory over the princes of Italy. It
is8m. W. S. W. of Parma.
Forres, a royal burgh of Scotland, in Murray-
Bhiru, neatly built on an eminence, on the river
and near the bay of Findhorn, which is its port.
It has manufactures of linen and thread, and a
valuable salmon fishery. A little W. of the town
is a column, called Sweno's stone, covered with
antique sculpture, and said to have been erected
in memory of a victory obtained over the Danes,
in 1008. Forres is 12m. W. by S. of Elgin, and
12 E. of Nairn. Pop. in 1821, 3,.540.
Forsta, a town of Lusatia, with a castle. It has
manufactures of woolen and linen cloths and
carpets, ana stands on a little island in the Neissa,
15 m. S. S. W. of Guben, and 54 N. E. of Dres-
den.
Forteventura, or Fuerteventura, one of the Ca-
nary Islands, 65 m. in length, and of a very irre-
gular breadth, consisting of two peninsulas, joined
by an isthmus J2 m. in breadth. Its chief pro-
duct is the barilla plant, it also produces some
wheat, barley, beeves, and goats. The S. W
point is in long. 14. 31. W., lat 28. 4. N
39
Forth, a river ot Scotland, which rises .n the
mountain Ben liomond, in Dumbartonshire, flows
E. in a sinuous course by Stirling and Alloa, and
meets the German Ocean a little below Alloa,
where it forms a noble estuary, called the Frith of
Forth. The Forth is navigable for vessels of 80
tons, as far as Stirling bridge, and for merchant
vessels of any burden, as far as Grangemouth,
where there is a communication between this river
and the Clyde, by a canal.
Forth, Frith of, the estuary above mentioned,
is about 10 m. in mean breadth, that is, reckon-
ing the entrance from North Berwick on the S.,
to Elie Ness on the N., the distance from which
two points is about 8 m. ; from this line to the
Queensferry, where it narrows to a m. and a half,
the distance is about 28 m. and from Queensferry
to Grangemouth the distance is about 12 m. the
water spreading again to the extent of 3 to 4 m.
Between Queensferry and the line of Elie Ness
are a number of islands, the most celebrated of
which, are Inch Garvie, Inch Colm, and Inch
Keith ; on the latter, and on the Isle of May,
without the line of Elie Ness, are light-houses,
and these, as well as most of the other islands,
contain ruins of castles or religious houses. St.
Abb's head on the S., and Fife Ness on the N.,
distant from each other 35 m. are by some con-
sidered as forming the points of entrance to the
Frith of Forth.
Fortrose, a borough of Scotland, in Rosshire,
situate on the Murray Frith nearly opposite Fort
George, to which there is a regular ferry. It is
composed of two towns, Rosemarkie, and Cha-
nonry ; the former a very ancient borough, and
the latter one, a bishop's see. Two small parts of
the ancient cathedral remain, one used as a burial-
place, the other as a court-house and prison. It
IS 9 m. S. S. W. of Cromarty.
Fort Ann, a township of Washington Co. N. \
Pop. 3,210.
Fort Edieard, in the same Co. Pop. 1,816
Fort-Roijal, the capital of Martinique, on the
W. side of the island, with one of the best har-
bours in the West Indies, defended bv a strong
citadel. Long. 61. 9. W., lat 14. 36. N.
Fort-Royal, the capital of the island of Grana-
da. See St. George.
Fossano, a town of Piedmont, with a citadel,
seated on the Store, 10 m. N. E. of Coni. It has
manufactures of silk.
Fosse, a town of the Netherlands, in Namur,
situate between the Sambre and Meuse, 7 m. N.
W. of Namur.
Fossamhrone, a town of Italy, in the duchy of
Urbino, with a castle on a mountain, near the
river Metro, 10 m. S. E. of Urbino; the vicinity
is very productive of silk.
Fossum, a town of Norway, in the government
of Aggerhuys, noted for rich mines of cobalt, 35
m. W. of Christiania.
Foster, p.t. Providence Co. R. I. 15. m. W
Providence. Pop. 2,672.
Fotheringay, a village in Northamptonshire,
Eng. 3 m. N. of Oundle, near the Nen Hore
are the ruins of a castle in which Richard III.
was born, and Mary Queen of Scots tried and be
headed. In the church are interred two dukes of
York ; Edward, killed at Agincourt in France,
and Richard, slain at Wakefield.
Foue, or Faoua, a town of Lower Egypt, seat-
ed on the W. branch of the Nile, 25 m. S. by E.
of Rosetto.
Fmicreres, a town of France, m the department
2 c2
FOX
306
FRA
of Hie and Vilaine, with an ancient castle. In
1802, it was taken by John, king of England. It
'N seated on the Coesnom, 25 m. N. E. of Rennes,
and laO W. by S. of Paris. It is the seat of a
prefect.
Foula, or Fowla. See Fula.
Fuuii, Pholey, or Foulak. a country of Africa,
extending on both sides of the river Senegal about
500 m. from E. to W. ; the boundaries from N. to
S. are unknown. It is populous and fertile. The
Foulahs are, in general, of a tawny complexion,
though many of them are entirely black. Some
lead a wandering 1 ife, and roam about the country
with large droves of cows, sheep, goats, ana
horses : others are dexterous at hunting wild
Deasts ; the teeth of elephants, and the skins of
lions, leopards, and tigers, being articles of trade.
Their arms are bows and arrows, lances, swords,
daggers, and occasionally a kind of small fusee.
They are praised by travellers for tlieir hospitali-
ty : nor is their humanity in other respects less
commendable ; for if one of their countrymen have
the misfortune to fall into slavery, the rest join
stock to redeem him. The king of this country is
called the Siratick ; and though he seldom ap-
pears with the badges of majesty, he has great
authority, and is as much respected as any one
on the coast.
Foidnnss, a small island on the S. E. coast of
Essex, Eng. formed by the river Crouch, at its en-
trance into the mouth of the Thames. It has a
village, with a church, 8 m. E. by N. of Rochford.
Pop. in 1821,565.
Foidskam, a town in Norfolk, Eng. 3 m. N. E.
of London.
Four Cantons, Lake of the. See Waldstadter Sea.
Fournedux Island, a small island in the Pacific
ocean. Long. 143. 2. W., lat. 17. 11. S.
Fou-tchf.ou, a city of China, in Fokien, and the
most considerable in that province, on account
of its trade, the convenience of its rivers and port,
and the number of its literati. It is the residence
of a viceroy, and has under its jurisdiction nine cit-
ies of the third class. It is sealed near the mouth of
a river falling into the China sea, 435 miles N. E.
of Canton, and 1 ,030 S. by E. of Peking. Long. 119.
4. E., lat. 26. 4. N.
Fmt-tcheou, another city of China in Kiangsi,
formerly one of the most beautiful cities in China,
but almost ruined by the invasion of the Tartars.
It is 240 m. N.W. of the other Fou-tcheou, and
835 m. S. of Pekin. Long. 115. 56. E., lat. 27.
55. N.
Foiceij, or Faimj, a river in Cornwall, Eng.
which rises four miles S. E. of Camelford, passes
by Lostwithiel, and after a winding course of
about 40 m. enters the English channel, at Fowey .
Fowcij, a borouirh and sea-port in Cornwall,
Eng. with a considerable trade by the pilchard
fishery. The harbour is defended by St. Cathe-
rine fort, on the summit of a steep pile of rocks,
and an adjoining battery The streets are so
narrow, and with such sudden turnings, that no
wheeled carriages can be admitted. The church
is a spacious structure. It is seated at the mouth
of the Fowev, which forms a capacious harbour,
32 m. S. W. of Launeeston, and 239 W. by S.
of London. Long. 4. 37. W., lat. 50. 19. N.
Foiolcr, p.t. St. Lawrence Co. N. Y. Pop.
1,447 Also a township in Trumbull Co. Ohio.
Fo/J)orough, p.t. Norfolk Co. Mass. on a branch
of Taunton river 25 m. S. Boston. Pop. 1,099.
Fozcroft, a. township in Penobscot Co. M«. Pop.
677.
Fox Islands, a group of islands in the Northern
Archipelago. They are 10 in number, between
the coast of Kamtschatka and the W. coast of
America, between 52. and 55. N. lat. Each is-
land has a peculiar name ; but this general name
is given to the whole group, on account of the
great number of black, grey, and red foxes, with
which they abound. The dress of the iniiabitants
consists of a cap, and a fur coat which reaches
down to their knees : some wear a cap of party co-
loured bird-skin, upon which is left part of the ,
wings and tail. On the forepart of their hunting
and fishing caps, they place a small board, like a
screen, adorned with the jawbones of sea-bears,
and ornamented with glass beads, which they re-
ceive in barter from the Russians. They feed
upon the flesh of all sorts of sea animals, and gen.
erally eat it raw. The provision intended foi'
keeping, is dried without salt, in the air. Their
weapons are bows, arrows and darts ; and for de-
fence, they use wooden shields. The most per-
fect equality reigns among them : they have nei-
ther chiefs nor superiors, neither laws nor pun-
ishments. They live together in families, and
societies of several families united, which form
what they call a race, who, in case of attack or
defence, mutually aid each other. They have a
good share of plain natural understanding ; and
seem cold and indifferent in most of their actions ;
yet if an injury, or mere suspicion, rouse them
from this phlegmatic state they become furious
and revengeful. The Russians call these islands
the Lyssie Ostrova.
*^* There is a cluster of small'but beautiful,
fertile and romantic islands, called Fox islands,
in Penobscot Bay, Maine.
Forford, a town of Ireland, in the county of
Mayo, on the river Moy, 8 m. E. N. E. of Castle-
bar. Pop. in 1821, 1,024.
Fay, St. a town o{ France, in the department
of Gironde, on th« river Dordogne, 38 m. E. of
Bordeaux.
Foyers, or Fyers, a river of Scotland, in the
county of Inverness, which rises a iew m. E. of
fort Augustus, and flows into Loch Ness. About
2 m. before its entrance into the lake is the Fall
of Floyers, one of the highest in the world, being
207 feet in height, in one unbroken stream.
Foylc, a river of Ireland, formed by the con-
flux of the Fin and the Mourne, at LifFord, in
the county of Donegal. It passes by St. Johns-
town and Londonderry, and 4 m. below expands
into a bay, called Lough Foyle, of an oval form,
14 m. long and 8 broad, which communicates witli
the ocean by a short and narrow strait.
Fraga, a town of Spain, in Arragon, strong
by situation, having the river Cinca before it,
whose high banks are difficult of access, and at
its back a hill, which cannot easily be approach»»<^v
with cannon. Alphonso VII., king of Arragon
was killed here b}' the Moors, in 1134, when Iv
besieged this town. It is 63 m. E. S. £. of Sara-
gossa.
Fragos, a town of Portugal, in Estremadura, 7
m. S. W. of Santarem.
Framingham, p.t. Middlesex Co. Mass. 20 m.
S. W. Boston. Pop. 2,213.
Framling ham, a. town of Suffolk, Eng. It lias
the remains of a castle. To this place the prin-
cess Mary retired, wljen lady Jane Grey was pro-
claimed queen ; and here she found that power-
ful support, which soon seated her on the throne.
It is 30 m. E. of Bury, and 87 N. E of I<on-
don. r IIX1
FRA
307
FRA
Francavilla, a town of Naples, in Terra di
Otriinto, wit i a trade in oil, cotton stockings, and
snuff, 15 m. C. N. E. of Taranto.
Francavill ', a town of Naples, in Basilicata, on
the river Sino, 20 m. W. S. W. of Trusi.
France, a country of Europe, extending in its
extreme limits from the village of Peats de jMello,
at the foot of the Eastern Pyrenees, m the lat. of
42. 23., in nearly a peipendicular line to Dun-
kirk, in the lat. of 51. 2. N. ; this line gives a
distance of 517 geographical, 593 British statute
m. ; tlie most important extreme point on the W.
is Brest, in the long, of 4. 2;). W., and 43. 23. of
N. lat., and on the E. Strasburg in the long, of
7. 45. E. and lat. of 48. ']o. ; the distance between
those two points is 12. 14. of W. long., which in
the mean lat. of 48. 29. is equal to 490 geographi-
cal, or 576 British statute m., but a line exceed-
ing this by about 40 m. might be drawn in this
direction within the French territory, from Point
Ras, 28 m. S. of Brest, to the extreme eastern
limit, 45 m. S. byE. of Strasburg ; the mean
tine, however, from N. to S. does not exceed 470,
a.id from W.to E. 420 British statute m. This limi*
gives a superficies of 197,400 sq. m., equal to
12(),33f5,000 British statute acres ; a report made
to the French government in 1817 computed
the superficies to be equal to 128 millions of
acres, of which about 92 millions were in a state
of cultivation, ard about 36 millions of acres
reported as nnproduCb>e, and unfit for cultivation.
This fine territory is nounded from Dunkirk to
the Rhine, in the lat. of 59. N. a distance of 290
m. in a direction E. S. E. of Netherlands and
the Prussian provinces of the Rhine; about 100
m. of this frontier nearest to Dunkirk is an open
plain without any natural barrier ; further S. the
inroad is more or less impeded by forests. From
the lat. of 49. the Rhine in a direction S. by W.
for about 110 m. divides France from the territory
of the grand duke of Baden ; from the lat. of 47.
40. to 43. 42. it is divided from Switzerland,
Savoy, and Piedmont, by collateral ridges of the
Alpine mountains ; the S. E. extremity is bounded
by the little river Var tvhich divides France from
the county of Nice The meridional distance
from this point to the eastern extremity of the
Pyrenees is 220 statute m., but the indentations
of the Mediterranean sea, give an extent of sea-
coast on that side of France, near to, if not ex-
ceeding 3(10 m. The Pyrenean mountains in a
direction W. by N. for 250 m. next form the
southern boundary of France, dividing it from the
Iberian peninsula of Spain and Portugal ; the
little river Bidassoa forms the boundary at the S.
W. extremity, and W. from the mouth of this
river in the lat. of 43. 22. and 1. 47. of W. long,
to the isle of Ush^nt, in the lat. of 43. 28. and 5.
3. ofW.lonor. France is bounded by the Atlantic
Ocean ; and N. W. from the Isle of Ushant to
Dunkirk by the English channel. The meridional
distance from the Bidassoa to Ushant is 390 m., and
from Ushant to Dunkirk 380 m., but the indenta-
tions of the sea will give about 500 m. of coast
on each side of the isle of Ushant, and with the
S. E boundary on the Mediterranean an aggre-
gate extent of sea-coast of about 1,300 m., and
a circumference of about 2,200 m. The sea-ports
are Dunkirk, Calais, Boulogne, Dieppe, Fecamp,
Havre, Caen, Cherburgh, St. Maloand Morlaix,on
the coast of the English channel; Brest, Quimper,
L' Orient, Nantes, Rochelle,Rochefort, Bordeaux,
and Bavonne, on the coast of the Bay of Biscay
or Atlantic Ocean, and Marseilles and Toulon
in the Mediterranean ; Cherburgu, Brest, Roche-
fort, and Toulon are the chief stations of th«
French national marine.
Every part of France is intersected by riverp
flowing in all directions. Taking them in geo-
graphical order from the N. tiie first entitled to
notice are the Moselle and the Meuse, both of
which rise in the N. E. part of France, and take
circuitous courses northerly into the Netherlands,
the former falling into the Rhine, and tlie latter
into the N. Sea. The Somine is an inconsidera-
ble river running W. N. W. into the English
channel. The next in order and imporlance is
the Seine which also runs in a W. N. W. direc-
tion into the English channel, being joired in
its course by the Marne. Aube, and the Oise, on
the N.,and by the Yonne and the Euro on the S.
The Orne,and two or three other rivers of inferior
note also fall into the English channel. The no-
blest river in all France is the Loire, which rises
in the S. and flows in a dire(!tion N. by W. for
about 250 m., when it takes a direction nearly
due W. for about 250 m. more, falling into the
Atlantic Ocean. It receives in its course numer-
ous tributary streams, the most considerable of
which, are the Allier, running parallel with it
from the S. for about 180 m., and the Cher, Indre,
Creuce, Vienne, and Sevre, all from the S., and
from the N. it receives the Lower Loire, Sarthe,
Mayenne, and a few others of a smaller size. In
the S. the united streams of the Lot, the Tarn,
and Garonne, with several others of inferior note,
form the Gironde which falls into the Bay of
Biscay, being joined from the E. below Bordeaux
by the Dordogne and Ille. Between the Loire
and the Gironde the Charente, and between the
Gironde and the Pyrenees the Adour, each
with numerous tributary streams also fall into the
Bay of Biscay. The Rhone rising near Mount
St. Gothard in Switzerland, after forming the
lake of Geneva it enters France on the S. E., and
after a course of about 80 m. to Lyons, first S.
and then W. it takes a course nearly due S. from
Lyons, for about 150 m. falling into the Mediter-
ranean ; being joined at Lyons by the Saone
from the N., and below Lyons from the E. by the
Isere, the Drome, and the Durance. The Seine
is united with the Loire by a canal as is the
Garonne with the Mediterranean sea.
Since the revolution which commenced in 1789,
France has been divided into 86 departments, each
department into 3 to 6 arrondissements, the total
being 363 , the arrondissements into 2,669 cantons,
and the cantons into 38,990 communes. Accor-
ding to censuses of the population taken in 1789,
the numbers were 26,300,000, and in 1820, 30,451,
187 ; this number, taken in reference to the ex-
tent of surface over which it is spread, renders
France, relatively, more than one-third less popu-
lous than England and Wales.
With the exception of the S. E. departments
bordering on the Alpine territories of Swit-
zerland, Savoy, and Piedmont which are elevat-
ed, France may be regarded as a level, rather than
a mountainous country, and in many respects,
alike in a geographical, political, and social sense,
as bearing a similar relation to Europe that the fine
and fertile plains and people of China do to Asia.
Over all the S. E. part of the country the vine, al-
mond, olive, and mulberry, luxuriate and bring
forth fruit in the higfhest decree of perfection,
and the vine and a variety of delicious fruits flour-
ish over the greater part of the country, to the
49th degree of lat.
FRA
908
FRA
Wild animals are not numerous in France, from
the want of larjje forests and extensive mountains.
The black ar>d brown bears are found among
the Pyrenees and the l_ynx among the Alps. The
badger digs its den in the remotest woods, rnd
the mole is abundant in the most fruitful fields.
The forests of the Vosges and the woods upon
the Moselle afford a shelter to several species of
squirrels. And the Siberian flying squirrel, which
issues from its retreat in the night and springs
from branch to branch is not uncommon among
the Alps. The hamster rat is one of the most per-
nicious of the tribes in existence. He makes ex-
traordinary ravages among the crops and will
sometimes amass in his den an hundred pounds
of grain. All the large forests are inhabited by
the wolf, the most destructive of the carnivorous
animals in France.
Almost every species of bird common to Europe
is found here. The flamingoes from Africa ap-
pear in flocks on the shores of the Mediterranean.
The becaficoes or fig-peckers, so much esteeemed
by the epicure are abundant in the south. That
fine songster, the nightingale, is by no means rare.
Larks are so abundant that the markets are often
stocked with them for food, and the business of
taking them with bird-lime affords employment to
great numbers of people. The red partridge is
common in the central and western departments,
and the grey in the southern. Woodcocks and
snipes frequent the woods and marshes. The
ring ouzel is a bird of passsage and feeds upon
insects and berries, but is particularly fond of the
grapes of this country. The goldfinch, the lin-
net and the bulfinch may be added to the list of
singing birds. Of hawks there is a variety, and
among; them may be mentioned the goshawk
who is of a slender and elegant figure and very
destructive to small game. This bird is also
found in Germany and occasionally in Great
Britian.
The N. and N. W. departments are productive in
every kind of grain, pulse and legumes ; man-
ufactures of silk, wool, linens, leather, and met-
als, are carried on over all parts of the country,
and since the termination of the war in 1814, the
cotton n anufacture has been progressively in-
creasing, and is now carried on to a great extent.
In addition to these internal resources, France
exclusively enjoys the abundant produce of the
islands of Martinique and Guadaloupe in the West
Indies ; she also holds in colonial possession Cay-
enne in South America ; Goree and Senegal on
the coast of Africa ; and the isle of Bourbon in the
Indian Ocean ; and draws considerable supplies
of produce from Brazil, the United States of Amer-
ica, parts beyond the Cape of Good Hope, the
Levant, and other parts of the world, in exchange
for her surplus produce of wines, brandy, silks,
and various manufactures. Exempt from all those
extremes of climate which in several parts of the
world militate against physical exertion, as well
as vegetation, France may be considered as pos-
sessing within itself all the means of commanding
a higher degree of human enjoyment than can be
obtained in any other part of Europe, and equal to
what can be obtained in any other part of the globe.
For centuries prior to the Christian era, this
part of Europe appears to have been inhabited by
a numerous and hardy race of people, those oc-
cupying the interior being denominated Celts.
The first important notice which history furnishes
of them is in 22.5 B. C. when the Gauls who in-
habited part of Piedmont and the north of Italy,
invited the people then occupying the banks of
the Rhone to aid them in repelling the aggressions
of the Romans ; and from thus being brought in
contact with that powerful and enlightened peo
pie, they acquired the name of Transalpine Gauls,
in reference to their territory lying W. of the
Alps, and in contradistinction to the ancient
Gauls, who were designated the Cisalpines. In
106 B. C. the Cimbri and Teutones from the
north of Germany marched through Transalpine
Gaul into Spain, rav.aging the country on their
wa}', but being driven back by the Ccltil)eriaiis,
they divided their forces with the view of pene-
trating into Italy in two directions : the Teutones
directed their course to the S. E. when they
were opposed by Marius, between the mouths nf
the Rhone and the Durance, and experienced a
complete defeat, losing 200,000 men on the field
of battle, and 80,000 more taken prisoners. From
this period the Romans extended their arms and
their arts over the greater part of the country,
and in 59 B. C. the Roman senate conferred on
Julius Caesar the government of all Transalpine
Gaul for five years ; two j'ears after this, the
whole western coast from the Seine to tlie Loir»*
FRA
309
FRA
became effectually subdued to Roman control,
and in five years more, by awarding honorary
distinctions to the principal cities, and distri-
buting bribes to the leading chiefs, the whole
country became reconciled to the Roman gov-
ernuient. It was afterwards divided into 17 mili-
tary divisions.
As the power of the Romans declined, Transal-
pine Gaul again became exposed to the inroad of
the different tribes on the N. E. In the year
406, a tribe of Burgundians from the banks of the
Vistula crossed the Rhine and took possession of
that part of the country, afterwards named Bur-
gundy, and in 420 another tribe from Franconia,
under the command of Pharamond entered from
tiie N. E. From 450 to 452 it was ravaged by the
-Huns under Attila, who on laying siege to Or-
leans was brought to battle by Meroveus, who
defeated Attila with a loss of 200,000 men. In
482 Clovis, a Franconian and^escendant of Me-
roveus, possessed himself of all the places in
Transalpine Gaul, previously held by the Ro-
mans, and in 492 marrying Clotilda, daughter of
Chilperic, king of the Burgundians, became king
of the whole country now called France. Clotilda
at the time of her marriage had embraced Chris-
tianity, and in 496 Clovis initiated himself in its
mysteries through the means of St. Remi, and
was baptized at Rheims on Christmas eve of that
year : hence the custom of the coronation at
Jlheims of the kings of France through a period
.of more than 1,300 years. Clovis was the first of
a race of 17 kings who reigned over France in
regular succession, denominated the Merovingian
race, in reference to their descent from Meroveus.
Jn 732 France was ravaged by the Saracens un-
der the command of Abaalrahman, when Eudes,
■duke of Aquitain, implored the assistance of
Charles Martel, duke of Austrasia who brought
Abdalrahman to battle between Tours and Poiters,
and defeated him, as history informs us, with the
loss of 375,000 men, Abdalrahman liimself being
slain on the field of battle. In 737 the crown of
France devolved to Charles Martel, whose manly
spirit, however, disdained regal parade. He ruled
France for four years under the title of duke ; he
died in 741 , and was succeeded by an imbecile
named Childeric, whose authority in 752 was
superseded by Pepin, and this person became the
first of a race of 13 kin "-s denominated Carlavin-
gians. Pepin died in 763, and was succeeded by
Charlemagne the renowned, crowned emperor of
jthe Romans, or of the West, at Rome, in 800.
On the death of Louis V. in 986, after a reign of
one year, the crown of France descended to
Charles, an uucle of Louis, but in consequence
of his having vassalated himself to the emperor
.Otho III. he was precluded from its accession,
and the crown was conferred by election on Hugh
Capet, who became the first of another race of
14 kings termed the Capetian. Charles IV. the
• last of the Capets in regular succession dying in
J334, without male issue, the crown devolved on
Philip of Valots, who was the first of 7 kings of
that race. In 1498 it devolved on the duke of
Orleans, who became Louis XII. and was the
first of another race of 6 kings. On the death of
Henry III. in 1539, the succession was again
broken, when the crown devolved on Henry of
Bourbon, in whose line it continued until the de-
caoitation of Louis XVI. on the 21st of January,
1793.
For some centuries antecedent to this period,
(' ranee had been divided into 32 provinces of very
unequal extent, each with a distinct local admin*
istration. The period of their formation does not
appear. At the time the Romans first entered
France, it was divided into four great parts, viz.
Narbonensis, comprising the S. E., Aquitain the
S. W., Celtica the interior, and Gallia Belgica
the N. The division into 17 provinces took place
under Augustus, the first emperor of Rome, and
some of the Roman names continued as late as
the 13th century, John, king of England, in the
preamble to Magna Charta, being styled duke of
Normandy and Aquitain. Austrasia, over which
Charles Martel presided in the 8th century, ap-
pears to have comprised part of the N. E. of
France, and what now forma part of the Prussian
Provinces of the Rhine. Subsequent to the pe-
riod of the accession of Clovis in 481, the country
appears to have been exposed to a continuity of
internal dissensions ; and when these had subsi-
ded, the vain glory which France acquired under
Charlemagne, increased the jealousy of the neigh-
bouring powers, and excited external broils. In
912 the N. W. coast was invaded by a northein
tribe called Normans who retained possession of
that part of the country afterwards called Nor-
mandy ; and in 1060, William the duke of this
province, invaded, conquered, and became king
of England. This event subsequently led to
violent contests between England and France.
Louis VII., in 1137, embarked in the crusading
mania of that period, and in 1334 on Charles IV.,
the last of the Capets, dying without male ia^ue,
Edward III. of England, set up his claim to the
French crown. The battles of Cressy and
Poitiers in 134G J*id 1355 js-sulted frojn this pre-
tension. At the battle of Poitiers, John, king of
France was taken prisoner, but afterwards ran-
somed for 3,000,000 crowns of gold, equal to
£1,500,000. A respite from external war followed
this negociation, but internal broils again ensued,
and in 1415 Henry V. king of England, availed
himself of prevailing dissensions to renew the
claim of Edward to the French crown, and on
the 25th of October of that year, the French
forces experienced a decisive defeat at Agincourt.
Henry followed up his victory by the capture of
several of the most important towns in Normandy,
and in 1420 the succession to the crown waa
ceded to him by treaty. In 1422 he assumed the
regency of France ; but he dying at Vienne on
the 30th of August of that year, his brother suc-
ceeded him in the regency during the minority
of his son Henry VI. who was crowned king of
France at Paris, on the 7th of December 1431.
The English influence had, however, previously
experienced a considerable check, by the singular
and daring exploits of Jeanne of Arc, celebrated
as the maid of Orleans, and by 1451, Calais was
the only place in France held by the English.
Her kings, however, retained the title of king of
France until the peace of Amiens, in 1801-8.
After having succeeded in driving the English
from the French territory, France embroiled her-
self in the contentions of her northern and east-
ern neighbours ; but a general peace pervaded
all Europe during the latter part of the 16th cen-
tury, by the treaty of Cambray in 1559. The rest-
less spirit of the French government during the
reigns of Francis II., Charles IX., and Henry III.,
the three last kings of the Orleans race, directed
their wantonness and cruelty against their own
protestant subjects. This persecution was allay
ed for a time by Henry IV. the first of the Bour-
bons, who ascended the throne in 1589, ande(
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310
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wliose conciliatory policy, the interests of France
became more consolidated than at any former pe-
riod. Henry, however, was assassinated by a
fanatic in lOlO, when fresh disorder ensued, and
France attain was seen involved in all the conten-
tions of the European states, and of England with
her American colonies, which took place in the
interval of that period.
It was immediately after the general peace of
Europe in 1783, when the English American
colonies obtained an honorable independence,
that the triple oppression of the crown, the no-
bles, and tlie clergy became intolerable to the
French people.
The finances became inextricably embarrassed,
and the States General or assembly of the repre-
sentatives of the people according to an ancient
but disused custom, were called together in 1789.
From the consideration of fiscal affairs they were
led to the discussion of political rights and theo-
ries of government. The revolution followed,
and its events form the most tragic and bloody
page in all modern history. This occurrence in-
volved France in a war with almost all Europe,
and her effbrts single handed against thistremen-
doue odds excited the astonishment of the world.
Among those who contributed more especially
to the eclat of the French armies. Was a young
officer, Napoleon Bonaparte, who, on his return
to Paris, after his successful campaign in Italy,
was intrusted with the command of a vast ar-
nia;nent to the shores of Egypt, and when he re-
turned in 1799 was mainly instrumental in form-
ing a new constitution under a Triune consulate,
senate and legislative feody, in-which he himself
was appointed one of the consuls. In October,
1801, a peace was signed with England, which
proved, however, of short duration. War was
renewed in 1803, when Bonaparte was appointed
Consul for life, with power to nominate his suc-
cessor ; this, however, fell short of his ambition,
and in May of the following year he was pro-
claimed Emperor of France. On the 1st of
October, 1805, he again headed a powerful army
against the German States ; detached the minor
powers from the Germanic confederacy, and
united them to his own interest, under the new
title of the Confederation of the Rhine. In 1808,
he marched an army of 80,000 men into Spain,
and placed one of his brothers on the throne of
that country ; another brother he had caused to
be crowned king of Holland ; another king of
Westphalia, and a brother-in-law king of Naples.
The whole of the Netherlands he had annexed to
France, in 16 departments ; and on the king of
Holland resigning his crown in 1809, the whole
of that country, with tbe coast of Germany, as
far as the Elbe ; the states of the papal church,
and the greater part of the north of Italy, were
also decreed integral parts of the French empire,
in 28 additional departments.
The emperor of Austria, imagining that the di-
vision of the French forces into Spain afforded
him an opportunity of avenging the repeated de-
feats he had sustamed, provoked a new contest in
1809, when Napoleon again took the field against
the Austrians, and on the 5th of July completely
defeated them. A treaty of peace followed,
in which the daughter of the emperor of Austria
was ceded in marriage to the conqueror of her
father's capital. The birth of a son in 181 1 seemed
for a time to render permanent the fortunes of
Napoleon and his family ; but an ill-fated ambi-
tion led him. in 1812, to march an army of 300,000
men into Russia. After repeated and severe con
flicts he reached Moscow, the acient capital of
that empire, on the 14th of September. By the or-
der of the governor, this city was secretly set on
fire, and the desolation by which Napoleon found
himself surrounded induced him to withdraw his
forces. They were overtaken with snow storms
before they could reach the frontiers, whilst the
Russians on their rear subjected them to continued
disasters ; and in the end destroyed the finest ar-
my which ever assembled in Europe. In the mean
time the French troops in the peninsula were ex-
posed to frequent defeats ; and, by 1814, Napoleon
and his troops had not only been driven with-
in their own frontier, but a united Russian,
Prussian, and Austrian army entered France from
the N. E., the British, Spanish, and Portuguese
armies entered it from the S. W., and Napoleon,
seeing the tide of fortune completely set against
him, immediately abdicated the sceptre. The is-
land of Elba was assigned to him as a residence
in full sovereignty for life, with an income of
about £200,000 per annum. On the 3rd of May,
1814, Louis XVIII., who had been exiled in Eng.
during the consular and imperial dynasty, arrived
in Paris to resume the throne of his ancestors.
On the 5th of March, 1815, Napoleon secretly lan-
ded at Frejus, and marched without interruption
to Paris, from which Louis fled at midnight on
the 20th. Napoleon arrived the same evening ;
on the 27th the national council annulled his abdi-
cation, and called upon him to resume his impe-
rial functions. On the 29th he abolished the Af-
rican slave trade ; on the 12th of June he left
Paris, to take the command of an army on the N.
E. frontier , but, after a whole day's severe fight-
ing, on the 18th his line was broken, his troops
thrown into confusion, and the palm of victory
left with the allies, who marched again upon Paris,
which they reached on the fith of July. Napoleon
again abdicated the imperial sceptre, and on the
29th of June quitted Paris never to return. Louis
again resumed the sovereignty on the 18th of
July; on the 25th of the same month Napoleon
surrendered to the commander of a British ship
of war, and was afterwards carried to the island
of St. Helena, in the Atlantic Ocean, where he
died on the 5th ofMa,y, 1821.
Louis XVIII. died in September 1824, and was
succeeded by his brother Charles Philip (Count
d'Artois) under the title of Charles X., whose in-
creasing infringement of the rights of the people
at length aroused universal indignation, and ex-
pelled him from the throne he had so unworthily
filled, and the country he had laboured to enslave.
The form of government since 1814 resembled
that of Britain — the power being vested in the
king, the chamber of peers, and the deputies. To
strengthen himself in the chamber of peers,
Charles X. increased it by creations : to weaken
the people he invaded the elective franchise and
shackled the press. In August 1829 he dismissed
M. Martignac's administration because it wouid
not go all lengths against the people, and appoint-
ed another of ultra royalists, under his natural
son Prince Polignac. The first act of the depu-
ties, on the meeting of the chambers in March
1830, was an address praying for the dismission
of the ministers. The king answered it haughtily
and dismissed the chambers. Finding that the
new chamber was likely to thwart his views
still more than the former, he determined to strike
a decisive blow, and on Sunday, July 25, he
signed three ordinances — the first abolishing the
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freedom of the press — the second dissolving the
chamber of deputies, which had never assem-
bled — and the third abrogating the most important
rights of the elective franchise. — This, however,
was the last act of his misrule. A revolution en-
sued The people were victorious. The govern-
ment of Charles was overturned, and himself left
to drag out the remains of his days in ignominious
and unpitied banishment ; while the sceptre was
placed in the hands of a constitutional monarch,
Louis Philippe I. — formerly the duke of Orleans.
This revolution has already had a powerful influ-
ence on other states, and promises to open the
way to the most important changes on the conti-
nent of Europe. A distinguishing feature of the
present order of government is its perfect tolera-
tion in religious matters. The religion of the sov-
ereign and the court is the Roman Catholic, but
the teachers of all other sects of Christians are
now supported by government. A considerable
number of priests hiive recently separated them-
selves from the Romish pale, and the number of
Protestants is increasing daily-
France exhibits an imposing picture of physical,
moral, and social power, which the philosopher
and philanthropist will view with mingled feelings
of hope and fear ; with hope, that she will hence-
forward be as assiduous to acquire glory in pursu-
ing the arts of peace, and the attainments of so-
cial order, as she has heretofore been in the pur-
suit of conquest and political aggrandisement ;
and with fear, lest intrigue, priestcraft, and sel-
fish ambition should again obtain an ascendancy,
and predominate over the riglits and interests of the
people.
It is not easy for American readers to acquire
any just knowledge of the character of the
Frencii. English travellers have written much
upon this nation, but they are not to be trusted.
The French people in many respects occupy the
first rank among the European nations. The in-
fluence of this country may be compared to that
of ancient Greece over the civilized world. The
French language is the language of courts and
ambassadors, and almost a common medium of
intercourse among the different members of the
flfreat European family. This universality of
their language with the affability and agreeable
manners of the people their courtesy to strangers,
the concentration of men of science and litera-
ture from all quarters at their capital, no less than
geographical position of the country, all combine
to render France more immediately central in
point of influence and example than any other
nation in the world. It was a true saying of
Napoleon, that a revolution in France is a revolu-
tion in Europe.
The French are slender, active, well-propor-
tioned, and rather shorter than their neighbours.
Their eyes and hair are black, and their complex-
ion brown or sallow, which it has been thought,
gave rise to the custom of painting the face amonor
the ladies. The women in France are celebrated
more for their vivacity and wit, than for personal
beauty. The superior people are very attentive
to the exercises of dancing, fencing, and ridinnr,
in all which they generally excel in point of
gracefulness.
* Nothing appears to the French more odious than
*j||aniformity, on which account the changes among
them are so frequent, that it is impossible to de-
scribe any particular dress as that which is adopt-
ed as a standard. Notwithstanding the fickleness
of fashion at Paris, and other large cities of the
empire, the great mass of the people in distant
provinces, always faithful to ancient manners,
smile, under the enormously large hat, at the new
modes which rise and fall almost every day
among their more polished compatriots.
Paris sets the fashions of all Europe, and an
immense trade in articles of dress and new pat-
terns is carried on by tailors, mantua-makers, and
milliners. Every week has its new female fash-
ions, and every month its new male fashions ; all
say they, for the good of trade.
Brutal battles, quarrels, and noisy drunken
fellows, are nuisances seldom met with. The
lower class of people behave to each other with
a surprising degree of civility. The unhappy
females who roam the streets at nights, are nei-
ther obtrusive, rude, nor riotous. At the theatres,
the tranquillity of the audience is seldom inter-
rupted : people go for the wise purpose of being
pleased, and with the good-humoured disposition
to be satisfied. These places of amusement are,
doubtless, much indebted for their tranquility to
the national sobriety of the French.
Politeness and good manners may be traced,
though in different portions, through every rank.
This however, does not form a more remarkable
and distinguishing feature in the French nation-
al character, than the vivacity, impetuosity, and
fickleness, for which the ancient, as well as the
modern inhabitants of Paris, have been noted.
Sunday is but slightly observed in France, at
any season ; and very slightly indeed in harvest.
Some go to church for about an hour ; but, be-
fore and after no great marks of Sabbath are per-
ceptible. This is to be regretted : a day of rest
is at least an excellent political regulation ; good
for man and beast ; but in France all the theatres
and places of amusement are open, and more
frequented than on any other day in the week.
The scrupulous honesty of the lower and mid-
dling classes in restoring any lost property to its
owner, is worthy of particular remark. The
postilions, coachmen, servants, &c. may general
ly be trusted with confidence. The tradesmen
also, though they ask more than they mean to
take for their goods, would cheerfully and unask
ed, restoreto you your purse, umbrella, cane.or any
thing you might have left in their shop by acci-
dent, and this, if not reclaimed for a considerable
time.
The temperate mode of life pursued by the
French, their geographical position and agricul-
tural pursuits, exempt them from any great vari-
ety and severity of disease. The fact is f xein
FRA
318
TRA
plified not less in the happy constitution of the
people, than in the advanced age at which the
majority of those persons die in France, whom
it is an object to record, from the abiUties of the
individual.or the rank which he may have held
in society. " He was only 56 or 60, ' is a com-
mon r.rmula of French biography. The Cardin-
al de i'leuri died at 90; the President d'Henanlt
at 96; Crebillon, the son, at 70 ; Condamine at
74 ; Voltaire at 84 ; the Marquis du Deffand at
84. Men of 70 and 80 have usually as much
life and playfulness in France, as their grand-chil-
dren.
France, Isle of, a late province of France, so
called, because it was bounded by the rivers
Seine, Marne. Oise, Aisne, and Ourque. It now
forms the foui departments of Oise ; Seine ; and
Oise ; Seine and Marne ; Seine, and Paris.
France, Isle of, or Mauritius, an island in the
Indian ocean, 400 m. E. of Madagascar. It was
discovered by the Portuguese ; but the first who
settled here were the Dutch, in 1598. They call-
ed it Mauritius, in honor of the prince Maurice,
their stadthol-ler ; but, on their acquisition of the
Cape of Good Hope, they deserted it ; and it
continued unsettled till the French landed here
in 1730, and gave it the name of one of the finest
provinces in France. It is 150 m. in circumfer-
rence. The climate is healthy ; but the soil not
very fertile. There are many mountains, some
of which are so high, that their tops are covered
with snow ; they produce the best ebony in the
world. The valleys are well watered with rivers,
and are made very productive by cultivation, of
which sugar is the principal object. The town
and harbour, called Port Louis, are strongly for-
tified ; but in the hurricane months the harbour
cannot afford shelter for more than eight vessels.
Here are large store-houses, and every thing nec-
essary for the equipment of fleets. This island
was taken by the British in 1801, and confirmed
to them by the treaty of Paris, in 1814. In 1819
the pestilential cholera was introduced into this
island from India and carried off 7,000 of the
inhabitants. According to an account presented
by the colonial department to the British parlia-
ment, in the session of 182.5, the island was divi-
Qed into 8 districts, containing a pop. of 87,503,
m the proportion of 65,769 slaves, 13,475 free
blacks, and 10,359 whites, exchisive of J, 310
troops. Port Louis on the N. W. coast of the
island, is in lat. 20. 10. N. and 57. 29 of E. long.
See Bourbon.
Franceslown, p.t. Hillsborough Co. N. H., 60
m. from Boston. Pop. 1,540.
Franche Comte, a late province of France,
bounded on the N. by Lorraine, E. by Alsace and
Switzerland, VV. by Burgundy, and S. by Bresse.
It is 125 m. long and 80 broad, and abounds in
corn, wine, cattle, horses, mines of iron, copper,
and lead. It now forms the three departments
of Doubs, Jura, and Upper Saone.
Franchcmont, a town of the Netherlands, in the
territory of Liege, 12 m. S. E. of Liege.
Franciade. See Denis, St.
Francis, a village of St. Genevieve Co. Missouri.
Francis, St., a tributary stream of the great riv-
er Mississippi, rising in the state of Missouri, in
the lat. of 37. 45. N., running parallel with the
Midsissippi on the W., at the distance of about 40
m. and enters it after a course of about 220 m., 45
ra. above the entrance of the Arkansas.
Francis, St., a river of Lower Canada, rising in
the lake Memphramago-jc, which spreads into the
state of Vermont. The St. Francis, after a course
of about 200 m. falls into St. Lawrence, about mid-
way between Montreal and Quebec, and will
probably some future day, be united by a canal
with the Connecticut.
Francis, St., a river of Brazil, which rises W.
of the Brazilian Andes, in the province of Minas
Geraes, in the lat. of 20. S., runs N. through the
province of Bahia, to the frontier of Pernambuco^
when it takes a course E. by S., dividing that
province from Bahia, and after a course ol neai
1,000 m. falls into the Atlantic ocean, in the lat
of 11. 20. S. It has a number of towns ant? set
tlements, chiefly on its head waters.
Francisco, St., a seaport of New Albion, „ai ital
of a jurisdiction of its name, with a citadel, i-iorg".
122. 8. W., lat. 28. 18. N.
*^* There are a number of other rivers, bayp,
towns, and settlements, in different parts of Amer .
ica, named afler St. Francis by the Spaniards, Por-
tuguese, and French.
Frangois, a village of Wayne Co. Missouri.
Fran<;ois, Cape, now called Cape Haytien, the
principal seaport and city of what was formerly
the French part of St. Domingo. It is seated on
the N. coast of the island, in the lat. of 19. 46. N.
and 72. 15. of W. long. Before the sanguinary
revolt of the negroes in 1793, it contained 8 to 900
houses of stone or brick, and 8,000 free inhabitants,
exclusive of about 12,000 slaves : but in 1793, the
whole of the white inhabitants, who could not ef-
fect their escape, were massacred by the blacks.
It was named Cape Henry by Christophe in 1811 ,
and during his reign it was deemed the principal
port of the island, though inferior to Port au
Prince in commercial importance. Its quota of
the contribution towards the 30 millions of dol-
lars be paid to France in ten years, from the 1st
of January, 1827, as an indemnity for the sacri- >
fice of their plantations by the revolt in 1793, is
208,451 dollars annually. It is 84 m. due N. of
Portau Prince, and 134 W., 30 degrees N. of the
city of St. Domingo. The harbour is secure and
commodious, and the environs rich in tropical
productions.
Franconia, one of the ten circles into which the
German Empire was formerly divided, lying be-
tween the lat. of 48. 45. and 50. 55. N. It is
bounded on the N. by Upper Saxony, E. by Bo-
hemia and the palatinate of Bavaria, S. by Suabia,
and W. by the circles of the Rhine. The middle
is fertile in corn, wine, and fruits; but the bor
ders are full of woods and barren mountains.
The Franks, who conquered France, in the early
part of the 15th century, came from this province,
and gave their name to that countiy. It compri-
ses about 11,000 sq. m. and was formerly divided
into 2 principalities, 3 bishoprics, 7 counties, and
3 lordships ; but at the general partitioning of
this part of Europe, after the peace of Paris in
1814, the greater part of Franconia vi/as assigned
to Bavaria, and the remainder to VVurtemberg,
Baden, Hesse, and Saxe Coburg. The river
Mayn, which falls into the Rhine, intersects it
from E. to W., the Rednitz from S. to N., falling
into the Mayne, and the Altmuhl, falling into
the Danube, intersects the S. E. Nuremburg
was considered the capital.
Francker, a town of Holland, in Friesland, with
a castle and a university. The public buildings
and palaces are magnificent, and it has 2 naviga-
ble canals, communicating with the Zuyder Zee
and Lee warden, it is 5 m. E. of Harlingen. Fop.
about 4,000.
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FRA
Francknau, a town of Germany, in Upper
Hesse, 2i; m. S. W. of Cajssel.
Franckcnburg, another town in Hesse, 5 m. W.
S. W. of Franckenau.
Franconia, p.t. Grafton Co. N. H. 140 m. N. W.
Boatou. Pop. 443. There are two iron manufac-
tories in this town, consisting of blast furnaces,
air furnaces, forges and trip hammers. The ore is
taken from a mountain 3 at. from the furnace,
and is the richest in the U. States, yielding from
: 56 to 63 per cent, and the mine is inexhaustible ;
"* 15 tons of iron are made in a week. There is a
mineral spring 2 m. from the furnace, and in the
, neighbourhood are other iron works. The Pro-
file Mountain in this town is a curiosity, being a
■» ruggea peak, 1,000 feet high, with a front of sol-
id rock, representing in a side view a profile of
the human face, every feature of which is con-
spicuous. Franconia is also the name of a town-
ship in IVIontg:)mery Co. Pa.
Frankenburg, a town in Upper Saxony, in
Misnia, with a considerable manufacture of wool-
en stuffs, 7 m. N. N. E. of Chemnitz.
Fran/fenthal, a town of Germany, in the palat-
inate of the Rhine. It has rich manufactures of
stuffs, silks, cloths, &c., and a canal to the river
Rhine. It was taken by the French in 1793, and
retaken by the allies in 1794. It is seated 2
m. W. of the Rhine, and 7 S. of Worms.
Frankenhausen, a town of Upper Saxony, in
Thuringia, with some extensive salt-works ; sit-
uate on a branch of the Wipper, 26 m. N. of
Erfurt. Pop. about 3,000.
Frankenstein, a town of Germany, in the pal-
atinate of the Rhine, 9 m. S. E. of Kayserslautern.
Frankenstein, a town of Silesia, in the princi-
pality of Munsterberg, on the river Bautze, 13 m.
W. S. W. of Munsterberg.
Frankford, towns in Sussex Co. N. J., Phila.
Co. Pa., Green Brier and Hampshire Cos. Va.
Frankfort, p.t. Waldo Co. Me. on the Penob-
scot. Pop. 2,487. Also a p.t. Herkimer Co. N.
Y. Pop. 2,620. Also a p.t. Franklin Co. Illinois,
45 m. N. W. Shawneetown. Also villages and
towns in Beaver Co. Pa., Morgan Co. Va., and
Guernsey Co. Ohio.
Frankfort on the Maine, a fortified city of Ger-
many, in the circle of the Rhine. It is divided
by the river Maine, 25 m. above its entrance into
the Rhine, into two ptrts, which communicate
oy means of a stone bridge ; the larger part, on
the N. side is called Frankfort, and the smaller
Sachsenhausen. It contains several palaces and
courts belonging to princes and counts ; and here
the ki ngs of the Romans have generally been elect-
ed and crowned. The chief structure is the town-
house, in which is preserved the golden bull, the
origin of the fundamental laws of the empire. All
religions are tolerated at Frankfort, under certain
restrictions ; but Lutheranism is the established
faith ; though the principal church is in the pos-
session of the Roman Catholics. The Jews, 8 to
9,000 in number, were formerly confined to a par-
ticular corner of the city ; but since 1796, they
. have resided indiscriminately in all parts. Frank-
fort is one of the most considerable trading places
in Europe, and has two great fairs every year. It
was taken in 1759, by the French, who evacuated
it in 1763. It was several times taken and retaken
by the French and Austrians, in the war of
1793 — 1814. Since tlie peace of the latter year,
it has been declared the permanent seat of the
Germanic diet ; and as such most of the Europe-
an states have a minister resident here. It was
40
the birth place of Goethe ; and also of the family
of the Rothschilds, who, daring the war between
1807 and 1815 and ten years subsequent thereto,
became the greatest money jobbers in Europe.
Frankfort is in lat. 50. 7. N. and 8. 32. of E.
long. Pop. about 40,000.
Frankfort on the Oder, a town of Brandenburg,
in the Middle Mark, with a famous university ami
a noble academy. It has three great fairs, and
the exclusive right of navigation up the Oder to
Breslau. Here are two suburbs called Lebus and
Guben, and a bridge over the Oder. In 1759, it
was taken by the Russians and Austrians, and in
1806, it fell into the hands of the French ; but fell
to Prussia on the retreat of the French army from
Moscow in 1812. It is 45 m. E. by S. of Berlin,
and 72 S. of Stettin. Pop. about 12,000.
Frankfort, the chief town of Franklin county,
Kentucky, and seat of the legislative assembly of
the state. It is regularly laid out, and stands on
the E. bank of the Kentucky, 60 m. from its con-
flux with the Ohio, and 415 m. W. by S. of Wash
ington. Pop. 1,937.
Franklin, the name of 15 American counties
The following are tlie states in geographical or-
der, with the population of each, and name of its
chieftovvn.
Vermont, 24,525, St. Albans. . .,
Massachusetts, 29,344, Greenfield.
New York, 11,312, Malone.
Pennsylvania, 35,103, Chambersburg.
Virginia, 14,911, Rockymount.
North Carolina, 10,665, Louisburg.
Georgia, 10,135, Carnesville.
Alabama, 11,078, Russelville.
Mississippi, 4,622, Franklin.
Tennessee, 15,644, Winchester.
Kentucky, 9,251, Frankfort.
Ohio, 14,766, Columbus.
Indiana, 10.199, Brookville.
Illinois, 4,081 , Frankfort.
Missouri, 3,484, Union.
Franklin, is also the name of 34 towns, villages
and townships in different parts of the United
States.
Franklinville, p. v. Cattaraugus Co. N. Y.
Frankstown, a township in Huntingdon Co.
Pa.
Frascati, a town of Italy, in Campagna di Roma,
seated on the side of a woody mountain ; it is a
bishop's see, always possessed by one of the 6 el-
dest cardinals ; and in its neighbourhood are some
of the most magnificent villas in Italy, and asem
inary richly endowed by Cardinal York. The
ancient city of Tusculum is supposed to have
stood above Frascati ; and between the ruins and
the town, it is generally believed, was the Tuscu
lum of Cicero, where some Greek monks in th«
11th century, built a convent on the ruins of his
house. Frascati is 12 m. S. E. of Rome. Pop.
about 9,000.
Frascrhurg, a town of Scotland, in Aberdeen-
shire, with a small but excellent harbour, and a
manufacture of linen yarn. It is seated on the
German Ocean, a little S. of the point of Kin-
naird Head, and 38 m. N. of Aberdeen. Pop. iij
1821,2,831.
Fratta Maggiore, a populous village in the vi-
cinity of Naples.
Frauenburg, a town of E. Prussia, in the bish-
opric of Ermland, on the Frisch Haff, 14 m. N.
E. of Elbing, and 4 W. of Braunsberg. Cop-
ernicus died here in 1543.
Frauenfeld, a town of Switzerland, capital of
2D
-m^
FR£
314
FRE
the canton of Thurgau, with a castle. It is seat-
ed on an eminence, by the river Murg, 19 m. N.
E. of Zurich, and 8 W. of Constance
Frauenstein, a town of Upper Saxony, in Mis-
nia, on the river Boberisch, 20 m. S S. W. of
Dresden.
Fruustadt, a town of Poland, in the palatinate
of Posen, w^hich has a great trade in wool and ox-
i n. Near this town a battle was gained by the
Swedes over the Saxons, 170G. It stands on the
frontiers of Silesia, 20 m. N. W. of Glogau, and
55 8. S. W. of Posen.
Frcdclferff, a town of the duchy of Westphalia,
on the river VVenne, 23 m. S. S. E. of Arensberg.
Frederica, p. v. Kent Co. Del. 12 m. E. Dover.
Fitderica, a town of the state of Georgia, in
Glynn county, and on the W. side of St. Simon
island, with a safe and commodious harbour, 64
m. S. W. of Savannah. Long. 80. 50. W., lat.
31. 6. N.
Frederica, or Fridericia, a town and fortress of
Jutland, at the entrance of the Little Belt, from
the Categat, in the lat. of 55. 35. N., and 9. 44.
of E. long. All ships entering the Little Belt,
are here brou<rht to, and a contribution levied to-
wards the lights and buoys on the coasts of Den-
mark. Pop. about 3,500.
Frederick, a county of the state of Maryland,
bounded on the N. by the conventional line which
divides Maryland from Pennsylvania, and on the
S. by the Potomac river, which divides it from
Virginia; it is about 35 m. in length from N. to
S., and 25 in mean breadth ; it is intersected
from N. to S. by the Monocoey river, which
springs from several sources in Pennsylvania, and
falls into the Potomac. Pop. 45,793. Frederick-
town, the chief town, with a pop. of about 5,000,
W. of the Monocoey, is 120 m. N. W. of
Annapolis.
Frederick, a county in the West District of Vir-
ginia, betwen the Blue and North ridges of the
Alleghany Mountains; the Slienandoah river
skirts the foot of the Blue Mountains on the E.
side of the county running from S. to N. into the
Potomac. It is divided into East and West
Frederick; the former has a pop. of 14,099 and the
latter 1 1 ,949. Winchester, the chief town, is 130
m. N. by W. of Richmond.
Frederick, a township of Montgomery Co. Pa.
Fredericksburg, p. v. Spottsylvania Co. Va. on
the Rappahannock, witli a considerable trade in
flour and tobacco. The river here is deep enough
to admit vessels of 140 tons. Also towns in Gal-
latin Ken. and Washinoton Co. Indiana.
Frcdericsburg, a Danish fort, on the Gold-coast
of Guinea, near Cape Tlirec-points, (J2 m. W. S.
W. of Cape Coast Castle. Long. 1. 5. W., lat. 4.
30. N. _ .
FicdericshuriT, a tovim of Further Pomerania,
23 m. N. of Stargard, and 33 S. S. W. of Colberg.
Frcderir.ihuro-, an interior town of Denmark, in
tlie isle of Zealand, with a castle and palace, 15
ni. N. N. W. of Copenhagen.
Frederics hall, or Fredericstadt, a sea-port of Nor-
way, in the province of Aggerhuys, situate at the
mcuth of the river Tiste, in a bay called the
Swinesund. The harbour is safe and commo-
dious; but the large quantity of saw-dust brouglit
down tlie river, froin the difterent saw-mills, oc-
casions an annual expense to clear it away. On
the summit of a rock, whicli over-hangs the town,
stands the hitherto impregnable fortress of Fred-
i'ricstein ; at the siege of which, in 1718, Cliarles
XII. of Sweden was killed by a musket-ball. It
is 51 m. S. E. of Christiania. Long. 10. 55. E.,
lat. 59. 12. N. Pop. about 4,000.
Frcdericsham, a town and fortress of Russia, in
Carelia. [t is neatly built, the streets going off
like radii from a centre. Here, in 1783, an inter-
view was held between the empress of Russia and
the king of Sweden. It is seated near the gulf
of Finland, 68 m. VV. S. W. of Wiburg. Loner.
28. 18. E., lat. 60. 36. N.
Fredericstadt, a town of Denmark, in S. Jut-
land, seated at the conflux of the Tren with the
Eydcr, 17 m. S, W. of Sleswick, and 6 N. E. of
Tonningen.
Fredericstadt, or Fredericstein, a town of Nor-
way, in the province of Aggerhuys, and the most
regular fortress in this part of Norway. It has a
considerable trade in deal timber, and is seated on
the Glomme-, 26 m. W. of Fredericshall.
Frcdcrictim, the capital of New Brunswick,
on the river St. John, which runs thus far navi-
fable for sloops, 90 m. above the city of St. John.
iong. 66. 30. W., lat. 40. 20. N.
Freehold, or Monmouth, p. v. the capital of Mon-
mouth Co. N. J., 25 m. S. E. Bordentown. This
place is famous for a battle between Washington's
army and Sir Henry Clinton in 1778. Also a
village in Greene Co. N. Y.
Fredonia, p. v. Chatauque Co. N. Y. Also a
village in Crawford Co. Indiana.
Freehurg, p. v. Union Co. Pa.
Freedom, p.t. Waldo Co. Me. Pop. 860. Also
a village in Dutchess Co. N. Y. and Baltimore,
Co. Maryland.
Freeman, p.t. Somerset Co. Me. Pop. 724.
Freeport, p.t. Cumberland Co. Me. Pop. 2,023.
Also villages in Ontario Co. N. Y., Armstrong
Co. ; Pa. and Harrison Co. Ohio.
Freetown, p.t. Bristol Co. Mass. on Taunton
River. Pop. 1,909. Also a p.t. Cortland Co. N.Y.
Fop. 1,051.
Freeloum, the capital of the colony of Sierit
Leone. The harbour has three wharves, and is
protected by a battery. It stands on the S. side
of the river Sierra Leone, near its entrance into
the Atlantic Ocean. Long. 12. 50. W., lat. 8. 30. N.
Frehcl, a cape of France, in the department of
Cotes du Nord, 13 m. W. of St. Malo. Long. 2.
15. W., lat. 48. 41. N.
Frejus, a town ol France, in the department of
Var. By the Romans it was called Forum Julii ;
and had then a port on tlie Mediterranean, from
wliich it is now 2 m. It is the birthplace of that
great Roman general and philosopher, Agricola;
and near it some fine remains of antiquity are
still visiltle. It is celebrated in later times as the
place where Napoleon landed on his return from
Egypt, in the autumn of 1799, and again in
March 1815 from the island of Elba. It is seateo
near the river Argens, in a morass, 40 m. N. E,
of Toulon. Long. 0. 44. E., lat. 43. 26. N.
Frcnay Ic ViconUe, a town of France, in the
department of Sarte, 9 m. S. S. W. of Alengon.
French Creek, townships of Mercer Co. and Ve-
nango Co. Pa.
Frcnchton, a village of Dinwiddie Co. Va.
Frenchlotcn, a village in Cecil Co. Maryland
near Elkton. Also a village in Monroe Co
Michigan.
Frenchman s Bay, a harbour with a small vil-
lage upon it in Lincoln Co. Me.
Freudcnberg, a town of Franconia, on the river
Maine, 8 m. W. of Wertheim.
Freudcnberg, a town of Westphalia, m the
county of Hoya, 13 m. S. by W. of Bremen.
^FRl
^^5
FRI
Freudenstadt, a strong town of Suabia, in the
Black Forest, built to defend the passage into that
forest. In 17%, it was taken by the French. It
is 23 rn. S. by E. of Baden.
Freudcnthal, a town of Austrian Silesia, in the
principality of Troppau, celebrated for its breed
of horses, and manufacture of fine linen; seated
near the Mohra, 24 m. W. of Troppau.
Freyberct, a town of Upper Saxony, in Misnia,
with a castle. In the environs are mines of cop-
per, tin, kad, and silver, which employ a great
number of workmen. Here is the usual burying-
place of the princes of the house of Saxony. It
is situate on a branch of the Muldau, 15 m. W.
S. W. of Dresden. Pop. about 9,000.
Freijbera-, a town of Moravia, in the circle of
Ohnutz, If) m. S. W. of Teschen, and 43 E. of
Olmutz. Fop. about 3,500.
Freijberg, a town of Silesia, in the principality
of Schweidnitz, near the river Polsnitz, 7 m. N.
W. of Schweidnitz.
Freynnstein, a town of Brandenburg in the Mark
of Pregnitz, on the frontiers of Mecklenburg, 22
m. N. E. of Perlberg.
FreyetiiDiiMe, a town of Brandenburg, in the
Middle Mark, near which are mineral springs and
extensive alum works. It is seated on the Oder,
3G m. N. E. of Berlin.
Freysingen, a town of Bavaria, capital of a prin-
cipality of the same name. The cathedral and
palace are beautiful structures. It was taken by
the French in 1796. It is seated on a mountain,
near the Iser, 20 m. N. N. E. of Munich. Long.
11. 50. E.,lat. 48. 21. N.
Freystadt, a town of Hungary, with a castle,
seated on the Waag, opposite Leopoldstadt.
Freystadt, a town of Moravia, in the principali-
ty of Teschen, with a castle, on the river Elsa, 8
m. N. xV. W. of Teschen.
Freystat, a town of Silesia, in the principality
of Glogau, with an ancient castle', 14 m. N. E. of
Sagan.
Freystat, a town of Austria, which has a great
trade in worsted, 17 m. N. of Ens.
Frihurg, one of the cantons of Switzerland,
surrounded on all sides by the canton of Bern.
It is fertile in corn, fruits, and pastures ; and the
cheese made' in this canton is deemed the best
made in Switzerland. The inhabitants, 70,000 in
number, are papists, quota of troops, 1,240.
Frihurg, a fortified town of Switzerland, capital
of the canton of the same name. It is seated in
a mountainous country on the river Sancn, which
divides it into two parts ; that on the "VV. side
standing on plain ground, and the other among
rocks and hills. The public buildings, especially
the cathedral, are very handsome ; and the bishop
of Lausanne resides here. Three miles from this
town is a celebrated hermitage, cut in a rock, said
to be the work of one man, with his servant, who
performed it in 25 years. Friburg was taken by
the French, in 1798. It is 18 m. S. W. of Bern,
and 30 N. E. of Lausanne. Long. 7. 15. E., lat.
46. 43. N.
Friburg, a town of Suabia, capital of Brisgau.
The steeple of its great church is the finest in
Germany ; and here is a university, a college
formerly belonging to the Jesuits, and several
convents. The inhabitants are famous for polish-
ing crystal and precious stones. It has been often
taken. It is seated on the Triser, 53 m. S. by W.
of Baden, and 10 E. of Brisach, on the Rhine.
.Long. 7. 58. E., lat. 48. 3. N. Pop. about 10,000.
Friburcr, a town of Upper Saxony in Thurin-
gia, with a castle on a mountain, situate on the
Unstrut, 5 m. N. N. "W. of Naumberg.
*^* There are numerous other towns and villa-
ges beginning with Fri or Frcy in different part?
of Germany and Fri and Frey are indiscriminate-
ly written sometimes one way and sometimes the
other.
Frideck, a town of Silesia, in the circle of Tes-
chen, on the frontier of Moravia, 12 m. S. by W.
of Teschen.
Fridingen, a town of Suabia, on the Danube,
50 m. S.^W. of Ulm.
Fricdhcrg, a town of Germany, in Wetteravia.
It is seated on a mountain, by the river Usbach,
15 m. N. by E. of Frankfort.
FrieMerg, a town of Bavaria, with a castle, sit
uate on the Lechfeld, 6 m. E. of Augsburg, and
30 N. W. of Munich.
Fricdberg, a town of Silesia, in the principality
of Schweidnitz. A little N. of the town a battle
was gained by the king of Prussia, over the Aus-
trians, in 1745. It is 7 m. N. 'W. of Schweidnitz.
Fricdberg, a town of Germany, in Stiria, on the
river Pink, and frontiers of Hungary, 33 m. N. E.
of Gratz.
Friedbuvg, a town of 'Westphalia, in East Fries
land, with a castle, 25 m. E. of Emden.
Friedland, a town of Silesia, in the principality
of Oppelen, on the river Steina, 12 m. E. of
Neisse.
Friedland, a town of Lower Saxony, in Meck-
lenburg, seated in a swampy country, on the
frontiers of Pomerania. 16 m. S. S. W. of An-
clam.
Friedland, a town of Bohemia, on the confines
of Lusatia, 7 m. E. S. E. of Zittau.
Friedland, a town of Prussia, where the French,
under Bonaparte, gained a complete victory over
the Russians, June 14, 1807. It is seated on the
Alia, 28 m. S. E. of Konigsberg.
Friendly Islands, a group of islands in the
South Pacific ocean, so named by Cook, in 1773,
on account of the friendship that appeared to sub-
sist among the inhabitants, and their courteous
behaviour to strangers. Tasman, a Dutch navi-
gator, first touched here in 1653, and gave the
name of New Amsterdam, Rotterdam, and Mid-
dleburg, to three of the principal islands. Cook
explored the whole cluster, which he found to
consist of more than 20 islands, the principal of
which are Tongataboo, or Amsterdam ; Eaoowe
or Middleburg; Annamooka, or Rotterdam ; Ha-
paee, and Lefooga. The first, which is the lar-
gest, lies in 174. 46. W. lona., and 21. 9. S. lat.
The general appearance of these islands, conveys
an idea of the most exuberant fertility the sur-
face at a distance, seems entirely clothed with
trees of various sizes, some of which are very
large, particularly the tall cocoa, palm, and spe-
cies of fig with narrow-pointed leaves. On closer
examination, they are almost wholly laid out in
plantations, in which are some of the richest pro-
ductions of nature ; such as bread-fruit and co-
coa-nut trees, plantains, yams, sugar-canes, and a
fruit like a nectarine. The stock of quadrupeds
are scanty ; but they received from Cook some
valuable additions, both to the animal and vege-
table kingdom. Their domestic fowls are as
large as those of Europe. Among the birds are
parrots and parroquets of various sorts which fur-
nish the red feathers so much esteemed in the So-
ciety isles. The numerous reefs and shoals afford
shelter for an endless variety of shell-fish. These
islands are all inhabited by a race of people, wh*
PRI
316
FUE
•ultivate the earth with great industry. Na-
ture, assisted by a little art, appears no where in
greater splendour. Agriculture, architecture,
oat-building and fishing, are the employments
of the men : and to the women is confined the
manufacture of cloth.
Friendship, a town in Lincoln Co. Me. Pop.
634. Also a p.t. in Alleghany Co. N. Y. Pep.
1,502. Also a village in Anne Arundel Co. Ma-
ryland.
Friendsville,a. village in Susquehanna Co. Pa.
Friesach, a town of Germany, in Carinthia,
with a strong castle on a mountain ; seated on
the Metnitz, 17 m. N. N. E. of Clagenfurt.
Friesland, one of the provinces of Holland,
bounded on the N. by the German Ocean, W. by
Zuyder-Zee, S. by the same and Overyssel, and E.
by Overyssel and Groningen. This country much
resembles the province of Holland in its soil, canals,
and dikes. Lewarden is the capital. Harlin-
gen on the shore of the Zuyder-Zee, is the princi-
pal seaport.
Friesland, East, a principality of Westphalia,
80 called from its situation with respect to the
Dutch province of Friesland. It is 4G m. long,
and 43 broad ; bounded on the N. by the German
Ocean, E. by Oldenburg, S. by Munster, and W.
by Groningen and the German Ocean. The
country being level and low, is necessarily secur-
ed against inundations by expensive dikes. The
land is fertile ; and the pastures feed horned cat-
tle, horses, and sheep, of extraordinary size. On
the death of prince Charles Edward, in 1744 it
became subject to the king of Prussia. It was
taken possession of by Bonaparte in 1806, and at
the general partitioning of Europe subsequent to
the peace of Paris in 1814, it was relinquished
by Prussia, and ceded to Hanover. Emden is
the principal sea-port ; and the principal towns
in the interior are Aurich, Essens, and Friede-
burg. The aggregate pop. is estimated at 120,-
000, spread over a surface of about 1,150 sq.
miles.
Frio, Cape, a promontory of Brazil, in the prov-
ince of Rio Janeiro. Long. 41. 31. W., lat. 22.
54, S.
Frisck Haff, a lake or bay of Prussia, from 3
to 9 m. broad, and extending 70 in length, along
the Baltic sea, with which it communicates by
a narrow passage, at Pillau ; it receives the Preg-
el at the N. E. end, the Passarges from the S. and
the E. branch of the Vistula at the W. end ; the
Srincipal sea-ports within the Haff, are Elbing,
Iraunsberg, Brandenburg, and Konigsberg.
Fritzlar, a fortified town of Germany, in Low-
er Hesse, with two colleges and a convent, seat-
ed on the Eder, 20 m. S. W. of Cassel.
Friuli, Austrian, a district of Austria, compris-
ing about 400 square m., bounded on the N. and
E. by Upper and Inner Carniola, and W. by Ve
netian Friuli, while a strip of the Venetian terri-
tory, shuts it in from the gulf of Trieste. Gradis-
ca, 30 m. N. N. W. of Trieste, is the capital.
Friuli, a province of Italy, bounded on the N
by Carinthia, E. by Carniola and Austrian Friuli,
S. by the gulf of Venice, and W. by the Trevisa-
no and Bellunese. It is rich in timber, cattle,
silk, wine, and fruit. It is watered by the Taglia-
mento, and several other rivers falling into the
gulf of Venice, and contains about 370,000 inhab-
itants. Udina, in the centre of the province, is
the chief town.
Friuli, or Citta di Friuli, a town of Italy, i"
Friuli, with a collegiate church, and five convents.
It stands at the foot of the mountains, which
separates Friuli from Carniola, on the river
Natisone, 15 m. N. £. of Udina.
Frodlinrrham, a town in E. Yorkshire, Eng. 36
m. E. of York, and l'J4 N. of London.
Frodsham, a town in Cheshire, Eng. Here is
a graving dock and yard for building and repairing
vessels. It is seated on the Weever, near its en-
trance into the estuary of the Mersey, 11 m. N. E.
of Chester, and 192 N. N. W. of London. It
has some extensive salt-works in the town and
neighbourhood, and partakes partially of the cot-
ton manufacture. Pop. of the parish in 1821,
5,451, of whom 1,55G reside in tlie town.
Frame, a river which rises in the N. W. part
of Dorsetshire, Eng. near Beaminster, flows by
Frampton, Dorchester, and Wareham, and enters
the bay that forms the harbour of Poole. There
is another river of the same name, which rises
on the border of Worcestershire, and falls into
the Lug a little above its entrance into the Wye,
near Hereford ; and another rising on the border
of Wilts, flows through Somersetshire, and falls
into the Lower Avon near Bath.
Frame Selwaod, a town of Somersetshire, Eng.
seated on the banks of the last of the preceding
rivers, over which is a bridge of five arches : it
has three churches, one of them ancient and
elegant, another erected in 1781 . several schools,
alms liouses, five meeting houses, new market
house, &c. Frome is the seat of an extensive
manufacture of fine woolen cloth, there being
about 50 establishments engaged therein, 6 ex-
tensive dealers in wool, and many dyers, 3 dres-
sers, 4 wire drawers, and 7 for the manufacture
of cards. It is 12 m. S. of Bath, and 104 W.
by S of London. The pop. which in 1801 was
8',747, increased in 1821 to 12,411.
Frantenac, a county of Upper Canada border-
ing upon the eastern part of lake Ontario.
Frontignan, a town of France, in the depart-
ment of Herault, celebrated for its muscadine
wine, generally called Frontignac. It is seated
on the lake Magulcone, 12 m,"S. S. W. of Mont-
pelier.
Frostberg, or Frost Town, p. v. Alleghany Co.
Maryland, 10 m. W. Cumberland. This place
occupies perhaps the highest situation of any
town in the United States, being seiited upon one
of the Apalachian ridges, about 1,800 feet abov«
the level of the sea.
Frayen, an island in the North Sea, near the
coast of Norway, about 35 m. in circumference
Long. 9. 0. E., lat. 63. 45. N.
Fruitstown, a village in Cumberland Co. Pa.
Frxjeburg, p.t. Oxford Co. Me. Pop. 1,353.
Frutlngen, a town of Switzerland, in the can-
ton of Bern, 30 m. S. E. of Friburg.
Fuego, one of the Cape Verd Island, in the
FUN
317
FUR
Atlantic Ocean; it is a volcano, which burns con-
tinually. It is much higher than any of the rest,
and seems to be a single mountain at sea, but on
the sides there are deep valleys. It has no river,
and is almost destitute of fresh water ; but is fer-
tile in maize, gourds, wild figs, oranges, and ap-
ples, and has a great number of wild goats. It
is 300 m. W. of Capo Verd. Long. 24. 30. W.,
lat. 14. 54. N.
Fuen-tckeou, a city of China, in the province
of Chan-si. Here are hot baths which attract a
great number of strangers. Its district contains
one city of the second, and seven of the third
class. It is seated on the river Fuen, 280 ra. S. W.
of Peking. Long. 111. 20. E., lat. 27. 20. N.
Fuente Duenna, a town of Spain, in New Cas-
tvle, seated on the Tagus, 35 m. S. E. of Madrid.
Fuente Giraldo, a town of Spain, in Estrema-
dura. In 1734 it was taken and plundered by
the Portuguese. It is 16 m. N. W. of Coria.
Fussen, a town of Suabia, in the principality
of Augsburg, with an ancient castle and a Bene-
dictine abbey. It commands the pass into Bava-
ria and Tyrol, and is seated on the Lech, 50 m.
S. of Augsberg. Long. 10. 45. E., lat. 27.
43. N.
Fula, or Foula, the most western of the Shet-
land Islands, supposed to be the Ultima Thule of
the ancients. It is 3 m. in length, and half as
much in breadth, and affords pasturage for sheep.
The only landing-place, which is called Ham,
lies on the E side. Long. 1. 37. W., lat 60.
27. N-
Fulda. a bishopric of Germany, in the elector-
ate of Hesse, circle of Upper Rhine ; bounded
on tbe E. by the county of Henneberg and
Wurtzburg, and on the other sides by Wetteravia
and Hesse. This country containing 760 square
m. is very bleak and mountainous, but contains
numerous towns and villages, and an aggregate
pop. of about 65,000. The river Fulda running
from S. to N. intersects the N. W. part of the
district, and falls into the Weser, above 3 m. S.
of Cassel.
Fulda, a town, capital of the preceding bishop-
ric, contains sever^-l- very fine buildings, among
which are a palace, three churches, college and
university. It is seated on the E. bank of the
Fulda, 55 m. S. by E. of Cassel. in the lat. of 50.
34. N., and 9. 48. of E. long. Pop. about 8,000.
Fulfiam, a village of Middlesex, Eng. seated on
the N. bank of the Thames, 4 m. W. by S. of Hyde
Park Corner. Here is a wooden bridge over the
Thames, erected in 1729, at an expense of £23,
975, to defray the interest of which, a toll is still
levied. Fulham has been the demesne of the
bishops of London, ever since the conquest ; here
ihey have a palace and very fine gardens, and in
the church-yard are the tombs ofseveral of the
prelates. The situation of tlie village is rather
secluded, and as such has been selected for the
residence of a number of the retired traders of the
metropolis. The pop. in 1801, was 4,428, increas-
ed in 1821, to 6,492.
Fit! nek. a. town and castle of Moravia, on the
frontiers of Silesia, 26 E. N. E. of Prerau.
Fulton, p.t. Rowan Co. N. C.
Funckal, the capital of Madeira, situate round
a bay, on the gentle ascent of some hills, in form
of an amphitheatre. An old castle which com-
mands the road stands on the top of a steep black
rock, called the Loo Rock, surrounded by the sea
at high water ; there are also three other forts,
and several batteries. The streets are narrow and
dirty, though streams of water run through them.
The houses are built of freestone, or of bricks ;
but they are dark, and only a few of the best are
provided with glass windows ; all the others have
a kind of lattice-work in their stead, which hang
on hinges. The beams and roof of the cathedral
are of cedar ; but the chief curiosity here is a
chamber in the Franciscan convent, the walls and
ceiling of which are covered with human skulls
and thigh bones, said to be the relics of holy men
who have died on the island. The town contains
about 11,000 inhabitants. Long. 17. 6. E , lat. 32.
38. N.
Fundy, a bay of North America, between New
Brunswick and Nova Scotia, remarkable for its
tides, which rise from the height of 30 to 60 feet,
and flow rapidly. It extends about 200 m. in a
E. N. E. direction; and with Vert bay, which
pushes into the land in a N. W. direction from
Northumberland strait, forms an isthmus of only
12 m. wide, which unites Nova Scotia, to New
Brunswick.
Funr.n, an island of Denmark, 150 m. in cir-
cumference ; separated from Jutland by a strait,
called the Little Belt, and from Zealand, by the
Great Belt. It is fertile in pasture and grain and
exports to Norway, barley, oats, rye, and peas.
Pop. about 130,000. Odensee on a bay at the N.
end of the island, is the capital.
Funfkirehen, or Five Churches, an episcopal
town of Hungary, situate in a fertile country,
between the Drave and the Danube, 85 m. S. S.
W. of Buda. Long. 18. 13. £., lat. 46. 12. N.
Pop. about 11,500.
Fuorll, a town of Naples, in Abruzzo Citeriore,
21 m. S. S. E. of Sulmona.
Furnace, p.t. Litchfield Co. Conn.
Furnes, a town of the Netherlands, in Flanders,
seated near the German Ocean, on the canal from
Bruges to Dunkirk. It was one of the barrier
towns ; but in 1781, emperor Joseph II. expelled
the Dutch garrison. It was taken by the French,
in 1793, and is 12 m. E. of Dunkirk.
Furruckaliad, a town of Hindoostan, in the ter-
ritory of Rohilcund, capital of a small district,
about 30 m. in length, on the W. bank of the
Ganges, which belongs to a chief of the Patan
Rohilla tribe. Holkar was defeated here by the
British in 1804. It is seated on the Ganges, 70
m. E. of Agra, and 76 N. W. of Lucknow. Long.
79. 30. W., lat. 27. 28. N.
Furstenau, a town of Westphalia, in the prin-
cipality of Osnaburg, 13 m. S. W. of Quakenburg.
Furstenber^, a principality of Suabia, between
the Black Forest and the principality of Con-
stance. In this state the river Danube takes its
rise.
Furstenberg, a town of Suabia, in the prmci-
pality of the same name, with aji ancient castle
on a mountain, near the Danube, 27 m. E. by S
of Friburg. Long. 8. 35. E., lat. 47. 53. N.
Furstenberg, a. town of Upper Saxony, in Lusa-
tia, on the river Oder, 11 m. S. by E. of Frankfort.
Furstenberg, a town of Lower Saxony, in Meck-
lenburg-Strelitz, on the river Navel, 10 m. S. of
Strelitz.
Furstenfcld, a town of Germany, in Stiria, with
a castle, on the frontier of Hungary. 39 m. E. by
S.ofGratz.
Furstenwald, a town of Brandenburg, in the
Middle Mark, seated on the Spree, 32 m. E. S E.
of Berlin.
Furstenicerder, a town of Brandenburg, in the
Ucker Mark. 12 m. N. W. of Prenzio
2d2
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318
GAL
Furth, a town and castle of Lower Bavaria, on
the river Cham, 10 m. N. E. of Cham.
Furth, a town of Franconia in the principality
of Anspach, seated on the Rednitz, 5 m. N. W
of Nurembur^. It is a populous place, and the
seat of extensive manufactures, which the exclu-
sive privileges of I^Jumerberg prevent from being
carried on in that city. Fop. about 13,000.
Futtehpour, or Fatti-poor, a town of Ilindoostan,
in the province of Agra, 24 m. W. of the city of
Agra. It was a favourite place of Akbar.
Fijers, a river of Scotland, in Invernesshire,
which falls into the E. side of Lochness. It is
celebrated for its fall, a height of 107 feet, form-
ing one of the most romantic and interesting
scenes in the world ; the falls are 10 m. N. £. of
Fort Augustus.
Fyne, I^ch, in Scotland, an inlet of the Atlantic
in Argyleshire, nearly 40 m. in length. It re-
ceives and returns a tide on each side of the isle
of Arran, which is opposite its entrance. It is
indented with bays, and in the herring season is
the resort of numerous fishing vessels.
Fijzabad, a city of Ilindoostan, in the territory
of Oude, of which it was once the capital. Here
are the remains of a vast building, the palace of
the nabob Sujah Addowlah, which, at the time of
his death, is said to have contained 1 ,000 women
and upwards of 50 of his children. The city is
populous ; but, since the removal of the court of
Oude to Lucknow, it has greatly declined in
wealth. It is seated on the Gogra, 76 m. E. of
Lucknow. Long. 82. 26. E., lat. 20. 46. N.
GABARET, a town of France, in the depart-
ment of Landes, seated on the Gelisse, 16 m. W.
of Cv>ndom.
Gabel, a fortified town of Bohemia, which com-
mands the pass into Lusatia. It is 8 m. S. of
Zittau.
Gahes, or Gals. See Cabes.
Gabian, a village of France, in the depart-
ment ol Herault, 9 m. N. W. of Beziers. It has
a mineral spring ; and near it is a rock from
which issues petroleum.
Gabon, a country of Guinea, bounded on the N.
hy Majombo, E. by Anziko, S. by Loango, and
W. by the Atlantic. It has a river of the same
name, which enters the Atlantic a little N. of the
equinoctial line. The chief town is Sette.
Gadamis, a town of Barbary, in Biledulgerid,
capital of a country of the same name. It is 170
m. S. W. of Tripoli. Long. 10. 40. E., lat. 30.
40. N. ^
Gadebusch, a town of Lower Saxony, in Meck-
lenburg, near which the Swedes defeated the
Danes and Saxons in 1712. It is 16 m. N. N. W.
of Schwerin.
Gaeta, a strong town on the W. coast of Naples,
in Terra di Lavoro, with a fort, a citadel, and a
harbour. It was taken by the Austrians in 1707,
by the Spaniards in 1734, and by the French in
1806. It is seated at the foot of a mountain, on
the gulf of Gaeta, 30 m. N. W. of Capua. Long.
13.47. F., lat. 41.30. N.
Gaildorf, a town of Franconia, in the lordship
of Linburgh, with a castle near the river Koeher,
13 m. W. of Elwangen.
Gaillac, a town of France, in the department
of Tarn, celebrated for its wine. It is seated on
the Tarn, which is here navigable, 10 m. S. W.
of Alby. It is the seat of a prefect, and in 1885
contained /,310 inhabitants,
Gaillon, a town of France, in the department
of Eure, with a magnificent palace, belonging
to the archbishop of Rouen. It is 11 m. N. E.
of Evreux,and 22. S S. E. of Rouen.
Gaines, p.t. Broome Co. Kentucky.
Gainesville, p.t. Genesee Co. N. Y. Pop.
1,820.
Gainsborough, villages in Frederick Co. Va.
and Jackson Co. Ten. Also a township of Lin-
coln Co. Upper Canada.
Gainsboroutrh, a town in Lincolnshire, Eng.
Heated on the Trent, over which is a handsome
stone bridge. It is a river-port of some conse-
quence, being accessible to vessels of sufficient
size to navigate the sea ; and serves as a place of
export and import for the N. part of the county,
and for Nottinghamshire. It is 17 m. N. W.
of Lincoln, and 149 N. by W. of London. Pop.
in 1801, 4,506, and in 1821, 5,893.
Gainsburg, p. v. Christian Co. Ken.
Gairloch, a large bay of Scotland, on the W,
coast of Ross-shire, which gives name to a tract
of land near it. The fishing of cod, and other
white fish, is here very considerable.
Galacz, or Gala, a town of European Turke}^,
in Moldavia. In 1790, it was taken by the Rus-
sians, after a bloody battle. It is seated on a lake
near the conflux of the Pruth with the Danube
55 m. W. of Ismael, and 120 S. S. W. of Bender,
Long. 28. 24. E., lat. 45. 24. N.
Galapagos, a cluster of islands, in the Pacific
Ocean, near the coast of Colombia. They lie
under the equator, and the centre island is in
long. 85. 3(). W. They are uninhabited, but
are frequently visited by the South Sea whale
ships for fresh water and provisions. The largest
is 60 or 70 m. long and 50 broad.
They are in general barren ; but some of the
highest have a stunted brushwood, and all of
them are covered with the prickly pear-tree, up-
on which a large species of land-tortoise lives and
thrives in a wonderful manner. The most accu-
rate and full account of these curious animals is
contained in a very amusing book, Delano's
Voyages and Travels, printed at Boston, in 1817.
Captain Delano says, — '■ The Terrapin, or as it is
sometimes called, the Land-Tortoise, that is found
at the Galapagos Islands, is by far the largest,
best, and most numerous, of any place I ever vis-
ited. Some of the largest weigh three or four
hundred pounds-; but their common size is be-
tween fifty and one hundred pounds. Their
shape is somewhat similar to that of our small
land-tortoise, which is found upon the upland,
and is. like it, high and round on the r/ack. They
GAii
319
GAL
have a very long neck, which, together with their
head, has a disagreeable appearance, very much
resembling a large serpent. I have seen them
with necks between two and three feet long, and
when they saw anything that was new to them,
or met each other, they would raise their heads
as high as they could, their necks being nearly
vertical, and advance with their mouths wide
open, appearing to be the most spiteful of any
reptile whatever. Sometimes two of them would
come up to each other in that manner, so near as
almost to touch, and stand in that position for
two or three minutes, appearing so angry, that
their mouths, heads, and necks appeared to quiver
with passion, when, by the least touch of a stick
against their necks or heads, they would shrink
back in an instant, and draw their necks, heads,
and legs into their shells. This is the only quick
motion I ever saw them perform. I was put in
the same kind of fear that is felt at the sight or
near approach of a snake, at the first one I saw,
which was very large. I was alone at the time,
and he stretched himself as high as he could,
opened his mouth, and advanced towards me.
His body was raised more than a foot from the
ground, his head turned forward in the manner
of a snake in the act of biting, and raised two
feet and a half above its body. 1 had a musket
in my hand at the time, and when he advanced
near enough to reach him with it, 1 held the muz-
zle out so that he hit his neck against it, at the
touch of which he dropt himself upon the ground,
and instantly secured all his limbs within his
shell. They are perfectly harmless, as much so
as any animal I know of, notwithstanding their
threatening appearance. They liave no teeth,
and of course they cannot bite very hard. They
take their food into their mouths by the assistance
of the sharp edge of the upper and under jaw,
which shut together, one a little within the other,
•BO as to nip grass, or any flowers, berries, or
shrubbery, the only food they eat. Those who
have seen the elephant, have seen the exact re-
semblance of the leg and foot of a terrapin. I
have thought that I could discover some faint re-
semblance to that animal in sagacity. They are
very prudent in taking care of themselves and
their eggs, and in the manner of securing them
in their nests; and 1 have observed on board my
own ship, as well as others, that they can easily
be taught to go to any place on the deck, which
may be wished for them to be constantly kept in.
The method to effect this is, by whipping them
with a small line when they are out of place, and
to take them up and carry them to the place as-
signed for them ; which, being repeated a few
times, will bring them into the practice of going
themselves, by being whipped when they are
out of their place. They can be taught to eat on
board a ship, as well as a sheep, or a goat ; and
will live for a long time, if there is proper food
provided for them. This I always took care to
do, when in a place where I could procure it.
The most suitable to take on board a ship, is
prickly pear-trees; the trunk of which is a soft,
pithy substance, of a sweetish taste, and full of
iuice. Sometimes I procured grass for them,
iither of these being strewed on the quarter-
deck, the pear-tree being cut fine, would imme-
diately entice them to come from all parts of the
deck to it ; and they would eat in their way, as
well as any domestic animal. I have known
them live several months without food ; but they
always, in that case, grow lighter, and their fat
diminishes, as common sense teaches, notwith-
standing some writers have asserted to the con-
trary. Their flesh, without exception, is of as
sweet iind pleasant a flavour as any that I ever
eat. It was common to take out of one of theiH;
ten or twelve pounds of fat, when they were open-
ed, besides wliat was necessary to cook them with.
This was as yellow as our best butter, and of a
sweeter flavour than hog's lard. They are the
slowest in their motions of any animal 1 ever saw,
except the sloth. They are remarkable for their
strength) one of them would bear a man's weight
on his back and walk with him. I have seen
them at one or two other places only. One in-
stance was, those brought from Madagascar to
the Isle of France; but they were far inferior in
size, had longer legs, and were much more ugly
in their looks, than those of the Galapagos
Islands.
Galdshids, a town of Scotland, in Selkirkshire
with a manufacture of woolen cloth, known by
the name of Galashiels Gray. It is seated on
the Gala, near its conflux with the Tweed, 5
m.N. of Selkirk.
Galbally, a village of Ireland, in the county
of Limerick, 23 m. S. E. of Limerick. Pop
412.
Galen, a township of Seneca Co. N. Y.
Galicia, a late province in the S. W. part of
Poland, lying between the lat. 48. and 51. N.
and 19. and 26. of E. long. It is bounded on
the S. in a direction W. by N. by the Carpathian
mountains, which divides it from Hungary ; the
W. end jets upon Silesia, the Vistula river forms
part of its northern, and the Bug part of its east-
ern boundary ; the S. E. extremity is divided by
the Bukowine district from Moldavia, and the
Dneister river intersects the S. E. part. This
territory was forcibly seized by the Austrians in
1772, and incorporated into the Austrian domin-
ions, under the appellation of the kingdom of
Galicia and Lodomiria. The mountainous parts
possess fine pasture ; the plains are mostly sandy,
but abound in forests, and are fertile in corn.
The principal articles of traffic are cattle, hides,
wax, and honey ; the country also contains mines
of copper, lead, iron, and salt, of which the latter
are the most valuable. Its limits comprise up-
ward of 32,900 sq. m., the pop. about 3,750,000.
It is divided into East Galicia and West Galicia,
of which the capitals are Lemburg and Cracoy.
Galicia, a province of Spain, forming the N
W. extremity of the Peninsula, bounded on the
N. and W. by the Atlantic Ocean, on the E. by
Asturias and Leon, on the S. by the Portuguese
province of Tras-os-Montes, and on the S. W. by
the river Minho, which divides it from the Por-
tuguese province of Entre Douro e Minho. Its
extreme length from the mouth of the Minho
river in 41. 52., to Cape Ortegal, the exterme
northern limit of Spain in 42. 46. N., is 133 statute
m. , and its extreme width from the frontier of
Leon to Cape Finisterre, the extreme western
hmit of Spain in the lat. of 42. 56. IS., and 9. 17.
of W. long, is about 120 m.; but the mean length
and breadth does not much, if at all, exceed 100
m. : its area therefore comprises about 10,(Hi0 sq.
m. ; the pop. in 1810 amounted to 1,142,630. It
is one of the most mountainous districts in Spain,
yielding abundance of fine timber, and various
minerals. The whole extent of its coast is in-
dt nted with fine bays and harbours. Ferrol, 25
ni. S. S. W. of Cape Ortegal, is one of the prin-
c:pal stations of the Spanish national marine
GAL
320
GAL
the port of Cornnna is on the S. W. side of the
same bay, in which the harbour of Ferrol is situ-
ate : the most important harbour on the W. coast
is Vi(To bay, about 50 m. S. of Cape Finisterre,
and a few m. N. of the mouth of the Minho.
Santiago, or St. Jago de Compostella, 35 m. S.
of Cor' nna, and 300 N. W. of Madrid, is the cap-
ital 'if ..he province ; the other principal towns
are >/:)ndoneda and Betanzos in the N. E., Lugo
35 ni. E. of Santiago, Orense on the S., and
Ciudad Tuy on the N. bank of the Minho, and
Bayona on a southern inlet of Vigo bay.
GitlUsch, a town of Russia, in the government
of Kostroma, on the S. side of a lake of itg name,
m m. E. N. E. of Kostroma. Long. 42. 54. E.,
lat. 57. 5G. N.
Gall, St. a small hut populous canton of Swit-
rerland, the E. end bordering on a lake of Con-
stance, between the cantons of Thurgau, and Ap-
penzel. Its population in 1825, amounted to 134,
OOO, its quota of troops 2,630.
Gall, St. or St. Gallen, a town of Switzerland,
capita! of the canton of St. Gall. It has a rich ab-
bey, whose abbot formerly possessed the sover-
eignty of the town. The town is entirely protes-
tant ; and the subjects of the abbot whose territory
is distinct, are mostly catholics. The abbey is sit-
uate close to the town ; and in its library are many
curious manuscripts. The town has an extensive
trade, arising chiefly from its linen and cotton
manufactures and bleaching grounds. It is seat-
ed in a narrow valley, on two small streams, 35
m. E. of Zurich. Long. 9. 18. E., lat. 47. 21. N.
Pop. about 10,000.
Galla, an extensive territory of Africa, com-
prising all the S. part of Abyssinia ; the limits
on the S. and W. are very undefined : the inhab-
itants are among the rudest and uncivilized of
any in Africa.
Gallam, a town of Negroland, capital of a king-
dom of the same name, on the river Senegal. The
French built a fort here, which was ceded to the
English in 1763. During the American war it
was taken by the French, but restored in 1783.
Long. 10. 0. W., lat. 14. 35. N.
Gallatin, a county of Kentucky, bounded on
t!ie N. for about 35 miles by the Ohio river, which
divides it from the state of Indiana. Pop. 6,680.
Port William, on the east bank of the Kentucky
river at its entrance into the Ohio, 45 m. N. N. W.
of Frankfort, is the chief town.
Gallatin, is also the name of another county in
the state of Illinois. Pop. 7,407. It is celebrated
for its salt springs, from which vast quantities of
salt are made. Equalit}' is the chief town.
Gallatin, a township in Columbia Co. N. Y.
Pop. 1,588. Also villages in Sumner Co. Ten.
and Copiah Co. Mississippi.
Gallatin's River, one of the head water streams
of the Missouri rising in the lat. of 44. N. and
110. 5. of W. long., upw.ards of 3,000 miles
by the course of the river, above the entrance of
the Missouri into the Mississippi.
Gallia, a county on the S. E. border of the
state of Ohio, bounded by the Ohio river, where
it receives the great Kanahwa from Virginia. Pop.
9,733. Gallipolis, on the Ohio is the chief town.
Gaile, or Point de Gidle, a sea-port on the S.
coast of Ceylon, in a rich and beautiful district,
with a strong fort and a secure harbour. It is
populous, and in point of trade ranks next to Co-
lumbo. The chief branch of its traffic consists in
the exp'ration of fish to the continent; but a
great part of the products of the island are also
shipped here for Europe. It is 85 m. S. by E. of
Columbo. Long. 80. 10. E., lat. 6. 0. N.
Gailipoli, a strait between European and Asia-
tic Turkey, the ancient Hclhspont. It forms
the communication between the Archipelago and
the sea of Marmora, and is defended at the S. W
entrance by two castles. It is here 2 m. over,
and is 33 m. long. See Dardanelles.
Gailipoli, a town of European Turkey, which
gives name to the preceding strait, is seated
near its opening into the sea of Marmora. It is
the residence of a pacha, and the see of a Greek
bishop. It contains about 10,000 Turks, 3,500
Greeks, beside a great number of Jews. It is an
open place, with no other defence than a sorry
square castle. It was the first place in Europe
possessed by the Turks; 100 m. S.W. of Con-
stantinople." Long. 26. 59. E., lat. 40. 26. N.
Gailipoli, a sea-port of Naples, in Terra diOt-
ranto, and a bishop's see. This place is a great
mart for olive oil, and has a manufacture of
muslins. It is seated on a rocky island, on the
E. shore of the bay of Tarento, md joined to the
main land by a bridge, protected by a fort, 23 m.
W. of Otranto. Long. 18. 5. E., lat. 40. 20. N.
Pop. about 9,000.
Gallipolis, p.Vi Gallia Co. Ohio, on the Ohio
river.
Galloway, a district of Scotland, now divided
into East and West Galloway, or Kirkcudbright
shire, and Wigtonshire. It was famous for a par-
ticular breed of small horses, called galloways.
Galloway, Mull of, the extreme S. W. point of
Scotland, in the lat. of 59. 38. N., and 4. 50. of
W. long. It forms the W. point of entrance to
Luce bay, and the E. point of entrance to the
North Channel, between the Irish Sea, and the
Atlantic Ocean.
Galloicay,J^ew, a borough of Scotland, in Kirk-
cudbrightshire, on the river Ken, 18 in. N. of
Kirkcudbright, and 80 S. W. of Edinburgh. Pop.
in 1821, 941.
Galmier, St. a town of France, in the depart-
ment of Loire ; with a medicinal spring of a vi-
nous tiiste, 18 m. E. of Montbrison.
Galston, a populous village of Ayrshire, Scot-
land, seated on the banks of the river Irvine, 3 m
S. S. E. of Kilmarnock.
Galum, p.v. Jackson Co. Illinois.
Galway, a maritime county, in the province
of Connaught, on the W. coast of Ireland, being
about 100 m. in extreme length from E. to W.
the W. part projecting into the Atlantic Ocean, is
a mountainous and dreary district, but the inland
part is in general fertile both in grain and pasture ;
next to Cork it is the largest county in Ireland,
comprising 989,950 acres, and in 1821 contained
a pop. of 337,374. It is bounded on the E. by
the river Suck, which divides it from Roscommon,
and the Shannon on the S. E. divides it from Tip-
perary, lake Corrib divides the W. from the E.
part of the county ; beside the county town of the
same name, the other principal towns are Tuam,
Athenry, and Loughrea.
Galway, the chief town of the preceding coun-
ty, is seated on the banks, of the outlet of lake
Corrib into Galway bay, 12() m. due W. of Dublin.
It was formerly surrounded by strong walls ; the
streets are large and straight, and the houses are
generally well built of stone. The harbour is de-
fended by a fort Here is a coarse woolen and
linen manufacture, and a considerable trade in
kelp. The salmon and herring fishery is also
considerable. It is divided into 3 parishes, and is
GAN
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GAU
a coiinty of itself, having a separate jurisdiction.
The principal church, which its collegiate, is a
spacious gothic edifice ; it has several catholic
establishments of friars and nuns, a county infirm-
arv. exchange, and several other public buildings.
Pop. in 1820, 27,775.
Galway Bay, extends about 20 m. from W. to
E.. and is from 7 to 20 m. wide ; the South Arran
Isles stretch across the entrance.
Galway, p.t. Saratoga Co. N. Y. Pop. 2,710.
Gambia, a noble river in Africa, falling into the
Atlantic Ocean by several channels between the
lat. of 12. and 13. 45. N. Cape St. Aiary, the S.
point of entrance to the main channel, is in the
lat. of 13. 8. N. ; and 16. 33. of W. long. The
banks for about 100 m. from the mouth are low
and swampy, but higher up, the river flows
through a delightfully fertile country, interspersed
with numerous towns and villages. At a distance
of about 400 m. from its mouth, the navigation
is impeded by falls, and above them but little is
known of its course.
Gambron. See Gomhron.
Gnna, Ganara. See Ghana.
Ganah, a town of the empire of Cassina, in the
interior of North Africa, 230 m. N. by E. of
Agades. Long. 14. 30. E., lat. 24. 40. N.
Gandershcim, a town of Lower Saxony, in the
duchy of Brunswick- Wolfenbuttel, with a celebra-
ted convent, 17 m. S. W. of Goslar.
Gandia, a town of Spain, in Valencia, with a
small university ; seated on a river, near its en-
trance into the gulf of Valencia, 32 m. S. E. of
Valencia, and 48 N. by E. of Alicant. Pop. about
6,000.
Gandicotta, or Wandicotta, a town and fortress
of Hindocstan, in the circar of Cuddapa, near
which is a diamond mine. It is seated on a lofly
mountain, by the river Pennar, 33 m. W. N. W.
of Cuddapa.
Gangapatnam, a town of Hindoostan, in the
Carnatic, at the mouth of the Pannar, 94 m. N.
of Madras. Long. 80. 12. B., lat. 14. 24. N.
Gangea, or Ganja, a town of Persia, in the
province of Eviran, 105 m. S. by E. of Teflis.
Leng 45. 50. B., lat. 41. 10. N.
Ganges, a celebrated river of Asia, which has
Its source in two springs, on the W. side of Mt.
Kentaiffe, in Tibet, in the lat. of 34. N., and 82.
ofE. long. The 2 streams take a W. direction
for 300 m. when meeting the ridge of Himmaleh,
they tnrn S., unite their waters, and form what is
properly called the Ganges, from the Hindoo
word Ganga, which signifies a river ; a term giv-
en it by way of eminence. This great body of
water now forces a passage through the ridge of
Himmaleh at the distance of 400 m. below the
place of its first approach, and rushing through a
cavern, precipitates itself into a vast basin, at the
hither foot of the mountain. The Ganges thus
appears, to incurious spectators, to have its source
from this chain of mountains. Superstition has
fiven to the mouth of the cavern the form of the
cad of a cow ; an animal held by the Hindoos in
great veneration ;, and it is therefore called the
Gangotri, or the Cow's Mouth. From this place
it takes a S. E. direction through the country of
Sirina^ur, until, at Hurdwar, it finally escapes
from this mountainous tract in v/hicK it has wan-
dered 800 m. From Hurdwar, whf^re it gushes
through an opening in the mountains, and enters
Hindoostan, it flows 1,200 m. with a smooth nav-
igable stream, through delightful plains, to the
bay of Bengal, which it enters by several mouth<i,
'It
that form an extensive -delta, in the lat. of 22. N.,
and between 88. and 91. of E. long. In its course
through these plains, it receives 11 rivers, some
of them larger and none smaller than the Thames,
besides many of inferior note ; the principal of
which are the Gogra, Cossy, and the Burampoo-
ter from the N., and the Jumna, Soane,and Dum-
raooda from the S. In the annual inundation of
this river, which on an average rises 31 feet, the
country is oveflowed to the extent of more than
100 m. in width. The Ganges is, in every re-
spect, one of the most beneficial rivers in the
world ; diffusing plenty immediately by means of
its living productions ; and by enriching the
lands, affording an easy conveyance for the pro-
duction of its borders, and giving employment to
many thousand boatmen. It is no wonder, there-
fore, that the Hindoos regard this river as a kind
of deity, that they hold its waters in high vene-
ration, and that it is visited annually by a prodig-
ious number of pilgrims from all parts of Hin-
doostan. See Hoogly.
Gangotri, a town of the country of Sirinagur,
seated on the Ganges, where that river rushes
through a cavern of the Himmaleh mountains,
170 m. N. N. W. of Sirinagur. Long. 76. 35. E.,
lat. 38. 8. N.
Gang-pour, a town of Hindoostan, in Orissa,
capital of a circar of its name. It is 50 m. N. N.
E. of Sumbulpour, and 160 N. W. of Cuttack.
Long. 84. 10. E., lat. 22. 2. N.
Ganjam, a town of Hindoostan, in the circar
of Cicaole, on the bay of Bengal, at the mouth
of a river which is rarely navigable, near the S.
end of lake Chilca, 110 m. N. E. of Cicaole.
Long. 85. 20. E., lat 19. 22. N.
GannxU, a town of France, in the department of
Allier, 30 m. S. of Moulins; it is the seat of a
prefect.
Gap, a town of France, capital of the depart-
ment of Upper Alps, and lately a bishop's see.
It has a fort called Puymore, and is seated on
the small river Bene, at the foot of a mountain,
in which some mineral waters are found, 348 m.
S. S. E. of Paris and 82 N. N. W. of Nice.
Gapsal, a town of Russia, in the government
of Revel, on a small gulf of the Baltic, 36 m. W.
S. W. of Revel.
Garak. See Karek.
Gard, a department of the S. of France, in-
cluding part of the late province of Languedoc
It has its name from a rapid river which rises in
the department of Lozere, flows S. E. through
this department, and enters the Rhone, above
Beaucaire. It is bounded on the E. by the Rhone ;
the S. point jets upon the Mediterranean ; it par-
takes, however, more of the character of an interi-
or than a maritime district. It is rich in mines
of lead, calamine, antimony, manganese, gypsum,
&c. The vine and olive, and especially the lat-
ter, flourish luxuriantly.
Garda, a town of Italy, in the Veronese, seated
on the E. shore of a lake of its name, 17 m. N. W.
of Verona.
Garda, Lake of, the largest lake in Italy, lying
between the territories of Verono and Brescia. It
is 30 m. long, and 20 where broadest ; but not
above four towards its northern extremity, which
enters the principality of Trent ; its outlet is by
the Mincio, which runs past Mantua into the Po.
Gardefan, or Guardafui, a cape in the Indian
Ocean, the most eiisterly point of Africa. Long.
51. 10. E., lat. 11.40. N.
Gardeleben, a town of Brandenburg, in the Old
GAS
322
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Mark, with manufactures of cloth, and a trade in
beer, seated on the river Beise, 15 m. W. of Sten-
dal.
Gardiner, p.t. Kennebec Co. Me. on the W.
bank of the Kennebec River, 4 m. S. Hallowell.
Pop. 2,030. This is a flourishing town with con-
siderable trade in lumber and manufactories of
cotton and iron. It has a fine gothic church built
of granite; the handsomest specimen of architec-
ture in the state.
Gardner, p t. Worcester Co. Mass. Pop. 1,023.
Gardner's Island, lies in Gardner's Bay at the
E. end of Long Island, N. Y. It is about 4 m.
long and is a part of the township of East Hamp-
ton.
Gargnano, a town of the Bresciano, seated on
the W. shore of lake Garda, 26 m. N. E. of Bres-
cia.
Garland, t. Penobscot Co. Me. Pop. 621.
Garmuut.h, a town of Scotland, in Murrayshire,
at the mouth of the Spey, with a good harbour.
Great quantities of sliip-timber are floating down
the.river to the town, and many small vessels are
built here. Wool is also a considerable article
of commerce. It is 8 m. E. of Elgin.
Garonne, a river of France, which rises in the
Pyrenees, and flows N. IV. E. to Toulouse, and
from thence N. W. past Valence, Agen, Mar-
mande, and Bordeaux, into the bay of Biscay, re-
ceiving in its course from the E. the Tarn, Lot,
Vezere, and Dordogne, from whence it is called
the Gironde, and is united with the Mediter-
ranean by a canal from Toulouse, called the ca-
nal of Languedoc.
Garonne, Upper, a department of the S. of
France, containing part of the late province of
Languedoc. The S. extends to the Pyrenees,
and it is intersected its whole extent from S. to
N. by the Garonne. It is fertile both in tillage
and pasture ; the vine is also cultivated to a great
extent. It is divided into four arrondissements,
of which Toulouse (the capital) Villefranche, and
St. Gaudensare the chief towns.
Crarr«rrf, a county of Kentucky. Pop. 11,870.
Lancaster is the chief town.
Garretsville, p. v. Otsego Co. N. Y.
Garsis, a town of the kingdom of Fez, surroun-
ded by walls, and the houses are built with black-
stone. It stands in a fertile country, on the Mulu,
56 m. S. E. ofMehlla.
Garstang, a parish and corporate town in Lan-
cashire, Eng. Here are the ruins of Greenhough
castle ; and in the neighbourhood are several cot-
ton works. The town is seated on the river Wyre,
10 m. S. of Lancaster, and 229 N N. W. of Lon-
don.
Gartz, a town of Hither Pomerania, seated on
the Oder, 13 m. S. by W. of Stettin.
Gascony, a late province of France, bounded on
the W. by the bay of Biscay, N. by Guienne, E. by
Languedoc, and S. by the Pyrenees. The inhabi-
tants are of a lively disposition, famous for boasting
of their exploits, which has occasioned the name
of Gasconade to be given to all bragging stories.
This province, with Armagnac, now forms the
departments of Landes, Gers, Upper Pyrenees,
and parts of the Upper Garronne, and Arriege.
Gaspe, an extensive district of Lower Canada,
lying between the river St. Lawrence on the N.,
and bay of Chaleur on the S., bounded on the E.
by the gulf of St. Lawrence; it is at present but
thinly inhabited ; the population is, however, pro-
gressively increasing along the shore of the bay
of Chaleur, which supplies abundance of fine tim-
ber. The bay of Gaspe it at the eastern extrem
ity of the district.
Gastcin, a town of Bavaria, in the duchy of
Salzburg, near the frontier of Carinthia, celebrated
for its warm baths, and mines of lead, iron, and
gold. It is 45 m. S. of Salzburg.
Gata, Cape, a promontory of Spain, on the
coast of Granada, consisting of an enormous rock
of a singular nature and appearance, 24 m. in cir-
cuit. Long. 2. 22. W., hit. 36. 43. N.
Gatehouse, a town of Scotland, in Kirkcud-
brightshire, near tlie mouth of the river Fleet.
Here are considerable cotton works, and an exten-
sive tannery. It is 9 m. N. W of Kircud
brightshire.
Gates, a township of Monroe Co. N. Y. Pop.
7,484.
Gates, a frontier county of North Carolina, bor-
dering on the Great Dismal Swamp, and bounded
on the W. by the Chowan river; it comprises
about 200 sq. m. Pop. 7,866.
Gateshead, a town in the county of Durham,
Eng. seated on the Tyne, over which is a hand-
some bridge to Newcastle. It appears like a su-
burb to Newcastle, and is celebrated for its grind-
stones, which are exported to all parts of the
world. It is 13 m. N. of Durham, and 269 N. by
W. of London. Pop. in 1801 , 8,597, and in 1821
11,767, chiefly employed in the coal trade.
Gutton, a borough in Surrey, Eng. It is 2 m. N.
E. of Ryegate, and 19 S. by W. of London. In
1621 it had only 22 houses, chiefly cottages, in-
habited by 135 persons ; it nevertheless returns
two members to parliament.
Gaudens, St. a town of France, in the department
of Upper Garonne, seated on the Garonne, 13 m.
E. N. E. of St. Bertrand; it is the seat of a
prefect.
Gavi, a town of the territory of Genoa, an im-
portant frontier place toward Montserrat and the
Milanese ; seated on the Lemo, 22 m. N. W. of
Genoa.
Gaur, or Zouf, a city of Usbec Tartary, capital
of the province of Guar ; seated on the river
Zouf, 120 m. S. by W. of Balk. Long. 64.40. W.,
lat. :35. 5. N.
Gauts. See Ghauts.
Gaza, a town of Syria, in Palastine, 2 m. from
the Mediterranean, with a harbour and a castle.
It is now very small ; but, from the appearance
of the ruins, it was formerly a considerable place.
Here are manufactures of cotton ; but the princi-
pal commerce is furnished by the caravans be-
tween Egypt and Syria. It stands in a fertile
country, 50 m. S. W. of Jerusalem. Long. 34.
45. E., lat. 31. 28. N.
Gazypoor, capital of a fertile and populous dis
trict of Hindoostan, seated on the N. bank of the
Ganges, 45 m. N. E. of Benares.
Gearon, or Jaron, a town of Persia, in Farsistan,
in whose territory the best dates of Persia are pro-
duced. It is 80 m. S. by E. of Shiras. Long. 51.
17. E., lat. 28. 15. N.
Geauga, a county in the N. E. of Ohio ; the N.
end borders on lake Erie ; it comprises about 600
sq. m. Pop. 15,813. Chardon, in the centre of
the county, is the chief town.
Gtddes, p. v. Onondaga Co. N. Y.
Ge^e, a sea-port of Sweden, capital of Gestricia,
seated on an arm of the gulf of Bothnia, which di-
vides the town, and forms two islands. The ex-
ports are principally iron, pitch, tar and deals.
It is 90 m. N. N. W. of Stockholm. Long. 17.
20. E., lat. 60. 40. N.
GEN
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0£1I
Gehot, or Zkehol, a town of Chinese Tartary,
with a large palace, and a magnificent temple of
Budha. Here the emperor of China received the
British embassy in 1793. It is 136 m. N. of
Pekin.
Gdderland, one of the provinces of Holland,
and the largest of them all. It lies between the
Zuyder Zee, the provinces of Holland, Utretcht,
and Overyssel, the principality of Munster, the
duchy of Cleves, and Dutch Brabant ; and is divi-
ded into three quarters or counties, called Nime-
guen, Arnheim, and Zutphen. from the principal
towns. It is fertile in fruit and corn ; and, in ma-
ny pafts, abounds in wood.
Gelderland, Upper, a territory of the Nether-
lands, lying in detached parts, on both sides the
river Meuse, divided into Austrian, Dutch, and
Prussian Gelderland. The Austrian part includes
Ruremonde, and its dependencies ; the Dutch
comprehends the lordships of Venlo and Stevens-
wert ; and the Prussian contains the capital, Guel-
dres, and its district, which is reckoned as a part
of the circle of Westphalia ; the Austrian and
Dutch part, at the peace of 1814, were included
in the kingdom of the Netherlands, and the re-
mainder assigned to Prussia.
Gelders, a town of the Netherlands, and the
capital of Prussian Gelderland. Here is a palace,
the residence of the former dukes. It was taken
in 1702, by the king of Prussia; and in 1713, the
town and its district was ceded by France to that
prince, in exchange for the principality of Orange.
In 17.")7 it surrendered to the French, who restored
it in 1764, after demolishing the fortifications ; and
in 1704, it again surrendered to them; and, at
the peace of 1814, was assiu^ned to Prussia. It is
20 m. S. S. E. of Cleves. Long. 6.16. E.,lat.51.
31. N.
Gelnhauscn, a town of Germany, in the electo-
rate of Hesse, with a castle, seated on the Kintzig,
18 m. N. E. ofHanau.
Geinappes, a village of Hainault in the Neth-
erlands, near the Scheldt, 2 m. from Mons,
famous for a victory gained by the French repub-
licans under Dumourier, over the Austnans, m
1792.
Gemhloux, a town of the Netherlands, in Bra-
bant, with an ancient abbey, seated on the Or-
neau, 22 m. S. E. of Brussels, on the road to
Namur.
Geminiano, St. a town of Tuscany, in the Flor
entino, seated on a mountain, in which is a mine
of vitriol, 25 m. S. S. W. of Florence.
Geniona, a town of Italy, in Friuli, near the
river Tagliamento, 20 m. W. N. W. of Friuli.
Gemund, a town of Suabia, seated on the Hems,
24 m. N. by W. of Ulm, and 25 E. by S. of
Stuttgard.
Gemund, a. town of Germany, in the Duchy of
Juliers ; seated on the Roer, 24 m. S. W. of
Cologne.
Gemund, a town of Upper Carinthia, with man-
ufactures of iron and steel, 16 m. N. W. of
Villach. »
Gemunden, a town of Franconia, in the princi-
pality of Wurtzburg, on the river Maine, 22 m.
N. of Wurtzburg.
Gemunden, a town of Austria, famous for its
salt-works ; seated at the N. end of a lake of the
same name, on the river Traun, the outlet of the
lake, 40 m. S. S. W. of Lintz, on the Danube.
Genap, a town of the Netherlands, in Brabant,
• with an ancient castle, seated on the Dyle, 15 m.
S. E. of Brussels.
Genesee, a river of the United States, which
rises on the N. border of Pennsylvania, and runs
N. N. E. through the state of New York into Lake
Ontario. It has tliree falls, which furnish excel-
lent mill-seats ; one of them at Rochester is 90
feet perpendicular. On its borders are the Gene-
see flats, 20 m. long and four broad, the soil rich
and clear of trees.
Genesee, a county in the state of New York, the
N. end of which borders on Lake Ontario; it
comprises about 1,600 square m. and is intersected
by the canal from Lake Erie to the Hudson river
The pop. which in 1810 was stated at only 12,
588, in 1830 was returned at 51,992. Batavia is
the chief town.
Geneseo, p.t. Livingston Co. N. Y. Pop. 2,675.
Gencca, a fortified city, capital of a territory of
the same name, surrounded by the duchy of Sa-
voy, of whicli it was formerly a part, and the see
of a bishop, now resident at Annecy. In 1584,
Geneva concluded an alliance with Zurich and
Bern, by which it was an associate with Switzer-
land. JDuring the greater part of the 18th cen-
tury, there were frequent contests between tfie
aristocratic and the popular parties ; and the years
1768, 1782, 1789, and 1794, were distinguished by
great revolutions. The last was eiFected entirely
by the influence of the French ; and not long
after, this city and its territory was- made a de-
partment of France, under the name of Leman ;
but in 1814, after the expulsion of the French,, it
was annexed to Switzerland. Geneva, which
stands partly on a plain at the W. end of a lake,
and partly on a gentle ascent, is irregularly built.
It has a good arsenal, and an university founded
in 1368. The bouses are lofty ; and many in the
trading part of the city have arcades of wood,
which are raised even to the upper stories. The
inhabitants, estimated 'at 26,000, carry on a great
trade, and among others the watch-making busi-
ness is particularly flourishing. The pop. of the
district in 1825, was 41 ,560. Geneva is 40 m. N.
E. of Chamberry, 135 N. W. of Turin, and 256 S.
E. by S. of Paris. Long. 6. 0. E., lat. 46. 12. N.
Geneva, Lake of, a large expanse of water, be-
tween Savoy and Switzerland, in a valley which
separates the Alps from Mount Jura. Its length
from the city of Geneva to Villeneuve, is 54 m. ,
and the breadth in the widest part is 12. The
water near Geneva is shallow ; in other parts the
depth is various ; the greatest, yet found by sound-
ing, is 160 fathoms. The river Rhone runs
through it from the E. to the W. extremity.
Genera, a duchy of Savoy, comprising an area
of about 600 square m. bounded on the N. W. by
the Rhone.
Geneva, a village in the township of Seneca,
Ontario Co. N. Y. It stands on Seneca lake and
is one of the neatest villages in the State. The
neighborhood has a varied and pleasant scenery
with many elegant country seats. The village
contains 4 churches, a bank and a college. The
college was founded in 1823. It has 6instructers
and a library of 1 ,500 volumes. It has 3 vacations
of 10 weeks. Commencement is in August.
Generals also the name of a township in Ash-
tabula Co. Ohio, and of a village in Jennings Co.
Indiana.
Genevieve, St. a county in the state of Missouri,
on the W. bank of the Mississippi river, compri-
sing about 1,100 sq. m. of territory. Pop. 2,182.
The St. Francis river intersects the S. W. part of
the county, which contains an exceedingly rich
bed of lead ore.
GEO
324
GEO
Gengenhach, a town of Suabia, in Brisgau, with
a Benedictine abbey ; seated on a rivulet of the
same name, which flows into the Kintzig, 20 m.
N. of Friburg.
Genoa, a celebrated city and sea-port of Italy,
distinguished for its trading importance as far
back as the lllh century, about which period it
began to take under its protection the towns and
territory of the adjoining coast ; hut the most cele-
brated period of its history is from the close of the
13th to the middle of the 15lh century, when the
Genoese divided with the Venetians the exclusive
commerce of Europe in the productions of Asia.
Their success however in commerce and banking
excited the jealousy of the Venetians, and ulti-
mately involved them in open hostilities, and in
1746 it surrendered to the Austrian power, whose
oppression of the inhabitants was such, that the
latter suddenly rose and expelled their conquerors,
who again besieged the city the next year, but
without effect. In 1798, the French became mas-
ters of this city. In 1800, it sustained a siege by
a British fleet and Austrian army till literally
starved, and was evacuated by capitulation; but
soon afterwards it was again delivered up to the
French, on their victory at Marengo. Early in
1814, it was taken by the British, under lord Ben-
tinck, but at the general partitioning of Europe
which followed the peace of Paris, m that year,
the city and territory of Genoa was assigned to the
king of Sardinia, and incorporated as a state
into his dominions. The harbour is commodious,
protected by two moles of considerable length ;
the city is about 6 m. in circumference, surrounded
on all sides by a strong wall, and on the land side
is defended by a double fortification; most of
the streets are narrow and irregular, but the
Balbi, New Street, and Strada Nuovissima, are
spacious and elegant. Prior to the French revolu-
tion it had upwards of 30 churches and 70 re-
ligious houses, three theatres, and several other
public buildings. Many of the houses in the
principal streets are adorned w^ith marble porticos,
and several of the churches are beautiful speci-
mens of architecture, and their interior decora-
tions exceedingly tasteful and rich. The hank
of Genoa, established in 1345, considerably ex-
tended at the commencement of the following
century, in 1751 became insolvent for a large
amount, and in 1798 was finally abolished by Bon-
aparte. Although Genoa now holds an inferior
rank, yet from its advantageous local position
and maritime accommodation as the outport and
depot for the whole of Piedmont and Sardi-
nia, it must necessarily continue a place of con-
siderable importance. Genoa is the see of an
archbishop, and the seat of an university with a
valuable library ; a nautical and other public
schools ; has several manufactures of silk and
jewellery, and is particularly distinguished for its
manufacture of silk velvets. It is seated at the
head of a spacious gulf of the Mediterranean, in
the lat. of 44. 25. N., and 8. 58. of E. long., 80 m.
in a meridianal line S. E. of Turin, about the
same distance S. by W. of Milan, 80 N. W. of Leg-
horn, 95 N. E. of Nice. Pop. 76,000. The territory
which fonned the republic of Genoa extends along
the shore of the gulf for about 120 m.
Genoa, p.t. Cayuga County, New York. Popula-
tion 2,768.
George, Fort, a fortress of Scotland, in Inver-
nesshire, which has several handsome streets of
barracks. It is seated on the point of a peninsula,
forming the point of entrance into the Murray
Frith, and completely commands the entrance in-
to the harbour of Inverness. It is 10 m. N. E. of
Inverness.
George, St. a small island in the Gidf of Venice,
to the S. of Venice, to which it is subject. Here
is a Benedictine monastery, whose church is one of
the finest in Italy.
George, St. one of the Azores, which produces
much wheat. In 1808 a volcano broke out here,
which destroyed the town of Ursulina, several
farming-houses, &c. The chief town is Vellas.
Long. 28. 0. W., lat. 38. 39. N.
George del Mina, St. a fort of Guinea, on the
Gold Coast, and the principal settlement of the
Dutch in those parts. The town under it, called by
the natives Oddenna, is very long, and pretty broad
The houses are built of stone, which is uncommon,
for in other places they are convposed only of claj
and wood. It is 10 m. W. S. W. of Cape Coast
Castle. Long. 0. 4. W., lat. 8. 46. N.
George, Fort, St. See Madras.
George, St. the largest of the Bermuda Islands.
It is in the form of a hook, about 40 m. in length,
but seldom 2 in breadth. It has a town of the same
name, containing 500 houses built of freestone,
which is the capital of all the islands. Long. 63.
35. W., lat. 32. 45. N.
George, St. the capital of the island of Grenada,
formerly called Fort-Royal, which name the fort
still retains. It is situate on the W. coast, not
far from the S. end of the island, and has a safe
and commodious harbour. Long. 61. 45. W., lat.
11. 50. N.
George's Key. St. a small island in the bay of
Honduras, on tne E. coast of Yuctan. It is like-
wise called Cassina, or Cayo Cassigo. By a con-
vention in 1786, the English logwood-cutters
were permitted, under certain restrictions, to oc-
cupy this island. Long. 88. 35. W., lat. 17.
40. N.
George, Lake, in the eastern part of the state
of New York, between Lake Champlain and the
Hudson. It is 34 m. long, but very narrow, never
exceeding 4 m. Its waters pass by a narrow out-
let into Lake Champlain. This is one of the most
beautiful sheets of water in the world, being sur-
rounded by mountains and diversified with a
great number of islands. The water is deep and
remarkably pure and transparent. A fish or a
stone may be seen at a depth of 30 feet. The
shores consist of abrupt and shelving points, and
are bounded by two long ranges of mountains,
sometimes rising boldly from the water and at
others ascending with a gentle and graceful sweep,
exhibiting naked and weather beaten cliffs, and
wild forests intermixed with fine cultivated fields,
lawns, and pastures. The village of Caldwell
stands on the south-eastern side of the lake, and is
much visited by travellers who come to enjoy the
fine scenery in the neighbourhood. A steamboat
plies upon the lake in summer.
The islands of the lake are said to be 365 in
number. They are of all sizes and forms, and
contribute greatly to the romantic beauty of its
surface. Some of them are covered with trees,
others are thinly wooded, and others are abrupt and
craggy rocks. Diamond Island, abounds in crystals
of quartz. Long Mand contains 100 acres and is
under cultivation. At a place called the Narrmcs,
the lake is contracted, and its surface is covered
with a most beautiful cluster of islands which ex-
tends for several miles.
These are of various sizes, but generally very
small, and of little elevation. A few of them are
named, as Green, Bass, Lone-tree islands. Some
GEO
325
GEO
of them are covered with trees, others with shrubs,
some show little lawns or spots of grass, heaps of
barren rocks, or gently s.loping shores ; and most
of them are ornamented with gaceful pines, hem-
locks, and other tall trees, collected in groups, or
•: standing alone, and disposed with most charming
' variety. Sometimes an island will be observed
just large enough to support a few fine trees, or
.', perhaps a single one, while the next may appear
.. like a solid mass of bushes and wild flowers ;
? near at hand, perhaps, is a third, with a dark grove
' of pines, and a decaying old trunk in front of it ;
and tliuj, through every interval between the is-
lands as you pass along, another and another laby-
rinth is opened to view, among little isolated
spots of ground, divided by narrow channels,
from which it seems impossible for a person who
should have entered them, ever to find his way
out. Some of the islands look almost like ships
with their masts ; and many have an air of light-
ness as if they were sailing upon the lake.
After passing the Narrows, the lake widens
again, and the retrospect is, for several miles,
through that passage, with Tongue Mountain on
the west, and Black Mountain opposite, the Lu-
zerne range appearing at a great distance between
them. The mountains in view have generally
rounded summits ; but the sides are in many pla-
ces broken by precipitous ledges. They are in-
habited by wolves, deer, rattlesnakes, &c.
The lake contains abundance of the finest perch,
bass and other fish ; trout are found in a stream
flowing into the southern part. Near the south-
ern shore are the ruins of Fort William Henry
and Fort George, celebrated in the early wars
with the French.
George, St. an island of the United States, in
the strait of St. Mary which forms the communi-
.; cation between Lake Superior and Lake Huron.
George, St. an island in the gulf of Mexico, op-
posite the mouth of the Apalachicola. Long.
84. 50. W., lat. 29. 30. N.
Gcorgeville, p. v. Franklin Co. Ohio.
Geororetown, a maritime district of South Car-
olina, bounded on the S. by the Santee river,
which divides it from Charleston district; it
has 34 m. of sea-coast, indented with several
small inlets. Black "iver. Cedar and Lynches
Creeks, the great v.nd .little Pedee, and the
Waccamaws river, all unite their waters in this
district, which comprises a surface of about 900
square miles, exceedingly fertile in rice and cot-
ton. Pop. 19,943.
Georgetown, a city of the District of Columbia
adjoining Washington, from which it is separated
by a small creek. It stands on the east bank of
the Potomac at the head of tide water. The
site of the town is very pleasant, occupying a
succession of hills rising gradually from the river.
On a height overlooking the town stands a cath-
olic monastery. The streets of the town are
regular and the houses generally of brick, [t
Has a considerable trade in the exportation of to-
• bacco and flour. Pop. 8,44L A canal frbm the Po-
,; tomac to the Ohio begins at this place. See Po-
tntndc and Ohio Canal
Georgetoion, p.t. the chief town of the district
of that name in S. Carolina, stands on Winyaw
Bay near the mouth of the Pedee, 13 m. from the
sea ; and has considerable commerce.
Georiretown is also the name of 9 other towns
and villages in different parts of the United
States ; n:i7ve)y, Lincoln Co. Me. Pop. 1 ,258. Mad-
ison C J. N. X . Pop. 1,094. Meroer Co. Pa., Beaver
2E
Co. Pa., Sussex Co. Delware, Kent Co. Maryl.,
Warren Co Geo., Harrison Co. Ohio, Dearborn,
Co. Ind.
Georgia, a country of Asia, called by the Per
sians, Curdistan, and by the Turks, Gurlc.ii. It is
one of the seven Caucasian nations, in the cr)un-
tries between the Black sea and the Caspiar . and
the lat. of 39. and 43. N., and comprehenas the
ancient Iberia and Colchis. It is bounded on
the N. by Circassia, E. by Daghestan and St.'iir-
van, S. by Armenia, and W. by Cuban, or the
new Russian government of Caucasia. It is
divided into 9 provinces. Of these, 5 I'orm
what is commonly called the kingdom of Ceor-
fia ; and four the kingdom or principaliU' of
meritia. The last reigning prince, Heraclius,
ceded this country to Russia on his death, whii'h
happened in 1800. The hills of Georgia are cov
ered with forests of oak, ash, beech, chestnuM,
walnuts, and elms, encircled with vines, growing
perfectly wild, but producing vast quantities of
grapes, from which much wine and brandy are
made. Cotton grows spontaneously, as well as
the finest European fruit trees. Rice, wheat,
millet, hemp, and flax, are raised on the plains,
almost without culture. The valleys afford the
finest pasturage, the rivers are full of fish, the
mountains abound in minerals, and the climate
is healthy. The rivers of Georgia, the principal
of which is the fCur, falling into the Caspian Sea,
being fed by mountain torrents, are always ei-
ther too rapid or too shallow for the purposes of
navigation. The Georgians are Christians of the
Greek communion, and appear to have received
their name from their attachment to St. George,
the tutelary saint of these countries. Their dress
nearly resembles that of the Cossacs ; but men of
rank frequently wear the habit of Persia. They
usually dye their hair, beards, and nails with
red. The women employ the same colour to stain
the palms of their hands. On their head they
wear a cap or fillet, under which their black hair
falls on their forehead ; behind it is braided into
several tresses : their eyebrows are painted with
black, in such a manner as to form one entire line
and the face is coated with white and red. They
are celebrated for their beauty : but their air and
manners are extremely voluptuous. The Georg-
ians have great skill in the use of the bow and
are deemed excellent soldiers : but the men have
no virtue, except courage ; fathers sell their
children, and sometimes their wives. Both sexes
are addicted to drunkenness, and are particularly
fond of brandy. The other inhabitants of Georgia
are Tartars, Ossi, and Armenians. These last
are found all over Georgia, sometimes mixed with
the natives, and sometimes in villages of their
own. They speak among themselves their own
language, but all understand and can talk the
Georgians. Besides these there are a considera-
ble number of Jews, some having villages of their
own, and others mixed with the Georgian, Armen-
ian and Tartar inhabitants, but never with the Ossi;
the aggregate number amount to 320,000. The
Christians of the country in part follow the rites
of the Armenian, and in part that of the Greek
church ; and they are represented as the most
tractable Christians in the east. Teflis is the
capital. See I meritia.
Georgia, one of the United States of America,
bounded N. by Tennessee and N. Carolina, E. by
S. Carolina and the ocean ; S. by Florida, and W.
by Alabama. It lies between 30. 20. and 35. N.
lat. and 81. and 86. 48. W. long. It is 300 m. in
GEO
326
GER
length from N. to S and 240 in breadth and con-
tains 50,000 sq. m.
The river Savannah washes almost the vphole
of the eastern boundary. The Ogeechee and
Alatamaha have their whole course within the
state ; the Flint and Chatahoochee pass out of
the state to the south. Tliere is a small mountain-
ous tract in the north, but nearly tlie whole country
is an unbroken level. The soil is of various qual-
ities. A chain of islands siretcliing along the
whole coast have a fertile soil and produce the
first cotton in the world, well known by the name
of Sea Island cotton. The land here and along
the shore consists of marshy tracts, and swells in
the surface called hammoc land. On the Florida
border is the great swamp of Okefoiwko, {which
see.) Beyond is a belt of pine barrens interspersed
with swamps. Still farther the country becomes
sandy, but towards the hilly region the soil is
strorig and productive. There are many large
forests which afford timber for exportation. In
those parts which are flooded by the rivers the
land is devoted to the cultivation of rice. The
rice plant has a fibrous root, and puts forth stems
which grow to the height of 4 and 5 feet. The
ters, sounding exactly like those three words. It
begins its call towards Evening, and continues with
■ eaves are long and fleshy, somewhat similar to
those of the leek. The flowers are of a purple
colour and grow in clusters on the top of the
stalks. In the early stages of its growth the rice
fields are inundated witli water.
The most profitable agricultural employment is
the cultivation of cotton. Indigo was formerly
produced in considerable quantities, but the cul-
ture has almost totally ceased. Slave labour
is universally employed, and agriculture as a sci-
ence has made very little improvement.
The climate in the southern part is hot and un-
healthy. Epidemic fevers rage in tlie summer
and autumn, rendering the country unsafe for
strangers and even natives. The sea islands how-
ever are esteemed salubrious and many of the
planters spend the hot season there. In the
north, pine forests abound ; and here the air is pure
and as healthy as in any part of the United States.
The heat of summer, is excessive and the annoy-
ance from moschetoes one of the greatest dis-
comforts imaginable. No sleej) can be enjoyed
at night without the precaution of placing a
moscheto net of gauze at every window. The
number of frogs in the swamps and small
streams is prodigious. Alligators abound in eve-
ry stream of tlie low country. Great numbera
of water fowl frequent these parts as well as the
beaches and inlets of the sea-coast. The Chuck
Will's Widow is one of the most common birds
liere, but is rarely seen north of Tennessee and
Viririnia. It is a solitary bird, somewhat resemb-
ling the Whip-poor-will, and is often confounded
witli it It name is derived from the notes il ut-
short interruption for several hours. In a still
evening it may be heard at the distance of a mile.
Georgia is divided into 76 Counties. The cap-
ital is Milledgeville. The largest towns are Sa-
vannah and Augusta. It has a university at Ath-
ens and a school fund of 500,000 dollars. It has
no manufactures. Its trade consists chiefly in the
exportation of cotton and rice. The commerce
of the state is ciiiefly carried on by northern ves-
sels. The shipping owned in the state amounted
in 1828 to 13,959 tons. The imports in 1829 were
380,293 dollars. The exports of domestic produce
4,980,042 dollars. Total exports, 4,981,370 dol-
lars.
The legislature is called the General Assemhly ,
and consists of a Senate and House of Represen-
tatives. The Senators and Representatives are
chosen in counties. The Governor is chosen by
the lecrislature for two years. Suffrage is univer
sal. The pop. is 510,507, of whom 217,240 are
slaves. In addition to these are the Cherokee In-
dians, inhabiting the north-western part of the
state. See Clierokees.
The Baptists are the most numerous sect in re-
ligion ; they have 205 ministers. The Methodists
have 04 ; the Presbyterians 31 ; the Episcopalians
4 ; the Christians 28 and the Catholics 3.
The first settlement in Georgia was made at
Savannah in 1733, consequently it was the latest
settled of all the Atlantic states. The present
constitution was formed in 1798.
Gi'orifia., or South Georgia, an island in tiie
South Atlantic Ocean, visited by Cook in 1775.
It is 04 m. long, and 30 in its greatest breadth.
It abounds in bays and harbours, which the vast
quantities of ice render inaccessible the greatest
part of the year. Here are perpendicular ice
cliffs, of considerable height, like tliose at Spilz-
bergen ; from which pieces were continually
breaking off and floating out to sea. The valle-.'s
wore covered witli snow ; and the only vegeta-
tion observed was bladed grass, wild burnet, and
a plant, like moss, which sprung from the rocks
Not a stream of fresh water was to be seen on the
whole coast.
Georgia, Gulf of , a gulf of the North Pacific
Ocean, between the continent of North America
and Quadra and Vancouver Island; about 120
m. in lengtl), from N. to S., but the breadth va-
ries in its different parts from to 20 m. It con-
tains several clusters of islands, and bra7)ches ofl'
into a great number of canals, most of which were
examined by captain Vancouver and his officers.
G<ra, a town of Upper Saxony, in Thuringia.
It has a castle about a mile from the town, on a
UER
327
GER
mountain in a wood, and is called Ostorstein.
It is seated on the Elster, 32 m. S. S. W. of
Leipzig.
Gerau, a town of Germany, in Hesse-Darm-
stadt, 8 m. W. N. W. of Darmstadt.
Gerhstadt, a town of Upper Saxony, in the
county of Mansfeld, Thuringia, 7 m. N. E. of
Mansfeld.
Gerdaven, a town of Prussia, defended by two
castles, and seated on the Omet, near a consid-
erable lake, 50 m. S. E. of Konigsberg.
Germain, St. a borough in Cornwall, Eng. It
was once the largest town in the county, and a
bishop's see, but now consists chiefly of fisher-
men's cottages : it still returns two members to
parliament. What remains of the cathedral is
used as the parish church ; and near it is the pri-
ory. It stands near the sea, 10 m. W. of Ply-
mouth, and 223 W. by S. of London.
Germain. St. a town of France, in the depart-
ment of Seine and Oise, with a magnificent
palace, in which Louis XIV. was born. Here
James II. found an asylum, when he fled to
France. It is seated on the Seine, near a fine
forest, 10 m. N. W. of Paris.
German, p.t. Chenango Co. N. Y. Pop. 884.
Also townships in P'ayette Co. Pa., Clarke, Mont-
gomery and Darke Cos. Ohio, and Cape Girar-
deau Co. Missouri.
German Flats, p.t. Herkimer Co. N. Y. Pop.
2,466.
Germanna, p. v. Orange Co. Va. on Rapid Ann
river.
German Ocean, or North Sea, is the sea between
the E. coast of England, from the straits of Do-
ver to the Shetland Isles, and the coasts of Jut-
land and Norway, it comprises about 8 degrees
of latitude and 10 of longitude.
Germano, St. a town of Piedmont, on the river
Naviglio, 9 m. W. of Vercehijon the line of the
canal to Ivrea.
Germano, St. a town of Naples, in Terra di
Lavoro, at the foot of Monte Cassino, 17 m. S. S.
E. of Sora.
Germantoion, p.t. Columbia Co. N. Y. on the
river, 12 m. below the city of Hudson. Pop. 967.
Also a village in Philadelphia Co. Pa. 6 m. N.
of Philadelphia. It contains Mount Airy Acade-
my and is celebrated for a battle fought here
Oct. 4, 1777. Also villaores in Fauquier Co. Va.,
Hyde Co. N. C, Bracken Co. Ken.
Germany, an extensive country of Europe, lying
between the 45th and 54th degree of N. lat., and
and 6. to 19. of E. long. ; the mean length, how-
ever, from N. to S. does not exceed 530 British
statute m. and the mean breadth 460 m., compri-
sing an area of about 245,000 square m. It is
bounded on the E. by Hungary and Poland, N.
by the Baltic Sea and Denmark, W. by the Neth-
erlands and France, and S. by Switzerland and
Italy. The extreme S. point jets into the gulf
of Venice. Prior to the French revolutionary
war, which commenced in 1793, Germany had
geographically been divided into 9 circles, politi-
cally subdivided into 206 archbishopricks, bishop-
ricks, principalities, dukedoms, marquisates, lord-
ships, provinces, (fee. under the government of
nearly as many sovereign potentates ; but the
whole of them formed a great confederacy, gov-
erned by political laws, at the head of which was
an emperor, whose power in the collective body,
or diet, was not directive but executive. The
western Roman empire, which had terminated in
the year 475, in the person of Augustulus, the last
Roman emperor, and which was succeeded by the
reign of the Huns, the Ostrogoths, and the
Lombards, was revived by Charlemagne, kincr
of France, on Christmas day, in the year 80(f.
This prince being then at Rome, pope Leo III.
crowned him emperor, in St. Peter's church ; and
Nicephorus, who was then emperor of the east,
consented to this coronation. The French kept
the empire under eight emperors, till the year
912, when Louis III., the last prince of the line
of Ciiarlemagne, died without issue male. Con-
rad, count of Franconia, the son-in-law of Louis,
was then elected emperor. Thus the empire
went to the Germans, and became elective, having
been hereditary under the French emperors.
The emperor was chosen by the princes, the lords,
and the deputies of cities, till the year 1239, when
the number of the electors was reduced to seven;
one more was added in 1649, and another in 1692,
these nine electors continued to the year 1798,
when, in consequence of the alterations made in
the constitution of the empire, under the influ-
ence of France and Russia, they became ten in
number; namely, the elector and archbishop of
Ratisbon, the elector and king of Bohemia, (the
then emperor) the elector of Bavaria, the elector
of Saxony, the elector of Brandenburg (king of
Prussia) the elector of Hanover (king of England)
the elector of Wurtzburjr (late grand duke of
Tuscany) the elector of Wurtemburg, the elector
of Baden, and the elector of flesse. On the death
of Charles VI. of Austria, in 1740, an emperor
was chosen from the house of Bavaria, by the
name of Charles VII. On the death of this
prince, in 1745, Francis, grand duke of Tuscany,
was elected emperor; whose grandson, Francis
II.. enjoyed the dignity of emperor of Germany
till 1806, when he formally resigned the title and
office, transferring his title of emperor to his he-
reditary dominions of Austria.
At the close of the Saxon race, in 1024, the
prerogatives of the emperor were very considera-
ble ; but, in 1437, they were reduced to the right
of conferring all dignities and titles, except the
privilege of being a state of the empire ; of grant-
ing dispensations with respect to the age of ma-
jority, of erecting cities, and conferring the priv-
ilege of coining money ; of calling the meetings
of the diet, and presiding in them. But, after all,
there was not a foot of land annexed to this title ;
for ever since the reign of Charles IV., the em-
perors depended entirely on their hereditary do-
minions, as the only source of their power, and
even of their subsistence. To prevent the ca-
lamities of a contested election, a king of the
Romans was often chosen in the lifetime of the
emperor, on whose death he succeeded to the im-
perial dignity of course. The emperor (always
elected and crowned at Frankfort on the Maine)
assumed the title of august, and pretended to be
successor to the emperors of Rome. Although
he was chief of the empire, the supreme authori-
ty resided in the diet, which was composed of
three colleges ; the college of electors, the col-
lege of princes, and the college of imperial towns.
The diet had the power of making peace or war,
of settling general impositions, and of regulating
all the important aff'airs of the empire ; but the
decisions had not the force of law till the empe-
ror gave his consent. When a war was deter-
mined on, every prince contributed his quota of
men and money, as valued in the matriculation
roll ; though as an elector or prince he might
espouse a different side from that of the diet All
GlilR
323
GHA
the sovereigna of Germany had and still have an
absolute authority in their own dominions, and
can lay taxes, levy troops, and make alliances,
provided they do not prejudice the empire. Tliey
determine all civil causes definitely, unless in
some particular cases in which an appeal may bt;
made. These appeals were to two courts, called
the Imperial Chamber, at Wetzlar; and the Aulic
Council, at Vienna.
The three principal religions are, the Roman
Catholic, the Lutheran, and the Calvinistic ; but
Christians of all denominations are tolerated, and
there is a multitude of Jews in all the great towns.
Germany is watered by numerous rivers, the three
principal of which, are tlie Rhine, the Danube,
and the Elbe; the first of these rises in Switzer-
land, and forms the S. W. boundary of the em-
pire, dividing it from Switzerland and France ; it
afterwards intersects the N. W. part of Germany
and Holland, and falls into the Meuse, near Rot-
terdam. The Danube rises in Suabia, the S. W.
circle of the empire, and by itself and several
tributary streams of inferior note, intersects a
great portion of the southern part of Germany ;
it afterwards runs through Hungary and Europe-
an Turkey, into the Black Sea. The Elbe rises
near the centre of the eastern frontier, and runs
in a N. W. direction into the North Sea. The
Oder intersects all the N. E. part of Germany,
and falls into the Baltic Sea. The Weser, the
Ems, the Adige, the Drave and other small riv-
ers are navigable, and afford admirable means for
facilitating an interchange of productions from
one part of the country to the other ; but the
Oder and the Elbe are the only two that are uni-
ted by art. The mountains of the south are rich
in every kind of metal and semi-metal. The for-
ests supply abundance of the finest timber, and
the vine, olive, and mulberry, only require com-
mon attention to yield fruit in abundance ; while
the plains of the north yield a surplus of grain
and cattle for exportation, and of wool and flax
to furnish materials for extensive manufactures,
especially of linens, which are exported in consid-
erable quantities to almost every part of Europe,
Africa, and America.
In 1806, the Germanic confederacy was dis-
solved by Napoleon, and several of the minor
states formed into a new confederacy under the
title of the confederation of the Rhine ; while
Westphalia, Wurtemberg and Bavaria, were con-
stituted new and independent kingdoms; Prus-
sia and Austria retaining their respective heredi-
tary dominions ; but at the general pacification of
Europe, in 1815, the Rhenish confederacy was
dis.solved, and that of Germany again re-establish-
ed, with some variations and modifications. In
1823 the confederacy consisted of 35 sovereign-
ties, exclusive of the four free towns of Ham-
burg, Bremen, Lubec, and Frankfort. No people
apply themselves more closely to their studies
than the Germans ; and the Hebrew is no where
BO generally learnt, or better understood. Print-
ing is most extensively encouraged ; every man
of letters is an author : they multiply books with-
out number; thousands of esssays and dis-'
putations are annually published, with which thej'
overstock the fairs of Frankfort and Leipzig; for
no man can be a graduate in the university who
has not published one disputation at least. The
language of Germany is a dialect of the Teutonic,
which succeeded that called tiie Celtic. The
population is estimated at 30,000,000. Vienna is
the principal city
Germany, a township in Adams Co. and a vil
lage in Somerset Co. Pa.
Gerona, a fortified town of Spain, in Catalonia,
and a bishop's see ; seated on the Ter, 20 m. from
its entrance into the Mediterranean, and 47 N.
E. of Barcelona.
Gnrrardstown, p. v. Berkeley Co. Va.
Gerrt/, p.t. Chatauque Co. N. Y. Pop. 1,110.
Ge7-s, an interior department in the S. W. of
France : it is watered by numerous streams, run
ning from S. to N. into the Garonne, the princi-
pal of them is the Gers, which gives name to the
department. It contains a strata of pit coal, and
has manufactures of wool, linen, and saltpetre;
its chief vegetable productions are flax, the vine,
and pears. It is divided into four otlier arron-
dissements ; the chief towns of which are Condom,
Lectoure, Lombez, and Mirande.
Gersau, a town of Switzerland, on the lake of
Schweitz, at the foot of the Ragi, 12 m. S. W. of
Schweitz.
Gertruydenhurg , a fortified town of South Hol-
land, with a good harbour and salmon fishery on ^
a large lake, called Biesbosch. It has been often
taken, the last time by the French in 1793, but
soon recovered. It is 7 m. N. by E. of Breda. %■
Long. 4. 52. E., lat. 51. 42. N. ■
Gerumenha, or Jurumenha, a town of Portugal,
in Alemtejo, with a strong castle ; seated on a
hill, near the river Guadiana, 18 m. below
Badajoz.
Gcsecke, a town of Germany, in the duchy of
Westphalia, seated on the Weyck, 11m. W. S.
W. of Paderborn.
Gesscnay. See Sancn.
Gestricla, a province of Sweden, the S. part of
Nordland, between Dalecarliaon the W., and the
gulf of Bothnia on the E. It is 100 in. long, and 60
broad, diversified by forests, rocks, hills, and
dales, lakes, and rivers ; and there are numerous
mines and forges. Gefle is the capital.
Gettysburg, a town of Pennsylvania, in York
Co. situate at the head of Rock creek, 30 m. W
by S. of York.
Gcx, a town of France, in the department of
Ain, noted for excellent cheese ; seated at the
foot of Mount St. Claude, between Ihe Rhone,
the lake of Geneva, and Switzerland, 10 m. N. W.
of Geneva. It is the seat of a prefect.
Geyss, a town of the electorate of Hesse, in the
principality of Fulda, seated on the Ulster, 17 m.
N. E. ofFulda.
Gezan, or Ghezan, a sea-port of Arabia Felix,
which has a considerable trade in senna and
coffee ; seated on the Rod Sea, 90 m. N. W. of
Loheia. Long. 43. 15. E., lat. 16. 25. N.
Gezira, a town of Asiatic Turkey, in Diarbek,
on the island formed by the Tigris, 70 m, N. W.
of Monsul. Long. 40. 50. E., lat. 37. 16. N.
Gezula, a province of Morocco, which is very
productive, and contains mines of iron and cop-
per. The inhabitants are numerous, and consid-
ed as the most ancient people of Africa : they live
in tents, are so independent that they are rather
the allies than the subjects of the emperor of
Morocco.
Ghana, or Gana, a city in Negroland, capital of
a country of the same name, governed by a sul-
tan. It stands on the S. side of a large lake, at
at its outlet, which separates the city into two
parts, and soon after joins the river Niger, which
is here called Neel il Abeed,or Nile of the Ne
gros. It is 100 in. E. by S. of Cassina.
Ghauts, the name given to sevcal groups and
GSA
329
GHE
cnains of mountains in Hindooslan The word
signifies ' passes' or ' gates'. These mountains
are considered as commencing at Cape Comorin :
yet the southern chain, or Malayala mountains
form a separate group, terminating in the district
of .Coimbetore, at the great valley in which the
forts of Palikadery and Annanialy are situated.
The Ghauts begin separately on the north of
these plains, forming two branches, one running
to the east, and the other to the west of north.
The eastern Ghauts extend 70 m, beyond Madras,
forming the boundaries of the Carnatic, and to
the nortli of that country divide into several
branches, in which the mountains are subjected
to interruptions, beinor separated by valleys cov-
ered with thick forests. But the principal chain
is divided by no hollow grounds, except narrow
defiles, which are well lined with fortresses. To
the natives, this chain is known by the name of
EUacooda, or the " White Mountains." It then
runs along the northern margin of tlie Circars,
forming an uninterrupted series of mountains so
close as to afford only two military passes.
At the place where the Ghauts separate the Cir-
cars from the province of Berar, the mountains
become almost inaccessible, and there is only one
passage for carriages and for horses, viz. that of
Salarofhaut which leads to Behar. Nothing is seen
on every hand but masses of rock, rising perpen-
dicularly to the clouds, and leaving apparently no
outlet for the intimidated travellei . All the sum-
mils of this chain are composed of granite, and it
every where presents one picture of total barren-
ness and utter nakedness. Yet large trunks of
trees in a state of petrification, are found here,
and most particularly in the ravines created by
the torrents, where trunks, projecting from the
steep sides of the rocks, sometimes serve for
bridges.
The western chain of the Ghauts extends along
the west coast to a distance of 70 m., and acquires
a greater elevation than the eastern chain. Its
height has not yet been ascertained by barometri-
cal observations, but it is generally believed to
amount to three or four thousand feet. The chain
then crosses Kanara and Sunda, passes near to
Goa, enters the Mahratta country, and divides in-
to several branches. The closeness of the forests,
the depth of the precipices, and the rapidity of
the torrents, render these mountains very difficult
to cross, and the passage is in many places, 50
or 60 m. long. They are described as containing
much limestone, and some basaltic rocks, but no
one has deliberately studied the position and ma-
terials of the different strata. Towards the sea-
coast, the western Ghauts present a magnificent
amphitheatre of rocks and verdure, enlivened with
towns and villages. The highest, or at least the
steepest part to the east of Snrat. goes under the
'iame of the Bala-Ghauts, which is sometimes ex-
tended to the whole of the western Ghauts, while
the eastern chain, together with the intermediate
plateau, is called the Paian- Ghauts.
About the sources of the river Godaverv, some
lower chains are sent off from tne mass of the
western Ghauts, pass through the interior of the
peninsula, and join the maintains of Berar and
Gundanwa. "
The central Q^ins which run parallel to tlie
course of the Nerbuddah river, one on its north
side, and the other on the south, generally pass
under the Sanscrit name of the Vindhias ; the ex-
tent wliich this name embraces appears somewhat
arbitrary to our most learned eastern geographers.
But Arrow smith more positively confines it to
the mountains immediately adjoining the Nerbnr-
dah. It is also in these central countries that the
Hindoos place their Sanyah and their Sookhian
mountains, though they have been mistaken for
the western Ghauts.
Ghent, called by the French Gand, the chief
town of East Flanders, is situate at tlie junction
of tlie Scheldt and Lys. Julius Ceesar is said to
have been its founder. The Vandals afterwards
became its masters, and called it Vanda, or Wan-
da ; of which its present name is by some
thought to te a corruption.
This town has been the scene of some diplo-
matic transactions : the compact of the provinces
of the Netherlands against the tyranny of SpaLa
in 1578, called the Pacification of Ghent, was
drawn up and executed here ; the last treaty of
peace concluded between Great Britain and
America, in 1^14, was signed here also. It was
likewise the residence of Louis XVIII. during
the period in which he was forced to quit France
after the return of Bonaparte from Elba.
Ghent is situate on a beautiful plain : its area
may vie in extent with that of any other city in
Europe, being little less than fifteen miles in cir-
cumference ; but no small portion of the enclosed
space is covered with gardens, orchards, and fields
of grain. Like all other towns in this flat coun-
try, it is intersected with numerous canals, cross-
ed by three hundred bridges; some of stone, but
most of wood. Their banks, being generally
planted with majestic trees, afford an extensive
and grateful promenade for the inhabitants. The
streets are spacious ; though some of the most
frequented, as is the case in many old towns,
are so narrow that two carriages can scarcely pass
each other. There are thirteen public squares,
the principal of which is ornamented with a pe-
destrian statue of Charles V.
The town hall is an immense pile of building,
presenting an incongruous combination of various
stj'les of architecture : one front, which is unfin-
ished, is Gothic ; another Italian ; each story be-
ing supported by pillars of a different order ; —
the ground story Doric, the next Ionic, and the
upper Corinthian. It is enriched with many val-
uable documents of an early period, and with
some good paintings.
The structure and arrangements of the public
prison or house ofcorrection are on an exou-ilent
plan. The building is a spacious octagon, having
a large court-yard in the centre, by means of
which an immediate and constant communication
can be easily kept up with every part. Each
department branches off from this ; and the pris-
oners are kept in separate classes, according to
the nature of their crimes and the depravity of
their character. In the centre of the woman's
apartment is a large basin or trough for washing
linen. Every prisoner is locked up at night in
a separate cell, and brought out to work at a sta-
ted hour in the morning. The average number
of prisoners is 1 ,300 ; the annual expenditure is
50,(K)0 florins, or somewhat more than £A,QOO
sterling ; tlierefore the cost of each prisoner to
the state is less than £A annually. This eco-
nomical effect is produced 1^ employing every
convict capable of working in some species of in-
dustry. The principal portion of the profits is
set apart for defraying the expenses of the estab-
lishment, and the remainder if divided into two
parts ; one of which is allowed to the prisoner
for pocket-money, and the other forms a fund
2 £ 2
GHE
330
GUB
which he receives on his liberation. Near the
prison is the Atelier de Beinfaisance ; an institu-
tion intended to check mendicity, by supplying the
paupers with work until they can provide for them-
selves.
The Mont de Piete is a singular establishment
for lending money upon goods, on the principle
of pawn-broking, hut upon moderate interest. It
has been found very useful, in enaliling industri-
ous persons labouring under a temporary pressure
to relieve themselves, without the necessity of
selling their property under very disadvantageous
circumstances, or of disclosing their pecuniary
difficulties.
All the public arrangements of Ghent seem to
have been devised with a systematic intention of
stimulating industry, correcting idleness, and en-
couraging habits of order and cleanliness. Three
times every day, at sunrise, at noon, and in the
evening, the ear of the observing traveller is
struck with the tolling of a bell. Its sound
serves not only as a signal to summon the work-
man to his appointed place of labour, but as a
warning to the rest of the inhabitants not to ap-
pear in the streets at these hours ; lest the pro-
gress of the former, while crowding to their occu-
pations, should experience any obstruction. For
the same reason, the drawbridges are not allowed
to be then open.
The splendour of Ghent is most observable in
its churches; and of these the most magnificent
is that of St. Bavon. The choir is supported by
pillars of pure white Italian marble, rendered
more striking from the contrast of the highly-
polished black marble with which all the walls
of the interior are coated. The principal church
is surrounded by twenty-four chapels, each adorn-
ed with some splendid work of the most admired
masters. The pulpit is a piece of exquisite work-
manship, forming an allegorical picture of Time
contemplating Truth. The figures of angels at the
foot of its staircase are objects of peculiar ad-
miration. Beneath the present cathedral the
body of the original church still remains, little
injured by time, forming a subterraneous place of
worship: it is now chiefly used as a school for
Sundav instruction. The tower or steeple is as-
cended by 446 steps ; and like all others in this
flat countrj', presents an extensive view of the
surrounding towns and scenery. It has a re-
markably fine ring of bells, which includes semi-
tones, and is sounded by keys and levers like an
organ.
One of the few monastic institutions of Belgi-
um, exists in Ghent. It is a convent of Beguine-
nuns, which escaped the effects of the emperor
Joseph's reformation of the conventual societies,
and still more destructive ravages of the subse-
quent revolution in France. Strangers are ad-
mitted to some parts of the building, and par-
ticularly the chapel, during the time of divine
service.
The great provincial school or college of Ghent
has long been in much repute as a place of edu-
cation. On the formation of the kingdom of the
Netherlands, it was advanced to the rank of a
royal university. According to its present ar-
rangements, it has nineteen professors ; five of
medicine, three of law, five of natural science and
mathematics, and six of philosophy and literature :
the number of students exceeds 400. The palace
of the university, in which the lectures are
delivered, is a splendid edifice. The great hall
is sufliciently spacious to accommodate 1,600
jjersons : it is divided into two parts ; one for
the members of the university, the other for the
arcommodation of the public. Around the walls
the arms of the nineteen provinces of the Neth-
erlands are emblazoned. It is lighted by a lantern
sixty feet in circumference, in the middle of the
dome. From the hall the apartments for the dif-
ferent courses of instruction branch on each side.
The cabinet of natural history is one hundred and
twenty feet long, and already well furnished : that
of mineralogy is one hundred and thirty feet long,
and contains several thousand specimens scien-
tifically arranged. There is also a fine dissecting
room, and a cabinet of models of agricultural im-
plements.
Between Ghent and Antwerp lie* a tract of land
called the Pays de Waes. It was originally a
barren and shifting sand; but the persevering
industry of the inhabitants has rendered it the
admiration of every visitor, whether native or for
eigner. It is throughout divided into small fields,
each surrounded by a low quickset hedge and a
deep trench. The middle of every field is eleva-
ted and the ground declines in all directions to
the ditch. The object of this singular mode of
husbandry is to prevent the bad effects of heavy
rains, which, if they fell upon the level surface,
consisting of dry porous sand, would carry down
the manure through it, and render it useless;
whereas the water, as it falls on the declivity,
glides down more jjently, and does no injury.
The farms are so small, and the cottages so close-
ly intermixed, that the whole exhibits the appear-
ance of one continued village. The interior of
each dwelling presents an aspect of neatness and
comfort fully corresponding with what might be
expected from the exterior appearance of their
farms.
Ghent is situate thirty miles S. W. of Ant-
werp. Lat. 51. 3. N., long. 3. 44. E. Popula-
tion 78,000.
Ghent, p. v. Gallatin Co. Kentucky.
Ghergovg, a city and the capital of the kingdom
of Assam. It is seated on the Legoo, near its con-
flux with the Burrampooter, 400 m. N. E. of Cal-
cutta. Long. 93. 36. E., lat. 25. 35. N.
Gheriah, a sea port of Hindoostan, on the coast
of Concan. It was the capital of Angria, a famous
piratical prince, whose fort here was taken by the
English and Mahrattas, in 1756, and his whole fleet
destroyed. It is 105 m. S. by. E. of Bombay. Long.
73. 8."E.,lat. 16. 45. N.
Ghilnn, a province of Persia, on the S. W. side
of the Caspian Sea, supposed to be the Hyrcania
of the ancients. On the W. side are high moun-
tains which are covered with many sorts of trees,
and in the highest parts of them "are deer, bears,
wolves, leopards and tigers. It produces abun-
dance of sillc, oil, wine, rice, tobacco, and excel-
lent fruit. This province was ceded to Russia,
by a treaty concluded at Petersburg in 1724, but
not possessed by Russia till 1780. Reshd is the
capital.
Ghizni, or Gazna, a town of the country of Ca-
bul, once the capital of a powerful empire of the
same name. It is called the second Medina, from
the great number of illustrious persons who have
been interred here. It is 54 m. S. of Cabul. Long.
68. 20. E., lat. 38. 40. N.
Gholsonville, p.v. Brunswick Co. Va.
Ghourbond, a town of the country of Cabul, 49
m. N. W. of Cabul.
Ghurka, now Aurunkgabad, (which see).
Gibello^ a town of*^taly, in the duchy of Par-
ma, on the river Po, sixteenAiiles N. W. of
Parma.
GUrraltar, a town of Spain, near a mountain of
GIB
331
GIB
tho same name in lat. 36. 6. N. Long. 5. 19. W.
It is the ancient Calpe,one of the pillars of Hercu-
les, the other being Ceuta on the African coast.
It is a rocky promontory on the southern extremity
of Andalusia, from 3 to 4 m. in length, and about
half a m. in its utmost breadth. Steep in all parts
and in some perpendicular, it seemed formed by
nature for a strong hold ; and since it became
an English fortress, it has been rendered impreg-
nable. The name, originally Gebel-Tarif, the
rock of Tarif, is derived from Tarik or Tarif
A!)enzaca, general of the caliph Walid in the in-
vasion of 711, who landed here, and conquered
the town of Her.aclea at the foot of the moun-
tain. Gibraltar is joined to the main land by an
isthmus on the north which is about a mile and a
half in length : the northern front of the rock is
almost perpendicular ; the east side is full of pre-
cipices ; and the south is so narrow and abrupt
as to be inaccessible to any enemy at sea. Tlie
western front is also precipitous, but affords a
landing place on the level tract of ground which
forms the site of the town ; and this part is pro-
tected by batteries and other strong woiKs of de-
fence. The straits to which Gibraltar gives name
are supposed to commence in Spain at Cape Traf-
algar, and in Africa at Cape Spartel, between
which points they are 70 m. wide ; and to end
toward the Mediterranean, beyond Gibraltar and
Ceuta ; the entire length being about 100 m. and
the narrowest part, about three leagues west of
Gibraltar, 15 m. A strong current always runs
from the ocean into the Mediterranean.
The -noble bay of Gibraltar, 9 m. long and 5
broad, forms a most important naval station. On
the east are the promontory and isthmus; to the
south is the sea ; to the west and north the main
land of Spain ; but thi(^promontory wholly com-
mands the bay.
Gibraltar was strongly fortified by the Moors
afler their own manner. It was taken in 1302 by
Ferdinand II. of Castile ; regained by the Moors
in 1333; and recovered in 1462 by Henry IV.
The emperor Charles V. caused the fortification
to be reconstructed by two of the most eminent
engineers of his time. The natural and artificial
strength of the place having been thenceforth re-
garded as unquestionable by the other maritime
powers, the Spanish government seems to have
been lulled into a dangerous security respecting
it; for in August, 1704, during the war of suc-
cession, when an expedition under admiral Rooke
and prince George of Hesse- Darmstadt suddenly
and unexpectedly appeared in the bay, this mari-
time strong hold was held only by a drowsy gar-
rison of 80 men, who immediately surrendered.
Philip of Anjou besieged it in October ; but in
the brief interval the English had so strongly
fortified it on tiie land side, that the pass of the
isthmus was called by the Spaniards the Gate of
Fire. It was blockaded with 24 ships of war by ad-
miral Poyetz, but received succours from the Eng-
lish and Dutch fleet under admiral Leake. The land
blockade lasted until the peace of Utrecht. From
that time England omitted no expense or exer-
tion to render the place wholly impregnable. An-
other siege, in 1727, was frustrated by the arrival
of admiral Wager with 11 sail of the line. Spain
offered two millions sterling for the restitution of
Gibraltar; but was obliged to resign all title and
pretension to it in the treaty of Seville 1729.
* She immediately endeavoured to diminish its ad-
vantages and deteriorate its value as a colony and
a place of commerce, by interdicting all inter-
course between it and her own territory, and by
strengthening the military lines of San Roque and
Algeziras. But the to\\»n and garrison could easi-
ly be furnished with supplies while England re-
tained the empire of the sea ; and the rock itself
had a well of fresh water, with some other resour-
ces which science and skill might daily improve.
The most strenuous efforts for its recovery were
made d .ng the war of the American revolution,
when its preservation depended mainly on the
valour and constancy of its resident governor,
general Elliot. The preparatory hostile operations
were commenced in 1779, and continued during
the two following years. In June, 1782, the
duke de Crillon. commander of the Spanish army
that had taken Minorca, arrived with reinforce-
ments, and the French princes of thefvblood came
to be present at the siege. Their army amount-
ed to 30,000 men ; and the conquest was to be
completed by ten floating batteries, impenetrable
by shot or shells, and mounted with 147 brass
and 150 iron guns. They were manned by
criminals, who in reward for good service, were
promised their liberty and yearly pensions of 200
livres each. The garrison had varied from 5,600
to 7,000 men. The most dreadful carnage was to
be apprehended as the consequence of a success-
ful assault. On the 13tb of September, the float-
ing bulwarks approached and opened their fire.
General Elliot, finding ordinary means of repulse
unavailing, determined to batter them with red-
hot shot ; and while deliberating on the means of
heating the balls, a German nail-smith, named
Schwankendieck, invented and constructed a
furnace for the purpose. From this the artillery
was so well served, that in the course of the can-
nonade 4,000 red-hot balls were discharged. In
the afternoon, the chief battery and two floating
batteries began to emit smoke : the enemy were
unable to quench the fire or stop the leakage. At
one o'clock in the morning, three batteries were
in a blaze, and several others were seen to have
taken fire. Those on board in vain signalled the
Spanish fleet with rockets ; no relief could be af-
forded to the batteries ; all that could be attempted
was to save the men. Twelve gun-boats from the
fortress, prevented the boats of the besiegers
from landing, and at the same time poured a well
directed fire on the floating batteries. At day-
break, those on board were seen making signals
of distress and calling for help, and the besiegers
hastened to their relief, amidst continually increas-
ing danger ; for the heated guns of the batteries
on fire were from time to time discharging their
shot, and occasional explosions of gunpowder
scattered destruction around. Captain Curtis and
his men, at the peril of their lives, saved 13 of-
ficers and 344 men. A grand attack on the land
side was in the mean time repulsed by general
Elliot ; and a severe storm occurred, from which
the Spanish fleet sustained great damage. Kext
month, an English squadron having arrived with
succours, the enemy were compelled to convert
the siege into a mere blockade, which terminate
ed on the 20th January, 1783, when peace was
signed at Versailles.
The town of Gibraltar, situated at the foot of
the promontory, on its north-west side, suffered
severely during this attack, and was rebuilt on aji
improved plan. The houses have flat roofs and
large bow windows ; they are generally paint-
ed black, to mitigate the rays of the sun, and
are marked with a white stripe between each
story. The principal street, about a mile in
GlE
333
GIO
length, is full of shops ; in other parts of the
town the buildings are too dense, and the pop.
dwelling in them is exposed to much danger in
case of pestilential fever. That which raged in
1804 carried off several thousands ; while the
military, stationed on higher ground, were, by
that advantage, and through the judicious precau-
tions adopted by the medical staff, preserved
from contagion. It has been ascertained that the
fever is fo^ered, if not generated, during sultry
weather, by the stoppage of the drains ; and a
proposal has been made to erect a steam-engine;
which shall raise from the bay a constant stream
of water, to supply all the baths and refresh every
corner of the town.
The inhabitants, exceeding in number 12,000,
are mostly British ; though there are many Span-
iards, Italians, Jews, and even Moors, occupied
in commercial pursuits. Gibraltar is a general
mart of merchandise from every quarter : piece
goods and hardware from England ; sugar, rum,
ooffee, from the West Indies ; tobacco, rice and
flour, from North America ; wine, fruits, and silks
from the countries and isles of the Mediterra-
nean. The chief public buildings are the bar-
racks, the house of the lieutenant-governor, the
navy hospital, and the victualling office. The
places of worship are, at the English church, a
catholic chapel and three synagogues. For the
use of the officers stationed on this isolated rock,
there is a garrison library ; and a small theaire
augments the limited range of amusement which
can here be generally participated. The town is
fortified ; but owes its chief protection to the bat-
teries on the neighbouring heights, which sweep
the isthmus and the approach from the sea. Since
the siege of 1783, great sums have been expended
on these works : extensive excavations have been
made, to establish communication between the
different posts, and enable them to be relieved
without loss from an enemy's fire : the embellish-
ments of which so rugged a spot is susceptible
have not been neglected ; — trees, shrubs, and
flowers have been planted in various places ; and
roads opened in the solid rock, and made passable
for carriages.
Gibraltar, a town of Colombia, in the province
of Zulia, defended by some fortifications. The
air is so unhealthy in the rainy season, that
the town is now reduced to an insignificant
hamlet.
Gibson, a county of the stateof Indiana, bound-
ed on the N. by White river, and W. by the Wa-
bash, which divides it from the state of Illinois.
The S. W. point of the county is 30 m. above
the entrance of the Wabash into tlie Ohio. Pop.
5,417. Princeton is the capital.
Gibson, is also the name of townships in Clear-
field and Susquehanna Cos. Pa.
Gibsonville, p. v. Bedford Co. Ten.
Gien, a town of France, in the department of
Loire. It is seated on the N. bank of the Loire,
40 m. E. by S. of Orleans. It is the seat of a
prefect.
Gienffen, a town of Suabia, on the river Brentz,
18 m. N. N. E. of Ulm, now included in the king-
dom of Wurtemburg.
Gieiace, a towri'of Naples, in Calabria Ultra,
seated on a mountain, near the sea, 34 m. E. N.
E. of Reggio.
Giessen, a fortified town of Germany, in Upper
Hesse, with a citadel and a university. It is seat-
ed on the Lahn, IG m. W. S. W. of Marburjr.
Long. 8. 43. E., lat. 50. a"). N.
Gigay, a small island, one of the Hebrides, lying
on the W. coast of Scotland.
GigUo, a small island, on the coast of Tuscany,
with a castle, 15 m. W. S. W. of Orbitello.
Glgnac, a town of France, in the department of
Herault, on the river Herault, 14 m. W. of
Montpelier.
Gihon. See Jlmu.
Gijon, or Gyon, a sea-port of Spain, in Asturi-
as, with an ancient castle ; seated on the Bay of
Biscay, 18 m. N. E. of Oviedo. Long. 5. 3G. W.
lat. 43. 34. N.
Gilbcrtsville, p. v. Otsego Co. N. Y.
GiJboa, p.v. Schoharie Co. N. Y.
Gilead, a township in Oxford Co. Me. Pop. 377
Giles, an interior county in the W. part of V?-
ginia bounded on the E. by the great Kanahwa
river. It contains about 2,000 sq. m. of surface.
Pop. 5,298.
Giles, another county East of Tennessee, border-
ing on Alabama,intersected by the Elk river, which
flows S. into the Tennessee, it comprises about
600 sq. m. of surface. Pop. 18,920. Pulaski is
the chief town.
Gilford, t. Strafford Co. N. H. on the S. side of
L. Winipiseog-ee. Pop. 1,872.
Gill, p.t. Franklin Co. Mass. Pop. 864.
Gilles, St. a town of France in the department
of Gard, 10 m. S. of Nismes. Pop. in 1825
5,600.
Gillingham, a town in Kent, Eng. on the E.
bank of the Med way, near its entrance into the
Thames, it is strongly fortified, forming the out-
port of the arsenal of Chatham. It is a place of
considerable antiquity.
There is an extensive parish of the same name,
in Dorsetshire, Eng. Pm|^ in 1821, 2,246. The
town is 4 m. N. W. of Snlnsbury.
Gilmanton, p.t. Straffbrd Co. N. H. on the S. E.
of L. Winipiseogee. Pop. 3,816. Iron ore exists
here, and there were formerly iron works. Here
is also a mineral sprmg, potent in cutaneous and
bilious diseases.
Gilolo, an island, the largest of the Moluccas.
It is 130 miles from N. to S., but is intersected by
several large bays ; the breadth of any limb sel-
dom exceeds 40 miles. The shores are in gene-
ral low, and the interior rises in high peaks. It
does not produce any fine spices, but has a great
deal of rice, and abounds with oxen, buff'alos,
goats, deer, and wild hogs. The sultans of Ter-
nate and Tidore share this island between them.
The natives are industrious, particularly in weav-
ing. One of the chief towns is Tatany, on a
small promontory on the eastern limb, and only
accessible by ladders.
Gilsuw; t. Cheshire Co. N. H. adjoining
Keene. Pop. 642.
Gimont, a town of France, in the department
of Gers, 16 m. E. of Auch.
Gingee, a town of Hindoostan, in the Carnatic,
strong both by nature and art, being seated on a
mountain, whose top is divided into 3 points, on
each of which is a castle. It is 38 m. N. W. of
Pondicherry. Long. 79. 25. E., lat. 12. 15. N.
Giorgiev, or Giurdesov, a town of European
Turkey, in "Walachia, near which the Russians
gainecf a victory over the Turks, in 1771. Itis
seated on the Danube, 48 m. S. W. of Bucharest.
Giovenazzo, a town of Naples, in Terra di Bari,
with a castle. It has high houses and towers,
built of polished stone with flat roofs, which
give it a singular appearance. It is seated near
the sea, 10 m. N W. of Bari.
iGte
333
6LK
Girgrdetm, Cape, a connty of the state of Mis-
eoari, lying between the St. Francis and Missis-
sippi rivers ; it contains about 1,200 sq. m. of sur-
face. Pop. 7,430. Jackson is the chief town.
Girtst, a town of Persia, in Kerman, with a
trade in wheat and dates, 100 m. £. by N. of Gom-
broon.
Girtre, a town of Egypt, about 3 m. in circum-
ference, and contains several mosques, bazars, and
squares, but no marble buildings, or remains of
ancient structures. It stands near the left bank of
the Nile, 40 m. N. of Esne, and 200 S. of Cairo.
Long. 31. 12. E., lat. 28. So. N.
Girgenti, an episcopal town, on the S. W.
coast of Sicily, in Val di Mazara, with a castle.
It is part of the ancient Agrigentum, and in the
vicinity are numerous remains of temples, &c. ;
great quantities of sulphur are exported from this
place. It stands on a hill, near the river St.
Blaise, 62 m. S. of Palermo. 'Long. 13. 38. E.,
lat. 37. 14. iN.
Gironde, a river of France, formed by the union
of the Garonne and Dordogne, 12 m. N. of Bor-
deau.x.
Gironde, a maritime department of France,
which includes part of the late province of Gui-
enne. It lies on both sides of the Garonne, and
it is the largest of the 86 departments, containing
about 1,022,000 hectares ; it yields abundance of
wine, and is fertile in every kind of grain
and cattle, whilst the rivers and coast supply
abundance of fish. Its principal manufactures
are in founderies, glass, earthenware, dye stuffs,
liquors, (anniseed) and salt ; it contains some
seams of pit coal, and beds of peat. It is divided
into 6 arrondissements, of which Bordeaux, (the
capital,) ^zas, Blaye, Lesparre, Libourne, and
Reole are the chief toWns. Pop. in 1825, 522,040.
Girons, St. a town of France, in the department
of Arriege, 4 m. S. by E. of St. Lizier.
Girvan, a town of Scotland, in Ayrshire, at the
mouth of the river Girvan, which forms a tolera-
ble harbour. It is 16 m. S. S. W. of Ayr.
Gisboiough, a town in North Yorkshire, Eng.
It is celebrated for being the first place where
alum was made, as it was formerly for iLs fine
abbey. It is 22 m. N. W. of Whitby.
Gisors, a town of France, in the department of
Eure, s^i|cd on the Ept, 28 m. S. E. of Rouen.
Gitschin^ a town of Bohemia, which suffered
greatly jlofing the long war of the Swedes in Ger-
jnany. ' It is 22 m. S. VV. of Koningsgratz.
Givet, a fortified and frontier town of France,
in the department of Ardennes, divided by the
Meuse, into 2 parts, Givet Saint Hilaire, and
Givet Notre Dame, the former situate at the foot
of a mountain close by Charlemont, and the otlier
on the opposite side of the river. It is 15 m. N.
t. of Rocroy. Pop. in 1825, 4,068.
Giula or Guliest, a strong town of Upper Hun-
gary, on the frontiers of Transylvania and the
river Keresblau, 30 m. E. of Great Waradin.
Long. 20. 40 E., lat. 46. 40. N.
Giula jYuaca., a town of Naples, in Abruzzo
Ulteriore, near the gulf of Venice, 13 m. N. of
Atri.
Giuliani, a town of Sicily, in Val di Mazara,
on a craggy rock, 12 m. N. N. E. of Xacca or
Siac-ca.
Gizdi, a fortified town of Egypt, with a palace,
sever-'il mosques, a cannon foundery, and a manu-
facture of coarse earthen pots and tiles. A few
m. to tlie S. W. are the largest pyramids in the
country. Gizeh was taken from the French by
the British in 1801. It stands on the lefl bank •f
the Nile, nearly opposite Cairo.
Gladbach, a town of Germany, in the duchy
of Juliers, with a Benedictine abbey. It has man-
ufactures of fine strong linen, and is seated on the
Ners, 18 m. N. of Juliers. Pop. about 6,000.
Gladenbach, a town of Grermany, in Upper Hes-
se, 12 m. N. of Giessen.
Glammis, a town of Scotland, in Angusshire,
with manufactures of yarn and linen cloth. Near
it, on the bank of the Dean, is Glammis Castle,
a large edifice, in which Malcolm II. was mur-
dered.
Glamorganshire, the extreme S. E. county of
Wales, bounded on the S. for about 50 ra. by the
Bristol Channel, on the E. by the county of Mon-
mouth N. by Brecknock, and W. by Caremar* hen-
shire. It contains 792 sq. m. of surface, or about
506,880 acres ; is divided into ten hundreds, and
124 parishes ; has 1 city and 5 market-towns ;
and sends 2 members to parliament. The num-
ber of inhabitants in 1811 «vas 85,067, increased
in 1821 to 101,7:37. On the N. side it is moun-
tainous ; but heing more level on the S. side, it
there bears large crops of corn and very sweet
grass. Cattle abound in all parts, there being
fruitful valleys among the mountains, that yield
very ffood pasture. The quantity of butter with
which it supplies the Bristol market is very con-
siderable. In the N. part of the county are the
most extensive iron works in the world, (see Mer-
t/ujr Tydvill ;) copper and lead also abound, (see
Swansea.) The county is intersected from N. to
S. by several streams of water, and by 3 canals,
by which the heavy products of the mines and
forges are conveyed to the coast. Cardiff, {which
see,) is the assize town, but Merthyr Tydvill is the
most populous, and Swansea the most important
town in the county ; the other towns of note are
Neath, Lantrissant, Cowbridge, and Landaff. ■
Glandfordbridge, or Brigg, a town in Lincoln-
shire, with a market on Thursday, and a good
trade in corn, coal, and timber. It is seated on the
Ancholm, which is navigable for sloops to the
Humber, 23 m. N. of Lincoln.
Glaris, or Glarus, a canton of Switzerland, boun-
ded on the N. by the river Linth, Grisons, and
lake of Wallenstadt, E. by the canton of Sargans,
the canton of Uri, and" W. by that of Schweitz
It is a mountainous country ; and the chief trade
is in cattle, cheese, and butter. The inhabitants,
amounting te 27,000, are partly protestants, and
partly catholics ; and both sects live together in
the greatest harmony. Glaris is surrounded by
the Alps, except toward the N;^||fand there is no
other entrance but through this opening, which
lies between the lake of Wallenstadt, and the
mountains separating this canton from that of
Schweitz.
Glaris, a town of Switzerland, capital of the
preceding canton is surrounded bv mountains, and
seated on the river Linth. It had manufactures
of cloth, and a trade in cattle, horf»s. «'heese, slate,
and wooden ware ; 32 m. S. E. of Zurich.
Glasgow, a large and populous city of Scotland,
in Lanarkshir?. From its extent, beauty, regu-
larity, and modern improvements, it is undoubt-
edly the second if not first city ia North Britain
The four principal streets, which inter<'ecl each
other at right angles, divide the city nearly into
four equal parts. The high cnurch, the most
magnificent goihic structure in Scotland, St.
Andrew's church, St. Enoch's church, the Tron
church, the college, the Tontine, and trades'-hall,
GLA
334
GLO
•tesome of the pnncipal buildings in Glasgow.
The town-house is an elegant building with a
iViazza in front ; and opposite to it is the exchange,
a square building, with an equestrian statue of
William 111. in the centre. The toll-booth, the
guildhall, and the theatre are also worthy of no-
tice. There arc several charitable establishments;
particularly th? Merchant's Hospital, and that of
the town, and a large infirmary. Here is also a
monument, 145 feet high, in the green of Glas-
gow, to the memory of the gallant Nelson. The
university, instituted in 14-50, is constantly increas-
ing in reputation. At present it consists of a chan-
cellor, rector, dean of faculty, a principal, and 16
professors, of which one is for law, four for theol-
ogy, five for the study of medicines and subjects
connected therewith, and the others for the fac-
ulty of arts. It has lately been greatly enriched
in the mathematical department by the library of
the late celebrated Dr. Robert Simpson, author of
the translation of Euclid, and has received an im-
portant addition, by a collection of rare books and
manuscripts, in every department of science, but
particularly in medicine, bequeathed by the Itite
Dr. William Hunter, who has also left his exten-
sive museum to the university of Glasgow. Be-
sides the anatomical preparations, the museum,
for which an elegant building has been erected,
contains a collection of shells, corals, insects, and
fossils, made by the late Dr. Fothergill, and a cabi-
net of medals and coins, ancient and modern,
the most complete of the kind in Europe. The
observatory is well fitted up, and supplied with
the most improved instrument for the use of the
professor of practical astronomy. But being main-
ly dependent on private aid for suppport, since the
novelty of its erection has ceased, it is not main-
tained without difficulty. Glasgow, next to Lon-
don and Liverpool, is the most commercial place
in the British dominions, and in manufacturing ex-
tent and importance, it is only exceeded by Man-
chester and Leeds ; the cotton manufacture em
ploys about 40,000 looms, wtih all the attending
operations of staining, dyeing, glazing, «fec. &c.,
which support numerous iron founderies, machine
makers, &c. &c, ; in addition to which, it has sev-
eral glass houses, sugar refineries, &c. Glasgow
was originally one parish, but is now for the beni-
fit of the poor and ease of ministers, divided into
12, with as many churches, and several chapels
of ease, and numerous meeting houses for Dis-
senters. The population of 10 parishes within
the city, in 1821, amounted to 72,765, the Barony
51,919, and Gorbals 22,359, making an aggregate
population of 147,043, being 63,274 more than in
18(Jl,and more than treble the number in 1780.
The city of Glasgow is seated on the N. bank of
the Clyde, the suburbs extending to the opposite
side connected by three elegant bridges of stone.
The river is navigable for vessels of eight feet wa-
ter as far as the bridge ; but larger vessels stop
at Port Glasgow, or Greenock, at the mouth of
the river to unload ; it has also the advantage of
two canals, beside the great canal that joins the
Clyde to the Forth. Glasgow is 44 m. W. of Ed-
inburgh, and 60 S. W. of Perth : the mean dis-
tance from London, is only 346 m. the route of
the mail 404.
Glasgow Port. See Port Glasgow.
Glasborougk, p. v. Gloucester Co. N. J.
Glaslenliury, p.t. Hartford Co. Conn. Pop.
2,980,
Glttstenhury, t. Bennington Co. Vt. Pop. 52.
Glastenbury, a town of Somersetshire, Eng. it
is seated near a high hill, called the Tor, and fa-
mous for an abbey, that occupied an area of 60
acres, of which some considerable ruins still re-
main ; particularly the kitchen which is the most
entire, and of a very unusual contrivance. The
George Inn was formerly an hospital for the ac-
commodation of pilgrims who came to the abbey
and to the thorn, which, it is pretended, was
planted by Joseph of Arimathea, and blossomed
on Christmas eve. It was also pretended, that
the bodies of Joseph of Arimathea, of king Ar-
thur, and of Edward the confessor were buried
here. The last abbot of this place was hanged on
the top of the Tor, by order of Henry VIII. for
not acknowleding his supremacy ; and on this hill
is a tower, which serves as a landmark to set..
men. Glastonbury has two churches, and a man-
ufacture of worsted stockin gs. It is seated on the
river Brue, 6 m. S. W. of Wells, on the road to
Exeter, and 124 W. by S. of London,
Glatz, a sovereign county of Germany, lying
between Silesia, Bohemia, and Moravia, sur-
rounded by mountains. It is 40. m. long, and 25
broad ; has mines of coal, copper and iron, good
quarries of marble and stone, and fine springs of
mineral waters. In 1742, it was ceded to the
king of Prussia, by the queen of Hungary, and is
now deemed a part of Silesia.
Glatz, a strong town of Silesia, capital of the
county of Glatz, seated on the side of a hill, by
the river Neiss. On the top of the hill is an an-
cient castle, and a new citadel. In 1742, the Prus-
sians took the town by capitulation ; and in 1760,
the Austrians, took it by storm, but restored it in
1763. It is 60 m. S. S. W. of Breslau, and 90 E.
N. E. of Prague. Long. 16. 32. E., lat. 50. 18. N.
Glauchau, a town of Upper Saxony, in Misnia,
with considerable manufactures of cotton and oth- .|l
er stuffs ; seated on the Mulda, 36 m. S. by E. of
Leipzig.
Gleiwitz, a town of Silesia, noted for the culture
of hops and the weaving of cloth ; 34 m. S. E. of
Oppelen.
GlenJuce, a town of Scotland, in Wigtonshire,
with a harbour for small vessels.
Glenn, p. v. Gloucester Co. Pa.
Glenns Falls, on the Hudson 25 m. above Alba-
ny. They are a violent rapid descending ()3
feet in 500. The stream is divided by the rocks
into three channels. A village of the same name
is situated a quarter of a mile from the falls.
Glotrau, orGnoss Gloffau, a town of Silesia, cap-
ital of a principality of the same name, which is
very fertile, and produces wine. The town is well
fortified, and formerly stood close by the Oder,
which has since changed its course, and now flows
above a m. from it. Besides the papists, there
are a great number of protestants and Jews. It
was taken by the king of Prussia, in 1741. It is
60 m. N. W. of Breslau. Long. 16. 14. E., lat,
51. 38. N.
Glotrau, Little, a town of Silesia, with a col-
legiate church and Minorite convent, 23 m. S. of
Oppeln.
Glomme, a river of Norway, in the bishopric
of Aggerhuys, which flows into the North Sea,
at Frederickstadt. At least 50,000 trees are an-
ually floated by this river to Frederickstadt.
Glossoj), a parish of Derbyshire, Eng. which
contains 18 townships and hamlets : total pop. in
1821, 13,766. The township of the same name
contained 1,357 inhabitants. It is 8 m. N. of <■
Chapel-in-le-frith.
Gloucestershire, a county of England, 60 m.
GLO
335
GOC
Ion*, and 29 broad ; bounded on the W. by
Herefordshire and Monmouthshire, N. by Wor-
cestershire, E. by Warwickshire, and Oxfordshire,
and S. by Wiltshire and Somersetshire. It con-
tains 803,000 acres ; is divided into 27 hundreds,
and 339 parishes ; has two cities and 25 market-
towns ; and sends 10 members to parliament.
The air is sharp in the E., or hilly part, called the
Coteswold ; but very mild in the rich vale that
occupies the centre, through which the river
Severn flows. The W. part which is the small-
est district, is varied by hill and dale, and is
chiefly occupied by the forest of Dean. The
staple commodities of the county are its woolens
and cheese. Its principal rivers are the Severn,
Warwickshire Avon, Lower Avon, Wye, Thames,
Coin, and Lech; the Severn and Thames are
united by a canal. The principal manufacturing
towns -are Stroud-water, Tewkesbury, and
Wooton-under-edge, and the other places of
note besides the capital and city of Bristol, are
Cheltenham, Cirencester, and Dursley.
Gloucester, a city and capital of the preced-
ing couaty. It is a county of itself, governed by
a mayor, and seated on the E. side of the Severn,
wliere, by two streams, it makes the isle of Al-
ney. It was fortified with a wall, which Charles
II. after the Restoration ordered to be demolished.
The four principal streets have their junction in
the centre of the town. It once contained 11
churches, but now has only 5 beside the cathe-
dral, in which is a large cloister, a whispering
gallery, and the tombs of Robert, duke of Nor-
muT.iy, and Edward II. It has five hospitals,
two free-schools, and a large county jail It has
four extensive establishments for the manufac-
ture of pins, and is a great mart for wool, and
there are 12 incorporated trading companies.
Ships come up by the Severn to the bridge; but
t!ie navigation being circuitous and difficult, a ca-
nal is made hence f.o Berkeley, with sufficient
depth of water for fillips of 400 tons burthen, at
the head of whi(;)i i.s a basin, fit for the reception
of 101) vessels. Berkeley is distant from Glou-
cester 15 m. The city and neighbourhood con-
tain many remains of abbeys ; and those of Lan-
tony abbey, in the S. suburb, are converted into
outhouses belonging to adjacent farms. Glouces-
ter is 24 m. N. E. of Bristol, and 104 W. by N. of
London. Pop. in 1801, 7,559, and in 1821, 9,744.
Gloucester, a county of the state of New Jer-
sey, extending from the Atlantic Ocean to Del-
aware river, a distance of GO m. and is about 20
in mean breadth, giving a superficies of 1,200 sq.
m. It is divided Into 12 townships. Pop. 28,431.
Woodbury is the chief town. '
Gloucester, a maritime county in the E. District
of Virginia, bounded on the S. W. by York riv-
er, and Chesapeak bay. It contains about 300
sq. m. Pop. 10,G03. The chief town of the same
name stands on a point of land on the N. side of
the mouth of York River, 17 m. N. E. of York
town, and 70 E. by S. of Ricihmond.
Gloucester, a sea-port of Massachusetts, in Es-
sex county, and on the peninsula of Cape Ann,
which forms the N. side of Massachusetts bay. The
Jiarbour is accessible for large ships, and'defend-
ed by a battery and citadel. It is one of the most
considerable fishing-towns in the United States,
J(j m. N. E. of Salem. Long. 70. 40. W., lat.42.
3G. N. Pop. 7,513.
Gloucester, p.t. Providence Co. R. I. in the N.
W. corner of the state. Pop. 2,524. Abo a vil-
lage in Gloucester Co. N. J.
Glover, t. Orleans Co. Vt. Pop 902. There
was formerly a small lake in this town, which
burst its borders and deluged the neighbouring
country in a singular manner. See Vermont.
Gloydsborough, a village of Hampshire Co.
Va.
Gluckstadt, a sea-port of Lower Saxony, capital
of the duchy of Holstein, with a strong castle.
It has a considerable foreign trade, the principal
branch of which is the whale fishery. It is seated
on the Elbe, near its mouth, 28 m. N. W. of
Hamburg. Long. 9. 29. E., lat. 53. 51. N.
Glynn, a maritime county of the state of Geor-
gia, comprising about 3,050 square m. of territory.
Pop. 4,4G7. Brunswick is the chief town.
Gnesen, or Gnesna, in Prussian Poland, con-
tains an archbishop's see, whose prelate was pri-
mate of Poland. It was the first town built in the
kingdom, and formerly more considerable than at
present. It is 98 m. N. by E. of Breslau, and 145
W. by N. of Warsaw. Long. 17. 40. E., lat. 52.
28. N.
Goa, a city of Hindoostan, in the Concan, an<l
the capital of the Portuguese settlements in In-
dia. It stands on the N. side of an island, 22 m.
long, and 6 broad, formed by the river Mandova*
which is capable of receiving the largest ships.
The viceroy's palace was a noble building; but
this, as well as the city at large, is very much on
the decline. The inhabitants are contented with
greens, fruits, and roots, which, with a little bread^
rice, and fish, are their principal diet, though they
have hogs and fowls in plenty. Their religion is
the Roman catholic, and the clergy are numerous
and illiterate. In this place was one of the last
refuges of the inquisition ; a description of which
is given in Dr. Buchanan's Christian Researches.
Goa has i't^w manufactures or productions, the
best trade being in arrack, which is distilled from
the sapof the cocoa-nut tree. The harbour is de-
fended by several forts and batteries. It is 250
m. S. by E. of Bombay. Long. 73. 45. E., lat. 15.
31 . N,
Goalpara, a town of Hindoostan, at the N. E.
extremity of Bengal, where the Europeans have
factors, who carry on a great trade with Assam,
Bootan, Thibet, &c. It stands on the E. oank of
the Brahmapootra, 38. m. E. of Rangamatty.
Goiir, St. a small town of Germany, formerly
the capital of the lower county of Catzenellenbo-
gen. it is seated on the Rhine, under the stupen-
dous rock and castle of Rhcinfcls, with which it
surrendered to the French, in 1794. It is 25 m.
S.of Coblentz.
Goat Island, There is an island of this name in
the harbour of Newport R. I. and another at Ni-
agara Falls, which see.
Goave, Gr«n</, atown of St. Domingo, near the
sea-coast. It is 10 m. S. S. W. of Leogane.
Goave, Petit, a sea-port of St. Domingo, in the
gulf of Gonaves, and the mart to wiiich the tra-
ders in Grand Goave and other places send their
commodities. It is 31 m. W. S. W. of Port au
Prince.
Gohhi, a country of South Africa, on the coast
of the Atlantic, between the country of Cawma
and Cape Lopez Gonsalvo, under the equator.
The chief town is situated about a day's journey
from the sea. The principal trade of the inhaDi-.
tants consists in elephants and ivory.
Gohin St. See Fere.
Goch, a town of Germany, in the duchy of-
Cleves, seated on the Niers, 6 m. S. of Cleves.
Gochsheim, or Gochen, a town of Sua via, late- ^
GOL
336
GOM
ly b'V'mjf'Tff to Wurtcmberg ; but ceded to Ba-
v'arui. in lS02, 21 m. S. of Heidelberg, and 34. N,
W. of Stuttgard.
Gociano, a town of Sardinia, capital of a coun-
ty of the same name, with a castle, seated on the
Chirgo, 25 m. E. of Algheri.
GoiUdming, a town in Surry, Eng. with manu-
factures of stockings and coarse woolen cloths. It
is seated on the Wye, where it divides into seve-
ral streams, 4 m. S. W. of Guilford, and 34 of
London.
Godavery, a river of Hindoostan, which has its
source in the Sukliien mountains, 70 m. to the N.
E. of Bombay. In the upper part of its course is
esteemed a sacred river by the Hindoos, who call
it Gonga, a term for a river in general. After
crossing Dowlalabad and Golconda, from W. to
E., it turns to the S. E., and receiving the Bain,
about 90 m. above the ssa, divides into 2 princi-
pal channels at Rajamundry ; and these subdivi-
ding again, form altogether several tide harbours,
for vessels of moderate burthen, at its different
mouths in the bay of Bengal. Its course is esti-
mated to be above 700 m. and extensive forests of
teak timber border on its banks, within the moun-
tains.
Godi.ng, a town of Moravia, with a fine castle,
seated on a branch of the Marsche, 38 m. S. E.
of Brunn.
Godmaiichester, a corporate town in Hunting-
donshire Eng. parted from Huntingdon by the
river Ouse. It is seated in a rich fertile soil,
which yields great plenty of corn. When James
I. came through it from Scotland, the inhabitants
met him with 70 ploughs, drawn by as many
team of horses ; for which novel sight he granted
them a charter. Here is a school called the free
grammar school of Queen Elizabeth. It is 59 m.
N. by W. of London. Pop. in 1821, 1,953.
Goes or Ter Goes, a small town of the Nether-
lands, in the island of S. Beveland. It has a con-
siderable trade, particularly in salt and corn. The
great church was burnt down in 1648, and anoth-
er was built, which is a handsome structure. It
communicates with the Scheld by a canal, and is
10 m. E. of Middleburg. L )ng. 3. 50. E., lat. 51.
33 N.
Goffstaiim, p.t. Hillsborongh Co. N. H. on the
Merrimack, 55 m. from Boston. Pop. 2,213.
Gocrard, a town of Sweden, in E. Gothland,
near lake Wetter, 23 m. N. N. W. of Linkioping.
Gogo, a town of Hindoostan, in Guzerat, with
a good tide harbour, at the mouth of a river, in
the gulf of (^ambay, 100 m, S. by W. of Ameda-
bad. Long. 71. 53. E., lat. 21. 45. N
Gogirra or Sarfeio, a river which issues from
lake Lankee in Thibet,and forcing its way through
Mount Himmaleh, pervades the province of
Oude, in Hindoostan, where it takes a S. E. direc-
tion, and unites with the Ganges, above Chuprah,
in the province of Bahar.
Gohud, a town of Hindoostan, capital of a cir-
car of the same name, in the province of Ara, 63
m. S. E. of Agra. Long. 78 44. E., lat. 26. 24.
N.
Goito, a town of Italy, in the Mantuan, seated
on the river Mincio, betwen the lake of Mantua
and that of Garda, 15 m. N. W. of Mantua.
GolansviUc, p. v. Caroline Co. Va.
Golconda, a province of Hindoostan, now called
Hyderabad, between the lower parts of the rivers
Kistna and Godavery, and the principal part of
Dowlatabad. It was formerly called Tellingana,
or Tilling, and is subject to the nizam of the Dec-
can. The king of Golconda, at one time, main
tained in his pay above 500,000 soldiers ; but in
1667 the reigning prince became tributary to
Aurengzebe. The kings had vast revenues, aria
ing from the properties of land, customs of mer
chandises and provisions, but chiefly from the dia-
mond mines ; for Golconda may be called the
country of diamonds. In some districts the in-
habitants have yearly two crops of rice, and sev-
eral other kinds of grain. Hyderabad is the cap-
ital.
Golconda, a fortress of Hindoostan, in the
country of the same name, 6 m. W. N. W. of Hy-
derabad, and joined to that city by a wall of com-
munication. It occupies the summit of a conical
hill, and is deemed impregnable.
Golcondu, p. v. Pope Co. Ilinois.
Gold Coast, a maritime country of Guinea,
where the Europeans have several forts and set-
tlements. It is about 220 m. in length from W. to
E., between the rivers Ancobar and Volta ; and
includes several districts, in which are two or
three towns or villages, lying on the sea-shore.
Seven of the districts are dignified with the title
of Kingdoms, though they contain but a small ex-
tent of land along the coast, the chief is Ashantee.
The natives are generally very rich, as they carry
on a great trade with the Europeans for gold ;
and many of them are employed in fishing7 and
cultivating rice, which grows in incredible quan-
tities. This they exchange with others for maize,
yams, potatoes, and palm oil. Most of the inhab-
itants go naked ; and those who are best clothed
Jiave only some yards of stuff wrapped about their
middle.
Golden Grove, p.v. Greenville Dis. S. C.
Goldberg, a town of Silesia, in the principality
of Lignitz. It has manufactures of woollen and
linen, and is seated at the foot of a mountain, on the
river Katzbach, 11 m. S. W. of Lignitz, and 50
W. of Breslau. Pop. about 6,000.
Goldingen, a town of the duchy of Courland,
with a castle, formerly the residence of the
dukes. It is seated on the Wela, about 18 m.
from the shore of the Baltic, and 60 m. W. of
Mittau. Long. 22. 21. E., lat. 56. 48. N.
Goldsborough, t. Hancock Co. Me. Pop. 880.
Goletta, or Goulette, a fortress of Tunis, on a
narrow channel, between the lake of Tunis and
the sea. In 1536 it was taken by Charles V.
when he attempted the siege of Tunis, and kept
by the Spaniards till 1574, when it was taken from
them by Selim II.
GolUng, a town of Germany, in the duchy of
Salzburg, 14 m. S. by E. of Salzburg.
Golnitz, or Gcdanit . a oonulous town of Upper
Hungary, 26 m. N. N. W.of RascUan.
Golnow, a town of Pomerania, seated on the
Ihna, 14 m. N. E. of Stettin.
Gombroon, or Gamhron, a sea-port of Laristan,
in Persia, called by the natives Bunder Abbasse.
The best houses are built of brick, flat at the top,
with a square turret; but the common people
have huts, made with the boughs of palm-trees,
and covered with leaves. It is now reduced to
a low condition. Long. 56. 10. E., lat. 27. 18. N,
Gomera, one of the Canary Islands, 20 m. long,
and 10 broad. It has a town of the same name,
with an excellent harbour, where the Spanish
ships often take in refreshments. Long. 17. 8.
W., lat. 28. 6. N.
Gomcrsal, a town of Yorkshire, Eng. 6 m. W.
of Huddersfield.
Gommem, a town of Upper Saxony, with a cas-
GOP
'S37
GOS
tie, situate near the Elbe, 7 m. S. E. of Madge-
burg.
Gonave, a sea-port of the island of St. Domin-
fo, in the gulf of Gonaves, with an excellent har-
our. Here is a medicinal spring, with baths,
and accommodations for visitors. It is 30 m. S.
E. of St. Nicholas-le-mole. Long. 72. 26. W.
lat. 19. 36. N.
Gonaves, Gulf of, is formed by two promonto-
ries jutting from the W. end of the island of St.
Domingo ; it is about 100 m. wide at its entrance
between Capes St. Nicholas-le-mole, and Donna
Maria, and extends eastward about 100 m. termi-
nating in Port au Prince bay, which is formed by
the island of. Gonave, about 35 m. from E. to W.
and 5 to 7 wide; the N. side into Port au Prince
bav is called St. Mark's channel, and the S. Go-
naves channel.
Gondar, the metropolis of Abyssinia, situate on
a hill of considerable height. The palace of the
neguz, or king, is at the W. end, flanked with
square towers. The houses are chiefly of clay ;
the roofs thatched in the form of cones. The in-
habitants are estimated at 40,000. They have no
shops ; but carry on their trade in a large square,
where they expose their merchandise upon mats.
There are numerous churches, and the patriar-
chate depends! upon that of Alexandria. It is 180
m. S. E. of Sennaar. Long. 37. 33. E., lat. 12.
34. N.
Govdegama, or Gondlacomma, a river of Hin-
doostan, which rises near Combam, forms the
nominal boundary of the Carnatic on the N., and
enters the bay of Bengal at Mootapilly.
Gondrecourt, a town of France in .the depart-
ment of Meuse, seated on the Ornain, 20 m. S. of
St. Michael.
Gondreville, a town of France,- in the depart-
ment of Meurthe, with a castle and a magnificent
hospital. It is seated on a hill, on the river
Moselle, 8 m. W. of Nancy.
Gonesse, a town of France, in the department
of Seine-et-Oise, seated on the Crould, 10 m. N.
E. of Paris.
Gonieh, a town of Asiatic Turkey, at the S. E.
extremity of the Black Sea, in the lat. of 41. 25.,
and 41. 15. of E. long.
Gonja.h, a kingdom of Africa, between the
coast of Guinea on the S., and Tombuctoo on
the N. Gonjah, the capital, is 870 m. W. by S.
of Cassina. Long. 6. 10. W., lat. 13. 20. N.
Goochland, a county in the Eastern District of
Virginia. Pop. 10,358.
Good Hope. See Cape of Good Hope.
Goodwin Sands, sand-banks off" the coast of
Kent, Eng. between the N. and S. Foreland.
They run parallel with the coast for 10 m. at
about 7 m. distant, and add to the security of the
capacious road, the Downs.
Goodwinsville, p. v. Dinwiddle Co. Va.
Goomty, a river of Hindoostan, which rises in
the Rohiila country, flows S. E. by Lucknow and
Joanporc, and enters the Ganges, a little below
Benares.
Gooracpoor, a town and district of Hindoostan,
in the province of Oude,65 m. E. of Fyzabad.
Gooty, a town and fortress of Hindoostan, cap-
ital of a district of the same name, on the N.
side of tlie Pennar, formerly subject to the re-
gent of Mvsore, but ceded to the nizam of the
Deccan in" 1796. It is 46 m. S. S. W. of Can-
oul. Long. 77. 43. E., lat. 15. 15. N.
Goppi7igen, 9. town of Suabia, in the kingdom
of Wurtemberg. with a castle, a woolen manu-
43
facture, and a celebrated medicinal spring. It
stands on the rivulet Vils, 22 m. S. E. of Stut-
gard. Pop. upwards of 4,000.
Goragot, a town of Hindoostan, in Bengal, 94
m. N. E. of Moorshedabad. Long. 89. 22. E., lat.
25. 14. N.
Gorcum, a town of South Holland, which has
a small trade in corn, cheese, and butter. It is
seated on the Linglie, at its junction with the
Wahal, 20 m. E. of Rotterdam, and 33 S. of
Amsterdam.
Gordonville, p. v. Orange Co. Va.
Gore Island, an island in the Pacific Ocean,
so named by captain Cook, v/^ho discovered it in
1778. It is 30 m. long, and appeared to be bar-
ren and uninhabited. Cape Upright, the S. E.
extremity, is in long. 172. 50. W., lat. GO.
30. N. . .
Goree, a small island of Africa, near to, and
S. by Cape Verd, of importance only as an al-
most impregnable military position. The French
surrendered it to the British in 1800 ; it was re-
taken in January 1804, by the French ; and they
were compelled to surrender it again in March
following, but it was given up to them at the gen-
eral peace of 1814. Long. 17. 15. W., lat. 14.
40. N.
Goree, or Goeree, a town of Holland, capital
of an island of the same name, at the southern
mouth of the Maese. It is 12 m. S. S. W. of
Briel. Long. 3. 56. E., lat. 51. 44. N.
Goree, a township in Penobscot Co. Me.
Goreij. See Newborough.
Gorgona, a small island of Italy, 16 m. from
the coast of Tuscany, opposite Leghorn, near
which large quantities of anchovies are taken.
Gorgona, an island in the Pacific Ocean, 18 m.
from the coast of Colombia. It is high land,
very woodv, and about 10 m. in circumference.
Long. 77. 50. W., lat. 3. 6. N.
Gorham, p.t. Cumberland Co. Me. Pop. 2,988.
Also a p.t. Ontario Go. N. Y. Pop. 2,077.
Goritz, or Goritia, a town of the Austrian
empire, capital of a county of its name, with a
castle. Here are considerable manufactures of
leather, and the environs produce wine, fruit,
corn and silk. In 1797 it was taken by the
French. It stands on the Isonzo, on the frontier
of Friuli, 12 m. N. E. of Palma, and 40 W. of
Laubach. See Gradisca.
Gorkah, the capital of a county of the same
name, in Asia on the borders of Napaul. 35 m.
N. W. of Catmunda, and 200 N. of Benares.
Long. 84. 36. £., lat. 23. 25. N.
Gorlitz, a strong town of Upper Lusatia, with
a celebrated academy. The inhabitants are above
12,000, and carry on a considerable trjide in linen
and woolen cloth. It is seated on the Neissa, 50
m. E. by N. of Dresden.
Goroditchi, a town of Russia, in the govern-
ment of Penza, 30 m. E. S. E. of Penza.
Govt, a town of Ireland, in the S. part .^f the
county of Galway.
Goschutz, a town of Silesia, with a castle,
near the frontiers of Poland, 14 m. N. of Oels.
Goshen, p.t. Sullivan Co. N. H. 42 m. fr. Con-
cord. Pop. 772.
Goshen, a town of Connecticut, in Litchfield
county, famous for excellent cheese ; 7 m. N. N.
W of Litchfield. Pop. 1,732.
Goshen, a township of Addison Co. Vt. Pop.
555 Also a town in Hampshire Co. Mass.
Pop 606. Also a town in Orange Co. N. Y.
Pop. 3,361. Also towns in Cape May Co. N. J.,
8F
GOT
338
GOZ
Chester Co. Pa., Loudon Co. Va., Lincoln Co.
Greo., Tuscarawas, Belmont, Champaign and
Clermont Cos. Ohio, and St Clair Co. Illinois.
Goslar, a city of Lower Saxony, in the terri-
tory of Brunswick. It derives its principal sub-
sistence from the neighbouring iron mines, man-
ufivctures of brass and copper, and brewing.
Here the art of making gunpowder it said to
have been discovered by a monk. It is seated on
the river Gose, at the foot of a mountain, call-
ed Rammelsberg, 23 m. S. of Brunswick. Long.
10.31. E.. lat. 51. 57. N. Pop. about 6,000.
Gosyort, a fortified town in Hampshire, Eng.
on the W. side of the harboiir of Portsmouth, over
which is a ferry. \* has a considerable trade,
especially in times of war, from its contiguity to
the naval arsenal at Portsmouth. Here are sever-
al breweries, an extensive iron foundery,and a
royal hospital, called Haslnr Hospital, for the sick
and wounded of the royal navy. It is 1-5 m. S.
E. of Southampton, and 73 S. W. of London.
The pop. which in 1811 was returned at 7,781,
in 1821 had decreased to 6,184.
Gosport, a township comprising a part of the
Isles of Shoals, in Rockingham Co. N. H. Pop. 103.
Gosport, p.t. Elizabeth Co. Va. on Elizabeth
river, opposite Norfolk. Here is a Navy Yard
of the United States with a dry dock.
Gossweinsicin, or Gossmanstcin, a town of Fran-
conia, in the principality of Bamberg, on the
Putlach, 20 m. E. S. E. of Bamberg.
Gotha, a town of Upper Saxonj', the capital of a
frincipality of the same name, in Thuringia.
t is the residence of the duke of Saxe- Gotha
whose palace contains a fine library, and a rich
cabinet of coins. Near it is the ducal observato-
ry of Seeberge, the most beautiful and useful in
Germany. Gotha has a foundery for cannon, a
potcelain manufacture, and a considerable trade in
wouiens, wood, and beer. It is seated on the
I^eine, 19 m. W. hy S. of Erfurt, and 75 from
Leipzig. Long. 10. 48. E., lat. 5U. 5J.N. Pop.
about 12,000; the principality contains about 50
sq. m. and upwards of 80,000 inhabitants.
Gotha, a river of Sweden, which issues from the
S. W. extremity of lake Wener, flows by Trol-
hatta (where it forms a cataract) and Bahus, and
enters the Categat at Gottenburg.
Golhard, St. a celebrated mountain of Switzer-
land, in the canton of Uri. It is 51,055 feet above
the sea, and 22 m. S. of Allorf Though not the
highest mountain, it is deemed the principal sum-
mit of the Helvetian Alps; for in its vicinity rise
the rivers Tesino, Aar, Reuss, and Rhone, which
flow hence in every direction.
Gothehuns, or Gottevhurg, a city of Sweden,
capital of West Gothland, seated at the mouth of
the Gotha, which forms an excellent harbour ;
the best situate for foreign trade of any in the
kingdom, as it lies on the Categat. Here is a
considerable herring fislicry ; and a great trade in
Bait, iron, and fir-planks; and from tliis port the
Swedish East India ships take their departure.
The inhabitants are computed at 2(\000. Its
envious present a uniform scene of barren rocks
on the side of which part of the suburbs are built.
The interior of the city resembles in some respects
the towns of Holland, having canals with rows of
trees along their margin. In ]8(;2 nearly a
fourth part of the city was consumed by a fire. It
obtained great importance as a commercial depot
during the proscription of Bonaparte in 1807 —
1811. It is 180 m. S. W. of Orcbro. Long. 11.
.ID. £., lat. 57. 42. N.
Gothland, one of the five general divisions of
Sweden ; bounded on the N. by Sweden Proper,
E. and S. by the Baltic, and W. by the Sound
and the Categat. This country is inhabited by
a nation, celebrated for their excursions and
invasions of other countries, which had its origin
from the Getre, or Tartars of the Crimea. The
Goths had kings of their own till 1132, when they
were united to Sweden. It was formerly divided
into E., W. and S. Gothland, but now into 9
provinces and the isle of Gothland and dEi-
land.
Gothland, an island of Sweden, in the Baltic,
70 m. from N. to S., and 25 in its greatest breadth
From its form and situation it has obtained the
name of the Eye of the Baltic. The soil is fertile
and remarkable for an excellent breed of sheep.
Here are fine woods of oak and pine, quarries of
excellent stone, and very good limestone. Wisby
is the capital.
Gotlesbcrg, a town of Silesia, where great quan-
tities of worsted stockings are knit, 16 m. S. W
of Schweidnitz.
Guttingen, a city of I^ower Saxony, in the duchy
of Brunswick. Here George II. of Great Britain
founded a university, which has acquired a very
distinguished reputation : and it contains one
of the most capital libraries in Europe. There
are also many other literary institutions, and a
commandery of the Teutonic order. The woolen
manufactures are the principal support of the in-
habitants. It is seated on the Leine, 58 m. S.
of Hanover. Long. 9. 53. E., lat. 51. 32. N. Pop.
about 9,000.
Gcttlehen, a small town of Upper Saxony, in
Misnia, on a river of the same name, 18 m. S. S.
E. of Dresden.
Gottorp, a castle of Denmark, formerly the
ducal residence, from which the ducal line, form-
ed by Adolphus, son of Frederic I., was demoni-
nated Holstein-Gottorp, which still subsists in
the person of the emperor of Russia.
Gottschec, a town of Lower Carniola, with a
castle, 17 m. N. N. E. of Fiume.
Govun, a town of Scotland, in Renfrewshire,
near the river Clyde, 5 m. W. of Glasgow, in the
manufactures of which city it participates.
Goutia, or Tergouw, a strong town of South
Holland, celebrated for its noble church, and
painted glass windows, supposed to be the finest
in Europe. Great quantities of yarn and tow
Jire made here, also good cheese and tobacco-
pipes. It is seated on the Issel. at the influx
of the Gonvv, 10 m. N. E. of Rotterdam.
Govldshorough , a township of Hancock Co. Me.
Pop. 880.
Gout, the ruins of a city in the province of Ben-
gal. It was the seat of government of Ilindoostan
during the Afghan dynasty, from 1204 — 15G4.
It is on the E. bank of the Ganges, IGO m. N. of
Calcutta.
Gourdon, a town of France, in the department
of Lot, 25 m. N. of Cahors. It is the seat of a
prefect.
Govrnay, a town of France, in the department
of Lower Seine, seated on the Epte, 24 m. E. of
Rouen.
Gourernetir, a township of St. Lawrence Co.
N. Y. Pop. 1,552.
GoiDcnsville, p. v. Greenville District S. C. 120
m. N. W. Columbia.
Gozi, or Gozzo, an island in the Mediterranean,
the ancient Clauda, under which St. Paul sailed
on his voyage to Rome. It is 24 m. from the
GRA
339
GRA
S. W. coast of Candia, and vessels often put in
here for water and provisions. Long. 23. 46. E.,
lat. 34. 50. N.
Gozo, a fortified island of the Mediterranean, 5
m. N. W. of Malta, and de{)endent on that island.
. It is 8 m. loner and 4 broad, and more equally fer-
tile than Malta.
Graboio, a town of Lower Saxony, in the diichy
of Mecklenburg with a castle, seated on the Elde,
24 m. S. by E. of Schwerin.
Grarr.ham, p.v. Frederick Co. Maryland.
Graciosu, one of the Azores, 10 m. long and 8
broad. Its produce is wheat, wine, butter, and
cheese. The principal place is Plata. Long. 27.
58.,W. lat. 39. 2. N.
Gradisca. a fortified town of Sclavonia, on the
frontier of Croatia, seated on the Save, 20 m. S.
W. of Posega. Long. 18. 39. E., lat 45. 21.
^ .
Gradisca, a strong town of Friuii,on the con-
fines of Carinlhia, capital of the county united
with Goritz, and a bishop's see. It is seated on
the Lisonzo. (5 m. S. VV. of Goritz. Long. 13. 32.
£., lat. 46. 2. N.
Grado, a town of Italy, in a small island of the
same name, on the coast of Friuli, 50 m. E. by
N. of Venice. Long. 13. 10. E., lat. 45. 46. N.
Gi-aff Reynet, the most eastern of the four dis-
trictsi in the territory, of the Cape of Good Hope,
bounded on the E. by the county of the CafFres
and N. by that of the Hottentots.
Grafton, a county of the state of New Hamp-
shire, bounded on the W. 55 m. by the Connec-
, ticut river, which divides it from the State of Ver-
mont ; it is about 23 m. in mean breadth, and
contains a pop. of 38,691. Haverhill, on the E.
bank of the Connecticut is the chief town.
Grafton, t. Grafton Co. N. H. 36 m. from
Concord. Pop. 1,207. Mica in large sheets pop-
ularly termed isinglass, is found in abundance in
this town and exported to foreign parts.
Grafton, p.t. Worcester Co. Mass. 44 m. S. W.
Boston. Pop. 1 ,889. Also a p.t. Windham Co.
Vt. 22 m. S. Windsor. Pop. 1.439. Also a p.t.
Rensselaer Co. N. Y. Pop. 1,681.
Grain Coast, a maritime country of Guinea,
extending along the Atlantic about 300 m. be-
tween the Sierra Leone country on the W., and
the Ivory coast on the E. The productions are
peas, beans, gourds, lemons, oranges, dates, and
palm wine ; but the chief article is the abundance
of Guinea pepper, or grains of paradise, which
form a great interior and export trade. Cows,
hogs, sheep and goats, are numerous. The Port-
iguese had formerly the whole commerce of this
coast, but it has long been chiefly in the hands of
the English and Dutch.
Graitz, or Greitz, a town of Upper Saxony,
with a castle on a rocky mountain, and another
in the town. It has manufactures of stuff, and is
situate on the Elster, between mountains and
woods, 10 m. N. of Plauen, and 50 S. of Leipzig.
Pop. about 6,000.
Gramat, a town of France, 28 m. N. N. E. of
Cahors. Pop. 3,295.
Grammont, a town of Flanders, seated on both
sides of the Dender, 18 m. N E. ofTournay.
Grampian Hills, a chain of hills in Scotland,
which extend in a N. E. direction, from the moun-
tain Ben Lomona Dumbartonshire, through
the counties of Perth, Angus, and Kincardine,
to Aberdeen ; and thence in a N. W. direction,
through the counties of Aberdeen, Banff, and
Murray, to the borders of Inverness. They take
their name from a single hill, the Mons Grampiua
of Agricola, where Galgacus waited the approach
of Agricola, and where the battle W£is foucrht, so
fatal to the brave Caledonians.
Grampound, a borough in Cornwall, Eng. with
a manufacture of gloves ; seated on the Fal, 40
m. S. W. of Launceston, and 244 W. by S. of
London ; it formerly returned two members to
parliament, but was disfranchised at the general
election in 1820.
Gran, a town of Lower Hungary, and an arch
bishop's see ; seated near the conflux of the Gran
with tlie Danube, 70 m. E. S. E. of Presburg.
Long. 18. 46. E., lat. 47. 46. N.
Gran, or Gram, a sea-port of Arabia, in the
province of Bahrin, at the N. W. end of the gulf
of Persia, and on the borders of Irac Arabi. 40 m.
S. of Bassora. Long 47. 45. E., lat. 29. 56
Granada. See Grenada.
Granada, a maritime province, formerly a
kingdom of Spain, part of Andalusia, having
about 270 m. of sea coast, on the Mediterranean ;
the mean length of the province from W. to E.
being about 234 m., the extreme breadth at the
E. end is about 95 m. but the W. part not more than
30, its superfices not exceeding 805 sq. leaorues.
Pop. in 1810 692,924. It is bounded on the E.
by the kingdom of Seville, N. by those of Cordo-
va and Jaen, and W. by Murcia. Though a
mountainous country, the soil is good ; but it has
not been well cultivated since the Moors were
expelled in 1492. However, it produces corn,
wine, oil, sugar, flax, hemp, excellent fruits, hon-
ey, wax, and mulberry-trees, which feed a great
number of silk-worms. The forests produce gall-
nuts, palm-trees, and oaks. It is intersected by
several streams falling into the Mediterranean,
but the principal rivers run from E. to W. into
the Guadalquivir through Cordova and Seville.
Granada was the last province in Spain occupied
by the Moors. The principal towns on tlie coast
of the Mediterranean, beginning at the W. are
Marbella, Malaga, Almunecar, Motril, Adra,
Almeria, and Vera, and in the interior, Granada,
(the capital) Ronda, Velez Malaga, Santa Fe.
Guadix, Baza, Huescar, and Purchena.
Granada, a city of Spain the capital of the king-
dom of that name, is situated near the confluence
of the Xenil and the Darro, at the foot of the
highest mountain in the Peninsula, the Sierra
Nevada, and on the verge of that fertile district
called the Vega de Granada. Notwithstanding
its vicinity to the snow-clad Alpujarras, the win-
ters are mild in Granada, and the climate is
healthy and agreeable. The number of houses is
12,000, and the pop. according to the last census,
was 68,295. In commerce and splendour the
city has much declined notwithstanding the fer-
tility of its territory. It rose to its highest pros-
perity under the Moors, by whom it was occupied
soon after their first invasion of Spain in 711 : it
became a royal residence in 1013; during two cen-
turies retained that distinction ; and was not fi-
nally surrendered to the Spaniards until 1492.
Of its magnificent edifices, the most notable are
the palace of the Alhambra and the Generalife,
or pleasure-house and garden of the Moorish
kings. The Alhambra, with its 30 towers, alone
occupies the space of a town, and is situated on a
hill, fronting that called the Alcanaza, and sepa-
rated from it by the rapid Darro. The ascent to
the Alhambra is through groves of poplars and
orange-trees, with fountains by the road side.
GRA
340
GRA
The outer walls inclose a large area, surround-
ing the inner walls ; and a number of tanks or
cisterns occupy the space between these and the
Moorish palace, — a congeries of buildings chief-
ly remarkable for their interior decorations. The
chambers are all paved with marble, and orna-
mented with marble pillars, sustaining arches of
pure Arabic form : they are adorned with stucco,
and with a species of porcelain which freshly re-
tains its gilding after a lapse of 5 centuries. The
Court of the Lions, so called from the sculptures
which adorn its fountain, has no fewer than 158
marble pillars.
The'hall of the Abencerrages is so called from
the massacre of that illustrious tribe, said to have
been here perpetrated by Boabdil the last king of
Granada. They were the objects of envy to the
Zegris and the Gomeles, by whom they were
falsely accused of treason to the king ; and one
of them was charged with illicit intercourse with
the queen. In consequence of this charge, the
monarch beheaded 86 of tlie Abencerrages (or,
according to some statements. 35) in 'one day.
The sultana committed her defence to 4 Christian
knights, her champions, who each overcame the
accuser with whom he fought, and vindicated both
her character and that of the noble family which
had been slaughtered. The common people fancy
that in the alabaster bason, which is in the centre
of the apartment, they can discern traces of the
blood of those brave men ; but the unanimous
opinion of enliffhtened travellers is, tiiat these
ensanguined stains are nothing more than the
effects of time and exposure to he air.
This hall appears to have been a central saloon,
communicating with the other apartments of the
palace. Every possible variety of combination
which could be devised by ingenuity, was employ-
ed to decorate the wall and ceiling, and the style
of execution is the most exquisite that can be
conceived. The lines regularly cross each other
in a thousand forms, and after manifold windings
return to the spot whence they begin.
The ceiling is equally extraordinary and worthy
of admiration ; it represents a series of grottoes
from which depend stalactites, painted of various
colours.
The Golden Saloon, so termed by the Arabs
from the profusion of gold ornaments which it
contained, was appropriated to the reception of
ambassadors, from which circumstance the Span-
iards have designated it La Sala de los embaxado-
res. It is situated in the lofty tower called the
Comaresh ; is 36 feet square, and 64 feet 4 inches
high, from the floor to the highest part of the ceil-
ing. The walls are, on three sides, fifteen inches
thick, and on the fourth side nine. The lower
range of windows is thirteen feet in height. The
grand entrance to this noble hall is through an
arched doorway, admirably finished, and embel-
lished with flowers and arabesques in stucco :
they were blue and gold, but the gilding is now
almost entirely effaced. Over the principal door
19 an Arabic inscription, which appears to have
been executed in a style corresponding to the rest
of the edifice : it is taken, with the exception of
its concluding sentence, from the Koran. On en-
tering the Hail of Ambassadors, the beholder is
lost in astonishment at the exquisite taste and ele-
gance of execution which characterise every
part of it ; and if thus superb, even in its pre-
sent deserted state, observes Mr. Murphy, how
resplendent must this golden saloon have been,
when the sovereign, arrayed in all the pomp of
oriental magnificence, assembled his brilliant court
to give audience to the representatives of neigh-
bouring monarchs !
The whole floor is inlaid with mosaic. The
same kind of ornament, but of different patterns,
covers every part of the walls, interspersed with
flowers and Arabic inscriptions executed in por-
celain, with exquisite taste, so as to unite and
harmonise exactly with the stucco ornaments
that every where abound.
The most remarkable part of the Alhambra,
for exterior beauty, is the palace begun by the
emperor Charles V. in 1537, when Jie had hoped *
to fix his court at Granada : it is a square build-
ing, each front being 220 feet in length ; and
though it is roofless, so mild is the climate, tliat
the marble staircases appear as fresh as if they
were just completed. Fine as the prospect is
from the Alliambra, a still finer is enjoyed from
the Generalife on the opposite hill, which was the
residence of the court during the heats of sum-
mer. The rooms are all floored with marble,
and have streams of pure water running through
them ; a luxury which the Spaniards of Granada,
in imitation of their Moorish ancestors, are fond of
introducing into their houses. Most of these
have fountains in the inner courts, with awnings
around them, where the inhabitants in hot weath-
er take their repasts and receive visits. Granada
is an archiepiscopal see : it has an university, now
dwindled into insignificance ; forty-one convents,
various churches, thirteen hospitals, many re-
mains of Moorish magnificence, and a bazar
called Alcanteria. Its rich territory bears, in
perfection, all the products peculiar to the south
of Europe. In the stately cathedral are the
tombs of Ferdinand the Catholic and his queen
Isabella ; also that of the renowned warrior
Gonsalvo de Cordova. Granada is in lat. 37. 15,
N., long. 3. 35. W.
Granada, JVfw, an extensive territory of South
America, whlc . comprised all the western part
of the new republic of Colombia from the great
river Maranon, or Amazons, to the Caribbean
Sea; this part of the western hemisphere was
first explored by Ojeda and Amerigo Vespucci,
in 1508, and became completely subdued to Span-
ish rule under a captain general, in 1547. In
1718 it was formed into a viceroyalty ; restored
to a captain generalship in 1724 ; but in 1740, tlie
viceroyalty was re-establlsiied and continued un-
til 1816. In December 1819, an union was ef-
fected with Venezulea into one republic, under the
name of Colombia, {which see) .
Granard, a neat town of Ireland, in the county
of Longford, 16 m. E. N. E. of Longford. Pop.
in 1820, 2,534.
Granby, a township of Essex Co. Vt. Pop. 97
Also a p.t. Hampshire Co. Mass. Pop. 1,064.
Also a p.t. Hartford Co. Conn. Pop. 2,730. Also
a p.t. Oswego Co. N. Y. Pop. 1,423. Also a vil-
lage in Lexmgton District South Carolina, seat-
ed on the Congaree, on the contrary side to Co-
lumbia, about a m. below that city. It is noted
for a curious bridge, whose centre arch is lOU
feet wide, to give passage for large trees which
are brought down by the floods.
Grand Island, in Niagara River, N. Y. is about '
6 m. long and 3 broad. It has a good soil and is
generally covered with trees.
Grand Isle, a county of Vermont consisting
mostly of the islands in Lake Champlain, Pop.
3,698. North Hero is the capital. There is a vil
lage of the same name in this county.
GRA
341
GRE
Grand Lick, p.v. Campbell Co. Kentucky.
Grandmont, a town of France, in the depart-
ment of Upper Vienna. Near it was a celebrated
abbey, suppressed in 1769, after the death of the
then professed members. It is 15 m. N. N. E.
of Limoges.
Grand Manan, an island at the entrance of the
bav of Fundy, the S. end of which is in lat. 44.
43! N., and 67. of W. long. ; it is included in the
province of Nova Scotia.
Grandpre, a town of France, in the department
of Ardennes, seated on the Ayre, 32 m. E. of
Rheinis.
Grand View, a township of Washington Go.
Ohio.
Grangemouth, a village of Scotland, in Stirling-
shire, at the junction of the Great Canal with
the river Carron, 4 m. N. E. of Falkirk, in which
parish it is included. Upwards of 40,000 tons of
shipping are annually entered here, belonging
either to the foreign or coasting trade.
Granger, a county of East Tennessee. Pop.
1,066. Rutledge i§ the chief town. Also towns
in Cuyahoga and Medina Cos. Ohio.
Gninsee, a town of Brandenburg, in the Mid-
dle Mark, 30 m. N. of Berlin.
Granson, a town of Switzerland, in the Pays de
Vaud. It stands near the S. end of the lake of
Neufchatel, 16 m.' W. S. W. of Neufchatel.
Grant, a county of Kentucky, E. of the Ken-
tucky river. Pop. 2,987. Williamstown is the
capital.
Grantham, a borough in Lincolnshire, Eng.
The church is an elegant structure with a very
lofty spire. A canal passes hence to the Trent
at Nottingham. Grantham is seated on the
Witham, 20 m. S. by W. of Lincoln and 110 N.
by W. of London. It returns two members to
parliament. The population which in 1801 was
3,303, in 1821 was 4,148.
Grantham., t. Sullivan Co. N. H. 45 m. N. W.
Concord. Pop. 1,079.
Grantstille, p.v. Greene Co. Geo.
Granville, a town of France, in the department
of Manche, seated on the English channel, in the
bay of St. Malo, partly on a rock,fl,nd partly on a
plain, 15 m. S. by W. of Coutances, and 25 N. E.
of St. Malo. Pop. 7,030 ; it carries on a consid-
erable traffic with the Island of Jersey.
Granville, a county of North Carolina. Pop.
19,343. Oxford is the chief town.
Granville, p.t. Hampden Co. Mass. Pop. 1,652.
Also a p.t. Washington Co. N. Y. Pop. 3,882.
Also towns in Licking Co. Ohio. Monongahela
Co. Va.,and a Seignory ofCornwallis Co. Lower
Canada.
Gr<fcs/e<z, a town of Bohemia, in the circle of
"Saaz, famous for its manufacture of brass, 15 m.
JN. W. of Elbogen.
(rrasmere- water, a small lake of Westmoreland,
Eng. W. of Ambleside. Its margin is hollowed into
small bays, with bold eminences ; some of rock,
some of turf, that half conceal and vary the figure
of the lake. A low promontory projects far into
the water ; and on it stands a white village.
Grason, an island in the gulf of Bothnia, near
the coast of Sweden, 15 m. lonor and 2 broad.
Long. 18. 2!). E., lat. 60. 12. N.
Grasse, a town of France, in the department of
Var, and lately a bishop's see.. It has a trade in
dry fruit, oil, perfumes, and tanned leather, and
is seated on an eminence, 11m. W. N. W. of
Antibes, and 20 W. by S. of Nice. It is the seat
of a prefect. Pop. 12,553.
Grasse la, a town of France, in thf department
ot Aiide, on the river Othieu. Pop. 1,244.
Gratis, a village in Preble Co. Ohio.
Grntz, a fortified town of Germany, capital of
Lower Styria, and a bishop's see. Here are
many churches, and a fine arsenal. The ca.stle
stands on a rock, and is a strong place. Gratz is
seated on the W. side of the Muer, over which is
a bridge to an extensive subu.b. The inhabitants
are estimated at 35,000. In 1797 it was taken by
the French. It is 88 m. S. S. W. of Vienna.
Long. 15. 26. E., lat. 47. 4. N.
Graudenz, a town of Prissian Poland, on the
E. bank of the Vistula, '8 m. N. of Culm, and
55 S. of Dantzic. Pop. about 8,000.
Grave, a strong town of Dutch Brabant, on the
left bank of the Maese, beyond which there is a
fort. It has been often taken. It is 8 m. S. S.
W. of Nimeguen.
Grave Creek, p.v. Ohio Co. Va.
Gravelines, a small sea-port of France, seated
at the mouth of the Aa. defended by Fort Phillip,
12 m. E. of Calais. Pop. 2,570.
Gravenav, OT Grayenau, a. town of Bavaria, in
the principality of Passau, on the river Sag. 16
m. N. of Passau.
Gravenwert, a town of Bavaria, in the uppeJ"
palatinate, 17 m. N. of Ambr g.
Gravesande, a town of South Holland, where
the ancient counts of Holland formerly resided.
It is about 4 m. from the sea, and 6 W. by S. of
Delft.
Gravesend, a town in Kent, Eng. It stands on
the S. bank of the Thames, and is the common
landing and embarking place for seamen and
passengers to and from London ; and here all
outward bound vessels stop to be examined by
the custom-house officers, and to receive their
clearances : and inward vessels deliver in their
manifests, it being the boundary of the port of
London. A great part of it was burnt down, with
the church, in 1727 ; the latter was rebuilt as one
of the 50 new churches. It is called the corpo-
ration of Gravesend and Milton, these two places
being united under the government of a mayor.
The latter place is a m. E. of the other, and has
a blockhouse over against Tilbury fort. They
were incorporated by queen Elizabeth ; but, long
before, Richard II. had granted them the exclu-
sive privilege of conveying passengers to London
in boats. Gravesend is famous for asparagus and
other vegetables, with which most of the ships
outward bound on long voyages supply them-
selves; and the chief employment of the labour-
ing people is the spinning of hemp, to make nets
and ropes. It is 22 m. E . S. E. of London. Pop.
in 1821, 3,814, and of Milton 2,769.
Gravina, a town of Naples, in Terra di Bari,
32 m. W. S. W. of Bari. It has nine churches
and a Pop. of about 9,000.
Gray, a town of France in the department of
Upper Saone. It has a trade in iron, and is seat-
ed ©n the Saone, 25 m. N. E. of Dijon. It is the
seat of a prefect. Pop. 6,584.
Gray, p.t. Cumberland Co. Me. Pop. 1,575.
Grayson, an interior county of Kentucky,
bounded on the S. by Green river. Pop. 3,679.
Litchfield is the chief town. Also a county of
the Western District of Virginia, bordering on
North Carolina; it is intersected by New River
which runs from S.to N. into thn Ohio. Pop. 7,675.
Greasley, a village 7 m. N. W. of Nottingham,
Eng.
Great Britain, an island on the western coast of
2 f2
GRE
343
GRE
Europe, comprising England, Wales and Scotland.
This island and the neighbouring one of Ireland
constitute one kingdom called the United Kingdom
of Great Britain and Ireland. The island of Great
Britain is the largest in Europe : its extreme length
is about 580 miles : in the south it is 370 miles
broad ; at the centre 80 : and near the centre of
Scotland 1 80. It is situated between 49. 57. and 58.
43. north latitude, and between 35. and 8. 34. west
longitude from Paris. Its surface contains 1 1 ,400
leagues. Its eastern and southern shores are less
deeply indented than the western : they are con-
sequently bolder. There are no islands upon the
eastern coast, and upon the southern none except
that of Wight and two others of inconsiderable
size : on the west are those of Sicily elsewhere de-
scribed, Anglesey, Man, Arran, Ila, Jura, Mull,
Tiry, Egg, Rum, Sky, the Hebrides and Orkneys.
In the south the largest bay is that of Exeter. In
the east are, beginning at the south, the sandy
bay of the Thames ; the Wash, whore the little
stream called the Glen meets the sea ; the frith
which receives the Humber; the friths of Forth,
Murray and Dornoch. On the western coast are
the friths of Clyde and Solway ; the bays of More-
camle and Arlech, and the Bristol Channel, which
receives the Severn.
Tlie mountains of this island compose three
groups : the first toward the north is formed by the
highlands of Caithness and Inverness ; of this
group the Orkneys, the Hebrides, Sky and Mull
are the extremities : The second consists of the
Grampian Hills and some other eminences which
terminate at the friths of Forth and Clyde : The
third comprises the Cheviot Hills and the broken
surface of Wales and the south part of the island.
Tlie first group does not rise above 2,500 feet : the
highest eminence in the second attains to 4,370, and
in the third a few summits rise to 2,500 and 3,000
feet.
There are no basins of great extent. The hills
of Caithness, and the Grampian chain form the
one most northerly : the most considerable and
rapid river of this basin is the Spey which flows
with a swift course, and with much obstruction
from cataracts into Murray Frith. The southern
ramifications of the Grampians form with the
Cheviots an extensive basin through which flows
the Forth: this river in a course of GO leagues
traverses an extent of meadows, forests, and fer-
tile plains, and its waters abound in excellent fish.
The Moorlands and a few other hills surround tlie
vast basin of the Ouse, which under the name of
Ure rises in the valley of Wensley, flows to Ays-
garth, where it forms a beautiful cascade, takes
the name of Ouse after receiving the Swale, and the
name of fluml/er upon joining the Ocean. Tlie
ridge which forms the southern limit of this basin,
bounds on the north that of the most important
river of Great Britain, the Thames. The basins
of the southern face of the Island are too small to
give rise to any considerable stream. Those pn
the western face are of small extent except that
traversed by the Severn : this basin is formed by
the highest mountains of England and Wales : the
Severn rises at the foot of Plinlimmon and runs
into the Bristol Channel. The basin of the Clyde
in Scotland, is narrow, but worthy of notice for
the beautiful falls of this river, one of which near
Stone Byres is 84 feet perpendicular. The region
watered by this stream is one of the most romantic,
fertile, and populous in the whole country.
The lakes of Great Britain are small ; the largest
in Enirland is Loch Lomond 30 m. long and 8
wide. Its beautiful banks are much frequented in
summer. It embosoms several islands, and its
waters are subject to violent agitations without any
apparent cause. In Scotland are many lakes, the
most noted of which is Loch Lomond, 30 m. long ,
and two to three wide.
The rigors of winter, and the heats of summer,
are much less felt in Great Britain than on the
continent under the same parallel. The winds
from the sea, temper seasons the most opposite,
but the variations of temperature are sudden and
frequent. If the northern regions ore favorable to
the growth of vegetables, the slate of the atmos-
phere is often an obstacle to their maturity : rains
destroy the too early expectation of a plentiful crop
Moreover, in the north there are wide tracts of
barren territory, and on the eastern coast, sand ani
marshes oppose an obstacle to fertility. The most
fertile districts are in the centre and south.
The most useful plants and anin:als have been
imported from the continent at different periods
into the British Islands. At the most ancient
period, England was covered with virgin forests
like the wilds of America : the food of the inhabi-
tants consisted of acorns, apples, nuts and berries :
bears, wolves, and wild boars ranged undisturbed
among these vast solitudes : the deer fed in the
woods and the wild bull in the plains. The beasts
of prey have disappeared ; the deer only is reserv-
ed to afford a sport to the rich, and no otlier of the
wild quadrupeds remain but the small tribes which
find a shelter in the mountains and forests. A
goat is almost a rarity throughout the island, ex-
cept in Wales, where they approach somewhat to
a savage nature : the Welsh take great delight in
hunting them ; they prefer the he-goats as having
the best fat and skin : the horns of this animal are
sometimes three feet in length. Most of the
domestic ammals of Scotland are small, but their
flesh is savoury and highly esteemed. The island
of Great Britain contained in 1821 a pop. of 14,158,
815. Adding to this the pop. of Ireland which is
6,801,800, gives a total of 20,963,513. for the pop.
of the United Kingdom. The total pop. of the
British empire throughout the world is estimated
at from 140 to 150 millions. The national debt of
Great Britain in 1830 was £804,860,188 sterling.
The shipping of the kingdom amounts to 2.500,
000 tons The imports are valued at 43 millions
sterling, the exports ft? millions. The yearly man-
ufactures of cotton 20 millions ; of woolen 18 mil-
lions ; of silk 10 millions. The whole amount of
property in the British empire is estimated at 4,096
millions sterling.
The geographical position of the British Islands
has necessarily raised the commercial power of the
United Kingdom to a degree of prosperity beyond
anything which antiquity exhibits to us. It has
long been customary to compare the naval power
of Great Britain to that of Carthage, but nothing
will establish the pretended resemblance. Seated
upon a continent, Great Britain would never have
attained the preponderance she now exercises.
If her two great islands formed but one, the same
advantages would not have arisen. The extent
of her coasts maintains an immense maritime pop-
ulation, and removes the apprehension of any
rival in the empire of the seas.
The secret of the English power first began to
be understood by Elizabeth. Called to the throne
at a period when the religious reformation which
marked an important era, as political reformation
characterizes the present, had been obstructed in
its progress under the short and bloody reign of
GRE
343
ORE
Mary, this great princess placed herself at the head
of tlie movement which had drawn all minds with-
in its inlliience. Unjust and cruel towards Mary
Stuart, the political difficulties of her situation can
liardly palliate the enormity of her crime, but in
other respects we cannot too much admire the
grandeur of her conceptions. It was she who laid
the foundations of the English power : who first
despatched ships to circumnavigate the globe, and
who, after sending colonies to both Indies, laid
the foundation of that company of merchants who
rule over nearly an hundred millions of people in
the £:»st. Skilful in turning the peculiarities of
the English constitution to her advantage, she
had the talent to govern despotically witliout of-
fending the nation, to restore order and economy
among the finances, and to give a new impulse to
trade and commerce. The accession of James
VI, of Scotland, to the English throne, under the
name of James I, was attended with the advantage
of uniting without violence, two crowns which the
common interest should have placed on the same
head. His reign was disturbed by plots which
ceased only with the Stuarts, but exterior quiet
favoured the operations of trade. Charles I, after
sundry acts of indecision, weakness, and despo-
tism, died upon a scaffold, before the eyes of a
people who had learned by the tragical end of
Lady Jane Grey and Mary Stuart, to witness the
fall of a crowned head without shuddering. Under
the protectorate of Cromwell, the English navy
attained to a degree of power and reputation, which
earned a title of glory not to be withheld from this
cruel and crafty usurper.
Charles II, restored to the throne of his ances-
tors, confirmed the abolition of the feudal laws,
encouraged commerce and agriculture, and found-
ed the Royal Society of London ; but liis luxuries
and pleasures led him into foolish expenses, to
met which he espoused the Infanta of Portugal
with the sole desire of enjoying her rich dowry.
He sold Dunkirk to France for 2.^,000 pounds
sterling, and compromised the interests of Eng-
land by joining Louis XIV, in the undertaken to
destroy the Dutch power. His despotism and ex-
tortions prepared a new revolution, nhich was
accelerated by the pretentions of the Jesuit party,
and the distrust of the protestants : victims on
both sides fell upon the scaffold, and James II, in
the midst of these troubles, forerunners of civil
war, succeeded his brother, shocked the prejudices
of the nation upon political and religious liberty,
and fled from the kingdom at the approach of
V/illiam of Orange. Enlightened by the experi-
•ence of the past, the parliament, in decreeing the
crown to the son-in-law of James, drew up the
celebrated Bill of Rights, which restrained the
royal power within i^s just limits; the two houses
retained the management of the public expenses,
■and the king that of the civil lists. In vain Louis
XIV, actuated by his attachment to the catholic
religion, generosity towards an unfortunate prince,
and hatred of William, placed at the command of
James his money, soldiers, and ships : the battles
of the Boyne and Aghrim, in which this prince
showed neither the courage nor presence of mind
so necessary to a king, took away from him the
hope of ever reconquering his throne. Finally
after a reign of thirteen years, in which, for the
maintenance of expensive wars with France, he
was obliged to resort to loans, William died, leav-
ing the kingdom burthened with a debt of 48 mil-
ions of dollars, or ten times the amount of the
debt in 1688.
Anne the daughter of James II, in placing
Marlborough at the head of the army, saw the
national glory revive in the victories of Blenheim
and Ramillies, while the battles of Oudenarde
and Malplaquet caused that of Almanza to be for-
gotten. Under her reign, Newfoundland, Hud-
son's Bay, Minorca, ai;d Gibraltar, were acknowl-
edged to belong to the English. Conformable to
the act of succession, the house of Brunswick fur-
nished, in 1714, a new dynasty to Great Britain.
George I. and George II. had to struggle against
the bold enterprises of Charles Edward, the grand-
son of James II. till the battle oi' Culloden, which,
in 174G, overthrew the party of the Pretender, and
delivered England from civil war, and the fears
of anew revolution. Toward the middle of the
reign of George I, the private fortunes of many
individuals were ruined by the South Sea sclieme,
as it happened in France at the same time, from
the financial system of Law. The reign of George
II, longer and mure abounding in important events,
witnessed the renewal of that rivalry between
Great Britain and France, which had subsequent-
ly such important effects upon the political sys-
tem of Europe. The former consoled herself for
the loss of the battle of Fontenoy, and the disas-
ters of the Duke of Cumberland in Flanders, by her
successes on the ocean and in India, and by the
capture of the island of Goree, and the conquest of
Gaudaloupe and Canada.
Under these favourable auspices George III.
succeeded to the throne of his grandfather in 1760.
Born in England, he possessed a great advantage
over his predecessor, and was the idol of the na-
tion. A war which had broken out in 17;m, between
France and f^ngland, was continued for three
years longer, and when the former had suffered
the loss of her fleets, and the latter so far exhaust-
ed her finances as to be no longer able to raise
soldiers without difficulty, the treaty of 1763 fol-
lowed. Great Britain retained Canada, the island
of Cape Breton, Dominica, Grenada, Tobago, St.
Vincent, and Senegal, but these acquisitions in-
creased her debt tenfold, and the sum now
amounted to 134 millions sterling. This was no
favourable time for diminishing the taxes, and
still less so for increasing them, particularly by
imposing burdens upon colonies so important
as those of North America, and who required
so much forbearance. These colonies had always
possessed the right of taxing themselves in their
provincial assemblies. The British parliament
in 1765, passed an act for collecting stamp-duties
in America, but this attempt failing in conse-
quence of the spirited resistance of the Americans,
it was renewed in another form by imposing a
duty on tea imported from England : the Colo-
nies began reprisals by refusing to make use of
any British imports, and the Bostonians threw
the tea into the sea. The mother country scorned
the medium of concession and took up arms. The
colonies assembled in a national congress, de-
clared the country an independent ,sovereign state,
made preparation for war and placed Washington
at the head of the army. Victory, long time un-
decided, at length inclined to the side of the
Americans, and in 1778 France made a treaty
with the new confederation, and agreed to defend
their cause : this was a declaration of war against
England : the struggle was obstinate and bloody,
and the successes balanced, as shown by the treaty
of peace in 1783 by which Great Britain ceded to
France Tobago, the banks of the Senegal, and
some districts in the neighborhood of Pondicber
GKE
344
GRE
ry, restored her conqiiepts from this power, and
her all}-, Spain, and abandoned the demolition of
Dunkirk. France also gave up her conquests, and
the consequence of this treaty was the acknowl-
edgement of the independence of the United
States. The events worthy of note in the affairs
of England down to the subsequent rupture with
France are, abroad, the conquest of half the do-
minions of Tippoo Saib in India, and at home, the
progress of religious toleration, the extension of
the privileges of juries in i riminal cases to judge
not only of the fact, but of the law, and the propo-
sal for tiie abolition of the slave trade, brought for-
ward by the virtuous Wilberforce, adopted by the
commons, and rejected by the lords.
But the principles which gave rise to the French
revolution were now pr()claimed with enthusiasm
in the political societies of Great Britian, and the
parliament adopted the bill for the exclusion of for-
eigners, and prohibited the exportation of corn to
France. The latter complained of the violation
of the commercial treaty of 1787, but Great Britain
dismissed the French annbassador and organized
against that power in 1793 the first coalition, of
which she herself wa>( the soul, and which was
composed of nearly the whole of Europe. The
victories of the French broke up this alliance, and
rendered France more powerful than ever. Eng-
land stirred up a second coalition in 1799, but was
herself forced into a peace, and the treaty of
Amiens was signed in 1802. A new coalition arose
under her auspices in 1305, and new victories and
new aggrandizements on the side of the French ai,
the expense of their neighbors were the result. In
1807 the fourth English coalition was broken by
the treaty of Tilsit. In 1809 a fifth was formed,
and ended in the treaty of Vienna by a new ac-
quisition of territory for France. Finally after
a perseverance which exhibits in a striking view
the power of England, and the immense resources
within her reach, the sixth coalition, renewed
in 1813, terminated in the fall of the French em-
pire, the restoration of the house of Bourbon, and
the treaty of peace concluded at Paris in 1814.
The British constitution, is a piece of mosaic
work belonging to different epochs : it is the
{rreat charter of Henry I, modified a century
ater and forced upon the acceptance of king
John. It is the charter confirmed with great al-
terations by Henry III, and sanctioned by Ed-
ward I. Its completion is the Declaration of
of Rights in 1G88. It possesses however, the ad-
vantage of not impeding the developement of
any social faculty, of securing every liberty, by
the unrestrained exercise of that of the press, and
of exalting the character of the subject by placing
his life and property under the safeguard of the
laws. The king of England joins to the dignity
of supreme magistrate, that of head of the church.
The former gives him the right of making
war and peace, alliances and treaties, raising
troops, assembling, proroguing, adjourning, and
dissolving parlament, appointing all officers, civil
and military, and the chief Ecclesiastical digni-
taries, and pardoning or commuting the punish-
ment of criminals : the latter gives him power to
convoke national and provincial synods, who un-
der his approbation, established dogmas and dis-
cipline. The parliament enjoys the prerogative
of proposing laws, but no law has any validity
till approved by the king. On the other hand the
will of the sovereign or his ministers, and the an-
nual aeniand for supplies cannot take the shape
of a law till under this form they have been sanc-
tioned by the votes of both houses. The king
may increase not only the number of peers, but
even that of the commons, by authorizing a city
to return members to parliament. He arrives at
majority at the age of eighteen, and on his acces
sion to the throne must sanction all the laws
passed during his minority. Females as well as
males possess a hereditary right to the crown.
Tiie responsibility of the ministers, not an empty
phrtase in England, secures the inviolability of
the monarch: the ministers are four in number,
and independantof one another : — the First Lord
of the Treasury, or prime minister, who has under
his direction the taxes, the custom house, the
stamp office and the post office ; — the Secretary
of State for foreign affairs ; — the Home Secretary,
who has the direction of colonial affairs excepting
those of the East Indies, — and the Secretary at
War whose authority extends over the concerns
of India. A council is organized to examine
whatever relates to Indian affairs, and another
superintending the business of commerce and the
colonies, is composed of enlightened individuals
who combine among themselves the interests of
agriciJture, industry and commerce, and study
unceasingly the wants and tastes of every people
for the purpose of making them in some way sub-
servient to British industry. The House of Com-
mons consists of 658 members, of whom 489 rep-
resent England, 24 the principality of Wales, 45
Scotland, and 100 Ireland.
At the present moment Great Britain is ap-
proaching a fearful crisis. Her trade is embar-
rassed, her subjects disaffected, and her political
institutions threatened by the example of popular
revolt in the neighboring countries. The Whigs
have once more come into power, and a ministry
preside in the national councils whose avowed
and leading object is to effect an essential change
in the government. A struggle for life and death
has commenced between the popular and aristoc
ractical bodies. The checks and balances which
political theorists have bfeen accustomed to con-
sider as apart of the British constitution, have
begun to give distinct evidences of their conflict-
ing tendencies ; and the hostile operation of dis-
cordant elements seems to promise collision and
not equilibrium. The whole aspect of affairs is
such as to warrant the belief that the present gov-
ernment of Great Britain cannot last.
Grcn.t Burrington, p.t. Berkshi«-e Co. Mass.
Pop. 2,276.
Great Bay, a lake in N. H. formed by the
waters of the Swamscot, Winnicot and Lam-
prey rivers. It is 4 m. wide. — Another lake
connected with the Winipiseogee.
Grehenstein, a town of Germany, in Lower
Hesse, on the river Esse, 12 m. N. N. W. of
Greece, a territory of the S. E. extremity of
Europe, and 2,000 years ago the most celebrated
portion of that quarter of the globe, it having suc-
cessfullj' combated the myriad armies of Persia
and tiie east, and extended its arts and its arms
eastward to the banks of the Indus. As the glo-
ry of Egypt declined, that of Greece rose to its
meridian, to be eclipsed in its turn by the as-
cendancy of Rome, till in the 15th century it be-
came tributary to the Turks. The main land of
Greece extends from the lat. of 36. 25. to 42. N,
or about 400 m., and is about 1 10 in mean breadth.
In the days of Grecian celebrity, it was divided
into four great parts, viz. Macedonia, Thessaly,
Livadia, and the Peloponnesus, exclusive of the
ORE
345
GRE
island of Candia, and the Archipekffo. Under
the Turks it was divided into four pacnalics, viz.
Salonica, Joannina, Egropos or Negropont, and
Tripolizza.
It will be proper, before we speak of modern or
Independent Greece, first to describe the whole of
the country in Europe inhabited by the descendants
of the ancient Greeks. This region is a sort of
peninsula lying between the Archipelago and the
Ionian sea. Its northern boundary is rather
indefinite.
Pindus, now Metzova,-is probably the nucleus
of the mountains in the Greek peninsula; its
rocks, forests and poetic fountains have of late
given rise to many interesting observations, but
Its elevation is still unknown. The numerous val-
lies on its sides are covered with trees ; snow falls
generally during the month of October on all its
summits, and two of them, Dokimi and Peristera,
are covered with snow almost the whole year;
their height may be vaguely estimated at eight or
nine tliousand feet. The mountains of Epirus ex-
tend to the shores of the sea ; Thessaly is encom-
passed with hills, and forms an amphitheatre on
which seventy-five towns were in ancient times
built.
Olympus or the modern Lacha is not, according
to Xenagoras, more than 5,760 feet ; according
to Bernouilli it is 6,1'20 high ; its rugged and pre-
cipitous rocks give it a picturesque and sublime
appearance ; the pass of Platamona on the north
of Olympus, is encompassed with perpendicular
rocks, that rise to the height of 3.000 feet ; the fa-
mous pass of Tliermopyla; is not so imposing, but
neither can vie with the one in the ancient Meg-
aris, between the Scironion rocks and the Salon-
ic gulf. Dark and steep rocks hang above the sea,
the waves resound beneath their base, the travel-
ler walks along a narrow path near these precipi-
ces, and appears suspended between the ocean and
the sky.
The erect and steep summits of the ancient
Parnassus or the present Liakoura are very lofty,
but although they hat^e been seen by many trav-
ellers, they have been measured by none. The
middle districts of the Peloponnesus form an ele-
vated ridge, and several mountainous groups arise
from it; of these Culmos or the ancient Cyllene
is said to be the highest central point, and Cape
Matapan or the ancient Tienarus, which extends
farthest to the south, forms the southern extremi-
ty of the European continent.
The coasts of Albania descend gradually towards
the gulf of Drino, and rise suddenly near the en-
trance of the Adriatic. Rocks are heaped above
rocks, their summits reiich to the clouds, their
sides are rent by lightning, the sea which wash-
es them is always tempestuous, and the shores
are covered with the wrecks of vessels. Such
are the Acroceraunian mountains, so much dread-
ed by the ancients ; they are now better known
by the name of the Monte de Chimera.
The coasts of the Ionian islands are for the most
part very steej), the calcareous rocks of Leucade
rise from the bottom of a deep and stormy sea ;
they were the cause of much alarm to mariners
in the time of jEneas and Ulysses, they are con-
sidered dangerous even in the present day.
The island of Candia or Crete is supposed to
be a continuation of the mountainous districts
which extend along Greece and the Peloponne-
sus, and the Cyclades are said to be the scattered
fragments of two small chains, the one of which
extends from Athens, the other from Euboea:
44
thus, as we remove from Hemus, the range be-
comes gradually irregular, or termirtates in de»
tached hills and abrupt rocks ; the marks of those
changes and revolutions which have altered the
surface of our globe are apparent in the south of
Greece.
[t has been maintained that there are some ve-
ry high mountains in the Archipelago, a learned
Greek physician declares that the summits of the
mountains in the island of Andros a-e covered all
the year with snow. If that statement were cor
rect, it might be concluded that the most elevated
points in the whole of Greece are situated in that
island ; philosophers might expect to find there
the remains of an immense volcano, an Etna that
has been extinguished for ages. So extraordina-
ry a fact requires to be confirmed by better evi-
dence before it can be generally believed ; the au-
thor may have perhaps confounded these moun-
tains with others in Euboea.
The vale of Tempe extends from the south-west
to the north-east, its length is about fi>rty stadia
or a league and a half; its breadth, although in
general a stadium and a half, is in one place not
more than a hundred feet. The calm streams of
the Peneus water the valley under the shade
of poplars or plane trees, near rocks overspread
with ivy, and green and fertile hills ; several ver-
dant and beautiful islands have been discovered
on the river, but its banks are suddenly contract-
ed, rocks are confusedly heaped on rocks, and its
streams are precipitated with a loud noise across a
narrow pass, but beyond it the waters resume
their tranquil course, and mingle with the sea.
Tlie following tradition was very generally be-
lieved in ancient times ; the Peneus, it is said,
having at one period no outlet, formed a great
lake, which covered a part of Thessaly, particu-
larly the Pelasgic plain to the south of Larissa.
The valley of Tempe was opened by an earth-
quake, the lake flowed into the sea, and the dry
land gradually appeared. The inhabitants of that
region instituted a festival to commemorate an
event by which the face of their country had
been changed. Theophrastus having observ-
ed that the climate of Thessaly was colder in his
time, attributes it to the artificial channels, by
means of which the stagnant waters had been
drained; some of the poets corroborate that opin-
ion, and claim for Hercules the glory of having
opened a passage for the Peneus. According to
some authors, the deluge in the time of Deuca-
lion extended over the whole earth ; it is more
generally supposed to have been a partial inunda-
tion of Thessaly, which lasted three months ; it
may be accounted for by admitting that the chan-
nel of the Peneus was blocked either by an earth-
quake during which some rocks were overturned
and thus formed an effectual barrier for its course,
or by excessive rains, which occasioned a sudden
and extraordinary augmentation of its waters.
The cave of Trophonius, a long time the abode
of superstition, is still to be seen in Bcetia, and
that of Corycius is situated to the north of Del-
phi ; although very deep, almost the whole of it
is illumined by the light of day ; it is so large that
all the inhabitants of Delphi went to it for shel-
ter during the invasion of Xerxes. Every part in
the neighbourhood of Mount Parnassus abounds
in caverns, which were held in great veneration
by the common people ; it has been supposed that
mephitical vapours issued from the spiracles near
the celebrated cave of the oracle, above which the
pythoness sat on the sacred tripod j the natural
6R£
346
GRE
effect of the exhalations was to occasion convul-
sions and those ecstacies which have accompanied
in every age the gift of prophecy.
Greece is situated between two seas, and is not
for that reason exposed to excessive droughts ;
but tlie cold is often more intense than in Italy
or Spain, and the cause is owing to its being on two
sides with the great range of the continpnt,the tem-
perature of which in equal parallels is always low-
er towards the centre, and also to its proximity to
two great mountainous chains. Usemuis and Taurus.
The temperature of Greece varies greatly in
different districts, it has been said that the cli-
mates of all the regions in Europe are concen-
trated in that country ; the waters of the Dan-
ube and the Ilebrus are frozen in winter ; the Rus-
sians who crossed Mount Haamqius had recourse
to their furs to protect them against the cold ; but
on the other hand, spring and summer are the
only seasons on the coast of Attica. " The
notes of the nightingale are herd in verdent plains
where the cold of winter is unknown, and rude
blasts never felt ; the branches of fruit trees en-
circled with ivy or the tendrils of the vine shel-
ter these vallies from the burning rays of the
sun. Bacclms and his joyous votaries wander in
the groves ; the narcissus and the glittering,
crocus, which adorn the wreaths of the gods
are always in flower. Venus and the muses
meet on the magic banlis of the Cephisus; its
winding streams, flowing through a thousand
channels, water fertile meads." Sophocles.
The traveller, after having crossed the heights
of Thermopylffi, enters into Greece Proper; the
climate is more oppressive, water is scarcer, but
the soil is fruitful ; oil is the most valuable pro-
duction in the southern provinces, and that of
Attica is su5)eriorto every other, but a thick hoar-
frost rises occasionally from the Archipelago and
is destTiictive to plants ; it falls in the form of dew
and penetrates into the roots and sap, the leaves
become yellow, the flowers decay, or if they ri-
pen, the fruit is of little use. The oil export-
ed annually from Attica was calculated to be
worth 300,000 piasters ; that from the Morea
about 400,000. Corinth is still famed for its rai-
sins, Arcadia for its cheese, and Mount Hymet-
tus for its honey. The soil of Attica is covered
with aromatic plants, and that circumstance ena-
bles us to account for the excellence of its honey;
it is sweeter than that of other countries, retains
its aromatic fragrance, and, although of a red
colour, is perfectly transparent. The same coun-
try might rival Spain in the fineness of its wool ;
the goat thrives on its hills, the uncultivated
lands are over-run with thyme, serpillum and
marjoram, the Albanian shepherds lead their flocks
in summer to these pastures. The breed of goats
was improved in the time of the Byzantine em-
perors by the mixture of the African and Asia-
tic race, but it has not since been sufiiciently
crossed ; the breed of sheep in Livadia and
Arcadia is the best, that of Attica the worst.
The view from Mount Parnassus is extensive,
a traveller saw from it Olympus, the Ionian Isl-
ands and the Cyclades ; he might have observed
beneath him the town and gulfof Lepanto, and on
the east amidst flowery meads, the populous town
of Livadia in the province of the same name.
Corinth, its two gulfs and rocky isthmus, which
so niany sovereigns have in vain endeavored to
cut, still command the entrance into the Pel-
oponnesus or Morea, which has been styled by
the Slavonic tribes who oenetrated into it during
the Byzantine empire, the maritime country.
We observe in that region the agreeable town of
Argos and Napoli de Romania, or as it is some-
times called the Gibraltar of Greece. Three hun-
dred vessels may ride at anchor in its harbour.
Napoli de Malvoisia and its great inland bay, the
populous town of Misitra on the valley of the
Eurotas, the present Vasili-Potamo or royal river
and Tripolitza, where a pacha resided with impu-
nity near the ruins of Mantinea. The towns on
the south-west coast are Calamata on the fruit-
ful plains of Messenia, Navarino which still re-
tains its admirable harbour, Gnstouni towards the
west in the fertile fields of Elis ; but Patras, a
place of greater trade than any of them contains
8,000 souts. Maga-Spileon, a convent partly cut
in a rock, the gloomy lake of Stymphali and ma-
ny other places renowned in history are situated
in the interior of that rich peninsula, of which
the produce in corn, grapes, figs, wine, oil, cot
ton, silk and many other articles amounted to
fifteen millions of piasters.
The Greeks, who wander among the ruins of their
ancient glory, have at last shaken off the Turk-
ish yoke ; heroic deeds both on land and sea,
convinced every one that they had awaked from
their long lethargy, but as in ancient times, their
efforts have been enfeebled by internal discord ;
the modern Greeks have unfortunately inherited
the vanity, inconstancy and treachery of their
fathers. Nature has not denied them high intel-
lectual endowments ; poets and orators are borr
amongst them, but their natural abilities are nol
improved by cultivation : sarcasm and raillery
supersede argument, and in their deliberations,
a frivolous expression, a single word or gesture is
sufficient to make them unmindful of their most
important interests. The Moraites are less vola-
tile than the townsmen of Romelia, and better
fitted to enjoy the blessings of freedom under a
good government. The Athenians have not lost
their ancient urbanity, their accent is more har-
monious than any other in Greece, their language
is less diffuse, and for that reason more energetic.
Their appearance is nearly the same as that of
their ancestors, the women of Athens are still
distinguished by their light figures, the oval
form of the face, the regular contour, the straight
line that marks the profile, full black eyes, high
forehead, red lips, small hands and feet; they
are equally graceful in the mnurnfiil dance of
Ariadne and in the rapid mazes of the Romaikn.
The simplicity jf the ancient dress is in some
degree retained ; a white tunic descends from the
neck and a white mantle covers the arms and falls
GRE
347
GRE
ovftr the shoulders, a handkerchief tied loosely
round the head does not conceal their jet-black
hair ; but the barbarous empire is typified in a
clumsy and ill-placed girdle, red trowsers and a
heavy Turkish cloak.
The Greek revolution broke out in 1821, and a
National Congress assembled at Epidaurus the
bame year. On the 1st of January , 1822, this Con-
gress published a constitution for the Greek na-
tion. From this period a bloody and devastating
war was waged against them by the Turks for a
period of seven years. At length the govern-
ments of Russia, France and Great Britain inter-
fered. The Turkish marine was annihilated at
the battle of Navarino, a French army occupied
he Morea, and Greece became an independent
state under the protection of the three powers in
1829.
Independent Greece comprises the Morea and
the territory without the isthmus, bounded on
the north by a line beginning at the mouth of
the river Aspropotamus, the ancient Achelous,
and passing up the south-eastern bank of that
river to Angelo Castron. Thence it passes
througii the lakes Sacarovista and Vrachori, to
mount .\rtoleria and thence along the valley of
Caloiiri, and tlie top of mount CEta to the gulf
ofZeitoun. The western Sporades and Cyclades
are also included ; the whole forming a territory
about double the extent of the state of Massachu-
setts, and containing a population of 650,000.
The government in its present state is provision-
al and experimental. During the war it was
elective and republican, but the three protecting
p-)wer3 have recently made attempts to establish
a monarchy in Greece. The Prince of Sa.xe Co-
burg was offered the crown but declined it.
Grexce, p.t. Monroe Co. N. Y. Pop. 2,574.
GreegvlUe, p.v. Loudon Co. Va.
Greene, the name of 11 counties in different
parts of the United States. The following are
the States in which they are situated, with the
population of each county and the name of the
chief town.
New York, 20,525 Catskill.
Pennsylvania, W. Dis. 18,028 Waynesburc.
N.Carolina, 6,313 Snow Hill.'
Georgia, 12,551 Greenesborouorh.
Alabama, 15,026 Erie.
Mississippi, 1,849 Leaksville.
Tennesiee,E. 14,410 Greenville.
Kentucky, 13,718 Greensburg.
Ohio, 15,084 Xenia.
Indiana, 4,353 Bloomfield,
Illinois, 7,664 CarroHton.
Greene, is also the name of a town in Kennebec
: Co. Me. Pop. 1,324. A village in Chenango Co.
N. Y., townships in Greene and Beaver and
Franklin Cos. Pa. and 12 townships in Ohio.
*^* In Maine and Ohio the above name is spelt
Green.
Greenfield, p.t. Hillsborough Co. N. H. 62 m.
fr. Boston. Pop. 946."
Green Bay, an arm or bay of Lake Michigan,
on the N. W. side, about 90 m. in length. At
its junction with the lake is a group of" islands.
The bay is navigable for vessels of 200 tons.
Greenburg, p.t. Westchester Co. N. Y. Pop
2,195.
Greenbush, p.v. Windsor Co. Vt.
Greenbush, p.t. Rensselaer Co. N. Y. on the
Hudson opposite Albany. Pop. 3,216.
Green Castle, p.v. Franklin Co. Pa. Also a
village in Fairfield Co. Ohio.
Greenfield, p.t. Hillsborough Co, N. H. Pop,
946. Also a p.t. Franklin Co. Mass on the Con-
necticut, 2u m. above Northampton Pop. 1,540.
Also a p.t. Saratoga Co. N. Y. Pop. 3,151. Also
towns and villages in Bedford and Erie Cos. Pa.,
Nelson Co. Va., Fairfield, Gallia and Highland
Cos. Ohio.
Greenfield Hill, a village in Fairfield Co. Conn.
6 m. W. Bridgeport.
Green Hill, p.v. Campbell Co. Va.
Greenland, a country in theN. E. part of Amer-
ica, extending probably to the pole. It was dis-
covered in the tenth century, by the Nor vegians,
who planted a colony on the eastern c ast ; and
the intercourse between this colony and Denmark
was continued till the beginning of the 15th cen-
tury : in tiiat century, by the gradual .ncrease of
the arctic ice, the colony became cor pletely im-
prisoned by the frozen ocean ; while on the W.
a range of mountains and plains, covered with
perpetual ice, precluded all access. This settle-
ment contained several churches and monaste-
ries, and is said to have extended about 200 miles
in the S. E. extremity. In more recent times the
western coast washed by the waters of Davis'
Straits and Baffin's Bay, was chiefly explored
by Davis and other English navigators; but there
was no attempt to settle a colony. In 1721, a
Norwegian clergyman, named Egede, proceeded
to this dreary countr}', where he continued till
1735, preaching to the natives; and his benevo-
lent example has been since followed by several
missionaries. The country is said to be inhabit-
ed as far as 76. N. lat. but the Danish and Mo-
ravian settlements are chiefly in the S. W. ex-
tremity.
This country, in reality, is nothing more than a
mass of rocks intermingled with immense blocks
of ice, thus forming at once the image of chaos
and of winter. Icy Peak, an enormous mass of
ice, rises Hear the mouth of a river, and diffuses
such a brilliancy through the air, that it is distinct-
ly perceived at the distance of more than ten
leagues. Icicles, and an immense vault, give this
edifice of crystal a most magic appearance. An
uninterrupted chain of mountains traverses the
part of Greenland with which we are acquainted.
There are innumerable gulfs, but none of them
advance towards the eastern coast. The three
points called Stag's Horn, are descried at sea at the
distance of five-and-twenty leagues. The rocks
are rent into fissures, which, in general, are per-
pendicular, and are rarely more than half a yard
in breadth, and contain a great quantity of spar,
quartz, talc, and garnets. The rocks are com-
monly composed of granite, clay slate, and pot-
stone, arranged in vertical beds. The Greenland
.Museum at Copenhagen has received from this
country a very rich mineral of copper ore, schist us
of the nature of mica, a coarse marble, and ser-
pentines, together with asbestos, amianthus, crys-
tals, and black schorl. Greenland likewise fur-
nishes us with a new and curious mineral, the
fiuute of alumina. A vast mine of sea-coal has
been discovered in the island of Disco Three
hot springs are the only volcanic indications that
have hitherto been observed. During the short
season of summer, the air, which is very pure on
the mainland, is obscured in Uie islands by fogs.
The flitting glimmer of the aurora borealis, in some
degree softens the gloomy horror of the polar night
What has been termed the smoke of ice, is a va
pour which rises from the revices of marine ice '
The rare occurrence of ra ' the small quantity of
6RE
■now, ari3 the intense degree of cold produced by
the east-north-east wind, lead us to suspect that
the most eastern parts of Greenland form a great
archipelago, incumbered with perpetual ice, which
for many centuries, has been piled together by the
winds and currents.
There is some land that admits of cultivation ;
and probably barley might be made to grow in the
sauthern part of the country. The mountains are
covered with moss to the north, but the parts that
have a soutliern exposure produce very good herbs,
gooseberries, and other berries, in abundance, and
a few little willows and birch. Not far from Ju-
lianshaal . is a valley covered with birch ; but the
tallest of the trees are only eighteen feet high.
Near the Danish colonies cabbages and turnips are
cultivated.
The most remarkable. animal of this region is
the White Lear, the largest of his tribe. These
animals are sometimes 12 feet in length and are
distinguished for their tremendous ferocity. Some-
348 ORR
has two large ivory tusks in the upper jaw which
weigh from 10 to 30 pounds each. They are hunt-
times they are seen on floating ice out at sea, and
are often in this manner conveyed to Iceland. At
sea they prey upon fish, seals, and the carcases of
whales. On land they devour deer and other
animals, yet they often feed upoji berries. In
winter they dig themselves dens under the snow
or ice and sleep till the sun appears in spring.
Among the animal kingdom we also meet with
large hares, which are excellent eating, and afford
a good fur; rein-deer of the American variety,
great numbers of foxes, and large dogs, that howl
instead of barking, and are employed by the Green^
landers in drawing their sledges. An immense
number of aquatic birds live near the rivers, which
abound with salmon.
Turbots and small herrings swarm in every di-
rection in the sea. The natives have been suppli-
ed with nets, and now begin to experience their
utility. In north or west Greenland, the Danes
and natives go in companies to the whale-fishing ;
but this tumultuous, and, to the natives, far from
lucrative occupation, spreads vice and misery
through this district. The natives of the south
confine themselves to hunting the seal. The flesh
of this animal is their principal food; its skin fur-
nishes them with dress, and at the same time they
construct their boats of it ; thread is made of its
tendons, and its bladder is converted into bottles ;
its fat is sometimes used as a substitute for butter,
and at other times for tallow ; and even the blood
itself is considered by the Greenlander as excellent
for making broth ; in fact, he cannot possibly com-
prehend how any one can live witliout the sea-dog,
which, to liim , is like the bread-fruit tree to the
Otaheitan, or wheat to the inhabitants of Europe.
The Walrus, or Morse, called also the Sea Cow,
is very common in these parts. - It is much larger
than the seal and is generally found iti company
with that animal. Like the elepiiant the Walrus
ed for their fat, and are sometimes encountered yc
herds of an hundred. When wounded they be-
come exceedingly furious, and bite the lances of
the hunters in pieces with their teeth. When in
great numbers they will sometimes attack boats
and attempt to overturn them.
The Greenland Company, established at Copen-
hagen, estimate its annual revenue at 104,000 rix-
dollars, (20,000 to 25,000 pounds Sterling;) ana
the exportations alone have amounted to 50, or
100,000 rix-doUars, without including the produce
of the whale fishery. The expenses of the com-
pany are estimated at 16,000 pounds Sterling.
The natives are of a very low stature, have long
black hair, small eyes, a flat face, and a yellowish
brown skin, evidently indicating them to be a
branch of the Esquimaux or Samoiedes of America.
This connexion is particularly proved by their lan-
guage, which is also remarkable for the copious-
ness of its grammatical forms.
The Greenlanders have not preserved any posi
five trace of a communication with the Scandina-
vian colony, whose establishments they invaded
^nd destroyed. The sun, they consider to be a
deified female, and the moon, a man, conforma-
bly with the belief of the Goths, which diftereii
from that of the other Scandinavians; but as we
find a God called Lvnus, or Men, among even the
classical nations themselves, this analogy either
proves too much or nothing. As to ourselves, we
have, on the contrary, recognized in the Green-
lander, a crowd of characteristic circumstances,
which demonstrate his connexion with the Esqui-
maux, even with those that live at the remotest
distances from them. The fishing implements
employed by the inhabitants of Russian America,
among others, are made exactly like those of the
Greenlanders. Both of these people, too, make
use of the bladder of the sea-dog, distended with
wind, and attached to the javelin with which they
strike tlie whale, in order that it may thus serve
to prevent the animal, when once he is wounded,
from remaining any length of time plunged under
water. A similar invention observed both at the
eastern and western extremity of North America,
must lead us unavoidably to infer that an habituai
communication is kept up between those distant
tribes. The little boats used by the inhabitants
of Oonalaska, in Prince William's inlet, (the
Tchougatchian Gulf of the Russians,) by the Es-
quimaux of Labrador and the Greenlanders, are
ail precisely of the same construction, and resem-
ble a box formed of slight branches and covered
on every side with the skin of the sea-dog. They
are twelve feet long, but only a foot and a half
wide. In the middle of the upper surface there is
a hole surrounded by a wooden hoop, with a skin
attached to it, which admits of being drawn to-
gether like a purse, by means of a thong. It is in
GRE
349
GKE
this hole that the rower places himself. Supplied
with a single oar, which is very thin, three or four
feet long, and becoming broader at the two sides,
the navigator, or to speak more correctly, the man-
fish, paddling rapidly to the right and left, advances
in a straight line across the foaming waves in the
midst of the tempest itself, without incurring more
risk than the whales and phocse of whom he is
become the companion and rival. This invention,
which was admired by Captain Cook, and is adopt-
ed in part by the Norwegian and Danish pilots,
could not possibly have made its appearance by
mere chance under exactly the same form, among
all the tribes of the northern extremities of Ameri-
ca. These tribes consequently, must have the
same common descent, and must long have com-
municated together.
The present character of the Greenlanders is an
indefinable mixture of good and bad qualities ;
while their attachments to their national customs,
opposes the influence of foreign civilization. The
Greenlanders bitterly accuse the Danes and other
navigators of having brought among them the
double scourge of small-pox and spirituous liquors.
The present well regulated Da.nish administration
follows a plan of cofenization calculated for estab-
lishing order and happiness ; but the ancient
defects and modern vices of the Greenlanders
present- great obstacles to the system. Almost
m entirely destitute of every idea of religion and of
§■ law, our religious worship appears in their eyes,
nothing but a useless ceremony, while they look
upon our criminal punishments as an unjust abuse
of power. The malefactor appears to them to be
sufficiently punished, when in a public assembly,
he is loaded with reproaches. The missionaries
confess that the conversion of the Greenlanders
advances slowly, and exerts but little influence
over their moral ideas. Fot some years back
however, the preaching of natives educated as
missionaries, has been productive of a happy
change. The Moravians have also succeeded in
a remarkable manner in engaging the affections,
and reforming the conduct of this simple people,
who are gifted with considerable quickness of per-
ception. The commercial administration, by in-
troducing numerical calculation, and even paper
money, have given them new notions with regard
to property. In the southern part of the country,
they have been taught to make barrels and con-
struct boats. The name of their ancient divinity,
Torngarsook, to whom they never offered any
worship, is already forgotten as well as the malevo-
lent goddess without a name, who was supposed
to inhabit a palace at the bottom of the sea, guard-
ed by terrific sea-dogs. Even a kind of philosophy
has introduced itself among tliem, and various
new opinions exist concerning a future slate and
the transmigration of souls. The freethinkers of
Greenland v/ill not admit the prevalent belief that
there is a paradise, where the soul in a state of
happy indolence, is nourished with the heads of
sea-dogs. The priests and sorcerers, called ^«-
gekok, and the malevolent enchanters denomi-
nated lUseets, are daily losing their influence.
Perhaps the period may not be far distant, when
the sublime devotion of the virtuous Egede will
meet with its reward, and a Christian and civil-
ized people will at length inhabit this memorable
colony, the most northern that the Europeans have
ever established. A mild and pure glory will then
recompense Denmark for the pecuniary sacrifices
which this struggle with the elements has cost her,
a struggle into which she has been drawn by a
pious zeai,and the influence of historical recol-
lections.
Greenland, p.t Rockingham Co. N. H. 5 m.
from Portsmouth. Pop. 681.
Grttmlaw, a town of Scotland, capital of Ber-
wickshire, though a small place. Here are the
remains of two religious houses. It is seated
on the Blackadder, 8 m. S. W. of Dunse, and 36
S. E. of Edinburgh.
Green Mountains, a branch of the Apalachian
chain in Vermont, extending through the state
from N. to S. In the southern part they consti-
tute a single range, but toward the centre of the
state they divide into two branches and pass off"
separately into Canada. The eastern slope of tho
mountains is watered hy the tributaries of tiie
Connecticut, and the western slope by the streams
falling into Lake Champlain. The highest point
is Kiilington Peak, near Rutland, 3,924 feet above
the sea. Camels Rump, between Montpelierand
Burlington, and Mansfield Mountain in the same
neighbourhood, are each above 3,500 feet high.
Throughout the state these mountains are from
10 to 15 miles in breadth They are every where
intersected with valleys, abounding in springs
and streams, and exhibiting that perpetual verdure
which has conferred upon them their name. Their
sides are completely covered with woods, and
their rocky summits are clad in a coat of green
moss. The trees appear old, but small ; they are
all of the evergreen sort, pine, spruce, hemlock
and fir, intermixed with shrubs and bushes.
Vegetation decreases on approaching the top of
the mountains; the trees diminish in size, and fre-
quently terminate in a shrubbery of spruce and
hemlock, two or three feet high, with branches so
interwoven as to prevent all passage through them.
Trees of this height with shrubs and vines pro-
ducing berries, and a species of weed called win-
ter grass, mixed with the moss of rocks, are all
the vegetation which the mountains produce.
The sides of the mountains are generally rugged
and irregular ; some of them have large aper-
tures and caves. The thick, green moss which
coats their tops, is so compact and firm, and
lies in such extensive beds, as to reach from rock
to rock, and they will sometimes bear the weight
of a man without being broken through. These
immense spongy masses receive the moisture sup-
plied by the clouds and rain, and while a part of
it runs down the sides of the mountain, much of
it is absorbed, and penetrates the whole mass. In
this manner, several of these mountains are con-
tinually wet on their tops, and have large marshy
spots, which are the constant resort of water
fowl during the warm season. The roads across
them are frequently wet and miry, when the
valleys below are dry.
The mountains exhibit but few rocky or sterile
tracts, and affbrd generally excellent pasturage
for sheep and cattle
Greenock, the chief sea-port of Scotland, in Ren-
frewshire, at the mouth of the Clyde, with a small
fort for the defence of the harbour. Here are sev-
eral dry docks, and the building and rigging of
ships is much followed. It has a great trade ; and
the fisheries, particularly for herrings, and the
Newfoundland fishery, are carried on to a great
extent. In 1801 the number of inhabitants was
17,458, and in 1821, 22,038. It is 24 miles W. by
N. of Glasgow, of which it is the port. Long. 4.
47. W., lat. 55. 56. N.
Green River, a stream of Kentucky falling into
the Ohio, about 250 m. itx length.
2(3
GRE
350
GRE
Greensboreugk, p.t. Orleans Co. Vt. 30 m. N.
y. Montpelier. Pop. 7b'l. Also towns in Caro-
line Co. Maryland, Mecklenburg Co. Va., Guilford
Co. N. C, Green Co. Ala., and Greene Co. Geo.
Greeiisburgh, p.t. Westchedler Co. N. Y. Pop.
2,195. Also towns in Westmoreland and Green
Cos. Pa., Greene Co. Ken. and Decatur Co. ind.
Greensted. a village in Essex, Eng. 1 m. W.
of Ongar, remarkable for its little church, (built
prior to the Conquest) the walls of which are
formed of the trunks of trees.
Greenville, a frontier county of the E. District
of Virginia, bounded on the 5r. by the great Not-
toway river, and S. by North Carolina ; super-
fices about 300 square miles. Pop. 7,117. Hicks-
ford IS the chief town.
Greenbp, a frontier county, the extreme N. E.
point of Kentucky, with a superfices of about
800 SKjuare miles. Pop. 5,853. Greenupsburg is
the chief town.
Greenville, a district at the N. W. extremity of
South Carolina ; superfices about GOO square
miles. Pop. 16}476. The chief town of the same
name in the centre of the county is 95 m. W. N.
W. of Columbia.*
Greenville, p.t. Greene Co. N. Y. Pop. 2,565.
Also towns and villages in Providence Co. R. I.,
Luzerne and Somerset Cos. Pa., Sussex Co. N. J.,
Augusta Co. Va., Pitt Co. N. C, Greenville and
Darlington Districts, S. C, Greene Co. Tenn.,
Muhlenberg Co. Ken., Darke Co. Ohio, Floyd
Co. Ind., Bond Co. Illinois, Jefferson Co. Mis-
sissippi and Butler Co. Alabama.
Greenwich, formerly a district town, but now an
appendage to the British metropolis. It is seated in
the county of Kent, on the S. bank of the Thames,
5 m. below London Bridge. It is celebrated for
its hospital for wounded and decayed seamen of
the national marine, which is one of the finest
architectural edifices in the world. The buildings
consists of four distinct piles, two along the bank
ot the river, with a noble terrace in front 860
feet in length ; between these two piles is a lawn
270 feet wide ; the two other piles are built behind,
projecting into the square or lawn, so as to form a
quadrangle with an opening in the centre, which
is terminated by an elegant building more recent-
ly erected for a naval school ; behind this on the
summit of a hill, is the royal observatory, from
whence the English mariners reckon thoir longi-
tude : a beautiful colonnade adjoins the buildings
in the interior of the quadrangle, and immediate-
ly contiguous is a spacious park most beautifully
undulated and planted with trees, affording the
most delightful promenades and interesting pros-
pects, whilst the liberality and economy of the
establishment is in every way worthy of the
celebrity it has acquired, and the interest inspired
by the beauty and magnificence of the edifice and
its surrounding objects. Here was once a royal
palace, in which Edward VI. died, and queen
Mary and queen Elizabeth were born : it has been
long pulled down, and on part of its site now
stands the house belonging to the ranger of the
park. Here is a college, for the maintenance of
20 decayed housekeepers ; and another called
Queen Elizabeth college. In 1799, the chapel qf
the hospital, the dining-hall, and eight wards were
destroyed by fire ; but the whole were soon re-
built. The town is irregularly built, and with
the exception of the church, which is a noble
structure, and the hospital, has nothing to recom-
mend it to particular notice. Since 1820, one or
two new churches have boen built, and the town
fenerally has undergone some improvement,
op. in 1801, 14,339, and in 1821, 20,712. See
Bluckheath, and Deptford. The observatory is in
thelat. of50. 29. N.
Greenwich, p.t. Hampshire Co. Mass. Pop. 813.
Also a town in Fairfield Co. Conn. Pop. 3,805.
Also 2 towns in Kent Co. R. I. called East and
West Greenwich. Pop. of the former ] ,591 ; of
the latter 1,817. Also a town in Washington
Co. N. Y. Pop. 3,850, and towns in Gloucester
and Cumberland Cos. N. J., Berks Co. Pa. and
Charleston District S. C.
Greenwood, a township of Oxford Co. Me. Pop
694. Also a town in Columbia Co. Pa.
Greenshurg, p. v. Beaver Co. Pa.
Gregstown, a village of Somerset Co. N. J.
Greiffen, a town of Switzerland, on a small lake
of its name, 9 m. E. S. E. of Zurich.
Greiffenberg, a town of Brandenburgh, in the
Ucker Mark, on the river Sernitz, 13 m. S. S. E.
of Prenzlo, and 23 N. N. E. of Berlin.
Greiffenberg, a town of Silesia, in the principal-
ity of Jauer, with a fortress on a mountain. It is
celebrated for its linen manufactures, and seated
on the Queiss, 28 m. W. S. W. of Lignitz.
Greiffenhagen, a town of Further Pomerania, on
the river Oder, 12 m. S. of Stettin.
Greifswalde. See Gripswald.
Grein, a town of Austria, on the Danube, 28 m.
E. of Lintz.
Greit. See Graitz.
Grenada, an island in the West Indies, the last
of the Windward Caribbees, and 30 leagues N. W.
of Tobago. It is 20 m. long, and 13 broad, finely
wooded, and the soil suited to produce sugar,
tobacco, and indigo. It was taken from the
French in 1762, confirmed to the English in 1763,
taken by the French in 1779, and restored to the
English in 1783. In 1795, the French landed
some troops, and caused an insurrection in this
island, which was not finally quelled till June
1796. St. George is the capital.
GrenadiUas, or Grenadines, a cluster of islands
in the West Indies, dependent on Grenada, and
situate between that island and St. Vincent.
They are upwards of 20 in number, most of them
fertile, and capable of producing cotton, coffee,
indigo, and sugar. The most considerable is
Cariacou
Grenade, a town of France, in the department
of Upper Garonne, seated at the junction of the
Save with the Garonne, 17 m. N. W. ef Toulouse.
Pop. 3,925.
Grenoble, a city of France, capital of the de-
partment of Isere, and a bishop's see, with a fort-
ified castle. The leather and gloves that are
made here are highly esteemed. It is seated on
the Isere, over which are two bridges to pass
into fhe part called Perriere, a large street on thf
side of the river. It is the head quarters of the
7lh military division, and seat of the Cour Royale
for the department of the Upper Alps, Dromr,
and Isere ; 300 m. S. S. E. of Paris, 60 from
Lyons, and 100 due W. of Turin. Fop. in 1822,
23,602.
Gretna-Green, a village of Scotland, in Dum-
friesshire, near the mouth of the Esk, and on the
borders of Cumterland. It has long been famous
for the clandestine marriages of fugitive lovers
from England, which are usually performed by
two illiterate and drunken mechanics in the vil-
lage, who have no form in the operation, except-
ing the entry of the name of the parties in a
school-boy's copy-book. All their inquiries turn
.«
GRI
351-
GRO
upon the lensrth of the applicant's purse, that
thej may know how to regulate their demand ;
as they are not usually nice as to fees, any sum
from half-a-crown to 100 guineas will be accept-
ed, provided in all cases it is as much as they can
get. It is 10 m. N. of Carlisle.
Greussen, a town of Upper Saxony, in Thurin-
gia, on the river Helbe, 15 m. N. of Srfurt.
GretjsriHv, p. v. Huntingdon Co. Pa.
Gr'-ffi ishurg.ip.v. Culpeper Co. Va.
Grimaud, a town of France, in the department
ofVar, 12 m. S.W. ofFrejus.
Grimbergtn, or Grumherghpn, a town of the
Netherlands, in Brabant, with an abbey and a
castle, () m. N. of Brussels.
Gr'mnui, or Grutnma, a town of Upper Saxony,
In Misnia, with a trade in wool, linen, thread, and
flannel, seated on the Mulda, 14 S. E. of Leip-
zig.
. Grhnmen, a town of Hither Pomerania, 16 m.
S. of Stralsund.
Griinbsy, a borough in Lincolnshire, Eng. It
has a large church, like a cathedral, and a good
' trade in c.->al and salt. The harbour, at the mouth
of the Huinber, ha^ been improved. It is 35 m.
N. E. of Lincoln, and 1G8 N. of London. It re-
turns two members to parliament. Pop. in 1821,
3,064.
Grimsby, a town of Lincoln Co. Upper Cana-
da.
Grindf.nwild . a village of Switzerland, in the
canton of B^rn, seated among mountains, at the
foot of a celebrated glacier, 5 m. S. E. of Thun.
Grindon, a village of Eng. in that part of Dur-
ham called Norhamshire, 6 m. S. W. of Berwick.
To the S. of it, at a place called Grindon Rigg,
are 4 upright stone pillars, funeral monuments
of the chieftains slain in a famous victory gained
here over the Scots, in 1-558, by the earl ot North-
umberland and his brother.
Grinsfearf,£a.st, aborough in Sussex, Eng. Here
is Sackville college,a large stone building, founded
by the duke of Dorset, in 1616, for 24 aged per-
sons of both sexes. It is seated on a hill, 20 m.
N. of Lewes, and 29 S. of London. It returns
two members lo parliament.
Grinton, a mountainous and mineral parish in
the north riding of Yorkshire, Eng. comprising
the four townships of Grinton, Melbecks, Muker,
and Reith, seated near the head waters of the
Swale river. Pop. of the parish in 1820, 5,300.
Grinton is 8 and Muker about 20 m. W. of Rich-
mond.
Gripswald, or Griefioalde, a town of Hither
Pomerania, with a good harbour, and a university.
It is se.ated on the river Rik. which is navio-able
to the Baltic, 14 ra. W. of Walgost, and 22 S. E.
of Stnilsund.
GrisonSy a new canton of Switzerland, boui^ed
on the S. by Milan and Venice. E. and N. by Ty-
rol, and W. by U;e cantons of Claris, Uri, and Tes-
«n. It formerly included the Valteline, and the
ccuntles of Cniaverna, and Bormio, now included
in the Austrian dominions. The country was
formerly divided mto three leagues, namely, the
Grey Lfagae, the League ot Gods House, and
the League of the Ten Jurisdictions; each of them
had a distinct internal government, and they were
connected as one republic by an annual diet, held
alternately at the towns of Coire, Hantz, and Da-
vos. But in 1803, the constitution was changed
by the French, and the country made an addi>
tional canton of Switzerland. The inhabitants,
amounting lo about 73,000 are partly Calvinists
and partly Catholics ; but the former are most nn
merous. The principal subsistence of the peas-
antry is by breeding oxen, most of which are sent
to -Vlilan. The capital is Coire. The Rhine and
the Inn both have their source in the Grisons.
Grodno, the principal town, tiiough not the
capital, of Lithuania. It has the appearance of a
decayed town, containing a mixture of wretched
hovels, falling houses, and ruined palaces, with
magnificent gate ^«ays, remains of its ancient splen-
dour. A» few habitations in good repair, make
the contrast more striding. Here is a college and
physic garden. In the new palace, built by Au-
gustus III. the diets were sometimes 'leld ; par-
ticularly the last in 1793, which was compelled,
at the point of the bayonet, to consent to the sec-
ond partition of Poland ; and here, in 1795, Stan-
islaus III. formally resigned his crown. Grodno
is now subject to Russia. It is seated partly in a
plain, on the river Niemen, andpartly on a inoun-
tain, 140 m. N. E. of Warsaw. Long. 24. 25.
E., lat. 53. 28. N. Pop. about 5,000.
Grisicold, a township of N^w London Co.
Conn, on the Thames, 8 m. below Norwich. Pop.
2,212. c
Gruhnde. a town of Hanover, neat which is a
monument of stone, erected in memory of a battle*
fought here in 1421. It is seated on the Weser, 9
m. S. of Hameln.
GroU, a small town of Holland, in Gelderland.
A duty is collected here on all merchandise pass-
ing through it for Germany. It is seated on the
Slink, 20 m. E. by S. of Zutphen.
Gronfiines, a seigniory of Hampshire Co. U. C.
on the St. Lawrence, 45 m. above Quebec.
GroningeTi,Xhe most N. E. province of Holland,
bounded on the E. by East Friesland, W. by
Friesland, N. by the German Ocean, and S. by
Drenthe It is divided into 2 parts, called Gron-
ingen and Omelands. . The excellency of this
country consists in pastures which feed a great
Dtfmber of large horses.
Groningen. a city of Holland, capital of the
province of the same name, with a citadel and uni-
versity. It is seated on the rivers Hunse and Aa,
and has a communication, by a canal, with a
bay of the German Ocean, at the distance of 10
m. by which large quantities of butter are export-
ed. The inhabitants are computed at 20,000. It
is 96 m. N. E. of Amsterdam. Long. 6. 35. E.,
lat. 5:}. 12. N.
Grossa, an island in the gulf of Venice, near
the coast of Dalmatia. 25 m. long and 2 broad.
Long. 15. 7. E., lat. 44. 18. N.
Grossenhat/n, or Hayn, a town of Upper Saxo-
ny, in Meissen, with manufactures of cotton and
woolen cloths, seated on the Roder, Bra. N of
Meissen.
Grossetto, a town of Tuscany, in the Siennese,
with a castle, situate near the sea; 30 m. S. W.
of Sienne.
Griitkau, a town of Silesia, in the district of
Neisse. The forests round this town are the jomt
property of all the inhabitants. It is 16 m. N. N.
E. of Neisse, and 30 S. of Breslau.
Groton, t. Grafton Co. N. H. 45 m. from Con-
cord. Pop. 689. Also a p.t. Caledonia Co. Vt.
18 m. E. Montpelier. Pop. 836. Also a p.t. Mid-
dlesex Co. Mass. 35 N. W. Boston. Pop. 1,925.
Also a p.t. New London Co. Conn. Pop. 4,7r>0.
Also a p.t. Tompkins Co. N. Y Pop. 3,597,
and a township in Huron Co. Ohio
Grove Hill, p. v. Warren Co. N. C.
Groveland.nt. J.Jvin£ston Co. N. Y. Pop. 1,703
GUA
352
GUA
Groyne. See Corunna.
Grubenliagen, a town and castle of Hanover.
The castle is now in ruins. It is 7 m. S. by W.
of Eimbick.
Grubenhagen, a principality of Iliinover, at the
S. extremity of the circle of Ijower Saxony, com-
prising a portion of the Hartz mountains The
principal towns are Osterode, Grund, Clausthal,
Cellerfold, &c.
Grunberg, a town of Germany, in the electorate
of Hesse, where the kings of tlie Merolingian race
and Charlemagne held their court. It is 10 m. E.
of Giesen.
Grunberg, or Grumberg, a populous town of
Silesia, in the principality of Glogau, surrounded
with vineyards. Here is a manufacture of cloth,
and a great trade in vinegar and dried fruits. It
is 30 m. N. W. of Glogau.
Grundc, a town of Hanover, in the mountains
of Hartz, 4 m. W. of Clausthal.
Grunhayn, a town of Upper Saxony, in Misnia,
with a trade in copper and lead, 16 m. S. by VV.
of Chemnitz.
Gruningen, a town in the canton of Zurich,
Switzerland, with ja. castle on an elevated rock,
10 m. S. E. of Zurich.
Grunstadt, a town of Germany, in the circle of
Upper Rhine, county of Leinintren, 22 m. N. N.
W of Spire, and 25 S. of Mentz.
Gruyeres, a town and bailiwic of Switzerland,
in the canton of Frisburg, with a castle on a hill.
It has a great trade in cheese, and is 15 m. S. W.
of Frisburg.
Gryfe, a river of Scotland, which rises in the
S. W. angle of Renfrewshire, runs over several
precipices into the lower country, falling into the
felack Cart, near the town of Paisley.
Guadalaxara, an interior province of Spain,
forming the N. W. part of the kingdom of New
Castile. Superfices 163 square leagues, with a
pop in 1810, of 121,115. The chief town of the
same name is seated on the banks of the river
Henares, 30 m. N. E. of Madrid. It has a wool-
en manufacture. Pop. about 12,000.
Guadalaxara, one of the 15 intendencies or di-
visions of Mexico, bounded on the W. by the Pa-
cific Ocean. Superfices 73,628 sq. m. with a pop.
in 1803 of 630,.500. It is intersected by the San-
tiago river, or Rio Grande. The chief town of
the same name is seated on the W. bank of the
Santiago, in the lat. of 21. 19. N., 70 m. N. of
Chapala, and 275 N. W. of the city of Mexico.
Pop. about 20,000.
Guadaloupe, a town of Spain, in Estremadura,
with a celebrated convent ; seated on a rivulet
of the same name, 34 m. E. by N. ofTruxillo.
Guadaloupe, one of the Leeward Carribean isl-
ands, in the West Indies, between Antigxia and
Dominica. It is divided into two parts by a
strait, called the Salt River. At this place the
land on each side is not above 4 m. broad, .ind by
this strait the sea on the N. W. communicates
with that on the S. E. The S. W. part is 60 m.
long and 24 broad ; and tlie N. E. part is much
the same. The soil is exceedingly good, and well
watered near the sea, by rivulets, which fall from
the mountains, and produces large quantities of
sugar, cotton, and coffee. On this island is a vol-
cano, called the mountain of Sulphur ; and on its
E. side are two mouths, which open into a pit of
sulphur : the blacks who sell brimstone fetch it
from this pit. The French settled on this island
in 1635. It was taken by the English in 1759,
but restored in 1763 ; again taken by the English
in 1794, but evacuated the next year. The Eng
lish again took it in 1810 ; and, in order to allure
the Swedes into the late coalition against France,
gave them this island. It was, however, by the
consent of Sweden, restored to France in 1814.
Basseterre, at the S. W. extremity of the island,
is the capital. Lat. 16. N., 61. 48. W. long.
Guadalquivir, a river of Spain which rises in
the S. part of New ^astile, flows through the
kingdoms of Jaen, Cordova, and Seville, and en-
ters the bay of Cadiz at San Lucar, after a course
of about 300 m.
Guadarrama, a town of Spain, in Old Castile.
It has a great trade in cheese, and is seated on the
Guadarrama, 25 m. N. W. of Madrid."
Guadiana, a river which rises in New Castile,
in Spain, crosses Estremadura into Portugal, and,
separating Algarve from Andalusia, enters the bay
of Cadiz at Ayamonte.
Guadix, a town of Spain, in Granada, and a
bishop's see. It contains three parishes and six
convents, and is situate in a rich country, on a
river of the same name, .36 m. E. N. E. of Gran-
ada.
Guam, the chief of the Ladrone Islands, in the
Pacific Ocean, 100 m. in circumference. The
Spaniards have a garrison here ; but the inhabi-
tants are almost all natives of the country, and
reputed to be skilful in building boats. It abounds
with excellent fruit, and has several good har
hours. Umata is the capital. Long. 143. 15. E
lat. 13. 10. N.
Gua.manga, a city of Peru, capital of an interior
province of the same name. It is famous for its
mines of silver. It is 180 m. E. S. E. of Lima.
Long. 74. 5. W., lat. 13. 20. S. The province in
1795 contained 111,.')59 inhabitants, of whom
75,284 were native Indians, and 29,620 Mestizoes.
Guanahani, or Cat Island, orve of the Bahama
Islands, the first land of America, discovered by
Columbus in 1491, and named by him St. Salva-
dor. See Bahamas.
Gua.norc, an interior town of Colombia, seated
on a branch of the Apure River, 195 m. S. W. of
Caracas, and 130 E. of Merida. Pop. estimated
at 12,000.
Guanaxuato, a small interior province of Mexi-
co, containing only 6,878 sq. m. but a pop. of 517,
300 ; it is the most densely populated part of the
country, and is considered the most productive
mineral district in Mexico. The chief city, of
the same name, is seated on the eastern declivity
o^the Cordilleras, upwards of 6,800 feet above the
level of the sea, in the lat. of 21. N., and 101. 55.
of W. long., giving a mean distance from the city
of Mexico of 190 geographical, or 214 British
statute m. Pop. about 40,000, exclusive of about
30,000 more, employed in, or dependant on, the
mi "s in its immediate vicinity.
Guancavelica, an interior province of Peru, E.
of the maritime range of tiie Andes, extending
about 190 m. from N. to S. between the lat. of 12.
20. and 14. 30. S., and is about 50 m. in mean
breadth ; it is thinly populated but has mines of
quicksilver. The chief city, of the same name
is seated in an elevated glen of the Andes, in th(
lat. of 13. 5. S., and 74. 35> of W, long., 170 m
S. E. of Lima.
Guanuco, a town of Peru, capital of a fruitfu
district of the same name. It is 172 m. N. N. E
of Lima.
Gwirco. See Gagnete.
Guarda, a town of Portugal, in Beira, and a
bishop's see. It is strong by nature and art, and
GUA
358
QUA
has a stately cathedral, 138 m. N. E. of Lisbon.
Guardafui. See Gardefan.
Gmistalla, a fortified town of Italy, capital of a
small duchy, included in that of Parma, with an
ancient decayed castle. It is seated near the river
Po, 19 m. N. E. of Parma.
Guasteca. See Panuco.
Guatemala, a province of South America, hav-
ing about 400 m. of sea-coast on the shore of the
Pacific Ocean, between the lat. of 14. and 17. N.,
being from 30 to 50 in breadth ; it forms part of
the chain of territory which connects the two
great divisions of the western hemisphere, and
was formerly with several other provinces included
in the government of Mexico ; but, since the
subversion of Spanish authority in the western
world, it has been formed into an independent re-
public, by the name of Central America. This re-
Snblic is bounded N. by Chiapa and Yucatan in
Icxico, and the bay of Honduras ; E. by the
Gulf of Nicaragua and Colombia, and S. and W.
by the Pacific Ocean. It contains about 150,000
sq. m. It is divided into 5 states. Guatemala,
Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua and Costa Rica :
these are subdivided into 45 districts.
The name of Guatemala, or more correctly
Quaukitemallan, that is to say, the place full of
trees, originally belonged to a single district. The
S'paniards applied it to a Captain- Generalship,
which bore the title of kingdom, and to one single
province, comprehended within this kingdom.
The province of Guatemala, properly so called,
extends from the confines of Guaxaca to those of
Nicaragua, along the Pacific Ocean. The climate
m general is hot and moist. The plains are fertile,
both in American and European fruit of a delight-
ful flavour. The maize produces 300 for one, as
w'.'ll as the cocoa. Indigo of a superior quality is
produced there, and the annotto is cultivated.
The forests with which the mountains are covered
give shelter and food to animals that nre still im-
perfectly known ; and many nondescript shrubs
are met with, from which they distil valuable bal-
bams. Many ports on the South Sea afford this
province trreat facility for carrying on an advan-
tageous commerce with Peru, Terra Firma, and
New Spain. The coasts abound with fish, but
fishing is not followed with any considerable ac-
tivity. Tliey likewise neglect their silver mines,
which are said to be rich ; but they collect the
sulphur that floats on thi> surface of several lakes.
The whole province is filled with volcanoes, and
exceedingly subject to earthquakes.
Guatemala is the capital, and is the see of an
archbishop, and the seat of a University. The
ancient city was destroyed on the 7th June, 1777,
by one of the most tremendous earthquakes of
which wo have any record. From the 3d of June
the agitated sea had risen from its bed ; the two
volcanoes adjacent to the town appeared to boil ;
one of them shot out torrents of water, the other,
waves of blazing lava. On every side the earth
was seen to gape in deep fissures. At length, after
five days of unutterable anguish, the abyss opened,
and the town, with all its riches, and 8.000 fam-
ilies, was instantly swallowed up, while torrents
of inud and sulphur, rushing over the ruins, ob-
literated forever all vestiges of its former existence.
The spot is now indicated by a frightful desert.
The ne v/ city is built at the distance of four leagues
from the site of the old town. We must not omit
noticing Amat'ttlan, or the town of letters, so call-
ed in consequen-e of the talent which the Indians,
its inhabitants, displayed for carving hieroglyphicg
45
on the bark of trees. The district of Soemmsco, ef
which the chief place is Guaguetlan, produces the
best cocoa of all America; but very little of it is
met with in commerce. In the district of Quesalte-
nango, very fine alum and sulphur are found.
Solola produces the best figs in the kingdom, and
a good deal of cotton is spun there. Two volca-
noes are met with in the vicinity, the one called
Atitun, and the other Solola. The district of Such-
itepec, fertile in annotto, is subject to excessive
rains.
In the forests very large trees are met with,
from which a fragrant odour is diffnsed, and odori
ferous resin distils. DiflTerent varieties of gum,
balsam, incense, and dragon's blood are also col-
lected. Canes of a hundred feet long are found,
and of such a thickness, that from one knot to
another twenty -five pounds of water are contained.
The bees of this region make a very liquid honey,
which, after becoming acid, is made use of, they
say, instead of orange juice. The forests are in-
fested with wild animals, amongst which Alcedo
distinguishes the Tapir or Daiita. When enraged,
the animal shows his teeth like the wild boar, and,
it is asserted, cuts through the strongest tree. Its
skin is six fingers thick, and when dried, resists
every kind of weapon. Very large bears are also
met with.
The province of Honduras is very little known.
It extends from that of Vera Paz to that of Nica-
ragua. The first Spanish navigators perceiving
a great number of pompions floating down the
banks of the river, called it the Coast of HiLueras,
that is to say, the Coast of Pompions. The most
western part of this province contains the little
Spanish towns of Comayaguaand of Truxillo. The
latter of these has been built near a lake, where
floating islands, covered with large trees, move
from place to place at the discretion of the wind.
Near the river Silmn, caverns have been discovered,
or rather immense subterranean galleries, which
run under several mountains, and a])pear to have
been hollowed out by ancient currents. The in-
terior of the country is inhabited by a savage and
ferocious nation, the Mosquito- Samhos. The coasts,
especially near Cape Gracias a Dios, are occupied
by another tribe of Indians, whom the English
navigators denominate the Coast Mosquitoes
^^BF^
^^^^Ty»-. "^-"^iii^-iiy^^-iggFr^^^W^H
This appellation originates in the insupi^ortablf!
cloud of mosquitoes, or stinging flies, that here
torment the wretched inhabitants, and compel
them to pass one part of the year in boats on the
river. The Mosquito Indians of the coast, a tribe
governed by aristocratic chiefs, do not reckon
more than fifteen hundred warriors. We are un
acquainted with their notions of religion ; but, ac-
cording to the older voyagers, they divided the
year into eighteen months and twenty davs ; ana
2g2
GUA
364.
GUE
they termed the months Toalar, that is to say, a
moveable thing, — a very remarkable denomina-
tion, because it evidently approaches the word lol,
by which the ancient Scandinavians designated
the feast that terminated the year, — a term ap-
parently analogous with tcheel or cijcle. Similar
divisions of the year into eighteen months pre-
vailed among the Aztecs of Mexico. Each month
consisted of twenty days, and five complementary
days were added at the end of the year, which was
denominated Cempohualilhuitl, from cemjwIiuaUi,
twenty, and ilhuitl, festival. The cazique of these
Mosquitoes, who inhabit the coast between Black
River and Cape Gracias a Dios, lately sold or
transferred that territory to a person of the name
of Gregor MacGregor, who had attained some
notoriety in the late Colombian struggle for lib-
erty.
According to the respectable testimony of Go-
mara, and almost all the accounts and maps that
have been published, the great lake of Nicaragua,
is covered with beautiful and populous islands,
amongst which only one contains a volcano,named
Ovio thiit always continues burning ; it has no out-
let towards the South Sea ; all its waters descend-
ing by the river St. John, in the direction of the
North or Atlantic Sea. This river, the scene of
Nelson's earliest exploits, forms about thirty falls
before it reaches the marshy shores of the sea,
where a pestilential air, and Indians distinguished
alike for their perfidy of character, and the feroci-
ty of their disposition, fill the most intrepid navi-
gators with alarm. The lake, then, is situated on
a plateau, but at what elevation.'' " The coast of
Nicoya," says Dampier,"is low. and covered with
shrubs. To reach San Leon de Nicaragua one
must walk twenty miles across a flat country, co-
vered with mangroves, pasture land, and planta-
tions of the sugar cane." These remarks of a ju-
dicious observer appear to indicate thnt there is
no considerable chain of mountains between the
Lake of Nicaragua and the Pacific Ocean. The
physical geography of this country is unquestion-
ably possessed of great interest, and yet it is to-
tally neglected.
Among the numerous volcanoes of this country,
that of Masaija, three leagues (Castilian) from
Granada, and ten from Leon, appears to be the
most considerable. Its crater, which is half a
league in circumference, and 250 fathoms in depth,
ejects neither cinders nor smoke. The matter,
which is perpetually boiling within it, diff'uses so
intense a light through the air that it is visible at
the distance of 20 leagues. So much, in fact,
does it resemble gold in a state of fusion, that the
first Spaniards actually supposed it to be this met-
al, the object of their anxious search; and stimu-
lated by their avaricious temerity, vainly attempt-
ed to seize, with iron hooks, some of this very sin-
gular lava.
No mines have as yet been discovered in the
province of Nicaragua ; but it is fertile in every
description of fruit, and abounds in large and small
cattle, especially in mules and horses. They also
carry on a great trade in cotton, honey, wax, ani-
seed, sugar, cochineal, cocoa, jalt, fish, amber,
turpentine, and petroleum, together with different
balsams and medicinal drugs. The palm trees
grow to a colossal size. Leon, the capital, is sit-
uated on the margin of a lake, wiiich empties it-
self into the Nicaragua. It inhabitants, rich, vo-
luptuous, and indolent, derive but little advantage
from the excellent port of Roalejo, formed by a
bay of the South Sea.
The province of Costa Rica contains no mines,
and hence it has been said that this name has
been ironically applied to it ; but its extensive
forests of building timber, its rich pastures, and
picturesque scenery, afford abundant reasons for
this appellation. Cattle, and especially hogs,
swarm here to an extraordinary degree. In tne
Gulf of Salinas the muscle yielding purple is
caught.
Guatemala declared itself an independent state
in 1823. The government bears a close resem-
blance to that of the United States. The Con-
gress consists of a Senate and House of Representa-
tives. The executive are a President and Vice Presi-
dent chosen for 4 years. The government however is
little more than nominal, the country having been
lately in a perpetual state of turbulence and dis-
sension. The population is about 1 ,800,000.
Guatemala, city, the capital of the above repub-
lic, commonly called Guatemala La Nueva, or
New Guatemala, stands on a little stream called the
Yacas flowing into the Pacific. It is in lat. 14. 40.
N. and long. 91. 25. W. It is handsomely built,
with regular streets and many elegant public
buildings. It was greatly damaged in 1830 by an
earthquake. Previous to that event it contained
40,000 inhabitants.
Guaxaca, a province of the chain of territory
now forming the republic of Guatemala, compris-
ing about 28,000 square miles, extending from sea
to sea. The chief city of the same name is seat-
ed on the banks of a river, which falls into the
gulf of Mexico, in the lat. of 17. 15. N., and 96.
20. of W. long., 450 m. N. W. of'the city of Gua-
temala.
Gumijuil, one of the 12 provinces of Colombia,
according to the division of 1825, bordering on the
Pacific Ocean, comprising the S. W. part of the
republic. The capital or chief town of the same
name, is seated on the W. bank of a river falling
into a gulf or bay of the same name, about 20 m.
from the sea. Guyaquil is the sea-port of Quito,
from wiiich it is distant about 150 m. S. S. W.
The surrounding country produces an abundance
of the finest cocoa, of which large quantities are
exported to all parts of Europe. Lat 2 11. S.,
W. long. 79. 40. Pop. about 20,000.
Guayra la, or Luguira, a sea-port of Colombia,
on the shore of the Carribean sea, and in the
new province of Venezuela. It is in lat. 10. 37.
N., and 6(5. 58. of W. long., 7 m. N. of the
city of Leon de Caracas, of which it is the sea-
port ; it exports large quantities of cocoa to
Europe, and mules and cattle to the West India
Islands; and although the harbour is inconveni-
ent, the traffic is considerable. Pop. about 6,000.
Guben^ a town of Lusatia, capital of a circle of
its name, which yields great quantities of excel-
lent red wine. It is seated on the Lubst near it<»
conflux with the Neisse, 24 m. N. E. of Cot-
bus, and 68 S. E. of Berlin. Pop. about 6,000.
Gudensherg, a town of Germany, in Lower
Hesse, 10 m. S. S. W. of Cassel.
Guerande, a town of France, in the department
of Lower Loire, with a considerable trade in salt.
It is 3 m. from the Atlantic, and 40 W. by N. of
Nantes. Pop. 7,252.
Guerche, a town of France in the department
of lUe and Vilaine, 20 m. E. S. £. of Rennes
Pop. 3,980.
Gueret', a town of France, capital of the depart-
ment of Creuse. It is seated on the river Creuse,
35 m. N. E. of Limoges, and ICO S. by W. of
Paris. Pop. 4,014.
^
GUI
355
GUI
Guernsey, an island in the English Channel,
35 in. S. W. of Cape la Hogue, a promontory of
the N. coast of France. It formed part of the
dukedom of Normandy ; but Henry I. of England,
annexed it to Great Britian, to which it has ever
since continued an appendage, although the lan-
guage, dress, manners, and form of government
of the ancient Normans still continues. The is-
land is about 36 m. in circumference, well de-
fended by natural rocks ; the surface is consider-
ablv varied, generally fertile, and breed a consid-
erable number of small cattle. It is divided into
10 parishes, which in 1821 contained an aggre-
gate population of 20,827. St. Peter's port, on
the E. side of the island, in lat. 49. 33. N.,
and 2. 40. of W. long., is the chief place of the is-
land, containing more than one half of the total
population. The principal point of intercourse
with England is Weymouth, from which it is dis-
tant 72 m.
Guernsey, an interior county in the E. part of
Ohio, containing about 650 square m. It is in-
tersected by Will's Creek, a branch of the Musk-
ingum. The population, which in 1810 was only
3.S51, in 1830 had increased to 18,036. Cam-
bridcre, the chief town, in the centre of the coun-
ty, is 85 m. due E. of Columbus.
Gueta, or Hueta, a town of Spain in New Cas-
tile, 52 m. E. by S. of Madrid.
GugUniren, a town of Suabia in the kingdom
of Wurteinberg, situate on the Zaber, 20 m. N. of
Stuttgard.
Guiana, an extensive territory of South Amer
ica, comprising the whole country between the
two orreat rivers Amazon and Orinoco, extending
W. from the Atlantic Ocean through 16 degrees
of long. Prior to the war between England and
France, which commenced in 1793, this extensive
territory was divided between Portugal, Spain,
France, and Holland ; the Portuguese claimed the
whole country lying N. of the Amazons, to about
1. 40. of N. lat. By a treaty in 1801, a line of
demarcation was agreed upon between France
and Portucral, this line extended from the island
of Carporv in the lat. above mentioned, through
about 8 degrees of long. From this line French
Guiana, extends along the coast to the Maroni
river, in the lat. of 5. 44. N., giving about 300 m.
of sea-coast, but westward it is not more than 130
m. wide. Duith Guiana, next extends along the
coast from the river Maroni in 5. 44. of N. lat., and
53. 55. of W. long., to Cap« Nassau, in 7. 34. N.,
and 58. 54. of W. long, giving about 360 m. of sea-
coast, and a mean breadth of about 170 m. : and
Spanish Guiana comprised the coast from the river
Maroni, to the Delta of the Orinoco, and all the
country W. of Dutch and French Guiana, as far
as the 68 degree of W. long. Portuguese Guiana
now forms part of the empire of Brazil. French
Guiana surrendered to the EngHsh in 1809, but
was restored at the peace of 1814 ; see Cayenne
The Dutch had formed four settlements upon
their portion of the territory, viz. Surinam, Ber-
bice, Demarara, arid Essequibo. along the banks
of four several rivers of those names, which also
surrendered to the English during the war. At
the peace of 1814, Surinam was restored to the
Dutch, and all the rest confirmed to England by
treaty. The greater portion of this vast territory
is comprised of extensive swamps and low lands
of unbounded fertility, of which various kinds of
animals, reptiles, and insects, are the chief pos-
sessors, the human inhabitants being very limit-
ed, except upon the rivers Surinam, and Demerara.
The coast, from its lowness, is lubject in manj
places to inundations ; the land, at the distance
of several leagues from the sea, is deluged by the
tides. The sailor loses sight of the capes or
promontories at a short way from the shore ; but
ships can approach them without danger, for the
distance may be ascertained with sufficient accu-
racy by means of the sounding line. The turbid
appearance of the sea is owing to the great quan-
tity of alluvial matter borne down by rivers. The
mangrove grows on the low grounds, in which
the sea water remains stagnant; several fens oi
marshes, occasioned by the inundations of rivers,
are covered with reeds, that afford shelter to the
cayman and different sorts of water fowl. The
dry season lasts from the end of July to Novem-
ber, and the rainy season corresponds with the
winter months in Europe , but the most violent
rains fall sometimes in January and February;
the weather is dry and agreeable during the month
of March and the beginning of May ; this j)eriod
has, for that reason, been (^nominated the short
summer. The whole of April and the latter part
of May are subject to continued rains. The cli-
mate of Guiana is not liable to tlie excessive heat
of the East Indies, Senegambia, or the Antilles.
It is well known that the trees which bear fruit
during the whole of the year in this country,
yield more abundant crops in particular seasons,
as the orange, the lemon, the guava, the laurus
persea, the sapota, the aniiona and others, which
grow only in cultivated lands. The trees in the
woods and all those in a wild state bear fruit but
once a year, and the greater number of them at
a season that corresponds with our spring ; the
most remarkable of these trees are the grenadilla
and different species of palms. The mango and
other East Indian plants thrive in Guiana, nut the
fruits of Europe, with the exception of the grape,
the fig and pomegranate, are not adapted to the
climate. The first European settlers observed
in this county three specieT of the coffee tree, the
Coffea guyanensis, Coffea pariculata, and Coffea
occidentalis ; a fourth kind from Arabia was after-
wards added by the colonists. Many aromatic
plants were imported by the earlier settlers ; the
country produces in abundance cloves, cinnamon,
and different sorts of pepper. The tree which
produces the Cashew nut bears a considerable re-
semblance to the walnut, and Ine leaves have
nearly the same scent. It bears a sort of apple at
the end of which grows the Cashew nut, enclosed
in two shells, between which is a native inflam-
mable oil, so caustic as to blister the skin. The
kernel has a fine flavour, and is used to give a
GUI
356
GUI
pleasant taste to chocolate and many products of
cookery. The cocoa tree grows spontaneously
on the east of the Oyapok ; indigo and vanilla are
indigenous to the soil ; manioc and cassada are
considered the best alimentary plants ; the potato,
the igname, two kinds of millet and the tayove
are also very nutritive.
The quadrupeds of Guiana are the same as
those of Brazil and Paraguay. M. Bajon states,
that the jaguar is smaller in this country than in
any other part of America ; he adds, that it can
bring an ox to the ground, but that it is afraid of
man, and never ventures to attack him. Sted-
man on the other hand observes, that these ani-
mals sometimes carry off negro women, and too
frequently their children, while they are working
in the fields. The cougar, or red tiger of Suri-
nam is less than the jaguar, but resembles it in
its hal)it3, and is equally ferocious. The tiger-
cat is a very beautiful animal of the same class ;
it is not much larger tlian the common cat, and
of a yellow colour with annulated black spots ;
like the rest of its kind, it is lively, mischievous,
and untatneable. It is evident, from Stedman's
account of the jaguaretta, that he supposes it to
be dilft-ront from Ihe jaguar ; but this opinion is
contrary to the common one and to that of the
most celebrated naturalists, who consider the
jaguaretta to be the same animal as the jaguar.
The ant bear is indigenous to the country ; the
two species, which are best known are the ta-
manda and the tamanoir ; the former is almost
eight feet in length ; it attacks the jaguar, and
seldom leaves its hold without destroying it.
The cancrophagus, or dog-crab, frequents the sea-
shore and uses its feet very dexterously in draw-
ing shell-fish out of their cavities. There are
many species of monkeys in Guiana; the guata
is, perhaps, the most remarkable from its like-
ness to man ; a fanciful traveller takes notice of
a striking resemblance between these animals
and Indian old women. The guata has short ears,
four fingers on its hands, and five toes on its feet ;
the extremity of its tail is of a spiral form, and
enables it to suspend itself on the branches of
trees. Some naturalists maintain that the orang-
outant; has been observed in Guiana, but this is
by no means certain, and many well-informed
travellers are of a different opinion. Three spe-
cies of deer are said to be indigenous to the coun-
try, and one of these, (the rMriacon,) resembles
the roe-buck in size and form. The agouti and
paca are considered the best game in Guiana.
The cahiai is an amphibious animal armed with
strong tusks, and covered with bristles; it has
been classed as a species of cavey on account of
its not having a tail. The peccary or Mexican
hog has an orifice on its back containing a fetid
liquor not unlike musk, for which reason it has
been called the porcus mosch.iferus ; they go to-
gether in herds and sometimes lay waste orchards
aiid cultivated fields. The Indians slioot them
with poisoned arrows.
The boa, or, as it is called in the country, the
aboma, is a large amphibious snake about forty
feet in length, and four or five in circumference ;
it is indifferent as to its prey, and destroys, when
hungry, any animal that comes within its reach ;
the negroes consider it excellent food, and its fat
is converted into oil. The rattle snake and dip-
sas are the most noxious reptiles in Guiana ; the
sting of the latter is not always fatal, but it pro
duces fever accompanied with excessive thirst,
from which circumstance it has derived its name ;
Guiana is besides infested with serpents, lizards,
and alligators. Waterton the traveller has given
us an account of his amusement in riding upon
the back of one of these latter animals. Those that
have visited Holland and Lower Holstein, may
form an imperfect notion of the Dutch and British
settlements in Guiana ; — a vast plain covered with
plantations, or enamelled with a rich verdure,
bounded on one side by a dark ridge of impene-
trable forests, and watered on the other by the
azure billows of the ocean. This garden, between
the sea and the desert, is intersected by a great
many streams confined by dikes, and separated
from each other by excellent roads or navigable
canals. Each habitation seems to be a village,
from the number of small buildings attached to
it, and the natural beauties of the country form a
striking contrast with its rich cultivation. The
revolted negroes have established several petty
republics in the interior ; although the inhabit-
ants of these states go naked, they live in abun-
dance. They make their butter from the fat of
the palm-tree worm, and extract good oil from
the pistachio nut. They are not only skilled in
the chase, but are expert fishermen, and acquaint-
ed with the art of curing their provisions. Like
the Hindoos, they obtain salt from the ashes of
the palm-tree : and if a sufficient quantity of that
article cannot be procured, they season their food
with red pepper. The palm-tree furnishes them
with plenty of wine ; their fields are covered with
rice, manioc, ignames and plantains. The mani-
cole supplies them with all the materials of which
their huts are constructed ; their cups of gourds
are made from the calabash tree, and a sort of
net-work woven by an insect, serves them for
hats. The ncbecs or bancs, so common in the
forests, are converted into cordage.
Guienne, a late province of France, 220 m. long
and 85 broad, on the S. W. coast, of which Bor
deaux was the capital. It now forms the depart-
ment of Gironde, Lot and Garonne, Dordogne,
Lot, and Aveyron.
Guildford, a borough in Surry, Eng. It is sea-
ted on the Wey, on the side of a hill, and had a
GUI
357
GUI
castle and a palace, now in ruins ; here is also
part of a monastery, which is still occupied. The
summer assizes are alternately held here and at
Croydon ; but the election of members for the
county is always held here. It is a well built
town, with two churches, and an elegant town
hall. The Wey is navigable to the Thames, and
the trade in timber and corn is considerable. It
IS 23 m. W. S. W. of Croydon, and 2:) S. W. of
London. It returns two members to parliament.
Pop. 3,161.
Guilford, an interior county of North Carolina,
a sq. of about 25 m. each way ; it is well irrigated
by the head waters of Cape Fear river. Pop.
. 18,73.3. Greensborough is the chief town.
* Guilford, p.t. Penobscot Co. Me. Pop. 655.
* - Also a p.t. Strafford Co. N. H. Pop. 1,827. Also
a p.t. of Connecticut, in New Haven county, sit-
uate on a bay in Long Island Sound, 17 m. E. by
S. of New Haven. Pop. 2,344. Also a p.t. Chenan-
go Co. N. Y. Pop. 2,634. Also townships in
Franklin Co. Pa. and Medina Co. Ohio.
Gulllac, or Gaillac, a town of France, seated on
the N. bank of the river Tarn, in the department
of Tarn; it is the seat of a prefect. Pop. 7,310.
It is 35 m. N. E. of Toulouse, and 15 W. by S. of
Alby.
Gulmaraens, a town of Portugal, in Entre
Douro e Minho, which has formerly been the res-
idence of its kings. It is divided into the old
and new town, the former situate on an eminence
surrounded by walls. Here is a manufacture of
linen in liigh estimation. The public buildings
are magnificent, and the collegiate church is said
to be founded on the ruins of a temple of Ceres.
It is 10 m. S. E. of Braga and 25 N. E. of
Oporto.
Guinea, Upper, an extensive region of North
Africa, comprising about 1,500 m. of sea coast,
from Cape Mesurado, in the lat. of 6. 26. N., and
10. 30. of W. long., to the Calabar river, in 4. 10.
N., and 6. 42. of E. long., and from thence S. to
the equator ; of the interior parts of this country
either N. or S. very little is known. The coast
of Upper Guinea, from Ca[)e Mesurado, to Cape
Palmas, a range of 240 m., is called the Grain
Coast, from the vast quantity of grains of paradise
or Guinea pepper which it was found to produce
on first being visited by Europeans-, further E.
• for upwards of 200 m. is called the Tooth or Ivory
Coa.st, from the large quantity of fine elephants
teeth which are brought to its markets ; eastward
of the Ivory Coast to the meridional line, is cal-
led tlie Gold Gold, from the gold dust which is
found in its rivers; and eastward of the meridio-
nal line is called the Slave Coast, from the exten-
sive traffic in slaves which was formerly carried
O.J from thence by the English, Spaniards, French
and Americans, to the West Indies and America.
This extensive tract of territory is occupied by
various tribes and communities of negroes; the
most numerous are the Fantees who occupy
the coast from Cape Mesurado to the meridional
line ; from a long continued intercourse with Eu-
ropeans, the Fantees have acquired strong trad-
ing habits, and among them most of the trading
nations of Europe have formed settlements pro-
tected by forts. In the rear of the Fantees are
the Ash.antees, who, although they appear to be
one people, live in continued hostility with each
otiier. North of the Ashantees, is a tribe called
the Chambas, who are represented as an amiable
and industrious people, diligent in the pursuit of
agriculture ; and it was from this peaceful and
social occupation from which the Ashantees were
wont to drag the people' to the coast as slaves,
whea that traffic was carried on by the English.
The cessation of this traffic seems to be the
cause of the revenge of the Ashantees who acted
as robbe'-s and >'<rovers to the inhabitants on the
c(.ast, their enmity being extended to the English
whom they regard as the cause of the cessation ;
and in 1823 and 1826, they waged for a time suc-
cessful war against the disciplire and skill of the
British arms. The principal towns or trading
station* on this part of the coast, westward of t re
meridional line, are Cape Ciast Castle, Annama-
boe,and Anconah : eastward of the meridional line
is the kingdom of Dahomey, the principal town
of which, on the coast, is Griwhee, and in the
interior Ab(jmey, dist.int about 90 m. The peo-
ple of Dahomey are represented as fine looking
and industrious, their helds b» inw productive in
maize, legumes, and yams, and their pastures
well stocked with sheep, goats, and cattle. Great
ravages are frequently committed among them by
l<:opards and hyenas, whilst the termes or white
ants, insidously intrude in such vast numbers into
the habitations ot tJie people, as to commit tlie
most destructive ravages before resistance can be
anplied; there have been instances of their devour-
ing an ox in n smgle night, and persons debili-
tated by disease are liable to be attacked by them..
Another remarkable animal of Dahomey is a bat
ol enormous size ; they suspend themselves in
thoiisands by their claws, to the branches of trees,
immediate'y contiguous to the habitations of the
people. Eastward of Dahomey on the banks of
a .'iver about 25 m. from the sea, is the town ot
Atdrah, with a pop. of from 7 to 10,000, which
si^'ms an independent or free town under the pro-
tection of the Hios, a powerful and numerous
people, whose country extends 180 to 300 m. into
tlie interior. The country around Ardrah is
represented as exceedingly beautiful and produc-
tive in every variety of tropical vegetation; fur-
ther east is the town of I.,agos, the country t>
the northward of which is inliabited by the Jaboos,
a V'y industrious people, who manufacture great
q'laiiliues of cotton cloth, and whose country is
■well ciiklivated, and rich in all the products of
agricuhure; east of the Jaboos is the kingdom
of^ Benin, supposed to be very extensive, the cap-
ital of the same name is about 40 m. from the coast,
the sea-port being Gatto; further east, extending
to the 10th degree of longitude, are the kingdoms
of Warre, and Old and New Calabar. It w<as
from this part of the coast from whence the most
active slave trade was carried on by the English,
a people from the interior called tiie Heebas, be-
ing the principal victims, and tiie town of Bonny
the principal market. Since the abandonment
of this traffic in slaves by the English, the inhab-
itants of this coast have directed their attent'on
tc agriculture and commerce, and now export large
quintites of palm oil, ivory and dye woods. From
Old Calabar the coast extends to the south, which
is commonly called Lower Guinea.
Guinea, Lower, consists of Biafra, Calbonga,
] >jpcz, Malemba, Loango, Congo, Benguela,
&e. &c., it is from this part of the coast,
from whence the Brazilians still continue to draw
30 or 40,000 slaves annually. Malemba, in the
lat. of5.24. S., and 12. 20.ofE. long., is represent-
ed as having a very salubrious climate, and as
affording the most favourable spot on the whole
western coast of Africa for the residence of Eu-
ropeans. Off this coast, N. of the equator, are the
GUI K>3
islands of Fernando, Po, Princes, and St. Thomas,
which also afford favourable situations, from
whence to dispense the blessings of civilization
and social order. The Pintado, or Guinea Hen,
now well known and domesticated in Europe
GUI
and America, was originally from this country
and is still found wild in various parts.
All the rivers are filled with crocodiles, called
by some travellers caymans ; they are generally
So feet long, according to Cavazzi ; there are
some also which never enter the water, but hunt
fowls, sheep, and she-goats. In another place,
however, he states, that there are lizards which
differ very little from crocodiles. Cameleons are
found in great numbers, and are considered very
venomous. The flying lizard, or palm-rat, a pret-
ty little animal, is an object of religious worship ;
the rich preserve it with great care, aud exhibit
it to the adoration of the people, who offer it pre-
sents. Frogs and toads are of an enormous size.
Monstrous serpents infest these inhospitable
countries. The boa, or boma, in length from 25
to 30 feet, and 5 in thickness, darts from trees
upin men and animals, swallowing them at once,
and in its turn becomes a prey to the negroes, who
attack it during its digestion, or burn it by setting
fire to the woods at the termination of the tains.
It wages an interminable war against the croco-
diles. The bile of another species of serpent is
mortal witliin 24 hours. Travellers who are fond
of the marvellous, represent it as blind, and de-
scribe it with 2 heads ; they mean the ampkisbaina,.
The mamba, as thick as a man's thigh, is 20
feet long, and very nimble. It instinctively
chases the n'damba, and devours it whole and
alive. This last is only an ell long, with a wide
and flat head like the viper, and the skin beauti-
fully spotted ; its poison is very subtle. The
n'bambi, is one of the most venomous ; is with
difficulty distinguished from the trees themselves,
the trunks of which it entwines, lying in wait for
its prey. It is reported that the touch only ofthe
leTita, a variegated viper, is followed by death, but
that the bite of the animal is its antidote. The
country swarms with scorpions and centipedes ;
the former oflen creep inl o houses and books.
The fleas, bugs, and flies of Europe, are not
found in Guinea; there are, however, gnats and
moschetoes in abundance, which form one of the
plagues ofthe country. The sting of the banzo,
of the same size as our gadfly is said to be mortal.
Different species of very formidable ants infest
both men and animals. Malefactors, who are
sometimes bound and exposed to them, are con-
sumed to the bones in one day. The insondior
insongongi, enter the trunk of elephants, and
cause them to die in extreme madness. The sting
of the inzeni, which are a black and very large
•pecies, produces violent pains for some hours.
The salale (ants,) small, round, red, and white,
or* the most dangerous ; they insinuata them-
selves every, where, and destroy linen, merchan-
dise, furniture, and even houses, the wood wqrk
of which they hdllow out, leaving nothing but an
external shell. According to Grandpre, they
have the instinct to fill up with clay the stakes
which support the houses, to prevent their fall.
Fire alone, and marble, can resist their devouring
teeth ; but furniture may be secured by placing
the feet in pans of water. "
In a country so infested with noisome and de-
structive insects, it is pleasant to know that one,
at least, of considerable utility exists ; it is a sca-
rabsEus, of the size of a cockchafer, which ccm- ^
tributes essentially to the salubrity of the atmoa,
phere, by making deep holes, and buryintr in .
them all impure and corruptible matters under *
ground ; it is the more valuable in consequence • *■ .
of its wonderful fecundity. Numberless swarms --* ",
of bees wander in the forests, occupying the
hollows of trees, — and it is only necessary to drive
them away by lighting fires under them, and
thus take their honey. Grasshoppers are esteemed
as food by the natives, and are not despised even
by Europeans.
The ostrich and peacock are esteemed by the
negroes. In Angola, the king has reserved the
sole privilege of keeping peacocks. There are
both brown and red partridges, which iiave the
peculiarity of perching upon trees. The quail,
pheasant, thrush, the widow and cardinal birds
are found in abundance. The cuckoo differs
from ours in its note. The Cuculus indicator,
found in every part ofthe torrid zone, here bears
the name of sengo. The parrot varies much as to
size, colour, and voice. Very different from those
we see in cages ; strong, nimble, and bold, they
fly with great rapidity, and are very formidable
to other birds, which they attack, and lacerate
most unmercifully in the combat.
The different species of the turtle doves,
pigeons, fowls, ducks, and geese of this country
are not well distinguished. The idle disposition
ofthe natives has never thought' of profiting by
the use of the eggs of fowls in domestic economy.
The hen, left to herself, deposits her eggs where
she pleases, and runs undisturbed about the fields
with her chickens in search of food. Among the
fisher birds, is the pelican, the puffin, and gulls
of every variety. The skin of the pelican, ap-
plied to the stomach, is said to restore its vigour •
It is astonishing to behold the immense num-
ber of eagles, vultures, falcons, hawks, and other
birds of prey, which hover over the woods when
set on fire by the negroes, and snatch from the ^
midst ofthe flames quadrupeds and serpents half
roasted. According to the report of travellers,
who have given a very superficial account of
birds, the number of owls, screech owls, and bats,
is also considerable.
Among the quadrupeds, the hippopotamus af-
fords the negroes an agreeable dish ; which, on
meagre days, is not unacceptable to Europeans.
The, wild boar {engalli,) of which there are sev-
eral varieties, is a scourge to the country. The
hog, introduced by the Portuguese, is less remark-
able for its size than for the goodness of its flesh.
The blacks rear a few guinea-pigs. Though
originally a native of hot climates, this animal
lives and breeds in temperate and cold countries.
Its skin is of little value, and the flesh although
sometimes eaten, is indifferent food. They are
so cleanly that much of their timeis'spent in lick-
ing and smoothing each other's fur. They feed
on all sorts of herbs, especially ob parsley, which
4r
GUI
359
GUZ
thej prefer eyen to bran, flour or bread. They
are also exceedingly fond of apples and fruits.
Like the rabbit they eat precipitiJIely ; little at a
'--^^^"i:2>
time, but very often. They are very prolific and
multiply astonishingly. A single couple will
produce one thousand in a year. The use of
the horse, the ass, and the mule is a nullity to
the negro, who dares not even venture to mount
them. Whether negroes or Portuguese, the in-
habitants find it preferable to be carried about in
hammocks.
Guinea, JVcjc, or Papua, an island of the South
Pacific Ocean, to the N. of New-Holland, from
which it is separated by Endeavour Strait, it is
next in size to New-Holland, extending S. E.
from the equator, to 12. S. lat., and from 131. to
1.53. E. long., a length of more than 1,200 miles,by
a medial breadth of perhaps 300; but the coasts of
the eastern part are far from being completely in-
vestigated. The northern part is said to have
been discovered by the Spaniards, in 1528, who
had sailed from Mexico to explore the Spice Is-
lands. The coasts are generally lofty ; and in
the interior, mountain rises above mountain ; but
the whole appears covered with such luxuriance
of wood and herbage, as can scarcely be conceiv-
ed. The cocoa, sago, bread-fruit, and plantain
tree, beside most of the trees, shrubs, and plants,
conmion to the islands in the South Pacific Ocean,
are found here in great perfection. This island
is the chosen residence of the singular birds of
paradise, which breed here during the wet mon-
soon, and in the dry migrate in flocks westward,
to the smaller islands, particularly Arroo. Here
are also elegant parrots ; and pigeons that almost
equal a turkey in size. The inhabitants of the
northern part are called Papous : whence the name
of the country. They seem to have the true
Malay complexion and features; but in general are
of horrible appearance, and great ferocity. Their
language and habitations resemble thdse of Bor-
,neo, &c. On the west the women seem the most
industrious in making mats, and pots of clay,
which they afterward burn with dry grass or
brushwood ; and they even wield the axe, while
the men are indolent, or engaged in the chase of
wild hogs. In the interior is a race called Hara-
forus, who live in trees, which they ascend by a
notched pole, drawing it after them to prevent
surprise. On this extensive territory, so favoured
by nature, there is no European settlement.
The chief commerce is with the Malays and
Chinese, from whom they purchase blue and red
cloth, axes, knives, and other instruments. Their
returns are ambergris, tortoise-shell, small pearls,
birds of paradise, and other birds, which the Papu-
ans dry with great skill. Some slaves are also ex-
ported, probably captives taken in intestine wars.
Guingamp, a town of France, in the depart-
ment of Cotes du Nord, seated on the Trieu, 18
m. S. of Treguier, and 23 W. by N. of St. Brieux.
It is the seat of a prefect.
Guipuzcoa, a district of Spain, forming the N.
W. part of Biscay, comprising a superfices of 52
sq. leagues. Pop. in 1809, 104,491. St. Se-
bastian is the capital.
Guise, a town of France, in the department of
Aisne, with a castle, seated on the Oise, 18 m. E.
of St. Quintin.
Guislain, St. a town of the Netherlands, in
Hainault, seated in marshy land, on tQe river
Haine, C m. W. of Mons.
Gujunat, or Gujurat, a town of Hindoostan, in
Lahore, 60 m. N. by W. of Lahore, on the road
to Benares.
Gumhinnen, a town of Prussia, capital of a gov-
ernment of the same name in Lithuania. It has
manufactures of cloth, and is seated on the Pissa,
which falls into the Pregel, 75 m. E. by S. of Ko-
nigsberg. The superfices of the government of
Gumbinnen, comprises upwards of 6,000 square
miles, with a population of aoout 350,000. Pop.
of the town about 5,000.
Gvvi Springs, a village in Orange Co. Va.
Gumurginia, a populous town of European
Turkey, in Rumelia, near the sea-coast, 190 m.
due W. of Constantinople.
Gundelfingcn, a t^wn of Bavaria, situate on the
Brenz, near the Danube, 17 m. W. S. W. o*
Donawert.
Guntoor, a district of Hindoostan, formerly the
most southern of the circars, intersected by the
river Kistnah, on the western coast of the Bay
of Bengal. Thechief town of the same name ia
seated S. of the Kistnah, 45 m. W. by N. from
Masulipatara. See Circars.
Chintzhuro , a town of Suabia, with a castle.
It stands on the river Guntz, near its conflux
with the Danube, 6 m. W. of Burgau, and 14 E.
ofUlm.
Gunzenhansen, a town of Franconia, in the
principality of Anspach, seated on the Altmuhl,
near a forest, 16 m. S. S. E. of Anspach.
Gurau, a town of Silesia, in the principality of
Glogau, with good cloth manufactures, and a
great trade in corn. In 1759 it was reduced to ashes
by the Russians. It stands on an eminence, by
the river Bartch, 19 m. E. of Glogau.
Gjtrci-, a town of Germany, in Carinthia, and
lately a bishop's see ; seated on the river Gurck,
20 m. N. by W. of Clagenfurt.
Chirckfeld, a town of Germany, in Camiola,
with a castle on a hill, situate on the Save, 28 m.
S. E. ofCilley.
Gurgistan. See Georgia.
Gurief, or Gouriev, a town of Russia, in the
government of Astracan, with a good harbour;
seated near the Caspian Sea, between the mouths
of the Ural, 210 miles E. by N. of Astracan.
Long. 51. 56., lat. 47. 37. N.
Gvrrah, a town of Hindoostan, in the province
of Allahabad, situate near the river Nerbuddah,
190 m. S. S. W. of Allahabad. Long. 80. 23. E.,
lat. 23. 9. N.
Crurrumconda, a town of Hindoostan, lately
subject to the regent of Mysore, but ceded bv the
Nizam to the British in 1799. It is 73 m. N. E.
of Bangalore, and 112 W. N. W. of Madras
Long. 78. 36. E., lat. 13. 47. N.
Gustavus, a township of Trumbull Co. Ohio.
Gustrow, a city of Lower Saxony, in the duchy
of Mecklenberg-Schwerin. The chief courts of
judicature for the duchy are held here ; and it
has an elegant ducal palace. It is situate on the
Nebel, 29 m. E. N. E. of Schwerin. Long. 12.
13. E., lat. 53. 47. N.
Gutta, a town of Hungary, seated on the Wag,
in the island of Schut, 16 m. N. W. of Comorn.
Guzerat, a province of Hindoostan, which is a
peninsula, 200 miles long and 140 broad, formed
HAC
360
HAD
by the Arabian Sea and the gulfs of Cambay and
Cutch. The W. part is mountainous and woody,
and inhabited by a wild hardy race, governed by
rajahs of their own ; but the largest and finest part
is included within tlie extensive empire of the
Mahrattas. Amedabad is the capital.
Gicalior, a fortress of Hindoostan, in a district
of the same name, in the province of Agra, situa-
ted on a rock about four miles in length, but nar-
row, and nearly flat on the top, with sides almost
perpendicular, from 200 to 300 feet above the
surrounding plain. The rampart conforms to the
edge of the precipice all around; and the only
entrance is by steps running up the side of the
rock, defended on the side next the country by a
wall and bastions. The area within is full of no-
ble buildings, reservoirs of water, wells, and cul-
tivated land ; so that it is a little district within
itself. At the N. W. foot of a mountain is the
town which is well built. This fortress is con-
sidered as the Gibraltar of the east ; but, in 1780,
major Popliam took it by an unexpected noctur-
nal escalade, and in 1804, it capitulated after a
practicable breach was made through its walls by
colonel Henry^hite, It was afterwards given
up to the Mahrkttas by lord Cornwallis. It is 80
m. S. ofAgra. Long. 78. 28. E., lat. 26. 15. N. •
Gicinnett, a county of Georgia. Pop. 13,220. •
Lawrenceville is the capital.
Gy, a town of France, in the department of the
Upper Saone. Pop. 2,701.
Gyfhorn, a town of Lower Saxony, in the
duchy of Luneburg, seated near the junction of
the Iser with the Aller, 20 m. N. of Brunswick,
Gyon. See Gijon.
Gyongyos, a town of Hungary, 21 m. W. S. W
ofErlau. Pop. 8,000.
Gyula, or Julia, a town of Hungary, situated
on an island in the river Kores, or Korash, with
a castle. Pop. about 2,000. It is 92 m. W. S.
W. of Colossvar.
Gzat, or Ghjat, a town of Russia, in the gov-
ernment of Smolensk, 140 m. E. N. £. of Smo-
lensk
H
HA A, a small island in the North Sea, near the
north coast of Scotland, three miles and a half S.
E. of Farout Head.
Haag-, a town of Bavaria, capital of a county of
the same name. It is seated on a hill, 26 m. E.
by N. of Munich. Long. 12. 15. E., lat. 48. 7. N.
Haarlem, or Hacrlcm. See Harlem.
Haastrecht, a village of South Holland, 3 m. E.
of Gosida. Pop. about 1,200.
Habergham, Eves, a township of England, in
Lancashire, 2 rn. W. of Burnly, and 208 W. N.
W. of London. Pop. about 4,612.
Hahelschwerdt, a town of Silesia, in the county
of Glatz, on the river Neisse, 9 m. S. of Glatz.
Habolicketto , a village in Hancock Co. Missis-
sippi.
Hucha. See Rio de la Hacha.
Hachenburg, a town of Germany, m the county
of Sayn, with a castle, 20 m. N. N. E. of Cob-
lentz.
Hacketstown, a town of New Jersey, in Sussex
county, seated on the Musconekunk, 22 m. W. of
Morristown.
Hackinsack, a town of New Jersey, chief of
Bergen county, with a Dutch and episcopal
church, and a flourishing academy. It is situate
on a river of the same name, 20 m. N. W. of New
York.
Hackney, a village and parish of Middlesex, Eng.
an appendage to London, 2 m. N. E. of Shore-
ditch Church. It has several hamlets, the princi-
pal of which are. Upper and Lower Clapton on
the north; Dalston, Shackwell,and Kingsland on
the west; and Homerton on the east. It has a
handsome modern church, begun in 1792, and a
chapel of ease erected in 1810. The term Hack-
ney Coach was derived from the circumstance
of this village being the first near the metropolis,
that was accomodated with carriages of that de-
scription. It has a receptacle for lunatics. St.
John's palace, an ancient edifice in Well Street,
IS said to have been the residence of the prior of
the order of St. John of Jerusalem. . In this par-
ish, south of Leabridge are the Temple Mills, so
called from having formerly belonged to the
Knights Templars Pop. 22,494
Haddam, a town of Connecticut, in Middlesex
county, on the E. side of Connecticut river, 18
m. N. by E. of Saybrook. Pop. 2,830.
Hadenham, two parishes of England, the one
in Buckinghamshire, 47 m. from London; the
other in Cambridgeshire, 62 m. from London.
Haddington, a royal borough of Scotland, capi-
tal of the county of the same name on the Tyne,
17 m. E. of Edinburgh, and the first stage on the
road to London. It consists of four principal
streets, which intersect each other at nearly right
anorles, and has a considerable manufacture of
coarse woolen cloth. Part of a monastery here is
occupied as a parish church, which is a large and
venerable building. It has a town house and
county hall ; there are also two bridges over the
Tyne. The site of the ancient abbey of Hadding-
ton, is about a mile E. of the town, founded in
1178. In conjunction with Dunbar, North Ber-
wick, Jedburgh, and Lauder, it sends a member
to parliament. Here the celebrated John Knox
was born.
Haddingtonshire, or East Lothian, of which the
preceding is the capital, a county of Scotland, 25
m. long and 15 where broadest ; bounded on the
W. by Edinburghshire, N. by the Frith of Forth,
E. by the German Ocean, and S. by Berwickshire,
and comprises an extent of about 297 sq. m. It
is divided into 24 parishes, and contained in 1801,
apop. of29,686, and in 1821, 35,127. The soil
is in many places doubly productive ; rich crops
are raised on the surface, and mines of coal are
inexhaustible. Tiie southern part is mountainous,
comprehending the north side of Lammermuir
hills; but these high grounds feed many sheep
It is inrersected by numerous streams, but the
principal river is the Tyne. The chief towns are
the three royal burghs of Haddington, North Ber-
wick, and Dunbar.
Haadovjield, p. v. Gloucester Co. N. J.
Hadcnville, a village in Goochland Co. Va.
Hadersleben, a town of Denmark, in Sleswick,
with a citadel, on a small island, in a narrow bay
of the Baltic, 30 m. E. by S. of Ripen.
Hadit, or Hadice, a town of Syria, on the Eu-
phrates, 115 m. W. of Bagdad.
«t
HAI
«G1
HAL
Hailley, or Hadleigh, a town of Suffolk, Eng.
It is seated on the Bret, 20 ni. At:£ - of Bury, and
64 iN. E. of London. Pop. in^ll, 2,929.
Hadleij, a village in Essex, I^^- ^ ™- ^- ^- °^
Rochona. Here are some ruins of a castle, on
the brow of a hill, on a channel of the Thames be-
tween Canvey island and the shore.
* Hadleij, p.t. Hampshire Co. Mass. on the Con-
necticut, opposite Northampton. It contains an
academy. Pop. 1,886. Also a town in Saratoga
■ Co. N. Y. Pop. 829.
Hadramaunt, a province of Arabia Felix, on
the sea-coast, between Yemen on the W., and
Oman on the E. Some parts are dry and desert,
others are extremely fertile with well watered
valleys. The chief products are frankincense,
gum arabic, dragons blood, myrrh, and aloes.
Shibam is the capital.
Hmmus, a famous ridge of mountains in Euro-
pean Turkey, separating Bulgaria from Romania.
Haerlehecke, a town of the Netherlands, in Flan-
ders, on the Lys, 23 m. S. W. of Ghent, on the
road to Courtray , from which it is distant 3 m.
Pop. in 1821, about 3,000.
Haff, a lake or bay of Prussia, in Pomerania,
divided into great and little, at the mouth of the
Oder, between which and the Baltic are situated
the islands of Usedom and Wallen. It is 36 m.
in length, and its greatest breadth 9.
Hagen, a town of Westphalia, in the county of
Mark. It has manufactures of cloth, and stands
on the VoUme, 13 m. S. of Dortmund.
Hagerstown, p.t. Washington Co. Maryland.
It is a handsome town with the houses generally
of stone and brick. The territory around it is
fertile.
Hagetman, a town of France, in the department
of Landes, 18 m. S. of Mont de Marsan, in the vi-
cinity of which are some silver mines. Pop. in
" 1821", about 2,:350.
Hairiar, a to wn of Arabia Deserta, 1 60 m. N. by
W. of Medina.
Hague, a town of South Holland, which may
compare with the handsomest cities in Europe in
the magnificence of its palaces, the beauty of its
streets, the pleasantness of its situation, and the
politeness of its inhabitants. It is seated 2 m.
from the sea, and there is a pavement across the
sand hills, with trees on each side, which leads
to Scheveling' on the sea-shore. There are 14
churches and some charitable institutions. The
Castle of Ryswick, from which tlie treaty known
by that name received its appellation, is al>out a
mile and a half S. E. of the town. It was lately
with Brussels, the alternate seat of government. It
suffered greatly by the revolution under Bona-
parte, but the inhabitants threw off the French
yoke in 1813. It is 30 m. S. W. of Amsterdam,
and 7 S. by W. of Leyden.
Hague, p t. Warren Co. N. Y. Pop. 721. Al-
so a township in St. Lawrence Co. N. Y. and a
village in Westmoreland Co. Va.
Haguenau, a fortified town of France, in the
department of Lower Rhine, with a citadel ; seat-
;. ed on the Motter, 15 m. N. of Strasburg. There
arc manufactures of tobacco, madder, and earth-
enware.
Haimlmrg, a town of Austria, with a castle on
a mountain, near the south bank of the Danube,
27 m. E. by S. of Vienna. Pop. about 2,700.
Haina, or laina, a river of St. Domingo, which
falls into a bay of the same name, 12 m. W. of St.
Domingo.
Hoi-nan, an island in the China Sea, to the N.
46
of the gulf of Tonquin, and to the S. W. of th«
province of Quangtong, from which it is 12 m.
distant. It is 400 m. in circumference. The soil
of the N. part is level ; but in the S. and E. are .
mountains, among which are valleys that produce'
two crops of rice every year. There are mines
of gold and lapis lazuli, which last is carried to
Canton, to paint the porcelain. There are also
several kinds of wood, the most valuable of which
is that called by the natives hoali, and by Euro-
peans rose or violet wood. It produces the same
fruits as China, beside sugar, tobacco, cotton, and
indigo. Among the animals is a great black ape,
with features resembling those of the human face ;
but the common sorts of apes are grey, and very
ugly.
Hainault, a province of the Netherlands;
bounded on the N. E. by Brabant, N. W. by Flan-
ders, S. W. by France, and E. by the territories
of Liege and Namur ; it comprises an extent of
1,700 sq. m., and is intersected by the Scheldt, the
Sambre, and the Haine. Its mineral productions
are considerable, and there are several manufac-
tures. The chief towns are, Tournay, Mons, and
Charleroi. It was formerly divided into Austrian
and French Hainault, and in 1814 was ceded by
Austria to the Netherlands, in 1815 it received an
accession of Beaun'ont, Merbe, Le Chateau, and
Dour, formerly belonging to French Hainault.
Hajosh, a town of Hungary, in Cumania Minor,
65 m. S. by E. of Pest.
Hajypoor, the chief town of the district of
the same name, seated on the N. E. bank of the
Ganges at its confluence with the Gunduck.
Halasz, a town of Hungary, in Cumania Mi-
nor, 17 m. E. of Hajosh. Pop. about 8,700.
Halberstadt, a town of Prussia, in Lower Sax-
ony, capital of the principality of the same name,
which was formerly a bishopric. The cathedral
is a superb structure ; here are three regular ab-
beys, and two nunneries, and the Lutherans have
-fit? churches. It is seated on the Hotheim, 32
m. S. E. of Brunswick on the road to Leipzig.
Haldensleben, JS'ew, a town of Prussia, in Lower
Saxony, in the Duchy of Magdeburg, on the river
Ohra, 14 ra. N. N. W. of Magdeburg.
HaldeJtstein, a town of Switzerland, in the
country of Grisons, seated near the Rhine, 4 m.
N. of Coire.
Halen, a town of the Netherlands, in Brabant,
seated on the river Geet, 17 ra. E. JN. E. of
Louvain.
Hales, a village of Gloucestershire, Eng. 2 m.
N. E. of Winchcomb ; noted for the remains of its
abbey, which formerly was very magnificent, and
had great privileges.
Halesfard, p. v. Franklin Co. Va.
Halesowen, jin insulated town of Shropshire, in
Worcestershire, Eng. with a manufacture of nails,
and pearl and horn buttons. The poet Shenstone
was born and buried here ; and near it is the
Leasowes, in the decoration of which his whole
fortune was spent. It is 10 m. N. E. of Kidder-
minster, and 127 N. W. of London.
Halestcorth, a town in Suffolk, Eng. It has a
canal to Southwold, and is seated near the river
Blyth, 28 m. N. E. of Ipswich, and 101 of
London.
Haleysbridge, p. v. Southampton Co. Va.
Halfmoon, a township in Centre Co. Pa.
Halibut Island, an island in the Pacific Ocean,
off the coast of Alaska, so named by Cook, on ac-
count of the number of fish of that name caught
here. It is seven leagues in circumference, and
2 11
HAL
sat
HAM
very low and barren. Long. 164. 15. "W., lat. 64.
58. N.
Halifax, a town in the west riding of Yorkshire,
Eng. It is a very large parish, containing 12
chapels of ease; the inhabitants are principally
employed in the woolen manufacture. This town
is the great mart for shalloons and worsted stuffs
in great variety. It has a market-house, called
Piece Hall, and various others for particular
goods. The church is a venerable building, and
contains a number of ancient monuments. A
handsome new church was built in 1798. It is
about three quarters of a mile long, and is seated in
a hilly country, near a branch of the Calder. 40
m. W. S. W. of York, and 107 N. bv W. of Lon-
don. Pop. in 1801, 8,88G, and in 1821, 12,028.
Halifax, a city and the capital of Nova Scotia.
It stands on the W. side of Chebucto bay, which
is larore enough to shelter a thousand men of war.
An island at the mouth of the harbour is so strong-
ly fortified, as to bid defiance to all attack, and
the town is protected on the land side by a fort,
and several batteries, which render it impregnable.
The streets are parallel and at right angles. At
the N. extremity is the king's yard, supplied with
stores of every kind for the royal navy. The in-
habitants are estimated at above 15,000. It is COO
m. N. E. by E. of New York, and 90 E. of Anna-
polis. Lat. 44. 44., long. 63. 36.
Halifax, an interior county of North Carolina,
bounded on the N. E. by Roanoke, near the north-
ern boundary. Pop. 17,738. The chief town
Halifax, is 130 m. N. E. by E. of Raleigh.
Halifax, a county of the E. District of Virginia,
bordering on North Carolina, and bounded on the
N. E. by the Roanoke. Pop. 28,032. Its chief
town. Bannister, is 134 m. S. W. by W. of Rich-
mond.
Halifax, p.t. Windham Co. Vt. Pop. 1 ,562. Al-
so a p.t. Plymouth Co. Mass. Pop. 709. Also a
village in Dauphin Co. Pa. Also a p.t. Halifax
Co. N. C. on the Roanoke, 70 m. from the sea.
Halitz, a town of Poland, in the palatinate of
Lemberg, with a castle. Since 1773 it has been
included in the new kingdom of Galicia. It is
seated on the Dneister, GO m. S. S. E. of Lem-
berg.
Halland, a province of Sweden, on the W.
coast of Gothland. It is 60 m. along the coast,
but not above 18 in breadth. The country is
in general mountainous, with considerable
woods of oak and birch. Hamstadt is the cap-
ital.
Hallaton, a town in Leicestershire, Eng. 12 m.
E. S. E. of Leicester, 90 N. by E. of London.
Halle, a town of Lower Saxony, in the duchy
of Magdeburg, with a famous university. It
has large salt-works, and manufactures of starch,
linen, and flannel. It is seated on both sides of
the Saale, over which there are five bridges, 18
m. N. N. W. of Leipzig, and 46 S. S. E. of
Magdeburg.
Halle, a town of Suabia, noted for its salt-pits,
and the famous protestant league concluded here
•in 1610. It is seated on the Kocher, among rocks
and mountains, 32 m. N. E. of Stuttgard.
Halle, a town of Germany, in Tyrol, famous
for its salt-mine ; seated on the Inn, 6 m. E. N. E
oflnspruck.
Halle, a town of the Netherlands, in Hain-
ault, seated on the Senne, 10 m. S S. W of
Brussels.
Hallein, a town in Bavaria, in the duchy of Salz-
burg ; seated on the Salza, among moantains
that abound in mines of salt, 8 m. S. by E. of
Salzburg. ^k
/fa//e5;Brmo-,l^fown of Lower Saxony, in the
principality of C^lenberg, at the source of the
Haller, 16 m. S. S. W. of Hanover.
HalloweU, p.t. Kennebec Co. on the Kennebec,
40 m. at its mouth. Pop. 3,964. It has a con-
siderable commerce in the exportation of lumber.
Hallstille, p. v. Montgomery Co. N. Y. Also
a village in Dauphin Co. N. C.
Halmstadt, a sea-port of Sweden, capital of
Halland. Here are flourishing woolen manu- »
factures, and a profitable salmon-fishery. It *:
stands at the mouth of the Nissa, on a bay of
the Categat, 82 m. S. S. E. of Gothenburg. Long.
12. 52., lat. 56. 40. 6 6.^
Halstead, a town in Essex, Eng. seated on the
side of a hill, on the river Coin, 16 m. N. of
Chelmsford, and 46 N. E. of London.
Haltercn, a town of Westphalia, in the prin-
cipality of Munster, seated on the Lippe, 22 m.
S. W. of Munster.
Halton, a town in Cheshire, Eng. It had a
stately castle, belonging to the duchy of Lancas-
ter, which maintained a large jurisdiction round
it, by the name of Halton Fee ; birt all that re-
mains is now a prison. It is seated near the
Mersey, 13 m. N. E. of Chester, and 195 N.
N. W. of London.
Haltichilsth, a town of Northumberland, Enor.
seated on a hill, on the S. branch of the Tyne,
35 m. W. of Newcastle, and 315 N. by W. of
London.
Ham, a strong town of Westphalia, capital of
the county of Mark. It is a place of good trade,
and has extensive bleaching-grounds. In 1761,
the French were defeated near this place by the
troops of Brunswick. It is seated on the Lippe,
20 m. W. of Lipstadt. Long. 7. 57. £., lat. 51
40. N.
Ham, West, a village and parish of England in
Essex, on the river Lea, 5 m. from the Royal
Exchange, London. In 1801, the pop. was re-
turned at 1,960, and in 1821, 9,753.
Ham, a town of France, in the department of
Somme, with a strong castle, seated on the Som-
me, 70 m. N. N. E. of Paris.
Ifnmadan, See J}madan.
Haniuh, a town of Syria, the residence of the ^ .«
schiek, with the title of emir. The best houses,
the mosques, and the castle, are built of black
and white stones. The river Assi, formerly call-
ed Orontes, runs close by the castle and fills its
ditches, which are cut deep into the solid rock
The inhabitants have a trade in linen of their .
own manufacture. It is seated among hills, 78 m.
S. S.W. of Aleppo.
Hamamet, a town of the kingdom of Tunis, on
a gulf of the same name, 37 in. S. of Tunis.
Long. 10. 15. E., lat. 36. 13. N.
Hamhledon, a town in Hampshire, Eng. 15 m.
S. E. of Winchester.
Hamburg, a free and imperial city of Germa-
ny, in Lower Saxony, seated on the north bank
of the Elbe, about 55 m. from its mouth, consist-
ing of the old and new town ; both nearly of an
equal size. Most of the houses are built after the
manner of the Dutch, and richly furnished with-
in. The principal streets of the old town have
long and broad canals, which are filled by the
tide. It is seated on the river Elbe and Alster,
and the latter, a tributary stream of the Elbe,
before it enters the town by sluices, forms a
fine basin. Here is a celebrated college, au
HAM
363
UAM
arsenal, a bank, and a handsome exchange.
The established religion is JLj^heran, but all
denominations are tolerated. ^Beside the five
principal churches, there are «Wen smaller ones
for p:irticular occasions, some of which belong to
hospitals of which there are a great number. It
has a libriury containing about 100,000 volumes.
The cathedral of Our Lady is a very fine structure.
The city is well fortified, and on the ramparts are
handsome walks, planted with rows of trees.
On the east is the suburb of St. George, and on
the west the Hamburger Berg. Hamburg, from
its situation, has all possible advantages for for-
eign and domestic trade ; particularly from its
couimunication, by the Elbe, with some of the
principal navigable rivers of Germany ; and hence
it is one of the most commercial places in Europe.
The number of vessels that frequent its port is
about 2,000. It is distinguished for its sugar-
refinery, and it has manufactures of cotton
stockings, gold and silver lace, silk, linen, hand-
kerchiets, sail-cloths, thread, ribands, and velvets.
The commerce however, received a severe shock
in 180(5; and since that the city itself has been
almost reduced to ruin. Previous to the year
1806, this city became the depot of all the con-
tinental commerce, and numbers of merchants
flocked here from every part of Europe, bring-
ing their property along with them, as to a place
free from military sway, and secure from the
warlike commotions which then agitated Europe ;
but after the defeat of the Prussians at the battle
of Jena, the French took possession of it, and af-
terwards annexed it to the empire. In 1313, on
the advance of the Russians into Germany, the
French evacuated the town, and the Russians
immediately entered. In May following, the
French laid siege to it for more than a month,
when the Russians finding it impossible to defend
it any longer, retired. The French, on re-enter-
ing, began to strengthen the fortification ; and
after the battle of Leipzig, the commander,
marshal Davoust, hearing of the approach of
the allies, made preparations for a long siege.
For this purpose he destroyed the suburbs and
gardens ; and expelled all the inhabitants who
■were not able to provide provisions for six months.
On the restoration of the Bourbons, however,
the French garrison was withdrawn, and the
place delivered up to the allies in May, 1814 ;
since which it has recovered its former in-
dependence and activity. This city suffered
much from the pestilential cholera in the autumn
of 18:U. Itis55m. N. E. of Bremeu, and 40
S. W. of Lubeck. Pop. about 115,000. Lat. 53.
84., long. 9. 58.
Hamburg, p.t. Erie Co. N. Y. Pop. 3,348. Also
villages in Sussex Co. N. J. and Berkes Co. Pa.
Hamdrn, p. v. Delaware Co. N. Y.
Hamellnirg, a town of Franconia, in the princi-
pality of Fulda, seated on the Saale, 20 m. W. N.
\V. of Schweinfurt.
Hamctn, a strong town of Lower Saxony, at
the extremity of the duchy of Brunswick, of
which it is the key. Here are manufactures of
stuffs, silks and stockings. The fortress surren-
♦^ dered to the French in 1806. It is situate ».t the
confluence of the Hamel with the Weser, 28 m.
S. W. of Hanover.
Ha-mi, a province of AVestern Tartary, sur-
rounded by deserts, yet accounted one of the most
delightful countries in the world. Its rice and
fruits, particularly the melons and dried raisins,
are in high esteem in China. It is tributary to
that country ; and its capital is of the same name
Long. ;«1. 44. E., lat. 42. 55. N.
Hamilton, a town of Scotland, in Lanarkshire,
with a noble seat belonging to the duke of that
name. It has a trad« in cabinet work, and the
making of shoes ; and the women are famous for
the spinning of linen yarn, and making thread
lace. It is seated on the Avon, near its conflux
with the Clyde. It has a handsonje parish church,
and an elegant town house and prison, and a
commodious market place. It was made a royal
burcrh in 1548 by Queen Mary. It is 11 m. S. E.
of Glasgow, and 37 W. S. W. of Edinburgh.
Pop. in 1801, 5,008, and in 1821, 7,613.
Hamilton, a county of East Tennessee, bounded
on the S. E.by the river Tennessee. Pop. 2,274.
The chief town, Brainerd, is 102 m. S. E. of
Murfreesborough.
Hamilton, a county in Ohio, bounded on the S.
by the river Ohio, and intersected by the Great
Miami river. Pop. 52,321. Cincinnati is the
chief town.
Hamilton, is also the name of a county in New
York. Pop. 1,324. The court house in the cen-
tre of the county, is 80 m. N. W. by N. of Alba-
ny. There are several townships of the same
name in Lower Canada.
Hamilton, p.t. Essex Co. Mass. 10 m. N. W.
Salem. Pop. 743. Also a p.t. Madison Co. N. Y.
Pop. .3,220 Also villages in St. Lawrence and
Cataraugus Cos. N. Y, Also townships and vil-
lages in T'ranklin and Northampton Cos. Pa., Mar-
tin Co. N. C, Warren and Franklin Cos. Ohio.
Hamiltonville, a village of Huntington Co. Pa.
Hampden, p.t. Penobscot Co. Me. Pop.
2,020.
Hampden, a county of Massachusetts. It lies
on both sides of Connecticut river and is bounded
S. by the state of Connecticut. It contains 585
sq. m. and a pop. of 31,640. Springfield is the
chief town.
Hammam,, Leef, a town of the kingdom of Tu-
nis, celebrated for its baths ; 12 m. W. of Cabes.
Hammam, Mcskoutcen, a town of the kingdom
of Tunis, with a celebrated hot bath, seated near
a mountain, rich in lead ore, 16 m. S. of Tunis.
Hammersmith^ a large village in Middlesex, Eng;
seated on the north bank of the Thames, and one
of the appendages of the metropolis, 3 m. and
a half west of Hyde Park Corner. Here also is
a nunnery, established originallv as a boarding
schoo 1 for young ladies of the lloman Catholic
persuasion ; and toward the river are a number
of handsome seats and villas. Here is a charity
school, a workhouse, and several places ■ f wor-
ship for dissenters. The chapel is near the cen-
tre of the town. Here also was the celebrated
villa of Brandenburg House, in which her late
majesty Queen Caroline died. Pop. in 1801,
5,600, and 1821, 8,809.
Hamont, a town of Netherlands in the late bish
opric of Liege, 20 m. W. by N. of Ruremonde.
Hampshire, a maritime county of England,
bounded on the N. by Berkshire, E. by Surry and
Sussex, S. by the English Channel, W. by Dor-
setshire and Wiltshire. It is nearly square, ex-
cept a projection on the S. W. ; is divided into 39
small hundreds, and 253 parishes ; and has one
city, Winchester, and 20 market towns. It
sends, with the Isle of Wight, 26 members to
Parliament. This county has a great variety of
soils, but the principal part is chalk. The Dor-
setshire border has large tracts of heath ; and to-
ward the sea are great quantities of marsh land,
HAN
2rA
HAN
but very fertile ; and all the remainder is excellent
land. It is one of the most fertile and populous
counties in England. On tlie downs, of which
a ridge runs almost across the county, are fed
plenty of sheep : but the stock is considerably de-
creased, owing to enclosures. Besides wheat,
barley, and hops, it is famous for bacon, honey,
and timber ; the last in particular, on caccount of
its great woods, of which the principal are the
New Forest, and the Forest of Bere. The princi-
pal rivers are the Avon, Test, Itchen, and Stour.
The principal harbours, of which there area great
number along the coast, are Portsmouth and Yar-
mouth. Southampton is deemed the county-town,
but the assizes ore held at Wincliester. SeeJVcw
Forest and Wight.
Hampshire, JVeio. See Keio Hampshire.
Hampshiie, a county in Massachusetts, inter-
sected by the Connecticut River, bounded by the
counties of Hampden, Berkshire, Franklin and
Worcester. Its chief town, Northampton, 94 m.
W. of Boston, is seated on the W. side of the
Connecticut. Pop. 30,210.
Hampshire, a county in the W. District of Vir-
ginia, bounded on the N. E. by the river Potomac,
and by the counties of Morgan, Frederic and Har-
dy. Pop. 11,279. Its chief town is Romney.
Hamp.itcad, a village of Middlesex, Eng. 4 m.
N. N. W. of London, from Tyburn turnpike,
formerly famous for its medicinal waters. Itmtiy
be considered one of the appendages of the me-
tropolis, being a favourite residence of the mer-
chants and citizens. It is seated on the side of a
hill, on the top of which is a fine heath that com-
mands a delightful prospect ; and in the vicinity
are many elegant scats and villas. In the win-
dows of an ancient edifice, called the Chicken
House, are painted in stained glass, portraits of
king James I. and the duke of Buckingham, of
the former of whom it is said to have been a hunt-
ing seat.
Hampstcad, p.t. Rockingham Co. N. H., 30 m.
W. Portsmouth. Pop. 913.
Hampstead, p. v. King George Co. Va.
Hampton, a sea-port of Virginia, in Elizabeth
count}', near the mouth of James river, 29 m. S.
E. of'Williamsburgh. Long. 76. 17. W. lat. 37.
5. N. •
Hampton, a sea-port of New Hampshire, in
Rockingham county, on a river of its name, near
the sea. It subsists by the cod and mackerel fish-
eries ; and is 12 m. S. by W. of Portsmouth.
Long. 70. 45. W., lat. 42. 55. N. Pop. 1,103.
Hampton, p.t. Windham Co. Conn. Pop.
1,101. Also a p.t. Washington Co. N. Y. Pop.
1,069. Also a town of Elizabeth City Co. Va. at
the mouth of James River. Hampton Roads, at
this place afford a convenient station for shipping
ard afforded a shelter to the enemy's blockading
squadron during the war of 1812; but they are
now strongly fortified against any hostile intru-
sion.
Hamptonville, p.t. Surrey Co. N. C.
Hampton, a village in Middlesex, Eng. on the
N. bank of the river Thames, 13 m. S. W. of
Lor Jon. It is famous for a royal palace, called
Hampton court, originally and magnificently built
Dv cardinal Wolsey, who gave it to Henry VIII.
Tf'he remains of the old palace are only some of
the domestic offices, the principal part being taken
down in 1690, and the present palace erected by
William III. Tiie buildings, gardens, and parks
are 4 m. in circumference.
Hanfiu, a strong town of Germany, in Hesse
Cassel, capital of a fertile county of the same
name. It is dlv^|d into the old and new town,
and in the formlHI a magnificent castle. It has
manufactures o^Wolen stuffs, stockings, porcelain
and tobacco; and a trade in corn, iron, and tim-
ber. It is seated on the Kintzig, near ifs conflux
with the Maine, 13 m. E. N. E. of Frankfort on
the Maine. Pop. about 12,000.
Hancock, a County of Maine lying on the coast
round Penobscot Ba)'. Pop. 24,347. Castine is
the chief town. Also an interior County of
Georgia. Pop. 11,822. Sparta is the chief town.
AlsoaCounty of Ohio. Pop. 813. Findlayisthe
chief town. Also a county of Mississippi. Pop
1,961. Pearlington is t)»e capital. Also a town
in Hillsborough Co. N. II. 35 m. from Concord.
Pop. 1,316: in Addison Co. Vt. Pop. 472: in
Berkshire Co. Mass. Pop. 1,053: in Delaware
Co. N. Y. Pop. 766 : and in Washington Co.
Maryland.
Hancocksvillc, p. v. Union Dis. S. C.
Hang-tcheou, a city of China, of the first class,
capital of the province of Tche-kiang. It is 12
m. in circumference, exclusive of its suburbs ;
contains it is said a million of inhabitants, and
is the general en)pnrium of all articles that pass
between the northern and southern provinces.
Here are extensive shops and warehouses ; and it
has a great trade in dj'ed cottons and nankins,
silks, rice, pnd otlier grain. It is seated between
a large basin, that forms the S. extremity of the
grand canal, and a small lake, called See-hou,700
m. S. by E. of Peking. Long. 120. 20. E., lat. 30.
20. N.
Haicliinsonville, p. v. Claiborne Co. Mississippi.
Havnibai, a township of Oswego Co. N. Y.
Pop. 1,794.
Hanover, a territory in the N. of Germany,
bounded on the N. E. by the river Elbe, N.W. by
the German Ocean, S. W. by Dutch Friesland
and Prussian Westphalia, and S. E. by Saxony.
Since 1815 it has been divided into the provinces
of Calenberg, Gottingen, Luneburg, Hoj'a and
Diephollz, Hildesheim, Osnaburg, Verden,
Duchy of Bremen, Bentheim, East Friesland,
Lingen, and the lordship of Meppen. The chief
towns are, Hanover the capital, Embden, Hildes-
heim, Luneburg, Osnaburg, Gottingen, Zell,
Clausthall, Goslar, Eimbeck, and Hameln. In
the S. is the mountainous tract of the Harlz, cov-
ered with forests, and with the exception of which
the whole country is a vast plain. (See article
Hartz). Towards the N. are numerous barren
heaths ; l-ut the valleys in the S. are very fertile.
This country abounds in extensive mines of sil-
ver, iron, ccpper and lead. The iron mines are
the most valuable, and bring annually to the rev-
enue about £115,000 sterling. The principal riv-
ers are, the Elbe, the Weser, and the Einbs with
their tributary streams, and the chief lakes,
Steinheim and Dummer.
The corn cultivated isniuch the same as in Brit-
ain. The extensive heaths of Luneburg produce
honey annually to the amount of j£40,00(). The
chief^manufactures are thread, linen, woolens, pa-
per, and glass. The exports are linen, iron, cop-
per, timber, horses, and black cattle. The imports
are linen, broadcloth, silk and jewelry.
The revenue of Hanover is about £1,000,000.
The prevailing religion is the Lutheran ; but
all denominations are tolerated. The Catholics
amount to 150,000, and the Calvinists to 40,000.
In every village elementary schools are eslablish-
e<l, and in more populous places academies, or high
HAN
365
HAN
schools, which are well conducted, as well as the
university of Gottingen. The frankness, sim-
pHcity and hospitality, mentione^by Tacitus as
characteristic of the ancient Gsipnans, is still a
prominent feature in the manners of the Hano-
verians, particularly the inhabitants of the heaths.
Hanover though under the government of
Great Britain for more than a century, has under-
gone no political incorporation. At the diet of
Germany, the king of Hanover occupies the fifth
rank, and has four votes at the general assembly.
The king's power is limited, having a counterpoise
in the nobility of Wolfenbuttel, the heads of the
church and the deputies of the towns. The only
order of knighthood, is that of the Guelf, institu-
ted in 1815.
HaTiover was taken possession of by the king
of Prussia in 1801, and invaded by Bonaparte
in 1803, and in 1806 partly ceded to the Prussians.
But on the expulsion of the French in 1813, the
whole electorate was restored to the king of Great
Britain ; and the electoral office having been an-
nulled, he assumed, in 1815, the title of king of
f Hanover. Population of the whole territory about
1,300,000, of whom about 8,000 are Jews.
Hanover, a city of Germany, and capital of the
above kinordom. It is built in the form of a half
moon, and divided by the river Leine into the old
and new town. The old town presents an anti-
quated appearance, but the buildings in the new
town are in a better style. Hanover contains a
considerable number of public buildings, among
which are the elector's palace, and the public li-
brary ; the latter founded by Leibnitz, to whom
an elegant monument has been erected in the
town. There are five Lutheran churches, besides
the chapels of the Calvinists and Catholics, and a
Jewish synagogue. There are small manufac-
tures of gold and silver lace, printing of cotton,
linen, brewing, vinegar, &c. Pop. 25,000. 41 ra.
W. by N. Brunswick, and 154 W. of Berlin.
Hanover, p.t. Grafton Co. N. H. on the Con-
necticut, 114 m. fr. Boston: 102 fr. Portsmouth.
Pop. 2,361. In this pleasant village is situated
Dartmouth College, which was established in
1771. Tlie institution at present comprises a
three story wooden edifice containing 34 rooms
for the scholars and 6 for other purposes ; a brick
structure called Medical House, 75 feet long and
3 stories high, containing a laboratory, an anatom-
ical museum, a mineralogical cabinet, 2 lecture
rooms, 6 rooms for students and a chapel ; there is
also a greenhouse. The officers are a President
and 8 Professors. The college library contains
6,000 vols, and there are 8,000 in the students
libraries. The number of students in 1831 was
150. There are 3 vacations in May, August and
December of 15 weeks. Commencement is in
August.
Hanover, p.t. Plymouth Co. Mass. Pop. 1,300.
Also a p.t. Chatauque Co. N. Y. Pop. 2,614.
Also a village in Oneida Co. N. Y. And towns
in Burlington Co. N. J. ; Montgomery, York, Lu-
lerne, Lebanon, Dauphin, Northampton and Bea-
ver Cos. Pa. ; Columbiana, Harrison, Butler and
Licking Cos. Ohio.
Hanover, a town of Virginia, in a cou*ty of the
same name, situate on the Pamunky, the S.
branch of York river, 22 m. N. N. E. of Rich-
mond. Pop. of the county in 1810, 15,082, in
1820, 15,267.
Hanover, J^ew, a large island in the South Pa-
cific Ocean, opposite the N. W. extremity of
New Ireland. It is high and covered with trees,
among which are many beautiful plantations
Lat. of W. end, 2. 25. long. 149. 6.
Han-san. See Turon.
Hanse Towns, the name of certain free towns of
Germany, which, being infested with pirates and
robbers, entered into a mutual league for their
protection. This association is supposed to have
continued from the 13th to the 16th century.
It consisted at first of only two towns, but it so
increased in strength and reputation, that at last
it consisted of W3 cities. Having at length
proclaimed war against Woldemar, king of Den-
mark, with 40 ships and 12,000 troops, several
merchants were ordered by the princes of their
respective kingdoms, to withdraw their effects,
and the association for the most part was dissolved.
Several towns in Germany still retain the name,
though the laws by which they are governed are
annulled.
Hanson, p.t. Plymouth Co. Mass. Pop. 1,030
Han-tckong, a city of China, of the first class,
in the province of Chensi, on the river Han, sur-
rounded by mountains and forests. The articles
of trade are honey, wax, musk, and cinnabar.
Long. 106. 35. E., lat. 32. 58. N.
Hanutje, or Hannut, a town of the Netherlands,
in Brabant, on the frontiers of Liege and Namur,
20 m. N. N. E. of Namur.
Han-yang, a city of China, of the first class, in
the province of Houquang. It is seated at the
conflux of the Han with the Kiang-ku. Long.
113. 44. E., lat. 30. 36. N.
Hapaee, the name of four of the Friendly Is-
lands, in the Pacific Ocean. They are of sim>liar
height and appearance, and connected by a reef
of coral rocks, dry at low water. The planta-
tions are numerous and extensive. These islands
extend from N. to S. about 19 m. and lie between
174. 24. and 174. 15. W. long., and lat. 19. 39.
and 19. 53. S.
Hapsai, a town of Russia, in the government
of Revel, seated on the Baltic, opposite the island
of Dago, 45 m. S. W. of Revel.
Hapsburcr, an ancient castle of Switzerland, on
a lofty eminence, near Schintznach. What is
left of it is now inhabited by the family of a
peasant. This castle was the cradle, as it were, of
the house of Austria, whose ancestors may be
traced back to the beginning of the 13th century,
when Rodolph, count of Hapsburgh was elevated
to the empire ol Germany and archduchy of
Austria.
Haran, or Charan, a town of Asiatic Turkey,
Diarbek, known in Scripture as the country of
Laban. To this place Crassus retired after his
defeat by the Parthians, and not far from it he
was killed. It is 25 m. E. by S. of Orfa.
Harborough, a town in Leicestershire, Eng.
It is seated on the Welland, 15 m. S. of Leicester,
and 83 N. by W. of London.
Harburg, a town of Hanover, in the daoky of
Luneburg, with a strong castle. It has manufac-
tures of silk, stockings, wax and tobacco ; and a
great trade in timber with Hollanu. In 1757
It was taken by the French, and retaken the same
year by the Hanoverians. It is seated on the
Seeve, at its conflux with the Elbe, opposite Ham-
burg, 29 m. N. W. of Luneburg.
Harcourt, a town of France, in the department
of Calvados, 12 m. S. by W. of Caen.
Hadberg, a town of Germany, in Stiria, 12
m. S. S. W. of Friedberg, and 25. E. S. E. of
Gratz.
Hardegson, a town 'tf the province of Calen-
2h2
HAR
366
HAR
berg, with a considerable manufacture of leather,
10 m. N. W. of Gottingen.
Hardenberg, a town of Westphalia, in the duchy
of Berg, 16 m. E. N. E. of Dusseldorf
Hardenberg, a town of liolliind, in Overyssel,
situate on tfie Vecht, 10 m. S. W. of Covoerden.
Hardenioyck, a fortified town of Holland, in
Gelderland, with a university. It has a trade in
corn and wool, and is seated on the Zuider Zee,
30 m. N. N. E. of Arnheim, and 33 E. by S. of
Amsterdam. Long. 5. 8. E., lat. 52. 20. N.
Hardiman, a county of West Tennessee. Pop.
11,628. Bolivar is the capital.
Hardin, a. county of Kentucky. Pop. 13,1'18.
Elizabethtown is the capital. Also a county of
W.Tennessee. Pop.4,8(i7. Savannah is the cap-
ital.
Also a county of Ohio. Pop 500. Hardy is the chief
town. Also a village in Shelby Co. Ohio.
Hardinberg, p. v. Dearborn Co. Indiana.
HardinsviUe, p.v. Hardin Co. Ten.
Hardiston, a township of Sussex Co. N. J.
Hardwick, p.t. Caledonia Co. Vt. Pop. 1,216.
Also a township of Worcester Co. Mass. Pop.
1,885. Towns in Warren Co. N. J. and Ryan Co.
Geo.
Hardy, a county of the W. District of Virginia,
bordering on Maryland. Pop. 6,798. Its chief
town is Moorfield.
Haretcood, a village in West Yorkshire, Eng.
on the river Wharf, 8 m. N. of Leeds, and 204
from London. Here are the remains of an ancient
castle ; and in the church is the monument of Sir
William Gascoyne, who committed Henry, prince
of Wales, to prison, for affronting him while he
sat administering justice. Near it is Harewood-
house,the noble seat of lord Harewood. Pop. in
1821, 1,063.
Harfleur, a town of France, ia the department
of Lower Seine. Its fortifications have been long
demolished, and its harbour nearly choked up.
It stands on a small river, near the mouth of the
Seine, 36 m. N. W. of Rouen. Long. 0. 12. E.,
lat. 49. 30. N.
Harford, a town of Maryland, m a county of
the same name, situate on Bush river, 25 m. E. J*.
E. of Baltimore. Pop. of the county 16,315.
Harford, p.t. Susquehanna Co. Pa.
Harihara, or Hurryhun, a town of Hindoostan,
in Mysore, with a fort, in which is a celebrated
temple. It stands on the E. side of the Toom-
buddra, which here separates Mysore from the
country of Mahrattas. In the vicinity much cot-
ton wool is cleaned and spun into thread. It is
130 m. N. E. by N. of Mangalere.
Harlan, a county of Kentucky. Pop. 2,928.
Harlardturg, a village in Mercer Co. Pa.
Harleigh, a town of Wales, capital of Merioneth-
shire. It is a poor place, though governed by a
mayor, and has a castle, built by Edward I. al-
most entire, on a rock, projecting into St. George's
channel. It is 26 m. S. E. of Caernarvon, and
231 N. N. W. of London.
Harlem, Haarlem, or Haerlem, a fortified city of
North Holland, memorable for the siege it held
out against the Spaniards in 1573, for 10 months,
before it capitulated. It has broad regular streets,
and many canals ; and is noted for its velvets,
damasks, worsted stuffs, and bleaching-grounds.
A communication has been opened with the lake
of Harlem, Amsterdam, and Leyden, by means
of navigable canals. It was formerly strongly
fortified, but public promenades have been formc^d
of the ramparts. The chief public buildings are
the stadthouse, the royal palace, and some char-
itable institutions. It has 15 churches, one of
which, called |he great church, is the largest in
Holland, and tts the grandest organ in Europe ,
it contains 8,000 pipes, and 68 stops. Harlem is
seated near a lake of the same name, 12 m. W. of
Amsterdam. Long. 4. 37. E., lat. 52. 22. N.
Harleston, a town in Norfolk, Eng. seated on
the Wavenay, 16 m. S of Norwich, and 99 N. E.
of London.
Harlesville, a village in Marion Dis. S. C.
Harlem, or Haerlem, a village in Newyork Co
N. J. on tiarlem river, 7 m. from the city. Also
a township in Delaware Co. Ohio.
Harligcn.a. fortified sea-port of Holland, in Frier
land, of which, next to Lewarden, it is the larg-
est and most populous. It has flourishing man-
ufactures of paper and canvass, and is seated on
the Zuider Zee, 66 m. N. N. £. of Amsterdam,
and 15 W. of Lewarden. Long. 5. 20 E., lat. 53
10. N.
Hurlingcn, p.v. Somerset Co. N. J.
Harlow, a town in Essex, Eng. On a common
2 m. from the town, is a famous fair on the 9th
September, called Harlow Bush fair, much re-
sorted to by the neighbouring gentry. It is 23
m. E. of London.
Harmony, p.t. Somerset Co. Me. Pop. 925;
also a p.t. Chatauque Co. N. Y. Pop. 1,988; a
p.v. Sussex Co. N. J. ; a village of Butler Co. Pa, ;
a township of Clarke Co. Ohio ; a villao-e in
York district S. C. and a village in Posey Co.
Indiana. See J^'ew Harmony.
Harper's Ferry, a village in Jefferson Co, Va.
on the Potomac, at the spot where the river
breaks through the Blue Ridge Here is an
armory and a manufacture of muskets established
by the United States.
Har-pcr afield, p.t. Delaware Co. N. Y. Pop.
1,936. Also a town in Ashtabula Co. Ohio.
Harpersville, a village in Broome Co. N. Y.
Harpcth, p.v. Williamson Co. Ton.
Harpcwell, a township in Cumberland Co. Me.
Pop. 1,353
Harlington, p.v. Washington Co. Me. Pop, 1,118.
Also a township in Bergen Co. N. J.
Harponclly, a town of Hindoostan, capital of a
district of the same name, in the Mysore country.
At the partition of tliis country, in 1799, Harpon-
nelly was ceded to the Mahrattas. It is 26 m. S.
S. W. of Bijangur.
Harrington, a small port m Cumberland, Eng.
on a creek of the Irish sea, which admits vessels
of 120 tons burden up to the houses. Coal, lime,
iron-stone, and fire-clay, are sent hence to Ireland
and Scotland. It is 6 m. N. of Whitehaven, and
8 W. S. W. of Cockermouth. Pop. in 1820,
1,845.
Harriorpour, a town of Hindoostan, in the east-
ern extremity of Orissa, capital of the district of
Mohurbunge. It is 90 m. N. N. E. of Cuttack,
and 130 W. S. W. of Calcutta.
Harrodsbiirg, a town of Kentucky, in Mercer
county, at the head of Salt river, 30 m. S. of Frank-
fort.
Harrow on the Hill, a village in Middlesex, on
the highest hill in the county, commanding a de-
lightful prospect of the metropolis, 10 m. W. N.
W. of London. It has a celebrated free school.
Harrotngate,a. village in the West Riding of
Yorkshire, Eng. 2 m. W. of Knaresborough. It
is famous for medicinal springs, one of which is
chalybeate, and the other the strongest sulphure-
ous water in Great Britain. Here are several
HAR
367
HAR
larire buildings, with a theatre, &c. for the accom-
modation of the numerous visitants in the sum-
mer. It is 211 m. N. by W. of London. Pop. in
1801, about], 195, and in 1821, about 1,834.
Hiirtetiste/m, a town and castle of Upper Saxony,
in Misaia, 6 m. S. of Zwickau.
Hartford, a county of Connecticut, lying upon
Connecticut river, with the northern part bound-
ed by Massachusetts. It contains about 740
sq. tn. Pop. 51,141. Hartford is the capital.
Hartford, city, the capital of the above county,
and jointly with New-Haven, the seat of govern-
ment of Connecticut. It stands on the western
bank of the Connecticut at the head of sloop navi-
g'ltion. Pop. 9,780. It is handsomly built and con-
tains many fine public edifices, among which are a
Gothic church, much admired for its architecture ;
a stite house, a deaf and dumb asylum, a retreat
for the insane, and a seminary called Washington
College. This institution was founded in ]82f3.
It has 9 instructers and 70 students. Its libraries
have 0,200 volumes. It has 3 vacations in April,
August and December, of 11 weeks. Com-
mencement is in August. Hartford enjoys a con-
siderable commerce with Boston, New York and
the southern cities. The bookselling trade is
carried on here extensively, and there is much in-
land traffic with the towns on the Connecticut
and in the neighbourhood. On the opposite bank
of the river is East Hartford which is connected
with the city by a bridge. The inhabitants point
out to the stranger an ancient oak tree in the
southern part of the city which bears the name
of the Charter Oak, from the following circum-
^fe^^'^^^fc
m^
stance. In 1686 Sir Edmund Andros was sent by
James IT. to seize the charters of the New-Eng-
land colonies. On arriving at Hartford he con-
vened the legislature and declared his mission.
Delays were practised till evening, when the in-
strument was brought into the hall and laid upon
the table, but before Andros could lay his hand
upon it, a signal was given and all the lights
were immediately overturned. When they were
re-lighted the charter was no-where to be found.
It had been secretly conveyed away and hidden
in the tree above mentioned, where it remained
safely till the deposition of Andros and the acces-
sion of King William III.
Hartford, is also the name of a town in Wash-
ington Co. N. Y. Pop. 2,420; in Oxford Co.
Me. Pop. 1,297; Windsor Co. Vt. Pop. 2,044,
and towns in Pulaski Co. Geo., Ohio Co. Ken.,
Trumbull and Licking Cos. Ohio, and Dearborn
Co. Ind.
Hartland, p.t. Somerset Co. Me. Pop. 718.
Also a town in Windsor Co. Vt. Pop. 2,503 ; in
Hartford Co. Conn. Pop. 1,221 ; and in Niagara
Co N. Y. Pop. 1,584. *
Hartleton, p.t. Union Co. Pa.
HartsviUe, villages in Bucks Co. Pa. and Sum
ner Co. Ten.
HartsviUe, a village of Dutchess Co. N. Y.
Harticich, p.t. Otsego Co. N.Y. Pop. 2.772.
Harrishurg, the seat of government of the state
of Pennsylvania, is in Daupiiin Co. and situated
on the eastern bank of the Susquehanna, 96 m.
from Philadelphia. It is regularly built and has
a handsome state house and other public edifices.
A bridge here crosses the Susquehanna. Pop.
4,311.
Harrishurg, is also the name of a township in
Lewis Co. N. Y. Pop. 712 ; and villages in Lan-
caster Dis. S. C. and Ocatahoola Parish, I^oui-
siana.
Harrisborov.gh,a village of Richmond Co. Geo.
Harrison, a county of the W. District of Vir-
ginia, divided into East and West. East Harri-
son iias a pop. of 10,119, West Harrison 4,558.
Clarksburg is the seat of justice for both. Also a
county of Kentucky. Pop. 13,180. Also a coun-
ty of Ohio. Pop. 20,920. Cadiz is the chief town.
Also a county of Indiana. Pop. 10,288. Cory-
don is the capital. Also the name of 18 towns in
the United States, 13 of which are in Ohio.
Harrisonburg, p. v. Rockland Co. Va.
Harrisonviile, p. v. Monroe Co. Illinois.
Harrisville,v'\\\a.ge.s in Butler Co. Pa., Bruns-
wick Co. Va., Harrison and Medina Cos. Ohio.
Harrodsburg, p. v. Mercer Co. Kentucky.
Hart, a county of Kentucky. Pop. 5,292.
Hartland, a town in Devonshire, Eng. Near it
is Hartland abbey, which includes the siie and
some portion of the ancient abbey. It is seated
near the Bristol channel, on a promontory called
Hartland Point, 28 m. W. S. W. of Barnstaple,
and 217 W. by S. of London. Lat. of the point
55. 1., long. 4. 30.
Hartlepool, a sea-port of Eng. in the county of
Durham, about 6 m. N. of the mouth of the Tees.
In the vicinity are coal mines, and a large flour
manufacture. It is seated on the German Ocean,
partly surrounded by rocks and hills, 19 m. E. S.
E. of Durham, and 258 N. by W. of London.
Long. 1.10. W., lat. 54. 41. N.
Hartley, a sea port in Northumberland, Eng. 6 m.
N. W. of Tynemouth. Its prosperity is chiefly
owing to the mineral productions of the neigh-
bourhood. A haven has been constructed half a
mile to the N. whence coal is shipped to London ;
and a canal is cut through a solid rock to the har-
bour. Here are also large salt, copperas, and
glass works. About a mile to the N. W. stands
Seaton Delavel, a magnificent and modern struc-
ture, equalled by few in the kingdom, the interior
of which was destroyed by fire a few years ago.
HartsviUe, p. v. Bucks Co. Pa. Also a p.v.
Sumner Co. Tenn.
Hartwick, p.t. Otsego Co. N. Y. Pop. 2,772.
Hartz, a mountainous tract lying chiefly in the
S. of Hanover, extending from Goslar to Hartz-
gerode, 70 m. long, and 20 broad. It is part of
the ancient Sylva Hercynia, and still covered
with large forests, the timber of which is of great
importance in supplying the numerous mines, and
forges with fuel. (See Hanover.) There are ma-
ny natural curiosities in the Hartz. The caverns
of Scharsfeld and Baumann are the most interest-
ing. The magnetic rocks of llsenstein, and the
Brocken or Blocksberg mountain also deserves no-
tice, the latter of which commands a prospect of
about 8,000 sq. m.
Hartzgerode, or Harzgerode, a town of Upper
HAT
968
HAV
Saxony, in the principality of Anhalt-Bernburg,
situate near the Hartz mountains. It has a mine-
office and a castle, and is 23 m. S. W. of Brenburo-.
Pop. about 1,800.
Harvard, p.t. Worcester Co. Mass. Pop. 1,601.
Harvard University. See Cambridge.
Hartcick, p.t. Barnstable Co. Mass., on Barnsta-
ble Bay. Pop. 2,464.
Harwich, a sea-port and borough on the coast
of Essex, Eng. It has a capacious harbour, in
which a great number of the largest ships may
anchor, and a convenient dock for the building of
men of war. Much company resort hither for
the purpose of sea-bathing, and it is the principal
place of embarkation for Holland and Germany.
The entrance into the harbour is defended by a
battery and Languard Fort. The town is seated
on a tongue of land, opposite the united nioutlis
of the Stour and Orwell, which are navigable 12
m. above the town, 42 m. E. by N. of Chelmsford,
and 17 E. N. E. of London. Long. 1. 13. E., lat.
51. 56. N. Pop. about 4,010.
Harwinton, p.t. Litchfield Co. Conn. Pop.
1,516.
Haslemere, a borough in Surry, Eng. 12 m. S.
W. of Guildford, and 42 of London. It sends two
members to parliament. Pop. in 1821, about 880.
HasUngden, a town in Lancashire, Eng. with
considerable manufactures of linen, woolen, and
cotton It is 16 m. N. by W. of Manchester, and
204 N. N. W. of London.
Hnssdt, a fortified town of Holland, in Ove-
ryssel, seated on the Vecht, 6 m. N. of Zwoll.
Hasselt, is also the name of a town of the Neth-
erlands, in the province of Liege, 15 m. W. N.
W. of Mcestricht. Pop. about 6,000.
Hasscr, or Asocrghur, a town and fortress of
Hindoostan, province of Candeish, 20 m. N. of
Burhampoor.
Hassfurt, a town of Franconia, in the principal-
ity of Wurtzburg, on the N. fZ. bank of the river
Maine, 8 m. E. of Schvveinfurt. Pop. about
1,jOO.
Hasslach, a town of Suabia, in the Brisgau, on
the river Kintzig, 14 m. S. S. E. of Gengenbach,
20 N. E. of Friburg.
Hastcnhcck, a town of Lower Saxony, in the
duchy of Brunswick, near which ihe French gain-
ed a victory over the duke of Cumberland, in 1757.
It is 5 m. S. E. of Hamelin.
Hastings, a borough on the eastern extremity
of Sussex, Eng. It is one of the Cinque Ports,
and had once a castle, now in ruins. The harbour,
formerly of much consequence, is now only an
indifferent road for small vessels. The town is
commanded by a strong fort, has two churches,
and is a fashionable watering place, which is now
the chief source of its prosperity. In 1066, a
bloody battle was fought here, between Harold II.
of England, and William, duke of Normandy, in
which the former lost his life and kingdom. Has-
tings sends two members to parliament, and is
seated between a high cliff towards tlie sea, and a
high hill towards the land side, 24 m. of Lewes,
and 64 S S. E. of London. Long. 0. 38. E., lat.
50. 52. N.
Hatborough, p.v. Montgomery Co. Pa.
Hatchersville, p.v. Chesterfield Co. Va.
Hatches, p.v. Onslow Co. N. C. Also a town-
ship in Montgomery Co. Pa.
Hatchy, a tributary stream of the Mississippi,
which it joins in Tennessee.
Hatfield, p.t. Hampshire Co. Mass. on the W.
tide of the Connecticut, nearly opposite Hadley,
to which place there is a ferry. It is 5 m. of
Northampton. Pop. 893.
Hatfield, a to\i|p in Hertfordshire, Eng. It for-
merly belonged to the bishop of Ely, m whose
palace Elizabeth resided, and was thence conduct-
ed, on the death of Mary, to ascend the throne.
She procured the alienation of this manor; and
James I. exchanged it with Sir Robert Cecil, af
terwards earl of Salisbury, for Theobald ; and on
the site of the episcopal palace, that nobleman
built the magnificent seat called Hatfield-house.
It is seated on the river Lea, 20 m. N. by W. ot
London.
HatJiaz, a town of Hungary, in the county of
Szaboltz, 11 m. N. of Debretzin. The number of
inhabitants are about 4,000, and chiefly Calvinists.
Hatherley, or Hatherlcigh, a corporate town in
Devonshire, Eng. with a woolen manufacture.
It is sealed on the river Oke, 28 m. N. W. of Exeter,
and 200 W. by S. of London.
Hatras, a fort and tower of Hindoostan, province
of Agra, 18 m. S. S. W. of Coel, and 35 N. E. of
Agra.
/fftttem, a town of Holland, in Gelderland, seated
on the Yssel, 4 m. S. W. of Zwoll. Pop. about
2,400.
Hatteras, a cape on the coast of North Carolina,
in the lat. 35. 7. N., and long. 75. 30. It is beset
with dangerous shoals.
Hattigcn, a town of Westphalia, in the county
of Mark, seated on the Roer, 22 m. E. N. E. of
Dusseldorf. Pop. about 2,000.
Hatvan, a town and fort of Upper Hungary
seated on a mountain, 28 m. E. N. E. of Buda.
Hatzfeld, a town and castle of Germany, in
Upper Hesse, capital of a county of its name
seated on the Eder, 17 m. N. N. W. of Marburg
and 60 N. E. of Coblentz.
Havana, a city and sea-port on the N. W. part
of Cuba, two m. in circumference, and the capital
of the island. The houses are elegant, built of
stone, and there are 11 churches richly ornament-
ed, 2 hospitals, a dock-yard, lazaretto, and other
public buildings. The harbour is capable of con
taining upwards of 1,000 vessels, and the entranc*
which is so narrow that only one ship can enter
at a time, is defended by two strong forts, called
the Moro and the Puntal ; there are also many
other forts and platforms, well furnished with ar-
tillery. A citadel of great strength is erected
near the centre of the town, which contains the
captain general's palace, and where the treasure
is deposited. Here all the ships that come from
the Spanish settlements rendezvous on their return
to Spain. This city was taken by the English in
1762, but restored to the Spaniards in 1763. It is
seated on the W. side of the harbour, and water-
ed by two branches of the river. This town ex-
ceeds, in point of commerce, every other town in
Spanish America. Pop. about 70,000. Lat. of
fort Moro, 28. 9., long. 82. 15.
Hcivant, a town in the S. E. extremity of Hamp-
shire, Eng. 7 m. N. E. of Portsmouth, and 66 S.
W. of London. Pop. in 1821, 2,099.
Havelberg, a town in Brandenberg, in the mark
of Pregnitz, seated on the Havel, near its conflux
with the Elbe. Many vessels for the navigation
of the Elbe are built here, and great quantities of
wood sent hence to Hamburg. It is 37 m. N. N.
W. of Brandenburg. Pop. about 2,000.
Havcrford, a township of Delaware Co. Pa.
Haverfordwest, a borough of Wales, in Pem
brokeshire, seated on the side of a high hill. It
is a county of itself, governed by a mayor, con
HAV
369
HAT
tains three parish churclies, and has a considera-
ble trade, and sends one member to parliament.
The assizes and county gaol are kept here ; and
it had once a wall and castle, now in ruins, the
latter built in the reign of Stephen. It is seated
on the Cfeddnw, which is navigable for vessels of
small burden as high as the bridge, and which soon
after enters a creek of Milford haven, 15 m. E.
S. E. of St. David, and 263 W. by N. of London.
Long. 5. 0. W., lat. 51. 50. N.
Haverhill, p.t. Grafton Co. N. H. on the Con-
necticut, 3o m. N. W. of Dartmouth College.
Pop. 2,153.
Haverhill, p.t. Essex Co. Mass. on the Merrimack,
12 m. above Newburyport. Pop. 3,912. This is
a pleasantly situated town and has considerable
ship building and trade by the river. It was set-
tled in lt>40 and suffered much in the early Indian
wars. In 1698 the Indians attacked and set fire
to the town. A troop of them approached the
house of a Mr. Dustan, who at that time was
abroad in the fields. He flew to the house, which
contained his wife and eight children. He direct-
ed the children to escaj>e as fast as possible while
he attempted to save his wife who was sick in bed.
Before this could be done, the savages were at
hand. He flew to the door, mounted his horse,
seized his gun and hastened away with his chil-
dren. The Indians pursued and fired upon them,
but Dustan returned the fire and keeping himself
in the rear of his troop of little ones held the
savages at bay till he had retreated to a place of
safety. Mrs. Dustan with her infant, six days
old and their nurse, fell into the hands of the In-
dians.
The child was soon dashed against a tree and
killed. The Indians divided into several parties
for subsistence ; and Mrs. D.ustan and her nurse,
and a boy taken from Worcester, fell to the lot of
a family of twelve, with whom they travelled
through the wilderness to an island at the mouth of
Contoocook river, in the town of Boscawen, N.
H. wliere they encamped for the night. Just be-
fore daylight, finding the whole company in a pro-
found sleep, she arose and armed herself and com-
panions with the Indian tomahawks, which they
wielded with such destructive effect, that ten of
the twelve were instantly despatched ; one woman
esi,apiiig, whom they thought they had killed, and
a favourite buy was designedly left. They took
the scalps of the conquered enemy, and taking
a canoe for their own use, and cutting holes
in one or more that were left, to prevent pursuit,
they descended the river, and arrived home in
safety. She received a reward of 50 pounds from
the treasury of the colony'. The place whence
they were taken, is about one m. north of the town;
it is still owned by her descendants, and part ot
the house is still standing.
47
Hareril, a town in Suffolk, Eng. on the bordeni
of Essex, with a manufacture of checks, cottons,
and fustians. It is 16 m. S. W. of Bury, and 59
N. E. of London.
Haverstraw, p.t. Rockland Co. N. T., on the
Hudson. Pop. 2,306.
Havre de Grace, a very important and commer-
cial sea-port of France, in the department of Lower
Seine, with a strong citadel, a good arsenal, and
storehouses for the construction and arming of
ships. It is surrounded by lofty walls, and large
ditches filled with water. The harbour has par-
ticular advantages above all others on the coast ;
for the water does not begin to ebb till near three
hours aft#r the full tide. It is capable of contain-
ing a great number of the largest vessels. This
town was bombarded by the English in 1694 and
1759. It is seated at the mouth of the Seine, 45
m. W. of Rouen, and 112 N. W. of Paris, of which
it is the sea-port. Long. 0. 6. E., lat. 49. 29. N.
Pop. 21,000.
Havre de Grace, a town of Maryland, in Hart-
ford county, on the W. side of the Susquehanna,
at the head of Chesapeak bay, 37 m. N. E. of Bal-
timore.
Hansen, a town of Suabia, in Brisgan, on the
river Kintsig, 22 m. N. N. E. of Friburff.
Hausnickriertel, on the quarter of ifausruck, a
circle of Upper Austria, bounded on the N. E. by
the Danube, S. E. by the quarter of Traun, S. W.
by Bavaria, and N. W. by the quarter of Inn,
comprising a superficies of 733 square m. Pop.
about 109,000. The chief town is Lintz.
Hauterive, a town of France, in the department
of Upper Garonne, seated on the Arriege, 18 m.
S. of Toulouse.
Haioarden, a town of Wales, in Flintshire, with
a considerable manufacture of earthenware, and a
foundery for cannon. On an eminence between
the town and the river Dee, are the remains of an
ancient castle. It is 7 m. W. of Chester, and 196
N. W. of London.
Hawick, a town of Scotland, in Roxburghshire,
with manufactures of carpeting, woolen stockings,
and tape. It is seated on the Tiviot, where it re-
ceives the small river Slitridge, by which it is di-
vided into two parts, and over which there are two
bridges. It has a parish church, and three chap-
els for dissenters. It is 21 m. S. W. of Kelso,
and 47 S. S. W. of Edinburgh.
Hatcke, p.t. Rockingham Co. N. H., 2 Om. S. W.
Portsmouth. Pop. o2S.
Hawkesbury, a river of New Holland, which
empties itself into Broken Bay, on the eastern
coast. It is navigable upwards of 100 m. for small
vessels. See Broken Bay.
Haickskead, a town in Lancashire, Eng. Here
is a neat town house, and an excellent free school,
founded by archbishop Sandys, a native of this
place. It is 24 m. N. N. W. of Lancaster, and
276 N. N. W. of London.
HaickiJis, a county of East Tennessee, border-
ing on Virginia, watered by the rivers Holston
and Clinch. Pop. 10,949. Rogersville, is the
chief town.
Haidey, p.t. Franklin Co. Mass. Pop. 1,037.
Haics-water, a lake in Westmorland, Eng. S. of
Penrith, 3 m. long, and half a mile over income
places. It is almost divided in the middle by a
promontory of inclosures, so that it consists of 2
sheets of water. . '
Hay, a town of Wales, in Brecknockshiie. It had
a fine castle, now demolished^ and about 3 m. be-
low is th« ruin of Clifford castle, where fair Rosa-
HEB
376
HEI
mond was born. Hay is seated on the Wje, over
which there is a bridge, 15 m. N. E. of Brecknock,
and 15fi W. N. W. of London.
Haycock, a township of Berks Co. Pa.
Haijmurket, p. v. Prince William Co. Va. Also
a. village in Muskingum Co. Ohio.
Hayes, a township of Centre Co. Pa.
Haye, a town of France, in the department of
Indre and Loire. It is the birthplace of Des Car-
tes, and seated on the Creuse, 25 m. S. of Tours.
Harjn. See Orossenha.yn.
Hayjiiehen, a town of Upper Saxony, 30 m. W.
by S. of Dresden. Pop. about 2,450.
Haysvillc, p. v. Franklin Co. N. C.
Haywood, a western county of North Carolina.
Pop. 4,59'). Also a county of West Tennessee.
Pop. 5,356. Brownville is the capital.
Haytcoodshorough, p. v. Chatham Co. N. C.
Hayti. See Domingo, St.
Hazehronck, a town of France, in the department
of Nord, 18 m. W. of Lisle, and 19 S. of Dunkirk.
Pop. 7,000.
Headford, a town of Ireland, in the county of
Gahvay,42 m. N. of Galway.
Hean, a town of Tonquin, on the river Hoti, 20
m. S. E. of Cachao, and GO N. W. of the gulf of
Tonquin.
Heap, a township of England, in Lancashire,
3 m. S. K. of Bury, and 194 N. W. by N. of Lon-
don. Pop. in 1801, 4,283, and in 1821, G,000.
//ea«/t, p.t. Franklin Co. Mass. Pop. 1,199.
Hebrides, or Western Islands, a large cluster of
islands, situated in the Atlantic Ocean, on the
W. coast of Scotland, extending from the lat. of
55. 17. N., to 58. 29. They are upwards of 300
in number, and contain about 2,000,000 acres.
The chief of these are, Lewis and its circumjacent
islands, belonging to Rosshire ; Harris, N. and
S. Uist, Benbecuiar, St. Kilda, Bara, Sky, Raaza
and Egg, attached to Inverness-shire ; Cana, Rum,
Muck, Coll, Tirey, Mull, Jura, Colonsay, Isla,
Gighu, and Cara, belonging to Argyleshire ; and
Bute, Arran, Greater and Less Cambray,and In-
charmock, which compose the shire of Bute. The
ancient history of the Hebrides is connected with
much uncertainty. They were governed by inde-
pendent princes of their own, until the destruction
of the Picts, by Kenneth II., and for several cen-
turies were the resort of pirates ; and their chief-
tains were long lawless and seditious, till they
were at last brought under the controul of the
royal power. The influence of the independent
chieftains of the Western Isles was completely
destroyed by the act of parliament in 1748, which
abolished all heritable jurisdictions. About 86
are inhabited, and are computed to contain about
70,000 inhabitants.
Hebridees, JVew, islands in the South Pacific
Ocean, lying between 14. 29. and 20. 4. S. lat., and
166. 41. and 170. 21. E. long. They were discover-
ed by Quiros, in 1606, and considered as part of a
southern continent, under the name of Tierra
Australba, del Espiritu Santo. Bougainville vis-
ited them in 17()8, and found that the land was
not connected but composed of islands, which he
called the-'Great Cyclades. Cook, in ]774,ascer-
taine^tkefeTctent and situation of the whole group
and^ftv^ihem the name they now bear. The
^pHBcjpal . Islands are Tierra del Espiritu Santo,
and MaHi(y)llo, -beside several of less note, some
of whiA are fr«ri#18 to 25 leagues in circuit. In
generaMlfey Sre" Btrh^ and mountainous, abound-
ing wfth wbod,'w.'rar, and the usual productions
of the tropical islands. The inhabitants are of
very different appearances at different islands ,
but are chiefly of a slender make and dark col-
our, and most of them have frizzled hair. Their
canoes and houses are small, and poorly construct •
ed ; and except their arms, they have scarcely
any manufacture, not even for clothing. They
are, however, hospitable and good-natured, when
not prompted to a contrary conduct by the jeal-
ousy which the unusual appearance of European
visitors may be supposed to excite.
Hebron, a town of Syria, in Palestine, with a
Christian church, said to contain the tombs of
Abraham and Sarah, to which the Mahometans,
as well as Christians, come on pilgrimage. Con- •
stantine built a church here, the walls of which
are still standing. It is 25 m. S. of Jerusalem.
Hebron, p.t. Oxford Co. Me. Pop. 915. Also
a town in Grafton Co. N H. Pop. 538. Also a
p.t. Tolland Co. Conn. Pop. 1,939. Also a p.t.
Washington Co. N. Y. 50 m. N. E. Albany.
Pop. 2,685.
Hechingen, a town and castle of Suabia, which
gives name to a branch of the family of Hohen-
zollern, and is the residence of the prince. It
is seated on the Starzel, 4 m. N. of Hohenzollern,
and 30 S. of Stuttgard. Pop. about 2,600.
Hecla, Mount. See Iceland.
Hector, p.t. Tompkins Co. N. Y. Pop. 5,212.
Hcdemora, a town of Sweden, in Dalecarlia,
with a manufacture of gunpowder, seated on the
Dahl, 30 m. S. S. E. of Fahlun.
Hedon, a borough in East Yorkshire, Eng.
seated on a creek of the Humber, 6 m. E. of
Hull, and 179 N. by W. of London. It sends
two members to parliament.
Hedsjaz, or Hejaz, a division of Arabia, ex-
tending along the Red Sea, from Arabia Petrsea
to Yemen. It contains Mecca, the capital, and
Medina.
Heermund, or Hindmend, a river of Persia, in
the province of Sigistan, which after a westerly
course of about 400 m. falls into the lake of
Zereh or Durrah.
Heidelberg, a township of Berks Co. Pa.
Also a village in Lebanon Co. and a township in
York Co. Pa.
Heidelberg, a city of Germany, in the circle of
Lower Rhine, with a celebrated university. It
has manufactures of woolen stuffs, carpets, silk
stockings, velvet, and soap. It was the capital
of the palatinate, and celebrated for a great tun,
which held 800 hogsheads. The city has undergone
so many calamities by war and fire, that it is not
so large as formerly. The protestant electoral
house becoming extinct in 1693, a bloody war
ensued, in which the castle was ruined, and the
elector removed his residence to Manheim.
The French took possession of this town in 1800,
and in 1803 it was given to the elector of Baden.
It is seated on the Neckar, over which is abridge,
12 m. S. E. of Manheim, and 52 S. of Frankfort.
Pop. about 10,000.
Heidelsheim, a town of Germany, in Lower
Rhine, 17 m. S. of Heidelburg. Pop. about
1,800.
Heilbron, a town of Suabia, in the kingdom or
Wurtemberg. It is a handsome place situate in
a country yielding good wine, and derives great
advantages from its baths. It stands on the
Neckar, 25 m. N. of Stuttgard. Pop. about
6,000.
Hcilbrunn, a town of Franconia, in the princi-
pality of Anspach, with a medicinal spring, 10
ra. £. N. E. of Anspach.
HEL
371
aCL
ffeiligenheil, a town of Prussia, in the pro-
rince of Natangen. It is famous for fine beer
and white bread, and seated on a small river
which soon after enters the Frisch Haff, 32 ra. S.
W. of Konigsberg.
ndligenbers, a town of Suabia, in the princi-
pality of Fufstenberg, 12 m. N. N. E. Con-
stance.
Heiligcnhafen, a town of Lower Saxony, in
Holstein, seated on the Baltic, opposite the isl-
and of Femeren, 40 m. N. of Lubec. Lat. 54.
27. N., long. 10.48. E.
Hedigcnstadt, a town of Lower Saxony, capi-
tal of the territory of Eichfeld, with a castle and
a college. It is seated at the conflux of the
Geisland with the Leine, 17 m. S. E. of Got-
tingen.
He'dsbertr, a town of Prussia, in the province
of Ermeland. In 1703 Charles XII. of Sweden
fixed his head-quarters here. It is seated on the
Alia, 45 m. S. of Konigsberg.
Helder, a town of North Holland, with a strong
fort which defends the entrance of the Texel.
In September, 1799, the fort was taken by the
English, and the whole of the Dutch fleet lying
in the Texel surrendered to them, for the service
of the prince of Orange ; but the English aban-
doned the fort in November following. It is
situate on the N. W. point of the province, op-
posite the W. end of Texel island, 24 m. N. of
Alcmaer, and 45 N. by W. of Amsterdam. Long.
4. 34. E., lat. 53. 0. N.
Helena, p. v. Phillips Co. Arkansas.
Helena, St. an island in the Atlantic Ocean, 27
m. in circuit, belonging to the English East India
Companv. It lies between the continents of
Africa and Saulh America, about 1,200 m. W. of
the former, and 1,800 E. of the latter; and was
disfovered by the Portuguese, in 1-501, on St.
Helena's day. Afterward the Dutch v/«re In
possession of it till 1600, when they were ex-
pelled by the English. In 1673 the Dutch re-
took it by surprise ; but it was soon after recov-
ered. It has some high mountains, particularly
one called Diana Peak, which is covered with
wood to tiie very top. There are other hills also,
which bear evident marks of a volcanic origin,
and some have huge rocks of lava, and a kind of
half vitrified flags. The climate of St. Helena
is temperate, being exempted from the extremes
of heat and cold, from thunder and lightning
and hurricanes. It is moist, however, and only
about one day in three is illumined by sunshine.
The interior valleys and little hills are covered
with verdure, and interspersed with gardens,
orchards, and various plantations. There are
also many pastures, surrounded by inclosures of
stone and filled with a fine breed of small cattle, and
with English sheep ; goats and poultry are like-
wise numerous. Tlie inhabitants do not exceed
3,000, including nearly oOO soldiers, and 1,600
blacks, who are supplied with corn and manufac-
tures by the Company's ships in return for re-
freshments. The town, called James-town, is
small, situated at the bottom of a bay on the S.
side of the island, between two steep, dreary
mountains. The principal street is well built and
contains about 30 houses, at the top of which
two other streets branch off" to the east and west.
In the latter are the barracks, the hospital, and
several shops, stored with every kind of com-
modities. On the left side of the parade are
situated the govermnent-house and the main
guard-room, in the former of which the gover-
nor and public officers reside. The church is
situated in front of the gateway, by which the
town is entered, and near it there is a small
theatre. St. Helena is particularly celebrated
for having been the prison of Napoleon, the late
emperor of France, and for being the place in
which he breathed his last, and where his mortal
remains are deposited. He died in May,
1821. Lat. of James-town, 16. 55. S., long. 5. 43.
Helena, St. one of a cluster of islands on the
coast of S. Carolina, composing the parish of St.
Helena, in the district of Beaufort. Pop. 8,799
Helens, St. a village in Hampshire, Eng. at the
E. end of the Isle of Wight, 2 m. N. E. of Bra-
ding. It has a bay or road of considerable note
as a rendezvous for ships that are outward
bound.
Helens, St. a village in Lancashire, Eng. 3 m.
N. E. of Prescot. In and near it are a variety of
manufactures ; particularly an extensive copper-
work, and a still larger one at Bavenhead, for
casting plate-glass. The Sankey canal begins at
the coalmines here, and takes a circuitous course
by Newton to the Mersey, below "Warrington.
Helier, St. the capital of the island of Jersey,
seated on the E. side of the bay of St. Anbin, with
a harbour and a stone pier. It has of late rapid-
ly increased from a small village to a respectable
town. The inhabitants are computed to be 10,000,
and have manufactures of woolen, stockings, and
caps. At the top of the market-place is the statue
of George II. ; and in the church, where prayers
are read alternately in English and French, is a
monument to the in^napry of major Pierson, wIjo
fell here'in the moment of victory. Besides the
church there are chapels for dissenters. There
are three gazettes published weekly in French,
and one in English. Long. 1. 58. W., lat. 49. 11.
N. See Jersey.
Helier, St. a little island near the town of the
same name, in the bay of St. Aubin, on the S.
side of Jersey. It took its name from Elerius, or
Helier, a holy man who lived in this island, and
was slain by the Pagan Normans. His cell, with
the stone bed, is still shown among the rocks;
and in memory of him, a noble abbey was founded
here. On the site of this abbey now stands Eliz-
abeth castle, the residence of the governor, and
garrison of Jersey. It occupies the whole is-
land, which is near a mile in circuit, and is sur-
rounded by the sea at every half flood ; and hence,
at low water, is a passage to the town of St. He-
lier, called the Bridge, half a mile long, formed
of sand and stones.
Heligoland, or Helgoland, a group of small is-
lands in the German Ocean, off the coast of Den-
mark, to which they formerly belonged ; but now
to Great Britian. They are situated about 28 m.
from the Weser, the Elbe, and the Eyder. The
principal island which is divided into the Cliff
and Lowland, is about 2 m. and a half in circum-
ference, and on it is erected a light-house, which
is visible nearly 30 m. distant. Heligoland has
two good harbours, and to the east of the smaller
island, called the Downs, is good anchorage in
48 feet of water. The number of inhabitants ia
about 2,000 who live chiefly by fishing and acting
as pilots. Lat. of the light-house, 54. 11 . N., long.
7.55.
Heliopolis, or Materea, a village of Egypt, 4 m.
E. N. E. of Cairo, where the French gained ade
cisive victory over the Turks in 1800. Here id
a celebrated spring of fresh water, said to be the
only one in Egypt; and, according to tradition
HEL
372
HEN
the Holy Family came here on their flight
from Herod, and bathed the child Jesus in this
fountain.
Hellam, a township of York Co. Pa.
Hellcrstown, p. v. Northampton Co. Pa.
HeUeh, a town of Asiatic Turkey, in Irak Ara-
oi, situate on both sides of the Euphrates, with a
bridge of communication. It is supposed to stand
on the site of the ancient Babylon. The surround-
ing gardens are so covered with fruit trees, par-
ticularly palms, that the town appears as if seated
in a wood. It is 73 m. S. by E of Bagdad. Pop.
about 12,000.
IleUgate, a strait near the W. end of Long Is-
land Sound, 8 m. N. by E. of New York. It is
narrow and crooked, with a bed of rocks extend-
ing quite across ; but, at proper times of the tide,
ships of any burden may pass through this
straight.
Hclliii, a town of Spain, province of Murcia, 44
m. N. W. of .Viurcia. Pop. about 6,000.
Helviershausen, a town of Germany, in Low-
er Hesse, on the river Diemel, 20 m. N. of Cassel.
Helmont, a town of Dutch Brabant, with a
strong castle, on the Aa, 17 m. S. E. of Bois le
Duc.°Pop. about 25,000.
Helmsdale, a river of Scotland, which issues
from several mountain-lakes in Sutherlandshire,
and rolls over its rocky bottom to the Ord of
Caithness. At its mouth in the German Ocean is
a good salmon fishery.
Helmsley, a town in the north riding of York-
shire. It h;i6 the remains of a castle, and is seat-
ed on the Rye, 20 m. N. of York, and 218 N. by
W. of London. Pop. about 1,500.
Hdmstadt. a town of Lower Saxony, in the
duchy of Brunswick, with a university, 22 m. E.
of Brunswick. Pop. 5,300.
Helsinhurgh, a sea-port of Sweden, in Schonen,
seated on the Sound, nearly opposite Elsinore.
Here is a ferry across the Sound to Denmark,
and it has manufactures of ribands, hats, and boots.
It is 5 m. N. E. of Elsinore and 32 N. W. of
Lund. Pop. about 2,000. Long. 12. 4S. K., lat.
56. 3. N.
^ Helsinfors, a sea-port of Sweden, in Finland,
and the chief town in tlie province of Nyland.
It has a commodious harbour in tlie gulf of Fin-
land, and an immense fortress. It is 110 m. E S.
E. of Abo. Long. 25. E., lat. 60. 5. N. Pop.
3,200.
Helsigia, or Hdaingland, a province of Swed-
en, in Nordland, 210 m. in length, between Dale-
carlia and the gulf of Bothnia, and from 50 to 80
in breadth, and comprises a superficies of about
4,470 square miles. It has extensive forests and
many iron mines. The chief articles of trade are
iron, flax, linen, tallow, butter, tar, deal, and tim-
ber. Pop. about 52,000. The principal town is
Hudswickswald.
Helston, a borough in Cornwall,Eng. It stands
on the river Loe,near its entrance into Mount Bay,
and is one of the towns appointed for the coinage
of tin. A little below it is a harbour, where ves-
sels take in their lading. It sends two members
to parliament. It is 11 m. S. W. of Falmouth,
and 274 W. by S. of London. Long. 5. 15. E.,
lat. 50. 7. N. Pop. about 2,000.
Helvetia. See Sicitzerland.
Helvoctslvys, a strong sea-port of South Holland,
on the S. side of the island of Voorn. Here some
of the Dutch men of war are laid up in ordinary ;
and it is the general port for the English packets
from Haxwicn to Holland. It surrendered to the
French in 1795; and is 7 m. S. by W. of BrieL
Long.4.0.E., lat. 51.46. N.
Hampsted, or Hemel Hempsted,&coTpoTa.te town
in Hertfordshire, seated among hills on tlie river
Gade, 18 m. W. of Hertford, and 23 N. W. of
London. Pop. about 4,000.
Hem, a city of Syria, surrounded by walls 3 m.
in circuit ; but the present buildings only take
up about a quarter of the area in the N. W. quar-
ter. To the S. of the town is a large ruined cas-
tle, on a high round mount, faced with stone.
It is seated on a small river, which runs into the
Orentes, 100 m. S. of Aleppo.
Htmpjield, a township of Lancaster Co. Pa.
Also a township in Westmoreland Co. Pa.
Hempstead, a county of Arkansas. Pop. 1,423.
Arkansas is the chief town.
Hempstead, p.t. Queens Co. N. Y. on Long Is-
land. Pop. 6,215.
Henderson, Si county in the western part of Ken-
tucky, on the S. E. bank of the Ohio, and inter-
sected, by the Green River. Pop. 6,649. Hen-
dersonville is the chief town ; 138 ra. W. by S. of
Frankfort.
Henderson, a county of W. Tennessee. Pop.
8,741. Lexington is the capital.
Henderson, p.t. Jefferson Co. N. Y. Pop. 2,428.
Also a village in Montgomery Co. N. C.
Hendersonsville, villages in Nottoway Co. Va.,
Newbury Dis. S. C. and Sumner Co. Ten.
Hendricksville, p. v. Westmoreland Co. Va.
Heneagas, Great and Little, two of the most
southern of the Bahama Islands. Lat. of the
former, S. W. point, 20.56. N.,long. 73. 40. W.,
lat. of the latter, W. point, 21. 29. N., long. 73. 6.
Heng-tcheou, a city of China, of the first rank,
in the province of Hou-quang. The chief manu-
facture is paper. It is seated on the river Heng,
265 m. N. by W. of Canton.
Henin Leitard, a town of France, department
of Pas de Calais, 6 m. N. W. of Douay. Pop.
about 2,400.
Henley upon Thames, a town in Oxfordshire,
Eng. The church is a large ancient building,
the tower of which was built by Cardinal Wolsey ;
the houses are modern and the streets spacious
The principal trade is in corn, flour, malt
and beech wood. It is seated on the Thames
over which is an elegant stone bridge, 24 m. S. E.
of Oxford, and 35 W. of London.
Henley, or Henley in Jtrden, a town in War-
wickshire, Eng. seated on the Alne, 15 m. S. by
E. of Birmingham, and 101 W. N. W. of London.
Henlopen,Cape, the S. W. side of the entrance of
Delaware Bay. Lat. 38. 46. N., long. 75. 12. W.
Henntberg, a town of Upper Saxony, in a
county of the same name. Some ruins of the
castle of its ancient counts are yet to be seen. It
is 12 m. S. S. W. of Meinungen. Pop. of the
county, which comprises a surface of 850 square
m. about 100,000.
Hennebon, a town of France, in the department
of Morbihan, with a great trade in corn, iron,
honey, &c. It is seated on the Blavet, 6 m. N.
E. of L'Orient. Pop. about 5,000.
Henniker, p.t. Merrimack Co. N. H. Pop. 1,725.
Henrichemont, a town of France, in the depart-
ment of Cher, seated on the Sauder, 15 m. N.
N. E. of Bourges. Pop. about 2,987.
Henrico, a county of the E. district of Vir-
ginia, bounded on the S. W. by James River, N.
by Hanover, and E. by Charles city. Pop. 28,798.
Richmond is the cliief town.
HER
373
•^*^
HER
Henrietta, p.t. Monroe Co. N. Y. Pop. 2,302. fordshire is almost entirely an agricultural coun
Henry, a county of the E. District of Virginia, ty. About nine-tenths of the land are in a stata
• bordering on North Caxolina, intersected by Ir- of cultivation, and it excels in almost every de^
vine, or Smith's River, and the N. and S. branch-
es of Mayo River. Pop. 7,100. Its chief town,
IS Martinsville.
Henry, a county of Kentucky, bounded on the
N. W. by the Ohio, and on the E. by Kentucky
River. Pop. 11,395. Newcastle, is the chief town .
Henry, a county in Alabama, bounded on the
E. by Chatahoochy River, which separates it from
Georgia, and watered by the Choctaw and Yel-
low Water. Pop. 3,955. Columbia is the chief
town.
Henry, Cape, the S. cape of Virginia, at the
entrance of Chesapeak bay. Long. 76. 12., lat. 36
57.
Heppenheim, a town of Germany, in the circle
of Lower Rhine, situate on the Eisbach, 12 m.
E. of Worms. Pop. 3,200.
partment of husbandry. The face of the county
is rich and picturesque ; the climate is mild and
the soil extremely fertile, which arises from the
subsoil of limestone on which it rests. Hops are
cultivated, and the apples producing the cider,
for which Herefordshire is celebrated, grow in
greater plenty than in any other country. Red
and yellow ochres are often met with. Fuller's
earth is dug near Stoke, and on the borders of
Gloucestershire iron ore is found. It is watered
by several streams, the chief of which are, the
Wye, the Munner and the Lug. Before the
invasion of the Romans, Herefordshire was in-
habited by the Silures, a brave {)eople, who long
checked the progress of the Roman arms ; but be-
ing at last overcome ,they retired into the fastne.«ses
of Wales. It was a part of Mercia, one of the
Heptonstall , 9. township in the west riding of kinjrdoms of the Saxon Heptarchy. Pop. in 1811
Yorkshire, Eng. 8 m. W. of Halifax. Pop. in 94,073, and 1821, 103,231
1821 , 4,543.
Herakli. See Ereldi.
Herat, a city of Persia, in Chorasan, or Khoras-
san, of which it was formerly the capital. The
neighbouring country produces excellent fruit ;
and roses are in such plenty, that it is called Sur-
gultzar, or the City of Roses, it has a considerable
manufacture of carpets. It is situate on a river
of the same name, 300 m. S. -E. of Mesched, on
the high road from Persia to Hindoostan.
Heratdt, a maritime department of France, so
named from a river which runs into the gulf of
Lions, in the Mediterranean. It is part of the
late province of Languedoc ; and the capital is
Montpelier. It contains 2,830 sq. m. Pop. about
300,000.
Herbenumt, a town of the Netheplands, in Lux-
emburg, with a castle on a mountain, near the
river Semoy, 3 m. N. N. W. of Chiny.
Herbiers, Ifs, a town of France, in the depart-
ment of La Vendee, :35 m. N. E. of La Roche.
Herborn, a town of Grermany, in the circle of
Upper Rhine, with a celebrated Calvinist acade-
m V, and manufacture of iron ; seated on the Dille,
8 m. S. S. E. of Dillenburg. Pop. about 2,000.
Herculaneum, an ancient city of Naples, total-
ly overwhelmed by an eruption of Mount Vesuv-
ius, in the beginning of the reign of the emperor
Titus. Its situation was long doubtful till 1711,
when something of this city was discovered by a
peasant digging a well in his garden ; and from
1738 to the present time, researches being fre-
quently made by digging, a great number of manu-
script, paintings, statues, busts, domestic utensils,
instruments of husbandry, «Stc. have been found.
The village of Portici now stands on part of its
site. It is 5 m. E. by S. of Naples. See Pompeii.
Hercyna, a river of Greece in Bseotia, with two
streams, the larger called by the ancient Lethe,
and the smaller Mnemosyne.
Herefordshire, a county of England, bordering
on Wales, and bounded on the N. by Shropshire,
E. by Worcestershire, S. by Monmouthshire,
and Gloucestershire, and W. by the counties
of Brecknock and Radnor. It contains 556,400
acres, and is divided into 11 hundreds and 221
parishes. It has one city, Hereford, and 7 mar-
ket towns, Leominster, Ross, Weobly, Ledbury,
Kington, Bromyard, and Pembridge, and sends
8 members to parliament ; two for the city of
Hereford, and two for the boroughs of Weoblv,
and Leominster and two for the county. Here-
Hereford, an ancient city, and chief town of
Herefordshire, Eng. seated on the N. bank of the
Wye, over which there is a stone bridge of six
arches. It has manufactures of gloves, flannels,
and hats. It was anciently defended by a castle,
which is now destroyed, and only part of the
walls remain. It has four churches, the princi-
pal of which is the cathedral, a large and venera-
ble structure, and there are also several places
of worship for dissenters. It has also an infirma-
ry, a county gaol, a house of correction, and a
lunatic asylum and a free grammar school. The
city is in general well built, the streets wide,
and the environs delightful. It sends two mem-
bers to parliament. Hereford, from its situation
on the borders of Wales, suflFered much fi-om the
wars between that country and England, and in
later times, from the contests between the houses
of York and Lancaster, and the civil broils in the
time of Charles I. It is 135 m. W. N. W. of
London, and 30 N. W. of Gloucester. Pop. in
1811, 7,306, and in 1821, 9,090.
Herenthals, a town of the Netherlands, in Bra-
bant, on the river Nethe, 20 m. N. E. of Lou-
vain.
Herford, or Herforden, a town of Westphalia,
in the county of Ravensberg, with a nunnery
belonging to the protestants of the confession of
Augsburg. It has a trade in ale and linen, and is
seated on the Warra, at the influx of the Aa, 20
m. S. W. of Minden, and 11 m. E. N. E. of
Ravensberg. Pop. about 6,000.
Hericourt, a town of France, in the department
of Upper Saone, 15 m. S. E. of Lure, and 27 E.
of Vesoul.
Herjadalen, a district on the N. of Sweden, now
included in Gefleborgstsen, and bounded on the
W. by Norway, and N. by Jemptland. It con-
sists of an extensive valley watered by the Ljusna
and Ljugna. It is mostly covered with wood, and
abounds in cattle, game, and fish. Territorial
extent 3,200 square m. with a pop. of only 4,000.
Herinnes, a town of South Brabant, with 3,300
inhabitants, 17 m. S. W. of Brussels.
Herisau, a town of Switzerland, in the canton
of Apjjenzel, with manufactures of fine linen and
muslin, 12 m. N. W. of Appenzel, and 8 S. W.
of St. Gall. Pop. about 6,500.
Heriura, a town of Hindoostan, in Mvsore,
seated on the Vedawati, 22 m. W. N. W. of Sera.
Herkimer, a county of New- York on the Mo-
hawk river. Pop. 55,869. The chief town of
2 I
H£R
374
HES
the county has the same name and a pop. of
•i,486.
Herman, a township of Penobscot Co. Me.
Poi). 535.
Ilernianstadt, a strong city of Transylvania,
and a bishop's see. It has a large church, built
by Maria Theresa, with a globe and steeple not
easily described. In the great square is the
house of the governor, in the best German style,
containing many good pictures. It is seated on
the Szeben, 230 m. E. S. E.of Buda,and 67 S. S.
E. ofColover. Pop. 1G,000.
Hcrmsdorf, two large villages of Silesia, the
one 38 m. N. by W. of Breslaw, and the other 40
m. W. by S. of the same place.
Hermstadt, a town of Silesia, in the principality
of Wolau, on the river Bartch, 10 m. N. W. of
Trachenberg, and 38 N. by W. of Breslaw.
HcrndoTsville, p.t. Scott Co. Ken.
Hcrngrund, or Ilerrengrund, a town of Upper
Hungary, seated among mountains, with rich
mines of copper, 28 m. N. by E. of Schemnitz,
and 4 N. JS. W. of Neushol.
Hcr7iAM«, a village in Lusatia, 12 m. N. N. W.
of Zittau. It was founded in 1722, by some per-
secuted Moravian brethren in the fields belong-
ing to count Zenzendorf, who they considered as
their bishop and father ; and they were for some
time called Hernhutters, as this place continued
their principal nursery.
Hernosand, a sea-port of Sweden, in Angerma-
nia, situated on an island in the gulf of Bothnia,
which is joined to the continent by a bridge.
It was formerly a staple town, and has a consid-
erable trade in linen. In 1710, 1714, and 1721, it
was burned by the Russians. It was 240 m. N.
oy W. of Stockholm. Long. 17. 53. E., lat. 02.
38. N.
Hernosand is also the name of an extensive gov-
ernment of Sweden, of which the preceding is the
capital, comprising the provinces of Angermann-
land, Jemptland, and Medelpad, containing 18,-
000 sq. m. with only 100,000 inhabitants.
Hero, JVortk and South, two islands in Lake
Champlain.
Herstal, or Heristal, a town of the Netherlands
in Leiare, seated on the Maese, 4 m. N. of Leige.
Pop. 4>50
Hertford, p. v. Perquimans Co. N. C.
Hertford, an interior county of England, ex-
tending in a north-easterly direction, about 32 m.
in length, and 16 in mean breadth ; bounded on
the S. by Middlesex, E. by Essex, N. by Cam-
bridge, and Bedford, and W. by Buckingham and
part of Bedford. It contains 337,920 acres, is di-
vided into eight hundreds, 135 parishes, and has
19 market towns, the chief of which are St. Al-
bans, Hertford, Ware, and Royston. It sends six
members to ptirliament, two for the county, and
two for each of the two boroughs. The north
part is hilly, forming a scattered part of the chalky
ridge, which slopes towards London. A number
of clear streams take their rise from the S. side.
Flint stones are scattered in great profusion over
the face of this county ; and beds of chalk are fre-
quently to be met with. The soil, however, with
the aid of proper culture, is favourable to wheat
and barley, which come to as great perfection
here as in any part of the kingdom. The W.
part is, in general, a tolerable rich soil and under
excellent cultivation. The principal rivers are,
the Lea, Stort, and Coin, and the artificial one
called the New River. The Grand Junction Ca-
nal passes through the S. extremity of the coun-
ty. Corn is the principal object of agriculture,
and a great trade in malt is carried on. The man- •
ufactures are inconsiderable. Pop. in 1821,
129,714.
Hertford, or Hartford, a borough, and the cap-
ital of Hertfordshire, with a market on Saturday.
It is seated on the Lea, which is navigable for
barges, as it was once for ships. In 879 the
Danes erected two forts here, for security of their d^
ships ; but Alfred turned the course of the river,
so that their vessels were left on dry ground.
Edward, the eldest son of Alfred, built a castle •
here, which has been oflen a royal residence. — .'
The town is governed by a mayor, and had for-
merly five churches, but now only two. Here is
a fine hospital belonging to Christ's hospitul iu
London ; also a noble shire hall, and a large coun
ty gaol. About a mile to the E. is a basin of
water called ChadweJl, which is the head spring
of the New River, and at the distance of two
miles and a half on the London road is the East
India College for the education of 100 students. —
Hertford is 21 m. N. of London. Pop. in 1811
3,900.
Hertford, a county of North Carolina, border
ing on Virginia, and bounded on the N. E. by ^ .
Chowan Paver. Pop. 8,541. Windsor is the
capital.
Hertzberg, a town of Lower Saxony, in the
principality of Grubenhagen, with manufactures ot
arms and iron tools ; seated near the Hartz moun-
tains, 21 m. S. S. W. of Goslar.
Hertzberg, a town of the duchy of Saxony, with
a trade in saltpetre, wool, and cloths ; seated on
the Elster, 14 m. N. N. E. of Torgau, and 28 S,
E. of Wittemberg. ^
Herve, a town of the Netherlands in the prov-
ince of Liege, 8 m. W. N. W. of Limburg.
Herzgovina, a large tract of country stretching
along the east shore of the Adriatic, from N. W.
to S. E. The southern part belongs to the Turks,
and the rest to the Austrians.
Hesdin, a strong town of France, in the de-
partment of Pas de Calais, seated on the Canche
12 m. S. E. of Montreuil. Pop. including the
suburbs, 5,000.
Hesse Cassel, a territory in the west of Ger-
many, bounded by Hanover, the Prussian States,
Franconia, Nassau, and Hesse Darmstadt, com-
prising an extent of 4,350 square miles. The
chief towns are Cassel, the capital, Marburgh,
Fulda, and Hanau. It is chiefly composed ot
Upper and Lower Hesse, the grand duchy of
Fulda, the district of Hanau, and the lordship ot
Schmalkalden. The country is rather moun-
tainous, and produces abundance of wood and
minerals, among which are copper, silver, iron,
cobalt, salt, pitcoal, and marble. Pop. in 1817,
was 545,000, of whom the greater number arfe
Calvinists.
Hesse Darmstadt, or the grand duchy ofHesse,
a district of Germany, belonging to Hesse Cassel,
like which it is far from being compact; being di-
vided by a strip of land into two parts, stretching
from east to west. It contains about 4,000 square
miles. The chief towns are Darmstadt and Gies-
sen. Its acquisitions by the French revolution
were considerable. It is mountainous like Hesso
Cassel, and is equally productive of minerals.
The principal rivers are the Rhine, Maine, Lahn,
Niddu, and the letir. Pop. about 600,000, of
whom the greater number are Lutherans.
Hesse Homhvrg, a small principality of Ger-
many, near Frankfort, belonging, with the title
HIG
375
HIM
of land^ave, to the yonnger branch of the house
of Hesse Darmstadt. Pop. about 21,000.
Hettstadt, a town of Upper Saxony, on the
Wipper, 9 m. N. of Eisleben.
Hiiekelejn, or Hoekelun, a town of South Hol-
land, seated on the Linghe,5m. N. E. of Gorcum.
Hcusden, a strong town of South Holland, seat-
ed on the Meuse, with a castle. It was taken by
the French in 1795; and is 8 m. N. W. of Bois
le Due.
Hexham, a town in Northumberland, Eng. with
a trade in tanned leather, shoes, and gloves. It
had formerly a famous abbey, some parts of
which yet remain. Near this place, in 1463, was
fought a battle, between the houses of York and
Lancaster, in which the latter was defeated. —
Hexham is seated on the river Tyne, a little be-
I'lW the junction of the North Tyne with the
S.uth, 22 m. VV. of Newcastle, and 235 N. N. W.
of London. Pop. in 1811, 4,855.
Hnjdenheim, a town of Suabia, in the duchy
of Wirtembursr, witli a castle, on the river Breuz,
IGm. N. N. E.ofUlm.
Heydcnsfeld, a town of Franconia, on the river
Maine, 3 m. S. of Wurtzburg.
Hcymertsen, a town in the circle of Lower
Rhine, situate on the Erffl, 11 m. S. of Cologne.
Hc'jst-op-acn-Berg. a towa of the Netherlands,
m South Brabant, on the Neelhes, 11 m. N. E.
of Mechlin. Pop. 5,300.
HitUslown, a village of Middlesex Co. N. J.
Hihemia, p.v. Callaway Co. Missouri.
Hickman, a county of E. Tennessee, bounded
on the N. by Duck river. Pop. 8,132. Vernon
is the capital.
Hickman, a county of Kentucky. Pop. 5,193.
Hicksford, p.v. Greenville Co. Va.
Hielmar, a lake in Sweden, 40 m. in length.
Hieres, a town of France, in the department of
Var, seated near the Med iterranean sea ; but its
harbour being choked up, it is now much decay-
ed. It is 9 m. E. of Toulon. Lat. 43. 7. N.,
long. 6. 7. E,
Hieres, a cluster of islands, in the Mediterrane-
an, on the coast of France, opposite the town of
Hieres. The four principal ones are called Por-
querollos, Porteros, Bagueau, and Titan.
Hierro. See Ferro.
Higham Ferrers, a borough in Northampton-
shire, Eng. It had formerly a castle, now in
ruins ; and is seated on an ascent, near the river
Nen, 25 m. E. S. E. of Coventry, and 65 N. N.
W. of London.
Highgute, a village in Middlesex, Eng. con-
tiguous to London, seated on a hill, five miles
and a half N. W. of St. Paul's Cathedral. Here
lord chiefbaron Cholmondely built a free-school
in 1.5G2, which was enlarged in 1570, by Sandys,
bishop of London, who also added a chapel. In
the vicinity are several elegant villas, the resi-
dences of wealthy citizens.
Highland, a township of Muskingum Co. Ohio.
Highlands, an appellation applied to the moun-
tainous tract in the N. and N. W. part of Scot-
land, by which it is distinguished from the Low-
lands in the E. and S. E. It is divided into W.
and N. Highlands, the former comprehending the
shires of Argyle and Bute, and part of Perth and
Dumbarton, with the islands attached to them,
and the latter containing the shires of Inverness,
Ross, Sutherland, the districts of Atholl, Ran-
noch, and isles of Sky, Lewis, and those annexed
to Inverness, and Ross. Its extent is 200 m. in
length, and 90 in mean breadth. The proportion
of arable land is small, and is found chiefly on the
borders of the lakes and rivers.
Hightstown, p.v. Middlesex Co. N. J.
Higuey, a city on the E. part of the island of
St. Domingo, formerly of some importance, but
now greatly decayed. It is situated on a river of
the same name, 90 m. E. by N. of St. Domingo.
Hijellee, the chief town of a district of the same
name in Bengal, seated on an island near the
western bank of the river Hoogly, near its mouth.
It has an extensive salt-manufactory. Lat. 21. 51.
N., and long. 88. 7.
Hillturghauscn, a town of Upper Saxony, in the
principality of Coburg. It is subject to the duke
of Saxe-Hiiburghausen, who has a palace here,
and seated on the Werra, 20 m. N. N. W. of Co-
burg.
Hildfskeim, a city of Lower Saxony, capital ol
a principality of the same name. It was lately
an imperial city, and a bishop's see. It is divided
into the old and new town, and seated on the
Irneste, 20 m. S. E. of Hanover.
Hilliardstawn, p.t. Nash Co. N. C. ^
HilUiam, p.t. Overton Co. Tenn.
HilLsborniigh, a county of New Hampshire, bor-
dering on Massachusetts. Pop. 37,7G2. Amherst
is the capital.
HUhhoTongh, p.t. Hillsborough Co. N. H. Pop
1 .7112. Also towns and villages in Somerset Co
N. J., Caroline Co. Md., Loudon Co. Va.,
Orange Co. N. C, Jasper Co. Geo., Franklin
Co. Tenn., Highland Co. Ohio., Montgomery Co.
Illinois.
Hillsborough, a town of Ireland, in the county
of Down, 20~m. S. W. of Belfast.
Hillsdale, p.t. Columbia Co. N. Y. Pop. 2,546
H'Utun, a village of Charles Co. Marj'land.
Hilton, an island on the coast of S. Carolina
opposite Beaufort District,20 m. long and 5 broad.
Hiltown, p.t. Bucks Co. Pa.
Himmaleh, a vast chain of mountains, extend-
ing from the 7ord degree of E. long, to the borders
of China, and separating Hindoostan from Thibet
and Tartary.
That part which forms the northern boundary
of India, is a continuation of the same range with
that to the west of the Indus, known among the
Afghans under the name of Hindoo Coosh. To
the east of that river, it increases in height, and
assumes a character of additional grandeur, both
from that circumstance and from its great extent
in every direction. It forms, in fact, one of the
sublimest features in the structure of the old con-
tinent and of the globe. Here a long range of
summits, covered with perpetual snow, presents
itself to the Hindoo, who has in all ages raised
towards it an eye of religious veneration. All the
names by which it is distinguished are derived
from the Sanscrit term Hem, signifying snow.
Hence have arisen the name Imnus and Emodrts
among the ancients, and Himmaleh, Himadri,
Himachal, and Himalaya, of the moderns. The
river Indus passes through a series of narrow de-
files in lat. 55. which scarcely offer any interrup-
tion to the mountain chain. The direction of the
mountain is eastward, as far as the north-east
point of the valley of Cashmere : from this point,
its direction is to the south-east, extending along
the sources of all the rivers which run across the
Punjab to fall into the Indus, with the exception
of the Sutledge, which, like the Indus itself, rises
on the N. side of the range, and takes its passage
across its breadth. Pursuing the same direction
the Himmaleh mountains cross the heads of the
HIM
376
HIN
Jamna, the Ganges, and their numerous tributary
rivers. Farther east, they seem to be penetrated
by several rivers, as the Gonduh, the Arum, the
Teesta, and Cosi, and the Burrampooter. The
geography of the countries to the east of this last
river is so little known, that it is a question
whether the same mountain range is continued
any farther. It seems agreed that, if it is contin-
ued, its height ceases to be equally great; it is
probable, however, that a continuation of it ex-
tends along the northern frontier of the provinces
of Quang-si and Quang-tong all the way to the
Chinese sea, declining gradually as it advances to
the east.
The following are the heights of some of the
Eiaks which have been ascertained :
hawalagivri, or the White Mountain,
near the sources of the Gonduk river,
above the level of the sea, - - 26,862
Jamootri, ------ 8r>,.')00
Dhaiboon, seen from Catmandoo, - 24,708
Another peak seen from the same capital, 24,62.')
Another near to the preceding, - - 23,262
A third in the same vicinity, - - 23,052
Peak St. George, - - - - 22,240
Thus the Himmaleh mountains exceed in eleva-
tion the Andes of America ; that of Chimborazo,
the highest of tlie latter, not exceeding 21,470
feet above the sea. Through this stup(>ndous
chain there are different passes, but all of them la-
borious to travel, and some highly dangerous.
One of the most practicable is that which in its
upper part, follows the bed of the river Sutledge.
To the east of this, there are some practicable
only at a favourable season, and where the trav-
eller still runs the hazard of being caught in a
fall of snow, or otherwise perishing with cold.
Through the whole mountainous tract, and even
before ascending much above the inhabited parts,
the traveller is liable to be attacked with an alarm-
ing failure of respiration, from the great rarity of
the air, an affection attributed by the natives to
various fanciful and sometimes superstitious cau-
ses. Some of the most difficult passes are occa-
Bionally traversed by marauding parties from the
one side of the Himmaleh to carry off the properly
of the inhabitants on the other. Such passes ex-
ist between Ncpaul and Thibet,or that stripe lying
close to the north side of the Himmaleh which is
inhabited by Bhootees, and may probably come
under the name of Bootan, a name of which we
are not at present able to assign the exact local
extent. Here there are also one or more easier
passes chiefly along the beds of the rivers Gon-
duk, Arum, and Teesta. Hence armies have
crossed from Nepual to attack the territory of Thi-
bet, and a Chinese army has in return invaded
and subjugated Nepaul. The difHcully of access
to these regions, heightens the ardour of the ad-
miring Hindoo, actuated in some degree by curi-
Dsity, but much more by superstition, to b'lthe
himself in the icy streams which give origin to
the Ganges or its mighty tributaries ; to contem-
plate the mystic rock, which so closely resembles
the hind quarters of a bullock, and is reputed to
have been the result of a holy transmutation of a
divine being, a scene where it is reckoned a merit
to make a voluntary sacrifice of life, by precipita-
ting the body over the fatal crag. Superstition
has in many instances chosen to cherish its pro-
{(ensities in localities signalized as the origin of
arge and fertilizing rivers. No where is this
carried so far as in this mountainous tract, and it
must be confessed, that in no locality is the sub-
lime character of the scenery so much in unison
with such feelings. In the Hindoo Pantheon,
Himmaleh is defined, and is described as the father
of the Ganges, and of her sister Ooma, the spouse
of the destroying power Siva, the favourite object
of propitiatory adoration.
Uinchinbrook Isle, an island on the west coast
of America, in Prince William's Sound. Lat.
60. 24. N , and long. 142. 35. to 146. 10. W.
Hinchinbroo/c Isle, one of the New Hebrides, in
the Pacific. Ocean. Long. 168. 38. E., lat. 17. 85.
S.
Hinckley, a town in Leicestershire, Eng. It
has a large church, with a lofly spire ; and had
formerly a castle and walls, traces of which are
still to be seen. Here is a considerable manufac-
ture of common stockings, thread, and worsted
It is seated on an eminence, 12 rn. S. W. of Lei«
cester, and 09 N. N. W. of London.
Hindelopen, a town of the Netherlands, in
Friesland, seated on the Zuider Zee, 21 m. S. S.
W. of Lewarden.
Hindia, a town of Hindoostan, capital of a
countrv of tlie same name, in Candeish ; situate
on the'S. bank of the Nerbudda, 90 m. N. N. £.
of Burhampour.
Hindoostan, or India, and by the Aborigines,
called Bliaratta, a region of Asia, which com-
prises all the countries between the mountains of
Tartary and Thibet on the N., Bootan, Assam, and
the bay of Bengal, on the E., the Indian Ocean
on the S., and the same ocean and Persia on the
W. But this country must be considered under
the three grand divisions of Hindoostan Proper,
the Deccan, and the Peninsula. Hindooston Pro-
per includes the provinces of Bengal, Bahar, and
all those that lie to the N. of the river Nerbudda ;
the principal of v/hich are Agimere, Agra, Alla-
habad, Cashmere, Dehli, Guzerat, Lahore, Malwa,
Moultan, Oude, and Sindy. The Deccan has been
extended to the whole region S. of Hindoostan
Proper ; but in its most restricted sense, it means
only the countries situate between Hindoostan
Proper and the river Kistna. See Deccan. The
tract S. of the river Kistna, is generally called the
Peninsula ; although its form does not authorize
that appellation : it includes a small part of Gol-
conda, Mysore, and tiie Carnatic, with Madura,
and other smaller districts ; the W. coast being
called tliat of Malabar, and the E. that of Coro-
mandel. The sheiks possess Lahore, part of Moul-
tan and Delhi; the king of Candahar, Cashmere,
Cabul, Sindy, and part of Mijultan ; Berar and
Orissa, Malwa, Candeish, Visiapour, and part of
Agimere and Guzerat, are in the possession of the
Mahrattas ; and the nizarn of the Deccan posses-
ses Golconda, part of Dawlatabad and Berar.
The British possessions are Bengal, Bahar, part
of Allahabad, and Orissa, the Nortliern Circars^
the Jaghire in the Carnatic, the countries north
and south of Calicut, Bombay, and the island of
Salsette. The allies of the British are the Rajahs
of Mysore, Tanjore, Madura, Travancore, Tritch-
inopoly, the nabobs of Oude and Arcot, and the
district of Cochin. Tlie principal rivers are the
Ganges, the Indus, Nerbudda, Puddar, Taptee,
Caggar, Mahanada, Godavery, Kistna. The chief
mountains are the Himmaleh, the western and
eastern Ghauts, and those which divide Bengal
from Ava. The number of inhabitants is upwards
of 100,000,000, of which the greater proportion
are idolaters, and are divided into three great
sects; the first worship the Triad, Brahma,
Vishnu, and Siva; the second are the followers
HIN
3J77
HIN
of Boodh, whose principal tenet is the doctrine of
transmigration ; the Jains are the third, who
chiefly worship Pariswanath ; the other class of
inhabitants are Mahometans, of whom there are
about the eighth part of the number of Hindoos.
To give an idea of the modern revolutions in the
empire of Hindoostan, it is proper to observe, that
from a pure Hindoo government, it became, at
last, a Mahometan state, and continued to be so,
under various dynasties, till the beginning of the
18th century. The first irruption of the Maho-
metans was in the year 1000. From this period
the provinces of Hindoostan were held rather as
tributary kingdoms, than as provinces of the same
empire; and the conquest of the Deccan, in par-
ticular, was for ages an object of considerable im-
portance to the emperors. In 1389 the Mogul
Tartars, under the conduct of Timur, or Tamer-
lane, invaded Hindoostan ; but the conquest of
the country was not effected till 1525, by sultan
Baber, one of his descendants, who, from this cir-
cumstance, was the founder of the Mongul dy-
nasty ; and hence Hindoostan has been called the
Mongul Empire, and its chief, the Great Mogul.
The illustrious Acbar, his son, failed in his attack
upon the Deccan ; an attempt in which many of
his successors were equally unfortunate, and which
tended, in the sequel, to the decline and dissolu
tion of the empire. In 1615 emperor Jehangire,
his son, received Sir Thomas Roe, as the first
English ambassador, and the Portuguese had, by
this time, acquired considerable settlements in
Bengal and Guzerat. In the reign of his grand-
son Aurungzebe, which lasted from 1660 to 1707,
the empire attained its full extent ; his authority
reached from 10 to 35 degrees in lat. and nearly
as much in long., and his revenue exceeded 32,
000,000?. sterling. But in the course of 50 years
after his death, a succession of weak princes and
wicked ministers reduced this astonishing empire
to very narrow limits, and deprived it of all its
power and splendour. In consequence of the
intrigues of the nizamof the Deccan, Nadir Shah,
the Persian usurper, invaded Hindoostan in 1738.
In the reign of Ahmed Shah, successor of Ma-
homed Shah, the entire division of the empire
took place ; nothing remaining to the house of
Tamerlane but the city and small territory of
Delili. The last imperial army was defeated by
the Rohillas, in 1749. The Jats, a Hindoo tribe,
founded a state in Agra; Oude was seized by
Mahomed Kooli ; and the Mahrattas, beside their
ancient domains in the Deccan, obtained great
Sart of Malwa, Guzerat, Berar, and Orissa. The
longul empire was now become nearly nominal ;
and the emperors, from this period, must be re-
garded as of no political consequence, otherwise
than as their names and persons were made use
of, by different parties, to promote their own
views ; for the name and person of the emperor
retains a considerable degree of veneration among
the bulk of the people in Hindoostan. Ahmed
was deposed in 1753, and his successor was de-
posed and murdered in 1760. He was succeeded,
however, by his son Shah Ahlum, who was alter-
nately dependent on the contending powers, and
more particularly upon the English, who obtained
from him a grant of the provinces of Bengal, Bahar,
Orissa, and the Circars. This prince died in 1806,
and was succeeded by his second son, Acbar Shah.
The Mahometans or Musselmans, whom the Eng
lish improperly call Moors, are represented to he
of a detestable character. The Hindoos, or Gen
toos, are of a black complexion ; their hair is long,
their person straight and elegant, and their eoun
tenance open and pleasant. They differ materiaUr
from all other nations, by bei-^ar divided into tribes
or castes. The four principal tribes are tha
Brahmins, Soldiers, Labourers, and Mechanics :
and these are subdivided into a multiplicity of in-
ferior distinctions. There are Brahmins of variouu
degrees of excellence, who have the care of reli-
gion allotted to them, and are held sacred by tiio
rest ; some of these acknowledge the errors that
have crept into their religion, own one Supreme
Being, and laugh at the idolatry of the multi-
tude, but insist upon the necessity of working
upon the weaknesses of the vulgar; yet the gen-
erality of them are as ignorant as the laity. Such
as are not engaged ia worldly pursuits are a very
superstitious, innocent people, who promote chai-
ity as much as they can, both to man and beast;
but those who engage in the world are generally
the worst of all the Gentoos ; but, persuaded tliat
the waters of the Ganges will purify them from
their sins, and being exempt from the utmost ri-
gour of the courts of justice (under the Gentoo
governments) they run into much greater exces-
ses. The Soldiers are commonly called Rajah-
poots ; that is, descended from rajahs. They are
much more robust than the rest, have a great share
of courage, and a nice sense of military honour,
which consists, among them, in fidelity to those
they serve. Fighting is their profession ; they
readily enter into the service of any that will pay
them, and will follow wherever he leads ; but
should their leader fall in the battle, their cause is
at an end, and they run off" the field without any
stain of their reputation. The English East India
Company have many battalions of them in their
service ; they are called Sepoys, and are clothed
and disciplined in the European manner. The
Labourers include farmers, and all who cultivate
the land. The Mechanics include merchants,
bankers, and all who follow any trade ; these again
are subdivided into each profession. Besides these,
are the Hallachores, who cannot be called a tribe,
being rather the refuse of all the tribes. They
are a set of unhappy wretches, who perform all
the vilest offices of life, bury the dead, and carry
away every thing that is polluted. All the dif-
ferent tribes are kept distinct from each other by
insurmountable barriers : they are forbidden to
intermarry, to cohabit, to eat with each other, or
even to drink out of the same vessel with one of
another tribe. Every deviation from these points
subjects them to be rejected by their tribe, renders
them polluted forever, and obliges them, from that
instant, to herd with the Hallachores. The men-
bers of each caste adhere invariably to the profes-
sion of their forefathers , from generation to gen-
eration the same families have followed, and still
continue to follow, one uniform manner of life.
To this may be ascribed that high degree of per-
fection conspicuous in many of the Indian man-
ufactures ; and also that striking peculiarity in the
state of Hindoostan, the permanence of its insti-
tutions, and the immutability in the manners of
the inhabitants. The Hindoos vie with the
Chinese, in respect to the antiquity of their na
tion. Their institutions of religion form a com
plete system of superstition, upheld by everything
which can excite the reverence of the people.
The temples consecrated to their deities are mag-
nificent ; their religious ceremonies splended ; and
the absolute dominion which the Brahmins have
obtained over the minds of the people is support
ed by the command of the immense revenues witk
212
HIN
178
HIN
Tvhich the liberality of princes, and the zeal of
pilgrims and devotees, have enriched their pago-
das. The dominion of religion extends to a thou-
sand particulars which, in other countries, are
governed by the civil laws, or by taste, custom,
and fashion. Their dress, their food, the com-
mon intercourses of life, their marriages, and pro-
fessions, are all under the jurisdiction of religion.
The food of the Hindoos is simple, consisting
chiefly of rice, ghee (a kind of imperfect butter),
milii, vegetables, and oriental spices. The war-
rior caste may eat of thn riesh of goats, sheep, and
poultry. Other supennjr castes may eat poultry
aad fish; but the inferior castes are prohibited from
eating flesh or fish of any kind. Their greatest
luxury consists in the use of the richest spiceries
and perfumes, of which the great people are very
lavish. They esteem milk the purest of food, be-
cause they think it partakes of some of the pro-
perties of the nectar of their gods, and because
they esteem the cow itself almost as a divinity.
Their manners are gentle. They are taught by
their religion that matrimony is an indispensable
duty in every man who does not entirely separate
himself from the world from a principle of devo-
tion ; and, as none but male descendants can per-
form the obsequies to the manes of their ancestors,
it is tliought an irreparable calamity to die with-
eut male issue. Scarcely any state can be more
degrading than that of Hindoo females. Till three
years after the nuptial age, a girl is entirely at the
disposal of her father. When married, she is im-
mured in her husband's dwelling ; her dependence
upon him is perpetual and entire ; she is not per-
mitted to eat in his presence, and is considered
not as a companion to aid him in enduring the
evils of life, but as a slave to bear children, and
be subsevient to his rule. Polygamy is tolerated ;
but females, except among the Nairs, are not per-
piitted to marry a second time. A husband can
dismiss his wife at any time ; but there is nothing
that can dissolve the wife from her matrimonial
engagement. The inhuman custom of women
burning themselves on the funeral pile of their
deceased husbands has however been recently
prohibited in the presidencies of Fort William and
Madras ; and the progress of Christianity affords
reason to hope for the speedy abolition "of other
revolting practices. The code of Gentoo laws,
with their sacred books, the Veidam and the
Shastah, are written in the Sanscrit language,
which is very copious and nervous, although the
style of their best authors is wonderfully concise.
Hindoostan, towards the N., is pretty temperate,
but hot towards tlie S. ; and it rains almost con-
stantly for three months in the year. Its pro-
ducts are diamonds and otlier precious stones,
silks, spices, aromatics, drugs, maize, rice, and
sugar ; and the chief manufactures muslins and
calicoes.
The great forests and marshy districts are peo-
district he inhabits. The mountain bear is even
more terrible than the tiger ; he inhabits the
Ghauts and is probably a sort of hyaena. The
common bear is found in the forests of the south,
wolves and jackals are common in the interior
parts. The serval or panther cat which inhabit?
this country is little known. The lynx and car
acal inhabit the northern provinces. The rhinoc
eros seeks amid the mud and water of the marsh
es a shelter from the scorching heat of the cli-
pled with elephants. The tiger is common in
Malabar and Bengal and is the scourge of every
mate. He is a much rarer animal than the ele-
phant, and is never seen in troops like that ani-
mal. He never attacks men unless when provok-
ed. Hindoostan swarms with serpents, and almost
every river and lake abounds in crocod iles.
Hindoostan, p.v. Martin Co. Indiana.
Ilinesville, p.v. Patrick Co. Va.
Hingham, a town in Norfolk, Eng., 14 m. W. of
Norwich, and 99 N. E. of London.
Hingham, p.t. Plymouth Co. Mass., 13 m. S. E
Boston. Pop. 3,357. It is situated on a small
bay communicating with Boston harbour. It is
actively engaged in the mackerel fishery, and has
long been famous for the manufacture of buckets.
Hing-hoa, a city of China, of the first rank, in
the province of Fo-kien. The vicinity furnishes
abundance of rice, lichi, and silk.
Hinkley, p.v. Medina Co. Ohio.
Hinsdale, p.t. Cheshire Co. N. H., 96 m. from
Boston. Pop. 937. This place was formerly nam-
ed Fort Dummer and Bridgman's Fort, and suffer-
ed much during the Indian wars. Also a p.t.
Cattaraugus Co. N. Y. Pop. 919.
Hi merger sdnf, a town of Saxony, in Meissen, 8
m. E. of Freyburgh.
HinzHan, Joanna, or Anjouan, one of the larg
est of the Comoro Islands, situated off the east-
ern coast of Africa. It is of a triangular form;
and the whole island appears to have undergone
the action of a volcano, the rocks being every
where volcanized. It is entirely mountainous,
but is covered with vegetation, which reaches
even to the summit of the highest conical hill.
The coasts can be approached with safety. The
sovereign of Hinzuan takes the title of sultan,
and formerly ruled over the whole group of tlie
Comoro Islands. His subjects view him with the
most profound respect, and never approach him
without kneeling, and touching the earth with
their forehead. The nobles are on a familiar foot-
ing with the king, and must be consulted on ma
ny occasions. The natives are in general tall, ro
bust, and well made; they "have long black hair,
piercing eyes, and are of a colour between olive
and black. They profess Mahomedism ; but the
native African worship of feticl-es is still very
prevalent. They are courteou- and hospitable,
and all shipwrecked mariners he e been received
with the greatest kindness The "pine apples are
most delicious, and the other fruiis are excellent.
Yams and sweet potatoes are in abundance ; also
goats and poultry. The bullocks are of a moder-
ate size, are excellent food. This island is often
frequented by Europeans, and particularly by Eng
IKMk
379
HOG
Iish Teasels, for the sake of procuring water and
provisions. The commodities in demand are
arms, toys, looking-glasses, shirts and blue and
red cloth. Saltam is the capital. Long. 41. 30.
Clat. 12. 54. S.
Hio, a town of Sweden, in Grothland, seat-
ed on the lake Wetter, 145 m. S. W. of Stock-
holm.
Hiorring, a decayed town of Denmark, in N.
Jutland, 27 m. N. N. \\ . of Aalborg.
Hiram, p.t. Oxford Co. Me. Pop. 1.026. Also
a village in Portage Co. Ohio.
Hirschberg, a town of Prussian Silesia, in the
principality of Jauer, famous for its mineral
baths. In the neighbourhood are extensive bleach-
> ing-grounds, and next to Breslau it is the most
' considerable trading town is Silesia. It is seated
■ ©n the Bolder, 23 m. S. W. of Jauer.
Hirschfeld, a town of Germany, in Lower
Hesse, capital of a principality of the same name,
depending on a famous abbey, which was secular-
ised in a favour of the house of Hesse-Cassel. It
is seated on the Fulda, 34 m. S. by £. of Cassel.
Long. 9. 42. E., lat. 50. 50. N.
Hirscholm, a town of Denmark, in the island
of Zealand, with a castle, 12 m. N. of Copen-
hagen.
Hischorn, a town of Hesse-Darmstadt, with a
castle ; seated on the Neckar, 7 m. E. of Hei-
delberg.
Hispaniola. See Domingo, St.
Hi^sar, a town of Hindoostan, in the country
of Dehli, capital of a district of the same name ;
seated near the river Sursoory, 112 m. W. N. W.
of Dehh. Long. 75. 40. E., lat. 29. 5. N.
Hit, a town of Syria, near which is a spring of
naphtha and bitumen. It stands on a river of
the same narae, which soon after joins the Eu-
phrates, 100 m. W. by S. of Bagdad.
Hitchin, a town of Hertfordshire, Eng. with a
great trade in malt. It has a handsome parish
church, and several meeting-houses. 15 m. N.
N. W. of Hertford, and 34 N. W. of London.
Hithe, or Hythe, a borough in Kent, Eng. It
is one of the principal Cinque Pons. Near it are
the remains of Saltwood Castle, now turned into
a farm house, barns, &c. In consequence of the
harbour becoming gradually choked up, the trade
declined ; and the town itself was almost annihi-
lated by pestilence and famine. At present, how-
ever, it is a thriving and respectable place. It is
10 m. W. S. W. of Dover, and 68 S. E. of Lon-
don.
Iloai-king, a city of China, of the first rank,
in Ho-nan. 320 m. S. W. of Peking. Long. 112.
34. E.,lat. 35. 6. S.
Hoain-gan-foo, a city of China, of the first rank,
in Kian-nan. It is seated in a marshy, and in-
closed by a triple wall. The suburbs extend to
the distance of a league on each side of a canal,
and from their extremity a kind of port on the
Hoaag-ho. The canal, being above the level of
the city, occasions perpetual danger of inunda-
tion. 515 m. S. S. E. of Peking. Long. 118. 4.
E., lat. 53. 30. N.
Hoan^ho, a large river of Asia, also called the
Yellow River, from the quantity of clay which it
devolves. Its sources are two lakes, situate
among the mountains of that part of Tartary
known by the name of Kokonor, in about 35. N.
lat. It pursues a N. E. direction to about 42. N.
lat., and after running due E. it suddenly bends
S. penetrating China to a latitude nearly parallel
to its aouice ; tuxd then it pursues an easterly di-
rection till it enters the Eastern Ocean, 100 m. to
the N. of the mouth of the Kian-hu. The length
of its course is estimated at 2,000 m. At 70 m.
from the sea, where it is crossed by the great ca-
nal, the breadth is little more than a mile ; but
it is so rapid and shallow as to be scarcely navi-
gable.
Hoboken, a village in Bergen Co. N. J., on the
Hudson, opposite New York, and noted as the
spot where many duels have been fought.
Hochberg, a castle of Baden, situate on a moun-
tain, 2 m. N. E. of Emmeddingen.
Hochst, a town of Germany, in Nassau, with
an extensive tobacco manufacture ; seated on the
Maine, 6 m. W. of Frankfort, and 17 N. E. of
Mentz.
Hochstadt, a town and castle of Bavaria, fa-
mous for a single victory gained near it by the
duke of Marlborough, in 1704, and which the En-
glish call the battle of Blenheim, from a village 3
m. S. W. of this place. It is seated on the Dan
ube, 17 m. S. W. of Donawert.
Hochstadt, a town and castle of Bavarian Fran-
conia, in the principality of Bamberg, on the riv-
er Aisch, 2.'^m. S. S. W". of Bamberg.
Hockkncking, a river of Ohio, flowing into the
Ohio, 200 m. below Pittsburg. It is navigable
for boats.
Hocking, an interior Co. of Ohio. Pop. 4,606.
Logan is the chief town. Also a township of
Fairfield Co. Ohio.
Hoddesdon, a town in Hertfordshire, Eng. seat-
ed near the river Lea, 4 m. S. E. of Herdford,
and 17 N. by E. of London.
Hodeida, a town of Arabia, in Yemen, with a
harbour for small vessels, on the Red Sea, 90 m.
N. N. W. of Mocha. Long. 43. 30. E., lat. 14.
10. N.
Hoei-tcheou, a city of China of the first rank,
in Kian-nan, famous for its tea, varnish, and jap-
aned work, 625 m. S. of Peking.
Hoei-tcheou, a city of China, of the first rank,
in Quang-ton, 1,010 m. S. of Peking.
Hoekelm. See Heukelum.
Hoff, a town of Bavaria, in the principality of
Bayreuth, with manufactures of cotton, linen, and
fine paper. The adjacent country has quarries
of excellent marble. It stand on the Saale, 32 m.
N. N. E. of Bayreuth.
Hoff", a town of Moravia, in the circle of Ol-
mutz, with a great trade of wool, 23 m. N. E. of
Olmutz.
Hog Island, one of the smaller Shetland islands
near the coast of the mainland.
Hog Island, is also the name of several other
islands ; one in Pamlico Sound, near the coast of
North Carolina. Long. 76. 36. W., lat. 34. 56. N.
— on the E. side of lake Champlain, 9 m. long
and about 3 broad ; near the coast of Virffinia.
Long. 75. 42. W., lat. 37. 30. N. ;— in Rhod"e Isl-
and, in Narraganset Bay, 2 m. in circumference ;
— in the Eastern Sea, near the coast of Palawan.
Long. U. 36. E., lat. 10. 18. N. ;— in the Eastern
Sea, 40 m. in length, and 3 in breadth, 60 ni. W.
of Sumatra. Long. 95. 50. E., lat. 2 30. N. ;— in
the Eastern Sea, lying ofi"the N. E. extremity of
Java, 20 m. in circumference. Long. 114. 55. E.,
lat. 7. 5. S. ; — in the Eastern Sea, near the W.
coast of Saleyer, 15 m. in length, and 6 in breadth.
Long. 170. 45. E., lat. 6. 12. S— on the W. coast
of India, not far from Pigeon Island. Long. 74.
37. E., lat. 14 2. N.
Hog Islands, a cluster of small islands near tha
S. W. coast of Ireland, and county of Kerry, be-
•ilk.'
HOL
3S0
HOL
t-wneen Ballinaskelling Bay and the mouth of
Kenmare River, 4 m. from Hog's Head.
Hoganshurg, p. v. Franklin Co. N. Y.
Hogestotcn, p. v. Cumberland Co. Pa.
Hague, Cape la, the N. W. point of Normandy
near which Admiral Rooke burnt 13 French
men of war, in 16!)2. Long. 1. 52. W., lat. 49.
45. N.
Hogenberg, an ancient castle of Suabia, in a
county of its name, now belonging to Wurtemberg;
situate near the source of the Necker, 10 m. S.
E. of Rothweil.
Hoheniitiden, a town of Bavaria, near which the
French gained a great victory over the Austr'ans,
in 1800. It is 22 m. E. of Munich.
HoherJohe, or Holach, a district of Franconia,
abounding in wine, corn, wool, and cattle. It
now belongs to the kingdom of Wurtemburg.
The castle of its ancient counts stood close by
the villageof Holack, near Uffenheim. The chief
town is Ohringen.
Hohenmaut, a town of Bohemia, on the river
Meyta, 13 m. E. of Chruddin.
Hohenstein, an ancient castle of Saxony, situ-
ate on a mountain, at the foot of which is the
village of Neustadt, 5 m. N. E. of Nordhau-
sen.
Hohentwiel, a fortregs of Wurtemberg ,surround-
ed by the county of Nullenberg. Its fortifica-
tions were destroyed by the French in 1800. It
stands on a mountain, 9 m. E. N. E. of ScafF-
faausen.
HokcnzoUern, a town of Germany, in a princi-
pality of the same name, with a castle on a moun-
tain the seat of the ancient counts of Hohenzollern.
It is seated on a branch of the Neckar, 16 m. S.
by W. of Tubingen. Long. 9. 8. E., lat. 48.
2d. N.
Hohnslein, a town of Saxony, on the river Mul-
da, 11 m. N. E. of Zwickau.
Hokesville, p. v. Lincoln Co. N. C.
Ho-Jeein, a city of China, of the first rank, in
the province of Pe-tcheli, situate between two
rivers, 85 m. S. of Peking. Long. IIG. 23. E., lat.
38. 40. N.
Hola, a town of Iceland, and a bishop's see, at
the mouth of a river, on the N. coast. Long. 19.
20. W., lat. 65.40. N.
Holbfijich, a town of Lincolnshire, Eng. with a
considerable trade in corn and wool. 12 m. S.
by E. of Boston, and 109 N. by E. of Lon-
don.
Holbeck, a sea-port of Denmark, in the island
of Zealand, with a good harbour, from which
great quantities of corn are annually exported. 30
m. W. of Copenhagen.
Holden, p.t. Worcester Co. Mass. 6 m. N. of
Worcester. Pop. 1,718.
HoLdsworthy, a town in Devonshire, Eng. seat-
ed near the canal from Bude harbour, between
two branches of the Tamer, 43 m. W., by N. of
Exeter, and 214 W. by S. of London.
Holderness, p.t. Grafton Co. N. H., on Sqnam
Lake. Pop. 1,409.
Hole in the Wall, a village of Talbot Co. Mary-
land.
Holland, an important province of the Nether-
lands, which has often given name to the Seven
United Provinces. It is divided into two parts,
North and South Holland ; and is bounded on
the N. and W. by the G«rman Ocean, on the E.
by the Zuyder Zee and the ci-devant state of
Utrecht, and on the S. by the Meuse, and Dutch
Brabant ; extending from lat 51. 40. to 53. 10.
N. ; its longitude is about 180 m. E. of London.
It contains 90 walled towns, beside many others,
and above 400 villages. Before the Revolution
in 1796, six large cities had seals in the states
general; viz., Dort, Haerlem, Delft, Leyden
Amsterdam, and Gouda. The number of inhabi-
tants was estimated at 800,000. They also reach-
ed this number in 1801 ; but in 1817 they had
been reduced by the war to 748,000. The divi-
sions into the two governments of South and
North Holland was recognised by the constitu-
tion of 1814: the former contains 1,170 sq.m.
with 389,000 inhabitants, and is divided into the
six districts of the Hague, Leyden, Rotterdam.
Dort, Gorcum, and the Briel ; while Holland
which in official papers, is called by its ancient
name of West Friesland, contains 930 sq. m.
with 359,000 inhabitants, and is divided into the
four districts of Amsterdam, Haerlem, Hoorn,
and Alkmaar. The whole province is a continu-
ed flat; and, but for the constant care in forming
ditches and canals, it would be hardly -apable of
cultivation; some part of it lies even lower than
the sea, from which it is secured by dikes, 25 or
30 feet high, and as many broad at the top. Tho
climate is moist and variable, and in various
places, {Jarticularly in North Holland, unfavora-
ble to health. The winters are severe, and the
rivers are almost every season rendered unnavi-
fable, for several weeks together, by the ice.
'he soil is rich, consisting of a deep fat loam ;
but, owing to the humidity of both soil and cli-
mate, tillage is very limited. Wheat, madder,
tobacco, hemp, and flax, are raised, but the chief
agricultural wealth of the country consists in
the pastures, which feed great number of cows ;
the making of butter and cheese being a princi-
pal occupation. The meadows are generally un-
der water during the winter, and the inhabitants
only discharge them from it by mills adapted as
in the fenny parts of England to this particular
purpose.
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®
r^rMiffl^^
2^i^^m.
mM§
rff™^
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^?tW^
f^„,- '" '^^^^~
^^^S
The natives of the United Provinces are of
good stature, and inclined to be corpulent, but
they are remarkable in general for a heavy, awk-
ward mien ; their features are regular, and their
complexions fair. The better sort of people
imitate the French fashions in their dress ; but
those who are stamped with the genuine charac-
ter of their native country, never fail to load
themselves with enormous incumbrances of
clothes. The hats of the woman are as large as
tea-boards, projecting forward on each side so as
to overshadow face and body. They ar« chiefly
HOL
381
HOL
of straw, with two broad ribands, not tied, but
pendent from the sides. This hat forms a striking
conf^rast with the short dress, of.which the milk-
maids sold in our shops is a faithful picture. Both
men and women wear at least two waistcoats,
with as many coats, and the former cover their
limbs with double trowsers.
The dress of the young girls is the most singu-
lar, especially at the time of any festival or hol-
iday. In speaking of these, an amusing writer
observes, that any one would have supposed that
the figures which appeared were masques, or de-
signed as caricatures. Imagine, says he, a short
figure, with more breadtli than goes to the pro-
portion of elegance, and with very little altera-
tion in the width downward to the waist, the pet-
ticoats descending only half way below the knee.
Imagine further, a round small face covered with
a hat of three feet in diameter, perfectly circular,
and applied t j the head in a part contiguous to
the circumference. Then conceive a number of
these figures in motion, brandishing their hori-
zontal hats, rolling their diminutive ej'es, and
affecting a thousand ridiculous graces under cover
of this extensive canopy. The tout ensemble may
bring to the recollection those sculptural vagaries
in which human figure is made the prop of a ca-
tliedral seat, the support of a wainscot pulpit, or
the stand of a mahogany table.
The Dutchman, living in continual danger of
inundation, and of losing not only the fruits of
his industry but his life, becomes habitually pro-
vident. His foresight is admirable, his persever-
ance not to be conquered, and his labours, unless
seen, cannot be credited. They astonish the
more, when the phlegm of his temper and the
slowness of his habits are considered. View the
minuteness of his economy, the solicitude of his
precaution, and the inflexibility of his methodi-
cal prudence ! Who would not pronounce him in-
capable of great enterprise .' He builds himself a
dwelling ; it is a hut in size, and it is a palace in
neatness. It is necessarily situated among damps
upon a flat, and perhaps behind the bank of a
sluggish canal ; yet he writes upon it, " My
Goenege, " My delight; " Landlust, " Country
pleasures, " Land figlU, " Country prospect, or
some other inscription, that might characterize the
vale of Tempe, or the garden of Eden. He cuts his
trees into fantastic forms, hangs his awnings
round with small bells, and decorates his Sunday
jacket with dozens of little buttons. Too provi-
dent to waste his sweets, he cunningly puts a
bit of sugar-candy in his mouth, and drinks his tea
as it melts; one morsel serves, let him drink as long
as he pleases. Around him is every token of care,
caution, and cleanliness; but none in his domestic
Yiabits, of magnificence, or grandeur of design.
The Dutch are usually distinguished into five
classes ; the peasants and farmers ; seafaring
men ; merchants and tradesmen ; those who live
upon their estates, or the interest of their money ;
and military officers. The civet cat which is a
native of the hottest climate of Africa, and Asia,
is frequently reared in Holland where a great pro-
fit is obtained by their perfume. The civet of
Amsterdam is better than that of the I.ievant or
East Indies. Holland is said to have derived its
name from the vast and thick forests of wood with
which it was at one time covered ; Holtlant, in
German, signifying woodland. In the middle
ages it was governed by its counts or earls ; in the
loth century it became subject to the house of
Burgundy ; it passed afterwards to Austria ; and
finally jomed the other provinces that declared for
independence. On the invasion of Holland by
the French, in the beginning of 1795, the stadt-
holder with his family took refuge in England.
Holland was subsequently under various forms
of the French domination. At length the people
became weary of this connexion. The events of
1S13 had weakened the power that bound them ;
the people rose ; their fetters were broken ; and a
provisional government was formed at Amster
dam on the 18th of November. William Frede-
rick, of Nassau and Orange, landed from Eng-
land at the close of the same month, entered
Amsterdam on the 2nd of December, and was pro-
claimed Sovereign Prince of the United Nether-
lands, which had formerly been subject to the
dukes of Burgundy, were re-united under the
prince of Orange, as William I., king of the
Netherlands, and these countries continued
under one government till 1830. For an ac-
count of the revolution of that year, See JVcfAer-
lands.
Holland, a strong town of E. Prussia, seated
near the river Weeske, 14 m. S. S. E. ofElbing.
Holland, JVew, an island of the South i^'ucific
Ocean, and the largest known land that does not
bear the name of a continent. It extends from
109. to 153. E. lonir., and from 11. to 39. S. lat.,
or 2,730 m. from W. to E., and 1,960 from N. to S.
When this vast island was first discovered is un-
certain. The Portuguese and Spaniards appear
to have visited it in the sixteenth century, but it
was the Dutch who first made it known to Europe.
In the beginning of the seventeenth century they
traced the N. and W. coasts ; and what was
deemed, till lately, the S. extremity, was discov-
ered by Tasman in 1642. Captain Cook, in 1770,
explored the E. and N. E. from 38, S., and ascer-
tained its separation fromNew Guinea ; and in,
1773, captain Furneaux, by connecting Tasman's
discoveries with Cook's, completed tUe circuit.
But the supposed S. extremity, which Tasman
discovered by the name of Van Diemen Land,
was found, in 1798, to be an island, separated
from New Holland by a channel forty leagues
wide, named from the discoverer. Bass's Strait
Different parts of the coast have been called by
the names of the discoverers, &c. The eastern
coast, called New South Wales, was taken pos-
session of in his majesty's name by captain Cook,
and now forms a part of the British dominions
See IVahs, JVe,w South.
Holland, a township of Orleans Co. Vt. Pop.
422. Also apt. Hampden Co. Mass. Pop. 453,
Also a p.t. Erie Co. N. Y. Pop. 1,070.
Holley p.t Genesee Co. N. Y.
HoUulaysburg, p. v. Huntingdon Co. Pa.
Hollis, p.t. Hillsborough Co. N. H. Pop. 7,501.
HoUiston, p.t. Middles'ex Co. Mass. Pop. 1 ,304.
HoUodale, a river of Scotland, in the county of
Sutherland, which rises in the mountai-ns on the
borders of Caithness and flows N. into a bay of
the North Sea, forming, for several miles, in the
latter part of its course, the boundary between
the two counties.
i. >-'
HOL
HOL
Holm. Cullram, a town in Cumberland, Eng.
Bometimes called Holm-Abbey, from the celebra-
ted abbey that formerly stood here, the remains
of which have beon converted into the parish
church. It is seated near the mouth of the Wa-
\er, 12 m. N. of Cockermouth, and 310 N. N. W.
of London.
Holmesburor, p. v. Philadelphia Co. Pa.
Holmes's Hole, a harbour in the island of Mar-
tha's Vineyard, which See.
Holmesville, p. v. Pike Co. Missouri.
Holstebroe, a town of Denmrak, in North Jut-
land, situate on a shallow river which runs into
tlie North Sea. The principal trade is in corn,
oxen, and horses. It is 24 m. W. of Wiburg,
and (58 N. of Ripen.
Holstein, a dutchy at the N. extremity of Ger-
many belonging to Denmark, 100 m. long and
50 broad ; bounded N. by Sleswick, E. by the
Daltic and the dutch of Saxe-Lauenburg, S. by
tl»e duckies of Bremen of Luneburg, and W. by
the German Ocean. Its principal rivers are the
Elbe, the Eyder, and the Stor. It is a fruitful
country, and well seated for trade, having some
considerable harbours, particularly those of Ham-
burg, Lubec, and Kiel ; and frorn the latter is a
canal to the Eyder at Rensburg, by which there
is a free navagation from the Baltic to the Ger-
man Ocean. Pop. in 1818, 3<30,000, most of
whom are Lutherans.
Hotston, a river of the United States which
rises in the Alleghany mountains in Virginia, and
flows S. S. W. into the State of Tennessee, where
it takes a more Southerly course to Knoxville,
and 35 m. below that town is joined by the Clinch,
when their united waters take the name of Ten-
nessee. It is navigable for boats of 25 tons up-
wards of 100 m. On its banks are several iron
works; and the adjacent country abounds with
iron ore, and has sundry lead mines.
Holt, a town in Norfolk, Eng. with an excellent
free school founded by Sir John Gresham. It is
situate in a fertile district, 24 m. W. N. W. of
Norwich, and 119 N. E. of London.
Holy Island, an island on the coast of England,
6 m. S. E. of Berwick upon Tweed, but belong-
ing to the county of Durham. It is 3 m. long
and 2 broad ; the soil rocky and full of stones •,
and at low water it is accessible by horses and
carriages. It has a town called Kilo, and a castle on
a high rock, under which is a commodious har-
bour, defended by a block-house. On this island are
considerable remains of a stately monastery, called
Lindisfarne, and here was anciently a bishop's
see, removed with the body of St. Cuthbert, first
to Chester le street, and afterwards to Durham.
Holyhead, a seaport and cape of Wales, in the
isle of Anglesey. It derives its principal support
from the expenditure of passengers to and from
Ireland, being the usual place of embarkation for
Dublin, and the station of the government pack-
ets to and from that city, distant about 20
leagues. In the neighbourhood is a large vein
of white Fuller's earth, and another of yellow.
Among the principal objects of interest are the
venerable ruins of a hermitage, two chapels, and
the remains of a Dutch wall ; these, with the
light-house and suspension bridge, attract the at-
tention of strangers. The church, near the verge
of the cliff, is a handsome structure of the thir-
teenth century : here are also 4 chapels for dis-
senters, a free school, and some almshouses. Pop.
n 18-21, 4,007. 267 m. N W. of London. Long.
4. 40 W., lat 53. 23. N.
Holyoke, Mount, an eminence near Northamp-
ton in Massachusetts. It is about 800 feet high,
and may be easily ascended in a carriage. On
the summit is a building erected for the accomo-
dation of visitors who resort hither in summer to
enjoy the beautiful prospect which the mountain
affords. Southwardly is seen Connecticut river,
retiring under the shade of Mount Tom, whiten-
ed below by South Hadley Falls; beyond which
is the hill at Springfield. The river makes seve-
ral turns, and on the horizon are 2 very distant
peaks, which are supposed to be East and West
Rocks, at New-Haven, about 70 m. distant.
NoHheast is seen Monadnoc Mountain in Ncm'-
Hampshire ; and the view toward the east is 'w
terrupted by the neighbouring peaks of Mount 4
Holyoke. North, you look up the charming val-
ley of the Connecticut ; bordered by distant ranges
of*^ hills and mountains, varied by a few isolated
peaks, covered with the richest coat of vegetation,
and scattered witli villages and innumerable farm
houses. The river makes a beautiful serpentine
course from where it first appears at the foot of
Sugar Loaf Mountain, and Mount Toby, until it
reaches the village of Hadley, which lies in full
view ; and then taking a bold sweep to tl'.e west,
and flowing 4 m. it returns to tlie end of the
street, only a mile distant from where it first meets
it. The whole peninsula is rich and fertile,
and covered with cultivated fields of wJieat,
corn, grass, &c. without being disfigured by
fences, according to the custom prevalent here-
abouts ; this is the richest sight upon the river,
particularly when viewed in connexion with the
scene immediately below, where the river flows
on, almost immediately under our feet, and the
western shore presents the extensive Northampton
meadows, a mile wide. Following the current
with the eye, in the West south west, it forms a
still more remarkable peninsula, although one of
inferior size : the Hockanum Bend being a turn
measuring 3 m. in circuit while the isthmus is •*•
only 46 rods across, or 150 yards. In the com- *■ .
pass ol^this view, from the north to the west and
south, numerous village spires are seen, with lev-
el fields, orchards, and gardens, almost without
number; and the whole scene is so bounded with
mountainous ridges, as to seem to justify tho
opinion of geologists, who say that it was onco
covered with an extensive lake, until the water
forced a passage between Mounts Tom and Holy-
oke. Northampton is seen about west-north-
west, with Round Hill ; and towards the right,
the top of Saddle Mountain, in the distance.
There are also others still further north, particu-
larly Haystack and Bare Mountain. More than
30 church steeples may be counted here.
Holywell, a town of Wales, in Flintshire, with
a market on Friday. It has a neat parish church-
and 4 places of worship for dissenters. From its
vicinity to the mines, and the extensive manufac-
tures carried on in the neighbourhood, it is be
come the most flourishing town in the countv,
Its name was derived from the famous well of St.
'Winifred, concerning which so many fables
and superstitious notions have prevailed, bu*
which is certainly a very remarkable spring,
bursting out of the ground with great impetuosi-
ty, at the foot of a hill, and discharging upwards
of 29 tons of water every minute. The waters
have long since lost their reputation for miracu
lous healing powers, but are much esteemed by
the manufacturer, being now applied to the pur
pose of turning several mills for the working of
HON
383
HOO
copper, making brass wire, paper, and snuff, and
spinning cotton. It is 10 m. E. of St. Asaph, and
207 N. W. of London.
Holzapfel, a town of Germany, in the duchy of
Nassau. It is situate on the Lahn, at the foot of
a mountain, on which is the tower of an ancient
castle, the original seat of the princes of Nassau,
4 ra. N. E. of Nassau.
Holzminden, a town of the state of Brunswick,
in Wolfenbuttel, with considerable iron works.
It is seated at the conflux of the Holz with the
Weser, 28 m. N. W. of Gottingen.
Hiimburg, a town of Germany, in Hesse-Cas-
sel, with an iron forge and a glass manufacture,
20 m. S. of Cassel. — Also a town of Prussia, in
the duchy of Berg, 48 m. S. E. of Dusseldorf —
And a town of Bavaria, in Deux Fonts ; seated on
a mountain, 5 m. N. \V. of Deux Fonts.
Ho-nan, a province of China, bounded on the
N. by the provinces of Pe-tcheli and Chsin-si, E.
b ' Kiang-si and Chantong, S. by Hou-quang, and
W. by Chensi. As every thing that can contri-
bute to render a country delightful is found in this
province, and as it is situate almost in the centre
of the empire, the Chinese call it Tong-hoa, The
Middle Flower. Besides Cai-fong, its capital, it
contains eight cities of the first class and 102 of
the second and third.
Honan, a city of China, of the first class, in the
province of Honan, 360 m. S. W. of Peking.
Long. 112. 9. E., lat. 34. 44. N.
Honaicera, or Onore, a town of Hindoostan, in
Canara, seated in an inlet of the sea, which spreads
into a lake, and includes a number of islands. It
was formerly a place of great commerce, but was
demolished by Tippoo after he had recovered it by
the treaty of Mangitlore. Here is now a custom-
house, and a few shops ; also some merchants who
live scattered near the banks of the lake, and sell
rice, pepper, cocoa, and betelnuts, &c, to the
trading vessels that come from Goa, Rajaputra
and Bombay. It is 50 m. N. by W. of Kandapura,
and 84 S. S. E. of Goa.
Hondtchoote, a town of France, departmei;^ of
Nord,near which a part of the allied troops were
surprised and defeated in 1793. 7 m. S. E. of
Dunkirk.
Honduras, a province of lyjexico, 490 m. long,
and 1.50 broad bounded on the N. by a bay of
its name, E. by the Atlantic, S.by Nicaragua, and
W. by Guatemala and Vera Paz. The country
consists of mountains, valleys and plains, water-
ed by numerous rivers ; and is exceedingly fer-
tile. The vineyards bear thrice a year, and the
soil in many parts yields 3 crops of maize ; other
productions are wheat, peas, cotton, wool, log-
wood, with excellent pastures, honey, wax, and
provisions of all kinds. Honduras was formerly
one of the most populous countries in America,
but at present, though so fertile, is almost desert-
ed. The capital is Valladolid, or Comayuguas.
Honduras Bay, is that gulf of the Carribean
Sea between the peninsula of Yucatan and Cape
Honduras. It is well known from the colonies
settled on it by the British for the cutting down
of mahogany and dye woods. The trees°are cut
at the wet season of the year, and afterbeing drag-
ged from the forest to the banks of the rivers, they
are made into rafts and floated to the shore. The
growth of the logwood here is extremely rapid, so
much so that it is said to attain maturity in 5 or 6
years, when it is cut and sent to Europe in logs.
Besides the mahogany and logwood tree, Hondu-
ras Bay, produces 2 or 3 kin«& of the mangrove,
as the red, white, and black. Cedeira are large
and abundant, and are commonly used in ship-
building. The palmetto, the sapadilla, and the
sea-grape trees, are all found very nseful ; as are
also the bullet-tree, the iron-wood-tree, the cala-
bash-tree, and the button-wood-tree. The althea
grows at a considerable distance from the coast,
and is generally made i nto rafts for floating the
log-wood to the sea. The tree tl»at exudes the
resinous substance called coutchouc, or elastic
gum, from which Indian-rubber is made, grows
plentifully in several provinces of Guatemala,
particularly in various parts of Honduras. In ad-
dition to those may be enumerated the locust-tree,
the fustic, the cocoa-nut-tree, the cabbage, and
the silk-cotton-trees, besides which both trees
and shrubs of a medicinal nature grow in great
variety and profusion. The soil which has been
brought under cultivation is extremely fertile, and
the climate is superior to a great part of the Amer-
ican continent. The shores abound with aquatic
birds of different kinds. Myriads of swallows are
found in some parts, particularly in Honduras,
during the periodical rains. The humming-bird
is seen in most of its splendid varieties, and the
oxilis, one of the most minute and beautiful of
this elegant tribe, is very common. The number
offish, insects, and reptiles, is also great.
Honey Brook, p.t. Chester Co. Pa. on the bead
streams of the Brandy wine.
Honeuscille, p. v. Shenandoah Co. Va.
Honfieur, a seaport of France, in the depart-
ment of Calvados. The harbour is very capa-
cious, at the mouth of the Seine ; and its princi-
pal trade is in lace. 8 m. N. of Pont I'Eveque.
and 110 N. W. of Paris. Long. 0. 15. E., lat. 49
24. N.
Honiton, a borough in Devonshire, Eng. cele-
brated for the manufacture of broad lace. The
church is half a mile from the town, but it has al-
so a chapel belonging to the establishment, and
three meeting-houses for Independents, Baptists,
and Presbyterians. A fire happened here in 1747,
which consumed three-fourths of the town ; and
another, in 1705, destroyed nearly 180 buildings.
It is situated in a delightful vale on the river •
Otter, )G m. E. of Exeter. Market on Saturday.
Hooghly, a river of Hindoostan, formed by the
two westernmost branches of the Ganges, named
the Cosimbazar and Jellinghy, which unite at
Nuddea. It flows by Hooghly, Chinsura, Chan-
dernagore, and Calcutta, to the bay of Bengal,
and is the only branch of the Ganges that is com-
monly navigated by ships.
Hooghly, a city of Hindoostan, in Bengal, now
nearly in ruins, but possesing many vestiges of
fomer greatness. In the beginning of the
eighteenth century, it was the great mart of the
export trade of Bengal to Europe. It is seated on
the river Hooghly, 25 m. N. of Calcutta.
Hoogstraten, a town of the Netherlands, in Bra-
bant, 15 m. N. of Herentals.
Hookertown, p. v. Greene Co. N. C.
Hookset, p.t. Merrimack Co. N. H. on the Merri-
mack, 52 m. fr. Boston. Here is a beautiful cata-
ract, round which a canal passes. Pop. 880.
Hookstown, villages in Beaver Co. Pa. Balti-
more and Talbot Cos. Md. and Greene Co. N. C.
Hoom, or Horn, a seaport of N. Holland on the
Zuyder Zee, with manufactures of woolen cloths
and carpets, and a considerable trade in cattle,
butter, cheese, herrings, and other fish. 20 m.
N. N. £. of Amsterdam.
Hoosack Mountain, a ridge in the western part
HOR
384
HOT
of Massachusette passing through the trtate from
Vermont to Connecticut.
Hoosack, a stream rising in Vermont and fal-
ling into the Hudson, 8 m. above Lansinburg.
Hope, a river of the island of Jamaica, which
runs into the sea 5 m. S. of Kingston.
ffo/»e, p.t. Waldo Co. Me. Pop. 1,541. Also
towns in Durham Co. N. C. and Gaspe Co. L. C.
Hope jidvance Bay, a bay in Hudson's Strait,
100 m. W. of Cape Cliidley.
Hope Bay, a bay at the N. E. corner of Nootka
Sound. — Also a bay in the English Channel, on
the coast of Kent, between Sandwich and Rams-
gate.
Hope Cape, a cape of Hudson's Bay, at the en-
trance of Repulse Bay
Hopefield, p. v. Phillips Co. Arkansas, on the
Mississippi, opposite Chickasaw Bluff.
Hope Islands, two small islands on the coast of
New Holland. Lat. 15. 41. S.
Hopeton, p.t. Yates Co. N. Y. Pop.
Hopeioell, the name of 13 towns and villages in
the United States, viz. in Ontario Co. N. Y. Pop.
8,20:2. Cumberland and Huntingdon Cos. N. J.
York, Washington, Cumberland, Bedford and
Huntingdon Cos. Pa. Fauquier Co. Va. York Dis.
S. C. Perry, Licking, and Muskingum Cos. Ohio.
Hopkins, a county of Kentucky. Pop. 5,763.
Madison ville is the capital.
Hopkinsville, a township of Caledonia Co. Vt.
Also villages in Powhatan Co. Va. and Christian
Co. Ken.
Hopkinton, p.t. Merrimack Co. N. H. on Con-
toocook river. Pop. 2,474. Also a p.t. Wash-
ington Co. R. I. pop. 1,777. Also a p.t. Mid-
dlesex Co. Mass. Pop. 1 ,809. Also a township
in St. Lawrence Co. N. Y. Pop. 827.
Horaidan, a town of Persia, in the province of
Farsistan, 76 m. N. W. ofShiras.
Horb, a town of Wurtemberg, with a consider-
able trade in woolen (roods, seated on the Neck-
ar, 51 m. W. S. W. of Tubingen.
Horeb, mountain of Arabia Petrea, a little to
the W. of Mount Sinai. Plere are two or three
fine springs, and a great number of fruit-trees.
Horn, a town of Austria, with a trade in beer,
made of oats ; seated on the Tiffer, 48 m. W. N.
W. of Vienna.
Horn, a town of the Netherlands, in the prov
ince of Liege, 3 m. W. N. W. of Ruremonde.
Horn, Cape, the southern extremity of South
America, forming part of Hermite Island, on the
coast of Terra del Fuego. Long. 68. 13. W., lat.
55. 58. S.
Hornachos, a town of Spain in Estremadura,
near the river Malachel, 30 m. S. S. E. of Merida.
Hornbcrg, a town of Baden, in the Black For-
est, with a fortress on a mountain ; seated on the
Gutlash, 12 ra. N W. of Rothweil.
Hornlmrg, a town of Prussian Saxony, on the
Use, 8 m. S. of Wolfenbuttel.
Hornby, a small town in Lancashire. Eng. situ-
ated on the bank of the Wenning, 9 m. N. E.
Lancaster. The principal object of attraction is
Hornby Castle, erected, as is supposed, by Nicho-
las deMont Begons,80on after the conquest. Here
was formerly a weekly market on Friday, which
has merged in the fair for cattle every alternate
Tuesday.
Horncastle, a town in Lincolnshire, situated in
an angle formed by the confluence of the Bane
and the Waring, with a market on Saturday. It
was a Roman station, and part of the wall is still
remaining. Here are a church, four meeting- hou-
ses, a dispensary, &c. 21 m. E. of Lincoln, and
136 N. of London.
Hornellsviile, p. v. Steuben Co. N. Y.
Hornsea, a town in E. Yorkshire, nearly sur-
rounded by an arm of the sea, and much resorted
to during the bathing season. Near it is a mere^ .
two m. long and one broad, famous for its pike
and eels. 16 m. N. of Hull, 193 N. of London.
Hornorsville, p. v. Culpeper Co. Va.
Horntown, p.v. Accomac Co. Va.
Horry, an eastern District of South Carolina.
Pop. 5,323. Conwayborough is the Capital.
Horseneck, a village of Essex Co. N. Y. on the
Passaic.
Horscns, a seaport of Denmark, in N. Jutland,
on the Categat, having manufactures of woolen
goods, and a considerable trade. 20 m. S. S. W
of Arhusen.
Horsham, a borough in Sussex, Eng. Here is
the co.unty gaol; and the spring assizes are held-
here. It is seated on the Ad?ir, 20 m. N. W.
Brighton, and 36 S. of London.
Horsham, a township of Montgomery Co. Pa.
Horstmar, a town of Westphalia, with a castle, *
and a collegiate church ; seated on an eminence
15 m. N. W. of Munster.
Hosick, p.t. Rensselaer Co. N. Y. on Hoosack
river. Pop. 3,582.
Hot Spring, a country in Arkansas. Pop. 458.
It is named from several Springs in the territory
which have a temperature equal to that of boiling
water. The water has no mineral properties but
is remarkably limpid.
Hottentots, Country of the, a large region in
the S. extremity of Africa, extending N. oy W.
from the Cape of Good Hope, beyond the mouth
of Orange River, and from that cape, in an E. N
E. direction, to the mouth of the Great Fish Riv-
er, which parts it from CafFraria. It is bounded
on the W., S., and E., by the Atlantic, Southern,
and Indian oceans, and on the N. by regions very
little, if at all explored. The Hottentots are as
tall as most Europeans, but are more slender ; and
the characteristic mark of this nation is, the
smallness of their hands and feet, compared with
the other parts of their body. Their skin is of a
yellowish brown hue, resembling that of a Euro-
pean who has the jaundice in a high degree.
There are not such thick lips among the Hotten-
tots as among their neighbours the Negroes, the
Caflres, and the Mozambiques ; and their mouth
is of the middling size, with the finest set of teeth
imaginable. Their heads are covered with hair
more woolly, if possible, than that of the Negroes.
With respect to shape, carriage, and every mo
tion, their whole appearance indicates health and
content. They are excellent swimmers and dx
vers, and practise bathing several times in the
day. The women braid or plait their hair as an
HAT
386
HOU
additional eleffance, and adorn themselves with
necklaces of shells. Both the men and women
generally go bareheaded, and seldom wear any
* ^hoes. Both sexes wear rings on their arms and
legs, chiefly made of thick leather straps, cut in a
circular shape ; but rings of iron, copper, or brass,
of the size of a goose-quill, are considered more
genteel. Girls are not allowed to use any rings
till they are marriageable. Their habitations are
• adapted to their wandering pastoral life. They
"• are merely huts, resembling a round beehive, from
18 to 24 feet in diameter, and so low that a mid-
dle-sized man cannot stand upright in them. The
fire-place is in the middle, and they sit or lie
round it in a circle. The low door is the only
place that admits the light, and the only outlet
that is left for the smoke. The order of these
huts in a kraal, or clan, is most frequently in the
form of a circle, with the doors inward ; by which
means a kind of yard is formed, where the cattle
are kept at night. Such are the Hottentots in
the vicinity of the Cape of Good Hope. In 1778,
lieutenant Paterson visited a Hottentot village in
Little Namaqua Land, in the N. W. part of the
country ; it consisted of 19 huts and about 150 in-
habitants. The ensign of authority worn Dy
their chief was a cane with a brass top, given to
him by the Dutch East India Company. The
Hottentots amused them, part of the night, with
music and dancing : their visitors, in return,
treated them with tobacco and dacka, or hemp
leaves, which they prefer even to tobacco. Their
music was produced from flutes, made ot the bark
of trees, of difierent sizes. The men form them-
selves into a circle, with their flutes ; and the
women dance round them. Among ether tribes
of Hottentots are the Bosjesmans, who inhabit
the mountains in the interior part of the country,
N. E. of the Cape, and live by hunting and plun-
der. On this account they render themselves
odious to the planters, and are pursued and exter-
minated like wild beasts, or made slaves of when
taken alive. Their habitations are not more
agreeable than their manners or ma.xims ; bushes
and clefts in rocks serve them by turns for dwell-
ings. Many of these savages are entirely naked ;
but some of them cover their body with the skin
of any sort of animal. Being ignorant of agricul-
ture, they wander over hills and dales after cer-
tain wild roots, berries, and plants, which they eat
raw ; also caterpillars, termites, locusts, gras-shop-
pers, snakes, and spiders. Another tnoe of Hot-
tentots, near the mouth of Orange River, were
observed bv lieutenant Paterson, in his journey
to the N. W. in 1799. Their huts wen- loftier,
and thatched with grjiss ; and were furnished
with stools made of the back-bones of the gram-
pus. Their mode of living is in the highest de-
gree wretched, and they are apparently the most
dirty of all the Hottentot tribes. Their dress is
composed of the skins of seals and jackals, the
flesh of which they eat. When a grampus is
cast ashore, they remove their huts to the place,
and subsist upon it as long as any part remains.
They smear their skin with the oil, the odor of
which is so powerful that their approach may be
perceived some time before they appear in view.
To the N. of the country of the Bosjesmans, and
on the banks of Orange River, is another tribe
called Koras, who may be reckoned to rank high-
er than any of the other Hottentots known in the
S. of Africa. Their features are of a superior
cast ; they are more cleanly in their appearance,
and neater in their dress and domestic utensils ;
49
their huts are also constructed with greater care,
and with a view of being more durable. They
seem to be a mixed breed, between the Hottentot
and Caffre. The Hottentots, in general, are
described as a mild, simple, affectionate, and in-
oflensive race ; but extremely indolent in their
habits, and limited in their faculties. Where,
however, any sort of effort has been made to cul-
tivate their powers, and give them a feeling of
hope and liberty in their occupations, they have
been found active, intelligent, and useful. No
traces of religion appear to have been retained by
this people. But Christianity has been introduced,
through the exertions of the Moravians and other
missionaries, who have recently endeavoured,
with some degree of success, to ameliorate the
condition even of some of the wilder tribes, who
inhabit the N. and N. W. of the colony. ' The
country possessed by the Europeans is considera
ble; extending from the Cape of Good Hope, N. to
lat. 30, and E. to the Great Fish River, about
550 m. in length, and 230 in breadth. The whole
is naturally barren and mountainous ; but tiie in-
dustrious Dutch overcame all natural difliculties,
and it produces not only a sufficiency of all the
necessaries of life for the inhabitants, but also for
the refreshment of all the European ships that
touch at the Cape. The year is considered as di-
vided into two seasons, termed monsoons : the wet
monsoon, or winter, begins in March ; and the
dry one, or summer, in September. Among the
quadrupeds of this country are antelopesj* which
go m large herds ; buffaloes ; camelopardalises ;
the gemsbock, a species of antelope, which has
remarkably long sharp horns, and, when attacked
by dogs, will sit on its hind quarters, and defend
itself; wild dogs, which travel in herds, and are
very destructive to sheep ; elephants ; elks ; hye-
nas ; the koedo, an animal rather larger than a
deer, of a mouse colour, with three white stripes
over the back, and the male having very larore
twisted horns ; lions ; jackals ; tigers ; the quaggti,
a species of zebra, but more tractable ; rhinoce-
roses ; horses ; domestic horned cattle ; common
sheep, and a peculiar sf>ecies of sheep covered
with hair instead of wool. The hippopotamus,
or river-horse, is frequently seen here. Among
the birds are vultures, ostriches (whose egss are
excellent food), and the loxia, a species of gregari-
ous bird. Among the insects are a species of ter-
mites, which do no injury to wood as in the East
Indies, but, by raising a number of hills, they im-
pede the progress of vegetation. The black or
rock scorpion, is nearly as venomous here as any
of the serpent tribe, of which there are numerous
kinds.
Huuat, an island of France, between Belleisle
and the continent. It is 10 m. in circumference,
and is defended by a fort.
Houdain, a town of France, department of Fas
de Calais, 9 m. S. of Bethune.
Hmidan, a town of France, department of Seine-
et-Oise, 21 m. W. of Versailles.
Hounsjield, a township of Jefferson Co. N. Y.
Pop. 3,415.
Hounslow, a town in Middlesex, Eng., situate
on the edge of a heath of the same name, on
which are' many vestiges of ancient encamp-
ments, 10 m. W. by S. of London.
Hovsatonic , a river rising in Massachusetts and
flowing through Connecticut into Long Island
Sound. It is navigable for small vessels 12 m.
HoustonvUle, p. v. Iredell Co. N. C. Also a
village in Pendleton Uis. S. U
2K
HUB
366
HUD
Hou-q%iang, a province of China, which occu-
pies nearly the centre of the empire, and ia divi-
ded into two parts, the N. and S., by the river
Kian-ku. It is a flat, open country, watered by
lakes, canals, and rivers ; and lias plenty of wild
fowl and cattle. The soil is remarkably fertile ;
gold is found in the sands of the rivers ; and there
16 such a variety of all sorts of commodities that
it is called, by the Chinese, the store-house of the
empire. It contains 15 cities of the first class, and
114 of the second and third. Vou-tchang is the
capital.
Ilourn, Loch, an arm of the sea, on the W. coast
of Scotland, in Inverness-shire, extending 20 m.
inland from the sound of Skye.
Houssa, a considerable town of Negroland, cap-
ital of a country of the same name, extending
along the N. side of the Niger. It is 200 m. if.
of Tombuctoo. Long. 4. 20. E., lat. 16. 10. N.
Hou-tcheou, a city of China, of the first class,
in the province of Tche-kiang. The quantity of
silk manufactured here is almost incredible, and
it is the chief place for making writing pencils.
It stands near a large lake, called Tai, 110 m. S.
E. of Nan-king. Long. 120. 15. E., lat. 30. 55. N.
Hotoard, a county of Missouri Pop. 10,844.
Fayette is the Capital.
Howard, p.t. Steuben Co. N. Y. Pop. 2,364.
Also a township of Centre Co. Pa.
Hoioden, a town in E. Yorkshire, Eng. It gives
name to a small district called Howdenshire. The
bishops of Durham had formerly a palace here,
the remains of which are now occupied as a farm-
house. Here is a large church, like a cathedral,
part of which is in ruins. It is seated near the
Ouse, and surrounded by a level country in a
high state of cultivation, 21 m. S. S. E. of York,
and 175 N. by W. of London.
Howe, Cape, the promontory at the S. E. end
of New Holland.
Howell, a township in Monmouth Co. N. Y.
Howlurul, a township of Trumbull Co. Ohio.
Hoxfer, a fortified town of the Prussian states,
on the Weser, 23 m. E. by N. of Paderborn.
Hoy, one of the Orkney Islands, situate between
the island of Pomona and the N. coast of Caithness-
shire. It is 15 in. long and 6 broad. Here is a
stupendous rock, called the Beary ; and on the
W. coast is a great conic hill, called Hoy Head,
which is a seamark. Long. 3. 9. W., lat. 58.
46. N.
Hoya, a town of Hanover, capital of acounty of
the same name. It is seated on the Weser, 37 m.
N. W. of Hanover. Long. 9. 20. E., lat. 52. 47. N.
Hoyer, a town of Denmark, in the duchy of Sles-
wick, celebrated for its oyster-fishery, 4 m. W. of
Tonderen.
Hoyersicerda, a town and castle of Lusatia, on
the Black Elster, 17 m. N. N. W. of Bautzen.
Hoym, a town and castle of Saxony, in the prin-
cipality of Auhalt, seated on the Godel, at its
junction with the Selke 7 m. E. of Quedlinburg.
Hradisch, a town of Moravia, capital of a cir-
cle of the same name, which produces excellent
wine. It is a frontier fortress towards Hungary,
and stands on an island in the river Moraw, 30
m. S. S. E. of Ohnutz. Long. 17. 30. E., lat. 49.
7. 9.
Hualiine, one of the Society Islands, in the S.
Pacific, 30 leagues from Tahiti. It is 21 m. in
compass, and has a commodious harbour, called
Owharra Bay, on the W. coast. Long. 151. 8.
VV , lat. 16. 44. S.
Hubbard, a township of Trambull Co. Ohio.
Hubbardston, p.t. Worcester Co. Mass. 45 m.
W.Boston. Pop. 1,674.
Hubbardton, p.t. Rutland Co. Vt, 40 m. N. W.
Windsor. Pop. 865. ,
Hubert, St., a town of the Netherlands, in
Luxemburg, with a celebrated obbey, seated in
the forest of Ardennes, on the rivulet Homme, 14
m. W. of Bastogne.
Hubertsberg, a town of Saxony, in Meissen,
with a magnificent hunting-seat, built by Augus-
tus HI., then electoral prince, 22 m. E. of Leip
zig.
Huddersficld, a populous and flourishing town
in W. Yorkshire, Eng. Here is a large circular
hall, in which narrow and broad cloths, serges,
kerseymeres, &c., manufactured in the town and
neighbourhood, are weekly exposed to sale. It
stands on the Colne, 3 m. from the Calder, from
which it has a canal to Ashton-under-Line. In
addition to the parish church, two others have
been erected — Trinity Church, in J819, and
Christ Church, completed in 1824 ; and there are
several meeting-houses for the different denomi
nations of dissenters. The charitable institutions
are numerous, and a mechanic's institutute was
established in 1825, to which a valuable library
has since been attached. It is 41 rn. S. W. of
York, 25 N. E. of Manchester, and 189 N. N.
W. of London.
Hudson's Bay, a bay of North America, lying
between 51. and 69. N. lat., discovered in 1610
by captain Henry Hudson. The entrance of the
bay, from the ocean, is between Resolution Isle
on the N. and the Labrador coast on the S., form-
ing the E. extremity of the strait distinguished
by the name of its great discoverer. It commu-
nicates on the N. by two straits with Baffin's Bay ,
on the E. side it is bordered by Labrador, on the
S. W. by New South Wales, and on the W. by
New North Wales. These countries, included
under the name of New Britain, abound with
animals whose skins and furs are far superior in
quality to those found in less northerly regions
In the region to the westward Captain Franklin
discovered that beautiful little animal which he
named Parry's Marmot in honour of the celebrat-
ed navigator of that name. It bears a strong
resemblance to the striped squiril. The natives are
called Esquimaux and northern Indians ; and are
materially different from the southern tribes. In
1670 a charter was granted to a company for the
exclusive trade to this bay. The territories
claimed by this company are stated by some wri-
ters to extend from 70. to 115. of W. long, and
as far as 49. S. lat., thus comprehending a length
HUS
387
HUN
■ of 1,300 or 1,400 geographical m. by a medial
breadth of 3oO m. Animated by a prospect of
gain, the company have pushed their discoveries
into the interior, and thus has a knowledge of
these vast wilds been obtained!, beyond what any
other motives would have supplied. In Decem-
ber, 1770, Mr. Hearne set out from Prince of
Wales Fort to explore a river that the Esqui-
maux, who came to the company's factories to
trade, had broughtto their knowledge, and which,
on account of much copper being found near it
had obtained the name of Copper-mine River.
Under the convoy of those Indians, he arrived
at this river in June 1771, and traced it till he
came in sight of the Arctic Ocean, finding it
encumbered with shoals and a bar at its mouth,
which is in long. 119. W., lat. 72. N. In 1789
Mr. Mackenzie, another officer of the company,
explored the country still more to the W. ; and
entering a river (now called after his name),
which is the outlet of the Slave-lake, he traced
it to its mouth in the Arctic Ocean, where it
forms a wide estuary in long. 135. W., lat. 71.
N. Further discoveries have been made by
Capt. Franklin.
Hudson, a city of New York, in Columbia
county with considerable manufacturing busi-
ness. The streets are spacious, and cross each
other at right angles ; and the houses are sup-
plied with water brought in pipes from a spring
2 m. distant. The trade is considerable, and
vessels of the largest size can unload here. It is
seated on an eminence, on the E. side of Hud-
son River, Pop. 5,392. 30 m. S. of Albany, and
120 N. of New York.
Hudson, villages in Caswell Co., N. C. and
Portage Co. Ohio.
Hiulson, a river of the United States, which
S asses its whole course of 300 m. in the state of
few York. It rises between the lakes Ontario
and Champlain, and flows S. by Albany, and
Hudson, and enters the Atlantic Ocean at New
York. It is navigable for ships to Hudson, and
for sloops to Albany, and is one of the finest nav-
igable streams in the world.
Hudwickstcald, a seaport of Sweden, the chief
town of Helsingia, with a good harbour, on the
gulf of Bothnia. The inhabitants carry on, an
advantageous trade in timber, flax, linen, butter,
fish, &c. 185 m. N. by W. of Stockholm. Long.
17. 4G. E., lat. 62. 6. N.
' Hue, or Huefo, the capital of Cochin China,
with a royal palace. The inhabitants blacken
their teeth, thinking it a shame to have them
white, like dogs. It is seated in a beautiful
plain, and divided into two parts bv a largs river,
30 m. from its mouth, in the Chiiia Sea. Long.
107. 25. E., lat. 16. 25. N.
Huelva, a town of Spain, in Andalusia, on the
coast of the Atlantic, between the mouths of
the Odiel and Tinto, 53 m. W. of Seville.
Huen, an island in the Baltic, with one scat-
tered village, 3 m. from the coast of Sweden, and
9 S. S. E. of Elsinore. It is 6 m. in circumfer-
ence, and was ceded by the Danes to the Swedes,
in lGo8. See Uranibur^.
Huesca, an old fortified town in the N. of Ar-
ragon, in Spain, situated in a plain on the Isuela.
Its works have gone into ruins,but it is still a bish-
op's see, has a university, two large schools, a ca-
thedral, and 6,800 inhabitants, with manufactures
of cloth and leather. 30 m. N. E. of Saragossa.
Huescar, a town of Spain, in Granada, with a
castle, 42 m. N. E of Guadix
Htussen, a town of Holland, in Guelderland,
seated on the Rhine, 7 m. N. E. of Nimeguen.
Hueta. See (xueta.
Huednberg, a t»wn of the Austrian States, in
Carinthia, 20 m. N. N. E. of Clagenfurt.
Huffingen, a town of Baden, in the principal-
ity of Furstenburgh 4 m. N. N. \V. of Furs
tenburg.
Hull, p.t. Plymouth Co. Mass. on a peninsula
at the extremity of Nantasket Beach, on the S. side
of Boston Bay. Pop. 198.
Hughesbtirgh. See Catawissa.
Hull, or Kingston upon Hull, a borough and sea-
port in East Yorkshire, Eng. Tlie commerce of
this place is considerable, and it is deemed the
fourth port in the kingdon. Besides its commu-
nication with the Yorkshire rivers and canals, it
has access also to the Trent, and all its branches .
so ti'iat it has the itnport and export trade of many
of the northern and midland counties. The for-
eign trade is chiefly to the Baltic ; but it is also
one of the privileged ports for trading to the East
Indies, and has traffic with the southern parts
of Europe, and with America. More ships are sent
hence to Greenland than from any other port, that
of London excepted. The harbour is artificial ;
and here are docks for building and repairing
ships. Among the public buildings are the Trini-
ty-house, for the relief of seamen and their wid-
ows, an armoury, a naval storehouse, a custom-
house and an exchange. It is seated on the north-
ern side of the Humber about 20 m. from its
mouth, the town extending almost in a direct line
along the river Hull, and lying on a level tract
of ground, washed on two of its sides by the Hull
and the Humber. It is now well secured from
inunditions by embankments. 38 m. S. £. of
York, and 171 N. of London.
Hulledyepura, a town of Hindoostan, in Cana-
ra, seated in a plain of rice-ground to the E. of a
considerable creek, which runs N. from the en-
trance into Honawera Lake, 55 m. N. by W. of
Kandnpura.
Hulmsmlle, p.t. Bucks Co. Pa.
Hulpcn. a town of the Netherlands, in Brabant,
10 m. S. E. of Brussels.
Hulst, a town of tlie Netherlands, in Dutch
Brabant, strong by its situation and fortifications.
It was shamefully surrendered to the French in
1747, and taken by them in 1794. It is seated on
a plain, which may be overflowed, and on a ca-
nal that communicates with the Scheldt, 15 m.
W. N. W of Antwerp.
Hultschin, a town of Silesia, near the river Op-
pa, 13 m. E. of Troppau.
Humber, a river formed by the junction of
the Trent and Ouse. It is a large estuary, which
divides Yorkshire from Lincolnshire, and enters
the Gorman Ocean at Spurn Head.
Hummelstown, a township of Dauphin Co.
Pa.
Humphreys, a county of W. Tennessee. Pop.
6,189, Reynoldsburgh is the capital.
Humphreystille, p.t. New Haven Co. Conn. It
has manufactures of woolen. Also villages in
Chester Co. Pa. and Union Dis. S. C.
Hundsmarck, a town of the Austrian States, in
Styria, near the river Muehr, 17 r:. W. by S. of
Judenbursj.
Himefetd, a town of Germany, in the district
of Fulda, with a collegiate church. 10 m. N. of
Fulda.
Hungary, a countr}' of Europe, forming an im-
portant part of tht Austrian dominions. At differ*
HUJ^
388
HUN
ent periods this name has been applied with a very
different signification. In the fourteentli and
fifteenth centuries Hungary comprised part of mod-
ern Poland and European Turkey, and was divi-
ded into ten separate governments, or kingdoms,
viz. Hungary Proper, Croatia, Sclavonia, Dal-
matia, Bosnia, Bulgaria, Moldavia, Galicia, and
Lodomiria, besides the principality of Tran-
sylvania. Several of these provinces have long
since been detached from Hungary ; but that
country has still a close political and military
connexion with the Austrian provinces of Scla-
vonia, Croatia, and Dalmatia. This kingdom
(for sucli it is still termed) is surrounded by moun-
tams, except on the S. where its frontier is along
the Danube and the Drave. It is bounded on the
W. by part of Germany, N. by Galicia, E. by
Transylvania and Wallachia, and S. by Turkey.
Sclavonia, and Croatia; and has a territorial ex-
tent of 84,500 square m. It vs^as formerly divided
into Upper and Lower Hungary ; but this divi-
sion has been superseded by that of the following
circles : — I. Circle this side the Danube 2. Cir-
cle beyond the Danube ; 3. Circle this side the
Theyss ; 4. Circle beyond the Theyss ; 5. Prov-
ince of Sclavonia; 6. Province of Croatia. These
are divided into counties, of which there are
thirteen in the first circle, and eleven in each of the
others. The principal rivers are the Danube, the
Drave, the Marosch, the March, the white Kor-
esch, the Izamos, the Theyss, the Waag, and the
Temes. The chief lakes are Balaton and Nieusi-
cdl, W. ; Palitsch on the S. W., and Grunsee or the
Grun Lake among the Carpathians. There arealso
several extensive marshes here, as that of the Isle
of Schut on the W. and that of Saxetje on the E.
of the kingdom. Tlae climate among the moun-
tains is ot course bleak ; but in the S. it is in
general mild ; in the sandy districts extremely
Jiot; on the banks of the rivers and near tlie
marshes there is much humidity : indeed this is
a prevailing characteristic of the climate of the
level part of Hungary. The country abounds in
all the necessaries of life, and the wine, especial-
ly that called Tokay, is excellent. There are
mines of gold, silver, copper, and iron ; and also
of opal at Czerweniza, which gem is peculiar to
this country. There is such plenty of game that
hunting is allowed to all. The trade princi-
paily consits in cattle, hogs, sheep, flour, wheat,
rye, wool, and wine ; and these are almost whol-
ly sent to the Austrian provinces. The com-
merce of the country is fettered by no inter-
nal taxes, a circumstance of which the Hun-
gjirians are very proud ; but the Austrian
government has environed it with custom houses,
where a duty of one and one-third per cent, is
gathered on all goods that pass into it from the
other Austrian states. We may thus see that the
encouragement of manufactures within the king-
dom will never, voluntarily become the policy
of that government. The kingdom of Hungary
can easily raise an army of 100,000 men. The
horsemen are called Hussars, and the foot Hey-
dukcs. The government is hereditary in the
house of Austria, and the established religion is
popery, though there are a great number of pro-
testants. No country in the world is better sup-
plied with mineral waters and baths ; and those
of Buda, when the Turks were in possession of it,
were reckoned the finest in Europe.
Hungerford, a town in Berkshire Eng. with a
good trade by its canal navigation. John ot
Uaunt granted a charter by the gift of a brass bu-
gle horn, which is blown annually for the inhao
itants to elect the constable, who is the chief offi
cer. It is seated on the Kennet, 22 ra. S S. W
of Abingdon, and 64 W. of London.
//wTHwo-Men, a town of France, in the depart
ment of Upper Rhine, seated on the Rhine. The
strong fortress of Huninguen, which for a long
time held out against the allies in 1815, was af-
terwards demolished in consequence of a stipula-
tion in the treaty of Paris. 2 m. N. of Basel, and
14 E. of Altkirch.
Hunmanhy, a town in East Yorjishire, Eng.
The town is pleasantly situated on a rising
ground, surrounded by a fine wood on the N. W.,
within two miles of the sea, and contains many
good houses. 39 m. N. E. of York, and 207 N. ol
London.
Hunter, p. v. Greene Co. N. Y. Pop. 1,1(G0.
Hunterdon, a county of New Jersey, on the Del-
aware. Pop. 31,006. Trenton is the chief town.
Hunterstown, a village in York Co. Pa. and a
township in St. Maurice Co. L. C.
Huntersville, villages in Pocahontas Co. Va.
and Lincoln Co. N. C.
Huntingdon, a borough and the capital of Hun-
tingdonshire, Eng. with a market on Saturday,
and a great trade in corn, coals, wood, &.c. It
was once a large place, said to have had 15
churches, which are now reduced to two ; and
there are the cemeteries of two other parishes, in
one of which is an ancient steeple. Huntingdon
is the birth-place of Oliver Cromwell. It is seat-
ed on the river Ouse, over which is a stone bridge
to Godmanchester, 16 m. W. N. W. of Cambridge
and 59 N. by W, of London.
Huntingdon, a county in the W. district of Pen-
sylvania. Pop. 27,159. The capital has the same
name.
Huntingdon, towns in Adams, Luzerne and
Westmoreland Cos. Pa. and Carroll Co. Ten.
Huntingdonshire, a county of England, 25 milee
long and 20 broad; bounded on the N. W. and
N. by Northamptonshire, E. by Cambridgeshire,
and S. W. by Bedfordshire. It contains 240,000
acres ; is divided into four hundreds, and 107
parislies ; and has six market towns. It sends
four members to parliament. The principal riv-
ers are the Ouse and Nen. The S. E. part con-
sists of beautiful meadows. The middle and west-
ern parts are fertile in corn, and adorned with
woods; and the upland part was anciently a fur-
est, peculiarly adapted for hunting. Tlie N E.
part consists of fens, which join those of Ely ;
but they are drained, so as to aff'ord rich pastur-
age, and even large crops of corn. In the midst
of them are some shallow pools abounding with
fish; and a lake six miles long and three broad,
called Whittloseanicre. The principal commod-
ities are corn, malt, and cheese ; and it fattens
abundance of cattle.
Huntington, p.t. Chittenden Co. Va. on Onion
river. Poo. 929. Also apt. Fairfield Co. Conn.
Pop. 1,369. A p.t. Sutiblk Co. N. Y. Pop,
5,582. Also towns in Laurel Dis. S. C, Gallia,
Ross and Brown Cos. Ohio.
Huntingtown, p. v. Calvert Co. Maryland.
Huntley, a town of Scotland, in Aberdeenshire,
with a manufacture of linen cloth; seated on the
Bogie, near its conflux with the Deveron, 35 m.
N. W. of Aberdeen.
Huntshurg, a village in Franklin Co. Vt. near
the Canada line. Also a village in Geauga Co.
Onio.
HuntsvUle, villages in Otsego Co. N, Y., Sur-
ICE
389
ICE
rey Co. N. C, Laurena Die. S. C, Madison Co.
Alab., and Robertson Co. Tenn.
Huntspill, a town in Somersetshire, Eng. 7 m.
N. of Bridgewater, and 143 tV. by S. of London.
Hurdwar, a town of Hindoostan, in the prov-
ince of Dehli, where the Ganges first enters the
country. It is 100 ra. N. by E. of Dehli. Long,
78 23 E.,lat. 29. 55. N.
Huron, a lake of North America, which lies
between 80. and 85. W. long., and 43. and 48. N.
lat. It lias a communication with Lake Michi-
gan and Lake Erie. Its shape is nearly triangu-
lar, 250 m. in length, and its circumference 800
miles. On the N. side is a chain of islands 150
miles long, called Manitoualin by the Indians,
who consider them as sacred : on the S. W. is
Saginau Bay, and a little more to the N. W. is
Thunder Bay so called from the frequent thunder
that IS heard there.
Huron, a county of Ohio, lying upon Lake
Erie. Pop. 13,345. Norwalk is the capital.
Hurst Castle, a fortress in Hampshire, 4 m. S.
of Lymington. It stands on the extreme point
of a neck of land, about a mile distant from the
Isle of Wight. In this castle Charles I. was con-
fined previously to his being brought to trial.
Hv^, or Hussu, a town of European Turkey,
in Moldavia, the see of a Greek bishop. Here
Peter the Great made peace with the Turks in
1711. It is situate on the Pruth, 70 m. S. W. of
Bender. Long. 28. 34. E., lat. 46. 35. N.
Hussingahad, a town of Hindoostan, in the
province of Malwah, on the S side of the Nerbud-
dah, 140ra. N. W. ofNagpore. Long. 77. 54.
E.,lat. 22. 42. N.
Hussum, a sea-port of Denmark, in the duchy
of Sleswick, with a strong citadel. It has a trade
m horses and oxen, and manufactures of leather,
cotton, and linen. It stands on the river Ow or
Aue, near the German Ocean. 16 m. W. of Sles-
wick. Long. 9. 20. E., lat. 54. 36. N.
Huttany,n. town of Hindoostan, in the province
of Visiapour. It is surrounded by mud ram-
parts, and has a citadel, and a spacious caravan-
sera. 30 m. S. S. W. of Visiapour. Long. 75.
6. E., lat. 17. 5. iN.
Huttonsville, p.v. Randolph Co. Va.
Huy, a town of the Netherlands, in the territory
of Liege, with many paper mills, and iron foun-
deries. It is seated on the Maese, 12 m. W. S
W. of Liege.
Hyannis, p.t. Barnstable Co. Mass., on the S.
side of Cape Cod.
Hijattstown, p.v. Montgomery Co. Maryland.
Hyde, a county of North Carolina, lying on
Pamlico Sonnd. Pop. 6,177. Lake Landing is
the seat of justice.
Hyde Park, p.t. Dutchess Co. N. Y. on the
Hudson. Pop. 2,554. Also a village in Halifax
Co. N. C.
Hyderabad, a populous city of Hindoostan, cap-
ital of Golconda, and the metropolis of the Dec-
can. The suburbs, which are very large, are oc-
cupied by merchants and tradesmen. It stands
in a plain, on a river that runs into the Kistna,
310 ni. N. N. W. of Madras. Long. 78. 52. E.,
lat. 17. Hi. N.
Hyderabad, a fort of Hindoostan, in the pro-
vince of Sinde, and the usual residence of the
prince of Sinde; situate near the Indus, 6 m. E.
of Nusserpour, and 62 N. E. of Tatta.
Hydra, a small island of Independent Greece,
the ancient Aristeia. It lies on the eastern coast of
the Morea about 3 m. from the shore. It is a
barren rock, but was an important naval station of
the Greeks during the war of the revolution.
The town of the same name contains 13,000 in-
habitants. The houses are built on the side of a
rocky hill and make a very picturesque appearance*
The inhabitants are enterprising, and engaged
altogether in naval aflairs. A Greek newspaper
is printed here.
Hypolite, St., a town of France, in the depart-
ment of Gard, seated on the Vidourle, near its
source, 12 m. S. W. of Alais.
Hypolite, St., a town of France, in the depart-
ment of Doubs, on the river Doubs, 40 m. E. by
N. of Besaneon.
Hys, a town of Asiatic Turkey, in the Arabian
Irak, on the Eiphrates, 120 m. S. of Bagdad.
Hythe. See Hithe.
IBARRA, the capital of a fertile province of the
same name in South America, is situated on an
extensive and delightful plain, watered on the
E. by the river Taguando, and W. by Ajavi. The
streets are wide and convenient, and the buildings
of good construction. 42 m. N. E. from Quito.
Iberville, an outlet for the overflowing waters
of the Mississippi, during the seasons of inunda-
tion, entering Lalie Maurepas.
Iberville, a parish of Louisiana. Pop. 7,050.
The chief town has the same name.
Iberia, Kew, a village of Louisiana, in the dis-
trict of Attakapas, 200 m. W. of New Orleans.
Iberian Mountains, the most extensive mountain
range of Spain, beginning to the W. of the Ebro,
and extending to the shores of the Mediterranean.
Ibiza. See Ivica.
Iburg, a email town of Hanover, in the princi-
pality ofOsnaburg, 10 m. S. W. of Osnaburg.
Iceland, an island of the North Atlantic Ocean,
belonging to Denmark, extending according to
Henderson from lat. 63. 20. to 67. 20., and be-
tween 15. 30. and 22. yj. W. long. It is of an ir-
regular oval figure, about 380 m. in length, and
230 in its greatest brea>l'li. For two months to-
gether the sun never sets ; and in the winter it
never rises for the same space, at least not entirely.
The coast is indented all round with numerous
deep gulfs, bays, and creeks, several of which form
excellent harbours. The island is mountainous,
stony, and barren ; but in some places there are
excellent pastures. The chief rivers are in the
E. part ; the Skalfanda. Oxarfird, and Bruna, all
flowing from S. to N. Some are white with lime,
others smell of sulphur. The principal moun-
tains, clothed with perpetual snow, are called
Yokuls; and of these Snafial, hanging over the
sea on the S. W. coast, is esteemed the highest,
being computed at 6,860 feet. Mount Hecla, about
2,000 feet in height, \n the most noted, and is a
volcano : there are also several other volcanoes
and the convulsions caused by them in 1783 were
so dreadful and multiplied that it was feared the
island would fall to pieces ; the eruptions were
2k2
10A
390
ILH
the most tremendous of any recorded in history.
The last eruption, which was less terrific in its
consequences, occurred in December 1821. The
climate is not extremely cold, but the seasons are
variable. The sea, at a small distance from the
shores, is seldom frozen ; and very little ice is ever
seen near the W. coast, notwithstanding is prox-
imity to Greenland. Iceland is governed as a
dependency of Denmark, and is divided into four
Erovinces, 19 shires, and 184 parishes. The in-
abitants were estimated at 50,092 in 1824. Their
houses are at a distance from each other, and
many of them deep in the ground ; but they are
all miserable hovels of turf, without windows, and
those of the common class are such wretched dens
that it is wonderful how anything in the human
form can breathe in them. The Danes trade with
the natives for hides, tallow, train oil, whalebone,
and seahorses' teeth, which are as good as ivory.
The established religion is the Lutheran, and
there are 300 churches in the island. The dis-
tressing scarcity of bibles which had long pre-
vailed, was relieved, in 1815, by a liberal distri-
bution from Britain, which were received with the
greatest thankfulness. The principal school, held
at a place called Bessestadt, near the W. coast,
has three masters, who teach the classics, the-
ology, and the Danish language ; and societies
have been formed for the cultivation of literature.
Icolmkill, or lona, one of the Hebrides, near the
S .W. point of the isle of Mull, only 4 m. long,
and one broad. Here are the ruins of an angustine
nunnery, monastery, and cathedral, said to have
been founded by St. Columba, about the year 735 ;
also a small ch-yiel dedicated to St. Oran, con-
taining many marble tombstones of the great lords
of the isles ; and adjoining it is a cemetery, in
which many ancient kings of Scotland, Ireland,
and Norway, are buried. Other ruins of monas-
tic and druidical edifices can be traced ; and many
places are pointed out, noted for particular acts
of St. Columba. This island was the retreat of
learning, during the Gothic ignorance which per-
vaded Europe, after the overthrow of the Roinan
Empire ; and the seminary whence issued those
pious monks and laymen who again revived
learning, and propagated Christianity through
many kingdoms of Europe.
Ida, a lofty and pointed mountain in the middle
of the island of Candia, famous in ancient times
as being tne place on which Jupiter was brought
up, ana wbere there was a temple dedicated to
C^hele.
Ida, a mountain of Asiatic Turkey, 140 m. to
the W. of Olympus.
Idanha a JVcuva, a town of Portugal, in Beira, 3
m. S. W. of Idanha a Velha.
Idanha a Vellia, a town of Portugal, in Beira.
The French took it by assault in 1704. It is
seated on the Ponsul, 25 m. E. of Castel Branco.
Long. fi. 14. W., lat. 39. 39. N.
Idria, a town of the Austrian states, in Carnio-
la, celebrated for its rich quicksilver mines, 20
m. E. N. E. of Gorz.
Idstein, a town of Germany, in the duchy of
Nassau, with a castle, the residence of the
duke ; situate in a district containing several
forests and iron works, 16 m. N. of Mentz, 22. S
W. of Wetzlar.
If, an island in the Mediteranean, on the coast
of France, the most eastern of the three before
the harbour of Marseilles, and well fortified.
Itrlau, a fortified town of Moravia, capi-tal of a
circle of the same name, with two convents and
a college. Good cloth is manufactured here, and
the commerce in corn and hemp is considerable.
It is seated on the Igla, 40 m. W. N.W. of Brinn.
Long. 15. 32. E., lat. 49. 28. E.
Iglesias, a town of the island of Sardinia, and
a bishop's see, 37 m. W. S. W. of Cagliari. Long
8. 39. E., lat. 39. 18. N.
Uior. See Johore.
Ikery, a town of Hindoostan, in Mysore, lor-
merly the capital of a principality. It was of a
great size, surrounded by three concentric walls;
but, the court being removed to Nagara, the in-
habitants willi ngly followed, and the town was
depopulated.
Ila. See Ma.
llak, or Jalak, a town of Nubia, on the Nile,
supposed by some to be the ancient Meroe. Long.
34. 30. E., lat. 18. 48. N
Ilanz, a town of Switzerland, in the Grisons,
capital of the Grey League. It is seated on the
Rhine, 23 m. S. W. of Coire.
Ilchester, or Ivelchester, a borough in Somer-
setshire, with a market on Wednesday. It is a
place of great antiquity, and the birth-plnce of the
celebrated Roger Bacon. The election of the
county members is held here, and here also is the
county gaol. It is seated on the Ivel, IG m. S.
by W. of Wells, and 122 W. by S. of London.
Ildefonso, St., a town of Spain, in New Castile,
noted for a magnificent summer palace, built by
Philip V. ; and for a large manufacture of glass,
belonging to the crown. It is 5 m. N. of Uzeda,
and 40N. W. of Madrid.
Ildefonso, St., a town of Mexico, in the prov-
ince of Guaxaca. seated on a mountain, 70 m. E.
N. E. of Guaxaca.
Ilderton, a village in Northumberland, Eng. 4
m. S. of Wooler. On a hill near it is a .semicircu-
lar encampment, defended by two high rampiers
of earth, and a deep fosse, with an inner circle of
stones, which appear uncemented. The area is
about 100 yards diameter, and contains many re-
mains of buildings.
Ilfracomb, a sea-port in Devonshire, Eng. It
has a spacious natural basin, with a good pier
and quay, projecting into the Bristol Channel.
This port employs a number of brigs and sloops,
chiefly in carrying ore from Cornwall, coal from
Wales, and corn from Bristol; also a number of fish-
inff skiffs. It is 49 m. N. N. W. of Exeter, and 202
W. of London.
Ilheos, a province of Brazil, S. of that of All
Saints Bay. Its chief town of the same name is
ILL
8»l
ILL
■eated at the mouth of the river llheos, 130 m. S.
S. W. of St. Salvador. Long. 40. 15. W., lat. 14
55. S.
//AmcA, a town of Poland, in the Palatinate of
Cracow, remarkable for its silver and lead mines,
15 m. N. W of Cracow.
lUe, a town of France, in the department of
Eastern Pyrenees, on the river Teck, 10 m. W.
of Perpigiian.
Ille-et-Vilaine, a departmentof France, contain-
ing partof tiie late province of Bretagne. It takes
its°name from two rivers, which unite at Rennes,
the capital of the department.
Iller, a river of Germanj', which rises in Tyrol,
runs N. through Bavaria, and joins the Danube
near Uhn.
fllescas, a town of Spain, in New Castile, 15 m.
S. S. W. of Madrid, and 15. N. N. E. of Toledo.
Illinois, a river of North America, formed by
the junction of several streams near the S. end of
Lake Michegan : after taking a S. W. coarse of
250 m. it enters the Mississippi, 30 m. above the
influx of the Missouri.
Illinois, one the United States, bounded on the
N. by the N. W. Territory. E. by Indiana. S. by
Kentucky and W. by the State and Territory of
Mi^sjuri. It extends from 37. to42 30. .\. lat.
and from 87. 17. to 91. 50. W. long. 350 m. in
length and ICO in mean breadth and containing
56,000 sq. m. The Mississippi washes its western,
and the Ohio its southern border, and it is travers-
ed by the Illinois and Kaskaskia rivers. The N.
E. corner touches upon Lake Michigan. This
• State is not traversed by any ranges of hills or
mountains ; the surface in general is level, but in
a few instances uneven, and approaching to hilly.
It may be arranged under three general heads.
1. The all uvions^of rivers, which are from one to
eight rn. in width, in son^ip places elevated, and
in° others low, and subject to inundation. Tliey
consist of an intermixture of woods and prairie.
The soil is almost invariably fertile — such are the
ranks, on the Mississippi, Wabash, Illinois,
Kaskaskia, Ax. 2. .A.fler leaving the alluvions,
and rising to the * bluffs' which bound them, is a
tract of level land, elevated from fifty to one hun-
dred feet, and which is sometimes called ' table
land.' The greater proportion of this is prairie,
which m some places is dry, and in others wet
and marshy, depending upon the convexity or
"oncavity of the surface. Tlie soil is less fertile
1,'iaji that of the alluvions, but is generally prefer-
erl by emigrants. The tract of country between
the Mississippi and Kaskaskia rivers belongs to
this class. 3. In the interior and towards the
n jrthern part of the State, the country becomes
rouifh and uneven. It consists of an intermixture
of woods and prairies, diversified with gentle or
ahr-jpt slopes, sometimes attaining the elevation
o*' hills, and irrigated with a number of streams.
The most of the country which lies south of a line
•Jrawn from the mouth of the Wabash to the
mouth of the Kaskaskia, is covered with timber.
A verv few prairies, and those inconsiderable in
point of size, may be found immediately south
of this line. Crossing that line, the timber is
found to decrease in quantity, and the prairies to
expand ; yet the latter are still comparatively
small, wholly unconnected with each other, and
their outlines distinctly marked by the thick for-
ests which surround and separate them. Advanc-
ing to the north, the prairie surface begins to
prcdommate ; the prairies now become lar»e, and
conununicate with each other like a chain of
lakes, by means of numerous avenues or viatas;
still, however, the traveller is surrounded by tim-
ber ; his eye never loses sight of the deep green
outline, throwing out its capes and headlands ;
though he sees no more than dense forests and
large trees, whose deep shade almost appalled him
in tiie south. Travelling on from the centre of
the State to its northern limit, we find ourselves
surrounded by one vast prairie. In the country
over wliich we have passed, the forest is inter-
spersed with these interesting plains ; here, tlie
prairie is studded with groves and copses, and
the streams fringed with strips of woodland. The
eye sometimes wanders over immense plains cov-
ered with grass, discovering no other oh]ei t on
which to rest, and finding no limit to its vision
but the distant horizon ; while more frequently it
wanders from grove to grove, and from one point
of woodland to another, charmed and refreshed
by an endless variety of rural beauty. The
growth of the bottom lands consists of black wal-
nut, ash of several species, hackberry,elm, (white,
red, and slippery.) sugar-maple, honey-locust,
buck-eye, catalpa, sycamore, cottonwood, peccan,
hickory, mulberry, several oaks — as, over cup,
bur oak, swamp or water oak, white, red or Span-
ish oak ; and of the shrubbery are red-bud, papaw,
grape vine, dogwood, spice bush, hazle, green-
brier, &c. Along the margin of the streams, the
sycamore and cottonwood often predominate, and
attain to an amazing size. The cottonwood is of
rapid growth, a light, white wood, sometimes
u.sed for rails, shingles, and scantlings, not last-
ing, nor of no great value. Its dry, light wood is
much used in steam-boats.
The northern portion of Illinois is said to be
inexhaustibly rich in mineral productions, while
coal, secondary limestone, and sandstone, are
found in every part. Iron ore is often found in
the southern parts of the State, and is said to ex-
ist in considerable quantities near the rapids of
Illinois. Native copper in small quantities has
been found on Muddy river, in Jackson county,
and back of Harrison ville, in the bluffs of Mun-
roe county. One mass weighing seven pounds
was found detached at the latter place. A shaft
was sunk forty feet deep in 1817, in search of this
metal, but without success. Red oxide of iron,
and oxide of copper were dug out. Crystalized
gypsum has been found in small quantities in St.
Clair county. Quartz crystals exist in Gallatin
county. Silver is supposed to exist in St. Clair
county, 2 m. from Rock-Spring, from whence
Silver creek derives its name. In the early set-
tlements by the French, a shaft was sunk here,
and tradition tells of large quantities of the pre-
cious metal being obtained. In 1828, many jjer-
sons in this vicinity commenced digging, and be-
gan to dream of immense fortunes, which however
vanished during the following winter. They dug
up considerable quantities of hornblende the
shining specula of which were mistaken for sil-
ver. Lead is found in vast quantities in the north-
ern part of Illinois, and the adjacent territory.
Here are the richest lead mines hitherto discover-
ed on the globe. This portion of country lies
principally north of Rock river and south of the
Wisconsin. Dubuque's and other rich mines,
are west of the Mississippi. There i.<! scarcely
a county m the State, but what can furnish coal
in reasonable quantities. Large beds are saia to
exist near the junction of Fox river with the Illi-
nois, and in the vicinity of the rapids of the latter.
Salt is found in various parts of the State, held ia
IME
392
IND
Eoltition in the springs. The manufacture of salt
by boiling and evaporation is carried on in Galla-
tin county, 12 m. W. N. W. from Shawneetown ;
in Jackson county, near Brownsville ; and in
Vermilion county, near Danville. The springs
and land are owend by the State, and the works
leased. A coarse marble, much used in building,
IS dug froiii quarries near Alton, on the Mississip-
pi, where large bodies exist. Scattered over the
surface of the prairies, are large masses of rock,
of granitic formation, roundish in form, usually
Called by the people lost rocks. They will weigh
from one thousand to ten or twelve thousand
pounds, and are entirely detached, and frequently
are found several miles distant from any quarry.
There has never been a quarry of granite dis-
covered in the State.
Agriculture is thrivmg, but education in Illi-
nois is still in its infancy, and many of the settlers
have no proper view of its necessity and impor-
tance. Many adults, epecially females, are una-
ble to read or write, and many more, who are able
to read a little, cannot readily understand what
they attempt to read, and therefore take no pleas-
ure in books and study. Common schools are usu-
ally taught some part of the year in most of the
settlements, but more frequently by teachers whol-
I}' incompetent to the task. The Methodists are
the most numerous religious sect. This state is
divided in 52 counties, and has a pop. of 157,575,
of whom 746 are slaves. The capital is Vandalia.
The state was admitted into the Union in 1818.
The legislature is composed of a Senate and House
of Representatives called the General Assembly.
The Senates are chosen for 4 years and the Rep-
resentatives for 2. The governor is chosen for 4
years. Elections are popular, and suffrage is
uni ersal. In the northern part are many Indian
tribes, as the Kaskas, Sauks, Foxes, Potawotam-
ies, &c.
Ilm, a town of Saxony, on a river of its name,
13 m. N. W. of Rudolstadt, and 14 S. by E. of
Erfurt.
Ilvien, a lake of Russia, in the government of
Novogorod, 48 miles long, and from 12 to 18
broad. Near it stands the city of Novogorod. It
communicates with lake Ladoga, by the river
Volkhof
Rmcnau, a town of Saxe-Weimar, in Henne-
berg. Near it is a mineral spring ; also a copper
and silver mine. It is seated near the source of
the Ilm 17 m. E. S. E. ofSmalkalden.
flminister, a town in Somersetshire, Eng. with
a manufacture of narrow cloths. It is seated
among hills, near the river llle, 26 m. S. W. of
Wells, and 136 W. by S. of London.
IlslpAj, a town in Berkshire, Eng. seated between
two hills, 14 m. N. W. of Reading, and 54 W. of
London.
list, a town of the Netherlands, in. Friesland,
seatec' on the Weymer, 12 m. S. of Lewarden.
Ilstrop, a town of Sweden, in W. Gothland,
27 m. S. S. E. of Gotheburg.
Ilten, a town of Hanover, in the province of
Luneburg, 16 m. S. S. W. of Zell.
Iltzhofen, a town of Prussian Saxony, 8 m. N.
E. of Halle.
Imhro, an island in the Grecian Archipelago,
about 20 m. in circumference. It is mountainous
and woodv, and affords plenty of game. Long.
25. 44. E.,"lat. 40. 10. N.
Imrritia, a country of Asia, Jyjng E. of the
Black Sea; bounded on the S. by Turkey, W. by
Mingrelia, N. by Osseta, and E. by Georgia, of
which it is properly speaking, a part. The inhab
itants estimated at not more than 20,000 families,
are scattered over the country in small hamlet.'?.
They send yearly considerable quantities of wine
to the neighbouring parts of Georgia, in leathern
bags, carried by horses : but they are without
manufactures, verv poor and misefable, and cruei-
ly treated by their landlord. Cutais, or Cotatis,
is the capital.
Immcnstadt, a town of Bavaria, in the circle
of the Upper Danube, situate on a small river
which soon afler joins the Iller, 12 m. S. of Kemp-
ton.
ImoJa, an episcopal town of Italy, in the dele-
gation of Ravenna, with a strong citadel. It is
surrounded by walls, towers, and ditches ; con-
tains 16 churches and 17 convents ; and is seated
on the Santerno, 13 m. W. by S. of Ravenna
and 45 N. N. E. of Florence.
Inchbroyock, a small island of Scotland, in For-
farshire, within the mouth of the South Esk, neai
Montrose, with which it communicates by a draw-
bridge. It has also a large and convenient dry
dock.
Inchcolm, a small island of Scotland, in the
frith of Forth, near the village of Aberdour, on
the coast of Fife. Here is the ruins of a famous
monastery, founded by Alexander I. in 1123, to
commemorate the hospitable treatment he receiv-
ed here from a hermit.
Inchgarvie, a small island of the frith of Forth,
nearly in the middle of the passage over the
Queensferry.
Inchkeith, a small island of the frith of Forth
lying midway between the ports of Leith and
Kinghorn. Here is a light-house, and also a
ruinous fort.
Inchmarnock, a small island of Scotland, on
the S. W. side of Bute. The ruins of a chapel
dedicated to St. Marnock are still to be seen ;
and on the W. side are vast strata of coral and
shells.
Ind/d, a town of Sweden, in Medelpadia, on
a river of the same name, near its entrance into
the gulf of Bothnia, 16 m. N. by W. of Sundia-
wald.
Indapour See fndrapour.
Inden Hotun,a, town of Chinese Tartary capital
of the Mantcheou Tartars, 420 m. E. N. £. of
Pekin.
Independence, a township in Alleghany Co.
N. Y. Pop. 877. Also townships in Sussex Co.
N. J. Cuyahoga Co. Ohio and Bond Co. Illi-
nois.
India, or Hind, a contraction of Hindoostan,
is a name often given to that region of Asia ly-
ing to the S. of Tartary, and between Persia and
China, with its independent islands. It contains,
besides Hindoostan, the Birman Empire, Sium,
Cochin China, Tonquin, Thibet, Japan, and Cey-
lon ; but is now, in its geographical features, more
usally, and far more properly, described undei
those respective heads, which see.
Indiana, one of the United States, bounded N
by Michigan Territory, E. by Ohio, S. by Ken
tucky : and W. by Illinois. It extends from 37.
45. to 41. 50. N. lat. and from 84. 42 to 87. 49. W
long. It is 287 m. long, and 255 broad, and con-
tains 36.000 sq. m. It is washed on the Southern
boundary by the Ohio and traver.sed by the Whit«
and Wabash rivers.
There are no mountains in Indiana ; the conn
try, however, is more hilly than Illinois, parti';u
larly towards the Ohio river. A range of hilli
IND
393
INI)
called tbe Knobs, extends from the falls of the
Ohio to the Wabash, in a south-west direction,
which, in many places, produces a broken and
uneven surface. North of those hills lie the flat
woods, 70 in. wide. Bordering on all the princi-
pal streams, except the Ohio, there are strips of
bottom and prairie land ; both together from 3 to
6 m. in width. Between the Wabash and lake
Michigan, the country is mostly champaign,
abounding alternately with wood-lands, prairies,
lakes and swamps. A range of hills runs parallel
with the Ohio, from the mouth of the Great Mi-
ami to Blue river, alternately approaching to
within a few rods, and recedin i to the distance of
2 m. Immediately below Blue river, the hills
disappear, and there is presented to view an im-
mense tract of level land, covered with a heavy
growth of timber. North of the W abash, between
Tippecanoe and Ouitanon, the banks of the
streams are high, abrupt and broken, and the land
except the prairies, is well timbered. Between
the Plein and Theakiki, the country is flit, wet
and swampy, intersperesd with prairies of an in-
ferior soil. " The sources of rivers are generally
in swamps or lakes and the country around them
is low, and too wet for cultivation. There are
two kinds of prairies, — the river and the upland
prairies. The former are bottoms, destitute of
timber and are said to exhibit vestiges of former
cultivation ; the latter are from 30 to 100 feet
more elevated, and are far more numerous and
extensive. Some of them are not larger than a
common field, while others extend farther than
the eye can reach. They are usually bounded by
heavy-timbered forests, and not unfrequently
adorned with copses of small trees. In spring
and summer, they are covered with a luxuriant
growth of grass and fragrant flowers, from six to
eight feet high. The soil of these plains is often
as deep and fertile as the best bottoms. The
intervals bordering on the Wabash are particularly
rich. Wells have been dug in them, where the
vegetable soil was 22 feet deep, under which was
a stratum of fine white sand. The ordinary depth
is from two to five feet. The principal produc-
tions of this state are wheat, Indian corn, rye,
oats, barley, buck-wheat, potatoes, pulse, beef,
pork, butter, whiskey and peach brandy. There
are salt springs in different parts, but they are
little used. The salt is more cheaply obtained
from the neighbouring States. Coal, iron, and
copper are found in some places.
The climate is generally healthy and pleas-
ant, closely resembling that of Ohio. The Wa-
bash is frozen over in tne winter, so that it may
be safely crossed on the ice. This state abounds
with large caverns, the most celebrated of which
is called the Epsom. Salts Cave, from the quantity
of that mineral which it contains. The hill, in
which the cave is situated, is about 400 feet high
from the base to the most elevated point ; and the
prospect to the south-east, in a clear day, is ex-
ceedingly fine, commanding an extensive view of
the hills and valleys bordering on Big Blue river.
The top of the hill is covered principally with
oak and chesnut. The side to the south-east is
mantled with cedar. The entrance is about mid-
way from the base to the summit, and the surface
of the cave preserves in general, about that ele-
vation. After entering the cave by an aperture
of twelve or fifteen feet wide, and in height, in
one place, three or four feet, you descend with
easy and gradual steps into a large and spacious
room, which continues about a quarter of a mile,
50
pretty nearly of the same appearance, varying in
height from eight to thirty feet, and in breadth
from ten to twenty. In this distance the roof is,
in some places arched ; in others a plane and in
one place, particularly, it resembles an inside
view of the roof of a house. At the distance
above named, the cave forks ; but the right hand
fork soon terminates, while the left rises by a
flight of rocky stairs, nearly 10 feet high, into
another story, and pursues a course at this place
nearly south-east. Here the roof commences a
regular arch, the height of which, from the floor,
varies from 5 to 8 feet and the width of the cave
from 6 to 12 feet ; which continues to what is
called the creeping place, from the circumstance
of the visitor's crawling 10 or 12 feet into the next
large room. From this place to the Pillar, a dis-
tance of about one mile and a quarter, the visitor
finds an alternate succession of large and small
rooms, variously decorated ; sometimes mounting
elevated points bj' gradual or difficult ascents, ana
again descending as far below ; sometimes travel-
ling on a pavement, or climbing over huge piles
of rocks, detached from the roof by some convul-
sion of nature ; and thus continues his route, un-
til he arrives at the pillar.
The aspect of this large and stately white col-
umn, as it comes in sight from the dim reflection
of the torches, is grand and impressive. Visitors
have seldom pushed their enquiries further than
two or three hundred yards beyond this pillar.
This column is about fifteen feet in diameter,
from twenty to thirty in height, and regularly
reeded from the top to the bottom. In the vicin-
ity of this spot are some inferior pillars of the
same appearance and texture. Chemically speak-
ing, it is difficult to say what are the constituent
parts of these columns, but lime appears to be the
base. Epsom salts, abounds throughout this cave
in almost its whole extent, in a manner which,
has no parallel in the history of that article. This
neutral salt is found in a great variety of forms,
and in many different stages of formation, some-
times in lumps, varying from one to ten pounds
in weight. The earth exhibits a shining appear
ance, from the numerous particles interspersed
throughout the huge piles of dirt collected in dif
ferent parts of the cave. The walls are covered
in difierent places with the same article, and re-
production goes on rapidly. With a view to as-
certain this, a visitor removed from iv particular
place every vestige of salt, and in four or five
weeks the place was covered with small needle
shaped crystals, exhibiting the appearance of
frost. The quality of the salt in this cave is in-
ferior to none. The worst earth that has been
tried, will yield four pounds of salt to the bushel,
and the best, from twenty to twenty five pounds.
This quantity is inexhaustible. The next pro-
duction is the nitrate of lime, or saltpetre earth.
There are vast quantities of this. There are also
large quantities of the nitrate of alumine, or ni-
trate of argil, which will yield as much nitrate of
potash, or saltpetre, in proportion to the quantities
of earth, as the nitrate of lime. The three arti-
cles above enumerated, are first in quantity and
importance ; but there are several others, which
deserve notice as subjects if philosophical curiosi-
ty. The sulphate of limf , or plaster of Paris, is
to be seen variously formed ; ponderous, crystal-
ized and impalpable or soft, light, and rather spon-
gy. Vestiges of the sulphate of iron are also to be
seen in o; e or two places. Small specimens
of the ca.bonate, also the nitrate of magnesia.
IND
304
IND
have been founa. The rocks in the cave princi-
Fially consist of carbonate of lime, or common
ime stone. Near the forks of the cave are two
specimens of painting, probably of Indian origin.
The one appears to be a savage, with something
like a bow in his hand, and furnishes the hint, that
it was done when that instrument of death was in
use. The other is so HjUcIi defaced, that it is im-
possible to say what it was intended to represent.
This state is divided into G4 counties! The
pop. is 341,582. In the N. part are many Pota-
wotamies and Chippeway Indians. There are no
slaves. The Slate was admitted into the union
in 1816. The legislature consists of a Senate and
House of Representatives, styled the General As-
semblv. The Senators are chosen for 3 years and
the Representative for I. The Governor is cho-
sen for 3 years. Suffrage is universal. The cap-
ital of the state is Indianapolis. There is a col-
lege at Bloomington, and provision is made by
the state for the support of schools.
Indiana, a county of the Western District of
Pennsylvania. Pop. 14,251. The chief town has the
same name. Also a town in Alleghany Co. Pa.
Indianapolis, the capital of the state of Indiana
is situated in Marion county on White River in
the centre of the state. It has but recently been
established.
Indian Old Toicn, a settlement of Penobscot
India"**, on an island in Penobscot river Maine, a
little ajove the great falls. It consists of about
500 souls.
Indian Town, villages in Dorchester Co. Md.
Cur- .uck Co. N. C. and Williamsburg Dis. S. C.
itcdies, East, the name given by Europeans to
that vast tract of country in Asia which is situ-
ated to the S. of Tartary, between Persia and Chi-
na (see Hindoostan,) as well as to a great num-
ber of islands in the Indian Ocean, extending
from the peninsula of Hindoostan as far E. as
New Guinea, and from the bay of Bengal and
the China Sea as far S. as New Holland. The
most western of them are the Maldives, and the
most eastern the Moluccas ; between which are
several very large ones, as Ceylon, Sumatra, Ja-
va, Borneo, and Celebes ; besides many others of
considerable importance as to riches, though much
inferior in e.xtent.
Indies, West, a denomination under which is
comprehended a large chain of islands extended
in a curve from the Florida shore on the north-
ern peninsula of America to the gulf of Venezuela
on the southern. Columbus gave this name to
them under the notion that they formed part of
the Indian continent, which it was his object in
iiis first voyage to find ; and this opinion was so
general that Ferdinand and Isabella, king and
queen of Castile, in their ratification of an agree-
ment granted to Columbus, upon his return, gave
them the name of Indies. Even after the error
which gave rise to this opinion was detected, and
the position of the New World was ascertained,
the name has remained, and the appellation of
West Indies is given by all the people of Europe
to these islands, and that of Indians to the in-
habitants, not only of tliese islands, but of the
continent of America. The principal of these
islands are Curacao, Tj'nidad, Tobago, Grenada,
St. Vincent, Barbadoe i, Martinique, Dominica,
Marie Galante, Guadal -upe, Antigua, Barbuda,
St. Christopher, St. Etstatia, St. Bartholomew,
St. Martin, Anguilla. St. Thomas, Porto-Rico,
St. Domingo, Jamaica, Cuba, and the Bahamas.
Most of the Antilles are situated under the
tropic of Cancer, and there is not much difference
in their climate ; accurate observations made on
any one of them may be applied with little variation
to them all. The spring begins about the month '
of May; the savannas then change their ru.sset
hue, and the trees are adorned with a verdant
foliage. The periodical rains from the south may
at this time be expected ; they fall generally about
noon, and occasion a rapid and luxuriant vegeta-
tion. The thermometer varies considerably; it falls
sometimes six or eight degrees after the diurnal
rains ; but its medium height may be stated at 78
of Fahrenheit. After these showers have continu-
ed for a short period, the tropical summer appears
in all its splendour. Clouds are seldom seen in
the sky ; the heat of the sun is only rendered
supportable by the sea breeze, which blows regu-
larly from the south-east during the greatest part
of the day. The nights are calm and serene,
the moon shines more brightly than in Europe,
and emits a light that enables man to read the
smallest print ; its absence is, in some degree,
compensated by the planets, and above all by the
luminous effulgence of the galaxy. From the
middle of August to the end of September, the
thermometer rises frequently above 90,the refresh-
incr sea breeze is then interrupted, and frequent
caTins announce the approach of the great periodi-
cal rains. Fiery clouds are seen in the atmos-
phere, and the mountains appear less distant to
the spectator than at other seasons of the year.
The rain falls in torrents about the beginning of
October, the rivers overflow their banks, and a
great portion of the low grounds are submerged.
The rain that fell in Barbadoes in the year 1754,
is said to have exceeded 87 inches. The moisture
of the atmosphere is so great, that iron and otlier
metals easily oxydated are covered with rust.
This humidity continues under a burning sun ; —
the inhabitants, (say some writers,) live in a va-
pour bath ; it may be proved, without using this
simile, that a residence in the lower part of the
country at this season is disngreeable, unwhole
some, and dangerous to a European. A gradusw
relaxation of the system diminishes the activity
of the vital functions, and produces at last a gen-
eral atony.
It has been observed by travellers that most of
the wild animals indigenous to the West Indies
are of a small size, as the Vespertilio molussus,
the Viverra caudivolvula, and the Mus pilorides.
Lizards and different sorts of serpents are not un
common ; but the greatest number of them are
harmless, and, with the exception of Martinique
and St. Lucia, no scorpions are to be found in the
Lesser Antilles. This noxious reptile is frequent-
ly observed in Porto Rico, and it exists probably in
all the larger islands. The cayman haunts the
stagnant waters, and negroes are sometimes ex-
IND
^iKiv
395
IND
posed to its murderous bite. The parrot and its
various species from the macaw to the paroquet
frequent the forests ; aquatic birds in unnumbered
flocks enliven the shores. The colibri or hum-
ming-bird is the sportive inhabitant of these warm
climes ; it seldom remains long in the same place,
but is seen for a moment on the blossoms of the
orange or lime tree, and displays in its golden
plumage the brightest tints of the emerald and the
ruby. Trees similar to those that we have ad-
mired in other tropical countries grow in equal
luxuriance on these islands. The Banana, which
in iis full growth appears like a cluster of trees,
is at first weak, and requires the support of a
neighbouring plant. A canoe made from a single
trunk of the wild cotton tree, has been known to
contain a hundred persons, and the leaf of a par-
ticular kind of palm tree affords a shade to five or
six men. Tlie royal palmetto or mountain-cabbage
grows to the extraordinary height of two hundred
Feet, and its verdant summit is shaken by the
slightest breeze. '■
Miuiy of the plantations are enclosed by rows of
Camp«achy and Brazilian trees ; the corab is as
much prized for its thick shade as for its excellent
fruit, and the fibrous bark of the great cecropia is
converted into strong cordage. The trees most
valuable on account of their timber, are the tam-
arindus, the cedar, the Spanish mountain ash, the
iron tree, and the laurus chloroxylon, which is
well adapted for the construction of mills. The
dwellings of the settlers are shaded by orange,
lemon, and pomegranate trees, that fill the air with
the perfume of their flowers, while their branches
are loaded with fruit. The apple, the peach, and
the grape ripen in the mountains. The date, the
sapala, and sapotilla. the mammee. several orien-
tal fruits, the rose apple, the guava, the munga
and different species of spondias and annonas grow
on the sultry plains.
The heiglits are covered in many places with
groves of tile Myrtus pimenta, and no other shrub
grows under its fragrant shade. The ignama and
potato are the principal food of the negroes ; ma-
nioc and angola pulse have been imported from
Africa. But the West Indian planter is wholly
occupied in ministering to the wants or luxuries
of Europeans ; were it not for the immense sup-
plies of corn brought annually from Canada and
the United States, these fertile islands might be
desolated by famine. Sugar is the great staple
sidered in many re-spects superior to the common
Creole plant.
A field of canes is in arrmo or full bloom about
the month of November. At this period of its
growth there are few objects in the vegetable
kingdom that can vie with it in beauty. The canes
are seldom lower than three feet and sometimes
higher than eight; this difference proceeds from
the nature of the soil and the mode of cultivation
A ripe field may be compared to an immense
sheet of waving gold tinged by the sun' s rays
with the finest purple. The stem with its narrow
depending leaves is at first of a dark green colour
but changes as it ripens to a bright yellow ; an
arrow or silver wand sprouts from its summit, and
grows generally to the height of four or five feet ;
the apex is covered with clusters of white and
blue flowers not unlike tufts of feathers. The
finest plantations are sometimes destroyed by fire,
a calamity which occurs too frequently in these
islands. No conflagration is more rapid, none
more alarming ; those who have witnessed such
scenes can best describe them. The hopes and
fortune of the husbandman, the painful toil of
many hundred slaves, the labour of years are in a
few moments destroyed. If a plantation is by any
accident set on fire, the inhabitants sound the
alarm shell, and the shrill blast is repeated from
the neighbouring hills. Rolling smoke, spread-
ing flames, and cracking reeds are sometimes the
first indications of danger. Louder notes are af-
terwards heard from a distance ; bands of negroes
hasten to the flames, their fears and exertions, the
cruelty of their overseers, the noisy impatiel'^of
the planters, groups of horses and mules mSVnig
in the back ground increase the efl'cct of so sub-
lime a picture.
The cotton plant flourishes on dry and rocky
lands, if they have not been too much exhausted
by former cultivation. Dryness is of great advan-
tage to it in all its stages ; when the slirub is in
blossom or when the pods begin to unfold, the
plant is rendered completely useless by heavy
rains. These observations apply to every species,
but more particularly to that sort which is culti-
vated by the French settlers. There are several
varieties of this shrub, all of them resemble each
other ; the best are the green seed, the Brazilian,
and the French or small sqed.
There is but one species of the coffee tree here ;
it is supposed to be a native of Arabia Felix. This
commodity of the West Indies ; the cane was
transported hither from the eastern continent by
Columbus in his second voyage. The Otaheite
cane has been generally introduced into the An-
tilles since the time of Captain Cook ; it is con-
plant was brought to Batavia, from thence to Am-
sterdam and Paris, and afterwards transplanted to
Surinam and Martinique. It seldom bears fruit
before the third season, and sometimes not until
IND
396
ING
the fifth or sixth ; it never lasts more than thirty
years, and frequently decays long before that time.
A single plant may produce from one to four
pounds of coffee.
These islands were the resort of the Buccaneers,
those celebrated freebooters, so noted and formi-
dable during the seventeenth century. These
bold adventurers attacked, in small numbers, and
virith small means, but with an intrepidity which
bade defiance to danger, not only single merchant
vessels, but several of them together, and some-
times armed ships Their common mode of at-
tack was by boarding They directed their efforts
especially against the Spanish ships which sailed
for Europe laden with the treasures of America.
By the repeated losses which they suffered, the
Spaniards were at last so discouraged, that they
seldom offered a serious resistance. Their man-
ner of dividing their booty was remarkable. Every
one who had a share in the expedition swore that
he had reserved nothing of the plunder. A false
oath was of extremely rare occurrence, and was
punished by banishment to an uninhabited island.
The wounded first received their share, which
was greater according to the severity of their
wounds. The remainder was divided into equal
parts, and distributed by lot. The leader received
more than the others only when he had particu-
larly distinguished himself. Those who had per-
ished in the expedition were not forgotten. Their
part was given to their relations or friends, and,
in default of them, to the poor and to the church.
Religion was strangely blended with their vices,
and they always began their enterprises with a
prayer. The wealth which they acq-iired was
spent in gambling and debauchery, for it was the
principle of these adventurers to enjoy the pre-
sent and not care lor the future. The climate
and their mode of life gradually diminished their
number, and the vigorous measures of the
English and French governments at last put an
enato their outrages, which had, perhaps, been
purposely tolerated.
/rt(iore, a town of Hindoostan, in the province
of Malwah, capital of one of the Poonah Mah-
ratta chiefs, who was defeated by the British in
1804, and his successor compelled to enter into
an eiiiagement to renounce all connexion with
the enemies of the British,and to furnish, when re-
quired, 3,000 cavalry. It is seated on a river
that flows into the Nerbuddah, 28 m. S. S. E. of
Ougein. Long. 76. 11. E., lat. 22. 5. N.
Indrapour, a seaport on the W. coast of Suma-
tra, capital of a district of the same name. IGO
in. N. W. of Bercoolen.
/nrfrc, a department of France, including part
of the ci-devant province of Berry. It has its
name from a river, which rises in this department
flows into that of Indre-et-Loire, and joins the
Loire 4 m. below the influx of the Cher. Its
area is estimated at 5.8(39 sq. m. ; its pop. 205,000
Chateauroux is the capital.
Indre-ct- Loire, a departuient of France, includ-
ing almost the whole of the province of lou-
raine and bounded by the departments of the
Loire-et-Cher, the Indre, the Vienne, and the
Maine. It consists mostly of fine plains, inter-
spersed, however, with small hiils, The princi-
pal rivers are the Loire, the Vienne, the Cher, and
the Indre. Tours is the capital.
Indus, or Sindn, a great river of Asia, having
its source in a range'of mountains of Tartary. be-
tween 38. and 39. of of N. lat. From Tliibet it
takes a S. W. course, and enters Hindoostan in
about 35. N. lat. It has always been considered
as the western barrier of Hindoostan. 60 m. from
its source it is joined by the Cabul, when it is no
longer fordable. Between 25. and 26. of lat. it en
ters the province of Sinde, and here we find it
again divided into two considerable branches ; the
principal or western divided into numerous
streams, which form a Delta similar to that of the
Nile or Ganges : they are, however, very shallow
and only navigable by boats. It is said to be 1,350
m. in length and some parts of it are capable of
bearing vessels of 200 tons. But there is very
little commerce transported by it. Its water is
very wholesome. On the E. of this river is a
great sandy desert, extending nearly 500 ra. in
length, and from 60 to 150 in breadth.
Industry, p.t. Somerset Co. Me. Pop. 902.
IngJefingen, a town of Wurtemberg, on the
Kocher, 20 m. S. S. W. of Mergentheim.
Ingelheim, a town of Germany, in Hesse-Darm-
stadt, seated on an eminence, on the river Salva,
9 m. E. of Bingen.
Inglchorough, one of the highest mountains of
England, in Yorkshire, 8 m. N. N. W. of Settle
It is 2,361 feet above the level of sea.
Inghsville, p. v. Montgomery Co. Va.
Inirleton, a village in West Yorkshire, Eng. at
the foot of Ingleborough mountain. It is tolera-
bly well built, and has manufactures of cotton
yarn. Near it are several collieries, which supply
the surrounding country to a considerable dis-
tance with coals. 10 in. W. N. W. of Settle, and
245 N. W. of London.
Inglis Island, an island on the N. coast of New
Holland, near the entrance of the gulf of Car-
pentaria.
Ingolstadt, a town of Bavaria. It is one of the
strongest places in Germany, surrounded by a
morass. The houses are built of stone, and the
streets are large. Here was fi^rmerly a universi-
ty, which in 1800 was transferred to Landshut.
It is seated on the Danube, 9 m. E. of Neuburg,
and 45 N. by W. of Munich. Long. 11. 25 E.,
lat. 48. 4G. N.
Ingra/iam Islands, a cluster of islands, seven in
number, in the Pacific Ocean, discovered by
Captain Ingraham, of Boston, in 1791, and named
Washington, Adams, Lincoln, Federal, Franklin,
Hancock, and Knox. Federal island (or Noolie-
va) is considered the largest, most populous, and
fertile. They appear generally to be diversifi-
ed with hills and valleys, and to be well wooded.
Most of them are inhabited, and the people resem-
ble those of the Marquesas.
Ingrande, a town of France in th« department of
Maine-et-Loire, situate on the Loire, 15 m. W. S.
W. (if Angers.
Inare, n town of France in the department of
the Loiret, 4 m. N. W. of Orleans.
INV
397
ION
Jnishannon, a town of Ireland in the county of
Cork, with a considerable linen manufacture ;
seated on the Bandon, 7 m. N. W. of Kinsale.
Inn, a large river of Austria, which rises in
the Swiss canton of Grisons, flows N. E. through
Tyrol and Bavaria, and joins the Danube at Pas-
sau, where it is nearly 900 feet wide. It become
navigable at Hall, in the Tyrol, and its whole
course is more than 250 m.
1 anaconda, a fortress of Hindoostan, in the
Guntoor circar, situate on a hill, 46 m. N. W. of
Ongole.
Tnscli, a town of Scotland, in Aberdeenshire,
26 m. W. N. W. of Aberdeen.
Inspruck, a fortified town of Austria, capital of
Tyrol, with a strong ca.stle, formerly the resi-
dence of the archdukes of Austria. The princi-
pal manufacture is that of cotton, but it has also
manufactures of silk and woolen stuffs, and all
kinds of glass wares ; and the transit trade from
Germany to Italy is considerable. Inspruck was
entered by the French in 1805, and was the scene
of several heroic efforts of the Tyrolese against
the French and Bavarians in 1809. It is
seated in a pleasant valley, on the river Inn, 62
m. S. of Munich.
Inslerberg, a town and circle of East Prussia,
on the Angerap, in the government of Gumbin-
nen. Its chief trade is in corn and linseed.
The circle is of great extent, comprehending a
pop. of 1 50,000. Part of it is covered with forests,
but the soil of the rest is fertile, and pastures are
extensive : manufactures are hardly known here.
The town is 50 m. E. of Konigsberg; and con-
tains 5,300 inhabitants.
Interlachen, a town of Switzerland, capital of a
baili wic of the same name, in the canton of Bern,
23 m. S. S. W. of Lucern, and 32 S. E. of
Bern.
Invcrary, a borough of Scotland, of the coun-
ty-town of Argyleshire, situate on the N. W.
side of Loch Fyne, and the influx of the Aray.
It has some manufactures and a trade in wool,tim-
ber, and oak bark; but its chief support is from
the herring fishery. Near the town is Invera-
ry Castle, the seat of the duke of Argyle ; and in
the neighbourhood is a considerable iron-work.
The planting around Inverary is very extensive
and admirablv variegated. 45 m. N. W. of Glas-
gow, and 75 'W. N. W. of Edinburgh.
Inverbervie, See Bervie.
Invergondon, a village of Scotland, in Ross-
shire, at the mouth of the frith of Cromarty, 8
m. S. S. E. of Tain. It has a good harbour, and
a regular ferry over the frith to the town of
Cromarty.
Inverkeithing, a borough and seaport of Scot-
'and, in Fifeshire, with a considerable trade in
uoal ana salt. Before the entrance of the har-
bour is a bay, which affords safe anchorage for
ships of any burden in all winds. The harbour
itself is commodious, and has two quays. It is
situate on the N. side of the frith of Forth, 18.
m. N. W. of Edinburgh.
Inverleighen, a village of Scotland, on the ri-
ver Tweed, at the influx of the Leithen, 5 m. E.
of Peebles. Here is an extensive woolen manu-
facture ; and near it is a sulphurous spring.
Intemess, a borough of Scotland, capital of a
county of the same name, situate on both sides
of the river Ness, near its entrance into the frith
of Murray. It has a commodious harbour, and a
good salmon fishery. The trade is very consid-
erable, and the town is rapidly improving. The
principal manufactures are those of hemp and
flax ; and there are also woolen and other manu-
factures, tanneries, brick works, &c., which
furnish employment to many of the inhabitants.
On an eminence are the ruins of the old castle,
demolished by the rebels in 1746; and over the
Ness is a stone bridge of seven arches. The court-
house, nearly in the centre of the town, is a mod-
ern building, with a fine tower, terminated by
an elegant spire, which sustained considerable
injury from the earthquake in 1816. Near this
town, on CuUoden Heath, the duke of Cumber-
land gained a decisive victorv over the rebels ia
1746. To the W. of the town is the hill of Craig
Phatric, on the summit of which are the exten-
sive remains of a vitrified fort, so called from the
marks of fusion which the cement and stones ex-
hibit. Inverness is 50 m. N. E. of Fort William,
and 156 N. of Edinburgh.
Jnverve^s-shire, the most extensive county of
Scotland; bounded on the N. by Boss-shire ; E.
by the countries of Nairne, Murray, and Aber-
deen ; S. by those of Perth, and Argyle ; and W.
by the Atlantic Ocean. It also includes several
of the Hebrides. Independent of the islands, it
is 80 m. long and 50 broad. It comprehends the
district of Badenoch, Lochaber, and Glenaly,
which are subdivided into 32 parishes. The
principal towns are Inverness, Fort William (or
Inverlochy), and .Fort Augustus. The N. part
is mountainous and barren, and supposed to be
the most elevated ground in Scotland. This
county has several considerable lakes, and is di-
vided, in a manner, into two equal parts, by those
of Ness, Oich, Lochy, and Lochiel, united by
the Caledonian Canal, which forms a communica
tion between the two seas. The extensive plains
which surround the lakes are, in general, fertile ;
the high grounds feed many sheep and black cat-
tle, numerous herds of goats are found in every
district. The mountains and forests are inhabit-
ed by immense numbers of red iind roe deer ; the
alpine and common hare, and other game, are
also abundant. Limestone, iron-ore, and some
traces of different minerals have been found in
this county, with beautiful rock crystals of vari
ous tints ; but no mines have hitherto been work-
ed with much success. The principal rivers are
'the Spey, the Beauly, the Ness, and the Lochy.
Inverness, a township of Buckingham Co. L. C.
Inverugie,a, village of Scotland, on the E. coast
of Aberdeenshire at the mouth of the Ugie, 1 m.
N. of Peterhead. It has an extensive bleach field,
and a considerable brewery. Near it are the ruins
of Inverugie Castle.
Inverury, an ancient borough of Scotland, in
Aberdeenshire, seated at the conflux of the Don
and the Ury, 15 m. W. N. W. of Aberdeen.
lona. See Icolmhill.
Ionia, p.v. Onondaga Co. N. Y.
Ionian Islands, a recently constituted republic
of Europe, comprising, besides a number of islets,
the 7 principal islands of Corfu, Cephalonia, Zan-
te, Santa Maura, Ithaca, or Thiaki, Cerigo, and
Paxo ; of which Corfu, lying opposite to Albania
is the most northerly. The teritorial extent of
this small state is estimated at about 1,500 sq. m.
The climate is in general mild, but the transitions
from heat to cold are sudden : hot and score' lag
winds are sometimes destructive to vegetR.t:on ;
and at certain seasons there are violent rains and
thunder. They are all subject to slight earth-
quakes, which are sometimes confined to a single
island. The soil in the plains and valleys is ter-
2L
^
€«►.
IRE
398
IRE
tile in vines, corn, olives, currants, cotton, honey
\vax,&c. Pasturage is in general scanty; goats
and sheep are reared in considerable number ; but
horses and cattle are brovight from the continent.
The wild animals are foxes, hares, and rabbits.
Prior to the French revolutiom these islands were
subject to Venice, but were ceded to PVance by
tlie treaty of Campo Formio (1797.) After re-
j»eatedly changing masters, the republic was plac-
ed under the protection of Great Britain by tlie
arrangements of the congress of Vienna ; and a
constitution for this small state was drawn up and
ratified by the British government in July, 1817.
IpSf a town of Austria, near the conflux of the
Ips with the Danube, 22 m. W. of St. Polten.
Ipsala, a town of European Turkey, in Roma-
nia, and a Greek archbishop's sea. Near it are
mines of alum : and red wine is an article of com-
merce. It is seated on the Marissa, 43 m. S of
Adrianople.
Ipsara, an island of the Grecian Archipelago,
15 m. N. W. of the island of Scio. To the W. is
another small island, called Anti-Ipsara.
Ipshcim, a town of Franconia, in the principal-
ity of Bayreuth, 17 m. N. N. W. of Anspach.
Ipswich, a borough and principal town of Suf-
folk, Eng. It was once surrounded by a wall,
traces of which are yet to be seen. It is irregu-
larly built, and has declined from its former con-
sequence , but now contains 12 parish churches,
several meeting-houses for dissenters, a library,
several hospitals, a free-school, a commodious
market-place, a guildhall, a custom-house, and a
county jdil. Much corn and malt are sent hence
to Jjondon, and great quantities of timber were
formerly sent to the king's dockyard at Chatham.
It has a considerable coasting trade, a small
share of foreign commerce, and sends ships to
Greenland. Vessels of large burden are obliged
to stop at some distance below the town. It is
the birthplace of cardinal Wolsey ; and is seated
on the Orwell, 26 m. S. E. of Bury St. Edmund,
and C9 N. E. of London.
Ipswich, p.t. Essex Co. Massachusetts, situa-
ted on a river of the same name, about a mile
from the sea. 23 m. N. E. of Boston. Pop.
2,951. The manufacture of lace is carried on in
this town to a considerable extent.
Ira, p.t. Rutland Co. Vt. Pop. 442. Also a p.t.
Cayuga Co. N. Y. Pop. 2,198.
Irasburg, p.t. Orleans Co. Vt. Pop. 860.
Irahatty. See Irratcaddy.
Irac, a province of Persia, comprehending the
greater part of the ancient Media. It is bounded
S. by Fars and Khuzistan, E. by Khorassan and
the Great Salt Desert, W. by Kurdistan, and N.
by Azerbijan, Ghilan, and Mazanderan, and divi-
ded into five districts, Ispahan, Tehraun, Naen,
MuUager, and Kermanshaw.
Irac-Arabi (the ancient Chaidea), a province of
Turkey in Asia, bounded W. by the desert of
Arabia, N. by Kurdistan and Diarbeck, E. by
Khuzistan, and S. by the gulf of Persia and Ara-
bia. Bagdad is the captal.
Irhit, or Irhitikaia, a town of Rusia, in the gov-
ernment of Perm, an the river Irbit, and the fron-
tiers of Siberia. In the vicinity is a large iron-
work, which yields nearly 2,000 tons of iron a
year. 142 m. N. E. of Ekaterinenburg.
Ireby, a town in Cumberland, Eng. seated in a
valley, at the source of the Ellen. 10 m. N. E.
of Cockermouth, 303 N. N. W. of London.
Iredell, a county of North Carolina. Pop.
15,262. Statesville is the chief town
Ireland, the second in magnitude of the British-
Isles, is situated to the W. of Great Britian, in
the Atlantic Ocean. It is bounded on the N. W.
and S. by the Atlantic, and on the E. by the
North Channel, the Irish Sea, and St. George's
Cliannel, which separate it from England. Its
greatest length is about 300 m. and its maximum
breadth about 110 m. The superficial contents
are estimated at about 20,000,000 of English acres.
Ireland is divided into four provinces ; namel7,Ul
ster, to the N., Leinster to the E., Munster to the
S., and Connaught to the \V.; and these are
subdivided into 32 counties. Ulster contains thf
counties of Down, Armagh, Monaghan, Cabff-,
Antrim, Londonderry, Tyrone, Fermanagh, and
Donegal ; Leinster has those of Dublin, Louth,
Wicklow , Wexford, Longford, East Meath, West
Meath, King's county. Queen's county, Kilken-
ny, Killdare, and Carlow : Munster includes
Clare, Cork. Kerry, Limerick, Tipperary, and
Waterford ; and Connaught has Leitrim, Ros-
common, Mayo, Sligo, and Galway. The cli-
mate of Ireland is mild and temperate, but more
humid than in England. It is on the whole, of a
mountainous character, but well watered with
lakes and rivers ; and the soil, in most parts is
very good and fertile : even in those places where
the bogs and morasses have been drained, there
is good meadow ground. It produces corn and
hemp, in great plenty. The cultivation of
flax is so abundant as to afford nearly the whole
supply of the great linen manufactures of the coun-
try; there are so many cattle tliat beef and but-
ter are exported to foreign parts ; and not only
the English, but other ships, frequently come to
be victualled here. The otiier commodities are
hides, wool, t.allow, wood, salt, honey, and wax.
The commerce and manufactures have for many
years been greatly on tlie increase : the staple
branch of industry is the manufacture of fine lin-.
en cloth, which is brought to great perfection.
This countr}' is well situate for Ibrt ign trade on
account of its many secure and commodious bays
and harbours. Its principal lakes are Lough
Lean, Lough Ern, Lough Ncag)i,and Lough Cor-
rib ; and its chief rivers are the Shannon, LifFey,
Boyne, Suire, Nore, Barrow, Blackwater, and
Lee. The mineral productions of Ireland, which
were little known till of late, are now fast rising
into importance. The mining companies r^ent-
ly formed are nearly all of them eminently sue
cesful : copper, lead, iron, antimony, and Molyb-
denum, are now obtained : and some of tlie mines
are very productive. In the royalty of Glend
alough, in the county of Wicklow, are two veins
IRK
399
ISE
of rich lead ore, at one of which the lead is raised
at an expense of £1. 5s. per ton, and within 12
fathoms two parallel veins, equally rich, were dis-
covered in 1827. There are likewise productive
colleries and quarries of marble, slate, and free-
stone ; and numerous mineral springs, chiefly
chalybeate. Formerly this kingdom had a par-
liament, which was subordinate to that of Great
Britain ; but, in 1800, it was deemed expedient
for the welfare of Ireland that it should be uni-
ted to great Britain. The two parliaments pass-
ed acts for that purpose, and the two kingdoms,
at the commencement of 1801, were styled the
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland :
and 32 peers (four of them bishops) and 100 com-
moners of Ireland are elected to represent that
country in the Imperial Parliament, assembled in
England. The lord lieutenant of Ireland, as well
as the council, are appointed from time to time, by
the king. The country people in Ireland, are
remarkably hospitable and very warm in all their
affections. The peasantry in general, are how-
ever sunk in poverty and ignorance. Their diet
consists chiefly of coarse bread, potatoes and but-
termilk ; the favourite liquor is whiskey (usque-
baugh), a distillation from corn ; and the rural cot-
tage is a wretched hovel of mud. Education has
been much neglected, and still continues to be
discountenanced by the Catholic clergy. Great
efforts have been made for some years past to re-
move this, chiefly by two societies established in
Britain, who have under their patronage a great
number of schools, in a highly prosperous state.
The established religion is the same as in Eng-
land, but the great majority of the people are
Catholics. The latter were long excluded from all
civil and military distinction. This system of in-
tolerance, however, no longer exists; and there
is reason to hope that Ireland will speedily occu-
py its proper rank among European nations, and
that the British government will liberally encour-
age its growing literature, commerce, agricul-
ture, and manufactures.
Ireland, JVew, a long narrow island of the East-
ern seas, N. of New Britain, extending from N.
W. to S. E. about 190 m. and in general very nar-
row. The natives are Papuas, who go entirely
naked, smearing their faces, and powdering their
heads with white clay ; their huts have only
an opening to crawl in on their hands and knees.
Their canoes, however are neatly formed of a sin-
gle tree, sometimes 90 feet long, and furnished
with outriggers. See Britain, J\'ew.
Ireland, p. v. Hampden Co. Mass.
Irishtown. See Kilkenny.
Irjab, a town of Afghanistan, in Cabul, seated
oear a western branch of the Indus, 111 m. S.
S. VV. of Cabul.
Irken, or Irkien. See Yarkan.
Irkutsk, the largest and least populous govern-
ment of the Russian empire, comprising all the
E. part of Siberia, from the Northern Ocean to
the frontiers of Chinese Tartary, and from the
boundaries of the government of Tobolsk to the
Eastern Ocean. This large territory was grad-
ually conquered »rid apn^opriated by the Russians,
in their desultory excursion from Tobolsk. It is
divided into four provinces of i kutsk, Nertchinsk
Yakutsk, and Okhotsk.
Irkutsk, a town of Siberia, capital of the gov-
ernment of the same name, and the see of a
bish^. It is a place of considerable commercial
importance, from the caravans passing through it
which trade to China, aiid from its being the seat
of supreme jurisdiction over eastern Siberia.
There are several churches and other edifices of
stone, and the wooden houses are large and con-
venient. The inhabitants are estimated at 12,000
It stands on the river Angara, near the lake Bai
kal, UOu m. E. S. E. of Tobolsk.
Iruqnois. See Lawrence, St.
Irraicaddtf, or Irabatly, a considerable river of
Asia, which rises in Thibet, flows S. through the
kingdom of Birmah and Pegu, and enters the bay
of Bengal by several mouths. On its banks are
produced great quantities of the finest teak timber,
so much esteeined in ship-building. The princi
pal market tor this valuable timber is Rangoon,
at the most eastern mouth of the river
Irtyscit, a river of Siberia, which issues from
the lake Saisan, in Chinese Tartary, runs N. W.
between the two countries above 300 m., then
flov.'s by Omsk, Tobolsk, and Samarof, below
which it joins the Ob}'.
Irviil.e, p.v. Muskingum Co. Ohio.
Irvine, a river of Scotland, in Ayrshire, which
passes by Newmills and Kilmarnock to the town
of Irvine, below which it enters the frith of
Clyde.
Irrine, a borough of Scotland, in Ayrshire
The chief trade is the exporting of coals to Ire
land. Here is a dock-yard, a large tan-work, and
manufactures of carpets, muslins, silks, lawns,
&c. It is seated near the mouth of the river Ir
vine, 10 m. N. of Ayr, and 24 S. W. of Glasgow
IrtceU, a river in Lancashire Eng., which rises
above Bolton, flows thence to Manchester, and
joins the Mersey, below Flixton.
Irwin, a county of Georgia bounding upon
Florida. Pop. 1,180.
Is sur Title, a town of France, in the depart-
ment of Cote d'Or, seated on the Tille, 12 m. N
of Dijon.
Isabella, a town on the N. coast of Hispaniola,
founded by Christopher Columbus in 1493
Long. 71. 2. W., lat. 19. 55. N.
IsbdlsviUe, p.v. Todd Co. Ken.
Isckia, an island of Naples, 15 m.in circuit, ly-
ing 3 m. oft" the coast of Terra di Lavoro. It ia
mountainous ; but abounds in minerals, sulphur
fruits, and excellent wines. It was taken by a
British and Sicilian force in 1807. Fresh water
is scarce, and the rain is collected in cisterns,
hut the air is healthy, and there are several hot
batiis, on which accounts it is much resorted to
by invalids.
Ischia, an episcopal city of Naples, capital of
the above island, with a strong fort. It stands
upon a rock, which is joined to the island by a
bridge, and is like a pyramid of houses piled one
upon another. At tlie end of the bridge, next
the city, are iron gates, which open into a subter-
ranean passage, through which the city is enter-
ed. Long. 14.2. E., lat. 40, 41. N.
IserJiiirir, Upper, a principality of Germany, on
the borders of Hanau, subject partly to Hesse-
Cassel, partly to Hesse-Darmstadt. It is general
ly fertile, and contains 217 sq. in., and 47,500 in-
habitants.
Iscnburg, JVeic, a small town in the foregoing
principality, 3 m. S. of Frankfort on the Maine.
Isco, a town of Italy, in Bresciano, on tlie S. E
side of a lake of the same name, 10 m. N. W. of
Brescia.
her, a river of Bavaria, which rises on the con-
fines of Tyrol, and, passing by Munich and
Landshut, joins the Danube, between Straubing
and Passau.
ISL
4(Hr
ISD
her, or Isar (Circle of), one of the modern di-
visions of Bavaria, bounded partly by the circles
of the Re^en and the Upper Danube, partly by the
Austrian states. It comprises most of the south-
ern part of the old duchy of Bavaria, and is divi-
ded into 26 districts; its chief town, Munich, be-
ing the capital of the kingdom. The S. is moun-
tainous, and consequently cold: the N. forms a
large plain, with few elevations, possessin;r great
fertility. The principal rivers are the Inn, the
Iser, and the Lech.
Isere, a department of France, including part
of the late province of Dauphiny. It is so named
from a river, which rises in Savoy, crosses this
department by Grenoble, Moirans, and St. Mar-
cellin, and joins the Rhone above Valence
Grenoble is the capital.
Iscrlohn, a town of Prussian Westphalia, in the
county of Mark, with manufactures of iron, tin,
velvets, silks, and stuffs. It is seated on the
Buaren, 41 m. E. by JN of Dusseldorf.
hernia, a tov\n of Naples, in the Molise, at the
foot of the Apennines. In 1805 it suftt-red much
by an earthquake, 12 m. W. of Molise.
higny, a town of France, in the department of
Calvados, 15 m. W. by N. of Bayeux.
hinglass, r. N. II. flows into the Cocheco
his. See Thames.
Ma, or Ila, an island of Scotland, one of the
Hebrides, to the S. W. of Jura, from which it is
separated by a narrow channel, called the Sound
of fsla. It is 21 m. long, and 15 broad. On the
E. side the surface is hilly, and covered with
heath, but the greater part of the island is flat,
and, when uncultivated, covered with a fine green
sward. In the centre of the island is Loch Fin-
lacran, about 3 m. in circuit, with an islet of the
same name in the middle where the great lord of
the isles resided, but the palaces and ofiices are
now in ruins. Isla has mines of iron, lead, cop-
per, emery, quicksilver, and black-lead ; with im-
mense stores of limestone, marl, coral, and shell-
sand, for manure. Much flax is raised here, a
great number of cattle fed, and a large quantity
of whiskey distilled. The principal village is Bow-
more, which has a convenient harbour and quay.
hlamabad, a town of Hindoostan, in Bengal,
capital of the country of Chittagong ; situate on
the Currumpooly, near its entrance into the bay
of Bengal. Long. 91. 55. E., lat. 22. 22. N.
hland Creek, a township of Jefferson Co. Ohio.
hlands, Bay of, a bay of New Zealand, at the
N. extremity of the most northern of tlie two isl-
ands that go under that name. In 1772 M. Du-
fresne Marion, with two French sloops, put into
this bay, and with 28 of his crew, was murdered
by the natives.
hie Jldam, a town of France, in the depart-
ment of Seine-et-Oise, seated on the Oise, 20 m.
N by W. of Paris.
hlf, aux JVoix, an island in Sorel river. Lower
Canada, about 10 m. from Lake Champlain.
hie Bouchard, a town of France, in the depart-
ment of Indre-et-Loire, surrounded by the Vienne,
21 m.S.S.W. of Tours.
hie Dieu, a small island of France, 14 m. from
the coast of Poitou. It was taken by the English
in 1795, but soon after evacuated.
hie de France. See France hie of.
hie fourdain, a town of France, in the depart-
ment of Gers, seated on an island in the river
Save, 8 m. N. of Lombez.
hleharough, a township of Waldo Co. Me.
Pop. 674.
hlc of Wight, a county of the E. District of
Virginia. Pop. 10,417. Smithfield is the chief
town. Sec also Wight.
hies of Shoals, a cluster of small islands neai
the coast of N. Hampshire, between Newburyport
and Portsmouth, belonging to New Hampshire
and Maine. The New Hampshire portion con-
stitutes the township of Gosport. They are bar-
ren heaps of sand and rocks, with hardly a green
eod upon them, yet were once populous and
wealthy. The inhabitants live solely by fishing,
and the hie of Shoals Dun Fish are well known
as the best cured cod in the world. They have
now about 100 inhabitants, and a lighthouse has
been recently built here. A cave is still shewn
upon one of them in which one of the female in-
habitants secreted herself when the islands were
invaded by the Indians. The celebrated Captain
Smith discovered these islands, and they were
formerly called Smith's Isles. The New Eng
land Sea Serpent, that mysterious monster, whose
full length portrait has been shadowed forth in
the narration of many a wondering spectator, but
whose absolute non-entity is still maintained by
the perversity of scepticism — was accustomed to
make these shores his favourite resort. Recently
his visits, like the portentous humps upon his
back, have been few and far between.
hleworth, a village in Middlesex, Eng. seated on
the Thames, 9 m. W. of London. Fere are
many elegant villas ; and near it is Sion-house,
the magnificent seat of the duke of Northumber-
land.
h'lincrtmi, a large village in Middlesex, Eng.
N. of London, to which it is now contiguous.
The New River is received at the S. W. end of it
into a large reservoir, whence its water is convey-
ed in pipes, to all parts of the metropolis. Near
this is a spring of chalybeate water, called New
Tunbridjre Wells. To the E. of the town is a
manufacture of white lead.
hlip, p.t. Suffolk Co. N. y. on Long Island.-
Pon. 1 ,6.53.
hmail, a strong town of European Turkey, in
Bessarabia. The Russians took it by storm in
17!K) i and it is said that the long siege, and the
capture did not cost them fewer than 20,000 men.
The brave garrison merited the highest honours,
but they were massacred by the Russians : and
the city was abandoned to the i^ry of the bruta.
soldiery. Ismail is seated on the N. side of the
Danube, 140 m. S. by W. of Bender.
hrnid, a town of Asia Minor, on the sid# of a
hill overlooking the gulfof Nicomedia. Long. 29
34. E., lat. 40. 39. N.
Isuik, a town of Asiatic Turkey, in Natolia, and
a (Jreek archbishop's see. It is the ancient Nice,
famous for the general council held here in 325.
Nothing remains of its ancient splendour but an
ITA
401
ITA
3qtiedact. The Jews inhabit the greater part
of it; and silk forms the principal article of trade.
It is seated in a country fertile in corn and wine,
60 in. S. E. of Constantinople.
Isny, a town of Wurtemberg', with an abbey,
called St. Greorge, whose abbot was a state of the
empire. It is seated on the Isny, 18 m. N. E. of
Lindau.
Isordskick, or Kroczka, a town of Servia, 14 m.
S. E. of Belgrade.
Ispahan, a city of Persia, long the capital of the
Persian monarchy, is situated in the province of
Irak, and was formerly celebrated as the finest
city in the East. It stands in the middle of a plain,
surrounded on all sides by mountains at 8 m. dis-
tance, which rise gradually in the form of an am-
phitheatre. There is no river except a small one
called Sanderut, which supplies almost all the
houses with water, and over which are several fine
bridges. There are 160 mosques, 1 ,800 large car-
avanseras, and above 260 public baths. The streets
are not paved, but are generally clean, on account
of the dryness of the air; for it seldom rains or
snows here. The inhabitants are computed at
not more than 200,000, having been greatly de-
populated by the intestine broils and civil wars
with which this kingdom has been almost torn to
pieces. This city is the emporium of the inland
commerce of Persia, being the medium of com-
munication with India, Cabul, and Turkey. It is
265 m. N. E. of Bassorah, and 300 S. of the Cas-
pian Sea.
Israel's River, N. H. a beautiful stream formed
by the cataracts which descend from the White
Mountains. It falls into the Connecticut at Lan-
caster.
Issel. See Yssel.
Isengeaux, a town of France, in the department
of Upper Loire, 17 m. N. E. of Puy.
Issequibo, or Essequcho, a settlement extending
alonj the banks of a river of the same name, in
Dutch Guiana, and contiguous to that of Deme-
rara, from which it is separated by tiie river
Borassierri. It was taken from the Dutch during
the late wars, and was finally ceded to Britain in
1814. It is extremely fertile, and is well cultivated.
The Issequibo River is 20 m. wide at its mouth,
and more than 300 in length.
Issoudun, a town of France, in the department
of Indre,with a brisk trade in wood, cattle, cloth,
hats, and stockings. It is seated on the Theole,
17 m. S. W. of Bourges, and 135 S. of Paris.
Istapa, a town of Mexico, in the province of
Culiacan, 40 m. E. by S. of Culiacan.
Istria, a peninsula of Italy, between the bay of
Trieste and the Quarnaro Isles, bounded bv Friuli
on the W. and Carniola on the N., being 200 m.
in circumference. The air is unwholesome, es-
pecially near the coast ; but the soil is fertile. Oil
and wine are abundant, and there are some pro-
ductive quarries of fine marble. The chief riches
of the country, however, consits in its vast and
valuable forests. One part of it belonged formerly
to the Venetians ; but the whole was ceded to the
emperor by the treaty of Presburg, in 1805. In
1809 it fell into the hands of Napoleon ; but was
re-conquered by the Austrians in 1814, and now
forms' the southern division of Austrian lllyria.
The inhabitants (about 140,000) are chiefly oc-
cupied in agncultiire, rearing bees, fishm^, and the
manufacture of silk, leather, tallow, and salt.
Italy, one of the finest and most celebrated
countries of Europe, lying between 7. and 10. E.
long., and between 37. and 46. N. lat. On the
SI
N. N. W., and N. E., it is bounded by France,
Switzerland, the country of Ihe Orisons, and
Germany; on the E. by the Adriatic Sea; and
on the S. and W. by the Mediterranean ; its fig
ure bearing some resemblance to a boot. Iti
length from Aosta at the foot of the Alps, in Sa
voy, to the utmost verge of Calabria, is about 600
m. but its breadth is very unequal, being in soin»*
places nearly 400 m. in others not above 25 or
30. It was formerly the seat of the Roman em-
pire, and, afterwards, of that more astonishing
usurpation, the dominion of the pope. In the
middle ages the kingdom of Lombardy and that
of Naples held the two extremes, and the Eccle-
siastical and Tuscan states occupied the centre.
In more modern times the northern part became
divided into a great number of states, differing
considerable in their extent and importance. By
the treaty of Campo Formio, in 1797, the Vene-
tian territories to the E. and N. of the river
Adige were ceded to Austaia; and the remain-
der of the Venetian states, with the duchies of
Modena, Milan, and Mantua, the principality of
Massa, and the three legations of Ferrara, Bo-
logna, and Romagna, in the p<'>pe"s dominions,
were erected into a government by the French,
and called the Cisalpine Republic. This repub-
lic was overturned in 1799, but restored afler the
battle ofMarenga, in 1800. In 1802 it receiveeda
new constitution, under the name of the Italian
Republic, and Bonaparte, then first consul of
France, was elected president. In 1805 the Ital-
ian Republic was erected into a kingdom, and the
emperor of France assumed the title of king of
Italy. In December following, the Austrian
part of the Venetian states was added to its terito-
ries, by the treaty of Presburg. The kingdom
was divided into departments, and the city of
Milan was the capital. But the subsequent chan-
ges which took place in Europe again deranged
the political situation of this country. The king-
dom of Italy was overturned ; and the country is
now divided into the following states : — The«
Lombardo- Venetian kingdom, the kingdom of
Sardinia, the States of the Church, or pope's
dominions, the Two Sicilies, the grand duchy of
Tuscany, the states of Modena, the states of Par-
ma, the duchy of Lucca, and the republic of San
Marino.
Italy, as to climate, has been divided into four
separate regions. The first of these embraces the
basin of the Po, extending about 260 m. in length,
and 150 in its greatest breadth ; being bounded by
the Alps and Apennines on the N. W. and S., and
open to the Adriatic on the E. Here the almos
phere is uniformly serene and briijht ; and, be-
'(ag tempered by refreshing breezes from the adja-
cent heights, the climate is altogether one of the
most salubrious and delightful in the whole world.
The second region includes the Tuscan and Ro-
man territories, being screened on the N. bv the
Apennines, and more exposed to the heats of
summer than to the rigors of the winter. Frost
and snow are here experienced ; but the temper-
ature is sufficient to mature the orange, the fig,
and similar fruits. The third district contains
Campania Felix, and its dependencies, where
the vegetable treasures of nature are also found
in the greatest perfection, the air uniformly mild
and serene, and a peculiar glow of l)eauty per-
vades the landscape. The fourth division extends
from the Apennines to the Adriatic, and embraces
the southern districts of the peninsula. Here the
aloe, the palm, and other prMuctions of a south
2l8
ITA
408
IVE
*fn climate flourish ; but, when the sirocco blows,
tne heats are overcoming to a s tranger from al-
most any other part of Europe. The climate
of Italv also experiences much diversity from
elevation and local circumstances. The general
aspect of the country is highly beautiful and pic-
1uresq\ie. The Alps and Apennines diversify this
j>oninsula with almost every possible combination
of hill and valley, rivers, lakes, and romantic
scsenery. Northern Italy is broken into bold and
rugged acclivities by the former, from the south-
ern face of which decsend the streams that form
the Po and various other classical rivers. To-
wards the southern extremity of Italy, the Apen-
nines diverge into two branches, one of which
advances eastward to Capo de Leuca, and the oth-
er southward to the straits of Messina. Several
detatched mountains, among which is the celebra-
ted Vesuvius, here over-hang the gulf of Naples,
and discharge their liquid fires into its waters
The Apennines are, in many parts, clothed with
trees to their summits ; in other places tliey are
more precipitous, and attain the altitude of ice and
snow. The principal rivers are the Po, Tiber,
Adige, Brenta, Piave,and Tagliamento, and there
are several fine lakes, as the Maggiore, Lugano,
Como, Garda. Perugia, Bracciano, and Celano.
The soil, in general, is very fertile. It produces
a great variety of wines, and the best oil in Eu-
rope ; excellent silk in abundance ; corn of all
sorts but not in such plenty as in other countries ;
oranges, lemons, citrons, pomegranates, almonds,
raisins, sugar, figs, peache§, apricot"?, pears, apples,
filberts, chesnuts, &c. The olive is one of the
most valuable productions of Italy. The Tuscans
were the first that exported olive oil in any quanti-
ty ,on which account U is still called, Florence oil.
Tliere is something peculiarly mild and graceful
in the appearance of the olive tree, even apart
from its associations. The leaves are somewhat
like those of the willow, only they are more soft
portation ; and great sums of money are expended
by travellers in the purchase of pictures, curiosi-
ties, relics, antiquities, &c. No country has pro-
duced better, politicians, historians, poets, musi-
cians, painters, and sculptors ; that is, since the
revival of the arts and sciences, exclusive of those
of ancient times. The Italians are generally well
proportioned; but of their complexion they can-
not boast. Witli respect to dress they follow
the fashions of the countries on which they bor-
and delicate. The flowers are as delicate as the
leaves. They come in little spikes from buds
between the leaf stalks and spikes. The ma
tured-wood of the olive is hard and compact
though rather brittle, and has the pith obliterated
like box. Its colour is reddish, and it takes a
fine gloss, on which accounts the ancients carved
it into statues of their gods. The moderns make
it into snuffboxes and other trinkets. This coun-
try also yields good pastures, abounds with cattle,
sheep, goats, buffviloes, wild boars, mulss, and
horses. The forests are well stored with game ;
and the mountains have not only mines of iron,
lead, alum, sulphur, marble of all sorts, alabaster,
jasper, porphyry, &c., but also gold and silver,
with a great variety of aromatic herbs, trees,
shrubs, and evergreens. Wine, oil, perfumes,
fruits, and silks, are the principal articles ofex-
der, or to which they are subject. They are ve-
ry affable, courteous, ingenious, sober, and ready-
witted ; but extremely jealous, vindictive, lasiv-
ious, ceremonious, and superstitious Masquer
des, gaming, horse-races, and conversazione or
assemblies, are the chief diversions of the Italians,
excepting religious exhibitions, in which they are
pompous beyond all other nations. The establish-
ed religion is the Roman Catholic, but all other
sects are now tolerated : the number of archbish-
ops in the whole country is 38 ; and that of the
suffragans indefinite, as may be truly added of
the inferior ecclesiastics. Their language, a cor-
ruption of the Latin, is remarkable for its smooth-
ness, and is said to be spoken in its greatest pu-
rity at Florence. Further particulars of this
country will be found under the names of its par-
ticular divisions, as JVaples. &c.
Italy, Austrian. See Lombardo- Venetian King'
dom.
Italy, p.t. Yates Co. N. Y Pop. 1,092.
Itamarca. See Tamarica.
Itclten,or Aire, a river in Hampshire, Eng. which
enters the bay of Southampton, at the town of
that name.
Ithaca, or Tliiaki, one of the Ionian Islands. It
is as rugged and barren as it was in the times of
Ulysses, who was a native of this island. It has
about 8,000 inhabitants, who are the most indus-
trious in the Ionian Islands.
Ithaca, p.t. Tompkins Co. N. Y. on Cayuga
Lake. Pop. 5,270. It has several manufactories,
and is surrounded by beautiful scenery. There
are some beautiful cataracts in the neighbour-
hood.
Itzekoe, a town of Germanv, in Holstein, be-
longing to Denmark, with a fortress. A duty is
exacted here from all ships coming up the Stoer,
on which river it is seated, 12 m. N. N. E. of
Gluckstadt, and 31 N. W. of Hamburg.
Ivangorod. See Narva.
Ivanitz, a town of Croatia, seated on the IjOnia, ■
42 m. N. E. of Carlstadt.
hdchester. See II Chester.
Ives, St., a. borough in Cornwall, Eng. seated on a
JAO
403
JAE
bay of the same name, celebrated for its extensive
pilchard fishery. It is governed by a mayoi;, and
h;is a market on Wednesday. The church is a
handsome building close to the sea. Here are al-
so meeting-houses for Independents and Metho-
dists, and a good grammar school, founded by
Charles I. In the vicinity of the town is Tregan-
ny Castle ; and one mile from this mansion on
the summit of a lofty hill, is a pyramid erected by
the late J. Knoll, esq., who died in 1811, and di-
rected by will that at the end of every 5 years an
old woman, and 10 girls under 14 years of age,
dressed in white and accompanied by music,
should walk in processsion from the market-house
to this pyramid, vvhi»re they should dance, and
sing the 100th Psalm. For this he bequeathed
certain freeholds, and vested them in the minis-
ter, to whom and the port collector he bequeath-
ed £10 for a dinner. 8 m. N. E. of Penzance,
and 277 W. by S. of London.
loes, St., a town in Huntingdonshire, Eng.with a
market on Monday ; seated on the river Ouse, 6
m. S. E. of Huntingdon, and 59 N. by W. of
London.
loiQii, an island of the Mediterranean, 56 m. S.
W. of Majorca. It is about 60 m. in circumfer-
ence, and mountainous ; but fertile in corn and
fruits. A great quantity of salt is made here,
highly esteemed for its whiteness. The capital,
of the same name, which stands on the S. side of
the island, is well fortified, and has a convenient
harbour. Long. 1. 25. E., lat. 38. 52. N.
Ivingkoe, a town in Buckinghamshire, Enof.
with manufactures of bonelace. It is 6 m. S. W.
of Dunstable, and 33 N. W. of London.
Icera, an ancient town of Piedmont, with a fort,
citadel, and castle. It is a bishop's see, and con-
tains a cathedral, four other churches, and several
religious houses. It is seated on the Doria, be-
tween two hills, 20 ra. N. of Turin. Lonw. 7. 48
E., lat. 45.22. N.
Ivry, a town of France, in the department of
Eure, with a late Benedictine abbey ; seated on
the Eure, 12 m. S. E. of Evreux, and 50 N. W.
of Paris.
hry, a town of France, in the department of
Cote 'd Or, 9 m. S. E. of Arnay le Due.
Ixworth, a town in Suffolk, Eng. with a market
on Friday, 7 m. N. E. of Bury St. Edmund, and
77 N. E.' of London.
Izery, St., a town of France, department of
Aveiron, 6 m. N. W. of Vabres.
Izeron, a town of France, department of Rhone,
10 m. S. W. of Lyons.
Izininsk, a town of Sibera, in the province of
Okhotsk, defended by lofty palisades, and wooden
bastions, provided with cannon and military
stores. The commerce consists of furs, and the
skins of reindeer. It is seated on the Izengen, 15
m. from its mouth, and 520 N. E. ofOkhotsk.
Izquintenanno, a town of Mexico, in the prov-
ince of Chiapa. The country about it produces
cotton and a great number of pine-apples. It is
100 m. S. E. of Chiapa.
JAALONO, a town of France, in the depart-
ment of Marne, 9 m. W. of Chalons.
Jabaz, n. town of Asiatic Turkey, in Natolia,
SO m. N. W. of Angora.
JabJunkau, a town of Silesia, in the principali-
ty of Teschen, on the river Elsa, with a fort near
it, called Jablunkau Schauz, which defends a
defile toward Hungary. It is seated between
high mountains, 11 m. S. S. E.of Teschen.
Jacca, a town of Spain, formerly the capital of
Arragon, seated on a river of the same name,
among the Pyrenees. It is a bishop's see, and
is defended by a citadel. 45 m. N. by E. of
Saragossa.
Jaci d' AmiUa, a town of Sicily, in Val di Dem-
ona, 10 m. N. N. E. of Catania.
Jackson, a county of Georgia. Pop. 9,000. Jeffer-
son is the capital ; a county of Ohio. Pop. 5,974,
the chief town has the same name ; a county of
Indiana. Pop. 4,894. Brownstown is the capital ;
a county of Illinois. Pop. 1,827. Brownsville is
the capital ; a county of West Tennessee. Pop.
9,902. Gainesborough is the capital, a county of
Alabama. Pop. 12,172 ; a county of Mississippi.
Pop. 1,789. Also the name of 24 towns and vil-
lages, namely in Washington Co. N. Y. Pop.
2,054. Lebanon Co. Pa., Jackson, Franklin, Wayne,
Pickaway, Pike, Knox, Champaign, Monroe,
Stark, Perry, Montgomery, Preble, and Mus-
kingum Cos. Ohio, Jackson Co. Ind., Cape
Girardeau Co. Miss. Madison Co. Ten., Clark
Co. Alab., Hinds, Co. Miss., and Feliciana
Parish, Lou.
Jacksonborouvh, villages in C jlleton Dis. S. C,
Scnven Co. Greo., Campbell, Co. Ten.
Jacksonburg, p. v. B utler Co. Ohio.
Jacksonville, p. v. Tompkins Co. N. Y., Lehigh
Co. Pa., Hood Co. Va., Telfair Co. Geo., Duvall
Co. £. Florida, Fairfield, Adair, and Belmont
Cos. Ohio, and Morgan Co. Illinois.
Jacobsburg, p.t. Belmont Co. Ohio. 21 m. from
Wheeling.
Jaaibsdorf, a town of the Prussian states, in Pom-
erania, 3m.S. E. of Jacobshagan and8E.ofZachan.
Jacobshagon, a town of the Prussian states,
in Pomerania, 14 m. S. of Daber.
Jacobstadt, a town of Russia, in Finland, with
a convenient harbour, and a thriving trade. 50
m. N. N. E. ofWasa.
Jacobstown, p. v. Burlington Co. N. Y. 15 m. S.
Trenton.
Jacurso, a town of Naples, in Calabria Ultra, 8
m. W. of Squillace.
Jaen,9. province of the eastern part of Andalu-
sia, surrounded by the provinces of La Mancha,
Murcia, Granada, and Cardova. Its territorial
extent is 4,760 sq. m. ; and its pop. about 207,000.
This province, though badly cultivated, produ-
ces wine, oil, silk, and corn, especially along the
Guadalaquivir, which is the largest river in the
province. Jaen was formerly a kingdom ; and
the king of Spain, still takes the title of king of
Jaen, although it is now included in the govern-
ment of Andalusia.
Jaen, a fortified city of Spain, in Andalusia,
capital of the above province. It is a bishop's
see, and the residence of the magistracy of the
province. It is seated at the foot of a mountain,
on the river Guadalbulon, 36 in. N. ot Grana-
da.
^
JAG
404
JAM
Jafa, a fertile country of Arabia, N. W. of
Aden and of Hadramaut ; it was formerly under
the dominion of the imam ; but in the end of the
17th century the inhabitants made themselves
independent, and are now governed by three
petty chif^fs, who have also conquered a part of
tJie province of Hadramaut.
J'iffa. anciently called Joppa, a town of Asia,
in Palestine, situated near the coast of the Med-
iterranean, with a small citadel. It was formerly
a celebrated city, and is frequently mentioned
in the Scriptures. It has long been inhabited by
Turks and Arabs, with a mixture of Greeks, Maro-
nites, and Armenians, The houses are small
and surrounded with the ruins of the ancient
walls and towers. The Franks, Greeks, and
Armenians have small convents for the reception
of pilgrims of different nations. The principal
comm^erce is in grain, particularly rice from
Egypt Jaffa was laid waste in the crusades, and
afterwards destroyed by an earthquake. In pro-
fane history it is said to be the place whence
Perseus delivered Andromeda. It was taken by
the French, under Bonaparte, in February 1739,
but they held possession 40 days only. It is 12
m. N. W. of Gaza, and 33 W. of Jerusalem.
Jaffna, a. town of Ceylon, capital of Jaffnapa-
tam, whence are exported great quantities of to-
bacco, and some elephants, which are accounted
the most docile of any in the world. The Dutch
took it from the Portuguese in 1G58 ; and it was
taken by the English in 1795. It is seated on a
river navigable fo~r large boats, 100 m. N. of Can-
dy. Long. 80. 10. E., lat. 9. 45. N.
Jafnapatam, a district in the N. part of Ceylon
fertile in fruit and vegetables, and said to be the
most populous and healthy in the island. Sever-
al small islands are politically connected with
this district; and between it and the Candian
provinces are numerous woods, inhabited by a
savage race, called Vaddahs, supposed to be the
aborigines of the country.
Jaffrabad, a town of Hindoostan, in Guzerat,
near the mouth of a river, noted for large oysters,
37 m. E. N. E. of Diu.
Jascrnaut. See Jvgs^rnavt.
Jaffrey. p.t. Cheshire Co. N. H. C>2 m. N. W.
Boston. Pop. 1,353. In this town is Monadnock
Mountain, which see. Near the mountain is the
Monadnock mineral spring, which is slightly im-
pregnated with carbonate of iron and sulphate
of soda. Yellow ochre is thrown out by the
spring, and many tons of it have been exported.
Here are also cotton and woolen manufactures,
oil mills, &c.
JaserndorJ, a town and castle of Silesia, seated
on the Oppa, 13 m. N. W. of Troppau. Long. 17.
44. E., lat. 50. 0. N.
Jago, St., the most fertile province of Chile,
extending 45 m. in length from E. to W., and 36
in breadth from N. to S. It is bounded on the
E. by the Andes, W. by Melipilla, N by the prov-
ince of .Aconcagua, and S. by the river Maypo.
Corn, wine, and fruits are produced here in great
quantities. The mountains abound in the pre-
cious metals, and here are also mines of copper,
tin, and lead The province is watered by the
Mapacho, and Colina, and several other fine
streams.
Jago, St., the capital of the above province,
and a bishop's see. Besides the cathedral, there
are three parish churches, and 8 monasteries.
The inhabitants, about 46,000, are chiefly native
Americans and Spaniards. Here are several
canals, and a dike, by means of which they water
the gardens, and cool the streets. It is seated in
a beautiful plain, at the foot of the Andes, on
the river Mapocho, over which is a handsome
bridge which connects several suburbs with the
city. The commerce is considerable, and the
markets are well supplied with all kinds of pro-
visons. 53m. E. S. E. of Valparaiso. Long. 69.
48. W., lat. 33. 15. S.
Ja<ro, St., a handsome town of Mexico, capital
of Veragua. It has an elegant hospital, and
stands in a fertile country, which produces maize,
plantains, &c., with abundance of cattle. 110 m.
S. W. of Porto Bello.
Jago, St. a fortified sea-port on the S. coast of
Cuba, and a bishop's see, with a good harbour;
situate on a bay, about 6 m. from the sea. Long
76. 10. W., lat." 20. 5. S.
Jago, de los Cavalleros, St., a town of Hispaniola,
in a fertile soil, on the river St. Jago, 70 m.
from its mouth, and 90 N. N. W. of St. Domingo.
Jago de Compostella, St. See Compostella.
Jago de Jos Valles, St., a town of Mexico, in the
province of Guasteca, seated on the river Panuco,
170 m. N. by E. of Mexico.
Jago de la Vega, St. See Spanish-totcn.
Jagodina, a town of European Turkey, in Ser
via, seated on the Morava, 60 m. S. S. E. of Bel
grade
Jaisza, a town of European Turkey, in Bosnia,
with a strong citadel, seated on the Plena, 50 m
N. E. of Serai.
Jajgur, a tuwn and fortress of Hindoostan, cap-
ital of a district of the same name, in the province
of Agimere. The district contains upwards of 80
villages, chiefly inhabited by a predatory tribe of
Hindoos called Meena.
Jakutskoi. See Yakutsk.
Jalalabad, a town of Hindoostan, in the country
of Cabul, situate on the Kameh, 60 m. E. S. E.
of Cabul.
Jallindar,a. town of Hindoostan, capital of a dis-
trict of the same name, in the country of Lahore.
80 m. E. by S. of Lahore. Long. 74. 10. E., lat.
30. 50.'N.
Jaloffs, or Oualoffs, a people of Africa, who oc-
cupy great part of the country between the lower
part of the Gambia and that of the Senegal.
Their territory is estimated at 4,800 square miles.
They are celebrated as hunters and warriors ;
and the cotton cloth which they manufacture is
superior, both in quality and colour, to that of the
Mandingos.
Jalonitza, a town of European Turkey, in Wa-
lachia, on a river of the same name, 95 m. S. W.
of Ismail.
Jalmir,a. town of Hindoostan, in the country of
Agimere, situate on a mountain difficult of access,
85 m. W. N. W. of Cheitore.
Jamagorod, a town of Russia, in the govern-
ment of Petersburg, with a strong fort, seated on
the Jama, 12 m. N. E. of Narva.
Jamaica, the most considerable and valuable of
the British West India islands, discovered by
Columbus, in 1494. It lies 30 leagues W. of St.
Domingo, nearly the same distance S. of Cuba,
and is of an oval figure, 150 miles long and 40
broad, containing 4,080,000 acres. An elevated
ridge, called the Blue Mountains, runs lengthwise
from E. to W., whence numerous rivers take
their rise on both sides ; and though none of them
are navigable for barges, yet the sugars are car-
ried upon many of them in canoes from the re
mote plantations to the seaside : some of them
MH
405
JAM
run under ground for a considerable space, par-
ticularly the Cobre and Pedra. The year is
distinguished into two seasons, the wet and dry ;
but the rains are not so frequent as formerly,
which is supposed to be owing to the cutting
down of the woods. About nine in the morning
it is so intolerably hot that it would be difficult to
live, if the easterly breeze did not rise to cool the
air. Sometimes the nights are pretty cool, and
there are great dews, which are deemed unwhole-
some, especially to new comers. The months of
July, August, and September, are called the
hurricane months, because then they are the
most frequent; and there is lightning almost
every night. The best houses are generally built
low, on account of the hurricanes and earth-
quakes ; and the negroes' huts, made of reeds,
will hold only two or three persons. The valleys
are embellished with plantations, so well laid out,
and with such a variety of fruit-trees, as to m&.ke
the country look like a paradise. Horned cattle,
hogs, and "sheep are plentiful; but the servants
generally feed upon Irish salt-beef, and the ne-
groes have herrings and salt-fish. The general
produce of this island is sugar, rum, molasses,
ginger, cotton, indigo, pimento, cocoa, coffee,
several kinds of wood, and medicinal drugs. It
has some tobacco, but not good, and used only
by the ne.2Toes ; also maize, Guinea corn, and
peas of various kinds, with variety of roots.
Fruits are in great plenty, such as oranges,
lemons, sliaddocks, citrons, pomegranates, pme-
apples, prickly-pears, melons, pompions, guavas.
and many others. The plaintain which Jamaica in
common with the other West India islands pro-
duces in abundance, is one of the most agreeable
and nutritious vegetables in the world. It grows
in a herbaceous form about 4 feet in height, and
produces clusters of fruit filled with a luscious
sweet pulp. The banana is very similar to the
plaintain but not so sweet. Jamaica can boast of a
botanical garden, containing the rarest collection of
curious trees and plants, perhaps in the world. The
whole island is divided into three counties, Mid-
dlesex, Surry, and Cornwall, and these into 20
parishes, or districts, 6 towns, and 27 villages.
The legislature is composed of the governor, a
council of 12 nominated by the crown, and a
house of assembly consisting of 43 members
elected by the freeholders. The first settlement
on this island was made, in 1509, by the Span-
iards, who were cruel to the natives; but it was
taken by the English in 1650. and a colony soon
after formed by disbanded soldiers from the par-
liamentary army, who were governed by military
laws till the restoration. The tranquillity of this
colony has been occasionally disturbed by the in-
roads of the Maroons, or original natives, who,
however, were completely quelled in 1796 ; and
Bince that period the colony has rapidly increased
in importance. There is an ecclesiastical estab-
lishment in this island, consisting of 19 beneficed
clergymen, but the slate of religion has long been
deplorable. Within the last few years, however,
considerable efforts have been made by mission-
aries and others ; and though the principal men
of the island have manifested much opposition,
yet these efforts have already been crowned with
very considerable success. The government of
Jamaica is one of the richest places, next to that
of Ireland, in the disposal of the crown : the
standing salary is 2,5001., and the assembly com-
monly vote as much more to the governor, which,
with other perquisites, make it little less than
10,0001. a year. Spanish Town is the seat of
government, but Kingston is the capital.
Jamaica, p.t. Windham Co. Vt. 35 m. S. W.
Windsor. Ipop. 1,523. Also a p.t. Queens Co. N.
Y. on Long Island. Pop. 2,376.
Jamalabad, a town of Hindoostan, in Camara,
with a fort on the summit of an immense ruck,
which is accessible only by one narrow way.
The town stands on the banks of a river, 30 ni.
E. N. E. of Mangalore.
Jamaina, a town of Arabia, capital of a district
of the same name, lying W. of the province of
Bahrein. It is seated on the river Astan, 140 m.
S. W. of Lachsa.
Jamhi, the capital of a district of the same name
on the N. E. coast of the island of Sumatra, with
a trade in gold dust, pepper, and canes. The
town is large, and situate inland, on a river navi-
gable fi^r boats, 160 m. N. by E. of Bencoolen.
Jambo, a town of Arabia Deserta, with a good
harbour, on the Red Sea, 72 m. S. S. W. of Medi-
na.
James, a river of Virginia, which rises on the
W. side of the Blue Ridge of the Alleghany Moun-
tains, and, flowing E. through the state, enters
Chesapeak Bay, near Hampton. It is 270 m. in
length and is navigable for vessels of 125 tons
nearly to Richmond.
James Bay. See Hudson's Bay.
James Island, an island of Africa, 30 m. up the
river Gambia, and 3 m. from its nearest shore.
Here the English have a fort and factory. Long.
16. 0. W., lat. 13. 15. N.
James Island, an island of South Carolina,
on the S. side of Charleston harbour, opposite
Charleston.
Jamestown, p.t. Chatauque Co. N. Y. Also an
ancient town in James City Co. Va. on James
River, and the first English settlement in the
Stale Nothing remains of it but a few ruins.
Also a town in Newport Co. R. I. Pop. 414. Vil-
lages in Prince Edward Co. Va., Guilford Co. N.
C, Green Co. Ohio, and St. Louis Co. Missouri.
Jamestown, a borough of Ireland, in the county
of Leitrim, seated on the Shannon, 5 m. S. by E.
of Carrick, and 73 N. W. of Dublin.
Jamets, a town of France, in the department of
Meuse, 12 m. S. of Stenay.
JamesvUle, p. v. Onondago Co. N. Y. Also a
village in Sumter District S. C.
Jamtland, a province of Sweden bodering on
Norway, nearly of a circular form, and 70 m. in
length, and 60 in breadth. The western part is
mountanious. The eastern is a fine champaign
country, watered with several lakes and rivers,
whichabound with fish. The country produces
excellent oats and abounds in good turnips. The
pastures are extensive and of excellent quality,
but are much neglected. It contains alum quar-
ries, sandstone, slate, the lapis oUarius, fine rock
JAP
406
JAP
crystal, and lead ore. The inhabitants carry on
considerable trade with the Norwegians.
Janeiro. See Rio Janeiro.
Janiia, a province of European Turkey, bound-
ed on the N. by Macedonia, E. by tiie Archipela-
go, S. by Livadia, and W. by Albania. It is the
Thessaly of the ancients and Larissa is the capital.
Jaima, a town of European Turkey, in the
province of the same name, 62 m. W. of Larissa.
Janville, a town of France, department ofEure-
et-Loire, 20 m. S. E. of Chartres.
Japan, an extensive empire in the most eastern
part of Asia, extending from long. 131. to ]4*2. E.
and from lat. 30. to 41. N. It consists of three
large islands (the superficial extent of which is
estimated at 90,000 sq. m.), and several smaller
islands. The whole empire is divided into seven
principal districts, which are subdivided into 70
provinces ; and the pop. is in proportion to ex-
tent, deemed equal to that of China. It is the
richest country in the world for gold ; there are
also rich silver mines, and fine copper is the main
source of the wealth of many provinces. It pro-
duces a great deal of rice, which is the principal
article of subsistence ; millet, wheat, and barley,
are also cultivated to a small extent. Turnips,
carrots, melons, cucumbers, &c., all grow spon-
taneously. Cedars are common, and so large
that they are proper for the masts of ships and
columns for temples. The mulberry tree, the
laurel, the tree slirub, and camphire tree are also
common ; but the most remarkable is the varnish
tree (rhus vernix), the juice of which is used to
varnish, or (as we call it) japan their furniture.
The rocks and most barren places are cultivated
and produce a variety of fruits, plants, and roots.
The woods and forests, and long ridges of moun-
tains, with which the country is intersected, pro-
duce good pasturage, and are stocked with deer,
oxen, buffaloes, and a few horses ; but there are no
sheep nor goats. Here are large quantities of
fine porcelain, silk, and skins, as also red pearls,
which are not in less esteem than the white. The
Japanese are of a yellowish complexion all over ;
their heads are in general large, their necks short
and their hair which is naturally black and thick,
is rendered shining by the use of oils ; their eyes
are small, of dark brown colour, and sunk deep in
the head, and the eyelids form in the great angle
of the eye a deep furrow, which discriminates
them from other nations ; their eyebrows are also
placed somewhat higher ; and their noses though
not flat, are thick and short. They are naturally
ingenious, and liave a high character for honesty
and veracity. Their common drinks are all hot ;
they uncover their feet out of respect, are fond of
black teeth, and get on horseback on the left side
Their houses are of wood, coloured white, and
never exceed two stories in height. The inte-
rior is divided into apartments at pleasure, by
moveable partitions sliding in grooves. They
have neither tables, beds, nor chairs, but sit and
lie on carpets and mats. The dress consists of
trowsers, and a loose robe of silk or cotton, fas-
tened by a girdle the number being increased accor-
ding to the coldness of the weather: stockings are
not used; and the shoes are commonly of rice straw.
The mathematical and piiysical sciences are yet
in their infancy, but are highly esteemed among
them ; and they have several schools at dili?rent
places, in which are taught arithmetic, rhetoric,
poetry, history, and astronomy. Some of their
arts and manufactures even surpass those of Eu-
rope. They formerly carried on a considerable
trade with the neighbouring countries ; but now
all communications are forbidden, except with the
Chinese and Dutch ; and with them only at the
port of Nangasaki. The merchandise brought by
the Dutcli ; are spices, sugar, linen and woolea
cloth, elephants' teeth, and haberdashery wares;
for which they receive gold, silver, copper, rice,
tea, fine porcelain, cabinets, and other japnnned
and lackered wares. Japan was formerly divided
into a great many small kingdoms, which still re-
tain their ancient names, but they were at length
swallowed up in one, to which all the rest are be-
come either subject or tributary. The tributary
princes, amounting to between 50 and 60, are
vested with the regal dignity, and are absolute in
their respective territories ; but they are entirely
subject to the emperor, who can depose, or even
condemn them to death, if he thinks proper. The
laws are extremely severe and cruel : and the
people are doubly slaves, first to their own princes
and then to the emperor, who has power of life
and death over them all. Anciently the emperor
was likewise sovereign pontiff, under the title of
of Dairo, and in fact worshipped by all his sub-
jects ; but in the civil wars which occurred on
the minority of one of them, in 1150, one of the
competitors for the crown assumed the ecclesias-
tical government, retaining the same title ; while
the other, who ruled in civil affairs, was called
Cnbo. From that time the dairo has only been at
the head of religious matters, while the cubo or
secular emperor bears an absolute dominion over
all civil And military affairs. The former still
lives in great state and grandeur at Meaco ; and
the latter pays him a kind of homage, as if he act-
ed only as his deputy or viceroy ; but, in reality
the cubo is now the real monarch of Japan, and
the dairo only as his high priest. The Japanese
are as fabulous as the Chinese in the antiquity of
their empire ; but the certain period bcrins with
the hereditary succession of the ecclesiastical
emperors, from the year 660 before the christian
epoch. The religion of the country is paganism ;
but there are two different sects. There was
once a great number of christians in different
parts of the empire; but, in 1638 they underwent
great persecutions and all who professed Christian-
ity were either put to death or forced to revert back
to paganism. The capital of the empire is Jeddo.
Japara, a sea-port on the N. coast of the island
of Java, with a good harbour. It was the capital
of a considerable kingdom, till the Dutch made
themselves masters of it; and now they have a
colony here, and a considerable trade. 253 m. E.
by S. of Batavia. Long. 110. 45. E., lat. 6. 20. S,
■^
JAU
407
JAV
Jaqaemd, a town of St. Domingo, on a bay of
its name, on the S. coast, 32 m. S. S. W. of rort
au Prince.
Jaques, a navigable river of Louisiana, which
falls into the Missouri.
Jaques Cartier, a river of Canada, so called
from the navigator who first explored the St. Law-
rence, into which it falls in long. 71. 41. W., lat.
46. 38. N.
Jargeau, a town of France, in the department
ofLoiret. Tt was taken by the English in 1438,
and retaken by Joan of Arc the next year. It is
seated near the Loire, 10 m. E. S. E. of Orleans.
Jarisbtrg, a town of Norway, capital of a dis-
trict abounding in mines, in the diocese of Ag-
gerhuys, 5 m. N. of Tonsberg.
Jarnac, a town of France, in the department of
Charente. Near this place the duke of Anjou,
afterwards Henry \\\., obtained a victory over
the Huguenots, in 1569. It is seated on the Cha-
rente, 20 m. W. of Angouleme.
Jaromitz, a town of Bohemia, seated on the
Elbe, 9 m. N. of Konigingratz.
Jaron, a town of Persia, in Farsistan, celebrated
for abundance of palm-trees, and their excellent
fruits. 89 m. S. by E. of Shiras. Long. 53. 10.
E., lat. 28. 15. N.
Jaroslau, a town of Poland, in Red Russia,
with a strong citadel. A battle was gained here,
by the Swedes, in 1656, after which they took the
town. It is included in the kingdom of Galicia,
and seated on the Saine, 55 m. W. of Lemberg.
Long. 22.43. E., bit. 50.4. N.
Jarosl-arl, or Jaroslav, a governmen tof Russia,
formerly a province of the government of Mos-
cow. Its territorial extent is estimated at about
14,000 sq. m. and its inhabitants at 800,000. It is
divided into 10 circles, exclusive of the level call-
ed the Steppes of Jaroslav. The principal rivers
are the Wolga, the Schekna, and Mologa. The
chief trade is in cattle and wood. The capital,
of the same name, is a large commercial place,
and a bishop's see, with numerous manufactures.
It is seated on the Wolga, 145 m. N. N. E. of
Moscow.
Jastnitz, a town of Hither Pomerania, seated on
the Oder, 10 m. N. of Stettin.
Jasque, a town of Persia, in the province of
Mecran, which gives name to a cape in the gulf
of Ormus. Long. 57. 4. E., lat. 55. 40. N.
Ja*S(/, a town of European Turkey, capital of
Moldavia, and an archbishop's see, with a trade
"n flax, corn, hides, wool, wax, honey, tallow,
and canvass, large quantities of which are made
•n the town and sent to Constantinople. In
i.'53 it was destroyed by fire ; it was subsequent-
ly rebuilt and well fortified ; but in 1788 the for
<ifications were demolished, excepting a small
fort. The inhabitants are estimated at 12,000.
it has been several times taken in the wars be-
tween the Turks and the Russians or Austrians.
It is seated on the Pruth, 170 m. N. N. E. of
i^'icharest, and 370 N. of Constantinople.
Jaucr, a town of Silesia, capital of a principal.
.ty of the same name, with a citadel, and a large
uquare, surrounded by piazzas. It has manufac-
tures of woolen and cotton, and a trade in flax
and yarn. It is sealed in a fine country on the
rivulet Jauer. 35 m. W. by S. of Breslau. Lonor.
16. 23. E.,lat. 51.2. N.
Jaulnaes, a town of France, in the department
ot Vienne, 6 m. N. of Poitiers.
Jaunt, a river of Brazil, in Matto-Grosso,
which rises in the plains of Parexis, in long. 58.
30. W., lat. 14. 42. S., and, after a lon^ S. and S.
E. course falls into the Paragu.ay inlr.t. 16.24.
S. At its mouth is erected a beautiful pyramid
of marble, bearing inscriptions commemorative
of the treaty between Spain and Portugal, whina
defined the boundaries of their respective territo-
ries. On its banks are extensive salt-pits, from
which the province of Matto-Grosso derives
large quantities of salt.
Java, an island of the E Indies, lying to the
S. of Borneo, and separated at its W. end from
Sumatra, by the strait of Sunda. It is some-
times called Great Java, to distinguish it from
Bali, by some named Little Java ; and is 640 m.
in length, and of various breadth, extending
from 105. to 116. E. long., and 6. to 9. S. lat.
The land is low, and in some places marshy,
near the shore, which renders the air unhealthy ;
but it rises in a gradual slope towards the inte-
rior of the country, admitting in its ascent eve-
ry variety of situation and verdure. Rice is the
staple production of the island, and is exported
in considerable quantity. Sugar, pepper, cotton,
and coffee, are produced in abundance. Indigo,
of a very superior quality, is also cultivated ;
and wheat, barley, oats, and Bengal grain, thrive
well, and might be produced in great abundance,
if due attention were bestowed on their culture.
The N. coast has a great many commodious
creeks, bays, harbours, and towns, with many little
islands near the shore. The inhabitants are
chiefly Javanese ; next to these are the Malays ;
and in the sea-ports a considerable number of
Chinese are settled. The Javanese inhabit all
the interior parts of the island, and are in gener-
al the cultivstors of the soil. They are de-
scribed as a barbarous, proud and fierce people, of
a brown complexion, short, coal-black hair, large
cheeks, small eyes, and large eyebrows. The
men are very robust and strong limbed ; the women
are small, but of pleasing countenance, and in
some districts they are really beautiful. Tlie men
wear a piece of calico, which is the principal
manufacture of the island, wrapt two or three
times round their middle ; and the women wear
them from their arirpits down to tiieir knees ;
but all other parts are bare. The men have two
or three wives, and several concubines, according
to their circumstances. The Javanese appear,
from remains of temples and inscriptions, to be
of Hindoo descent, and their language is quite
distinct from that of the Malays : but the pro-
fessed religion of both is Mahomedism. The
Malays principally inhabit along the coast. They
are not so well featured as the Javanese ; but
the men are often very muscular and well made.
They are generally indolent, but at the same time
restless, vindictive, and treacherous. The Chi-
nese are distinguished by their habits of indus-
try, and generally by their wealth. Many of
them carry on a considerable trade with their na-
tive country, and the several islands of the eas-
tern archipelago. They intermarry with the Ja-
vanese and Malays, and purchase female slaves
for wives and concubines. This island has very
high mountains, particularly the Pepper Moun-
tain on the S. side; it has, likewise, impassable for-
ests and wildernesses ; but to the N., between
Bataviaand Bantam, is a very populous country,
full of rice fields, and plenty of salt and pepjjer, be-
sides most sorts of fruits proper to the climate.
Here are also plenty of hogs, beeves, and sheep,
with other tame animals ; and likewise fowl, wild
and tame, in grreat abundance. In the woods at)
JEA
40S
JEF
•aTffe tigers, rhinoceroses, and other wild beasts ;
and in the rivers are crocodiles. The Babiroussa
is a sort of hog, yet instead of bristles he is cov-
ered with a soft short hair like wool. Herds of
them are found together and are easily discover-
ed in consequence of their strong odour. Their
enormous tusks are of a beautiful ivory, smoother
and finer than that of the elephant. The serene
season is from May till November ; and then the
rains begin, which lay the low grounds under
water, kill the insects, and continue till Ma:rch,
when they commence sowing, and in July the
sugar and rice begin to ripen ; but September
and October are the best months for all sorts of
fruits, ^va has a river which rises in the moun-
tains, ;uM, dividing itself into many branches,
waters the circumjacent country : these after-
wards reunite, and pass through -Batavia, divid-
ing it into two parts. For more than a century
Java was under the dominion of the Dutch. In
1811 it was captured by the British, under Sir
Samuel Auchmuty, and many important im-
provements were adopted in its internal admin-
istration. Government also did much to pro-
mote agricultural improvements, and the country
prospered and enjoyed tranquillity. Since it has
been restored to the Dutch. They appear ,however,
ti have reverted to their former wretclied system,
as they have been engaged in quelling insurrec-
tions, which there is little doubt were provoked
by their arbitrary and vexatious exactions. Bata-
via is the capital.
JdTt, one of the four circles or departments of
Wurtemberg, deriving its name from the river
Jaxt, having Baden on the W.and Bavaria on the
E. It conjprisesa superficial area of above 14,00
square m., with a pop. of 260,000 : the name was
formerly given to a province not half the extent.
Jaxt, a river of Germany, in Wurtemberg which
rises in the county of Oettingen, and, after flow-
'ng through the principality of Elwangen, falls
into the i^eckar opposite to Wimpfen, in Hesse -
Darmstadt.
Jaxtbe.rg, a small town of Wurtemberg, on the
river Jaxt, 10 m. S. E. of Mergentheim.
Jay, p.t. Oxford Co. Me. 20 m. N. E. Paris.
Pop. ] ,276. Also a township in Orleans Co. Vt.
Pop. 196. Also a town in Essex Co. N. Y. on
Saratoga river. Pop. ] ,279.
Jean, St , a town of France, in the department
of Moselle, seated on the Sarre, 12 m. W. of Deux
Fonts.
Jean d' Angely, St., a town of France, depart-
ment of Lower Charente, famous for its brandy.
It was taken from the Huguenots, in 1621, by
Louis Xin., who demolished the fortifications.
It is seated on the Bontonne, 17 m. N. E. of
Saintes, and 37 S. E. of Rochelle.
Jean de Losne, St., a town of France, depart-
ment of Cote d' Or, celebrated for the bravery of
its inhabitants, in opposing the imperial count
Gallas, at the head of a numerous army, in 1635.
It is seated on the Saone, 15 m. S. S. E of Dijon
Jean de Luz, St., a town of France, depjirtment
of Lower Pyrenees, the last next Spain with a
harbour. It owes its opulence to the cod and
whale fishery, and is seated on a small river, near
the Bay of Biscay, 14 m. S. W. of Bayonne.
Long. 1. 40. W., lat. 43. 25. N.
Jean de Maurienne, St., a. town of Savoy, capital
of the province of Maurienne, and a bishop's see.
It is seated on the river Arc, 25 m. E. N. E. of
Grenoble. Long. 6. 20. E., lat. 45. 17. N.
Jean de Pied de Port, St., a town of France, de-
partment of Lower Pyrenees, defended by a cita-
del, upon an eminence, at the entrance of those
passages, or defiles, in the Pyrenees, which, in
this country, are called Ports. It is seated on the
river Nive,"20 m. S. S. E. of Bayonne, and 30 N.
E. of Pampeluna.
Jed, a river of Scotland, in Roxburghshire
which rises on the borders of England, and joins
the Teviot, a little below Jedburg. On its banks
are several large caverns, which were the hiding
places of ancient border-warriors.
Jedburgh a borough of Scotland, capital of Rox-
burghshire. Here is the ruin of a fine abbey, part
of which has been made the parish church. A
variety of woolen manufactures are carried on
here, and the vicinity is notea for its orchards. It
is situated on the Jed. near its conflux with the
Teviot, 42 m. S. E. of Edinburgh.
Jedo, or Jcddo, the capital of the empire of Ja-
pan, situate on the S. E. side of Niphon, the
largest of the Japanese Islands. The city has
neither walls nor ramparts, is 9 m. in length, and
6 in breadth, and contains 1,000,000 inhabitants.
The houses are built of earth, and boarded on the
out side, to prevent the rains from destroying the
walls. In every street is an iron gate, which is
shut up in the night and a kind of custom-house,
or magazine, for merchandize. The imperial pal-
ace is surrounded by walls and ditches, with
drawbridges, forming of itself a considerable
town, in the middle of the city. Where the em-
peror resides are three towers, nine stories high,
each covered with plates of gold ; and the hall of
audience is supported by pillars of massy gold.
Near the palace are several others, where the re-
lations of the emperor live. The empress has a
palace of her own, and there are twenty small
ones for the concubines. Besides which, all the
princes of the empire, who are obliged to make it
their residence during half the year, have each a
palace in the city, with a handsome garden. The
houses of the common class are nothing but ground
floor, the rooms parted by folding screens, so that
they can be made larger or smaller at pleasure.
Jedo is seated in a plain at the head of a fine bay,
and a river, which passes through it supplies sev-
eral canals. Long. 139. 30. E., lat. 36. 10. N.
Jefferson, a county of NewYork lying on Lake
Ontario and the St. Lawrence. Pop. 48,515.
Watertown is the capital. A county of the W.
District of Pennsylvania. Pop. 2,225. Brookvilla
is the capital. A county of the W. District of
Virginia. Pop. 12,927. Charleston is the capital.
A county of Georgia. Pop. 7,309. Louisville is
the capital. A county of Alabama. Pop. 6,855.
Elyton is the capital. A county of Mississippi.
Pop. 9,755. Fayette is the capital. A county
of the E. District of Tennessee. Pop. 11,799.
Dandridge is the capital. A parish of Louisiana,
Pop. 6,846. Coquille is the capital. A county
of Kentucky. Pop. 24,002. Louisville is the
capital. A county of Ohio. Pop. 22,489. Steu-
benville is the capital. A county of Indiana.
JER
409
JER
Pop. 11 ,465. Madison is the capital. A county of Il-
linois. Pop. 2,555. Mount Vernon istiie capital.
A county of Missouri. Pop. 2,586. Herculaneum
is the capital. A count}' of Florida. Pop. 3,312.
Monticello is the capital. A county of Arkansas.
Pop. 772.
Jeferson, p.t. Lincoln Co. Me. Pop. 2,074. p.t.
Coos Co. N. H. Pop. 49». p.t. Schoharie Co. N.
; Y. Pop. 1,743. Also towns and villages in Morris
Co. N. J., Greene Co. Pa., Powhatan Co. Va.,
Ashe Co. N. C, Camden and Jackson Cos. Geo.,
Rutherford Co. Ten., Pike and Cole Cos.
Missouri, and 13 towns in Ohio.
Jeffersonton, p. v. Culpeper Co. Va.
Jeffersontown, p.t. Jefferson Co. Ken.
Jefersonville, p.t. Clarke Co. Indiana, nearly op-
posite Louisville, Ken
Jegni-kevi, a town of Asiatic Turkey, in Nato-
lia, ai m. N. N. W. of Degnizlu.
Jeunipanrtola, a town of European Turkey, in
Bulgaria, 70 m. E. S. E. of Distra.
Jehud, or Joud, mountains in the N. W. part
of Hindoostan, extending eastward from Attock
to Behnbur. They are part of the territory of
the mountaineers called Gickers, Gehkers,or Ka-
kares .
Jekyl, a small island of N. America, on the
coast of Georgia, S. of the island of St. Simon.
Jellasore, a town of Bengal seated on the Su-
baureeka, 50 m. S. by W. of Midnapour.
Jellinghy, a town of Bengal, on the right bank
of the Ganges, where a branch, called the Jelling-
hy River, separates from the main stream. 25 m.
E. by S. of Moorshedabad.
Jemappee, See Gemappes,
Jemarroio, a kingdom of Africa, on the S. side
of the Gambia, about 120 m. from the sea The
inhabitants are chiefly Mahomedans.
Jena, a strong town of Germany, in the grand
duchy of Saxe-Weimar, with a castle and a cele-
brated university. Near this place in 1806, there
was a general action between the French and
Prussians, in which the latter were defeated with
immense loss. It is seated on the Saale, 10 m. S.
S E. of Weimar. Long. 11. 34. E., lat. 50. 55. N.
Jenisa. See Yenisei.
Jeniskoi. See Yeniseisk.
Jenitz, a town of Germany, in the principality,
of Anhalt-Dessau, situate on the Muldau, 2 m. N.
E. of Dessau.
Jenitza, a town of' European Turkey, in Mace-
donia, situate on a lake which communicates with
the gulf of Salonichi, by a canal 12 m. long. It is
24 m. N. N. W. of Salonichi.
Jenkinton, p.t. Montgomery Co. Pa.
Jenner, a township of Somerset Co. Pa.
Jennersville, p. v. Chester Co. Pa
Jennings, a county of Indiana Pop. 3,950.
Vernon is the capital.
Jeremie, a town and cape on the N. side of the
southern peninsula of the island of St. Domingo.
Tho town is situate on an eminence, in a fertile
soil, particularly excellent for the culture of cof-
fee, 5 m. W. of St. Domingo. Long. 73. 14. W.
lat. 18.42. N.
Jericho, a town of Syria, in Palestine, once a fa-
mous city. It is now called Herubi by the Arabs,
and contains only a few wretched huts, where
some beggarly Arabs reside. It is 5 m. W. of the
river Jordan and 20 E. by N. of Jerusalem.
Jericho, a town of Prussian Saxony, in the gov-
ernment of Magdeburg, situate on the Elbe, 32 m.
N. N. E. of Magdeburg.
Jericho, p.t. Chittenden Co. Vt. on Onion Riv-
52
er, 12 m. S. Burlington. Pop. 1,654. Also a
p.v. Queens Co. N. Y.
Jermah, a town of the kingdom of Fezzan, dis-
tinguished by the numerous herds of sheep antl
goats that feed around it, and by many majestic
ruins, that exhibit to the inhabitants of its clay-
built cottages vestiges oi greatness to which they
are perfectly indifferent. 60 m. S. E. of Mour-
zouk.
Jeromestoicn, p.v. Wayne Co. Ohio. 92 m. N.
E. Columbus.
Jersey, p.t. Steuben Co. N. Y. Pop. 2,391.
Also a township in Licking Co. Ohio.
Jersey City, a village at Paulus's Hook, Bergen
Co. N. J. on the Hudson, opposite New York.
Jerseytotcn, p.v. Columbia Co. Pa.
Jersey, JS'ew. See JYeto Jersey.
Jersey, an island in the English Channel, 18 m
from the coast of Nounar.dy in France, and 84 S
of Portland in Dorsetshire. It is subject to the
English, but is still governed by the ancient Nor-
man laws. It is 30 m in circumference and dfTi-
cull of access, on account of rocks, sands, and the
forts erected for its defence. It produces excel-
lent butter and honey, and the S. part of the isl-
and is nearly covered with apple trees for cider.
The commerce of Jersey extends to almost every
European nation and also to America. It exports to
Enorland great quantities of cider; also fruits, pota-
toes and cattle ; and in return imports corn, flour,
seeds, coals, cloth, linen, glass, &c. A number of
ships are engaged in the Newfoundland fishery. In
1812, 59 vessels, altogether of 6000 tons burden,and
navigated by 550 seamen, belonged to the island.
Jerusalem, an ancient and famous town of Asia,
formerly capital of Judea. It was taken by Neb-
uchadnezzar in the 11th year of Zedekiah, when
the Jews were led captive to Babylon. It was af
terwards taken by the Romans, and destroyed,
together with the temple, 70 years after the birth
of Christ, after sustaining one of the most remark-
able sieges in history. The emperor Adrian built
a new city near its ruins. It was taken by the
Persians in 614, and by the Saracens in 636. In
1099 it was retaken by the Crusaders, who found-
ed a new kingdom, which lasted 88 years, under
9 kings. Saladin, king of Egypt and Syria, obtain-
ed possession of it in 1187. The Turks who drove
away the Saracens in 1217, have retained it ever
since, and call it El Kods, that is, the H0I3' City. It
is now inhabited by Turks, Arabs, Jews and Chris-
tians. It stands on a high rock with steep ascents
on every side except to the N. It is almost sur-
rounded with valleys encompassed with moun
tains, so that it seems to stand in the middle of
an amphitheatre. The principal object of vene-
ration is the church of the holy sepulchre, a very
handsome building, 3,000 feet long and nearly
200 broad. It is supposed to comprehend within
these limits the scene of all the great events of the
crucifixion, entombment, and resurrection of
Christ. The chapel is cut out of the rock, and
lamps are kept constantly burning in it. The
whole is covered with white marble, both within
and without ; and on the outside there are 10 fine
columns of the same. It is covered with a plat-
form, the middle of which fbrms a small dome six
feet in height, covered with lead, and supported
by 12 columns of porphyry, placed by pairs on the
platform, and forming 6 arches, which have 3
lamps under each. Before the gate of the sepul-
chre is a silver lamp, so large that 2 men cannot
fathom it. On Good Friday, all the parts of our
Saviour's passion are solemnized in this church
2M
^m
JBfV
410
JOH
Pilgrirns flock hither from various parts, and the
inhabitants accomodate them with lodging and
provisions, which is their chief business, and a
bashaw, with a guard of janissaries, always re-
sides here to protect them from the insults of
the Arabs. The manufactures of Jerusalem
are almost confined to one branch, that of beads,
crosses, shells, and other objects supposed to de-
rive their sanctity from their local origin. These
articles receive a species of benediction in the
church of the sepulchre ; and they are bought
even by those who are most sensible of their in-
significance, aa they form acceptable presents to
all the inhabitants of Greek and Catholic coun-
tries. Jerusalem is politically included in the oa-
chalic of Damascus ; but the surrounding terri-
tory forms a kind of independent district. 112 m.
S. W. of Damascus, 45 from the Mediterranean.
Long. 35. 20. E., lat. 31. 47. N.
JerwsaZem, p. V. Ontario Co. N. Y. Also a vil-
lage in Queens Co. N. Y. on Long Island. Also
a village of Southampton Co. Va.
Jesl, a town of Italy, in the states of the church,
seated on the river Esino, 10 m. W. S. W. of An-
Gona.
Jessamine, a county of Kentucky, on Kentucky
river. Pop. 9,961. Nicholasville is the capital.
Jesselmere, a town of Hindoostan, in a district
of the same name, in the province of Agimere,
governed by an independent chief. 70 m. W. by
N. of Bickaneer.
Jesso, a large island, lying between those of Ni-
phon and Saghalien. It is 150 m. in length, and
from 80 to 220 in breadth : the narrow part is in
the S., towards Niphon. It is full of woods ; and
the natives, who live by fishing and hunting, are
strong, robust, savage, and slovenly, when com-
pared to the Japanese. Here are some Japanese
colonies, and the island is generally deemed sub-
ject to Japan ; but it may be rather considered as
a foreign conquest than as a part of the civilized
empire. Matsmai is the capital. The S. point is
in long. 142. 30. W., lat. 40. 50. N.
Jessorc, a town of Hindoostan, in Bengal, capi-
t.al of a district of the same name. It is seated
on the river Boirub, and on the high road from
Calcutta to Dacca. It was at this spot that the
pestilential cholera broke out in 1817, which from
that time till 1832 ravaged a great part of Europe
and nearly the whole of Asia.
Jercr, a small district of Germany, situated
between East Friesland and the duchy of Olden-
burg. Though surrounded by Westphalia, it
was never included in any circle of the empire.
It was ceded to Oldenburg in 1814.
Jcver, a town of Germany, in the grand duchy
of Oldenburg, 34 m. N. by W. of Oldenburg.
Jidda, a sea-port of Arabia Felix, on the Red
Sea, in a barren, sandy district, destitute of fresh
water. A very considerable trade is carried on
!>ere, this city being a mart between Egypt and
India. The ships from Suez seldom proceed
further than this port, and those, from India are
not suffered to advance to Suez. The English
ire permitted to trade here ; but, in consequence
of the numerous exactions to which they aresub-
[ected, the trade has greatly declined. By the
treaty with the Porte the duty is 5 per cent., but
under various pretences it is raised to 12. 34 m.
W. S. W. of Mecca, of which it is the port.
Long 39. 15. E., lat. 2L 29. N.
Jinbala, a town of Negroland, capital of an is-
'md so called, which is formed by two branches
»f the Niger that separate at leaving the lake Dib-
ble, and unite again about 15 m. from Tombuctoo
The town is a resting place for traders between
Tombuctoo and the western parts of the country
It stands on the W. branch of the Niger, 80 m
S. W. of Tombuctoo. Long. 0. lO.'fc., lat. at,.
4, N.
Jionpour,a. town of Hindoostan, capital of a cir-
car of the same name, in Allahabad. It is seated
on the Goomty ; and not far from the conflux of
that river with the Ganges is the fort of Jionpour,
on a high bank commanding the bridge over the
Goomty. This place was at one time the seat of
an empire ; and sultan Shirk! built the great mus-
jud, or mausolc-um, which is still remaining. Tiie
stone bridge over the Goomty consists of sixteen
pointed arches ; and on the top of it are many lit-
tle shops on both sides. It was built in 1567, anc*
has hitherto withstood the force of the stream,
which, in the time of the rains, frequently flows
over the bridge ; and in 1774 a brigade of the
British army passed over it in boats. Jionpour ia
48 m. N. W. of Benares. Long. 82. 55. E., lat
25. 45. N.
Joachim, a village in Jefferson Co. Missouri.
Joachim^thal, a town of Bohemia, in the circle
of Saatz, noted for its mines and a manufacture of
lace. 15 m. N. by E. of Elnbogen.
Joachimsthal, a town of Brandenburg, in the
Ucker mark, 36 m. N. N. E. of Berlin.
Joanna. See Hinzuan.
Joannina, or Janina, or Janina, a city of Euro-
pean Turkey, and the capital of Albania, stand?
upon the banks of a lake, the ancient Acherusia,
the waters of which are discharged into a subter-
ranean abyss. The town is 2 m. in length and
half a m. in breadth and contains a pop. of 40,000
engaged in the exportation of oil, wool, corn,
tobacco, and the importation of manufactured
goods. This place was the capital of the celebrated
Ali Pacha, and was visited by Lord Byron in bis
early travels in the East.
Jobstown, p V. Burlington Co. N. Y.
Jozktrrim., a town of Bavaria, province of the
Rhine, situate on an eminence, near the Rhine,
9 m. S. E. of Landau.
Johan-georgen-sladI , a town of Saxony, in the
circle of Erzgebirge, celebrated for its mines,
and for a considerable manufacture of lace. 13
m. S. S. E. of Zwickau.
Johannesburg, a town of Germany, in the
duchy of Nassau, celebrated for the vineyards in
its environs, which were bestowed by the emperor
on prince Metternich in 1316. It has a citadel,
and is seated on the river Pych, near the lake
Spirding, 95 miles S. E. of Konigsberg, and 13
W. of Mentz. Long. 22. 39. E,, lat. 53. 16. N.
John, a township of Franklin Co. Missouri.
Johnsburg, p.t. Warren Co. N. Y. Pop. 985.
John, St., one of the Philipoine islands, E. <.'/
Mindanao. Long. 126. 32. E., lat. 9. 30. N.
John, St., a small island in the W. Indies, N.
of St. Croix, belonging to the Danes. It has 3
town and spacious harbour.
John, St., or Prince Edward, an island in tht
5. part of the gulf of St. Lawrence, having New
Brunswick on the W., Nova Scotia on the S.
and Cape Breton on the E. It is 60 miles long
and 30 broad, and fertile, with several streams
In 1745 it surrendered, with Cape Breton, to the
English. The capital is Charlotte Town.
John, St., a river which rises in the N. W. part
of the district of Maine, flows N. E. into New
Brunswick, where it soon takes a S. S. E. course,
and enters the bay of Fundy, at the city of S'
JON
411
JUA
John. It IS navigable 60 m. for sloops of 50
tons, and about 200 for boats ; and affords a com-
mon and near route from the province of New
;jj^. Brunswick to Quebec.
John, St., a city of New Brunswick, situate at
the mouth of the river St John, in the bay of
Fundy. It stands in a high situation and is regu-
- )arly built. The harbour is open throughout the
year and the city carries on an extensive com-
merce. Long. (x>. 15. W., lat. 45. 12. N.
John, St., the chief town of Newfoundland, sit-
uate on the E. side of the island. It has a good
harbour, entirely land-locked, and defended by
several forts, in one of which the governor of the
island resides. This town suffered very severely
by repeated fires during the years 1816, ltJ17, and
1818. Long. 52. 26. W., lat. 47. 32. N.
Jokn, St., the capital of Antigua. It is one of
the most regular towns in the VV. Indies, and has
the most commodious harbour in the Leeward isl-
ands. Long. 62. 4. VV., lat. 17. 4. N.
John, St., a town and fort of Lower Canada,
on the W. bank of Chambly or Richelieu River, at
the N. end of Lake Charaplain. In 17iKi it was
made the sole port of entry and clearance for all
foods imported from the U. States into Canada,
t is 20 m. E. by S. of Montreal, and 110 N. by E.
of Crown Point. Long. 73. 20. VV., lat. 45. 25. N.
e John d' Acre, St. See Acre.
Johnshaven, a. village of Scotland, in Kincard-
• ineshire, with a harbour for small vessels, 4 m. S.
S. W. of Bervie. It was formerly a great fishing
town, but is now more noted for an extensive man-
ufacture of canvas.
Johnson, p.t. Franklin Co. Vt. on Lamoil river.
Pop. 1,070.
Johnson, a county of Illinois. Pop. 1,596.
Vienna is the capital.
Johnsonburg, p. v. Warren Co. N. J. 74 m. N.
Trenton.
Johnston, a county of North Carolina. Pop.
10,938. Smithfield is the capital.
Johnston, p.t. Providence Co. R. 1. 5 m. N. Prov-
idence. Pop. 2,1)4. Also a township of Trum-
bull Co. Ohio. Pop. 400.
Johnstown, p.t. Montgomery Co. N.Y. 25 m. N.
W. Schenectady. Pop. 7,700. Also a p.v. Cam-
bria Co. Pa. and a p.t. Licking Co. Ohio.
Johnstown, a town of Upper Canada, extending
nearly a m. on the river St. Lawrence. It is 50
m. N. E. of Kingston, and 100 S. W. of Mon-
treal. Long. 75. 10. W., lat. 44. 42. N.
Johnstown, St., a borough of Ireland, in the coun-
ty of Donegal, on the river Foyle, 5 m. S. S. W.
of 'Londonderry.
Johor, or Jor, a town of the peninsula of Ma-
laya, destroyed by the Portuguese in 1603, but
subsequently rebuilt ; it is seated near the S. coast,
150 m. S. £. of Malacca. Long. 103. 30. E., lat.
1.35. N.
Joigny, a town of France, in the department of
Yonne, surrounded by thick walls, and seated near
the Yonne, 17 m. S. S. E. of Sens.
Joinville, an ancient town of France, in the de-
partment of Upper Marne, situate on the Marne,
25 m. S. W.of Bar-le-Duc,and 125 S. E. of Paris.
Long. 5. 20. E., lat. 43. 20. N.
Jotucar, a town of Spain, in Granada, 7 m. N.
E. ofMotril.
Jonasville, a village of Alleghany Co. Maryland.
Jones, a county of North Carolina. Pop. 5,628.
Trenton is the capital. Also a county of Georgia.
Pop. 13,342. Clinton is the capital.
Jonesborough, a town of Tennessee, capital of
the county of Washington, seated near the foot of
the Iron mountains, »6 m. E. by N. of Knoxville.
Long. ft2. 40. W., lat. 36. 8. N.
Junesborough, a village in Jefferson Co. Alab.
Joncsburg, p.v. Camden Co. N. C. and Union
Co. Illinois.
Jonkioping, a town of Sweden, in Smaland, and
the seat of justice for Gothland. It has a strong
citadel, and a manufacture of arms. The houses
are chiefly of wood ; and on the roof are spread
layers of birch bark, covered with turf or moss,
many of them producing herbage, and some orna-
mented with flowers. It is seated near the S. end
of the lake Welter, 80 ra. W. N. VV. of Calmar.
Jijodpour, a town of Hindoostan, capital of a
district of the same name, in tiie province of Agi-
mere. It carries on a considerable trade by means
of caravans witli Guzerat and tlie Deccan. The
rajah is now one of the British allies. It is seated
near a branch of the Pudda, 100 m. W. S. VV. of
Agunere. Long. 73. 18. E., lat. 26. 8. N.
Juj/pa, a village of Hartford Co. Maryland, 16
m. N. E. Baltimore.
Jordan, a river of Syria, which rises in Mount
Libanus, and flows S. through the lake of Tiberias,
to the Dead Sea.
Jordan, a village of Onondaga Co. N. Y on the
Erie Canal, 10 m. N. Skenealeles.
Jorjan, or Korgan, a town of Persia, in Astera-
bad, bordering on the Caspian Sea. It is 60 m.
E. by N. of Asterabad, and 320 W. of Mesched.
Long. 56. 5. E., lat. 15. 56. N.
Jorkau, a town of Bohemia, in the circle of
Saatz, celebrated for its breweries. On a moun-
tain by the town is the magnificent castle of
Rothenhaus. 5 m. N. of Commotua.
Josselin, a town of France, in the department
of Morbihan, 25 m. N. N. E. of Vannes.
Jouarre, a town of France in the department
of Seine-et-Marne, 10 m. S. E. of Meaux, and 35
E. of Paris.
Joud. See Jchut.
Joue, a town of France, department of Indre-et-
Loire, 3 m. S. of Tours.
Joue du Plaid, a town in the department of
Orne, 5 ra. S. W. of Argentan.
Jougue, a town in the department of Doubs, 8
m. S. of Montarlier, and 22 E. S. E. of Salins.
Jougues, a town in the department of Mouths
of the Rhone, 12 m. N. E. of Aix.
Joura, an island in the Grecian Archipelago,
10 m. in circuit, and 2 S. W. of Andros.
Jouy, a town of France, in the department of
Seine-et-Oise, 3 m. S. of Versailles.
Jouy le Chatel, a town in the department of
Seine-et-Marne, 10 m. N. W. of Provins.
Jouy sur Morin, a town in the department of
Seine-et-Marne, 15 m. S. E. of Meaux.
Jotix Mount. See Jura Mount.
Joyeuse, a town of France, department of Ar-
deche, seated on the Beaune, 27 m. S. W. of
Privas.
Juan, St., or Desarmadero, a river of Mexico,
which is the outlet of the lake Nicaragua. It
flows, from the S. E. corner of the lake, in an
easterly direction, between the province of Nica-
ragua and Costa Rica, into the Carribean Sea.
Juan, St., a town of Mexico, in the province of
Nicaragua, situate at the head of the river St.
Juan, 110 m. E. of Nicaragua. Long. 84. 45 W.
lat. 11. 15. N.
Juan de Fuca, Strait of, a large bay or gulf of
the Pacific Ocean, on the W. coast of N. America.
The entrance is in long. 124. 55. W., lat. 48. 25. N
JVO
412
JCL
Jttan de la Frontera, St., a town of Chile. Its
territory contains mines of gold, and a kind of
almonds that are very delicate. It is seated near
the lake Guanacho, on the E. side of the Andes,
150 m. N. of Mendoza. Long. 68. 40. W., lat. 31.
W. S. ^
Juan de Porto Rico, St., thfe capital of the isl-
and of Porto Rico, with a good harbour, defended
by several forts. It is a bishop's see ; and is well
built, and better inhabited than most of the
Spanish towns. It was taken by sir Francis
Drake, and afterwards by the earl of Cumber-
land ; but, losing most of his men by sickness,
he was obliged to abandon it. In ICl.'j the Dutch
took and plundered this city, but could not retain
it. It stands on a peninsula, on the N. coast of the
island. Long. (36. 45. W., lat. 1«. 29. N.
Juan dr. Ulua, St., a small island in the gulf
of Mexico See Vera Cruz.
Juan Fernnndcz, an island in the Pacific Ocean,
36 leaorues eastward of the island of Masafuero,
and 3bO W. of the continent It is supposed to
have been inhabited by a Spaniard, whose name
it retains ; but it is more remarkable for having
been the residence of Alexander Selkirk, a Scotch-
man, whose life and adventures furnished De
Foe with the ground-work of that admirable no-
vel, Robinson Crusoe. The island is about 40
m. in circumference, and at a distance appears
like a naked rock ; but there are intersecting val-
leys covered with wood, and a great number of
g )ats on the side of every hill. In 1766 a set-
tlement was made by the Spaniards on the N.
and highest part of this island, at Cumberland
Bay, which is defended by batteries. The town is
fiituate in a fine valley, between two high hills, and
every house has a garden, with arbors shaded with
vines. Long. 78. 52. W., lat. 33. 40. S.
Juho, a kingdom of Africa, on the coast of Ajan,
with a capital of the same name, subject to the
Portuguese. Long. 43. 20. E., lat. 0. 50. N.
Jucatan. See Yucatan.
Judenhurg, a town of Upper Styria, capital of
a circle of the same name, with a handsome cas-
tle. The public buildings, with the square, are
magnificent. This town was taken by the French
in 1797. It suffered dreadfully from fire in 1807
and 1818. It is seated on the Muer, 40 m. W. of
Gratz. Long. 14. 24. E., lat. 47. 10. iN.
Judith, Point, the Cape at the entrance of Nar-
raganset Bay on the West. Here is a light
house.
Judoinne, a town of the Netherlands, i-n S.
Brabant, near which are the ruins of an ancient
castle. It is seated on the Geele, 13 m. S. S. E.
of Louvain.
Jundispore, a town of Hindoostan, in the prov-
ince of Bahar, 20 m. from Patna.
Juggernaut, a place of Hindoo worship, on the
coast of Orissa, district of Cuttack^ with a pop. es-
timated at 30,000. It is one of the most celebrated
places in India. All the land within 20 m is consid-
ered holy ; but the most sacred spot is enclosed
with a stone wall 21 feet high, and forms nearly a
square, being 656 feet long and 026 wide. Within
this area are about 50 temples, dedicated to various
idols; but the most conspicuous buildings consist
of one lofty stone lower, 184 feet high and 28 1-2
feet square inside, and two adjoining stone build-
ings with pyramidal roofs. The tower is oc-
cupied by the idol Juggernaut, his brother Bul-
budra, and his sister Subudra, and the other
buildings are used for purposes connected with
the worship. Adjoining is also a low building ou
pillars (with a fabulous animal in the centre;'
which is intended as an awning to shelter the
entrance from the rays of the sun ; and after this
is another, where the food prepared by the pilgrims
is dailjr brought previous to distribution. The
temple of Juggernaut was erected by rajah Anung
Bheem, in A. D. 1198; it was taken by tiie
British, together with the town, in 1803. The
roofs are ornamented in a singular style, with
representations of monsters : the walls of the
temples, which are not visible beyond the enclo-
sure, are covered with statues of stone. Each
side of the boundary wall has a large gateway in
the centre ; but the grand entrance is in tha
eastern face. The idol Juggernaut is made of
wood, and is probably the coarsest image in tht>
country, having a frightful black visage, with a
distended mouth. The figure docs not extend
below the loins, and it has no hands, but two
stumps in lieu of arms, on which the priests oc-
casionally fasten hands of gold : a Ciiristian is
almost led to think that it was an attempt to see
how low idolatry could debase the human mind.
When two new moons occur in Assaur (part of
June and July), which is said to happen about
once in 17 years, a new idol is always made.
After the wood is made into a proper form by
common carpenters, it is entrusted to certain
priests, who are protected from all intrusion.
The process is a great mystery. One man is
selected to take out of the old idol a small box,
said to contain the spirit, which is conveyed in-
side the new ; and tlie man who does this is
always removed from the world before the end of
the year. On certain festivals the images of
Juggernaut, Bulbudra, and Subudra, are superbly
dressed and placed in an immense moveable
tower, which the pilgrims drag to a certain dis-
tance, and then return t<' the temple. During
these processions many of the infatuated devotees
fall under the wheels of the machine, and are
crushed to death. There are two principal festi
vals (the Swinging and Car festivals) and eleven
minor ones annually. The concourse of pilgrims
to this shrine is immense ; and the revenue de-
rived from them by the British government is
said to exceed £12,000 per annum. A road has
been recently completed from Calcutta to Jug-
gernaut, great part of the expense being paid by
a rich Hindoo (rajah Sookmoy Roy) on condition
that the road should be named after him. Jug-
gernaut is seated a few m. N. E. of the Chilka
Lake, 300 m. from Calcutta. Long. 85. 54. E.,
lat„ 19. 49. N.
JuLfar, a town of Arabia, in the province of
Oman, situate on a bay of the gulf of Persia, 100
m. N. W. of Oman. Long. 56. 14. E., lat. 25.
55. N.
Julien, St., a town of France, in the department
of Jura, 18 m. S. by W. of Lons le Saulnier.
Julien du Sault, St., a town of France, in the
department of Yonne, seated between two moun-
tains, covered with vines, near the river Yonne,
6 m. N. W. of Joigny.
Juliers, a very fertile duchy of Westphalia,
now forming part of the Prussian province of the
Lower Rhine, adjacent to the territories of Aix-
la-Chapelle, Liege, and Cologne. It contains
1,600 square m. and 200,000 inhabitants. Flax is
cultivated, and made into fine linen, which is sent
to Holland, and afterwards sold as the fabric of
that country; there are also manufactures of,
cloth, ribands, brass, iron, and wire. This duchy
was ceded, in 1648, to the palatine of Neuburg
KAO
413
KAF
m whose family it continued cTown to the peace
of Luneville, when it was given to France, but in
1815 it was transferred to Prussia.
Jtiliatown, p v. Burlington Co. N. Y.
Tuliers, a small town of the Prussian states, in
the government of Aix-la-Chapelle, and formerly
capital of the preceding duchy ; seated on the
Roer, 22 m. W. of Cologne. Long. 6. 25. E.,
lat. 50. 55. N.
Jtdiusburg, a town of Prussian Silesia, with a
castle, 4 m. N. of Oels.
JaineUa, a town of Spain, in the province of
Murcia, 22 m. S. VV. of Murcia.
Jitiniege, a town of France, in the department
of Lower Seine, with a late celebrated Benedictine
abbey ; seated on the Seine, 12 m. S. W. of Rouen.
Jiimmoo, or Jumho, a town of Hindoostan,
capital of a flourishing district of the same name,
which is governed by an independent Hindoo
chief: it is a place of considerable trade, being
seated on the banks of a small river on the high
road from Cashmere, to Dehli. 80 m. N. E. of
Lahore.
Jumna, a river of Hindoostan, which rises in the
mountains of Serinaghur, flows S. E. by Dehli
and Agra, and joins the Ganges at Allahabad.
Junagur, a town and fortress of Hindoostan, in
Guzerat, 170 m. S. W. of Amedabad. Long. 70.
33. E., lat 21. 48. N.
Juniaia, r. a branch of the Susquehanna from
the west. It rises by several head streams in
Bedford county, and joins the Susquehanna 10
m. above Harrisburg. Its banks are rocky and
precipitous, and the scenery along its course is
very picturesque.
Juniata, a township of Perry Co. Pa. on the
above river, 20 m. from Harrisburg.
Junius, p.t. Seneca Co. N. Y. Pop. 1,581.
Junien, St., a town of France, in the depart-
ment of Upper Vienne, with manufactures of
woolens, leather, hats, &c. It is seated on the
nver Vienne, 20 m. W. of Limoges.
Junkseilan, or Junkseylon, an island in the In-
dian Ocean, near the S W. coast of Siam, about
(iO m. long and from 10 to 20 broad. The soil is
luxuriant, and it has a considerable trade in ivory
and tin. The principal town, of the same name,
is situate on the N. part of the island, and has a
harbour capable of receiving vessels of a moderate
size. Long. 98. 0. E., lat. 8. 10. N.
Jura, one of the western isles of Scotland, N.
E. of the island of Islay, on the coast of Argyle-
shire. It is 26 m. long, and 7 broad, and is com-
posed of huge naked rocks, piled one on another
m the utmost disorder. The mountainous ridges
occupy the centre of the island, extending along
its whole length, and terminating in four moun-
tains, called the Paps of Jura, which areof acon-
io form and of stupendous height. The west side
of the island is uninhabited. The whole of the
£. side forms a pleasing scene, and the coast is
indented with bays and harbours. The only pro-
ducts are oats, barley, potatoes, and flax. A few
wild roes are still seen here.
Jura, a department of France, including part of
the late province of Franche Comte. It contain*
mines of iron of a superior quality, mines of cop-
per and lead, and many quarries of black marble,
jasper, aud alabaster. It takes its name from
Mount Jura. Lons le Saulnier is the capital.
Jura, Mount, a chain of mountains which be-
gins in the canton of Zurich, in Switzerland, ex-
tends along the Rhine into the canton of Soleure
and the principality of Neufchatel, branches out
toward the Pays de Vaud, separates liiat country
from France, and continues beyond the frontiers
of the Genevois as far as the Rhone. In the
Pays de Vaud this chain forms many elevated al-
leys ; particularly one on the top of that part call-
ed Mount Joux, which is watered by two pictur-
esque lakes, the large^-t called Joux, and the oth-
er Brenet. These mountains have different
names in different parts of their course in Swi*.z-
«rland.
Jussey, a town of France, in the department of
Upper Saone, situate on the Amance, 17 m. N.
W. of Vesoul
Jussy, a town of France, in the department of
Yonne, 5 m. S. of Auxerre.
Justin, St., a town of France, in the department
ofLandes,27 m. W. of Condom.
Juterhock, a town of the Prussian provii.ce
of Brandenijurg, where in 1813 a battle was fought
between the French and the allies. It is seated
on the Rohrbach, 18 m. N. E. of Wittenberg.
Juthia. See Siam.
Jutland, a province of Denmark, bounded on
all sides by the sea, except towards the S., where
its boundary is the duchy of Sleswick. The name
Jutland, was formerly applied to the whole penin-
sula forming the mainland of the Danish domin-
ions, but it is now confined to the northern part
of the peninsula, extending from 55. to 58. N. lat.
It is Kbout 180 m. in length, and from 70 to 90 in
breadth ; and is divided into four dioceses or dis-
tricts, each of which has a bishop and governor.
The prevailing religion is the Lutheran. The
country i» generally low, and, except the rocks
on the E. coast, presents little picturesque scene-
ry. In the E. are fine woods of oak, beech, fir,
<fec. The middle part consists of heaths and
moors, with some arable land : it affords good
pasture for oxen, sheep, and goats. The other
parts are fertile, and yield large crops of grain
(principally rye,) which together with horses and
beavers, are annually exported to Sweden, Nor-
way, and Holland. The air is cold, especially to
wards the North Sea, but the inhabitants are vig
orous and robust. It is the only province of Den-
mark which contains useful minerals ; and even
here they are confined to iron, limestone, and
marble.
Jyenagur, or Jyepour, a fortified town of Hin-
doostan, capital of a district of the same name,
in the province of Agimere. It is a place of
great wealth, being the staple for goods that are
brought from the neighbouring provinces ; and
is reckoned one of the handsomest and most reg-
ular towns of Hindoostan. 120 m. W. by S. of
Agra. Long. 75. 40. E., lat. 26.56. N.
K
KADHEMA, a sea-port of Arabia, in the prov- bay of the gulf of Persia, 170 m. N. by W. of Lach
Tince of Bahrein. The inhabitants are chiefly sa. Long. 47. 36. E.. lat. 28 40. N
employed in the pearl fishery. It is seated on a Kafraria. See Caff) aria.
2m :)
RAL
414
KAM
Kahia, a town of Grermany, in Altenburg, seat-
ed on the Saale, 8 m. S. of Jena.
Knhlenberg, a mountain of Austria, extending
along the Danube to the W. of Vienna, and form-
ing the commencement of the Kahlengebirge
range, which is a branch of the Noric Alps.
Kahone, a town of Western Africa, capital of
the kingdom of Bur-Salum. It is seated on a
small river which falls into the Atlantic.
Kuia, a small village of Prussian Saxony, near
Lutzen, celebrated as the scene of much fighting
un 2nd of May, 1813, between the French and the
allied Russian and Prussian army.
Kain. See Kin.
Kairwan. See Cairoan.
Kaisarieh, or Kaisarijah, a town of Asia Minor,
the ancient capital of Cappadocia, then called Ce-
sarea. It is surrounded with walls, 5 m. in cir-
cumference, and defended by a castle. The in-
habitants, estimated at 25,000, carry on an exten-
sive trade, and it is Ihe resort of merchants from
all parts of Asia Minor and Syria. It is sit-
uate at the foot of a mountain, always capped with
snow, 130 m. E. N. E. of Cogni.
Kaket, a town of the country of Georgia, in a
proviJice of its name, which comprehends a part
of the ancient Iberia. It is situate near Mount
Caucasus, 45 m. N. N. E. of Teflis, and 120 N.
W. of Derbend.
Kalau, a town of Prussia, in Lusatia, with a
great trade in wool. 11 m. S. E. of Luckau.
Kalhat, a town of Arabia, on a river of the same
name, at its entrance into the gulf of Ormus, 80
m. S. E. of Mascat.
Kalisch, one of the eight palatinates of Rus-
sian Poland, bounded on the W. by Prussian Po-
land, and on the three other sides by the palati-
nates of Sendomir, Cracow, and Masovia.
Kalisch, n city of Poland, capital of the above
palatinate, with manufactures of cloth, linen, and
leather. It is surrounded by morasses and wails,
has a collegiate and ten other churches, four re-
ligious houses, and a Catholic high school. 66
m. N. W. of Breslau.
Kalka Pira, a. river of Chinese Tartary, which
gives name to a tribe of Monguls, inhabiting the
country N. of the Mongul Tartars, properly so
called, which stretches as far as the kingdom of
the Eluths, and is nearly 300 leagues in extent
from E. to W.
Kallingburg, a sea-port of Denmark, in the isle
of Zealand, seated on an inlet of the Great Belt,
with the best harbour, next to Copenhagen, on
the island. 55 m. W. by N. Copenhagen. Long.
11. 11. E.,lat. 55.47. N.
Kalmacs, a nation of Tartars, inhabiting that
part of the Russian government of Caucasia
which lies between the Volga and the Ural, to-
ward the Caspian Sea. They all live in tents,
and remove from place to place in quest of pastur-
age for their numerous cattle, consisting of hor-
ses, camels, cows, and sheep. They neither sow
nor reap, nor make hay for their cattle, so that
they live without bread, or any sort of vegetable ;
and, in winter, their cattle fare like the wild
beasts. Their food is flesh (especially that of
horses), fish, wild fowls, and venison; and they
have great plenty of milk, butter, and cheese ;
but mare's milk is the most esteemed, and from it
they make a strong spirit, to which they are par-
tial. They are divided into a number of hordes
or clans, each under its own particular khan, and
all acknowledge the authority of one principal
khan, who is called Orchicurtikhan, or the king
of kings, and derives his pedigree from the great
Tamerlane. All of them, however, have submit-
ted to the government of Russia, or live under its
protection. They are pagans, and believe in
transmigration of souls. In person, manners,
and customs, they resemble the ancient Sycthians,
from whom they are descended. See Tartary.
Kalmunz, a town of Bavaria, seated at the
conflux of the Nab with the Vilz, 12 ra. N. N. W
of Ratisbon.
Kaluga, a government of the Russian empire,
formerly a province in the government of Mos-
cow. Its principal town, of the same name, is
seated on the Occa, 107 m. S. S. W. of Mos-
cow.
Kamakura, an island of Japan, 3 m. in circum
ference, lying on the S. coast of Niphon. It is
surrounded with very high and steep rocks, and
is used as a place of exile for state prisoners.
Kamalia, a town of Negroland, in the country
of Mandingo. The inhabitants are partly pagans
and partly Maliomedans, and have manufactures
of cotton, leather, and iron.
Kambala, a ridge of mountains in Thibet, be-
tween the lake Palte, and the river Burrampoo-
ter.
Kamenitz, a town of Bohemia, in the circle of
Bechin, 27 m. E. by N. of Bechin.
Ketminieck, astrong town of Russian Poland, cap-
ital of Podolia, and a bishop's see, with a castle.
When the Russians seized part of the Polish ter-
ritories, in 1793, this fortress held out a long time
but at last surrendered to their arms. The castle
is seated on a craggy rock. 85 m. W. of Bra-
claw.
Kamnitz, a town of Bohemia, with manufac-
tures of stockings, glass, and linen ; also several
bleachfields. 21m. N. N. E. ofLeitmeriz.
Kamtschalka, a peninsula on the eastern coast
of Asia, extending from 52. to 63. of N. lat.
long, of its extremity to the S. being 156. 45. E.
The isthmus joining it to the continent on the N.
lies between the gulf of Olutorsh and Penshink ;
and its extremity to the S. is Cape Lopatka. Its
greatest breadth is 236, computed m., being from
the mouth of the river Tigril to that of the river
Kamtschatka ; and towards each extremity it
gradually becomes narrower. It is bounded by
the N. Pacific Ocean to the S. and E. ; and by
the sea of Okhotsk to the W. A chain of liigh
mountains from N. to S. extends the whole lengln
of the peninsula, and almost equally divides it;
whence several rivers rise, and take their course
into the Pacific Ocean, and the sea of Okhotsk.
Stunted trees are thinly scattered over the whole
face of the country, whose bottoms are mossy,
with a mixture of low heath ; the whole resem-
bling Newfoundland in a most striking degree
The severity of the climate is in proportion to
the sterility of the soil. Four months, commenc
ing at midsummer, may be considered as formings
their spring, summer, and autumn : the rest of
the year is all dreary winter. They have great ^jp
quantities of wholesome vegetables in a wild state . ^
such as chervil, garlic, onions, angelica, and wild
celery, with some excellent turnips, and turnip
radishes, upon a few spots of ground in the val-
leys ; and this is the utmost extent of their gar-
den cultivation. A variety of wild berries, which
are gathered at proper seasons and preserved by
mashing them into a thick jam, constitute a con
siderable part of the winter provisions, serving as
a general sauce to their dried fish, the main arti-
cle of food. The forests abound in wild animals.
KAN
415
KAS
particularly the bear; and wild fowl are also
plentiful. The people of Kamtschatka may be
said to consist of three sorts, the Kaintschadales
the Russians, and Cossacks, and a mixture produc-
ed by their intermarriages. Tiie habitations of
the natives consist of three different kinds, which
they call jourts, balagans, and log-houses. They
inliabit tiie first in the winter, and the second in
the summer ; in the third, introduced by the Rus-
siaus.only the wealthy people reside. The exter-
nal appearance of a jourt resembles a round, squat
hillock; a hole serving for a chimney, window,
and door, is left in the centre, and the inhabitants
go in and out by the assistance of a long pole,
having notches deep enough to afford a little se-
curity for the toe. The upper garment of the
Kamtschadales resemble a wagoner's frock ; if
for summer wear it is made of nankeen; if intended
for winter it is made of skin, having one side
tanned, and the hair preserved on the other,
which is worn innermost ; a close jacket of nan-
keen, or other cotton stuff, is the next under this ;
and, beneath that, a shirt made of thin Persian
silk, of any colour. They wear long breeches,
and boots, made of skins, with the hair innermost.
They have also a fur cap, with two flaps, that
are usually tied up close to the head, but allow-
ed to fall round the shoulders in rough weather.
A species of dog, resembling the mountain or
shepherd dog of Europe, is used for the purposes of
labor and draught. None of the inhabitants keep
fewer than five of these dogs, which in winter
are fed upon offals or decayed fish : in summer,
when their services are not required, they are left
to range overthe country and provide for them-
selves ; but on the approach of winter they re-
turn home in the most punctual manner. They
are harnessed to a sledge, two abreast, with one
well trained in front as a leader, and are used both
for travelling and for conveying all sorts of com-
modities from place to place. The Russians made
themselves masters of the whole of this peninsula
in 170G; but the government they have establish-
ed is exceedingly mild, the inhabitants being per-
mitted to choose their own .magistrates. Skins
and furs form the only articles of trade, in return
for which they import brandy (the introduction
of which has been attended with the most de-
structive effects), nankeens, and other Chinese
stuffs, together with various commodities of Rus-
sian and European manufacture.
Kamtsckutkoi, Kiznei, a town of Siberia, capital
of Kamtschatka, with a citadel, arsenal, and bar-
racks It is seated on the N. side of the river
Kamtschatka, 20 m. from its mouth. Long. 161
',1. E., lat. 50. 30. N.
Katn-tschatkoi, Verchni, a town of Siberia, in
Kamtschatka, on the river Kamtschatka, 120 m.
S. W. of.Niznej Kamtschatkoi.
Kanakica, or Kenhaioa,GretU,a. river of Virginia.
It rises iti Nortli Carolina and flows North and
Northwesterly to the Ohio at Point Pleasant. It
is 400 m long. The Little Kanakwa flows into
the Ohio at rarkersburg 12 m. below Marietta.
Kandahar. See Candahar.
Kenem, a town of the empire of Bornou, in a
province of the same name, where are bred mul-
titudes of cattle and horses. It is seated on the
Gazel, 150 m. N. N. W. of Bornou.
Kangaroo Island, an island on the S. coast of
^(ew Holland, discovered by captain Flinders,
and so named from the number of kangaroos found
on it, which were extremely tame. Kangaroo
Head ia in long. 137. 58. E., lat. 35. 43. S.
Kanisca, a strong town of Lower Hungary
capital of the county of Salawar ; seated on the
Drave, 100 m. S. by E. of Vienna. Long. 17. 40.
E., lat. 46. 55. N.
Kansas, r. a branch of the Missouri from the
south west between the Platte and the Arkansas.
It is formed of several branches, which interlock
with the head streams of the above rivers, and
flowing easterly 400 m. unite into a single stream
half a m. in width. This flows 100 in. further and
joins the Missouri at a point v/hich constitutes the
western limit of the State of Missouri.
Kan-tcJieou, a city of China, of the first rank, in
the province of Kiang-si. Its district contains 12
cities of the third class; and the soil produces a
great number of trees, whence distils a fine var-
nish, reckoned the best in China. It is seated on
the Kan-kiang, 840 m. S. of Peking. Long. 115.
2. E., lat. 25. 52. N
Kao-tcheou, a city of China, of the first rank, in
the province of Quangtong. In its vicinity is found
a kind of marble, that represents naturall}', rivers,
mountains, landscapes, and trees : it is cut into
leaves, and made into tables, »fcc. Kao-tcheou
stands on a navigable river, 36 m. from the sea,
and 1,130 S. S. W. of Peking.
Kaposwiir, a fort of Lower Hungary, on the
river Kapos, which washes its walls. It is 55 m.
W. of Tolna. Long. 18. 13. E., lat. 46. 31. N.
Karahissar. See Aphiom.
Karsubanur, a town of the Crimea, noted for
its noble antique bath, and an ancient manufac-
ture of leather from the skins of Tauric goats. It
is situate on the Karasu, in a delightful valley,
34 m. W. ofCaffa.
Karek, or Garak, an island in the N. E. part of
the gulf of Persia, 5 m. long and 2 broad ; where
ships bound for Bassora generally call for pilots.
Long. 50. 26. E., lat. 2.9. 15. N.
Karleby, Gamla, a sea-port of Sweden, in E.
Bothnia, with a trade in hemp, salt, and ship-
building; seated on the gulf of Bothnia, near the
influx of the river Karleby, 90 m. N. by E. of
ChristinesUdt. Long. 22. "20. E., lat. 63. 56. N.
Karleby, J^y, a town of Sweden, in E. Bothnia,
on the river Lappojock, 6 m. from the sea, and 20
S. of Gamla Karleby.
Kasan, the ancient Bulgaria, a government of
European Russia, lying on both sides the Volga,
between 46. 20. and 49. 40. of E. long., and 54.
and 57. of N. lat., and bounded by the govern-
ments of Viatka, Orenburg, Niznei-Novgorod, and
Simbirsk. Its extent is 22,000 square m.; its
pop. about 850,000, partly Russians and partly
Tartars, though of very mixed origin. It is water-
ed by the Volga, the Kama, the Sura, the Viatka,
and the Kasanka, besides smaller streams and a
great number of Lakes. It was formerly an inde-
pendent kingdom, belonging to the Kalmucs, to
whom the dukes of Moscow, with other petty
principalities of Russia, were tributary. But, in
1552, it was conquered by Ivan Bassilowitz II.,
and annexed to Russia.
Kasan, a city of Russia, capital of the forego-
ing government, and an archbishop's see. It has
an antique Tartar fortress, built of stone, several
churches, and 11 convents; and there are several
suburbs, one of them inhabited by Tartars. At
one end of the city is a manufacture of cloth for
the army. It has also manufactures of woolen,
cotton, lace and earthenware, with large soap
works wnd tanneries ; and carries on an extensive
trade. At a short distance from Kasan is a new
admiralty establishment , with a navigation
Kl^fl
416
KEN
Bchool, magazines, and a dock-yard, where galliots
are constructed, and sent down the Volga to the
Caspian Sea. It is seated on the rivulet Kasanka,
where it enters the Volga, 420. m. E. of Moscow.
Long. 4<J. 20. E., lat. 55. 48. N.
Kataba, a town of Arabia, in Yemen, with a
citadel ; situate in a fertile country, near a river,
which runs into the sea at Aden. 75 m. N. of
Aden. Long. 44. 3t). E., lat. 13. 54. N.
Katif, a town of Arabia, in the province of
Bahrem. It is built of rock salt, and stands on
the gulf of Persia, 95 ra. N. of Lachsa. Long
48. ;id. E.,lat. 27. 40. N.
Kau/beurcii, a town of Germany, in Bavariji.,
with manufactures of cotton, linen, fustian, and
leather. It is seated on the Wertach, 38 m. S.
by W. of Augsburg.
Kauga, the capital of a kingdom of the same
name, in the empire of Bornou. It is seated on a
Vu-ire lake, 280 in. S. by E. of Bornou. Long. 23.
30.°E., lat. 15. 20. N.
Kaiikeban, a town of Arabia, in Yemen, situate
on an almost inaccessible mountain. 20 m. W.
Sana.
Kaunitz, a town and castle of Moravia on the
river IglaU m. S. S. W. of Brinn.
Kaurzim, a town of Bohemia, capital of a circle
jf the same name, which produces much timber.
It stands on a river which runs into the Elbe, 26
m. E. S. E. of Prague.
Katje Island, an island in the Pacific Ocean,
near the W. coast of N. America, 30 m. long
and 4 broad, discovered by Cook in 1778. Its M.
E. point is a naked rock, considerably elevated :
the other parts abound in small valleys, filled with
pine-tree.s, but of no extraordinary growth. Long.
144. 48. W., lat. 59. 56. N.
KayserAautern, a town of Germany, in the pal-
atinate of the Rhine. In 1793 it was taken by
the French, who the year following were sur-
prised in their entrenchments near it, by the Aus-
trians, and defeated. It is seated on the Lauter,
28 m. S. W . of Worms. Long. 7. 50. E., lat. 49.
27. N.
Kaijserstuhl, a town of Switzerland, in the
county oi' Baden, with a castle, seated on the
Rhine, 8 m. S. E. of Zurzack.
Kuynerwert, a town of Germany, in the territo-
ry of Cologne, seated on the Rhine, 7 m. N. N. W.
ofDusseldorf
hazimiem, a town of Poland, in the palatinate
of iiublin, with a castle, situate on a hill, on the
Vistula, 25 m. W. S. W. of Lublin.
Kazrooa, a town of Persia, in Farsistan, of con-
siderable extent, but many parts of it are in ruins.
70 m. VV. S. VV. of Shiras.
Keslio. See Ciishao.
Kcdteslon, a village in Derbyshire, Eng with a
medicinal spring, much resorted to in summer,
and the elegant seat of the earl of Scarsdale
5 m. N N. W. of Derby.
Keff, or Keffta, a town of the kingdom of
Tunis, with a citadel ; situate on the side of
a hill, with a plentiful source of water, 70 n\. W.
S. W. of Tunis.
K(f.l, a village of Asiatic Turkey, in Irac
Arabi, 14 m. S. of Hillah ; celebrated for the
Uimb of the prophet Ezekiel, which is annually
visited by a number of Jews.
Kelil, a strong fortress of Germany, seated on
the Rhine, over which is a bridge to Strasburg ;
it is an important pass between France and Ger-
many. It was ceded by France at the peace of
Eeawick, 1697, and conferred on the margrave
of Baden. During the war with Germany the
French repeatedly besieged and took it: in 1798
it fell into their hands, and they retained posses-
sion till 18U4, when it was restored to the grand
duke of Baden.
Keighley, a town in W. Yorkshire, Eng. with
a market on Wednesday, and manufactures of
woolen cloths, cottons,and lindseys. The town is
nearly all built of stone ; and the church, which
was rebuilt in 1805, is a spacious and handsome
structure. Here is a free grammar school, found-
ed in 1716; also a mechanics' institute, with a
good library ,established in 1826. The town is well
supplied with water from two fine springs to the
E. and W., under an act obtained in 1816. It is
seated in- a deep valley, at the junction of two
small rivulets, which discharge themselves about
a mile below into the river Aire. 12 m. N. of
Halifax, and 202 N. by W. of London.
Keith, a town of Scotland, in Banffshire, with
manufactures of flax. 12 m. S. S. W. of Cullen,
and 46 N. W. of Aberdeen.
Kelbra, a town of Prussian Saxony, near the
river Helm, 10 m. S. of Stolburg.
Kd/ieiin, a town and castle of Bavaria, with a
Franciscan convent, a considerifhie brewery, and
extensive magazines of salt. It is situate at the
conflux of the Altmuhl and Danube, 10 m. S. S.
W. of Ratisbon.
Kells, a borough of Ireland in E. Meath, on
the river Black water, 12 m. N. by W. of Trim.
Kellyvale, a township of Orleans Co. Vt. Pop.
314.
Kelso, a town of Scotland, in Roxburghshire,
with a bridge over the Tweed, below the influx
of the Teviot. The abbey, magnificent ruins of
which still remain, was founded by David I.
Here are manufactures of carpeting, flannels,
leather, linen, and shoes. It is 10 m. N. JN. E. of
Jedburg, and 20 S. W. of Berwick.
Kemi, or Kiemi. See Kimi.
Kemmoo, a town of Negroland, capital of a
country lying to the W. of Bambarra. It is 340
m. W. of Sego. Long. 7. 46. W., lat. 14. 15.
/iTcmp^eiWe, p. V. Princeton Co. Va. 16 m. S. E
Norfolk.
Kempten, a town of Germany, in Bavaria,
with a late princely abbey of the Benedictine
order. It has a great trade in linen, and is seat-
ed on the Iller, 45 m. S. by W. of Augsburg, and
50 S. by E. of Ulm.
Kempville, p. v. Niagara Co. N. Y.
Ken, a river in Westmoreland, Eng. which
flows by Kendal, and enters the sandy wash of
Lancashire, called Morecambe Bay. It has a
cataract near its mouth, which obstructs the nav-
igation.
Ken, a river of Scotland, which rises in the
N. W. part of Kirkcudbrightshire, flows to New
Galloway, thence expands into a lake, 4 m. long
and one broad, and then joins the river Dee.
Kendal, a town in Westmoreland, Eng. It is
seated on the Ken, over which are two stone •
bridges, and one of wood leading to the castle,
which is now in ruins. It has a spacious church
and two chapels belonging to the establishment,
and no fewer than 10 meeting-houses for dissen-
ters. Besides tlie free sciiool, which is well en-
dowed and has some exhibitions to Queen's Col-
lege in Oxford, there is a large national school,
and also a school of industry, «fec. Here are
manufactures of kerseymeres, linsey woolsey, ser-
ges, baizes, knit woolen caps and jackets, carpet-
ings of varioua textures, waistcoatings, &.c. ; and
KEN
417
KEN
in the neighbourhood are gunpowder works, corn
and paper mills, dye works, &c. It has seven
trading companies, who have each a hall : and
the trade, notwithstanding the disadvantage
of its river for water carriage, is very consid-
erable. It is 44 m. S. of Carlisle, and 261 N. of
London. Long. 2. 52. W., lat. 54. 15. N.
Kenilworth, a town in Warwi( ihire, Eng. Its
church is an ancient edifice ; as i there are two
dissenting meeting-houses, a fne .' school, and a
school of industry. Here was i famous castle,
the remains of which form one of the most pic-
turesque objects in the kingd</m. It is 5 m. N.
of Warwick, and 96 N. W. of London.
Kenmare, a town of Ireland, in ihe county of
Kerry, at the head of a river or bay of the same
oame". 26 m. S. S. E. of Tralee.
Kennet, a river of England, which rises among
the chalky hills in Wiltshire, becomes navigable
at Newbury in Berkshire, and joins the Thames
at Sunning.
Kensinnton, a village in Middlesex, Eng. 1 m.
W. of London. Here is a royal palace, which
until the reign of George III., was a favourite
residence of the kmg of England. King William,
Queen Mary, Queen Anne, and George II. died
here. The gardens now form a fashionable and
extensive promenade having been gradually aug-
mented to 3 1-2 m. in circumference.
Kasington, t. Rockingham Co. N. H. 45 m. fr.
Boston. Pop. 717.
Kent, a county of England, 55 m. long and 23
broad ; bounded on the N. by the Thames and
the German Ocean, E. by the same Ocean, S. E.
and S. by the English Channel and Sussex, and
W. by Surrey. It con \ins J)35,600 acres ; is di-
vided into 63 hundred*, and 414 parishes ; has
two cities, Canterbury and Rochester, and 24
market towns; and sends 18 members to parlia-
ment. In the soil and face of the country there is a
great diversity. The banks of the Thames are low
and marshy, but backed by a range of chalky em-
inences, sometimes rising to a moderate height.
This kind of hard chalky soil, inclining to barren-
ness, extends to the N. K. extremity of the coun-
ty, and thence round to Dover,exhibiting its nature
in the lofty white cliffs which here bound the is-
land, and produce that striking appearance at sea
which gave it the name of Albion. The S. part
of Kent, called the Weald, is a flat and woody
tract of a clayey soil, and fertile. The midland
and western districts are a mixture of hill and
vale, arable and pa.sture, equal in pleasantness to
any part of England. The minerals of this coun-
ty, consists chiefly of chalk, flint, ragstone, and
pvrites ; and the only mineral water of any note
IS that of Tunbridge Wells. The manufactures
are few, and mostly of the coarser kinds, but
every branch of agriculture is extensively pros-
ecuted with ability and success. Besides the
usual objects of agriculture, the county produces
large quantities of hops, fruit of various kinds
(especially cherries and apples, of which there
are large orchards for the London markets), and
madder for dyeing. The country inland from Do-
ver, consisting chiefly of open downs, is excellent
for the feeding of sheep ; and many bullocks are
fattened to an extraordinary size in Romney
Marsh. The principal rivers, besides the Thames
are the Medway, Darent, Stour, Cray, and Rother.
KendxUl, a village in Perry township, Stark
Co. Ohio, with a woolen manufactory.
Kennebec, a river of the State of Maine, flowing
into the Atlantic, formea by two branches, one of
53
which rises in Moosehead Lake, and the otb«r
in the highlands on the north of the State. It is
300 m. in length and is navigable for ships 12 and
for boats 60 m.
Kennebec, a county of Maine on the above riv
er. Pop. 52,491. Augusta is the capital.
Kennebunk, p.t. York Co. Me., at the mouth ot
a river of the same name, 25 m. S. W. Portland.
It has some trade in lumber. Pop. 2,233. Ken-
nebunk Port has an additional pop. of 2,763.
Kent, a county of Rhode Island in the centre ol
the State. Pop. 12,784. East Greenwich is the
capital. Also a central county of Delaware.
Pop. 19,911. Dover is the capital. Also acoun*
ty in the northern i>art of Maryland, on the east-
ern shore of the Chesapeake. Pop. 10,502. Ches-
tertown is the capital. Also a county of Lower
Canada lying on the St. Lawrence, opposite Mon-
treal. Also a county of Upper Canada extend-
ing to the N. and W. without any defined limits.
Kent, p.t. Litchfield Co. Conn, on the Housa-
tonic, 44 m. W. Hartford. Pop. 2,001. Also a
p.t. Putnam Co. N. Y. Pop. 1,928.
Kent Island, in the northern part of Chesa-
peake Bay. It contains about 30,000 acres and
is comprised within the county of Queen Anne.
Kentucky, one of the United States, bounded
N. by Illinois, Indiana and Ohio; E. by Virginia,
S. by Tennessee, and W. by Missouri. It extends
from 36 30. to 39. 10. N. lat. and from 81. 50. to
89. 26. W. long. Is 300 m. in length from E. to
W. and 150 in mean breadth, and contains 42,000
sq. m. It is washed by the Ohio on the whole of
its northern limit and traversed by the Licking,
Kentucky and Green rivers. The Cumberland
and Tennessee intersect the western extremity.
The former rises in the eastern part of the state
and passes into Tennessee after which it returns,
and flows through Kentucky into the Ohio. The
eastern boundary is formed by the Cumberland
Mountains, and the eastern portion of the state is
generally mountainous. The soil rests upon a
bed of limestone from 3 to 10 feet below the sur-
face. This substance is also mixed up in the soil
and imparts to it a warm and exciting quality
which with the help of moisture gives a remarka-
ble freshness and vigour to the vegetation. The
centre of the state contains a tract of 150 m. in
length and 50 in breadth, which for beauty of land-
scape and richness of soil surpasses any region
of the same extent in the western country. Along
the Ohio between Salt and Green rivers is a large
tract called the ' barrens' on account of its defi-
ciency in wood, yet here the land is generally
good, and covered with grass. In many parts of
the state however, there are not wanting sterile
and mountainous tracts unfit for cultivation. The
general appearance of the county is remarkably
picturesque, being diversified by hills and dales
in the most charming manner. The woods have
a delightful appearance and resemble groves pro-
miscuously arranged by art for the effect of a
pleasure ground. The trees are walnut, cherry,
honey-locust, buckeye, pawpaw maple, cotton
wood, mulberry, elm, ash, hawthorn, sycamore,
&c. In the early part of spring the woods are
covered with the purple flower of the red bud and
the white blossoms of the dogwood. Grape vines ol
prodigious size climb the trees, and in early times
the country was covered with a thick canebrake.
This state does not furnish many mineral pro-
ductions, yet it is said to contain much iron and
some lead and coal. Salt springs are common,
but little salt is manufactured from them. Ther*
KEN
418
KEN
are sov\e medicinal springs near Lexington,
and Harrodsbuig. The suriace of tlie country
in many parts exhibits remarkable cavities or de-
pressions called sink-holes ; these are something
in tlie shape of inverted cones, 'and appear to be
caused by perforations in the limestone rock be-
neath, which have occasioned the soil above to
sink. The sound of running water has sometimes
been heard at the bottom of these cones. But the
most remarkable natural curiosity is the Mam-
rnolh Cace, near Green River, which has been
traversed for Ifi m. under tlie earth vvitlioul reach-
ing the end. The sides and roof are formed of a
smooth limestone rock perfectly white. Some of
Its apartments are 8 acres in extent and 100 feet
high Others contain columns of brilliant spar and
stalactites GO or 70 feet in height. Tlie earth in
the cave is strongly imprcgiiaiod witii saltpetre,
and here was found some years since an Indian
mummy in perfect preservation.
The wheat raised in this state is of the finest
kind. Maize is produced in great abundance.
Hemp and tobacco, are, next to flour, the staple
productions ol" tlie country. Some cotton is also
cultivated. The manufactures are woolen and
rotten cloth, cordage, bagging, maple sugar,
saltpetre, paper, whiskey, leather, &c. The trade
of the slate is very flourishing. Agricultural
and manufactured products are exported by steam-
boats and other river craft to New Orleans, and
herds of cattle arc driven across the mountains to
the Atlantic States.
The legislature of Kentucky is styled the Gen-
eral Jlssemhbj, and consists of a Senate and House
of Representatives. Tlie Senators are chosen for
4 years and the representatives for one. The
Governor is chosen for 4 years ; one fourth of
the Senators are renewed annually. Elections
are popular, and suftrage is universal. Frankfort
is the seat of government, and Louisville is the
largest town. The other large towns are Lexing-
ton and Maysville. There are colleges at Lex-
ington, Danville, Augusta, Princeton, Bardstown,
and Georgetown. The Baptists are the most nu-
merous religious sect: they have 2.SD ministers ;
the Methodists 77; the Presbyterians 70; the
catholics 30 and the Episcopalians 5. The state
is divided into 83 counties, and contains a popu-
lation of088,844,of whom above lf)5,350 are slaves.
This state was originally a part of Virginia
and was admitted into the Union as a state in
1792. The first settlement within its limits was
made by the celebrated Daniel Boone in 1775.
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He was a native of Maryland, and as early as
176!) made a visit to this country. In 1770 he
wa*" living alone in the woods, the only white
man in Kentucky. The next year he with his
brother explored the country as far as Cumber-
land river, and in 1773 Boone had collected a
company of 45 persons who attempted to form
a settlement but they were attacked by the Indi-
ans and lost their cattle. In 1775 he built a fort
on the spot where Boonsborough now stands, and
this was the first effectual settlement in the state
Boone was afterwads taken prisoner by tlie sava
ges but escaped and arrived at Boonsborough
after a journey of 160 m. through the woods
which he performed in 4 da}!s, eating but
a single meal in that time. He was after-
wards actively engaged in warfare with the
Indians wlio continually annoyed the early
settlers with hostilities. Being subsequently vex-
ed with law suits respecting his title to the land
in his possession, he retired to the banks of
the Missouri ; and led a solitary life among the
forests. " We saw him" sa3's Mr. Flint '■ on
those banks with thin grey hair, a high fore-
head, a keen eye, a cheerful expression, a singu-
larly bold conformation of countenance and
breast, and a sharp and commanding voice, and
with a creed for the future, embracing not many
articles beyond his red rival hunters. He apjieared
to us the same Daniel Boone, if we may use the
expression, jerked and dried to high preservation,
that we had figured, as the wanderer in the woods,
and the slayer of bears and Indians, lie could
no longer well descry the wild turkey on the
trees, but his eye still kindled at the "hunter's
tale, and he remarked that the population on
that part of the Missouri was becoming too dense,
and the farms too near each other, for comfortable
range, and that he never wished to reside in a
place where he could not fell trees enough into
his yard to keep up his winter fire. Dim as was
his eye, with age, it would not have been diffi-
cult, we apprehend, to have obtained hiin as a vol-
unteer on a hunting expedition over the Rocky
Mountains. No man ever exemplified more
strongly the ruling passion strong in death." He
died in"] 822 aged 85.
Kentucky River, ris es among the mountains in
the eastern part of Kentucky, and flows north
westerly into the Ohio. It is a very rapid stream
and for a great part of its course flows between
high and perpendicular cliffs of limestone. It
has a navigation of 150 in. and at its mouth is 450
feet in width.
Keppel Bay. a bay on the E. coast of New Hol-
land, which communicates with Port Curtis.
Kercolan^ , an island in the Indian Ocean, about
80 miles in circumference. The face of the
country is diversified with steep hills and extensive
valleys, and is every where covered Vv'itli trees
and verdure. The inhabitants are Malays. Long.
126. 30. E.,Iat. 4.28. N.
Kerguelen's Land, an island in the Southern
Ocean, which, on account of its sterility, captain
Cook, who visited it in 1779, would have denomi-
nated the Island of Desolation, but tha., he was
unwilling to rob M. Kerguelen of the honour of
its bearing his name. On the N. £. coast is a
good and safe bay, named Christmas Harbour
Long. 69. 30. E., lat. 49. )H). S.
Kerlcvk, a town bf Curdistan, the capilcil of a
government, and residence of a pacha. It is sur-
rounded by walls, and defended by a castle, 135
m. S. S. E. ofBetlis.
Kerman, the ancient Caramania, a province ol
Persia, lying on the gulf of Persia. The northern
part is barren, but towards the S. the land ii
fertile.
Kerman, or Sirgan, a city of Persia capital of
KSX
419
KID
the foregoing province, celebrated for its beautiful
pottery, carpets, and stuffs. It is 120 m. N. by
W. of Gombron. Long. 55. 15. E., lat. 29. 20. N.
Kernesville, p. v. Northampton Co. Pa.
Kerpen, a town of Prussian Westphalia, in the
duchy of Juliers. It has a collegiate church, and
is seated on the Erft, 10 m. E. S. E. of Juliers.
Kerrscille, a village in Lawrence Co. Ohio.
Kerry, a county of Ireland, in the province of
Munster, bounded on ihe E. by the counties of
Limerick and Cork, W. by the Atlantic Ocean,
N. by the Shannon, which separates it from
Thomond, and S. by Desmond and the Ocean.
Its greatest length is about 67 m. and its maximum
breadth 62, comprising about 1,040,437 statute
acres, or 1,631) square m. The southern part is
plain, and fertile in corn ; but the greater part is
mountainous, and chiefly adapted for grazing.
Considerable quantities of beef, butter, hides, and
tallow, are exported from its excellent harbours.
Tralee is the capital.
Kerry, a parish of Wales, in Montgomeryshire,
situate in a beautiful vale of the same name, 3 m.
from Newton.
Kershaw, a District of South Carolina. Pop.
13,515. Camden is the capital.
Kcrtch, a sea-port and fortress on the £. coast of
the Crimea. The fortress is of great importance,
as one of those commanding the passage which
forms the coiumunication between the Black Sea
and the sea of Asoph. It is 60 m N. N. E. of
Caffa. Long. 36. 24. E , lat. 45. 15. N.
Keschhn, a sea-port of Arabia Felix, in Hadra-
maut, 80 m. E. of Shibam. Long. 50. 50. E.,
lat. 15. 25. N.
Kesh, or Schs, a town of Usbec Tartary, in
Bukharia, once the ordinary summer residence
of Timur, who surrounded it with walls, and
built a new palace in 1379. It is 30 m. S. by W.
of Sam^rcandi
Kc.ssel, a town of the Netherlands, in the pro-
vince of Antwerp, with a handsome castle, seated
on the Maese, 7 m. N. of Ruremonde.
Kesseldorf, a village of Saxony, 7 m. W. of
Dresden, celebrated for a victory gained by the
king of Prussia over the Saxons, in 1745.
Keswick, a town in Cumberland, Eng. ; seated
in a vale of its name, near tlie rapid river Greta.
This vale is much visited bv the admirers of na-
ture : here is the lake of Keswick, or Derwent-
water; and to the N. of this soars the lofty
mountain Skiddaw, one of the most distinguished
in England. Keswick has manufactures of
cotton, linen, and coarse woolen goods, and an
establishment for making some of the finer tex-
tures has been recently opened. About a mile
and a half to the S. of the town is a remarkable
arrangement of rude granite stones, wliich form
a circle, called the Druids' temple. It is 25 m.
N. W. of Kendal, and 293 N. N. W. of London.
Kettering, a town in Northamptonshire, Eng.
with manufactures of tammies, serges, lutestrings,
&c. It is 12 m. N. E. of Northampton, and 74
N. W. of London.
Kei/sckberg, or Kiade, a town of Prussian Sax-
ony. 6 m. S. E. of Mersburg.
JCe70, a village in Surrey ,°Eng. 6 m. W. by S.
■oT London. The royal palace of Kew, taken
down- in 1823, was a favorite retreat of George
III., who enlarged the gardens, and united them
with those of Richmond. The bot^mic garden,
chiefly for exotics, is one of the finest"in the
world.
Kexholm. Sea fViburjr.
Kexkofm, a town of Russia, in Finland, formeifjr
the capital of the Swedish province of Carelia
and now of a Russian government. It is seated
on two islands in the River Woxon, which here
flows into lake Ladoga. 90 miles N. of Peters-
burg. Long. 30. 25. E., lat. 61. 3. N.
Keynsham, a town in Somersetshire, Eng. with
a trade in malt : seated on the Chew, at its con-
flux with the Avon, 5 m. S. E. of Bristol, and
114 W. of London.
Keysville, a village of Charlotte Co. Va. 70 m.
S. W. Richmond.
Key-lVest, a. small island in the Gulf of Mexico,
near the southern extremity of the peninsula of
East Florida. A settlement was made here by
the United States government with the design
of making it a naval station, but it has been
abandoned, from the unhealthiness of the spot.
Kkarlioff, or Charkoio, a town of European
Russia, capital of a government of the same
name : seated on the small rivers Kharkoff and
Lapan, 400 m. S. by W. of Moscow.
Khorassan. See Cho.
K/tvm. See Cam.
Kia-king, a city of China, of ihe first rank, in
the province of Tche-kiang. Canals are cut
through most of the streets ; and passengers are
sheltered from the sun and rain by beautiful
piazzas. The silk manufactures are very exten-
sive, and the trade considerable. It is 590 m. S.
S. E. of Pekin. Long. 120. 14. E., lat. 30 50. N.
Kiakta, n.io\vn of Asiatic Russia, in the govern-
ment of Irkutsk. It has a considerable fur trade
and is the centre of the Russian and Chinese coio
merce. It stands on a small river, near its conflu*
with the Sclenga, 75 m. S. S. W. of Sclcnginsk
Long. 106. 30. E., lat. 50. 20. N.
Kiangari, a town of Asiatic Turkey, in Nalolia,
chief place of a sangiacat, with a castle on a rock
230 m. E. of Bursa. Long. 34. 47. E., lat. 39. 56.
N. _ _ ^
Kiang-nan, a province of China, bounded on the
W. by Ho nan, S. by Tche-kiang and Kian-si, E.
by the gulf of Nan-king, and N. by Chantong. It
is of vast extent, and contains 14 cities of the first
rank, and 93 of the second and third, which are all
places of considerable trade, the whole country
being intersected by lakes, rivers, and canals.
Its silks, cottons, japanned goods, and paper, are
in high esteem. Nan-king is the capital.
Kiang-si, a province of China, bounded on the
N. by Kiang-nan, W. by Houqnang, S. by Quang-
tong, and E. by Fokien and Tche-kiang. The
N. part contains the great Po-yang lake, and some
extensive morasses ; the middle and S. parts are
mountainous, but intermixed with fertile and
well cultivated valleys. It contains 13 cities of
the first rank, and 78 of the second and third. It
is celebrated for its porcelain, which is the finest
and most valuable of the empire. Nan-tchang is
the capital.
Kiun-ku, or Yavg-tse-kiang, the largest river of
Asia. It flows E. during the first part of itj
course along the borders of China, after which it
enters the empire, and passing through the grand
central provinces falls into the gulf of Irong-ming,
in the eastern sea.
Kihurg, a town of Switzerland, in the canton
of Zurich, with a castle, seated on the TheofT, 14
m. E. N. E. of Zurich.
Kickapoos, a tribe of Indians in Illinois and the
neighborhood. They have about 600 wairiors.
Kidderminster, a corporate town in Worcester-
shire, Eng. It has long been celebrated for it*
kiL
420
KIL
carpet manufacture, which has been brought to
grreat jjerfection. A fine specimen of carpet weav-
ing', delineating the Descent from the Cross, is
placed over the altar m St. George's chapel, re-
cently erected. The Staffordshire and Worcester-
shire canal passes this place. It is seated on the
river Stour, 14 m. S. E. ot Bridgenorth, and 126
N. W. of London.
KUlge, or Kej, a fortified town of Persia, capital
of the province of Mecran, seated on the Nehenk,
530 m. S. W. of Candahar. Long. 63. 20. E., lat
26. 15. N.
Kidtr ell y, a, town of Wales, in Caermarthenshire.
It stands on a creek of the Bristol Channel, and
has a canal to some collieries, whence coal is
brought down and exported. Ilere are also an
iron foundery and a tin mill. On the opposite
bank of the creek, where the old town formerly
stood, are the remains of a castle. It is 8 m. S. of
Caermarthen, and 220 W. by N. of London.
Kiel, a strong town of Denmark, capital of the
duchy of Holstein, with a castle, and a university.
It stands on a peninsula, in a bay of the Baltic,
and has a commodious harbour for ships of the
largest size. It is one of the most commercial
places in Holstein ; and its trade is augmented by
means of the Eyder canal to Rendsburg. Kiel is
37 m. N. W. of Lubec, and 46 N. by E. of Ham-
burg Long. 10. 16. E., lat. 54. 21. N.
Kien-niiijr , a city of China, of the first rank in
the province of Fo-kien. At the time of the con-
quest of China by the Tartars it sustained two
sieges, and was at last taken, and all the inhabi-
tants put to the sword. It was afterwards re-es-
tablished by the Tartars, and is now a place of
considerable trade. It stands on the river Min-
Iio, 260 m. S. E. of Nan-king. Long. 117. 2. E.,
lat. 27. 5. N
Kien-txhang, a city of China, of the first rank,
in the province of Kiang-si, seated in a fertile
country, 340 m. S. S. W. of Nan-king. Long.
118. 20.E., Iat27. 35. N.
Kieou-kiang, a city of China, of the first rank,
in the province of Kiang-si, situate on the Kian-
ku, immediately above the influx of the Poyang-
hou. It is the rendezvous of all the barks which
pass to and from other places in this province, and
the provinces of Kiang-nan and Hou-quang. It is
250 m. S. W. of Nan-king. Long. 116. 0. E., lat.
29. 64. N.
Killiarchan, a village of Scotland, on the W.
side of Loch Winnoch, 5 m. S. W. of Renfrew.
It is inhabited chiefly by weavers, and has exten-
sive bleach fields.
Kilbride, a town of Scotland, in Lanarkshire,
noted for its cotton manufactures, and for being
the birthplace of Dr. William Hunter and his
brother John, celebrated anatomists. It is 6 m.
S. by E. of Glasgow.
Kilcalmoncll, a town of Scotland,in Argyleshire.
17 m. N. of Campbelton.
Kilfiu, St. one of the Hebrides, 28 m. to the
W. of North Uist. It is 3 m. long and 2 broad,
fenced about with one continued perpendicular
face of rock, of prodigious height, except at the
landing place on the S. E., where there is a nar-
row and steep passage to a vill.age on the top of
a rock. The surface of the island is hilly ; but it
feeds many sheep, and produces plenty of barley
and potatoes. Many of the inhabitants live chief-
ly by fishing, and catching wild fowl. In the
latter employment, they are incredibly adventu-
rous. Being let down by a rope from the summit
o< the precipitous rocks, they clamber along their
fronts m search of the eggs and nests of various
birds. St. Kilda is the most remote of the Heb-
rides, and is about 140 m. from the nearest point
of the mainland of Scotland. Long. 8. 23. W., lat.
57 43. N.
Kildare, a county of Ireland, in the province of
Leinster, about 37 m. long, and from 12 to 20
broad; bounded on the E. by Dublin and Wick-
low, W. by King's county, and Queen's county,
N. by East Meath, and S. by Carlow. The prin-
cipal rivers are the Liffey, Barrow, and Boyne. It
is a very fertile and arable country. It sends 2
members to the imperial parliament.
Kildare,^ borough of Ireland, capital of the fore-
going county, and a bishop's see. It is chieflr
supported by frequent horseraces on what is cab
ed the Curragh, a fine turfy plain, containing up
wards of 5,000 acres, which feeds a great number
of sheep. 27 m. S. W. of Dublin. Long. 6 57.
W.,lat. 53. 9. N.
Kilfenora, a small town of Ireland, in the coun-
ty of Clare, and a bishop's see united with Killa
loe. 12 m.' N. W. of Ennis.
Kilgarron, a town of Wales in Pembrokeshire,
now inhabited principally by fishermen. Here
are the remains of an ancient and celebrated cas-
tle, on a high rock. It is seated on the Tivy, 30
m. N. of Pembroke, and 231 W. N. W. of Lon-
don.
Kilham, a parish in East Yorkshire, Eng. 31 m.
E. N. E. of York.
Kilia, a fortified town of European Russia, in
Bessarabia, with a good trade in wool, goat's hair,
tallow, wine, corn, &c. It is situated on the most
northern branch of the Danube, 86 m. S. W. oi
Bialogorod.
Kilkenny, a county of Ireland, in the prov-
ince of Leinster, about 40 m. long and 20
broad ; bounded on the E. by Carlow and Wex-
ford, W. by Tipperary, N. by Queen's county,
and S. by Waterford. It sends 2 members to par-
liament. The surface is in general level and the
soil fertile. It is particularly noted for its coal
which makes no smoke in burning. The princi-
pal rivers are the Barrow, Suire, and Nore.
Kilkenny, a city of Ireland, capital of the above
county, situate on the river Nore, over which are
two bridges. Irishtown, on the E. side ol'the riv-
er, is joined to it, and both together form a large
and pleasant place. It had formerly a bishop ; and
the cathedral, which stands in Irishtown, bf longs
to the bishop of Ossory. The chief manufactures
are coarse woolens and fine blankets. 20 m. N.
of Waterford. Long. 7 32. W. lat. 52. 36. N.
Kilkenny, t. Coos Co. N. H. among the White
Mountains. Pop. 27. Also a village in St. I^aw
rence Co. N. Y. and a township in Leinster Co
Lower Canada.
Killala, a sea-port of Ireland, in the county of
Mayo and a bishop's see united with Achonry.
It stands on a fine bay of the Atlantic, to which
it gives name. 24 m. N. of Castlebar. Long
9. 4. W., lat. 54. 8. N.
Killaloc, a town of Ireland, in the county of
Clare, and a bishop's see united with Kilfenora. '
It is seated on the Shannon, over which is a
bridge of 19 arches, 10 m. N. N. E. of Limerick.
Killarney, a town of Ireland, in the county of
Kerry, much frequented on account of the ad-
joining lake. 14 m. S. E. of Tralee.
Killarney, a beautiful lake of Ireland, in the
county of Kerry, otherwise called Lough Lean,
from its being surrounded by high mountains. It
is divided into three parts, called the Lower. Mid-
KIL
421
RiM
die, and Upper Lake. The northern, or lower
lake, is G m. long and 3 broad. On the side of
one of the mountains is O'SuUivan's Cascade
which falls about 70 feet into the lake with a
tremendous roar ; and opposite this cascade is the
island of Innisfallen. The promontory of Muc-
russ divides the upper from the Lower lake, and,
■ on passing round its extremity into the upper lake,
there is a celebrated rock, called the Eagle's Nest,
_.f which produces wonderful echoes. The upper
■'5 lake is 4 m. long and 2 broad, and from the moun-
.ains descend a number of beautiful cascades. The
islands in this lake are numerous, and afford an
amazing variety of picturesque views. The cen-
tre lake is small in comparison with the other two,
ind cannot boast of equal variety ; but the shores
are indented with bays, surrounded by dark groves
of trees The E. boundary is formed by the base
of Mangerton, down the steep side of which de-
•Bcends a cascade, visible for 150 yards : this fall
'of water is supplied by a circular lake, near the
summit of the mountain, called the Devil's Punch-
bowl, which is considered one of the greatest
curiosities of Killarney.
Kilicullen, a town of Ireland, in the county of
Kildare, on the river LifFey, over which is a bridge.
9 m. E. S. E. of Kildare, and 25 S. W. of Dublin.
KUlingly, p.t. Windham Co. Conn. 45 m. E.
Hartford. Pop. 3,261 .
Killington Peak. See Green Mountains.
KUlingworth, p.t. Middlesex Co. Conn, on Long
'Island Sound, 26 m. E. ISew Haven. Pop. 2,483.
Killmallock, a town of Ireland, in the county
of Limerick, formerly one of the best built inland
towns in the kingdom, but much decayed. 16 m.
S. of Lim^erick.
KiUony, a town of Ireland, in the county of
Sligo, 6 m. S. of Sligo.
KUlou<rh, or Port St. Ann, a seaport of Ireland,
in the county of Down, to the N. of St. John's
Point, in the Irish Sea. A rock stands in the
middle of the entrance of its harbour, covered at
half flood. Here is a manufacture of salt. 6 m.
S. S. E. of Downpatrick. Long. 5. 40. W., lat.
54. 14. N.
KUlybegs, a town of Ireland, in the county
Donegal, with a spacious harbonr on the N. side
of Donegal Bay. 12 m. N. W. of Ballyshannon.
Killylenoh. a town of Ireland, in the county of
Down, with a linen and thread manufacture. The
celebrated Sir Hans Sloane was born in this town;
It is seated on an arm of Strangford Lough, 35 m;
N. E.of Newry.
Kj7macrfM«»/i, a village of Ireland, in the county of
■)f Gal way, an old episcopal see, united to Clonfert.
The ruins of the cathedral, a monastery, &c., de-
note its former consequence. 12 ni. N. of Ennis.
Kilmacthomas, a town of Ireland, in the county
of Waterford, 12 m. W. S W ofWaterford
Kilmainham, a town of Ireland, in a valley,
about half a m. W. of Dublin. It has a session-
house, a gaol, a foundling hospital, and an hos-
pital for invalid soldiers. Here the knights for
the county of Dublin are elected ; and it was the
• seat of government before the castle at Dublin
was appropriated to that purpose.
Kilmarnock, a populous and flourishing town
of Scotland, in Ayrshire. It is the principal man-
ufacturing town in the county, and carries on an
extensive trade : its chief manufactures are car-
pets, serges, blankets, tartans, and other woolen
goods, saddlery, leather, &c. Near it are the re-
mains of Dean Castle, the seat of the earls of Kil-
marnock, in the desolate condition to which it was
reduced by lire m 1735. It is seated near the
Irvine, 11 m. N. N. E. of Ayr, and 20 S. S. W.
of Glasgow. Long. 4. 28. W., lat. 55. 40. N.
Kilmarnock, p. v. Lancaster Co. Va.
KUmaurs, a town of Scotland, in Ayrshire, for-
merly celebrated for its cutlery. 2 m. N. W. of
Kilmarnock.
KUmore, a town of Ireland, in the county of
Cavan, and, with Armagh, a bishop's see. 3 m.
S. W. of Cavan.
Kilrenny, a parish of Scotland, in Fifeshire, on
the frith of Forth.
Kilsyth, a village of Scotland, in Stirlingshire,
inhabited chiefly by weavers employed by the
Glascow manufacturers. It is situate on the
Great North Road from Edinburgh and Stirling
to Glascow, 15 m. S W. of Stirling, and 13 N.
E. of Glascow.
Kilwinning, a town of Scotland, in Ayrshire.
Here is the elegant seat of the Montgomery family,
Eglington Castle ; also some remains of a mag
nificent monastery, which was erected here lu
1140. The vicinity abounds in limestone and
coal. It is seated on the Garnock, over which is
a stone bridge, 5 m. N. N. W. of Irvine.
Kimberton, p. v. Chester Co. Pa.
Kimbericorth, a village in West Yorkshire Eug.
2 m. W. of Rotherham.
Kimbolton, a town in Huntingdonshire, Eng.
Here is a castle, the seat of the duke of Manches-
ter, where queen Catherine resided for some time
after her divorce from Henry VIII. 63 m. N. by
W. of London.
Kimi, or Kiemi, a town of Russian Lapland, on a
river of the same name, near its entrance into the
gulf of Bothnia, 10 m. E. of Tornea.
Kin, Kain, a town of Persia, in the province of
Seistan, situate at the foot of a mountain, 60 m
S. S. W of Herat.
Kinhurg. a fortress of Russia, in the government
of Taurida, on the S. side of the estuary of the
Dnieper. It has been frequently attacked by the
Turks, by land and sea, but without success. 18
m. S. S. E. of Oczakow, on the opposite side of
the Dnieper.
Kincardine, a town of Scotland, in Perthshire,
with a commodious harbour, and a good road in
the frith of Forth. Ship-building is carried on to
a great extent, and the coasting and foreign trade
is considerable. 5 m. S. E. of Alloa, and 22 S. by
W. of Perth.
iTi/ifcarrfinc, a town of Scotland, in Rossshir©,
with a small harbour, on the frith of Dornoch, »4
m. W. by N. of Tain.
' Kincardine, O'necl, a town of Scotland, in Ab«r
deenshire, seated on the river Dee, 23 m. W. by
S. of Aberdeen.
Kincardineshire, or Meams, a county of Scot-
land, bounded on the N. W. and N. by Aberdeen-
shire, E. by the German Ocean, and S. and W.
by Angusshire. lis length along the coast is 30
m. and its greatest breadth about 24. The N. W.
part is mountainous, and chiefly adapted for pas-
ture ; but to the S. of the Grampians the surface
is in general fertile. The small village of Kincar-
dine 9.m. S. W. of Stonehaven, was formerly the
capital but Stonehaven is now the county- town.
Kinderhook, p.t. Columbia Co. N. Y. on tho
Hudson 20 m. S. Albany. Pop. 2,706.
Kineton. See Kington.
King and Queen, a county in the E. district of
Virginia. Pop. 11,644.
King George, a county in the E. district of
Virginia. Pop. 3,397.
2 N
KIN
42S
KIN
King Creek, a village in Barnwell District S. C.
Kingfield, p.t. Somerset Co. Me. Pop. 554.
King George the Third Sou7td, a harbour on the
S. W. coast of New Holland discovered by cap-
tain Vancouver in 1791. It is safe, and easy of
o,cces3 any where between its outer points of en-
trance, Bald-head and Mount Gardener, 11 m.
distant from each other. Long. 118. 17 E., lat.,
35.5. S.
King George Sound, the name given by captain
Cook, in 1778, to the bay which he discovered on
the W. coast of North America, in long. 126. 48.
W., and lat. 49. 33. N. but the natives call it
Nootka ; the name now generally adopted by the
English. It is notsituate on the continent, as
Cook had reason to suppose, but on an island, to
which captain Vancouver, in 1792, gave the name
of Quadra and Vancouver Island. In 1786 a few
British merchants in the East Indies formed a
settlement in this place to supply the Chinese
market with furs ; but the Spaniards in 1789, cap-
tured two English vessels, and took possession of
the settlement. The British ministry made their
demand of reparation, and the affair was ami-
cably terminated by a convention.
Kin-gan, a city of China, of the first rank, in
the province of Kiang-si, seated on the Kan-kiang,
800 m. S.ofPekin. Long. 115. 10 E., lat. 27.
16. N. . . ' .
Kindkorn, a borough of Scotland, in Fifeshire,
on the frith of Forth, nearly opposite Leith. It
joins with Burntisland, Kirkaldy, and Dysart in
returning two members to parliament. It has
two harbours, one below the town, and the other
halfa mile W. at Pettycur, for the passage boats
between this place and Leith. The manufac-
ture of thread stockings, and the spinning of
cotton and flax, were fomerly carried on here to
some extent, but owing to the depression of
trade the former is given up and the latter is
not prosecuted with any great activity. 9 m. N.
by W. of Leith.
Kintrsborough p. v. Montgomery Co. N. Y. 50.
m. N. W. Albany.
Kings Cou.nly, a county of New York, compris-
ing the west end of Long Island. Pop. 20,537.
Flatbush is the capital.
Kinshuror, p.t. Washington Co. N. Y. on the
Hudson 90 m E. Albany. Pop. 2,606.
Kings County, a county of Ireland, in the prov-
ince of Leinster, 43 m. long and about 39 in its
greatest breadth; bounded on the N. by West
Meatli, E. by Kildare, S. by Queen's County and
Tipperary, and W. by the Shannon, which sepa-
rates it from Galway and Roscommon. It is di-
vided into 52 parishes, contains about 1.30,000
inhabitants, and sends two members to parliament.
The principal rivers are the Shannon, and the
Greater and Little Brosna ; and the grand canal
croses the N. part of the county. It is not so well
cultivated as some of the other counties, but tlie
soil is tolerably fertile. The capital is Philips-
town.
King's Langley, a village in Hertfordshire, where
Henry III. occasionally resided. It is seated on
the river Gade, 5 m. S. W. of St. Alban's.
Kingsbridge, a town in Devonshire, Eng. seat-
ed on a branch of the Salcomb River, over which
is a bridge to Dodbrook, 34 m. S. by W. of Exeter,
and 208 W. S. W. of London.
Kingsclere, a town in Hampshire, Eng. with a
oreat trade in malt. It was the residence of
some of our Saxon kings. 54 m. W. by S. of
London.
Kingscliff, a parish in Northamptonshire, Eng.
12 m. W. of Peterborough.
Kingsessing, a township of Philadelphia Co.
Pa.
King's Mountain, a mountain in Lincoln Coun-
ty in the western part of North Carolina. A
battle was fought here Oct. 7. 1780 between a
body of American militia and a party of British
and Tories in which the latter were defeated
and nearly the whole killed or taken prisoners.
Kingsteig, a strong fortress of Norway. See
Fredericstadt.
Kingston, a corporate town in Surrey, Eng.
At a national council held here, in the year 838,
king Egbert, and his son Athelwolf, were pres
ent; and several of the Saxon monarchs were
crowned here. This town sent two members to
parliament in the reigns of Edward II. and III.
but was disfranchised by the desire of the inhab
itants. Queen Elizabeth founded here a free-
school ; and the spring assizes are held at this
place. It is seated on the river Thames, over
which it had an ancient wooden bridge, now re-
placed by one of stone. 10 m. S. W. of London.
Kingston a sea-port of Jamaica, in the West
Indies, situate on the N. side of Port Royal Bay.
It was built in 1798, after the great earthquake
which destroyed the town of Port Royal, and ta
1803 was incorporated as a city. It is a place of
good trade being much resorted to by ships com-
ing to load and unload their cargoes ; and of late
years it has been greatly enlarged by the addition
of many handsome houses. Pop. including 18,000
slrves, 33,00o. It is 10 m. E. of Spanish Town.
Long. 76. 40 W., lat. 18. 3. N.
Kingston, the capital of St. Vincent, in the
West Indies, situate at the head of a bay of the
same on the S. W. shore of the island.
Kingston, p.t. Rockingham Co. N. H. adjoin-
ing Exeter. Pop. 999. Also a township of Ad
dison Co. Vt. 25 m. S. W. Montpelier. Pop.
803. A p.t. Plyrauoth Co. Mass. on Plymouth Bay.
4. m. N. W. Plymouth. Pop. 3,322. A p.t. Ulster
Co. N. Y. formerly Espus. It stands on the Hud-
son, 55m. below Albany. Pop. 4,170. Also towns
and villages in Middlesex Co. N.J. Luzerne Co .Pa.
Talbut and Somerset Cos. Md. Delaware and Ross
Cos. Ohio. Roane Co. Ten. and Morgan Co. Geo.
Kingston, the largest and most populous town
of Upper Canada, with a good harbour. Here
the king's stores are kept and guarded. Vessels
from Lower Canada go no further than this place ;
and hence to York, Niagara, &c. Stores and
merchendise are conveyed in boats. It is seated
on Lake Ontario, and its outlet into the St. Law-
rence, 190 m. W. of Montreal. Long. 75. 41. W.,
lat. 44. 8. N.
Kingston on Hull. See Hull.
King-tcheou, a city of China, of the first rank,
in the province of Ilou-quang. It is considered
one of the keys of the empire, is well fortified, and
has a large Tartar garrison. It stands on the
Kian-ku, 620 m. S. S. W. of Peking. Long. 111.
37. E., lat. 30, 26. N.
Kina-te-tching, a town of China, in the prov-
ince of Kiang-si, famous for its beautiful por-
celain. It is computed to contain above 1,000,
000 of inhabitants, and extends 4 m. along the
banks of a river which here forms a kind of liar-
bour. 655 m. S. of Pekin. Long. 115. 54. E.
lat. 29. 25. N.
Kington, or Kincton, a town of Warwickshire,
Eng. King John kept his court in a cabtle he
erected here. 85 m. N. W. of London.
KIN
423
KIR
Kin^on, or Kyneton, an ancient town in Here-
"ordshire, Eng. with a considerable clothing
trade. It is seated on the Arrow, under Bradnor
Mountain, 19 m. S. W. of Hereford, and 150 W.
by N. of London.
King-tree, p. v. Williamsburg District S. C. 64
m. N. Charleston.
Kinsville, p.v. Ashtabula Co. Ohio on Lake
Erie.
King William, a county of the Eastern District
of VirVinia. Pop. 9,812.
Klngicood, a township of Hunterdon Co. N. J.
-n tiie Delaware, also a p. v. Preston Co. Va.
Kin-hoa, a city of China, of the first rank, in
Tche-kianw, on the banks of a fine river, into
which several little streams discharge themselves.
It has a great trade in dried plums and hams ;
and is famous for good rice-wine and very white
candles : the latter are made of a substance obtain-
ed from little shrubs with a white flower, not
unlike jessamine. It is 190 m. S. by. E. of Nan-
king. Long. 119. 10. E., lat. 29. 16 N.
Kinnaird Head, a lofty promontory on the E.
coast of Scotland, in Aberdeenshire, about a mile
to the N. of the town of Fraserburg. Here is a
castle 4 stories \ii<rh, on the top of which is a
'ighthouse. Long. 1. 46. W. lat. 57. 39. N.
Kinnoul, a parish of i^cotland, in Perthshire,
on the E. bank of the Tay, with the remains of an
ancient castle. It stands at the foot of a hill of
Kinnoul, vvhicli is particularly famous for its fine
agates, and also abounds with many rare plants.
Kinross, a borough of Scotland, capital of Kin-
ross-shire, seated in a plain, screened on the N.
by the Ochil Hills, and on the river Leven, be-
fore it enters Loch Leven. It has a manufacture
of cotton and coarse linens. 23 m. N. N. W. of
Edinburgh. Long. 3. 9. W., lat. 56. 7. N.
Kinross-shire, a county of Scotland, surrounded
by the shires of Perth and Fife, and almost cir-
cular, about 30 m. in circumference. It is divid-
ed into four parishes and containsabout 7,000 in-
habitants. The central part is occupied by Loch
Leven, and the country around has a rich appear-
ance. It sends one member to parliament alter-
nately with the county' of Clackmannan.
Kinsale, a seaport and borough of Ireland, in
the county of Cork. It is a maritime arsenal,
contains 10,000 inhabitants, and has an excellent
harbour, defended by a strong fort. In times of
war it is very much frequented by E. and W. India
fleets, on which account the leases of the inhabi-
tants oblige them to pay double rent during these
seasons. It is seated at the mouth of the- Ban-
don, 13 ni. S. of Cork. Long. 8. 28. W., lat.
51. 42. N.
KinsaJe, p.v. Westmoreland Co. Va. on the
Potomac near Chesapeak Bay.
Kinsman, p.t. Trumball Co." Ohio 180 m. N. E.
Columbus. Pop. 720.
Kinston, p.t. Lenoir Co. N. C. on the Neuse,
40 m. above Newbern.
KirUcldng, the capital of the island of Loo-choo,
in the China Sea, and of all the islands under
that appellation. The king's palace, reckoned
to be four leagues in circumference, is built on
a neighbouring mountain. Long. 127. 30. E.,
lat. 26. 2. N.
Kin-tong, a city of China, of the first rank, in the
province of Yun-nan. The surrounding country
is mountainous, but the valleys yield abundance
of rice. It Is seated on the Pa-pien, 750 m.
W. by N. of Canton. Long. 100. 40. E., lat. 24.
30. N
iTmtorc, a borough of Scotland, in Aberdeen
shire, on the river Don, 13 m. W. by N. of Aber-
deen.
Kintyre. See Cantyre.
Kin-yan^, a city of China, of the first rank, in
Chen-si. It has always been deemed as a bar-
rier against the incursions of the Tartars, and is
strongly fortified. The country around is very
fruitful. 560 m. S. W. of Pekin. Lonir. 107. 30.
E.,lat. 36.6. N.
Kin-xjuen, a city of China, of the first rank, in
Quang-si. It is seated on a fine river, but sur-
rounded with craggy mountains, inhabited by a
rude and savage race of people. 310 m. W. by
N. of Canton. Long. 108. 15. E., lat. 25. 28. N.
Kinzaa, p.t. Warren Co. Pa. 350 m. N. W.
Harrisburg.
Kiov, or Kioto, a government of the Russian
empire, being part of the Ukraine, or Little Rus-
sia. It was once a duchy, belonging to the great
dukes of Russia, and Kiov was their capital.
This country was conquered by the Tartars, and
came again into the possession of the great
dukes but was overrun and possesed by the Cossacs.
under the protection of Poland. In 1664 the
natives, discontented with John Casimir, king
of Poland, submitted to Russia, and have ever
since remained subject to that empire. This gov-
ernment is divided into 12 circles, and contains
about 1,000,000 of inhabitants.
Kiov, a town of European Russia, capital of the
foregoing government, and a Greek archbishop's
see, with a castle. It is divided into the Old Town,
the Lower Town, and the fortress of Petscherski,
all connected by intrenchments. Here are cata-
combs of considerable extent, dug, as it would
seem, through a mass of hardened clay. It is
seated on the Dnieper, 180 ni. N. E. of Kaminieck
and 335 E. S. E. of Warsaw.
Kio-fcou, a city of China, in the province of
Chan-tong and district of Yen-tcheou. It was
the birthplace of Confucius, several monuments
to whose memory are still lo be seen here.
Kioae, or Koge, a seaport of Denmark, in the
isle of Zealand. The English defeated the Danes
here, and took the town in 1807. It is 10 m. S
W. of Copenhagen. Lon?. 12. 15. E., lat. 55. 30. N.
Kioping, or Koping, a town of Sweden, in the
government of Westeraas, 18 m. N. by W. of
Westeraas.
Kippen, a parish and village of Scotland, in
Stirlingshire, on the S. bank of the Forth, 9 m.
W. of Stirling.
Kirbij Lonsdale, a town in Westmoreland Eng.,
with manufactures of carpets and blankets. It is
seated on the Loyne, over which is a curious an-
cient stone bridge of three arches. 12 m. S. E.
of Kendal, and 252 N. W. of London.
Kirby Moorside, a town in N. Yorkshire, Eng.
There are several interesting ruins in the neigh-
bourhood ; and in the village of Kirkdale, 2 m.
hence, many fossil animal remains were discov-
ered in 1820. It is seated on the river Dow, 29
m. N. of York, and 221 N. by W. of London.
Kirby Stephen, a town in Westmoreland, Eng.
The woolen manufacture is the chief trade here,
but there is also one silk factory in the town, and
many of the inhabitants are employed in the man-
ufacture of stockings. It is seated on the river
Eden, 3 m. S. S. E. of Appleby, and 266 N. N.
W. of London.
Kirchberg, a town and castle of Wurtemberg, in
a district of the same name ; seated on the Her, 9
m. S. ofUlm.
KIR
424
MT
Kirchbem, a town of Wurtemberg, with a castli?
on a hill, by the river Jaxt, 12 m. S. S. W. of
Rotenburg.
Kirchhern, a town in the Prussian province of
the Lower Rhine, 41 m. W. of Mentz.
Kirchein, a town of Bavaria, on the Mindel,
29 m. E. S. E. ofUlm.
Kirchhayn, a town of the Prussian states, in
Lusatia ; seated on the Bober, 18 ni. S. of Luckau
Kirchhcim,a. town of Wurtemberg, with a castle,
seated on the river Lauter, 18 m. S.E. ofStuttgard.
Kirdorf, a town of Germany, in Hesse-Darm-
stadt, 42 m. S. S. W. of Cassel.
Kiri.n, a government of Eastern Tarlary, en-
closed between the sea of Japan, the northern
frontier of Corea, and the river of Saghalien.
The climate is extremely cold ; and, from the
number of forests by which it is covered, the
country is thinly inhabited. The valuable plant
ginseng grows here ; and the emperor of China
s?nds liither the criminals banished by the laws.
Kirin, a city of eastern Tartary, capital of the
foregoing province, and the residence of a Mand-
shur general, who is invested with the authority
of a viceroy. It is situate on the river Songari,
which is here called Kirin, 540 m. E. N. E. of
Pekin. Long. 126. 20. E., lat. 43. 20. N.
Kirkcaldy, a borough of Scotland, in Fifeshire,
with a good harbour. Here are a dock yard for
small vessels and manufactures of checks, tick-
ing, cotton, and leather. This was the birth-place
oflhe celebrated Dr. Adam Smith, author of the
* Wealth of Nations.' It is seated on the N. side
of the frith of Forth, 11 m. N. of Leith.
Kirkcudbright, a borough and seaport of Scot-
land, capital of its name, with a castle. The har-
bour will admit ships of any burden to come up
to the town, and yet it has no considerable trade
or manufacture. It is seated at the mouth of
the Dee, 28 m. S. W. of Dumfries.
Kirkcudbrightshire, or East Galloway, a county
of Scotland, 45 m. long and 30 broad; bounded
on the N. W. by Ayrshire,- N. E. and E. by Dum-
fries-shire, S. by Solway Frith and the Irish Sea,
and W. by Wigtonsliire. It is divided into 23 par-
ishes, contains 33,600 inhabitants, and sends one
member to parliament. The northern parts are
mountainous and uncultivated ; but there is some
fertile land on the sides of the rivers, and it feeds
a oreat number of cattle and sheep. The chief
rivers are the Dee, Fleet, Cree, and Orr.
Kirkham, a town in Lancashire, Eng. The an-
cient church was taken down in 1822, except the
tower, and rebuilt by a subscribed rate. The
manufactures, which are increasing in importance,
are sail cloth, cordage, coarse linens, cottons, &c;
It is seated near the mouth of the Ribble. 23 m.
S. of Lancaster, and 226 N. N. W. of London.
Kirkintilloch, a town of Scotland, in Dumbar-
tonshire, with manufactures of linen and cotton ;
seated near the junction of the Luggie with the
Kelvin, 7 m. E. N. E. of Glasgow.
Kirkless, a village in W.Yorkshire Eng. situate
on the Calder, 3 ni. from Huddersfield. In the
park near it is the monument of the famous Rob-
in Hood.
Kirkoswald, a town in Cumberland, Eng. On
an elevated spot, a little E. of the town, are the
ruins of a castle ; and on another eminence, 3 m.
to the S., is the famous druidical monument called
Long Meg and her daughters. Kirkoswald is
seated at the conflux of the Croglin witli the
Eden, 9 m. N. by E. of Penrith, and 292 N. W.
of London.
Kirkpatrick, a village of Scotland, in Dumbarton
shire 5 m. E. S. E. of Dumbarton. The vestiges of
of the Roman wall, built by Antoninus, extena from
the Clyde at this place to Abercorn on the frith o
Forth. It is called, by the country people, Gra
ham's Dike.
Kirkton, or Kirton, a town in Lincolnshire
Eng; situate on the top of a hill, 20 m. N. of Li»
coin, and 147 N. by W of London.
Kirkville, p. v. Onondaga Co. N. Y.
KirksviUc, p. v. Mecklenberg Co. N. C. 150 m.
S. W- Raleigh.
Kirkwood, a township of Belmont Co. Ohio.
Kirkwall, a borough of Scotland, capital of Po-
mona, the principal island of the Orkneys. It la
built on a neck of land, on the E. side of the
island ; and the most striking object is the stately
cathedral of St. Magnus opposite which is the
bishop's palace, now called a castle. The harbour
is excellent, with a good outer road, defended by
a fortification. Here are manufactures of linen
and cotton ; and great quantities of kelp are ex
ported. It is 30 m. N. E. of Thurso, in Caith
ness-shire.
Kirn, a town of the Prussian province of Lower
Rhine, situate on the Nahe, 42 m. S. by W. of
Coblentz.
Kirrymuir, a town of Scotland, in Forfarshire,
with considerable manufactures of brown and
coarse linens. It is 5 m. N. W. of Forfar, and
16 N. of Dundee.
Kirshehr, a town of Asiatic Turkey, in Natolia,
formerly a considerable city, called Diocaesarea.
Salt is made in the neighbourhood. It is 84 m.
N. E. of Cogni. Long. 34. 15. E., lat. 39. 10. N.
Kirsova, a town of European Turkey, in Bul-
garia, seated on the Danube, 76 m. S. W. of Is*
mael. Long. 28. 4. E., lat. 44. 47. N.
Kiskiminitas, a branch of Alleghany river in
Pennsylvania, On this stream are many salt
springs. There is a village of this name in West*
"moreland Co. Pa.
Kirtland. p.t. Geauga Co. Ohio. 165 m. N, E.
Columbus Pop. 1,010.
Kismich, or Kisme, a fertile island at the en-
trance of the gulf of Persia, 60 m. long and 12
broad, separated by a narrow channel from the
continent of Persia. Its E. end is 12 m. S. of
Gombron.
Kissingen, a town of the Bavarian states, in
Franconia, in the environs of which are some
medicinal and salt springs. 32 m. N. of Wurzburg.
Kistna, or Krishna, a river of Hindoostan, which
rises in the Sukhien. Mountains, not far to the S
of Poona, flows E. about 500 m. forming the
boundary between the Deccan and the Peninsula.
, and enters the bay of Bengal by several mouths,
to the S. of Masulipatam. Owing to the accu
mulation of sand at its mouths, it is not navigable
for ships ; but its inundations are of the greatest
importance to the fertility of the country through
which it passes.
Kistnagheri, a town and fortress of Hindoostan
in the province of Barramaul. Since it came into
the possession of the British, in 1792, it has been
dismantled to save the expense of a garrison. It
is situate on a rock nearly 700 feet in height, 54
m. S. E, of Bangalore, and 66 W. S. W.of Arcot.
Kitta.nniny, a township of Armstrong Co Pa.
40 m. N. E. Pittsburg.
Kittatinny Mountains, the name given to a
branch of the Apalachian chain, in New Jersey
and Pennsylvania.
Kittery, p. v. York Co. Me. ait the mouth of Pin-
KNI
425
KOE
eataqn a river opposite Portsmouth. Pop. 2,202.
Kitzbichl, a town of the Austrian states, in
Tyrol, in the vicinity of which are mines of cop-
per and silver. It is seated on the river Acha,
11 m. S. E. of Kufstein.
Kitzintren, a town of Bavarian Franconia, on the
river Maine, 10 m. E S. E. of Wurtzburg.
Kiun-tcheou, a city of China, of the first rank,
capital of the island of Hainan, on the N. coast,
at the mouth of the Limou. It stands on a prom-
ontory, and ships often anchor under its walls.
Lon^. 109. 38. E., lat. 20. N.
KitUaja. or Cutaja, a town of Asiatic Turkey,
capital of Natolia. Near it are some warm baths,
much esteemed in several disorders. It is situate
at the foot of a mountain, near the river Pursak,
136 m. S. S. E. of Constantinople.
Kladrau, a town of Bohemia, in the circle of
Pilsen, near the river Misa, 20 m. W. of Pilsen.
Klattau, a town of Bohemia, capital of a circle
of the same name, with a considerable woolen
manufacture. Part of it was destroyed by fire in
1810. It is 69 m. S. W. of Prague.
Klingeistown, p. v. Schuylkill Co. Pa.
KHngnau, a town of Switzerland, in the district
of Baden, on the river Aar, 7 m. N. of Baden.
Kruipdale, a district of Argyleshire, Scotland,
about 20 m. long, and 16 broad. It is situate be-
tween the isthmus of Crinan and Tarbert, and is
divided into the parishes of N. and S. Knapdale.
Knappsliurgh, p. v. Chenango Co. N. Y.
Knare.sborough, a borough in W. Yorkshire,
Eng. . It is the ancient seat of the linen manufac-
ture, which is now carried on to a great extent.
Here is a famous spring, of a strong petrifying
quality, called the Dropping Well, which falls in
drops from the top of a rock. The town is situate
at the top of a rocky mountain, at the foot of
which runs the river Nidd. 19 m. W. by N. of
York, and 197 N. by W. of London.
Knighton, a town of Wales, in Radnorshire,
seated on the Teme, 10 m. N. E. of Radnor, and
158 N. W. of London.
Knightshridge , a village in Middlesex,Eng. now
forming part of the suburbs of London. Here
are extensive barracks for soldiers, and a consid-
erable manufacture of painted floor cloths.
Kniphausen, a sea-port of Germany, in the
fraud duchy of Oldenburg, seated on the Jade,
9 m. E. ofEmbden.
Knisteneaux, a tribe of Indians in North Ameri-
ca who occupy a part of the British territory to
the North of the lakes of Canada. The Knisteneaux,
denominated Cristinaux by the ancient Canadians,
and Kdlistonxms by some modern writers — Crers
by the English, wander over, or inhabit all the
country to the south of the lake of the Mountains,
as far as the lakes of Canada, and from Hudson's
Bay to lake Winnipeg. The Knisteneaux are of a
moderate stature, nre well proportioned, and pos-
sess a remarkable degree of activity. Black and
piercing eyes animate their agreeable and open
countenance. They paint their face of different
colours. They wear asimple and convenient dress,
cut and ornamented with taste ; but sometimes
they hunt, even during the severest cold, almost
entirely naked. It appears that of all the savages
of North America,the Knisteneaux have the hand-
somest women. Their figure is well proportioned,
and the regularity of their features would obtain
them admiration, even in Europe. Their com-
plexion is not so dark as that of other savage
women . because their habits are much more clean-
ly. These Indians are naturally mild, honest
54
generous, and hospitable, when the pernicious nse
of spirituous liquors has not changed their natural
disposition. They do not look upon chastity, how-
ever, as a virtue^ nor do they imagine that con-
jugal fidelity is at all necessary to the happiness
of the married state. Accordingly they offer their
wives to strangers, and exchange them with each
other, as Cato is said to have done. The fogs
which cover their marshes, are believed to be the
spirits of their deceased companions.
Knittelfeld, or KnitterfeJdt, a town of Austria,
on the river Muhr, 98 in. S W. of Vienna.
Knoclopher, a town of Ireland, in the county of
Kilkenny, 12 m. S. by E. of Kilkenny, and 63 S.
W. of Dublin.
Knottingley, an extensive and populous village
in W. Yorkshire, Eng. on the river Aire, 3 m. E.
N. E. of Pontefract, noted for its great production
of limestone.
Knoidton, a township of Sussex Co. N. J.
lifnoz, a county of Ohio. Pop. 17,124. Mount
Vernon is the capital. Alsoa county of Kentucky.
Pop. 4,321. Barboursville is the capital. Also
a county of E. Tennessee. Pop 14,498. Knox-
ville is the capital. Also a county of Indiana.
Pop. 6,557. Vincennes is the capital.
Knox, p.t. Albany Co. N. Y. 20 m. W. Albany.
Pop. 2,186. Also townships in Columbia and Jef-
ferson Cos. Ohio.
Knoxvilte, a town of Tennessee, capital of Knox
cou-ty. Here is a college, established by gov-
ernment. It stands on the river Holston, 22 m.
above its junction with the Tennessee, and 200 S.
by E. of Frankfort. Long. 84. 8. W., lat. 35.
58. N. Also villages in Crawford Co. Geo., and
Jefferson Co. Ohio.
Knutsford, a town in Cheshire, Eng. Here are
some cotton-mills, and manufactures of shag vel-
vets, &c. It is seated on a branch of the Birken,
25 m. E. by N. of Chester and 175 N. W. of Lon-
don.
Koang-sin, a city of China, of the first rank, in
Kiang-si. Here are manufactures of good paper,
and the best candles in the empire. It is 250 m.
S. bv W. of Nanking. Long. 118. 20. E., lat. 28.
30. N.
Kori-lcheou, a province of China, near the S. W.
extremity of the empire. It is almost a desert,
and full of precipitous mountains, inhabited by
barbarous races, whom the Chinese have never
been able fully to subdue. In the mountains there
are mines of*^ gold, silver, copper, and mercury.
The horses are the best in China ; and exceU^ot
2n2
5t«0N
426
KOO
game abounds. Staffs are made of a certain herb
which resembles hemp, and are very much suited
for summer clothes. The capital is Koei-yang.
Koei-tcheou, a city of China, of the first rank, in
Se-tchuen. It is very rich, and carries on a great
trade. It stanas on the great river Kian-ku, 637
m . S S. W. of Pekin. Long 109. 50. E., lat. 31.
10. N.
Koei-yang, a city of China, capital of the pro-
vince of Koei-tcheou. It is built partly of earth
and partly of bricks, and is surrounded bv steep
mountains. Long. 108. 30. E., lat. 27. 40."N.
Kone. See Kione.
Kohistan, a district of Persia, in the province of
Mecran, possessed by a powerful chief, who re-
sides at Bun poor.
Kohkelan, a mountainous district of Hindoostan ,
hi the province of Lahore, on the western side of
the Jhylum River, possessed by pettv chiefs, who
are subject either to the Seiks or Afghans.
Kottonor, or Hohonor, a country of Tnrtary, on
the borders of China, inhabited by a tribe of Kal-
mucks called Sifans. It contains a large lake of
the same name.
Kola, a town of Russian Lapland, in the gov-
ernment of Archangel. It has a good harbour on
the river Kola, near a bay of the same name in the
Frozen Ocenn. Long. 32. 30. E.. lat. 68. 20 N.
Kol.in, a town of Bohemia, in the circle of Kaur-
zim, with a castle. A little to the W. of this place,
in ]7")7, the Austrians gained a victory over the
Prussians. 26 m. E. S. E. of Prague.
Koiivan, a town of Asiatic Russia, capital of a
district of the same name, in the government of
Tomsk. In the neighbourhood are some very
productive copper mines, with some silver and
gold. It is seated on the river Berd, at its conflux
with the Oby, 480 m. E. S. E. of Tobolsk. Long.
81. 20. E., lat. 55. 28. N.
Kolkokro, a lake in the peninsula of Kamt-
schatka, connected with a river of the same name.
It is said to be 112 m. in circumference, and
abounds with sea calves.
Kolomna, a town of Russia, in the government
of Moscow, and a bishop's see, with a trade in corn,
tallow, salt bf-ef, &c. It is seated on the Occa,
near the influx of the Moskwa, 65 m. S. E. of
Moscow.
Kom. See Com.
Kong, a kingdom of Central Africa, on the bor-
ders of Guinea, from wliich it is sepairated by a
ridge of mountains. The country is populous,
and abounds in horses and elephants.
Konar, a town of Africa, capital of <he above
Xingdo'm, 230 m. S. S. W. of Sego. Long. 3. 20.
W.; lat. 11.20. N.
Konsshertr, a town of Norway, in the govern-
ment of Aggerhuys, formerly celebrated for the
richest silver mines in Europe. It is situate on
both sides of the river Lowe, 36 m. S. W. of Chris-
tiana. Long. 10. 0. E., lat. .59. 40. N.
Kongmoinffer, a town of Norway, on the fron-
tiers of Sweden, near the river Glomme, at the
foot of a steep rock, on which is a strong citadel.
42 m. N. E of Christiana. Long. 12. 8. E., lat.
60. 12. N.
Kong-tchang, a city of China, of the first rank,
in the'province of Chen-si. It stands on the river
Hoei, surrounded by high mountains, where a
totnb is seen, which the Chinese pretend to be that
of Fohi. Long. 104. 20. E., lat. 34. 56. N.
Konirh, or Koineh. See Cogni.
Koni^ingratz, a fortified town of Bohemia, cap-
ital of a circle of the same name, and a bishop's
see. It has a spacious, handsome market-plac*
an elegant cathedral, and many other handsome
buildings. In 1762 a body of Prussian troops en-
tered the town, and laid the greatest part of it in
ashes. It is seated on the Elbe, 44 m. E. of Prague.
Long. 15. 40. E., lat. 50. 10. N.
Konigshcr g, n. goxernmeni Q? i\\e Prussian states,
comprehendmg the N. and W. parts of the pro-
vince of E. Prussia, and corresponding nearly to
E. Prussia Proper. It comprises a superficial area
of 8,900. sq. m. with 491,000 inhabitants.
Konigshrrg, the capital of E. Prussia, with a
university, a magnificent palace, and a public li-
brary. The town-house, the exchange, the royal
mint, and the cathedral are fine structures. The
tower of the castle is very high, whence there i«i
a beautiful prospect. The wall which encloses
the city and suburbs is 9 m. in circumference, but
more than half this space consists of gardens and
corn fields, the pop. of the whole not exceeding
5.5,000, who are principally of the Lutheran reli-
gion. Many of the houses are large and elegant;
and the trade is very considerable. No ships
drawinjr more than 8 feet water can pass the bar
of the river, so that large vessels anchor at Pillau,
a small town on the Baltic. Konigsberg, though
fortified, is not capable of making any serious re-
sistance. It was taken by the Russians in 1758;
and in June, 1807, it fell into the hands of the
French ; but, since the overthrow of Bonaparte,
it has been under the dominion of Prussia. It is
seated on the Pregel, near its entrance into the
Frisch Haff". 170 m. N. of Warsaw. Long. 20.
45. E., lat. 54. 42. N.
Konigslurir, a town of Germany, in Hesse-Cas
sel, AG "m. N. N. E. of Mentz.
Konigshrrg, a town and castle of the Bava-
rian states, in Franconia. 14 m. N. W. of Bam
berg.
Konigsherg, a town and castle of Silesia, in the
principality of Troppau, 15 m. S. E. of Troppau.
Koninsberg, a town of Hungry, seated on the
river Gran, 70 m. E. by N. of Presburg.
Konigsherg, a well built town of Prussia'59 m
N. E. of Berlin.
Konigshof, a town and castle of Bohemia seated
on the Elbe, 14 m. N. of Konigingratz.
Konigshofen, a town of Bavarian Franconia, on
the river Saale, 30 m. N. W. of Bamberg.
Konigslvttcr , a town of Germany, in the duchy
of Brunswick, with a celebrated abbey. It i«
seated on the rivulet Lutter, 16 m. E. of Bruns
wick.
Konigztr.in, a town of Saxony, on the frontiers
of Bohemia. A garrison is constantly maintained
in the fort, which stands on a mountain, and is
deemed impregnable. The town has manufactures
of woolen and linen, and is seated on the Elb^
16 m. S. E. of Dresden. Long. 14. )4. E., lat.'
50. 54. N.
Knnigstein, a town of Germany, in the duchy
of Nassau, with a castle on a rock, 11 m. N. W.
of Frankfort.
Konitz, a town of W. Prussia, 10 m. N. W. of
Culm.
Konkodoo, a country of W. Africa, bordering ou
Jallonkadvo, Satadoo, and Dentila. It is full of
steep mountains, which, however, are cultivated
even to the summit. The streams which descend
from these mountains impregnate the sand and
earth with gold dust, which the natives separate
by a mechanical process.
Koonjoor, a town of Hindoostan, capital oi a
circar, in the province of Orissa. 66 m. N. N
KOR
427
KRA
W. of Catlack, and 163 W. S. W. of Calcutta.
Long. 85. 38. E., lat. 21. 52. N.
Kooshaub, a town of Hindoostan, in Lahore,
seated on the Belut, 88 in. W. of Lahore. Long.
71. 20. E., lat. 30.55. N.
Kopys, a fortified town of European Russia, in
the government of Mohilef; seated on the Dnie-
per. 28 m. N. of Mohilet.
Kordofan, a country of central Africa, situated
to the W. of the Bahr-el-Abiad, between the
kingdom of Darfur and that of Sennaar. It is
sometimes independent, and sometimes subject to
the one or the other of these states. The inhabi-
tants are said to be extremely licentious in their
manners, and cherish a most inveterate enmity
against those of Darfur. Ibeii is the capital.
Korfakan, a town of Arabia, in Oman, on a bay
of the gulfof Ornius, 110 m. N. by W. of Rostek.
Korgan. See Jorjan.
Koriacs, a people of Siberia, who inhabit that
part of the government of Okhotsk which lies
around the gulf of Penginskaia, and N. as far as
the banks of the Anadir. They are divided into
two sorts. Those called simply Koriacs have a
fixed residence, and the resemblance between
them and the Kamtschadales is very striking.
The others are wanderers, and are known by the
appellation of Reindeer Koriacs ; they roam in
detached parties over these vast deserts, and are
noted hunters and robbers. Their only property
consists in their herds of reindeer, which they
maintain by conducting them to those cantons
that abound with moss ; and, when these pas-
tures are exhausted, they wander in search of
others. The number of fixed Koriacs scarcely
exceeds 900 ; and, though it is not easy to calcu-
late that of the wandering Koriacs, it is imagined
that they do not much exceed this amount. The
features of the majority of the Koriacs are not
Asiatic ; and they miffht be considered as Euro-
peans, but for their low stature, their ill shape,
and the color of their skin. In general the wo-
men have sunken eyes, flat noses, and prominent
cheeks, and in going about they carry their chil-
dren in a kind of net or basket arched over, in
which tho infant is placed in a sitting posture,
and sheltered from the weather. They acknow-
ledge a Supreme Being, the creator of all things.
He is supposed to inhabit the sun, whose burning
orb they consider as the throne or palace of the
Lord of Nature. They neither fear nor worship
him: goodness, they say, is his essence; and it
is impossible he should do any injury. Tlie prin-
ciple of evil they consider as a malignant spirit,
who divides with the good Being the empire of
nature. As the one is intent on the happiness of
mankind, the otber endeavours to render them
unhappy. Diseases, tempests^ famine, calamities
of every kind, are his works, and the instru-
ments of his vengeance. To pacify his wrath,
they offer to him various animals, the first fruits
of tiieir hunting and fishing, and whatever they
possess that is most valuable ; but there is no
temple set apart for his votaries, who conceive
that they render him propitious by piously getting
drunk in their jourts ; for drunkenness is become
with these people a religious practice, and the
basis of all their solemnities.
KnrlnrM, a valley in tiie island of Sumatra,
behind the range of mountains which forms the
boundary of the countries of Anak, Sungei, and
Indrapoor. It contains a fine lake, which abounds
with fish, and its banks are covered with villa-
ges.
Koros Black, a river of Hungary, which rises
in the palatinate of Bihar, and falls into the
Theyss, near Czongrad, in the palatinate of Bek-
esch.
Korotscha, a town of European Russia, in the
government of Kursk, on a river of the same name
with a manufacture of saltpetre. 44 m. S. E. of
Kursk.
Korsor. See Corsoer.
Kortright, p.t. Delaware Co. N. T. Pop
2,873.
Kosel, or Kosta, a fortified town of Prussia, in
Silesia, on the river Oder, 17 m. N. of Ratibor.
Kosie, a considerable kingdom of Western Af
rica, situated on the E. side of the river Lagos,
about 60 m. from its mouth. By this situation
the jjeople of Kosie command the trade of all the
slaves which are brought down the river; and
they prevent all communication between the tra-
ders of Lagos and those of the interior. The
capital, of the same name, is said to be of great
extent, and its buildings are described as resem-
bling those of Coomassie, the capital of Ashantee.
Koslof. See Eupatoria.
Kostroma, a town of Russia, capital of a govern-
ment of the same name, and a bishop's see. It is
surrounded by a strong wall, and situate on a riv-
er of the same name, at its entrance into the Vol-
ga. 380 m. E. S. E. of Petersburg. Long. 41.
14. E., lat. 57. 40. N.
Kotla, a town and fortress of Findoostan, in the
province of Agimere, seated on the Chumbul.
Long. 75. 49. E., lat. 25 15. N.
Kottokolee, a city of Central Africa, capital of
a country of the same name, of which the situa-
tion and extent are not accurately known.
Kotun, a city of Usbeck Tartary, in Cashgur,
110 m. S. E. of Ireken. Long. 81. 36. E., lat. 37.
50. N.
Koue-te, a city of China, of the first rank, in the
province of Ho-nan. It is seated in a vast plain,
between 2 large rivers. 312 m. S. of Pekin. Long.
115.29. E., lat. 34. 30. N.
Kous, or Coss, a town of Egypt, on the E. bank
of the Nile, once a place of great wealth and trade
being the staple of commerce between th'f Nile
and the Red Sea. 18 m. S. of Dendera, and 45.
N. N.E. ofEsne.
Kowno, a town of Russian Lithuania, with a
brisk trade, particularly in honey, wax, &c. It is
seated at the conflux of the Wilna, and Niemen,
66 m. W. N. W. of Wilna.
Kozi'ov, a large town of European Russia, in
the government of Tambov. The chief trade is
in cattle, which are sold to the Don Cossacs, and
in tallow and salt meat, which are sent to Mos-
cow. It is seated on the Voronet, 48 m. W. N.
W. of Tambov.
Krainbuia, a town of Bavaria, seated on the Ino
5 ni. N. E. of Burkhansen.
Krainhurg, a town of Austrian Illyria, in Car-
niola, with a castle seated on the Save, 20 m. N.
W. of Laubach.
Kranichfe.'d, a town of Germany, in the princi-
palitv of Saxe-Gotha, on the river Ilm, 12 m. S.
E. of Erfurt.
Krappitz, a town of Prussian Silesia, with a
castle, at the conflux of the Prudnitz with the
Oder, 14 m. S. of Oppelon.
Krasnoiarsk, a flourishing town of Asiatic Rus-
aia, in the government of Tomsk with a trade in
furs, and a considerable transit of commodities
for the trade with China and Siberia, the great
road from Tomsk to Irkutsk passing through it>
kUB
428
KUO
It is seated on a small river, which falls into the
Yenisei.
Krasnoiarsk, a town and capital of a district in
the government of Aslracan, Asiatic Russia. It
is situated on an island formed by branches of the
Volga. Long. 48. 30. E., lat. 46. 30. N.
KrusnoslaiB, a town of Poland, in the palatinate
of Lublin, 26 m. S. S. W. of Chelm.
Kraupen,ai town of Bohemia, in the circle of
Leutmeritz. It has considerable tin mines id its
vicinity, and is 17 m. W. N. W. of Leutmeritz.
Krauthcim, a town and castle of Germany, In
Baden, on the river Jaxt, 15 m. S. W. of Mergen-
theim.
Kreiderville, p. v. Northampton Co. Pa.
Krekith, a corporate town of Wales, in Caernar-
vonshire, seated on the Irish Sea, near Traeth-
Arnawar Bay, where a castle formerly stood, now
in ruins. 13 m. S. by E. of Caernarvon, and 234
N. W. of London.
Krempe, a town of Denmark, in Holstein, seat-
ed on a river of the same name, 5 m. N. of Gluck-
stadt.
Krems, or Crems, a town of Austria, with alum
works, and manufactures of velvet, silk stuffs,
and excellent thread. It is seated on a river of
the same name, at its conflux with the Danube,
48 m. W. N. W. of Vienna. Long. 15. 36. E.,
lat. 18. 24. iN.
Kmnbertr. See Cronennerg.
Kropp, a large manufacturing village of Aus-
trian Illyria, in Carniola, circle of Laucach, seat-
ed on a river of the same name.
Kiotosckin, a town and castle of Prussian Po-
land, near the borders of Silesia, 28 m. W. of
Kalisch.
Krotzka, a town of European Turkey, in Servia,
on the S. side of the Danube, 15 m. S. E. of
Belgrade.
Krumlau. See Crumlau.
Kruszwlca, a town of Russian Poland, in the
palatinate of Brzesc, with a castle, noted for be-
ing the birthplace of Piast, who from the station
of a private citizen, was elected king of Poland
in the year 842. It is seated on a lake called
Goplo, which supplies the Netz with a great
part of its water. 28 m. W. of Brzesc Litov.
Ktcifa, a small walled town of Syria, on the
borders of the desert, supposed to be the ancient
Adarisi, 22 m. E. N. E. of Damascus.
Kua.ra, a province of Abyssinia, situated near
the banks of the Bahr-el-Abiad. It is very moun-
tainous and unwholesome, but abounds in gold,
which is brought from the neighbouring coun-
tries. The governor is one of the great officers
of state, and has absolute power in his own
province.
Kuhbees, a city of Persia, in Seistan, in the
midst of a great sandy desert, on the road from
Kerman to Herat. 160 m. S. E. of Yezd.
Kuhesha, a strong town of Asia, in Daghistan,
situate on a hill, between high mountains. Its
inhabitants call themselves Franki (Franks, a
name common in the E. to all Europeans), and
form a republic. They are excellent artists, and
make very good fire-arms, sabres and several arti-
cles in goid and silver, for exportation. They
have, likewise, for their own defence, small cop-
per cannons, of three pounds calibre, cast by
themselves. They coin Turkish and Persian
silver money, and even rubles, which readily pass
current, because they are of the full weight and
value. Kubesha is considered as a neutral town,
where the neighbouring princes can deposit their
treasure with safety. In 1725 it acknowledjed
the sovereignty of^ Russia, but without paying
any tribute. Long. 47. 49. E., lat. 42. 30. N.
KuJ/in, a town of Hungary, in the Bannat,
opposite Semendrla, with 2,400 inhabitants, who
carry on a brisk trade with Turkey.
Kuhin, a town of Hungary, in the district of
the Tsaikists. Long. 19. 18. E., lat. 49. 14.
N.
Kufstein, a strong town of Austria, in the Tyrol,
with a castle on a rock. It surrendered to the
French and Bavarians in 1805. It is seated on
the Inn, on the frontiers of Bavaria, A^ ra. S. S
E. of Munich. Long. 12. 15. E., lat. 47. 30
N.
KuUa, a country of Central Africa, to the S. E
of Wangara, traversed by a river of the same
name. It was represented to Browne as an im
portant state, but he did not enter it.
Kulsheim, or Kulzheim, a town of Baden, in the
principality of Leiningen, 40 m. E. S. E. of Heid-
elberg.
Kumania, Great and Little, two districts in the
central part of Hungary, separated from each
other by a considerable tract of country as well
as by the river Theyss. Great Kumania comprises
a superficialextent of 420 sq. m. with 13.000 in-
habitants. Little Kumania is however the more
extensive district, comprising an area of 1,000
sq. m., and a pop. of 41,000. The Calvinlst is
the prevailing religion in both districts.
Kundapvra, a town of Hindoostan, in Canara,
and the chief place in the northern part of the
province. It is seated near the mouth of a river
of the same name, which here expands into a
lakej and forms a number of Islands. It is the
port for all goods coming from, or going to Naga-
ra ; but the bar will not admit vessels that draw
more than 12 feet. It is 30 m. W. S. W. of
Mangalore. Long. 74. 45. E., lat. 14. 24. N.
Kunersdorf, a village of Brandenburw, in the
Middle Mark, 3 m. E. N. E. of Frankfort on the
Oder. Here, in 1759, was fought one of the most
bloody battles on record between the Prussians
and Russians, in which the king of Prussia, after
a great slaughter of the enemy for upwards of
six hours, was in the end obliged to quit the
field with the loss of all his cannon and 20,000
men.
Kunka, a district of Hindoostan, in the prov-
ince of Orissa, situate on the sea-coast, near the
Point Palmyras. Being much intersected by
rivers, the rajah successfully maintained his inde-
pendence agaln.?t the Mahrattas, but surrendered
to the British In 1805.
Kunkagur, the capital of the above district, and
the residence of the rajah, situate on the sea
coast. Long. 87. 5. E., lat. 20. 50. N.
Kunting, a town of Bavarian Franconla, in the
principality of Eichstadt, at the conflux of the
Schwarz,ach with the Altmuhl, 12 m N. E. of
Eichstadt.
Kungee, a town of Hindoostan, in the province
of Dehll, and district of of Slrhind. It is sur-
rounded by a mud wall and deep ditch, but was
taken by the British in 1809, withont resis-
tance.
Kuno,a. fortress of Japan, in the island of Nip-
hon 60 m. W. S. W. of Jeddo.
Kunowitz, a town of Moravia, on the Olschowa
37m.S. by E. ofOlmutz.
Kuopin,a. town of Sweden, m Finland, capital
of Savolax, and that part of Carelia remaining to
Sweden. It is situate on the W. side of an ex
KUR
429
KTR
tensive lake 200 m S. E. of Ulea. Long. 29. 10.
E., lat. 63. 20. N.
Kufferberg, a mine-town of Prussian Silesia, in
the principaTity of Jauer, on the river Bober, 17
•n. N. W. of Jauer.
Kur, (the ancient Cyrus), a river of Persia,
which rises in the Caucasian Mountains, passes
by Tefflis, and flows S. E. to the Caspian Sea.
At its mouth are several inlets, liable to be over-
flowed in the spring.
Karda, a town of Hindoostan, in the province
of Guzerat. near the N. W. frontier, about 3 m.
S . of Theraud.
Kurdistan, a country lying partly in Armenia
and partly in Persia, along the eastern bank of the
river Tigris, and comprehending great part of
ancient Assyria. Its limits are not precisely as-
certained ; but it may be viewed as bounded or
the N. by Armenia, on the E. by Persia, on tha
S. by Arabian and Persian Irak, and on the W
by Diarbekir, or, as it is sometimes called, Alge-
zira. It is divided into two parts, viz.. Lower
Kurdistan, or the western division, which is in-
cluded in the pachalic of Bagdad, and corres-
fonds nearly to the whole of the ancient Assyria
roper; and Ardelan, which extends from the
small river Sharook to the Turkish district of
Zohaub. The surface is diversified by mountains
and valleys ; and the soil is in some places fertile
and well cultivated ; but it abounds with deserts,
and, except in the neighbourhood of the towns,
is barren and desolate. Wheat and barley are
the grains most commonly raised. The inhabi-
tants are not subject either to the Turks or Per-
sians. Some live in towns and villages, and
others rove from place to place, having tents like
the wild Arabs, and being robbers like them. The
tribes are ruled by a number of their own princes
or chiefs. They are proud of their descent; and
demand a premium for their daughters on giving
them in marriage. Their character and circum-
stances seem to have undergone little change
since the most remote times. Xenophon is sup-
posed to refer to them under the name of Cardu-
chai, a people who opposed the retreat of the
10,000 Greeks. Their religion is partly Chris-
tianity and partly Mahomedism. Altunkupri is
the capital. The chief towns are Kerkook, Soly-
mania, Beltis, Erbile, Amadia, Sennah, &c.
Kureh, a town of Asiatic Turkey, in Nato-
lia, 34 m. W. of Sinob.
Kuriles, a long chain of islands at the eastern
extremity of Asia, extending from the southern
point of Kamtschatka to the isles of Jesso or
Matsmai, an island of Japan. They lie between
42. and 51. of N. lat., and the whole length of
\he range is said to be nearly 900 m. Exclu-
di»'e of the very small ones, they are 22 in num-
ber. They are annexed to the government of
Irkutsk, and pay a tribute of furs and sea calves,
which is collected every three years; the Rus-
sian authority however can only be considered as
extending over 19, the three most southerly be-
longing rather to Japan. The northernmost,
called Shoomska, is three leagues from Cape Lo-
patka : the next, named Paramousic, is consid-
erably larger than Shoomska. Those two islands
were first visited by the Russians, in 1713, and
the rest have been gradually discovered since that
period. Some of these islands are fertile, wooded
and abound in fish and game ; while others are
destitute of water and uninhabitable, but are occa-
sionally visited by the islanders for the sake of
hunting foxes and otters. The natives are ve y
hairy, wear long beard, and live entirely upon
seals, fish, and the produce of the chase. They
are hospitable and docile ; but pusillanimous and
unable to support misfortune with fortitude.
Their houses and customs resemble those of the
Kamtschatdales. They have some trade with the
Chinese, Japanese, and Russians.
Kuron, a chain of mountains in Asiatic Turkey.
See Tamus.
Kursk, a considerable town of European Rus-
sia, capital of a government of the same name.
It has 16,000 inhabitants, a Protestant consistory,
and 16 churches. The export trade is very con-
siderable, amounting to about £150,000 sterling
per annum. It is seated on the river Tuskara,
240 m. S. of Moscow. Long. 37. 8. E., lat. 51,
40. N.
Kusistan, or Chusistan, a province of Persia,
bounded on the N. by Irac-Agemi, E. by Farsis-
tan, S. by the gulf of Persia, and W. by Ira»^-
Arabi. The N. part is mountainous, the S. flat
and marshy. Tostar is the capital.
Kutah. See Chiutaja.
Kuttenhcrg, a town of Bohemia, seated near a
mountain, in which are silver mines. 5 m. N.
W. of Czaslau.
Kultore, a celebrated town and fortress of the
N. of India, capital of a district of the same name,
in the province of Cafiristan. It is situated on
the summit of a perpendicular rock, and was with
great difliculty taken by Timur in the end of the
14th century. 100 m. N. E. of Cabul, and 280
N. W. of Lahore. Long. 70. 17. E., lat. 35.
27. N.
Kuty, a town of Austrian Poland, in Galicia,
on the Czeremosz, with extensive manufactures
o Russia leather. 01 m. S. S. E. of Halicz.
Kuynder,a. town and fortress of the Nether-
lands, in Friesland, situated on a river of the same
name, at its entrance into the Zuyder Zee, 23 m.
S. of Lewarden. Long. 5. 32. E., lat. 52. 41. N.
Kuzneck, a town of Siberia, capital of a prov-
ince of the same name, in the government of
Kolivan. It has manufactures of iron, and stands
on the Tom, at the influx of the Kondoma, 130
m. E. S. E. of Kolivan. Long. 85. 50. E., lat,
54. 16. N.
Kylmrg, a bailiwic of Switzerland, including
the whole of the N. E. part of the canton of Zu-
rich. It is divided into 47 parishes, and is pro-
ductive, particularly in fruit and wine.
Kylhurg, a town of the Prussian province of
the Lower Rhine, situated on the river Kyll, 30
m. N. N. E. of Luxemburg.
Kyll, a small river of Germany, which rises be-
tween the frontiers of Limburg and Juliers, and
falls into the Moselle, 4 m. below Treves.
Kymmencnord, an extensive province of Finland
equal in extent lo the half of Scotland, but con-
taining only 115,000 inhabitants. It extends
along the river Kymmene.
Kyn, a small island in the Baltic, on the coast
of Russia, about 5 m. in length, 40 m. N. by E.
of Riga.
Kyndee, a town of Hindoostan, in the province
ofBahar, and district of Ramgur. Long. 86. 5.
£.,lat. 24. 15. N.
Kyneton. See Kington.
Kyranur, a town and fortress of Hindoostan, in
the province of Gundwaneh. It belongs to one
of the Goand chiefs, who is tributary to the rajah
of Nagpore. It is situate near the Lucknow
Hills, 95 m S. E. of Ruttunpore. Long. 81. 32.
E.,lat. 21. 27 N.
LAB
430
LAC
Kyranty, & town of Bengal, in the district of Morung, and W. by Nepaul. It was conquered
Cooch Bahar, on the Durlah River. Long. 88. by the rajah of Nepaul in 1769, but is very little
50 E., lat. 26. 45. N. known to Europeans.
Kyraut, a district of Hindoostan, bounded N. by Kyritz, a town of the Prussian states, in Bran-
the Himmaleh Mountains, E. by Bootan, S. by denburg. 46 m. N. W. of Berlin.
LAAB, a town of Lower Austria, on the river
Toya, 39 rn. N. by W. of V.'enna. Long. 16. 20.
E., lat. 48. 43. N.
Laos, a town of Austrian Illyria, in Carniola,
with a trad« in salt, leather, and horses. 12 m.
S. of Laubach.
Lausphe, or Lasp/ie, a town of Germany, in the
Prussian states, seated on the Lahn, 75 m. E. of
Cologne.
iMudia, a town of Austrian Italy, seated on
the Adirge, 20 m. N. N. W.of Ferrara.
Laber, a river of Bavaria, in Franconia, which
rises near Neumark. and falls into the Danube at
Sinzing, above Rati^bon.
Labfs, a t'jwn of Prussia, in Pomerania, with
manufactures of cloth ; seated on the Reca, 35 m .
N. E. ofStargard.
Labia, a town of European Turkey, in Servia,
70m.S. W. ofNissa.
Labiau, a town of East Prussia, with a strong
castle, seated at the mouth of the Deine, near the
Curische Haff, 25 m. N. E. of Konigsberg.
Labrador, a country of North America, on the
E. side of Hudson Bay. The general aspect of
the country is most dreary : the surface is moun-
tainous and rugged, and covered with large stones,
and the soil is poor. Coarse plants, adapted to
the nourishment of deer and goats and other
wild animals, are its chief productions. The cli-
mate, in only lat. 47. N., is excessively cold dur-
ing winter. The ice begins to disappear in May,
and about the middle of July conunences hot
weather, which at times is such as to scorch the
face of the huntern. Mock suns and halos are
not unfrequent ; and the night is enlivened by
the aurora borealis, which spreads over the whole
sky. No country is better furnished with large,
safe, and convenient harbours, or supplied with
better water. The numerous islands along the
E. coast abound with eider ducks and other wa
terfowl, and also with hares, foxes, and dee;.
The animals are not numerous ; the most com-
mon are reindeer, bears, wolves, tigers, foxes,
beavers, otters, lynxes, martens, ermines, wild
cats. The Labrador jumping mouse is common
to this country and to all the interior as far as
Slave lake. Eagles, hawks, owls, geese, bustards,
ducks, partridges, and all kinds of wild fowl are
numerous. The fishes are whales, morses, seals,
cod, and a white fish preferable to herrings ; and
in the rivers and fresh waters are pike, perch,
carp, trout, &c. During the 3 months of summer
there is a variety in the color of the several ani-
mals, but in winter everything, animate and in-
animate, is white. The trees of Labrador are
mere shrubs, with the exception of the black,
white, and red spruce, silver fir, birch, and aspen.
A few vegetables are produced, and various kinds
of fruit. A beautiful spar, called Labrador stone,
was discovered by the Moravian Missionaries,
who have successuilly exerted themselves in im-
proving the condition of the natives. They have
now 3 settlements on these inhospitable shores,
the total pop. of which is about 600. The natives
are called Esquimaux. They have no fixed aboc'->,
but rove from place to place, and sometimes coine
as far as Newfoundland. Tliey are of a difFeren.
race from the other native Americans ; for the
other tribes have no beards, but these have them
so thick and large that it is diflScult to discover '
any feature of their faces; they are likewise the
only savages that eat their food in a raw state.
They are of a middling stature, generally robust,
lazy, and of a brown color. Their head isr large,
and their face round and flat ; they have thick
lips, a flat nose, long black hair, large shoulders,
and uncommonly small feet. They are always
well clothed; forthere is nothing to be seen but part
of their faces and their hands. They have a sort of
shirt made of the guts offish, with a coat of bear
or bird skins, and a cap on their head. They have
likewise breeches made of skins, with the hair in-
wards, and covered with furs without ; also two
pair of boots, one over another, of the same
sort of skins. In summer, they have nothing
to cover them in the night ; and in the winter,
they lodge in tents made of hides, or in caves.
The dress of the women is nearly the same as that
of the men. They are very superstitious, and
have some sort of sacrifices They acknowledge
two invisible essences j the one has the origin of
good ; the other, to whom they pay the most hom-
age, as the origin of every species of evil. Their
chief employment is hunting and fishing. Tliey
are very covetous ; and pay so little regard to
private property as to take every advantage of
bodily strength to rob their neighbours, not only
of their goods but their wives. In other respects
they are the mildest tribe, or nation, that is to be
found on the borders of Hudson Bay. Murder,
which is so common among all the tribes of south-
ern Indians, is seldom heard of among them. A
murderer is shunned and detested by all the tribe
and is forsaken even by his relations and former
friends. The women perform the most laborious
offices ; they pitch the tents, carry or haul bur-
dens, make or mend clothes, and prepare the vict-
uals. When any thing is prepared for eating, the
wives and daughters are never served till all the
males have taken what they think proper.
Laby, a considerable town of Western Africa,
in the kingdom of Foota Jalloo. It is upwards of
2 m. in circumference and contains 5,0(0 inhabi-
tants, who are employed in the manufactuie of
narrow cloths, and various articles in iron, silver,
wood, leather, &c., and carry on a good trade
with Tombuctoo, which is four months' journey
beyond.
Laccadives, a group of small islands in the In-
dian Sea, lying W. of the coast of Malabar, dis-
covered by Vasco de Gama, in 1449. They are
32 in number : and are inhabited hy a race of
Mahomedans called Moplays, whose chief tralfic
is in the produce of the cocoa palm, such as oil,
cables, and cordage; and in dried fish. These
are sent to the continent of India, whence they
**»
LAD
431
LAH
E
,et rice, &c., in return; and also to Mascat, in
arge boats, which bring back dates and coffee.
Calpeny, one of the largest, is 170 m. W. of Co-
chin. Long. 73, 32. E., lat. 10. 0. N.
LMcedogna. See Cedogna.
Lacepedes Islands, a group of islands on the N.
W. coast of New Holland : the largest is about 9
m. long. A long chain of rocky reefs and great
sand-banks proceed from their termination.
Many whales, sea serpents, and fishes of different
kinds, are seen in the surrounding sea. Long.
117. 8. E., lat. 16. 43. S.
Lacfodery, mountains of Ireland, on the E.
side of the country of Kerry, 12 m. E. of Tralee.
LMchen, a town of Switzerland, in the canton of
Schweitz, near which are some mineral springs,
and petrifactions : it is seated on the lake of
Zurich.
Lachen, a large village of the Bavarian circle
of the Rhine, district of Spire, 3 m. S. E. of Neu-
stadt.
Lachsa, or Lascha, a division of Arabia, occu-
pying nearly the whole of the southwestern coast
of the Persian Gulf, and extending to a consid-
erable distance inland. Great part of the interior
consists of sandy plains ; but the coast is fertile,
and well peopled. The chief productions are
dates, rice, and cotton. The asses and camels
are esteemed to be of an excellent breed, and
some thousands of the latter are annually exported
to Syria. The extensive piracies committed by
the inhabitants of this country were so intolerable
tint in 1809 the British fitted out an expedition
for the purpose of chastising them. They sailed
to Ras-el-Khima, the principal port on this coast,
which they took by assault, burned 70 vessels,
and made considerable plunder. Lacsha was
formerly subject to Turkey, but the inhabitants
have now shaken off the yoke, and their sheik is
one of the most powerful princes of Arabia.
L/ichsa, a city of Arabia, capital of the above
province, and the residence of the sheik. It is
well built, and seated on the Astan, which flows
into a considerable bay of the gulf of Persia, op-
posite the isle of Bahrein. Long. 48. 40. E., lat.
26. 20. N.
Lack, a town in Mifflin Co. Pa.
Lackawanna, or Lackaioannock, a small stream
in Pennsylvania flowing into the Susquehanna.
In this neighborhood are large coal mines, for a
description of which see Pennsylvania.
Lackaioaken, a small stream of Penns)'lvania
flowing into the Delaware 174 m. above Phila-
delphia. Also the name of a township in Pike
Co. Pa. on the above stream.
Laconia, p. v. Harrison Co. Indiana.
Ladenburg, a town of Germany, in Baden,
seated on the Neckar, 8 m. N. W. of Heidelberg.
Ladona, a lake of Russia, between the gulf of
Finland and the lake Onega. It is 140 m. long
and 80 broad. The shores of the lake are flat,
but the navigation is very dangerous on account
of quicksands. This induced Peter I. to cause a
canal to be cut from the S. W. extremity of this
lake to the river Neva, by which it has a commu-
nication with the gulf of Finland. It was begun
in 1718, and finished in 1732 ; and is 67 m. long,
and 70 feet broad.
Ladona, j\ew, a town of Russia, in the govern-
ment of Petersburg, seated on the Volkhof, be-
tween the lake and canal of liadoga. Old Ladoga,
an inconsiderable place, is higher up the Volkhof.
New Ladoga is 56 m. E. of Petersburg. Long.
31. 42. E., lat. 60. 0. N.
Ladrones, or Marian Islands, islands of the Pa-
cific Ocean, lying between 145. and 148. E. Ion.,
and between 13. and 22. N. lat. They were dis-
covered by Magellan in 1521. He touched first
at the island of Guam, where the natives stole
some of his goods, which caused him to name
these islands the Ladrones, or Islands of Thieves.
Besides the other fruits natural to the soil and
climate, nere is the bread-fruit tree in abundance.
The names of the principal islands are Say pan,
Tinian, Guam, and Rota.
Ladrones, is also the name of a cluster of small
islands in the gulf of Sa, at the southern extremi-
ty of China. They are the resort of pirates, who
have long set the naval power of China at defiance.
In 1805 they had acquired possession of the whole
island of Hainan and the southern part of For-
mosa.
La FargeviUe, p.v. Jefierson Co. N. Y.
Lafayette, a parish of Louisiana Pop. 5,606
Vermilionville is the capital.
Lafourche, a bay on, or river of Louisiana, one
of the mouths of the Mississippi.
Lafourche Interior, a Parish of Louisiana, lying
upon the Gulf of Mexico. Pop. 5,500. Thiba-
deauville is the capital.
Lanvasco, a town of the Sardinian states, in
Piedmont, 24 m. S. of Turin.
Lagny, a town of France, in the department of
Seine-et-Marne, with a late famous Benedictine
abbey ; seated on the Marne, 15 m. E. of Paris.
Lagos, a seaport of Portugal, in Algarva, with
a castle. Here the English fleet bound to the
Mediterranean usually take in fresh water. OflF
the cape near this town, in 1759, admiral Bosca-
wen defeated a French fleet. It is 130 m. S. S.
E. of Lisbon.
Laguna. See Ckristophe de Laguna, St.
Lagunes of Venice, the marshes or lakes in Italy
on which Venice is seated. They communicate
with the sea, and are the security of the city.
There are about 60 islands in these Lagunes,
which together make a bishop's see. Eurano is
the most considerable, next to those on which
Venice stands.
Lahn, a river of Germany, which rises in Hes-
se-Cassel, and flowing by Marburg, Wetzlar, and
Nassau, falls into the Rhine above Coblentz.
Lahn, a town of the Prussian states, in Silesia,
near which is the castle of Lahnhaus. It is seat-
ed on the Bober, 10 m. N. N. W. of Hirschberg.
Laholm, a seaport of Sweden, in Holland, with
a castle ; seated on the Laga, near its entrance
into the Categat, 12 m. S. S.' E. of Halmstadt.
Long. 12. 56. E., lat. 56. 31. N.
Lahore, a province of Hindoostan, bounded on
the W. by Candahar, N. by Cashmere, E. by
Sirinagur and Dehli, and S. by Moultan. It is
of\en called Panjab, or the country of Five Rivers.
Jt is extensive and fertile; aftbrding, in addition
to all the necessaries of life, wine, sugar, and cot-
ton wool. In the tract between the Indus and
the Chelum are salt mines, which afford pieces of
rock salt, hard enough to be formed into vessels,
&c. See Panjab.
Lahore, a city of Hindoostan, capital of the
above province, and of the country of the Seiks.
It was the residence of the Mahomedan conquer-
ors of Hindoostan, before they had established
themselves in the central parts of the country ;
and owes its chief improvements to Humaioon,
the father of Acar, who made it his residence
during a part of his troublesome reign. The city
and its suburbs form a circumference of 7 m It
LAM
432
IOlH
in Burronnded by walls of brick, and adorned with
beautiful edifices and gardens. Here are manu-
factures of cotton cloths and stuffs of all kinds,
and of very curious carpets. It is situate on the
S. bank of the Rauvee, 210 m. S. of Cashmere.
La.hr, a town of Germany, in the grand duchy
of Baden, which was only a village in 1780 ; but
is now an active manufacturing town. The man-
ufactures are of woolens, linens, cotton, tobacco,
and leather. 18. m. S. S. E. of Strasbiirg.
Laino. a town of Naples, in Calabria Citra, near
a river of the same name, 19 m. W. N, W. of
Cassano.
Lairdsville, p.v. Oneida Co. N. Y.
Lake, towns in Stark, Wayne and Logan Cos-
Ohio.
Lake Pleasant, a township of Hamilton Co. N.
Y. Pop. 266.
Lai-tcheou, a city of China, of the first rank, in
the province of Chang-tong, with a convenient
harbour on the Yellow Sea. It stands on a pro-
montory, 255 m. S. E. of Pekin.
Laland, an island of Denmark, situated at the
entrance into the Baltic, near the coast of Zea-
land. It is about 60 m. in length by 14 in breadth,
and is reckoned the most fertile spot in the Danish
dominions. It produces plenty of all sorts of grain ,
particularly wheat and peas. The climate, how-
ever, is considered unhealthy, on account of the
damp. Laland forms a part of the bishopric of
Funen. Naxkow is the capital.
Laland, an island near the N. coast of the island
of Sumatra, in the strait of Malacca. Long. 99.
20. E., lat. 1. 4.5. N.
Lamhach, a town of Austria, on the Traun, 24
m. S. S. W. ofLaintz.
LamhaJle, a town of France, in the department
of Cotes du Nord, with a good trade in cattle,
linen, and parchment. 11 m. E. S. E. of St.
Brieux.
Lamhayeque, a town on the coast of Peru, with
upwards of 10,000 inhabitants, the generality of
whom are poor Spaniards. Mulattoes, and Indians.
It is 95 m. N. N. W. of truxiUo. Long. 79. 35.
W. , lat. 6. 45. S.
Lambesc, a town of France, in the department
of Mouths of the Rhone, 12 m. N. of Aix.
Lambeth, a village in Surrey, Eng. on the River
Thames, opposite Westminster. Here the arch-
bishop of Canterbury has an ancient palace. By
the vast increase of buildings, Lambeth is now
joined to the metropolis, in a direction to each of
the three bridges. Here are numerous extensive
manufactories, and various places of public amuse-
ment, particularly the celebrated Vauxhall Gar-
dens.
Lamhourn, a town in Berkshire, Eng. seated on
a river of the same name, 15 ra. S. W. of Abing-
don, and 65 W. of London.
Lamego, a town of Portugal, in Beira, and a
bishop's see, with a strong citadel, two cathedral
churches, and four convents. Here the states as-
sembled to confirm the election of Alfonzo Hen-
riquez, the first king of Portugal, and enacted the
fundamental laws, now forgotten. It is seated on
the Balsamao, 50 m. E. of Oporto. Long. 7. 30.
W., lat. 41. 12. N.
Lamermuir, a mountainous ridge in Scotland,
which divides the county of Berwick from that of
Haddington for above 20 m., and terminates on
the W. at SoutraHill, which is elevated 1,000 feet
above the sea level. These hills are bleak and
barren, affording but scanty pasture for sheep.
Lamlash, a town of Scotland, on the S. E. coast
of the isle of Arran, on a bay of its name, which
forms an excellent harbour for vessels of any size.
It is sheltered from the sea by a lofty islet, 2 m.
long, called Holy Isle.
Lamail, or LamaiUe, a river of Vermont, ris-
ing in Caledonia county and flowing into Lake
Champlain opposite the southern extremity of
South Hero.
Lampa, an extensive and mountainous district
of Peru, in the intendancy of Cuzco. The cli-
mate is cold, and it is ch'.eSy valuable for its pas-
tures. The chief town, of the same name, is 90
m. S. of Cuzco. Long. 81. 44. W., lat. 16. 55
Lampangui, a lofty mountain of the Chilian
Andes, celebrated for its rich mines. 240 m. from
Valparaiso.
Lumpedosa, an island in the Mediterranean, be-
tween the coast of Tunis and the island of Malta.
It is about 21 m. in circuit, and is pleasant and
fertile ; but it is uninhabited. It has an excellent
harbour, sheltered from all winds except the N.
Long. 12. 24. E., lat. 35. 40. N.
Lampertheim, a village of Germany, in Hesse-
Darmstadt. 9 m. S. E. of worms.
Lampeter, a towship of Lancaster Co. Pa.
Lampon, a town of Sumatra, capital of a dis-
trict belonging to the king of Bantam. The Dutch
have a resident here. It is situate on a bay of the
same name, in the strait of Sunda, 180 m. S. E.
of Bencoolen. Long. 104. 15. E., lat. 5. 40. N.
Lamprey, a river of Rockingham Co. N. H. fall
ing into Great Bay at Durham.
Lampsaco, a town of Asiatic Turkey, in Natolia,
celebrated for its wine ; seated on the sea of Mar-
mora, 6 m. from the Dardanelles.
Lamspringe, a town of Hanover, in the princi-
pality of Hitdersheim, situate at the source of the
rivulet Lame, 17 m. S. of Hildersheim.
Lanark, a borough of Scotland, and the county-
town of Lanarkshire. Since the intoduction of
the cotton manufacture, many new houses have
been built. It is seated on an eminence, near
the river Clyde, 22 m. S. E. of Glasgow, and
30 S. W. of Edinburgh. Long. 3. 43. W., lat. 55.
42. N.
Lanarkshire, a county of Scotland, bounded N.
and N. W. by Renfrew, Dumbarton, and Stirling,
N. E. by Linlithgow and Edinburgh, E. by Pee-
bles, S. by Dumfries and S. W. by Ayrshire. It
is 52 m. in its greatest length, and 33 in its great-
est breath, comprising a superficial extent of 870
sq. m., or 556,800 English acres. On the whole,
it is mountainous and heathy, but pleasant and
agreeably diversified, exhibiting landscapes inier-
mingled with wood and water, hill and dale. It
contains as much curious, romantic, and varied
scenery, as any in Scotland; but the falls of the
Clyde are particularly interesting to a stranger.
The climate is rather moist, and the S. W. wind
is the most prevalent. The county is divided in-
to three districts, called the Upper Middle, and
Lower wards, and contains 41 parishes. The riv-
er Clyde runs through the whole extent of the
county, dividing it into two nearly equal parts.
It abounds in lead, iron, and coal.
Lancashire, a maritime county of England,
bounded S. by Cheshire, E. by Yorkshire, N. by
Westmoreland, and W. by the Irish Sea. It is 74
m. from N. to S., and its greatest breadth is 44 m.
It contains 1,155,840 acres ; is divided into 6 hun-
dreds, and 63 parishes ; has 27 market towns ,
and sends 14 members to parliament. It is a coun-
ty-palatine, under the title of the Dutchy of Lan
LAN
433
LAN
caster : the only duchy of EnglatVu (that of Corn-
wall excepted) which is not merely titular. This
county comprises a variety of soil and face of
country ; but upon the whole, is one of the least
favoured by nature. The hundred of Furness,
which is separated from the rest by Morecambe
bay, is a wild and rugged region, stored with
quantities of iron ore and slate, and covered with
a growth of underwood, which is cut in succes-
sion, and made into charcoal. The E. part, be-
tween the Ribble and the Mersey, comprising the
ancient forests of Wyresdale and Bowland, is
mountainous and generally barren ; but the S.
part of the tract between these two rivers is flat.
Much of this is a fertile country, though occaison-
ally deformed by black turf bogs, here called mos-
ses, some of which are of large extent, and impass-
able in wet seasons. In the N. E. part of this di-
vision are some lofty hills, the most noted of which
is Pendle Hill. The remaining part is varied
with hill, dale, and moor. Among its products,
is a species of coal, called cannel, highly valua-
ble as fuel, and capable of being manufactured in-
to candlesticks, cups, snuff-boxes, &c. As a com-
mercial and manufacturing county, it is superi-
to any other in the kingdom. Its principal man-
ufactures are linen, silk, woolen, and cotton
goods, shalloons, bays, serges, tapes, hardware,
plate-glass, «&c. Of the commerce of this county,
it may suffice to observe that Liverpool is the sec-
ond port in the kingdom. The principal rivers
are the Mersey, Irwell, Ribble, Loyne, Levern,
Wyre, Hoeder, Roche, Duddon, Winster, and
Ken ; and it has two considerable lakes, Winan-
dermere and Coniston-mere. It has numerous
canals, and had the honour of exhibiting the first
regular one in the kingdom, which was begun by
the duke of Bridgewater in 1758.
Lancaster, di borough and the capital of Lai»cas-
shire. It is seated on the Loyne, or Lune, which
forms a port for vessels of moderate burden. Tlie
parish church of St. Mary is a fine structure, on
the side of a hill, on the summit of which is a no-
ble castle, serving both as the shire-house and the
county goal. Here are also two chapels belong-
ing to the establishment, and several dissenting
meeting-houses. On the top of the castle is a
square tower, called John of Gaunt's Chair,
whence there is an extensive prospect. Among
the modern iriiprovements are an extensive quay,
with large warehouses, and a commodious and el-
egant bridge over the river, in place of the old
one, now in ruins. The canal from Kendal, winds
round the E. part of the town, and is conveyed
over the river by an aqueduct of 5 arches, each of
70 feet span. Besides numerous other charities,
there is a count}' lunatic asylum, a handsome
stone erection on Lancaster Moor, opened in 1816.
It has a chapel attached, and the hospital is capa-
ble of accommodating 300 patients. 5 m. from
this place is Dunald-milUhole, a cave at the foot
of a mountain, into which a large brook runs and
passes 2 m. under ground before it appears again :
some of its vaults are so high that they resemble
the roof of a church, and in other parts so low tiiat
they can be passed only by creeping on the hands
and feet. Lancaster depends for its support princi-
pally on its trade and manufactures and the county
business. The merchants trade chiefly to Ameri-
ca, the West Indies, and the Baltic. It is noted
for the making of mahogany cabinet ware, and
has manufactures of sail cloth, cordage, linens,
&c. The cotton manufacture is also gaining
jpound. and ship-building is carried on to a con-
55
siderable extent. It is 53 m. N. W. of Manches-
ter, and 240 N. N. W. of London.
Lancaster, a handsome town of Pennsylvania,
capital of a county of the same name. It is a
pleasant and flourishing place, situate in a fertile
and well cultivated country, and contains a court
house, a jail, two banks, and nine places of wor-
ship. A college was founded here in 1787, but
the buildings are now appropriated to schools
Here are manufactures of guns and other hard-
ware ; and about a mile distant is a large cotton
manufactory. The town has considerable trade,
which increases with the population of the sur-
rounding country. It is seated near Conestoga
Creek, which runs into the Susquehanna, Gl m.
W by N. of Philadelphia. Long. 76. 32. W.,
lat. 40. 2. N.
Lancaster, a county in the E. District of Penn-
sylvania. Pop. 76,558, the capital has the same
name. Also a county of the E. District of Vir-
ginia. Pop. 4,800. Ako a District of South
Carolina. Pop. 10,361.
Lancaster, p.t. Coos Co. N. H. on the Connec-
ticut, 40 m. above Dartmouth College. Pop.
1,187. Also a p.t. Worcester Co. Mass. a branch
of Nashua river 36 m. N. W. Boston Pop. 2,016
Also a p.v. Fairfield. Co O^io, apt. Garrard Co
Ken. a p.v. Smith Co. Ten. and a township in
Glengary Co. U. C.
Landaff, a township of Grafton Co. N. H. on
the Connecticut, 62 m. N. Concord. Pop. 951.
Laner.rota, one of the Canary isles, 30 m. long
and 10 broad. It is very high, and has a good
harbour at the N. E. end. Long. 13. 26. W., lat.
29. 14. N.
LancianOjO. town of Naples, in Abruzzo Citra,
on a river of the same name. It is an arch-
bishop's see, and has a good trade, and two great
annual fairs. 84 m. N. by E. of Naples. Long.
14. 30. E., lat. 42. 16. N.
Landau, a small but strong town of the Bava-
rian circle of the Rhine, well known in mlitary
history. It was formerly imperial, but was ceded
to Louis XIV. in 1680, and afterwards fortified
by Vauban. In 1702, 3, 4, and 13, it was alter
nately taken by the Austrian and French, but
was confirmed to France at tlie peace of 1713.
In 1793 it was attacked but without success by
the Prussians and Austrians. The French ceded
it to Bavaria in 1815. It is seated on the Queich
56 m. N. N. E. of Strasburg, and 347 N. E. of
Paris. Long. 8. 7. E., lat. 49. 12. N.
Landau, a town of Lower Bavaria, situate on
an eminence on the Iser. Long. 12. 37. E., lat.
48. 36. N.
Landau, a small town of Germany, in West-
phalia, near the Watter. Long. 9. 5. E., lat. 51.
12. N.
Landeck, a town of Prussian Silesia, in the
county of Glatz. 27 m. S. W. of Neisse.
Landelles, a town of France, in the department
of Calvados, seated on the Vire, 28 m. S. W. ot
Caen.
Lararfcw, a town of the Netherlands, in S. Bra-
bant, famous for an obstinate battle fought near
it in 1693, in which the French under marshal
Luxemburg defeated the allies commanded by
William HI. of England, and also for a battle in
1793 in which the French were defeated by the
Austrians. It is seated on the river Becke, 19
m. S. E. of Louvain.
Landernau, a seaport of France, in the depart
ment of Finisterre, with considerable manufac
tures of linen, leather, and paper. It is seated-
30
LAN
434
LAN
at the mouth of the Elhorn, 23 m. N. E. of Brest.
Landeron, a town of Switzerland, in the canton
of Neufchatel, at the S. W. extremity of the lake
Neufchatel 7 m. N. E. of Neufchatel.
Lnndes, a department of France, bounded W.
by the Atlantic, and on its other sides by the de-
partments of Gironde, Lot-et- Garonne, Gers, and
Lower Pyrenees. It is divided into the three ar-
rondisseraents of Mont de Marsan, Dax, and St.
Sever, and has an area of 3,700 sq. m., with
250,000 inhabitants. The principal rivers are the
Adour and the Douze, which traverse it from E.
to W. To the S. of these rivers the soil is tolera-
bly fertile, producing wine, fruit, and corn, but
on the N. it is perfectly sterile. The forests are
extensive ; and the climate is generally warm.
The exports are wood, turpentine, tar, wax, cat-
tle, wool, and brandy.
Landisburg, p.v. Perry Co. Pa.
Landrecy, a strong town of France, in the de-
partment of Nord. It was beseiged in vain by
prince Eugene, in 1712. In 1794 it was taken
by the allies ; but shortly after evacuated. It was
one of the barrier fortresses occupied by the al-
lies after the second treaty of Paris. It is seated
on the Sambre, 18 m. E. by S. of Cambray, and
19 S. by E. of Valenciennes.
Landria<ro,a. town of Italy in the Milanese, 11
m. S. S. E. of Milan.
Landsberg, a town of Bradenburg, in the New
Mark, with a considerable trade in cloths and
wool. In 1758 it was taken by the Russians. It
is seated on the Warta, 23 m. N. E. of Custrin.
Landsberg, a town of Upper Bavaria, with a
castle near the river Lech, 30 m. S. of Augsburg.
Landscron, a town and fort of Poland, in the
palatinate of Cracow, 24 m. S. of Cracow.
Landscrona, a fortified seaport of Sweden, in
Schonen, seated on an island near the Sound,
with a good harbour between the continent and a
small island. It is 20 m. N. W. of Lund, and 21
N. N. E. of Copenhagen. Long. 12. 51. E., lat.
55. 53. N.
Lands-end, a promontory in Cornwall, and the
most westerly point of Great Britian. It is a vast
aggregate of Moorstone, and on the outermost
rocks at low water are to be seen vains of lead
and copper. Long. 5. 42. W., lat. 50. 4. N.
Landsford. p. v. Chester District S. C.
Landshut, a town of Bavaria, with a palace, a
collegiate church, and a beautiful convent : the
last is now occupied by the university, which
was removed thither from Ingolstadt in 1800.
Brewing and distilling are carried on here to a
considerable extent, and there are manufactures
of cloth, leather, and watches. Upon an adjoin-
ing mountain is the ancient castle of Trausnitz.
It is seated on an island in the river Iser, 32 m.
N. E. of Munich. Long. 12. 6. E., lat. 43. 30. N.
Landshut, a town of Prussian Silesia, in the
principality of Schweidnitz. It has a flourishing
iinen trade, and is seated on the Bober, 22 m. S.
VV of Scheweidnitz.
Lanilshut,n. town of Moravia seated on the Mo-
rau, on the confines of Hungary and Austria, 36
m. S. E. of Brunn.
Landstraas, or Landtrost, a town of Austrian
Illyria, in Carnolia, with a castle and a Cister-
cian convent ; situate on an island in the river
Gurk, 30 m. S by W. Cilley.
Lane, a river of Ireland, in the county of Ker-
ry, whose waters, being confined by a great ledge
of rocks, from the lakes of Killarney. It runs
from Lough Lane, into Castlcmain Bay.
Lanebourg, a town of the Sardinian states, m
Savoy, in the province of Marienne. It stands
on the Arve, at the foot of Mount Cenis, and is
so shut up with hills that the sun is scarcely visi-
ble from November to January, 20 m. N. N. W.
of Susa.
Lane-end, a town in Staffordshire, Eng. noted
for its extensive potteries, by which it has greatly
increased of late years. It contains two good
market houses, two churches, several meeting-
houses for dissenters, a catholic chapel, an Eng-
lish charity school, a mechanic's institute, &c.
5 m. E. by S. of Newcastle-under-Lyne.
Lanemezan, a town of France, in the depart-
ment of Upper Pyrenees, 15 m. S. E. of Tarbe.
Lanepax, a town in the department of Gers, II
m. S. S. W. of Condom.
Lanercost, a parish of England, in the county
of Cumberland, situate in a romantic valley, 13
m. N.E. of Carlisle.
Lanesborougk, a town of Ireland, in the county
of Longford, situate on the Shannon, ovtr which
is a fine stone bridge, 7 m. S. of Longford, and 02
W. N. W. of Dublin.
Lamesborough, p.t. Berkshire Co. Mass. 14 m.
N. Lenox. Pop. 1,192. Here are valuable marble
quarries.
iMnesville, p. v. Susquehannah Co. Pa.
Langanico, the ancient Olympia, a town of
Independent Greece, in the Morea, situate on the
small river Carbon, the ancient Alpneus. It was
once a city of great note, near which the famous
Olympian games were celebrated ; and here was a
fine temple of Jupiter Olympus, with a celebrated
image of that god, 50 cubits high, which was reck-
oned one of the seven wonders of the world. It
is now an inconsideraole place. 32 m. S. S. E.
of Chiarenza, and 60 S. W. of Co inth.
Langdon, p.t. Sullivan Co. N. H. on the Con-
necticut. 40 m. W. Concord. Pop. 667.
Langeac, a town of France, in the department
of Upper Loire, seated near the Allier, 12 m. S
of Brioud.
Langeais, a town of France, department of In
dre-et- Loire, noted for the culture of melons,
seated on the Loire, 12 m. W. of Tours.
Langeland, a fertile island of Denmark, in the
S. part of the Great Belt. It is 33 m. long, but
scarcely 5 broad. The principal town is Rud-
kioping.
Lansgenau, a town of Bohemia, in the circle >f
Konigingratz, on the Little Elbe, with some ex-
tensive manufactures of cambric and gauze.
Langenau, Upper and Lmcer, two populous
vilages of Prussia, in Silesia, 11 m. S. of Glatz.
Lano-e7irtM,a longand straggling village of Gt-r
many, in Wurtemberg. It contains 3,600 inhab-
itants, are mostly weavers, 10 m. N. N. E. ofUlm.
Langenberg , a town of the Prussian province of
Cleves and Berg. 15 m. N. E. of Dusseldorf
Langenburg, a town of Germany, in Wurtem-
berg, with a magnificent castle ; seated on the
river Jaxt. 32 m. W. of Anspach.
Langensalza, a town of Prussian Saxony, capital
of Thuringia, with a castle, and manufactures
of silk, woolen, cotton, &c. It stands on the Sal-
za, near its confluX with tiie Unstrut, 14 m. W
by N. of Erfurth. Long. 10. 42. E., lat. 51. 5. N.
fMugenlhal, a town of Switzerland, in the can
ton of Bern, in the neighbourhood of which are
some medicinal springs. 18 m. N. E. of Bern.
Langcnzenn, a town of Germany, in Bavaria,
on the river Zenn, and near the Rednitz, 20 id.
N. E. of Anspach.
LAO
43S
LAP
Langholm, a town of Scotland, in Dumfriesshire,
with an extensive cotton manufacture ; seated
on the Esk, on the borders of England, 20 m. N.
by W. of Carlisle.
Langonge, a town of France, department of
Lozere, 21 m. N. E. of Mende.
LMngon, a town of France, department of Gi
ronde, with an extensive trade in wine and
brandy. It has a good harbour and is seated on
the Garonne, 10 m. N. of Bazas.
Langport, a town in Somersetshire, Eng., situ-
ate on a hill, by the river Parrett, which is navi-
table for baro-es to the Bristol Channel. 10 m.
. E. of Bridge water, and 128 W. by S. of
London.
Langres, a town of France, department of Up-
per Marne. Its cutlery wares are in high esteem.
It is seated on a mountain, near the source of the
Marne, 40 m. N. E. of Dijon. Long. 5. 19. E.,
lat. 47. 52. N.
Languard Fort, a strong fort of England, situ-
ate on a sandy point of land on the Suffolk side
of the harbour of Harwich, but within the limits
of Essex. At high water it is surrounded by the
sea, and becomes an island nearly a m. from the
shore. It was erected for the defence of the port
of Harwich, and has a garrison, under the com-
mand of a governor.
iMnguedoc, a province of the S. of France, di-
vided at the revolution into the departments of
Upper Garonne, Aude, Herault, Gard, Lozere,
and Ardeche. It extends on the E. to the Rhone,
and W. to the border of Gascony, and comprises
a superficial extent of 16,000 sq. m. The Upper
or Western Languedoc had Toulouse for its capi-
tal ; and the Lower or Eastern, Montpelier.
Lanier, a township of Preble Co. Ohio.
Lanjan, or Lanckang, a city, and the capital of
the kingdom of Laos, at least of the southern
part, to which it gives name. The king's palace
18 said to be of vast extent, and the houses of the
fxandees are also large, and highly ornamented,
t is situate on the W. side of the river Mecon,
400 m. N. N. W. of Cambodia. Long. 101. 38.
E., lat. 18. 30. N.
Lanmeur, a town of France, department of
Finisterre, 6 m. N. E. of Morlaix.
Lannltis, a town of France, department of
Finisterre 19 m. N. of Brest.
Lanrion, a town of France, department of Coles
du Nord, with a trade in wine, hemp, and butter.
In the neighbourhood are mines of iron and sil-
ver. It is seated on the Guer, 39 m. W. N. W
of St. Brieux. Long. 3. 27. W., lat. 48. 44.
N.
Lanrtoy, a town of France, department of Nord,
6 m. E. N. E. of Lisle.
Lansargues, a town of France, department of
Herault, 9 m. W. of Montpelier.
Lansdown, a mountain in Somersetshire, Eng.
4 m. from Bath, 813 feet high.
Lansing, a township of Tompkin's Co. N. Y.
Pop. 4,020.
Lansinburgh, p.t. Rensselaer Co. N. Y. It
contains four churches, a court-house, a jail, and
an academy ; and is seated on the E. side of the
Hudson, opposite the S. branch of the Mohawk,
9 m. N. N. E. of Albany. Pop. 2,663.
Lazno, a town of the Sardinian states, in Pied-
mont, on the river Stura, over which is an ele-
gant bridge, 12 m. N. W. of Turin.
Lao, a town of the island of Cuba, 25 m. W.
of HavannaL.
Lao, or Leao, a city of China, of the second
rank, in the province of Chan-si. Long. 119, 57
E., lat. 37. 4. N.
Laon, a decayed town of France, capital of the
department of Aisne, with a castle. The princi-
pal trade consists in corn and wine. It is cele-
brated for a battle fought under its walls, between
the French and allies, in March, 1814. It is
seated on a mountain, near the Ardon, 77 m. N.
E. of Paris. Long. 3. 43. E., lat. 49. 34. N.
Laos, a kingdom of India beyond the Ganges,
extending from 12 to 18. N. lat., and bounded by
Laktho, Siam, Cambodia, Tonquin, and Cochin-
China, to the last of which it is nominally sub-
ject. It is surrounded by mountains covered
with forests ; but the country is in general flat,
and the soil fertile, being watered by numerous
rivulets from the mountains and a number of
canals from the Mecon, which flows from N. to
S. through the whole region. It abounds in rice,
fruit, honey, wax, and cotton ; and the principal
drugs are benzoin and lac. Gold and silver are
found in certain places of the river ; and it has
mines of iron, lead, and tin. It is very thinly in-
habited, the greater part of the population con-
sisting of migrating tribes, who wage an almost
constant internal warfare. The religion, lan-
guage, and manners are much the same as in
Siam. Lanjan is the capital.
Lapland, a northern region of Europe, now he-
longing to Russia and Sweden, bounded on the N.
by the Arctic Ocean, E. by the White Sea, S. by
Sweden, and W. by Norway and the Atlantic.
It was formerly divided into three parts, Russian,
Swedish, and Danish (or Norwegian) Lapland.
The first, the most dreary region of the wliole,
consisted of three districts, Bellamoreskoi, Mare-
manskoi, and Terskoi ; but these are now all in-
cluded in the general appellation of the circle of
Kola, which includes also the tract on the E. of
the Torneo called Kemi-Lapmark, which was
ceded by Sweden in 1809. Swedish Lapland, or
Lapland Proper, is subdivided into six provinces,
now comprised in the government of Umea. Nor-
wegian Lapland, or Finmark, the most northerly
of all, now belongs also to Sweden. The general
aspect of LapLand is mountainous. The principal
rivers are, the Tornea. which issues from a lake
of the same name, and, after a course of 300 m.,
falls into the gulf of Bothnia ; the Tana, and the
Alten, both of which fall into the Frozen Ocean.
The lakes are numerous, and many of them very
extensive. The maritime districts are of uniform
and rather mild temperature ; but in the interior
the winter is intensely cold : in the most northern
parts the sun remains below the horizon from the
20th of November to the 10th of January ; and
the whole country is covered with snow and ice
from the beginning of September to the middle of
March. In summer the sun continues two months
above the horizon ; and in the valleys and plains
the heat is excessive, favoring the production of
numerous insects, particularly moschetoes, which
greatly infest the inhabitants. Barley is the com-
mon grain, but rye and oats are also cultivated in
some places, and a few culinary vegetables are
raised. The trees are fir, birch, larch, and small
beech, which form vast though not thick forests.
Metals and minerals are found in abundance : gold
has been found at Suappavara ; copper, iron, lead,
zinc, and plumbago, are found in various places ;
and in the S. of Swedish Lapland several mines
are wrought. Among the other internal produc-
tions of this country are limestone, marble, gyp-
sum, rock-crystal, jasper, amethysts, and garueta
LAP
436
LAS
The animals of this country are much the same as
tho«!e of Norway ; but the rein-deer may more
properly be said to belong to Lapland. The sin-
gular usefulness of this animal in a great measure
recompenses the Laplander for the privation of
the other comforts of life. The rein-deer in sum-
mer live upon leaves and grass, and in winter upon
moss, which they dig up from under the snow;
yet upon such scanty fare they will perform a
journey of inconceivable length. The animal is
fixed to a kind of sledge, shaped like a small boat,
in which the traveller, well secured from cold, is
laced down ; and taking the reins, which are fas-
tened to the horns of the animal, in one hand,
and a kind of bludgeon, to keep the carriage clear
of ice and snow, in the other, he sets out, and con-
tinues his journey with incredible speed, the ani-
mals choosing the road and directing their course
with very little trouble to the traveller. Their
milk and cheese are nutritive and pleasant ; their
flesh is well tasted food, whether fresh or dried ;
their skin forms excellent clothing both for the
bed and body ; and their intestines and tendons
supply their masters with thread and cordage.
The Laplanders are rather lower in stature than
the more southern Europeans. The men are of a
swarthy and dark complexion ; their hair is black
and short, their mouth wide, and their cheek hol-
low, with a longish pointed chin. The women are
in general well made, complaisant, chaste,and ex-
tremely nervous. In their manner of life the Lap-
landers are divided into fishers and mountaineers.
The former, in summer, fix their habitations in
the neighbourhood of some lake, from which they
draw their subsistence, and in winter live in the
woods. The latter seek their support on the moun-
tains, and possess herds of rein-deer more or less
numerous. They are active and expert in the
chase; and the introduction of fire-arms has al-
most abolished the use of the bow and arrow.
Besides looking after the rein-deer, the fishery,
and the chase, the men are employed in making
canoes, sledges, harness, cups, bowls, &c. ; and
the women in making nets, drying the fish and
meat, milking the deer, making cheese, and tan-
ning hides. Like the Icelanders, they consider
their country the finest in the universe. They
live in tents composed of several poles or beams
of wood, which meet at the top and support each
other ; the fire-place consists of a few stones, and
is always in the middle of the hut, a hole being
at the top for the smoke to pass. When travelling,
and exposed to the inclemency of the weather,
they throw a covering over the head, neck, and
shoulders, leaving only a small opening, through
which they see and breathe. In their dress they
use no kind of linen. The men wear close breeches,
reaching down to their shoes, which are made of
untanned leather, pointed and turned up before.
Their doublet is made to fit their shape ; it is open
at the breast, and over it they WvJar a close coat,
with narrow sleeves, the skirts of which reach
down to the knees and are fastened round them
by a leathern girdle, ornamented with plates of
tin and brass. To this girdle they tie their knives
instruments for making fire, pipes, and other
smoking apparatus. The dress of the women is
the same as that of the men, with the exception
of a few ornamental peculiarities. All the Swedish
and Norwegian, as well as the greater number of
the Russian Laplanders, bear the name of Chris-
tians ; but their religion is full of superstition, and
a compound of Christian and Pagan ceremonies.
Their language has an afiinity with the Finnish,
but is greatly intermixed with others. They trade
with the Swedes and Norwegians, whom they
supply with the skins and furs of quadrupeds, such
as ermines, sables, martens, squirrels, foxes of
various colors, bears, lynxes, and wolves ; and re-
ceive in return meal, cloth, spirituous liquors, to*
bacco, and various utensils.
lAiprairie, a Seignory of Huntingdon Co. L.
C. on the St. Lawrence opposite Montreal.
Lar, a town of Persia, capital of Laristan, with jt
a castle on a rock, chiefly celebrated for the man-
ufacture of muskets and cloth. It was once a
maarnificent city, but is now in ruins. Some hand-
some houses still remain, and the bazar is said to
be the noblest structure of the kind in Persia
Long. 43. 40. E., lat. 27. 30. N.
Larachra, or Laraish, a strong town in the king-
dom of Fez, with a castle and a good harbour.
Here are magazines for the refitting of vessels,
but no docks for building. It is seated near
the mouth of the Lucos, 46 m. S. by W. of
Tangier.
Laredo, a town of Spain, in Biscay, with a good
harbour, 30 m. W. N. W. of Bilbao.
JLaro^o, a town of Scotland, in Fifeshire, on a
bay of tlie same name, at the opening of ihe frith
of Forth, which is a safe roadstead for ships of all
descriptions. The town has a manufacture of lin-
en and checks. 8.m. S. S W. of S'. Andrew.
Largs, a town of Scotland, in Ayrshire, with a
samll harbour cm the frith of Clyde. It is memo-
rable for the defeat of the Norwegians, in their
last invasion of this county, in 12G3. It is 15 m.
N. W. of Irvine.
Larino, a town of Naples, in the Molise, 25 m.
-E. N. E. of Molise.
Larissa, a town of Greece, capital of Thessaly
and an archbishop's see , with a palace, and some
handsome mosques. It was famous as the resi-
dence of Achilles, and retains its former name.
The inhabitants, estimated at 25,000, carry on a
large trade. It is seated on the Peneus, 75 m. S.
by W. of Salonica. Long. 22. 47. E., lat. 39. 48 N.
Laristan, a small province of Persia, extcndinor
along the northern shore of of the Persian Gulf
The soil is so impregnated with acrid substances,
and so destitute of water, that it is the most un-
productive province of the kingdom. Those who
inhabit the coast are addicted to piracy, and live
under their own sheiks, paying the king only a
trifling tribute. Lar is the capital.
Lame, a town of Ireland, in the county of An-
trim, at the mouth of a river of the same name,
8 m. N. of Carrickfergns.
Larnica, a town of Cyprus, the second in the
island, and the emporium of its commerce, the
bay on which it is situated forming one of the
best roadsteads in the island. It has no good wa-
ter but is supplied from a distance by an aqueduct
Long. 33. 45. E. lat. 34. 50. N.
Lurry Bundar, a town of Hindoostan, on the N.
branch of the Indus, called the Pitta. 56 m. W.
of Tatta. Long. 66. 42. E. lat. 24. 43. N.
Larta. See Arta.
Larvigen, or Launnigen, a sea-port of Norway,
in the bishopric of Christiania. It is a place of
considerable trade, and has productive iron works.
It stands at the conflux of two rivers, near the
sea, 74 m. S.S. W. of Christiania.
La Salle, a seignory of Huntingdon Co. L. C
12m.S. Montreal.
Lasenbourg, a town of Savoy, on the river Arc,
at the foot of Mount Cenis, the passage of which
is the principal support of the inhabitants. The
LAU
437
LAO
Bun IS bidden from the inhabitants of this town,
by the mountains, during two months in the year.
It is 20 m. N. N. W. ofSusa.
Lassa, or Lahassa, a city of Asia, capital of
Great Thibet. It is not large, but the houses are
spacious and built of stone. About 7 m. to the E.
of the city, is the mountain of Putala, on the sum-
mit of which is the palace of the grand Lama,
the higii priest of Thibet, whose authority is as
great over almost all the regions of Tartary and
Thibet as that of the pope was formerly over Eu-
rope. Lassa is seated on a spacious plain, on a
river that flows S. into the Sanpoo, 680 m. N.
N. E. of Calcutta. Long. 91. 25. E.,lat. 29.
30. N.
Lassahr, a town of Prussia, in Pomerania, on a
lake of the same name, 33 m. S. S. E. of Stral-
Bund.
Lassam, a town of Java, on the N. coast,
through which flows a fine navigable river. It
has a considerable trade. 419 ra. E. of Bata-
via.
Lnssay, a town of France, in the department
of Mayenne, 12 m. E. N. E. of Mayenne.
Lasselsville, p. v. Montgomery Co. N. Y.
Lastres, a town of Spain, iu Asturias, near a
eape of the same name, on the bay of Biscay.
35 m. E. N. E. of Oviedo.
Laswaree, a town of Hindoostan, in the prov-
ince of Dehli, where a desperate battle was fought
in 1803, between the British under long Lake,
and the Mahrattas under Dowlat Row Scindia,
in which the latter were totally defeated.
Labacunna, a town of Peru, capital of a district
of the same name. The streets are broad and
straight ; the houses only one story high, and
arched, on account of the frequency of earth-
quakes, one of which overturned the whole place
in 1698. It contains manufactures of cloth and
baize, &c., and exports great qxiantities of salt
pork : the vicinity is n jted for making fine red
earthenware. 50 m. S. of Quito. Long. 18. 16.
W., lat. 0. 56. S.
Latakia, the ancient Laodicea, a seaport of
Syria, and a bishop's see. It has beautiful re-
mains of antiquity, and a considerable trade, es-
pecially in tobacco though the harbour is become
too shallow for large vessels. It stands on the S.
side of a small penmsula, 75 m. S. W. of Aleppo.
Long. 24. 30. E., lat. 35. 40. N.
Latimore, a township of Adams Co. Pa.
Lallakoo, Old and JVew, two towns in CafFaria
about 900 m. N. E. of Cape Town. They are
about 50 m. apart, and are inhabited by a sav-
age race called Bootshuanas, or Matchappees. See
Leelakoo .
Lattij Airhany, a barren district of Hindoostan
between the provinces of Agimere and Moultan,
inhabited by a tribe of Hindoos, supposed to be
the aborigines of the country.
Lniibach, a town of Germany, in Hesse-Darm-
stadt, with a castles, 10 m. E. by S. of Giessen.
Lauhach, one of the two governments of Aus-
trian Illyria, containing nearly 640,000 inhabi-
tants. It is divided into the circle of Laubach,
Newstadtl, Adelsberg, Clagenfurt, and Vil-
lach.
Laubach, or Laybach, a strong town of Austrian
Illyiia, capital of the preceding government. The
castle, called the Old Fort, stands on a mountain,
and is now used ouly for a prison. It has manu-
factures ofsilk, leather, and excellent cloth, fn
1821 a congress was held here for deliberating
on the aflTairs of Italy, and attended by the em-
m
perors of Russia and Austria. It its seated on a
river of the same name, 38 m. S. E. of Clagen-
furt. Long. 14. 35. E., lat. 46. 11. N.
Lauban, a walled town of Upper Lusatia, on
the frontiers of Silesia. It has a good trade in
cloth, yarn, and linen, and is seated on the
Queiss, 14 m. E. S. E. of Gorlitz.
L/iuda, a town and castle of Germany, in Baden,
on the river Tauber, 18. m. S. W. of Wurtz-
burg.
Lauder, an ancient royal burgh of Scotland, in
Berwickshire. The castle, originally built by
Edward I. as a fortress, is now the seat of the earl
of Lauderdale. It is seated on a river of the
same name, 21 m. S. E. of Edinburgh.
L«Mrferrfn/e, a county of Alabama. Pop. 11,782
Florence is the capital.
Lauenburg, a duchy in the N. of Germany, on
the right bank of the Elbe, adjacent to Hamburgh
and included since 1815 in the Danish dominions,
of which it forms the southern extremity.
Lauenburg, the capital of the foregoing duchy.
There is only one wing of the ancient castle,
where the dukes resided, now remaining. Great
quantities of merchandise are sent hence to Lubec,
by means of the Steckenitz. It stands on (be
Elbe and Steckenitz, 35 m. E. S. E. of Hamburgb.
Long. 10. 50. E., lat. 53. 22. N.
Lauenburg, a town of Prussia, in Pomerania,
on the Leba, 37 m. W. by N. of Dantzic. Long.
17. 48. E., lat. 54. 27. N.
Lauff'en a town of Austria, in the duchy of
Salzburg, with a fine castle, seated on the Salza,
12 m. N. N. W. of Salzburg.
Lauffen, a town of Switzerland, in the canton
of Zurich, with a castle. Here is a celebrated
cataract of the Rhine, the perpendicular height
of which is about 60 feet, in the breadth 300. It
is 3 m. S. by W. of SchafFhausen.
Lniiffenbuig, a strong town in the S. W. ex-
tremity of Germany, with a ca-'tle. It is seated
on a rock, on the Rhine, which divides it in two
parts. Here is a small cataract, noted for the
beauty of the scenery. 26 m. W. Schafiliausea.
Long. 8. 2. E., lat. 47. 35. N.
Laughlinton, a village of Westmoreland Co. Pa.
23 m. E. Greenburg.
Lfiwrht.on. a village in W. Yorkshire, Eng. on
a high" hill, 6 m. E" S. E. of Rotherham. It is
noted for its church, whose curious tower and
spire are seen at the distance of 60 m.
Lauingen, a town of Bavaria, in the principali-
ty of Neuberg, seated on the Danube, 3 m. W. of
Dillingen.
Lnunceston, a borough and the capital of Com
wall, Eng. It is seated on the side of a hill, ou
the Attery, which falls into the Tamar, 3 m. be
low the town, 28 m. N. of Plvmoiilh, and 214
W. by S. of London. Long 4. 12 W., lat. 50.
38. N.
Launceston, a town of Van Diemen's Land
capital of Port Dalrymple, seated at the junction
of the Esk and Tamar, and containing 400 inhab-
itants.
Launy, a town of Bohemia, near the river Eper,
10 m. E. N. E. of Saaz.
Laupen, a town of Switzerland, in the canton
of Bern, at the conflux of the Sanden and Sense,
5 m. S. W. of Bern.
Laurel, p. v. Sussex Co. Del.
Laurel Mountains, one of the western Apa-
lachian ranges in Pennsylvania. They are of a
moderate height and covered on the eastern side
with laurel trees.
2o2
LAY
438
LEA
Laurenceourg, villages in Armstrong Co. Pa.
Franklin Co. Ken. arva Dearborn Co. Indiana.
Laurens, a district of South Carolina. Pop.
20,863. Also a county of Greorgia on the Oconee
river. Pop. 5,578. Dublin is tne capital.
Laurens, a township of Otsego Co. N. Y. Pop.
2,231.
Laurensville, p. v. Laurens Dis. S. C.
Lauirnuen, a town of Germany, on the river
Laur, 11 m. N. E. of Schweinfurt.
Laurington, a village of Marlborourgh Dis.S. C.
Laurvin, a town of Norway, in the province of
Aggerhuys, 55 m. S. of Christiania.
Lausanne, a city of Switzerland, capital of the
canton of Pays de Vaud, and a bishop's see, with
a famous college. It stands on a very uneven
tract of land, formed by three small hills ; and
lofty parts afford the most subline views in na-
ture. The cathedral, the town-house, and other
public buildings, are magnificent, 30 m. N. E.
of Geneva, and 42 S. W. of Bern. Long. 6. 45.
E.,lat. 46. 31. N.
Lausanne, a township of Northampton, Co. Pa.
on the Lehigh.
Lautcnburg, a town of W. Prussia, in the pala-
tinate of Culm, 4 m. E. by S. of Culm
Lauter, a river which rises in the Vosges moun-
tains, and forms the boundary between France
and Germany, on the W. of the Rhine, into
v/hich it falls at Lauterburg.
Lauterbach, a town of Bohemia, in the circle
of Saatz, noted for excellent tin mines. 9 m. S.
y. W. of Carlsbad.
Lauterbach, a town of Germany, in the grand
duchy of Saxe-Weimar, with a trade in linen and
woolen cloth ; seated on the Vogelsberg, 15 m.
W. N. W. of Fulda.
Lauterbrunn, a village of Switzerland, in the
canton of Bern, 6 m. S. of Interlachen. It is
seated in a romantic valley of the same name,
celebrated for its cataract, called Staubbach.
Lauterburg, a town of France, department of
Lower Rhine. It stands on the Lauter, near its
conflux with the Rhine, 14 m. S. of Laudau.
Laugerte, a town of France, in the department
of Lot, 20 m. S. W. of Cahors.
Laugun, a town of France, in the department
of Lot-et- Garonne, 17 m. N. E. of Marmande.
ImvuI, a town of France, capital of the depart-
ment of Mayenne. It is surrounded by an old
vvall, and has two old castles, five churches, and
three hospitals, with a monastery established in
1815. Linen of all kinds and qualities is manu-
factured here ; and the neighbouring quarries
produce green marble,or black, veined with white.
It is seated on the Mayenne, 40 m. W. of Mans.
Long. 0. 45. W., lat. 48. 5. N.
Laramunde, a small town of Austrian Illyria, in
Lower Carinthia, seated on the Drave, 23 m. E.
of Clagenfurt.
Laveld, or Lafeld, a village of the Netherlands,
in the province of Liege, 4 m. W. of Maestricht.
In 1747 the French obtained a victory here over
the allies, commanded by the duke of Cumber-
land.
Lavello, a town of Naples, in Basilicata, 90 m.
E. by N. of Naples.
LnvevJiam, a town in Suffolk, Eng. with manu-
factures of hempen cloth and woolen yarn. Here
is a spacious market place, with a cross in the
Cfntre; but the market has long been disused.
The town is situate on an eminence, at the foot
of which runs the river Breton, 12 m. S. by E. of
Bury St. Edmund, and 62 N. E. of London
Lavenza, a town of Italy, in the principality o'
Massa, with a citadel ; seated at the mouth of the
Lavenza, on the gulf of Genoa, 6 m. W. N. W.
of Massa.
Lavington, a town in Wiltshire, Eng, 4 m. S.
of Devizes, and 90 W. by S. of London.
Lavis, a town of the Austrian states, in Tyrol,
at the conflux of the Lavis with the Adige, 7 m.
N. of Trent.
Lavoro, Terra di, a province in the N. W. part
of Naples, bordered on the W. by the Tuscan
Sea ; and containing 1,720 square m. with 520,000
inhabitants. It is proper for tillage, whence it
took its name ; and is fertile in excellent wines
and fruits. There are also mineral springs, atu'
mines of sulphur. Capua is the capital, and Gae-
ta is the chief sea-port.
Lawrence, a county of Ohio. Pop. 5,360 Bur-
lington is the capital. A county of Indiana Pop.
9,237. Bedford is the capital. A county of W,
Tennessee Pop. 5,412. Lawrenceburgh is the
capital. A county of Arkansas. Pop. 2,806.
Jackson is the capital. A county of Mississippi.
Pop. 5,321. Monticello is the capital. A county
of Alabama. Pop. 14,984. Moulton is the capital.
A country of Kentucky. Pop. 3,897. Louisa is the
capital. A county of Illinois. Pop. 3,661. Law-
renceville is the capital.
LawreTice, towns and villages in Stark, Tuscar-
awas and Washington Cos. Ohio. Hunterdon Co.
N. Y. and Clearfield Co. Pa.
Lawrenceburg, towns in Armstrong Co. Pa. and
Dearborn Co. Indiana.
Lawrenceville, villages in Tioga, Alleghany Co.
Pa. Nansemond Co. Va., Montgomery Co. N. C,
Gwinnett Co. Geo., Madison Co. Ohio.
Lawrence, St., a large river of North America,
proceeding from Lake Ontario, from which it runs
700 m. to the gulf of St. Lawrence, in the Atlan-
tic. Its mouth is 100 m. wide ; and it is navigable
for ships of war as far as Quebec, which is 360
m. and vessels from Europe ascend to Montreal
which is 180 m. further. In its course it forms a
great variety of bays, harbours, and islands, many
of which are fruitful and extremely pleasant
See (Quebec, Montreal, &c.
Lawrence, St., Gulf of, is formed between the*
western part of Newfoundland, the eastern shores
of Labrador, the eastern extremity of ihe province
of New Brunswick, part of the province of Nova
Scotia, and the island of Cape Breton. It com-
municates with the Atlantic Ocean by three dif-
ferent passages.
Lawrence-krk, a town of Scotland, in Kincar-
dineshire, with manufactures of lawn, cambric,
thread, &c., and a large bleach-field. It is seated
on the small river Leuther, 8 m. N. of Montrose.
Lawstitle, p.t. Susquelianna Co. Pa. 10 m. N.
Montrose.
Laicgersville, p. v. Schoharie Co. N. Y.
Laxcmburg, a town of Austria, with a palace,
seated on the Snechat, 17 m. S. of Vienna.
Laybach. See Lauhach.
Lea, a river of England, which rises near Lu-
ton, in Bedfordshire, flows to Hertford and Ware,
and, dividing Essex from Hertfordshire and Mid- '
dlesex, enters the Thames below Blackwall. %
Leacock, p.t. Lancaster Co. Pa. 56 m. W. Phil- '^-
adelphia.
Lead mines. This name is given to a tract of
country on the Upper Mississippi which contains
inexhaustible quantities of lead ore. The tract
is more than 200 ra. in extent. The chi,:.'f mines
are in the neighbourhood of Galena in the North
LEA
439
LEC
Western part of Illinois. Here are the richest
lead mines hitherto discovered on the globe. This
portion of country lies principally north of Rock
river and south of the Wisconsin. Dubuque s,
and other rich mines, are west of the Mississippi.
Native copper, in large quantities, exists in this
rejrion, especially at the mouth of Plum creek
and on the Peekalonokee. Plum creek is a
small creek, of Illinois about 40 miles above
Rock river, which runs into the Mississippi.
Peekatonokee is a branch of Rock river. For
many years the Indians, and some of the French
hunters and traders, had been accustomed to dig
Jead in these regions. They never penetrated
much below the surface, but obtained considera-
ble quantities of the ore, which they sold to the tra-
ders. In 1823, the late Col. James Johnson, of
Great Crossings, Ky. obtained a lease of the United
States Government, and made arrangements to
prosecute the business of smelting, with con-
siderable force, which he did the following sea-
son. This attracted the attention of enterprising
men in Ilhnois, Missouri, and other Stales. Some
went on in 1826, more followed in 1827, and in
1828 tlie country was almost literally filled with
miners, smelters, merchants, speculators, &c.
Such was the crowd of adventurers in 1829, in
this hitherto almost unknown and desolate region,
that the lead business was greatly overdone, and
the market for awhile nearly destroyed. Fortunes
were made almost upon a turn of the spade, and
.ost with equal facility. The business is now re-
viving, and probably will be prosecuted in fu-
ture more in proportion to the demand for lead.
The following table shows the amount of lead
made annually at these diggings, from 1821, to
Sept.30, 1830. Pounds of lead made from 1821, to
Sept. 30, 1823, 335,130
Do. for year ending Sept. 30, 1824, 175,220
Do. do. do. 1825, 664,530
Do. do. dn. 1826, 953 842
Do. do. do. 1827, 5,182,180
Do. do. do. 1823, 11,105.810
Do. do. do. 182<), 13,343,150
Do. do. do. 1830, 8,323,098
Total, 40,088,860
The government formerly received ten per
cent, in lead, for rent. It is now reduced to six
per cent. These lands will soon be surveyed,
and probably sold, which will add greatly to the
stability and prosperity of the mining business.
LeadhiUs, a. villnge of Scotland, in Lanarkshire,
situate amid mountains, in which are rich mines
of lead. Here is a public library, fitted up by the
miners, who work only eight hours in a day, and
employ much of their spare time in reading. It
is supposed to be the highest inhabited place in
Britain, being about 2,000 feet above the level of
the sea. It is situate on the road from Glasgow
to Dumfries, 18 m. S. of Lanark, and 44 S. of
Glasgow.
Lcadville, p.v. Randolph Co. Pa.
Leakesville, p.v. Rockingham Co. N. C. 105 m.
N. W. Raleigh.
Lcanu.ngton Priors, a town in Warwickshire,
Eng. Here are some saline springs, with warm
and cold baths, a pump-room, and other accom-
modations for genteel company. It is seated on
the river Learn, near its confluence with the
Avon, 2 m. E. of Warwick and 89 N. W. of London.
Leao-tong. See Chen-yang.
m Leasburg, p.v. Caswell Co. N. C. 84 m. N, W.
Aaleigh.
Leat/ierhrad, a town in Surrey, Eng. Here ig
a bridge of 14 arches over the river Mole, which
a little above is said to make its re-appearance
above ground. 18 m. S. S. W. of London.
Lcatkes- water, or Wlthburn, a fine lake in Cum
berland, Eng. lying S. E. of Keswick. It is nar-
row and irregular, about 4 m. in length, skirting
the foot of Helvellyn, and receiving numerous
torrents from that huge mountain. The singular
beauty of this lake is its being almost intersected
in the middle by two peninsulas, which are joined
by a neat wooden bridge. Its outlet at '.he N.
end joins the river Greeta, which runs into the
Derwent below Keswick.
Lf.avenicorth , p.v. Crawford Co. Indiana.
Leba, a town of Prussia, in Pomerania, on a
river of the same name, which, after forming a
lake 15 m. in circumference, enters the Baltic
Sea. 16 m. N. N. W. of Luenburg.
Lfbanon, p.t. York Co. Me. Pop. 2,391. p.t.
Grafton Co. N. H. Pop. 1,868. p.t. New London
Co. Conn. Pop. 2,552. p.t. Madison Co. N. Y.
Pop 2,249. p.t. Huntingdon Co. N. Y. p.t. Leba-
non Co. Pa. 25 m. N. E. Harrisburg. Also
towns and villages in Russell Co. Va. Washing-
ton Co. Geo., Warren, Meigs, and Ashtabula Cos.
Ohio. Washington Co. Ken., Wilson Co. Tenn.
and St. Clair Co. Illinois.
Lebanan, a countv of the E. District of Penn-
sylvania. Pop. 20,o46. Lebanon is the capital.
Lebida, a sea-port of Africa, in the territory of
Tripoli, with a good harbour and an old castle.
It is seated on the Mediterranean, 30 m. S. E.
of Tripoli.
Lebrixa, or Lebrija, a town of Spain, in Anda-
lusia, with a castle, seated in a territory abound-
ing in olive-trees that produce the best oil in
Spain, 20 m. S. by W. of Seville.
Lehis, a town of Prussia, in Brandenburg, seat-
ed on the Oder, 5 m. N. of Frankfort.
Lrxnsello, a town in the state of Genoa, 22 m.
N. E. of Genoa.
Lecce, a city of Naples, in Otranto, and a bish-
op's see. It is the residence of the governor of
the province, which by some is called Lecce in-
stead of Otranto. 17 m. N. W. of Otranto, and
195 E. S. E. of Naples. Long. 18. 20. E., lat. 40.
36. N.
Lecco, a town of Austrian Italy, in the Milan-
ese, with several flourishing manufactures. It is
seated on the E. branch of the lake Como, 15 m.
E. N. E. of Como. Long. 9. 23. E., lat. 45. 5.
N. _
Lech, a river of the Bavarian states, which rises
in Tvrol, divides Suabia from Bavaria, and enters
the Danube below Donawert.
Lechlade, or Letckhide, a town in Gloucester-
shire, Eng. A canal from the Severn joins the
Thames near this town, and the traffic here, on
both, is considerable in cheese, corn, and coal.
It is seated at the confluence of the Lech with
the Thames, as in. E. bv S. of Gloucester, and 76
W. by N. of London.
Lechnitz, a town of Prussian Silesia, in the
province of Oppeln. Near it is the convent of
St. Annenburg, much resorted to by pilgrims. It
is seated near the Oder, 17 m. S. S. E. of Op-
peln.
Leek, a river of Netherlands, which branches off
from the Rhine at Deurstede, and enters the
Maese, 10 m. E. of Rotterdam.
Lectoure, a strong town of France, department
of Gers, with manufactures of leather, and some
trade in corn and wine. It in situate on a moua*
LEE
440
LbH
tain, near the river Gers, 16 m. N. of Auch.
Long. 0. 37. E., lat. 43. 56. N.
Ledlmry, a town in Herefordshire Eng. with
a considerable manufacture of ropes and sacliing.
The navigable canal from Gloucester to Hereford
passes by this town, which is situate near the S.
extremitj' of the Malvern Hills. 16 m. E. of
Hereford, and 129 W. N. W. of London.
Ledesma, a small but strong town of Spain, in
Leon, seated on the Torraes, 20 m. S. W. of
Salamanca.
Lee, a river of Ireland, which rises on the con-
fines of Kerry, flows E. to Corls, and falls into
Cork Harbour.
Lee, a county of the W. District of Virginia.
Pop. G,46l. Jonesville is the capital. Also a
township of Strafford Co. N. H. Pop. 1,009.
p.t. Berksliire Co. Mass. 140 m. W. Boston.
Pop. 1 ,825. p.t. Oneida Co. N. Y. Pop. 2,514.
township in Athens Co. Ohio.
Leeds, a flourishing town in West Yorkshire,
Eng. It stands on the river Aire, over which is
a stately stone bridge. It is the principal of the
clothiwg towns in Yorkshire, and the mart for the
colored and white broad cloths, of which vast
quantities are sold in its two cloth halls, within the
space of an hour, without the least confusion.
Leeds has flourishing manufactures of carpets ;
al«o some mills for the cutting of tobacco, and
several potteries. In the neighbourhood are
numerous collieries, and great quantities of coal
are sent to York and Hull. 3 m. N. N. W. of
the town, on the river Aire, stands the remains
of that venerable pile, Kirkstal Abbey, embower-
ed in groves of oak. A canal passes hence to
Liverpool, by which and the river this town has
a communication with the Irish Sea and the Ger-
man Ocean. 24 m. S. W. of York, and 189 N.
W. of London. Long. 1 . 34. W., lat. 53. 48: N.
Leeds, a parish in Kent, Eng. which had form-
erly a castle and a priory : some ruins of the lat-
ter still remain., 5 m. S. W. of Maidstone and 40
from London.
Leeds, p.t. Kennebec Co. Me. Pop. 1,685. Also
a village in Gloucester Co. N. J. on the coast.
Leedsto n, p. v. Westmoreland Co. Va. 105 m.
W. Washington.
Leefotro, the most fertile of the Hapaee islands,
in the South Pacific. It is not above 7 m. in
length, and only 2 or 3 in breadth, but is superior
in many respects to Annamooka. The inhabi-
tants are treacherous, and have frequently attemp
ted to seize European vessels. Long. 185. 49. E.,
lat. 19. 49. S.
Leek, a town in Staffordshire, Eng. It has a
brisk trade, and manufactures of bandanna and
other handkerchiefs, ribands, twist, and buttons.
It is seated on the Churnet, 21 ra. N. of StaflTord
and 154 N. N. W. of London.
Leer, or Lehr, a town of Hanover, in East
Friesland, on the river Leda, which soon alter
joins the Ems. 14 m. S. E. of Emden.
Leerdam, a town of the Netherlands, in South
Holland, seated on the Ling'i/', 11 m. S. of
Utrecht.
Leerort, a fortress of Hanover, in East Friesland,
sealed at the conflux of the Leda with the Ems,
10 m. E. by S. of Emden.
Leers, or Liers, a town of the Netherlands, in
the territory of Liege, near which the allies were
defeated by the French in 1746. 4 m. N. of
Liege .
Leershurg, p.t. Loudon Co. Va. 46 m. N. W.
Alexandria, also towns in Harrison Co. Ken.,
Washington Co. Ten., Tuscarawas, Champaign "
and HigTiland Cos. Ohio.
LeeviUe, p. v. Schoharie Co. N. Y., p. v. Camp-
bell Co. Va., p.v. Lexington Dis. S. C, p. v.
Lawrence Co. Indiana.
Leetukoo, or Lattakoo, a town of Southern Africa.
The old town of this name was until lately the most
remote place known in the Botshuana country.
The inhabitants, when visited by Mr. Campbell and
others in 1813, appeared to have made consider-
able progress in the arts and civilization. Soon
after they removed to a more suitable situation,
several miles distant, in a southern direction, and
founded New Leetakoo. On his return, in 1820, '
he found this new town occupied by about 8,000
persons, collected from various tribes. The
women perform most of the agricultural labor ;
while the men milk the cows, make the clothes,
and go to war. New Leetakoo is 800 m. N. E.-
of Cape Town.
Lectoicn, p.v. Jefferson Co. Va.
Leeuice, a fortified town of the Netherlands, in
South Brabant. It is seated in a morass on the
river Geete, 12 m. E. of Louvain.
Leeward Islands, such of the Carribee Islands
in the West Indies, as commence at Porto Rico,
and extend to Dominica.
Lefooga. See Leefpgo.
Legkorn, a strong city of Italy in the grand
duchy of Tuscany, and a bishop's see. It has a
good harbour, and is the greatest commercial
depot of Italy. The Jews, who are numerous
and rich, have a handsome synagogue and schools ;
the Greeks and Armenians have churciies of their
own ; and no religion is disturbed. The inhabi-
tants are computed at 66,000. The town is sup-
plied with excellent water brought from the moun- '
tains of Colognole by means of a long and expen-
sive aqueduct, constructed by government. The
streets are wide and straight, and almost all the
houses of the same height. There are so many
canals, that some have given it the title of New
Venice. At a little distance is a light-house, on
a small island. The trade consists of foreign
goods, as cotton, sugar, cocoa, spices, sulphur,
and alum; and in home productions, as essences,
oils, wine, straw hats, cloth, juniper berries,
oranges, lambs' and goats' skins, and coral. In
1741 this city suffered greatly by an earthquake.
The neighbouring marsiies have been rendered
fit for culture by means of canals, which have al-
so been useful in dissipating the noxious effluvia :
but the air is still far from healthy. 140 m. N.
W. of Rome, and 46 W. of Florence. Long. 10.
17. E., lat. 43. 33. N.
Lcgnano, a town of Austrian Italy, in the
Veronese, with a fortress regularly constructed.
The town is populous, and carries on a considera-
ble trade, particularly in grain, which is greatly
facilitated by means of a canal from the Adige to
the Po. It is seated on the Adige, 22 m. fcJ. E.
of Verona.
Leilmitz, a town of the Austrian empire, in Low-
er Styria, seated on the Sulm, 16 m. S. of Gnatz.
Leki.gk, a river of Pennsylvania running into
the Delaware from the N. W. In this neigh-
bourhood are large coal mines, for an account of
which see Pennsijlvania.
Lehlgk, a county of the E. District of Pennsyl
vania lying upon the river above mentioned. Pop
22,2()(). Allentown is the capital.
Lekighton, a village of Northampton Co Pa
on the Lehigh, 36 m. N. W. Easton. #
Leicester, a borough and the capital of Leices-
-■?'
LEI
441
LEI
la
tershire, Eng. In the civil wars the walls were
in a great measure demolished ; the castle was
also dismantled, the hall and kitchen bein<r the
only parts that are left entire. It has Gchur'ches,
18 meeting-houses for the different denominations
of dissenters, several hospitals, a free school and
three charity schools. In 1821 an act was passed
for lighting the town withgas, which has since
been carried into effect. The principal manufac-
ture is that of stockings, of which several years
ago the value amounted to £60,000 annually, and
it has of late much increased. A canal passes
hence by Loughborough to the river Trent. At
a parliament held here, in the reign of Henry V.,
the first law was made for the burning of heretics.
In the meadows near the town are the ruins of
an abbey, in which Cardinal Wolsey died. It
is seated on the Soar, 2i m. S. by E. of Derby,
and 9G N. N. W. of London. Long. 1. 8. W.,
lat. 53. :3S. N.
L'ACcs tershire, a county of England, bounded
on ths N. by Derbyshire and Nottinghamshire,
E. by the counties of Lincoln and Rutland. S. by
Nirthamptonshire, and W. by Warwickshire and
Staffordshire.' It is about 45 m. long and 39 broad,
contains 51 ,456 statute acres, is divided into six
hundreds and 196 parishes, has 12 market towns,
aid sends four members to parliament. The cli-
mate is temperate and the county is well watered.
The chief rivers are the Avon, Soar, Swift,
Wreke, Anker, and Welland ; and it has three
distinct lines of canal navigation. The soil, in
reneral, affjrds great quantities of rich grazing
and and is peculiarly fitted for the culture of
beans. Toward the N. W., the Bardon- Hills
rise to a great height ; and in their neighbour-
hood is Sherwood Forest, a rough and open tract:
further to the N. W. are valuable coal mines.
The manufacture of stockings, the principal one
in the county, is very considerable ; but it may
be considered rather an agricultural than a man-
ufacturing county. It is famous for its breed of
large black cart horses, numbers of which are
continually sent to London, and for its fine neat
cattle and sheep : the latter, owing to the great care
paid to crossing the breed and other modes of im-
provement, have been brought to an astonishing de-
gree of excellence. More than half the land is con-
stantly in pasture, and most of the rest maintained
in tillacre is also rendered subservient to the rear-
ing of cattle. The principal object of the gra-
ziers here is to fatten their cattle for the butcher,
but the dairy is also in some places attended to ;
and great quantities of cheese are annually ex-
pjrted. Tiie Stilton cheese is made in this coun-
ty, near Mellon Mowbray.
Leicester, p.t. Worcester Co. Mass. 46 m. S. W.
B >ston. Pop. 1,782. Here is a manufactory of
wool cards. Also a township of Jjivinir.ston
C ). N. Y. on the Genesee. Pop. 2.042. Also
a township of Addison Co. Vt. oa Otter Creek.
42 m. N. W. Windsor. Pop. 638.
Leigh, a town in Lancashire, Eng. with consid-
erable manufactures, particularly of fine jeans, in
imitation of those of India, fustians, and other cot-
ton articles ; and a great traffic by its canal navi-
gation. 12 m. W. of Manchester, and 198 N. W.
of London
Leiirh, a small sea-portin Essex, Eng. opposite
the E. extremity of Canvey Island. It is noted
for ovslers, and has a good road for shipping. 18
m. S". S. E. of Chelmsford, and 39 E. of London.
Leigh, a parish of England, in Worcestershire
4 1-2 m. W. by S. of Worcester.
56
Leighhn, Old, a decayed town of Ireland, in thii
county of Carlow, 9 m. N. E. of Kilkenny.
Leighhn Bridge, a village of Ireland, in the
county of Carlow, with tne ruins of an ancient
abbey, and also of a strong castle ; seated on the
river Barrow, 7 m. S. of Carlow.
Leighton Buzzard, a town in Bedfordshire, Eng.
The trade consists in corn, cattle, lace, platted
st'Taw, «!k.c. About half a m. distant are the re-
mains of a Roman camp. It is seated on the Ouse,
18 m. S. of Bedford and 41 N. W. of London.
Lein, a town of Germany, in the duchy of Nas-
sau, 4 m. N. E. of Welburg.
Leiningen, a small town of the Bavarian circle
of the Rhine, 30 m. S. of Mentz.
Leinster,^ province of Ireland, 104 m. long and
56 broad ; bounde-d on the E. and S. by St.
George's Channel. W. by Connaught and Muns-
ter and N. by Ulster. It contains the counties of
Carlow, Dublin, Kildare, Kilkenny, King's coun-
ty, Longford, Lough, East Meath, West Meath,
Wexford, and Wicklow. Dublin is the capital.
The principal rivers are the Boyne, the Barrow,
the Liffey, the Noire, and the May.
Leipa, a town of Bohemia, with manufactures
of porcelain, glass, fine cloth, and cotton. 47 m.
S. E. of Dresden.
Leipheim, a town of Bavaria, on the S. bank of
the Danube, 12 m. N. E. of Ulm.
Leipiiic, a walled tov^-n of Morvaria, near the
river Beczwa, 14 m. E. S. E. of Olumtz.
Leipzig, Circle of, a province of the kingdom of
Saxony, bounded E. by the circle of Meissen, S.
by that of the Erzebirge and the principality of
Altenburg, and W, and N. by the Prussian part
of Saxony. It comprises 14 bailiwics, and is the
seat of considerable manufactures.
Leipzig, a city of Saxony, in the circle of Meisu
sen, with a famous university, and a strong cita-
del, called Pleyssenburg. It carries on a consid-
erable trade ; and has three great fairs every year,
which last a fortnight each. The number of in-
habitants exceeds 30,000 ; and the principal man-
ufactures are silk, gold, and silver stuffs, linen
and cotton printing, leather, and paper. There
are six handsome colleges belonging to the univer-
sity, besides the private colleges; and the exchange
is a fine structure. Leipzig was taken by the
Prussians in 1745 and 1756. The Austrians, in
1756, besieged it in vain ; they took it two years
after, but were soon obliged to give it up. Leip-
zig is celebrated for two of the greatest battles
recorded in history having been fought in its vi-
cinity, between the French and allied armies, on
the 16th and 18th of October, 1813, which were
followed by the capture of the town and the
rear-guard of the French army, on the follow-
ing morning, and also the king of Saxony and
his family, who were made prisoners. It is seat-
ed in a plain, on the river Pleysse, 64 m. W.
N. W. of Dresden, 90 S. W. of Berlin, and 180
N. E. of Frankfort on the Maine. Long. 12. 21.
E., lat. 51. 19. N.
Tjeiria, a town of Portugal, in Estremadura,
and a bishop's see, with an ancient castle on an
eminence. 77 m. N. N. E. of Lisbon. Long.
8. 34. W., lat. 39. 48 N.
Liisziiig, a town of Saxony, m Meissen, with
manufactures of cloth, lace, stockings, &c. It
is seated on the Mulda, 24 m. E. S. E. of Leip
zig and 32 N. W. of Dresden.
\eith, a sea-port of Scotland, on the frith o<
Forth. 2 m. N. N. E. of Edinburgh, of which it is
the port. It is situate at the mouth of the river
*:■ *.,
LEM
442
LEO
Leith, which torras the harbour, and divides the
town into N. and S. Leith, which communicate
by two draw-bridges. The harbour is secured by
a noble stone pier, and it is accommodated with
wet and dry docks and other conveniences for
ship-building, which is carried on to a considera-
ble extent. Here are also manufactures of ropes,
canvas, carpets, glass, shoes, leather, soap, and
candles, and several iron forges. There are three
churches, an episcopal chapel, three meeting-
houses, a magnificent banking-house, an hospital
for disabled seaman, rebuilt in 1817, and numer-
ous charities. A little to the E. of the town are
the baths, which are constructed upon a grand
scale, and in a style of great elegance. The har-
bour is defended by a martello tower and to the
W of the citadrtl is a b.attery for the protection of
the shipping. The commerce of Leith is very con-
siderable ; and the vessels employed in the Lon-
don trade are, in general, of a large size ; but the
largest ships are those employed in the Green-
^ land whale fishery. To foreign parts are export-
ed lead, glass ware, linen, woolen stuflTs, and a
variety of other goods. Long. 2. 56. W., lat. 55.
54. N.
Leitmeritz. See Leutmeritz.
LeUomisckel. See Leutmlschel.
Leitrim, a county of Ireland, in the province of
< Jonnaught, bounded on the N. by Donegal Bay,
N. E. by Fermanagh, E. by Cavan, S. E. by
Longford, S. W. by Roscommon, and W. by
Sligri. Its greatest length is about 54 English m.,
and its maximum breadth 20. It contains 21 par-
ishes, and an area of 407,260 English acres. Tlie
northern parts are mountainous and uncultivated
but they abound with inexhaustible veins of lead,
iron, and copper ore, and have likewise some coal
mines. The S. is level and fertile. The county
is traversed by the river Shannon, abounds with
small lakes and rivers, has some productive iron-
works, and feeds great herds of cattle. It re-
turns two members to the imperial parliament.
Carrick is the capital.
Leitrim, a village of Ireland, from which the
preceding county has its name, and formerly a
place of some note. It is seated on the Shannon,
4 m. N. of Carrick, and 82 W. N. W. of Dub-
lin
Leinslip, a town of Ireland, in the county of
Kildare. It has a noble castle with large gardens,
on one side of which is a fine waterfall, called
the Salmon Leap. Near it is the ruins of the
church and castle of Confy. It is seated on the
LifTey, 8 ra. W. of Dublin.
Lr.mburg, or Leopold, a town of Austrian Po-
land, formerly the capital of Red Russia, and now
of Galicia and Ladomeria. It is well fortified,
and defended by two citadels, one of which is on
an eminence without the city. The cathedral,
churches, and public buildings are magnificent;
and the inhabitants, computed at 44,000, of whom
14,000 are Jews, carry on a considerable trade,
ft is the see of a Roman Catholic archbishop, and
has also an Armenian and Russian bishop. It is
seated on the Pelton, 72 m. S. S. E. of Chelm, and
159 E. of Cracow. Long. 24. 26. E., lat. 49. 51.
N.
Lemgow,a. town of Prussia, in Westphalia, and
in the principality of Lippe-Detmold, with some
cloth and stuff manufactures, and a considerable
trade in printing and bookselling. It is seated
on the Beya, 17 m. S. of Minden.
»■!, Lemnos, or Stalimene., an island of the Archi-
pelago, lying near .ju? «tr*it of Gallipoli, 15 in.
long and 11 broad. The poets made it sacred to
Vulcan, who was hence called Lemnius Pat^r.
It was also celebrated for its labyrinth, of which
not a trace remains. The air is pure, and tlie
produce consists of corn, oil, cotton, and a v.-irie-
ty of fruits. It has two harbours on the S. coast
and an extensive roadstead *! the N. Its capi-
tal is of the same name, and is a metropolitan see.
Long. 25 28. E., lat. 40. 3. N.
Lempster, p.t. Sullivan Co. N, H. 40 m. W.
Concord. Pop. 999.
Lem'tngton, a township of Essex Co. Vt. on
the Connecticut,6.5 m. N. E. Montpelier. Pop. 182
Lemon, a township of Butler Co. Ohio, on the
Miami. Pop. 2,870. It contains the villages of
Middleton and Monroe.
Lend, a river of Asiatic Russia, in the govern-
ment of Irkutsk, which rises in the mountains to
the N. W. of the lake Baikal, flows N. and N. E,
to Yakutsk, where it is 5 m. wide, and proceed-
ing N. N. W., enters the Frozen Ocean by sever-'
al mouths.
Lenawee, a county of Michigan. Pop. 1,591.
Tecuinseh is the capital.
Lenczicz, a strong town of Poland, with a fort
on a rock. It stands in a morass on the river
Biusa, 77 m. W. of Warsaw, and 110 N. by W,
of Cracow.
Lenham, a decayed market town in Kent, Eng.
seated on an eminence, at the source of the Len,
10 m. E. of Maidstone, and 44 S. E. of Lon-
don,
Lennep, a town of the Prussian states, in the
province of Cleves and Berg, on a river of the
same name, 20. m. E. S. E. of Dusseldorf.
Lenoir, a county of'North Carolina. Pop. 7,935.
Kingston is the capital.
Lenox, p.t. Berkshire Co. Mass. 6 m. S. Pitts-
field, and 147 W. Boston. Pop. 1,355. It is a
very neatly built town and has manufactures of
woolen and iron. Also a p.t. Madison Co. N. Y.
on Oneida Lake. Pop. 5,039. Also towns in Sus-
quehanna Co. Pa. and Ashtabula Co. Ohio.
Lenox, a county of Upper Canada lying upon
the Bay of Quinte on Lake Ontario.
Lenox Castle, p.t. Rockingham Co. N. C.
Lenoxville, p.t. Carteret Co. N. C. on Core
Sound.
LeTis, a town of France, department of Pas de
Calais, 10 m. N. W. of Douay.
Lentini, an ancient town of Sicily, in Val di
Noto. It is a small remainder of the ancient
Leontium, and situate at the foot of a height, oa
the top of which Charles V. built a new town,
called Carlentini. Lentini was greatly damaged
by an earthquake in 1693. It is seated on a river
of the same name, 17 m. S. W. of Catania.
Lentzhura-, a town of Switzerland, in the canton
of Aargau, with a castle, and manufactures of lin-
en, cotton, tobacco, «&c. It is seated on the Aa,
6 m. E. of Aargau.
Lenfzen, atown of the Prussian province of Bran-
denburg, near the Elbe, 74 m. N. W. of Berlin.
Leohen, a town of the Austrian states, in Upper
Styria, situate on the Muhr, 20 m. N. W. of
Gratz.
Leobschuz, a town of Prussian Silesia, with a
trade in corn and yarn, 10 m. N. N. E. of Jagern-
dorf.
. Leogane, a town and fort, with a good harbour
on the N. side of the S. peninsula of St. Domin-
go. It w.as taken by the British in J 796. 26 ra.
S. S. W. of Port au Prince. Long. 72. 37. W
lat. 18. 38. N.
LE?
443
LE3
Leomin iter, vl borough in Hertfordshire, Eng.
with a trade in cloth, gloves, hats, hops, leather,
cider, &c. The church is spacious, and has a
beautitui altar-piece by Rubens. Here are also
four meeting-houses, two charity schools,and two
free schools, one of them endowed by Queen Mary.
It is seated on the Luw, 26 m. W. of Worcester
and 1:57 N. W. of London.
Leominster, p.t. Worcester Co. Mass. 20 m. N.
Worcester, on Nashua river. Pop. 1,861. It has
manufactures of combs and other articles.
Lton, an important N. W. division of Spain,
still retaining the title of a kingdom, bounded on
the JN. by Asturias, W. by Galicia and Portugal,
5. by Estremadura, and E. by Old Castile. It is
200 in. long and 170 broad, and divided into al-
most two equal parts by the River Duero. It is
divided into the districts of Leon, Salamanca, Pa-
lencia, Zamora, Toro, and Valladolid.
Leon, the capital of the above province, and a
bishop's see, was formerly richer i>i)d more popu-
lous than at present. Its cathef'ral which is ad-
mired for its elegant lightness, contains the tomb
of 37 kings and one emperor. 171 m. N. by
W. of Midrid. Long. 5. 3d. W., lat. 42. 36. N.
Leon, Isle of, an msulated tract on the S. W.
coast of Spain, separated from the mainland by a
canal and nver, 10 m. in length, and from 20 to
30 feet in depth. The defence thus afforded
against an enemy in possession of the mainland
(as vvds the case of the French in 1810) is farther
strengthened by the salt marshes, which extend
to the eastward, and are impassable except along
a causeway. See Cadiz.
Leon, a town on the above island. The popu-
lation including St. Carlos, is said to amount to
40,000, whose chief support arises from the works
carried on at the neighbouring arsenal and dock-
yard of Caracas. 11 m. S. E. of Cadiz. Long.
6. 12. W., lat. 36. 27. N.
Leon, a city of Guatemala, capital of the prov-
ince of Nicaragua. In the vicinity is a mountain
with a volcano, which sometimes ozcasions earth-
quakes. It is a commercial place, seated near
tlie N. W. extremity of the lake Nicaragua, 30 m.
from the Pacific Ocean. Long. 87.20. W., lat. 12.
30. N.
Leon, New, a province in the S. part of New
Mexico, having the gulf of Mexico on the E., Pa-
nuco on the S., and New Biscay on the W. It
is little known.
Leonard, St., an ancient town of France, de-
partment of Upper Vienne, with manufactures of
paper and cloth ; seated on the Vienne, 10 m.
N. E. Limoges and 195 S. of Paris.
Lconardstown, p.v St. Mary's Co. Maryland,
on the Potomac, (^ m.. S. E. Washington.
LeoTiardsville, p.v. Madison Co. N. Y. 95 m. N.
W. Albany.
Leonberg, a town of Germany, in the kingdom
of Wurtemberg, situate on the Glem, 6 m. W. of
Stuttgard.
Leopoldstadt, a town and fortress of Hungary,
seated on the Waag, 56 m. E. of Vienne.
Lcpnnto, a sea-port of Greece, in Livadia, and
an archbishop's see. It is surrounded with high
walls, and defended by a castle on an eminence.
The produce of the adjacent country is wine, oil,
corn, rice, leather, and tobacco. It is seated at
the entrance of a gulf of the same name, 100 m.
W. N W. of Athens and 360 S. W. of Constan-
tinople. Long. 22. E., lat. 38. 30. N.
Leper's Isle, one of the New Hebrides, in the
Pacific Ocean. Long. 168. 5. E. lat. 15. 23. S.
Le Ray, a township of Jefferson Co. N. T. 20
m. N. E. Sackett's Harbour. Pop. 3,430.
Lerena, or IJerena, a town of Spain, in Estre-
madura, at the foot of a mountain, and the source
of the Malachel, 50 m. S. of Meridaand 63 N. of
Seville. Long 5. 59. W , lat. 38. 7. N.
Lerida (the Ilerda of Lucan) , an ancient town
of Spain, in Catalonia, and a bishop's see, with a
university and a castle. Near this place are the
remains of a palace of the kings of Arragon. It
is seated on a hill, on the river Segra, 69 m. S. S.
E. of Saragossa and 200 N. W. of Madrid. Long
0. 25. E., lat. 41. 32. N.
Lerins, two islands in the Mediterranean, or
the coast of France, 5 m. from Antibes. That
nearest the coast, which is the larger island, is
called St. Margaret ; the smaller is called St. Ho-
norat, and has a Benedictine abbey.
Lerma, a town of ''pain, in the province of
Burgos, with a palace, seated on the Arlanza, 23
m. S. of Burgos.
Lernica, a town of Cyprus, formerly a large
city, as appears from its ruins. It is situate on the
S. coast of the island, wiiere there is a good road,
and a small fort, for its defence, 30 m. S. W. of
Famagusta.
* Le Hoy, p.t. Genesee Co. N. Y. 10 m. E. Bata-
via. Pop. 3,909. Also a township of Geauga Co.
Ohio.
Lerwick, a town of Scotland, capital of the
Shetland Islands, situate 014 the spacious harbour
called Brassa Sound. It is the rendezvous of the
fishing busses and vessels employed in the her-
ring fishery. Near the N. end of the tov^n is
Fort Charlotte, which comma.nds, the N. entrance
to Brassa Sound. Long. 0. 56. W., lat. 60. 12. N.
Lescar, a town of France, d^'p.artment of Lower
Pyrenees, seated on a hill, 3 m. N. W. of Pau and
42 S. E. of Bayonne.
Lesquistan, or Daghistan. See Dagkistan.
Lesitrnau, a. town of France, departmentofAude,
11 m. vV. of Narbonne.
Lestwa, an«island in Ihe gulf of Venice, on the
coast of Dalmatia, 65 m. long and 14 broad. It
contains great quantities of different kinds of mar-
ble and produces wine, oil, figs, almonds, oranges,
saffron, aloes, honey, &c , in great abundance >
but salt-fish is the chief article of commerce. The
capita], of the same name, has a good harbour, and
contains 1 .200 inhabitants. 20 m. S. of Spalatro.
Long. 16. 20. E., lat. 43. 33. N.
Leskeard, a borough in Cornwall, Eng. with
manufactures of leather and yarn. It is one of
the largest and best built towns in the country,
had formerly a castle, now in ruins, and is one of
the coinage towns for tin. Besides the church
which is a large and noble edifice, here are three
places of worship for dissenters, a free grammar
school, two national schools, and a charity school
for poor children. In the vicinity are several ex-
tensive sheep-walks. 16 m. N. W. of Plymouth
and 225 W. by S. of London. Long. 4. 42. W.,
lat. 50. 27. N.
Lesparre, a town of France, department of Gi
ronde, near which are found transparent pebble*,
known by the name of Medoc stones. It is 13 m.
N. N. W. of Bordeaux.
Lessines, a town of the Netherlands, in Hain
ault, famous for its linen manufacture ; seated on
the Dender, 28 m. S. W. of Brussels.
Lesticithiel, or Lostwithiel, a borough in Corn
wall, Eng. with a tolerable woolen manufacture
Here is the stannary goal, and the county courls
are held here. It is seated on the river Fowey,
LEV
444
LEW
which was formerly navigable, but is now choked
up with sand. 22 m. N. E. of Truro and 232 W.
by S. of London.
Lctart, a townsliip of Meigs Co. Ohio.
Lettere, a town of Naples, seated at the foot of
a mountain, 12 m. N. W. of Salerno.
Letterkenny, a township of Franklm Co. Pa.
5 m. N. W. Chambersbug.
Leubus, a town of Prussian Silesia, with a cele-
brated Cistercian abbey ; seated on the Oder, 30
m. N.N. W. of Breslau.
Leucate, a town of France, department of Aude,
situate near the Mediterranean, on the N. side of -a
lake of tlie same name, 20 m. N. E. of Perpignan.
Leuch, or Leuk, a town of Switzerland, in the
Valais, much frequented on account of its hot
mineral springs. It is seated on an eminence near
the Rhone, 20 m. E. S. E. of Sion.
Leiise, a town of the Netherlands, in Hainault,
seated on the Dender, 14 m. N. W. of Mons.
Leutkirch, a town of Germany, in Wurtemburg,
with two suburl)s, and a good linen trade. It is
seated on the Eschach, whicli runs into the Iller,
22 m. N. E. of Lindau.
Leutmeritz, or Leitiaeritz, a town of Bohemia,
capital of a circle of the same name. The circle
is such a delightful country that it is called the
Bohemian Paradise ; it produces excellent wine,
and contains warm baths, tin-mines, and precious
stones. The town is well built and populous, and
is seated on the Elbe, 3Gm. N. E. of Prague.
Long. 14. 17. E., lat. 50.32. N.
Leutviischel , a town of Bohemia, in the circle of
Chrudim, with manufactures of cloths and dye-
stuffs, and extensive distilleries. 20 m. E. S. E.
of Chrudim.
Leutch, a town of the Austrian states, in Car-
niola, 8 m. S. S. E. of Idria.
Lcvana, p. v. Brown Co. Ohio.
Levant. This word properly signifies the East ;
but it is used, when speaking of trade, for Tur-
key, in Asia, comprehending Natolia, Syria, the
island of Cyprus, &c. The Levani Sea means
the E. part of the Mediterranean.
Levant, p.t. Penobscot Co. Me. 10 m. N. W.
Bangor. Pop. 747.
Levek. See Cambodia.
Leven, a river in Lancashire, Eng. which issues
from the S. extremity of Windermere- water, and
flows into Morecambe Bay.
Leten, a river of Scotland, in Dumbartonshire,
which issues from Loch Lomond, and enters the
estuary of the Clyde below Dumbarton.
Leven, a river of Scotland, which rises in Kin-
ross-shire, flows through Loch Leven, and crosses
Fifeshire to the town of Leven, where it enters
Largo Bay.
Lrven, a town of Scotland, in Fifeshire, with a
good harbour, and some sliare in the coasting and
Baltic trade. It stands on the W. side of Largo
Bay, at the influx of the river Leven, 7 m. N. E.
of Dysart.
Leven, Loch, a lake of Scotland, in Kinross-
shire, upwards of 10 m. in circumference, and
somewhat of a circular form. It has several
small islnnds, on one of which is a ruinous castle,
where Mary, queen of Scots, was confined by the
confederate lords, after she had separated from
Bothwell ; and on another, named St. Serfs Isle,
is the ruin of a priory. On the E. side of the
lake, near its outlet, stands the ruinous monastery
of Portmoak.
LeBcnirorth, a village in Crawford Co. Indiana,
•n the Oliio. 68 m. below Louisville.
Leverett, p.t. Franklin Co. Mass. 10 m. S. E,
Greenfield. Pop. 939.
Levenings, a village of Philadelphia Co. Pa. 8 m
N. W. Philadelphia.
Levroux, a town of France, department of Indre,
11 m. N. of Chateauroux.
Lewarden, a strong town of the Netherlands,
capital of Friesland. It has several canals in the
streets, which, being continued to the sea, and to
the most considerable towns in the province, are
a great assistance to its trade. Many of the build-
ings, as well public as private, are magnificent.
It IS seated on the Ee, 28 m. W. of Groningen.
Long. 5. 48. E., lat. 53. 13. N.
Lewentz, a town of Hungary, on a river of the
same name, 25 m. N. E. of Gran.
Leices, a borough in Sussex, Eng. It had far
merly 12 parish churches, now reduced to six, in-
cluding those of the adjoining villages of South-
over and Cliff. It is a very ancient place, and
vestiges of its walls and castle, and of an extensive
priory, still remain. Here are 7 meeting-houses
for dissenters ; also a handsome county-liall, a
free grammar school, a good charity school, sev-
eral charitable institutions, and a theatre. On a
hill, about a mile from the town, is the race
ground, which is accounted one of the best in
England. Near this town was fought a battle in
1263, when Henry III. and his son (afterward
Edward I.) were made prisoners by the earl of
Leicester. Lewes is situate at the edge of the
South Downs, 8 m. N. E. of Brighton, and 49 S.
of London. Long. 0. 2. E., lat 50. 55. N.
Leiois, one of the most considerable of the
Western Islands of Scotland, parted by two arms
of the sea into two divisions, the southern ot
which is called Harris, and the northern Lewis :
the former is annexed to the county of Inverness,
but Lewis belongs to Ross-shire. It is about 60
m. in length from N. to S., and from 10 to 15 in
breadth. The country in general is wild, bleak,
bare of wood, and little fitted for cultivation.
Bear, oats, peas, rye, and potatoes, are the pro-
ducts of the soil. The hills are covered with
heath, which affords shelter for various sorts of
game. The lake and streams abound with salmon,
large red trout, &c., and there are good fisheries
on the W. coast, which is annually visited by
millions of herrings. The inhabitants amount to
13,942, whose principal employment is the rearing
of sheep and black cattle, and the fishery. There
are several small villages, but Stornaway is the
only town. The promontory at the N. extremity
of the island is called the Butt of Lewis. Long.
6. 32. E., lat. 58. 33. N.
Leicis, a county of New York. Pop. 14,958. Mar-
tinsburg is the capital. A county of the W. Dis-
trict of Virginia Pop. 6,241. Weston is the capi-
tal. A county of Kentucky on the Ohio. Pop.
5,206. Ciarkesburg is the capital.
Lewis, p.t. Essex Co. Vt. 60 m. N. E. Montpe-
lier, p.t. Essex Co. N. Y. 6 m. N. Elizabethtown.
Pop. 1,305. p.t. Brown Co. Ohio. Pop. 2,022.
Lewisberry, p v. York Co. Pa.
Lewisburg, p.t. Green Brier Co. Va. 250 m. W.
Richmond, p. v. Union Co.Pa.on the Susquehanna,
7 m. above Northumberland, p. v. Muhlenburg
Co. Ken. on Green River.
Lewisham, a village in Kent. Eng. which from
its pleasant situation, and its proximity to the
metropolis, has become the residence of several
opulent citizens, who have many elegant houses
here. 5 m. E. of London.
Lewiston, p.t. Lincoln Co. Me. at the falls of
LEY
445
LIB
the Androscoggin, 30 m. W. Wiscasset. Pop,
1,549. Also a p.t. Niagara Co. N. Y. on Niagara
river opposite Queenstown, at the head of ship
navigation from Lake Ontario. Pop. 1^28. p.t
Montgomery Co. Missouri.
Leteistown, p.t. Sussex Co. Del. on Delaware
Bay, 3 m. within Cape Henlopen. This town
was bombarded by the British fleet during the late
war, but without any effect. Salt is made here
by solar evaporation. Also a p. v. Mifflin Co. Pa.
on the Juniata, 55 m. N. W. Harrisburg.
Letcisville, p. v. Brunswick Co. Va. 70 m. S.
Richmond, p.v. Chester Dis. S. C. 72 m. N.
Columbia, p.v. Blount Co. Tenn. 176 m. E.
Murfreesborough.
Lexington, p.t. Middlesex Co. Mass. 11 m. N
W. Boston. Pop. 1,541. This town will be ever
memorable in American history, as the spot where
the first blood was shed in the revolutionary con
flict. This took place on the 19th April 1775. A
monument has been erected on the green at Lex-
ington in commemoration of the event.
Lexington, a town of Kentucky, chief of Fay
ette county, and formerly the capital of the state
It has six edifices for public worship, a university,
and a court-house. The trade is considerable, and
the manufactures numerous and flourishing. Pop.
6,104. Near this town are to be seen curious
sepulchres, full of human skeletons, which are
fabricated in a method totally different from that
now practised by the Indians. In the neighbour-
hood are the remains of two ancient fortifications,
with ditches and bastions ; one containing about
six acres of land, and the other nearly three.
Pieces of earthen vessels, a manufacture with
which the Indians were never acquainted, have
also been ploughed up near Lexington. These,
with the fbrtifications and the sepulchres, have
been urged as an argument that this country was
formerly inhabited by a people farther advanced
in the arts of life than the present Indians. Lex-
ington stands in a fine tract of country, on the
head waters of Elkhorn River, 24 m. E. S. E. of
Frankfort, the present capital. Long. 84. 55. W.
lat. 38. 15. N. Transylvania University at this
place was founded in 1798. It has 6 instructers
and 93 students Its libraries have 3,850 volumes.
It has 2 vacations in spring and autumn. Com-
mencement is in September.
Lexington, p.t. Greene, Co. N. Y. Pop. 2,248.
p.t. Henderson Co. Tenn., Rowan, Co. N. C, Og-
lethorpe Co. Greo., Erie Co. Pa., Richland and
Stark, Co, Ohio. Scott Cos. Indiana and Boone
Co. Missouri.
Lexington, a town of Virginia, chief of Rock-
bridge county, situate near the N. branch of
James River, 150 m. W. by N. of Richmond.
Washington College at this place was founded in
1812. It has 23 students ; the library is small. It
has 2 vacations in autumn and winter. Com-
mencement is in April.
Lexintrton. a District of South Carolina. Pop.
9,076.
Leyden, a city of the Netherlands, in S. Hol-
land, seated on the ancient bed of the Rhine,
which here almost expires in a number of small
channels. It is famous for the long siege it sus-
tained in 1574, against the Spaniaids, during
which 6,000 of the inhabitants died of famine and
pestilence. In honour of this siege a university
was founded in 1575, celebrated for its colleges,
botanical garden, anatomical theatre, astronomical
observatory, cabinet of natural history, and valua-
ble library : in 1807 it was almost destroved by
the blowing up of a vessel loaded with gunpow-
der. The principal church is a superb structure,
and the old castle, town-house, custom-house
and house for orphans, deserve notice. Here arc
excellent manufactures of soap and indigo ; and
the vicinity produces the best Dutch butter and
cheese. It stands on 50 islands, and has 145
bridges, the greatest part built of freestone. ' The
inhabitants are estimated at 50,000. Leyden is 4
m. E. of the German Ocean, and 20 S. W. of
Amsterdam. Long. 4. 28. E., lat. 52. 8. N.
Leyde.n, a town of Franklin Co. Mass. 117 m.
N. W. Boston. Pop. 796. Also a p.t. Lewis Co.
N. Y. 33 m. N. Utica. Pop. 1,502.
Leypa, a town of Bohemia, in tlie circle of Leut-
meritz, seated on the Pubietz, 23 m. E. N. E. of
Leutmeritz.
Leyta, one of the Philipoines, aboat 40 leagues
in length, and 95 in circumference. Its soil on
the E. side, is very fertile : but the high moun-
tains that interseet it from E. to W. occasion so
great an alteration in the climate, thai, when
the inhabitants of one part of the island reap, the
others sow , and they have two plentiful harvests
in the year, to which the rivers descending from
the mountains not a little contribute. The isl-
and contains 9,000 inhabitants, who pay tribute
in rice, wax, &c. Long. 124. 40. E., lat. 10. 50.
N.
Liam-po. See Mittg-po.
Libanus, or Lebanon, a. lofty mountain of Syria,
extending from the vicinity of Tripoli to the bor-
ders of Palestine, about 30 or 40 m. from the sea.
Its height is very considerable, the summit is cov-
ered with snow a great part of the year. Few
specimens now remain of those magnificent ce-
dars for which it was once so celebrated. Near
Damascus there are immense caverns, one of
which can contain 4,000 men. To the E. is a
parallel chain called Antilibanus.
Libatta, a town of Guinea, in the country ef
Gabon, seated near the mouth of a river of the
same name, 120 m. N. W. of Sette. Long. 8. 54.
E.,lat. 0. 58 S.
Libau, a town of Courland, on the Baltic, with
a harbour for small ships. The chief articles of
commere are hemp and linseed. It is seated on
a peninsula, 50 m . N. of Memel, and 80 W. of
Mittau. Long. 21. 25. E., lat. 56. 30. N.
Liberia, a district on the coast of Africa so nam-
ed from its being colonized by liberated captives
and free people of colour. Under the auspices of
a colonization society, in America, the first set-
tlers proceeded to Africa in 1822. Cape Mesu-
rado, in lat. 6. 18. N., was purchased of the na-
tives ; the plan of a town, afterwards called Mon-
rovia, was formed ; and as fresh emigrants arriv-
ed they purchased additional tracts of country.
The greater part of the early settlers from Amer-
ica were men of eminent piety, and their just,
humane, and benevolent policy, has given them
an uncommon influence over the native tribes.
In 1827 this sable community had risen complete-
ly above the pressure of urgent necessities. Mon-
rovia was rapidly improving in accommodations
and increasing in magnitude, and several fresh
towns were already springing up. The soil is
extremely fertile : the natives of the country,
without tools, without skill, and with little labour,
raising more grain and vegetables than they can
consume and often more than they can sell.
Cattle, swii:<», fowls, ducks, goats, and sheep,
thrive without feeding, and require no other care
than to keep them .rom straving. Cotton, coffee,
2P
LIT
446
UE
indigo, and sugar-cane, are all the spontaneous
growth of tlie forests, and may be cultivated at
pleasure, to any extent, by such as are disposed.
The same may be said of rice, Indian corn, Gui-
nea corn, millet, and too many species of fruits
and vegetables to be enumerated. Add to all
this that winter is here unknown, the hills and
plaints are covered with perpetual verdure, and
nature is constantly pouring her treasures, all the
year round, into the laps of the industrious. The
trade and commerce extend to the coast, to the
interior parts of the continent, and to foreign
vessels, and is already valuable and fast increa-
sing. The chief exports are rice, palm oil, ivory,
tortoise shell, dyewoods, gold, hides, wax, and a
small amount of coffee. The imports consist of
the products and manufactures of the four quar-
ters of the world. The harbour is seldom clear
of European and American shipping; and the
bustle and thronging of the streets show some-
thing already of the activity of the smaller sea-
ports of the United States. Mechanics of nearly
every trade are carrying on their various occupa-
tions, and not a child or youth in the colony but
is provided with an appropriate school. The
most recent accounts from Liberia are exceeding-
ly encouraging as to tlie health, commerce, and
prosperity of the colony. Fresh emigrants are
constantly arriving, who are immediately suppli-
ed with employment, or if sick, removed to a
spacious Infirmary. The piety of the first settlers
has continued to spread, and the standard of mor-
als consequently remains high. The Sabbath is
carefully regarded, and Sunday schools have
been established for the bensfit of the native
children. The cheerful abodes of civilization and
happiness — the flourishing settlements — the sound
of Christian instruction, and scenes of Christian
worship, which are heard and seen in this land of
brooding pagan darkness — a thousand contented
freemen, united in founding a new Christian
empire, happy themselves, and the instrument of
happiness to others — while they refresh the hearts
cannot fail to encourage the brightest anticipa-
tions of Christian Philanthropists.
[Jherf.y, a county in the E. part of Georgia, with
7,2.34 inhabitants ; the chief town is Ricebr)rough.
Liberty, a township of Sullivan Co. JS. Y. on
the Delaware. Pop. 1 ,277. Also towns and vil-
lage in Adams and Tioga Cos. Pa., Bedford Co.
Va., Trumbull, Delaware, Fairfield, Highland
Clinton, Crawford, Butler, Jefl^erson and Mont-
gomery Cos. Ohio, Union Co. Indiana, Casey Co.
Ken., Marion and Smith Cos Ten., and Amite Co.
Mississippi.
Liberty Hall, p. v. Pittsylvania Co. Va ., Pendle-
ton Dis. S. C. and Morgan Co. Geo.
Liberty Hill, p. v. Kershaw Dis. S. C. and
Green Co. Alab.
Libertytotcn, p. v. Frederick Co. Maryland.
Liberthen, a town of Hungary, with rich mines
of copper and iron, and productive springs of
blue vitriol. 122 m. E. by N. of Vienna.
Liboncro, a town of Africa, on the Lufuna, near
the sea, 50 m. S. S. W.ofBombi.
Libourne, a town of France, department of Gi-
ronde, with manufactures of light woolen stuffs,
and a trade in wine and brandy It is seated at
the conflux of the Iller with the Dordogne, 20 m.
K. N. E. of Bordeaux.
LiihficUl. See Litchfield.
Litchstcl.l, or Litchstollcn, a town of Switzerland,
m the canton of Basel, seated on the Ergetz, 7ni.
S E. of Basel
Lichtenau, a town of Germany, in Hesse-Caa-
sel, 15 m. S. E. of Cassel.
Lichtenau, a town of Franconia, in the territory
of Nuremberg, with a fortress on the Bezel, 6 in.
E. of Anspacn.
Lichtenberg, a town of Franconia, in the prin-
cipality of Bayreuth. In the neighbourhood are
medicinal springs, quarries of marble, and mines
of copper and iron. It is seated on the Selbnitz,
18 m. N.E. ofCulmbach.
LiclUcvfels, a town of Bavarian Franconia, with
a trade in timber ; seated on the Maine, 15 m. N.
E. of Bamberg.
Lichtenstein, a town of the Swiss canton of St
Gall, seated on the Thur, 27 m. E. S. E. of Zurich
Long. 9. 5. E., lat. 47. 16. N.
Lischtenstcin, a town of Saxony, in the circle of
Erzgebirge, with a castle on a mountain, 6 m. N. E.
of Zwickau.
Lichtenvord, a town of the Netherlands, in
Guelderland, 42 m. S. of Leipzig.
Lick, a township of Jackson Co. Ohio, so nam-
ed from the number of salt licks within its limits.
Licking, a branch of the Ohio, falling into that
river opposite Cincinnati.
Licking, a county of Ohio. Pop. 20,864. New-
ark is the capital. Also towns in Licking and
Muskingum Cos. Ohio.
Lickville, p.v. Greenville Dis. S. C.
Licola, a lake of Naples, formerly famous for
excellent fish ; but, in 1538, an earthquake hap-
pened, which changed one part of it into a moun-
tain of ashes, and the other into a morass. It was
anciently known by the name Lucrino, or the Lu-
crine Lake.
Liconia, a village of Harrison Co. Indiana.
Lida, a town and castle of Lithuania, in the
fovernment of Grodno, 56 m. S. of Wilna. Long.
5. 34. E.,lat. 53.50. N.
Liddel, a river of Scotland, in Roxburghshire,
and the only one in the county that flows south-
ward. It forms the boundary with England for 5
m., till it enters the Esk, from Dumfries-shire, 3
m. above Longtown in Cumberland.
Lidford, a village in Devonshire, Eng. formerly
a borougii, with a castle. It is seated on the riv-
er Lid, at the edge of Dartmoor Forest. 7 m. N.
of Tavistock.
Lidkoping, a town of Sweden, in W, Gothland,
on the S. side of the lake Wenner, at the mouth
of the Lida, 80 m. N. E. of Gotheburgh.
Licbenwald, a town of Prussia, in Brandenburg,
near which commences the Finow Canal, that
unites the rivers Oder, Finow, and Havel. It is
seated on tlie Havel, 25 m. N. of Berlin.
Libcnwerda, a town of Prussian Saxony, with
a castle, seated on the Elster, 38 m. N. N. W. of
Dresden.
Liebenzell, a town of Wurtemberg, near which
is the bath of Zell. It is seated on the Nagold,
17 m. W. by N. of Stuttgard.
Lieberose, a town of Lusatia, with a castle,
seated on the Spreewald, 20 m. W. of Guben.
Liebstadt, a town of W. Prussia, with a castle,
45 m. S. S. E. of Marienburg.
Liege, a province of the Netherlands, bounded
by the grand duchy of Luxemburg, the Belgic
provinces of Namur, S. Brabant, and Limburg,
and the Prussian province of the Lower Riiine.
It is fertile in corn and fruits and contains mines
of iron, lead, and coal, besides quarries of
marble.
Liege, a large, ancient, and strong city or" the
Netherlands, capital of the above province. Her©
LIG
447
I.1M
the river Meuse is divided into three branches,
which after passing through the city, under sev-
eral bridges, unite again. Liege is 4 m. in
circumference, and has 16 gates : it has also 10
large suburbs, in which and the city there were
formerly a great number of churches and religious
houses, part of which are suppressed. The mag-
nificent cathedral contains many relics ; and tlie
other public structures are the castle, the council-
house, the hotel de ville, and the arsenal. There
are manufactures of arms, clock-work, nails, cloth,
leather, glass, «fcc., and a brisk trade. In 1792
the French took the city ; they were driven
thence in 1793, but entered it awain in 1794 ; and
it was afterwards annexed to France. In 1814,
however, Liege, with its district, was delivered
up to the allied forces. It is GO m. W. S. W. of
Cologne. Long. 5. 35. E., lat. 50. 38. N.
Lieffnltz. See Lignitz.
Lien-tclieou, a city of China, of the first rank, in
the province of Quang-tong. Its territories bor-
der on the kingdom of Tonquin, from which it is
separated by inaccessible mountains. It is seated
on the Lien-kiang, which forms a convenient
harbour for Chinese barks, 325 ni. W. S. W. of
Canton. Long. 108. 40. E., lat. 21. 40. N.
Liere, a town of the Netherlands, in the pro-
vince of Antwerp, with manufactures of woolen
and cotton, besides extensive breweries and dis-
tilleries, and a trade in cattle. It is seated at the
junction of the Great and Little Nethe, 10 m. S.
E. of Antwerp.
Liesse, a town of France, department of Aisne,
famous for an image of the Virgin, to which a
great number of pilgrims used to resort. 7 m. E.
of Laon.
Liffeij, a river of Ireland, which rises in the
county of Wicklow, runs W. into Kildare, where
it has a cataract near Leixslip, and then turning
N. E. passes through the county and city of Dub-
lin, below which it enters the Irish Sea.
Lifford, a borough of Ireland, in the county of
Donegal, situate on the Foyle, 11 m. S- S. W. of
Donegal.
Ligne,A town of the Netherlands, in Hainault,
on the river Dender, 15 m. N. W. of Mons.
LigneroUes, a town of France, department of
AUier, 4 m. S. of Montluoon.
Lignieres, a town of France, department of
Cher, with a collegiate church and a castle, 24
m. S. of Bourges.
■Lignitz, or Leignitz, a government of Prussian
Silesia, including the former principalities of
Glogau, Sagan, Lignitz, Karolath, with part of
those of Jauer and Upper Lusatia. It is divided
into the circles of Lowenburg, Bunzlau, Gold-
berg, Lignitz, Luben, Glogau, Sprottau, Sagan,
Friestadt, Grunburg, Gorlitz, Rothenburg, and
Lauban. The climate is mild, and the soil in ma-
ny places fertile : it is neccessary, however to im-
port corn.
Lignitz, an ancient town of Prussian Silesia,
and capital of the government of the same name,
with a considerable trade in cloth and madder. It
is surrounded by an earthen mound, and has four
gates, but is not fortified. The old palace of the
princes, though within the town is surrounded with
a distinct moat and high wall. The other remark-
able objects are the castle, the council house, the
two Lutheran churches, the Catholic church of
St. John, and the superb chapel where the dukes
of Lignitz and Brieg were buried. Here is also
an academy founded by Joseph I., for the educa-
tion of the sons of Silesian gentlemen, whether
Protestants or Catholics. It is seated at the con flu
ence of the Katzbach. and the Schwarf.zwassar,
30 m. W by N. of Breslau, and 1 10 N. E. of
Prague. Long. 16 12. E., lat. 51. 12. N.
Ligny, a village of the Netherlands, in the prov-
ince of Naraur, celebrated for a sanguinary en-
gagement between the French and Prussians, on
16th of June, 1815, which was the prelude to the
battle of Waterh)o, 3 m. N. E. of Fleurus, and 11
W. N. VV. of Namur.
Ligny, a town of France, department of Meuse,
with a castle, and a collegiate church. Tlie in-
habitants are estimated at about 3,000. It is seat-
ed on the Orney, 9 m. S. E. of Bar le due.
Ligonia, villages in Somerset Co. Me. and
Westmoreland C> Pa.
Ligonta, a village iii Amelia Co. Va.
Ligore, a town of the Malay peninsula, sub-
ject to Siam, situate on a river of the same name.
Long. 100. 35. E., lat. 8. 18. N.
Ligueil, a town of France, department of
Indre-et-Loire. 21 m. S. of Tours.
Lilians, a town of France, department of Somme^
18 m. E. of Amiens.
Lilienthal,a. town of Saxony, on the river Warp,
10 m. N.N. E.of Bremen.
Lille. See Lisle.
Lillers, a town of France, department of Pas de
Calais, seated on the Navez, 17 m. N. W. of Arras.
LiVZo, a fortof tlie Netherlands, in Brabant, on the
N. side of the Scheldt, 9 m. N. N. W. of Antwerp.
Lilley Point, a village of King William Co. Va.
Lima, a province of Peru ; bounded N. by Trux-
illo, E. by the Andes, S. by Arequipa, and W. by
the Pacific Ocean.
Lima, the capital of Peru, and an archbishop's
see with a university. This city was founded in
1534, by Pizarro, who gave it the name of Ciu-
dad de los Reyes, or City of the Kings. This
Spanish name it retains in all legal deeds, but is
better known to foreigners by tiiat of Lima. It
is 4 m. long and 2 broad, and surrounded by brick
walls, with ramparts and bastions. The streets
are handsome and straight : the houses are gen-
erally only of one story high, in consequence of
the earthquakes. They have flat roofs, and trees
round them to keep off the sun. The river forms
canals in the streets, which run to most of the
houses, and serve to water the gardens, &Ai. The
churches and convents are extremely rich ; and
many images of the saints are of gold, adorned
with jewels. Here are the courts of the viceroy
and the archbishop, the royal mint, and the court
of the municipal body. All the provinces remit
their product and manufactures to Lima, and are
supplied hence with the neccessary commodities.
The inhabitants, estimated at 50,000, are rich,
fond of dress and splendid retinues, and extreme-
ly superstitious. Lima is 90 m. from the Cordil-
leras, end 850 S. by E. of Quito. Callao is its
port. Long. 76. 49. W., lat. 12. 1. S.
Lima, p.t. Livingston Co. N. Y. 16 m. W. Ca
nandaigua. Pop. 1,764.
Limale, a town of the Netherlands, in Bradani,
seated on the Dyle, 13 m. S. E. of Brussels.
Limatady. See JVewton Limavady.
Limhurg, a province of the Netherlands, bound
ed by Prussia and the provinces of S. and N.
Brabant, Liege, and Antwerp. It contains an
area of 1 ,500 sq. m. with 290,000 inhabitants. It
has good arable ground, and abounds in a fine
breed of cattle and contains mines of iron and lead .
Limburg, a town of the Netherlands, capital of
the province of that name, with a castle built of
UM
449
LIN
marble. Here is a manufacture of woolen cloths,
and it is famous for excellent cheese. In the
neighbourhood are quarries of different kinds of
marble, and good mines of calamine coal. Lim-
burg was taken by the French in 1793 ; but in
1814 tliey delivered it up to the allies. It is seat-
ed on a mountain near the river Weze, 20 m. E.
of Liege. Long. 6. 3. E., lat. 50. 23. N.
Linilurff, a town of Germany, in the duchy of
Nassau, with a fine cathedral. The Austrians
defeated the French on the heights near this
place in 1766. It is seated on the Lahn, 26 m.
N. W. of Frankfort.
Lime, a town in Dorsetshire. See Lyme Regis.
Limekilns, a town of Scotland, in Fifeshire, on
the coast of the Forth. It is famous for great
lime-works, has a good tide harbour for small
vessels, and is 4 m. S. W. of Dumfermline.
Limerick, a county of Ireland, in the province
of Munster, bounded on the N. by the river
Shannon, which separates it from the county of
Clare, W. by Kerry, S. by Cork, and E. by Tip-
perary. It is 50 English m. long, from £. to W.,
and 32 broad from N. to S., and contains an area
of 970 square m. with 218,432 inhabitants, ex-
clusive of the city of Limerick. It is divided into
10 baronies, and 125 parishes, and sends two
members to parliament. The principal rivers are
the Deel, Maig, Comogue, Feale, Gal, and Black-
water, besides the noble river Shannon, which
may rather be said to flow by the county. The
surface of the county is tolerably level, but shel-
tered on the S. E. by a range of mountains called
the Galteas ; and the fertility of the soil is prover-
bial. To the N. of the Galteas lies the tract of
land denominated «for its fertility the Golden
Vein, and on the banks of the Shannon lie the
carlaghs, or swamps, on which a quantity of man-
ure is annually deposited by the overflowing of
the river.
Limerick, a city of Ireland capital of the above
county, and generally considered the metropolis
of the province of Munster. It was formerly well
fortified, and reckoned the second city in the
kingdom, but has long since yielded that rank to
Cork. Limerick is a county of itself, and a
bishop's see, and is divided into the Irish and
English town, the latter being built on an island
of the Shannon called King's Island. The inhab-
itants are estimated at upwards of 40,000, and it
has a market on Wednesday and Saturday. The
linen, woolen, and paper manufact-ures are carried
on to a great extent ; and the export of provisions
is considerable. Besides the cathedral aad other
churches, it has a modern episcopal palace, many
hospitals, and other handsome public structures.
King William was obliged to raise the siege of
this city in 1690; but in 1691, the garrison sur-
rendered on a very honorable capitulation. It is 40
m. S. S. E. of Galway,and 94 W. S. W. of Dublin.
Limerick, p.t. York Co. Me. Pop. 1,426 ; p. v.
Jefferson Co. N. Y. and a township of Montgom-
ery Co. Pa. 25 m. W. Philadelphia.
Limestone, a county of Alabama, on Tennessee
river. Pop. 14,843. Atliens is the capital.
LimitKTton, p.t. York Co. Me. on the Saco, 22 m.
W. Portland. Pop. 2,320.
Limmut, a river of Switzerland, formed by the
junction of the Mat and the Linth, the former
issuing from the N. W. extremity of the lake
Wallenstadt, and the latter flowing from the S.
The Limmat flows N. W., passes through the
lake of Zurich, and unites with the Aar below
Baden
Limne, or Limpne, a village in Kent. Eng. near it
are the remains of a fortress called Stutfall Castle.
It was formerly a port, but is now 2 m. from the
sea. The Roman road from Canterbury, callea
Stanes Street, ended' here. 3 m. S. W.ofHithe,
and 64 S. E. of London.
Limoges, an ancient town of France, depart
ment of Upper Vienne. It is a trading place, and
the inhabitants are estimated at 20,000. It is
seated on the Vienne, 110 m. E. of Bordeaux.
Long. 1. 20. E., lat. 45. 50. N.
Limosin, or Limousin, a late province of France,
divided into the Upper and Lower Limosin, the
former of which is cold and hilly, but the latter
is temperate and fertile. It contains mines of
lead, copper, tin, and iron, and now forms the
departments of Upper Vienne and Correze.
Limoux, a town of France, department of
Aude, with manufactures of woolen, leather, and
soap. It is seated on the Aude, 50 m. S. £. of
Toulouse.
Lincoln, a city and the capital of Lincolnshire,
Eng. It is situate on the river Witham, is divi-
ded into Upper and Lower Town, and has two
suburbs. Formerly it contained 52 churches, now
reduced to 15. It is a bishop's see, and the dio-
cese, though much reduced, is still the largest in
England. The cathedral stands on the brow of
the hill, and is admired for its rich and light arch-
itecture. The great bell of the cathedral, called
Tom of Lincoln, required 15 able men to ring it,
but has been forbidden to be used, in consequence
of the decay of the tower in which it hangs.
Here are several meeting-houses for different de-
nominations of dissenters, a catholic chapel, a
national school erected in 1814, and several other
schools and charitable institutions. Of the castle,
built by William I., few vestiges remain, but the
ruins of religious houses are so numerous that
the very barns, stables, &c., are built with arch-
ed doors and windows. Newport Gate, on the N.
side of the city still remains, and is one of the
noblest remnants of Roman architecture left in
Britain. Lincoln js a county of itself, governed
by a mayor. The chief trade is in coal, brought
by the Trent and Fossdike ; and oats and wool,
which are sent by the Witham. Here is a small
manufacture of camlets. It is 32 m. N. E. of
Nottingham, and 131 N. by W. of London. Long.
0. 25. W., lat. 15. 53. N.
Lincoln, a county of Maine, on the Kennebec,
and washed by the ocean. Pop. 57,181. Wis-
cassetis tlie capital ; a county of N. Carolina on
the Catawba. Pop. 22,625. Lincolnton is the cap
ital ; a county of Georgia, on the Savannah. Pop.
6,137. Lincolnton is the capital ; a county of
Kentucky on Green river. Pop. 11,012. Stanford
is the capital ; a county of W. Tennessee, on
Elk river. Pop. 22,086. Fayetteville is the capi-
tal ; a countyof Missouri on the Mississippi. Pop
4,000. Troy is the capital.
Lincoln, a township of Grafton Co. N. H. Pop.
50; a township of Addison Co. Vt. Pop. 639; a
town in Middlesex Co. Mass. Pop. 709 ; and a
town in Mercer Co. Ken.
Lincolnshire, a large maritime county of Eng-
land, bounded on the N. by the Humber, which
divides it from Yorkshire. It contains 2,888 sq.
m., is divided into 30 hundreds, and 630 parishes ;
has one city, and 31 market towns ; and sends 12
members to parliament. The coast is flat, and
at low water may be seen the submarine relics of a
forest, which is a great natural curiosity. The
principal rivers are the Humber, Trent, Witham,
LIN
449
LIP
Welland, and Ancholm. This country is divided
into three districts, called Holland, Kesteven, and
Lindsey, The air is various. The soil, in many
places, is very rich, the inland part producing corn
m great plenty, and the fens coleseed, and very
rich pastures ; whence their breed of cattle is larger
than that of any other county of England, except
Somersetshire • their horses are also excellent,
and very large ; their sheep are not only of the
largest breed, but are clothed with a long thick
wool, peculiarly fitted for the worsted and coarse
woolen manufactures, and many of the unimprov-
ed fens are devoted to the rearing of geese, the
quills and feathers of which are sent in immense
quantities to the London and other markets. In
the N. W. part, the rivers Trent, Dune, and Idle,
form an island, called ^Axholm, which is a rich
tract, and produces much flax. To the N. E. is
a large tract ofheathy land, called the Wolds,
in which great flocks of sheep are bred. The
southern portion is for the most part enclosed
and well inhabited. Lincolnshire has no consid-
erable manufactures, and its trade is almost con-
fined to the exchange of its produce for manufac-
tured and grocery goods, and other consumable
commodities.
Lincolnton, towns in Lincoln Co. N. C. and
Lincoln Co. Geo.
Lindau, a town of Bavaria, with a castle and
wall, deemed to be Roman works. The French
took possession of this city in 1796 ; and it became
subject to Bavaria in 1805. It is a trading place,
seated on an island of the lake of Constance, join-
ed to the mainland by a long bridge, 25 m. E. S.
E. of Constance, and 75 S. W. of Augsburg.
Long. 9. 41. E., iat. 47. 32.N.
Limlau, a town and castle of Germany, in the
principality of Anhalt-Kothen, 5 m. N. of
Zerbst.
Lindeness. See Naze.
Linden, p. v. Marengo Co. Alabama.
Linde.nfels, a town or Germany, in Hesse-Darra-
stadt, 22 m. N. N. E. of Manheim.
Lindlcyslotcn, p. v. Steuben Co. N. Y
Lindisfarne. See Holy Island.
Liagf.n, a county of Germany, in Westphalia,
divided into Upper and Lower, and partly belong-
ing to Prussia, and partly to Hanover.
Lingen, a town of Hanover, with an excellent
Calvinist academy. A little to the N. of it is a
passaore over the Elbe, called the Lingen Ferry.
It is "seated on the Elbe. 40 ra. N. N. W. of
Munster.
Ltn-keang, a citv of China, of the first rank,
in the province of kiang-si. It is thinly inhabit-
ed ; but it is of some note, on account of one of
its villages being the general mart for all the
drugs sold in the empire. It is seated on the
Yu-ho, 410 m. N. by E. of Canton. Long 115.
0. E., Iat. 27. 58. N.
Linkioping, a government of Sweden, corres-
f»onding nearly to the old province of East Goth-
and. It lies along the Baltic, and contains 3,280
sq. m. with 160,000 inhabitants.
Linkioping, a town of Sweden, capital of the
foregoing government, and a bishop's see. It is
defended by a castle, and stands on the river
Stoeng, near the lake Roxen, 112 m. S. W. of
Stockholm.
Lintithgmr), a borough of Scotland, capital of
Linlithgowshire, seated on a rising ground, over-
looking a lake at its E. end. It has manufactures
of leather, and m the neighbourhood are an ex-
tensive printfield, bleachfield, and two distille-
57
ries. Here the kings of Scotland had one of their
noblest palaces, now in ruins; but the room is
still shown in which queen Mary was born. Lin-
lithgow is 17 m. W. of Edinburgh. Long. 3. 33.
W., Iat. 56. 0. N.
Linlithgowshire, or IVest Lothian, a county of
Scotland, 20 m. long and 12 broad; bounded on the
N. by the frith of Forth, S. E. by Edinburghshire,
S. W. by Lanarkshire, and N. W. by Stirling-
shire. It is divided into 13 parishes, and con-
tains about 20,000 inhabitants. The surface is
finely diversified with hill and dale : it is fertile
in corn and pasture, and produces coal, iron, lime-
stone, and lead. The chief rivers are the Avon,
and Amond.
Linnhe, Loch, an arm of the sea, on the W. coast
of Scotland, which separates the counties of
Argyle and Inverness. It extends in a N. E. di-
rection from the sound of Mull to Fort William,
where it takes a northerly direction, and acquires
the name of Loch Eil. Another branch, in a south-
easterly direction, is called Loch Leven. This
lake is bounded on each side by lofty mountains.
The island of Lismore lies at its entrance, and in
it are interspersed several smaller ones.
Linnich, a town of the Prussian states, in the
duchy of juliers; seated on the river Roer, 5 m.
N. N. W. of Juliers.
Lin-tchein, a city of China, of the second rank,
in the province of Chan-tong, seated on the great
canal. Here is an octagonal tower, divided into
eight stories, the walls of which are covered on
the outside with porcelain. 187 m. S. of Pekin.
Linton, a town in Cambridgeshire, Eng. seated
on the river Granton, 10 m. B. E. of Cambridge
and 40 N. by E. of London.
Lintz, the capital of Upper Austria, and a bish-
op's see, has two castles, and considerable woolen
manufactures. The French became masters of it
in 1741 and again in 1800. It is seated on the
right bank of the Danube, over which is a wooden
bridge, 96 m. W. of Vienna. Long. 14. 16. E.,
Iat. 48. 21. N.
Lintz, a town and citadel of the Prussian states,
in the late electorate of Cologne, seated on the
Rhine, 23 m. S. S. E. of Cologne.
Lions, Gulf of, in the Mediterranean, lying along
the French coast between Spain and Italy. It
was named thus from the furious storms to which
it is subject, yet is commonly incorrectly written
Lyons, as if called after the city of that name
which is nearly 200 m. inland.
Lipari Islands, a cluster of islands in the Med-
iterranean, lying to the N. of Sicily, to which
they politically belong. They are all of volcanic
origin, were feigned to be the residence of ^Eolua
ana Vulcan, and formerly called iEolian Islands.
They are 12 in number; and nearly as follows,
in the order of their size : Lipari, Stromboli, Vol-
cano, Salini, Felicuda, Alicuda, Panaria, Volcan-
ello, Vacheluse, Lisca, Dattolo, and Tila Navi.
They produce great quantities of alum, sulphur,
nitre, cinnabar, and most kinds of fruits, particu-
larly raisins, currants, and figs. Some of their
wines are much esteemed, particularly the Mal-
vasia.
Lipari, the largest and most fertile of the Lipari
islands, about 15 m. in circumference. It has not
suffered from subterraneous fires for ages past
though it every where bears the marks of its for-
mer volcanic state. It abounds with the currant
grape ; cotton also grows here ; and great quanti-
ties of pumice are exported. It has a town of
the same nama, which is a bishop s sec, and stands
2p3
LIS
450
LIS
on the S. E. side of the island, 26 m. N. N. E. of
Patti, in Sicily. Long. 15. 30. E., lat. 38. a5. N.
LipnOy a town of Poland, in the palatinate of
Ploczko, 33 m. N. N. W. of Ploczko.
Lipourec, a town of Poland, in the palatinate oi
Cracow, 22 m. W. of Cracow.
Lippe, a river of Westphalia, which flows W.
hy Paderborn, Lippstadt, Ham, and Dorsten, and
joins the Rhine above Wesel.
Lippe- Detrnold, a principality of Germany, in
Westphalia, bounded by the Prussian stales and
Hanover, and containing an area of 430 square
ni. with 73,000 inhabitants. It is mountainous
almost throughout, and contains large forests ot
oak and beech.
Lippsprin<r, a town of Prussian Westphalia,
near the source of the Lippe, 6 m. N. of Pader-
born.
Lippstadt, a strong town of Westphalia, with a
good trade in timber. It stands on the river Lip-
pe, 18 ni. W. of Paderborn. Long. 8. 28. E., lat.
51.41.N
Lique, a town of France, department of Pas de
Calais, 12 m. W. of St. Omer.
Liqueo, Liquieux, or Likeo Islands. See Loo-
koo.
Lirta, a town of Spain, in tne province of Val-
encia, the Edera of the Carthagenians, and the
Edeta of the Romans. It has manufactures of
linen, soap, and earthenware ; also brandy distil-
leries. 20 m. N. N. W. of Valencia.
Lis, a river of Asiatic Russia, which rises in a
lake of the same name, and falls into the Yenisei.
Long. 90. 14. E., lat. 62. 20. N.
Lis, a river which rises in France, in the de-
partment of Pas de Calais, flows by Aire, St. Ve-
nant, and Armentieres, into Flanders, where it
passes by Menin, Courtray, and Deynse, and
joins the Scheldt at Ghent
Lisbon, the capital of Portugal, and the see ol
a patriarch and an archbishop, with a university.
It is seated on the N. side of the Tagus, 10 m.
from its mouth, and built in the form of an am-
phitheatre, on seven hills, not broad, but six m.
in length. The city is walled round, and it has
so increased by degrees, particularly towards the
W., that the old walls now divide the two dio-
ceses ; the E. pi4rt under the archbishop, and the
W. under the patriarch. The harbour, which is
caj>able of containing 1,000 ships in the greatest
sai'ety, is defended by two forts; and before the
entrance to the city is the fort of Belem. Near
this is a grand aqueduct, between two hills, which
coaveys water to a great reservoir at one of the
extremities of Lisbon. In the middle of the city,
on one of the hills, is a citadel, which commands
the whole place. The cathedral, on another emi-
nence, is ancient and gloomy ; but the riches of
the Portuguese have rendered it magnificent.
The royal palace, which fronts the river, is large
and magnificent, and contains a library, collected
iit vast expense by John V. Lisbon was almost
destroyed by an earthquake in 1755, but has been
handsomely rebuilt. It contains many beautiful
edifices, 40 parish churches, 99 chapels, 75 con-
vents of both sexes, and about 200,000 inhabitants.
There are public walks, two theatres, and a circus
for the bull-fights. The manufactures are in a
backward state, but the trade is very considerable,
and many foreign merchants, both catholic and
protestant, reside here ; this city being the grand
magazine of all goods brought from Brazil, and
the colonies belonging to Portugal. In December
1807 it was entered by the French, who retained
^
possession till August 1808, when they evacuated
it after the battle of Vimeira, in which they were
defeated by the British. The inhabitants of Lis-
bon are described as superstitious, vindictive, and
meanly acquiescing under power. In the early
part of the revolution they made a noble stand
for freedom, but have since submitted without
resistance to the usurper Don Miguel. See Por-
tugal. 178 m. W. bv N. of Seville, and 255 S.-
by W. of Madrid. Long. 9. 5. W., lat. 38. 42. N.
Lisbon, p.t. Lincoln Co. Me. on the Androscog-
in. Pop. 2,432. p.t. Crafton Co. N. H 80 m. N.
Concord. Pop. 1,585. p.t. New London Co.
Conn. 7 m. N. Norwich. Pop. 1,]6(). p.t. St
Lawrence, Co. N. Y. on the St. Lawrence, 3 m.
below Ogdensburg. Pop. 1,891. also a village of
Lincoln Co. Geo. on the Savannah.
Lishurn, p. v. Cumberland Co. Pa.
Lisburn, a town of Ireland, in the county of
Antrim, with manufactures of linen, cloth, mus-
lin, and cambric. It is seated on the Laggan, 8
m. S. W. of Belfast.
Lisca, or Lisca Bianca, one of the Lipari isl-
ands, 3 m. S. W. of Stroraboli. It is a small des-
ert spot.
Lislcux, a town of France, department of Calva-
dos. It has a good trade, particularly in linen
cloth, and is seated on the Touque, 12 m. from
the 8ea,and 40 S. W. of Rouen. Long. 0. 14. E.,
lat. 49. 9. N.
Lisle, a strong city of France, in the department
of Nord, and one of the most commercial towns
in France. The inhabitants are estimated at
60,000. Its citadel is supposed to be the strong-
est in Europe, next to that of Turin. The streets
and squares are adorned with noble buildings,
particularly the Great Square and the Little
Square ; and among the public structures are the
exchange, a magazine of vast extent, and a gene-
ral hospital. Tne manufactures are numerous,
comprising camlets, serges, cotton, linen, silk,
velvet, lace, &c. Lisle was taken by the allies
in 1708 ; but was restored by the treaty of Utrecht,
in 1713, in consideration of the demolition of the
fortifications of Dunkirk. In 1782 it sustained a
severe bombardment from the Austrians. It is
seated in a rich and marshy soil, on the Deule,
18 m. E. of Tournay, and 145 N. N. E. of Paris
Long. 3. 4. E., lat. 50. 38. N.
Lisle, p.t. Broome Co. N. Y. Pop. 4,393.
Lismore, one of the Hebrides of Scotland, at
the entrance of Loch Mull,on the coast of Argyle-
shire. It has a fertile island, 9 m. long and 2
broad, and was anciently the residence of the
bishop of Argyle.
Lismore, a borough of Ireland, in the county of
Waterford, and a bishop's see united to Water-
ford. The cathedral is spacious and handsome,
but the town is now a small place. It stands on
the Blackwater, 26 m. N. K. of Cork.
Lisonzo, a river of Austrian Italy, in Friuli,
which enters the gulf of Trieste.
Lissa, an island in the gulf of Venice, on the
coast of Austrian Dalmatia. Here is a fishery of
pilchards and anchovies, and it produces excellent
wine and abundance of oil and almonds. It is 56
m. W. of Ragusa. Long. 17. 0. E., lat. 42. 59.
N.
Lissa, a town of Prussian Poland, near the
borders of Silesia. In 1707 it was laid waste by
the Russians j but it has been rebuilt, with great
improvement, and carries on a great trade. It is
(55 m. W. of Kaliseh. Long. 16. 35. E , lat. 52. 0.
N
LIT
45t
LIV
Lissa, a village of Prussian Silesia, on the
Weistritz, 6 m. N. W. of Breslau, celebrated for
a victory gained by the Prussians over tlie Aus-
triaiis in 1757.
Litchfield, a city of Staffordshire, Eng. It is a
county of itself, and, united with Coventry, forms
an episcopal see. It has 3 parish churches, be-
sides the calliedral, which is a beautiful structure,
and walled in like a castle. Litchfield is the
birthplace of two celebrated contemporaries, Sam-
uel Johnson and David Garrick. The city is
governed by two bailiffs, &c., and sends 2 mem-
bers to parliament. It is seated on both sides of
a small river, which soon afterwards joins the
Treat, IG m. N. of Birmingham, and 119 N. W.
of London. Long. 1. 44. W.,lat. 52. 41. N.
LUclifield, a mountainous county of Connecti-
cut, bounded N. by Massachusetts, E. by Hartford
county, S. E. by New Haven county, S. W. by
Fairfield county, and W. by New York.
The soil is fertile, yielding large crops of wheat
and Indian corn, and affording fine pasture. Pop.
42,855.
Litchfield, the capital of the above county, sit-
uated in an elevated plain. It is a good agricul-
tura' town, and contains numerous mills and
manufacturing establishments. 8 m. N. N. W.
of New Haven. Pop. 4,458.
Litchfi^d, a township of Hillsborough Co. N. H.
Pop. 505 ; a township of Herkimer Co. N. Y. 10 m.
S. Utica. Pop. 1,750; p.t. Lincoln Co. Me. Pop.
2,308, also villages in Bradford Co. Pa. and Gray-
son Co. Ken.
Lithuania, the former name of an extensive
tract of country lying between Poland and Rus-
sia, now forming the three Russian governments
of Wilna, Grodno, and Minsk. It was divided
into Lithuania Proper and Samogitia; and in
15G!) was united to Poland, under one elective
king. It is a flat country, fertile in corn, and
produces honey, wood, pitch, and vast quantities
of wool ; also excellent little horses which are
never shod, their hoofs being very hard. There
are vast forests in which are bears, wolves, elks,
wild oxen, lynxes, beavers, wild cats, &c. ; and
eagles and vultures are very common.
Litiz, a village of Pennsylvania, in Lancaster
county, and a settlement of the Moravians, 66 m.
W. by N. of Philadelphia.
Litschau, a town and castle of Austria, on the
frontiers of Bohemia, 23 m. N. W. of Horn.
Li.'tau, a town of Moravia on the river March,
9 m. N. N. E. of Olmutz.
Little Britain, a township of Lancaster Co. Pa.
Little Compton, p.t. Newport Co. R. I. on the
eastern point of Narraganset Bay. Pop. 1,378.
Little Creek, a township of Sussex Co. Del.
Little E^g Harbour, a township of Burlington
Co. N. Y. lying upon the sea; with a harbour and
river of the same name, navigable for small craft.
Little Falls, a village of Herkimer Co. N. Y.
on the Mohawk, 8 m. below Herkimer.
Little Plymouth, p. v. King and Queen's Co. Va.
60 m. N. E. Richmond.
Little Rock, the capital of Arkansas Territory,
«o named by antiphrasis from the enormous mas-
ses of rock around it. The town stands on the
southern bank of Arkansas river, 120 m. from the
mouth of the stream. 400 m. S. W. St. Louis,
300 N. W. Natchez. Lat. 34. 17. N., and 1,068 m.
W. of Washington.
Littleton, p.t. Grafton Co. N. H. on the Con-
necticut. 75 m. N. Concord. Pop. 1,435. p.t.
Middlesex Co. Moss. 28 m. N. W. Boston. Pop.
947. p.v. Sussex Co. Va. 36 m. S. E. Rich
mond. •
Little Valley, a township of Cattaraugus Co. N.
y. Pop. 337.
Little York, p.v. Montgomery Co. Ohio. 77 m.
S. W. Columbus ; p.v. Harding Co. Ken. 90 m. S.
W. Frankfort.
Livadia, a province of Independent Greece, to
the north of the Morea, comprising Attica, Bceo-
tia, Phocis and Locris. The town of the same
name is situate E. of Mount Helicon. 50 m N. W.
Athens. Pop. 4,000.
Livenza, a river of Austrian Italy, which runs
on the confines of Trevisano and Friuli, and en-
ters the gulf of Venice between the mouth of the
Piava and the town of Caorlo.
Livermore, p.t. Oxford Co. Me. 18 m. N. E.
Paris. Pop. 2,456.
Liverpool, a city in Lancashire, Eng. with mar-
kets on Tuesday, Wednesday, and Saturday. Up
to the close of the seventeenth century it was a
very inconsiderable place, having only one
church, which was a chapel of ease to Walton, a
village 3 m. off. In 1669 an act was passed to
make it a distinct parish, and erect a new church.
Since this period it has been gradually advancing
in importance ; and, with respect to population
and commerce, it is become the second port in the
kingdom. It extends 3 m. aJong the E. bank of
the river Mersey, and about a mile in average
breadth; contains 23 churches and chapels for the
establishment, a much greater number of meet-
ing-houses for dissenters, five Roman catholic
chapels, and a Jews synagogue. Among the
public buildings, which comprise numerous speci-
mens of architectural taste, the most important
are the town-hall, exchange buildings, lyceum,
Wellington rooms, corn exchange, infirmary, St.
John's market, blue coat school, dispensary, asy-
lum for the blind, theatre, athenseum, music hall,
news room, custom-house, and a borough gaol on
the Howardian plan. The streets are generally
spacious, some of them elegant, and the greater
part lighted with gas. At the head of the insti-
tutions for literary and scientific pursuits is the
Royal Liverpool Institution, opened in 1817 at an
expense of £;50,000. To enumerate the asylums
for the wretched and unfortunate, of every de-
scription and denomination, would be altogether
incompatible with our limits. The increase and
prosperity of Liverpool have been greatly promo-
ted by the enterprise and skill of its inhabitants,
by its local advantages, commanding the trade of
Ireland and America, and by the wisdom of the
corporation in abolishing all exclusive laws, and
encouraginw every species of industry and com-
mercial talent. The principal manufactures, be-
sides those connected with the shipping, which
employ an immense number of persons, are fine
porcelain, watches, glass, iron, salt, copperas, «&,c.
The watch movement and tool business is almost
confined to this part of the country ; and the
breweries, soap-works, brass and iron founderies,
sugar-houses, &c., are on an extensive scale.
Few towns possess accommodations for shipping
at all comparable to Liverpool : it has, at present,
six docks, the Dry Dock, Sallhouse Dock, King's
Dock, Queen's Dock, George's Dock, Prince's
Dock, North Dock, and Brunswick Dock, which
with their basins occupy nearly 100 acres of land.
The estuary of the Mersey may be properly term-
ed an arm of the sea, opening to this port a ready
access to the Western Sea, and ships of any bur-
den may come up fully laden to tlie town; while
LLA
452
LOA
r the system of canal navigation opens a communi-
• cation inland with all parts of the kingdom. This
port is now estimated to engross a fourth part of
the foreign trade of Britain, a sixth of its general
trade, and to furnish one-twelfth of the sliipping :
its customs amount to nearly £4,000,000, and its
exports exceed even those of the metropolis.
The town is governed by a mayor, and sends two
members to parliament. 48 m. S. of Lancaster,
and 206 N. W. of London. Long. 3. W., lat. 53
22. N.
Liverpool, a town of Nova Scotia, in Queen's
county, with a harbour at the mouth of a river of
its name, 58 m. N. W. of Halifax. Long. G4. 15
W., lat. 44. 10. N.
Liverpool, villages in Onondaga Co. N. Y.,
Perry and York Cos. Pa. and Medma Co. Ohio.
Livimrston, a county of New York, on Genesee
river. 1?op. 27,709. Genesee is the capital ; a
county of Kentucky on the Tennessee and Ohio.
Pop. (),(507. Salem is the capital.
LiviiKTston, a township of Columbia Co. N. Y.
on the l1udson,40 m. S. Albany. Fop. 2,087 ; also
a village in Essex Co. N. J.
' Livingstonville, p. v. Schoharie Co. N. Y.
Livonia, a province of Russia, which, with that
of Esthonia, has been reciprocally claimed and
possessed by Russia, Sweden, and Poland, and, for
more than two centuries, was a perpetual scene
of the most bloody wars. It was finally wrested
from the Swedes by Peter the Great, was con-
firmed to the Russians by the peace of Nystadt in
1721, and now forms the government of Riga, or
Livonia. It is 250 m. long and 150 broad;
bounded on the N. by the government of Estho-
nia, and S. by Courland. The land is fertile, but
is only partially cultivated : the products are rye,
barley, flax, and linseed. In the forests are
wolves, bears, elks, reindeer, stags, and hares.
The domestic animals are numerous ; but the
sheep bear very bad wool. The peasantry are in
a state of great degradation.
Livonia, p.t. Livingston Co. N. Y., 20 m. S. W.
Canandaigua. Pop. 2,665. Also a village in
Washington Co. Indiana.
Lizard, a peninsula on the S. coast of Cornwall
and the most southern point of land in England.
On it are two light-houses, and the Lizard Point
iff in long. 5. 11. W., lat. 49. 58. N.
Lizier, St., a town of France, department of
Arriege ; seated on the Salat, 50 m. S E. of Auch.
Long.' 1.9. E., lat. 43. 0. N.
LJanarth, a town of Wales, in Cardiganshire,
15 m. E. by N. of Cardigan, and 223 W. by N. of
Jjondon.
Llanheder, a corporate town of Wales, in Card-
iganshire, with a considerable traffic in horses,
cattle, hogs, salted butter, and tanned and raw
hides. It is seated on the Teife, over which is a
bridge into Caermarthenshire, 27 m. E. of Cardi-
gan, and 209 W. by N. of London.
IJanduff, an ancient city of Wales, in Glam-
organshire, being an episcopal see, but it is a
small place, and has no market. The body of its
ancient cathedral was rebuilt in 1751, but with-
out cross aisles. Near it are some ruins of the
ancient castellated mansion of the bishop. It is
seated on the Taafe, and has the benefit of a tolera-
bly good harbour, which opens into the Severn.
2m. N. W. of Cardiff, and 163 W. of London.
Long. 3. 13. W., lat. 51. 29. N.
Uandilo-vinor, a town of Wales, in Caermar-
thenshire, with a considerable manufacture of
flannel. Near it are the picturesque remains of
Dinevwar Castle, formerly the residence of the
native princes of Wales. It is seated on the side
of a hill, on the river Towy, 13 m. E. of Caer-
marthen, and 202 W. of London.
Llandovery, a town of Wales, in Caermarthen
shire. It is seated on the Towy, at its conflux
with the Braun, 26 m E. N. E. of Caermarthen,
and 191 W. of London.
Llanelhj, a town of Wales, in Caermarthen-
shire, with a considerable trade in iron and coal,
seated on a creek of the Bristol Channel, 16 m,
S. S. E. of Caermarthen, and 217 W. of Lon
don.
Llanfair, a town of Wales. It is seated on the
banks of the rivers Verniew, 14 m. W. of New-
ton, and 180 W. by N. of London .
Llanfyllain, a town of Wales, in Montgomery
shire, seated in a flat, among hills, near the river
Cain, 15 m. N. by W. of Montgomery, and 186
W. of London.
Llanguddoc, a town of Wales, in Caermarthen
shire, 18 m. E.byN. of Caermarthen, and 195
W. of London.
Llangollen, a town of Wales, in Denbighshire
Near it, on a steep mountain, are the remains of
Castle Dinas, once a stong place ; and about 2 m.
distant is the beautiful ruin of Valle Crucis ab-
bey. The town stands on the Dee, over which
is a beautiful ancient bridge, 2 m. S. S. W. of
Wrexham, and 182 N. W. London.
Llanidloes,a.townofW?i\es,in Denbignshire with
a considerable manufacture of fine flannels, &c.
It is seated at the confluence of the Severn and
Clewedog, 13 m. S. W. of Newton, and 188 N
W. of London.
Llanrwst, a town of Wales, in Denbighshire,
Here are two churches, and the town is the cen
tre of the business of the vale of Conway. It is
seated on the Conway, over which is a bridge,
into Caernarvonshire, 20 m. W. S. W. of Den
high, 220 N. W. of London.
Llantrisstnt, a town of Wales, in Glamorgan
shire. It had a castle, which is nearly destroyed,
12 m. N. W of Cardiff, and 171 W. of Lon
don.
LlMugharm, a town of Wales, in Caermarthen-
shire. It stands at the mouth of the Towy, where,
on a low rock, are the ruins of an ancient castle ;
and on the other side the river are the remains
of that of Lanstephan. Llau£rharm is 7 m. S
W. of Caermarthen, and 223 W. by N. of Lon
don.
Llerena, a town of Spain, in Estremaaura, 63
m. N. of Seville.
Uoydsville, p.v. Otsego Co. N. Y. 90 m. W.
Albany.
Llwgor, or Uychwyr, a corporate town of
Wales, in Glamorganshire, on the left bank of a
river of the same name. It was the Leucarum,
of Antoninus. 312 m. W. of London.
Lo, St., a town of France, department of La
Manche, with manufactures of serges, shal-
loons, ribands, and gold and silver lace ; seated
on the Vire, 125 m. W. by N. of Paris.
iMando, capital of the Portuguese settlement
in Angola. It has a good harbour formed by the
island of Loando, lying a little off the coast.
The town is large and handsome, considering
the country, containing 3,000 houses, built of
stone, and covered with tiles, beside a vast num-
ber of huts made of straw and earth. 260 m.
S. S. W. of St. Salvador. Long. 13. 15. E., lat.
8. 50. S.
Loando, an island in the Atlantic near the coast
LOG
453
LOD
of Angola, about 20 m. long and only one broad,
and divided from the continent by a narrow chan-
nel. Goats and sheep are numerous. It produ-
ces no grain, but yields the best water in all the
neighbourhood.
Loango, a kingdom of Western Africa, to the
N. of the river Zaire or Congo. It includes Loan-
go proper, and the districts of Mayomba and
Malembo, which are subject to the king of Loan-
go : and is said to extend more than 400 m. along
the coast, from the Zaire to Cape St. Catherine.
Tlie climate is said to be very fine, and never
subject to hurricanes, nor even to violent winds.
Rain rarely occurs, but the dews are sufficient
for vegetation. The land is fertile, yielding with
very little of agricultural skill or labour, three
crops of millet in a year. The potato and yam
are abundant; and there are a great number of
trees whence palm-wine is drawn. The women
cultivate the ground, sow, and get in the harvest.
The inhabitants are well-made, mild, and tracta-
ble.
Loango, the capital of the above kingdom, with
a harbour, at the mouth of the Quilla. The streets
are wide, and lined with palm-trees, bananas,
and baoava. The houses are oblong, and have
only a grrtund floor ; separated from each other,
and fenced round with a hedge of palm-twigs,
canes, or bulrushes. In the centre of the city is
a large square, fronting the royal palace, which
forms another square, a mile and a half in com-
pass, surrounded by a palisado of stately palm-
trees. The principal trade consists in elephants'
teeth, palm-cloth, copper, tin, lead, iron, and
slaves. It is 230 m. W. N. W. of St. Salvador.
Long. 12.30. E., lat. 4. 40. S.
Latino, or Lovano, a town of the Sardinian
states, in the territory of Genoa, near the sea, 6
m. S. S. W. of Finale.
Lolitiu, a tow/i of W. Prussia, with a castle,
where the bishop of Culm resides. 45 m. E. by
N. of Culm.
Lnbau, a town of Saxony, in Upper Lusatia,
which has a trade in grey, striped and white lin-
ens, 13 m. S. E. of Bautzen.
Lobenxteia, a town of Saxony, in the circle of
Voio-tland. seated on the Lennitz, 22 m. N. N. E.
of 6nlinbach. Long. 11. 52. E., lat. 50. 21. N.
Loioa, a town of Spain, in Estreinadura, seat-
ed on the Guadiana, 22 m. E. of Badajoz.
Lohstadf, a town of Saxony in the circle of
Meissen, 10 m. S. S. E. of Leipzig.
Lohurg, a town of Prussian Saxony, in the
government of Magdeburg. 22 m. E. of Magde-
burg.
Lncana, a town of the Sardinian states, in
Piednont, sjatcd in a fine valley, on the river
Or'.;o, 25 m. S. of Aosta.
Locarno, a town of Italy, capital of a bailiwic,
belonging to the Swiss. It contains three con-
vents, and a small Franciscan monastery, on a
rock overhanging the valley, and commanding a
view of the lake Maggiore. 5G m. N. by W. of
Milan. Long. 8. 31. E., lat. 46. 10. N.
Locltahar, a district of Scotland, in Inverness-
shire, bounded on the E. by Badenoch, W. by
Moydart, N. by Glengary,and S. by Lo^n. The
country is bleak, mountainous and rugged. The
inhabitants pay little attention to any commerce,
except the sale of their black cattle; and the only
lands cultivated are a few acres around the huts
of those who tend their flocks. Here the Pre-
tender erected his standard in 1745.
Locher Moss, a morass of Scotland, in Dum-
fries-shire, 12 m. long and 3 broad, extending doTVt#
by Dumfries to Solway Frith, and divided into two
parts by a river called Locher Water, which
abounds with excellent pike. Oak, fir, birch,
and hazel trees, also anchors, pieces of vessels,&c.,
have been dug up in different parts of this moss
Laches, a town of France, department of Indre
et- Loire, with a strong castle on a rock. In the
collegiate church is the tomb of the celebrated
Agnes Sorel, mistress of Charles VII., to whose
patriotic exhortations that monarch owed almost
all his glory. Loches is seated on the Indre, near
a forrest, 15 m. S. of Amboise, and 20 S. W. of
Tours.
Lochmabcn, a borough of Scotland, in Dumfries-
shire, with a manufacture of coarse linen ; seated
on the W. side of the Annon,9 m. N. E. of Dum-
fries.
Lochrida, or Ocrida, a town in the province of
Albania, and a Greek archbishop's see. It is well
fortified, and seated on a hill, near a lake of its
name, G2 m. S. E. of Durazzo. Long. 20. 40. E.,
lat. 41. 40. N.
Lochia, a sea-port of Sweden, seated on a bay
of the gulf of Bothnia, 30 m. S.of Tornea. Long.
24. 16. E., lat. 64. 20. N.
Lochwinnoch , a town of Scotland, in Renfrew-
shire, with a considerable manufacture of cotton.
It is seated on Castle Semple Loch, 6 m. S. W. of
Paisley.
Lochy, Lock, a lake of Scotland in Inverness-
shire, 14 m. lonff, and from one to 2 broad. Out
of it flows the River Lochy, which, about a mile
below, receives the Spean, and their united
stream enters Loch Eil at Fort William.
Lochenitz, a town of Prussia, in the province
of Brandenburg, on the river Rando, 16 m. N.
£. of Prentzio.
Locke, p.t. Cavuga Co. N. Y. 23 m. S. E. Au-
burn. Pop. 3,310'.
Lockcrby, a town of Scotland, in Dumfries-
shire, with a trade in linen and woolen cloth ;
seated near the Annan, 12 m. E. by N. of Dumfries.
Lockport^ p.t. Niao-ara Co. N. Y. on the Erie
Canal. 296 m. W." Albany. Pop. 3,823. Here
are the most remarkable works on the canal, con-
sisting of 10 locks overcoming an ascent of 60
feet in the canal. Besides these there is an ex-
cavation through the mountain ridge for 3 ra.
cut in the rock. The town is a place of consid-
erable trade. Pop. 3.823.
Lockicood, p. v. Sussex Co. N. J. 78 m. N. Tren-
ton.
Lode, a town of Switzerland in an elevated
valley of the same name, in the canton of Neuf-
chatel, famous for watchmakers, lace weavers,
goldsmiths, cutlers, and enamellers. It is 9 m.
N. W. of Neufchatel.
Loddon, a town m Norfolk, Eng. 8 m. S. E. of
Norwich, and 112 N. E. of London.
Lodeve, a town of France, department of He-
rault, with manufactures of silk, liats,&c. During
the late war it supplied a great part of the ch.Ji-
ing for the army. It is seated on the Largues,
30 m. W. bv N. of Montpelier. Long. 3. 20. E.
lat. 43. 43. N.
Lodl, a town of Austrian Italy, in the govern-
ment of Milan, capital of a province of the same
name, and a bishop's see, with a fortress. It has
manufactures of porcelain, and the Parmesan
cheese made here is esteemed the best of its kind
The French defeated the Austrians at this place m
1796; It is seated on the Adda, 18 m. S. E of
Milan. Long. 9. 30. E., lat 45. 18. N.
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454
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*• Lmtimont., p.v. Abbeville Die. S. C. 134 m. W.
Columbus.
Jjodomeria. See Gnlicia.
Loffingen, a town of Germany, in Baden, with
& medicinal bath. 3 m. W. S. W. of HuifFengen.
U)fsta, a town of Sweden, in the province of
Upland, with extensive iron works. These works
were destroyed by the Russians, in 1719, but have
since been again erected. It is 39 m. N. of Upsal.
iMgan, a county of Ohio. Pop. 0,442. Belle
Fontaine is the capital. A county of Kentucky.
Pop. 13,002. Ru33elville is the capital. Also
viU.ages in Hocking Co. Ohio. Wayne Co. Mis-
souri and Centre Co. Pa.
Log'urail, a town of Scotland, m Perthshire,
notf'd for its distillation of whiskey ; seated on
the Tnnimel, 22 m. iV. N. W of Perth.
Logroiio, a town of Spain, in the province of
Burgos, seated on the Etiro, in a country abound
ing with excellent fruits and good wines, G2 m.
E. of Burros, and 15-') N. N. E. of Madrid. Long.
2.20. E.,Iat. 42. 22. N.
Lo^rono, a town of Ciiile, capital of Melipilla
Long. 71. IG. \V.,lat. 33. 38. N.
l^'kagur, a celebrated fortress of Hindoostan,
province of Dowlatabad, now belonging to the
British, 20 m. N. W. of Poona.
Loheia, a town of Arabia, in Yemen, on tne
coast of the Red Sea. It has a great trade in
coffee, brought from the neighbouring hills : in
the vicinity is a mountain which affords a con-
siderable quantity of mineral salt. It has no har-
bour, and the smallest vessels are obliged to an-
chor at a distance from the town. 130 m. N. N.
W. of Mocha. Long. 42. 50. E., lat. 15. 42. N.
Loja. See Loxa.
Loir e-et- Cher, a department of France, bounded
on the N. E. by the province of Loiret, N. W. by
that of Sarthe, S. by that of Indre, S. E by that
of Cher, and S. W. by that of Indre-et- Loire. It
takes its name from the rivers Loire and Cher ;
the former of which joins the Sarthe above An
gers ; and the latter runs into the Loire, 10 m.
below Tours. Bloia is the capital.
Loire, the principal river of France, which rises
in the de|)artrnent of Ardeche, and falls into the
Atlantic about 40 m. below Nantes, watering a
vast plain of more than 600 m. and dividing
France almost into two equal parts. By means
of the central canal, it establishes a communication
between tlie Atlantic and Mediterranean, and
facilitates the commercial operations of the king
dom.
Loire, a department of France, adjoining those
of Rhone and Isere. It has its name from the
river Loire, which flows N. through its whole
length. Montbrison is the capital.
Loire, Upper, a department of France, com-
prising the Velay and that part of the Cevennes
dependent on the former province of Languedoc.
It takes its name from the river Loire, which
flows through it from the S. to the N. E. Le
Pay is the capital.
Loire, Infcrieure, a department of France, con-
taining part of the ancient province of Bretagne.
it has its name from the river Loire, whicli crosses
it from E. to W. and then enters the ocean.
Nantes is the capital.
Loiret, a department of France, comprising part
of the former province of Orleanois. It has its
name from a small river that runs into the Loire.
Orleans is the capital.
Loitz, a town of Prussia, in Pomerania, with a
•astla seated on. the Peene, 35 m. S. of Stralsund.
Lnldong, a town and fortress of Hindoostan, on
the N. E. border of the province of Dehli, and on
the river Pattereah, 8 m. above its conflux with
the Ganges, and 100 N. N. E. of Dehli. Long.
78. 38. E., lat. 29. 47. N.
Lokeren, a large town of the Netherlands, in E.
Flanders, with various manufactures and a con-
siderable trade. It is seated on the Darme, 12 m
N. E. of Ghent.
Lombardo- Venetian- Kingdom, or Austrian Italy,
a kingdom of Italy, belonging to the house of
Austria. It is bounded on the E. by Illyria, S.
E. by the Adriatic, S. by the states of the church,
Parma, and Modena, W. by Piedmont, and N. bj
Switzerland and Austria; and is divided into <i'\*^
governments of Milan and Venice. The couhtry
is well cultivated and is wjitered by the finest
lakes and rivers of Italy. It was erected into a
kingdom in 1815; and, though declared to be a
monarchy inseparable from the Austrian empire,
it has a constitution of its own and a prince of the
imperial family at its head, who has the title of
viceroy, and resides at Milan.
Lombardij, p.v. Amelia Co. Va. 50 rn. S. W.
Richmond ; p.v. Columbia Co. Geo. G4 m. N. E.
Milledgeville.
Lombez, a small town of France, department
of Gers. It is seated on the Save 27 ni. S. W.
of Toulouse.
Lomboch, an island of tne East Indies, between
Bali and Sumbava, 50 m. long and 45 broad. It
is very mountainous, but covered with word and
verdure. At the town of Balli on the E. side, in
the straits of Alias, and in the many flourishing
villages of the coast, European sliips passing to
the L. are well supplied. The inhabitants, origi-
nally emigrants from Hindoostan, retain most
Hindoo customs.
Lombock, a strait formed by the island of BaHi
W. and that of Lombock E. The S. entrance is
in long. 115. 43. E., and lat. 8. 45. S., where is a
large island called Banditti Island, to the W. of
wiiich there is no pasf-age. Owing to the extreme
rapidity of the tides, navigation is here extremely
dangerous
Lomond,, Loch, a lake of Scotland, in Dumbar
tonshire, 30 m. long and from 1 to 9 wide. It
contains several islands, some of which are in-
habited, and adorned with antique ruins, concealed
among ancient yews ; and others rise into high
rocky cliffs, the habitation of the osprey. On the
E. side is the mountain Benlomond, which rises
to the height of 3,240 .feet; and the river Leven
issues from its S. extremity.
Lon.afo, a town of Austrian Italy, in the gov-
ernment of Milan, 12 m. E. S. E. of Brescia.
Lancartij, a village of Scotland, in Perthshire,
signalized by the great victory obtained by the
Scots over the Danes, in 970. It has extensive
bleaching grounds, and is seated near the Tay, 5
m. N. of Perth.
London, the metropolis of Great Britain, one
of the largest and most opulent cities in the world,
mentioned by Tacitus as a considerable com-
mercial place in the reign of the Roman emperor
Nero. In its most extensive view, as the metrop-
olis, it may be said to consist of five great portions,
viz. : the west end of the town, the city, the east
end of the town, Westminster, and the borough.
The west end of the town is popularly regarded
as extending from Charing Cross to Hyde Park,
and from St. James's Park to Paddington. This
is the best and most fashionable portion of the
metropolis, and is chiefly occupied by the town
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455
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residences of the nobility and gentry, and fashion-
able shops. The city includes the central part,
and is the great emporium of commerce. The
east end of the town is also devoted to commerce,
ship-building, manufactures, &c. The southern
bank of the Thames, from Deptford to Lambeth,
bears a great resemblance to the east end of the
town, being occupied by persons engaged in com-
mercial and maritime concerns. London and
Westminster are situated in Middlesex, on the N.
side of the river Thames. Southwark is situated
on the opposite bank, in Surrey. The extent of
the whole, from Limehouse and Deptforc to Mil-
bank and Vauxhall, is about 7 m. ; the breadth
varies from 3 to 5.
The extension of this metropolis, since the mid-
dle of the last century, has proceeded with un-
precedented rapidity, and covered the fields, gar-
dens, and marshes m the vicinity of London with
new squares and streets. The direction of the
principal streets accompanies the course of the
river Tliames from east to west ; and the cross
streets run mostly in a transverse direction from
north to south. There are two chief lines of
streets from west to east : one of which commen-
ces at the north side of Hj'de Park, and under the
successive names of Oxford -street,St. Giles's, Hol-
born, Skinner-street, Newgate-street, Chcapside,
Cornhill, and Leaden hall-street, is continued to
White-chapel and Mile End, on the Essex road ;
tlie other begins at the south side of Hyde Park,
and consists of Piccadilly, St. James's street,
Pall Mall, Charing Cross, the Strand, Fleet-street,
Ludgatehill, St. PauVs cliurch-yard, Watling-
street, Caimon-street, and Tower-street : whence
crossing Tower-hill, it may be said to be further
extended two miles along the river side, in Wap-
pi ng. The streets near the river, Hiid most of
the cross ones in the city are very narrow ; the
broadest and handsomest are to the north of Ox
ford street and Holborn. They are well paved
with granite stones, for tlie attempts at macad-
amizing have not succeeded in London, and on
each side with flag -stones for the convenience of
foot passengers. The subterranean works, con-
structed for the accommodation of the inhabitants,
sonsistingof sewers, drains, water-pipes, and gas-
pipes, are most extensive. The houses are most-
ly built of brick of a pale colour. The principal
squares are Grosvenor, Portman, Berkeley, St.
James, Hanover, Manchester, Cavendish, Bed-
ford, Russel, Tavistock, Bloomsbury, Montague,
Leicester, Bryanston, and Finsbury squares, and
Lincoln's Inn Fields. Among the public buil-
dings, St. Paul's cathedral is the most conspicu-
ous. It is 2,292 feet in circumference, and 340
in height to the top of the cross, and is inferior to
none in Europe except St. Peter's at Rome. It
contains monuments of many illustrious individu
als, who have done honour to their country by
their talents or their virtues. Westminster Ab-
bey is a grand specimen of Gothic architecture,
said to have been founded by Sebert, king of the
East Saxons, in 610. Here most of the ^English
sovereigns have been crowned, and many of them
interred. It contains also a great number of mon-
uments erected to the memory of kings, states-
men, heroes, poets, and persons distinguished by
^nius, learning, and science. The chapel of
Henry VII., adjoining, Leland calls The Wonder
of the World. St. Stephen's, Walbrook, is a
small church of exquisite beautv. the masterpiece
of Sir Christopher Wren. Bow Church in Cheap-
side, St. Bride's in Fleet-ptreet, St. Dustan's in
the East, and several others are worthy of notice j
but the far greater number are of plain and ordi-
nary architecture. The churches and chapels be-
longing to the establishment, m the bills of mor-
tality, including those erected under the recent
act of parliament, amount to 266. There are like-
wise a great number of meetings for Protestant
dissenters of all persuasions, 30 foreign Protes-
tant churches, 15 Roman Catholic chapels, and
6 synagogues for the Jews. Besides the royal
palaces, there are many fine houses of the princes
of the blood, and of the nobility and gentry. The
Tower of London is very ancient, but the foun-
der is uncertain. It is surrounded by a wall, and
partly by a deep ditch. Here are the jewels and
ornaments of the crown, as well as the other rega-
lia; and the menagerie for foreign birds and
beasts. The Mint, on Tower Hill, is a very ele-
gant modern building of pure Grecian architec-
ture. The bridges are a great ornament to the
metropolis. The most ancient, London bridore,
was begun in 1176, and finished in 1209. Tiie
length of it is 915 feet. The number of arches
was 19, of unequal dimensions; through which,
in consequence of their narro'wness and clumsy
construction, the current rushed with such force
as to render the navigation extremely dangerous.
This clumsy fabric is however about to be sup-
planted by the New London bridge, a noble struc-
ture of 5 arches, which is now rapidly approaching
towards comnletion. Westminster bridge was
commenced in 1730, and opened to the public in
1750. It is 1,223 feet in length, and has 13 large
and two small semicircular arches. Blackfriars'
bridge, built by Mylne, was completed in 1768.
Its length is 995 feet ; the breadth of the caniage-
way 28, and of the foot-paths 7 feet each. It con-
sists of 9 elliptical arches, the centre one of which
is 100 feet wide ; and both this and the arch on
each side are wider than the celebrated Rialto at
Venice. Waterloo bridge, commenced in 1811
and opened in 1816, in the anniversary of the bat-
tle which it is designed to commemorate, is one
of the noblest structures of the kind in the wo-.ld^
It consists of 9 arches, each 120 feet span and 35
feet elevation. The other bridges are those of
Southwark and Vauxhall. Among the other pub-
lic buildings, which can merely be enumerated
here, are Westminster Hall, containing the su-
preme courts of justice, and adjoining to which
are the houses of Lords and Commons; the Ses-
sions House ; the Horse Guards, the Treasury,
and the Admiralty, at Whitehall ; the noble col-
lection of public offices which form that magnifi-
cent structure called Somerset Place ; the
British Museum ; the Royal Exchange ; the Bank
of England ; the Excise Office ; the East India
House ; the Mansion House, for the lord mayor ,
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456
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the Monument, in commemoration of the great
fire in IGGG ; the New Poet Office, in St. Martins-
le-grand, opened in September, 1829 ; the Stock
Excliange , the new Custom Mouse; the new
Corn Exchange, erected on the site of the old
one in Marklane in 1629 ; the Herald's College ;
and the halls of the various city companies. The
Adelphi-terrace is the admiration of foreigners,
for the noble view which it affords of the river,
the bridges and other public buildings, and of the
fine liiUs beyond Lambeth and South wark.
The inu.s of court for the study of the law, the col-
leges, learned societies, and public seminaries ;
the noble hospitals and the other charitable in-
stitutions ; the public places of diversion, &c.,
are too numerous to be mentioned.
Such, on ac\irsory view of it, is the metropolis
of Great Britain, to the extent and opulence of
which many causes have contributed. The broad
stream of the Thimes flowing between London
and Southwark, continually agitated by a brisk
current or a rapid tide, bring constant supplies
of fresh air, which no buildings can intercept.
The country arou id, especially on the London
side, is nearly open to some distance ; whence,
by the action of the sun and winds on a gr^ivel-
ly soil, it is kept tolerably dry in all seasons, and
affords no lodgment for stagnant air or water. The
cleanliness of London, as well as its supply of wa-
ter, is generally aided by its situation on the banks
of the Thames; and the New River, with many
good springs within the city itself, further contri-
bute to the abundance of tliat necessary element.
All these are advantages, with respect to health,
in which this metropolis is exceeded by few.
Its situation, with regard to the circumstance of
navigation, is equally well chosen ; had it been
placed lower on the Thames , it would have been
annoyed by the marshes ; had it been higher, it
would not have been accessible, as at present, to
ships of large burden. It now possesses every
advantage that can be derived from a sea-port, and
at the same time, by means of its noble river and
its canal navigation, enjoys a most extensive coni-
mimication with the internal parts of the country,
which supply it with necessaries, and in return
receive from it such commodities as they require.
It contains several large wet docks, particularly
those called the West India, the East India, the
London, and St. Catherine's docks ; also dry
docks for repnring, and slips for building of ships,
besides the king's yard at i'eptford, for building
men of war. London therefore unites in itself all
the benefit arising from navigation and commerce,
with those of a metropolis at which all the public
business of a great nation is transacted ; and is
thus both the mercantile and political emporium
of these kingdoms. It is the seat of many con-
siderable manufactures ; some almost peculiar to
itself, as administering to the demands of stud-
ied splendor and refined luxury ; others in which
it participates with the manufacturing towns in
general. The most important of its peculiar man-
ufactures is the silk weaving established in Spit-
alfield by refugees from France. A variety of
works in gold, silver, and jewelry, the engrav-
ing of prints, the making of optical and math-
ematical instruments are principally executed
here, and some of them in greater perfection than
in any other coimtry. The porter-brewery, abusi-
ness of immense extent, is also chiefly carried
on in London. To its port ai-e likewise confined
nome branches of foreign commerce, as the vast
East India trade, and those to Turkey and Hud
son s Bay. Thus London has risen to its prea
ent rank of the first city in Europe with respect
to wealth and population.
The number of inhabitants in 1811 was 1,099,-
104, in r821, ), 225,900; since which period it
has been every year rapidly increasing. The city
is divided into 26 wards, each governed by an alder-
man ; and from the alderman the lord mayor is
annually chosen. There are likewise 230 com-
mon-councilmen, a recorder, a common-serjeant,
two sheriffs (who are also sheriffs of Middlesex),
a chamberlain, a town-clerk, a city remembran
cer, a water-bailiff, and many inferior officers.
Westminster is governed by a high stewara, who
is generally a nobleman, chosen by the dean
and chapter, and he has an under steward who
officiates for him. Next to him is the high bailiff,
chosen also by the dean and chapter, whose pow-
er resembles that of a sheriff. The suburbs are
under the jurisdiction of justices of the peace for
the county, and there are also several police offices
where magistrates sit every day for the examina-
tion of offenders and the determination of various
complaints in a summary way. During the last
three years the police of the metropolis and
suburbs has been strengthened by a new estab-
lishment, under the superintendence of a milita-
ry officer, who receives instructions from the
Home Department in Whitehall. The cost of this
establishment will be greater by about 30 per
cent, than that of the watchmen, which it has
superseded. This, iiowever, is more then com
pensated by its superior efficiency, the former
"guardians of the night" 1 »ing generally decrepid
from age and infirmities, while the new police is
entirely composed of men in the prime of life,
and of unblemished character. Southwark was
long independent of London, but Edward III.
granted it to the city. It was then called the vil-
lage of Southwark, and aflerwards named the
bailiwic. In the reign of Edward VI. it was form-
ed into a2Gth ward, by the name of Bridge Ward
Without. On the death of the alderman of this
ward, he is succeeded by the next in seniority,
to whatever ward he may belong, this ward being
considered as a sinecure, and consequently the
most proper for " the father of the city." The city
has likewise a high bailiff and steward here.
The city of London is a bishop's see, and is repre-
sented in parliament by four members, elected by
the livery, two other members are elected by the
householders of Westminster, and two by those of
Southwark. To attempt an enumeration of the
events by which this great capital has been dis-
tinguished, within the limits of a work like this,
would of course be absurd ; but we cannot omit
to mention the plague, in 1065, which cut ofl
68,596 people, and the dreadful conflagration, in
1666, by which the cathedral and many other
churches, with 13.200 houses, were destroyed,
London is 225 m. N. N. W. of Paris, 395 S. of
Edinburgh, and 338 E. S. E. of Dublin. Long.
0. 5. W.,lat. 51.31. N.
IjondoTif JVew. See JVew London.
Londx)n. a town of Upper Canada on the
Thames, 100 m. N. E. of Detroit.
Ijyndon, p.t. Madison Co. Ohio. 25 m. S. W.
Columbus.
London Bridge,, p. v. Princess Anne Co. Va. 140
m. S. E. Richmond.
London Britain, p.t. Chester Co. Pa.
Londonderry, a county of Ireland, in the prov-
ince of Ulster, 40 English m. long and 33 broad ;
bounded on the W. by Donegal, N. by the ocean,
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LON
S. and S. W. by Tyrone, and E. by Antrim. It
contains, according to the last census, 93,8119 in-
habitants, is divided into 31 parishes, and sends 2
members to parliament. It i* a fruitful cham-
paign country ; and tlie greater part of it was giv.
en by James I. to an incorporated company of
London merchants. The linen niannfacture flour-
ishes through every part of the city.
Londonderry, a city and sea-port of Ireland, cap-
ital of the foregoing county, and a bishop's see.
It is still surrounded by walls, and celebrated for
a long siege it sustained against James II. in
1689. It is governed by a mayor, and sends one
member to parliament. The principal commerce
is with America and the W. Indies. Including
the suburbs, it contains 18,000 inhabitants, and is
seated on the river Foyle, over wh'ch is a wood-
en bridge, 1,068 feet in length. Londonderry is 4
m. S. of Lough Foyle, and 115 N. W. of Dublin.
Londonderry, p.t. Rockingham Co. N. H., with
a manufacture of linen, cloth, and thread ; seated
near the head of Beaver River, which runs into
the Merrimack,38 m. S. S. W. of Portsmouth. Pop.
1,469.
Londonderry, p.t. Windham Co. Vt. 27 m. S.
W. Windsor. Pop. 1,302 ; also towns in Chester,
Dauphin, and Bedford Cos. Pa. and Guernsey
Co. Ohio.
London Grove, p.t. Chester Co. Pa.
London Totcn.a. village of .\nne Arundel Co. Va.
Longacoming, p. v. Gloucester Co. N. J., 16 m.
S. E. Philadelphia.
Long, Loch, an arm of the sea in Scotland,
which, from the frith of Clyde, extends 20 m. N.
between the counties of Dumbarton and Argyle.
It is from 1 *S' 2 m. in breadth ; and near the mid-
dle, on the Argyle side, it sends off a small branch
called Lo(> Goil.
Longford, a .'ounty of Ireland, in the province
of Leinsler, 25 m. long and 20 broad; bounded
on the N. W. by Leitrim, N. E. by Cavan, S. E.
by West Meath, and W. by the river Shannon,
which parts it from Roscommon. It is divided
into 25 parishes, contains 107,576 inhabitants,
and sends two members to parliament. The
vOuntry in general is fertile, but interspersed in
some parts with bogs, morasses, and forests; the
flat parts, along the Shannon, are subject to in-
undation. It contains several lakes, and besides
the Shannon is watered by the Inn}', the Camlin,
the Fallen, and numerous inferior streamlets.
Oats form the chief article of agricixllural export.
Longford, a borough of Ireland, capital of the
above country. Much linen is manufactured in
the town and neighbourhood, and great quantities
of flax sent to other parts. It is seated on the
Camlin, 70 m. (English) W. N. W. of Dublin.
Long. 7. 40. W., lat. 52. 48. N.
Longforang, a town of Scotland, in the S. E.
corner of Perthshire, on the frith of Tay, 4 m. W.
by S. of Dundee.
Long [aland, an island belonging to the State
of New York, extending along the coast of
Connecticut, from S. W. to N. E., about 140 m. in
length and 10 m. in average breadth. It is di-
vided into three counties. King, Queen's, and
Suffolk. At theW. extremity it forms the bay of
NewYork. On the side of the ocean the island
is bordered by an im.nense beach of sand. In other
parts,it is much indented with numerous bays; and
Gardiner's Bay, with several others, occupies an
extent of near 30 m. at the E. end. These bays
also encompass many islands, several of which
are of considerable extent. A ridge or drain of
58
low hills extends from the west end to the eastern
extremity. The waters are stored with a vast
abundance and variety of fish, and Long-Island
has long been celebrated for its wild fowl and
various forest game. Much of the land in the east
is a light sand, still clothed with vast forests of
pine: and in these are found abundance of game.'
East of the Hempstead plains, the island is cov-
ered with shrubby oaks and pines, called the
brushy plains ; and here are found the grouse, or,
heath-hens. Farther eastward, towards Islip and
Fire-place, are streams where there is good trout
fishing; and towards the centre of the island, is
plenty of wild deer, that are hunted and killed by
way-laying them as they are driven along by
hounds. In October and November, brent, wild
geese, and other waterfowl, are killed in great num-
bers along the bays and inlets. Deer cannot lawful-
ly be killed on Long Island from January to July ;
nor heath-hens, partridges, quails, or woodcocks,
from 1st April to 5lh October.
The face of the country on the north side of
the island is hilly, and in some places full of
rocky boulders ; while on the south, the country
is mostly free from large stones, and presents a
gradual slope towards the ocean, which appears
to have formerly washed the base of the hills.
Long Island Sountl, is from 3 to 25 m. broad, ex-
tending the whole length of Long Island, and di-
viding it from Connecticut. It communicates
with the Atlantic at the E. end of the island, and
with the harbour of New York at the W.
Long Lake. See Rain Lake.
Longmeadoip, p.t. Hampden Co. Mass. on the
Connecticut, 6 m. below Spring^field. Pop. 1,257.
Long-nan, a city of China, of the first rank, in
the province of Se-tchuen, Long. 104. 18. E.,
lat. 32. 22. N.
LoTignor, a town of Staffordshire, Eng. seated
near the river Dove, 31 m. N. by E. of Stafford,
and 152 N. N. W. of London.
Longtown, a town in Cumberland, Eng. seated
on the Esk, 9 m. N. of Carlisle, and 310 N. N.
W. of London.
Ijongtoicn, p.v. Rowan Co. N. C. 150 m. W.
Raleigh.
Longue, a town of France, department of Maine-
et-Loire, 7 m. N. of Saumur.
Longuion, a town of France, department of
Moselle. Here is a considerable iron forge and
cannon foundery. 10 m. S. W. of Longwy, and
36N. W. ofMents.
Longwy, a town of France, department of Mo-
selle with a castle. It is divided into the Old
2Q
LOR
458
LOR
and New town, the latter of which is fortified.
It is seated on a rocky eminence, on the river
Chiers, 32 m. N. N. W. of Mentz. Long. 5. 44.
E., lat. 49. 32. N.
Lonicera, p. v. Baldwin Co. Geo.
Lons le Saulnier, a town of France, capital of
the department of Jura. It derives its name from
the salt springs in its vicinity, and is seated on
the Solvan, 62 m. S. E. of Dijon. Long. 5. 30.
E., lat. 46. 37. N.
Loo, a town of the Netherlands, in W. Flanders,
10 m. N.N. W. ofYpres.
Loo-choo, or Lieou-kiou, the general name of 36
islands lying between Formosa and Japan. The
Great Loo-choo is 50 m. long and from 12 to 15
broad ; the others are inconsiderable. They were
very imperfectly known to Europeans, till visited
by captain Hall and Mr. M'Leod on their return
from the late embassy to China. The climate
and soil seem to be among the happiest on the
irlobe. The fruits and vegetable productions are
of the most exquisite description. The inhabi-
tants are diminutive in their stature, but strong,
and well made. Their disposition appears to be
peculiarly gay, hospitable, and affectionate, but
they showed that strong aversion to receive stran-
gers into their country which is characteristic of
Cliina, Japan, and all the neighbouring regions.
The king is tributary to China, and the govern-
ment resembles that of the Chinese. The capital
is Kin-tching, about 5 m. from its port of Napa-
kiang. Long. 127. 52. E., lat. 26. 14. N.
I^oe, East and West, two decayed boroughs in
Cornwal, Eng. separated by a creek, over which
is a narrow stone bridge. They are supported
chiefly by the pilchard fishery, and an inconsid-
erable coasting trade. Together they send as
man}^ members to parliament as the city of Lon-
don. The market, held at East Looe, is on -Sat-
nrdav. 13 m. W. of Plymouth, and 233 W. by
S. of London.
Lookout, Cape, a cape of N. Carolina, S. of
Cape Hatteras, and opposite Core Sound. Long.
76.48. W., lat. 34. 22. N.
Lookout Afountain, a ridge in the Northwestern
part of Georgia extending to Tennessee river.
Looz, or Loolz, a town of the Netherlands, in
the province of Liege, 14 m. N. N. W. of Liege.
Lopaf.ka,Cape, the S. extremity of Kamtschatka.
Long. 156. 45. E., lat. 51. 0. N. See Kuriles.
Lopham, Korth and South, two adjoining par-
ishes in Norfolk, 4 m. S. E. of East Harling.
Lopo Gonsalve, Cape, a long and narrow pen-
insula on the coast of Guinea, low, flat, and cov-
ered with trees. It affords a good harbour, and
near the cape is a village, where provisions are
plentiful. Long. 8. 30. E., lat. 0. 45. S.
Loop, p.v. Giles Co. Va. 274 m. W. Richmond.
Lorn, a town of Spain, in Seville, on the Gua-
dalqiiivir, 28 m. N. E. of Seville.
Loramie, a township of Shelby Co. Ohio.
Lorain, a county of Ohio. Pop. 5,696. Elyria is
the capital.
Lorhus (the ancient Larihus Colonia), a town
of the kingdom of Tunis, with a castle, and fine
remains of antiquity. It is seated in a plain, fer-
tile in corn, 150 m. S. W. of Tunis. Long. 9. 0.
E., lat. 35. 35. N.
Lorra, a town of Spain, in Murcia, divided into
the Upper and Lower I'own. The former has
narrow, crooked, and ill paved streets; the latter
is regularly and neatly built. It contains nine
churches and several monasteries, and has exten-
sive manufactures of saltpetre. In 1802 the
bursting of an immense reservoir, containing
water for the purpose of irrigation, occasioned
much damage to the town. It is seated on an
eminence near the Sengonera. 40 m. W. S. W.
of Murcia. Long. 1. 22. W., lat. 37. 25. N.
Lord Howe's Group, an extensive group of
islands, in the S. Pacific, thickly covered with
wood, among which the cocoa-nut is very distin-
guishable. The natives are of a dark copper
colour; their hair tied in a knot on the back of the
head ; and they seem to have some method of ta-
king off the beard ; for they appear as clean
shaved. Their arms and thighs are tattooed in
the manner described by Captain Cook of some
of the natives of the islands he visited in these
seas ; and some are painted with red and white
streaks. — They wear a wrapper round their mid-
dle. Long, from 159. 15. to 159. 37. E., lat. 5.
30. S.
Lord Howe's Island, an island in the Pacific
Ocean, discovered in 1788 by lieutenant King.
Many excellent turtle have been caught here on
a sandy beach ; and it abounds with a variety of
birds, which were so unaccustomed to be disturb-
ed that the seamen went near enough to knock
them down with a stick. At its end are two
high mountains, nearly perpendicular from the
sea, the southernmost named Mount Gower.
About 14 m. to the S. is a remarkable rock, named
Ball's Pyramid, which at a distance had much the
appearance of a steeple. The island is 3 1-2 m.
long and very narrow. Long. 159. 0. E., lat. 31.
36. N.
Lorenzo, San, a town of Mexico, province of
New Biscay, with 500 inhabitants, whose employ-
ment consists in cultivating the grape. — There are
numerous settlements and inconsiderable islands
of this name in South America.
Loren, a town of Austrian Italy, in Rivigo, on
the Adige, 20 m. E. of Rivigo.
Loretto, a fortified town of Italy, in the papal
states. The cathedral contains the Casa Santa
or Holy House, in which it is pretended l;lie vir
gin Mary lived at Nazareth. According to the
legend, it was carried by angels from Galilee into
Dalmatia, and thence to the place where it now
stands. This house, or chapel, is 31 feet long, 15
broad, and 18 high; the inner part very old^but
cased with marble on the outside. The famous
lady of Loretto, who holds the infant Jesus in her
arms, stands upon the principal altar, in a niche
of silver; this statue is of cedar wood, three feet
high, but her face can hardly be seen, on account
of the numerous gold and silver lamps around lier.
She is clothed with cloth of gold, set oflT with
jewels ; and the little Jesus is covered with a
shirt, holds a globe in his hand, and is adorned
with rich jewels. Those who go on pilgrimage
to Loretto, after having performed their devotion,
make the Virgin a present ; so that the treasure
of this chapel is immensely rich. The inhabitants
of this town subsist principally by agriculture
and gardening, and many of them are shoemakers,
tailors, and seller? of chapl'sts. Loretto was taken
by the French in 1796, and the church despoiled
of its treasures : even the Virgin was carried
away but restored in 1802. It is seated on a
mountain, 3 m. from the gulf of Venice, 12 S. E
of Ancona, and 115 N. E. of Rome. Long. 13.
36. E., lat. 43. 27. N.
Loretto, p.v. Essex Co. Va. 75 m. N. E. Rich-
mond.
Lorgues, a town of France, in Provence, on the
Argens, 16 m. W. of Frejus.
LOU
459
LOU
V Orient, a fortified modem sea-port of France,
department of Morbihan. It is built with consid-
erable regularity ; the streets are wide, the public
squares spacious and handsome, and the harbour
large, secure, and easy of access. Formerly it
was a very flourishing town, the French East In-
dia Company making it the exclusive entrepot of
their imported goods. It has still some trade, and
is a place of importance on account of its maga-
zines for the navy. The chief manufacture is of
salt. The British made an unsuccessful attempt
upon it in 1746. It is seated on the bay of Port
Louis, at the influx of the Scorf, 340 m. W. by S.
of Paris. Long. 3. 20. W., lat. 49. 44. N.
Lorrock, a town of Germany, in Baden, 6 m.
N. E. of Bak.
Lorraine, an extensive district of the N. E. of
France, between Champagne and Alsace, and now
forming the departments of Meurthe, Moselle,
and Vosges. It abounds in all sorts of corn, wine,
hemp, flax, and rape-seed.
Lorraine, p.t. Jefferson Co. N. Y. 20 m. S. E
Sackett's Harbour. Pop. 1,727.
Lossiemouth , a village of Scotland, in Murray
shire, at the mouth of the river Lossie, 7 m. N
E. of Elgin, of which it is the port.
Lost Creek, a township of Miami Co. Ohio.
Lot, a river of France, which rises in the de-
Eartment of Lozere, begins to be navigable at Ca-
ors, and enters the Garonne near Aiguillon.
Lot, a department of France, consisting of the
former district ofQuercy,in Guienne. It takes
its name from the river Lot, which crosses it from
E. to W. It is bounded on the N. by Correze, E.
by Cantal and Aveyron, S. by Tarn-et Garonne,
and W. by Lot-et-Garonne and Dordogne.
Its pastures feed numerous flocks, which consti-
tute a great part of the commerce. The climate
is mild and healthy ; and the soil, consisting of
fat rich earth, is cultivated with horses, and yields
more than sufficient for its population, estimated
at 275,296. Cahors is the capital.
Lot-et-Garonne, a department of France, inclu-
ding part of the former province of Guienne,
bounded on the N. by Dordogne, E. by Tarn-et-
Garonne, S. by Gers, and W. by Landes and the
Gironde. It has its name from the rivers Lot and
Garonne. Its pastures are but indifferent, and
artificial meadows are little known. The land,
being much covered with heath, is cultivated with
oxen ; and a large proportion of the department
is incapable of cultivation, consisting of rugged
hills or sandy deserts. Agen is the capital.
Lotinbiere, a seignitory of Buckingham Co. L.
C. on the S. side of the St. Lawrence, 40 ra.
above Quebec.
Lothian. See Haddingtonshire, Edinburghshire,
and Linlithgowshire.
Loudeac, a town of France, department of Cotes
du Nord, 25 m. S. of St Brieux.
London, a county of the E. district of Virginia,
on the Potomac, adjoining Fairfax, Berkley,
and Fauquier counties. It is about 50 m.in length
and 20 in breadth. Pop. 21,938. Leesburg is the
chief town.
Loudon, a town of France, department of Vien-
ne, 30 m. N. W. of Poitiers.
Loudon, p.t. Merrimack Co. N. H. on the E.
side of the Merrimack, 45 m. N. W. Portsmouth.
Pop. 1 ,642 ; also a p.v. Franklin Co. Pa. 63 m. S.
W. Harrisburg.
Loudonvilie, p.t. Richland Co. Ohio.
Loughborough, a township in Frontenac Co.
u.c.
Loughborough, a town in Leicestershire, Eug.
It has a large church, with a handsome lower,
seven meeting-houses for dissenters; also a free
grammar school, and a charity school. The chief
manufactures are those of cotton spinning, lace,
and hosiery. By means of the Loughborough
canal, the river, and rail-roads, it carries on a
brisk trade particularly in coals. Many of the
houses have an old and irregular appearance, but
great improvement have lately taken place. It
is seated near the Soar, 11 m. N. of Leicester,
and 109 N. N. W. London.
Loughrea, a- town of Ireland, in the county of
Galway, near a lake of the same name, 15 m. S.
W. of Galway.
Loti/fflTis, a town of France, department of Up-
per Saone, situate on a kind of island between
the rivers Seilles. Vaillere, and Solman, 18 m. S.
E. of Chalons.
Louisa, a county of tlie E. district of Virginia.
Pop. 16,151 ; also a p.v. Lawrence Co. Ken. 180
m. E. Frankfort.
Louis, Fort, an important barrier fortress of
France, in Alsace, on the Rhine, 12 m. E. of
Haguenau.
Louis, St. an island of Africa, at the mouth of
the river Senegal, witiia fort, built by the French.
It was taken in 1758 by the English, and ceded
to them in 1763. In the American war, it was
taken by the French, and kept by them after the
peace of 1783. It is flat, sandy and barren. Long.
16. 15. W., lat. 16. 0. N.
Louis, St. a sea-port and fortress of St. Domingo,
on the S. W. coast, at the head of a bay of its
name. The exports are coffee, cotton, and indigo,
70 m. W. S. W. of Port au Prince. Long. 73. 32.
W., lat. 18. 16. N. •
Louis, Fort, an importaiA barrier fortress in
the N. E. of France, consrracted by Vauban in
1686; on an island in the Rhine. 12. m. E.
Haguenau. «
Louis lie Ramsay, seiginory, Richelieu Co. Low-
er Canada.
Louisiade, an archipelago in the eastern seas,
lying S. E. of New Guinea, and extending
about 400 m. in length, by about 160 in breadth.
The centre lies nearly under 10. S. lat. and
152. 25. E. long.
Z,om/5, Si. a lake of N. America, formed by the
i 'unction of the Ottawa with the St. Lawrence,
t is 12 m. long and 6 broad.
Louis, St. a river N. America, which has its
source near the eastern head waters of the Mis-
sissippi, and falls into lake Superior, on the west
shore. It is navigable 150 m. Long. 91. 52. W.,
lat. 46. 44. N.
Louis de Maranham, St., r sea-port of Brazil
capital of the island of Maranham, and a bishop's
see, with a strong castle. It is the residenc« of
a captain general, and contains a custom-house
and treasury. The churches and convents are
numerous, and the houses, though only one sto-
ry high, are many of them neat. The hai+)our is
tolerably large, but the entranc*- is difficult. It
stands on the E. side of the river Mearim, near
the Atlantic Ocean, hono. 43. 37. W., lat. 2.
30. S.
LoMtsa , a town of European Russia, on a bay
of the gulf of Finland, 30 m. E. N. E. of Hef-
singfors.
Louisburg, the capital of the island of Cape
Breton, with a citadel, and an excellent harbour,
nearly four leagues in circumference. It was ta-
ken by the English in 1745, restored to the French
LOU
460
LOU
in 1748, taken by the English in 1758, and ceded
to them in 1763. The chief source of trade is the
cod-fishery. Long. 59. 55. W., lat. 45. 54.
Louiaburg,T).t. Franklin Co. N. C. on Tar
river, 23 m. N. E. Raleigh.
Louisiana, one of the United States, bounded
N. by the territory of Arkansas and the State of
Mississippi, E. by Mississippi, S. by the Gulf of
Mexico, and W. by the Mexican province of Tex-
as. It extends from 29. to 33. N. lat. and from
89. to 94. W. long, and contains 48,220 square
miles. It is intersected by the Mississippi, Red
iind Washita rivers and many inferior streams ;
the western limit is wa.slied by the Sabine.
Three quarters of this state are without an ele-
vation, that can properly be called a hill. The
pine woods generally have a surface of a very
particular character, rising into fine swells, with ta-
ble surfaces on the summit, and valleys from thir-
ty to forty feet deep. But they are withoutany par-
ticular range, and like the waves of a high and reg-
ular sea. The alluvial soil of course is level, and
the swamps, which are onlv inundated alluvions,
are dead flats. A range of hills commences in gentle
elevations in Opelousas, rises gradually and diver-
ges towards the Sabine. In the vicinity of Natchi-
toches it preserves a distance, intermediate between
the Sabine and Red rivers,and continues to increase
in elevation to the western parts of the state. Seen
from the pine hills above Natchitoches, tiiey have
in the distance, the blue outline, and the general
aspect of a range of mountains. Another line of
hills, not far from Alexandria, commences on the
north side of Red river, and separating between the
waters of that river and Dugdemony, unites with
another line of singular shaped mamelle hills,
that bound the alluvions of the Washita, as
bluffs, gradually diwrging from that river as they
pass beyond the western limits of the state.
That very remote part of the parish of Natchito-
ches, called Allen's settlement, is a high and roll-
ing country. There are also considerable hills
•)eyond the Mississippi alluvions east of that
"iver. But, generally speaking, Louisiana may
)e considered as one immense plain, divided, as
feepects its surface, into pine woods, prairies, al-
luvions, swamps, and hickory and oak lands.
The pine woods are general) v rolling; some-
times, but not often level. They have almost
■n variably a poor soil. The greater proportion
of the prairies is second rate land. Some of those
west of Opelousas, and between Washita and Red
river are even sterile. Some parts of the prairies
of Opelousas are of great fertility, and those of
Attakapas still more so. As a general fact, they
are more level, than those of the upper country.
A large belt of these prairies neartlie gulf is low,
marshy, and in rainy weather inundated. A
very considerable extent of them has a cold clayey
soil, with a hard crust near the surface. In other
places the soil is of inky blackness, and disposed
in the hot and dry season to crack in fissures of
a size Ij admit a man's arm.
The bottoms are generally rich, but in very
different degrees. Those of the Mississippi and
Red river, and the bayous connected with those
streams, are more fertile and productive, than the
streams west of them, and between them and the
Sabine. The fertility of the richer bottoms of the
Mississippi and Red river is sufficiently attested
by the prodigious growth of the timber, the lux-
uriance, size and rankness of the cane, and the
•otton. th« tangles of vines and creepers, the as-
stonishing size of the weeds, and the strength of
vegetation in general.
The most fertile district of Louisiana is a belt
of land called the coast lying along the Mississip-
pi in the neighbourhood of New Orleans. It con-
sists of that part of the bottom or alluvion of the
Mississippi, which commences with the first cul-
tivation above the Balize, about forty miles below
New Orleans and extends 150 m. above the city.
This belt, on each side of the river, Is secured by
an embankment called a levee, from six to eight
feet in height, and sufficiently broad, for the most
part to furnish a fine high way. — The river in or-
dinary inundations would cover the greater part
of this belt from two to six feet in depth. It is
from one to two miles in width, and perhaps a
richer tract of land in the same extent can not be
found on the globe. The levee extends some-
thing higher on the west, than on the east side
of the river. Above the levee on the east bank
of the river are the parishes of Baton Rouge, and
East and West Feliciana. The latter parish re
ceived its name from its pleasant surface of fertile
hills and valleys, and its union of desirable cir-
cumstances for a planting country. This parish
presents a spectacle, very uncommon in this coun-
try ; the hills are covered with laurels, and for-
est trees, that denote the richest soils and which
are uncommonly productive. Here are some of the
richest planters and best plantations in the state.
The mouth of Bayou Sarah, the point of ship-
ment for this region, sends great quantities of
cotton to New Orleans. Some of the plantations
on this Bayou have from five to eight hundred
acres under cultivation, worked by a large num-
ber of hands.
West of the Mississippi, the Bayous Lafourche
and Placquemine, effluxes, or outlets from the
Mississippi, have the same conformation of banks
and the same qualities of soil with the parent
stream; and, where not inundated, are equally
fertile. The sugar cane thrives as well upon ,
their banks. No inconsiderable portion of Atta-
kapam is of great fertility, as are smaller portions
of Opelousas, which is, however, more generally
adapted to become a grazing country. TheTeche,
which meanders through Opelousas and Attaka-
pas has generally a very fertile alluvion, the low-
er courses of which are embellished with fine
plantations of the sugar cane. On the Atchafal-
aya the lands are rich, but too generally inun- ,
dated. The Courtableau, running through Ope-
lousJis, has probably as rich a soil, as is to be found ^ji
m that parish. Approaching Red River from
Opelousas, by Bayou Boeuf, we find on that
bayou a soil, which some consider the richest
cotton land in Louisiana. Ba3^ou Rouge has also
a fine soil, though it is as yet principally in a
state of nature. Bayou Robert, still nearer to
Red river, is of extraordinary fertility, and the cane
brake along its bank is of astonishing luxuriance.
Bayou Rapide, which gives name to the parish,
through which it runs, is a beautiful tract of land :
and the belt on either bank is laid out along its
whole course in fine cotton plantations.
The bottoms of Red river itself are well known,
as having a soil of extraordinary fertility : and
the lower courses of this river constitute the
paradise of cotton planters. The colour of the
soil is of a darkish red, and appears to derive its
great fertility from a portion of salt intimately
mixed with it, and from its peculiar friability.
It derives its red colour from red oxide of iron.
It is a wide and deep valley, covered, while in
LOU
461
LOU
a state of nature, with a dark and heavy foresi
Its soil has been accumulating for unknown ages
from the spoils of the Mexican mountains, and
the vast prairies through which it rolls in its up-
per courses. All the bayous of Red river, and
they are numerous almost beyond computation,
partake of the character of the main river.
Vast extents of marsh interpose between the
sea and the cultivable lands. The lakes and in.
lets and sounds are connected by an inextricable
tissue of communications and passes accessible by
small vessels and bay craft, and impossible to be
navigated except by pilots, perfectly acquainted
with the waters. tThe shore is indented by num-
berless small ba}-s,very few of them affording suf
ficient water to shelter vessels. Berwick's bay
is the only one that has any considerable extent.
A very great proportion of the surface of this
state is covered with prairies. Almost all these
prairies are connected, and form, like the waters
of the Mississippi, a family, through which the
connection of all the branches may be traced.
The prairies, that are included under the general
name of Attakapas, are the first, that occur west
of the Mississippi. The parish of Attakapas is
situated in these prairies. The name implies
* man eater,' in the language of the savages who
formerly inhabited it, and who are reported to
have been cannibals. It is an immense plain of
gra8s,spreading from the Atchafalaya on the north
to the gulf on the south. Its contents are com-
monly stated at 5,000 square miles. But it is
thought this computation is too large. Being
open to the gulf, it is generally fanned by the
refreshing breezes of that sea. Its aspect of ex-
treme fertility, its boundless plain of grrss, its
cheering views, its dim verdant outline, mingling
with the blue of the sea, white houses seen in the
distance, innumerable cattle and horses grazing
in the plain, or reposing here and there under
the shade of its wooded points, has an indescriba-
ble pleasantness to the traveller, who has been
toiling on his way through the tangle, and the
Bwamps, and along the stagnant lakes, and the
dark and deep forest of the Mississippi bottom.
All at once he leaves the stifling air, the musche-
toes, the rank cane, the annoying nettles, and the
dark brown shade, and emerges into this noble
and cheerful plain, and feels the cool and salu-
brious breeze of the gulf.
Opelousas prairie is still larger than tne other,
and computed to contain nearly 8,000 sq. m. It is
divided by bayous, wooded grounds, points and
bends, and other natural boundaries, into a num-
ber of prairies, which have separate names and
marks of distinction. Taken in its whole ex-
tent, it is bounded by the Attakapas prairie on
the east, pine woods and hills on the north, the
Sabine on the west, and the gulf on the south.
The soil, though in many places very fertile, is
in general less so than the former. It atones
for that deficiency by being more salubrious, be-
ing generally deemed the healthiest region in the
state. There are here considerable cotton planta-
tions, and some of indigo ; and the parish which
bears its name, is one of the most populous in
the state. The people of the other parish are de-
voted to the growth of the sugar cane. This is
the centre of the land of shepherds, and the par-
adise of those who deal in cattle. The greater
number of the people are chiefly devoted to that
employment and they number their cattle by
thousands.
Bellevu* prairie ia partly in Opelousas. partly
in Attakapas. Calcasiu and Sabine prairies are
names that designate the different forms, shapes
and openings of this continuous line of prairies,
as it stretches along the settlements from the Plac-
quemine to the Sabine.
Some of them, as Opelousas, are of immense
extent. That of the Sabine is boundless to the
vision. Calcausiu is seventy miles long by twen-
ty wide. They are generally so level, as to strike
the eye as a perfect plain. They have, however,
slight swells and declinations, sufficient to carry
the water from them. Though after long rains
they are extremely wet, and immense tracts are
covered with water. They have a gentle and
imp>erceptible slope towards the gulf, and gener-
ally terminate, before they reach the shore, in
wet marshes, into which, when the south wind
blows, the sea is driven. These marshes are cov-
ered with a luxuriant growth of tall, reedy grass,
called cane grass. — In various parts of these pra-
iries, there are islands of timbered lands. They
generally have an appearance of such regularity
and beauty, that a stranger is with difficulty con-
vinced, that they are not clumps of trees, planted
out in circular, square, or triangular form for the
beauty of their appearance. It would be impossi-
ble to convey to one, who has not felt it, an idea
of the effect produced by one of these circular
clumps of trees, seeming a kind of t')wer of ver-
dure,rising from an ocean of grass. Wherever a ba-
you, or a stream crosses the prairie, it is marked
with a fringe of timber, which strikes the eye of an
observer, like the lines of trees in landscape paint-
ing. All the rivers, lakes and bayous of Uiis State
abound with alligators. On Red river before it
was navigated by steamboats it was not uncommon
to see hundreds at a time along the shores or oq
the immense rafts of floating or stranded timber^
groaning or uttering their bellowing noises like
thousands of furious bulls about to fight, and hud
dling together so closely that the smaller ones
would get upon the backs of the larger. At one
period thousands of them were killed for the sake
of their skins which were made into leather for
shoes, boots, &«. But it was found that this
leather was not sufficiently fine and close grained
to keep out the water. The alligators, are some-
times 12 and 15 feet in length, and are found in
all the states south of North Carolina.
The climate of Louisiana is hot and moist. In
summer it is extremely unhealthy, especially in
the neighbourhood of marshy spots It is how-
ever favourable to almost every vegetable pro-
duction of warm countries. Here flourish the
sugar cane, orange, lemon, cotton-plant, to-
bacco, rice, maize, sweet potato, &^ Sugar
and cotton are the staple articles of cultivation.
The sugar cane is principally raised upon that tract
called the coast, upon the shores of the gulf, and
upon the bayous of the Mississippi. The capital
invested in sugar estates was estimated in 1828 at
45.000,000 dollars : the produce of sugar for the
2q2
LOU
462
LOU
•ame year, was 88,878,000 pounds. The com-
merce of the state consists in the exportation of
these products, and a great variety of others
fcrought down the Mississippi from thi» western
states. New Orleans is the centre of commerce
for the state. The imports for 1829 were vahied
at 6,857,209 dollars; the exports of domestic pro-
duce at 10,898,183 dollars; total exports 12,386,-
060. The shipping of the state in 1828 amounted
to 51 ,903 tons. The pop. is 215.575. of whom
109,631 are slaves.
The inhabitants of the state consist of remnants
of th« former Spanish and French possessors m-
termixed with Americans. The French are very
numerous and exhibit in their manners the cus
tomary gaiety and volatility of that nation. This
is one of the few states in the Union where the
slaves exceed the freemen. The Catholics are
the most numerous religious sect ; they have
above 20 parishes in the state. The Baptists have
14 ministers; the Methodists 6; the Presbyterians
5, and the Episcopalians 3. The state is divi-
ded into the Eastern and Western Districts, which
are subdivided into 31 parishes. New Orleans is
the seat of government. The Legislature is styl
ed the General Assembly, a.nd consists of a Senate
and House of Representatives. The senators are
chosen for 4 years and the Representatives for 2.
The Governor is chosen for 4 years, and is elect-
ed by the legislature from the highest two previ-
ously voted for by the people. Suffrage is univer-
sal. There are colleges in this state at Jackson,
and New Orleans, but general education has re-
ceived littl^ care.
This state consists of the Southern part of the
extensive country purchased by the United States
from France in 1803 for 15,000,000 dollars. It
was first settled by^the French, and afterwards
occupied by the Spanish, but subsequently came
again into the hands of the French. Louisiana
under its present limits was admitted into the
Union as a state in 1812.
Louisiana, p. v. Pike Co. Missouri, on the Mis-
sissippi. 96 m. N W. St. Louis.
Louisville, p.t. Jelferson Co. Kentucky, on the
south bank of the Ohio, at the falls. This is a
busy and flourishing town, situated upon a slop
ing plain at the junction of Beargrass Creek with
the Ohio. The chief declivity of the falls begins
a quarter of a mile below the town. The three
principal streets run parallel with the river, and
command a pleasant view of the opposite shore.
The streets are paved with blocks of lime-stone.
The buildings are mostly of brick. The town has
considerable manufactures and a thriving river
trade. Pop. 10,352.
Louisville and Portland Canal, passes round tne
falls of the Ohio, through the town above men-
tioned to Portland below. It is 2 m. in length
and is cut through a limestone rock. It has sever-
al locks which overcome a descent of 24 feet.
It admits the passage of the largest steam-boats
and thus opens a line of free navigation from
Pittsburg to the sea. This canal was finished in
1831.
Louisville, p.t. St. Lawrence Co. N. Y. on tne
St. Lawrence, 30 m. below Ogdensburg. Pop.
1,076. Also a p.t. Jefferson Co. Geo. 50. m. S.
W. Augusta.
Louistown, a village in Talbot Co. Maryland.
Louis, St. a county of Missouri, on the Missis-
sippi. Pop. 14,907.
Louis, St. the capital of the above county, and
the chi«f eoramercial town in the state of Mis
souri, stands on the Mississippi, 18 below the
mouth of the Missouri, on a gently rising ground
and is accessible by steam-boats from New
Orleans at the lowest stages of the water . The
town was founded by the French from Canada
m 17G4 and many of the inhabitants are still
French. Here is a Catholic college and cathe-
dral. A considerable part of the western fur-trade
centres here, and the town is otherwise well situ-
ated for commerce. The passage to New Orleans is
1,200 m. by the river, and there are 6 steam-boats
constantly plying between these two places.
There are also the same number constantly running
between this place and Louisville, besides others
to different places. The town is regularly k.d
out and extends 2 m. along the river. Pop. 5,85^.
Lat. 38,26. N., long. 89. 56. W.
Louie, a town of Portugal, in Algarva, sur-
rounded by antique walls, and seated on a river
of the same name, 10 m. N. W. of Faro.
Lou-ngan, a city of China, of the first rank, in
the province of Chan-si, situate near the source
of the Qneyho, 270 m. S. S. W. of Pekin. Long.
116. 56. E., lat. 31. 46. N.
Lourde, a town of France, department of Upper
Pyrenees, with a castle on a rock, 10 m. N. W. of
Bagneres.
Louristan, a mountainous but fertile district,
of Irak, in Persia, bordering upon Khusistan. It
is abundantly watered, and the pastures are most
luxuriant, but agriculture is quite neglected.
The inhabitants are a barbarous and independent
race, and reside always in tents. The only town
is Korumabad.
LoM<A, a corporate town in Lincolnshire, Eng.
with manufactures of blankets and carpets, and
also a large soap manufactory. Here is a noble
Gothic church, with a lofty spire ; also five meet-
ing-houses for dissenters, a free school, founded
by Edward VI., and another founded in 1677. It
has a navigation, by means of the river Lud, and
a canal, to the German Ocean, at Tetney Creek.
28 m. N. E. of Lincoln, and 141 N. of London.
Louth, a county of Ireland, in the province of
Leinster, 27 m. long and 18 broad ; bounded on
,he N. by Armagh and Carlingford Bay, E.
by the Irish Sea, W. by Monaghan and E. Meath,
and S. by E. Meath, from which it is parted by
the river Boyne. It is a fertile country, contains
61 parishes, with about 101,000 inhabitants, and
sends two members to parliament.
Louth, a town of Ireland, in the county of the
same name, containing the ruins of an ancient
abbey, founded by St. Patrick, 18 m. N. N. W.
of Drogheda.
LoMZr6, a village m Montgomery Co. Missouri.
Louvain, a city of the Netherlands, in S. Bra-
bant, with an old castle, and a celebrated universi-
ty. Its walls are nearly 9 m. in circumference,
but within them are many gardens and vineyards.
The churches, convents, and public buildings are
magnificent. Large quantities of cloth were
formerly made here, but this trade is decayed, and
the town is now chiefly noted for good beer. It
was taken by the French in 1746, 1792, and 1704
and is seated on the Doyle, 14 m. E. by N. of.
Brussels, and 20. S. S. E. of Antwerp. Loner- 4
41. E., lat. 50. 53. N.
Louviers, a handsome town of France, nepart-
ment of Eure, with a considerable manufacture of
fine cloths. It is seated on the Eure, 10 m. N. of
Evreux, and 55 N. W. of Paris.
Louvres, a town of France, department of Seine-
et-Oise, 14 m. N. of Pari* .
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463
LW3
Lovell, p.t. Oxford Co. Me. 62 m. N. W. Port-
and. Pop. 14,508.
Lovinvton, p.v. Nelson Co. Va. 110 m. N. W.
Richmond.
Lowcnstein, a town of Germany, in Wurtem-
ber<r, capital of a county of the same name. 9 m.
£. §■ E. of lieilbrunn.and 33 N.N. E. of Stuttgard.
Lowcnstein, a fort and ancient castle of the
Netherlands, in the province of Guclderland, situ-
ated at the W. end of the island of Bomnielwert.
In this castle, in 1618, Hugo Grotius was confin-
ed, and after three years imprisonment was con-
veyed away by a stratagem of his wife, in a re-
turned box used for the purpose of carrying
books. It is 18 m. S. E. of Rotterdam.
Lowcstot. a town of Suffolk, Eng. Its church
IS a fine Gothic building ; and it has beside a
chapel of ease, several dissenting meeting-hou-
ses, and two grammar schools. The chief trade
is in the mackerel and herring fisheries ; and it
is much frequented for sea-bathing. Here are
forts and batteries for protecting ships in the
roads. The coast being dangerous, here are two
iight-houses, and a floating light was stationed
offthis port in 1815. It stands on a clifi", the
most easterly point of Graat Britain, 10 m. S.
of Yarmouth, and 114 N. E. of London. Long. 1.
44. E., lat. 52. 29. N.
Lotces-ioater, a lake in Cumberland, Eng. one
mile long and a quarter of a mile broad. It is of
no great depth, but abounds with pike and perch.
In opposition to all the other lakes, it has its
course from N. to S., and under the lofty Mell-
break, runs into the N. end of Cromach-water.
Lawkill, a township in Lehigh Co. Pa. 12 m.
N. W. Allentown.
Lowell, p.t. Middlesex Co. Mass. on the Merri-
mack, 25 m. N. W. Boston. Pop. 6,474. This
place has grown up within a few years by means
of its manufactures, and is now one of the most
important manufacturing towns in the United
States. It has the waters of the Merrimack at
command, with a fall of above 30 feet. The
largest manufacturing establishments in the coun-
try are at this place ; they belong to 8 or 10 differ-
ent companies. The town is built with regularity
and is rapidly increasing. For further particulars
of the manufactures of Lowell, see Massachusetts.
Lower Smithfidd, p.v. Northampton Co. Pa. 15
m. N. E. Easton.
Loicicz, a town of Poland, with a strong fortress,
jseated on the Bzura, 42 m. VV. of Warsaw.
Lowositz, a town of Bohemia, in the circle of
Leutmeritz. In 1756 the greatest part of it was
burnt in an obstinate engagement between the
Saxons and Prussians. It is seated on the Egra,
5 m. W. S. W. of Leutmeritz.
Lowfkersville, p.v. Lewis Co. Va. 365 m. N. W.
Richmond.
Lowville, p.t. Lewis Co. N. J. 57 m. N. Utica.
Pop. 2,334.
Loxa. or Loja, a town of Spain, in Granada,
with a royal salt- work, and a copper forge ; seated
in a fertile country, oa the river Xenil, 28 m. W.
of Granada.
Loxa, or iMJa, a town of Quito, capital ot a
province of the same name, famous for producing
fine Jesuits' bark and cochineal. Carpets of re-
markable fineness are manufactured here, but the
town is much decayed. It stands at the head of
a N. W. branch of the Amazon, 150 m. E. N. E.
of Paita. Long. 78. 16. W., lat. 4. 5. S
LoyaLstock p.t. Lycomino Co. Pa.
Lozere. a department of France, corresponding
to the ancient Gevaudan. ft is a monntainou*,
barren country, and receives its name from the
principal ridge of mountains. Mende is the
capital.
Lu, a town of the Sardinian states, in Piedmont,
8 m. S. S. W. of Alexandria.
Luarca, a town of Spain, in Austria, near the
sea-coast, 23 m. N. W. of Oviedo.
Lubar, a town of Prussia, in the government of
Volhynia, with 3,000 inhabitants.
Lubau, a town of Prussian Silesia, 30 m. N
W. of Glatz.
Lubben, a town of Lower Lusatia, seated on
the Spree, in a swampy country, 50 m. S. S. E.
of Berlin. Long. 13. 55. E., lat, 52. 0. N.
Labec, a free city and sea-port of Germany ad-
joining the ducy of Holstein. It was the head
of the famous Hanseatic league, formed nere in
1164, and the most commercial city of the north ;
but great part of its trade is transferred to Ham-
burg. The city is surrounded with walls, which
are planted with rows of trees, but the other de-
fences were demolished by the French, to whom
it was surrendered in 1806. The houses are built
of stone in a very ancient style. The town-house
is a superb structure, and has several towerci.
There is also a fine council-house, and an ex-
change. The inhabitants are Lutherans. There
are four large churches, besides the cathedral
The trade consists in the export of corn from the
adjoining country and the import of articles for
consumption ; and the manufactures, which are
on a small scale, comprise woolen, silks, cotton,
tobacco, soap, white lead, copper, &c. Lubec is
seated on the Travc, 8 m. S. W. of the Baltic,
and 35 N. E. of Hamburg. Long. 10. 49. E., lat
53. 52. N.
Lubec, an islana m the Indian Ocean, near thfi
island of Madura. Long. 112. 22. E., lat. 5. 50.
S.
Lubec, a sea-port of Maine, in Washington
county, situated on a peninsula, on the W. side
of Passamaquoddj' Bay, 365 m. E. of Boston. It
was founded in 1815, and is now a handsome
and flourshing town. Pop. 1,535.
Lid)en,a. town of Prussian Silesia, seated on the
Katzbach, 14 m. N. of Liegnitz.
Lublenitz, a town of Silesia, in the principality
of Oppeln, 32 m. E. of Oppeln.
Lublin, a city of Poland, capital of a palatinate
of the same name, and a bishop's see, with a cit-
adel. Three annual fairs are held here, each
lasting a month, which are frequented by great
numbers of German, Russian, Turkish, and other
traders and merchants. It is seated on the Bis-
tricza, 85 m. S. E. of Warsaw. Long. 22. 45. E.,
lat.51.14. N.
Lublyo, a. town of Poland, palatinate of Cracow
56 m. S. E. of Cracow.
Luc, a town of France, deoratment of Var, 23
m. N. E. of Toulon.
Lucanas, a town of Peru, which gives name to
a jurisdiction, containing rich silver mines, and
feeding great droves of cattle. It stands near one
of the head branches of the Apurimac, 80 m. S.
of Guamanga.
Lucar, Cape St. the S. E. end of the peninsula
of California. It lies under the tropic of Capri»
corn, in long. 111. 30. W.
Lucar de Barramcda, St. a sea-port of Spain, in
Andalusia, and a bishop's see. It has a fine har-
bour, well defended, at the mouth of the GuadaX
quivir, 40 m. S. S. W. of Seville. Long. 5. 54,
W., lat. 36. 58. N
LUC
464
LUD
Lvtar de Gtuidiana, St.,ti strong town of Spain,
in Andalusia, on the river Guadiana, 76 m. W.
N. W. of Seville. Long. 7. 18. W., lat. 37. 28.
Lucayo Islands. See Bahama.
Lucca, a duchy of Itiily, lying on the E. coast
of the gulf of Genoa. It is bounded by Tuscany,
Modena, and the Mediterranean, and contains
about 430 square m. Much of it is mountainous,
but it is well cultivated, and produces plenty of
wine, oil, silk, wool, and chestnuts ; tire oil, in
particular, is in high esteem. It was formerly a
republic, was constituted a principality by Napo-
leon in 1805, and in 1815 erected mco a duchy by
the congress of Vienna, and given to the infanta
of Spain.
Lucca, a city of Italy, capital of the above
Juchy, and an archbishop's see. It is nearly
three m. in circumference, regularly fortified, and
contains 18,000 inhabitants. The state palace,
and the cathedral and other churches, are worthy
of notice. Here are considerable manufactures
of silk, and gold and silver stuffs. Lucca was
entered by the French in 1796, evacuated in 1799,
and re-entered in 1800 It is seated in a fruitful
plain, near the river Serchio, 10 m. N. E. of Pisa,
and 37 W. of Florence. Long. 10. 35. E., lat. 43.
50. N.
Luce, a spacious bay on the S. coast of Scot-
land, in Wigtonshire, lying E. of the promontory
called the Mull of Galloway. The river Luce
enters its N. E. extremity, at the town of Glen-
luce.
Lnccinstei^, St., a narrow pass from the country
of the Grisons into Germany, defended by a fort,
3 m. N. of Mayenfield ; which was taken by gen-
eral Massena in March 1799.
Luccna, a town of Spain, in Cordova, 32 m. S.
S. E. of Cordova, and 42 W. N. W. of Granada.
Lucera, a city of Naples, capital of Capitanata,
and a bishop's see The town is small, but popu-
lotts, and has a manufacture of cloth. It is 75 m.
N. E. of Naples. Long. 15. 34. E., 41. 28. N.
Lucerna, a town of Piedmont, in a valley of its
name, 15 m. S. W. of Turin.
Lucerne, a canton of Switzerland, containing a
superficial extent of 740 sq. m. ; and bounded by
the cantons of Underwalden, Schweitz, and Zu-
rich. The air is mild, and the soil uncommonly
fertile. Freedom and openness of manners char-
acterize the inhabitants, who are Roman Catho-
lics, and computed at 87,000.
Lucerne, the capital of the above canton, is di-
vided into two parts by a branch of the Reuss,
which here enters the lake of Lucerne. It has
no manufactures of consequence, and little com-
merce, the merchants being principally engaged
in the commission business, upon goods passing
between Italy, and Germany, over Mount St.
Gothard and the Lucerne Lake. 30 m. S. W. of
Zurich, and 43 E. of Berne. Long. 8. 14. E., lat.
47. 0. N.
Lucerne, or Waldstadte, a lake of Switzerland,
between the cantons of Underwalden, Lucerne,
Schweitz, and Uri. It consists of a number of
detached parts, forming in a manner separate
lakes. It is the largest, as well as the most ro-
mantic lake in the interior of Switzerland, being
25 m. long and from 2 to 4 broad.
Luchouj, a town of Hanover, in the duchy of
Luneburg, seated on the Jeetze, 36 m. S. of Lu-
neburg.
Lucia, St., one of the Carribee islands, 27 m.
lon^r and 12 broad. It consists of plaing well wa-
tered with rivulets, and hills, furnished with tim-
ber ; and has several good bays and commodious
harbours. By the peace of 1763, this island was
allotted to France. In 1803 it was taken by the
English, and confirmed to them by the treaty of
Pans in 1814. There are two high mountains, by
which this island may be known at a cousiderable
distance. Its N. end is 21 m. S. of Martinique.
Long. 60. 51. W., lat. 14. 0. N.
Lucia, St., one of the Cape de Verd islands, to
the W. of that of St. Nicholas. Long. 24. 32.
W., lat. 16. 45. N.
Lucia, St., a town of Sicily, in Val di Demona,
15 m. W. of Messina.
Lucia, St., a town of Buenos Ayres, on a river
of the same name, 30 m. N. of Monle Video, and
340 N. by W. of Buenos Ayres. It is also the
name of several settlements in S. America, none
of which require particular notice.
Luciana, a town of Spain, in Andalusia, 8 m.
W. N. W. of Ecija.
Lucito, a town of Naples, in the Molise, 11 m
N. E. of Molise.
Luckau, a town of the Prussian states, in Lower
Lusatia. It is seated in a swampy country, on
the Berste, 55 m. N. of Dresden.
Luckenwald, a town of Prussian Saxony, seated
on the Nute, 32 m. S. of Berlin.
Luckford, a town in Dorsetshire, Eng. W. of
Holme,on the Luckford, which falls into the Frome
and Torms the W. boundaries of Purbeck Isle.
Lucknow, an ancient city of Hindoostan, and
capital of Oude. It is large, but poorly built, and
the streets are narrow and crooked. The palace
of the nabob is situated on a high bank near the
Goomty, and commands an extensive view both
of that river and the country on the eastern side.
Adjoining the palace is a cantonment of one of
the East India Company's regiments of native
infantry ; and in the vicinity is the dwelling of
the British resident.
Luco. a town of Naples, on the W. bank of the
lake Celano, 9 m. S. S. W. of Celano.
Liicon, a town of France, department of Ven
dee; seated in a morass, on the canal of Fontenay,
20 m. W. of Fontenay, and 50 S. of Nanfes.
Luconia, or Manilla, the chief of the Philippine
islands, 400 m. in length, and 100 in breadth. It
is not so hot as might be expected, being well
watered by large lakes and rivers, and the period-
ical rains, which inundate the plains. There are
several volcanoes in the mountains, which occa-
sion earthquakes. The produce is wax, cotton,
indigo, tobacco, sugar, coffee, wild cinnamon,
sulphur, cocoa-nuts, rice, &c. Gold is found in
various parts of the island ; and horses,NbufFaIoes,
and a variety of game abound. The inhabitants
are for the most part a well disposed peopie. and
before their subjugation were distributed into mud
villages. Under the tyranny of the Spanish gov-
ernment they have become indolent, and destitute
of energy. The interior, however, is occupied
by a savage race, whom the Spaniards have not
been able to subdue. They carry on a small
traffic in gold, wax, and tobacco, in exchange for
cattle. Long. 122. 0. E., lat. 15. 0. N.
Lucrino. See Licola.
Lucy, a town of the Sardinian states, in Savoy,
16 m. N. of Chamberry.
Ludamar, a country of Central Africa, bounded
on the S. by Kaartaand Bambarra, and N. by the
Sahara or Great Desert. It is inhabited by a race
of Moors, who are almost strangers to affriculture,
and depend for subsistence on the reanngr of ca%
Ltri
465
LUN
ile. In reli^on they are Mahomedans of the
most bigoted and intolerant character, as was ful-
ly proved in the case of major Houghton,who was
murdered here, and of Mr. Park, who was kept
in long captivity, and with dif5culty made his
escape.
Ludehaunah, a town and fortress of Hindoos-
tan, in ihe province of Dehli, situated on the S.
bank of the river Suttelege. 180 m. N. N. W. of
Dehli.
Ludencheidj a town of Prussian Westphalia
with manufactures of iron and cloth, 28 m. W. £.
of Cologne.
LudershaU, a borough in Wiltshire, Eng. It is
15 m. :S. of Salisbury, and 71 N. by W. of Lon-
don.
Ludlow, a borough in Shropshire, Eng. It has
a castle, now ftist going to decay, where all busi-
ness was formerly transacted for the principality
of Wales. This castle and town were held for
the empress Maude against king Stephen, and be-
sieged by him. Edward V. resided here at the
time of his father's death, and was carried hence
to London. Arthur, prince of Wales, son of
Henry VII., held a court, and died here. It is
seated on the Teme, 21 m. S. of Shrewsbury, and
142 N. W. of London. Long. 2. 42. W., lat. 52.
23. N.
Ludlow, p.t. Hampden Co. Mass. on a branch
of Chickapee River. 12 m. N. E. Springfield.
Fop. 1,:327. Also a p.t. Windsor Co. Vt. 16 m.
W. Windsor. Pop. 1,227.
LudlowvilU, p.t. Tompkins Co N. Y. on Cayu-
ga. lake.
Ludwigsourg, a town of Germany, in Wurtem-
Derg, with manufactures of cloth, damask linen,
and marble paper. It is seated on the Neckar, 6
m N. of Stuttgard.
Ludwigsburg, a town of the Prussian states, in
Pomerania, near the Baltic Sea, 5 m. £. ^. E. of
Greifswalde.
Luga, a town of Russia, in the government of
Petersburg, on a river of the same name, 96 m.
S. of Petersburg.
Lugano, a town of Italy, capital of the Swiss
canton of Tesino, with a considerable trade in silk.
It is built round a gentle curve of the lake Luga-
no, and backed by an amphitheatre of hills. The
principal church is seated on an eminence above
the town. It is 17 ra. N. W. of Como Long.
8. 57. E., lat. 45. 54. N.
Lugano, a lake in the canton of Tesino, 25 m.
In length, and from 3 to 6 in breadth. Its form is
irregular, and bending into continual sinuosities.
It lies between the lakes Como and Maggiore,but
is above ISO feet higher than either of them.
Ludge, or Lude, a town of Prussian Westpha-
lia, s^'ated on the Emmer, 24 m. N. N. E. of Pad-
erborn.
Lugo, a city of Spain, in Galicia, and a bish-
op's see. It was once the metropolis of Spain,
but is now chiefly celebrated for its hot medicinal
springs. It is seated on the Minho, 50 m. E. N.
E. of Compostella, Long. 7. 32. W., lat. 43. 4.
N
Luis, St., a town of Buenos Ayres, in the prov-
ince of Tucuman, 140 m. W. S. W. of Cordova.
Long. 67. 52. W. lat. 32. 10. S.
Luis de la Paz, St., a town of Mexico, in the
province of Mechoacan. 120 m. S by E. of Mecho-
acan.
Luis de Potosi' St., a city of Mexico, in the
province of Mechoacan, situate in the midst of rich
ffold nunes, and all tb« comforts of life The
59
streets are neat and straight, and the churcfara
magnificent. It is 180 m. N. by W. of Mechoa-
can. Long. 102. 54. W., lat. 22. 25. N.
Lui-tckeou, a city of China, of the first rank, in
the province of Quang-tong. It is seated in a
fertile country, near the sea, 315 m. S. W. of Can-
ton. Lo..g. 109. 25. E., lat. 20. 58. N.
Luleu, a sea-port of [Sweden, in Bothnia, with
a good harbour. Near it is a mountain of iron
ore. It stands on a river of the same name, at
the N. W. extremity of the gulf of Bothnia, 115
m. N. N. E. of Uma. Long. 22. 12. E., lat. 65
32. N.
Lumberland, a township of Sullivein Co. N. Y,
on the Delaware. Pop. 955.
Lumberton, a village of Burlington Co. N. J.
near Mount Holly, also a village in Robertson Co.
N. C. 25 m. S. Fayeiteville.
Lumello, a. town in the Sardinian states,formerIy
the residence of the kings of Lombardy, but now
a small place. It is seated on tlie Gogna, 44 m.
E. N. E. of Turin.
Lunan, a town of Scotland, in Angusshire, sit
uate on a bay of its name, at the mouth of the riv-
er Lunan, 5 m. S. S. W. of Montrose.
Lund, a town of Sweden, in the province of
Scania It carries on but little trade, and is prin-
cipally supported by its university, founded J)y
Charles XL, and from him called Academia Caro-
lina Gothorum. The cathedral is an ancient ir-
regular building. It is 21 m. E. of Copeniiagen,
and 38 S. W. of Christianstadt. Long. 13. 12. E..
lat. 55. 42. N.
Lundtn, a town of Denmark, in N. Ditsmarsch,
seated near the Eyder, 22 m. W. of Rendsburg.
Lundy, an island at the entrance of tlie Bristol
Channel, about 12 m. from the Devonshire coast.
It is about 5 m. long and 2 broad, and in the N.
part is a high pyramidical rock, called the Con-
subie. Long. 4. 8. W., lat. 51. 18. N.
Lune. See Loyne.
Lund, a town of France, in the department of
Gard, near the river Ridourle. It has excellent
muscadine wine, and is 16 m. E. of Montpelier.
Lunen, a town of Westphalia, in the county of
Marck, situated at the conflux of the Zezisk with
the Lippe, 20 m. S. by W. of Munster.
Lunenburg, or Luneburg, a province of Hano-
ver, formerly a duchy of the German empire, ly-
ing along the left bank of the Elbe. A small por-
tion, lying on the right bank of the Elbe, now
belongs to Denmark ; but Hanoverian Lunen-
burg comprises a superficial extent of 4,236 sq. m.
with 246,000 inhabitants. It is watered by the
rivers Aller, Elbe, Ilmenau, Oker, Jeetize, Fuhse,
and some smaller streams ; and part of it is full
of heaths and forests, but near the rivers it is tol-
erably fertile.
Lunenburg, a large fortified town, capital of
the foregoing province. The chief public edifi-
ces are the places for public worship, the palace,
three hospitals, the town-house, the salt magazine,
the anatomical theatre, and the academy. The
salt springs near this place are very productive. It
is situatedon the Ilmmenau. 36 . S. E. of Ham-
burg, and 60 N. of Brunswick.
Lunenburg, p.t. Essex Co. Vt. on the Connecti-
cut, nearly opposite Lancaster N. H. Pop. 1,054.
p.t. Worcester Co. Mass. 45 m. N. W. Boston.
Pop. 1,318.
Lunenburg, a county of the E. District of Vir-
ginia. Pop. 11,957. Also a county of Nova Sco-
tia containing a township of the same name.
LuneviUe, a town of France, department of
LUX
460
LYM
Meurthe. In ils castle the dukes of Lorrain form-
erly kept their court, as did afterwards king Stan-
islaus. In 1801 a treaty of peace was concluded
here between France and Austria. Luneviile is
Seated in a plain between the rivers Vesoul and
Meurthe, 14 m. E. S. E. of Nancy, and (i2 W. of
Strasburg. Long. G. 30. E., lat. 48. 3G. N.
Lungro, a town of Naples, in Basilicata, chief-
ly inhabited by Greeks, 35 rn. N. N. W. of Co-
scnza.
Lupow, a town of Pomerania, on a river of the
same name, 15 m. E. of Stolpe.
Luraij, p.v. Shenandoah Co. Va.
Lure, a town of France, department of Upper
Saone, celebrated for a late abbey of Benedic-
tines, converted, in 17G4, into a chapter of noble
canons. It is seated near the Ougnon, 30 m. N.
E. of Besanijon.
Lurgan, a town of Ireland, in the county of Ar-
magh, with an extensive linen manufacture, 14
m. N. E. of Armagh, and 07 N. of Dublin.
Lusada, a margraviate of Germany, 90 m. long
and 60 broad; bounded on the N. by Branden-
burg, E. by Silesia, S. by Bohemia, and W. by
Saxony. It is divided into Upper and Lower Lu-
satia, formerly two distinct states, which became
subject to Saxony and formed a province of that
power until 1815. The whole of Lower Lusatia,
which forms the northern part of the margraviate
now belongs to Prussia, as does also one half of
Upper Lusatia, which is included in the govern-
ment of Liegnitz : the part that remains to Sax-
ony is computed at 1,170 sq. m. with 170,000 m
habitants. Upper Lusatia abounds more in moun-
tains and hills than the Lower, in which are
many boggy and moorish tracts, yet it is the most
fruitful. The breeding of cattle is very consider-
able, and there is plenty of game ; but the prod-
ducts of the country do not supply the necessities
of the inhabitants. This want is compensated by
its numerous manufactures, particularly those of
cloths and linens.
Lusigrmn, a town of France, department of Vi-
enne, seated on the Vonne, 15 ra. S. S. W. of
Poitiers.
Luso, a river of Italy, which rises in the duchy
of Urbino, crosses part of Romagna, and enters
the gulf of Venice 10 m. N. of Rimini.
Luton,a, town of Bedfordshire, Eng. with a mar-
ket on Monday. It is situate on the river Lea,
18 m. S. of Bedford, and 31 N. by W. of London.
Lutterberg, a town of Hanover, in the prmci-
pality of Grubinhagen, seated on the Oder, 15 m.
S. of Gozlar.
Lutterworth, a town in Leicestershire, Eng. It
has a large and handsome church. Wickliff, the
celebi-ated reformer, was rector, and died here,
in 1387. Lutterworth has little trade, being prin-
cipally supported by the neighbouring opulent
graritei*. It is seated on the river Swift, 14' m.
S. of Leicester, and 88 N. W. of London.
Lutzelstein, a town of France, department of
Lower Rhine, with a strong castle, seated on a
mountain, 30 ra. N. W. of Strasburg.
Lutzen, a town of Saxony, in the principality
of Merseberg, belonging to Prussia, with a cas-
tle. Near this place, in 1G32, Gustavus Adolphus,
king of Sweden, was killed in a battle, at the
moment of victory. Lutzen is also celebrated for
the defeat of the united forces of Russia and Prus-
sia, by Bonaparte, jn May, 1813. It is seated
on the Elster, 21 m. W. S. W. of Leipzig.
Luxemburg, a province of the Netherlands,
bounded by the Prussian states on the Rhine, a
part of the French frontier, and the Belgic prov
inces of Namur and Liege, and comprising a su
perficial area of 2,400 sq, m. with 220,000 inhabi-
tants. It gives the title of grand duke to the
sovereign. The surface is mountainous and
woody, being traversed by branches of the Arden-
nes ; and the climate is colder than lliat of the
other provinces. The principal river is the Mo
selle. Corn, potatoes, flax, and some wine are
raised ; the rearing of cattle forms an important
branch of industry ; and there are manulactures
of woolen and iron ; but the chief wealth of the
province consists in its forests, which occupy up-
wards of 400,000 acres. It is divided into the
districts of Luxemburg, Dietkirch and Neufcha-
teau.
Luxemburg, the capital of the above province,
and one of the strongest towns in Europe. It is
divided by the Alsitz into the Upper and Lower
Town; the former almost surrounded by rocks,
but the latter seated in a plain, in 17!,5 it sur-
rendered to the French, but was restored in 1814.
[t is 22 m. W. S. W. of Treves, and 130 S. E. of
Brussels. Long. 6. 10. E., lat. 49. 37. N.
Luxeuil, a town of France, department of Up-
per Saone, near which are some mineral waters
and warm baths. It is seated at the foot of the
Vosges, 14 m. from Vesoul.
Luyo and Chillaos, a province of Peru, hounded
E. by mountains, N. and N. W. by the province
of Jaen, and S. E. by that of Caxamaica. It is
54 m. in length, and 24 in breadth, and contains
3,500 inhabitants. The capital has the same name,
and is in long. 77. 41. W., lat. 5. 33. S.
Luzara,a. strong town of Austrian Italy, in the
province of Mantua, where a battle was fought
between the Austrians and the French and Span-
iards, in 1702, when each side claimed the victory.
It is seated near the conflux of the Crostolo with
the Po, 16 m. S. of Mantua.
Luzarckes, a town of France, department of
Seine-et-Oise. 19 m. N. of Paris.
Luzerne, a county in the W. District of Penn-
sylvania, bounded N. by Tioga county, New
York, E. and S. E. by Northampton, and W. by
Lycoming and Northumberland counties. It is
about 79 m. in length and 75 in breadth, and is
divided into 12 townships. Pop. 27,304. Wilkes-
barre is the chief town.
Luzerne, a township of Fayette Co. Pa. at the
great bend of the Monongahela
Lycoming, a county of the W. District of Penn-
sylvania. Pop. 17,037. Williamsport is the cap-
ital. Also a township in the same county, and a
small stream falling into the W. branch of the
Susquehanna.
Luion. See Luconia.
Lydd, a town in Kent, Eng. It is a member
of the cinque port of Romney. and seated in Rom-
ney Marsh, 25 m. S. W. of Dover, and 72 S. E.
of London.
Lyge, a town of Norway, near a lake of the same
name, 10 m. N. W. of Christiansand.
Lyman, a township of York Co. Me. 27 m. N
York. Pop. 1,502.
Lyme, or Lyme Regis, a borough and sea-port in
Dorsetshire, Eng. It is seated on the side of a
craggy hill, on the river Lyme, at the head of a
little inlet : and its harbour is formed by two very
thick walls, called the Cobbe. Here the duke of
Monmouth landed, in 1085, for the execution of
his ill-judged design against James II. Lyme is
the birth-place of Thomas Coram, the benevolent
patroB and contriver of the Foundling Hospital
MAA
467
MAB
It is 28 m. E. of Exeter, and 143 S. W. of London.
L>jme,p.t. Grafton Co. N. H. on the Connecticut,
8 m. N. Dartmouth College. Pop. 1.804. p.t. N.
London Co. Conn. at the mouth of the Connecticut
Pop. 4,098 ; a township of Jefferson Co. N. Y. on
L. Ontario. Pop. 2.872 ; and a township in Huron
Co. Ohio.
Lymford, a gulf of Denmark, in N. Jutland,
whicli has a narrow entrance from the Cattegat,
and extends 80 ra. across the country, widening
gradually, and forming several branches ; the W.
end is 20 ra. long, ana separated from the North
Sea only by a narrow bank.
Lijmington, a borough in Hampshire, Eng. It
is seated on a river of its name, a m. from the sea,
and the harbour will admit vessels of 300 tons
burden. Thechief trade is in salt ; and it is much
resorted to in summer for sea-bathing. Near it
are the remains of a Roman camp ; and in 1744
nearly 200 lbs. weight of their coins were discov-
ered here in two urns. It is 18 m. S. S. W. of
Southampton, and 88 S. W. of London.
Lynchburg, p.t. Campbell Co. Va. on James
River, 118 m. W. Richmond. Also villages in
Oldham Co. Ken. and Lincoln Co. Ten.
Lyndehoroucrh, p.t. Hillsborough Co. N. H. 10
m. N. W. Amherst. Pop. 1,147.
Lyndhurst, a village in Hampshire, Eng. on the
N. side of the New Forest, 9 m. W. S. W. of
Southampton. Here are the king's house and the
king's stable.^, the latter very large; and all the
forest courts are held here.
Lyndon, p.t. Caledonia Co. Vt. 32 m. N. E.
Montpelier. Pop. 1,822.
Lyneville, p.v. Granville Co. N. C. 60 m. N.
Raleigh.
Lynn, or Lynn Regis, a borough and sea-port in
Norfolk, Eng. By the Ouse, and its associated
rivers, it supplies most of the midland countries
with coal, timber, and wine; and, in return, ex-
ports malt and corn in great quantities : it also par-
takes in the Baltic trade and Greenland fishery.
Lynn has a large market-place, with an elegant
cross. It is 42 m. W. N. W. of Norwich, and 96
N. by E. of London. Long. 0. 24. E., lat. 52.
46. N.
Lynn, p.t. Essex Co. Mass. 10 m. N. E. Boston.
Pop. 6,138. This town is noted for its manufac-
ture of shoes, of which between one and two
million pair are made annually. It lies upon the
coast, and is connected by a long beach with the
peninsula of Nahant.
Lynn, a township of Lehigh Co. Pa. bordering
on Berks and Schuylkill Cos.
Lynn Creek, p.v. Giles Co. Ten 68 m. W.
Murfreesboro.
Lynnfield, p.t. Essex Co. Mass. 11 m. N. Boston
Pop. 617.
Lyonnois, a former province of France, lying
on the W. side of the Saone and Rhone, 30 m. in
length, and 17 in breadth. This province, with
Forez and Beaujolois, now forms the department
of the Rhone and the Loire.
Lyons, a city of France, capital of the depart-
ment of Rhone, and the see of an archbishop.
Many antiquities are still observed, wliich evince
its Roman origin. It was long considered as the
second city of France in beauty, size, and popula-
tion, and superior to Paris in trade, commerce, and
manufactures. The quays were adorned with
magnificent structures ; the cathedral was a ma-
jestic Gothic edifice ; and the town-house was one
of the most beautiful in Europe. The other prin-
cipal public buildings were the exchange, the
custom-house, the palace of justice, the arsenal,
a theatre, a public library, two colleges, and two
hospitals. The bridge which unites the city with
the suburb de la Guillotiere is 1^60 feet long;
and there are three other principal suburbs, six
gates, and several fine churches. Such was Lyons
in June 1793, when it revolted against the national
convention. Being obliged to surrender, in Oc-
tober, the convention decreed that the walls and
public buildings should be destroyed, and the name
of the city changed to that of Ville Affranchie
The chiefs of the insurgents had fled, but several
of ihem were afterwards taken ; and of 3,528 per-
sons, who were tried before the revolutionary tri-
bunal, 1,682 were either shot or beheaded. In
1794, however, on the destruction of the faction
of the jacobins, the convention decreed that the
city should resume its ancient name, and that
measures should be taken to restore its manufac-
tures and commerce. In 1795 the friends of those
who were so wantonly put to death in 1793 aveng-
ed their fate b}' a general massacre of the judges
of the revolutionary tribunal, and of all the ja-
cobins who were then confined in the prisons of
Lyons. Notwithstanding, Lyons has begun to
resume its ancient celebrity, and is now a place
of very great trade, which is extended not only
through France, but to Italy, Switzerland, and
Spain ; and there are four celebrated fairs every
year. The chief article of manufacture now is
that of silk: the others are gold and silver bro-
cade, plain, double, and striped velvet, richly em-
broidered taflfeta, and satin ; also gold and silver
laces or galoons, gauze, hats, ribands, leather, car-
pets, and colored paper. The printing and book-
selling of this place are the next to Paris in im-
portance. It was the scene of several actions
between the French and Austrians in 1814 ; and
on the return of Bonaparte from Elba in 1815 the
princes of the house of Bourbon were obliged to
withdraw. It was also the scene of dreadful riois
in the latter part of 1831. This city is seated at
the conflux of the Saone with the Rhone, 15 m.
N. of Vienne, and 280 S. E. of Paris. Lon<T. 4.
49. E., lat. 45. 46. N. Pop. 145,675.
Lyons, p.t. Wayne Co. N. Y. 16 m. N. Geneva.
Pop. 3,603.
Lysander, p.t. Onondaga Co. N. Y. 20 m. N.
W. Onondaga. Pop. 3,223.
Lythe, a village in N. Yorkshire, Eng. on the
sea-coast, 4 m. W. N. W. of Whitby, noted for
its extensive alum works.
Lytham, a town in Lancashire, Eng. 5 m. from
Kirkham. and 230 from London.
M
MA ALMORIE, a promontory and small island the province of Zealand, on the island of Tholiii,
of Scotland, on the S. E. coast of the isle of 9 m. W. N. W. of Bergen-op-Zoom.
Islay. Mabra, a town of Algiers, seated on the golf of
Maartensdyke, a town of the Netherlands, in Bona 10 m. W. of Bona.
MAC
468
MAC
Afacao, a town of China, in an island, at the
entrance of the bay of Canton. It is defended
by three forts. The Portuguese have been in
possession of the harbour since 1640. The Brit-
ish have a factory here. Long. 113. 46. E., lat.
212. 13. N.
Macarsca, a sea- port of Austrian Dalmatia, and
a bishop's see. In its vicinity are many subter.
raneous grottoes. It is seated on the gulf of
Venice, 36 m. S. E. of Spalatro. Long. 18. 7. E.,
lat. 43. 49. N.
.Vacas, a town of Peru, the capital of a fertile
district of the same name, which forms the most
easterly part of the kingdom of Quito. The
town was formerly a rich and flourishing place,
but is greatly decayed. It is seated on one of the
sources of the Amazon, 138 m. S. by E. of Qui-
to.
Macassar, formerly a considerable kingdom of
the island of Celebes. Its princes at one period
ruled over almost the whole island, and also over
several of the neighbouring ones. Since that
time, however the empire has been completely
subverted by the Dutch.
Macassar, the chief settlement of the Dutch in
the above territory, called by them Fort Rotter-
dam, with a respectable fort and good harbour,
but the lattter is of difficult access. Chinese
junks carry on a direct trade with China from
this place, so that the mixed pop. of Dutch and
half-castes, Chinese and natives, is very consid-
erable. Tlie Portuguese settled here about 1525,
but were expelled by the Dutch in 1660. The
British took possession of it in 1810, but restored
it in 1814. It is seated at the mouth of a river, on
the S. W. coast, and at the S. end of the strait of
Macassar. Long. 119. 49. E., lat. 5. 9. S.
Macassar, a strait which separates the islands
of Celebes and Borneo. It is about 350 m. in
length, and from 50 to 140 in breadth, and contains
numerous shoals and rocky islands.
Macclesfield, a town in Cheshire, Eng. with
manufactures of mohair, twist, hatbands, buttons,
and thread, and mills for the winding of silk. It is
a large handsome town, and contains two churches
7 meeting-houses for dissenters, a Roman catholic
chapel, three alms-houses for widows, a free gram-
mar school, founded by Edward VI., and two
Sunday schools. It is seated at the edge of a for-
est, near the river Bollin, 36 m. E. of Chester,
and 167 N. W. of London. Long. 2. 17. W., lat.
53. 15. N.
Mac-Connelsburg, p. v. Bedford Co. Pa. In the
neighbourhood of this place is a medicinal spring.
Mac-Connelsville, p.t. Morgan Co. Ohio.
Macnanielsville, p. v. Sportan Dis. S. C.
Macdonuugh, a township of Chenango Co. N. Y.
Pop. 1,232.
Macduff, a town of Scotland, in BaniFshire,
with a good harbour, on the frith of Moray, 2 ra.
E. of Banff.
Maccdon, or Macedonia, a celebrated province
of Greece, bounded by Thrace, Bulgaria, Servia,
Thessaly, and the Archipelago. The soil is for
the most part fertile, aud the coasts in particular
abound in corn, wine, oil, tobacco, &c. Salonica
is the capital.
Macedxm, p.t Wayne Co. N. T. Pop. 1,990.
Maceira. See Mazisra.
Macerata, a town of Italy, in the Papal States :
it is the see of a bishop, and contains a universi-
ty, two academies, a public school, and about
10,000 inhabitants. The principal gate is built in
th« form of a triumphal arch. In 1797 it was U-
ken by the French. It is seated on a hill by the
river Chienti, 22 m. S. by W. of Ancona. Long. l.
13. 27. E., lat. 43. 20. N. %•
Mac Grewsburg, p. v. Adams Co. Pa. 32 m. S.
E. Harrisburg
Machala, a town of Peru, in the audience of
Quito. The environs produce great quantities of
excellent cocao ; also large mangrove-trees, the
wood of which is very durable, and so heavy as
to sink in water. It stands near the bay of Guay-
aquil, 86 m. S. of Guayaquil.
Macherry, a town of Hindoostan, capital of a
district of the same name, in the province of Agra.
It is 70 m. S. S. W. of Dehli.
Machian, the most fertile of the Molucca islands
which rises like a conic mountain from the se»
It is 20 m. in circumference, and produces excel-
lent cloves. Long. 126. 55. E., lat. 0. 28. N.
Machias, p.t. Washington Co. Me. on Machias
Bay. 236 m. N. Portland. There are 3 distinct
towns, each of which has a post office. Machias has
a pop. of 1,021. East Machias 1,006, and Machi-
as Port 688. A large trade in lumber is carried
on here, and a great number of saw mills are seat-
ed in the streams which run into the bay.
Mac/din, a town of Scotland, in Ayrshire, seatea
on an eminence near the river Ayr, 6 m. E. N
E. of Ayr.
Machynleth, a town of Wales, in Montgomery-
shire. In the vicinity are extensive slate quarries
and several productive lead mines : the staple
manufacture is that of flannel. Here Owen
Glendwr exercised his first acts of royalty in 1402.
The town is seated near the Dyfi, over which is
a bridge into Merionethshire, 37 m. W. of Mont-
gomery, and 207 N. W. of London.
Mac Intosh, a county of Georgia, Pop. 4,998.
Darien is the capital.
Mac Kean, a county of the W. District of Penn-
sylvania. Pop. 1,439. Smithport is the capital.
Mackinac or Mackinaw. See Michilimackinac
Mac Keansburg, p. v. Schuylkill Co. Pa.
Mac Keesport, p.v. Alleghany Co. Pa. 11m. S.
E. Pittsburg.
Mackenzie's River, a large nver of North Amer-
ica flowing out of Slave Lake into the Frozen
Ocean. The Vnjigah or Peace river, and Mhap
escoio or Elk river, which flow into this lake may
be regarded as the sources of Mackenzie's river;
thus its whole course will be about 2,000 m.
Mackeysville, a village of Burke Co. N. C.
Mac Leensborough, p.v. Hamilton Co. Illinois.
Mac Minn, a county of E. Tennessee. Pop. 14.
497. Athens is the capital.
Mac Minnville, p.t. Warren Co. Ten. 70 m. S.
E. Nashville.
Mac Kairy, a country of W. Tennesse. Pop
5,697. Purdy is the capital.
Macomb, a county of Michigan, on L. St. Clair.
Pop. 2,414. Mount Clemens is the capital.
Macon, or Mascon, a city of France, capital of
the department of Saone-et-Loire, celebrated for
its wine. It is seated on the side of a hill, near
the Saone, 40 ra. N. of Lyons. Long. 4. 48. E .
lat. 46. 20. N. *
Macmi, p.t. Bibb Co. Geo. 35 m. S. W, Milledge-
ville.
Maconsville, p.t. Northampton Co. N. C.
Macquarrie, a river of New Holland which rises
m the Blue mountains and flowing westerly be-
comes totally lost among inland marshes.
Mn,cri, or Macari, a town of Asiatic Turkey, m
Natolia, seated on a gulf of its name, in the Med-
iterranean. Here are the ruins of an amphitheutr*
MAD
409
MAD
and an old fort, and numerous remains of Greek
inscriptions. It is 125 m. S. E. of Smyrna.
Long. 29. 24. E., lat. 36. 56. N.
Macro, or M<icronisi, an island of the Grecian
Archipelago, near the coast of Altica, 29 ra. E.
of Athens. Long. 24. 16. E., lat. 37. 30. N
Mactan. See Matan.
Macula, a sea-port of Arabia, in the province of
Hadramaut, 150 m. S. W. of Shibam. Long. 47.
50. E., lat. 13. 25. N.
Macungy, a township of Lehigh Co. Pa. 5 m. S.
W. j^llentown.
Mac Veytown, p.v. Mifflin Co. Pa. 68 m. N. W.
Harrisburg.
Mac WUliamstoiDn, p.v. Chester Co Pa.
Madagascar, an island lying on the eastern
coast of Africa, about 800 m. in length, 300 in
breadth, and 2,000 in circumference. It is intei-
sected throughout its whole length by a chain o,
lofty mountains, the scenery of which is in many
places strikingly grand and picturesque. The
climate is healthy and the soil extremely fertile ;
its products are rice, sugar, silk and potatoes. The
cocoa-nut, the banana, and other useful trees,
flourish here. The island rears no horses, or
camels, but large herds of oxen, some of which
come to an enormous size. The great bat whose
flesh is very delicate, is also found here. The in-
habitants are divided into a number of tribes, and
amount to more than 4,000,000. The natives,
called Madagasses, are commonly tall and well
made, of an olive coniplexioa, which in some is
pretty dark. Thev hair is usually long and
black, curling naturally; their noses are small,
though not flat. They seem to have had a great
many Arabs among them, with whom tht-y are
mixed ; and there are some of a yellowish com-
plexion, who have neater features than the rest.
Although a populous country, here are no cities
or towns, but a great number of villages at a small
distance from each other, composed of huts, with
doors so low that a boy of 12 years old cannot
enter them without stooping. They have neither
windows nor chimneys, and the roofs are covered
with reeds or leaves. Both men and women are
fond of bracelets and necklaces, and anoint their
bodies with grease or oil. Those that are dressed
in the best manner have a piece of cotton cloth,
or silk, wrapped round their middle ; but they
generally make little use of clothing. Their beds
are only mats spread upon boards ; and a piece of
wood or stone serves them for a bolster. They
are very superstitious, and practise circumcision
and polj'gamy. Madagascar is happily exempt
from the ravages of the lion and the tiger, but
here are great numbers of locusts, which some
times swarm to. such a degree as to darken the air.
They are eaten by the natives, and considered as
a dainty food. Here are also crocodiles, and
cameleons. The French have frequently at-
tempted to settle here, but have always been dri.
ven away ; and there are only some parts on the
coast yet known. The chief settlement was at
Port Dauphin, on the S. E. coast, in long. 47. 0.
E., lat. 25. 0. S., and the place most visited by the
Europeans is more to the N., called Fouleponte,
long. 49. 50. E., lat. 17. 40. S.
Madawaska, river, one of the heaa streams of
the St. John, in the northern part of the State of
Maine. Its whole course lies within the territory
which has lately been the subject of dispute be-
tween the American and British governments;
and according to the recent decision of the king
of the Netherlands it belongs to the British. At
the junction of this stream with the St. John's
are several French settlements established by re-
fugees from Nova Scotia in the early part of the
last century. The inhabitants amount to about
2,000.
Madalena, or Magdalena, a river of Terra Firma,
which rises in the mountains to the E. of Popay-
an, takes a northerly course of above 600 m. and
enters the Carribean Sea, by several mouths, be-
tween Carthagena and St. Martha.
Madbury. a township of Strafford Co. N. H. 11
m. N. W. Portsmouth, Pop. 510.
Madeira, 9X1 island in the Atlantic Ocean, 54 m.
long and 20 broad, and 250 N. by E. of Tenerifle.
The Portuguese discovered this island in 1419; it
was uninhabited, and covered with wood, and on
that account they called it Madeira. Prince
Henry, the next year, settled a colony here, and
not only furnished it with the plants and domestic
animals common in Europe, but procured slips of
the vine from Cyprus, and plants of the sugar-
cane from Sicily ; and the sugar and wine of
Madeira quickly becajne articles of some conse
quence m the commerce of Portugal. The sugar-
works have since been removed, but its wine is
now in the highest estimation, especially such as
has been a voyage to the E. or W. Indies. The
scorching heat of summer and the icy chill of
winter are here unknown ; for spring and autumn
reign continually, and produce flowers and fruits
throughout the year. The cedar tree is found in
great abundance, and the dragon tree is a native
of this island. Flowers nursed in the English
green-houses grow wild here in the fields ; the
Hedges are mostly formed of the mj'rtle, rose, jas-
mine, and honeysuckle ; while the larkspur, fleur-
de-lis, lupin, &c., spring up spontaneously in the
meadows. There are few reptiles to be seen in
the island ; the lizard is the most common Ca-
nary birds and gold-finches are found in the
mountains. The hog is the food most relished ;
they are suffered to range among the mountains,
and are hunted and caught by dogs. Salted cod
is impoited from America, and is the chief diet of
the poor. Madeira is well watered and populous.
The British factory settled in this island consists
of upwards of 20 commercial houses, and have
considerably more of its trade than the Portuguese.
In 1808 it surrendered to the English, but was
afterwards restored. Funchal is the capital.
Madely Market, a. town in Shropshire, Eng. It
is celebrated for having afforded refuge to Charles
I., after the battle of Worcester. Here are some
very extensive iron works ; and a work for obtain-
ing fossil tar from the smoke of coal. It is 9 m.
N. of Bridgenorth, and 147 N. W. of London.
Madhugiri, a town of Hindoostan, in Mysore
with a strong hill-fort. In its vicinity much iron
is smelted, and a great number of cattle are bred.
It IS seated amid nills and fertile valleys, 22 m
E. of Sera.
2R
MAD
470
MAD
Madian, or Midian, a town of Arabia Petrea,
on the E. side of tlie eastern arin of the Red Sea.
The Arabians call it Megar el SchuoiJ, the Grot-
to of Schuaid (or Jethro,) and suppose it to be the
place where Moses tended the iiocks of his fa-
ther-in-law. It is50 m. N. of Moilah, and 80 S
of Acaba.
Madison, a county of New York. Pop. 39,037.
Cazenovia is the capital. A county of the E. Dis-
trict of Virginia. Pop. 9,236. iVIadison is the
capital. A county of Georgia. Pop. 4,t)26. Dan-
ielsville is the capital. A county of Ohio. Pop.
6,190. London is the capital. A county of Indi-
ana. Pop. 2,442. Andersontown is the capital. A
county of Illinois. Pop. 6,229. Edwardsville is
the capital. A county of Missouri. Pop. 2,371.
Frederickstown is the capital. A county of Ken-
tucky. Pop. 18.035. Richmond is the capital.
A county of W.Tennessee. Pop. 11,750. Jack-
son is the capital. A county of Alabama. Pop.
28,011. Huntsville is the capital. A county of
Mississippi. Pop. 4,973. Livingston is the capi-
tal. A county of Florida. Pop. 525. Hickstow
is the capital. Also the name of 27 towns and
villages in different parts of the United States.
Madisonville, p. v. Hopkins Co. Ken. ; p. v. St.
Tammany Parish Louisiana.
Madras, or Fort St. George, a celebrated fort
and city of Hindoostan. It is the capital of the
British possessions on the E. side of the peninsu-
la, and is a fortress of very great extent. It is
close or the margin of the Bay of Bengal, from
which it has a rich and beautiful appearance, the
houses being covered with a stucco called chu-
nam, which in itself is nearly as compact as the
finest marble, and bears as high a polish. The
Black Town is separated from the fort by an es-
planade. In common with all the European set-
tlements on this coast, Madras has no port for
shipping, the coast forming nearly a straight line ;
and it is incommoded also with a high and dan-
gerous surf. It is the seat of an archdeaconry,
and of missions from different societies in Britain,
[n 1746 it was taken by the French, but restored,
by the peace of Aix-la-Chapelle. It is 100 m. N.
by E. of Pondicherry. Long. 80. 25. E., lat. 13.
5. N.
Madras Territory, the countries subject to the
presidency of Fort St. George, or Madras, com-
prehending nearly the whole of India, S. of the
river Kistnah, and the extensive province denom-
inated the Northern Circars. Within these boun-
daries , however, three native princes, the rajahs
of Mysore, Travancore, and Cochin, still collect
their resources, and exercise a certain degree of
authority within their territories. The rest of
the country is under the immediate jurisdiction of
the governor and council of Madras ; and is sub-
divided into 24 districts, over each of which there
is a European judge and a collector, with the re-
quisite establishments. There are also four pro-
visional courts of circuit and appeal, to which the
above mentioned judges are subordinate, and a
supreme court of appeal stationary at Madras,
consisting of four judges, selected from the com-
pany's civil servants.
Madre de Dios, an island in the Pacific Ocean,
near the coast of Patagonia, 180 ra. in cir-
cumference.
Madre de Po-pa, a town of New Granada, with
a celebrated convent. It is mucli resorted to by the
pilgrims of S. America, and they pretend that the
image of the Virgin has done a great many mira-
cles in favour of the sea-faring people. It is seat-
ed on the Madalena, 50 m. E. of Carthagena
Madrid, the capital of Spain, in New Castile. # '
It was formerly an inconsiderable place, belontr
ing to the archbishop of Toledo , but the purity
of the air engaged the court to remove hither,
and it is now a considerable city. It contains 77
churches, 66 convents, 15 gates of granite, and
about 200,000 inhabitants. The houses are most-
ly built of stone ; and the principal streets are
long, broad, and straight, and adorned at proper
distances with handsome fountains. There are
above 100 towers or steeples, in different places,
which contribute greatly to the embellishment of
the city. It stands in a plain, surrounded by
mountains, and has a high wall, built of mx.^
There are two palaces on a large scale. The Pal
acio Real, at the west end, is strongly built and ele-
gantly ornamented on the outside ; the Buen
Retire is situated at the east of the town, and is
chiefly remarkable for its large collection of paint-
ings, and very extensive gardens. The churches
and monasteries contain many paintings, by the
most celebrated masters. The squares are nu-
merous ; the finest is the Plaga Mayor, which
is 1,536 feet in circuit, surrounded by houses,
5 stories high, all of an equal height; every
story being adorned with a handsome balcony,
and the fronts supported by columns, which form
very fine arcades. Here the auto da fes, were
formerly celebrated, with all their terrible appara-
tus. In the environs are several royal residences,
such as the Casa del Campo, where a great many
wild animals were formerly kept for the chase. ^
The manufactures of Madrid are very inconsider-
able ; those for hats, and the royal china and salt-
petre works, are the principal. The French took
possession of the city in March 1808, and on the
2nd of May the inhabitants rose up in arms to ex-
pel them from the city, when a terrible carnage
took place for several hours, and it was not till
the arrival of more troops that order was enforced
among the people. On the 20th of July follow-
ing, Joseph Bonaparte entered it as ki.ig of
Spain ; but was obliged to quit it soon afterwards.
On the 2nd of December, of the same year, it was
retaken by Napoleon, who reinstated his brother
on the throne, and he kept possession till August
1812, \-hen Madrid was entered by the British ar-
my, under the duke of Wellington. The French,
however, again took possession of it in Novem-
ber ; but finally evacuated it the following year.
The inhabitants joined in the revolution of 1820,
when the king was obliged to accede to the gen-
eral desire of restoring the constitution of the
Cortes of 1812. See Spain. Madrid is on the
river Manzanares, over which is a magnificent
bridge, 265 m. N. E. of Lisbon, and 6.50 S. S. W.
of PSris. Long. 3. 34. W., lat. 40. 25. N.
Madrid, p.t. St. Lawrence Co. N. Y. on the St.
Lawrence. Pop. 3,459.
Madrigal, a town of Spain, in Old Castile, seat-
ed in a plain, fertile in excellent wine, 10 m. N.
E. of Medina del Campo.
Madrisio, a town of Italy, in Friuli, 30 ni. N
of Venice.
Mad River, a town of Clark Co. Ohio, on a
stream of that name running into the Great Miami.
Madrogan, a town of Africa, the capital of Moc-
aranga, with a spacious royal palace. The upper
part of the houses is in the shape of a bell
Long. 29. 40. E„ lat. 10. 0. S.
Madura, a town of Hindoostan, cnpital of a
district of the same name, belonging to the Brit-
ish, and included in the collectorsTiip of Diudigul.
MAG
An
^AQ
It is fortified with square towers and parapets, and
has one of the most superb pagodas in Hindoostan.
It is 130 m. N. N. W. of Cape Comorin, and 270
S. S. W. of Madras. Long. 78. 12.E.,lat. 9,o5.N.
Madura, an island in the Indian Ocean, on the
N. coast of the island of Java. It is 100 m. long
and 15 broad, and the soil is fertile and well cul-
tivated. The chief towns are Samanap, Parma-
Qassan. and Bancallan.
Maeie.T, a lake of Sweden, 80 hi. long and 20
broad, between the provinces of Westmania and
Sudennania. It contains several fine islands, is
usually frozen during a few weeks in winter, and
opens an easy communication, by sledges, be
tween the interior parts of Sweden and the city
of Stockholm.
Maelstrom, a dangerous whirlpool on the coast
of Norway, in 68. N. lat. and near the island of
Moskoe, whence it is also named Moskoestrom.
When it is flood, the stream runs up the country
with a boisterous rapidity ; but the roar of its im-
petuous ebb to the sea is scarcely equalled by the
loudest cataracts. The whirlpool is of such an
extent and depth that, if a ship comes within its
attraction, it is inevitably absorbed and beaten in
pieces against the rocks t)elow ; and when the
water relaxes, the fragments come up again. The
intervals of tranquility are only at the turn of the
ebb and flood, and calm weather ; and they last
but a quarter of an hour, its violence gradually
returning. When the stream is most boisterous,
and its fury heightened by a storm, vessels have
been reached by it at the distance of 5 m.
Maerna, a town of Germany, in Tyrol, 23 m.
W. S. W. of Trent.
Maese. See Mouse.
Macseyk, a town of the Netherlands, in the
province of Liege, on the river Meuse, 10 m. S
S. W. of Ruremonde.
Maeslandsluys, a town of S. Holland, near the
mouth of the Meuse, 10 ra. W. of Rotterdam.
Maestrickt, a city of the Netherlands, about 4
m. in circumference, seated on the Meuse, oppo-
site Wyck, with which it communicates by a
stone bridge. The number of inhabitants is esti-
mated at 18,000. It has fine long streets, many
churches and convents, a college formerly be-
longing to the Jesuits, a council house with its li-
brary and considerable manufacture of cloth,
leather, hosiery, and hardware. Near it is the
lofty mountain of St. Peter, with a fortress ; and
a stone quarry, with such a number of subterra-
nean passages as to be capable of containing 40,
000 persons. The other fortifications and the sit-
uation of Maestricht are such fnaX it is deemed
one of the strongest places in Europe. The city
was besieged by the French in 1748, during the
negociations of Aix-la-Chapelle, was unsuccess-
fully attacked by them in 1793, and they became
masters of it towards the end of the following
year. In 1814 it was delivered up to the allied
forces. It is 14 m. N. N. E. of Liege, and 58 E.
of Brussels Long. 5. 48. E., lat. 50. 49. N.
Mufra, a town of Portugal, in Estremadura,
with a college founded in 1772. In a sandy and
barren spot near this place John V., in pursuance
of a vow, erected a building of extraordinary
magnificence, as a Franciscan convent. The
town is seated near the sea, 18 ra. N. N. W. of
Lisbon.
Magadi, or Maghery, a town of Hindoostan, in
the district of IVfysore, seated in a hilly country,
aJ)ounding in timber-trees, stone and iron, 24 m.
W. of Bangalore.
Magadoxa, the capital of a kingdom of the same
name, on the coast of Ajan, with a citadel, and a
good harbour. It standi at the mouth of a river,
which is supposed to have a long course, having
regular inundations that fertilize the country to a
great extent. The inhabitants are mostly Ma-
homedans ; but there are also some Abyssinian
Christians. They all speak the Arabic tongue, are
stout and warlike and among other weapons use
poisoned arrows and lances. The city is a place
of great commerce, receiving from Adel and other
parts, cotton, silk spices, and drugs, in exchanrre
for gold, ivory, wax, and other commodities.
Long. 46. 2.5. E., lat. 2. 10. N.
Magdaleti Isles, a group of islets, in the gulf of
St. Lawrence, near its entrance. They are in-
habited by a few families, whose chief support
is derived from fishing.
Magdalena, «. large river of Colombia, which
rises in "the province of Popayan, and after a
course of 900 m. falls into the sea, in lat. 11. 2.
N.
Magdalena, a river of New Mexico, which
runs into the sea between the rivers Flores and
Mexicano.
Magdeburg, a government of the Prussian
states, in Saxony, composed of part of the Old
Mark on the left of the Elbe, the pirncipality of
Halperstadt, the abbey of Quedlinburg, the coun-
ty of Wernigerode, the barony of Schauen, and
thebailiwics of Kloetze, Barby, and Gommern.
It comprises a superficial area of nearly 4,400 sq.
m., is divided into 15 circles, and contains 450,000
inhabitants. The country is in general level,
and the parts which are not marshy and over-
grown with wood are very fertile. Its commerce
is greatly facilitated by the Elbe, which traver-
ses through its whole extent
Magdeburg, a fortified city, capital of the fore-
going government. It has a handsome palace, a
citadel with a fine arsenal, and a magnificent
cathedral, which contains the superb mausoleum
of Otho the great. The inhabitants are computed at
30,000. Here are manufactures of cotton and
linen goods, stockings, gloves, porcelain, hats,
leather, soap, and tobacco ; but the principal are
those of woolen and silk. It is well situate for
trade, on both sides of the Elbe, by which it has an
easy communication with Hamburgh. In the
neighbourhood are the monastery of Bergin, and
the salt-works of Schcenebeck, producing about
30,000 tons annually. Magdeburg has sustained
several sieges. In 1631 it was taken by the
Austrians, who burnt the town, except the cathe-
dral and a few houses, adjacent, and massacred
above 10,000 of the inhabitants ; but it was soon
handsomely rebuilt. In 1806 it surrendered to
the French, and was not restored till 1813. It is
75 m. W. S. W. of Berlin, and 120 S. E. of Ham-
burgh. Long. 11.40. E., lat. 52. 10. N.
Magellan, a strait of S. America, discovered in
1520 by Ferdinando Magellan, a Portuguese in
the service of ' Spain. It has since been sailed
through by several navigators ; but the passage,
upward of 300 m. being dangerous and trouble-
some, they now sail round Cape Horn.
Magcrville, a township of Sunbury Co. New
Brunswick, on the St. Johns.
Maggeroe, or Mageron, a large island on the
coast of Norway, and the most nothern land in
Europe. It is separated from the continent on
the S. by a narrow channel; and itsN. extremity?
is an enormous rock, called N. Cape. Long;. 2a
57. E., lat. 71. 10. N.
MAH
472
MAl
MagJierafdt, a town of Ireland, in the county
of Londonderry, with a considerable linen man-
ufacture, 13 m. W. of Antrim, and 30 S. E. of
Londonderry.
Magia, a river of Switzerland, in the canton of
Tessin, which runs S. with rapidity, through a
narrow valley of its name, and enters the lake of
Maggiore, near Locarno.
Magsriore, a lake of Upper Italy, separating part
of the Austro- Italian government of Milan from
the states of Sardinia, and extending from Sesto,
northward to Locarno ; 30 m. in length, and 3 in
breadth. The river Tesino runs S. through its
whole length; and it contains the celebrated Bor-
romean Isles.
MagiruLinao. See Mindanao.
Magllano, a town of Italy, province of Sabina,
seated on a mountain, near the river Tiper. 34 m.
N. of Rome. Long. 12. 35. E., lat. 42. 2.5. N.
Macrna Macca, a town andfort of Italy, in the
Capal states, seated at the mouth of the lake of
Commachio, in the gulf of Venice, 3 m. S. E. of
Commachio.^
Magnisa. See Manachia.
Magny, a town of France, department of Seine-
et-Oise, 32m. N. W. of Paris.
Maara, a river of Italy, which rises in the Ap-
pennines, on the S. confines of Parma, and flows
by Pontremoli and Sarsana into the gulf of
Genoa.
Mahaleu, a town of Egypt, capital of Garbia. It
carries on a considerable trade in linen, cotton,
and sal-ammoniac ; and the inhabitants have ovens
to hatch chickens. Long. 33. 30. E., lat. 31.
30. N.
Mahanada, a river of Hindoostan, which rises
in the N. E. partof Berar, crosses Onssa, and en-
ters the bay of Bengal, by several mouths, below
Cattack. These mouths form an assemblage of
low woody islands: and at the mouth of the prin-
cipal channel, named Cajung or Codjung.
Mahdia. See Madea.
Mahnnoy, Little, Lotoer and Upper, three town-
ships in Northumberland Co. Pa.
Mahantancro, Upper, a township in Schuylkill
Co. Pa. °
Make, a. town of Hindoostan, in Malabar, for-
merly belonging to the French, but taken by the
English in 1793. It is situate on high ground,
at the mouth of a river, 5 m. S. S. E. of Tellich-
erry.
Mahlberg, a town and castle of Germany, in
Baden, 17 m. N. of Friburg.
Mahmoodabad, a town of Hindoostan, in Guze-
rat, 17 m. S. S. E. of Ahmedabad.
Mahmudpore, a town of Hindoostan, in Bengal,
80 m. N. E. of Calcutta.
Mahomdy, a town of Hindoostan, in the prov-
ince of Oude, 70 m. N. W. of Lucknow, and 150
E. S. E. of Dehli.
Mahoning, three townships in Mercer, Indiana
ajid Columbia Cos. Pa. Also a river of Penn-
■ylvania falling into the Alleghany.
Mahratta Territory, an extensive country of
Hindoostan, which till lately stretched across
what is called the peninsula of India. On the
accession of Ram Rajah, in 1740, the peishwd
and the paymaster-general confined him to the
fortress of Sattarah, and divided the empire be-
tween them, the former fixing his residence at
Poonah, which became,the capital of the West-
ern Mahrattas; the latter founding a new king-
dom in the province of Gundwaneh, called the
Eastern MaJirattas, and fixing his residence at
JVagpore, which see. The peishwa became de-
pendent on the British in 1802, but attempting to
shake off his dependence, he was defeated and de-
posed. The Mahrattas are Hindoos : and many
of the Brahmins are polished and insidious mer-
chants. They are fond of horses, and their army
was almost entirely composed of cavalry ; they
were however, never very formidable, as a regu-
lar force, depending more on the celerity of their
motions and the suddenness of their incursions
than on the boldness with which they met their " •»
enemies.
Mahrburg. See Marchburg.
Mahur, a town of Hindoostan, capital of a dis-
trict of its name, in the province of Berar ; seated
on the Chin. Gonira, which flows into the Goda*
very, 140 m. S. W. ofNagpore. Long. 78. 34. E..
lat. 10. 24. N. •
Maida, a town of Napfles,in Calabria Ultra. On
the plain near this place, in 1806, a victory was
obtained by the British troops over the French. It
is 9 m. W. S. W. of Squillace.
Maiden Creek, a township of Berks Co. Pa.
Maidenhead, a. town in Berkshire, Eng. with a
good trade in malt, meal, and timber. It is seated
on the Thames, over which is a bridge, 12 m. E
by N. of Reading, and 26 W. by N. of London.
2 m. distant is Maidenhead Thicket, formerly in-
fested by highwaymen.
Maidenhead, a township of Hunterdon Co. N.J.
Maidenio, an Island oFthe Pacific Ocean. 39 m.
long and 9 broad. In the N. W. part of it na-
tive copper is found. Long. 167. 10. E., lat. 54. ^
Maidstone, a borough and the county town of
Kent, Eng. It has a brisk trade in exporting the
commodities of the county, particularly hops, of
which there are numerous plantations around, ~,
here are likewise paper-mills, and a manufacture
of linen. The chiwch is a spacious and handsome
edifice; and there are several meeting houses for
dissenters, a grammar school, 8 charity schools,
&c. Maidstone is seated on the Medway, over
which is a bridge of seven arches, 10 m. W. of
Canterbury, and 34 E. S. E. of London. Long.
0. 38. E., lat. 51. 16. N.
Maidstone, a township of Essex Co. Vt. 53 m.
N. Montpelier. Pop. 236; also a township of Es-
sex Co. U. C. *■
Maihidpore, a town of Hindoostan, in the Mal-
wal, near which the troops ofHolkarwere defeat-
ed by the British in 1817. It is seated on the
Soprah, 20 m. N. of Oojain.
Mailcotay, a lofty fortress of Hindoostan, in My-
sore, and one of the most celebrated places of Hin-
doo worship. Tlie large temple is a square build-
ing of great dimensions, and the jewels belong-
ing to it are very valuable. In 1772 Hyder was
completely routed by the Mahrattas near this
place ; and it was here that the Mahratta chiefs •
joined lord Cornwallis in 1791. It is 17 m. N. of
Seringapatam.
Mniliiezais. a town of France, department of
Vendee, seated on an island formed by the Seure
and Autize, 22 m. N. E. of Rochelle.
Maina, a sea-port of Greece, in the Morea,
which gives name to a district that lies between
two bays of the Mediterranean Sea. The inhab-
itants of the district, estimated at 50,000, could
never, even nominally, be subjected to the Turks,
till the end of the 18th century, when they agreed
to pay a small tribute to the Porte. The town is seat-
ed on the bay of Coron, 46 m. S. by W. ot Misi-
tra. Long. 22. 10. E., lat. 36. 34, "N
MAI
rfs
MAI
Maine, one of the United States, and consti
luting the north-eastern extremity of the Union.
It extends from 43 . 5. to 47. 20. N. lat. and from
66. 49. to 71. 4. W. long, bounded N. and N. W.
by Lower Canada. E. by N^w Brunswick, S. by
the Atlantic, and W. by New Hampshire, and
containing 30,000 square m. The northern limit,
as fixed by the king of the Netherlands, has some-
what reduced the state from its former dimensions.
The northern parts are mountainous, and a part
of the north-western limit is formed hy one of the
extremities of the Apalachian chain. Mount
Kalahdin or Ktaadn an isolated peak in the
north is 5,385 feet in height , and several other
elevations exceed 4,000. The mountains are cov-
ered with wood, and indeed all the northern re-
flrions may be considered as one great forest. Here
imports for 1829, were valued at 742,781 ; the ex
ports of domestic produce, 729,106 dollars ; the
total exports 737,832 dollars. The fisheries are
very productive ; the fish annually taken are esti-
mated to be worth nearly half a million of dollars.
The northern parts of the state furnish vast quan-
tities of timber. The trees are felled in the depth
of winter by parties which penetrate into the
woods in autumn for that purpose, and cut down
the trees after the ground is covered with snow
sufficiently to enable them to drag the limber by
oxen to the rivers where they are rolled upon the
ice. When the rivers, break up in the spring the
logs are floated down to the sea. Where the riv-
ers are wide and uninterrupted by falls, the logs
are fastened together in immense rafts.
is still to be found the moose, a wild animal
which has disappeared from almost every other
part of the United States. The trees are princi-
pally pine, hemlock, spruce and birch. Toward
the sea grow the white and red oak, but these
trees are not abundant. The chief rivers in
Maine are the Penobscot, Kennebec, Androscog-
gin, and Saco which rise among the mountains
and flow southerly into the Atlantic. These
streams have a rapid course and in the upper part
are much broken by falls. The Walloostook Aroos-
took and Allagash, in the north, flows into the
St. Johns. The St. Croix forms a part of the east-
ern boundary. There are many lakes in this
state, the largest of which are the Moosehead,
Chesuncook, and Schoodic. The coast is indent-
ed with a great number of bays and inlets of the
sea, and no state in the Union has so many ex-
cellent harbours. Along the coast are also scat-
ered many fine islands, a great number of which
are populous and well cultivated. The mineral
productions are few. Iron and lead in small quan-
tities have been discovered. Slate and limestone
are abundant ; lime is burnt for exportation at
Thomastown and Camden, and all the New Eng-
land States are supplied from this quarter. The
soil among the mountainous parts and on the
coast is inferior, but there are many tracts in tho
interior of great fertility. Wheat, barley, rye and
potatoes are extensively cultivated. Maize also
receives attention, but does not thrive so well
here as in the other New England States. The
climate is the coldest in the United States ; and
in the spring heavy fogs are common. The
summer is hot but of short continuance.
The inhabitants subsist mostly by agriculture
and maritime enterprize. There are few manu-
factures in the state except domestic fabrics.
The commerce is chiefly confined to the exporta-
tion coastwise of lumber, fish, lime, plaster &c.
There is also some trade to the West Indies. The
shipping in 1827, amounted to 202,395 tons. The
60
This state is divided into 10 counties. The
capital is Augusta. The legislature consists of a
Senate and House of Representatives, the mem-
bers of which are chosen annually. The Gover-
nor is also elected annually All the elections
are popular, and suffrage is universal. The most
numerous religious sect is that of the Baptists ;
they have 148 ministers ; the Calvinistic congre-
gationalists have ^07; the Methodists 56; the
Unitarians 8 ; the Episcopalians 4 ; the Catholics
4. There are also 30 societies of Quakers, 50 of
Freewill Baptists; 3 of Sandemanians and some
Universalists. There are colleges at Brunswick
and Waterville and theological seminaries at Ban-
gor and Readfield. Common schools are support-
ed bv law and the business of education recu^ives
great attention.
There are some Indians remaining in this state,
chiefly of the Pennobscot tribe. Their settle-
ments are on the Penobscot, and on Passama-
quoddy Bay. The population of Maine is 399.462.
This state was originally a part of Massachusetts
with the title ofthe District of Maine. In 1820
it was admitted into the Union as an independent
State.
The most populous part of the state lies along
the coast. The northern part is unsettled. The
largest town is Portland ; the other principal
towns are Bath, Hallowell, Gardiner, Bangor,
Wiscasset, Thomastown, Eastport, Lubec and
York.
Maine, alarge river of Germany, formed by two
streams c»tlled the Reti and White Maine, which
rises among the mountains of Franconia. It joins
the Rhine a little above Mentz.
Maine, Loiccr, a circle of the Bavarian states,
contiguous to Baden, Hesse-Cassel, and Hesse-
Darmstadt, comprising a superficial extent of 3000
sq. m. with 423,000 inhabitants. The principal
products are corn and wine. Wurtzburg is the
capital.
Maine, Upper, a eirele of tha Bavarian atatea,
2r2
MAK
474
MAIi
•ontiguona to Bohemia and Saxony, comprising
an extent of 3,460 sq. m. with 434,000 inhabitants.
The manufactures, though confined to the pro-
ductions of the province, viz. the metals, flax, and
timber, are considerable. Bayreuth is the capi-
tal.
Maine-et-Loire, a department of France, bounded
by the departments of Mayenne, Sarthe, and In-
dre-et-Loire, comprising an extent of 4,000 sq. m.
vpith 404,600 inhabitants. The soil is in general
fertile, producing corn, flax, hemp, fruit, ana wine';
and the manufacture of linen is carried on to a
considerable extent. Angers is the capital.
Maine and Tauber, a circle of Baden, comprising
the N. E. portion of the grand duchy, and a small
tract on the Maine, insulated from the rest by part
of Bavaria. Wertheim is the chief town.
Mainland, the principal of the Shetland Isles,
is 60 m. long, and from 6 to 18 broad, and is di-
vided into eight parochial districts. The face of
the country exhibits a prospect of black, craggy
mountains, and marshy plains, interspersed with
some verdant spots, which appear smooth and fer-
tile. The mountains abound with various kinds
of game ; the lofty cliff's, impending over the sea,
are the haunts of eagles, falcons, and ravens ; the
deep caverns underneath shelter seals and otters;
and to the winding bays resort the swans, geese,
Bcaup&, and other aquatic birds. The seas abound
with fish, such as the herring, cod, turbot, and
haddock ; lobsters, oysters, muscles, «&:.c., are also
plentiful ; while the rivulets and lakes abound
with salmon, trout, &c. The hills are covered
with sheep of a small breed, and of a shaggy ap-
pearance ; but their fleece is very soft, and ex-
tremely fine. Their horses are of a diminutive
size, but remarkably strong and handsome, and
are well known by the name of Shelties. There
is an immense store of peat, but no coal. The in-
habitants are estimated at about 14,000. They
have some manufactures of linen and woolen cloth,
but their chief employment is derived from the
fisheries. Lerwick is the capital.
Mainland, the principal of the Orkney islands.
See Pomona.
Maintenun, a town of France, department of
Eure-et-Loire, seated between two mountains on
the river Eure, 11 m. N. by E. of Chartres.
Maire, Lm, a strait of S. A merica, between Terra
del Fuego and Staten Land, about 15 m. long, and
as many broad.
Muisa, a town of Hungary, in Little Cumania,
with 4,100 inhabitants. 17 m. S. by W. of Fele-
gahaza.
Maixant, St. a town of France, department of
Deux Sevres, with a trade in corn, and manufac-
tures of stockings, woolen stuffs, &c. It is
seated on the Sevre Niortoise, 36 m. S. W. of
Poitiers.
Majomho, a country on the coast of Guinea, be-
tween Biafara and Gabon, of which little is
known.
Majorca, the principal of the Balearic Isles, 40
m. long and 35 broad, situate in the Mediterrane-
an Sea, between Ivica and Minorca. The whole
coast is lined with strong towers. The N. W.
part is mountainous ; the rest produces good corn,
olive-trees, fine honey, and delicate wine. Palma
is the capital.
Majumba. See Mayamba.
Makarev, a town of Russia, in the government
of Niznei Novogorod, situate on the Volga, 24 m.
E. N. E. of Niznei Novogorod.
Makarief, or Makarev, a town of Russia, in the
government of Kostroma. It is seated on the
river Unza, 140 m. E. of Kostroma. Long. 44.
14. E., lat. 58. 50. N.
Makefield, p.t. Bucks Co. Pa.
Maker, a village in Cornwall, Eng. 7 m. S. E.
of St. Germains, on an eminence, forming the W.,
point of the Hamoaze, at Plymouth. On the"
heights is a very strong battery ; and the steeple
of Uie church, called Maker Tower, it is a noted,
sea-mark. Long. 4. 10. W., lat. 50. 21 . N.
Malabar, dt. maritime province of Hindooptan.
lying between 10. and 13. N. lat., now undei the
dominion of the British. It consists either of flat
land washed by the sea, or of different ranges of
hills, extending to the foot of the mountains ; and
it is intersected by a number of mountain
streams. Its chief produce is timber, sandal-
wood, cocoa-nut, coir, and black pepper. Its
principal towns are Calicut, Tellicherry, and Can-
anore. The inhabitants are principally Hindoos ;
but there are also Jews, Mahomedans, and Ciiris-
tians.
Malacca, or Malaya, an extensive country of In-
dia, beyond the Ganges, bounded on the N. by
Siam, E. by the ocean, and S. W. by the strait
of Malacca, which separates it from Sumatra. It
is 775 m. in length and 125 in breadth ; and pro-
duces a great many excellent fruits and roots,
pepper, and other spices, with some precious
gums and woods. There is but little corn, and
sheep and oxen are scarce ; but hogs and poultry
are plentiful. The Malays are rather below the
middle stature ; their limbs well shaped ; their
complexion tawny ; their eyes large ; and their
hair long, black, and shining. They are fond of
navigation, war, plunder, emigration, adventures
and gallantry; talk incessantly of their honor and
bravery, and speak the softest language of Asia ;
yet they are deemed the most treacherous and fe-
rocious people on the face of the globe. The gov-
ernment is vested in a rajah, or sultan, with a
great number of chiefs under him, who generally
pay very little regard to his authority. Their re
ligion is a mixture of Mahomedism and paganism.
The inland parts are possessed by a savage and
barbarous people.
Malacca., the capital of the above country, situ-
ate on the western coast. The Portuguese had a
factory here, which was taken from them by the
Dutch in 1640; it was subjected to the English
in 1795 ; restored to the Dutch in 1818 ; but is
now under the authority of Great Britain, and is
one of the principal stations of the London Mis-
sionary Society. It is seated on the strait of its
name, 480 m. S. E. of Acheen. Long. 102. 5
E., lat. 2. 12. N.
MAL
47S
MAL
^ Malaga, a sea-port and city of Spain, in Gran-
ada, with a good harbour, capable of containing
4(M) merchant vessels and 20 sail of the line. The
cathedral is a stupendous pile, begun by Philip
II. while married to Mary of Enorland, and their
united arms are over the gate. The inhabitants
* are about 50,000, who have some trade in raisins
and excellent wines, and manufactures of silks,
velvets, soap, paper, i&c. Malaga was taken by
the French in 1810, and remained in their posses-
Bion till 1812. It is seated on the Mediterranean,
surrounded by hills, 55 m. W. S. W., of Granada.
Long. 4. 10. W., lat. 36. 35. N.
Aliiasra, p.v. Gloucester Co. N. J. 30 m. S.
Philadelphia; p. V. Monroe Co. Ohio. 147 m. S.
E. Columbus
Midahide, a town and bay of Ireland, in the
county of Dublin, 6 m. from the capital. In the
vicinity is Malahide Castle, the residence of the
Talbot family.
MalinnhUo, a town of S. America, in the prov-
ince of Carthagena, about 60 m. E. of Carthage-
na, on the W. s'de of the river Magdalena.
Malamocco, a small island and town of Austrian
Italy, 5 m. S. of Venice.
Malatia, a town of Asia Minor, on the site of
the aincient Melitene, once the capital of Arme-
nia Minor ; seated 15 m. W. of the Euphrates,
90 W. N. W. of Diarbekir. Long. 57. 30. E. lat.
37 30. N.
Malawully, or MalavUly, a town of Hindoostan,
in Mysore, with a large mud fort, separated into
two parts by a transverse wall. Here is a fruit-
garden of great extent, planted by the late sul-
tans. Tippoo Sultan was defeated here by gene-
ral Harris in 17S)9. It is 35 m. E. of Seringapatam.
Mahliin, a town of Germany, in the duchy of
Mecklenburg-Schwerin, seated on the river
Peene, where it forms the lake Camrow, 22 m. E.
of Gustrow.
Miilcho, a town of Germany, in the duchy of
Mecklenburg-Schwerin, between the lakes Calpin
and Plan, 23 m. S. S. E. of Gustrow.
Maldcghina, a town of France, department of
Lys. 10 m. E. of Bruges.
Malda, a town of Bengal, capital of a district
of the same name, on the N. E. side of the Gan-
ges. It is the residence of the commercial agent
of the E. India Company, and carries on an exten-
sive trade in raw silk, and manulactured goods.
Long. 88. 4. E., lat. 25. 3. N.
Midden, a borough in Essex, Eng. with consid-
erable trade, chiefly in corn, salt, coal, iron, deals,
and wine . It has two parish churches, a free
school, a library, and a town-hall. Vessels of
moderate burden come up to the town, but large
ships are obliged to unload at a distance below,
in Blackwater Bay. The custom of Borough Eng-
lish, by which the youngest son succeeds to the
burgage tenure, is kept up here. It is seated on
an eminence, on the river Blackwater, 8 m. E. of
Chelmsford, and 37 N. E. of London.
Maiden, p.t. Middlesex Co. Mass. 5 m. N. E.
Boston. Pop. 2,010. Also a town and fort on
Detroit river, U. C.
Maldives, a cluster of small islands, in the In-
dian Ocean, lying S. W. of Cape Comorin, ex-
tending from the equinoctial line to 8. N. lat., and
situated between 72. and 74. E. long. They are
divided into 17 attolons, or provinces, each having
its separate governor and its distinct branch of
industry, the brewers residing in one, the gold-
smiths in another, &c. The inhabitants appear
to be a mixture of Arabs and Hindoos from Mal-
abar- They supply shijjs with sails and cordage
cocoa-nnts, oil, and honey, dry fish, tortoise-shell,
and especially cowries.
Middonado, a town of Buenos Ayres, with it
harbour sheltered by a small island of its name j
seated near the N. entrance of the Plata. Long.
55. 36. W., lat. 34. 50. S.
Maldonado, a small river of Buenos Ayres,
which enters the sea in the bay of Maldonado.
Malemha, a sea-port on tlie coast of Loangir,
Western Africa. 50 m. S. of Loango.
Male, the principal of the Maldive islands, and
the residence of the prince. Long. 73. 10. E., lat.
6. 20. N.
Malesherbes, a town of France, department of
Loiret ; seated on the Essone, 35 m. N. E. of
Orleans.
Malestroit, a town of France, department of
Morbihan , seated on the Ouse, 19 m. E. N. E. of
Vannes.
Malham, a village in W. Yorkshire, Eng. sur-
rounded on every side by mountains and rising
grounds, which abound in natural curiosities :
and among them, on a high moor, is a circular lake,
about a m. in diameter, which is the source of the
river Aire. m. E. of Settle. 233 from London.
Malines. See Mechlin.
Malivagonga, a river of Ceylon, which rises
among the hills to the S. E. of Candy, nearly en-
compasses that city, and, after many windings
among the mountains, enters the sea at Trinco-
malee.
Malleville, a town of France, department of
Aveiron, 6 m. N. E. of Villefranche.
Mallicollo, one of the largest of the New Hebri-
des, in the S. Pacific, extending 20 leagues from N.
W. to S. E. The inland mountains are very high,
and clad with forests ; but the soil is rich and
fertile, producing cocoa-nuts, bread fruit, bananas,
sugar canes, yams, eddoes, turmeric, oranges, &c.
Hogs and common poultry are the domestic ani-
mals. The inhabitants appear to be a different
race from those of the Friendly and Society Is-
lands. In many particulars they seem to cor-
respond with the natives of New Guinea, particu-
larly in their black colour and wooly hair. They
go almost naked, are of a slender make, have
lively but very irregular features, and tie a rope
fast round their belTy. At the S. end of the is-
land is a port, named Sandwich Harbour. Long.
167.53. E.,lat. 16.25. S.
Mailing, West, a town in Kent, Eng. 6 m. W.
of Maidstone, and 29 E. by S. of London.
Mallow, a borough of Ireland, in the county of
Cork, with considerable linen manufactures and
a fine spring of tepid water. It is seated on the
Blackwater, 17 m. N. by W. of Cork.
Mahnedy, a town of the Prussian province of
Lower Rhine, government of Aix-la-Chapelle,
seated on the Recht, 20 m. S. of Aix-la-Chapelle.
Malmoe, a sea-port of Sweden, government of
Malmohus, with a large harbour and a strong cit-
adel. It has manufactures of woolen, and a con-
siderable trade ; seated on the Sound, 18 m. E. b
S. of Copenhagen. Long. 13. 7. E., lat. 55
Malmohus, a government of Sweden, including
a great part of the ancient Schonen or Scania
It lies along the Sound and the Baltic, and compri-
ses an area of 1,380 square m. with 137,000 in-
habitants.
Malmsbury, a borough in Wiltshire Enw. with
a woolen mai ufacture. Its castle is demolished
but there are some remains of its once celebrated
abbey. It is seated on a bill, almost ■urrouade4
r^
-*
**>^:
MAL
476
MAN
oy the Avon, over which it nas 6 bridges, 26 m.
E. by N. of Bristol, and 96 W. of London.
JVfa/oJie, p.t. Franklin Co. N. Y. 50 m. N. W.
Plattsburg. Pop. 2,207.
Malo. St., a. sea-port of France, department of
Ille-et-Vilaine, with a strong castle. It has a
large harbour, difficult of access, on accoxint of
the rocks that surround it, and is a trading place
of great importance. It was bombarded by the
English in 1693, but without success. In 1758,
they landed in Cancalle Bay, went to the harbour
by land, and burnt above 100 ships. St. Malo is
seated on an island, united to the mainland, by
a causeway, 44 m. N. N. W. ofRennes. Long.
2. 2. W., lat. 148. 39. N.
Malpas, a town in Cheshire, Eng. It has a
handsome church, an independent chapel, an
hospital, a grammar school, and a national school ;
and is seated on a hill, near the river Dee, 15 m.
S. E. of Chester, and 165 N. W. of London.
Malplaquct, a village of France, department of
the North, famous for a victory gained over the
French by the duke of Marlborough, in 1709, 9
m. S. E. of Mons.
Malta, n.n island in the Mediterranean, between
Africa and Sicily, 20 m. long and 12 broad, form-
erly reckoned a part of Africa, but now belong-
ing to Europe. It was anciently little else than a
barren rock, but is now become a fertile island.
The principal objects of cultivation are lemons,
indigo, saffron, cotton, and vines which produce
excellent wine. The number of inhabitants is said
to be about 90,000, who speak Arabic and Italian.
After the taking of Rhodes, the emperor Charles
v., gave this island to the grand master of the
order of St. John of Jerusalem. It was attacked
in 1566 by the Turks, who were obliged to aban-
don the enterprise with the loss of 30,000 men. It
was taken by Bonaparte in the outset of his ex-
pedition to Egypt on the 12th of June, 1798, when
he found in it 1,200 canons, 200,000 lbs. of pow-
der, two ships of the line, a frigate, four galleys,
and 40,000 muskets : besides an immense trea-
sure collected by superstition ; and 4,500 Turk-
ish prisoners, whom he set at liberty. It was
Boon afterwards taken by the British ; was stip-
ulated to be restored to the knights at the peace
of Amiens, but retained in consequence of pre-
tended dangers from France. In 1803 the war re
commenced between the two nations, and the
treaty of Paris, in 1814, confirmed the possession
of it to Great Britain. Malta is exiremely well
fortified ; the ditches, of a vast size, are all cut
out of the solid rock, and extend many miles.
Valetta is the capital.
Malta, a township of Kennebec Co. Me. 8 m.
E. Augusta, p.t. Saratoga Co. N. Y. 7 m. W. Sar-
atoga. Pop. 1,517.
Malton, New, a borough m N. Yorkshire, Eng.
with a considerable trade in coals, corn, butter,
&c. Here are two churches, four dissenting
meeting houses, a free school, and a national
school. It is seated on the Derwent, over which
is a stone bridire to the villacre of Old Malton,
18m.N. E. of York, and 214 N. by W. of London.
Malvern, Great and Little, two villages in Wor-
cestershire, Eng. The former is 8 m. W. by S. of
Worcester, and had once an abbey, of which
nothing remains but the gateway of the abbey and
the nave of the church, now parocliial ; the lat-
ter is seated in a cavity of the Malvern hills, 3
m. from Great Malvern. Between Great and
Little Malvern are two celebrated ch.alybeate
•prings. one of which is called the Holy Well.
Malvern Hills, a range of hills in the counties
of Worcester and Hereford, Eng. extending about
9 m. in length and from 1 to 2 m breadth. They
appear to be of limestone and quartz, and the high-
est point is 1,313 feet above the surface of the
Severn.
Malwah, a province of Hindoostan, bounded N.
by the provinces of Agimere and Agra, E. by Al-
lahabad and Gundwaneh, S. by Knandeish and
Berar, and W. by Agimere and Guzerat. It is
250 m. in length by 150 in breadth, and is one of
the most extensive elevated, and diversified
tracts in Hindoostan. Till lately the whole
territory belonged to the Mahrattas.
.Waifitew, a town of France, department ofLo-
zere ; seated on the Truyere, 12 m. N. N. E. of
Mende.
Mamahating, p.t. Sullivan Co. N. Y. 23 m.
W. Newburg. Pop. 3,062.
Mamuroneck, p.t. Westchester Co. N. Y. on
Long Island Sound. 23 m. N. E. New York. Pop.
838.
Mamars, a town of France, department of
Sarthe, seated on the Dive, 14 m. W. of Belles-
me.
Man, an island in the Irish Sea, 30 m. long and
12 broad. It contains 18 parishes under the ju-
risdiction of a bishop, called the bishop of Sodor
and Man, who is sole baron of the isle, and pos-
sesses other important privileges, but has no seat
in the British parliament. The air is healthy,
and the soil produces more corn than is sufficient
to maintain the inhabitants, who are a mixture
of English, Scotch, and Irish. The commodities
of the island are wool, hides, butter, tallow, black
marble, slate, limestone, lead, and iron. Some
manufactures of coarse hats, cotton goods, and
linen cloth, are carried on in different parts : but
its principal trade arises from the herring fishery.
The duke of Athol was formerly lord of this isl-
and, the sovereignty of which he sold, in 1765, to
the crown. The chief towns are Castletown,
Douglas, Peele, Ruthin, and Ramsay. It is 18
m. S. of Scotland, 40 m. N. of Wales, 30 W.
of England, and 26 E. of Ireland.
Ma.rwur, a small island in the Indian Ocean, on
the N. W. side of Ceylon. From this island a
bank of sand, called Adam's Bridge, runs over to
the continent of Hindoostan, which can be passed
only by boats. The sea to the S. of this, between
the continent and the island of Ceylon, is called
the gulf of Manaar. — The Portuguese obtained
possession of the island in 1560 : but it was taken
by the Dutch in 1658, and in 1795 by the English.
Long. 79. 3. E., lat. 9. 6. N.
Manachia, or Magnisa the ancient Magnesia, a
town of Asia Minor, formerly the capital of the
Greek empire , seated at the foot of a mountain,
on the river Sarabat, 20 m. N. E. of Smyrna.
Long. 27. 6. E., lat. 38 45. N.
Manahainliin, p. v. .Monmouth Co. N J. 54 m.
SE Philadelphia.
Manellan, a township of Fayette Co. Pa.
Manapar, a town of Hindoostan, district of
Tinevelly, situate on a point of land projecting in-
to tlie gulf of Manaar, 40 m. S. E. of Palamcotta.
Long. 78. 17. E., lat. 8. 39. N.— Also a town in
the province of Tanjore. Long. 78. 30. E., lat.
16. 39. N.
Manasquam, p. v. Monmouth Co. N. J. 50 m. N.
E. Philadelphia.
Manbona, a town of Eastern Africa, situate on
the sea-coast, 60 m. S. of Sofala. Long. 35. 39
E.. lat. 21. 15. S.
MAN
477
MAN
% Mancester, a village in Warwickshire, Eng. near
^Atherstone. It was a Roman station, and here
several coins have been dug up : seated on an
eminence near the Anker, 106 m. from London.
^a/icAa, a territory of Spain, lying S. of Old
Castile, and N. of Andalusia. It is divided into
Upper and Lower, and is nearly surrounded by
mountains, producing antimony, vermilion, and
mercury. The country is an immense plain, in-
tersected by ridges of low hills and rocks; but it
is well cultivated, and produces corn, olives, and
wine. The inhabitants are affable, and great lov-
ers of music and dancing ; audit was here that
Cervantes made his hero, Don Quixote, perform
his chief exploits.
Manche, a. department of France, including the
W. part of Normandy, and comprising about 2,500
sq. m., with 600,000 inhabitants. It is almost sur-
rounded by the English Channel. St. Lo is the
capital, but Cherburg the largest town.
Manchester, a large town in Lancashire, Eng.
seated between the rivers Irk and Irwell. It is
a place of great antiquity, and has attained great-
er opulence than almost any of the trading towns
in England, but is neither a corporation nor a
borough. It has long been noted for various
branches of the linen, silk, and cotton manufac-
tures, and is now principally conspicuous as the
centre of the cotton trade. The labours of a very
populous neighbourhood are collected at Man-
chester, whence they are sent to London, Liver-
pool, Hull, Slc. These consist of a great variety
of cotton and mixed goods, fitted for all sorts of
markets, both at home and abroad, spreading
over a great part of Europe, America, and the
coast of Guinea. Manufactures of tapes and oth-
er small wares, of silk goods, and of hats, are al-
so carried on at Manchester. Its chief ornaments
are the college, the exchange, the collegiate
church, another large chruch, and a spacious
market-place. The churches and chapels of the
establishment, several of which are recent erec-
tions, are 19 in number. Here are also upwards
of 40 places of worship for different sects of dis-
senters and three for Roman Catholics; one of
the latter, opened in 1820, is a beautiful edifice,
erected at a cost of £10,000. The charity schools
and Sunday schools are numerous. The most
important of the otlier charitable institutions are
the Manchester General Infirmary and Dispen-
sary — The Lunatic Asylum — the Fever Hospital —
the Lying-in Hospital — the Strangers' Friend
Society — the Samaritan Society — the Lock Hos-
pital — the female Penitentiary, and the School for
Deaf and Dumb, instituted in 1825. Of the in-
stitutions for the promotion of literature and sci-
ence, the principal are — the Literary and Philo-
sophical Society — the Society for the Promotion
of Natural History, and the Royal Manchester In-
stitution. The Mechanics' Institute is in a very
flourishing state ; and there are several valuable
libraries, particularly the College Library and the
Portico. Manchester is governed by a borough-
reeve, two constables, a deputy constable, &c.,
and contains several courts of law. It has risen
to its present consequence entirely by its manu-
factures. In respect to population it ranks next
to London: in I82I it contained 133,788 inhab'-
tants. By the Irwell it has a communication
with the Mersey and all the late various exten-
sions of inland navigation. Itis36m. E. by N.
of Liverpool, and 186 N. N. W. of London Long.
8 10. W., lat. 53. 27. N.
Manchester, p.t. Bennington Co. Vt. 22 m. N.
Bennington. Pop. 1,525. p.t. Essex Co. Mass.
30 m. N. E.Boston. Pop. 1,238. p.t Hillsborough
Co. N. H. Pop. 877. p.v. Niagara Co. N. Y. at
the falls, p.t. Ontario Co. N. Y. Pop. 2,811. p.v.
Oneida Co. N. Y. 8 m. S. W. Utica, and towns in
York Co. Pa., Baltimore Co. Maryland, Chester-
field Co. Va., Sumter Dis. S. C. Clay Co. Ken.,
Adams and Morgan Cos. Ohio, Dearborn Co. Ind.,
and St. Louis Co. Missouri.
Mandal, a town of Norway , capital of a province
in the government of Bergen ; seated near the
mouth of a river of the same name, 60 m. W. S.
W. of Christiansand. Long. 7. 42. E., lat. 58. 2.
N.
Mandan, a fort and Indian village of N. Amer-
ica, on the Missouri, where captains Lewis and
Clarke had their winter encampment, when on
their expedition to the Missouri. Long. 100. 50.
W., lat. 47. 20. N.
Mandur, a district of the island of Celebes, on
the W. and N. coast, bounded W. by the straits
of Macassar, and E. by a tract of desert moun-
tains.
Mandinaro, a country in the W. part of Negro
land, at the sources of the rivers Niger and Sene-
gal. Not only the inhabitants of this state, but
the bulk of the people in many other districts in
the western part of Africa, are called Mandingoes,
probably from having originally emigrated from
this country. They are of a mild, sociable, and
obliging disposition : the men are above the mid-
dle size, well-shaped, strong, and capable of en-
during great labour ; the women are good-natur-
ed, sprightly, and agreeable. The dress of both
sexes is composed of cotton cloth of their own
manufacture. Polygamy is common, but the wo-
men are not under that restraint which preva-.ls
in many other countries^ Most of the towns con-
tain a mosque, where public prayers are offered ;
and abentang, or coffee-house, where public busi-
ness is transacted. The private houses are built
of mud, with a conical bamboo roof, thatched with
grass. The language of the Mandingoes is said
to be copious and refined, and is generlly under-
stood in all the regions of Western Africa.
Mandshars, or Mandsheus, a branch of the Mon-
gul Tartars, whose ancestors conquered China in
the thirteenth century, but were expelled by the
Chinese in 1368. They inhabit the three provin-
ces of Eastern Tartary, and retain the customs
they brought from China.
Manfredonia. a sea-port of Naples, in Capita-
nata, with a castle and a good harbour. All sorts
of vegetables are in abundance, and most of the
corn exported from the province is shipped here.
It is seated on a gulf of the same name, 30 m. E.
i\. E. of Lucrea. Long. 16. 12. E., lat. 41. 31. N.
Mana-filore, a town of Hindoostan, in the prov-
ince of Canara, seated between the two arms of a
fine lake of salt water, each of which receives a
river from the Ghauts ; but the bar at the entrance
into this harbour will not admit vessels drawing
more than ten feet. It is a place of great trade :
the principal exports are rice, betel-nut, black
pepper, sandal-wood (from the country above the
Ghauts.) cinnamon, and turmeric. Here are the
ruins of a fort which Tippoo Sultan ordered to be
demolished in 1784. In this town a treaty of
peace was signed between Tippoo and the English
in 1784 : in 171)9 it came into the hands of the
British, and is now the residence of the jud^*?,
collector, &c., of S. Canara. It is 130 m.. N. N W.
of Calicut, and 190 S. S. E. of Goa. Long. 75. 4
E., lat. 12. 50. N.
MAN
478
MAN
Mangea, an island in the S. Pacific, 5 leagues in
circumference. In the interior parts it rises into
small hills, and captain Cook, by whom it was dis-
co^'ered in 1777, represents it as a fine island ;
but he did not find a landing place. Long. 158.
16. W., lat. 21.27. S.
Manhebn, a town of Baden, and capital of the
circle of the Neckar. The streets are spacious,
straight, and well paved ; the houses are elegant
and uniform. The palace is a magnificent struc-
ture, with a cabinet of natural curiosities and a
gallery of pictures. The inhabitants are compu-
ted at 24,000. Manheim was frequently taken
and re-taken by the French and Austrians in the
late wars ; and was finally ceded to Baden in 1802.
It is 17 m. N. of Spire, and 42 S. of Frankfort.
Long. 8. 31. E., lat. 49. 29. N.
Mankeim, p t. Herkimer Co. N. Y. on the Mo-
hawk. Pop. 1,937. p.t. Lancaster Co. Pa. and
townships in York and Seiiuylkill Cos. Pa.
Mnnica, an inland kingdom in the S. E. part of
Africa, bounded on the N. by Mocaranga, E. by
Sofala and Sabia, and S. and W. by unknown
recrions. It- is said to abound with mines of gold,
and has a river and capital of the same name ; but
it is l.tt'e known to Europeans.
Manickdurg, a town and fortress of Hindoostan,
in the province of Berar, 5 m. S. E. of Chanada.
Manickpatam. a town of Hindoostan, in the prov-
ince of Orissa, 12 ra. S. W. of Juggernaut.
Manickpore, a town of Hindoostan, capital of
« district of the same name in the province of Al-
lahabad ; seated on the Ganges, in lat. 19. 40. N.,
long. 85. 36. E.
Manlius, p.t. Onondaga, Co. N. Y. Pop. 7,375.
Manilla, the capital of the island of Luconia, as
well as of the other Philippine islands, and the
see of an archbishop, who is commonly the Span-
ish viceroy. It is well fortified, and defended by
the castle of St. Philip. The number of Christian
inhabitants is estimated at 12,000. Most of the
public structures are built of wood, on account of
he frequent earthquakes, by one of which, in
(.617, a mountain was levelled, and in 1C25 a third
part of the city was overthrown by another, when
3,000 persons perished. This city is seated near
the lake Bahia, on the E. side of a bay, on the S.
W. coast. The bay is a circular basin, 10 leagues
in diameter, and great part of it land locked , but
the part peculiar to the city, called Cavete, lies
9 m. to the S. W. On account of the pure and
mild temperature of the air, it is deemed the most
healthy of all the European settlements in the
East. Long. 120. 52. E., lat. 14. 36. N.
Manningtree, a town in Essex, Eng. The prin-
cipal imports are deals, corn, coal, and iron. It
is seated on a branch of the Stour, called Man-
ningtree-water, 11 m. W. of Harwich, and 60 E.
N E. of London.
Mannhartsbcrg, a mountain chain of Austria,
beginning at the frontier of Moravia, and termin-
ating at the Danube. The products are corn, saf-
fron, and wine. The chief towns are Crems and
Kloster-Neuburg.
Manosque, a town of France, department of
Lower Alps, near the Durance, with a castle, 25
m. N. E. of Aix.
Manpurry, a town and fort of Hindoostan, in
the district of Dooab, seated on Issah, 54 m. E.
of Agra.
Manresa, a town of Spain, in Catalonia, with a
castle, and manufactures of silk, hats, gunpowder,
&c. ; seated at the conflux of the Cardonero with
the Lobregrat, 20 ra. N. W. of Barcelona.
Mans, a town of France, capital of the depart-
ment of Sarthe, and the see of a bishop. It con-
tains 18,000 inhabitants, and was formerly much
more populous. Il has excellent poultry, and its
wax and stuffs are famous. It is seaied'on a high
hill, near the Sarthe, 20 m. S. of Alencon, and 75
W. by N. of Orleans. Long. 0. 9. E., lat. 48. 0.
N.
Mansaroar, a lake of Thibet, from which the
southernmost head of the Ganges was long sup-
posed to issue. It is about 115 m. in circumfer-
ence, and lies about 79. E. long, and 34. N. lat.
Mansfdd, a town of Prussian Saxony, in the
government of Merseberg, with a decayed cast'-*
on a high rock • seated on the Thalbach, 8 m. N.
N. W. of Eisleben.
Mansfield, a town in Nottinghamshire, En?
with a trade in corn and malt, and maniil'aclurcs
of lace, hosiery, and cotton spinning. Here are
a commodious church, five meeting houses, a
grammar school, two charity schools, and 12
almshouses. Coins of several Roman emperors
have been dug up near this town, and the relics
recently discovered afirjrd indisputable proof tliat
the Romans had a station in the vicinity. It
communicates with the Pinxton Canal by a rail-
way 7 m. in length ; and is seated on the edge of
the forest of Sherwood, 14 m. N. of Nottingham
and 138 N. by W. of London.
Mansilla, a town of Spain, provine of Leon, 10
m. S. S. E. ofLeon.
Mansora, a town in the kingdom of Fez, seated
near the mouth of the Guir, 60 m. W. of Me-
quinez.
Mansoura, a town of Lower Egypt, with a con-
siderable trade in rice and sal ammoniac, built by
the Saracens, during the crusades, as a bulwark
acralnst the Christian?. It is seated on the E. side
of the Nile, 24 m. S. «. W. of Damictta and CO
N. of Cairo.
Mantaca. See Mataca.
Mantes, a town of France, department of Seine-
et-Oise, with a bridge over the Seine, the great
arch of which is 120 feet wide. The wines of
its vicinity are famous. It is 31 m. N. W. of
Paris.
Mantua, a province of Italy, contiguous to the
duchies of Parma and Modena, fertile in corn,
flax, fruits, and excellent wine. It comprises a
superficial extent of 880 square m. with 214,000
inhabitants ; but the former duchy of Mantua
was of greater extent.. It was governed by the
Gonzago family, with the title of duke, till
Charles IV., taking part with the French in tli«
dispute relating to the succession of Spain, was
put under the ban of the empire, and died in
1708. Having no heirs, the house of Austria
kept possession till 1800, when the French ob
tained it, after the battle of Marengo, but the
Austrians obtained possession of it again in 1814.
Mantua, a city of Austrian Italy, capital of the
above province. It is seated on an island in the
middle of a lake, 20 m. in circumference and two
broad, formed by the Mincio ; and so very strong
by situation, as well as by art, that it is one of
the most considerable fortresses in Europe. The
only way into this city is by means of two moles
or bridges, each of which is defended by a fort
and other works. The city is well built, and
most of the streets are spacious, regular, and well
paved. In the cathedral are paintings by the
most celebrated masters; the church of St. An-
thony is famous for relics ; and the Franciscan
church is one of the most elegant of that order in
MAR
479
MAK
Italy. Here are many other churches, numerous
convents, a synagogue for the Jews, who live in
a distinct quarter, a university, the ancient ducal
palace, with its gallery of paintings, &c. Virgil
was born at a village near this city. Mantua sur-
rendered to the French in 1797 (after a siege of
eight months), was taken by the Austrian and
Russian army in 1799, again ceded to France in
1801, and finally delivered ud to the Austrians in
1814. It is 35 m. N. E. of Parma and 70 E. S.
E. of Milan. Long. 10 50. E., lat. 45. 10. N.
Mantua, a village in Blockley township adjoin-
ing Philadelphia.
Mantua, p.t. Portage Co. Ohio, on the Cuyaho-
ga, 148 m. N. E. Columbus. Pop. 949.
Maouna,one of the Navigator's Islands, in the S.
Pacific. Here, in 1787, La Perouse met with his
first fatal accident ; captain Langle, Lemanon the
naturalist, and 9 sailors being massacred by the
natives. Long. 169. 0. W., lat. 14. 19. S.
Manuaiho, a province of S.America now forming
part of the Venezuelan province of the Colombian
republic, and extending N. to the Carribean Sea.
The soil is in many places exceedingly fertile,
and the climate, although excessively hot, is not
on the whole unhealthy. The inhabitiints are es-
timated at about 100,000.
Maracaibo, the capital of the above province, with
a harbour which can only admit small vessels, ow-
ing to the obstruction of a sand bar. It has a
mean appearance, some of the houses being cover-
ed with tiles, others with reeds. The climate is
hot, and the storms of thunder and lightning that
frequently occur are accompanied with tremend-
ous rains. It is seated on the outlet of the lake
of its name, 60 m. W. S. W. of Caracas. Long.
71.46. W.,lat. 10. 30. N.
Maracaibo, a lake of Caracas in the province of
Venezuela. It is 150 m. lon^ and 90 where broad-
est, with a circumference of 4-50 ; and is naviga-
ble for vessels of the greatest burden. The banks
are sterile, and the air insalubrious ; but the wa-
ter is fresh, except in stormy weather, when the
waters of the sea are forced into it. It communi-
cates with the gulf of Venezuela, by a strait
which is defended by strong forts, and has several
Spanish towns seated on its borders.
Maracay, or Maracao, a town of Colombia, in
the province of Venezuela, in the neighbourhood
of which are plantations of cotton, indigo, coffee,
corn, &c. ; seated on the E. side of the lake Val-
encia, in the valley of Aragoa.
Maraga, a well built city of Persia, province
of Aderbijan, with a spacious bazaar, a glass man-
ufactory, and a handsome public bath ; situated
at the extremity of a well cultivated plain, open-
ing to the lake of Urumea, from which it is dis-
tant 10 or 12 m., and 68 m. N. of Tabreez. Long.
46. 25. E., lat. 37.20. N.
Maraniiam, a northern province of Brazil, which
comprehends a tfertile and populous island of the
same name, 112 m in circumference. The French
settled here in 1612; but they were soon expelled
by the Portuguese. St. Luis de Maranham is
the chief town.
Maranon. See Amazon.
Marano, a sea-port of Austrian Italy, in the
province of Udma ; seated on the guli of Venic«,
27 m. S. by E. of Udina. Long. 13. 5. E., lat. 45.
52. N. , ^
Marans, a town of France, department of Lower
Charente, with a brisk trade in salt, malt, corn,
and meal ; seated on the Sevre, in the midst of
salt marshes, 12 m. N. N. E. of Rochelle
Marant, or Amarant, a town of Persia, in th«
province of Adirbeitzan, containing 2,.>00 houses,
each with a garden ; situate near a river, and wa-
tered by canals. Cocliineal is found in its neigh-
bourhood. The inhabitants say that Noah was
buried here. It is 50 m. N. of Tauris. Long. 47.
46. E., lat. 39. 7. N.
Marasa, a town of W. Africa, in Wangara, on
the N. side of the Niger, 160 m. N. E. of Ghan-
ara. Long. 17. 10. E., lat. 15. 50. N
Marasch, a town of Asiatic Turkey, in Carama
nia, the capital of a sangiacate and the see of a
bishop. It is 180 m. E. by S. ofCogni. Long. 37.
25. E., lat. 37. 24. N.
Marathon, a village of Attica, formerly a city,
famous for tlie victory obtained bv Miltiades with
10,000 Athenians over 500,000 "Persians, B. C.
490. Itisafewm. N.N. E. of Athens.
Marathon, p.t. Lawrence Co. Alab. on the Ten-
nessee. 35 ni. W. Huntsville.
Maravi, a lake of Eastern Africa, W. of Mo
zambique, reported to be about 40 m. in breadth,
and of much greater length. At its S. extremity
is a district with a town of the same name. Long.
3. 10. E., lat. 13. 10. S.
Marawar, a country of Hindoostan, situated on
the eastern coast, opposite Ceylon, and between
9. and 10. of N. lat. It is 66 m. in length by 40 in
breadth ; and is included in the collectorship of
Dindigul. The chief towns are Ramnad and Tri-
patore.
Marawina, a river of Guiana, noted for a curious
pebble, known by the name of the Marawina dia-
mond, which, when polished, is often set in rings,
<&c. It enters the Atlantic in long. 53. 43. W.,
lat. 5. 58. N.
Maruzion, or Market Jtw, a town m Cornwall,
Eng. The parish church of St. Hilary is about 2
m. distant ; but the town has a chapel of ease
beside several meeting houses for dissenters. It
is seated on Mount Bay, 4 m. E. of Penzance and
279 W. byS. of London.
Marbella, a town of Andalusia, seated at the
mouth of the Rio Verde, with a harbour, defended
by a castle, 23 m. S. W. of Malaga.
Marbleliead, p.t. Essex Co. Mass. 19 m. N. E.
Boston and 4. S. E. Salem. Pop. 5,150. This town
lies close to the sea and has a safe but small harbour.
It carries on a very active fishing business. Here
is a bank, an academy and 5 churches.
Marbletoicn, p.t. Ulster Co. N. Y. on Esopus
creek, 70 m- S. W. Albany. Pop. 3,223.
Marbmuf, a town of France, department of
Eure, 12 in. N. of Conches.
Marboz, a town of France, department of Ain,
12 m. N. ofBourg.
Marbrook, a river in Shropshire, Eng. which
joins the Severn below Bridgenorth.
Marburg, a town of Germany, capital of that
part of Upper Hesse which belongs to the elector
of Hesse-Cassel. It has a fortified castle on the
top of a mountain, a university, an academy, a
Lutheran, a Calvinist, and a catholic church, an
hospital, two infirmaries, and an orphan house.
It was taken by the French in 1757 ; surrendered
to the allies in 1759; and again taken by the
French in 1760. It is seated on the Lake, 47 m.
S. W. of Cassel. Long. 8. 50. E., lat. 50. 48. N.
Marburyville, p. v. Feliciana Co. Lou. 83 m. N.
W. New Orleans.
MarceUin, St., a town of France, department of
Isere ; seated on the Isere, at the foot of a hill In
an excellent wine country, 30 m. S. S. E. of Vi-
enne
MAR
480
MAR
Mareellus, p.t. Onondawo Co. N. Y. 4 m. N. E.
from Skeneateles Lake. Pop 2,626.
March, a town in Cambridegshire, Eng. with a
considerable trade in corn, coals, and timber.
Near this place three urns full of burnt bones
and some small Roman conis were dug up in 1730.
It is seated on the Nen, in the isle of Ely, 26 m.
N. N. W. of Cambridge and 81 N. of London.
Marchburg, or Mahruurg, a town of the Aus-
trian States in Styria, capital of a circle of its
name, with two castles. In its vicinity are good
vineyards. It is seated on the Drave, 36 m. S. S
E. of Gratz. Long. 15. 38. E., lat. 46. 48. N.
Marche, a town of France, department of Vos-
ges ; situate near the source of the Mouzon, 20
m. S. of Neufchateau.
Marchtck, a town of Lower Austria, with an
old castle ; seated on the March, on the frontiers
of Hungary, 23 m. E. by N. of Vienna.
Marciennes, a town of the Netherlands, prov-
ince of Hainault; seated on the Sambre, 18 m.
£.by S. of Mons.
Marchirnnes, a town of France, department of
Nord, seated in a morass, on the river Scarpe, 9
m. W. N. W of Valenciennes.
Marcianisi, a town of Naples, in Terra di Lavo-
ro, 13 m. N. N. E. of Naples.
Marcigny, a town of France, department of
Saone-et-Loire, near the river Loire, 32 m. W.
of Macon.
Marco, St., a town of Naples, in Calabria Citra,
seated on the Senito, 22 m. N. of Cosenza.
Marcou, St., two small islands in the English
Channel, near the coast of France, 7 m. S. E. of
La Hague.
Marcus Hook, p. v. Delaware Co. Pa. ou the Del-
aware, 20 m. below Philad.
Mardike, a village, of France department of
Nord, seated on a canal, to which it gives name,
4 m..W. by S. of Dunkirk.
Mardin, a town of Asiatic Turkey, in the dis-
trict of Bogdad. It stands on a high and steep
hill and is surrounded by a wall.
March, the capital ol a district of Arabia, in Ye-
men. It is 100 m. S. E. of Sanaa. Long. 47. 20.
E., lat. 15. 44. N.
Marengo, a village Austrian Italy, in the gov-
ernment of Milan, famous for a decisive victory
gained by the French over the Austrians, June 14,
1800. It is 3 m. S. E. of Allessandria.
Marengo, a county of Alabama. Pop. 7,742.
Linden is the capital.
Marengo, p. v. Seneca Co. N. Y.
Marennes, a town of France, department of
Lower Charente, remarkable for the green-finned
oysters, found near the coast. It is 25 m. S. of
La Rochelle and 270 S. W. of Paris.
( Maretimo, an island in the Mediteranean, on
the W. coast of Sicily, 12 m. in circumference.
It has a castle, with a few farm-houses, and pro-
duces much honey. Long. 12. 15. E., lat. 38. 5. N.
Margaretta, a township of Huron Co. Ohio. 110
m. N. E.ColuBibus.
Margaret's Island, in the N. Pacific, was discov-
ered by captain Magee, in the ship Margaret, of
Boston, in his voyage from Kamtschatka, in
1780. Long. 141. 12. E., lat. 24. 40. N.
Margarita, an island near the coast of Curaana,
about 40 m. long and 15 broad, discovered by
Columbus in 1498. The continual verdure ren-
ders it pleasant ; but it has no fresh water. The
inhabitants are principally mulattoes and the orig-
inal natives. The pearl fishery, was once prose-
cuted to a great extent, but in 1620 the Dutch
landed and burnt the town and castle, since
which it has greatly declined. Its chief import-
ance arises from its situation, as all vessels from
Europe bound for Cumana, Barcelona, and La
Guira, must pass through the channel which sep-
arates it from Cumana. Its ports are Painpatar,
Pueblo de la Mar, and Pueblo del Norte. It was
the scene of several sanguinary battles between the
independants and the royal troops under general
Morillo, who was defeated with great loss near
Pampatar, and obliged to retire to the continent.
Ascension is the capital. Long. 64. to 65. W.,
lat. 10. 56. N.
Margate, a town in Kent, Eng. on the isle of
Thanet, with a brisk trade in corn, coals, fish, tim-
ber, iron, tar, &c. It is a member of the port of
Dover, and owing to the great resort to it, for sea
bathing, for which its situation is well adapted,
it has rapidly increased in population and wealth.
The harbour has been, greatly improved, and the
town is protected from the inroads of the sea by
a stone pier. There are regular passage boats to
and from London, and during summer a number
of steam packets. It is situate on the side of a
hill, 17 m. E. E. N. of Canterbury and 71 E by S.
of London. Long. 1.22. E., lat.5]. 24. N.
Marguerite, a small uncultivated island on the
S. E. coast of France, opposite Antibes, with a
strong castle, in which " the man with the iron
mask ' was for some time confined. Long. 7. 3.
E., lat. 45. 31. N.
Mari, Loch, a lake of Scotland, in Ross-shire,
16 m. long, and from 1 to 2 broad. There are 24
small islands in it.
Maria, a river of N. America, which rises in
the Rocky Mountains, and, after a course of 500
m. falls into the Missouri, 54 m. below the Great
Falls.
Maria, Cape, a small island on the N. coast of
New Holland, in the gulf of Carpentaria. Long.
135. 53. E., lat. 14. 50. S.
Maria, St., an island in the Indian Ocean, near
the E. side of Madagascar. It is 45 m. long and
7 broad, well watered, and surrounded by rocks.
The air is extremely moist; for it rains almost
every day. It produces rice, sugar-canes, legu-
mes, pine-apples, tobacco, &c., and on the coasts
are found white coral and ambergris. Long. 50.
20. E., lat. 17. 0. S.
Maria, St., the most southern island of the
Azores, which produces plenty of wheat, and has
about 5,000 inhabitants. It has a town of the same
name. Long. 25. 9. W., lat. 36. 57. N.
Maria, St. , a town of Congo, capital of the king-
dom of Matamba. It stands on a river that flows
into the Coanzo, 310 m. E. of Loanda. Long. 18
0. E., lat. 8.50. S.
Mariagalante, one of the Carribee islands, be-
longing to the French. It extends 16 m. from N.
to S. and 4 from E. to W. On the E. shore are
lofty perpendicular rocks; and about half its sur-
face is barren mountains. It is indifferently wa-
tered, but produces tobacco, cotton, coffee, and
sugar. It was taken by a British frigate in 1808.
The S. end is 30 m. N. by E. of Dominica. Long.
61. 12. W., lat. 15. 52. N.
Marian Islands. See Ladrone.
Marie aux Mines, a town of France, department
of Upper Rhine, divided into two parts by the river
Laber. It is 14 m. N. W. of Colmar.
Marienburg, a strong town of W. Prussia, in
the government of Dantzic, with a brisk trade
It is seated on the E. branch of the Vistula, 24
m. S. E. of Dantzic. Jiong. 19. 1. £., lat. 54.2. N
- MAR
481
MAR
Mariertburg, a town of Saxony, in the circle of
Erzgebirge, near which are mines of silver, iron,
vitriol, and sulphur. It is 35 m. S. W. of Dresden.
•Mariestadt, a town of Sweden, capital of the
province of Scarborg, seated on the lake Wenner,
• 35. m. S. E. of CarlsUdt,and 162 S. W. of Stock-
aolm. Long. 14. 25. E., lat. 58. 28. N.
Mariemcerder, one of the two governments into
which W. Prussia is now divided. It is a long
tract, of very irregular form, lying N. of Poland
and S. of Pomeraniaand the government of Dan t-
zic. Area 6,880 sq. m.
Marieiuperdtr, a neat town of W. Prussia, cap-
ital of a government and circle, with a spacious
palace, built in the old Gothic style. The cathe-
dral is the largest cliurch in the kingdom of Prus-
sia, being 320 feet long ; and by its strong breast-
works seems to have formerly served as a fortress.
In 1709, Peter the Great,and Frederic I. of Prussia,
had an interview at this place. It is seated near
the Vistula, 90 m. S. W. of Konigsberg. Lonof.
18.52. E., lat. 53. 50. N.
Marietta, p.t. Washington Co. Ohio ; it is beau-
tifully situated at the confluence of the Muskin-
gum and Ohio, but is subjected to the incon-
venience of being annually overflowed by the
rising of the river. This town was the firft set-
tlement of any consequence made in the state, yet
it is not a large place and of late years has rather
declined than increased. Pop. 1,914. Also vil-
lages, in Onondaga Co. N. Y. and Lancaster Co.
Pa. on the Susquehanna, 13 m. W. Lancaster.
Marignano, a town of Austrian Italy, in the
government of Milan, seated on the Lambro, 10
m. S. E. of Milan.
Marina, a town of Italy, in the papal states, with
a castle, 10 m. E. S. E. of Rome.
Marion, a District of S. Carolina. Pop. 11,208.
A couutyofOhio. Pop. 6,558. Marion is the capi-
tal. A county of E.Tennessee Pop. 5^16. Jas-
per is the capital. A county of Alabama. Pop.
4,056. Pikeville is the capital. A county of Mis-
sissippi. Pop. 3,701. Columbia is the capital. A
county of Indiana. Pop. 7,181. Indianapolis is
the capital. A county of Illinois. Pop. 2,021.
Salem is the capital. A county ofMissouri. Pop.
4,839. Palmyra is the capital.
Marion, p.t. Twiggs Co. Geo. 34 m. S. W. Mil-
ledgeville, p.v. Marion Co. Ohio, 48 m. N. W.
Columbus, pv. Cole Co. Missouri, 145 m. W.
St. Louis.
Marissa, or Maritza, a river of Romania, which
lows by Philipopoli, Adrianople, and Eno, into
the Archipelago.
Mark, a territory of Prussian Westphalia, bound-
ed N. by the principality of Munster, E. hy the
duchy of Westphalia, aiid S. and W. by ttiat of
Berg. Ham is the capital.
Mark, St.,s. sea-port and jurisdiction on the W.
side of St. Domingo. The town is one of the
pleasantest on the island ; and the houses are
built of freestone, which is abundant in the neigh-
bouring county . It is situate on a bay of the same
name, 53 m. S. W. of Cape Francois. Long. 72.
40. W., lat. 19. 20. N. See also St Mark.
Marksborough, p.v. Sussex Co. N. J. 70 m. N.
Trenton.
MarL^iUe, p.v. Avoyelles Parish, Lou.
Market, Jew. See Marazion.
Marlborough, a borough in Wiltshire, Eng.
Here king John had a castle, in which a parlia-
ment was held in 1267, when the Statute of JV»%rle-
bridge for suppressing riots was enacted. The
town contains two churches, several laeeiin?
61 *
houses, a free grammar school, a Lancasteriau
school, &c. It is seated on the Kennet, 26 m. N.
of Salisbury and 74 W. of London.
Marlborough, p.t. Cheshire Co. N. H. Fop. 822
p.t. Windham Co. Vt. 9 m. S. W. Brattleborough.
Pop. 1,218. p.t. Middlesex Co. Mass. 28 m. W
Boston. Pop. 2,074. p.t. Ulster Co. N. Y. on
the Hudson.' 90 m. S. Albany. Pop. 2,272. p.t
Hartford Co. Conn. 17 m. S. E. Hartford. Pop.
704. Townships in Montgomery Co. Pa. and
Delaware Co. Ohio, and a village in Calvert Co.
Maryland, 45 m. S. Baltimore.
Marlborough, a District of S. Carolina on the
Great Pedee. Pop, 8,578.
Marlborough, East, and West, townships in
Chester Co. Pa. 30 m. S. W. Philad.
Marlborough, Upper, p.v. Prince George's Co.
Maryland, on the W. branch of the Patuxent. 12
m. S. E. Washington.
Marlborough, Fort, an English factory, on the
W. coast of the island of Sumatra, 3 ra. E. of
Bencoolen.
MarloxD, a borough in Buckinghamshire, Eng.
with a manufacture of black silk, lace, and pa-
per. It is seated near the Thames, over which Is
a bridge into Berkshire, 17 m. N. of Aylesbury
and 31 W. of London.
Marlow. p.t. Cheshire Co. N. H. on Ashuelot,
river, 46 ra. W. Concord. Pop. 645.
Marmande, a town of France, department of
Lot-et-Garonne, with a brisk trade in corn, wine
and brandy It is seated on the Garonne, 25
m. S. E. of Bordeaux. Long. 0. ll. E., lat. 44
20. N.
Marmora, or White Sea, the ancient Propontis,
an inland sea between Europe and Asia, which
communicates with the Archipelago by the strait
of Gallipoli, and with the Black Sea by the strait
of Constantinople. It is 120 m. in length and 60
in breadth.
Marmora, an island in the above sea, 30 m. in
circumference, with a town of the same name.
Long. 27. 34. E., lat. 40. 28. N.
Marne, a department of France, including part
of the former province of Champagne, and the
district of Brie. It takes its name from a river
which rises near Langres, and falls into the
Seine a little above Paris. Chalons is the capital.
Marne Upper, a department of France, includ-
ing the S. E. part of the province of Champao-ue
and Brie. Chaumont is the capital.
Maro, a town of the Sardinian states, in the
province of Oneglia, seated in a valley, 8 m. N.
W. of Oneglia.
Marples, a township of Delaware Co. Pa. 14.
m. W. Philadelphia.
Marquartstein, s.\.oyvXi of Bavaria, with an an-
cient castle, seated near the river Acha, 22 m. W
of Salzburg.
Marquesas, 5 islands in the Pacific Ocean, nanri'
ed St. Christina, Magdalena, St. Dominica, St.
Pedro, and Hood. The first four were discoverec.
by Quiros in 1595, the last by Cook in 1774 St.
Dominica is much the largest, about 48 m. in cir-
cuit. Captain Cook, in his second voyage, laj
some time at Christina, in long. 136. 9. W., ana
lat. 9. 55. S. It is high and steep, but has many
valleys, which widen towards the sea, and art
covered with fine forests to the summits of the in
terior mountains. The products of these islands
are breadfruit, bananas, plantains, cocoa-nuts,
scarlet beans, paper-mulberries (of the bark of
which their cloth is made), casuarinas, with other
tropical plants and trees. The inhabitants are
2 S
MAR
482
MAR
well made, strong, and active ; of a tawny com-
plexion, but look almost black by being punctur-
ed over the whole body. Their language, man-
ners, customs, <fec,, very much resemble those of
the Society islands.
Marsal, a town of France, department of Meur-
the, with considerable salt-works : seated on the
Seille, in a marsh of difficult access, 17 m. £. S.
E. of Nancy.
Marsala, a. town of Sicily, in Val di Mazara,
built on the ruins of the ancient Lilybseum, at
the most western part of the island, 45 m. W. S.
W. of Palermo. Long. 12. 29. E., lat. 38. 4.
N.
Harsaquiver, a strong sea-port of Algiers, in the
province of Mascara ; seated on a rock, near a
bay of the Mediterranean, 3 m. from Oran.
Mar sell. See Moraw.
M&rsden, a village in W. Yorkshire, Eng. near
the source of the Colne, 7 m. S. W. of Iludders-
field. Here are some extensive cotton mills,
and the Huddersfield Canal passes this place.
MarseUI.es, a flourishing sea-port of France,
capital of tiie department of Mouths of the Rhone.
The inhabitants are computed at 110,000. It was
so celebrated in the time of the Romans that Ci-
cero styled it the Athens of the Gauls, and Pliny
called it the Mistress of Education. It is divided
into the Old Town and the New. The former
appears like an amphitheatre to the vessels which
entei Ihe port; but the houses are mean, and the
streets dirty , narrow, and steep. In this part is
the principal church, built by the Goths, on the
ruins of the temple of Diana. The New Town is
in every respect, a perfect contrast to the Old,
with which it has a communication by one of the
finest streets imaginable. The other streets and
tfquaret as well as the public buildings in general
are very elegant. With respect to commerce,
Marseilles has long been eminent ; and it is now
sometimes called Europe in Miniature, on account
of the variety of dresses and languages. In the
environs are nearly 5,000 little country boxes of
tiie citizens, called Bastides. The port is a basin
of an oval form, 3,480 feet long, by 9()0 broad at
its widest part, with 18 or 20 feet depth of wattr.
In 16-Ji) the plague raged with great violence m
Marseilles, and with still greater in 1720, when
it carried 03*50,000 of the inhabitants. The late
lord Gardenstone observes that Marseilles was a
little republic within itself, that the citizens elect-
ed their own magistrates, and that the expense
of a law-suit never exceeded twopence-halfpenny ,
which sum was lodged by each party with the
clerks of court, at the commencement of every
process ; after which no further expense was in-
curred. Marseilles is seated on the Mediterran-
nean, 15 m. S. of Aix, and 450 S. by E. o? Paris.
Long. 5. 27. E., lat. 43. 18 N.
Marseilles, p. v. Halifax Co. Va. 150 m. S. W.
Richmond.
Marshallsville, a village of Mecklenburg Co.
Va.
Marshidton, p.v. Chester Co. Pa. 30 m. S. W.
Philadelphia.
Marslificld, a town in Gloucestershire, Eng.
seated on the Coteswold Hills, 11 m. E. of Bris-
tol, and 103 W. of London.
Marshfield, p.t. Washington Co. Vt. 12 m. S. E.
Montpeiier. Pop. 1,271. p.t. Plymouth Co. Mass
on the coast of Mass. Bay, 3C m S. E. Boston. Pop.
1,5(;3.
Marshpee, an Indian fown in Barnstable Co.
vlass. on the S. side of Cape Cod. 70 m. S. E.
Boston. Here are about 150 Indians. See Mat-.
sachusetts. '
Marsico JVuovo, a town of Naples in Principato
Citra, 12 m. N. N. E. of Policastro.
Marsico Vecchio, a town of Naples in Baaihcata,
near the river Acre 23 m. N. E. of Policastro.
Marsilly, a town cf France, department of
Marne, lu m. S. of Suzanne.
Marstrand, a town of Sweden, in the govern
ment of Gottenburg. The inhabitants, about
1,200, subsist chiefly by the herring fishery, by
the number of ships which in bad weather take
refnge in the harbour, which though difficult of
entrance is secure and commodious, and by a
contraband trade. It stands at the entrance of
the Cattegat, 23 m. N. N. W. of Gottenburg.!
Long. 11. 36. E., lat. 57. 53. N.
Marta, a town of Italy, in the patrimony of St.
Peter ; seated on a river of the same name, 10 m.
E. of Castro.
Martaban, a city of the Birman empire, capital,
of a province of the same name, fertile in rice,
fruits, and wines of all kinds. It was at one time
a rich trading place, but after it fell into the
hands of the Birmans, they caused its harbour to
be nearly choked up, and it is now of little impor-,
tance. It is seated on the Bay of Bengal, at the
mouth of the Thaluan, 120 m. S. E. of Pegu
Long. 97. 56. E., lat. 16. 30 N.
Martapuro. See Metapura.
Martel, a town of Franec, department of Lot ■
seated near the Dordogne, 18 m. E. of Sarlat.
Martha, St., a district of the republic of Colom-
bia, in the .territory of New Granada, bounded N.
by the Carribean Sea, E. by Maracaibo, and W.
by Carthagena. It abounds with fruits proper to
the climate, and there are mines of gold and
precious stones, and salt-works. Here commences
the famous ridge of mountains, called the Andes,
which runs S. the whole length of S. Amer-
ica.
Martha, St., a town of Colombia, capital of the.
above district. The harbour is surrounded by,
high mountains. It was once flourishing and
populous, but has of late years much declined.
It has been frequently pillaged by the English,
the Dutch, and the Buccaneers: in 1596 it was
reduced to ashes by Sir Francis Drake. It is
sealed on one of the mouths of the Madalena, 100.
m. W. by S. of Rio de la Hache. Long. 74. 4.
W., lat. 11. 27. N.
MartliasviUe, p.v. Montgomery Co. Miss. 66 m.
W. St. Louis.
Martha's Vineijaro., an island near the S. coast
of Massachusetts, a little to the W. of Nantucket.
It is 21 m. long and from 2 to 10 broad ; with the,
Elizabeth Islands it forms Dukes County, con'
taining a pop. of 3,518. The chief products arp,
Indian corn and rye. Edorarton is the chief town
Marthalen, a town of Switzerland, canton~ ot
Zurich, o m. S. of Scaffliausen.
Martic, a township of Lancaster Co. Pa. on
the Susquehanna.
Martigues, a town of France, department of
Mouths of the Rhone , seated near a lake, 12 m.
long and 5 broad, which produces excellent salt.
20 m. N. W. of Marseilles.
Martin, a country of N. Carolina. Pop. 8,544.
Williamstown is the capital, a county of Indiana.
Pop. 2,010. Mount Pleasant is tlie capital.
MartinsburiT, p.t. Lewis. Co. N. Y. 50 m. N tJti-
ca. Pop. 2,332; also villages in Bedford Co Pa.
Berkshire Co. Va., Kno.x Co. Ohio., Morgan Cu,
Indiana, and Hopkins Cp. Kentucky. ,
MAR
483
MAH
Martin's Creek, p. v. Northampton Co. Pa. 10
m. N. i^aston.
Miirtin, Cape, a promontory of Spain, separating
the ff ulf of Valencia from that of Alicant. Long.
0. 36. £., lat. 38. 54. N.
Martin, St., a town of France, in the isle of Re,
with a harbour and strong citadel, 10 m. W. N.
W. of Rochelle. Long. 1. 21. W., lat. 46. 18.
N.
Martin, St., one of the Leeward Carribee isl-
ands, 44 m. in circumference. It has neither
harbour nor river, but several saltpits, and salt
water lakes. Tobacco is the chief commodity
cultivated. It was long jointly possessed by the
French and Dutch, was taken by the British in
1801, but subsequently restored. The W. end is
5 m. S. of Anguilla. 'Long. 63. 16. W., lat. 18.
4. N
Martinach, a town of Switzerland, in the Valais,
on the river Dranse, 12 m. S. W. of Sion.
Martinsville, p.t. Henry Co. Va., p. v. Guilford
Co. N. C, p.v. Morgan Co. Indiana.
Martinique, one oi the Windward Carribee isl-
ands, 50 m. long and 18 broad, belonging to the
French. There are high mountains covered with
trees, several rivers, and many fertile valleys.
The chief products are sugar, cotton, ginger, in-
digo, chocolate, aloes, pimento, plantains, and
other tropical fruits. The island is extremely
populous ; and it has several safe and commodious
harbours, well fortified. It was taken by the
English in 1762, 1794, and 1809, but restored in
1815. In 1806 it suffered great damage by a tre-
mendous hurricane. Fort Royal is the capital.
Martock, a town in Somersetshire, Eng. with
an elegant church, 130 W. by S. London.
Martorano, a town of Naples, in Calabria Citra,
and a bishop's see, 18 m. from the sea and 15 S.
of Cosenza.
Martorel, a town of Spain, in Catalonia, at the
conflux of the Noya and Lobregat, 18 m N. W.
of Barcelona.
Martos, a town of Spain, in Andalusia, with a
fortress. 10 m. W. of Jaen.
Maru, a town of Persia, in Khorasan, celebrated
for its salt works ; situate on the Morga, 130 m.
E. N. E. ofMesched.
Marvao, a town of Portugal, in Alemtejo, 8 m.
N. E. of Portalegre.
Marvejols, a town of France, aepartment of
Lozere, seated on the Colange, 10 m. N. W. of
Mende.
Martille, a town of France, department of
Meuse, seated on the Oshein, 3 m. N. of Jametz.
Mary, St., a sea-port of the state of Georgia, in
Camden county, at the mouth of St. Mary River,
70 m. S. by W. of Nowport. Long. 81. 52. W.,
lat. 30. 43. N.
Mary River, St., a river of the state of Georgia,
navigable for vessels of considerable burden for
90 m. Its banks afford immense quantities of
fine timber suited to the W. India markets. It
rises in the Okefonoko Swamp, and thence forms
the boundary between Georgia and Florida to
the ocean, which it enters at the town of St. Ma-
ry, between the points of Amilla and Cumberland
islands.
Mary, Strait, St., a strait in N. America, about
70 m. long, which connects Lake Superior and
Lake Huron. It contains a number of islands,
and at the upper end is a rapid, which, by care-
ful pilots, can be descended without danger.
Maryborough, a town of Ireland, in Queen's
eounty, with considerable woolen manufactures.
It is the shire and assize town, and hao an excel
lent gaol and a market-house. 17 m. S. of Philips-
town and 43 S. W. of Dublin.
Maryland, one of the United States, bounded
N. by Pennsylvania, E. by Delaware and the
ocean ; S. and W. by Virginia; extending from 38.
to 39. 88. N. lat. and from 75. 10. to 7.3. 20. W.
long, and containing 10,800 sq. m. It embosoms
all the northern part of Chesapeak Bay, and is
washed on the south-western limit by the Potomac;
the other streams are the Patuxent, Patapsco, Sev-
ern, Choptank, and Nanticoke. A very narrow
strip of its territory extends westwardly and is
crossed by the eastern ranges of the Apalachain
mountains; but nearly the whole of the slate is
level and low. In the west the soil is somewhat
strong, and in other parts are tracts of tiiin unpro-
ductive soil, but in general the laud is excellently
fitted for the culture of grain and tobacco. The
climate in the southern and eastern parts is un-
healthy ; agues and intermittent fevers are preva-
lent in this quarter in summer. The mineral
productions are not numerous; bog iron is afford-
ed in many of the level tracts in tiie south, and
coal occurs in various quarters ; neither of these,
however, are extensively worked. A'Ticulture
is chiefly confined to the staple articles of wheat
and tobacco ; cotton has lately been introduced,
and promises well ; flax and hemp are also rais-
ed in the west. The manufactures consist of cot-
ton, paper, iron, glass, carpeting, «St;c. !Md there
are great numbers of flour mills in the state, par-
ticularly in the neighbourhood of Baltimore. Com-
merce is very active ; the state is admirably sit-
uated for maritime trade, being intersected by the
noble bay of Chesapeak and many navigable riv-
ers. The shipping in 1828 amounted to 170,987
tons, but a great proportion of the commerce is
carried on by northern vessels. The imports for
the same year were estimated at 4,804,135 dollars ;
the exports of domestic produce 3,662,273 dollars,
total exports 4,804,465 dollars.
Maryland consists of two divisions, separated by
the Chesapeak, called the Easiern and Western
shores. Tiie counties are 19. Tlie population is
446,913, of whom 102,878 are slaves. Annapolis
is the seat of government. Baltimore is much
the largest city. The other principal towns are
Fredrickstown and Hagerstown. The legislature
consists of a Senate and House of Delegates.
The senators are chosen for 5 years and the Del-
egates for one. The governor is chosen by the
legislature annually. Suffrage is universal. The
senators are chosen by electors, who are chosen
by the people. Other elections are popular.
The most numerous sect are the Catholics who
have an archbishop, the metropolitan of all the
Catholics in the United States. They have in
this state between 30 and 40 churches. The
Episcopalians have 57 ministers ; the Presbyte-
rians 17; the Baptist 12 ; the German Reformed
9. Maryland has a university at Baltimore ; at
which place there is a Catholic college, and
another at Emmittsburg. There is also a col-
lege at Annapolis.
The means of internal communications have
been greatly increased by artificial improvements.
The Potomac and Ohio canal commences in the
western part of the state, and extends north-west,
erly through this state and Virginia. The Port
Deposit Canal passes along the Susquehanna to
avoid the obstructions in that river. The Ches-
apeak and Delaware canal opens a ready com
munication between theise two bays, and rail>
k
MAR
484
MAS
roads extend from Baltimore toward the Ohio
and Susquehanna.
This state was settled in 1G63 by catholics who
fled from persecution in England. The present
constitution was formed in J 776.
Maryland.pX. Otsego Co. N. Y. 67 m. W. Albany.
Maryport, a town ki Cumberland, Eng. with a
good harbour. In 1750 it was only a poor fishing
town ; but it has now upwards of 5,0U0 inhabitants
who employ upwards of 130 vessels, from 50 to
250 tons burden, in the coal or coasting trade.
Here are three ship-yards, and some manulac-
tures ; and near the town is the Roman station,
Virosidum, where several altars and statues have
been dug up. Besides tlie parish church, here
are 5 meetinghouses, and a national school. Ma-
ryport is situate at the mouth of the Ellen, in the
Irish Sea, 28 m. S. W. of Carisle and 312 N. N.
W. of London. Long. 3. 22. W., lat. 54. 35. N.
Marijville, p.v. Charlotte Co. Va. 60 m. S. W.
Richmond.
Marysville, p.v. Campbell Co. Va. 160 m. S.
W. Richmond, a town of Union Co. Ohio, 27 m.
N. W. Columbus, p.v. Harrison Co. Ken. 35
m. N. E. Lexington, p.v. Blount Co. Ten. 12 m.
S. Knoxville.
Marza, a town of Sicily, in Val di Noto, noted
for its salt ; 10 m. S. by W. of Noto.
Mas d' Agenois, a town of France, department
of Lot-et-Garonne, on the river Garonne, 24 m.
N. W. cV Agen and 50 S. E. of Bordeaux.
Mas d' Asil, a town of France, department of
Arriege, with a benedictine abbey seated on the
Clisse, 8 m. S. W. of Pamiers.
Masafuero , an island in the Pacific Ocean, 80
m. W. of Juan Fernandez. It is high and moun-
tainous but lowest to the N., and at a distance
appears like a hill or rock. It is uninhabited,
except by numerous seals and goats. There
is also plenty of wood, but difficult to be got off;
the heavy surf allows of no good landing place.
Long. 81. 40. W., lat.33. 40. N.
Masbate, one of the Philippines, about 80 m. in
circumference ; the natives are tributary to the
Spaniards. Long. 123. 25. E., lat. 12. 18. N.
Masltrough, a village in W. Yorkshire, Eng.
on the river Uon, adjoining the bridge of Rother-
ham. Here are considerable iron works, where all
sorts of hammered and cast-iron goods are made.
Mascara, the western province of Algiers, 370 m.
long and 130 broad. It is dry, barren, and moun-
tainous, except on the N. where there are plains
abounding in corn, fruit, and pastures. The S.
parts are inhabited by independent wandering
tribes, particularly the Angad tribe.
Mascara, the capital of the above province, with
a strong castle, in which the bey resides. In
1732 it was an inconsiderable place ; but is now
populous and flourishing. It is not so large as
Tremesan, but surpasses it in beauty, having a
great number of good houses and mosques. It is
seated in a fertile district, 45 m. E. S. E. of Or-
an and 190 S. W. of Algiers. Long. 0. 40. E,,
lat. 35. 54. N.
Mascat, a sea-port on the E. coast of Arabia,
with an excellent harbour. It has a castle on a
rock, and is very strong both by nature and art,
though the buildings are mean. It was taken, in
1508, by the Portuguese, who retained it for a
century and a half. The cathedral, built by the
Portuguese, Is now the imaum's palace. There
is no vegetation to be seen on the sea-coast near
il, and only a ievf date trees in a valley at the
back of the town, though the inhabitants have all
things in plenty The bazaars are covered with
the leaves of date trees, laid on beams which reach
from the house tops on one side to those of tlie
other. The inhabitants are Mahomedans. Great
Britian recognises the flag of Mascat as neutral,
and in time of war it has often been the medium
of communication with the enemies' ports. It is
seated on a small bay of the Arabian Sea. Lonw.
59. 20. E., lat. 23. 30. N.
Masham, a town in N. Yorkshire, Eng. with
manufactures of coarse wook-u cloths ; seated on
the Ure, 7 m. S. E. of Middleham and 21b N. N.
W. of London
Mashanagur, a town of Candahar, province of
Cabul, situate on the Seward, 48 m. N. of Attock
and 130 E. S. E. of Cabul. Long. 71. 7. E., lat
33. 54. N.
Maskelane Isle, a small beautiful island, in the
S. Pacific, Iving off the S. E. point of Mallicollo,
one of the New Hebrides. Long. 167. 59. E.,lat.
16. 32. S.
Masmunsler, a town of France, department of
Upper Rhine, 25 m. S. S. W. of Colmar.
Mason, p.t. Hillsborough Co. N. H. 36 m. S.
Concord. Pop. ] ,403 ; a village in Pike Co. Miss.
Mason, a county of the W. district of Virgin-
ia. Pop. 6,534. Point Pleasant is the capital. A
county of Kentucky. Pop. 16,205. Washington is
the capital.
Masoa Hall, p.v. Orange Co. N. C. 52 m. N.
W. Raleigh.
Masonviile, p.t. Delaware Co. N. Y. Pop.
1,145.
Masovia, a palatinate of Poland, bounded by
Prussian Poland, the palatinates of Sendomir and
Kalisch, and Vistula. The name formerly includ-
ed a province of much greater extent. Warsaw is
the capital.
Massa, a town of Italy, capital of the duchy ot
Massa Carrara which is famous for its quarries oi
fine marble. The town and its territory belonged to
Tuscany, but they are now independent. It is
seated on the river Frigido, 3 m. from the seaatnd
30 N. by W. of Leghorn. Long. 10. 10. E., lat.
44. 2. N. Pop. of the duchy 29,000 ; of the
cap. 7,000.
Massa, a town of Tuscany, in Siennese. Borax
and lapis lazuli are found in the neighbourhood.
It is seated on a mountain near the sea, 35 m.
S. W. of Sienna. Long. 11. 3. E., lat. 4a
5. N.
Massachusetts, one of the New England States
bounded N. by N. Hampshire, E. by the ocean,
S. by the ocean and the states of Rhode Island and
Connecticut, extending from 41. 23. to 43. 52. N
lat. and from 09. 50. to 73. 10. W. long. 190 m.
in extreme length from E. to W. and 90 in breadtk
and containing 7,500 square miles. The Green
Mountains extend from Vermont into the western
part of this state where they form two ridges cal'
led the Hoosac and Tagkannuc Mountains. Far-
ther to the East the White Mountain range en-
ters from New Hampshire and passes southerly
to the east of Connecticut river, dividing below
Northampton into the Mount Tom, and Lyme ran-
ges. There are no considerable ridges further east,
but several detached eminences are scattered here
and there, the most easterly of which is Mount
Wachusett in Princeton. The highest point is
Saddle Mountain, an eminence of the Tagkan-
nuc ridge in the north-western corner of the state ;
this is 4,000 feet in height, few of the other peaks
exceed 3,000. The rivers of Massachusetts are
the Connecticut which intersects the western
MAS
485
MAS
part, the Merrimack which enters at the north-east
and meets the sea in this state, and the Housatonic
which rises in the west and passes into Connecti-
cut. The Pawtucliet and Taunton which flow
into Narraganset Bay, the Charles and Neponsct
flowing into Boston harbour. The climate exhib-
its considerable extremes of heat and cold ; all
the rivers are frozen for 3 months in winter, and
the ground is commonly covered with snow dur-
ing that time. The spring is wet, fog^y and dis-
agreeable ; pleasant, settled weather is not gen-
erally expected before the middle of May. The
summers are hot and vegetation is rapid ; the au-
tumn is serene and delightful ; winter sets in at
the end of November. The climate is salubrious
with the exception of its tendency to aggravate
pulmonary complaints.
The soil in the interior is generally good, and
along the valley of the Connecticut, it is uncom-
monly rich. The south-eastern part consists of
the narrow peninsula of Cape Cod, which projects
into the sea in the shape of a man's arm bent in-
ward at the elbow and wrist ; it is 75 m. in length
and from 5 to 20 in breadth ; the soil of this part
is almost entirely sand and produces little vege-
tation except pine shrubs, coarse grass and whor-
tleberry bushes. Agriculture is well understood
and skillfully practised m Massachusetts ; no
state in the Union surpasses it in this respect.
The farms are generally from 100 to 200 acres
and are almost universally the property of the culti-
vators ; there are many agricultural societies in the
state whose exertions to promote skilful and thrif-
ty husbandry have been productive of the best ef-
fects. Cattle-shows and exhibitions of the various
products of the soil and of household manufacture
are also held in many parts of the state. The ar-
ticles of cultivation are maize, wheat, rye, barley,
oats, potatoes, pulse and garden vegetables in
great varieties : hay is afforded in great quanti-
ties.
In minerals this state is not very productive,
''.ron is produced in the south ; chiefly from bog
ore ; copper and lead have been found in the inte-
rior but they are not at present wrought ; marble
Is abundant in the west, and granite of the best
quality abounds at Chelmsford and Quincy. Soap
stone and slate are produced in the interior parts,
and the island of Martha's Vineyard furnishes
argillaceous earth for the manufacture of alum.
The roads in this state are excellent, and the
means of internal communication are facilitated
by canals. Middlesex canal extends from the
Merrimack to Boston harbour : Blackstone canal
extends from Worcester to Providence and seve-
ral canals pass round the obstructions in the Merri-
mack and Connecticut. The first railroad built
in the United States was in this state, and extends
from the granite quarriei at Quincy to Neponset
river. A railroad has also been commenced from
Boston to Lowell, and another is projected from
Boston to Providence.
In commerce this state is the second in the
Union, and in tonnage of shipping, the first. The
imports for 1329 were valued at 12,520,744 dollars.
The exports of domestic produce at 3,949,751 dol
lars, total exports 8,254,937 dollars. The shipping
in 1828 amounted to 429,513 tons. The fisheries
are also very productive, and every sea-port in the
state is engaged in them. The cod and mackerel
fisheries occupy above 1,000 vessels and the whale
fishery 4G0 ships. The product of the fisheries in
1829 was estimated at 1,<)70,922 dollars. In man-
ufactures this state has the second rank : the fab-
rics are cotton, woolen, carpeti..g, paper, glass,
iron, copper, lead, hats, leather, hosiery, lace,
duck, chemical preparations, &c. The largest
establishments are at Lowell on the Merrimack,
15 m. above Haverhill. This town has been
recently founded, and by means of its manufac-
tures has experienced a very rapid growth ;
a small cotton manufactory was first established
here in 1813, and others were added a short time
afterwards ; at present the place continues to in-
crease and bids fair to equal any of the interior
towns in the United States. "The manufactures
of Lowell are chiefly cotton, of which more than
14,000,000 yards are made annually. Here are
also made carjjeting.cassimeres, satinets, &.c. At
Waltham, near Boston, are large manufactures of
cotton, principally sheeting and shirting; about
3^000,000 yards are made annually. At Troy are
large manufactures of cotton, woolen and iron.
At Taunton are manufactures of calico, iron, cop-
per, and lead. At Amesbury are manufactures
of flannel, and there are others of woolen and cot-
ton at Southbridge, Milbury, Ware, M, Dudley,
Northampton, and a great number of other towns.
In many places on the coast are manufactures of
salt by solar evaporation. Upon Cape Cod, and
in the neighbourhood of New Bedford, more than
600,000 bushels are made yearly.
There are colleges in this state at Cambridge,
Williamstown and Amherst, a Theological insti-
tution at Andover, and between 50 and GO incor-
porated academies in diflTerent parts. General edu-
cation receives the greatest care ; common schools
are maintained by law in every town. The reli-
gious sects are not so numerous as in most other
parts of the Union. The Calvinistic Congrega
tionalists have 154 ministers ; the Unitarians 140;
the Baptists 110; the Methodists 71 ; the Univer-
aalists46 ; the Episcopalians 30 ; and there are one
or two other sects. Remnants of some of the In-
dian tribes still remain in this state ; they are
about 750 in number and live principally on the
island of Martha's Vineyard and on the southerly
coast of Cape Cod They are under the guardiaa-
2s2
MAT
486
MAT
■hip of thf, state government and have missiona-
ries residing among them.
Massachusetts was first settled at Plymouth in
Dec«*mber 1G20, and this establishment was the
germ of all the New England colonies. The state
received its name from Massasoit, an Indian Sa-
chem with whom the first settlers made a treaty
which was faithfully observed for 50 years. The
American revolution began in this stale with the
battle at Lexington in 1775. The British were
driven from Boston the next year, and an inde-
pendent governmoit was established which pre-
served the colonial form till 1790. A conven-
tion of delegates in that year framed the pres-
ent constitution, v. hich was slightly revised in
1820.
Massachusetts is divided into 14 counties. The
pop. is 610,014. Tfiere are 305 towns in the state.
The legislature consists of a Senate and House
of Representatives, the members of which as well
as the Governorand Lieutenant Governor are cho-
sen yearly. Elections are popular, and suffrage is
universal. Boston is the capital. The other large
towns are Salem, Newburyport, New Bedford,
Charlestown, Cambridge, Gloucester, Plymouth,
Lynn, Marblehead, Nantucket, Northampton,
Springfield, and Haverhill.
Mfissachusetls Bay, a bay of the foregoing state
between Cape Ann, and Cape Cod.
Massnfra, a town of Naples, in Terra d'Otranto,
16 m. N. W.of Taranto.
Ma^sena, p.t. St. Lawrence Co. N. Y. on the
St. Lawrence. Pop. 2,070.
Masserano, a town of the Sardinian states, in
Piedmont. 40 m. N. N. E. of Turin.
Masserne Mountains, a branch of the Ozark
range ,extending east and west through the western
part of Arkansas Territory.
Masseube, a town of France, department of Gers,
14 ra. S. of Auch.
Massingales, p. v. Sullivan Co. Ten.
Masuah, a town of Abyssinia, situate on an isl-
and on the coast of the Red Sea, with an excel-
lent harbour, distributed into three divisions. The
hou.ses, in general, are built of poles and bent
grass, as in the towns in Arabia. Long. 56. 36.
£., lat 15. 35. N.
Masulipatam, a c' »,r ar d ?ea-port of H i ndoostan ,
in the district of Cond-pii v. with a good harbour
and a considerable trade .r. chintzes, painted lin-
ens, &c. It formerly belonged to the French,
but was taken by the British in 1769. It is seated
near one of the mouths of the Kistna, 73 m. S. W.
of Rajamundry. Long. 81. 15. E., lat. 19. 10. N.
Masvaux, a town of France, department of Up-
per Rhine, at the foot of the Vosges mountains,
10 m. N. ofBefort.
Mata, a town of Spain, in Valencia. Near it is
a lake of the same name, noted for the immense
quantity of salt that it produces. The town stands
on the sea-coast, 28 m. S. S. W. of Alicant.
Mataca, or Matanca, a commodious bay on the
N. coast of the island of Cuba, 35 m. E. of Havana.
Long. 81. 16. W., lat. 23. 12. N.
Matala, a town and cape on the S. coast of the
island of Candia, 30 m. S. of Candia. Long. 24.
51. E., lat. 34. 46. N.
Matumha, a country of Africa, in Congo, bound
ed on the N. by Congo Proper, E. by parts un-
known, S. by Bemba and Benguela, and W. by
Angola. The chief town is St. Maria.
Matamushet,a village in Hyde Co. N. C.
Matunzas, a sea-port on the N. coast of CuO<t.
60 m. E. Havana. It has a good harbour ant", t
large trade with the United States. Pop. 8,000.
Lat. 23. 3. N., long. 81. 30. W.
Matan, or Mactan, one of the smaller Philip-
pines, on which Magellan was killed in 1521, after
he had conquered the isle of Zebu.
Mutapan, Cape, the most southern promontory
of the Morea, between the gulf of Coron and that
of Colochina. Long. 22. 20. E., lat. 36. 35. N.
Mataram, a town of the island of Java. It is
strong by situation, and is seated in a fertile and
populous countrv, surrounded by mountains.
Long. 111. 55. E.', lat. 7. 15. S.
Mataro, a town of Spain, in Catalonia, celebrat-
ed for its glass works, and the best red wine made
in the province. Here are also manufactures of
calico, silk stuffs, laces, ifcc. It is seated en the
Mediterranean, 20 m. N. E. of Barcelona.
Mater<t,a. town of Naples, capital of Basilicata,
and the see of an archbishop. It is seated on the
Canapro, 35 m. W. N. W. of Taranto. Long. 16.
34. E., lat. 40. 50. N.
Materea. See Heliopolis.
Mathan, a. town of the empire of Bornou, with
a royal palace, forming a kind of citadel ; situate
on a small river, 100 m. S. W. of Bornou.
Mathieu, a town of France, department of Upper
Vienne, 12 m. W. S. W. of St. Junier.
Mathura, a celebrated town of Hindoostan, pro-
vince of Agra, much venerated by the Hindoos
as the birth-place of their god Krishna. It is one
continued street of temples, the resort of innu-
merable pilgrims from all parts of India, and is
seated on the Jumna. Long. 80.40. E., lat. 27.
32. N.
Matildaville, a village in Fairfax Co. Va.
Matlock, a village in Derbyshire, Eng. situate
on the Derwent, 4 m. N. of Wirksworth. It is
an extensive straggling place, built in a romantic
style, on the steep side of a mountain ; and near
the bridge are two chalybeate springs. A little
to the S. is Matlock Bath, famous for its warm
baths, which are much frequented from April to
October. Near the western bank of the river is t.
petrifying spring.
Mattapony, a river of Virginia which passes
through N. Carolina, and joinmg the Pamunkey,
forms York River.
Mattdiceiz, or Matsehewice, a town of Poland,
memorable for a great victory obtained by the
Russians over the Poles in i794. 32 m. E. of
Warsaw.
Mattheo, St., a town of Spain, in Valencia, 10
m. from the Mediterranean, and 58 N. N. E. of
Valencia.
Matthetc, St., an island in the Atlantic, 420 m.
S. by W. of Cape Palmas, on the coast of Guinea.
It was planted by the Portuguese, but is now de-
serted. Long. 8. 10. W., lat. 1. 24. S u
MAU
487
MAY
Matthete, St., a small island in the Indian Ocean.
Lons. 123. 51. E., lat. 52. 3. S.
Matthews, acounty of the E. District of Virginia.
Pop. 7,663.
M.Mapoiset, a village on Buzzard's Bay in Ply-
moutli Co. Mass.
M.iUituck, p.v. Suffolk Co. N Y. on Long
Island.
Muto Grosso, a province of Brazil, bounded N.
by the province of Para, S. by that of St. Paul,
VV. by that of La Plata, and E. by that of Goias,
and lvin<r between 52. and 64. of W. long., and
between 10. and 23. of S. lat. It was first visited
bv tlie Portuguese in search of gold, which abounds
Maurepas,a. lake in the eastern part of Lo>U8ian4
which discharges its waters into Lake Pont.cliar
train by a strait 7 ra. long • the lake is 12 xn. in
length and 7 in breadth, witn a depth of 12 feet.
Mauriac, a town of France, department of Can
tal, famous for excellent horses; seated near the
Dordogiie, 29 m. E. of Tulle. -
Maurice, St., a town of Switzerland, in the Va-
lais, situate on the Rhone, between two high
mountains, 16 m. N. W. of Martigny.
Maurice, St., a river of Lower Canada, flowing
into the St. Lawrence. Also a county lying upoa
the same river.
Maurice, p.v. Cumberland Co. N. J. on a stream
near the sources of many of its rivers. The coun-,pof the same name, falling into Delaware Bay
try is generally fertile. Mauritius. See France, Isle of.
Mmtumatf, a sea-port in the island of Jeso, cap- Maurua, one of the smaller Society Islands, in
ital of a province of the same name, tributary to the S. Pacific. 14 m. W. of Bolabola. Long. J52.
Japan. Long. 13S. 55. E., lat. 42. 0. N. 32. W., lat. 16. 25. S.
Ma'.ura. a sea-port of Ceylon, with a small fort. Maury, a Co. of W. Tennessee.
The country round is exceedingly wild, and
abounds in elephants, which are here principally
caught for exportation. It is seated at the mouth
of the Melipu, near the southern extremity of the
island, 25 m. E. S. E. of Galle. Long. 80. 28. E.,
lat. 5. 53. N.
Matura, a town of Hindoostan, in the province
of A<Tra, 22 m. N. E. of Agra and 70 S. S. E. of
Dehll
Mauheuge, a fortified town of France, depart-
ment of Nord, with manufactures of arms and
woolen stuffs. In 1793 the Austrians formed the
blockade of this place, but were so jn driven from
their position. It was one of the fortresses occu-.
pied by the allies from 1815 to 1818. Seated on
the Sambre, 13 m. S. of Mons.
Mauch Chunk, a village of Northampton Co. Pa.
on the Lehigh, 35 m. S. W. Easton and 108 by
the river above Philad. Here are large coal
mines, for an account of which See Pennsylvania.
Mauldah, a town of Hindoostan, in Bengal, sit-
uate on a river that communicates with the Gan-
ges. It arose out of the ruins of Gour, which are
in its neighbourhood ; and is a place of trade, par-
ticularly m silk. 170 m. N. of Calcutta. Long.
88. 16. E., lat. 25. 3. N.
Maule, a province of Chile, 132 m. long and 120
broad. The soil is fertile, and the province is well
watered. The capital is Talca. Lat. 34. 47. S.
Maule, a river of the above province, which
rises in the Cordillera, and enters the Pacific in
lat. 34. 50. S.
Mauleon, a town of France, department of Ven-
dee, with an ancient castle on a rock. It is seated
near the river Oint, 52 m. N. E. of Rochelle.
Mauleon, a town of France, department of Lower
Pyrenees, 20 m. W. S. W. of Pau.
Mauleon, a town of France, department of Up-
per Pyrenees, 23 m. S. E. of Tarbes.
Maumec, a river of Indiana, flowing into the
Ohio. Also a village in Wood Co. Ohio, on the
same river.
Maura, St., an island in the Ionian Sea, on the
W. coast of Greece,! 5 m. N. of the island of Ceph-
alonia, and about 50 m. in circuit. Its surface is
mountainous and rugged, and it is subject to fre-
quent earthquakes. The chief products are wine,
olives, citrons, pomegrantes, almonds, and other
fruits. It forms part of the Ionian republic, and
sends four deputies to the assembly. There are
several good ports ; but no town of consequence
except the capital, of the same name, situate at
the N. extremity of the island. Long. 20. 46. E.,
lat. 38. 40. N
Pop. 23,153.
Columbia is the capital.
Mautern, a town of Austria, on the S. side of
the Danube, opposite Stein, with which it is con-
nected by a long wooden bridge. It is 11 m. N.
by VV. of St. Polten.
Maws, St., a borough in Cornwall, Eng. It
has no church, but a chapel has been erected at
the expense of the late marquis of Buckingham.
Henry VIII. built a castle here, opposite to Pen-
dennis, for the better security of Falmouth. It
is seated on the E. side of Falmouth Haven,
12 m. S. S. W. of Grampound and 260 W. by S.
of London.
Maxatauny, a township of Berks Co. Pa. 20 ra.
N. E. Reading.
Maxen, a town of Upper Saxony, celebrated for
a victory obtained by the Austrians over the
Prussians, in 1759, when 20,000 Prussians sur-
rendered themselves prisoners of war. It xS 10
m. S. of Dresden
Maxfield, p.t. Penobscot Co. Me. Pqp. 186.
Maximin, St., a town of France, department of
Var, seated on the Argens, 21 m. N. of Toulon.
May, a small island of Scotland, at the mouth
of the frith of Forth, with a light-house, 6 m. S
E. of Anstruther.
May, Cape, a cape of N. America, on the N.
side of the mouth of the Delaware. Long. 75. 4.
W., lat. 30. 0. N.
Mayamba, or Majumba, a sea-port of Africa, in
Loaigo. The chief trade is in logwood. It
stands at the mouth of the Banna, 110 m. N. W.
of Loango. Long. 10. 20. E., lat. 3. 40. S.
Maybole, a town of Scotland, in Ayrshire, with
a manufacture of blankets ; seated on an- emi-
nence, surrounded by hills, 8 m. S. of Ayr.
Mayen, a town in the Prussian province of Low-
er Rhine, with a castle and a collegiate church,
seated on the Nette, 15 m. W. by N. of Coblentz.
Mayence. See Mentz.
Mayenfield, a town of SwitzerLand, in the Grison
country, chief place of the League of the Ten Ju-
risdictions, with 900 inhabitants; seated on the
Rhine, in a romantic valley, 22 m. S. by E. of
Appenzel.
Mayenne, a department of France, including
part of the former province of Maine. It takes
its name from a river, which flows S. by the
cities of Mayenne and Laval, to that of Angers,
where it receives the Sarthe, and soon after joins
the Loire. Laval is the capital.
Mayenne, the chief place of an arrondissement
in the above department, with a castle on a rock.
It has manufactures of linen, woolen, and thread
MAZ
488
MEC
•nd is aeated on the river Mavenne, 45 m. W. N.
W. of Mans. Lon?. 0. 43. VV., lat. 48. 18. N.
Maijfield, p.t. Montgomery Co. N. Y. Pop.
2,614. Also a township of Cuyahoga Co. Ohio,
and a village of Hickman Co. iten.
^rtyAew, a village aming the Choctaw Indians
'ttn the north-eastern part of Mississippi. Here is
a missionary station.
Maifnesborougk, a township of Coos Co. N. H.
16 tn. E. Lancaster.
M.'iijnooth. a town of Ireland, in the county of
Kildare. Here is a royal college for students in-
tended for the Romish church ; also a college for
lay students of the same perstiasiion, established
8 broad. Long. 59. 30. E., lat. 20 30.
4 to
N.
Meaco, a city of Niphon, in Japan, formerly the
metropolis of the whole empire. It is still the
ecclesiastical capital, the residence of the dairo,
or spiritual sovereign, and the centre of literature
and science. The palace and some of the tem-
ples are of extraordinary magnificence. A num-
ber of the finer manufactures, particularly japan-
work, painting, carving, &c., are carried on here.
The town is seated in a fine plain, 160 m. W. S
W. of Jeddo. Long. 153. 30. E., lat. 35. 24. N.
Mead, townships in Crawford and Belmont
Cos. Ohio.
in 18;)2. It is 12 m. W. of Dublin. ^ Meadia, a town of Hungary, in the bannat of
3frtyo, a county of Ireland, in the province of Temeswar. It was taken by the Turks in 1738
■ "~ and 1789, and is 23 m. S. E. of Temeswar.
Connaught, 62 m. long and 52 broad ; bounded
E. by Roscommon, S. by Galway, W. and N. by
the Atlantic, and N. E. by Sligo. [t is divided
into 76 parishes, contains about 294,000 inhabit-
ants, and sends two members to parliament. The
W. coast is mountainous, and thinly inhabited;
buttle interior produces excellent pasturage,
and fS'watered by several lakes and rivers. The
fisheries are very productive. In 1827, 1,180 boats,
with 5,169 persons, were employed in Westport
alone. Mayo gives the title of earl to the family
of Bourke. Tlie principal town is Castlebar.
Mayo, a town of Ireland, once the capital of
the county of its name, but now a poor place, 9
m. S. E. of Castlebar.
Miiyo, one of the Cape Verde islands, 20 m. in
circumference. The N. E. end is low, and the
land rises gradually till it arrives at a volcanic
mountain, to the S. W. of which is irregular
ground, soon followed by a high peak, much more
lofty than the volcanic cone. The soil in general
is barren, and water is scarce ; but there are plen-
ty orbeeves, goats, and asses ; as also some corn,
yams, pntatoes, plantains, figs, and water-melons.
The chief cqmmodity is salt. Long. 23. 5. W.,
lat. 15. 10. N.
Mayo, p.v. Rockingham Co. N. C. 97 m. N. W.
Raleigh.
Muyor^a, a town of Portugal, in Estremadura,
near the Atlantic, 67 m. N. of Lisbon.
Mayslick, p.v. Mason Co. Ken. on the N. Fork
of Licking river.
MaysvlUb, p.t. Mason Co. Ken. on the Ohio,
66 m. above Cincinnati, 63 N. E. Lexington.
Pop. 2,040. It stands on a narrow bottom below
the mouth of Limestone creek, and has considera-
ble trade and manufactures.
Miiytown, t. Lancaster Co. Pa.
Mayville, p.v. Chatauque Co. N. Y. on Cha-
tauque Lake.
Maifwar. See Oudipour.
Mazagan, a sea-port of Morocco, near the Atlan-
tic, 8 m. W. of Azamor and 120 N. of Morocco.
Long. 8. 15. W., lat. 33. 2. N.
Mazanderan, a province of Persia, bounded N.
by the Caspian Sea, W. by Ghilan, S. by the lof-
ty mountains of Elburz, which separate it from
Irak, and E. by Khorassan. It is a fertile coun-
try', and the mountains on its S. boundary are
covered with timber trees; but the climate is
moist and unhealthy. Sari is the capital.
Mazara, a sea-port of Sicily, in Val di Mazara,
and a bishop's see. It has a capacious harbour,
and is built on the ruins of the ancient Sesinun-
tum, 45 m. S. W. of Palermo. Long. 12. 30. E.,
lat. 37. 53. N.
Maziera, or Maceira, an island in the Arabian
Sea, on the coast of Oman, 60 m. long and from
MeadsvUle, p.v. Crawford Co. Pa. Here is an
institution called Alleghany College, founded in
1815. It has a library of 8,000 volumes and is
tolerably well endowed.
Meadsville, p.v. Halifax Co. Va. 150 m. S. W.
Richmond, p.v. Franklin Co. Mississippi, 30 m.
S. E. Natchez.
Meco, one of the smaller Moluccas, in the In
dian Ocean, with a good harbour. Long. 127. 5.
E.,lat. 1. 12. N.
Meansville, p.v. Bradford Co. Pa.
Mearns. See Kincardineshire.
Meath, or East Meath, a county of Ireland, in
the province of Leinster, 43 m. (English) long
and 36 broad ; bounded N. by Cavan and Louth,
E. by the Irish Sea, S. by Kildare and Dublin,
and W. by West Meath. It is divided into 18
baronies and 147 parishes, contains 159,183 in-
habitants, and sends two members to parliament.
It formerly contained several small bishoprics,
which were gradually united into one see, and
received the name of Meath in the twelfth cen-
tury. There is no cathedral, and the episcopal
palace is at Ardbraccan, a village near Navan.
The a<rriculture of this county is now in a very
flourisning state. The soil in general is a rich
fertile loam, producing abundance of corn, and
feeding numerous sheep and cattle. Trim is the
capital.
Meath, West, a county of Ireland, in the pro-
vin(!e of Leinster, 42 m. long and 35 broad;
bounded N. by Cavan, E. by East Meath, S. by
King's county, W. by Roscommon (from which
it is separated by the Shannon), and N. W. by
Longford. It is divided into 11 baronies (besides
half the barony of Fore) and 59 parishes, with
parts of seven others, contains about 13O,0OO in-
habitants, and sends thiee members to parliament.
It is very fertile in corn and pasturage, and has
several lakes and rivers. This county gives the
title of marquis to the family of Nugent. Mul
lengar is the county town.
Meaux, a large and populous town of France,
department of Seine-et-Marne. The market-
place is a peninsula, contiguous to the town,
which was formerly well fortified. In the cathe-
dral is the tomb of the celebrated Bossuet, bishop
of Meaux. It is seated on both sides of the
Marne, 25 m. N. E. of Paris Long. 2. 53. E.,
lat. 48. 58. N.
Mecca, a city of Arabia, famous as the birth-
place of Mahomet. It is seated in a barren val-
ley, surrounded by many little hills, consisting
of a blackish rock. The houses follow the wind-
ings of the valley, and are built partly on the de-
clivities upon each side. The streets are regular,
level, and convenient. The chief support of th«
MEC
4S»
MED
inhabitants is derived from the pilfirrims, who
flock to this place from every part of the Mahom-
etan world. On the top of one of the hills is a
cave, where they pretend Mahomet usually re-
tired to perform his devotions ; and hither, they
affirm, the greatest part of the Koran was brought
to him by the angel Gabriel. Numbers of sheep
are brought hither to be sold to the pilgrims.
The principal ornament of Mecca is the famous
temple, which has 42 doors, and its form resem-
bles that of the Royal Exchange in London, but
it is nearly ten times as large. The area in the
middle is covered with gravel, except in two or
three places that lead to the Beat- Allah through
certain doors; and these are paved with short
stones. The Beat-Allah, in the middle of the
temple, is a square structure, covered all over
with a thick sort of silk, and the middle em-
broidered with large letters of gold : the door is
covered with silver plates, and has a silver cur-
tain before it, thick with gold embroidery. This
Beat is the principal object of the pilgrims' devo-
tion, and is open but two days in the space oCalx
weeks, one day for the men and the next for the
women. About 12 paces from the Beat is the
pretended sepulchre of Abraham, by whom the
Mahometans affirm the Beat-Allah to have been
erected ; and 2 m. from the town, according to
the same authority, is the hill on which he pre-
pared to offer up his son Isaac. The famous balm
of Mecca is not manufactured in this city but
is found and brought hither from the surrounding
country. Mecca is governed by a sheref, who is
a temporal prince, and his revenue is increased
by the donations of Mahometan sovereigns. It is
34 m. E. N. E. of Jidda, the sea-port of Mecca,
and 220 S. by E. of Medina. Long. 40. 55. £.
lat. 21. 40. N.
Mechanick, a village in Dutchess Co. N. Y.
15 ra. N. E. Poughkeepsie.
Mechanicsburg, p. v. Cumberland Co. Pa. 8 m.
from Harrisburg ; p. v. Champaign Co. Ohio and
a village in Liberty township, Butler Co. Ohio.
Mechanickstoicn, p. v. Frederick Co. Maryland.
Mechanick's Mill, p.v. Moore Co. N. C. 68 m.
S. W. Raleigh.
Mechanicsville, p.v. Saratoga Co. N. Y., Mont-
gomery Co. Maryland and Darlington Dis. S. C.
Mechlin, or Mal.ines, a town of the Nether-
lands, capital of a district in the province of
Antwerp, and an archbishop's see. The cathe-
dral is a superb structure, with a very high stee-
ple. Here is a great foundery for ordnance of all
kinds ; and the best Brabant lace, fine linen,
damask, carpets, and leather are made here.
Mechlin submitted to the duke of Marlborough
in 1706 : and was taken by the French in 1746,
1792, and 1794. It is seated on the Dyle, 10 m.
N. N. E. of Brussels and 15 S. S. E. of Antwerp.
Long. 4. 29. E., lat. 51.2. N.
Mechoacan. See Valladolid.
Meckenheim, a town of the Prussian states, in
the province of Berg and Cleves, situate on the
Erffl, 8 m. S. W. of Bone.
Mecklenbvro' , a duchy of Germany, bounded
N. by the Baltic, E. by Pomerania, S. by Bran-
denburg, and W. by Holstein and Lunenburg.
It extends 135 m. in length, and 90 where broad-
est, and abounds in corn, pastures, and game.
The country was, for many centuries, under the
government of one prince ; but on the death of
the sovereign, in 1592, it was divided between
his two sons; the elder obtaining the duchy of
Mecklenburg-Schwerin, and the younger the
duchy of Mecklenburg-Strelitz. Both prmces r«
ceived the title of grand duke at the congress of
Vienna in 1815, and they have each a vote at the
diet of the empire. Schwerin and Strelitz are
the chief towns.
Mecklenberg, a county of the E. District of
Virginia. Pop. 20,366. Boydton is the capit|A*»
A county ofN. Carolina. Pop. 20,076. ChaF
lotte is the capital.
Meckley. See Cassay.
Mecon, a river which rises in the N. E. part of
Thibet, flows through the country of Cambodia,
and falls into the China Sea by three mouths.
Mecran, or Mekran, a province of Persia, bound-
ed on the N. by Segistan and Candahar, E. by
Hindoostan, S. by the Indian Ocean, and W. by
Kerman. The southern part is dry, and little
more than a desert; the northern is less so, but
animals are rare, and the soil far from fertile.
Kidge is the capital.
Medea, a town of Algiers, on the site of the
ancient Lamida, in a country abounding in corn,
fruit, and sheep. 35 m. S. W. of Algiers.
Medea,OT Mahdia, a sea-port of Tunis, formerly a
place of importance ; seated on a peninsula in the
gulf of Cabes, 8 m. S. by E. of Tunis.
Me.dehach, a town of Prussia, in the province of
Westphalia, 32 m. E. of Cassel.
Medelin, a town of Spain, in Estremadura, the
birth-place of the celebrated Fernando Cortes. It
is seated in a fertile cotintry on the river Guadia-
na, 20 m. E. by S. of Merida.
Medelpadia, a province of Sweden, between the
gulfs of Bothnia and Jamtland. It is 100 m. long
and 45 broad ; very mountainous and woody, but
interspersed with lakes, rivers, and fertile valleys
Sundswold is the capital-
Medenblick a sea-port of the Netherlands, in N.
Holland, witn a good harbour. The chief com-
merce is in timber brought fiom Norway and Swe-
den ; the vicinity is remarkable for its rich pas-
tures. Medenblick was taken by the English in
1799. It is seated on the Zuyder Zee, 28 m. N.
E. of Amsterdam. Long. 51. E., lat. 52.46. N.
Medfield, p.t. Norfolk Co. Mass. 18 m. S. W.
Boston. Pop. 817.
Medford, p.t. Middlesex Co. Mass. on Mystic
river, 5 m. N. W. Boston. Pop. 1.755.
Median. See Madian.
Medina, a town of Arabia Deserta, celebrated as
the burial place of Mahomet. It is a small, poor
place, but is walled round, and has a magnificent
mosque, in one corner of which is the tomb of
Mahomet, enclosed with rich curtains and lighted
by a great number of lamps. Medina is called
the City of the Prophet, because here he was pro-
tected by the inhabitants when he fled from Mec-
ca, and here he was first invested with regal pow-
er. The time of his death was in 637 ; but the
Mahometan epoch begins in 622, from the time
of his flight. Medina is seated on a sandy plain,
abounding in palm trees, 200 m. N. W. of Mecca.
Its port is Jambo. Long. 39. 33. E., lat. 25. 20.
N.
Medina, the capital of the kingdom of Woolly,
W. Africa. It contains about 1,000 houses, and
is defended by a high wall, surrounded by a thick
hedge. Long. 12. 50. W., lat. 13. 38. N.
Medina, a town and fort of the island of Bah-
rein, near which is a bank containing the finest
pearls in the world. The harbour will not admit
vessels of more than 200 tons. It is seated near
the Arabian shore of the Persian Gulf.
Medina, a town of Spain, in Estremadt ra ,seat-
MEl
490
MEL
ed at the fbdt of a mountain. 20 m. W. N. W. of
Lerana.
Medina, a county of Ohio. Pop. 7,560. A
town of the same name is the capital.
Medina del Campo, a town of Spain, province
of Leon, in a country abounding with corn and
■yine,23 m. S. S. W. of Valladolid.
Medina, del Rio Seco, a decayed town of Leon,
near the Sequi'.io, 25 m. N. W. of Valladolid and
5G. S. S. E.of Leon.
Medina Sidonia, a town of Spain, in Andalusia,
with a castle, 24 m. S. E. of Cadiz, and GO S. of
Seville.
Mediterranean, a sea between Asia, Africa, and
Europe, communicating with the Atlantic Ocean
by the st'-ait of Gibraltar, and with tlie Black Sea
by the strait of Gallipoli, the sea of Marmora, and
the strait of (Constantinople. It is of very great
extent, but its tides are inconsiderable, and a con-
stant current sets in from the Atlantic through
the strait of Gibraltar. It contains many island?,
several of them large, as Majorca, Minorca, Cor-
sica, Sardinia, Sicily, Candia, Cyprus, &c. The
eastern part of it, bordering on Asia, is sometimes
called the Levant Sea.
Medway, a river of England, which rises in Ash-
down Forest, in Sussex ; entering Kent, it flows
bv Tunbridge and Maidstone, and thence to Roch-
ester •, below which, at Chatham, is a station for
the royal navy. Dividing into two branches, the
western one enters the Thames, between the
isles of Grain and Slieppey,and is defended by the
fort at Sheerness. The eastern branch, called
the E. Swale, passes by Queenborough and Mil-
ton, and enters the German Ocean below Fever-
sham. The tide flows up nearly to Maidstone
and the river is navigable to Tunbridge.
Medway, p.t. Norfolk Co. Mass. 25 m. S.- W.
Boston. Pop. 1,766.
Medwi, a town of Sweden, in Gothland, much
frequented on account of its waters, which are
vitriolic and sulphureous. The lodging houses
form one street of uniform wooden buildings,
painted red. It stands near the lake Wetter, 3 m.
from Wadstena.
Meelah, a town of Algiers, province of Constan-
tina, surrounded by gardens producing abundance
of herbs and excellent fruit, particularly pome-
granates. It is 14 m. N. W. of Constantina.
Mngara, a town of Greece, in the isthmus of
Corinth, formerly very large, but now inconsid-
erable. It has some fine remains of antiquity.
20 m. W. of Athens.
Megen, a town of the Netherlands, in N. Bra-
bant ; seated on the Mouse, 15 m. W. S. W. of
Nimeguen.
M'egna. See Burrampooter.
Mfiherrin, a river of Virginia which runs into
N. Carolina, and uniting with the Nottaway forms
the Chowan.
Mehun, a, town of France, department of Cher.
Here are the ruins of a castle built by Charles
VII. as a place of retirement ; and here he starved
himself, in the dread of being poisoned by his son,
afterwards Louis XI. It is seated on the Yevre,
10 m. N. W. of Bourges.
Mehwas, a district of Guzerat, Hindoostan, in-
habited by a raM of marauders who live by
plunder. -
Meigs, a county of Ohio. Pop. 6,159. Chester
is the capital. There are townships of this name
in Muskingum, Adams and Morgan Cos. Ohio.
MeigsvilU, p.v. Randolph Co. Va., p.v. Jack-
son Co. Ten.
Meinau, a small island in the middle lake of
Constance, which produces excellent wine. 5 m.
N. W. of Constance.
Meinungen, a principality of Germany, in Sax-
ony, forming the territory of the duke of Saxe-
Meinungen, comprising an area of 448 sq. m.,
with 56,000 inhabitants.
Meinungen, the capital of the foregoing princi-
Eality, with a fine castle, a lyceum, a council
ouse, <fec. The principal manufacture is black
crape. It is situate amongst mountains, on the ^
river Werra, 16 m. N. W. of Hildburghausen and
21 N. of Schweinfurt. Long. 10. 43. E., lat. 50.
38. N.
Meissen, or Misnia, a circle of Saxony, formerly
a margraviate. Part of it was ceded to Prussia m
1815 ; but it has still an area of 1,600 sq. m., with
298,000 inhabitants. It is a fine country, produc-
ing corn, wine, metals, and all the conveniences
of life ; and is situate on both sides of the Elbe,
having Bohemia on the S., and Prussian Saxony
on the N.
Meissen, the capital of the foregoing circle,
with a caBtle and a famous manufacture of porce-
lain. The cathedral is the burial place of the
Saxon princes to the year 1539. The bridge over
the Elbe, burnt J'^»»-n by the Prussians in 1757,
has been replace*' ' y another of a very handsome
construction. Meissen is seated on the rivulet
Meisse, at its junction with the Elbe, 12 m. N. N.
W. of Dresden. Long. 13. 31. E., lat. 51. 11.
N.
Mtissenkeim, a town of Bavaria, in a district
of the same name , situate on the Clan, 34 m. N.
by E. of Deux Ponts and 30 W. S. W. of
Mentz.
Mellassa, a town of Asiatic Turkey, in Natolia, <
situate on a fertile plain, near a mountain abound-
ing in white marble. It was anciently a city,
adorned with many public buildings, especially
temples ; and is still a large place, but the houses
are mean. 80 m. S. of Smyrna. Long. 27. 50
E., lat. 37. 15 N.
Melazzo See. Milazzo.
Melbourn, a considerable village m Derbyshire,
Eng. 8 m. S. by E. of Derby. Here are a church,
four meeting-houses, and the vestiges of an an-
cient castle in which the duke of Bourbon was
confined after the battle of Agincourt. The in
habitants are chiefly employed in the manufacture
of worsted stockings and a peculiar kind of silk
flowered shawls.
Melbourne, a township in Buckingham Co. ^
L. C.
Meick, a town of Austria, with a benedictine
abbey on a high rock, near the Danube. 10 m. W.
of St. Polten.
Melcombe Regis, a town in Dorsetshire, Enij.
It has a good market-place, and a town hall in
which the corporation of Weymouth, and Mel-
combe transact business. It is seated at the mouth
of the river Wey, opposite to Weymouth, with
which it communicates by an elegant bridge
127 m. W. S. W. of London. See Weymouth.
Mcldert, a town of the Netherlands, in Brabant.
10 m. S. E. of Louvain.
Mel.dorf, a town of Denmark, in Holstein, seat-
ed near the mouth of the Miele, 50 m. N. W,
of Hamburgh. **
Meldru-m, a town of Scotland, in Aberdeen
shire, 17 m. N.N. W. of Aberdeen.
Mclfi, a town of Naples, in Basilicata, and a
bishop's see, with a castle on a rock, 20 m. N. N
W of Acerenza.
MLIi
491
MEM
Melgnza, a town of Portugal, in Entre Douero e
Minho, with ft strong castle ; seated on the Min-
ho, 27 m, N. by E. of Braga,
Mdida, an island of Dalmatia, in the gulf of
Venice, with a benedictine abbey, 6 villages, and
several harbours. It is 30 m. in length, and
abounds in oranges, citrons, wine, and fish.
Melilla, a sea-port of Fez, on the coeist of the
Mediterranean. In 1496 it was taken by the
Spaniards, who built a citadel. Itisll5m. N.
E. of Fez. liong. 2. 57. W., lat. 34. 58. N.
^/c/<nrftt, a kingdom of E. Africa, on the coast
of Zanguebar. Its products are gold, elephants'
teeth, ostriches' feathers, wax ; and aloes, senna,
and other drugs ; also plenty of rice, sugar, cocoa-
nuts, and other tropical fruits.
Melinda, the capital of the above kingdom, is a
large and handsome place, surrounded by fine gar-
dens. It has a good harbour, defended by a fort ;
but the entrance is dangerous, on account of the
great number of shoals and rocks under water.
The inhabitants are said to amount to above
200,000, principally negroes. 470 m. S. W.
Magadoxa. Long. 41. 48. E., lat. 2. 15. S.
Melipilla, a province of Chile, extending about
25 leagues from E. to W , and abounding in
grain and wine. Logrono is the capital.
Melita. See Malta.
Melitello, a town of Sicily, in Val di Noto, 8 m.
W. of Leontini.
Melitopol, a town of Russia, government of Tau.
rida, situate on a lake, 12 m. from the sea cf
Asoph and 108 S. of Catharinenslaf .
Mdksham., a town in Wiltshire, Eng. with a
market every other Thursday for cattle, and a
manufacture of broad cloths. It has a large par-
ish church and three meeting houses. 99 m. W.
of London.
Mclla, a town of Hanover, seated on the Hase,
15 m. E. by S. of Osnaburg.
Melle, a town of France, department of Deux
Sevres, 12 m. S. W. of Niort.
Meller. See Maeler.
Mcllingen, a town of Switzerland, in the canton
of Aargau, seated on the Reuss, 9 m. S. by W.
of Baden.
MellvUle, a township of Cumberland Co. N. J.
Melnick, a town of Bohemia, with a castle. Its
Vicinity yields excellent red and white wine, and
near it stands the Augustine convent of Schopka.
It is seated on the Elbe, opposite the influx of the
Muldau, 18 m. N. of Prague.
Meloui, a town of Egypt, with a remarkable
mosque ; seated on the Nile, 3 m. S. of Ashmu-
nein.
Melrose, a town of Scotland, in Roxburgshire,
with manufactures of linen and woolen cloth.
At some distance from the town, on the S. side
of the Tweed, are the magnificent remains of
Melrose Abbey, founded by David I., part of
which is still used for divine service. Alexander
II. is said to be buried under the great altar. Ab-
botsford, the seat of Sir Walter Scott, is in the
vicinity of the abbey. Melrose is 11 m. N. W. of
Jedburg and 35 S. of Edinburgh.
Melton Mowbray, a town in Leicestershire, Eng.
The fine cheese called Stilton is chiefly made in
Its neighbourhood. The church is a fine Gothic
edifice, and here are two meetinof-houses, a char-
ity school, a national school, and 12 almshouses,
six of which were erected in 1827. It is seated
in a rich grazing country, on the river Eye, over
which are two handsom? stone bridges, 15 m. N.
E. of Leicester and 106 N. by W. of London.
Meltonsville, p.v. Anson Co. N. C. 130 hi. S.
W. Raleigh.
Melun, a town of France, department of Seine-
et-Marne. It has a trade with Paris in corn,
meal, wine, and cheese ; and is seated on the
Seine, 25 m. S. E. of Paris. Long. 2. 35. E., lat.
48. 30. N.
Melville Island, one of a group of islands in the
Polar Sea of the western continent, called the
Georgian Archipelago, where the English discov-
ery ships under Capt. Parry wintered. It liea
between 74. 25, and 75. 50. N. lat. and 106. and
114. W. long. 240 m. long and 100 broad. It is a
mass of rocks without a tree or shrub, but in the
ravines or valleys the soil affords grass, moss and
salads. A few Esquimaux resort hither in sum-
mer, and the wild animals of the north also make
it their abode in the same season. Herds «»/
musk oxen were seen at Winter Harbour in this
island early in the spring. These animals have a
singular appearance owing to the shortness of
their limbs, their broad, flattened and crooked
horns and their long hair which hangs nearly
down to the ground. When full grown they
weigh about 700 pounds. The flesh of the young
cow and calves is tolerably good, but the old ones
have so strong a scent of musk that they cannot
be eaten. They are found in great numbers
within the Arctic Circle, and go in herds of eighty
or an hundred.
Mcmel, a strong town of E. Prussia, with a cas-
tle, a fine harbour, and an extensive commerce.
It is seated on a river of the same name, at the
N. extremity of the Curische Ilaff; and on the
N. E. side of the entrance into the harbour is a
lighthouse. It is 70 m. N. N. E. of Konigsberg
and 130 N. E. of Dantzic. Long. 21. 26. E., lat.
55. 46. N.
Memrningen, a town of Bavaria, defended by
art, and surrounded by a morass. It has a con-
siderable trade in fine linen, fustian, cotton, paper,
salt, tobacco, and hops. Near this place, in 1795,
the French republicans defeated the emigrants
under the prince of Conde ; and in 1800 the
French defeated the Austrians, and took the town.
It is seated in a fertile plain, near the river Iller,
28 m. S. by E. of Ulm. Long. 10. 12. E., 'at. 4».
ON.
Memphis, p.t. Shelby Co. Ten. on the Missis-
sippi, on the site of old Fort Pickering. It has a
fine situation at a point where the great western
Toad strikes the river.
Memphremagog, a lake of N. America, in Can-
ada and Vermont, 35 m. long and 3 broad. Its
outlet is the river St. Frances, running into the
St. Lawrence. On an island in this lake is a
quarry of oil stone equal to the best Turkey oil
stone.
MEN
493
MER
Menat, a strait which divides the island of An-
glesey from the other parts of N. Wales. An
elegant suspension bridge has been thrown over
this strait, which will allow vessels that pass
the strait to sail beneath it.
Menan, a river of the kingdom of Siam, which
passes by the city of Siam, and enters the gulf of
Siam, below Bancok.
Menancabow, a kingdom in the centre of the
island of Sumatra. The country is described as
a large plain, clear of wood, comparatively well
cultivated, and abounding in gold.
Mende, a town of France, capital of the depart-
ment of Lozere, and a bishop's see. It has man-
ufactures of serges and other woolen stuffs ; and
is seated on the Lot, 35 m. S. W. of Puy and 210
S. by E. of Paris. Long. 3. 30. E., lat. 44. 31. N.
Mcnd/iam, p.t. Morris Co. N. Y.
Mendip Hills, a lofty tract in the N. E. of Som-
ersetshire, Eng. abounding in coal, calamine, and
lead : copper, manganese, bole, and red ochre,
are also found. A great portion of these hills,
formerly covered with heath and fern, has been
brought into cultivation and produces good corn.
At the bottom of a deep ravine, near the village
of Berrington, a cavern was discovered, in 1798,
containing a great number of human bones, many
of them incrusted with a calcareous cement, and
a large portion completely incorporated with the
solid rock.
Mendel sham, a decayed village and parish in
Suffolk, Eng. where an ancient silver crown,
v/eighing GO ounces, was dug up about the end
of the 17th century. It is seated near the source
of the Deben, 80 m. N. E. of London.
Mendon, p.t. Worcester Co. Mass. 37 m. S. W.
Boston. Pop. 3,152; a township of Monroe Co.
N. Y. Pop. 3,075.
Meruloza, a city of Buenos Ayres, province of
Cugo, on the E. side of the Andes, in a plain
adorned witli gardens, well watered by canals.
It contains four convents, a college, and a church.
A river of the same name flows by this town, and
finally enters the Atlantic under the name of Co-
lorado. Long. 70. 12. W., lat. 34. 0. S.
Mcndrah, a province of the kingdom of Fezzan,
much of which is a continued level of hard and
barren soil ; but the quantity of trona, a species
of fossil alkali, that floats on the surface, or settles
on the banks of its ntimerous smoking lakes, has
given it a higher importance than that of the
more fertile districts. It has a town of the same
name, GO m. S. of Mourzouk.
Mendrisio, a town of Switzerland, canton of
Ticino, containing several convents. 7 m. W.
by N. of Como.
Menehould, St., a town of France, department
of Marne. In 1792 the French gave the first
check to the progress of the Prussians at this place,
which in the end compelled them to a retreat.
It is seated in a morass, on the river Aisne, be-
tween two rocks, 20 m. E. N. E. of Chalons.
Mengen, a town of Wurtemberg, near the Dan-
ube, 50 m. S. of Stutgard.
Mengeringhausen, a town and castle of Ger-
many, county of Wala.'^ck, 8 m. N. E. of Corbach
and 24 N. W. of Cassel.
Menin, a town of the Netherlands, in W. Flan-
ders. It has been oflen taken ; the last time by
the French in 1794. It is seated on the Lis, 10
m. N. of Lisle.
Mentone, a town of Nice, with a castle and a
•mall harbour, 5 m. E. N. E. of Monaco.
Mentor, p.t. Geauga Co. Ohio.
Mentz, or Mayence, a city of Germany, in the
grand duchy of Hesse, and a bishop's see. It is
well fortified, and deemed a barrier fortress. The
city is built in an irregular manner, and plenti
fully provided with churches. The principal
buildings are the elcctorial palace (now much de-
cayed), the house of the Teutonic knights, and
the cathedral. Mentz is one of the towns which
claim the invention of printing ; and the growth
of the best Rhenish wine is limited to a circle of
about five miles round it. The French took this
place by surprise in 1792 ; and the next year it
stood a long blockade and siege before it surren'*
ered to the allies. It was twice re-attacked „
the French in 1795, but they were defeated by
the Austrians, who also relieved it from a block-
ade of two months in 1796. The siege ,wa? soon
afler resumed, and continued till the signing of the
treaty of Udina in 1797, when the city was taken
possession of by the French. By the peace of
Luneville, in 1801, it wao formally ceded to
France, but was delivered up to the allies in 1814.
Mentz is seated on the Rhine, just below the in-
■Sax of the Maine, and on the opposite side is the
town of Cassel, connected with it by a bridge of
boats. It is 22 m. W. S. W. of Frankfort and 70
E. by N. of Treves. Long. 8. 10. E., lat. 49. 58. N.
Mentz, a township of Cayuga Co. N. Y. 12 m
N. W. Auburn on the Erie Canal. Pop. 4,144.
Menuf,a, town of Egypt, situate in a well culti-
vated country, near that branch of the Nile which
flows to Rosetta, 40 m. N. N. W. of Cairo.
Menzala, a town of Egypt, situate near a lake
of the same name, GO m. long, separated from the
Mediterranean by a narrow slip of land. It is 20
m. S. S. E. of Damietta and 73 N. N. E. of Cairo.
Long. 32. 2. E., lat. 31. 3. N.
Meppen, a town of Westphalia, capital of a dis
trict of the same name, 52 m. N. of Munster.
Mequincnza, a town of Spain, in Catalonia,
with a castle, seated at the conflux of the Segra
with the Ebro, 58 m. E. S. E. of Saragossa and
180 E.N. E. of Madrid.
Mequinez, a city of Morocco, seated in a de-
lightful plain, having a serene and clear air; for
which reason the emperor frequently resides in
this place in preference to Fez. The palace
stands on the S. side, and is guarded by several
hundreds of black eunuchs, whose knives and
scimitars are covered with wrought silver. In
the middle of the city, the Jews have a place to
themselves, the gates of which are locked every
night, and guarded. Close by Mequinez, on
the N .W. side, is a large Negro town, which
takes up as much ground as the city, but the
houses are not so high, nor so well built. The
inhabitants of Mequinez, estimated at 112,000, are
considered more polished and hospitable than those
of the southern provinces. 58 m. W. of Fez.
Long. 5. 46. W., lat. 32. 40. N.
Mer, a town of France, department of Loire-et-
Cher, 11 m. N. N. W. of Bloise.
Meran. a town of the Austrian States, in Tyrol,
of which it was formerly the capital ; seated near
the conflux of the Passar, with the Adige, 12 m.
N. N. W.ofBotzen. Long. 11.5. E, lat. 46.39.
N.
Mercer, a county of the W. district of Pennsyl-
vania. Pop. 19,731. The chief town has the same
name. A county of Kentucky. Pop. 17,706. Har-
rodsburg is the capital. A county of Ohio. Pop.
1,110. St. Mary's is the capital. A county of Il-
linois. Pop. 26.
Mercer, p.t. Somerset Co. Me 94 m. S. E. PoW
MLR
493
MER
land. Pop. 1,110; also towns in Mercer and But-
ler Cos. Pa.
Mercersburg, p.v. Franklin Co. Pa. 16 m. S. W.
Chambersburg.
Merdim, a town of Asiatic Turkey, in Diarbeck,
and an archbishop's see, with a castle. Tlie
country about it produces a great deal of cotton.
It is seated on the summit of a mountain, 45 m.
S. E. ofDiarbekir. Long. 39. 59. E., lat 36. 50.
.^ :N.
• - Mere, a town in Wiltshire, Eng. 100 m. W. by
S. of London.
Merecga, a town of Algiers, in the province of
Mascara, celebrated for its warm baths. 23 m. S.
E. of Shershel and 50 S. W. of Algiers
Merecz, a town of Russian Lithuania govern-
ment of Wilna, sealed at the conflux of the Mer-
cez and Nemen. 30 m. N. of Grodno.
Meredith, p.t.' Strafford Co. N. H. 63 m. N. W.
Portsmouth. Pop. 2,683. Here are considerable
manufactures of cotton, woolen and paper.
Mergejitheim , a well built town of Wurtem-
berg • seated on the Tauber, 20 m. S. S. W. of
Wurtzburg. Long. 9. 52. E., lat. 49. 30. N.
Merghen, or Merguen, a city of E. Tartary,
province of Tcitcicar ; seated on the Nonni, 140
m. N. by E. of Tcitcicar. Long. 124. 55. E.. lat
49. 10. N.
Mergui, a sea-port on the W. coast of Siam, with
an e.xcellent harbour. It was wrested from the
Siamese by the Birmans in 1755, but was ceded
to Britain in 1824-5, and is 208 m. S. W. of Siam.
Long. 98. 9. E., lat. 12. 12. N.
Mergui Archipelago, consists of islands extend-
ing l3o m. along the coast of Tannasserim and
the isthmus of the Malay peninsula, with a strait
between them and the mainland, from 15 to 30
m. broad, having regular soundings and good
anchorage. They are in general covered with
trees, but are not inhabited, although the soil ap-
pears fertile The principal of them are King's
Islana, Clara, St. Mathew's and Tannasserim.
Meri.an,. a strong town of Spain, in Estremadura,
built by tne Romans, before the birth of Christ.
Here are fine remains of antiquity, particularly a
triumphal arch. In 1811 it fell into the hands of
tlie French, but was retaken by general (afterwards
lord) Hill in the following year. It is seated in
an extensive fertile plain, on the river Guadiana,
over which is a noble Roman bridore. 32 m. E. of
Badajoz. Long. 5. 58. W., lat. 38. 47. N.
Merida, a town of Mexico, capital of a province
of the same name, lying between the Bays of Hon-
duras and Campeachy. It is situated in an arid
plain. 30 m. S. of the gulf of Mexico and 70 N.
?. of Campeachy Long. 89. 58. W., lat. 20. 45.
Meriden. p.t. New Haven Co. Conn. 17 m. N.
Fc- Haven. Pop. 1,708.
jSeridiMiisville, p.v. Madison Co. Alab.
Meridien, p.v. Madison Co. Missouri.
Merlon, Upper and Loicer, two townships in
Montgomery Co. Pa. near Philaoelphia.
Merionethshire, a countv of Wales. It contains
nearly 500,000 acres, is divided into 5 hundreds
and 37 parishes, has four market towns, and sends
one member to parliament. The number of in-
habitants "n IS21 was 34,382. The face of the
country is varied throughout with a romantic mix
ture of all the scenery peculiar to a wild and
mountainous region. The principal rivers are the
Dee and Dyfi. Cader Idris, one of the highest
mountains in Wales, is in this county.
Meritck, an important town and fortress of'Hia
doostan, in the province of Beiapoor ; situate near
the N. bank of the Kistna, 62 m. S. W. of Visia-
pour.
Mermentau, a lake and river in the S. W. pari
of Louisiana flowing into the gulf of Mexico.
Mero, a strong town of the kingdom of Peoru.
140 m. S. W. of Pegu. Long. 98. 36. E., lat.le.
0. N.
Merou, a town of Persia, in Khorassan, seated
in a fertile country, which produces salt, 112 m.
S. W. of Bokhara. Long. 64.25. E., lat. 37.40.
N.
Merrittstoitm, p.v. Fayette Co. Pa.
Merrittsville, p.v. Greenville Dis. S. C. 120 m,
N. W. Columbus.
Merrimack, a river of New England rising in
New Hampshire. One of its head streams called
the Pemigewasset has its source near the Notch
of the White Mountains ; the other flows through
Winnipisiogee Lake. The river runs south into
Massachusetts, where it turns south-east and flows
to the sea at Newburyport. In the upper part of
its course it is much obstructed by falls. These
afford excellent mill sites, and the largest manu-
factories in the United Slates are situated on this
river. Many canals pass around the falls ; at
Chelmsfiird the Middlesex canal extends from this
river to Boston harbour. The mouth of the river
is obstructed by a sand bar which does not admit
the passage of ships except at high water. There
is a good navigation for vessels of 200 tons to
Haverhill. Two chain bridges cross the river at
Newburyport and Salisbury. The current is
rapid and the shores bold ; the interval borders
are narrower than upon the Connecticut, but af
ford much beautiful scenery. The waters are pure
and salubrious and abound in salmon, shad, ale-
wives, herring and sturgeon, which last gave name
to the river, Merrimack being the Indian name
for sturgeon. The chief branches are the Con-
toocook in New Hampshire and Nashua and Con-
cord rivers in Massachusetts.
Merrimack, a county of New Hampshire, formed
from the N. part of Hillsborough Co. Pop. 34,619.
Concord is the capital.
Merrimack, p.t. Hillsborough Co. N. H. 6 m. E.
Amherst. Pop. 1,191. Also townships in Wash-
ington and Franklin Cos. Missouri.
Merryhill, p.v. Bertie Co. N. C.
Merrymeeting Bay, a wide expansion of water
at the junction of the Kennebec and Androscoggin
rivers. Also a bay in Winnipisiogee Lake.
viersea, a town in Essex Co. U. C. on Lake
Erie.
Mersch, a town of the Netherlands, in the duchy
of Luxemburg, 8 m. N. of Luxemburg.
Mersebvrg, one of the new divisions of the Prus-
sian states, consisting principally of cessions made
by Saxony in 1815. It lies to the S. of Anhalt
and to the E. of the government of Erfurt, and
comprises an area of 4,000 sq. m. with 471,000 in-
habitants.
Merseburg . the capital of the above government,
formerly a bishopric The most remarkable build-
ings are the castle, the cathedral which stands
below it, and the academy. The brewing and exr
2T
MES
iH
MET
portation of strong beer furnish the principal em-
ployment of the inhabitants. It is seated on the
Saale, 15 m. N. W. of Leipzig.
Meraey, a river of England, which rises in the
N. extremity of the" Peak in Derbyshire, receives
the Tame at Stockport, and, lower down, tha
Irwell ; it then passes by Warrington, and receives
the Weaver at Frodsham, where it forms a broad
estuary, that contracts on its approach to Liver-
pool, below which it enters the Irish Sea. This
river not only affords salmon, but it is visited by
annual shoals of smelts, here called sparlings, of a
remarkable size and flavor.
Mersey, an island in Essex, Eng. between the
mouth of the Coin and the er.trance of Blackwater
Bay. It has two parishes, ca.led E. and W. Mer-
sey. 7 m. S. of Colchester.
Merthyr Tidvil, a town of S. Wales, in Glamor-
ganshire. It has a canal to Cardiff, immense
mines of iron and coal, and very extensive iron
works. 3 m. distant are the ruins of Morlais Cas-
tle, said to have been the residence of the kings
of iBrecknock. II is seated on the Taafe, 24 m.
N. N. W. of Cardiff and 180 W. of London.
Mertola, a strong town of Portugal, in Alemtejo,
seated near the Guadiana, 60 m. S. of Evora and
100 S. E. of Lisbon. Long. 7. 37 W.. lat. 37.
41. N.
Merton, a village in Surrey, Eng. with calico
manufactures andbleach-fields. Here Henry III.
held a parliament in 123G, at which were enacted
the Provisions of Merton, the most ancient body
of laws after Magna Charta. It is seated on the
Mandle, 7 m. S. W. of London.
MarvlU.e. a town of France, department of Nord,
seated on the Lys, 15 m. N. of Lisle.
Mcsched, a city of Persia, capital of Khorassan.
It is fortified with several towers ; and is famous
for the magnificent sepulchre of Iman Risa, of the
family of All, to which the Persians pay great de-
votion. Here is a manufacture of beautiful pot-
tery, and another of skins. Caravans are con-
tinually passing through this city from Bokharia,
Balk, Candahar, Hindoostan, and all parts of Per-
sia. It is 180 m. E. of Asterabad and 490 N. E.
of Ispahan. Long. 58. 30. E., lat. 35. 56. N.
Mesched Mi, a town of Asiatic Turkey, in Irak-
Arabi, near a large lake, called Rahema, which
communicates with the Euphrates by a canal. It
stands on tlie spot where Ali, one of the succes-
sors of Mahomet, was interred ; and his tomb is
annually visited by Persian pilgrims. It is 110
m. S. of Bagdad. Long. 44. 50. E., lat. 32. 5. N.
Mesopotamia, the ancient name for the country
lying between the Tigris and Euphrates. It now
forms a part of Asiatic Turkey.
Mesopotamia, p.t. Trumbull Co. Ohio. 170 m.
N. E. Columbus. Pop. 562.
Messa, a considerable town of Morocco, on the
river Sus, not far from the Atlantic. It is 165
m. S. W. of Morocco. Long. 10.46. W., lat. 29.
58. N. _
Messina, a sea-port of Sicily, capital of an in-
tendancy of the same name, in Val di Demona,
with a citadel and several forts. It is 5 m. in cir-
cumli'rence, has four large suburbs, and contains
36,000 inhabitants. The public buildings and
monasteries are numerous and magnificent ; there
arc 50 churches, including the cathedral, which
is much admired. The harbour is one of the
safest iii the Mediterranean, and has a quay about
a mile in length. A great trade is carried on here
in silk, oil, fruit, corn, and excellent wine. This
city suffered much by an earthiiuake in 1770 ; and
also in 1683, when it was half destroyed, it has
since been rebuilt, with elegant houses only two
stories high. For several years prior to the peace
of 1814,Messina was the head-quarters of the Brit-
ish troops in Sicily. It is seated on the strait ot
Messina, which separates Sicily from Calabria,
130 m. K. of Palermo. Long. 15. 50. E.,lat. 38.
10. N.
Messing, a town of Franconia, in the principali-
ty of Aichstat. 14 m. N. N. E. of Aichstat. /
Mestre, a town of Austrian Italy, in Treviso '
8 m. N. W. of Venice.
Mesurado, a considerable river of W. Africa,
which falls into the Atlantic on the Grain Coast
On its banks is a kingdom of the same name, th<j
boundaries of which are very uncertain. See
Liberia.
Mesvrata, a sea-port of Tripoli, and the resi-
dence of a governor. Caravans travel hence to
Fezzan and other interior parts of Africa, by which
they carry on a great trade. It is 100 m. E. S.
E. of Tripoli. Long. 15. 10. E., lat. 32. 0. N.
Meta, a large river of New Granada, which has
Its rise opposite to Santa Fe de Bogota, and falh
into the Orinoco, about 450 m. from its source*
in long. 67. 45. W.,lat. 6. 10. N.
Metapura, a town of the isle of Borneo, in the
kingdom of Banjermassing, 72 m. N. E. of Ban-
jermassing and 100 S. E. of Negara.
Metcalfshorough, a village in Franklin Co
Ten.
Metelen, a town of Prussia, in the province of
Westphalia, seated on the Vechta, 19 m. N. W.
ofMunster.
Metelin, or Mytilcne, an island of the Grecian
Archipelago, anciently called Lesbos, to the N. of
Scio, and almost at the entrance of the gulf of
Guestro. It is about 40 m. long and 12 broad ;
somewhat mountainous, and has many hot springs
The soil is very good, and the mountains are in
many places covered with wood. It produces
good wheat, wine, oil, and the best figs in the
Archipeiaga Castro i's the capital.
Mc.thil, a town of Scotland, in Fifeshire, with
a safe harbour on the frith of Forth, whence much
coal is exported. 6 m. N. E. of Dysart.
Mcthuen, p.t. Essex Co. Mass. on the Merri-
mack, 30 m. N. Boston. Pop. 2,011. Here are
manufactures of cotton and paper.
Methven, a town of Scotland, in Perthshire,
where kintr Robert Bruce was defeated by the
English in°l306. 6 m. W. N. W. of Perth.
Metling, or Mottling, a strong town of the Aus-
trian states, in Carniola ; seated on the Kulp, 13
m. N. W. of Carlstadt and 40 S. E. of Lau-
bach.
Metro, a river of Italy, which rises on the fron-
tiers of Tuscany, crosses the duchy of Uroino
and enters the gulf of Venice near Fano.
Metropoli. a town of the island of Candia, on
the site of the ancient Gortyna, of which many
vestiges remam. 22 m. S. S. W. of Candia.
Metz, a town of France, in the department of
Moselle, and formerly the capital of the kingdom
of Austrasia. The fortifications are excellent,
and it has three citadels and noble barracks. The
cathedral is one of the finest in Europe. Here
are manfactures of cotton, linen, gauze, chintz,
fustian, &c. ; and a considerable trade in leather,
wine, brandy, «Scc. The sweetmeats made here
are in high esteem. Metz is the seat of the i!e-
piivtment administration and a bishop's see, and
contains nearly 42,000 inhabitants. It is seated
at the conflux of the Moselle and Seille, 210 m.
MEX
495
MEX
N E. of Paris. Long. 6. 10. E., lat. 49. ".
N.
Metzovo. a ran£^e of mountains in European
Turkey, separaiing Albania from Thessaly. It
)g the ancient Pindus. There is a village of this
tame among the mountains.
Meud^n, a village of France, with a magnifi-
cient royal palace and park ; seated on the Seine, 6
m. S. of Paris.
Meulan, a town of France, department ofSeine-
et-Oise ; seated on the Seine, over which is a
stone bridge of 21 arches, 26 m. N. W. of Par-
is.
Mcurs, or Mocrs, a town of the Prussian states,
capital of a small principality of the same name. It
has a cai?tle, and was formerly a place of strength,
but its fortifications were destroyed in 1764. 16
m. N. N. E. ofDusseldorf
Mcurlhe, a town of France, including part of the
former province of Lorraine. It is bounded by the
department of Moselle, Vosges, and Meuse, and
comprises an area of 2,500 sq. m..with 365,600
inhabitants. The climate is temperate, and the
soil in general fertile. Nancy is the capital.
Meurtke, a river of France, which rises in the
department of Vosges, and flows by Luneville
and Nancy into the Moselle.
Meuse, a river which rises in France, in the
department of Upper Marne. It enters the Neth-
erlands at Givet, flows to Charlemont, Namur,
Huy, Liege, Maestricht, Ruremonde, Venlo,
Grave, Battenburg, Ravestern, Gorcum (where
it receives the Waal), and Worcum. At Dort it
divides into four principal branches, the most
northern of whicii is called the Merve. These
form the island of Yaselmonde, Voorn, and Over-
slackee, and enters the German Ocean below Briel,
Hel voetsluys and Goree.
Meuse, a department of France , including the
former duchy of Bar. It is bounded by the grand
duchy of Lu.xemburg, and the departments of
Moselle, Vosges, Marne, and Ardennes, and com-
prises an area of2,.500 sq. m. with 285,000 inhabi-
tants. Bar sur Ormain is the capital.
Mewar, an extensive district of Hindoostan,
province of Agimere, lying chiefly between 25.
and 26. of N. lat.
Mewat, a hilly and woody tract of Hindoostan
lying on the S. W. of Dehli, confining the low
country, along the W. bank of the Jumna, to a
comparatively narrow slip, and extending west-
»irard 130 m. From N. to S. it is 90 m. Its inhab-
itants, the Mewatti, have been ever characterized
as the most savage and brutal, and are still noted
as thieves and robbers. The country contains
some strong fortresses on steep or inaccessible
hills. It is nominally possessed by the rajah of
Macherry.
Mexkano, or Mayes, a river of New Mexico, on
the confines of Louisiana, which runs into the
gulf of Mexico.
Mexico, a country of N. America, now forming
an independent republic, situated between 42. and
113. W. long., and extending from the Pacific
Ocean to to the Carribean Sea, the gulf of Mexico
and the Sabine River. It comprises an area of
1,700,000 sq. m. with about 7,000,000 ofinhabi
tants. In general it is a mountainous country
intermixed with many rich valleys : the highest
mountains many of which are volcanoes, are near
the coast of the Pacific Ocean. The eastern shore
is a flat country, full of impenetrable forests, with
bo»s and morasses, overflowed in the rainy sea-
son, which is from April to September Although
a considerable portion of Mexico is within the
torrid zone, the climate in general is temperate
and healthy. No country abounds more with
grain, fruits, roots, and vegetables, many of them
peculiar to the country, or at least to America.
It is also celebrated for its mines of gold and sil-
ver, and has quarries of jasper and porphyry, and
exquisite marble. Cochineal is almoat peculiar
to this country ; its indigo and cocoa are supei/^r
to any in America ; and its logwood has long
been an important article of commerce. Among
the quadrupeds are the puma, jaguar, bears, elks,
wolves, deer, &c. The peccary of this country i»
sometimes called the Mexican hog. These ani-
mals frequent the mountainous and woody parta
and go in large herds together. They commit
great ravages among the sugar-canes, maize, man-
ihot and potato fields. In Guiana the Indians shoot
them with poisoned arrows blown through a tube.
The domestic animals of Europe, particularly
horned cattle, have multiplied here, almost with
incredible rapidity. Numbers of these having
been suflfered to run wild, now ranje over the
vast plains, in herds from 30,000 to 40,000 ; they
are killed merely for the sake of their hides, which
are annually exported, in vast quantities, to Eu-
rope. The inhabitants consist of native Spaniards ,
Creoles, who are descendants of Europeans ; Mu-
lattoes, the issue of whites and negroes ; Mesti-
zoes, descendants of whites and Indians ; Zam-
boes, descendants of negroes and Indians; and
African negroes, with whom are classed a mixed
extraction from Europeans, Africans, Indians,
and Malays or others of Asiatic origin. Far from
becoming extinct, the indigenous population goes
on increasing, especially during the last hundred
years; and accordingly, it would appear that, in
total amount, these countries are more populous
at present than they were previously to the arri-
val of Europeans. The kingdom of Montezuma
did not equal in extent the eighth part of New
Spain as it now exists. The great towns of the
Aztecs, and their most cultivated lands were met
with in the environs of the capital of Mexico, and
particularly in the delicious valley of Tenochti-
tlan. The kings of Alcolhuacan, of Tlacopan, and
of Mechoacan, were independent princes. Be-
yond the parallel of 20. were the Chichimegs and
Otomites, two wandering and barbarous nations,
whose hordes, though far from numerous, pushed
their incursions as far as Tula, a town situated
r»ear the northern border of the valley of Tenoch-
titlan. It would be just as difficult however
to estimate, with any degree of accuracy, the
number of Montezuma's subjects, as it would \)e
to decide respecting the ancient population of
Egypt, Persia, Carthage, or Greece, or even with
regard to many modern states. History presents
us, on the one hand, with a train of conqueror*
4
MEX
496
MEX
ambitions to throw additional lustre on their own
exploits ; on the other, religious and sensible men
directing with noble ardour the arms of eloquence
against the cruelty of the first colonists. Both
parties were equally interested in exaggerating
the flourishing condition of the newly discovered
countries. At all events, the extensive ruins of
towns and villages that are met with in the 18.
and 20. of latitude in the interior of Mexico, seem
to prove that the population of this single part of
the kingdom was once far superior to what it is
now. Yet it must be remarked that these ruins are
dispersed over a space that, relatively speaking, is
but very limited.
To a great degree of muscular strength, the
copper-coloured natives add the advantage of be-
ing seldom or never subject to any deformity.
M. Humboldt assures us that he never saw a
/ -inch-back Indian, and that they very seldom
squint, or are met with either lame or wanting
the use of their arms. In those countries where
the inhabitants suiFer from the goitre, this affec-
tion of the thyroid gland is never observed among
ite Indians,and rarely among the Mestizoes. The
Indians of New Spam, and especially the women,
generally live to an advanced age. Their hair,
It is said, never turns grey, and they preserve all
their strength till the period of their death. In
respect of the moral faculties of the indigenous
Mexicans, it is difficult to form a just estimate of
them, if we consider this unhappy nation almost
in the only light in which there has been an op-
portunity of viewing it by intelligent travellers,
as sinking under long oppression, and depressed
almost to the lowest pitch of degradation.
In his present condition, the Mexican Indian
is grave, melancholy, and taciturn, as long as he
IS not under the influence of intoxicating liquors.
This gravity is particularly remarkable in the
children of Indians, who at the early age of four
or five years display infinitely greater intelligence
and developement of mind than the children of
whites. They delight in throwing an air of mys-
tery over th«ir most trifling remarks. Not a pas-
sion manifests itself in their features. At all
times sombre, there is something terrific in the
change, when he passes all at once from a state
of absolute repose to violent and ungovernable
agitation. The energy of his character, to which
every shade of softness is unknown, habituplly
degenerates into ferocity. This is especially the
case with the inhabitants of TIascala. In the
midst of their degradation, the descendants of
these republicans are still distinguished by a cer-
tain haughtiness with which they are inspired by
the remembrance of their former greatness.
The Mexicans have preserved a particular
taste for oainting and for the art of carving on
stone and wood. It is truly astonishing to see
what they are capable of executing with a bad
knife upon the hardest wood and stone. They
exercise themselves in painting the images, and
carving the statues of saints ; but from a religious
principle, they have continued to servilely imi-
ate for 300 years, the models which the Europe-
ans brought with them at the period of the origi-
nal conquest. In Mexico as well as Hindoostan,
tlie faithful are not allowed to make the smallest
change in their idols ; every thing connected with
the rites of the Aztecs was subjected to immuta-
ble laws: It is on this very account that the
Christian images have preserved in some degree,
that stiffiiess and hardness of feature which char-
jcterised the hieroglyphical pictures of the age of
Montezuma. They dispiay a great>deal of apti '
tude for the exercise of the arts of imitation, and
still greater for those of a purely mechanical na-
ture.
When an Indian has attained a certain degree
of cultivation, he shows great facility in acquiring
information, a spirit of accuracy and precision,
and a particular tendency to subtilize, or to seize
on the minutest differences in objects that are
to be compared with each other. He reasons
coldly and with method ; but he does not evince
that activity of imagination, that lively freshness
of sentiment, that art of producing, which charac-
terises the people of Europe and many tribes of
African negroes. The music and dancing of the
indigenous natives partake of that want oTcheer-
fiilness which is so peculiar to them. Their
singing is of a melancholy description. More vi-
vacity, however, is observed in their women than
in their men ; but they share the evils of that
state of subjection to which the sex is condemned
among most oj those nations where civilization is
still imperfect. In the dance women take no part ;
they are merely present for the sake of offering
to the dancers the fermented drinks which they
themselves had prepared.
The Mexican Indians have likewise peserved
the same taste for flowers that Cortez noticed in
his time. We are astonished to discover this
taste, which doubtless indicates a taste for the
beautiful, among the people in whom a sanguina-
ry worship, and the frequency of human sacrifices
appears to have extinguished every feeling con-
nected with sensibility of mind and the softer af-
fections. In the great market of Mexico, the na-
tive does not even sell fish, or ananas, or vegeta-
bles, or fermented liquor, without his shop being
decked out with flowers, which are renewed every
succeeding day. The Indian shop-keeper appears
seated behind a perfect entrenchment of verdure
and every thing around him wears an air of the
most refined elegance.
The Indian hunters, such as the Mecos, the
Apaches, and the Lipans, whom the Spaniards
comprehend under the denomination of Indios
bravos, and whose hordes in their incursions which
are often made during night, infest the frontiers
of New Biscay, Sonora, and New Mexico, evince
more activity of mind, and more strenirth of
character, than the agricultural Indians. Some
tribes have even languages, the mechanism oi
which appears to prove the existence of ancient
civilization. They have great difficulty iji learn-
ing the European idioms, while, at the same time
they express themselves in their own with an ex-
treme degree of facility. These same Indian
chiefs, whose gloomy taciturnity astonishes the
observer, will bold a discourse of several hours,
whenever any strong interest rouses them U
MEX
497
MEX
break the_r habitual silence. T^is whole coun-
try was long under the dominioii^f Spain, and
governed bj a viceroy. The first attempt to as-
sume independence took place in 1810. In 1824
a federal government was established. Numer-
ous disturbances have since arisen, and the coun-
try is still far from being in a settled state.
Mexico, the capital of the above country. It
was a flourishing city before the Spaniards enter-
ed the country, and was seated on several islands,
in a salt-water lake, called Tezcuco, to which
there was no entrance, but hy three cause-ways, 2
m. in length each. The circumference of the
city, exclusive of the suburbs, was formerly above
10 m. and it contained at least 6D,000 houses, with
several large temples, and three palaces. It was
taken by Ferdinando Cortez, in 1521, after a siege
of nearly three months, and, as the Mexicans de-
fended themselves from street to street, it was al-
most ruined, but was afterwards rebuilt by the
Spaniards. The water in the neighborhood of the
city has dried up, and Mexico is usiw three miles
distant from the shores of the lake. The streets are
wide and straigJit, but badly paved. The houses
present a magnificent appearance, being built of
porphyry and amygdaloia. Several palaces and
private mansions have a majestic effect, and its
churches glitter with metallic riches. The cath-
edral surpasses, in this respect, all the churches
in the world ; the balustrade which surrounds
the great altar being composed of massive silver.
A lamp of the same metal, is of so vast a size that
three men go into it when it is to be cleaned ;
and it is enriched with lions' heads, and other or-
naments of pure gold. The statues of the Virgin
and the saints are either made of solid silver, or
richly gilded, and ornamented with precious
atones. Palaces, mansions of great families,
beautiful fountains, and extensive squares, adorn
the interior of this city. To the north, near the
suburbs, is the principal public promenade, or
Alameda. Round this walk flows a rivulet, for-
ming a fine square, in the middle of which there
is a basin with a fountain. Eight alleys of trees
terminate here, in the figure of a star. But in
consequence of an unfortunate proximity, imme-
diately in front of the alameda, the eye discovers
the Qucmadero, a place where Jews and other
victims of the terrible Inquisition, were burned
alive. This detestable tribunal was finally abol-
ished by the Emperor Auguslin Iturbide in
1820. In the fine evenings, during the dry season,
the environs of the city present a scene of pleas-
ure, gaiety, and bustle, scarcely to be paralleled ;
hundreds of canoes, on the canal of Chalco, of
various sizes, mostly with awnings, crowded with
native Indians, neatly dressed, and their heads
erowned with the most gaudy flowers, are seen
passing in every direction; each boat, with it«
musician seated on the stern, playing on the
gui-tar, and some of the party singing, dancing, or
both united. Revolution has had its usual op-
eration here; it has reduced the overgrown, bus
insecure wealth of the rich, to an independent
protected competence ; but it has also wiped away
the tears, and broken tlie chains which galled th*
innocent people whose labours had amassed it.
M. de Humboldt saw erecting, in the greax
square of Mexico, an equestrian and colossal sta
tue of the king of Spain, by ..M. Tolza, "a statue,
says he, " which, by its imposing mass, and the
noble simplicity of its style, might adorn the first
cities of Europe. According to the accounts of
Spanish authors, balls, and games of hazard, arA
pursued with ardour, while the more noble en
jovments of the drama are less generally relished.
To vivid paiisions the Mexican Spaniard adds a
great funu ot stoicism. He enters a gaming-
house, loses all his money upon a single card,
and then takes out his cigar from behind his ear,
and smokes .is if nothing had happened.
Mexico preserves few monuments of antiquity.
The ruins of aqueducts, the stone of sacrifices,
and the calender stone, both of which are placed
in the great square of the city ; manuscripts, or
hieroglyphical tables, badly preserved in the ar-
chives of the vice-regal palace ; and finally, the
colossal statue of the goddess Teo- Yaomiqui, lying
on its back in one of the galleries of the Univer-
sity, are all that remains worthy of notice in this
city. But, to the north-east of the town, and of
the lake Tezcuco, on the little hills of Teotihuncan,
are seen the imposing remains of two pyramids,
consecrated to the sun and moon, and, according
to some historians, constructed by the Olmec, ^n
ancient nation that came to Mexico from the
east, that is to say, from some country situated on
the Atlantic Ocean. The pyramid, or house of
the sun, (T<nuUiu-ytza^aI ,) is 171 feet high, and
its base measures 645 feet; that of the moon,
{MezUi-ytzaqual.) is thirty feet smaller. These
monuments appear to have served as models for
the TeocalUs, or houses of the gods, constructed
by the Mexicans in the capital and other parts of
the country ; but the pyramids are incased by a
thick wall of stone. They formerly supported
Rtatues covered with very thin leaves of gold. A
few small pyramids, which appear to have been
dedicated to the stars, surround the two great
ones. The situation of Mexico is highly favorable
for carrying on commerce both with Europe and
Asia, being about 69 leagues distant from Vera
Cruz on the one hand and from Acapulco on th«
2 T 2
MIC
498
MIC
other. The working of gold and silver has long
been carried to great perfection here, and here
are also manufactures of calico, cloth, soap, and
tobacco. This city has been frequently inundated
by the overflowing of the lakes in its vicinity,
particularly in 1G20, when 40,000 persons are said
to have been drowned. To prevent the recur-
rence of such calamities, a vast conduit was con-
structed to turn the course of the waters which
formerly flowed into the lake Tezcuco through
the mountains. 200 m. E. N. E. of St. Juan de
Ulhua. Long. 100. 40. W., lat. 20. 4. N.
Mexico, Gwfof, an immense gulf of N. America
lying between the S. coast of L. Florida and the
JN. E. point of Yucatan.
Mexico, p.t. Oxford Co. Me. Pop. 344 ; p.t. Os-
wego Co. N. Y. on a bav of Lake Ontario, 15 m.
E. Oswego. Pop. 2,()7l"; p.t. Mifflin Co. Pa. on
the W. branch of the Susquehanna.
Mcyahoun, a city of Pegu, with numerous gild-
ed temples and spacious monasteries. Its vicinity
is uncommonly fruitful in rice ; and here are ca-
pacious granaries always kept filled with grain
ready to be transported to any part of the empire
in which there happens to be a scarcity. It
stretches 2 m. on the S. W. bank of the Irrawad-
dy, and is 85 m. N. W. of Pegu. Long. 95. 8. E ,
lat. 18. 18. N.
Meyenfbld. See Mayenfeld.
Meyrvies, a town of France, department of
Lozere, 23 m. S. of Mende.
Mfizemna, a sea port of Fez, on the coast of the
Mediterranean, 80 m. E. of Tetuan. Long. 4. 1 .
W., lat. 35. 22. N
Mezieres, a town of France, department of Ar-
dennes, with a citadel ; seated on an island in tne
river Meuse, 12 m. W. by N. of Sedan.
Mezin, a town of France, department of Lot-et-
Garonne, 9 m. N. W. of Condom.
Mliendigaut, a town of Hindoostan, in the pro-
vince oi' Agra, on the W. bank of the Ganges.
Long. 79. 57. E., lat. 27. 3. N.
Miuco. See Meaco.
Mitimi, Little and Great, two rivers of the state
of Ohio, which run S. into the Ohio, the former
just above Columbia and the latter 21 m. below
Cincinnati. The Little Miami is 60 m. to its
source, but generally so shallow as to afford no
navigation. The great Miami has a navigation,
like the Muskingum, that approaches near th«».
navigable waters of Lake Erie. The country be-
tween these two rivers was called the Miamis, and
is reckoned among the richest belonging to the
United States.
Miami, a county of Ohio. Pop. 12,806. Troy is
the capital ; a township in Cooper Co. Missouri,
and townships in Hamilton, Champaign, Greene,
Clermont, Montgomery, Oxford and Logan Cos.
Ohio.
Miana, a town of Persia, in Aderbeitzan. Here
the celebrated traveller M. Thevcnot died, onhis
return from Ispahan. It is 57 m. S. E. of Tauris.
Micha, a cape of Dalmatia, which advances into
the gulf of Venice, near the town of Zara.
Michael, St., the most extensive and populous
island of the Azores. It is 54 m. long and from
6 to 15 broad, and contains nearly 80,000 inhabi-
tants. In a valley on the eastern side are a num-
ber of boiling fountains ; also many sulphureous
springs, some of a hot, and others of a cold tem-
perature. The principal towns are Punta del
Guda (the capital of the island) and Villa Franca.
Long. 25. 42. W., lat. 37. 47. N.
Uiduul St a borouirh.in Cornwall, Ens- with
J80 inhabitants. 8 m. S. S. W. of St. Columb and
250 W. by S. of London.
Michael, St., a town of France, department of
Meuse, with a fine hospital, and the rich library
of a Benedictine abbey. It is surrounded by-
mountains, and is seated on the Meus", 20 m. N.
E. of Bar le due.
Michael, St., a town of Mexico, in the province
of Nicaragua, on the river St. Michael, 110 m. N.
W. of Leon. Long. 87. 45. W., lat. 12. 25. N. ,
Michael, St., a town of Mexico, province of Cu-
liacan, near the mouth of the Siguatlan,30 m E.
S. E. of Culiacan. Long. 107. 40. W.,lat. 24 10. X.
Michael, St., a city of Tucuman, situate in a
fruitful valley, at the foot of a range of rugged
mountains, 150 m. N. W. of St. Jago del Estero.
Long. m. 45. W., lat. 27. 0. S.
MirJuiel de Ibarra, St., a town of Colombia, in
the presidency of Quito, capital of a jurisdiction
of its name. It has a large and elegant church, a
college, and several convents ; and is 70 m. N. E.
of Quito. Long. 77. 30. W., lat. 0. 25. N.
Michael de Piura, St., a town of Quito, seated
near the mouth of the Piura, 325 m. S. S. W. of
Quito. Long. 80. 40. W., lat. 5. 10. S.
Michael, Gulf of , St., to the E. of Panama, that
part of the Pacific Ocean which was first discov-
ered by the Spaniards, after their march across
the isthmus of Darien
Michigan, a territory of the United States, the
western part of which is sometimes called the
Territory of Huron. It was formerly limited to
the peninsula enclosed between Lakes Michigan
and Huron, but now comprising also that tract
called the Northwest Territory. It is bounded
N. by Canada and Lake Superior, E. by Lakes
Huron, St. Clair and Erie, and S. by Ohio, India-
na and Illinois. It extends from 41. 31. to 49. N
lat. and from 82. to 98. W. long, containing about
180,000 sq. m. This territory is intersected in
the eastern part by Lake Michigan and washed
on the western limit by the Mississippi. Except
the peninsula,the country has been little explored.
It is everywhere level except in the western part,
south of Lake Superior, where are some mountain
ranges call the Ocooch Mountains and Porcupine
Hills. The peninsula is a complete level with
but just sufficient elevation in the centre to give
the rivers a direction to the shores of the lakes.
The country consists mostly of prairies and for-
est, but the greater part is covered with wood.
It is watered by numerous rivers, as the Ouiscon-
sin, Chippeway, St. Francis, Missisagaigon, St.
Croix, St. Louis, Wolf, Fox, Menomenies, Sa-
ginaw, Grand, Kallimazo, St. Joseph, Raisin, and
others. The western parts abound with wild ani-
mals, as bieon, elks, bears, deer, beaver, otters,,
muskrats, &c. The elk i» very similar to tha^-
MIO
499
MID
fcin deer. He is 4 or 5 feet in height, and feedit
upon the buds and tender twigs of the forest.
He is shy and has very acute senses. His flesh
is highly esteemed by the hunters and Indians,
and the horns when soft are a great delicacy.
The elk has often been domesticated.
The soil is various: the alluvions of the rivers
are fertile ; along the shore of Lake Michigan
it is sandy and sterile. The chief mineral pro-
duction is lead, for which See Laid Mines Cop-
per was formerly thought to exist here in great
abundance, but this does not appear to be the
case. Iron is found in various parts. The cli-
mate of the southern parts is mild, but in the
north the winters are severe. One of the most
valuable natural productions is the wild rice
which grows on the marshy borders of the lakes
nd rivers. It grows in 6 or 7 feet depth of
water where the bottom is muddy ; the stalk
is 12 or 14 feet in length ; the leaves and spikes
resembles those of oats. Sheaves of them are
bound together while growing, to preserve them
from the birds who resort to these spots in mil-
lions for the purpose of feeding upon the rice.
After it has ripened in this manner, the Indians
row their canoes through the rice and beat the
grain with sticks into the canoes where blankets
are spread to receive it.
There are many Indians residing in this ter-
ritory. The tribes are the Chippeways, Winne-
bagoes, Menomonees and Ottawas. Their num-
bers amount to about 30,000. A very great
proportion of the county is still in a wild state,
and the settlements are chiefly within the penin-
sula. The counties in the territory are 18. The
pop. exclusive of Indians is 31,260 of whom
27 are slaves. Detroit is the capital. The
Methodists have 11 preachers in the territory ;
the Presbyterians 6; the Episcopalians 5; the
Baptists 2 ; and there are some Catholics.
A settlement was made here at Detroit by the
French, so early as 1670, but they never occupied
much of the country. The territorial government
was established in 1805. The peninsula was over-
run by the British in 1812 shortly after the com-
mencement of the war, but they were driven
from the territory by General Harrison the next
year.
Michigan, Lake, one of the great chain of lakes
in North America. It lies wholly within the
limits of the United States, inclosed in the terri-
tory above described. It is 290 m. in length, 55
in breadth, and 800 in circumference. It com-
municates with Lake Huron at the northern ex-
tremity by the Strait of Michilimackinac, which
has 12 feet depth of water. The lake is deep
•nough to be navigated by ships of any burden.
U abounds with fine trout, sturgeon and various
other kinds offish. Canals are in contemplation
to connect it with the waters of the Missis-
sippi .
Micnaetsvdle, p. v. Hartford Co. Maryland.
Michilimackinac, a county of Michigan. Pop.
877. It comprises all the northern part of the
Territory. Michilimackinac or Mackinac, on the
island of that name, is the capital.
Michilimackinac, a strait which unites the lakes
Michigan and Huron. It is 6 m. wide ; and on
its S. E. side, in Lake Huron, is an island, with
a fort and village of the same name. Long. 84.
30. W., lat. 45. 48. N.
Michilimackinac, Little, a river of the state of
Illinois, which enters the Illinois 200 m. above
its junction with the Mississippi.
Middlehorough, p.t. Plymouth Co. Mass. 40
m. S. E. Boston. Pop. 5,008. Here are manufac-
tures of nails and iron, svhich are supplied with
bog ore from ponds in the neighbourJiood.
Middlebrook, p. v. Augusta Co. Va. and Mont-
gomery Co. Maryland.
Middleburg, a large commercial town of the
Netherlands, capital of the island of Walcheren,
and of all Zealand. The squares and public build-
ings are magnificent; particularly the town-house,
formerly a celebrated abbey. The harbour is
commodious, and has a communication with
Flushing by a canal, which will bear the largest
vessels. Middleburg was Uiken by the British in
July, 1809, but evacuated in the December fol-
lowing. 85 m. S.W. of Amsterdam. Long. 3. 37.
E., lat. 51. 29. N.
Middlebvrg, a town of the Netherlands, in Flan-
ders, 5 m. S. E. of Sluys.
Middleburg, one of the Friendly Islands. See
Eaoowe.
Middleburg, p.t. Schoharie Co. N. Y. Pop.
34I66 ; p.v. C'nion Co. Pa. ; p.v.Fredricks Co. Md.
p.v. Loudon Co, Va. ; also a village in Nelson Co.
Ken. and a township in Cuyahoga Co. Ohio.
Middleburg, p.t. Addison Co. Vt. on Otter Creek.
33 m. N. W. Rutland. Pop. 3,468. Here are man-
ufactures of cotton, iron and marble. A quarry
of this last material exists on the banks of the
creek within the town. Middleburg College at
this place was founded in 1800. It has 5 instruct-
ors and 99 students. The libraries have above
4,000 volumes. There are three vacations, in
January, May and August, of 13 weeks. Com-
mencement is in August.
Middleburg, p.t. New Haven Co. Conn. 36 m.
S. W. Hartford. Pop. 816; p.t. Gennesee Co. N. Y.
Pop. 2,415 ; p.v. Portage Co. Ohio.
Middlejield, p.t. Hampshire Co. Mass. 2<tm. W.
Northampton. Pop. 721 ; p.t Otsego Co. N. Y.
Pop. 3,238.
Middlrham, a town in N. Yorkshire, Eng. with
a woolen manufacture. Here are the ruins of a
once stately castle, in which Richard the III. was
born, and where Edward IV. was confined after
being taken prisoner in his camp. It is seated
on the Eure, 11 ra. S. byW. of Richmond and 232
N. N. W. of London.
Middle Island, p.v. Suffolk Co. N. Y. on Long
Island.
Middleport, p.v. Niagara Co. N. Y.
Midtllesex, a county of England, bounded N.
by Hertfordshire, E. by Essex, S. by Surrey and
Kent, and W. by Buckinghamshire. It contains
an area of 179,200 acres, has two cities (London
and Westminister) and seven market towns, and
sends eight members to parliament. The air is
healthy ; but the soil in general, being gravelly,
is not naturally fertile, though by means of its
vicinity to the metropolis many parts of it are
converted into rich beds of manure, clothed
with almost perpetual verdure. Besides the
Thames Lea, and Coin, which are its boundaries
to the S., E. and W. Middlesex is watered by
several small streams, one of which, called the
New River, is artificially brought from near Hert-
ford, for the purpose of supplying London with
water.
Middlesex, a county of Massachusetts. Pop.
77,968. Cambridge is the capital. A county of
Connecticut. Pop. 24,845. Middletown is the cap-
ital. A county of New Jersey. Pop. 23,157 New
Brunswick is the capital. A county of the E. di^
trict of Virginia. Pop. 4,122. Urbana is th« capital
Mir
500
MIL
Middlesex, p.t. Washington Co. Vt. 6. m. N.
Montpelier. Pop. 1,156; p.t. OnUrio Co. N. Y. on
Cannndaigua Lake.
Middlesex CanaJ, unites the Merrimack with
Boston harbour, passing througli the county of
that name in MassachusetUs. It is 31 m. lunrr,
34 feet wide and 4 feet deep. It iias Hi h>ck8
and a descent of 107 feet from the summit level.
It was begun in 1793 and finished in li:i04, at a
cost of above 700,000 dollars.
Middlclon, a town in Lancashire, Eng. The
church is aa ancient edifice ; and there are five
meeting-houses, and a free grammar school. It
has the cotton trade in all its branche.s, a large
twist manufacture, considerable bleaching works,
some manufactures of silk, and extensive dye-
works. It stands on the Rochdale Canal. G ni.
N. by E. of Manchester and I'JO N. N. W.
of London.
MiddJeton, a town of Ireland, in the county of
Cork, situated on the N. W. angle of Cork har-
bour. 13 m. E. of Cork.
Middleton, p.t. Strafford Co. N. H. 28 m. N. E.
Concord. Pop. 562; p.t. Rutland,Co. Vt. 36 m. W.
Windsor. Pop. 919; p.t. Essex Co. Mass. 9 m.
N. W. Salem. Pop. 607 ; p.t. Delaware Co. N. Y.
Pop. 2,333 ; two townships N. and S. in Cumber-
land Co. Pa. and a township in Columbia Co. Pa.
Middletmvn, p.t. Middlesex Co. Conn, on
Connecticut river, 15 m. below Hartford. Pop.
6,876. The town stands on a bend of the river, and
has manufactures of cotton, woolen, swords, rifles,
&c. On the opposite bank of the river are quar-
ries of freestone. Also towns and villages in
Newport Co. R. I. Pop. 915; Orange Co. N. Y. ;
Brookhaven, Suffolk Co. N. Y. ; Monmouth Co.
N. J. 50 m. E. Trenton ; Dauphin, Washington,
Bucks, Delaware and Susquehanna Cos. Pa.
Newcastle Co. Del.; Frederickand Dorchester Cos.
Md. ; Frederick Co. Va. ; Sullivan Co Ten.; Jef-
ferson Co. Ken.; Butler and Hamilton Cos. Ohio.
Middlfloicn Point, p.v. Monmouth Co. N. J.
14 m. N. W. Shrewsbury.
MiddleviUe, p.v. Herkimer Co. N. Y. 90 m. N.
W. Albany.
Middleicay, p.t. Jefferson Co. Va.
MiddJcwich, a town in Cheshire, Eng. The
trade of the place is chiefly derived from the
surrounding neighbourhood, which is a great
farming district ; to which may be added the ex-
tensive salt works, and some silk factories. Here
are a spacious church, three meeting-houses, and
a free grammar school. The Trent and Mersey
Canal runs through the town, and it is seated
on the Croco, near its confluence with the Dane,
24 m. E. of Chester, and 167 N. W. of London.
Midhurst, a borough in Sussex, seated on the
Arun, 50 m. W. by S. of London.
Midnapour, a town of Hindoostan, in Orissa,
capital of a district of the same name. It is seat-
ed near a river that flows into the Hoogly, 70 m.
W.by S. of CalcutU. Long. 87. 25. E.', lat. 22.
30. N
Midtraji, a town in Liberty Co. Geo. 30 m. S.
Savannah.
Mies, a town of Bohemia, in the circle of Pil-
acn, on the river Nisa, 18 m. W. of Pilsen.
Mifflin, a co-unty of the W. district of Pennsyl-
vania. Pop. 21,529. Lewistown is the cap-
ital. Also towns in Alleghany, Cumberland, Ly-
coming Franklin, and Dauphin Cos. Pa. and
Richland and Pike Cos. Ohio.
Mifflinburgh, p.t. Union Co. Pa. p.v. Columbia
Co. Pa.
Mifflivtotim, p.v. MifHin Co. Pa.
Mikalida, a town of Asiatic Turkey, in Nato-
lia, with a fort ; situate on a river which runs
into the sea of Marmora, 55 m. W. by S. of Bursa.
Mi'an, or the Milanese, a country of Italy bound-
ed on the N. by the Alps, E. by the Venetian
territory, S. by the Apennines, and W. by
Piedmont. The soil is every where fertile in corn,
wine, fruits, rice, and olives; and there are also
plenty of cattle. The rivers are the Seccia, Ti-
cino, Adda, Oglio, and Po. There are likewise
several lakes, the three principal of which are
those of Maggiore, Como, and Lugano. Milan,
with other countries in Italy, was long comprised
under the general name of Lombardy. In the
14lh century it became a duchy. The campaign
of prince Eugene, in 1706, put it in possession of
the house of Austria, to whom, with the excep-
tion of the Sardinian Milanese, it continued sub-
jfct during 90 year.s, until the victories of Napo-
leon in 1796. In 1797 it was formed into four de-
partments, as the Cisalpine republic ; but in 1814
after several other changes,the part belonging to
the king of Sardinia was restored,and the remain-
der incorporated with the Lombardo- Venetian
Kingdom, or Austrian Italy. The Austrian Mi-
lanese forms, along with the duchy of Mantua
and the Valteline, the government of Milan. It
is divided into 8 delegations, and contains 7.700,
sq. m., with 2,100,000 inhabitants. The Sardinian
Milanese, which lies to the W. of the Austrian,
is divided into 9 districts, comprising an area of
3,300 square miles, and containinij 560,000 in-
habitants.
Milan, a city of Italy, capital of the Lombardo-
Venetian Kingdom, and the see of an archbishop^
The city is 10 m. in circumference ; but the gar-
don grounds are so extensive that it does not con-
tain above 140,000 inhabitants. It stands in a de-
lightful plain, between the rivers Adda and Tici-
no, which communicate with the city by means
of two canals. The cathedral, in the centre of
the city, is a splendid specimen of Gothic archi-
tecture, and, next to St. Peter's at Rome, is the
most considerable in Italy. This vast fabric is
built of white marble, supported by 50 columns,
and adorned, within and without, by a prodigious
number of marble statues. The other public
buildings are the university, several colleges, the
convents, the hospitals, the theatres, the mansions
of the minister of finance, of the minister of the
interior, and of the archbishop, and the former du-
cal palace, now the residence of the Austrian
viceroy. In the Pi:izza di Castello is an arena
in imitation of the amphitheatre of Verona, which
is capable of containing 30,000 spectators. The
college of St. Ambrose has a library, which, be-
sides a prodigious number of manuscripts, con-
tains 60,000 printed books i and its superb gal-
lery is adorned with rich paintings. The chief
trade of Milan is in grain (especially rice), cattle,
and cheese ; and the manufactures of silk and
velvet stuflfs, stockings, handkerchiefs, ribands,
gold and silver lace and embroideries, woolen and
linen cloths, glass, porcelain, &c. It has been
many times taken in the wars that have desola-
ted Italy. The French took it in 1796. It was
retaken by the Austrians and Russians in 1799;
but again posses.sed by the French in 1800, and
retained by them till the fall of Napoleon in ]8J4.
It is 280 m. N. W. by N. of Rome. Long. 9. 12.
E., lat. 45. 28. N.
Milan, p.v. Huron Co. Ohio. 123 m. N
Columbus.
MIL
501
MIL
Milazzo, or Melazzo, a sea-port of Sicilv, in
Val di Demona. It is divided into the Upper and
Lower Town : the former stands on a proraonto-
xy and is fortified ; the latter has a fine square,
with a superb fountain. It stands on a rock, on the
W. side of a bay of the same name, 20 m. W. of
Messina. Long. 15. 24. E., lat. 38. 12. N.
Milborn-port, a borough in Somersetshire, Eng.
It has manufactures of woolen cloth, linen, and
hosiery ; and is seated on a branch of the Parret,
2 m. E. by N. of Sherborn and 114 W. by S. of
London.,^.
Milbv^^jjfii. Somerset Co. Me. 92 m. N. E.
Portland'Pop. 1,006.
Mildenhall, a town in Suffolk, En^. ; seated on
the Larke, a branch of the Ouse, 12 m. N. W. of
Bury and 70 N. N. E. of London.
Miles, a township of Centre Co. Pa.
MVesburgh, p.t. Centre Co. Pa. 33 m. N. W.
Lewistown.
Mileto, a town of Naples, in Calabria Ultra,
nearly destroyed by an earthquake in 1783. 8 m.
N. E. of Nicotera.
Milford, a town of Wales, in Pembrokeshire.
It is elegantly and uniformly built, and stands on
the N. side of Milford Haven, a deep inlet of the
Irish Sea. The haven branches off into so many
creeks, secured from all winds, that it is esteem-
ed the safest and most capacious harbour in Great
Britain. At the entrance on the VV. point, called
St. Ann's, is an old lighthouse, and a blockhouse.
Here the earl of Richmond, afterwards Henry
VII., landed, on his enterprise against Richard
III. A quay and several good buildings have
been constructed by a company from Nantucket,
who have formed an establishment here for the
southern whale fishery.
Milford,p.t. Hillsborough Co. N. H. 27 m. S. Con-
cord. Pop. 1,303. Here are manufactures of cotton
and screwsl p.t. Worcester Co. Mass. IS m. S. E.
Worcester. Pop. 1,380^ p.t. New Haven Co.
Conn, on Long Island Sound, 9 m. S. W. New
Haven. Pop. 2.256. The town has a good harbour
for small vessels with some commerce and a quar-
ry of marble; p.t. Otsego Co. N. Y. 76 m. W.
Albany. Pop. 3,025 ;also towns in Hunterdon Co.
N. J. ; Pike, Bucks, Mifflin, Lehigh, and Somer-
set Cos. Pa. ; Kent. Co. Del.; Greenville Dis. S.C;
Ashtabula, Union, Butler, Hamilton, and Cler-
mont, Cos. Ohio.
Milhmt,a. town of France, department of Avey-
ron, seated on the Tarn, 50 m. N. W. of Montpelier.
Mil.haud, a town of France, department of Gard,
seated on the Vistre, 9 m. S. W. of Nismes.
MUltsch, a town of Prussian Silesia, seated on
the river Bartsch, 27 m. N. N. E. of Breslau.
Long. 17. 23. E., lat. 51. 32. N.
Millboro, p. v. Washington Co. Pa.
MiUborough,p.v. Bath Co. Va. ; p. v. Sussex Co
Va.
Millbury, p.t. Worcester Co. Mass. 6 m. S.
Worcester, 40 m. S. W. Boston. Pop. 1,611.
Here are manufactures of woolen, paper, oil, leath-
er, black lead, nails, scythes, mill-saws, &c.
Mill Creek, a hundred of Newcastle Co. Del. ;
p.v. Berkley Co. Va. and townships in Hamilton
and Union, Coshocton and Cuyahoga Cos.
Ohio.
MiUedgeville, p.t. Baldwin Co. Georgia, and the
capital of the state. It stands on the Oconee, 312
m. above the mouth of the Alatamaha. Pop. .1,599
The river is navigable from here to the sea for
boats of 30 tons, and the town has a considerable
trad« in cotton.
Miller, a county of Arkansas. Pop. 358.
Millerslmrg, vilUoes in Holmes Co. Ohio ; Ilip-
ley Co. Ind and Bourbon Co. Ken.
Miller's River, a branch of the Connecticnl in
Worcester and Franklin Cos. Mass.
Millerstotcn, villages in Lebanon, Perry, and
Lehigh, Cos. Pa.
Millfarm, p.v. Caroline Co. Va.
Millsay, p.v. Bullock Co. Geo.
Millsborough, p.v. Sussex Co. Del.
Miltsjiela,a. townsiiip of Coos Co. N. H. Pop. 33.
.1/«7/s/o«c, p.v. Somerset Co. N. J. 14 m. N. E.
Princeton, on a river of the same name flowing
into the Raritan.
Mitlsmlle, p.v. Cumberland Co. N. J., Gennesew
Co. N. Y. ; King George Co. Va. and Butler
Co. Ohio.
Millwood, p.v. Frederick Co. Va. on the Shenan*
doah.
Milo, p.t. Penobscot Co. Me. Pop. 331.
Milo, the ancient Melos, an island of the Gre-
cian Archipelago, 18 leagues in circumference,
with one of the best and largest harbours in the
Mediterranean. It produces plentiful crops of
corn, excellent fruit, and wine ; abounds in very
good cattle, especially goats, and has mines of iron,
and sulphur. In this island are curious subter-
ranean galleries, the roofs of which are covered
with genuine capillary or plume alum, ind the
crevices of the rocks filled with pure sulphur.
Here are two bishops : one of the Greek, and the
other of the Latin church. At the commence-
ment of the 18th century the inhabitants amount-
ed to above 20,000, but since that period it has
declined. It now belongs to Independent Greece,
yet a considerable time must elapse before it can
recover its former opulence and splendor. The
population of the whole island does not at present
exceed 1,200. On the E. side of the island is a
town of the same name, 60 m. N. of Candia, and
100 S. by E. of Athens. Long. 25. 0. E.. lat. 36.
41. N.
Miltenberg, a town of the Bavarian states, prin-
cipality of Leiningen, with a castle on a nill ;
seated'on the Maine. 20 m. S. S. E. of Aschaf-
fenburg.
Miltliorpe, a town m Westmoreland,Eng. seated
on the Cetha, near the mouth of the Ken. It is
the only port in the county, and hence the fine
Westmoreland slates and other commodities are
exported. The manufactures consist chieflv o-f
sacking, twine, and paper : in the vicinity are
limestone and marble quarries. 255 m. N. N. W.
of London.
Milton, a town of Kent, Eng. It is noted for
excellent oysters ; and much corn, &c. is ship-
ped here for the London markets. It is a place
of great antiquity, and was the residence of the
king of Kent, and of Alfred, who had a palace
here. 14 m. N. E. of Maidstone, and 40 E. of
London.
Milton, p.t. Norfolk Co. Mass. 7 m. S. Boston,
on Nepnnset 'iver which is navigable hence to
the sea for vessels of 150 tons. Here are manu-
factures of paper and chocolate. Pop. 1 ,565. Mil-
ton Hill in this town, is an abrupt and rocky emi-
nence, from which one of the most enchanting
prospects ir the world may be eujoyed, compris-
ing the city and bay of Boston, the ocean, and a
wide extent of country delightfully variegated
with hills, valleys, cultivated fields, towns and
villages. In very clear air the White Moun-
tains of New Hampshire have been discoTered
from this spot.
MTlf
502
MIN
Milton, p.t. Chittenden Co. Vt. on L. Cham-
plain, at the mouth of the Lanioil. Pop. 2,100;
p.v. Litchfield Co. Conn. 5 m VV. Litchfield ; p.t.
Saratoga Co. N. Y. Pop. 3,07'J ; p.v. Ulster and
Cayuga Cos. N. Y. ; also towns and viliajros in
Morris Co. N. C, Northumberland Co. Pa., Sus-
sex Co Del., Albemarle Co. Va., Rnckin.nrliam Co.
N. ( - , S<awrence Dis. S. C, Wayne Co. Ind., Gal-
latin C' Ken., Rutherford and Lincoln Cos. Ten.
and .*> townships in Ohio.
Milton jibhas, or Ahbeif Mittnn, n village in Dor-
setshire, Eng. 7 m. S. W. of Bl:indf.>rd It form-
erly had an abbey, founded by king Athelstan,
but the whole was swept away, except the cliurch
in 1771, by the earl of Dorchester, who erected
on it» site a large Gothic mansion. Tlie village,
with its cliurch and almshouse, were built by the
same noblrmar..
Mina, a town of Persia, province of Kerman,
surrounded by a wall with towers, and seated on
the Ibrahim, near its entrance into the gulf of
Ormus, 190 m. S. of Kerman. Long 56. 50. E.,
lat 26. 40. N.
.¥/««, p.t. Chatauque Co. N. Y. Pop. 1,318.
Minos, a town of S. America, in Buenos Ayre.s,
seated near the source of the river St. Lucia, 31
m. N. E. of Maldonado. Long. 55. 5. W.. lat. 34.
21. S.
Minasville, p.t. Montgomery Co. N. Y.
Minos Geraes, a province of Brazil, bounded
N. by Bahia, W. by Goiaz, and S. by the Parai-
buna. It extends 600 or 700 m. from N. to S.
nearly the same- from E. to W., and contains 3D0-
000 inhabitants. This vast territory produces
gold and diamonds in abundance ; also iron, anti-
mony, bismuth, platina, chromate of lead, &c.
The soil is likewise rich, producing in the valleys
sugar, cotton, &c. t and in the higher grounds
wheat, and generally all kinds of European
grain.
Minch, an arm of the sea, on the W. coast of
Scotland, which separates the Isle of Sky from
Lewis Island.
Minching Hampton, a town of Gloucester-
shire, Eng. with a considerable manufacture of
cloth. It is pleasantly situated on a declivity, 10
m. W. of Cirencester and 98 W. of London.
Mincio, a river of Italy, which flows S. from
the lake Garda, forms the lake and marshes that
surround Mantua, and afterward runs into the
Po.
Minckendorf, a town of Austria, on the Tries-
sing, 6 m. E. N. E. of Baden.
Mindanoo, an island in the Eastern seas, and
one of the Philippines, about 300 m. long and 108
broad. The coast is indented by numerous bays,
and the interior is intersected by chains of lofty
mountains, with intervening plains that afford
pasture for immense herds of cattle. The sides
of the hills and valleys are stony, and yet there are
tall trees, of kinds unknown in Europe. Some
of the mountains yield very good gold; and the
valleys are well watered witn rivulets. Rice is
produced in abundance ; as are also plantains,
cocoa-nuts, sweet potatoes, and all the fruits com-
mon to tropical climates. There are neither lions
nor tigers, but horses, beeves, buffaloes, goats,
hogs, deer, &c., are numerous. The fowls are
ducks, hens, pigeons, parrots, parroquets and tur-
tle-doves, besides many small birds. The inhabi-
tants are generally of a low stature, with little
heads, small black eyes, short noses, and large
mouths. Their hair is black and straight, and
their complexion tawny, but more inclined to yel-
low than that of other Indians. The chief trades
are goldsmiths, blacksmiths, and carpenters, who
can build pretty good vessels. Polygamy is prac-
tised. The government is partly feudal and part-
ly monarchical. The prevailing religion is Ma-
homedism,but the Spaniards have been in posses-
sion of a large portion of the sea-coast to the W.,
N. and N. E., where they have planted colonies
of Christians.
Mindnnoo, the capital of the above island, and
the residence of the sultan and his 5i0]«rt, i^about
G m. up the Pelansry. Opposite stan||gJ|£^own
of Selangan. Long. 124. 40. E., la^^Kv.
MindcUieim, a town in Bavaria, ^IBBB castle
on a mountain, situate between the rivers Iller "'nd
Lech, 25 m. S. W. of Augsburg.
Mindcn, a government of the Prussian slates
comprising the N. E. part of the province of West-
phalia and the former principalities of Mjnden,
Paderborn, Rittberg, and Corvey, the bailhwrc of
Reckeberg, and the lordship of Rheda. It has an
area of 2,000 sq. m. divided into 13 districts, with
330,000 inhabitants. The soil in general is fer
tile, and the pasturage good.
Mindf.n, the capital of the above government
is one of the oldest towns of Germany, and, while
the see of a bishop, formed a petty republic. Its
convenient situation for trade and navigation its.
breweries, sugar-houses, and wax manufactures,
are great advantages to the inhabitants. iVear
this town prince Ferdinand, of Brunswick, de-
feated the French in 1759. It was occupied in
18()(i by the French, and finally ceded to Prussia
in 1814. It is seated on the Weser, 43 m E. of
Osnaburg. Long. 8. 56. E.,lat. 52. 19. N.
Minden, a township of Montgomery Co. N. Y.
Pop. 2,507.
Mind oro, one o£ the Philippines, separated from
Luconia by a narrow channel. It is mountainous,
and abounds in palm-trees and all sortte of fruits.
The inhabitants are pagans, and pay tribute to
the Spaniards.
Minersville, a village in Schuylkill Co. Pa. sur-
rounded by extensive coal mines.
Minerva, a township of Essex Co. N. Y. Pop.
358 ; p.v. Mason Co. Ken.
Minehead, p.t. Essex Co. Vt. on the Connecti-
cut. Pop. 150.
Mine Skifiholeth, p.v. Washington Co. Missouri,
55 m. S. W. St. Louis. Here is one of the rich-
est lead mines in the country.
Minehead, a borough and sea-port in Somerset-
shire, Eng. It has a good harbour on the Bristol
Channel, and carries on a trade in wool, coal, and
herrings. 31 m. N. of Exeter and IGO W. by S.
of London. Long. 3. 34. W., lat. 51 . 12. N.
Mingrelia, a country of Asia, bounded W. by the
Black Sea, E. by Imeritia, S. by the river Phasis,
and N. by (Jeorgia. It is governed by a prince
who is tributary to Russia. The face of this
country, its products, and the customs and man-
ners of the inhabitants, are similar to those of
Georgia.
Minko, a river of Spain, which rises in the N.
E. part of Galicia, passes by Lugo, Orense, and
Tuy, and dividing Galicia from Portugal, enters
the Atlantic at Caminha.
Minie, a town of Egypt, on the lefl bank of (he
Nile, 90 m. S. of Fayoum.
Minisink, p.t. Orange Co. N. Y. on the Dela-
ware. Pop. 4,979.
Minorvino, a town of Naples, in Terra di Bari,
24 m. W. S. W. ofTrani.
Minorca, one of the Balearic islands, lying 50 m.
MIR
503
MIS
to the N. E. of Majorca. It is 30 m. long ana 12
broad ; and is a mountainous country, with some
fruitful valleys. Some corn is raised, but the
principal products of the island are wine, wool,
cheese, and various fruits. It has been frequently
in the hands of the British, by whom it was taken
without the loss of a man in 17!>8, but given up
at the peace of 1802. Ciudadella is the capital ;
but Mahon claims greater consequence, on ac-
count of ils excellent harbour. Port Mahon, which
is defended by two forts. Long. 3. 48. E., lat. 39.
51 . N.
Minot, p.t. Cumberland Co. Me. Pop. 2,908.
Minsk, an extensive province of European Rus-
sia, comprehending the old palatinate of Minsk
and portions of Polotzk, Novogrodek, and Wilna.
It extends from the Dwina N. to the province of
Volhynia, comprises an area of 37,000 sq. m is
divided into ten circles, and contains 9.50,000 in-
habitantA^ The surface, productions, &c. are the
same as in Lithuania.
Minsk, the rxpital of the foregoing province,
with two citadels, is seated on the Swislocz, 80
m. S. E. of Wilna and 310 E. N. E. of Warsaw.
Long 27. 58. E., lat. 53. 46. N.
Mintaon, an island in the Indian Ocean, 40 m.
long and 14 broad, on the W. coast of the island
of Sumatra. Long. 97. 38. E., lat. 0. 25. S.
Mioss, a lake of Norway, in the province of
Hedemarke, 90 m. in circumference. It is almost
divided by a peninsula, and contains a fertile isl-
and 10 m. in circumference.
Miquelon, a small desert island, S. W. of Cape
Ray in Newfoundland, ceded to the French in
1763, for drying and curing their fish. They were
dispossessed of it by the English in 1793, but it
was restored to them in 1802. Lonor. 56. 10. W.,
lat. 46. 42. N.
Mira, a town of Portugal, in Beira, 16 m. N.
W. of Coimbra.
Miranda, a. town of Portugal, in Tras os Mon-
ies, seated on a rock, on the river Douro, 32 m.
E. S. E. of Braganza. Long. 6. 32. W., lat. 41.
46. N. ^ ^ '
Miranda de Corvo, a town of Portugal, in Beira,
13 m. S. E. of Co-mbra.
Miranda de Ehro, a town of Spain, in the pro-
vince of Burgos, with a castle ; seated in an ex-
cellent wine country, on the river Ebro, over
which is a handsome bridge. 34 m. N. E. of
Burgos.
Mirande, a town of France, department of Gers.
Wool, down, and the feathers of geese, are ils prin-
cipal articles of trade. It is seated on an emi-
nence, near the river Baise, 13 m. S. W. of Auch.
Mirandela, a town of Portugal, in Tras os Mon-
ies. 22 m. S. W. of Braganza.
Mirandola, a city of Italy, in the Modenese, cap-
- ital of a province of its name, and a bishop's see,
with a citadel and a fort. Besides the cathedral,
it contains many fine churches and convents. It
is 18 m. N. N. E. of Modena. Long. 11. 19. E.,
lat. 44. 52. N.
Miravd, a town of Spain, in New Castile, with
a strong castle ; seated on the side of a hill, 16
m. S. by W. of Placentia.
Mirebeau, a town of France, department of Up-
per Vienne, 14 m. N. by W. of Poitiers.
Mirebeau, a town of France, department of
Cote d'Or, 13 m. N. of Dijon.
Mirecourt, a town of France, department of
Vosges, famous for its violins and fine lace ; seat-
ed on the Modon, 15 m. W. N. W. of Epinal.
Miremont, a town of France, department of
Dordogne. Near it is a remarks' ''e cavern, call-
ed Ciuseau. It is seated near ihe river Vizere,
15 m. E. of Bergerac.
Mirepoix, a town of France, depitment of Ar-
riege ; seated on the Gers, 15 ra. E. N. E. of Foix,
and 43 S. S. E. of Toulouse.
Mirow, a town of Saxony with a «astle, 11 m.
W. ofStrelitz.
Misa^no. a town of Naples, in Otranlo, 6 m.
S. S. E. of Ostuni.
Misitra, or Mistras, a town of Independent
Greece, once the capital of the Moreaand a place
of importance, but it is now decayed. It is 90 ra.
S. E. Lepanto. In the neighbourhojd are to be
seen the ruins of ancient Sparta.
Misnia. See Meissen.
Mississippi, a river of the United States, rising
in a number of head streams between 47. and 48.
N. lat. and flowing into the Gulf of Mexico. It
is more than 3,000^m. in length and receives from
the west the Missouri, which on account of its
superior length is sometimes considered the main
stream rather than a branch of the Mississippi.
The oiher tributaries of the Mississippi are the
Ohio, Illinois, Arkansas, and Red river with a
great many inferior streams. The falls of St.
Anthony, are in the upper part of its course, and
have a perpendicular descent of 17 ft. ; below the
point the river is navigable for vessels of 30 tons
to the sea. It runs but a little distance from its
source, before it becomes a considerable stream.
Below the falls of St. Anthony, it broadens to
half a mile in width ; and is a clear, placid and no-
ble stream, with wide and fertile bottoms, for a
long distance. A few miles below the river Des
Moines, is a long rapid of nine miles, which, for
a considerable part of the summer, is a great im-
pediment to the navigation. Below these rapids
the river assumes its medial width and charac-
ter from that point to the entrance of the Missou-
ri. It is a still more beautiful river, than the Ohio,
somewhat gentler in its current, a third wider,
with broad and clean sandbars, except in the time
of high waters, when they are all covered. At
every little distance, there are islands, sometimes
a number of them parallel, and broadening the
stream to a great width. These islands are many
of them large, and have in the summer season an
aspect of beauty, as they swell gently from the
clear stream. — a vigour and grandeur of vegetation
which contribute much to the magnificence of the
the river. The sandbars, in the proper season,
are the resort of innumerable swans, geese and wa-
ter fowls. It is. in general, a full mile in width from
bank to bank. For a considerable distance above the
mouth of the Missouri, it has more than thai width.
Altogether, it has, from its alternate bluffs and
prairies, the calmness and transparency of its wa-
ters, the size and beauty of its trees, an aspect of
great amenity and magnificence.
Where it receives the Missouri, it is a mile and
a half wide. The Missouri itself enters with a
mouth not more than half a mile wide. This uni-
ted stream below, has thence to the mouth ot the
Ohio, a medial width of little more than three
quarters of a mile. This mighty tributary seems
rather to diminish, than increase its width ; but
it perceptibly alters its depth, its mass of waters,
and wholly changes its character. It is no long-
er the gentle, placid stream, with smooth shores
and clean sandbars ; but has a furious and boiling
current, a turbid and dangerous mass of sweeping
waters, jagged and dilapidated shores, and, where-
ever its waters have receded, deposites of mud.
MIS
604
MIS
It remains a sublime object of contemplation. The
noble forest still rises along its banks. But its
character of calm magnificence, that so delighted
the eye above, is seen no more.
The bosom of the river is covered with prodi-
gious boils, or swells, that rise with a whirling
motion, and a convex surface, two or three rods
in diameter, and no inconsiderable noise, whirling
a boat imperceptibly from its track. In its course,
accidental circumstances shift the impetus of its
current, and propel it upon the point of an island
bend or sandbars. In these instances, it tears up
the islands, removes the sandbars, and sweeps
away the tender, alluvial soil of the bends, with
all their trees, and deposites the spoils in anotlier
place. At the season of high water, nothing is
more familiar to the ear of the people on the river,
than the deep crash of a land-slip, in which larg-
er or smaller masses of the soil on the banks, with
all the trees, are plunged into the stream. The
circumstances that change the aspect and current
of the river, are denominated, in the vocabulary
of the watermen, chutes, races, chains, sawyers,
planters, points of islands, wreck heaps and cy-
press bends. The divinity most frequently in-
voked by boatmen, seems to have imparted his
name oftener than any other to the dangerous pla-
cesalongthe river. The 'Devil's' race paths,tea-ta-
ble, oven, &c. are places of difficult or hazardous
navigation, that frequently occur. They are se-
rious impediments to the navigation of this noble
stream. Such is its character from Missouri to
the Balize ; a wild, furious, whirling river, — nev-
er navigated safely, except with great caution.
On the immense wreck heaps, where masses of
logs, like considerable hills, are piled together, the
numerous wrecks of boats, lying on their sides and
summits, sufficiently attest the character of the
river, and remain standing mementos to caution.
Boats propelled by steam power, which can be
changed in a moment, to reverse the impulse and
direction of the boat, are exactly calculated to ob-
viate the dangers of this river.
No person, who descends this river for the first
time, receives clear and adequate ideas of its
grandeur, and the amount of water which it car-
ries. If it be in the spring, when the river below
the mouth of the Ohio is generally over its banks,
although the sheet of water that is making its
way to the gulf is, perhaps, thirty miles wide, yet
finding its way through deep forests and swamps
that conceal all from the eye, no expanse of wa-
ter is seen, but the width, that is curved out be-
tween the outline of woods on either bank ; and
it seldom exceeds,and oftener falls short of a mile.
But when he sees, in descending from the falls of
St. Anthony, that it swallows up one river after
another, with mouths, as wide as itself, without
affecting its width at all ; when he sees it receiv-
ing in succession the mighty Missouri, the broad
Ohio, St. Francis, White, Arkansas, and Red
rivers, all of them of great depth, length and vol-
ume of water ; when he sees this mighty river
absorbing them all and retaining a volume, appar-
ently unchanged, — he begins to estimate rightly
the increasing depths of current, that must roll on
in its deep channel to the sea. Carried out of
the Balize, and sailing with a good breeze foi
hours, he sees nothing on any side, but the white
and turbid waters of the Mississippi, long after he
is out of sight of land.
From its source to the falls of St. Anthony, it
runs alternately through wild rice lakes and
awainyg by limestone bluifs and craggy hills ;
occasionally through deep pine forests, and beau-
tiful prairies ; and the tenants on its borders are
elk, buffitloes, bears and deer, and the savages
that pursue them. In this distance, there is no
a civilized inhabitant on its shores, if we except
the establishments of Indian traders, and a g(ar-
rison of the United States. Buffiiloes are seldbm
seen below these falls. Its alluvions become
wide, fertile, and for the most part, heavily tiin
bered. Like the Ohio, its bottoms and bluffii gen-
erally alternate. Its broad and placid current if
often embarassed with islands, whicli are gener
ally rich alluvial lands, often containing from
five hundred to a thousand acres, and abounding
with wild turkeys and other small game. From.
100 m. above the mouth of the Missouri,
it would be difficult for us to convey an idea of the
beauty of the prairies, skirting this noble river.
Tliey are a perfect level ; and are in summer cov
cred with a luxuriant growth of grass and flowers
without a tree or bush.
Below the mouth of the Ohio, in the season oi
inundation, to an observing spectator a very strik-
ing spectacle is presented. The river sweeps along
in curves, or sections of circles, of an extent from
six to twelve miles, measured from point to point.
The sheet of water, that is visible between the
forests on either side, is a mile wide. On a calm
spring morning, and under a bright sun, it shines,
like a mass of burnished silver. Its edges are
distinctly marked by a magnificent outline of cot-
ton wood trees, generally of great size, and at this
time of the year, of the brightest verdure. On
the convex, or bar side of the bend, there is ger
erally a vigorous growth of willows, or young
cotton wood trees, of such astonishing regularity
of appearance, that it always seems to the in-
experienced spectator, a work of art. The water
stands among these trees, from ten to fifteen feet
in height. Those brilliant creatures the black
and red bird, flit among these young groves, that
are inundated to half their height. Nature is
carrying on her most vigorous efforts of vegetation
below. If there be wind or storm, the descending
flat and keel boats immediately make for these
groves, and plunge fearlessly, with all the head-
way they can command, among the trees.
Should they be of half the size of the human
body, struck fifteen feet from the ground, they
readily bend before even a frail boat. — You de-
scend the whole distance of a thousand miles to
New Orleans, landing at night in fifteen feet
water among the trees ; but, probably, in no in-
stance within twenty miles of the real shore,
which is the bluff". The whole spectacle is that
of a vast and magnificent forest, emerging from a
lake, with its waters, indeed, in a thousand
places in descending motion.
One of the most striking peculiarities of this
river, and of all its lower tributaries, is the uni-
formity of its meanders, called in the phrase
of the country, its ' points and bends.' In
many instances these curves are described
with a precision, with which they would have
been marked off" by the sweep of a compass.
The river sweeps round, perhaps the half of a
circle, and is precipitated from the point, in a
current diagonally across its own channel, to
another curve of the same regularity upon the
opposite shore. In the bend is the deepest chan-
nel, the heaviest movement of waters, and what
is called the thread of ihe current. Between this
thread and the shore, there are generally counter
currents, or eddies; and in the crumbUiw and
MIS
5«
MIS
tender alluvial soil, the river is generally making in the level country is insalubrious. Stagnant w»-
inroads upon its banks on the bend side. Oppo- ters are abundant, and the intense heat of the
Bite the oend there is always a sandbar, matched, summer engenders bilious diseases. In the eleva-
in the convexity of its conformation, to the con- ted parts the climate is healthy and pleasant.
cavity of the bend. Here it is, that the appear- The northern and central portions of this state
ance of the young cotton wood groves have their are occupied by the Choctaw and Chickasaw
most striking aspect. The trees rise from the Indians; the former tribe number about 21,000
shcre, showing first the vigorous saplings of the
present year; and then those of a date of two and
three years ; and trees rising in regular gradation
to the most ancient and lofty point of the forest.
These curves are so regular on this, and all the
rivers of the lower country, that the boatmen and
Indians calculate distances by them; and instead
of the number of miles or leagues, they estimate
their progress by the number of bends they have
passed.
The navigation upon this river is very great.
Ships seldom ascend higher than Natchez. The
number of steam-boats upon the Mississippi and
its tributaries is about 300. Their size is from
540 tons downward. The passage from Cincinna-
ti to New Orleans and back, has been made in 19
days. From New Orleans to Louisville the
shortest passage has been 8 days and 2 hours, the
distance being 1,650 m. and against the current.
The steam-boats have generally high-pressure
power, and many fatal explosions have happened
souls and the latter 3,600 ; civilization and useful
arts have made considerable progress among
them ; their agriculture is in a thriving state, and
they have commodious houses, shops, schools and
churches, and support a missionary. They occu-
py some of the best land in the state
Mississippi is divided into 26 counties and ha>
a population excluding Indians, of 136,806. The
slaves are 65,659. Jackson, on Pearl river, is the
seat of government. Natchez is the only con-
siderable town. The legislature is styled ihe
General Assembly, and consists of a Senate and
House of Representatives. The senators are
elected for 3 years and one third of the number are
renewed each year. The representatives are
chosen yearly. All residents of one year are vo-
ters ; clergymen are excluded from office. The
Baptists are the largest religious sect, they have
58 churches; the Methodists have 23 preachers;
the Presbyterians 25; the Episcopalians 4, and
there are some Cat^iolics. Education is provided
for by a literary fund ; public schools are main-
tained in some of the large towns, and there is a
college at Washington near Natchez. The com-
erce of the state is directed to the outports of
Louisiana and Alabama. Mississippi was erected
into a territorial government in 1798. It was ad-
mitted into the Union in 1817.
Mississippi, towns in Phillips and Arkansas Cos.
Arkansas Ter.
Missionary Stations. See appendix.
Missisagaignn, one of the head streams of the
Mississippi rising near the W. end of Lake Su-
perior.
Missiscoui, a river of Vermont flowing into the
N. part of L. Champlain.
Missolonghi, a town of Independent Greece, on
the N. side of the Gulf of Lepanto, opposite Patras.
It has a shallow harbour, and is surrounded by
marshes. It was taken and retaken several times
by the Turks and Greeks during the war of the
revolution. Here Lord Byron died in 1824.
There is another town of this name in the Morea.
Missouri, a river of the United States, which,
taken in connexion with the Mississippi, into.
upon these waters. The first steam-vessel here was
built in 1810. New Orleans is the outport of this
river, and the largest city on its banks. Its waters
pass into the Gulf by several channels which in-
tersect a flat marshy tract. The main entrance
is at the Balize.
Misiissippi, one of the United States, bonnded
N. by Tennessee, E. by Alabama, S. by Louisia-
na and W. by Louisiana and Arkansas. It ex-
tends from 30.10. to 35. N. lat. and from 80. 30. to which it flows, is the longest river on the globe ;
81. 35. W. long. 335 m. in length from N. to S. and its length from the highest navigable stream to
150 in breadth, containing 45,760 sq. m. It is wa- the gulf of Mexico being 4,491 m., its length to
tered by the Mississippi on the western boundary, the junction with the Mississippi is 3,096 in. It
the Yazoo and Big Black rivers, branches of the rises in the Rocky Mountains, nearly in the same
Mississippi, the Pascagoulatfnd Pearl which flow parallel with the Mississippi. The most authen-
into the Gulf of Mexico, and the head streams of tic information we have yet had of the sources
the Tombeckbee rise in the N. part and pass into of this mighty river, is from its first intrepid
Alabama. There is a small extent of coast lying American discoverers, Lewis and Clarke. What
upon Lake Borgne at its outlet into the Gulf, may properly be called (he Missouri seems to be
along which are scattered a few low sandy islands formed by three considerable branches, which
but there is no sea-port of consequence in the unite not far from the bases of the principal ran^
state. Nearly the whole country is an alluvial
flat, and the shore of the Mississippi in the north
is an immense swamp 70 m, in width. In the N.
E. part are some hilly, broken tracts. A great part
of the soil is a pine barren, but the river intervals
ges of the mountains. To the northern they gave
the name of Jeflerson, to the middle, Gallatin,and
to the southern, Madison. — Each of these brancheH
forks again into a number of small mountain
jtieams. It is but a short distance from some of
are rich and productive. Sugar-cane is raised in "These to the head waters of the Oregon, on tlio
the south. The middle parts produce figs, grapes, other side of the mountains. A person may drink
tobacco, maize, sweet potatoes, rice, and indigo, from the spring sources of each, without travelling
Cotton is raised in all parts, and is the staple ar- more than a mile. After this junction, the river
tkle of cultivation. The climate is hot. moist and continues a considerable distance to be still a foam
64 2U
MIS
50b
MIS
inj mountain torrent. It then spreads into a
broad and comparatively gentle stream full of isl-
ands. Precipitous peaks of blackish rock frown
aboTC the river in perpendicular elevations of 1 ,000
feet. Tiie mountains, whose bases it sweeps, are
covered with pines, cedars, and firs ; and moun-
tain sheep are seen bounding on their summits,
where they are apparently inaccessible. In this
distance the mountains have an aspect of inex-
pressible loneliness and grandeur.
The river then becomes almost a continued
cataract for the distance of about 17 m. In
this distance its perpendicular descent is 3G2 feet.
The first fall is 98 feet ; the second, 19; the third,
47; the fourth, 26. These falls are next to Niag-
ara the grandest in the world. The river contin-
ues rapid for a long distance beyond. The
Roche Jaune, or Yellow Stone, is probably the
largest tributary of the Missouri. It rises in
the same ranges of mountains with the main
river, and has many points of resemblance to it.
It enters from the south by a mouth 850 yards
wide. It is a broad, deep, and sweeping river ;
and at its junction appears the larger of the two.
Its course is commonly calculated at 1,600 miles.
But tiie size and length of all these tributaries
are probably over rated. Its shores, for a long
distance above its entrance, are heavily timbered,
and its bottoms wide, and of the finest soil. Its
entrance is deemed to be 1,880 m. above the mouth
of the Missouri; and it was selected by the gov-
ernment, as an eligible situation for a military
post, and an extensive .settlement. While bears,
elk, and mountiiin sheep, are the principal ani-
mals seen along this part of the river. The oth-
er tributaries are the Kansas, Platte, Osage, Lit-
tle Missouri, Running Water, White and Milk
Rivers.
At the point of junction with the Yellow Stone,
the Missouri has wide and fine bottoms. But its
banks are for the most part destitute of timber,
and this for a long series of years will prevent its
being inhabited. The 'Gates of the Rocky Moun-
tains.' through which the Missouri seems to have
torn itself a passage, are commonly described as
among the sublimest spectacles in the world. For
nearly 6 m. these mountains rise in black and per-
pendicular masses 1,200 feet above the surface of
tiie river. The chasm is little more than 250 yards
wide ; and the deep and foaming waters of the
Missouri rush through the passage, as if it were
a cataract. The heart of the beholder is chilled,
as he contemplates, in these wild and uninhabited
regions, this conflict between the river and the
mountains. The smooth and black walls of the
cleft rise more than twice as high as the moun-
tains on the Hudson,below West Point Every pas-
senger up that river has been impressed with
the grandeur of that scene in the midst of ameni-
ty and life. What then must be the sensations
of the passenger through the gates of the Rocky
Mountains, who witnesses the proofs of this con-
flict of nature, in a region three hundred leagues
from civilization. Vast columns of the rock^are
torn from the mountains and lie along the banks
of the river.
The bottoms of the Missouri have a character,
very distinguishable from those of the Upper Mis-
sissippi. They are higher, not so wet, more sa*-
oy, witli trees which are not so large, but taller
and straighter. lis alluvions are something nar-
rower , having for the first 500 m. a medial width
of more than 4 m. Its bluffs, like those of the
Other river, are generally limestone, but not bo
perpendicular; and have more ^ndency to run
into the mamelle form. The bottoms abound with
deer, turkeys and small game. The river seldom
overflows any part of its banks, in this distance
It is little inclined to be swampy. There are much
fewer lakes, bayous, and small ponds, than along
the Mississippi. Prairies are scarcely seen on the
banks of the river, within the distance of the first
400 m. of its course. It is heavily timbered, and
yet from the softness of the wood, easily cleared
The water, though uncommonly turbid with a
whitish earth, which it holds in suspension, soon
and easily settles, and is then remarkably pure,
pleasant and healthy water. The river is so rapid
and sweeping in its course, and its bed is compos-
ed of such masses of sand, that it is continually
shifting its sandbars. A chart of the river, as .t
runs this year, gives little ground for calculation,
in navigating it the next. It has numerous islands
and generally near them is the most difficult to
be stemmed. — Still more than the Mississippi be-
low its mouth, it tears up in one place, and depos-
ites in another ; and makes more frequent and
powerful changes in its channel, than any other
western river.
Its bottoms are considerably settled for a dis-
tance of 400 m. above its mouth. That of Chara-
ton is the highest compact settlement. But the
largest and most populous settlement in the state
is that called Boone's Lick. Indeed, there are
American settlers, here and there, on the bottoms,
above the Platte, and far beyond the limits of the
state of Missouri. Above the Platte the open
and prairie character of the country begins to de-
velope. The prairies come quite into the banks
of the river; and stretch from it indefinitely, in
naked grass plains, where the traveller may wan
der for days, without seeing eitlier wood or water.
— The ' Council BluSs' are an important mil
itary station, about GOO m. up the Missouri. Be-
yond this point commences a country of great
interest and grandeur in many respects ; and de
nominated, by way of eminence, the Upper Mis
souri. The country is composed of vast and al
most boundless grass plains, through whichstretcb
the Platte, the Yellow Stone, and the other rivers
of this ocean of grass. The savages of this region
have a peculiar physiognomy and mode of life.
It is a' country, where commence new tribes of
plants. It is the home of buff'aloes, elk, white
bears, antelopes and mountain sheep. And its in-
exhaustible supplies of game make it the paradise
of hunters. Sometimes the river washes the ba-
sis of the dark hills of a friable and crumbling
soil. Here are found, as Lewis and Clarke, and
other respectable travellers relate, large and sin-
gular petrifactions, both animal and vegetable. —
On the top of one of these hills they found (he
petrified skeleton of a huge fish, 45 feet in length
MIS
507
MIS
The herds of gregarious animals, particularly
the buffaloes, are innumerable. Such is the gen-
eral character of the country, until we come in
contact with the spurs of the Rocky Mountains.
As far as the limit's of the state, this river is ca-
pable of supporting a dense population, for a con-
siderable distance from its banks. Above those
limits it is generally too destitute of wood, to be-
come habitable by any other people than hunters
and shepherds. All the great tributaries of this
river are copies, more or less exact, of the parent
stream. One general remark applies to the whole
country. The rivers have a narrow margin of
fertility. The country, as it recedes from the
river, becomes more and more sterile, sandy and
destitute of water, until it approximates in char-
acter towards the sandy deserts of Arabia.
Missouri, one of the United States, lying west
of the Mississippi, and intersected by the great
river from which it takes its name. It is bounded
N. and W.bythe Territory of Missouri, E. by Illin-
ois, Kentucky and Tennessee, and S, by Arkan-
sas ; extendinnr from 36. to 40. 30. N. lat. and from
89. to 94. 10. W. long. 270 m. in length and 220
'n breadth. It contains 00,000 sq. m. The Mis-
Hissippi -washes the eastern boundary, the other
principal streams are the branches of the ]V|is-
souri and this river. The Ozark Mountains ex-
tend south-westerly from this state into Arkansas,
and there are some mountain ridges toward the
east. A large extent of this great state in i\M
•outh-east angle commencing above New Man-
rid, and ext€!jiding down the greatt .swaqip, an^
tteough the alluvial region, a considerable dis-
.OTlce back frem the Mississippi, is low, ssvampy,
fun of lakes, and in many places subject to be in-
undated. Beyond that region, which is generally
marked by aTbotd line of rolling and fertile high
lands', the country gradually rises into high flint
knobs, still rising beyond that region to the moun-
tainous country of the lead mines. This country
extends to the Osage and its tributaries. Beyond
this the country is broken and hilly ; until we
open upon the boundless belt of open prairies,
which spreads beyond the western limits of this
state. The best portion, and the most inhabited
parts of the state are between the Missouri and
Mississippi. This vast tract is no where moun-
tainous. It contains great tracts of alluvial and
hilly prairies. It is for the most part a surface,
delightfully rolling and variegated. There is no
part of the globe, where greater extents of coun-
try can be traversed more easily, and in any di-
rection by carriages of any description, where
there are no roads, and that is yet in a state of
nature.
One specific difference between the soil of this
country, and the country bordering on the Ohio
is, that the land here contains a much greater pro-
portion of sand, is more loamy and friable, and the
soil is not so stiff. There are tracts over all this
country, where we find the 'slayey soils of Ohio
and Kentucky. But they are small. The roads
generally, run over tracts, where th? falling rain
and snow are so readily absorbed, even in the win-
ter, that the people are not troubled with the deep
and almost impassable roads, that we find in those
states. The rich uplands are of a darkish grey
colour ; with the exception of the great tract about
the lead mines, where the soil, composed of decom-
posed pyrite, is reddish, and of a colour brighter
than Spanish brown. The poorer uplands are
generally covered with white oak, and that small
shrubby species of oak denominated here pin oak.
It is usually a stiffer and more clayey soil than
the other ; and it is of a light yellow colour. There
are two extensive tracts of that fine kind of tim-
bered upland alluvion, which constitutes the finest
central portions of Kentucky. The one is, per-
haps, fifteen or twenty miles in extent. It is south-
west of the mine country, and is called Brilevue
settlement. The other tract is much larg'ir, and
is called in this country the Boone's lich settle-
ment. There are smaller extents of this kind of
land, spread over all the state. In a state of na-
ture, it strikes the eye delightfullj'. The surface
rolls gently and almost imperceptibly. It has the
same trees and shrubs, and the grand vegetation,
that designite the rich alluvions; and at the same
time it has the diversified surface, and the asso-
ciated ideas of health, and springs of water that
are naturally connected with the notion of up-
lands. These lands are timbered with the same
trees which the alluvions bear. Like those, they
are surmounted with grape vines, and are free
from underbrush. The graceful pawpaw, the
persimon, and the wild cherry tree, all denoting
rich soils, abound in these regions ; and they are
nearly as fertile as the bottoms of the Missouri, or
the Mississippi.
The prairies are generally level and of an inter-
mediate character between the richer and the
poorer uplands. The alluvial prairies are univer-
sally rich, and nearly as fertile as the bottoms.
Some tracts of the upland prairies are rich But
there are scarcely any lands in this state suffi-
ciently level for cultivation, that have not ferti-
lity enough to bring good crops of corn without
manure ; and in many instances the poorer lands
are better for wheal than the richer. The grand-
est objects of nature will, probably, not excite so
much surprise in the mind of a traveller from the
Atlantic states, as tl .e first view of a prairie. Ri-
ding, day after day, through forests, where the
small improvements made in the wilderness
scarcely interrupt the general aspect of woods, he
opens at once upon the view of a boundless hori-
zon. . In the early periods of summer, he beholds
outstretched under his eye a perfectly level plain,
of the most sofl and beautiful verdure, covered
with a thousand flowers of every scent and hue.
Here and there, in the skirts of the prairies, and
oflen in their centre are clumps of oaks, and pec-
cans and black walnuts, disposed in forms so re-
gular, and irenerally circular, as could not fail to
delight the eye of an admirer of the ancient style
of gardening. He is unprepared for such a view,
seen in such strong contrast with dark and lonely
forests. It is, after all, impossible to convey by
description the impression, which these views
create. In these vast and beautiful prairies, or
on the verge of the bluffs, that overlook them he
MfS
6W
MIS
beholds at once a verdant and sleeping ocean of
grass, vast rivers rollitiff their mighty masses of
waters througli the dark forests, romantic hills
stretching away in the distance, and here and there
a cabin or a house throwing up its column of
smoke, and the cattle, horses and sheep sleeping
about it. A grander spectacle is exhibited when
in the autumn the Indians set fire to the dry grass.
The flames leap forward with astonishing rapidity
and spread in all directions. The hunter or the
traveller is unable to escape by their utmost speed
and the wild horses, deer and buffaloes are oflen
overtaken and burnt to death.
The lead mines of this state are highly produc-
tive. They are connected with that great min-
eral tract which extends from the N. W. part of
Illinois into the adjacent territories, and which
the reader will find described under the head of
Lead Mines. The richest mines in this state are
in the neighbourhood of Potoi, upon Big river, a
small stream flowing into the Maramec. The ore
is found not in veins, aut in detached masses from
2 to 20 feet below the surface. About 3,000,000
pounds are annually smelted. Coal is found in
abundance along the Missouri, and ii"on in every
part of the state. Manganese, zinc, antimony,
and cobalt accompany the lead ore ; salt, nitre,
soapstone, plumbago, barytes, pumice stone, gyp-
sum, flint and marble are alsfl produced here.
Tlie climate is generally salubrious, and the
air uncommonly dry ; but the weatlier is subject-
ed to greater extremes of cold and heat than in the
other western states. Wheat and maize are the
staple articles of cultivation ; flax, hemp and
cotton are also raised.
Missouri is divided into 33 counties. The pop-
ulation is 140,074, of whom 24,990 are slaves.
The capital is Jefferson , the largest town is St.
Louis. The legislature is called the General As-
sembly, and consists of a St nate and House of
Representatives. The senatfirs are chosen for 4
years and the representatives for 2. The Gov-
ernor is chosen for 4 years and is ineligible for
the next term. Elections are popular and suf-
frage is universal. The Baplists have 67 minis-
ters in this state ; the Metliodists 23 ; the Presby-
terians 10 ; the Episcopalians 3, and there are
some Catholics. There is a college at St. Louis
and a few seminaries of learning exist in other
parts.
This state was originally a part of the Territory of
Louisiana. It was admitted into the Union in 1821 .
Missouri Territory, the name given to that vast
extent of wild country beloneing to the United
States which lies west of all the settled districts
and east of the Rocky Mountains. It is bounded
N. by the British possessions, E. by Michigan,
Illinois, and the state of Missouri, S. and S. W. by
Mexico and W. by the Rocky Mountains. It ex-
tends from 36. 30. to 49. N. lat. and from 90. to 112.
W. long, and is estimated to contain 800,000 sq.
miles. A great part of this immense territory i-s
intersected by the river Missouri and its numerous
branches. The north-western part is traversed by
a mountain ridge which branches from the great
Rocky Mountain chain, about the 42d degree of
latitude, and extends north-westerly towards Lake
Winnipeg. The eastern part is a level country.
From 200 to 400 miles west of the Mississippi, the
land is partly covered with forests. Beyond this
limit commences a vast ocean of prairies, and the
country is mostly a plain in some parts fertile and
covered with grass, and in others a barren desert
of saad.
The surface and soil of this vast extent ol conn
try is different from any other of the same dimen-
sions on the globe. The lower courses of all the
rivers, that enter the Mississippi from this region,
are wooded. In proportion, as we ascend towards
the mountains, the wood becomes more scarce,
and the upper tributaries of these streams run
through open prairies. There is, also, a fertile
belt along the banks of all these streams ; but in
proportion as we diverge from them, the land
becomes more sterile and parched. We some-
times may travel whole days, without seeing
water. Great portions of this country may be al-
most likened to the Sahara of the African deserts.
There is, however, in the most sterile parts a thin
sward of grass and herbage. Countless droves of
buffaloes, elk and deer, range upon these vast
prairies. These will probably, in some future
period of our national existence be replaced by
herds of domestic cattle, and flocks of sheep, fol-
lowed by moving bands of shepherds. Almost
tlie whole course of the Missouri, Platte and
Yellow Stone are through a rich soil. The same
may be affirmed of Red river. The upper courses
of the Arkansas are through the most sterile re-
gion of this ocean of prairies.
In a country of such immense extent, generally
level, naked and open, the climate must of course
in a great measure correspond to the latitude. The
first climate, beyond the state of Missouri, and
the territory of Arkansas, is mild and temperate.
The belt beyond has nearly the climate of New
England. Still further towards the mountains, it
is Canadian. Pike and other travellers speak of
encountering storms of sleet and hail in the sum-
mer, near the sources of the Arkansas. When-
the winds blow from the west over the summits
of these mountains, the cold they occasion is
extreme.
Wild horses are abundant in various parts of
this country. Lewis and Clarke in their expedi-
tion saw many of them on the plains of the Mis-
souri, and Major Long observed whole troops up.
on the prairies still firther south. The Indians
are abundantly supplied with them, many of
which are very fleet, and capable of great endu
ranee. A savage warrior mounted on one of
these with his long spear, makes a very formida-
ble appearance.
The Indians take no pains to breed horses,
but supply themselves by catching and taming as
many as they want. A metliod sometimes adopt-
ed by hunters for taking the wild horse, is to shoot
the animal through the neck, using the recpuisite
care not to injure the spine. A horse may re-
ceive a rifle ball through a particular part of the
neck, without sustaining any permanent injury,
the blow, is however, suflicient to occasion a tein-
MIS
• 60»
MIS
porary saspension of the powers of life, during
which, the animal is easily taken. This is call-
ed creasing ; and requires for its successful per-
formance, no small degree of skill in the use of
the rifle.
Major Long remarKS, fnat in tVie habits of the
wild horse, we find little unlike what is seen in
the domestic animal. He becomes the most tim
orous and watchful of the inhabitants of the wil-
derness. It would appear from the paths that
are seen, that they sometimes perform long
journeys.
Wild horses were once numerous on the Koo-
tanny Lands, near the northern sources of the Co-
lumbia, on the eastern side of the Rocky Moun-
tain Ridge, but of late years they have been al-
most eradicated in that quarter. They are not
known to exist in a wild state to the northward of
the fiftv-second or fifty-third parallel of latitude.
Tlie Kootannies are acquainted with the Spanish
and American mode of taking them with the
laso. Major Long mentions that horses are an
object of particular value to the Osages. For the
purpose of obtaining these animals, which in their
wild state preserve all their fleetness, they go in
a large party to the country of the Red Canadian
River, where they are to be found in considerable
numbers. When they discover a gang of the
norses, they distribute themselves into three par-
ties, two of which take their stations at diiierent
and proper distances on their route, which by pre-
vious experience they know the horses will most
probably take when endeavouring to escape.
This arrangement being completed, the first party
commences the pursuit in the direction of their
colleagues, at whose position they at length ar-
rive. The second party then continues the chase
with fresh horses, and pursues the fugitives to
the third party, which generally succeeds in so
far running them down, as to noose and cap-
ture a considerable number of them.
Immense herds of bison, elks, deer, and other
wild animals occupy these vast plains. Of these
the bison is the most remarkable from the incred-
ible numbers in which they feed together. Some-
times 40 sq. m. of territory have been seen com-
pletely covered with them. At the period when
the Europeans began to make settlements in North
America, this animal was occasionally met with
on the Atlantic coast; but even then it appears
to have been rare to the eastward of the Apala-
chian Mountains ; for Lawson has thought it to
be a fact worth recording, that two were killed
in one season on Cape Fear River. As early as
the first discovery of Canada it was unknown in
that country. Theodat, whose history of Can-
ada was published in 163G, merely says, that he
was informed that bulls existed in the remote wes-
ern countries. Warden mentions that at no very
distant date, herds of them existed in the western
part of Pennsylvania, and that as late as the year
17G6they were pretty numerous in Kentucky. The
bisons wander constantly from place to place
either from being disturbed by hunters, or in quest
of food. They are much attracted by the soft
tender grass, which springs up after a fire has
spread over the giruirie. In winter they scrape
away the snow wit!i their feet, to reach the grass.
The bulls and cows live in separate herds for the
greater part of the year ; but at all seasons, one
or two bulls generally accompany a large herd of
cows. The bison is in general a shy animal, and
takes to flight instantly on winding an enemy,
which the acuteness of its sense, of smell enables
it to do from a great distance. They are less wa
ry when they are assembled together in num-
hers, and will then often blindly lollow their lead-
ers, regardless of, or trampling down the hunters
posted in their way. It is dangerous for the hun
ter to show himself after having wounded one,
for it will pursue him, and although its gait may
be heavy and awkward, it will have no difficulty
in overtaking the fleetest runner. While feed-
ing, they are often scattered over a great extent of
country, but when they move in a mass, they form
a dense and almost impenetrable column, which
once in motion, is scarcely to be impeded. Their
line of march is seldom interrupted even by con-
siderable rivers, across which they swim without
fear or hesitation, nearly in the order that they
traverse the plains. When flying before their
pursuers, it would be in vain for the foremost to
halt, or attempt to obstruct the progress of the
main body, as the throng in the rear still rushes on-
ward, the leaders must advance, although destruc-
tion awaits the movement. The Indians take ad-
vantage of this circumstance to destroy great quan-
tities of this favourite game, and certainly no
mode could be resorted to more efiectually de-
tructive, nor could a more terrible devastation be
produced, than that of forcing a numerous herd
of these large animals, to leap together from the
brink of a dreadful precipice, upon a rocky and
broken surface, a hundred feet below.
When the Indians determine to destroy bisons
in this way, one of their swiftest footed and most
active young men is selected, who is disguised
in a bison skin, having the head, ears, and horns
adjusted on his own head, so as to make the de-
ception very complete, and thus accoutred, he
stations himself between the bison herd and some
of the precipices that often extend for several miles
along the rivers. The Indians surround the herd
as nearly as possible, when at a given signal, they
show themselves and rush forward with loud
yells. The animals being alarmed, and seeing
no way open but in the direction of the disguised
Indian, runs towards him, and betaking to flight
dashes on to the precipice, where he suddenly
secures himself in some previously ascertained
crevice. The foremost of the herd arrives at the
brink — there is no possibility of retreat, no chance
of escape; the foremost may for an instant shrink--
with terror, but the crowd behind, who are terri-
fied by the approaching hunters, rush forward
with increasing impetuosity, and the aggregated
force hurls them successively Into thegulf where
certain death awaits them.
The grizzly bear is a native of this territory
and is the most ferocious of all hit tribe. He is twice
as large as the black bear, with enormously large
paws and teeth. He is the monarch of the Rocky
2u2
MIS
510
MOB
Moan tains aa the lion ieof tlie deserts of Africa.
The Indians regard him witii the utmost terror.
His enormous strength enables him to kill and
drag away a bison, whom he buries m a pit dug
for the purpose. His extreme tenacity of life ren-
ders him still more dangerous ; for he can endnie
repeated wounds which would be instantaneously
mortal to other beasts, and in that state, can rap-
idly pursue his enemv. So that the hunter who
fails to shoot him through the brain, is placed in
the most perilous situation.
One evening the ni^i ir the hindmost of one
of Lewis and Clark's cs-m-es perceived one of these
bears lying in the open ground about three hun-
dred paces from the river ; and six of them, who
were all good hunters, went to attack him. Con-
cealing themselves by a small eminence, they
were able to approach within 40 paces unperceiv-
ed ; four of the hunters now fired, and each lodged
a ball in his body, two of which passed directly
through the lungs. The bear sprang up and ran
furiously with open mouth upon them ; two of
the hunters, who had reserved their fire, gave him
two additional wounds, and one breaking his
shoulder-blade, somewhat retarded his motion.
Before they could again load their guns, he came
so clope on them, that they were obliged to run
towards the river, and before they liad_gained it
the bear had almost overtaken them. Two men
jumped into the canoe ; the other four separated
and concealing themselves among the willows,
fired as fast as tliey could load their pieces. Se-
veral times the bear was struck, but each shot
seemed only to direct his fury towards the hun-
ter ; at last, he pursued them so closely that they
threw aside their guns and pouches, and jumped
from a perpendicular bank, 20 feet high, into the
river. The bear sprang after them, and was very
near the hindmost man, when one of the hunters
on the shore shot him through the head, and
finally killed him. When they dragged him on
shore, they found that 8 balls had passed through
his body in different directions. On one occa-
sion Capt. Lewis was walking at some distance
from the river when a huffe bear sprang sudden.
.J upon
him.
He had no resource but flight, and
plunging into the river, ho hoped thus to escape ,
bat QkR bear pursued him in the water, and would
not give up the pursuit, until Capt. Lewis turned
round and threatened him with a spear which he
had in his hand. He than thought it best to re
turn, and lied into the thicket.
This territory is inhabited by various Indian
tribes, the most numerous of which are the Sioux.
The whole number of the Indians is estimated
at 1.50,000. The United States have military
posts in different parts. It constituted a portion
of the great territory of Louisiana purchased of
the French.
Missouri, towns in Clark and Hempstead Cos
Arkansas.
Missouriton, a town in Howard Co. Missouri.
Mistahin Cape, the S. point of the eastern-most
oi the Hermit Islands, about 9 m. E. N. E. ol
Cape Horn.
Mistaken Point, a promontory on the W. of Cape
Race, at the S. E. point of the island of New-
foundland.
Mistassm, Lake, a laKe of New Britain, lying
E. of the S. part of James' Bay, and surrounded
by mountains called the Great Mistassins. It is
above 2i30 m. in circuit, of a very irregular shape,
being much intersected by long and narrow pro-
jections of land, and contains several islands. It
is formed of the Mistassin and other rivers from
the mountains, and its outlet is the river Rupert.
Mistretta, a town of Sicily, in Val di Demona,
50 m. E. S. E. of Palermo
Mitcham, a village in Surrey, Eng. 7 m. S. W.
of London. It is seated on the Wandle, on which
are some snuflF-mills and calico-printing manu-
factories.
Mitcheldean, a town m Gloucestershire, Eng.
seated at the N. extremity of the forest of Dean,
12 m. "W. of Gloucester and 116 W. by N. of
London.
Mitchelstown, a town of Ireland, m the county
of Cork, with a college for 12 decayed gentlemen
and 16 gentlewomen. It is 23 m. N. E. of Cork
and 26 S. S. E. of Limerick.
Mittau, a town of Russia, capital of the govern-
ment of Courland, the residence of Louis XVIII
for several years during his e.xile. The walls and
moats of the town >j.re decayed, the houses, for the
most part, have no particular elegance; and a
great many gardens and open places are contain-
ed within its circuit. Here are two Lutheran
churches, a beautiful Calvinist church, and a
Catholic church. It is seated on the Aa, 45 m. E.
of Goldingen and 270 N. N. E. of Warsaw. Long.
23. 50. E., lat. 56. 40. N.
Mittenwahl, a town of Siberia, on the Neisse,
l8m.S. of Glatz.
Mittcnwald, a town of Bavaria, capital of the
county of Werdenfels ; seated on the Iser, 12 m.
N. of Inspruck.
Mitti^rburg, a town of Austrian Illyria, with a
castle on a rock, 30 m. S. V.. of Trieste
Mobile, p.t. Mobile Co. Alabama, and tne only
considerable town in the state. It stands on the
W. side of a large bay to which it gives its name,
and has a good trade principtally in the exporta-
tion of cotton. Steam-boats ply between this place
and New Orleans, as well as the towns on the
river above Mobile. This town was founded by
the Spaniards about the year 1700, The yellow
fever is oflen prevalent here Lat. 30. 37. N. long.
88. 18. W. Pop. 3,194
Mobile, a river of Alabama, formed by the junc-
tion of the Alabama and Tombeckbee, 40 m. above
the town of Mobile. It enters Mobile Bay by
several channels. The western channel is called
MO£
Bn
MOH
the Mobile ; the eastern i» called the Tensaw, and
has the greatest width ana depth. Mobile Bay
is 3(( m. long and 12 broad; it has two entrances
from the Gulf of Mexico, the deepest of which
J as 18 feet of water.
.V<y/u7e, a county of Alabama. Pop. 6,265. Mo-
bile is the capital.
Mocarunga, or Mocara, a kingdom on the E.
coast of Africa, erroneously called Monomotapa,
which is the title of the monarch. It is bounded
on the N. by Monomugi, E. by the Mosambique,
S. by Sofala and Manica, and W. by unknown
regions. It has several rivers, of which the Zam-
bera is the chief; is fertile in rice, millet, and
su^ar-canes, which last grow without cultivation ;
and the pastures feed vast multitudes of cattle,
especially of the largest sorts, but not any horses.
There are a great many ostriches, wild beasts, and
elephants; and several mines of gold and silver.
The natives possess all the characteristics of the
African negro. Their houses are built of wood,
and covered with plaster ; but they have few
towns. Madrogan is the capital.
Mocaumpour, or Mockwanpore, a town of Hin-
doostan, capital of a district of the same name
subject to the rajah of Nepaul. It is situate on the
E. side of the Nepaul. 48 m. S. S. E. of Cat-
mandu and 136 N. of Patna. Long. 85. 20. E.,
lat. 27.30. N.
Mocha, or Moka, a town of Arabia, in Yemen,
seated on a small bay of the Red Sea, near the
strait of Babelmandel. On each of the points of
land, which enclose the road, is a fort ; but they
are wretched structures. The town is of a circu-
lar form, surrounded by a wall in which are six
gates. It stands in a dreary plain, bounded by
mountains, and consisting entirely of arid sand.
The English, from Hindoostan,at present engross
almost exclusively the trade of this place, which
is very considerable, especially in coffee. 140 m.
S. S. W. of Sana and 638 S. S. E. of Mecca.
Long. 44. 25. E., lat. 13. 10. N.
Modbury, a town in Devonshire, Eng. with a
manufacture of plush. It has a spacious church
and two meeting-houses, and is seated between
two hills, 36 m. S. S. W. of Exeter and 208 W.
S. W. of London.
Modena, or Modenese, a duchy of Italy, bound-
ed on the W. by Parma, N. by the Po, fe. by the
papal states, and S. by the Apennines. It now in-
cludes the principalities of Massa and Carrara,
and contains an area of 2,060 sq. m. with 370,000
inhabitants. The soil is fertile in corn, wine, oil,
and fruits of different kinds. It also feeds a great
number of cattle.
Modeiui, the capital of the Modenese, and a
bishop's see, with a citadel and a magnificent col-
lege. The cathedral, several of the churches, and
some of the monasteries, are handsome structures.
The ducal palace is richly furnished and contains
fine paintings. The inhabitants of Modena, esti-
mated at 30,000 carry on manufactures of hemp,
woolens, glass, leather, &c. It is seated between
the rivers Secchia and Panaro, 30 m. E. S. E. of
Parma and 60 N. N. W. of Florence. Long. 11.
12. E.. lat. 44. 34. N.
Modica, a town of Sicily, in Val di Noto, capi-
tal of a district of its name ; seated near the river
Scieli, 10 m. W. of Noto.
Modon, a strong town of the Morea, and a
bishop's see, with a safe harbour. It is seated on
a promontory, projecting into the sea of Sapien*a,
15 m. W. of Coron. Long. 21. 31. E., lat. 36. 53. N.
Moers. See Mcurs.
Moeskirch, a town of Bayaria, 18 m. N. of Coa
stance.
Moffat, a town of Scotland, in Dumfries-shire,
near the river Annan, encompassed on all sides,
except the S. by hills of different heights. Its
delightful situation and its mineral springs attract
much company. 20 m. N. by E. of Dumfries and
50 S. of Edinburgh.
Moffat Hills, the highest mountains of the S.
of Scotland, on the N. border of Dumfries-snire.
Hartfel, the most elevated, is 2,300 feet above the
level of the sea. They feed numerous flocks of
sheep ; and from them descend, in different direc-
tions, the Tweed, Clyde, and Annan, whose sour
ces are but little distant from each other.
Mogador, a town of the empire of Morocco,
with a harbour for vessels of a middling size. It
is the emporium of all the foreign, and indeed of
the entire trade of Morocco, and contains 10,
000 inhabitants. The town is surrounded by
walls, with batteries, and at high tides is almost
encompassed by the sea The streets are all ia
straight lines and contain a great number of hand-
some houses. The port is formed by a channel,
between the mainland and an island above a mil«
in length. It is 180 m. W N. W. of Morocco.
Long. y. 35. W., lat. 31. 28. N.
Mohats, a town of Lower Hungary, in the coun-
ty of Burany. Here Louis, the last king of Hun-
gary, was defeated in 1526, by the Turks under
Soliman II., with the loss of 22,000 men, and after
the battle was suffocated by the fall of his horse in
a muddy brook. In 1687 the Turks were defeated
by prince Charles of Lorrain, with the loss of 10,
000 men, their cannon, and baggage. It is seated
at the conflux of the Corasse with the Danube,
23 m. N. by E.ofEsseck.
Mohaick River, a river of New York, which ris-
es 40 m. E. of Lake Ontario, and, after receiving
many tributary streams, enters Hudson River, 10
m. above Albany. About 3 m. above its junction
with the Hudson it has a cataract, where the
stream, 100 yards wide, falls perpendicularly
about 70 feet.
Mohawk, a village on the Ouse or Grand riy-
er, U.C., and the principal settlement of the Six
Nations of Indians.
Mohegan, a village of New LondonXDo. Conn,
on the Thames, 5 m. below Norwich. It is in-
habited by a remnant of the Mohegan Indians.
Mohiecan, on Mohecan, p.t. Wayne Co. Ohio,
on a creek of the same name. 80 m. N. E. Co-
lumbus. Pop. 1.310.
Mohila, one of the Comoro Islands, between
the N. end of Madagascar and the continent of
Africa. The inland parts are mountainous and
woody. Some of the inhabitants are Mahomedans,
who have a few wretched mosques, built of wood
and straw without, and matted neatly within.
This island produces plenty of rice, peas, honey,
cecoa-nuts, plantains, various fruits and sugar-
canes. It has a good road for ships. Long. 43. 59.
E., lat. 12. 35. S.
Mohihf, or Megilev, a considerable government
of the Russian empire, to the E. of the govern-
ment of Minsk. Its area is 18,500, sq. m., and
its pop. about 800,000, of whom the majority are
Poles.
Mohihf, the capital of the above government,
is the seat of the government ofiicers,and the resi-
dence of a Greek and a Catholic archbishop, and
has a castle, surrounded with an earthen mound.
The inhabitants carry on a considerable trade with
Dantzic, Riga, and Memel. In July, 1812, a ■•
MOL
513
MOL
if«re battle was fought in the neighbourhood
of tl is place between the French and the Rus-
sians. It is situate on the Dnieper, 340 m.
E. N. E. of Warsaw and 364 S. of Petersburg.
Long. 30. \4. E., lat. 53. 52. N.
Mohrin, a town of Prussia, in Brandenburg, 18
m. N. N. W. of Custrin.
Mohrungen, a town of Prussia, in the govern-
ment of Konigsberg, situate on a lalie of the same
name, which almost surrounds it. Here is an
eld castle, formerly a convent, belonging to the
knights of the Teutonic order, in consequence of
whose wars the town has frequently suffered. It
is 5() m. S. S. W. of Konigsberg and 56 S. E. of
Dantzic.
Moilnh, a town and fort of Arabia Petrea, on
the coast of the Red Sea, 130 m. S. of Acaba and
180 N. W. of Medina. Long. 33. 50. E., lat. 27.
30. N.
Moira, a township of Franklin Co. N. Y. Pop.
791.
Moirans, a town of France, department of Isere,
25 m. S. E. of Vienne.
Moissac.a. town of France, department of Tarn-
et-Graronne, with a trade in corn and flour ; situ-
ated on the Tarn, near its confluence with the
Garonne, 18 m. N. W. of Montauban.
JMola di Bari, a town of Naples, in Terra di
Bari, seated on the gulf of Venice, 17 m. E. of
Bari.
Mola di Gaeta,^ a town of Naples, in Terra di
Lavora, seated Hear the sea, 3 m. N. E. of
Gaeta.
Mold, a town of Wales, in Flintshire. It is sur-
rounded by rugged hills, rich in mineral treas-
ures. 5 m. S. of Flint and 201 N. W. of London.
Moldavia, a province of Turkey in Europe,
bounded N. by Austrian Poland, E. by Russia, S.
by Turkey, and W. by Transylvania. The prin-
cipal rivers are the Danube, Prulh, and Sereth.
The W. part is mountainous, and there are some
uncultivated deserts ; but it abounds in good pas-
tures, which feed a great number of horses, oxen,
and sheep ; it also produces corn, pulse, honey,
wax, fruits, with plenty of game and fowls. The
sovereign, who is styled hospodar, is tributary to
the grand seignior. Jassy is the principal town.
Mole, a port of St. Domingo. See JVicholas,
St.
Molfetta, a town of Naples, in Terra di Bari,
seated on the Gulf of Venice, 10 m. W. by N. of
Bari.
Motiercs, a town of France, department of Tarn-
et-Garonne, 11 m. N. of Mont Auban.
Molina, a strong town of Spain, in New Castile,
seated on a river of the same name, in a territory
abounding in pastures, 108 m. E. N. E. of Madrid.
Molise, a province of Naples, in the form of a
triangle, whose sides are 39 m. long, lying be-
tween Terra di Lavoro, Abruzzo Citra, Capitanata,
and Principato Ultra. It is a mountainous coun-
try, but fertile in corn, wins, saffron, and silk.
It suflt'red much damage by an earthquake in
1805, when upwards of 20,000 of the inhabitants
perished.
Molise, the capital of the foregoing province,
with a castle. 50 m. N. N. E. of Naples. Long.
14. 43. E., lat. 41. 36. N.
Mollen, a strong town of Denmark, in the duchy
of Lauenburg, seated on the Steckenitz, 8 m. S.
of Lubec.
Molsheim, a town of France, department of
Lower Rhine, seated on the Brusch, 10 m. W. of
Strasburg.
Moluccas, or Spice Islands, a number of islands
in the Indian Ocean, lying E. of Celebes. They
include those from Mortay in the N. to Banda in
the S., and from Mysol in the E. to Bouro in the
W. The other principal ones are Gilolo, Ceram,
Amboyna, Ouby, Ternate, Tidore, Motir, Machi
an, and Bachian. Except Gilolo, they produce
neither corn, rice, nor cattle, but they have
oranges, lemons, and other fruits ; and are most
remarkable for spices, especially cloves and nut-
megs. On the shores there are large rocks of
coral, of great variet}' and beauty.
The clove tree, (now callwl by botanists Euge-
nia caryoyhyllata.) is about forty or fifty feet high,
with long pointed leaves like those of the laurel.
Some compare its appearance to that of the beech.
At the beginning of the wet season in May, it
throws out a provision of leaves. Soon after, the
germs of the fruit are to be seen at the extremities
of the shoots, and in four months the cloves ar«
fully formed. The fruit, at first of a green colour,
assumes in time a pale yellow, and then a blood
red. At this period, it is fit to be used as a spice,
consequently this is the clove harvest. But to
open sufficiently for the purposes of propagation,
it requires three weeks longer ; in which period
it swells to an extraordinary size, loses much of
its spicy quality, and contains a hard nucleus like
the seed of the bay. It is now called " the Mo-
ther Clove." There are five varieties of this fruit
It has a more limited geographical distribution
than any other useful plant. It was originally
confined to the five Molucca islands, and chiefly
to Makian. It had been conveyed to Amboyna
a very short time before the arrival of the Portu-
guese. Not partial to large islands, it does not
grow well in Gilolo, Ceram, Booro, or Celebes.
It has been cultivated, and has produced fruit, in
the western part of Oceanica. It has also borne
fruit, though of inferior quality, for these fifty
years in the Mauritius. Even at Anibo3'na, the
tree is not productive before the tenth or twelfth
year of its growth, and requires great attention
whereas, in the parent islands, it bears in its
seventh or eighth year, and requires very little
care or culture. It neither thrives near the sea
nor on the high hills. The gathering, the drying,
and the packing of it, are all as simple operations
as possible ; and very little care is required for
its preservation as an article of commerce.
The most remarkable animals in these islands
are the barbiroussa, the opossum, the phalanger,
the Indian jerboa, and the chevrotain or Moschus
vygmaeus. There are but few domestic animals.
The eye is delighted with the magnificent plum-
age of'^some of the birds, such as the bird of para
MON
»3
MON
dise, the fishing martin, the different parroquets,
cockatoos, and others. We know little of the
minerals of these regions.
The natives of the Moluccas, before they were
visited by foreign nations, attached no value to
the vegetable riches which are peculiar to their
islands, and which have rendered tliem at once so
celebrated and so unfortunate. The Chinese
first accidentally landed in the middle age,and dis-
covered the clove and the nutmeg, in consequence
of which a taste for these commodities was dif-
fused over India, and thence extended to Persia
and to Europe. These Islands were discovered in
1511, by the Portuguese, who formed some settle-
ments,' but were driven out in 1(307 by the Dutch,
to whom the islands are at present subject.
Molwitz, a town of Prussian Silesia, m the prin-
cipality of Brieg, famous for a victory gained by
the Prussians over the Austrians in 1741. 4 m.
W. of Brieg.
Mombaza, a city on the coast of Zanguebar.
It was seated on a peninsula, which has been
since turned into an island, by cutting a canal
through the isthmus. It is defended by a strong
citadel, has a commodious harbour for large ves-
sels, and carries on a great commerce with the
islands and kingdoms adjacent, in gold, ivory,
rice, flesh, &c. The king of Melinda, being a
Christian, had a quarrel with the Portuguese
governor, took the castle by assault, turned Ma-
homedan, and murdered all the Christians, in
1631. In 1729 the Portuguese again became
masters of this territory ; but since that time the
natives have regained possession of it, and have
treated in the most treacherous and hostile man-
ner all Christians who have attempted to land.
Mombaza is 75 m. S. S. W. of Melinda. Long.
39. 30. E., lat. 3. 15. S.
Momjlot, a town of Egypt, with manufactures
of linens, seated on the left bank of the Nile, 20
m. N. N. W. of Sioub.
Mompox, a town of New Granada, in the pro-
vince of Carthagena, on the left bank of the Mag-
dalena, 112 m. S. S. E. of Carthagena.
Mona, an island of Denmark, in the Baltic, to
the S. W. of the isle of Zealand, from which it is
separated by a narrow channel. Stege is the
chief town.
Monacks, p. v. Montgomery Co. Alabama.
Monaco, a fortified sea-port of Italy, capital of a
small principality of the same name, between the
country of Nice and the duchy of Genoa. The
harbour is good, but not deep enough for larofe
vessels ; the principal export is olive oil. It is
■eated on a craggy rock, that projects into the sea,
65
12 m. E. N. E. of Nice. Long. 7. 30. E., lat. 43.
44. N.
Monaghan, a county of Ireland, in the province
of Ulster, bounded N. by Tyrone, E. by Armagh,
S. E. by Louth, S. W. by Cavan, and W. by J>r-
managh. Its area includes 179,600 Irish acres,
part of which is occupied by woods and bogs, and
a third part taken up by Lough Erne. A great
part is, however, in a high state of cultivation,
and the population amounts to about 180,000. It
contains five baronies, is divided into 20 parishes,
and sends two members to parliament.
Monaghan, the capital of the foregoing county,
was fortified with a castle and a fort, in the reign
of queen Elizabeth. It is 40 m. S. W. of Belfast
and 60 N. N. W. of Dublin. Long. 6. 49. W.,
lat. 54. 16. N.
Monaghan, a township of York Co. Pa.
Monaster, a town of the kingdom of Tunis, seat-
ed near the sea. 70 m. S. E. of Tunis. Long.
11. 6. E., lat. 35. 50. N.
Monastervan, a town of Ireland, in the county
of Kildare, situate on the Barrow, near the grand
canal, 19 m. N. of Carlow and 32 S. W. of
Dublin.
Monhlanc, a town of Spain, in Catalonia, on
the river Francoli, 17 m. N. of Tarragona.
Moncallier, a town of the Sardinian states in
Piedmont, seated on an eminence near the Po, 5
m. S. E. of Turin.
Moncalvo, a town of Piedmont, province of
Montferrat, seated on a mountain, 12 m. S. W.
ofCasaland30 E. ofTurin.
Moncaon, a town of Portugal, in Entre Douro e
Minho" with a strong castle ; seated near the
Minho, 24 m. N. of Braga.
Monchabon, a city of Birmah, and during a short
period its capital, is surrounded by a wall and
ditch, but is chiefly celebrated as the birth-place
of Alompra, who afterwards became the deliverer
of his country and the conqueror of Pegu. It is
40 m. N. of Ummerapoora.
Moncon, a town of Spain, in Arragoti, v.ith a
castle, 6 m. S. of Balbastro and 50 N. E. of Sar-
agossa.
Moncontmir, a town of France, department of
Cotes du Nord, 12 m. S. S. E. of St. Bricux.
Monadnock, mountain, usually called the Grand
Monadnock, is situated in the towns of Jaffrey
and Dublin, in Cheshire Co. N. H. about 22 m. E.
from Connecticut river, and 10 N. of the Southern
boundary of this state. The direction of the
ridge is N. E. and S. W. The mountain is about
5 m. long from N. to S. and 3 m. from E. to W.
According to Professor Dana, who visited the moun-
tain in 1816, its base is 1,452, and its summit 3,450
feet above the level of the sea. The mountain is
composed of talc, and mica slate, distinctly strati-
fied. Garnet, schorl, feldspar, and quartz, occur in
various parts. On the E. side, plumbago is found
in larore quantities. Crucibles and pencils have
been manufactured from it, but for the latter, it
proves not very good. The summ.it when seen
at a distance of 4 or 5 m. appears rounded and
destitute of those high cliffs and mural precipices
belonging to granitic mountains. The prospect
from the pinnacle is very extensive ; thirty
ponds of fresh water, some of which are so large
as to contain islands of 8 or 10 acres, may be
seen from it, in the immediate vicinity. Near the
base of the mountain, is the " Monadnock Mineral
Spring."
Moncimtour, a town of France, department «f
Vienne, 27 m. N. W. of Poitiera.
MON
514
MON
Mondego, a river of Portujral, which has its
source near Guardo, crosses iJeira by Coimbra,
and enters the Atlantic, near a cape of the same
name. Its banks were the theatre of great mili-
tary movements between the French and British
in ISlOandlSll.
Mondonedo, a town of Spain, in Gallicia, and
a bishop's see ; 60 m. N. E. of Compostella and
115 N. W. of Leon. Long. 7. 10. W., lat. 43. 30.
N.
Mondovi, a fortified town of Piedmont, capital
of a province of its name and a bishop's see.
In 1796 the French gained a victory here over the
Austrians, which made them masters of the states
of the king of Sardinia. It is seated on a moun-
tain, near the river Ellero, 14 m. E. of Coni.
Long. 8. 3. E., lat. 44. 2.'>. N.
Moruiracron, a town of Spain, in Guipuscoa, near
which are some medicinal springs and a famous
mine of excellent iron. It is seated on the Deva,
24 m. S. S. W. of St. Sebastian.
Mondragane, a town of Naples, in Terra di La-
voro, celebrated for its medicinal waters. 13 m.
N. W. of Capua.
Monfia, an island on the coast of Zanguebar, to
the N. E. of Quiloa, tributary to Portugal. Long.
40.50. E.,lat. 7. 50. S.
Monjlanquin, a town of France, department of
Lot-et-Garonne, 20 m. N. N. E. of Agen.
Monforte, a town of Spain, in Galicia, with a
castle, 19 m. N. of Orense.
Monforte, a town of Portugal in Beira, 17 m.
S. E. of Castel Branco.
Monforte, a town of Portugal, in Alemtejo, 21
m. S. of Portalegra.
Monforte, a town of Portugal, in Tras os Mon-
ies, 30 m. W. of Braganza.
Mongkyr, a celebrated town and fortress of Hin-
doostan, capital of a district of its name in the
province of Bahar, seated on the S. bank of the
Ganges, which in the rainy season forms here a
prodigious expanse of fresh water. The town, as
distinct from the fortress, consists of 16 different
bazaars, or market-places, scattered over a space
of about a mile and a half long and a mile wide.
The population is estimated at 30,000. Since 1816
this has formed one of the stations of the Baptist
Missionary Society, whose exertions have here
been attended with a pleasing degree of success.
80 m. E. by S. of Patna and 300 N. W. of Cal-
cutta. Long. 86. 36. E., lat. 25. 24. N.
Mongolia, or Western Chinese T«rtarj/, is bound-
ed on "the N. by Siberia, E. by Eastern Tartary,
S. by the Great Wall of China and Leatong, and
W. by Independent Tartary, and occupying most
of the space between China and Asiatic Russia.
Almost the whole territory consists of a level
plain, which borders on the Altai and other
mountain chains that form the Russian frontier.
The inhabitants are decidedly distinguished both
from the Turks and Tartars. They have neither
towns nor houses ; but wander in hordes, and
live under tents, which they remove from one
place to another, according as the temperature
of the different seasons, or the wants of their
flocks, require. They pass the summer on the
banks of rivers, and the winter at the foot of
some mountain or hill which shelters them from
the piercing N. wind. Their ideas of honour, per-
haps less ridiculous than those of our contempo-
raries, induce them rather to be content with the
food which their flocks supply them, than culti-
vate the earth. During the summer they live
onlj on milk, using without distinction that of
the cow, mare, ewe goat, and camel. Their or-
dinary drink is warm water, in which a little
coarse tea has been infused ; with this they mix
cream, milk, or butter, according to their circum-
stances. They have also a method of making a
kind of spirituous liquor of sour milk especially of
that of the mare. The Monguls are free, open, and
sincere. They pride themselves chiefly on their
dexterity in handling the bow and arrow, mount-
ing on horseback, and hunting wild beasts. Policr-
amy is permitted amon<r Ihein ; but they generally
have only one wife. Their religion is confined
to the worship of Fo. They have the most su-
perstitious veneration for their lamas, to whom
they give the most valuable of their effects in re-
turn for prayers, which they go about recitin^r
from tent to tent. The Monguls are now split into
a number of petty states, dependant on the em-
pires of Russia and China. Those under tho Chi-
nese government may be divided into four prin-
cipal tribes, which are the Monguls, properly so
called, the Kalkas, the Ortous, and the Tartars
of Konkonor.
Monheim, a town of Bavaria, in Neuburg, 8 ni.
N. of Donawert.
Monikeiidam, a sea-port of the Netherlands, in
N. Holland, with manufactures of soap and silk :
seated on an arm of the Zuider Zee, 8 m. N. E.
of Amsterdam. Long. 4. 38. E., h.t. 52. 28. N.
Monistrol, a town of France, department of Up-
per Loire, 14 m. S. W. of St. Etienne.
Monks corner, p. v. Charleston Dis. S. C.
Monkton, p.t. Addison Co. Vt. 26 m. S. E. Bur-
lington. Pop. 1 ,384 ; also a township of Annapo-
lis Co. N. C. and Westmoreland Co. N. B.
Monmouth, a county of New Jersey. Pop. 29.-
233. Freehold is the capital.
Monmovth, p.t. Kennebec Co. Me. 17 m. W.
Augusta. Pop. 1,882.
Monmouth, a borough of England, capital of
Monmouthshire. It was formerly defended by a
wall and ditch ; and contains the ruins of a cas-
tle in which the warlike Henry V. was born,
hence called Henry ofMonmouth. His cradle and
the armour which ne wore at the battle of Agin-
court are still shown at Troy House, the seat of
the duke of Beaufort, about half a mile from the
town. Here are two ancient churches, both cu-
rious structures. The inhabitants carry on some
trade by means of the Wye, and there are iron
and tin works in the neighbourhood. Monmouth
is seated at the conflux of the Wye and Minour,
25 m. W. of Gloucester and 131 W. by N. of Lon-
don.
Monmouthshire, a county of England, 24 m.
long and 20 broad. The eastern, and laroest
part, is a tract fertile in corn and pasture, well
wooded, and abounding with limestone. The
western portion is mountainous, and in great part
unfavourable for cultivation ; whence it is devo-
ted to the feeding of sheep and goats. Mon-
mouthshire was formerly reckoned one of the
counties of Wales ; and from the names of its
towns and villages, its mountainous rugged sur-
face, and its situation beyond the Wye, which
seems to form a natural boundary between Eng-
land and Wales in this part, it certainly partakes
most of the character of the latter country thouarh
now comprehended in the civil division of the
former. The higher ranks generally speak Eng-
lish, but the common people use the Welsh lan-
guage. The chief wealth of the county arises
from its agricultural and mineral products. Dur-
ing the last century a great number of iron works
MON
51S
MON
hare been established, and some tin works ; and
the inland intercourse has been greatly facilitated
bv the Brecknock and Monmouthshire canals, as
also by the several railways.
Monomotapa. See Mocaranga.
Monongakela, a river of the United States,
which rises in Virginia, at the foot of tlie Laurel
Mountains, flows N. by Morgantown, where it
becomes navigable, then enters Pennsylvania, and
passes by Redstone to Pittsburg, where it meets
the Alleghany, and their united streams assume
the name of Ohio.
Mononiralia, East and West, two counties of the
W. district of Virginia. Pop. E. 6,638, W. 7,368.
Morgantown is the capital of both.
Monopoli, a town of Naples, in Terra di Bari,
on the coast of the gulf of Venice, 28 m. E. S. E.
of Bari.
Monpazier, a town of France, department of
Dordogne, seated on the Drot, 18 m. S. W. of
Sarlat.
Monqufgna, or Monquequa, a town of Peru, in
the bishopric of Arequipa, capital of a territory
of its name, adorned with large vineyards. Its
whole commerce is in wine and brandy, which are
£reatly valued. 100 m. S. E. of Arequipa.
,ong. 71. 40. E., lat. 17. 34. S.
Monreale, a town of Sicily, in Val di Mazara.
It is an archbishop's see, and the cathedral is an
admired specimen of Gothic architecture. 3 m.
W. S. W. of Palermo.
Monroe, a county of New York. Pop. 49,862.
Rochester is the capital ; a county of the W. Dis-
trict of Virginia. Pop. 7,798. Union is the cap-
ital ; a county of Ohio. Pop. 8,770. Woodsfiold
is the capital ; a county of Indiana. Pop. 6,578.
Bloomineton is the capital ; a county of Ken-
tucky. Pop. 5,125. Tompkinsville is the capi-
tal ; a county of E. Tennessee. Pop. 13,709.
Madisonville is capital ; a county of Illinois.
Pop 2,119. Waterloo is the capital ; a county of
Michigan. Pop. 3,187. Monroe is the capital ;
a county of Florida. Pop. 517. Key West is
the capital ; a county of Mississippi. Pop. 3,855.
Hamilton is the capital ; a county of Alabama.
Pop. 8,780. Clairborne is the capital ; also a
county of Missouri.
Monroe, a township of Waldo Co. Me. Pop.
1,081. t. Franklin Co. Mass. 130 m. W. Boston.
Pop. 265 ; p.t. Fairfield Co. Conn, on the Housa-
tonic. Pop. 1,522; p.t Orange Co. N. Y. Pop.
3.671. Also towns in Sussex Co. N. J., Brad-
ford and Bucks Cos. Pa., Warren Co. N. C, Wal-
ton Co. Geo., Monroe Co. Michigan., Overton Co.
Ten., Lincoln Co. Missouri, and 19 towns in
Ohio.
Monroetoicn, p.v. Pittsylvania Co. Va. 166 m.
S. W. Richmond.
Monroeville, p.v. Huron Co. Ohio. 120 m. N.
Columbus.
Monrovia, a flourishing town on the coast of
Africa, founded by the Americans. It ia the cap-
ital of a district named Liberia. It contains a
public library, a court-house, meeting-houses,
school houses, an infirmary, «fec. The houses are
constructed of the same materials and finished in
the same style as in the towns of the United
States. In the vicinity good building stone,
shells for lime, and excellent clay for bricks,
abound. Timber of various kinds, tit for all the
purposes of building and fencing, is also plenti-
ful. See Liberia.
Mons, a strona town of the Netherlands, capital
•f Hainault. The most remarkable buildings are
the castle, the arsenal, the townhotise, and the
great church. It is a place of good trade, has
considerable manufactures of woolen stuff's, cot-
tons, lace, earthenware, &c., as also iron founderies
and salt works, and contains 25,000 inhabitants.
Mons has been several times taken by the French,
Dutch and Austrians. It stands partly on a hill
and partly on a plain, on the river Trouille, 30 m.
S. S. \\ . of Brussels. Long. 3. 57. E., lat. 50.
27. N.
Monsaraz, a town of Portugal, in Alemtejo,
seated on the Guadiana, 25 m. S. W. of Elvas.
Monsol, a town of Guinea, in the country of
Anziko, the residence of the Micoco, or kinor.
380 m. N. E. of St. Salvador. Long. 17. 16. E.,
lat. 0. 40. S.
Monson, p.t. Somerset Co. Me. Pop. 411.
Monson, p.t. Hampden Co. Mass. 72 m. S. W.
Boston. Pop. 2,264. Here are some manufac-
tures of cotton and woolen.
Montague, p.t. Franklin Co. Mass. on the Con-
necticut, 90 m. W. Boston. Pop. 1,152. Here
are falls in the river round which a canal j>asses ;
p.v. Sussex Co. N. J. 93 m. N. Trenton; p.v.
Essex Co. Va 72 m N. E. Richmond.
Monstiers. See Moustiers.
Mont Blanc, a stupendous mountain of the
Pennine Alps, in Savoy, so called from its white
appearance. It is supposed to be higrliest in Eu-
rop>e, being 15.673 feet above the level of the sea.
Mont Ditiipkin, a town of France, department
of Upper .\lp3, seated on a craggy mountain al-
most surrounded by the Durance, 16 m. S. of
Brianeon.
Mont de Marsan, a town of France, capital of
the department of Landes, seated on the Midouse,
30 m. N. E. of Dax. Long. 0. 30. W., lat. 43.
55. N.
Mont St. Michel, a strong town of France, de-
partment of Manche, built on a rock in the sea,
which is accessible at low water. 10 m. S. W. of
Avrinches. Long. 1. 30. W , lat. 48. 37. N.
Montiihanr, a town of Germany, in the duchy
of Nassau, with a fine palace, 7 m. N. of Nassau.
MorUagu Island, one of the New Hebrides, in
the S. Pacific, near Sandwich Island. Long. 163.
31. E., lat. 17. 26. S.
Montagu Island, an island in the N. Pacific, 50
m. long and 12 broad, near the W. coast of N
America, at the entrance of Prince Willi.am
Sound. Long. 174. 30. W, lat. 60. 0. N.
Montaigu. a town of France, department of Ven
dee, 18 m. S. S. E. of Nantes.
Montaigu, a town of France, department of Puy
de Dome, 33 m. N. N. W. of Clermont.
Montaigu, or Sckrrpenheuel, a town of the
Netherlands, in S. Brabant, famous for an image
of the Virgin, visited by a great numb«r of pil-
grims. 14 m. N. E. of Louvain.
Montalegre, a town of Portugal, in Tras os
Montes, 25 m. N. E. of Braga and 42 W. of Bra-
ganza.
Montalvan, a town of Spain, in Arragon, with a
strong citadel, seated on the Rio Martin, 44 m. S.
of Saragossa and 92 N. by W. of Valencia.
Montalvao, a town of Portugal, in Alemtejo
on the borders of Spain, 18 m. N. N. E. of Por-
talegre and 108 from Lisbon.
Montargis, a town of France, department of
Loiret, adjacent to the river Loing, from which
a navigable canal proceeds to the Seine. It is
seated near a fine forest, 15 m. S. of Nemours
and 62S. by E. of Paris.
Montauban, a town of France, department of
MON
816
MON
Tarn-et-Garonne, with a celebrated Protestant
university. It is the see of abidhop, restored in
1817. Here are manufactures of silk stockings,
stuffs, serges, shalloons, «&c. This town was
taken from the Huguenots in 1629, and the forti-
fications were demolished. In the reign of Louis
XIV. it was depopulated by the dragonnades, and
in 1815 it suffered much from a persecution rais-
ed against the Protestants by an infuriated rabble.
It IS sealed on an eminence, on the river Tarn, 20
HI. N. of Toulouse and 30 S. of Cahors.
MontbeAiurd, a town of France, department of
Duubs, witli a castle on a rock. It has a gjod
trade in linen, leather, and cutlery, and near it is
a considerable iron mine. It is seated at the con-
fluence of the Savoureuse with the Luzine, which
soon after joins the Doubs, 10 m. S. S. W. of Be-
CDrt and 47 N. E. of Besangon. Long. 6. 56. E.,
lat. 47. 30. N.
Monthrlson, a town of France, capital of the de-
partment of Loire, celebrated for its medicinal
waters. It is seated on the Vezize, 40 m. W. S.
W. of Lyons Long. 4. 7. E., lat. 45. 34. N.
Monldidier, a town of France, department of
Somme, seated on a mountain, 22 ra. S. S. E. of
Amiens and 58 N. by E. of Paris.
Monte Alcini), a town of Tuscany, famous for
producing the best wine in Italy, called Mus-
catella di Monte Alcino. It is 24 m. S. S. E. of
Sienna.
Monte Jllto, a town of Italy, in Ancona, 14 m. S-
S. W. of Fermo.
Monte Christo, a town, river, bay, and cape on
the N. side of St. Domingo. The cape is a high
hill, in the form of a tent, called by the French
Cape la Grange. Long. 71. 50. W., lat. 19. 54.
N. — Also a chain of mountains in St. Domingo,
extending from Monte Christo Bay to the bay of
Samana.
Monte Falco, a town of Italy, in the papal
states, near the river Clitumno, 12 m. W. of
Spoleto.
Monte Fiascone, a town of Italy, in the papal
states, near the lake Bolsena, 12 m. N. N. W. of
Viterbo.
Monte Fossoli, a town of Tuscany, in the Pisano,
18 m. E. by N. of Leghorn.
Monte Leone, a town of Naples, in Calabria Ul-
tra, and a bishop's see, 12 m. N. N. E. of Nico-
tera.
Monte Leone, a town of Naples, in Principato
Ultra, 9 m. N. of Benevento.
Monie Marano, a town of Naples, in Principato
Ultra, near the river Cahore, 18 m. S. of Bene-
vento.
. Montre Peloso, a town of Naples, in Basilicata,
near the river Basiento, 14 m. E. of Acerenza.
Monte Santo. See Mhos.
Monte Verde, a town of Naples, in Principato
Ultra, 16 m. N. E. of Conza.
Monte Video, a sea-port of Banda Oriental, at the
mouth of the Rio de la Plata, and the capital of
the territory. The town is surrounded by a strong
wall, and the principal trade consists in hides.
It is seated at the foot of a lofty conical moun-
tain, on the N. side of the river, 140 m. E. of Bue-
nos Ayres. Long. 53. 25. W., lat. 34. 35. S.
Montechio, a town of Austrian Italy, in the pro-
vince of Brescia, near which the French defeated
the Austrians in 1796. 10 m. S. E. of Brescia.
Montego Bay, a sea-port, on a bay of the same
name, on the N. side of the island of Jamacia.
Long. 78. 0. W., lat. 18. 30. N.
Montelimart, a town of France, department of
Drome, with an ancient citadel, and manufac*
tured of wool, silk, and leather. It is seated in a
fertile plain, near the Rhone, 25 ra. S. of Valence
and 50 N. of Avignon.
Montemor o JVovo, a town of Portugal, in Alera-
tejo, on the Canna, 15 m. W. N. W. of Evora and
55 E. of Lisbon.
Montemor o Fe^Ao, a town of Portugal, in Beira,
with a castle, seated on the Mondego, 106 m. N.
by E. of Lisbon.
Monlercau, a town of France, department of
Seine-et-Marne, celebrated for a battle fought here
on the 17th of February 1814, between the allies
and the French, in which the former were defeat-
ed with great loss. It has a trade in corn, &c.,
and is seated on the Seine, at the influx of the
Yonne, 15 m. S. E. of xMelun.
Monterey, a sea-port of New Albion, in a juris-
diction of its name. It comprehends an area of
300 yards long by 250 wide, is walled round, and
has a fort, with a small kind of blockhouse a lit-
tle above the top of the wall, at each corner of
the square. It stands on the S. E. part of a spa
cious bay of its name. Long. 121. 34. W.. lat. 37
6. N.
Montesa, a town and fortress of Spain, in Valen-
cia, 9 m. W. S. W. of San Felipe.
Montesquieu, a town of France, in the depart-
ment of Upper Garonne, 15 m. S. S. E. of Toulouse.
Montesquiou, a town of France, department of
Gers,ll m. W. S. W. of Auch.
Montezuma, p.t. Cayuga Co. N. Y. on the Erie
canal. 12 m. W. Auburn.
Montferrand, a town of France, now forming a
suburb to Clermont, which see.
Montferrat, a duchy of Italy, forming a part of
the Sardinian states, and bounded by Piedmont,
the Milanese, and Genoa, from which last it is
separated by the Apennines-. It i s very fertile
and well cultivated, abounding in corn, wine, oil,
and silk.
Montfort, a town of France, la the department
of Seine-et-Oise, 16 m. W. of Versailles.
Montfort, a town of France, department of Ille-
et-Vilaine, 12 m. W. ofRennes.
Montfort, a fortified town of the Netherlands, in
Utrecht, seated on the Yssel, 7 m. S. W. of
Utrecht.
Montfort, a town of the Austrian States, in Ty-
rol, 6 m. N. of Feldkirch.
Montgatz, or Munkacs, a town of Hungary, with
a fortress, composed of three castles, seated on a
craggy rock. It is encompassed by a great mo-
rass ; and was defended three years by the wife
of count Tekeli, the leader of the Hungarian mal-
contents, near the clo.se of the seventeenth century.
[t is 152 m. E. S. E. of Cracow. Long. 21. 55.
E., lat. 48. 26. N.
Montgomery, a county of New York Pop. 43,
595. Johnstown is the capital; a county of the E.
District of Pennsylvania. Pop. 39,404. Norristown
is the capital ; a county of Maryland. Pop. 19,
816. Rockville is the capital ; a county of the
W. district of Virginia. Pop. 12,304. Christians-
burg is the capital, a county of Ohio. Pop. 24,252.
Dayton is the capital, a county of Kentucky
Pop. 10,221. Mount St?rling is the capital ; a
county of W. Tennessee. Pop. 14,365. Clarkes-
ville is the capital ; a county of Alabama. Pop.
12,694. Montgomery is the capital ; a county of
Missouri. Pop. 3,900. Lewistown is the capital ;
a county of Illinois. Pop. 2,950. Hillsborough is
the capital ; a county of Indianna. Pop. 7,386.
Crawfordsville is the capital.
MON
517
MON
Montgomery, p.t Franklin Co. Vt. Pop. 460 ;
p.t. Hampden Co. Mass. 12 m. N. W. Spring-
field. Pop. 579 ; p.t. Orange Co. N. Y. Pop. 3,887.
Also towns and villages in Somerset Co. N.
J., Montgomery and Franklin Cos. Pa., Rich-
mond and Franklin Co. Ohio, and Montgomery
Co. .\labama.
Montgomery, a borough of Wales, capital of
Montgomeryshire. Here are the ruins of a cas-
tle which was destroyed in the civil wars. Of late
years the town has received considerable improve-
ments ; the market-house has been enlarged, and a
new county gaol erected ; many of the buildings
are large and handsome. It stands on the side of
a hill, at a short distance from the Severn, 168 m.
N. W. of London.
Montgomeryshire, a county of Wales, 36 m.
lonff and 34 broad. Though barren and moun-
tainous in many parts, it has a greater mixture of
fertile vale and plain than several of the Welsh
counties. Its riches proceed from its sheep and
wool, the hilly tract being almost entirely sheep-
walks ; and the flocks, like those of Spain, are
driven from distant parts to feed on them during
the summer. This county also affords mineral
treasures, particularly lead ; and it abounds with
slate and lime ; but there is no coal. Its princi-
pal rivers are the Plynlimmon, Severn, Vyrnew,
and Tannat, all of which are noted for affording a
variety offish, particularly salmon.
Montgorneryville, p. v. Gibson Co. Indiana.
Montguyon, a town of France, in the depart-
ment of Lower Charente, 43 m. S. S. E. of Saintes.
Montkello, p.t. Sullivan Co. N. Y. 40 m. W.
Newburg; p.t. Fairfield Dis. S. C. 35 m. N. Co-
lumbia ; p.v. Jasper Co. Geo. 32 m. N. W. Mil-
ledgeville, p.v. Lawrence Co. Mississippi. 10 m.
E. Natchez; p.t. Wayne Co. Ken. 100 m. S. Frank-
fort ; p.v. Lawrence Co. Arkansas. Also the
seat of the late President Jefferson, Albermarle
Co. Va. 2 m. E. CharloUesvihe.
Montiel, a town of Spain in New Castile, 22 m.
W. of Alcaraz and 70 E. S. E. of Calatrava.
Montignac, a town of France, in the department
of Dordogne, on the Vezere, 21 m. E. S. E. of
Perigeux.
Mantilla, a town of Spain in Cordova, 18 m. S.
S. E. of Cordova.
MontivlUiers, a town of France, department of
Lower S^ine, on the small river Lazarde, 6 m. N.
of Havre.
Montjoy, a town of the Prussian province of
Lower Rhine, with a fortified castle on a hill ; sit-
uate amon;T rugged rocks, 16 m. S. S. E. of Aix-
la-Chapelle.
Montlicu, a town of France, in the department
of Lower Charente, 40 m. S. S. E. pf Saintes.
Montiouis, a town of France, department of Up-
per Pyrenees, with a regular fortress on a rock, at
the foot of the Pyrenees, for the protection of the
frontiers. It is 40 m. W. by S. of Perpignan and
430 S. of Paris. Long. 2.5. E., lat. 42. 30. N.
Montlucon, a town of France, department of A'-
lier, with manufactures of lace, ribands, serge,
&c., seated on the Cher. 35 m. W. S. W. of Mou-
tins.
Montluel,a. town of France, department of Ain,
on the Seraine, 9 m. S. E. of Trevoux.
Montmarault a town of France, department of
Allier, 28 m. S W. of Moulins.
Montmedy, a town of France, department of
Meuse, seated on the river Chiers, which divides
it into Upper and Lower Town, 21 m. N. of Ver-
dun.
Montmirel, a town of France, department of
Marne, rendered memorable for two severe bat-
tles fought in its vicinity between the French
and the allies on the 12th and 14th of February,
1814. It is 33 m. W. by S. of Chalons sur Marne
and 55 E. of Paris.
Monlmoienci, a small stream flowing into the
St. Lawrence from the N. 9 m. below Quebec.
Here is a beautiful cztaract with a perpendicular
descent of 246 feet.
Montmorency, a town of France, department of
Seine-et-0-3e, 10 m. N. of Paris.
Montmorillon, a town of France, department of
Vienne, seated on the Gartempe, 25 m. S. E. of
Poitiers.
Montona, a town of Austrian Illyria, in Istria,
16 m. E. S. E. ofUmago.
Montpelier, one of the largest, richest, and most
beautiful cities of France, in the department of
Herault, and a bishop's see, with a university in
which is a celebrated school of medicine, and a
botanic garden, the first establishment in Europe.
Here are also one of the great provincial schools,
a special school of medicine erected in 1801, an
anatomical theatre, an extensive library, a liter-
ary society, &c. The town-house is remarkable
for its halls, which are embellished with fine paint-
ings. The number of inhabitants is computed at
33,000. Its trade consists in silks, blankets, car-
pets, cotton goods, gauzes, hides, &c. The air is
extremely healthy, and a great number of invalids
flock hither from all parts. Montpelier is the seat
of the departmental administration, and is situa-
ted on an eminence between the small rivers Lez
and Merdanson, about 5 m. from the Mediterra-
nean, with which it communicates by the Canal
de Grave. 30 m. S. W. of Nismes and 47 N. E.
of Narbonne. Long. 3. 58. E., lat. 43. 37. N.
Montpelier, p.t. Caledonia Co._ Vermont, and
the seat of government for the state. It has a
central situation on Onion river; the site is low
and surrounded by hills. The town has consider-
able manufactures and 2 weekly newspapers.
Pop. 1 ,792.
Montpelier, p.v. Hanover Co. Va. and Rich-
mond, Co. N. C. Also the seat of President Madi-
son in Orange Co. Va.
Montreal, a district of Lower Canada, compri-
sing the counties of York, Efiingham, Leinster,
Warwick, Huntingdon, Kent, Surrey, Bedford,
Richelieu, and Montreal.
Montreal, a fertile island and county of Low-
er Canada in the river St. Lawrence, 30 m. long
and 10 broad; surrendered by the French to the
English in 1760.
Montreal, city, stands on the eastern side of tLe
above island. It makes a fine appearance from a dis-
tance with its compact mass of buildings, roofed
with sheets of tin, and overtopped by church spires
glittering with the same metal. Behind it rises
a mountain spotted with orchards. The houses
are mostly of stone, or plastered to resemble it,
and are low with a heavy look ; the streets are
narrow. The cathedral is the largest church in
North America except that of Mexico; it is 255
feet long and 134 wide and is capable of contain-
ing 10,000 people. The college is a large edifice
of stone, and has 300 students. The General Hos-
pital or Convent of the Grey Sisters was establish-
ed in 1753 and is under the management of a Supe-
rior and 19 Nuns. The other objects worthy of
notice are Nelson's Monument, the Museum, and
the Parade, a beautiful public ground. This city
is the principal depot of the Northwestern Fur
2 X
MOO
518
MOR
Company, and carries on a large trade with
tlie Unitijd States. A rapid in tlie river below, is
a great impediment to the commerce with Quebec.
Montreal was taken from the French by the En-
glish under General Amherst in 17D0. In 1775
it was taken by the Americans under General
Montgomery, but shortly after abandoned. It is
120 in. S. W. of Quebec, 220 N. by W. of Boston.
Lat. 45. 31. N. Long. 73. 35. W. Pop. in 1825,
24,000.
Montreal, a town of Spain, in Arragon, with a
castle, seated on the Xiloca. 25 in. N. of Albara-
cin.
Montreal, a town of Sicily, in Val di Mazara,
and an archbishop's see ; seated on a rivulet, 5 m.
W. of Palermo and 50 N. E. of Mazara.
Montreuil, a strong town of France, department
of Pas de Calais, on a hill, near the mouth of tiie
Canche, 20 in. S. E. of Boulogne and 36 S. of
Calais.
Montrenll Bellay, a town of France, department
of Maiiie-et-Loire, on the Touet. 10 m. S. S. W.
of Saumur.
Montrkhard, a town of France, oepartment of
Loir-et-Cher, with a castle ; seated near the Cher,
12 m. S. E. of Amboise.
Montrose, a borough and sea-port of Scotland, in
Anguss-shire, at the mouth of the S. Esk, over
which is a bridge. A little above the town the
river expands into a wide lake, called the Basin,
into which the tide flows, so that at high water
tlie town is almost surrounded by the sea. Of
late years fine quays have been erected, and two
light-houses. The harbour is very commodious,
and has a dry and wet dock. Here are conside-
rable manuiactures of canvass ropes, sheeting,
linen, and thread. The salmon fisheries on the
N. and S. Esk form a valuable branch of com-
merce.
Montrose, p.t. Susquehanna Co. Pa. and a vil-
lage in Cumberland Co. N. C.
Montsaur.hc, a town of France, department of
Nie«rre, 15 m. N. E. of Chateau-Chinon.
Montserrado. See Mcsurado.
Monfserrat, a mountain of Spain, in Catalonia,
on wliich is a monastery with a chapel, dedicated
to the Virgin, resorted toby numbers of pilgrims.
It is 26 m. N. W. of Barcelona.
Muntserrat, one of the Leeward Carribee Isl-
ands, discovered by Columbus, and so named by
hiin from lis resemblance to the mountain men-
tioned in till"- preceding article. It is about fl m.
in length and breadth ; and the hills are covered
with cedar and other trees. It belongs to the
English, and is 30 m. S. W. of Antigua. Long. 61.
7. W., lat. 16. 48. N.
Montville, p.t. Waldo Co. Me. 30 m. N. E. VVis-
casset. Pop. 1,743; p.t. New London Co. Conn.
9 in. N. W. New London. Pop. 1,967.
Monza, a town of Austrian Italy, in the gov-
ernment of Milan, famous for the treasury of St.
John the Baptist, where among other things, is
the iron crown of the kingdom of Lombardy.
Charlemagne was crowned here with it in 1774
and Napoleon in 1805. It is seated on the Lam-
bro,8 m. N. E. of Milan.
Mooers, p.t. Clinton Co. N. Y. Pop. of the
town and Ellenburgh, 1,222.
Moon, Mountains of the, mountains of Africa,
extending from VV. Africa, through Abyssinia, to
the Indian Sea. Tiiey are higher than those of
Atlas
.W«o/i, a township of Alleghany Co. Pa.
Moore^ a township of Northampton Co. Pa.
Moore, a county of N. Carolina. Pop. 7,753-
Carthage is the chief town.
Mooresborough, p. v. Rutherford Co. N. C.
Moorsburg, p. v. Columbia Co. Pa.
Moorstown, p. v. Burlington Co. N. J. 9 m from
Philadelphia.
MoorsviUe, p. v. Limestone Co. Alabama. 130
m. N. Tuscaloosa.
Moorfield, p.t. Harrison Co. Ohio ; a township
of Clark Co. Ohio ; and a village in Nicholas Co.
Ken. 45 rn. N. E. Frankfort.
Moorfield , p.t. Hardy Co. Va. 53 m. S. W. Win-
chester.
Moorsburg, a village of Hawkins Co. Ten ''d
m. N. E. Knoxville.
Moorshedabad, a city of Hindoostan, the capi-:<t/
of Bengal before the establishment of the English
power. It is seated near the western arm of the
Ganges, 112 m. N. of Calcutta. Lorg. 89. 15.
E., lat. 24. 12. N.
Moosehead Lake, in Somerset Co Maine ; it is
25 m. in length and from 3 to 15 in width. It is
the chief source of Kennebec River.
Mooshelock, commonly called Moose lillock. a
mountain in Coventry. Grafton Co. N. H. 4.636
feet in height.
Mootapilltj, a town of Hindoostan, m the Gun-
toor circar, at the mouth of the Gondegama,
Long. 80. 10. E., lat. 15. 35. N.
Moquchua, a province of Peru, bounded by tnose
of Lampa, Puno, Chucuico, Arica, and Arequipa
The chief products are wine, fruits, and olives.
The capital, of the same name, is situate in a fer-
tile valley, at the foot of the Cordillera, 70 m. S.
of Arequipa.
Mora, a town of Portugal, in Alemtejo, on the
Odivor, 29 m. N. W. of Evora
Mora, a town of Spain, in Catalonia, on the
Ebro. 18 m. N. of Tortosa.
Mora, a town of Spain, in New Castile, 18 m
S. E. of Toledo.
Morant Point, a promontory on the E. coast of
Jamaica. Long. 75. 56. W., lat. 17. 56. N.
Moral, or Murten, a town of Switzerland, can-
ton of Friburg, with a castle. It stands on the
S. E. side of a lake of its name, lying parallel
with the lake of Neufchatel, into which it flows
by the Broyne. This town sustained a siejire
against the duke of Burgundy, in 1476, in which
his whole army was destroyed. 10 in. N. E. of
Friburg
Moratalaz, a town of Spain, in New Castile, 22
m. E. of Ciudad Real.
Moratalla. a town of Spain, in Murcia, 34 in. S.
S. W. of Chincnillf..
Morava, a large river of Servia, which rises in
Bulgaria, and, running through Servia by Nissa,
joins the Danube at Semendria.
Moravia, a province of the Austrian empire,
bounded N. and W. by Bohemia, E. by Hungary,
and S. by Austria Proper. With Austrian Sile-
sia, now annexed to it, its area is upwards of
10,000 sq. rn. and its population 1,680,000. It is
intersected by mountain ranges, but the most
lofty ridges are diversified with fertile valleys and
extensive plains, and it is watered by a great
number of rivers and brooks. More corn is
grown than the inhabitants consume, and much
hemp and flax are raised. The principal manu-
factures are woolens, linen, cotton, iron, glass,
paper, and gunpowder. From this cfiuiitry a sect
of Christians takes its name, their doctrines hav-
ing been first taught here ; but the inhabitants in
general are Roman Catholics. Ri-unn is the capital
MOR
519
MOR
Moravian ViMage, a village in Upper Canada,
on the Thames, between Lakes Huron and Erie.
70 m. E. Detroit. It is inhabited by about 160
Indians, and their pastors, the Moravian mission-
aries. Here General Harrison defeated the Brit-
isli in 1813.
Moraw, or Marsch, a river of the Austrian
states, which rises in the mountains between Bo-
hemia and Silesia, crosses Moravia by Olmutz
and Hr<tdisch, and receiving the Teya, on the
confines of Austria and Hungary, separates
these two countries as far as the Danube, into
which it enters, 15 m. above Presburg. It has
onisnoiily the latter appellation till it receives
the Teya.
Morbegno, a town of Austrian Italy, one of the
handsomest and most commercial towns in the
Milanese, seated on the Adda, 12 m. S. £. of
Chiavenaa. Long. 9. 36. E., lat. 46. 8. N.
Morbeys, or Ommirabih, a river of Barbary,
which rises in Mount Atlas, flows through the
empire of Morocco, and enters the Atlantic at
Azamor.
Morbihan, a department in the N. W. of France,
bounded N. by that of Cotes du Nord and S. by
the sea. It takes its name from a bay between
Vannes (the capital) and the island of B<-Hisle.
Its entrance is narrow; but it extends within,
and contains about 30 little islands.
Morcone, a town of Naples, province of M-jlise,
19 m. S. S. E. ofMolise.
Morea, the ancient Peloponnesus, a peninsula
in the south of Greece, joined to the main
land by the isthmus of Corinth. It is 180 m.
long and 120 broad. The soil is fertile, except
in tne middle, where there are many mountains ;
and it is watered by several rivers, of which the
Alpheus, Vasili Potamo, and Stromio, are the
chief. See Greece.
Moreau, p.t. Saratoga Co. N. Y. on the Hudson,
opposite Glen's Falls. Pop. 1 ,690.
Moreland, p. v. Tioga Co. N. Y. also townships
in Montgomery, Philadelphia and Lycoming Cos.
Pa.
Morella, a town of Spain, in Valencia, seated
among high mountains, 80 m. S. of Valencia.
MoresviLle, p.v. Delaware Co. N. Y.
Moret, a town of France, department of Seine-
et-Marne, near the Seine, 12 m. S. S. E. of Melun.
Mareton Hampstead, a town in Devonshire,
Eng. with manufactures of woolen cloth and yarn,
and a considerable trade. Here are the vestiges
of two castles, or forts; and in the vicinity are a
Druidical temple, a large rocking stone, and a
cromlech. 185 m. W. by S. of London.
Moretown, p.t. Washington Co. Vt. 7 m. W.
Montpelier. Pop. 816.
Morctta, a town of the Sardinian states, in
Piedmont; seated on a small river which runs
into the Po, 18 m. S. of Turin.
Morgan, a county of the W. District of Virgin-
ia. Pop. 2,692. Berkley Springs is the capital. A
county of Georgia. Pop. 12,023. Madison is the
capital. A county of Ohio. Pop. 11,796. Mc
Connelsville is the capital. A county of E. Ten-
nesse. Pop. 2,532. Montgomery is the capital.
A county of Illinois. Pop. 12,709. Jacksonville is
the capital. A county of Indiana. Pop. 5,579.
Martinsville is the capital.
Morgan, towns in Greene Co. Pa. and Morgan,
Butler, Knox, Ashtabula and Gallia Cos. Ohio.
Morganjield, p.t. Union Co. Ken.
Morgansville, p.v. Nottaway Co. Va.
Morgantown, p.v. Berks Co. Pa., Monon^ralia
Co. Va., Burke Co. N. C, Blount Co. Ten., Butler
Co. Ken. and Clinton Co. Ohio.
Marges, a town of Switzerland, in the canton
of Vaud, with a castle. By its canal, goods are
sent to other parts from the lake of Geneva, on
which the town is seated, 5 m. W. S. W. of
Lausanne.
Morhani-e, a town of France, department of
Moselle, 21 m. S. S. E. of Menlz.
Moriah, p.t. Essex Co. N. Y. Pop. 1,742.
Moriches, p.t. Suffolk Co. N. Y. on Long Island.
Moricen, a town of Hanover, on tiie Mohr, 12
m. N. N. VV. of Gottingen.
Maritz, St., a town of the Swiss canton of Gri
sons, with a famous mineral spring, 25 m. N. N
E. of Cliiavenna.
M-jrlackia, a mountainous country, lying be
tween, and forming part of the provinces of Croa
tia and Dalinatia. The inhabitants are callea
Alorlachi, or Moro-blissi,and are said, by some to
be of Wallachian extraction. They inhabit the
pleasant valleys of Koter, along the riv<>rs Kerha,
Cettina, Niranta, and among the inland moun-
tains of Dalmatia. The Morlachi are said to be
extremely superstitious, and if injured or insulted,
implacable; but hospitable, and in a liigli degree
capable of gratitude: the most pleasing trait of
character among them is friendship, which they
have even made a kind of religious article ; fat
the Sclavonian ritual contains a particular bene-
diction fir the solemn union of two male, or two
female friends, in the presence of the congrega-
tion. The male friends, thus united, are called
probratimi, and the female posestreme, which
mean half-brothers and half-sisters. From these
consecrated friendships among the Morlachi, and
other nations of the same origin, arose, as it should
seem, the sworn brothers, a denomination fre-
quent among the common people in many parts of
Europe. Segna is the capital.
Morlaix, a town of France, department of Fin-
isterre, with a castle and a tide harbour. The
church of Notre Dame is a singular structure,
and the hospital very handsome. It has a consid-
erable trade in linen, hemp, and tobacco, and is
seated on a river of the same name, 30 ra. E.
N. E. of Brest. Long. 3. 45. W., lat. 48. 33.
N
Morocco, an empire of Africa, comprenending
a considerable part of the ancient Mauritania,
bounded W. by the Atlantic, N. by the Mediter-
ranean, E. by Algiers, and S. by the Sahara. Its
greatest length is above 590 m. but it is no where
more than 260 broad. The soil though sandy
and dry in some places, is fertile in others ; and
the fruits, as well as the pastures, are excellent
but the country is not properly cultivated. The
inhabitants are Mahomedans, of tawny complexion,
robust, and very skilful in managing a horse and
wielding a lance: they are jealous, deceitful, su-
perstitious, and cruel. There are a great number
of Christian slaves and some merchants upon
the coast, besides a multitude of Jews, who car-
ry on almost all the trade, especially by land,
with the negroes, to whom they send large cara-
vans, which travel over vast deserts, almost des-
titute of water. Besides woolen goods, their
commodities are Morocco leather, indigo, cochi-
neal, and ostriches' feathers ; in return for which
they have silks, muslins, calicoes, coffee, and
drugs. In the deserts are lions, leopards, goats
and'' serpents of .several kinds. The fruits are
dates, figs, almonds, lemons, oranges, pomegra-
nates, and many others. There are also much
MOR
520
MOS
flax and hemp, but very little timber. The empe
ror is absolute, his will being a law, and lie often
exercises great cruelties. His naval force con-
eista chiefly of rovers, who now and then take
large prizes. He can bring 100,000 men into the
fifld, half of whom are foot and half liorse ; but
they are poorly armed ana know but little of the
art of war. The recent capture of Algiers by the
French will no doubt entirely change tlie politi-
cal character of this despotic government.
Morocco, a city of the foregoing empire, seated
in a beautiful valley, formed by achain of moun-
tains on the N. and those of Atlas on the S. and
E. Though not equal to Fez in magnitude and
population, it is generally considered the capital,
being the most usual residence of the emperor.
It has nothing to recommend it but its great ex-
tent and the royal palace. It is surrounded by
strong walls, 8ni. in circumference. The mosques
are very numerous and some of them magnifi-
cent. The best houses are enclosed in gardens ;
but the generality of them serve only to impress
the traveller with the idea of a miserable and de-
serted city. The Jews, who are numerous, have
a separate town, walled in, and under the charge
of an alcaid, appointed by the emperor. It has 2
gates, which are regularly shut every evening at
nine, after which hour no person can enter or de-
part. Morocco is 90 ni. E. of Magador and 400
S. of Gibraltar. Long. 7. 15. W., lat. 30. 57. N.
Moron, a town of Spain, in Andalusia, with a
castle : near it is a mine of precious stones. It is
30 m. S. E. of Seville.
Morotoi, one of the Sandwich Isles, 7 m. W.
N. W. of Mowee. Yams are its principal produce ;
but it has little wood. The coast, on the S. and
W. sides forms several bays. Long. 117. 14. W.,
lat. 21. 10. N.
Morpeth, a borough of Northumberland, Eng.
It stands on the N. bank of the Wansbeck, and
on the opposite side are the parish church and the
ruins of a castle. Here are also a chapel of ease,
a Roman Catholic chapel, two meeting-houses, a
free grammar scliool founded by Edward VI., an
English free school erected in 1792, a dispensary
opened in 1817, and a mechanics' institute com-
menced in 1825. The other principal buildings
are the town-hall, and the new county gaol, house
of correction, &c. 15 m. N. of Newcastle and 289
N. by W. of London.
Morris, a. county of New Jersey. Pop. 23,530.
Morristown is the capital. Also townships in
Huntingdon, Greene and Washington Cos. Pa.
Morrison, a township in Jackson Co. Ohio.
Morristown, p.t. St. Lawrence Co. N. Y. Pop.
1,618; p.t. Morris Co. N. J., 19 m. N. W. New
York ; p.v. Belmont Co. Ohio. 120 m. E. Colum-
bus.
Morrisville, p.v. Madison Co. N. Y., Bucks and
Green Cos. Pa., and Fauquier Cj. Va.
vVorsortrt, a town of Naples, in the Mojise, 14
m. N. E. of Molise.
Mortagne, a town of France, department of
Orne, famous for its serges and tanneries. 19
m. E. N. E. of Alengon and 70 W. S. W. of
Paris.
Mortagne, a town in the department of Nord,
seated at the conflux of the Scarpe and Scheldt,
8 m. S. E. ofTournay.
Mortagne, a town m the department of Lower
Charente, on the Gironde, 24 m. S. S. W. of
Saintes.
Mortagne, a town in the department of Vendee,
where a battle was fought between the royalists
and republicans, in 1793, in which the former
are said to have lost 20,000 men. It is 36 m. N.
of Fontcnay le Comte.
Mortain, a town in the department of Manclie,
on the rivulet Lances, almost surrounded by
craggy rocks, 18 m. E. of Avranches.
Mortare, a town of the Sardinian Milanese. 22
m. S. W. of Milan.
Mortay, or Martero, an island in the Eastern
Seas, formerly subject to the Sultan ofTernate.
It is 80 m. in circumference, and thinly inhabited,
but full of sago trees, which are cut by the peo-
ple of Gilolo. Long. 128. 23. E.,lat. 2. 15. N.
Mortlach, a village of Scotland, in Banffshire,
where Malcom 11., in memory of a victory gained
over the Danes, founded a bishopric, which was
translated to Aberdeen by David I. ; the ancient
cathedral is now used as the parish church. 6 m.
S. W. of Keith.
Morviedro, a town of Spain , in Valencia, on the
site of the ancient Saguntum, with the ruin of a
Roman amphitheatre, &c. It is seated on a riv-
er of the same name, 15 m. N. of Valencia.
Mosa, a town of Arabia, in Yemen, 25 m. N. by
E. of Mocha.
Mosambique, a straight or channel of the Indi-
an Ocean, between the E. coast of Africa and the
island of Madagascar. It is the narrowest in the
middle, where it is 240 m. over.
Mosambique, a city and sea-port, the principal
settlement of the Portuguese on the E. coast of
Africa. It stands on an island of the same name,
not more than 3 m. in length and half as much
in breadth, and about 2 m. from the continent.
The city is handsome, and the buildings well con*
structed, especially the churches and convents :
the fort, or castle, is about a niusket shot from
the city. The Portuguese have generally a good
garrison here, a well stored magazine^ and a large
hospital for sick sailors. Their ships always call
here in going to the E. Indies; and the harbour
is so commodious that whole fleets may anchor
and provide themselves with all necessaries.
Long. 41. 8. E, lat. 1.5. 5. S.
Mushach, a town of Germany, in the grand
duchy of Baden, with a castle, and manufactures
of cloth and salt; seated on the Neckar 18 m. E.
of Heidelberg.
Mosburg, a town of Bavaria, seated at the
conflux of the Amber with the lser,24m. N. E. of
Munich.
Moscovy. See Russia.
Moscow, formerly a duchy, but now a govern-
ment of Russia ; bounded on the N. by the gov-
ernment of Tver, E. by that of Great Volodimir,
S. by the govern ;nent of Kaluofa and Resan, and
W. hy those of Tver and Sinolensko. It is a
fruitful country, and a considerable portion is laid
out in gardens and orchards.
Moscoio, the capital of tiie above government,
and formerly of the whole empire. Previous to
the invasif-n of the,French, it was the largest city
in Europe, the circumference within the rampart
that enclosed the suburbs being 20 m.; but its pop.
did not correspond with its extent. It contained,
within the ram parts ,300, 000 souls and was the most
populous city in the empire, notwithstanding the
residence cf the court was at Petersburg. Moscow
is rendered memorable in history, for one of the
most extraordinary events that ever took place.
In June 1812, the French entered Russia with such
an immense army that they threatened to sweep
every thing before them like a torrent ; and it was
generally expected that if they once reached this
MOS
521
MOS
city, which would aflora vast resources for their
army, as well as comfortable quarters for the win-
ter, the object of the war would have been com-
pleted. On the 8th of September the battle of
Borodino took place ; victory decided in favour
of the French, and the Russians retreated off the
field, leaving Moscow to its fate. The road being
thus left open, the French entered this city, on
the 14th of the same month with little opposition.
But a sad reverse of fortune now took place, which
preserved the Russian empire from ruin, and pav-
ed the way to the downfall of the French military
power over Europt. The city was set on fire by
the Russians, so that the French were compelled
to attempt their retreat, at the moment they
thought themselves securely entrenched for the
winter. Nothing now remained but to offer terms
of peace to the Russians, which were rejected ;
they next proposed an armistice, which was refus-
ed ; and, on the 19th of October following, they
commenced their calamitous retreat from Moscow.
The conflagrations destroyed upwards of three
parts of the town ; and, shocking to relate, more
than 30,000 sick and wounded soldiers, who were
in the hospitals, perished in the flames. The old
city was distributed into 5 divisions, all of which,
not excepting the suburbs, have been rebuilt, with
wider streets and greater uniformity in the pri-
vate dwellings, and the population has nearly
reached its former magnitude. The divisions are
— 1. The Kremlin, in the central and highest
yart of the city, surrounded by high walls of stone
and brick, 2 m. in circumference. The division
contained the ancient palace of the czars, where
Peter the Great was born ; also the cathedral
with seven towers, besides other churches, the
patriarchal palace, and the arsenal. The pal-
ace escaped the conflagration of 1812, but was
damaged by the French on their leaving Mos-
cow ; it has since been rebuilt, with improve-
ments. 2. The Khitafforod, much larger than
the Kremlin, contained^ the university, the print-
ing-house, and many other public buildings, with
all the tradesmen's shops. 3. The Bielgo-
rod, or White Town, ran round the two preced-
ing divisions, and took its name from a white
wall, by which it was formerly surrounded. 4.
The Somlaingorod environed all the other three
quarters, and was so denominated from a circu-
lar rampart of earth by which it was encompassed.
The last two divisions exhibited a grotesque group
of churches, conv«*nts, palaces, brick and wooden
houses, and mean hovels. 5. The Sloboda, or su-
burbs, formed a vast exterior circle round all the
parts already described, and were invested by a
low rampart and ditch. These suburbs contained,
besides buildings of all kinds, orchards, gardens,
corn-fields, much open pasture, and some small
lakes, which give rise to the Neglina. The Mos-
kwa, from which the city takes its name, flows
through it in a winding channel ; but, excepting
in spring, is only navigable for rafts. It receives
the Yausa in the Semlainogorod, and the Neglina
at the western extremity of the Kremlin ; but the
beds of both these rivulets are nearly dry in sum-
mer. Moscow exhibited an astonishing degree
of extent and variety, irregularity and contrast ;
Bome parts had the appearance of a sequestered
desert ; others of a populous town ; some of a
contemptible village ; others a great capital.
The streets, in general, were very long and
broad ; some of them paved ; others, particularly
in the suburbs, were formed with trunks of trees
or boarded with planks like the floor of a house.
66
The places of divme worship, ioclud'ing chapels,
amounted to above 1,500: of^ these 484 were pub-
lic churches, some built of brick, stuccoed
or white-washed, but the greater part were
ot wood, painted red some had domes of copper,
others of tin, gilt or painted green, and many
were roofed with wood. They were richly orna-
mented within ; and the pictures of the saints
were decorated with gold, silver, and jirecious
stones. Some of their bells were of a stupendous
size; they hung m belfries detached from the
church, were fixed immoveably to the beams, itnd
rung by a rope tied to the clapper. In the cath-
edral of St. Michael, tne sovereigns of Russia
were formerly interred, their bodies being deposit-
ed in raised sepulchres, in the shape of coffins,
above the pavement. The cathedral of the As-
sumption of the Virgin Mary was the most mag-
nificent in the city, and had long been appropri-
ated to the coronation of the Russian sovereigns.
The foundling hospital, founded by Catherine
II., was an immense pile of building, of a quad-
rangular shape, and capable of containing 8,000
foundlings. Since the fire, the churches and
cVapels are less numerous than before, but those
which have been rebuilt occupy the former sites.
Moscow is the centre of the inland commerce of
Russia, particularly connecting the trade between
Europe and Siberia. The principal manufactures
are those of silk, linen, cotton, paper, leather, and
sugar. Moscow suffered severely from the pes-
tilential cholera in 1831. Its present pop. is about
300,000. The navigation to this city is formed
by the Moskwa, which flows into the Occa, near
Kolomna, and that river communicates with the
Volga and also by a canal to the Don, which riv-
er communicates with the sea of Asoph. 425 m.
S. E. of Petersburg. Lontr. 37. 33. E., lat. 55.
46. N.
Moscow, p.t. Somerset Co. Me. Pop 405 ; p.t.
Livingston Co. N. Y. near Genesee river, 30 m.
above Rochester ; also a village in Clermont Co.
Ohio.
Moselle, a department of France, including part
of the former province of Lorraine. It takes its
name from a rtver, which rises in the Vosges, wa-
ters Epinal and Toul, receives fne Meurthe be-
low Nancy, and, passing by Metz, Thionville, and
Treves, enters the Rhine at Coblentz. Metz is
the capital.
Mosenla, a town in Persia, in Khusistan, 22
m. S. W. ofSuter.
Moskirch, a town of Germany, in the grand
duchy of Baden, where the Austrians sustained a
defeat in 1300. 22 m. N. Stuttgard.
Moskoe, an island on the coast of Norway, sep-
arated from the mainland by the Vestfiord. On
its coast is the whirlpoolof Maelstrom, which see.
Mosquito Shore, a tract of country of the east-
ern coast of Honduras. It is well watered by
navigable rivers and lakes ; abounds in fish, game,
and provision* of all sorts ; furnishes every neces-
sary for raising cattle and stock ; and is clothed
with woods producing timber for every purpose
at land or sea. The soil is superior to that of the
W. India Islands, the climate more salubrious
and the destructive ravages of hurricanes, and
earthquakes are here unknown. It received
its name from the immense swarms of mos-
chetoes which are the torment of the inhabi-
tants and compel them to pass a great part of
their lime in boats upon the rivers. Tlie Mos-
quito Indians of this coast are governed by aris-
tocratic chiefs, and number about 1,500 warriors.
2x2
MOU
623
MOD
This eoantiy was held by the English for 80
years, but was ceded to Spain in 17^, in consid-
erKtion of certain cessionson the coast of Yucatan.
It is now included in the Guatemalan Republic.
See Guat.enuila.
Moss, a sea-port of Norway, in the government
of Aprgerhuys, at the mouth of a river of its name,
on the E. side of Christiania Bay. Here are many
saw i.iills and a large iron foundery. 23 m. S. of
Christiania. Long. 10. 48. E., lat. 58. 38. N.
Mossula, a town of the kingdom of Congo, at
the mouth of the Onzo, 220 m. S. W. of St. Sal-
vador. Long. 12. 10. E., lat. 7. 50. S.
Mostar, a sea-port of Dalmatia, and a Greek
archbishop's see ; seated on the Narenza, 20 m.
N. E. of Narenza. Long. 18. 37. E., lat. 43.48. N.
Mosul., a town of Asiatic Turkey, in Diarbeck,
surrounded by high walls and defended by a cas-
tle and citadel. The houses are in several places
gone to ruin ; but it has a great trade, particularly
in cloth, and all sorts of cottons and silks. At some
distance from Mosul is a mosque, in which they
pretend the prophet Jonah lies ; and they believe
this town stands on the site of the ancient Nine-
veh. It is seated on the Tigris. 130 m. S. E. ol
Diarbekir and 190 N. E. of Bagdad. Long. 43. 30.
E., lat. 36. 20. N.
Motkerkill, a hundred of Kent Co Del. Fred-
rica is the chief town.
Motir, one of the Molucca Islands, 20 m. in
circumference, and valuable for its spices. Lonur.
127. 0. E., lat. 0. 10. N.
Motril, a sea-port of Spain, in Granada, with
a good harbour, seated on the Mediterranean,
37 m. S. E. of Granada. Long. 3. 28. W., lat. 36.
32. N.
Mottn, a town of Austrian Italy, in the Trevis-
ano, at the conflux of the Mottigano and Livenza,
18 m. N. E. ofTreviso.
Motta, a town of Naples, in Capitanata, 3 m.
E. S. E. Volturara.
Mottling. See Metling.
Mfuah,& town of Arabia, in Yemen, and the
residence of a prince ; seated in a fertile coun-
try, 90 m. S. E. of Sana. Long. 46. 35. E., lat.
14. 20. N
Moudon, a town of Switzerland, in the canton
of Vaud, with a castle on the summit of a moun-
tain, 12 m. N. N. E. of Lausanne.
Moidins, a town of France, capital of the de-
partmerft of AUier. Its manufacture of cutlery
IS in great esteem ; and the houses of the late
Chartreux, and of the Visitation, are magnifi-
cent. It is seated on the Allier, over which is &
fine bridge, 30 m. S. of Nevers and 225 S. S. E.
of Paris. Long. 2. 20. E., lat. 46. 34. N.
Moulins en Gilbert, a town in the department of
Nievere, at the foot of the mountains of Morvan.
5 m. S. W. of Chateau Chinon.
Moulins la Marche, a town in the department
of Orne, 24 m. N. E. of Alengon.
Mouttan, a province of Hindoostan boundeed by
Lahore, Afghanistan, Agimere, Sinde, and Beloo-
chistan. Its products are cotton, sugar, opium,
galls, sulphur, &c. In many parts there are fine
camels, and a breed of excellent horses. It is gov-
erned by a nabob, tributary to the Afghans.
Moultan, the capital of the above province, sur-
rounded with a fine wall 40 feet high and four
miles in circumference, is strongly fortified, and
has a Hindoo temple of great celebrity. It is fa-
mous for its silks and carpets, and is situate in a
pleasant and well cultivated district, 4 m. S. E.
of the Chenob,or Acesinies River, and 210 S. W
of Lahore. Long. 70. 40. E., lat. 29. 52. N.
Moulton, p.v. Lawrence Co. Alabama.
Moultonborough, p.t. Strafford Co. N. H. on
Lake Winipisiogee. 36 m. N. Concord. Pop.
1,452.
Mountain Islann. a village of Scott Co. Ken.
Mountain Shoals, p.v. Lawrence Dis. S. C.
Mount Airy, p.v. Surrey Co. N. C. 172 m. N. W.
Raleigh.
MouTit Bay, a bay in the English channel, on
the S. coast of Cornwall, between Land's End
and Lizard Point. Within rises a lofty peninsu-
lated rock, called Mount St. Michael, near the
town of Marazion, to which there is a diy passage
at low water.
Mount Bethel, a village of Somerset Co. N. J.
also two townships, Upper and Lower, in North-
nampton Co. Pa
Mount Carmel, p.t. Edwards Co. Illinois.
Mount Clemens, a village of Macomb Co. Mich-
igan.
Mount Desert, a fertile island on the coast of
the state of Maine, in Hancock county, 15 m.
long and 12 broad. It is intersected in the mid-
dle, by the waters flowing into the S. side from
the sea; and the N. part is separated from the
mainland, by a strait 9 m. wide. Pop. 1,603.
Mount Clio, pv. Sumter Dis. S. C. 52 m. E
Columbia.
Mount Elon, p.v. Darlington Dis. S. C. 77 m
N. E. Columbia
Mount Gilead, p.v. Loudon Co. Va.
Mount Henry, p.v. Montgomery Co. Ten. 67 m.
N. W. Murfreesborough.
Mount Holly, p.t. Rutland Co. Vt. 20 m. W.
Windsor. Pop. 1,318 ; p.t. Burlington Co. N. J
18 m. E. Philadelphia.
Mount Hope, an eminence in Bristol R. I., cel-
ebrated in the early history of New England, as
the residence of the Indian Sachem Metacom
or king Philip. It stands on the shore of a wide
branch of Narragansel Bay.
Mount Hope, p. v. Orange Co. N. Y.; p.v. Shenan-
doah Co. Va.
Mount Horeb, p.t. Nelson Co. Va.; p.v. Jasper Co.
Geo.
Mount Jackson, p.v. Beaver Co. Pa.
Mount Joy, towns in Lancaster and Adams Cos.
Pa.
Mount Laurel, p.v. Halifax Co. Va.
Mount Morris, u.v. Livingston Co. N. Y. Pop.
2,534. re V
Mount Mourne, p.v. Iredell Co. N. C.
MoutU Pilot, p.v. Sumner Co. Ten.
Mount Pisgah, p.v. Iredell Co. N. C. and Wil-
cox Co. Alabama.
Mount Pleasant, p.t. Westchester Co. N. Y.
on the Hudson, 33 m. above New York. Pop. 4,932 ;
also towns and villages in Lancaster, Westmore-
MOU
5S3
MUI
knd and Wayne Cos. Pa., Queen Anne Co. Ma-
ryland, Shenandoah, Spotsylvania and Halifax
Cos. Va., Rockingham Co. N. C, Fairfield Dla.
S. C, Baldwin Co. Geo., Jefferson Co. Ohio, Mar-
ten Co. Ind., Maury Co. Ten., Wilkinson Co. Mis-
sissippi, Baton Rouge Parish, Louisiana.
Mount Prospect, p.v. Edgecombe Co. N. C.
Mount Republic, p.v. Wayne Co. Pa.
Mount SdIus, p.v. Hinds Co. Mississippi.
Mount Sterling, p.v. Switzerland Co. Ind. ; p.v.
Montgomery Co. Ken.
Mount Upton, p.v. Chenango Co. N. Y.
Mount Vernon, p.t. Kenneb. c Co. Me. 14 m.
N. W. Augusta. Pop. l,43i) a township of Hills-
borough Co. N. H. Pop. 71)3 ; p.v. Chester Co.
Pa ; p.t. Knox Co. Ohio ; p.v. Rockcastle and Bul-
litt Cos. Ken. ; p.v. Posey and Jetferson Cos. In-
diana.
Mount Vernon, once the residence of Washing-
ton, and the sjwt where his remains are entomb
ed. It is on the south side of the Potomac, in Fair-
fax Co. Va., 15 m. from the city of Washington.
The house is a plain wooden building surrounded
by handsome lawns and gardens. The tomb is a
rustic excavation in the earth with a front of
brink and totally devoid of ornament.
Mountcille, p.v. Loudon Co. Va
Mount Vintage, p.v. Edgefield Dis. S. C.
Mount Washington. See White Mountains.
Mount Washington, a township of Berkshire Co.
Mass. 130 m.S. W. Boston. Pop. 345. It forms
the S. W. corner of the state of Massachusetts.
Within its limits stands Mount Washington, one
of the summits of the Tagkannuc ridge, about
3,000 feet high.
Mount Zion, p.v. Union Co. Ken., Hancock Co.
Geo., and Monroe Co. Missouri.
Mountmellick, a town of Ireland, in Queen's
county inhabited principally by Quakers. The
wool-combing, malting, and tanning business,
the cotton manufacture and bleaching are carried
on here. It is seated on a stream which falls in-
to the Barrow, 5 m. N. of Maryborough and 42 W.
S. W. of Dublin.
Mountrath, a town of Ireland, in Queen's coun-
ty. In its neighbourhood are some iron works ;
but the woolen manufacture forms the principal
trade. 23 m. N. of Kilkenny and 47 W. S. W.
of Dublin.
Mountsorrel, a town of Leicestershire, Eng.
seated on the Soar, at the foot of a high mount
or rock, of a sorrel-coloured stone, with which the
town is chiefly built and paved. It is 7 m. N. of
Leicester, and 102 N. W. of London.
Moura, a town of Portugal, in Alemtejo, with
an old castle, 34 m. S. S. E. of Evora.
Mouraon, a town of Portugal, in Alemtejo,
with a castle, on the borders of Spain, 2d m. E.
by S. of Evora.
Mourzouk, the capital of Fezzan, with a fort-
ress, in which is the sultan's p.alace. It is situate
on a rivulet, and supplied with water from a mul-
titude of springs and wells. The medley which
is present to the eye, of the vast ruins of ancient
buildings and the humble cottages of earth and
sand that form the dwelling of the present Arab
inhabitants, is singularly grotesque and strange.
It is surrounded by a high wall, with three gates,
at which is collected a tax on all goods (provisions
excepted) that are brought into the city. Its
commerce, which is considerable, consists of for-
eign n»erchandise brought by the caravans from
Cairo, Bornou, Mesurata, and other smaller troops
of traders. Mourzouk is 290 m. S. Mesurata.
and 700 N. W. ofBornou. Lonff. 15. 35. K., lat,
27.54. N.
Moustiers, a town ot France, in the department
of Lower Alps, with a manufacture of porcelain ;
seated between two craggy mountains, 9 m. E. of
Riez.
Mouzon, a town in the department of Ardtnnes,
with a manufacture of serges ; seated on the
Meuse,9 m. S. E. of Sedan.
Minoee, one of the t^andwich islands, 162 m. in
circumference. A low isthmus divides it into
two circular peninsulas, of which the eastern is
double the size of the western. The mountains
in both rise to a great height, but the country
presents an appearance of verdure and fertility.
Near the W. point of the smaller peninsula is a
spacious bay, with a sandy beach shaded with
cocoa-nut trees. Long. 175. 56. W., lat. 20. 53.
Maya, a mountam of S. America, from which,
during the great earthquake in February, 1797,
such a flood of water burst forth that it totally
swept away Pelile, and the celebrated plantation
of St. Ildefonso, where 1,000 persons perished.
Moyalicn, a town of Ireland, county of Down,
with a manufacture of linen. 3 m. from Porta-
down and 63 from Dublin.
Moyamensmg, t. Philadelphia Co. Pa. It is a
suburb of the city on the south.
Moyenvic, a town of France, department of
Meurthe, noted for its salt spring, 2 m. E. S. E,
of Vic and 16 E. of Nancj. .
Mozyr, a town of Russian Lithuania, m the
government of Minsk, on the river Prynec, 150
m. S. S. E. of Minsk. Long. 29. 30. E., lat. 52.
10. N.
Moscislaw, a town of Russian Lithuania, in the
government of Mohilef, formerly the capital of a
palatinate. It is seated on the Sofz. 30 m. S. of
Smolensko and 64 E. by N. of Mohilef. Long.
32. 32. E., lat. 54. 28. N
Mucidan, a town of France, m tne department
of Dordogne, on the river Ille, 18 m. S. W. of
Perigueux.
Murk, one of the Hebrides of Scotland, 4 m. S.
W. the isl. of Egg. It is 3 m. long and a m. broad ,
the soil in general is good, and the black cattle
thrive well. Kelp is burnt on its shores, and
much oil extracted from the livers of the sunfish.
Mudania, or Mundania, a town of Turkey, in
Natolia, on a gulf of the sea of Marmora. The
commerce is very considerable in grain, fruit,
wine, saltpetre, silk, and the manufactures of
Bursa, which are brought here for exportation.
It is 17 m. N. of Bursa. Long. 29. 10. E., lat. 40.
27. N.
Mugeln, J^ew, a town of Saxony, in Meissen,
with a castle called RugethaL 18 m. W. by N
of Meissen.
Mugia, a town of Spain, in Galicia, on the W.
coast, 40 m. W. N. W. of Compostella
Muglia, a town of Austrian Illyria, in Istria,
with a castle, and a harbour for barges, 5 m. S. E.
of Trieste.
Muglitz, a town of Moravia, in the circle of
Olmutz, 22 m. N. N. W. of Olmutz.
Muhlbcrg, a town of Prussian Saxony, in the
government of Merseberg, with a castle, situate
on the Elbe, 30 m. N. W. of Dresden.
Muhldorf, a town of Bavaria, on the Inn, 33
m. S. S. E. of Landshut.
MuhlenJterg, a county of Kentucky. Pop. 5,341 .
Greenville is the capital.
Muirkirk. a town of Scotland, in Ayrshire, with
MUN
524
MUN
manufactures of iron, coal and tar, on the river
Ayr, 26 ni. E. of Ayr.
Mujaxar, a sea-port of Spain, in Granada, with
a strong castle on a mountain ; seated on a bay
of the Mediterranean, 40 m. N. E. of Almeria.
Lonir. 1. 55. W., lat. 37. 7. N.
Muldau, or MoUlau, a river of Bohemia, which
rises on the confines of Bavaria and, after receiv-
ing; a number of rivers, enters the Elbe opposite
Mslnick.
Malhausen, a city of Prussian Saxony, in the
government of Erfurt. It was formerly an im-
perial city, but fell to Prussia in 180'2 and was
confirmed to that power in 1814. Here are va-
rious manufactures and some flourishing schools.
It is seated in a fertile countr^^ on the Unstrut,
29 m. N. W. of Erfurt. Long. 10. 37. E., lat. 51.
10. N.
Mulhausen, a town of France, department of
Upper Rliine, with manufactures of printed linens
and cottons; seated in a fertile plain on the Ille,
24 m. S. of Colmar.
Mulivaddy, a river of Ceylon, which rises at the
foot of a high mountain, called Adam's Peak,
about GO m. N. E. of Columbo, flows westward,
and enters the sea by several branches. The
largest of these, called the Mutwal, runs into the
sea 3 m. from the fort of Columbo, and is navi-
gable for boats upwards of 35 m.
Mull, one of the Hebrides of Scotland, 28 m. in
length and in some places of equal breadth, se-
parated from the mainland of Argyleshire by a
narrow passage, called the Sound of Mull. There
are many good natural harbours ; and the ruins
of several ancient castles are to be seen. The
soil is for the most part, rocky and barren ; but
the hills abound with springs, and are covered
with sheep and cattle ; these, with the fishery,
and a considerable quantity of kelp, are the arti-
cles of commerce. The principal place is Tober-
mory .
MulllcohUl, p.v. Gloucester Co. N. J. 17 m. S.
W. Philadelphia.
MuUingar, a borough of Ireland, capital of W.
Meath. It is a place of good trade, and stands on
the river Foyle, 38 m. W. of Dublin. Long. 7.
50. W., lat. 53. 30. N.
Midhivia, a river which rises in Mount Atlas,
divides the empire of Morocco from the kingdom
of Algiers, and runs into the Mediterranean Sea.
Malrose, a town of the Prussian province of
Brandenburg, seated on a canal cut between the
Spree and Oder, 10 m. S. W. of Frankfort.
Multnomah, a branch of the Oregon or Colum-
bia river, which falls into the main stream about
100 m. from the ocean. Its course and length
are but invperfectly known.
Mumpers, p.v, Franklin Co. Pa.
Muncklie.rfT, a town of Bavarian Franconia, in
the principality of Bayreuth,16 m.E. of Culmbach.
Miinchrnher!^, a town of Prussia, in Branden-
burg, with silk and woolen manufactures, 34 m.
E. of Berlin.
Muncij creek, p.t. Lycoming Co. Pa.
Munda., a town of Spain, in Granada, 30 m. W.
N. W. of Malaga.
Mundn.n, a town of Hanover, in the duchy of
Brunswick, situate on the Werra, at the influx of
the Fulda, where their united streams form the
Weser. Good millstones are found in the neigh-
bourhood of the town. In the war of 1756 it
was several times in the hands of the French, by
whom it was again occupied in 180.5. It is 10 m.
N E. of Cassel and 13 S. W. of Gottingen.
MunderJdngen, a town of Germany in Wurtem-
berg seated on the Danube, 9 m. N. of Buchau.
Mundu, a town of Hindoostan, capital of a dis-
trict, of the same name, extending from 22. to 23.
N. lat., in the province of Malwah. It was an-
ciently the capital of the province, and was then
22 m. in circuit, and contained many mouments
of ancient magnificence, but it is fallen much to
decay. It occupies the top of a large and lofti
mountain, 25 m. S. of Ougein and 110 N N W
of Burhampour. Long. 75T47. E., lat. 22. 50. N
Munfordsvilte, p.v. Fart Co. Ken.
Munglore, a town of Afghanistan, in the prov
ince of^Cabul, 125 m. m. of Cashmere and 135
E. of Cabul. Long. 71. 15. E., lat. 34. 15. N
Mungul/iaut, a town of Bengal, with a manu-
facture of coarse cotton cloths, situate on the
Durlab, 20 m N. N. E. of Rungpour.
Muiunli, one of the finest towns in Germany,
and capital of the kingdom of Bavaria. It con-
tains nearly 60,000 inhabitants. Tlie houses are
high, and the streets spacious, with canals in ma-
ny of them. The palace is a stupendous struc-
ture, the interior magnificently adorned ; and the
cabinet of curiosities, the museum, the library,
and the arsenal, merit attention. The cathedral
of Notre Dame contains the tomb of one of the
emperors, of black marble, adorned with statues
of bronze. Institutions for charitable, literary,
and scientific purposes are numerous. The large
market-place, in which is the town-house, is very
beautiful. Manufactures of silk, velvet, woolen
cloth, and tapestry, are carried on. Near the city
are two other palaces, Nymphenburg and Schles-
heim. Munich has often suffered in the wars
of Germany, and in 1796 and 1800 it was taken
by the French. It is seated on the Iser, 33 m,
E. S. E. of Augsburg and 62 S. by W. of Raiis-
bon. Long. 11. 30. E., lat. 48. 10. N.
Munkacs. See Montgutz.
Munnerstadt, a town of Germany, in Franco-
nia, situate on the Lauer, 13 m. N. of Schwein-
furt.
Munntjpour, a town of Birmah, capital of the
province of Cassay. 210 m. N. N. W. of Umme-
rapoora, and 410 E. by N. of Calcutta. Long. 94.
40. E., lat 24. 30. N.
Munsingen, a town of Germany, in the king-
dom of VVurtemberg, with a castle, 20 m. W. of
Ulm.
Munster, a province of Ireland, 135 m. long and
120 broad; bounded on the N. by Connaught, E.
by Leinster, and S. and W. by the Atlantic. It
contains the counties of Clare, Tipperary, Water-
ford, Cork, Limerick, and Kerry. The principal
place is Cork.
Munifter, a government of the Prussian prov-
ince of Westphalia. It contains 2,820 sq. m. and
is divided into 10 circles or districts — Munster
Proper, Tecklenburg, Wahrendorf, Beckum,
Ludinghausen, Koesfeld, Recklinghausen, Berk-
en, Allans, and Steinfurt. The chief rivers are
the Ems and Lippe. The country is level, with
some agreeable heights, but no mountains ; and
it has fruitful plains, fine woods, extensive heaths
that feed much cattle, and good quarries of stone.
This government consists, for the greater part, of
the ancient bishopric of its name which on the
secularisation of church property, in 1802, was
divided between Prussia, the duke of Oldenburg,
and several other princes, all of whom became
subject to Prussia in 1815.
Munsler, the capital of the foregoing govern-
ment. The caihedral, the library of the chapter,
MUR
525
MYS
and many antiquities are worthy of notice. In
1535 a tailor, called John of Leyden, king of the
anabaptists, made himself master of the city ; but
it was retaken in 1536 after 14 months' siege,
when John and two of his associates were tortur-
ed to death with red-hot pincers. The famous
treaty, called the treaty of Westphalia, which
ended the 30 years' war, was concluded here in
164S. In the war of 1756 this city sustained sev-
eral sieges and was taken in 17513. In 1806 the
French laid the inhabitants under a heavy contri-
bution, and stripped the churches of their plate.
Munster is seated on the Aa, 50 m. E. N. E. of
Wesel and 52 W. N. W. of Paderborn. Long.
7. 36. E., lat. 51. 58. N.
Munster, a town of Switzerland, in the cantons
of Lucerne, 12 ra. N. N. W. of Lucerne.
Munster, a town of Switzerland, canton of
Grisons, 15 m. N. of Bormio.
Munster, a town of France, department of Up-
per Rhine, 6 m. W. of Colmar.
Munster, p. v. Cambria Co. Pa.
Munster Eyfel, a town of the Prussian states,
in Westphalia, 16 m. S. S. W. of Cologne.
^Munster Mienfeld, a town of the Prussian prov-
ince of Lower Rhine, 12 m. S. W. of Coblentz.
Munstp.rberg, a town of Prussian Silesia, in the
government of Reichenbach, rich ingrain, flax,
hemp and hops. It is seated on the Ohlau, 13 m.
N. W. of Neisse. Long. 17. 3. E., lat. 50. 31.
N.
Mur, or Muhr, a river which rises in the duchy
of Salzburg, crosses Styria,and falls into the Drave
near Canischa, in Hungary.
Mur de Barrez, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Aveiron, 32 m. N. by E.of Rhodez.
Miirano, a town of the Lombardo- Venetian
kingdom, on an island of the same name, one of
largest of the Lagunes of Venice. Here the fa-
mous Venetian looking-glasses are made. It is 3
m. N, by E. of Venice.
Murat, a town of France, in the department of
Cantal, seated on the Alaignon near its source,
13 m. N. W. of St. Flour.
Murcia, a province of Spain bounded N. by
New Castile, E. by Valencia, W. by Andalusia
and Granada, and S. by the Mediterranean. It is
90 m. long and 58 broad ; and the principal river
is the Segura. The soil is dry, and it produces
little corn or wine ; but oranges, citrons, lemons,
olives, almonds, mulberries, rice, pulse, and sugar
aro plentiful. It has also a great deal of silk. The
yale of Murcia is celebrated for the variety and
ichness of its culture.
Murcia, the capital of the foregoing province,
and a bishop's see. The inhabitants are compu-
ted at 60,000. A number of hands are employed
in the working of bassweed, and there is also an
extensive establishment for twisting silk, and a
refinery of salt-petre. There are fine gardens
about the city, in which are the best fruits in
Spain. It is seated on the Segura, over which is
a bridore, 27 m. N. of Carthagena and 212 S. E.
of Madrid. Long. 1. 16. W., lat. 37. 58. N.
Murfreesborough, p.t. Rutherford Co. Ten. and
formerlv the seat of government for the state. 32
m. S. E". Nashville and 160 W. Knoxville. lat. 25.
52. N., long. 86.35. W. It is situated in a level
and fertile country, producing wheat, cotton, and
tobacco. Also a p.t. Hertford Co. N. C. on the
Meherrin.
Muro, a town of Naples in Basilicata, seated at
the foot of the Apennines, 12 m. S. E. of Conza.
Mur OS, a town of Spain, in Galicia. at the
mouth of the Tambro,29m. W. by S. of Compof-
tella.
Murray, p. v. Gennesee Co. N. Y. 25 m. N. E
Batavia.
Murray Frith, a considerable inlet of the sea,
on the coast of Scotland, between Tarbetness in
Ross-shire, on the N., and Brough-Head in Mur-
rayshire on the S. It extends in a S. W. direction
as far as Inverness, and thence W. to the town
of Beaulie, where it receives the river of that
name.
Murrays/iire, or Elginshire, a county of Scot-
land, 50 m. in length and 20 along the coast ;
bounded on the N. by the Frith of Murray, E. by
Banffshire, S. by Inverness-shire, and VV. by tliat
county and Nairnshire. It is divided into 12
parishes, and the number of inhabitants is about
30,000. The S. part is mountainous and occu-
pied by forests ; but the greater part is rich, and
produces wheat, barelv, oats, and flax. The chief
rivers are the Spey, Findhorn, ana Lossie. The
county town is Elgin.
Murrays-cille, p. v. Alleghany Co. Pa., West-
moreland Co. Va., Buncombe Co. N. C.
Murten. See Morat.
Musa, a walled town of Arabia, in Yemen, 18
m. E. of Mocha.
Muska, a town of Prussia, in TJpper Lusatia,
with a castle, seated on the Neisse 2o m. N. N W
of Gorlilz and 52 N. E. of Dresden.
Muskingum, a river of the state of Ohio, which
runs S. into the Ohio, at Marietta, where it is
230 yards wide. It is navigable by large barges
110 m. from its mouth, and by small boats 45 m.
further to the lake at its head, whence, by a short
portage, a communication is opened to Lake
Erie.
Muskingum, a county of Ohio. Pop. 2J,325
Zanesville is the capital.
Messelburg, a sea-port of Scotland, in Edinburg-
shire, near the mouth of the Esk, over which are
three bridges to the suburb of Fisherrow. It en-
joys many privileges, and has even incorporated
trades. Besides the parish church, here are an
episcopal chapel and four other places of worship
The principal manufactures are of salt, starch,
earthen ware, and leather. 5 m. E. of Edin-
burgh.
Mustagam, or Mustygannim, a sea-port of Al-
giers, in the province of Tremecen, with three
castles, 140 m. W. S. W. of the city of Algiers.
Long. 0. 30. E., lat. 36. 20. N.
Musuela, a town of Spain, in Andalusia, situate
on the river Guadalquivir, 7 m. N. E. of Joea
and 50 N . of Granada.
Muteodu, a town of Hindoostan, in Mysore,
noted for its manufacture of the glass used for
making the rings which are worn on the wrists
of the native women. It is 34 m. W. of Sera.
Muyden, a fortified town of the Netherlands, in
S. Holland, seated on the Zuyder Zee, at the in-
flux of the Vecht, 6 m. E S. E. of Amsterdam.
Myconi, an island of the Grecian Archipelago,
30 m. in circumference. The soil is dry, and the
mountains are of great height. Here are plenty
©f partridges, quails, woodcocks, turtledoves, rab-
bits,and wheatears; also excellent grapes and figs.
The harbour is open, and deep enough for the
largest ships to ride secure from the N. wind.
Long. 25. 21. E., lat 37. 38. N.
Myerstown,p.v. Lebanon Co. Pa., 31 m. E. Har-
risburg.
Mysol, one of the Moluccas, of a triangular
form, with a bold shore. The villages are built in
NAE
526
NAG
the water upon posts, and there are forests visi-
ted by the birds of paradise, which are caught in
great numbers. Long. 130. 0. E., lat. 2. 0. S.
Mysore, an extensive province of Hindoostan,
lying between 11. and 15. N. lat., and now sur-
rounded by the British territories of the Madras
Presidency, while the existing rajah is also de-
p^ .dent on British protection. Tlie country i.- in
ft-; •=~al dry, rugged, mountainous, and barren;
ut there are several rivers and mountain torrents,
which by artificial means serve to water rice-
grounds, gardens, &c. In the forests are many
eli^phants, and tigers are common. Oxen, buffa-
loes, and goats are numerous, and in the N. E.
part many sheep are bred ; but horses and asses
are few. The chief products are rice, cotton, pep-
per, cocoa, and betel-nut, sugar-cane, butter, and
oil. The whole of this country, with some other
territi^ries to the N. and E., and the provinces of
Coiinbetore, Malabar, and Canara, were subdued
by Hyder All, a Mussulman, who usurped the
throne of Mysore in 175'), and made Seringapatam
his capital. He was succeeded by Tippoo Sul-
tan, who continued his father's state of warfare.
On tlie termination of a war, in 1792, Tippoo
agreed to pay thirty lacks of rupees, and to cede
one half of his dominions to the English and their
allies, the Mahrattas and the nizam of the Deccan.
In 1799, a new war taking place, his capital was
taken by the English, on the 4th of May, and
himself killed in the assault. A partition of his
remaining territories took place, and, on the .'?Oth
of June following, Kistna Rajah, then only five
years old, was placed by the British on the throne
of his forefathers. The dominions of the raj.ah of
Mysore are now divided into three great districts,
Patana to the S., Nagara to the N. W., and Cha-
trakal to the N. E., so called from the three places
where the chief offices are situate. The Patana
district is by far the largest, and of itself com
prises a much greater extent of territory than w£.<
ever before subject to the Mysore family.
Mysore, the capital of the foregoing province,"
was ruined by Tippoo Sultan ; but since the Eng-
lish restored the ancient family in 17r'9, and made
it the rajah's seat of government, the town and
fortress have been rebuilt, and the population ia
rapidly increasing. Mysore is 10 m. S. of Serin-
gapatam. Long. 7G. 50. E., lat. 12. 15. N.
Mytilene. See Metelin.
Mijlon, at town in N. Yorkshire, Eng. 2 m
from Aldborough..
N
NAAS, a borough of Ireland, in the county of
Kildare, where the assizes are held alternately
with Athy. It was anciently the residence of
the kings of Leinster. 17 m. S. W. of Dublin.
Long. 6. 42. W., lat. 53. 13. N.
J\l'ub, a river of Germany, which flows S. through
the kingdom of Bavaria, and enters the Danube
a little above Ratisbon.
Nabal, a town of the kingdom of Tunis, cele-
brated for its potteries. Near it are several re-
mains of antiquity. It is seated near the sea, 32 m
S. S. E. of Tunis. Long. 10. 19. E., lat. 53. 13. N.
Nabburg, a town of Bavaria, on the river Nab,
10 m. E. S. E. of Amberg.
Kablous, a town of Palestine, capital of a coun-
try which was the ancient kingdom of Samaria.
It is the residence of a scheik, who farms the tri-
bute to the pacha of Damascus. Here is consid-
erable trade, and the manufactures flourish more
than in most cities of the east. The soil of the
surrounding country is fertile, and producos a
great ;eal of corn, cotton, olives, and some silk.
Nablous is 24 m. N. of Jerusalem and 90 S. S. W.
of Damascus. L^yng. 35. 24. E., lat. 32. 20. N.
Kaco, a town of S. America, in Mexico, 50 m.
N. W. ofValladolid.
JVacoirdoches, a small town in Texas, 120 m. W.
of Natchitoches in Louisiana.
J^adir, a town of Egypt, on the W. branch of
the Nile, 28 m. N. N. W. of Cairo.
J^aefels, a town of Switzerland, in the canton
of Glaris, near which, in 1388, an unparalleled
victory was obtained by 350 troops of Glaris, as-
Bi8t«d by 50 Schweitzers, over 15,000 Austrians.
In memory of this heroic achievement, a chapel
»vas built on the spot, which was rebuilt in 1779.
4 m. N. of Glaris.
Naerdrn, a strong town of the Netherlands, in
S. Holland, at the head of the canals of the pro-
vince, of which it 18 considered the key. In 1572
it was taken by Fernande de Toledo, son of the
duke of Alva, and all the inhabitants were mas-
sacred. In 1672 it was taken by the French, and
retaken by the Prince of Orange the following
year. It is seated on the Zuyder Zee, 14 m. E.
S. E. of Amsterdam. Long. 5. 11. E., lat. 52.
19. N.
JVaoramangala, a town of Hindoostan, in Mysore,
with a citadel in the centre, both fortified with
mud walls. In the outer town a wide street ex-
tends all round, with short lanes on each side to
the outer and inner wall. In the fort are two
large temples and a ruinous palace. 30 m. N. of
Seringapatam.
JVagara, or Hyder-nagara, a city of Hindoostan,
capital of the district of Bednore. It was former-
ly called Bidderuru, and by Europeans Biddenore ;
but received its present name in 17(')3, on beino-
taken by Hyder, who made it his principal arsenal
and a place of great magnitude and comnu^rce.
It afterwards declined, being neither the seat of
a court nor of any public works, except the mint.
In 1783 it was taken by the English, and re-taken
soon after by Tippoo ; but on his final defeat, in
1799, it was ceded by the English to the rajah of
Mysore. 70 m. N. by E. of Man galore and 150
N. W. of Seringapatam. Long. 75. 8. E., lat. 13
48. N.
JYagaz, a town of Candahar, province of Cabul,
on the Cowmull, 79 m. W. by N. of Attock ano
120 S. of Cabul.
JYagera, a town of Spain, in Old Castile, with
a fort, 3 m. N. VV. of Calahorra and 138 N. of
Madrid.
Nagold, a town of Germa.;y in the kingdom of
Wurtemberg, with a ruined castle ; situate on a
river of the same name, 15 m. W. of Tubingen.
J^agore, a city of Hindoostan, capital of a district
of the same name in the province of Agimere.
50 m. N. W. of Agimere. Long. 74. 15. £., lat.
27. 9. N.
JVu.gjwre, a city of Hindoostan, capital of the
Eastern Mahratta territories. It is extensive
and populous, but meanly built; and. excepting
a small citadel, is open and defenceless. StiO m
W. by S. of Calcutta Long. 79. 46. E.,lat.2l.9.N
"NAM
527
NAN
Kagpore Chuta, (or Little,) a district of Bahar,
Hindoostan, constituting the S. W. British fron-
tier, and included in the collectorship of Ramg-
hur, * It is one of the wildest and least cultivated
districts of British India.
Kagybanja, a town of Hungary and one of the
royal free towns. The gold and silver mines are
of great produce, and money is coined here. It
is 30 m. N. E. of Zatmar. Long. 22. 54. E.,
lat. 48. 10. N.
JVahant, a peninsula in Massachusetts Bay, 8
m. N. E. Boston. It belongs to Lynn in Essex
Co. and is united to the continent by a narrow
isthmus of sand called Lynn Beach. The penin-
sula has a rocky, uneven surface, and is adorned
with many summer cottages belonging to the in-
habitants of Boston. During the summer months
it is greatly frequented by visitors. Two spa-
cious and elegant hotels built of stone, afford ex-
cellent accommodations, and steam-boats pass
every hour in the day between Nahant and Bos-
ton during the season.
JVahe, a river of Germany, which rises in the
territory of Treves, above Birkenfeld, and enters
the Rhine at Bingen.
JVaAre, a town <JfDehli, Hindoostan, capital of
a district of the same name, and a place of con-
siderable strength. It is the residence of a Hin-
doo chief, tributary to the rajah of Nepaul. Long.
77. 8. E., lat. 30. 41. N.
JS'airn, a borough of Scotland, and capital of
Nairnshire, with a small harbour. It is seated at
the mouth of a river of the same name, on the
Murray Frith, 15. m. N. E. of Inverness and 120
N of Edinburgh. Long. 3. 6. W., lat. 57. 38. N.
Nairnshire, a county of Scotland, 15 m. long,
and 10 broad; bounded N. by the Murray Frith,
and enclosed on every side of the counties of In-
verness and Murray. It is divided into 4 parishes
and sends one member to parliament alternately
with Cromarty. The S. part is mountaineus,
but towards the N. it is level, and the soil abund-
antly fertile
Naksivan, a town of Prussian Armenia, former-
ly a large city, but ruined by Abbas I., who re-
moved the inhabitants in the interior parts of
Persia. Here are now some considerable buzaars,
caravenserais, baths, and other public buildings.
It is 85 m. S. E. of Erivan and 250 E. of Erze-
rum. Long. 45. 30. E., lat. 33. 40. N.
^amslau, a town of Prussian Silesia, with a
castle. It is situate among morasses on the river
Weyda, 20 m. E. S. E. of Breslau.
JVawiJ/r, a province of the Netherlands, 30 ni.
long and 20 broad ; bounded by the French fron-
tier, and by the Belgic provinces of Hainault, S.
Brabant and Liege. It is pretty fertile, and has
several forests, marble quarriers, and mines of
iron, lead and coal. The rivers Meuse and Sam-
bre divide it into 3 parts, nearly of equal extent.
.Before the French Revolution of 1789, the great-
er part of this province belonged to Austria, and
the remainder to France. In 1794 the whole was
siezed by the French, and constituted for 20
years part of the department of Sambre-et-Meuse.
It was finally incorporated with the kingdom of
the Netherlands in 1815.
Kamur, the capital of the above province, and
a bishop's see. It has a castle in the middle of
the town, on a craggy rock, and several forts.
The inhabitants are estimated at 20,000. Fire-
arms, swords, knives, and many other kinds of
cutlerv, are made here. This city was the scene
of a sanguinary conflict between the allies and the
French in June 1815, and is noted in History ac
the scene of many early battles. It is seated be-
tween two mountains, at the confluence of the
Maese and Sambre, 24 m. W. S. W. of Liege
and 32 S. E. of Brussels. Long. 4. 45. E lat
50. 29. N.
JVanas. a town of Hungary, 23 m. N. W. De-
breozin. Pop. 4,000.
JVanaj/, a river of Quito, falling into the Amazon.
Nancezille, p. v. Harrison Co. Indiana.
Nancy, a city of France, capital of the depart-
ment of Meurthe, and a bishop's see. It is divid-
ed by a canal into the Old and New Town.
The former though irregularly built, is rich and
populous, and contains the palace of the anc.tnt
dukes of Lorraine ; and their tombs are in a rich
saloon which adjoins the church of the late Cor-
deliers. The New Town, whose streets are per-
fectly straight, was one of the finest in Europe,
even before the magnificent works with which
Stanislaus I., titular king of Poland, and duke of
Lorraine, enriched it. "The cathedral is a supurb
structure, and there are several other elegan
churches. It was occupied by the allies in 1814.
Nancy is seated in a delightful plain, near the
river Meurthe, 30 m. S. of Metz and 230 E. of
Paris. Long. 6. 10. E., lat. 48. 42. N.
JVandar, a town of Hindoostan, capital of a dis-
trict of the same name in the province of Dowle-
tabad. 132 m. N. N. W. of Hydrabad.
Nandidroog, a strong town of Hindoostan, in
Mysore. Since the restoration of the rajah, in
1709, it has been garrisoned by English troops.
It is 25 m. N. by E. of Bangalore and 64 E. S. E.
of Sera.
Nanfio, an island of the Grecian Archipelago,
a little tothe E. of Santorin ; it is 26 m. in circum-
ference, but has no harbour, nor springs sufficient
to water the fields. The inhabitants are all
Greeks, and their chief trade is in onions, wax,
and honey. The ruins of the temple of Apollo
are yet to be seen, and consist chiefly of marble
columns. Long. 26. 10. E., lat. 36. 15. N.
Naugasaki, a city of Japan, in the island of
Ximo, with a good harbour and the only one in
the empire in which foreign ships are permitted
to anchor. The inhabitants carry on a great
trade with the Chinese and Dutch. Long. 129.
46. E., lat. 32. 32. N.
Nangis, a town of France in the department of
Seine-et-Marn, 12 m. W. of Provins.
Nanjemog, p.t. Charles Co. Maryland. 45 m.
S. Washington.
JVankang, a city of China, of the first rank, in
the province of Kiang-si, seated on the lake Po-
yang, 637 m. S. of Pekin. Long. 1 13. 58. E.,
lat. 29. 33. N.
Nanking, a. city-of China, capital of the prov-
ince ofKiangan. It is 17 m. in circumference,
and about 3 m. distant from the great river Yang-
tse-Chiang, from which canals are cut, so large
that vessels may enter the town. It was former-
ly the imperial city, whence it is called Nanking,
which signifies southern court ; but, since the six
grand tribunals have been removed to Pekin, it is
called Kiang-nan in all public acts The place is
greatly fallen from its ancient splendor; for it had
a magnificent palace which is quite destroyed, as
well as many ancient monuments ; and a third
part of the city itself is desolate. The streets
are narrow, but handsome and well paved, and
on each side are shops neatly furnished. The pub-
lic buildings are mean, except a few tempies, the
city gates, and a tower of porcelain 200 feet high
NAN
538
NAP
The inhabitants were formerly estimated at 2,000,
000, the city being above 30 rn. in cir«umference.
The number at present is said to be 1 ,000,000,
without comprehending the garrison of 40,000
men. They have several manufactures in silk
and wood. Here the physicians have their prin-
cipal academy. Nanking is seated on the Slam,
500 m. S. S. E. of Pekin. Long 119. 25. E., lat.
32. 46. N.
Niinngan, a city of China of the first rank, in
Kiangsi. It stands among plantations of sugar-
cane, near the source of the Kang-kiang, and the
foot of the mountain Me-lin, 200 m. N. E. of
Canton. Long. 113. 38. E., lat. 24. 48. N.
JYan-ning, a city ofChina, of the first rank, in
the province of Quang-si, 1,145 ni. S. S. W. ot Pe-
kin. Long. 107. 45. E., lat. 22. 44. N.
jyansemond, a county of the E. district of Vir-
ginia. Pop. 11,784. Suffolk is the capital. Also a
river flowing through this county into James
River at Hampton Roads.
J^antasket, the Indian name of the peninsula on
the S. side of Boston Bay. It contains the town
of Hull, and is joined to the mainland by a beach
of sand several miles in length. The peninsula
has several high hills which command one of the
entrances into Boston harbour.
jyantasket Road, the name given to that part of
the outer harbour of Boston, between Nantasket
and the islands to the N. and ^. W. just within the
outer light.
JVan-tckang, a city of China, capital of Kiang-
si. It has no trade but that of porcelain, which is
made in the vicinity of Jaatcheou. The country is
so much cultivated that the pastures are barely
sufficient for the flocks. It is seated on the Kan-
kianor, which flows hence into the lake Poyang,
605 m. S. of Pekin. Long. 115. 30. E.. lat. 28.
36. iN.
JVantes, a city of France capital of the depart-
ment of Lower Loire, and a bishop's see, with a
university. It was formerly the residence of the
dukes of Bretagne, who built a strong castle on
the side of the river, which still exists. The
cathedral contains the tombs of the ancient dukes ;
besides which there are a collegiate church and
11 parish churches. The bridges over the Loire,
in which are some islands, are almost a league
in length. The suburbs exceed the city in extent.
A great quantity of salt is made in the territory of
Nantes, both at the bay of Bourgneuf and in the
salt marshes of Guelande and Croisic. Large ves-
sels can come no higher than Port Laubai, which
is 12 m. from Nantes. The inhabitants are com-
fnted at nearly 80,000. It was here that Henry
V. promulgated the famous edict in 1598, in fa-
vour of the Protestants which was revoked by
Louis XIV. in 1085. Nantes is 58 m. S. by E. of
Rennes and 217 S. W. of Paris. Long. 1. 33. W.,
lat. 47. 13. N.
JVanticoke, p.t. Broome Co N. Y. on a creek of
the same name falling into the Susquehanna.
J^anticoke, a hundred of Sussex Co. Del. on
arivei of the same name falling into the Chesa-
peak.
Nantmill, E. and W.,two townships in Chester
Co. Pa. 35 m. N. W. Philad.
Jfanttia, a town of France, department of Ain,
with manufactures of gauzes, taffetas, chintzes,
Sec. situate on a lake of the same name, 18 m. £.
of Bourg.
jyantitcket,BLn island of Massachusetts, 20 m. S.
of Cape Cod. It is 15 m. long and 7 broad, and
coatains 29,380 acres. It is a sandy spot with
little vegetation, yet affords grass for the pastur
age of a few cows and sheep, and supports a
population of 7,202. The inhabitants are chiefly
engaged in the whale fishery, and iheir ships pen-
etrate to the most distant seas on the globe. The
island constitutes one town and one county. The
principal village is on the N. side of the island,
and has a tolerable harbour ; the bouses are of
wood. There are many spermaceti works upon the
island. The shipping owned here in 1827 amount-
ed to 26.353 tons. S. E. of Nantucket, out of
sight of the island are some dangerous shoals.
jynnlwicfi, a town in Cheshire, Eng. The man-
ufacture of salt was formerly considerable, but
it is now confined to a single establishment ; and
the chief trade consists in the manufacture of
shoes for the London and Manchester dealers.
The principal dairies of Cheshire are about this
town, and it has considerable trade in cheese. It
is seated on the Weaver, and by the Chester Ca-
nal, which here forms a broad basin, 20 m. S.
E. of Chester and 164 N. W. of London.
JVan-yang, a city of China, of the first rank, in
the province of Ho-nan, seated on a small river,
and surrounded by mountains, 160 m. S. of Ho-
nan.
J^an-yong, a city of China, of the first rank, in
the province of Quantong, seated on the Pei-
kiang, near its source, 170 m. N. N. E. of Canton.
Mwpaul. See JYepaul.
Kaples, or the Two Sicilies, a kingdom com-
prehending the S. part of Italy, bounded on theN.
W. by the Ecclesiasticalstates, N. E. by the gul'
of Venice, and every where else by the Mediter
ranean. It is 300 m. in length by 100 in breadth,
and is divided into 13 provinces : namely, Napo-
lia or Naples, Terra di Lavoro (the ancient Cam-
pania Felix), Principato Citra and Ultra, Molise,
Basilicata, Calabria Citra and Ultra, Abruzzo
Citra and Ultra, Capitanata, Terra di Bari, and
Terra d' Otranto ; the last three forming the an-
cient Apulia, now called Puglia, on the E. side
of the kingdom.
The climate in general isextrpmely hot, espec-
ially in July, August, and September, and is said
to be one of the most inconstant and unfavoura-
ble to valetudinarians. In some seasons it rains
every day for 6 or 7 weeks together; but the most
disagreeable part of the climate is the sirocco, or
S. E. wind, which is very common in May, and
extremely relaxing. In winter there is seldom
any ice or snow, except on the mountains. The
country abounds with grain, the finest fruits and
vegetables, rice, flax, oil, wine, saffron, and man-
na ; and affords alum, vitrol, sulphur, rock crystal,
marble, minerals, and fine wool and silk. Besides
the manufactures noticed in the account of the
city of Naples, waistcoats, caps, stockings, and
gloves are also made of the hair or filaments of a
shellfish, which are warmer than those of wool
and of a beautiful glossy green. The principal
mountains are the Apennines (which traverse
this country from N. to S., branching to the two
extremities) and the celebrated volcano. Mount
Vesuvius. The rivers are numerous, but incon-
siderable ; the chief are the Garigliano and Vol-
turno. One of the greatest inconveniences to
which this kingdom is exposed is earthquakes.
The established religion is the Roman Catholic ;
but Protestants and Jews are allowed to settle
here. The inhabitants of this country have at all
times borne but an indifferent character among
other nations ; gluttony is here a predominant
vice, while instances of ebriety are comparatively
NAP
529
NAR
fare. In the female sex, tlie passion for finery is
almost superior to every other ; and though chas-
tity is not the characteristic virtue of the country,
yet a Neapolitan woman would, for the most part
prefer a present to a lover. The breach of the
conjugal vow sometimes occasions quarrels and
assassinations among people of inferior rank ; and
in the metropolis, assassinations are often perpe-
trated from much less cogent motives. That fu-
rious jealousy for which the nation was once so
remarkable is, however greatly abated. See Italy
and Sicily.
JVapfes, a large and rich trading city of Italy,
one of the finest in the world, capital of the above
kingdom, with a university. It is situated at the
bottom of a bay, and is built in the form of a vast
amphitheatre, sloping from the hills to the sea.
Although the style of architecture is inferior to
what prevails at Rome, and it cannot vie with that
city in the number of palaces or in the magnifi-
cence of the public buildings, yet the private hou-
ses in general are better built, and the streets are
broader and better paved. No street in Rome
equals in beauty the Strada di Toledo at Naples ;
nor can any of them be compared with the beau-
tiful streets which lie open to the bay, where the
excessive heat ofthe sun is often tempered with the
sea breezes and gales wafting the perfumes ofthe
Campagna Felice The houses in general are 5
or 6 stories high, and flat at the top, on which
are placed numbers of flower vases, or fruit trr-es
in boxes of earth, producing a very gay and agree-
able effect. On the mountain St. Elmo, in a
most pleasant situation, is a convent of Carthu-
sians, on which much expense has been lavished
to render the building, the apartments, and tiie
gardens, equal to the situation. Naples is admir-
ably situated for commerce, and has all the neces-
saries and luxuries of life in great profusion. The
chief articles manufactured here are silk stockings,
soap, snuff-boxes of tortoise-shell or ofthe lava of
Mount Vesuvius, tables, and ornamental furni-
ture of marble. They are thought to embroider
here better than in France ; and their macaroni is
preferred to that of any part of Italy. They ex-
cel also in liquors and confections ; particularly
in one kind of confection, called diaboloni, of a
very hot and stimulating nature, and which is
sold at a very higli price.
The nu.nber of inliabitants is computed at 350,
000, which is very probable ; for, tliough Naples
is not one-third ofthe size of London, yet many
of the streets here are more crowded than the
Strand, and a great proportion of the poorest sort
are obliged to spend the night in them, as well as
the day, for want of habitations. There is not a
city in the world, perhaps, with the same number
of inhabitants, in which so few contribute to the
wealth ofthe community, by useful and produc-
tive labour; the number of priests, monks, fid-
dlers, lawyers, nobility, footmen, and lazzaroni or
vagabonds, is immense : the last alone have been
computed at above 30,01)0, but their number has
since been somewhat diminished. The nobility
are excessively fond of splendour and show, as ap-
pears by the brilliancy of their equipages, the num-
ber of theirattendants, the richness of their dress,
and the grandeur of their titles. The king, it is
said counts 100 persons with the title of prince and
still a greater number with that of duke, among
his subjects. Six or seven of these have estates of
from £10,000 to £13,000 a-year, and a considera-
ble number have possessions to about half that
amount ; while the annual revenue of many is not
67
above £1 ,000 or £2000. The inferior nobility are
much poorer, many counts and marquises not
having above £300 or £400 a-year, of a paternal
estate, many still less, and not a few enjoying the
title without any estate whatever. Although the
churches and convents of Naples are not to be
compared with those of Rome in point of archi-
tecture, they surpass them in rich jewels, and in
the quantity of silver and golden crucifixes, ves-
sels, and other ornaments. The cathedra) is a
grand Gothic edifice ; and, of all the palaces, that
ofthe king is not only the most magnificent, but
in the best style of architecture. The harbour,
which is spacious is protected by a mole. The
bay of Naples is one of the finest in the world, be-
ing almost of a circular figure, about 30 m. in di-
ameter, shut out from the Mediterranean by the
island of Capri, and three parts of it sheltered
by a circuit of woods and mountains. Naples was
taken by the French in January, 1799, but retak-
en by the British fleet under lord Nelson, in the
June following. In 1806 it was again taken pos-
session of by the French under Massena, soon
after which Joseph Bonaparte was here crowned
king of Naples; but on his removal to Spain, in
1808, the crown was conferred on Murat. In
May, 1815, Naples was surrendered to a British
squadron, and in the following month king Fer-
dinand was restored. In 1803 the city suffered
much damage by an earthquake. It is 110 m. S.
K. of Rome, 104 N. E. of Palermo, and 300 S. by
E. of Venice. Long. 14. 20. E., lat. 14. 55.
N.
Mipoli de Romania, a sea-port of the Morea,and
an archbishop's see, seated on a peninsula, at the
head of a bay, ofthe same name. It has a large
harbour, with a narrow entrance, defended by a
citadel. This town was taken by the Turks in
17J5, and remained under the government ofthe
Porte till the recent dismemberment of Greece. It
is 20 m. S. S. W. of Corinth. Long. 22. 44. E.,
lat. 37. 44. N.
JVapoli di Malvasia, a sea-port of the Morea, on
the island of Malvasia. It has a fine harbour defend-
ed by a good citadel ; and a long wooden bridge,
which joins it to the mainland. It gives name to
that excellent wine called Malmsey ; and was the
ancient Epidaurus,famed for the temple of .lEscula-
pius. It is seated on a rock, at the entrance of the
bay of Napoli de Romania. 38 m. S. E. ofMisitra.
Long. 22. 58. E., lat. 36. o3. N.
JVara, a town of Japan, in the island of Niphon,
with a magnificent castle. 25 in. N. W. of Meaco.
J^arainounve, a town of Bengal, in the district
of Dacca, with manufactures of muslin, and a
trade in orain, salt, tobacco, &c. It is seated on
the Luckla. Long. 90. 35. E.. lat. 23. 3G. N.
JVarasinghapura, a town of Ilindoostan, in My
sore, with two considerable temples. It is well
built, and stands in a fertile country, on the Cave
ry, immediately below the influx of Kapina, 3U
m. E. S. E. of Mysore.
Karheth, a town of Wales, in Pemlyokeshire ,
seated on a hill, 12 m. N. E. of Pembroke and
242 W. by N. of London.
JVarbonne, a city of France, in the department
of Aude. In the time of the Romans it was the
capital of that part of Gaul called Gallia Narbon-
onsis ; and here the emperor Marcus Aurelius
was born. Some Roman inscriptions, in different
parts of the city are still visible ; and the canal
from the river Aude, through the city to the Med-
iterranean, was cut by the Romans. Narbonne is
famous for its honey, and the cathedral is remark
2 Y
NAS
530
NAT
able for its noble choir. It ia 5 m. from the Med-
iterranean and 80 E. S. E. of Toulouse. Long. 3.
0. E., lat. 43. 11. N.
J{arborou^h, an uninhabited island in the S.
Pacific, on the coast of Chile, where Sir John Nar-
borough refreshed his men when sent to the South
Sea. in the reign of Charles II. Long. 74. 35. W.,
lat. 45. 0. N.
Kardo, a town of Naples, in Terra d' Otranto,
22 m. W. by N. of Otranto.
Karcnza, a town of Dalmatia, and a bishop's
see ; seated on a river of the same name, 42 m.
IS. N. W. ofRagusa.
A'arim, a town of Siberia, in the government of
Tobolsk, surrounded by pallisades and wooden
towers. The environs abound with foxes, ermines,
and sables. It is seated at the conflux of the Ket
with the Oby, 400 m. E by N. of Tobolsk. Long.
81. 15. E., lat. 59. 10. N
J^arnallii, mtown and fortress of Hindoostan,
province of Berar, 33 m. W. N.W. of Ellich-
pour.
J^arm, a town of Italy, in the states of the
church. Here are the ruins of a marble bridge,
built by Augustus ; and also of an aqueduct that
brought water from a spring at the distance of 15
.-n. It is seated on the Nera, 20 m. S. S. W., of
Spoleto, and 40 N. of Rome.
Naro, a town of Sicily, in Val di Mazara, on a
river of the same name, 11 m. E. of Girgenti.
Na.rora, a river of Russia, which issues from
the lake Peipus, flows to Narva, and enters the
gulf of Finland 8 m. below that town. It has two
cataracts, pompously described by travellers;
but they are far inferior to that of the Rhine at
Laviffen.
JS'arraganset, Bay, in Rhode Island State, ex-
tends from N. to S. dividing the state into two
parts. It is separated into several distinct chan-
nels by the islands which it embosoms. The
largest are Conanicut and Rhode Island. Tlie
length of the bay is about 30 m. and its breadth
1.5. It affords many excellent harbours a)id is ac-
cessible at all seasons of the year. It receives
many rivers, and the cities of Providence and
Newport with other small towns lie upon its
waters.
Karra<Tua^us, p. v. Washinfifton Co. Me. 37
m. W. Machias, on a river of the same name.
Karsingafatam, a town of Hindoostan, in the
territory of Cattack, near the coast of the bay of
Bengal, 44 m. S. of Cattack.
JVarva, a strong town of Russia, in the govern-
ment of Petersburgh. The houses are built of
brick and stuccoed white ; and it has more the
appearance of a German than of a Rjissian town.
In the suburb called Ivangorod are the stupendous
remains of an ancient fortress, built by Ivan Ba-
.silowitz the Great, which impend over the steep
banks of the Narova. In 17()0 Charles XII. of
Sweden ol)tained a victory here over Peter the
Great. Five years after, the czar took the town
by assault; and. by his own personal exertions,
saved it from pillage and massacre. The princi-
pal exports are hemp, flax, timber, and corn. It
IS situate on the Narova, 8 m. from its mouth and
as W. S. W. of Petersburgh. Long. 27. 52. E.,
lat. 5:). 18. N.
JVanmir, a town of Hindoostan, capital of a fer-
tile district of the same name, in the province of
Agra: seated near tlie Sinde, 115 m. S. of Agra.
[.ong 78. 17. E.,lat. 25. 40. N.
Jfasca, a sea-port of Peru, in the audience of
I .iaia. It has a good harbour, and stands in a tei-
ritory fertile in wine and sugar, 220 m. S. S. &.
of Lima. Long. 75. 10. W., fat. 14. 45. S.
JYasebtj, a village in Northamptonshire, Eng. fa-
mous for the decisive victory jrained by the army
of the parliament over that of Charles'l. in 1645.
12 m. N. N. W. of Northampton.
JYash, a county of N. Carolina. Pop. 8,492.
Nashville is the capital. •
Jfashua, a branch of the Merrimack, rising in
Worcester County Mass. and falling into the
Merrimack at Dunstable, N. 11. It is 40 m. long
JS'ushuan, one of the Elizabeth Islands, on tha
S. side of Buzzard s Bay, in Dukes Co. Mas.
J\'ashvillr.,p.t. Davidson Co. Tennessee, and the
seat of government for the state. It is seated on
the S. branch of Cumberland river near some high
bluffs. The site is pleasant and healthy and the
town is much visited during the hot season by
people from the lower country. Here is a branch
of the United States Bank. The Cumberland is
navigable to this place by steam-boats. The Uni-
versity of Nashville was founded in ISiiG. It has
4 instructers and 95 students, tlie libraries have
3,250 vols. It has two vacations of 11 weeks.
Pop. 5,506.
JVashville, p.v. Nash Co. N. C. 50 m. N. E.
Raleigh.
J\'askow, a town of Denmark, in the island of
Laaland, with a convenient harbour, seated on a
bay of the same name, 15 m. W.by N. of Marieboe.
JVassau, an independent duchy of Germany,
formed of the several principalities which formerly
bore this name. It is bounded by the Prussian
territory on the Lower Rhine and the states of the
princes of Hesse. It contains mines of iron, cop-
per, and lead, and the soil is fertile in some places,
but the surface is for the most part woody and
mountainous. Tlie rearing of cattle and the cul-
ture of the vine are the principal occupations of
the inliabitants. The duke of Nassau holds the
13th place at the smaller assembly of the German
diet and has two votes in the full assembly.
JVassau, a town of Germany, in the above duchy,
the only place belonginir in common to the dnke
of Nassau and the king of the Netherlands. Op-
posite tlie town, on tiie other side of the river, and
on a liigli mountain, formerly stood Nassaiiberg,
a place of great antiquity, and tlie original seat of
the Nassau family. Nassau is 32 ni. W. N. W.
off>ankfort. Long. 7. 52. E.. lat. 50. If. N.
JVassau, p.t. Rensselaer Co. N. Y. 15 m. S. E
Albany. Pop. 3,2r)4.
JVassau, an island in the Indian Ocean, on the
W. side of the island of Sumatra, about 120 m. in
circumference. It abounds with forests, and pre-
sents an enchanting verdure. Tlie inhahitsints
are dissimilar from their neifflibours; for they
approach the simplicity of manners and personal
appearance of the Otaheitans, while their 'olor is
like that of the Malays. Long. 99. 40. E., lat. 2.
50. S.
JSassuck, a town of Hindoostan, in the province
of Guzerat, 95 m. S. S. W. of Surat. Long. 73.
49. E., lat. 19. 50. N.
Kata, a sea-port of Terra Firma, in the province
of Panama, seated in a fertile country, on the bay
of Panama, 08 m. S. W. of Panama. Long. 81 5
W., lat. 8. 36. N.
Kaiul, a country on the S. E. coast of Africa,
lying N. E. of the Cape of Good Hope, inhabited
by a tribe of Caffres. It is about 500 m. in length,
and near the middle is a river and also a bay ol
the same name. Long. 31 . 30. E., lat. 29. 0. S.
J^CaUhez, p.t. Adams Co. Mississippi, on the
HAT
531
NBA
eastern branch of the river Mississippi, 156 m.
above New Orleans by land, and 322 by the river.
It is the only large town in the state, and has a
great trade in cotton. Steam-boats and river ship-
ping frequent this place in great numbers, and
make it one of the busiest towns upon the river.
It is situated upon a bluff 300 feet above the river
and is surrounded by a level country. It is often
visited by the yellow fever. A branch of the
United States Bank is established here. Pop. 2,790.
JVatchitoc'ies, a parish of Louisiana. Pop. 7,926.
The capital is the following.
J^atckUochr^, p.t. on Red River, Lou. 35 6 m. N.
W. New Orleans. It is the frontier town of the
United States toward Mexico, and the centre of
communication for the land trade with that coun-
try. It was settled above a century ago, and its
inhabitants are composed of French, Spanish and
Indian descendants intermingled with native and
emigrant Americans. Its trade with Mexico con-
sists in the exportation of manufactured goods,
snirits and tobacco, for which it receives in re-
turn, silver bullion, horses and mules. This town
is the resort of many fugitives and desperate char
acters from the United States, but the stationary
Dopulation is respectable.
J^atkk, p.t. Middlesex Co. Mass. 18 m. S. W.
Boston. Pop. 890.
JVatolia, a country formerly called Asia Minor.
It is the most western part of the great continent
of Asia, bounded N. by the Black Sea, E. by the
Euphrates, S. by the Mediterranean, and W. by
the Archipelago and the Sea of Marmora. It is
crossed by a chain of mountains, formerly called
Taurus, from VV. to E., and watered by a great
number of rivers. The soil is generally fertile,
producing fruits of various kinds, corn, tobacco,
cotton, and silk. The whole country has suflFered
severely from Turkish oppression.
J\attam, a town and fortress of Hindoostan, in
tJie district of Dindigal, 45 ni. S. S. W. of Trich-
inopoly.
Nattore, a town of Bengal, seated on the river
Attri, 47 m. E. N. E. of Moorshedabad.
JVatural Bridge, p. v. Rockbridge Co. Va. 176
m. W. Richmond. See Rockbridge.
Nauen, a town of Prussia, in Brandenburg, 18
m. W. N. W. ofBerUn.
Miumberg, a town of Germany, in Hesse Cassel,
situate on the Eider, 16 m. W. S. W. of Cassel.
JVaumburg , a town of Prussian Saxony, in the
government of Merseburg, formerly capital of a
duchy of the same name. It has a small citadel,
and its cathedral is remarkable for its fine altars,
paintings, and subterranean chapels. The chief
manufactures are leather, soap, starch, gunpowder,
turnery wares, &c. ; and its town carries on a
brisk trade. It is seated on the Saale, 18 m. W.
S. W. of Merseberg. Long. 12. 0. E., lat. 51.
UN.
JVaumhurg, a town of Prussian Silesia, in the
government of Leignitz, on the river Quels, 11
m. N. W. of Lowenburg.
JVavan, a town of Ireland, in the county of
Meath, seated at the conflux of the Blackwater
with the Boyne, 7 m. N. E. of Trim and 25 N.
W. of Dublin.
Kavarino, a sea-port on the W. coast of the
Morea, with a large harbour defended by two
forts. It is memorable for the destruction of the
Turkish and Egyptain fleet, by the English,
French, and Russians, in 1827. It is seated on a
hill, 10 m. N. by E. of Modon and 88 S. W. of
Corinth. Long. 21. 25. E , lat. 37. 5. N.
JVavarre, a province of Spain, containing thft
greater part of the ancient kingdom of Nav"arre.
It is 75 m. long and 60 broad. Though a moun
tainous country, abounding in game and iron
mines, some valleys produce good corn and ex-
cellent wine. Pampeluna is the capital.
JVavarre, JVew, a former province of Mexico,
now divided into various modern intendancies.
JVavarreins, a town of France, department of
Lower Pyrenees, on the Gave d' Oleron, 26 m.
S. E. of Bayonne.
JYamgatar s Islands, a cluster of ten islands in
the Pacific Ocean, discovered by Boiiafainville,
and explored by Perouse in 1787. They are calletl
by the natives Opoun, Leone, Fanfone, Maouna,
Oyalava, Calinasiie, Pola, Shika, Ossamo, and
Ouero. Opoun, the most southerly and easterly
of these islands, lies in long. 169. 7. \V., lat. 14.
7. S. Maouna, Oyalava, and Pola, may be num-
bered among the l.irjrest and most beautiful isl-
ands of the S. Pacific. They combine the ad
vantages of a soil fertile without culture and a
dinrite that renders clothing unnecessary. The
inhabitants are a strong and lusty race ; scared v
a man is to be seen among them less than six feet
high, and the women are in proportion. In dis-
position they are thievish, treacherous, and fe-
rocious. Tiieir villages are situate on creeks, bv
the seaside, and have no paths between t.hem ; so
that they pass from one to another in their canoes,
and thus are almost constantly on t!ie water.
Their canoes, houses, Jkc. , are well constructed :
and they are much i7iore advanced in internal
policy than any of the islands in this ocean. See
Maouna.
JVaxia, or Kaxos, an island in the Grecian Ar-
chipelago, 15 m. in length and 50 in circumfer-
ence. It is fertile in grain, wirte, oil, cotton, and
silk ; and its plains abound with orange, olive,
lemon, cedar, citron, pomegranate, fig, and mul-
berry trees. It has a great many villauen ; but
the population of the whole island does not ex-
ceed 10,000. The highest mountain is Zla,
which signifies tiie mountain of Jupiter : but
there are no antiquities, except some small re-
mains of a temple of Bacchus.
J^axia, the capital of the above island, and one
of the most beautiful places in the Archipelao-o.
It has two archiepiscopal sees, the one Greek and
the other Latin. Here is no harbour, but the trade
is consideriible in barley, wine, oil, fias. cotton,
silk, flax, cheese, salt, oxen, sheep, and mules.
It stands on the S, side of the island, and is de-
fended by a castle. Long. 25. 32. E., lat. 37. 8.
N.
j^ayakanahully, a large square town of Hindoos-
tan, in Mysore, with a citadel in the centre, both
strongly fortified with mud walls. In tlie town
a wide street extends all round, and has short
lanes on each side. It has a manufacture of
coarse cotton cloth, and in the vicinity are many
palm gardens. It is 34 m. S. W. of Sera.
Nazareth, a town of Palestine, celebrated as
the residence of Christ, in the early part of his
life. It is now a small place, where the monks
of St. Francis have a convent. 50 m. N. N. E.
of Jerusalem.
Nazareth, Upper and Lower, two townships in
Northampton Co. Pa. 7 m. N. W. Easton. The
inhabitants are Moravians, and here was their
first settlement in the country.
Naze, or Lindeness, the most southern promon-
tory of Norway. Long. 7. 20. E., lat. 57. 30. N.
Neagh, Lough, a lake of Ireland, 20 m. long and
NEF
532
NE(S
Jf) broad, lying in the counties of Armagh, Down,
Antrim, Londonderry, and Tyrone. Tiie river
Bann flows through it.
JVeaf/t, a corporate town of Wales, in Glamor-
ganshire. In the neighbourhood are iron forges,
smelting works for copper, and coal mines; and
on the other side of the river are the extensive
remains of an abbey. A great quantity of coal is
exported hence in small vessels. It is situate on
the river Neath, near the Bristol Channel, 27 m.
S. VV. of Brecknock and 198 W. of London.
Neath, a river of Wales, which rises in Breck-
nockshire, and runs through Glamorganshire, by
the town of Neath, into the Bristol Channel.
JVeb, a river in the Isle of Man, which runs into
the Irish Sea at Peel Castle.
JVebio, or Ncbblo, a ruined city on the N. side of
the island of Corsica, 1 mile from St. Fiorenzo.
Nehra, a town of Prussian Saxony, in Thurin-
gia, on the Unstrut, 12 m. N. N. VV. of Naumburg.
JVcckar, a river of Germany, which rises in
Wurtemberg, flows by Rothwiel, Tubingen, Es-
slingen, Heilbron, and Heidelberg, and enters
the Rhine at Manheim. This river gives name
to three departments of Wurtemberg, Upper,
Lower, and Middle, and also to the two following
circles.
Neckar, a circle of the grand duchy of Baden,
comprehending that part of the Lower Palatinate
lying to the E. of the Rhine. Manheim is the
capital.
JVec/car, one of the four circles of Wurtemberg,
comprehending the W. part of the kingdom, ac-
cording to the division made in 1818.
JVeckargemund, a town of Baden, on the Neck-
ar, 5 m. E. of Heidelberg.
Keckarsulm, a town of Wurtemberg, seated at
the conflux of the Neckar and Sulm, 5 m. N. of
Heilbron.
Nedroma, a town of Algiers, in the province
of Mascara, surrounded with magnificent ruins.
It is 50 m. W. S. W, of Oran. Long. 0. 38. W.,
lat. 35. 40. N.
NedsjrA, an extensive province of Arabia,
bounded N. by the desert of Syria, E. by Lachsa,
S. by Hadramaut and Yemen, and W. by Heds-
jaz. The soil is various, and in many parts very
fertile. The Bedouins inhabit a great part of this
province ; the remainder is mountainous, and
contains a great number of towns, almost every
one of which has its own chief.
JVeedham, a town in Suff()lk, Eng. seated on
the Orwell, 9 m. N. W of Ipswich and 74 N.
E. of London.
Mcdhanifp.t. Norfolk Co. Mass. 12 m. S.W. Bos-
ton. Pop. 1,420. It is seated on the river
Charles, and has manufactures of paper.
Needles, a cluster of rocks in the English Chan-
nel, at the W. end of the Isle of Wight, so called
from their height and sharp extremities. Here is
a light-house. Long. 1. 33. W., lat. 50. 44. N.
JVetheekow, one of the Sandwich Islands, in the
N. Pacific, five leagues W. of Atooi. The E.
coast is high, and rises abruptly from the sea: the
rest of it consists of low ground, except a round
bluff" head on the S. E. point. Long. 160. 15.
W., lat. 21.50. N.
Neerwinden, a village of the Netherlands, in N.
Brabant, a little N. by W. of Landen. Hence
the two celebrated battles of Landen are some-
times called by the name of Neerwlnden. See
Lanilen.
Nefta, a town of the kingdom of Tunis, 250 m.
S by W. of Tunis. Long. 9. 25. E., lat. 30. N.
Negapatam, a city of Hindoostan in the dis-
trict of Tanjore, on the coast of Coromandel. It
was first a colony of the Portuguese, but was ta
ken by the Dutch ; and the latter were disposses-
sed of it by the English in 1782. The port is not
extraordinary ■, but most of the different nations
in India are liere settled, and trade under the pro-
tection of the fort. The Wesleyan Methodists
have two missionaries here. It is 50 m. E. of
Tanjore and 1C6 S. by W. of Madras. Long. 79.
56. E., iat. 10. 46. N."
JVegara, a town of the isle of Borneo, capital
of the kingdom of Banjermassing ; situate on the
E side of the river Banjer, 60 m. N. of the town
of Banjermassing. Long. 114. 0. E.,lat. 1. 40. S
Negombo, a sea-port on the W. coast of the
isle of Ceylon, with a fort built by tiie Portu-
guese. It was taken in 1640 by the Dutch, who
evacuated it to the English in 17i)6. It is 16 m.
N. of Columbo. Long. 79. 55. E., lat. 7. 20. N.
Negrais, an island on the E. side of the bay of
Bengal, at the mouth of Basien River, the most
western branch of the Irrawaddy, with an excel
lent harbour. Long. 94. 30. E.,"lat. 16. 0. N.
JVegril Point, the aiost westerly promontory of
the island of Jamaica. Long. 78. 23. W., lat. 18
17. N.
Negro Cape, a promontory of Africa, on the
coast of Benguela, being the most southerly
country to which the Europeans usually resort to
purchase slaves. Long. ]1. 40. E., lat. 16. 15. N.
Negroland , or Nigritia, a large country in the
interior of Africa, through which the river Niger
flows from W. to E. It is called by the Arabs
Soudan, a word of similar import to the' European
appellation, signifying the Land of the Blacks
It extends from long. 10. W. to 27. E., and from
lat. 10. to 25. N. ; being bounded on the N. by
the Zahara and the mountains which separate it
from the states of Barbary , on the E . by Nubia
and Abyssinia, on the S. by countries unknown
and Guinea, and W. by Guinea, Fouli, and Zaha-
ra. Of this vast country little is known more than
the names of some oi'the towns and greatkingdoms
of which it is composed. Some parts, particularly
on the river Niger are said to be exceedingly fer-
tile; other parts are represented as sandy and desert.
Among the animals of the territory may be no-
ticed the Panther, a fierce insidious and cruel an-
imal who attacks not only beasts, but man, taking
the precaution always to approach him from be-
hind. Major Denham saw one killed in this
country, above 8 feet in length. The principal
territory known is Bornou. The general charac-
ter of the negroes, who are the inhabitants of this
region, is that of levity. They do not appear to
want the feelings of humanity, nor are they more
destitute of sagacity than other people of an equal
degree of education ; but as their country sup-
plies them with food by a very slight degreu oi
NEI
533
NEP
industry, and there is little occasion for clothing in 1807 it surrendered to the French ; and was fin
ainid the heat of their climate, they have a gener
al habit of seeking present pleasure, and no care
for the future. The only necessary of life that
appears to be deficient is salt, which is the more
wanted among them in consequence of their sub-
sisting chiefly on vegetable food ; and it is a pro-
verbial expression of a man's riches to say that
he eats salt with his food. This important article
thev receive from Zahara by caravans of trading Tellicherry.
ally ceded to Prussia in 1814. It is seated on
river of the same name, 48 m. S.by £. of Breslau.
Long. 17. 20 E., lat. 50. 24. N.
JYeitra, a town of Hungary, and a bishop's see
with a castle and a college. It is situate on ariv
er of the same name, 34 m. N. of Gran.
JVelisuram, a town'of Hindoostan, on the W.
coa.st, 33 m. N. E. of Mangalore and 40 N. W. of
Ar.ibs. They also receive arms, hardware, glass-
es, and trinkets, from the W., by the Europeans,
and. in the interior, by the caravans of Cairo,
Fezzan, and Morocco. For these they give in re-
turn gold dust, ivory, and elephants' teeth. The
Nellenhurg, a former landgraviate of Suabia,
now belonging to Baden.
JVellenburg, a town of Wurtemberg, formerly
the capital of a landgraviate of Suabia, with a
citadel on a mountain, 22 m. N. of Constance
kind of government that exists among the negro Long. 9. 5. E.,lat. 47. 57. N
nations is by no means uniform. Many districts
are governed by a number of independent petty
chiefs, who are engaged in frequent wars with
eacli other. In other places, the talents of indi-
vidual chieftains have been able to reduce consid-
erable tracts of territory -under their dominion;
and hence some flourishing towns have sprung
up. Many of the towns are fortified with ditches
and high walls. Domestic slavery prevails in a
very great degree among all the negro states.
When the tropical rains fall, or are so deficient
that the sun burns up the face of the country, it
is not uncommon for parents to sell their children,
and even themselves, for bread. A free man may
also lose his liberty by being taken prisoner in
war, or on account of the crimes of murder and
sorcery ; and also in consequence of insolvency.
The knowledge of the negroes, with regard te
religion and all speculative subjects, is extremely
limited ; but they have much superstition, and
are implicit believers in witchcraft and magic.
Negropont, an island in the Grecian Archipela-
go, too m. in length and 18 in breadth, anciently
called Euboea. It is near the N. coast of Livadia,
and separated from it by the strait of Euripus over
which is d bridge. It abounds in corn, wine, oil,
and fruits. It forms a part of Independent Greece.
Kegropont, a strong city, capital of the above
island, and an archbishop's see, with a good har-
bour. The walls of the city are 2 m. and a half the Shannon, 19 m
in circumference, but the suburbs are much larg- of Cashel.
er. It is seated on a strait of the same name, 30
m. N. K. of Athens an^ 260 S. W. of Constanti-
nople. Long. 24. 8. E., lat. 38. 30. N.
J^ehavcnd, a town of Irak, in Persia, famous for
a battle fought near it between the caliph Omar
and Yex Degerd, king of Persia, in (i;-58, when the
latter lost his life and kingdom. It is 200 m.N. W.
of Ispahan. Long. 48. 10. E., lat. 34. 20. N
JVcUora, a town and fortress of Hindoostan, in
the Carnatic, near the Pennar, 85 m. N. by W. of
Madras. Long. 79. o7. E., lat 14. 26. N.
JVelsoii, a county of the E. District of Virginia.
Pop. 11,251. Livingston is the capital. A county
of Kentucky. Pop. 14,916. Bardstown is the cap-
ital.
JVelson, p.t. Cheshire Co. N. H. 33 m. S. W.
Concord. Pop. 875. ; p.t. Madison Co. N. Y. Pop.
2,445 ; p.v. Portage Co. Ohio. Also townships in
Buckingham Co. L. C. and Fork Co. U. C.
JS'elson's River, in North America, forms the out-
let of Lake Winnipeg, and flow? into Hudson's
Bay in lat. 57. 2. N. Taken in connexion with the
Saskatchewan, its most distant head stream, its
extreme length is 1,500 m.
J^elsonville, p .v. Athens Co. Ohio, 54 m. S. E.
Columbus.
JVcl son's fort, a British factory at the mouth of
Nelson's River.
JVemcpa, a village of Greece, in the Morea, 20
m. S. W. of Corinth, anciently celebrated for its
games.
Nemours, a town of France, department of
Seine-et-Marne, with an old castle ; seated on
the Loing, between two hills, 45 ra. S S, E. of
Paris.
JYenagh, a town of Ireland, in the county of
Tipperary, with a castle, seated on a branch of
N. E. of Limerick and 23 N.
JVeocastro, a town and fort of Romania, on the
strait of Constantinople, 12 m. N. of Constantino-
ple.
JVeot's, St., a town in Huntingdonshire, Eng
and a considerable trade in coal ; seated on the
Ouse, over which is a strong bridge, 56 m. N. N.
W ofLondon.
Ktoundah, a town of Birmah, with manufac-
Neidenherg, a town of Prussia, in the govern- tures of japanned ware, seated on the Irrawaday,
ment of Konigsberg, with a castle on a mountain, 4 m. N. N. E. ofPagham.
75 m. E. of Culm. Long. 20. 20. E., lat. 53. Nepaul, a kingdom of Northern Hindoostan,
22. S. bounded N. by the Himmaleh Mountains, S. by
J^eidenstein, a. town of Germany, in Hesse Cas- the provinces of Bahar, Cude, and Dehli, E. by
sel, 9 m. S. S. W. of Cassel. Bootan, and the territory of the rajah of Si Kim.
Jfeira, one of the Banda Islands, and the seat of The soil is productive and in some places yields
their government. It has a spacious harbour, two crops in the year. The mountains of Nepaul
but diilicult to be entered ; and ships anchor un-
der the cannon of two forts. Long. 129. 30. E.,
lat. 4. 50. S.
JVeisse, a city of Prussian Silesia, in the govern-
ment of Oppeln. It is a place of great strength,
and one of the finest towns in Siles\a. The inhab
contain mines of copper and iron ; and, although
commerce is not encouraged, it sends to Bengal
ivory, wax, honey, resin, timber, bastard cinna-
mon, cardamoms, walnuts, &c. ; and takes, in
return, muslins and silks of Bengal, carpets, spi-
ces, tobacco, and European goods. In 1814, in
itants carry on a cohsiderable trade in linens and consequence of the repeated encroachments of the
wine. This place was taken in 1741 by the Prus- Nepaulese, the British invaded their territories,
■ians, who after the peace, in 1742, built a citadel, and dictated to them a treaty of peace in lol6.
to which they gave the name of Prussia. In 1758 it By this treaty Nepaul is limited on the W to the
was besieged by the Ausirians, but inefFectually ; river Gogra ; the British have gained possesfifm
2 T 3
NET
^
NET
«f the province of Kemaon, and a British envoy
constantly resides at t.'atlamandoo, the capital of
Nepaul.
Kepean Island, a small island in the S. Pacific,
opposite Port Hunter, on the S. coast of Norfolk
Island.
JVepi, a town of Italy, in the papal states, re-
markable for some Roman ruins, and a fine mod-
ern aqueduct; seated on the Trigilia, 20 m. N. of
Rome.
JS'epanset, a river of Massachusetts flowing into
Boston Bay. It is naviguble for vessels of 150
tons to Milton, 4 miles.
Mpoiiset, a village in Norfolk Co. Mass. on the
above river, 6 m. S. Boston. It lies within the
limits of Dorchester and Milton, and has some
manufactures.
J\'escopeck, p.t. Luzerne Co. Pa.
JVeshaTHork; a town of Mercer Co. Pa.
JVerac, a town of France, department of Lot-et-
Garonne, divided by the river Baise into Great
and Little Nerac. In the feudal times this was
the residence of the lords of Albert, whose stupen-
dous castle is now in ruins. 16 m. W. S. W. of
Agen and 67 S. E. of Bordeaux.
JS'erbudda, a river of Hindoostan, which issues
from a lake on the S. confines of the province of Al-
lahabad, flows W. for 700 m. and enters the gulf
of Cambay below Baroach.
jyereheim, a town of Wurtemberg, with a late
Benedictine abbey on a mountain, whose abbot
was a prelate of the empire. It is 15 m. W. N.
W of Donawert.
J^ericia, a province of Sweden bounded by Su-
bormania, Westmania, VVermland, and W. and
' E. of Gothland. It is now included in the gov-
ernment of Orebro.
Keronde, a town of France, department of Loire.
24 m. W. of Lyons.
JVerondes, a town in the department of Cher,
19 m. E. S. E. of Bourges.
Kershinsk, a town of Siberia, capital of a prov-
ince of the same name, in the government of Ir-
kutsk, with a fort. The adjacent country is
mountainous, but yields excellent pasture for cat-
tle ; and there are some considerable lead and
silver mines. It is seated at the confluence of
the Nercha with the Shilka, 440 m. E. of Irkutsk.
J^esle, a town of France, department of Somme,
on the Lingon, 25 m. E. S. E. of Amiens and 66
N. by E. of Paris.
JVess, Loch, a lake of Scotland, in Inverness-
shire, 22 m. long and from 1 to 2 broad. The
depth is very considerable ; and the high hills on
each side present a delightful view of wood, pas-
ture, cultivated lands and rugged precipices. It
was agitated in an extraordinary manner during
the great earthquake at Lisbon in 1755. Its out-
let, at the N. extremity, is the river Ness, which
runs into Murray Frith, below Inverness.
J^Testved, a town of Denmark, in the island of
Zealand, 38 m. S. W. of Copenhagen.
Netherlands , or Lojo Countrifs, a kingdom of
Europe, established in 1814, bounded on the W
and N. by the German Ocean, E. by Hanover and
the Prussian territories of the Lower Rhine, and
S. by France. It was composed of the former re
public of Holland, the 10 provinces constituting
the Austrian Netherlands, the grand duchy of
Luxemburg, and the former principality or bish-
opric of Liege : it was divided into the provinces
of Holland, £. Flanders, W. Flanders, Hainault,
S. Brabant,Liege, Limburg, N. Brabant, Antwerp,
Guelderlaud, Friesland. Namur, Overysscl, Gro-
ningen, Zealand, Utrecht, Drenthe, and Luxem
burg. The surface of the country, especially the
northern provinces, is uncommonly level, and is
covered with woods, corn fields, and vast meadows
of the freshet verdure. The maritime provinces
have undergone great physical revolutions, espe-
cially from the retreat and encroachments of the
sea, along with the changes in tlie course of the
Rhine. So lately as the 15th century, a great
salt-water lake was suddenly formed to the S. E.
of Dort, which overwhelmed 72 villages, and
100,000 inhabitants are supposed to have perished.
To prevent the recurrence of such dreadful ca
lamities, the Dutch began to secure their coasts,
as also the banks of the great rivers, by dikes, or
mounds of earth, the erection of which has been
justly considered one of the greatest efforts of
human industry. The climate in the maritime
provinces is humid and variable ; in the interior
it is more constant. The summers are warmer,
and the winters colder than in England. The
soil is in gen<cral fertile, and agriculture has been
long prosecuted with care and success. The prin
cipal productions are corn, flax, hemp, tobacco
hops, madder, fruit, and a little wine in the S.
Cattle are reared in great numbers, and vast quan-
tities of excellent butter and cheese are made for
exportation. There are no minerals in the north-
ern provinces. In the S. there are some valua-
ble strata of coal, mines of iron, copper, lead, cal-
amine, and zinc. The principal rivers are the
Rhine, with its different branches, the Maese, and
the Scheldt. These rivers, and the multitude of
canals with which the country is intersected, af-
ford an easy and safe navigation, not only to all
parts of the kingdom, bnt to the W. of Germany,
the N. of France, and even to Switzerland. Tiie
lakes are comparatively inconsiderable ; the prin
cipal is that of Haarlem.
During several centuries the Netherlands took
the lead of all the neighbouring states, both in
trade and manufactures, the linen of Holland,
the lace of Brussels, the leather of Liege, the
woolens of Leyden and Utrecht, and the silks of
Amsterdam and Antwerp, being known several
centuries ago tiiroughout Europe. From their
situation, at the mouth of so many large rivers,
both the Dutch and Flemish had an early and
extensive trade. The number of vessels employ
ed by the Dutch in the fisheries, particularly the
herring fishery, is said to have exceeded that of
all the rest of Europe. At a later date came tiicir
acquisitions in the E. and W. Indies, while they
also carried on extensive transactions with Amer-
ica and the coast of Guinea. The commerce of
this country, however, experienced a great -de
cline after its connexion with France, and though
considerably revived since the expulsion of the
French in 1814, yet owingto overstrained taxation
and tlie rivalship of England, it will be a long
time before the country can recover its former
prosperity. The constitution resembled in many
reppcts that of Great Britain ; though it also ap-
proximates to the federal government of the Unit-
ed States of Americ?!, in consequence of the long
existence of provincial customs, particularly
among the Dutch. The royal power was vested
in the family of Nassau-Orange, with the title of
king of the Netherlands, prince of Orange, and
grand duke of Luxemburg. The parliament was
divided into two houses.
The character of the inhabitants in the northern
and southern provinces differs considerably. The
Dutch have been long distinguished as a labor
NED
535
NEU
ons and persevering people, not devoid of enter-
prise, but led much more rarely than the English
and Americans into adventurous speculatioas of
doubtful success. The Belgians have less uni-
formity in their habits and disposition ; on the
borders of Holland they are hardly to be dis-
tiniruished from the Dutch, while in the prov-
inces to the S. the dress and habits of the French
• are prevalent. Calvinism is the established
religion of the northern provinces, the Roman
Catholic that of the southern ; but there are no
political disqualifications on account of religious
tenets.
The earliest accounts we have of the his-
tory of this country, are from the Romans, by
wiiom all the southern and central part was con-
quered, and called by them Belgium. After se-
veral political changes, the country came into the
possession of the house of Burgundy, and by mar-
ridge, passed to Maximilian of Austria, father of
Charles V. The latter united the 17 provinces
into one state : but the bigotry and tyranny of his
son Philip II. produced the ^paration of the 7
United Provinces. The otlier 10 however, con-
tinued under the Spanish crown till 1702, when
Louis XIV. obtained possession; but after the
battle of Ramillies, in 1706, the Netherlands were
brought under the power of the allies, and assign-
ed to the Austrians by the peace of Utrecht. In
1741 the French under marshal Saxe recovered
what the preceding generation had lost; but at
the peace of Aix-la-Chapelle the country was
again restored to Austria. In 1792 the French
overran the Austrian Netherlands : they were
driven out of the country in 1793 ; but returned
in 1794, and subdued every part of it; and in
1795 decreed it, with the territories of Liege and
Upper Guelderland, an integral part of the
French republic. To this country they gave the
name of Belgium, and divided it into 9 depart-
ments ; but in 1814, agreeably to the treaty of Par-
is, they evacuated all that part which formerly be-
longed to Austria and Holland : and the 17 prov-
inces were united and formed into an independent
State.
The above comprises ine description and
history of the kingdom of tlie Netherlands as organ-
ized in 1815 and as it remained for 15 years after-
wards. This kingdom no longer exists. The people
of Belgium, or the southern part of the kingdom
never became cordially reconciled to their uniou
with Holland, and various minor causes of dis-
content served to augment their dislike to the
government. The revolution of the three days
at Paris set them the example of resistence. On
the 2l)th of August 183U the populace of Brussels
rose in insurrection and hoisted the ancient flag
of Brabant. Conflicts with the Dutch troops at-
tended with terrible carnage f >llowed, and ended
with the formal separation of Belgium from Hol-
land. The crown of Belgium has been succes-
sively offered to the Duke of Nemours, a son of
Louis Philippe, and Prince Leopold, but the af-
fairs of the country remain in so uncertain a
condition that nothing satisfactory can be stated
as to its present situation or future prospects.
The population of the kingdom of the Nether-
lands in lb28 was 6,977,500. Belgium com-
prised about 3 5ths of this number In 1831 a
census of Holland gave 2,445,550.
JVeuburg, called also the Younger Palatinate,
formeily a duchy of the German empire, but now
incorporated in the Bavarian circles of Upper
Danube and Regen.
JVettftur^, a town of Germany, in Bavaria. It
stands on a hill, on the Danube, and has two galea,
but the fortifications are a chiefly gone to decay.
The castle is a large building, and contains a hall
of extraordinary size, embellished with portraits.
It is 11 m. W. of Ingolstadt and GO S. W. of Am-
berg. Long. 11. 13. E., lat. 48. 43. N.
jXeuburg, a town of Bavaria, seated on the
Schwarza, 19 m. E. S. E. of Amberg.
Xeuchuteau, a town of France, department of
Vosges, seated in a soil fertile in corn and good
wine, on the river Meuse, 25 m. S. wT of
Nancy.
j\euchateau, a. town of the Netherlands, in Lux-
emburg, 16 m. S. W. of Bastogne and 30 W. N.
W. of Luxemburg.
Xcuckatd, or jYeufchatel, a canton of Switzer-
land, between the lake of Neuchalei and the bor-
ders of France. It is a hilly country, and is wa-
tered by several lakes and rivers. The soil is not
equally fertile ; but there are large vineyards that
produce white and red wine, of excellent quality.
The pastures on the mountains feed a great num-
ber of cattle, and there are plenty of deer in the
forests. The inhabitants are Protestants, except
in the two districts of Landeron and Cressier,
where the Catholics are predominant. This dis-
trict, along with that of Vallengin, was formerly
a separate principality. On the death of tlie duch-
ess of Nemours, in 1707, the sovereignty was
claimed by Frederic I. of Prussia, as heir to the
prince of Orange, and his right was acknowledg-
ed by the states of the country, whose privilesres
and alliances he confirmed. In 1806 Neuchatel
was ceded by the king of Prussia to the French
marshal Berthier, and the grantwas confirmed by
Napoleon. In 1814 it was rescued from this sub-
jection, and the congress of Vienna acknowled<y-
ed it a Swiss canton, though the nominal sover-
eignty of Prussia was pre"- — '
jXeuchatel, the capital e^ the above caiiV-« is sit-
uate partly on tl'^ plain between the lake of
Neuchatel and th« 3\it&, and partly on the side
of that mountain • The chief article of exporta-
tion is wine, v''<'<l"ced from the neighbouring
vineyards and much esteemed ; and it has manu-
factures of pfinted linens and cottons. 25 ra. N.
E. of Lausac ae and 25 W. of Bern. Long. 7. 0. E.
lat. 47. 5. N-
jVet/'A -tei, a town of France, department of
ii^rtdr Seine, noted for excellent cheese. 20 m.
S. £. of Dieppe.
J^eucheUd, a lake of Switzerland, about 20 m.
long and four broad. At the N E. extremity it
has a communication with the lake of Biel by a
narrow outlet.
Jfeuffen, a town of Germany in Wurtemberg,
with a fortress called Hoheneufien, 17 m. S. £.
of Stuttgard.
JVeultaus, a town of Bohemia, with a castle, 27
m. E. by S. of Bechin.
Keuhaus, a town of Hannover, in the duchy
of Bremen, near the mouth of the Oste. It was
once a place of great trade, but a sand bank
arising in the harbour, at the entrance of the Oste
into the ElL»e, it is now much less freauenled. It
b 19 m. N. W. of Sude.
Js'euhausd, a town of Hungary, seated in a
marshy plain, on the river Neitra. 43 m. E. S. E.
of Presburg.
Js'eukirchen, a town of Germany, in Hesse
Cassel, on the river Fulda, 32 m. S. S. E. of Cas-
sel.
J^eumagen, a town of the Prussian provinc* o*
•J.:- ,... .r.vjhiXK
NEU
536
NEW
Lower Rhine, seated on the Moselle, 17 m. N. E.
of Treves.
Denmark, a town of Bavaria, where the French,
in 1796, met with the first of that series of defeats
whicli led to their retreat across the Rhine. It is
sealed on the Sulz, 1!) in. S. E. of Nuremburg.
Neumark, a town of Bavaria, on the river Roth,
16 m. S. E. of Landshut.
J^eumark, a town of Austrian Illyria, in Car-
niola, 28 in. N. W. of Laubach.
JVeumarket, a town of Prussian Silesia near
which, at tiie village of Leuthen, the Prussians
fained a decisive victory over the Auslrians in
757. 20 m. W. by N. of Breslau.
JVeurode, a town of Prussian Silesia in the
county of Glatz, on the river Wolitz, 10 m. N. N.
W. of Glatz.
J\euse, a river of N. Carolinia, which enters
Pamlico Sound below Neubern, where it is a mile
and a half broad.
JVet/saltz, a strong town and fortress of Hunga-
ry, formerly called Peterwardein Schanz. It is
the see of a Greek bishop, and stands on the Dan-
ube, opposite Peterwardein in Sclavonia.
JVeusidler, a lake of Hungary, 20 m. long and
10 broad, and 16 S. S. W. of Presburg. It is al-
most surrounded by fens. In its vicinity is the
castle of Esterhazy, said to rival the palace of
Versailles in pomp.
J^cusol, a town of Hungary, and a bishop's see,
with an old castle, in which is a church, covered
with copper. In the adjacent mountains are ex-
tensive copper mines. It is seated on the Gran,
22 m. N. by E. of Schemnitz.
Neustadt, a town of Austria, with a castle, and
an arsenal. It has the staple right over all goods
coming from Italy, and stands on the frontiers of
Hungary, 28 m. S. by W. of Vienna. Long. 16.
18. E., lat. 47. 50. N.
J^eusladt, a ♦■"'"* Bavaria, in the circle of
Low^'r ^r<tme, formerly 'he capital of the Lower
part of the principality of bayrtuth, with a castle.
The library belonging to the -church contains
many curiosities. It stands on tiie river Aisch,
32 ni. E. S. E. of Wurtzburg. Loi.„ lo 43 E.
lat. 40. 38. N. .
Kaistadt, a town of the Bavarian circle of Lower
Maine, formerly in the principality of Wurtzburg
seated on the Saale, 16 m. N. by E. ^-f Schwein-
furt.
Knistadt, a town of Wurtemberg, seated on x..^
Kocher, 12 m. N. N. E. of Heilbron.
JVeustadt, a town of Saxony, in Meissen, capi-
tal of a circle of the same name. It has a castle,
two churches, and a mine office , and on a moun-
tain near it is another castle called Arnshaug. It
is seated on the Orla, 46 m. S. S. W. of Leipzig.
Long. 11. 49. E., lat. 50.45. N.
Ncustadt, a town of Prussia, in the province of
Brandenburg. Here are extensive breweries, and
manufactures of cloth and cutlery. It stands on
the Finow canal, 31 m. N. E. of Berlin.
Keusladt, a town of Brandenburg, in the mark
of Pregnitz, celebrated for its manuficture of
plate-glass; seated on the Dosse, 8 m. E. N. E.
of Havelburg.
jyeustadt, a town of Denmark, in the duchy of
Holstein, with a castle, and a spacious harbour on
the Baltic. It suffered greatly from fire in 1817.
20 m. N. by E. of Lubec. Long. 10. 57. E., lat.
54. 10. N.
JfKiistadt, a town of Germany, m the grand
duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, with a castle.
17 m. S. of Schweria
Jfeustadt, a town of Germany, in the duchy of
Brunswick, with a castle ; seated on the Leine,
15 m. N. N. W. of Hanover.
Keustadl, a town of Germany in Bavaria, at the
conflux of the Abenst with the Danube, 16 m. E.
by N. of Ingolstadt.
JVeustadt, a town of Bavaria, with a castle, seat-
ed on the river Nab, 27 m. N. N. E. of Amberg.
JVeustadt, a town of the Austrian States in Mo-
ravia, 10 m. N.W. of Olmutz.
JVeustadt, a town of Prussian Silesia, in the
principality of Oppeln, with manufactures of lin-
en and woolen, and a trade in wines ; seated on
the Prudnitz, 14 m. S. E. of Neisse.
JVeustadt, a town of Bohemia, in the circle of
Pilsen, 35 m. W. by S. of Pilsen.
JVeustadt. a town of Bohemia 13 m. N. E. of
Konigingratz.
JVeustadt, a town of Westphalia, in the county
of Mark, 50 m. E. S. E. of Dusseldorf
JVeustadtel, a town of Bohemia. 06 m. N. E. of
Prague.
JVeustaatel, a town of Hungary, on the Waaw,
52 m. N. N. E. of Presburg.
JVeuville, atown of France, department of Loiret,
11 m. N. N. E. of Orleans.
JVeuville, a town of Switzerland 9 m. N. E. of
Neuchatel.
JVeuville, a township of Cumberland Co. Pa.
JVemcied, a town of Westphalia, capital of the
lower county of Wied, with a fine castle; seated
on the Rhine, 7 m. N. W. of Coblentz.
JVeva., a river of Russia, which issues from Lake
Ladoga, flows to Petersburg, where it divides into
several branches, and enters the gulf of Finland,
8 m. W. N. W. of Halle in Suabia.
JVevern, a village of Wales, in Pembrokeshire,
near a river of the same name, 2 m. N. E. of New-
port. In the churchyard stands a square stone,
J 3 feet high and two broad ; the top is circular,
charged with a cross, and all the sides are carved
with knot- work of various patterns.
JVcvers, a town of France, capital of the depart-
ment of Nievre, and a bishop's see. It is built in
the form of an amphitheatre, and contains several
fine buildings. The chief manufactures are china,
flass, and works of enamel, It is seated on the
,oire, at the influx of the Nievre, over which is a
handsome bridge of 20 arches. 30 m. N. N. W.
ofMoulins.
JVevillsviUe, p. v. Clermont Co. Ohio.
JVevis, one of the Leeward Carribee Islands, in
the W. Indies, divided from the E. end of St.
Christopher by a narrow channel. It has but one
mountain, which is in the middle, very high, and
covered with large trees up to the top. Here is
a hot bath, much of the same nature as those of
Bath, in England. It is a small island, but very
fruitful, and subject to the English. Cliarleston
is the capital, on the S. W. side, defended by a
fort. Long. 62. 50. W., lat 10. 10. N.
JVerlsink, p.t Sullivan Co. N. Y. Pop. 1,258.
JVevisink Hills, a few low eminences on the coast
of New Jersey, a little to the South of Siindy
Hook, which are distinguishable on account of the
flatness of the country around them.
JVemjn, or JVetcin, a town of Wales, in Caernar-
vonshire. Here Edward I., in 1284, held his
triumph on the conquest of Wales. It is seated
on St. George's Channel, 21 m. S. by W. of Caer-
narvon and 249 W. N. W. of London.
JVew Forest, a. forest in Hampshire, Eng. between
Southampton water and the river Avon. It is 20
m. in length, and 15 in breadth. It was afforested
NEW
ssr
.\EW
by William the Conqueror, and was then 10 m.
longer than it is now. His son William Rufus
was" killed in this forest by an arrow, shot by
Walter Tyrrel, that accidentally glanced against
a tree, the site of which is now pointed out by a
triangular stone. Several considerable towns and
villages are now included in the forest.
JVeio River, an artificial river of England, origi-
nally brought from Amwell, in Hertfordshire, to
Islington, for the supply of the metropolis with
water. It was finished in 1G13, by Sir Hugh Mid-
dleton, a citizen of London, who expended his
whole fortune in the undertaking It has since
been carried up to a spring near Hertford, called
Chadwell, where the stream is also increased by
a cut from the river Lei. The river, with all its
windinars, is 42 m. in length, and is under the
management of a corporation called the New
River Company.
JVcw Year Harbour, a good harbour on the N.
coast of Staten Land. Long. 64. 11. W., lat. 54.
49. S.
JVew Year Islands, small islands in the S. Pa-
cific, near New Year Harbour, the resort of vast
numbers of slions, seals, and a species of vulture.
JVcw Albany, p.t. Floyd Co. Indiana, on the
Ohio. 4 m. below Louisville. Also a village in
Bradford Go. Pa.
JVew Jlexandria,Y).v. Westmoreland Co. Pa. and
a town of Columbiana Co. Ohio.
JVew Jlmsterdam, a town of South America, in
Guiana, the capital of Berbice. It stands on the
river Berbice near its mouth.
JVew Antrim, p.t. Orange Co. N. Y. 34 m. N.
W. New York
JVewark, a borc*agh in Nottinghamshire Eng.
with a good trade in malt, corn, and coals, manu-
factures of coarse linens and lace, iron and brass
founderies, extensive roperies, &c. Gypsum of
a superior quality is found in the neighbourhood.
It is seated on the Trent, over which is a bridge,
120 m. N. by W. of London.
JVewark, a town of Upper Canada, on the W.
side of the river Niagara, at its entrance into Lake
Ontario, and opposite the town and fort of Niagara,
27 m. N. by E. of Fort Erie.
JVewark, p.t. Essex Co. N. J. on the Passaic,
9 m. W. New York. Pop. 10,953. This to\yn is
regularly and handsomely built, and has consider-
able manufactures. The river is navigable to the
sea for vessels of 80 tons. The neighbourhood
produces excellent cider. Also a p.t. Tioga Co.
N. Y. Pop. 1,029; p.v. Ontario Co. N. Y; p.t.
Newcastle Co. Del. 14 m. S. W. Wilmington;
p.v. Worcester Co. Maryland ; p.v. Louisa Co.
Va. 25 m. N. W. Richmond ; p.t. Licking Co.
Ohio. Pop. 1,912.
JVewark Bay, lies N. of Staten Island and com-
municates with Newark harbour on the E. and
the ocean on the S.
JVeio Ashford, t. Berkshire Co. Mass. 20 m. N.
Lenox. Pop. 285.
JVcjo Athens, p.t. Harrison Co. Ohio. Here is
a seminary called Franklin College, founded in
1824. It has 3 instructers and 40 students. Also
a p.t. Bradford Co. Pa.
JVew Baltimore, p.t. Green Co. N. Y. on the
Hudson, 18 m. below Albany. Pop. 2,370. Also
a p.v. Fauquier Co. Va.
JVew Barhadoes, a township of Bergen Co. N. J.
JVew Bedford, p.t. Bristol Co. Mass. with a good
harbour on Buzzards Bay. It enjoys an active
commerce and is largely engaged in the whale
fishery, in which it employs 40,000 top« of ship-
68
ping, with 20,000 additional in other fisheries and
coasting. Here are 10 churches, 3 banks, 3 in
surance offices, and 7 manufactories of spermaceti
candles. In the neighbourhood are large salt
works which make annually above 500,000 bush
els. Pop. 7,592.
JV'ejc Bedford, p.v. Mercer Co. Pa. 15 m. S. W.
Mercer ; p.t. Coshocton Co. Ohio. 60 m. N. E.
Columbus.
JVcio Berlin, p.t. Chenango Co. N. Y. Pop.
2,043 ; p.v. Union Co. Pa.
JVewbern, p.t. Craven Co. N. C. is the largest
town in North Carolina. It is seated upon the
Neuse, 30 m. above its entrance into Pamlico
Sound. The river is navigable to this place, and
secures it a considerable commerce in the expor-
tation of flour, naval stores and lumber. It was
once the seat of government for the state. Pop.
3,776.
JVcicbern, p.v. Montgomery Co. Va.
JVewbcrnville, p.v. Oneida Co. N. Y.
JVc^cftc/Tf/, a District of S. Carolina. Pop. 17,
441. Also a p.t. capital of this district, 40 m. N.
W. Columbia ; p.v. Burlington Co. N. J. ; p.v. Ly-
coming Co. Pa. and a village in Christian do. Ken.
JVewbiggen, a fishing town in Northumberland,
Eng. situate on the N. side of a bay to which it
give name. 7 m. E. of Morpeth.
JVewborough, or Gorey, a town of Ireland, in the
county of We.xford, 25 m. N. by E. of Wexford.
JVexc Boston, p.t. Hillsborough Co. N. H. 17 m.
S. Concord. Pop. 1,680 ; p.v.^Madison Co. N. Y.
J^ew Bourbon, a village in St. Genevieve Co.
Missouri.
JVcio Braintree, p.t. Worcester Co. Mass. 18 m.
N. W. Worcester. Pop. 825.
JVew Britain, a township of Bucks Co. Pa.
JVew Brownsville, a town in V\*ayne Co. Ohio.
JVew Brunswick, p.t. Middlesex Co. N. J. on the
Raritan, 30 m. N. E. Trenton and 36 S. W. New
York. It stands at the head of sloop navigation
with a considerable trade in flour and grain. Pop
7,831. Rutgers College at this place was founded
in 1770. It has 5 instructers and 70 students.
JVew Brunswick. See Brunswick.
JVewburg, p.t. Orange Co. N. Y. on the Hudson
84 m. S. Albany, and 70 N. New York. Pop.
6,424. It is finely situated on the side of a hill
close to the river, and has considerable trade.
JVewburgh, A town of Scotland, in Fifeshire, with
a good harbour on the frith of Tay. Here the
large vessels belonging tol^rth unload their goods
into lighters. The principal manufacture is linen.
10 m. S. E. of Perth.
JVcwburarh, a town of Wales, in the isle of An-
glesey, 250 m. N. W. of London.
JVewlmry, a town in Berkshire, Eng. its manu-
factures of druggets, shalloons, and broad cloths,
formerly very extensive, are greatly declined ;
but a considerable trade is carried on by means of
the Kennet and Avon Canal. Here are 65 alms-
houses. Two battles were fovght near this town
between Charles I. and the p.^rliament in ioJ3
and 1644. It is seated on the lv°nnf"t, ati m. S.
of Oxford and 56 W. of London.
JVewbury, a township in Penobscot Co. Me. Pop.
626 ; p.t. Cuyahoga Co. Ohio. Pop. 869.
JVewBurlington, p.v. Hamilton Co. Ohio.
JVewbury. p.t. Orange Co. Vt. on the Connecti-
cut, 30 m. S. E. Montpelier. Pop. 2,252 ; p.t. Essex
Co. Mass. at the mouth of the Merrimack, 32 m.
N. E. Boston. Pop. 3,803 ; towns in York Co. Pa.,
Geauga and Miami Cos. Ohio.
Newlmryport, p.t. Essex Co. Mass. on the Mftr
NEW
538
NEW
rhuack near its mouth. It is one of the hand-
■omest towns in the United States, and is built on
a sloping bank of the river, with regular streets
and handsome houses. It extends a m. along the
river, and has 7 churches, 2 banks, 2 insurance
offices, and 2 newspapers. An elegant ch<tin bridge
crosses the river from tlie centre of the town. It
had formerly a very active commerce, but it is
now much declined. A fire in 1811 destroyed he-
tween two and three hundred buildings in the
most compact part of the town, and the spot still
remains in ruins. Siiip building is carried on
here, with some West India and coasting trade
and fisheries. Here is also a manufacture of
hosiery. The tomb of Whitefield tiie celebrated
preacher may be seen in the Federal street church
in this town, whore lie died in ITfii). Newburvport
is 32 m. N. E. Boston, 24 N. Salem, 24 S. W.
Portsmouth. Lat. 42. 49. N., long. 70. 47. W.
Pop. 6,:383.
JVew Canaan, p.t, Fairfield Co. Conn. 77 m. S.
W. Hartford. Pop. 1,820.
JV'cw; Canton, p. v. Buckingham Co. Va. and
Hawkiijiis Co. Ten.
KciDcaslh, a town of Wales, in Caermarthen-
shire. It had a fine castle, now in ruins ; and is
seated on the Tiyy-j,22it m. W. N. W. of London.
jVewcastle, a town of Ireland, in the county of
Dublin, 10 m. W. S. W. of Dublin.
JVciccastle under Lyme, a borough in Stafford-
shire, Eng. with a considerable manufacture of
hats. The throwing of silk is a very considera-
ble branch of trade, and here are also a cotton mill,
tanneries, malt concerns, «fec., and in the neigh-
bourhood are some iron works. The villages
around are entirely occupied with the manufac-
tures of porcelain, stone-ware, «fec. The princi-
pal streets are broad, well paved, and lighted with
gas, and the genert^ftspect of the town is much
improved of late years. It stands on a branch of
the Trent, 15 m. N. by W. of Stafixjrd and
149 N. N. W. of London.
JYcwcastle upon Tyne, a borough and sea-port
in Northumberland, 'Eng. It is situate among
steep hills on the Tyne, which is here a fine and
deep river, so that ships of 300 and 400 tons bur-
den may safely come up to the town, though the
large colliers are stationed at Shields. The ha-
ven is so secure that vessels, when they have
passed Tynemouth Bar are in no danger either
from storms or shallouM. The town rises on the
N. bank of the river, 4|Hbre the streets upon the
ascent are exceedingly9»ep. Many of the hous-
es are built of stone ; but some of timber, and the
rest of brick. Through this town went part of
the wall which extended from sea to sea, and was
built by the Romans to defend the Britons against
the incursions of the Picts, after all their trained
youth had been drawn from the kingdom to re-
cruit the armies of their conquerors. The castle,
which is old and ruinous overlooks the whole
town. The exchange, churches, and other pub-
lic buildings, are elegant ; and the quay for land-
ing goods IS long and large. Here are a sur-
f eon's hall ; a large hospital, built by the contri-
ution of the ke«'men, for tlie maintainance of
the poor of their fraternity ; and several charita-
ble fonndaAioiis. Newcastle is situated in the
centre of the collieries, which have for centu-
ries supplied London, all the eastern, and most of
the midland and southern parts of the kingdom
with coal. This trade has been the source of
great opulence to Newcastle, which, besides, ex
porta large quantities of lead, salt, salmon, butter,
tallow, and grindstones ; and imports wine and
and fruit from the S. of Europe, and timber, iron
hemp, &c., from the Baltic and Norway. Ships
are sent hence to the Greenland fishery. It also
possesses manufactures of steel, iron, and woo-
len cloth ; and in the town and vicinity
are several glass-houses. The first charter
which was granted to the townsmen for dig-
ging coal was by Henry III., in 1239 ; but, m
1306, the use of coal for fuel was prohibited in
London, by royal proclamation, chiefly because
it injured the sale of wood for fuel, great quanti-
ties of which were then growing about that city ,
but this interdiction did not long continue, and
we may consider coal as having been dug and ex .
ported from this place for more than 400 years.
A handsome stone bridge of nine arches connec*3
this town with the ancient borough of Gateshead.
It was erected in 1781, in place of the old one
which was carried away by an extraordinary flood
in 1771. Newcastle was visited by the pestilen-
tial cholera in 1831. It is 272 N. by W. of London.
Long. 1. 14. W., lat. 54. 57. N.
Newcastle, a county of Delaware. Pop. 29,710,
the capital is
JVewcastle, formerly the seat of government of
Delaware. It is seated upon the Delaware, 34 m
S. of Philadelphia. It has some trade^ flour.
JVewcastle, p.t. Lincoln Me. PojT 1,544; t.
'Rockingham Co. N. H. 2 m. E. Portsmouth on
Great Island in the Piscataqua. Pop. 850 ; p. v.
Mercer Co. Pa., Hanover and Botetourt Cos. Va.,
and Henry Co. Kentucky.
JVew Charleston, p.t. Penobscot Co. Me.
JVeto Chester, p.t. Grafton Co. N. H. Pop. 1,090.
JVewcomb, p. v. Preble Co. Ohio.
JVewcomcr stolen, p. v. Tuscarawas, Co. Ohio.
JVewj Concord, p. v. Columbia Co. N. Y.
JVcw Durham, t. Strafford Co. N. II . Pop. 1,162.
JVeic Egypt, p. v. Monmouth Co. N. J.
Neicdlgale, a village of Eng. in Surrey, 5 m. S
E. of Darking. In the E. part of ihis village is a
medicinal spring, of the same nature as that ol
Epsom.
JVew Echota, the capital of the Cherokee Indi-
ans. It is seated on the Coosa, in the northwest-
ern part of Georgia. Here is a newspaper pub-
lished in English and Cherokee.
JVew England, the name applied to the north-
eastern parts of the American Union, comprising
the states of Maine, New Hampshire, Veroiont,
Miissachusetts, Rhode Island, and Connecticut.
This territory extends from 41 . to 47. 20. N. lat.
and from 60. 49. to 73. 45. W. long, and is bound-
ed N. W. and N. by Canada, E. by New Bruns-
wick and the Ocean : S. by the Ocean, and W. by
New York It contains about 63,000 sq. m.
The surface of the country is infinitely varied, and
NEW
539
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presents the greatest diversity of beautiful scenery, the N. extremity of a vast bay called Bristol Bay,
It is traversed by several extensive mountain ran- of which the promontory of Alaska is the S. bonn-
cres which may be considered as extensions or dary. It was discovered by Cook in 1778. Long.
Eranchesof the great Apalachian ciiain: these 1C2 24. W. lat. 58. 42 N.
are the White, Green ancfc-Tagkannuc Mountains Kewevt, a town in Gloucestershire, Eng seat
which see. Rivers and small streams are abun- ed on a branch of the Severn, 8 ra. N. W. of
dant, and few countries in the world are better Gloucester and 112 W NW. of London
watered ; the largest are the Connecticut, Pe- JVeicfoundland, an island on the E. coast of N.
nobscot, Merrimack, Kennebec, Androscoggin, America between 47. and o2 N. lat It was dis-
and Saco The climate exhibits great extremes covered by Sebastian Cabot in 1496 ; and a«er
of heat and cold In most parts the ground is many disputes with the French it was ceded to
covered with snow for several months in winter,
and all thdj(rers are frozen. Abundance of rain
falls in sprtit, summer and autumn, and droughts
are very rare. There is every variety of soil ; the
river alluvions are very rich, but most of the oth-
er soils are stony, and on the whole the country
cannot generally be c^led fertile. Notwithstand-
inff this, no part of the United States is so well
cultivated, and the skill and industry of the New.
England fanners have made the country like a
garden. The various articles of cultivation will
be found enumerated under the heads of the sev
eralftateH Cattle are raised in great numbers
the English in 171:^. Its form is triangular; the
N. point is separated from Labrador by the strait
of Bellisle, and from this apex it is 350 m. in
length to the base, which is 300 in breadth. It is
a mountainous, woody country, and very cold, be-
ing covered with snow five months in the year.
The settlements of the British are chiefly confin-
ed to the harbours, the country near Placentia,
and alon<r the bays E. towards C.ipe Raze and
hence to Cape Buepa Vista, in the fishing sea-
son, which begins in May and ends in Se|
it is resorted to % at least 100,000 peopl
count of the great fishing-banks to the SI
island ; for here they cure the cod, whi?
ried not only,to England, but to the
nean and theW. Indies. NViti^^,few years
ly^e^^ioundland has rapidly incret3Hfin popula-
tion and induslrv. In 17?S' the niJRiDer of inhabi-
tants ^v ■ it is nn\v estimated at 75,000
Thee;. , irt" \v'rh:(l .still furnishes a large
portion oi t'!ii[uoyment during the winter: the
Binallest kind ijsed for fuel, is drawn by their
large dogs trained up and harnessed for that pur-
pose. There is great plenty of game, fish and
fowl, but very little corn, fruit, or cattle.
jXcw Fairfield, t. Fai^^ld Co. Conn. Pop.
f|53.
JV«c^«p, p. t. Windham Co. Vt, Pop. 1,441.
Xeirfcld.p.l.York Co. Me. Pop. 1,289; p.t.
Tojiikins. Co. N. Y. Pop. 2,G64.
JVew Garden, towns in Chester Co. Pa., Rob
inson Co. N. C, Columbiana Co. Ohio., and
Wayne Co. Indiana.
J^eio Genera, p. v. Fayette Co. Pa.
JVcic Germantown, p. v. Hunterdon Co. N. J.
J^eic GJas^oic, p.t. Amherst Co. Va.
J\ew Gilliurd, p.v. Moore Co. N. C.
JVew Gloucester, p.t. Cumberland Co. Me.
jV«c Goshcnhofper, p.v. Montgomery Co. Pa.
J^io Grantliam, t. Cheshire Co. N. H.
Keio Guilford, p.t. Coshocton Co. Ohio.
JVew Hagerstoicn, p.t. Tuscarawas Co. Ohio.
JWio Hamburg, p.v. Edgefield Dis. S. C.
J^e^c Hnmpskirc, one of the New England
States, bounded N. by Lower Canada ; E. by
Maine , S. by Massachusetts and W. by Vermont.
It extends from 42. 41. to 45. 11. N. lat. and from
70. 40. to 72. 28. W. long., 168 m. in length from
N. to S. and 90 in breadth; containing 9,491 sq.
miles. This state is inland with the exception of
18 miles of sea-coast on the east. It is traversed
from N. to S. by a chain of mountains called the
White Mountain range. The name of the White
Mountains is more strictly applied to the elevations
in the northern part of the state, which are the
highest mountains in the United States, east of
the Mississippi. See White Mountains. Farther
south, this range presents some high eminences,
as Monadnock, Kearsarge and Mooshelock.
setts was the foundation of all the New England This is the most mountainous sta'.e in the union
States. and for its great variety of beautiful scenery has
A''eicenham, Cape, UTOcky point of considerable been called the Switzerland ri America. Hardly
height, on the W. coast ofN. America, forming any of the surface is evea except a small tract
no part of the couniry offers finer grazing lands.
Grass and maize are the staple productions in all
yarts.
New England is the most densely peopled
section of the United States, and has been the
chief nursery from w.hich the western states were
peopled. The greater portion of the commerce
of the Union, and'Hfcarly all the fisheries, are car-
ried on by the shipping of New England.. A
spirit of adventure, activity, zeal and foresight
are characteristic of the people. They are inge-
nious, inquisitive, shrewd, calculating, persevering
and industrious. The population is homogeneous
and almost entirely of English descent. The settle-
ment of the Puritans at Plymouth in Massachu-
NEW
540
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upon the coast. The streams which water this
Btate are numerous. The Connecticut washes the
whole western boundary : the Merrimack rises
here and has the greater part of its course within
the state. The Saco rises in this state and pas-
ses into Maine. The Piscataqua is the only con-
siderable stream which belongs wholly to New
Hampshire. Many beautiful fakes are scattered
about in different parts and supply the numerous
pvers with their water. The largest is Winipisio-
fee which flows into the Merrimack ; it is above
miles long and 10 wide, and exhibits some of
the most delightful scenery in the world. See
Winivisiogee. Tlie others are Squam, Sunapee
and Ossipee lakes, which See.
The climate of New Hampshire is salubrious
but the winters are severe ; deep snows occur in
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winter, and furious winds prevail among the
mountains ; in the northern part, the snow lies
till May. The summer and autumn are pleasant,
and throughout the year the fair days are to the
cloudy as three to one. A gteat part of the state
is covered with forests which furnish abundant
supplies of timber such as oak, maple, beech,
hemlock, walnut, white pine, fir, elm, cherry, ash,
poplar, hornbeam, birch, locust, &c. The sugar
maple is one of the most valuable trees in the
world. It grows here sometimes to the diameter
of 5 or 6 feet. In the spring the trunk is tapped
a few feet from the ground and the sap drawn
out ; this is practised only for a season of 4 or 5
weeks, when the trees are frozen at night and
thawed in the day: at no other time will the sap
run freely. Wiien the buds swell, the sap ceases
to flow. The liquor is then simply boiled down
and poured into pans where the sugar crystallizes.
The larger trees will yield 5 gallons of sap in a
day and 15 pounds of sugar in a season. In this
state and the adjoining parts of Vermont the
manufacture of this sugar is carried on to a con-
siderable extent.
The mineral products are iron, copper, plumba-
go, manganese, soapstone, and limestone. The
■oil is generally susceptible of cultivation, and on
the borders of the rivers it is very rich. The
mountainous tracts afford good pasturage. The
articles of culture are maize, wheat, rye, oats,
barley, flax, potatoes and pulse. Hay is produced
abundantly. Cattle, and the products of the dairy
form important articles of exportation. Domestic
manufactures are common in all parts, and there
are large manufacturing establishments at Dover
and Soinersworth. Most of the export trade goes
to the States of Maine and Massachusetts. The
foreign imports in 1828 amounted to 299,849 dol-
lars ; the expf)rts of domestic produce to 115,947
dollars; the shipping amounted to 26,253 tons
The fisheries employ 60 or 70 sail, and take about -
40,000 quintals of cod and pollock, and 6,000 bar-
rels of mackerel yearly. Portsmouth is the only
sea-port, except a few small coves for fishing craft.
The Isles of Shoals, which Sec, lie upon this
coast.
New Hampshire is divided into 8 counties, and
220 towns. The capital is Concord. The other prin-
cipal towns are Portsmouth, Exeter, Dover, Am-
herst, Haverhill, Hanover, Keene and Charlestown
The population of the state is 269,533. The leg-
islature consists of a Senate and House of Repre-
sentatives, the members of which are chosen yearly
as well as the Governor and executive council.
Elections are popular and suffrage ij^universal.
Perfect toleration is allowed in religifUpno citizen
is taxed but by his own consent, for the support
of any religious society. The Calvinistic Con-
gregationalists have 125 ministers ; the Unitari-
ans 11 ; the Presbyterians 8; the Episcopalians
8 ; the Calvinistic Baptists 70; the Freewill Bap-
tists 51 ; the Christ-ians 17 ; the Methodists 71 ;
the Quakers 15; the UniversSlists 20; the Sha-
kers 2 and the Sandemanians 1. Education re-
ceives great care ; common schools are supported
by law. The larger Seminaries are Dartmouth
College at Hanover and Phillips Academy at
Exeter. New Hampshire was first settled at
Dover and Portsmouth in J 623. It was fi»r a
time a part of Massachusetts, but has been a
distinct government since 1741. The present
constitution was established in 1792.
JYew Hampton, t. Strafford Co. N. H. on the
Merrimack, 30 m. above Concord. Pop. 1,904;
p.t. Hunterdon Co. N. J. 40 m. N. W. New
Brunswick.
New Hanover, a county of North Carolina.
Pop. 10,759. Wilmington is the capital. Also a
township of Montgomery Co. Pa.
J^cw Harmonii, or Harmony, a town in Posey
Co. in the south-western corner of Indiana, on
the Wabash, formerly the seat of the Harmonists,
under the German Rapp, and more recentlv, of
the co-operatives under Owen of Lanark. The
former establishment was removed to Economy,
which see, and the latter has been abandoned.
JVero Hartford, p.t. Litchfield Co. Conn. 22 m.
N. W. Hartford. Pop. 1,766; also a village in
Oneida Co. N. Y. 4 m. W. Utica ; it is neatly
built, and surrounded with many handsome coun-
try seats.
New Haven, a town in Sussex, Eng. near the
mouth of the Ouse, with a small harbour, 57 m.
from London, also a small town in Scotland, on
the Frith of Forth, 1 m. W. Leith.
Kew Haven, p.t. Addison Co. Vt. on Otter
creek Pop. 1,834; p.t. Oswego Co. N. Y. on Lake
Ontario. Pop. 1,410; p.t. Huron Co. Ohio; p.v
Hamilton Co. Ohio; p.v. Gallatin Co. Illinois.
J^ew Haven, a county of Connecticut. Pop
43,848. New Haven is the capital.
New Haven, c'ltv. the ca^jital of the abore coun-
Pm
KEM?
541
NEW
ty and y intly with Hartford, the seat of govern-
ment for Connecticut, stands on a bay opening
into Long Island Sound. It occupies a low situ-
ation, surrounded by hills, and is regularly and
handsomely built. The streets are wide and
commodious, and the general aspect of the town
is neat and elegant. In the centre is a large
cquare planted with trees and fronted by the
State House, the college buildings, several
churches and other fine structures, constituting
one of the finest public places in the country.
The State House is one of the handsomest build-
ings in the United States.
Vale C<M^ge, at this place, was founded in 1701.
It has 15 mstructers and 346 students. The lib-
raries have 17,500 volumes, and the collection of
minerals is the best in the country. The buildings
are 4 for the dwellings of the students, a chapel,
a laboratory and an observatory on the model of
the Tower or the Winds at Athens. A law
school is connected with the college. There are
3 vacations in January, May and September, of
12 weeks. Commencement is in September.
New Haven has considerable commerce, and
its trade with the interior is assisted by the Far-
niin^lon Canal, which extends from this place
noMhward into Massachusetts. It is in lat. 41.
IBHSf., long. 72. 5(5. W., 76 m. N. E. New York, 34
S. W. Hartford, KM S. W. Boston. Pop. 10,078.
JVew Hope, p.t. Bucks Co. Pa. on the Delaware,
16 m. above Trenton ; p.t. Wayne Co. N. C. ; p.v.
Spartanburg Dis. S. C. ; p.v. Hancock Co. Geo.
JYew Iberia, p.v. St. Martin's Parish, Lou.
JVnwItiirton, p.t. Rockingham Co. N. H. 5 m.
N. W. Portsmouth. Pop. .549.
JVnw Ipswich, p.t. Hillsborough Co. N. H. 18 m.
S.W.Amherst. Pop. 1,673
J^cw Jersey, one of the United States, bounded
N. by New York, E. by the ocean, S. by Dela-
ware Bay and W. by Pennsylvania. It extends
from 39. to 41.24. N. lat. and from 74. to 75. 29.
W. long. It is 103 m. long from N. to S. and
Y)D m. in average breadth, and contains 8,300 sq.
miles. A stnall portion in the North is mountain-
ous, but the greater part of the state is level, and
the southern portion is a flat sandy alluvion, in
some parts marshy, but in general barren or pro-
ducing only shrub oaks and pines. The Dela-
ware washes the whole western limit of the state,
and a part of the eastern boundary lies upon the
Hudson. The other rivers are the Raritan, Pas-
saic, Hackensack and Great Egg Harbour. The
climate is milder than in the adjoining states of
New York and Pennsylvania, and nearly the
whole state lies open to the sea air. The soil of
the northern part is good, both for agriculture
and grazing. Fruit is abundant; the apple or-
chards are very numerous and produce great
quantities of excellent cider. Wheat, rye, maize,
buckwheat and garden stuffs are he cnief articles
of cultivation ; considerable numbers of cattle are
raised for exportation. The foreign commerce is
carried on principally through the ports of New
York and Philadelphia. The imports directly
into the state amounted in 1829 to 786,247 dollars ;
the exports of domestic produce to 8,022 dollars;
the shipping in 1828 amounted to 48,772 tons.
The shad fishery is very productive,and constitutes
a source of income to the state : there are also
considerable oyster beds which are productive
There are some mines of copper and iron, but the
state is not rich in minerals. Flourishing manu-
factures are carried on at Trenton, New York,
Patterson and the neighbourhood : they consist of
cotton, woolen, iron, copper, brass, nails, duck,
hats, shoes, leather, «S:c.
The state is divided into 13 counties and 120
townships ; the population is 320,769 ; of whom
3,446 are slaves. The capital is Trenton. The
other principal towns are Trenton, Burlington,
Bordentown, Princeton, New Brunswick, New-
ark, Elizabethtown and Amboy. The legisla-
ture, consists of a council and a House of Assem-
bly, the members of which are chosen yearly.
The governor is chosen yearly by the legislature.
Voters must be resident one year and possess a
property of 50 pounds. The most numerous reli-
gious sect are the Presbyterians, who have 85
churches ; the Reformed Dutch have 28, the Bap-
tist 34, and the Episcopalians 20 ministers. The
state has a school fund yielding a yearly reve-
nue of 22,000 dollars. There are colleges at Prince-
ton and New Brunswick. This state is traversed
by several canals and railroads. The Morris
CareaZ extends from the Hudson at Powles-Hook
opposite NewYork to Easton on the Delaware, 94
m. : it has a rise and fall of 890 feet by means of
locks and inclined planes, at which the boats are
drawn up by machinery. It passes by the towns
of Newark, Paterson,and Dover, and crosses Pas-
saic and Pompton rivers by aqueducts. The
Delaware and Raritan Canal will extend from the
Delaware at Lamberton below Trenton, to New
Brunswick on the Raritan, 38 m. : it is 75 feet
wide at the surface, and 7 feetde'^p and will prob-
ably be finished in 1833. T^e Camden aridJlm'
boy Railroad, is nearly completed and will extend
from Camden on the Delaware, to Amboy, 61 m.
The Paterson and Hudson River Railroad, will
pass from Paterson to Jersey city, on the Hudson,
14 m. Two other railroads are projected, the
West Jersey and the Elizabethtown and Somerville
Railroads.
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New Jersey was' first settled by the Danes at
Bergen, opposite New York, in 1624 ; the Dutch
afterwards made settlements in the same neigh-
bourhood. The Swedes settled on the Delaware
in 1626 and the English in 1640. Th« whole coun
2Z
NEW
542
NEW
trv reduced by the English in 1664. Elizabeth-
town was founded by them in 1665. The govern-
ment underwent various mutations, and the state
was for a time divided into East and West Jersey.
At the revolution a single government was estab-
lished which has continued to the present day.
The constitution was formed in 1776.
JS'eic Kent, a county of the E. district of Virgin-
ia. Pop. 6,457.
J\''ete Lebanon, p. v. Columbia Co. N. Y. 24 m.
S. E. Albany, near the Massachusetts line. It is
inhabited bv the Shakers ,and has a mineral spring.
Tlie village' is delightfully situated in a valley
perfectly level at the bottom and surrounded by a
chain of highlands, the slopes of which are covered
with v/oods and cultivated fields, presenting a
most charming prospect. Also a p. v. Camden Co.
N. C. 220 m. N. E. Raleigh.
Kcw Lexington, p.v. Richland Co. Ohio; a
village in Knox Co. Ohio ; p.t. Preble Co. Ohio ;
and a village in Scott Co. Ind.
Nvtc Liberty, p.v. Owen Co. Ken., and Guern-
sey Co. Ohio.
.Yeicbin, a township of Chester Co. Pa. on Bran-
dy wine Creek.
^'ew Lisbon, p.v. Otsego Co. N. Y. Pop. 2,232 ;
a village »in Montgomery Co. Maryland ; p v.
Columbiana Co. Ohio, 150 m. N. E. Columbus.
JVeio London, p.t. Merrimack Co. N. H. 30 m.
N. VV. Concord. Pop. 9)3 ; a township of Ches-
ter Co. Pa. ; a village in Anne Arundel Co. Ma-
ryland, 5 m. S. W. Annapolis ; p.v. Campbell Co.
Va.; a township of Huron Co. Ohio; p.v. Mad-
son Co. Ohio ; p.v. Jefferson Co. Ind.; p.v. Ralls
Co. Missouri.
.Ve?o LoHiLon, a county of Connecticut. Pop.
42,295.
JYeic London, the capital of the above county
stands on a fine harbour, at the mouth of the
Thames. Most of the town is built at the foot of
a hill facing to Uie east. The streets are irregu-
'ar, but some of the buildings are handsome. The
town has somewhat declined from its former pros-
perity yet the whale fishery is considerably active
liere. The harbour ia defended by forts Trum-
bull and Griswold. Pop. 4,356.
.N'cjo .Stadisun^.Y. Darke Co. Ohio, 81 m. W.
Columbus.-
KeiB Miulrid, a county of Missouri. Pop. 2,351.
Js'eic Madrid, the capital of the above county
stands on the Mississippi, 50 m. below the mouth
of the Ohio. It was once a considerable place
but is now reduced to a small village.
A'ticvian, p.v. Pike Co. (Jeo.
jVewmariift, a town in Suffolk, Eng. 61 m. N.
J>. London.
Xewmarket, p.v. Rockingham Co. N. H. 15 m.
W. Portsmouth. Pop. 2,013 ; also towns nnd vil-
lages in York Co. Pa.. Dorchester Co. Md.
Spotsylvania Co. Va., Frederick Co. Md., She
nandoah Co. Va., Maryland Co. Oiiio, Wash
ington Co. Ken., and Jefferson Co. Ten.
JVew) Marlborough, p.t. Jl?rkshire Co. Mass. 48
m. S. W. Boston. Pop. 1,656.
J^ew Milford, p.t. Litchfield Co. Conn. 18 m.
S. W. Litchfield. Pop. 3,979.
J^ew Mills, p.v. Burlington Co. N. J.
JS'eicnharn, a town in Gloucestershire, Eng. on
the Severn, 115 m. N. W. London.
J^txcnstoicn, a township of Dauphin Co. Pa.
New Orleans, a Parish of Louisiana. Pop. 46,
310, the capital is the following.
JVew Orleans, city, the capital of Louisiana, J
stands on the Mississippi, 105 m. from its mouth .
by the windings of the stream and 90 in a direct
line. The river here makes a considerable bend
to the N. E. and the city occupies the north-
western bank, although its situation is east of the
general course of the stream. The site is low and
marshy, which makes the place insalubrious, and
in the summer most of the inhabitants remove
from the city. It is regularly built and is com-
posed of three divisions, the city proper and the
fauxbourgs or suburbs of St. Marie and Marigny.
In the city the houses are built in the French and
Spanish style, and covered with white and yellow
stucco. The fauxbourg St. Marie is built after
the American fashion, and does not jBter in ap-
pearance from one of the Atlantic ernes. Here
are a larsre catholic cathedral, a handsome pres-
byterian"church, a French and English theatre,
a college, a convent of Ursuline nuns, an orphan
asylum, and many charitable institutions. The
commerce of the city is very gre^t, as it is the
outport of all the states lying on the Mississippi
and its waters. Here are sometimes 1 ,500 flat
boats from the upper country loaded with all sorts
of agricultural produce; 50 steamboats, are often
counted at a time in the river. The foreign ex-
ports consist of all the various productions of the
southern and western states, but the most i^JLpr-
tant articles are sugar and cotton. The Cfmal
Carondelet extends from the Mississippi at this
place to Lake Pontchartrain 2 m. and affords a
naviffation for small vessels to the ocean. A rail-
road 4 1-2 m. in length also passes between the
same places and joins the lake at an artificial har-
bour. Both these communications are perfectly
straight and the variation of level on the railroad
is only 16 inches.
The population of New Orleans is of a very
miscellaneous character. Dissipation prevails to a
high degree. Half the inhabitants are blacks or
muliittoes, and there arc more French than Ameri-
cans. The neighbourhood is a swamp, and the
soil on which the city is built is so spongy that
water rises at a few feet below the surface, and
tlie buildings have no cellars. With all these
disadvantages added to the unheallhiness of the
spot, it continues rapidly to increase, and will
doubtless soon become one of the most important
commercial cities in the world. It was founded
by the French in 1717. The British landed an
army for the purpose of attacking it in 1814 but
were totally defeated by General Jackson, a few
miles below the city on the 8th of January
1815.
New Orleans is in lat. 29. 57. N., long. 00. 8.
W., 322 m. by the river belowNa4.ehez ; 1 ,189 be-
low St. Louis ; 991 below the mouth of the Ohio ;
and 1,933 below Pittsburg. It is 1,260 m. S. W.
Washington. Pop. 46,310.
^"ew Pah, p.t. Ulster Co. N. Y. 7 m. S. Pough-
kesDsic. Pop 5 105
NEW
543
NEW
Aetc Paris, p.T. Preble Co. Ohio. 92 m. S. W.
Columbus.
Ktio Philadelphia, p. v. Tuscarawas Co. Ohio.
56 m. N. E. Zanesville. Also a village in Hardin
Co. Ken.
JVercport, a borough in Hampshire, Eng. and
the chief town in the Isle of Wight. It stands on
the River Cowes. A borough in Cornwall. 214
in. S. W. London. A town of Monmouthshire.
118 m. N. W. London. A town of Wales in
Pembrokeshier. 250 m. N. W. London.
J^'etoport, p.t. Penobscot Co. Me. Pop. 897 ;
p.t. Sullivan Co. N.H. Pop. 1,913; p.t. Herkimer
Co. N. Y. 21) m. N. Herkimer. Pop. 1,863; p.t.
Cumberland Co. N. J. 84 m. S. W. Trenton ; t.
Luzerne Co. Pa. ; p. v. Perry Co. Va. and Indiana
Co. Pa. ; p.v. Newcastle Co. Del., 3 m. S. W.
Wilmington ; p.v. Charles Co. Maryland, 40 m.
S. £. Washington; p.v. Washington Co. Ohio;
p.v. Vermilion Co. Indiana ; p.v. Cooke Co. Ten. ;
p.v. Franklin Co. Missouri.
J^eicport, a county of Rhode Island. Pop. 16
534. Newport is the capital.
J\^eitport, p.t. one of the chief towns in Rhode
Island. It stands near the southern extremity of
the island which gives its name to the state, upon
a harbour formed by the entrance of tne main
channel of Narraganset Bay. This is one of the
finest harboAs in the world, lying close to Ihe
sea, and always accessible ; the entrance is de-
fended by several strong forts. Newport formerly
enjoyed a very active commerce, but this has great-
ly declined, and the town has a decayed look.
The legislature of the state sit here occasionally,
and many people resort hither in summer for the
purity and mildness of the air. Here are 11
churches, and some manufactures of cotton and
lace. Pop. 8,010.
Neicport, p.v. Campbell Co. Ken. on the Ohio,
opposite Cincinnati. It is finely situated on an
elevated plain, and contains an United States ar-
senal^ and a well endowed academy.
JVeic Portage, p.v. Medina Co. Ohio, 114 m. N.
E. Columbus.
New Portland, p.t. Somerset Co., Me. Pop.
1,215.
Keicport Pagmel, a town in Buckinghamshire,
Eng. with manufactures of bone lace. It is seated
on the Ouse, 51 m. N. W. London.
JVew Preston, p.v. Litchfield Co. Conn. 43 m.
W. Hartford.
A'rio Prospect, p.v. Bergen Co. N. J. 88 m. N.
E Trenton.
Js''etD Providence, p.t. Essex Co. N. J. 12 m. N.
W. Nev/ark. See also Providence.
JSeic Richmond, p.v. Clermont Co. Ohio, on the
Ohio, 20 m. S. E. Cincinnati.
JVc7c Rochelle, p.t. Westchester Co. N. Y. 20 m.
A. E. New York. Pop. 1,274.
JVetc Rowley, p.v. Essex Co. Mass. 35 m. N. E.
Boston.
J^Tew Rumley, p.t. Harrison Co. Ohio, 130 m. N.
E. Columbus.
JVewry, a borough of Ireland, in the county of
Down, 49 m. N. Dublin.
JS'ewry, a township of Oxford Co. Me. Pop. 345.
.Veto Salem, p.t. Franklin Co. Mass. 81 m. N.
W. Boston ; p.v. New London Co. Conn., Onta-
rio Co. N. Y., Fayette Co. Pa., Randolph Co. N.
C. and Jefferson Co. Ohio.
JVew Scotland, p.v. Albany Co. N. Y. 9 m. from
Albany.
JVeicaVant, a village of Durham, Eng., 5 m. from
Darlington.
Jferc Sharon, p.t. Kennebec Co. Me. Pop. 1,599-
J^'ew Shetland, or JVcio South Shetland, a cluster
of Islands iA the Antarctic Ocean, lying to the S.
E. of Cape Horn, in about lat. 65. S. Their exist-
ence was first made known to the world in 1820,
although it is said tlie American South Sea
whalers had been accustomed to visit them for
some years previous. They are but little known,
yet have lieen found to extend 200 m. from E. N.
E. to W. S. W. The land exhibits marks of vol-
canic action and consists of lofty summits, crown-
ed with snow and ice. Seals are abundant in tlua
neighbourhood.
JS'ew Shorcham, a town in Newport Co. R i
on Block Island. Pop. 1,885.
.Veifl South U^ale^. See WaJes.
Kew Switzerland, a village in Switzerland Co.
Ohio, on the Ohio, 05 m. below Cincinnati.
JVewton, a town of Wales in Montgonieryshire,
169 m. W. N. W. London. Also towns in Lan-
cashire and Cheshire, Eng., a borough in the Isle
of Wight, and a to",vnsliip of York Co. L. Canada.
Ketoton, p.t. Middlesex Co. Mass. on Charles
River, 9 m. W. Boston. Pop. 2,377. Here are
manufactures of paper, iron, and snuff. Also
towns in Harrison Co. Ken., Licking, Hamilton,
Miami, Trumbull, and Muskingum Cos. Ohio,
and villages in Essex Co. N. J. and Bucks Co. Pa.
jYewton Bushel, a town in Devonshire, Eng. 15
m. S. W. Exeter.
Kewton Stncart, a town of Scotland in Wigton-
shire, 26 m. N. E. Portpatrick.
JS'ewtown, a township of Rockingham Co. N. H.
10 m. N. W. Newburyport. Pop. 510; p.t. Fair-
field Co. Conn. 25 m. N. W. New Haven. Pop.
3,099; p.v. Tioaa Co. N. Y. ; p.t. Queens Co. N.
Y. on Long Island, 8 m. E. New York. Pop.
2.610. The orchards of this place produce the
finest apples in the world. Also towns and vil-
lages in Gloucester and Sussex Cos. N. J., Bucks
and Cumberland Co. Pa., Frederick and Worces-
ter Cos. Maryland, King and Queen and Loudon
Cos. Va., Hamilton and Licking Cos. Ohio.
Kerctown Slevenslmrg, p v. Frederick Co. Va.
JVewtown Trap, p.v. Frederick Co. Maryland.
J^'ew Trenton, p.v. Franklin Co. Indiana.
JV'eio Vernon, p.v. Morris Co. N. J.
JVewj Village, p.v. Sussex Co. N. J.
JVetcville, p.v. Herkimer Co. N. Y. ; p.v. Cum-
berland Co. Pa. ; p.v. Barnwell Dis. S. C.
JVeio Washington, p.v. Clarke Co. Indiana.
Js'ew Windsor, a township of Orange Co. N.,.Y
Pop. 2,310.
}few Woodstock, p.v. Madison Co. N. Y.
JVew Years Islands, a number of small islands
near the N. coast of Stalen Land, in lat. 54. 41. S.,
long. 04. 28. W
JVeic Y'ork, one of the United States, bounded
N. by Lake Ontario and Lower Canada, E. by
Vermont, Massachusetts, and Connecticut, S. by
Pennsylvania and N. Jersey, S. W. and N. W.by
J^akesErie, and Ontario, and Can!*«la. It extends
from 40. 30. to 45. N. lat. and from 73. to 79. 55. W.
long. It is 340 m. in length from E. to W. and 304
in breadth, and contains, including Long island,
45,085 sq. m. This state is mountainous in the
eastern part, where it is traversed by a branch of
the Apalachian chain, called tJie Shawangunk
ridge, different portions of which are known by
the name of the Highlands, and Catskill Moun-
tains. SeeCatskill. In the north-eastern part are
the Peruvian Mountains, which lie around the
sources of the Hudson, and separate the waters of
Lake Chaoiplain from those of the St. Lawrence.
NEW
544
■KEVf
The most of the western part is level, but on the
borders of Pennsylvania are some hilly tracts. Par-
allel with Lake Ontario there runs an elevation
called the Ridge, about 70 in. in length ; it is not
more than 30 fleet above the surrounding country,
and 100 feet in width, and extends from Niagara
rivor to the Genesee. The mountains exhibit
granite, gneiss, limestone and mica slate ; the
western and central districts are secondary, and
the southern mostly transition. Iron, tin, lead,
and plumbago are found in tlie mountainous parts ;
coal, gypsum and slate occur along the Hudson,
with some native silver. Antimony and arsenic
have also been discovered.
The eastern part is watered by the Hudson,
which rises on the western side of Lake Cliam-
plain, and flows southerly to the sea at New York ;
the Mohawk, from the west, is its chief brtanch.
The Genesee crosses the stale from Pennsylvania
and runs into L. Ontario. Black river and the
Oswegatchie, water tlie northern parts; the Onon-
daga receives the waters of a number of small
lakes toward the west, and discharges them into
Lake Ontario : the head streams of the Susque-
hanna have their source in this state. A great
extent of the north western limit is washed by
Lakes Erie and Ontario ; on the north-eastern
border lies Lake Champlain, dividing it from Ver-
mont, and in the same quarter is Lake George.
In the west are the smaller lakes of Oneida, Sken-
eateles, Owasco, Cayuga, Seneca, Crooked, Ca-
nandaigua and Chatauque, many of which are
adorned with beautiful scenery.
The soil in a great part of the state is excel-
lent; on the Mohawk are alluvial tracts of re-
markable fertility : in the west are the Genesee
flats which are no less rich. In the north it is
clayey ; about Albany are some tracts of sandy
Elain inter.spersed with marshes. The valleys
ave a rich black mould ; along the Hudson in
the southern part, the soil is gravelly with rich
alluvial tracts. About one fourth of the land is
under cultivation ; wheat is the chief article of
culture ; maize, rye, barley, oats, flax, buckwheat,
hemp, &c. are also raised. The climate of this
great state is more diversified than perhaps that
of any other in the union. The northern part
feels the severity of a Canadian winter ; the south
has a climate comparatively mild. About Albany
the winter begins toward the middle of December
and ends early in March. Hay is cut early in
July, and the maize ripens in September and Oc-'
tober. The Hudson is frozen in winter.
This state abounds in mineral springs, the most
celebrated of which are in the neighbourhood of
Saratoga, which See. There are in the western
part, many which discharge inflammable air. See
Burning Sprinirs. Salt springs are also common,
and salt is manufactured in great abundance at
various places. See Salina. The internal trade
of the state is facilitated by many canals, the lar-
gest of which unites the itudson with Lake Erie.
See Erie Canal. The Northern canal connects
Lake Champlain with the Hudson, and is G3 m.
in length The Delaware and Hudson canal ex-
tends from Port Jervis, on the Delaware to the
Hudson ; it has a further extension to Honesdale,
in Pennsylvania, and its whole length is 108 m.
There are also canals which open a communica-
tion between the Mohawk and Lake Ontario
through Oneida Lake. Four railroads are in a
process of construction The Mohawk and Hud-
son Railroad, betweer the Hudson at Albany and
the Mohawk at Sche aectady 15 miles ' — the Ca-
najoharie and Catskill Railroad from Canajohari*'
on the Erie canal to Catskill on the Hudson 74
m. ; — the Hudson and Delaware Railroad, from
Newburgh on the Hudson to the Delaware ; — the
Troy and Bennigton Railroad, from Troy on the
Hudson to Bennington in Vermont. These im-
provements with the admirable position of the
great outport of the state at the mouth of the
Hudson, have given the trade of New York an
unexampled activity, and it has already become
one of the most flourishing states in the Union.
The commerce is chiefly transacted through the
single sea-port of New York ; but there is also
much trade by the way of the lakes. The imports
into the state in 1828 were valued at 38,719,644
dollars ; the exports of domestic produce at
13,920,627 dollars; total exports 23,834,137 dol
lars. The shipping in the same year amounted
to 354,771 tons. Thus in amount of foreign trade
New York surpasses every state in the Union, al
though in tonnage of shipping Massachusetts is
superior.
The manufactures consists of cotton, woolen,
clotlis, iron, salt, paper, glass, leather, &.c. The
chief establishments are at the following places.
At Columhiaville near Hudson,are 11 factories pro-
ducing yearly 16,240,000 yards of calico, with car-
peting and flannels ; — atMatteawan near Fishskill
are manufactured broadcloths unsurpassed for fine-
ness in the country ; — at Catskill carpeting and pa-
per ; — at Walden are produced yearly 140,000 yards
of flannel; ,360,000of sheeting and 30,000 of broad-
cloth ; — at Schenectady are made yearly 400,000
yards of cotton cloth, 30,000 lbs. of yarn,
with carpeting, satinet and paper. There are also
manufactures of cotton, iron, &c. at Ramapo, /Al-
bany, Troy, and many other places. The yearly
value of the manufactures without reckoning do-
mestic fabrics is estimated as follows, cotton 3,000,
000 dollars; woolen 3,000,000; iron 4,000,000;
paper 500,000 ; hats 3,000.000; boots and shoes
5,000,000 : leather 3,000,000 ; window glass 200,
000. The domestic manufactures in 1825 amount-
ed to nearly 5,000,000 dollars.
The state is divided into 8 districts and 56 coun-
ties. The towns and cities are 762. The popu-
lation is 1,913,508 of whom 46 are slaves. There '
are also about 5,000 Indians in the western parts.
The capital is Albany. The other large towns
are New York, Brooklyn, Troy, Hudson, Pough-
keepsie, Newburgh, Rochester and Buff"alo. The
legislature consists of a Senate and an Assembly ;
the senators are chosen for 4 years, one fourth of
the numbers being renewed annually, and the mem-
bers of the Assenibly for one year. The Govern-
or and Lt. Governor are chosen for 2 years and are
elected by the highest number of votes given, al-
though less than a majority. The clergy are ex-
cluded from office. Elections are popular and
suflfrago is universal. The most numerous religi-
ous sect are the Presbyterians, who have 587 chur-
ches ; the Baptists have 539 ; the Episcopalians
120 ministers ; the Lutherns 27, and the Reform-
ed Dutch 54 churches. Education is provided
for by a Literary Fund producing yearly 6,000
dollars, which sum is divided among the incor-
porated academies. There is also a common school
fund ; and 200,000 dollars raised from this source
and from taxes, are annually appropriated for the
support of public schools. There are in the state
36 incorporated academies and 8,000 common
schools which aflTord instruction to 400,000 chil-
dren. There are 4 colleges in the state, at New
York, Schenectady, Clinton, and Geneva
NEW
543
NEW
Kew York was first settled bj the Dutch, who
established themselves at Albany, and on the isl-
and of Manhattan, where the city of New York
now stands, about 1G12. The English, disputed
their claim to the country, and Charles II. made
a grant of it to his brother the Duke of York. A
strong force was sent against the colony, and the
Dutch unable to offer resistance, peaceably sub-
mitted. The name of the colony was changed
from New Netherlands to that of New York. It
passed again into the hands of the Dutch for a short
period, but finally became established under the
English government. It was the theatre of some
of the most important military operations during
the American revolution, and the territory was
not wholly abandoned by the British till the
conclusion of peace. The present constitu'^oi ""
the state was established in 1821 .
JVcjo York, city, in the above state, the chief
city in the western world for population, wealth
anil commerce, is situated in the south-western ex-
tremity of the state, upon a wide harbour at the
3iouth of the Hudson, communicating with Long
Island Sound and the ocean by two entrances.
The city stands on the southern point of the isl-
and of Manhattan which is washed on one side by
the Hudson, and on the other by the strait called
East River, which separates it from Long Island,
and affords a navigable communication between
New York harbour and Long Island Sound. The
harbour extends 9 m. S. of the city to the sea.
The first settlement was made at the southern ex-
tremity, consequently that portion of the city is
composed of narrow, crooked, inconvenient streets,
and unsightly old buildings ; but the more modern
parts, and especially those which have grown up
within 20 years, are regular and commodious.
The finest street is Broadway, which traverses
the whole city in a straight line from N. to S. be-
ing 3 m. in length and 80 feet in breadth ; it is
occupied chiefly by shops and elegant public build-
ings, and few streets in the world equal it for the
eplendor, bustle and fashion it exhibits. The Bat-
tery is an enclosed promenade on the shore at the
Bouthern extremity of the city ; it is planted with
trees, and though not extensive, is pleasant, much
frequented, and offers a delightful view of the
harbour.
The Park is a triangular enclosure of 11 acres
in the centre of the city ; upon one side of this
Btands the City Hall, an elegant structure with a
front of white marble ; it is 216 feet long and 105
broad, and is one of the finest buildings in the
country. The Merchants' Exchange m Wall
Btreet is handsomely built of white marble. The
United States Branch Bank is also a fine marble
structure. St. Paul's Chapel is esteemed one of
the finest buildings in the city ; its spire is 23-1
feet high. St. John's Chapel has a spire 240 feet
6y
in height, and is the most costly church in the
city, having been built at the expense of 900,000
dollars. St. Patrick's Cathedral, a Roman Catho-
lic edifice, is the largest of all the churches, and
is of stone, 120 feet long and 80 wide. There are
more than 100 additional churches, some of them
very costly. Trinity Church is a Gothic edifice
of stone, and belongs to the oldest and richest
episcopal establishment in America, possessing
a property to the amount of several millions oF
dollars.
Columbia College at New York, was founded
in 1757, and till the Revolution, was called King's
College. It has a President and 5 professors.
The libraries contain 14,000 volumes. The stu-
dents are 124. This institution is well endowed.
Commencement is in August ; there is but one
vacation of about two months immediately after-
ward. The college building is of stone, stuccoed,
and contains lodgings for the professors, with
a chapel, library, museum, lecture rooms, &c. but
the students do not reside in it. The grounds at-
tached to the college are extensive.
The New York Institution comprises a large
edifice, 200 feet in lenrrth, in the rear of the City
Hall, and occupied by the Literary and Philosophi-
cal Society, the Historical Society, the Academy
of fine Arts, the Lyceum of Natural History, the
Museum, and the Deaf and Dumb Asylum. The
Historical Society have a library of 10,000 volumes.
The New York Society Library in Nassau street
has 20,000. The State Prison is on the eastern
bank of the Hudson, in the upper part of the city,
and is a large stone building, enclosed by a spa-
cious yard. The almshouse is at Bellevue, on
East river, and comprises three stone buildings,
the largest of which is 320 feet in length. The
Hospital is a large and well regulated establish-
ment, and has a library of 4,000 volumes.
The ciU' rises with a moderate ascent from both
rivers. "The view in approaching it by the Nar-
rows from the sea is particularly fine. The bay
contains many small islands, with forts and castles
upon them, and the lofty spires of the city are
visible at a great distance. The water is every-
where deep and the current rapid ; it has not been
frozen over for 50 years. The commerce of the
city is very great, as may be gathered from the
following items. During the year 1830, there ar-
rived 1,489 vessels from foreign ports; sailed for
foreign ports 1,138 ; entered coastwise 1,332 ; clear-
ed coastwise 3,474 ; total arrived and departed
7,433. The revenue collected at the custom house
in 1829 was 13,052,676 dollars; being more than
half the whole revenue of the United States from
foreign commerce. The city expenditure by the
municipal government in ISiO, was 1,033,419 dol-
lars. The population by the census of 1830, was
207,021 in the city and county which take in the
whole island of New York. Brooklyn, on the
Long Island shore of East river, is properly a
suburb of the city, and contains a population of
15,396.
Packets sail from New York, to Liverpool and
London every week; to Havre every 10 days;
and to Hull, Greenwich, Belfast, Vera Cruz, Car-
thagena, and all the chief ports of the United States
at different times. Fifty steam-boats constant-
ly pass between New York and the towns on the
Hudson, Long Island Sound and other waters in
the neighbourhood. There are 61 banks in the
city, 28 insurance companies ; 463 schools ; 40
bookstores ; 450 lawyers ; 98 clergymen ; 50 auo
tioneers : 300 oyster shops ; 56 lottery offices
2z2
VET
546
NIC
SiWO Heanied gtoceriea and taverns; 2,380 li-
censed cartmen and porters ; 2,110 paupers in the
almshouse. The real estat* of the city is valued
at 87,()03,389, dollars, the personal estate at 37,G84,
938 dollars; total, 127,288,518.
Most of the pf.Tiodicals are newspapers ; the
whole number is 48, eleven of which are daily.
The bookselling trade is thriving, and there are
some establishments, in which the republication
of English works is carried on upon a very large
scale. One of these has issued between 4 and
000,000 volumes in a year. The number of pub-
lic schools does not exceed a dozen ; their annual
expense to the city is 25,905 dollnrs. This de-
ficiency however, in the means of common edu-
cation, is in some degree made up by a large
number of charity scliools. The Lyceum of
Natural History, and the New York Atheneum,
are respectableassociations for the promotion of
science and literature. The Chamber of Com-
merce is an incorporated body of merchants, who
devote themselves to the study of mercantile af-
fairs. Many other institutions for various objects
we can only mention by name, as the institution
for the Deaf and Dumb; the Horticultural Socie-
ty; the National Academy of the arts of Design ;
the Asylum for the Insane, and many charitable
institutions. The government of the city is com-
posed ofa Mayor, 10 Aldermen, and 10 Assistants.
The rapid increase in population and trade
which New York has experienced within a few
years, and its commanding position for a commer-
cial mart, added to the increasing facilties for in-
ternal navigation, and the growing prosperity of
the back country, must secure it a permanent supe-
riority over all other cities in the United States.
Its population exhibits a great diversity of char-
acter. The ancient Dutch settlers have left tra-
ces of their national manners among their de-
cendants, and the numbtr of foreigners constant-
ly residing here is very great. The most nume-
rous are the Irish, who are estimated at 20,000.
The French and Spanish are next in number.
The city was founded by the Dutch in 1G14, and
was by them called New Amsterdam. It was
taken by the English in 1G()4, and received the
name of New York. It is in lat. 40. 42. 40. N.
long. 74. 0. 45. W., 210 m. S. W. Boston, 90
N. E. Philad., 227 N. E. Washington, 140 S.
Albany, and 390 S. Montreal.
JVew) York, p t. Albemarle Co. Va. 23 m. W.
Charlotte ; a village in Cliampaign Co. Ohio; p.
V. Montgomery Co. Ten. 110 m. N. W. Mur-
freesborough.
JVeto Zealand. See Zealand..
JVei//an^, a town in Suffolk, Eng. 57 m. N. E. of
London. It has some manufactures.
Mytracht, a town of Upper F ungary, capital of
« eoant7,.40 m. N. £. Presburg.
Nezpique, a river of Louisiana flowin/f into the
Mermentau.
JVoan King Fou, a city of China, capital of the
western part of the province of Kiang Nan.
J^ganlo Fou, a large city of China in the prov-
ince of Hou Quang. 420 m. W. by S. of Nankin.
jYiaa-ara, a river of North America, connecting
Lakes Erie and Ontario. It is 35 m. in -length
and flows northerly ; about midway between the
two lakes it separates into two channels forming
Grand Island. A short distance below the union
of these channels are the celebrated falls ol Niag
ara universally allowed to be the grandest cata
ract in the world. Half a mile above the falls,
the river is a furious rapid which sweeps away to
certain destruction, every thing involved in it ; tho
the river is here three quartere ofa mile broad,
and from this point it rushes down with increased
velocity to the fall where it leaps in one immense
mass down a perpendicular precipice IGO feet
in depth, with a roar that may be heard 40 miles.
The cataract forms an irregular semicircle, the
deej.est hollow of which is called the Horse Shoe
Fall, and is on the Canada side. At the brink of
the fall stands a small island, called Goat Island,
which breaks the great sheet of water as it rushes
over the precipice, but the waters unite again be-
fore they reach the bottom. A bridge is thrown
across the falls from the American side to the isl-
and. On the British side a few yards below is a
projection called Table Rock, commanding a maor-
nificenl view of the falls. From this rock a spiral
staircase leads down to the foot of the cataract
where visitors may pass under the fall between
the sheet of water and the rock. The path leads
far under the excavated bank of the river, which
in some places forms a roof overhanging 40 feet.
The fall of such an immense mass of water, pro-
duces violent whirls in the air, and the spray is
driven out with such force that no one can ap-
proach the edge of the cataract without being
drenched to the skin. It is difficulteven to draw
a breath here, and in entering this tremendous
cavern there is danger of being blinded by the
strong driving showers of spray ; the greatest
distance to which it is possible to penetrate with-
in the sheet of water is 150 feet. The banks of
the river for several miles below the falls are per-
pendicular precipices of rock, and there is reason
to believe that the cataract was formerly much
farther down the river, the rock having gradually
worn away to the present spot. A cloud of spray
is continually rising from the foam of waters and
exhibiting in the sunshine a brilliant rainbow.
The island upon the summit is about a mile in
circumference, and is covered with trees. In
summer crowds of visitors are continually resort-
ing hither from all parts of the world ; and thera
are many public houses in the neighbourhood for
their accommodation.
Mas, a small island, near the W. coast of the
island of Sumatra. Long. 97. 0. E., lat. 0. 40. N.
JVtfte, a town of Denmark, in N. Jutland 9 m
W. S. W. of Alburg.
JVibiano, a town of Italy, in the duchy of I'arma
16 m. S. W. of Piacenza.
Jficaragua, a province of Guatemala, bounded
on the N. by Honduras, E. by the Atlantic Ocean,
S. E. by Costa Rica, and S. W. by the Pacific
Ocean. It is 400 m. from E. to W. and 120 from
N. to S. It is well watered by lakes and rivers,
and produces plenty of sugar, cochineal, and fine
chocolate. Leon de Nicaragua is the capital.
Meat dgiM, a lake in the foregoing province
N?e
547
NID
350 m. in circumference. It is interspersed witli
islands, and abounds in fisiies,but is infested with
crocodiles. The S. W. extremity is only a few
leagues from the Pacific Ocean, and the S. E. end
communicates with the Atlantic Ocean by the
river St. Juan.
jyicaragua, a city of the foregoing province, sit-
uate at some distance S. W. of the lake, and near
the mouth of a river, on the Pacific Ocean, 120
m. S. E. of Leon de Nicaragua. Long. 86. 10.
W., lat. II. 15. N.
J^icoria, an island of the Grecian Archipelago,
between Samos and Tina, anciently called Icaria.
J't is 50 m. in circumference, and full of rocks.
Lonir. 26. 30 E., lat. 37. 40. N.
JVicastro, a town of Naples, in Calabria Ultra,
with an ancient castle, 17 m. S. S. E. of Cosenza.
Aire, a countv of Sardinia, bounded by the Var,
the Miritime Alps, the territories of Genoa, and
the Mediterranean. It was anciently an appendage
of Provence in France, but afterwards passed to
the king of Sardinia. It is 36 m. long, and 18
broad ; and contains about 100 000 inhabitants.
J^ice, an ancient, handsome, and considerable
town, on the confines of France and Ilaly, capital
of the foregoing province. It has a strong citadel
built on a rock, and on the W. it is fortified
with a wall and ditch. On the E. side of the rock
is the harbour, called Limpia, from a small river
that runs into it. The inhabitants export oil, silk,
wine, cordials, rice, oranges, lemons, and all sorts
of dried fruits. It was taken by the French in
1792, retaken by the Austrians in 1800, but evac-
uated in a week afterwards. It is very agreeably
situated, 4 m. from the mouth of the Var, 83
S. by W. of Turin, and 83 E. of Aix.
JYicf, a city of Natolia. See Isnic.
JiTithaburg, a town of Persia, famous for a mine
of turquoise stone in its neighbourhood. It is 37
m. S. of Mesched.
Nicholas, a county of the W. district of Virgin-
ia. Pop. 3,349. A county of Kentucky. Pop.
8,8.32. Carlisle is the capital.
Ni.choJasmlle, p.t. Jessamine Co. Ken. 30 m. S.
E. of Frankfort.
Nicholas, St., one of the largest and most pleas-
ant of the Cape Verde Islands, between St. Lucia
and St. Jago. It is 75 m. in length ; and is the
residence of the bishop of the isles. Long. 14. 10.
W., lat. 16. 32. N.
Nicholas, St., a town of France, in the depart-
ment of Meurthe, with a handsome church, to
which pilgrims formerly resorted. It is seated
on the Meurthe, 7 m. S. E. of Nancy.
Nicholas, St., Mole, a town, harbour, and cape,
at the N. W. extremity of St. Domingo, com-
manding the strait called the Windward Passage.
The harbour is strongly fortified by nature and
art ; and ships of any burden may ride at anchor in
the basin, even during a hurricane. It was ta-
ken by the English aided by the French royalists,
in 1793. but evacuated in 1798. Long. 73. 30.
W.. lat. 10.49. N.
Nicholas Island, a small island on the N. coast of
the island of Cuba. Long. 79. 40.W., lat. 33. 50. N.
Nirolmr Islands, a group of 19 islands on the E.
Bide of the bay of Bengal. They are almost en-
tirely uncultivated ; but the cocoa-nut, the mel-
lori or lerum (a kind of bread-fruit), and other
tropical fruits grow spontaneously ; there are also
yams and sweet potatoes, and the edible birds'
nests so much esteemed in China. Dogs and
hogs are the principal animals. The inhabitants
«e tall and well proportioned, with black eyes,
black lank hair, and dark copper-coloured skins.
They live in little huts, having no towns, and go
quite naked, except a cloth about the waist wilh
a small string hanging down behind. These is-
lands extend northward, from the N. point of
Sumatra. The largest, which gives name to the
rest, is 25 ra. long and 10 broad. Its extremity
is in long. 94. 3. E., lat. 6. 39. N.
Nicojack Cave, in Georgia, is situated in an em-
inence called Racoon Mountain. Its mouth is
50 feet high and 160 feet wide. It is many miles
in depth and the floor is covered with a stream of
water throughout its whole length. Three miles
within is a cataract, beyond which visitors hav*^
not penetrated. The rock is limestone.
Nicolaaef, a city of Russia, in the government
of Catharinenslaf, founded by Catherine II., on
the S. side of the Ingul, at its conflux with the Bog.
The public buildings and a number of private
houses are constructed of a white calcareous stone,
but the rest of the houses are of wood. This
place, being of easier access by water for vessels
than Cherson, is now the capital of the naval es
tablishment of the Black Sea. The admiralty,
with a long line of magazines, workshops, wet and
dry docks, and every necessary department for
shipping are placed along the bark of the Ingul.
It is 30 m. N. N. E. of Oczakow and 45 N. W.ot
Cherson. Long. 30. 46. E., lat. 46. 58. N.
Nicola, St., the most considcable of the isles
of Tremeti, in the gulf of Venice. It has a har-
bour, defended by a fortress, in which is an abbey
with a church. Long. 15. 37. E., lat. 42. 10. N
Nicolsburg, a town of Moravia, with a castle oa
a mountain , 12 m. E. N. E. of Laab.
Nicopoli, a town of Bulgaria, famous for the first
battle fought between the Turks and the Christ-
ians in 1396, when the emperor Sigismund was de
feated, and had 20,000 men killed. It is seated
on the Danube, at the influx of the Osma, 60 m.
S. S. W. of Bucharest and 150 N. N. W. of Adri-
anople. Long. 25. 43. E., lat. 44. 16. N.
Nicopoli, or Glanish, a town of Turkish Arme
nia, built by Pompey in memory of a victory
gained over Mithridates. It is 15 m. S. of Erzerum.
Nicosia, the capital of Cyprus, seated near the
mountain Olympus. From the time of Con-
stantine the Great till 1567, it was 9 m. in cir-
cumference ; but the Venetians, finding it too ex-
tensive, reduced it to 3, and fortified it with 11
bastions and 3 gates ; all the rest they razed to
the foundation, demolishing temples, palaces,
and the most beautiful monuments. In 1570, it
was besieged 45 days by the Turks, and thea
taken by a general assault. The church of St.
Sophia is a fine old Gothic structure. The baza-
ar is extensive, well supplied with provisions, and
remarkably clean. Lon. 33. 26. E., lat. 35. 14. N.
Nicosia, a towTi of Sicily, in Val di Demona,
12 m. S. of Cofalu.
Nicotera, a town of Naples, in Calabria Ultra,
near the coast of the Mediterranean, 35 m. N. N.
E. of Reggio, and 135 S. E. of Naples. Long. 16.
30. E., lat. 38. 34. N.
Nicoya, a town of Guatemala, in Costa Rica,
situate on a small river, which runs into the bay
of Salinas, where there is a pearl fishery. It is
98 m. W. N. W. of Cartago. Long. 83. 49. W.,
lat. 10. 40. N.
Nicsara, a town of Turkey, in Caramania, and'
an archbishop's see, 10 m. N. of Tocat. Long..
36. 9. E., lat. 39. 25. N.
Nidau, a town of Switzerland in the zaniow
NIG
548
NIL
nf Bern, with a castle ; situate on the lake of
Biel,I5 m. N. W. of Bern.
JVidda, a town of Germany, in Hesse Darm-
stadt, seated on a river of tiie same name, 20 m.
N. E. of Frankfort.
Kiebla, a town of Spain, in Seville, near which
is a considerable copper mine ; seated on the Tin-
to, U m. N. N. W. ofMoguer and 40 W. of Se-
ville.
JVkmeck, a town of Brandenburg, on the river
Ada, 16 m. N. of Wurtemberg.
J\l'lrmecz, a strong town of Moldavia, situate on
a mountain, on a river of the same name, 76 m.
W. S. W. of Jassay. Long. 26. 10. E., lat. 46. 58.
N.
J^Tiemen, a river which rises in Lithuania, and
passes by Biellca and Grodno ; it then runs
throui^h part of Samogitia and E. Prussia, and en-
ters the Curisch HafFby several mouths, of which
the principal and most northern is called the Russ.
J^ienlnirg, a strong town of Hanover, capital of
the county of Hoya, with a considerable trade in
corn and wool; seated on the Weser, 37 m. S. S.
E. of Bremen. Long. 9. 25. E., lat. 52. 39. N.
Nienhurg, a town of Prussia, in the government
of Munster, seated on the Dinkel, 33 m. N. W. of
Munster.
Kifnburg, a towti of Germany, in the duchy of
Aniidlt-Kothen, seated in the Saale, 8 m. N . W.
of Kothen.
JVienkaus, a town of Hanover, in the district of
Paderborn, with a castle, formerly the residence
of the prince: seated on the Lippe, 2 ra, N. N,
E. of Paderborn.
JVr.eper. See Dnieper.
Jfi.ester. See Dniester.
JVicMporf, a sea-port of the Netherlands, in W.
Flanders, at the mouih of the Yperlee. Here are
sluices, by which the country can be laid under
water. The inhabitants principally subsist by the
herring fishery, and by making nefs and ropes.
9. m. S. W. of Ostendf. Long. 2. 45. E., lat. 51.
8. N.
J^ieuport, a town of the Netherlands, in S. Hol-
land, seated on the river Lech, 15 m. E. of Rot-
terdam.
JVterre, a department of France, including the
greater part of tiie province of Nivernois. Its takes
Its name from a small river, which rises near
Champlemy, and runs into the Loire, at Nevers,
the chief town of the department.
J'figtr, a celebrated river of Africa, rising near
Mount Lamba in the country of the Snulimas, on
the northern declivities of the Kong Mountains.
No geographical problem ever presented a more
fruitful subject for conjecture, doubt, hypothesis,
and research, both critical and e.^perimental, than
the course and termination of this mysterious
river. Until the travels of Mungo Park in 1796
it was even disputed whether it flowed East or
West. This traveller although he estiiblished the
fact of its easterly direction, and proceeded some
distance along its banks, yet was unable to make
any further discovery respecting its termination.
Attempts made by other travellers were followed
by no better success, and Park in his second jour-
ney into the country lost his life. Many authors
were of opinion tliat the river flowed into a great
central lake, and iiad no communication with the
sea; others sought for arguments to show that its
waters were swallowed up by the sands of the de-
sert; at one time the belief was very prevalent
that it flowed a great distance south and ran into
the ocean by the river Zaire or Congo ; the Brit-
ish government even despatched an expedition
under Captain Tuckey to proceed up the Congo
and make discoveries, but nothing satisfactory
was the result. The travels of Lamg, Denham,
and Clapperton failed to settle the long disputed
point, and an impenetrable cloud of mystery con-
tinued to hang over the subject til) 1830 when the
frand discovery was efi*ected by Richard and
ohn Lander, the former of whom had been the
servant of Clapperton in his African travels, and
who attended him on the expedition in which he
lost his life
These travellers in March 1830 penetrated into
the country till they reached theNiger,and proceed-
ed down the stream till they arrived at the Bight
of Benin, a termination which had been fixed upon
many years before by a German theorist named
Reichard, although his reasoning was grounded
upon false data. The Niger, or Quorra, or Joliba,
for it is called by all these names, is thus ascer-
tained to flow into the Atlantic ocean in about 5.
N. lat. It discharges its waters by several chan-
nels, forming a great delta like the Nile, Ganges
and Mississippi; the channel by which the Lan-
ders arrived at the ocean, has been hitherto known
as the river Nun, and the delta is 240 m. in ex-
tent along the coast, from the river Benin to that
of Old Calabar; the inland extent of the delta is
about the same, and the whole territory is inter-
sected by various arms of the river, such as are
called bai/ous on the lower course of the Missis-
sippi. The banks of these streams are generally
overflown, and the land is covered with mangrove
trees growing in the water ; the whole surface is
low, flat and swampy.
For the first half of its course the Niger flows
in a N. E. course ; between 15. and 16. N. lat. it
turns to the E. and afterwards pursues a southerly
direction to the sea. It flows by the cities of Scgo,
Jenne, Tombuctoo, Boussa, Yaoori, Nyfl^e,Rabba,
Egga, and Kisnce, at which last place the delta
commences. It receives from the N E. a branch
called the Tshadda, which the Landers saw in a
state of inundatiim 2 or 3 miles in width. It is
now very evident that neither Herodotus, Pliny .or
Ptolemy ever had any knowledge of this river,
and that the name of Niger ought no longer to be
applied to it. Its most common name in Africa
is the Quorra.
Kigono, a town of Italy ,in the duchy of Modena,
22 m. S. W. of Modena.
Nigritia. See JVrgroland.
JVi/e, a great river of Africa, which, according
to the most authentic accounts, rises in the
mountains of the Moon. It runs througli the
lake Dembea, then makes a circuit towards its
source, which it leaves 25 m. to the E., and en-
ters into Nubia, through which country it takes
a circuitous course, and forms some considerable
cataracts. It then flows almost directly S. through
Egypt, till it arrives at Cairo ; and a little below
that city it divides into two great branches, vv'hich
with the Mediterranean Sea.fornis the island called
Delta. Tiie ancients reckoned eleven mouths of
the Nile, of which seven were considerable ; but
at prt sent there are only two that are at all times
navigable, and those are alRosettaand Datnietta
The fertility of E<rypt depends upon the over-
flowing of the Nile, which takes place regularly,
every year, froni the 15th of June to the ]7lh of
September, when it begins to decrease. It is caus
ed by the periodical rains that fall between the
tropics, and more particularly in Abyssinia, v/hicb
is full of high mountains. In Cair > there is a z*
NIP
649
NOA
nal called Khalis, which is opened when the water
is high enough ; thence it is conveyed into res-
ervoirs and cisterns, and is afterwards distributed
into the fields and gardens, as occasion requires.
Nile, a township of Scioto Co. Ohio.
JVimeguen, a town of the Netherlands, in Guel-
derland, with a citadel, an ancient palace, and
several forts The churches are in general hand-
some structures ; and the town-house is remark-
able for its beauty and magnificence. The inhab-
itants subsist chiefly by brewing ale, and their
trade with Germany. The city is celebrated in
history on account of several treaties of peace
concluded here, particularly in 1C78. ft was taken
by the French in 1794. It stands on the Waal, 35 m.
E. S. E. of Utrecht. Long. 5. .51. E., lat. 51. 52. N.
JVimishillen, a township of Stark Co. Ohio.
A'imptsch, a town of Prussian Silesia, which
fives name to a circle in the principality ofBrieg.
t has a castle on an eminence and is seated on
the Loch, 26 m. S. W. of Brcslau.
JVineveh, p. v. Frederick Co. Va.
JVing-Koue, a city of China, of the first rank, in
the province of Kiang-nan, noted for its manufac-
tures of paper, made of a species of reed . Its dis-
trict is very hilly, but pleasant ; and the surround-
ing mountains, covered with woods, produce ex-
cellent medicinal plants. It is seated on a river,
which runs into the Kiang-hu, 537 m. S. by E. of
Pekin. Long. 118. 25. E., lat. 31. 2. JS.
J^ing-po, called by Europeans Liampo, an ex-
cellent sea-port of China, and a city of the first
rank in the province of Tche-kiang. The silks
manufactured here are much esteemed in foreign
countries especially in Japan, where they are ex-
changed bv the Chinese for copper, gold, and sil-
ver. It is seated on the E. coast, opposite Japan,
660 m. S. S. E. of Pekin. Long. 120. 18. E., lat.
29. 58. N.
Ninguta, a city of Eastern Tartary, in the prov-
ince of Kirin, with considerable trade, particu-
larly in the valuable plant ginseng, which abounds
in the neighbourhood. It is seated on the Hurha,
110 m. N. E. of Kirin. Long. 124. 40. E., lat.
44. 30. N.
JVinian, Sf. a town of Scotland , in Stirlingshire,
with manufactures of leather, cotton cloth, and
nails. 2 m. S. E. of Stirling.
JVinove, a town of the Netherlands, in E. Flan-
ders, on the Dender, 13 m. W. of Brussels.
JYto, an island of the Grecian Archipelago, to
the S. of Naxia, anciently called Nos. It is 35
m. in circumference, and fertile in corn, but has
very little wood or oil. The regular manners of
the inhabitants, who are all Greeks, revives an
idea of the simplicity of the primitive ages ; and
their kind treatment of strangers appears to be
trie genuine remains of ancient hospitality.
jWom, a. town of Switzerland, in the canton of
Bern, with a manufacture of beautiful porcelain.
12 m. N. by E. of Geneva.
J\''ions, a town of France, department of Drome,
with a mineral spring called Pontias, and some
manufactures of soap and woolen cloth. It is
seated at the foot of a chain of mountains, on the
river Aigues, 21 m. E. S. E. of Monteliraart.
JViorl, a town of France, capital of the depart-
ment of Deux Sevres, with manufactures of drug-
gets, serges, and other coarse woolen goods. It
IS seated on the Sevre Niortoise, 31 m. E. N. E.
of Rochelle and 46 W. S. W. of Poitiers Long.
0. 33. W., lat. 46. 20. N.
Mphon, the largest island of Japan, 750 m. long
and froii 150 to 300 broad, containing 55 proviuces.
It was discovered in 1542, by the Portugnese, who
were cast ashore by a tempest. The chief town
is Jedo.
Mpissing, a lake of Upper Canada lying N. E.
of Lake Huron,^and flowing into it.
JVitchnei-JVovogorod. See JVovogorod.
Msibin, or JVhbin, a town and fortress of Asiatic
Turkey, in Diarbeck, now greatly decayed. It is
seated in a vast plain, 78 m. S. E. of Diarbekir.
J\'isida, a small island in the gulf of Naples, very
fertile, and laid out in slopes and terraces like a
large garden. It has a harbour, called Porto
Pavone, 5 m. W. S. W. of Naples.
JViskayuna, a village in Schenectady Co. N. Y.
12 m. N. W. Albany, on the Mohawk, inhabited
by the Shakers. It is built with great neatness
and beauty upon a level spot of about 2,000 acres,
divided into 4 farms. The fields are fenced in
right lines, and everything displays the utmo.st
order and regularity. The inhabitants dress in
the usual Quaker drub, and cultivate garden stuffs,
seeds, «Stc. Thej' have also manufaclures of vari-
ous household wares which are executed with great
skill and excellence. All their property is held
in common. Pop. 446.
jXismes, a city of France, capital of the depart-
ment of Card, and a bishop's see. Here are nu-
merous monuments of antiquity, of which the
amphitheatre, built by the Romans, is the princi-
pal. There are likewise the ruins of a temple ot
Diana, and a grand tower. The Maison Quarree,
or the Square Hou^^, is one of the finest pieces of
architecture of the Corinthian order in the world.
Here are manufactures of silk, stuffs, stockings,
cloth, leather, &,c., and a considerable trade in
silk, corn, dried fruits, oil, and wine. It is seated
in a plain, abounding in wine and oil, 75 m. N.
E. of Narbonne. Long. 4. 19. E., lat. 43. 50. N.
JVissa, a strong town of Servia. It was taken
by the" Hungarians in 1737, but retaken by the
Turks the following year. It is seated on a river
of the same name, 20 m. E. of Precop and 120 S.
E. of Belgrade. Long. 22. 32. E., lat. 43. 32. N.
J\ith, a river of Scotland, which rises in Ayr-
shire, flows through a part of Dumfriesshire, to
which it gives the name of Nithsdale, and enters
Solway Frith a little below Dumfries.
JVivelle, a town of the Netherlands, chief place
of an extensive district in Brabant, with a manu-
facture of cambrics ; seated on the Thienne, 15
m. S. of Brussels.
JVivernois, a late province of France, between
Burgundy, Bourbonnois, and Berry. It is pretty
fertile, contains mines of iron, and is watered by
a great number of rivers, of which the Loire,
Allier, and Yonne, are the principal. It now
forms the department of Nievre.
JVixabour, a town of Persia, in Chorasan, 80 m.
S. E. of Mesched. Long. CI. 32. E., lat. 35.
40. N.
JVixapa, a town of Mexico, in the province of
Guaxaca, with a rich Dominican convent. The
country near it produces a great deal of indigo,
cochineal, and sugar. It is 30 m. S. E. of Anio-
quiera. Long. 1)7. 15. W., lat. IC. 42. N.
Mxonton, p. v. Pasquotank Co. N. C. 28 m. N.
E. P^denton.
JS'izarnpatam, a town of Hindoostan, in the cir-
car of Guntoor, at the mouth of the Kistnah, 34
m. S. W. of Masulipatam.
Mzza delta Paglia. a town of Sardinia, in Pied-
mont, seated on the Belbo, 14 m. S. E. of Asti.
Js'iMcote, a town of Hindoostan, capital r*" a dis-
trict of its name, in Nepaul. It has a celebrated
NOO
550
If OR
to>in^I« dedicated to Bhavany. Long. 85. 30. E.,
hit. 87. 40. N.
JYoailles, a town of France, department of
Vienne, G m. S. S. E. of Poitiers.
J^ounavur, a town of Hir.doostan, in Guzerat,
capital of a district <•( its name on the coast of the
gulf of Cutch, inhabited \>y a piratical tribe, called
Sangarians. The chief of the district, by a treaty
with the B.'tish, engaged to prevent his subjects
from plunJ^ring liritish vesiels. 190 m. W. S.
W. of Anicdabad. Long. 69. 30., lat. ^2. 22. N.
JVohle, a township of Morgan Co. Ohio.
J\'ubleJjorougli, p t. Lincolr. Co. Me. I'op. 1,870.
JVoblcsmlle, p. v. Hamilton Co. Indiana
JVocrra a town of Italy, in the duchy ofSpoleto,
Heated at the foot of the Apennines, 18 m. N. E.
of S pole to.
Js'octra delli Pasrnni, a town of Naples, in Prin-
cipato Cilra, 8 m. N. W. of Salerno and 20 S. E.
of Naples.
\ockumixoK, a township of Bucks Co. ''a.
Js'ogara, a town of France, department of Gers,
21 m. S. W. of Condom.
J\'ogarcot, a town of Hindoostan, Nepaul, with
a celebrated pagoda, 60 m. N. E. of Catmandu.
IfogeiU la RotriM, a town of France, department
of E u re -et- Loire, seated on the liuisne, 35 ni. N.
E. of Mans.
Kogent sur Seine, a town in the department of
Aube, seated on the Seine, 25 m. N. W. of
Troyes
f^oir, Cape, a promontory at the S. extremity of
Terra del Fuego. Long. 73. 33. W., lat. 54. 32.
Noirmovtier , an island of France, in the bay of
Biscay, S. of the mouth of the river Loire. It is
12 m. long and 3 broad, and has good pastures.
The principal town, of the same name, is defend-
ed by a fort. Lon^. 2. 10. W., lat. 47. 0. N.
JVo/a, a town of Naples, in Terra di Lavoro,
once a rich Roman colony, and .still a handsome
place. The silk spun in its neighbourhood is
much esteemed. It is 14 m. E. N. E. of Naples.
J^olensville, p. v. Williams Co. Ten.
JS'oli, a town of Sardinia, with a fort and a good
harbour, 30 m. S. W. of Genoa. Long. 8. 41. E.,
lat. 44. 18. N.
JVomhrc de Dios, a town of Terra Firma, in the
province of Darien, 30 m. E. of Porto Bello, to
which its once flourishing trade is now trans-
ferred.
J\'o7nbre de Dios, a town of Mexico, the most
populous in the province of Zacatecas. 170 m.
N. of Guadalaxara. Long. 104. 15. W., lat. 24.
0. N.
JVomcny, a town of France, in the department
of Meurthe, on the Seille, 15 m. N of Nancy
JS'ou, Cape, a promontory of the kingdom of
Fez, opposite the Canary Islands. The Portu-
guese, in their first attempts to explore the W.
coast of Africa, long considered this promontory
as an impassable boundary. This its name im-
ports ; but they doubled it, at last, in 1412. Long.
11. 30. W., lat. 28. 38. N.
JVona, a sea-port of Dalmatia, and a bishop's see.
It was once a splendid city, but is now a mean
place, and its harbour not cajjable of receiving
large vessels. It is almost surrounded by the sea.
7 m. N. by W. ofZara.
J\rontron, a town of France department of Dor-
dogne, 21 m. N. of Perigueux.
Moopour, a town of Hindoostan, in Guzerat, 55
Bi. E. of Surat. Long. 73. 50. E., lat. 21. 11. N.
^ootka Sound. See Oregon.
Jforherg, a town of Sweden, in Westmanland*
near which are the best iron mines in the province.
It is 34 m. N. of Stroemsholm. Long. 16. 12. E.,
lat. 60. 2. N.
JVorcia, a town of Italy, in the duchy of Spole-
to, seated among mountains, on the river Fredara,
20m. S. E. ofSpoleto.
J^ord, a department of France, so named from
its situation. It includes the greater part of the
former divisions of Ilainault, French Flanders,
and Cambresis.
Nordburg, a town of Denmark, at the N. extrem*
ity of the isle of Alsen, with a castle 9 m. N. N.
W. of Sunderburg.
JVorden, a, sea-port of Hanover, in Friesland^
with a good harbour. It is 4 m. from the Ger-
man Ocean and 14 N. of Emden.
JVordhausen,fi town of Prussian Saxony, in the
government of Erfurt, with 7 Lutlieran churches
and a well-built orphan-house. It has a consider-
able trade in corn, brandy, and rape and lintseed
oil, and manufactures of marble and alabaster. It
was ceded to Prussia in 1802 : and is seated on
the Zorge,35 m. N. N. E. of Erfurt. Long. 10. 56.
E., lat. 51. 30 N.
JVordheim, a town of Hanover, situate on the
Rhume,at its conflux with the Leina, 10 m. N
of Gottingen.
JVflrrf/aopin^, a sea-port of Sweden, in GofJiland
It is 10 m. in circumference, but the houses are
scattered, and the inhabitants do not exceed 1 2,000
The river Motala flows tlirough the town, forms a
series of cataracts, and is divided into four prin-
cipal streams, which encircle several rocky islands
covered with buildings ; but at the extremity of
the town it is navigable for large vessels. Here
are manufactures of woolen cloth, paper, and fire-
arms, some sugar-houses, and a brass foundery.
Corn is exported hence in great quantities ; and
a salmon fishery gives employment and riches to
many ot the inhabitants. It is 110 m. S. W. of
Stockholm. Long. 15. 50. E., lat. 58. 35. N.
Kordlund, one of the ancient divisions of Swe-
den, bounded on the N. by Lapland, E. by the
Gulf of Bothnia, S. by Sweden Proper, and W.
by the same and Norway. It contains six provin-
ces.
JVordland, a province of Norway, havintr the
North Sea, on the W. and Swedish Lapland on
the E.
JVordlingen, a town of Bavaria, fortified in the
ancient manner. Here the league of the five
western circles of the empire was concluded in
1702. In 1796 it was taken by the French. It ia
a commercial place, seated on the Eger. 38 m. N
N. W. of Augsburg. Long. 10. 34. K, lat. 48
50. N.
Nordmaling, a town of Sweden, in Angerma-
nia, near a bay of the gulf of Bothnia, 24 ni. S,
W. of Uma, and 70 N. E. of Hermosand.
Xordstrand , an island of Denmark, on the W.
coast of S. Jutland, ^Z m. long and 5 broad. It
has a town called Ham, 28 m. W. of Sleswick
Long. 0. 4. E., lat. .54. 40. N.
Xore, a noted part of the river Thames, situated
oflT Sheerness, at the point of a sand bank which
runs eastward from the Isle of Grain. It is the
well known limit of the Cooknevs' summer voy-
age. Long. 0. 44. E., lat. 51. 27. N.
JVorfolk, a county of England, 77 m. long
and 45 broad ; bound«Hi on the N. and E. by the
German Ocean, S. E. and S. by Sufl!(>)k, and W.
by Cambridgeshire and Lincolnshire. It contains
1,094,400 acres, is divided into 33 hundreds and
NOR
551
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600 parishes, has one ci*" and 32 market towns,
and sends 12 members to parliament. The products
vary according to the soil and situation. The
lighter arable lands produce barley in great plen-
ty ; wheat is cultivated in the strongest soils ;
and turnips are grown here in great quantities ;
buck-wheat is also grown on the light soils, and
used for feeding swine and poultry. The fenny
parts yield great quantities of butter, which is
sent to London under the name of Cambridge but-
ter. The sheep are a hardy small breed, nmch
valued for 'heir mutton. Poultry of all kinds are
very plentnul, and the turkeys are reared here to
a larger size than elsewhere ; rabbits are extreme-
ly numerous on the sandy heaths; and there is
abundance of game, especially of pheasants. The
principal manufactures of the county are silks,
boinabazines, crapes, camlets, <fec. It is watered
bv the Great Ouse, Nen, Little Ouse, Waveney,
Vare, Bure, and some smaller streams. Norwich
is the capital.
J\'orfo!k, a county of Massachusetts lying on
B »ston Bay. Pop. 41,901. Dedham is the capital ;
a county of the E. District of Virginia. Pop. 14,
998. Portsmouth is the capital.
JSorfolk, p.t. Norfolk Co. Va., the chief commer-
cial town of Virginia. It stands on a good har-
bour at the mouth of James river. The situation
is low and the neighbourhood is marshy. The
buildinofs are not remarkable for elegance, but
gome of the churches are neat. The streets are
irregular. Here are 6 churches, 3 banks, a ma-
rine hospital, and a theatre. The harbour is
strongly defended. On the opposite side is a Na-
vy Yard of the United States with a dry dock
situated within the limits of the town of Gosport.
Pop. 9,816.
A'orfulk, p.v. Litchfield Co. Conn. 34 m. N. W.
Hartford. Pop. 1,485; p.v. St. Lawrence Co.
N. Y. Pop. 1,039.
J^orfolk Island, an island in the S. Pacific, ly-
ing E. of New S. W^ales, and settled by a colony
of convicts, subordinate to that government. It
was discovered in 1774 by captain Cook, who
found it uninhabited, except by birds. It is very
hilly, but some of the valleys are tolerably large.
Mount Pitt, the only remarkable hill, is 12,000
feet high. The whole island is covered by a thick
forest , but has not much underwood ; and the
principal timber tree is the pine, which is very
useful in buildings, and seems to be durable. The
island is supplied with many streams of good wa-
ter, which abounds with many fine eels. The
cliffs round the coast are 240 feet high, quite per-
pendicular • and anchorage is safe all round the
island, on taking the leeside ; but there is no har-
bour, and from the heavy seas which constantly
beat upon the shore, there is great difficulty in
approaching it, in consequence of which the set-
tlers are encouraged to remove to Port Dalrym-
ple or the Derwent River, in New Holland, where
the greater part of the military and convicts were
removrd in 1805. Long. 168. 12. E., lat. 29.
5. S.
Xirrham, a village in Durham, Eng. Its castle,
on the edge of a rock above the Tweed, has been
many times taken and destroyed by the Scotch,
and as often rebuilt by the English. 6 m. S. W.
of Berwick.
JVortruindy, a former province of France, now
forming the departments of Calvados, Eure, Man-
che, Orne, and Lower Seine. The Normans, a
people of Denmark and Norway, having entered
France under Kollo, Charles the Simple ceded
this country to them in 912, which from that
time was called Normandy. RoUo, the first duk«
held it as a fief of the crown of France, as did se-
veral of his successors after him. In 1066, Wil-
liam the 7th duke having conquered England, it
became a province of that country, till ii was lost
in the rei^ of king John, and re-united to the
crown of France. It is one of the most fertile
provinces in France, and abounds in all things
except wine, which defect is supplied by cider
and perry. It contains iron, copper, and a great
number of rivers and harbours.
JVorridgewock, p.t. Somerset Co. Me., on the
Kennebec. Pop. 1,710.
JVorristaiDv , p.t. Montgomery Co. Pa., on the
Schuylkill, 17 m. above Philadelphia.
J\'orteJga, or Kor Telge, a sea-port of Sweden, in
the Baltic. It suffered much from ravages com-
mitted by the Russians in 1719. Near it is a
forge for making fire arms. 30 m. N. E. of Stock-
holm. Long. 10. 32. E., lat. 50. 44. N.
KoTtk Jlilerton, a borough in N.Yorkshire, Eng,
Near this place was fought the celebrated battle-
between the English and Scots called the Battle
of the Standard, in 1138. It is seated in a delight-
ful valley 222 m. N. by W. of London.
North Cape, an enormous rock at the N. end
of the island Maggeroe, on the coast of Norway,
and the most northern promontory of Europe.
Long. 25. 57. E., lat. 71. 10. N.
North Sea. See German Ocean.
Northampton, a. borough and the capital of North-
amptonshire, Eng. tt was formerly surrounded
by a wall, and had a castle, of which there are still
some remains. In 1075 it was almost entirely
destroyed by fire, but was soon rebuilt. The
houses are uniformly built of freestone and chief-
ly slateJ ; the streets are regular, and the town is
lighted with gas. It has 4 churches, 8 dissenting
meeting houses, a capacious market-place, a good
free school, a general infirmary, and a county
gaol on the principles of Mr. Howard. The prin-
cipal manufacture consists of boots and shoes,
chiefly for exportation. In the meadows below
the town a battle was fought in 1460 between
Henry VI. and the Yorkists in which the former
was defeated and made prisoner. Two miles to
the S. is a fine ancient Gothic structure called
Queen's Cross, erected by Edward I., in memory
of his queen Eleanor. Northampton is seated on
the Nen, 30 m. S. E. of Coventry and 66 N. W
of London.
Northamptonshire, a county of England, 65 m
long and 24 where broadest ; bounded S. by
Buckinghamshire and Oxfordshire. In the N.
E part, near Peterborough, commences a fenny
tract, extending to the Lincolnshire Wash. With
this single exception, Northamptorshire is said to
contain less waste ground, and rnort^ seats of the
nobility and gentry, than any other county. Its
greatest defect is a scarcity of fuel, which' is but
scantily supplied by its woods ; and, though coal
is brought by the river Nen, it is at a very dear
race. This county, however, possesses some con-
siderable remains of its old forests, particularly
those of Rockingham on the N. W., and of Salcey
and Whittlebury on the S. Its products are, in
general, the same with those of other farminjf
counties ; but it is peculiarly celebrated for graz-
ing land. Woad for the dyers is cultivated here ,
but the country is not distinguished for manu-
factures.
Narthfleet, a village m Kent, Eng. spated on tho
Thames, 2 m. W.^of Gravesend The church
IfOR
562
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contains fragments of monuments as ancient as
the 14th century. Vast quantities of lime are
made here, and great numbers of extraneous fos-
sils have been dug up.
JS'orthleach, a town in Gloucestershire, Eng.
seated near the source of the Lech, t£j m. £. of
Gloucester and 81 W. by N. of London.
JVorthop, a village of Wales, in Flintshire, 3 m.
S. E. of Flint ; noted for its manufactures of
coarse earthenware, firebricks, &c.
Norlhumberland, the most northern county of
EnarJiind. In the Saxon heptarchy it was a part
of the kingdom of the Northumbrians, which con-
tained also the counties of York, Lancaster, Dur-
ham, Cumberland, and Westmoreland, and recei-
ved its name from being situate N. of the Hum-
ber. It is of a triangular form, 64 m. in extreme
length and 50 in extreme breadth ; bounded on
the E. by the German Ocean. The soil is va-
rious ; the E. part is fruitful in most sorts of corn,
with rich meadows on the banks of the rivers;
but the W. part is mostly heathy and mountain-
ous. The S. E. part abounds with thick seams
of coal; and the S. W. angle has rich lead mines.
Limestone and iron ore abound in various parts.
Alnwick is the capital; but the largest town is
Newcastle.
jyorthumberland Islands, a chain of islands in
the S. Pacific, near the N. E. coast of New Hol-
land. Long. 150. E., lat. 22. S.
JVorthumberland Strait, the S. part of the gulf
of St. Lawrence, betw^een the island of St. John
and the coast of New Brunswick and Nova
Scotia.
JVorthioich , a town in Cheshire, Eng. with a
cotton manufacture, and considerable salt-works ;
seated on the Dan, at its junction with the Weev-
er, 20 m. N. E. of Chester and 174 N. W. of
London.
Norton Simnd, an inlet of the sea, on the W.
coast of N. America, discovered by Cook in his
last voyage. The entrance is between Cape
Denbigh on the E. and Cape Danby on the W.,
about 70 m. distant, both lying in lat. 64. 30. N.,
and the latter in long. 162. 55. W.
J\''orth, a township of Harrison Co. Ohio. Pop.
1,215.
J\orth Amenia, p.v. Dutchess, Co. N. Y.
Northampton, a town of England, the capital of
Northamptonshire, with some manufactures. It
stands on the Nen, 66 m. N. W. London.
Northamptonshire, a county of England con-
taining 1,017 sq. m. Pop. 162,483.
Northampton, p.t. Hampshire Co. Mass. on the
Connecticut, 95 m. W. Boston. Pop. 3,613. It
is handsomely built, and very pleasantly situated
in the neighbourhood of Mount Holyoke, which
see. Here are vool en manufactories. The Farm-
ington Canal is designed to extend from New Ha-
ven to this place.
Northampton, a township of Montgomery Co.
N. Y. 60 m. N. W. Albany. Pop. 1,392; a town-
ship in Bucks Co. Pa. and Burlington Co. N. J. ;
p.t. Lehigh Co. Pa. 55 m. N. W. Philad. ; p.v. Por-
tage Co. Ohio ; p.v. Northampton Co. N. C.
Northampton, a county of the E. District of Vir-
ginia. Pop. 8,644. Eastville is the capital ; a
county of'N. Carolina. Pop. 13,103.
North Hampton, p.t. Rockingham Co. N. H.
on the coast, 7 m. S. W. Portsmouth. Pop. 767.
North BLenhein, p.t. Schoharie Co. N. Y 55
m. S. W. Albany.
Northborough, p.t. Worcester Co. Mass, 36 m.
W. Boston. Fop. 994.
Northbridge, p.t. Worcester Co. Mass. 45 m. S
W. Boston. Pop. 1,053.
North Broohfield, p.t. Worcester Co. Mass. 68
m. W. Boston. Pop. 1,241.
North Branch, p.v. Somerset Co. N. J.
North Bridgeioater, p.t. Plymouth Co. Mass. 28
m. S. Boston. Pop. 1,953.
North Bend, p.v. Hamilton Co. Ohio, on the
Ohio, in the S. W. corner of the state.
North Carolina, one of the United States, bound-
ed N. by Virginia, E. by the ocean, S. by the
ocean and S. Carolina and W. by Tennessee. It
extends from 33.50. to 36. 30. N. lat. and from 75.
45. to 84. W. long. 435 m. in length from E. to W.
and 180 in breadth. It contains 43,800 sq. m.
Nearly all the state is level : in the west the Blue
Ridge of mountains crosses the country from Vir-
ginia to S. Carolina. It :s watered by the Cho-
wan and Roanoke rivers which rise m Virginia
and flows through this state into Albermarle
Sound; by the Pamlico and Cape Fear rivers which
flow to the sea in the eastern and southern parts,
and the Yadkin which passes into S. Carolina.
A number of low sandy islands are scattered
along the coast and inclose several large sounds,
as Pamlico, Albermarle and Currituck ; yet the
entrances to these, and the mouths of the rivers
are obstructed with shoals, and there is not a good
harbour in the state. The soil is to a great extent
sandy and poor, with extensive swampy tracts ;
there are however, fertile districts here and there,
and the banks of the rivers are generally produc-
tive. In the western parts the soil is much the
best. The Great Dismal Swamp lies between
this state and Virginia and covers a space of 150,
000 acres. In its neighbourhood is another called
the Little Dismal Swamp.
The mineral region of this state has lately at-
tracted great attention. Mines of gold have been
discovered which have already proved highly
firoductive ; these mines are not confined to the
imits of North Carolina but extend into the ad-
joining states of Virginia, South Carolina, Ten-
nesee, Georgia and Alabama. They are comput-
ed to cover more than 1,000 sq. m. of surface.
The mines in this state are very active and em-
ploy about 20,000 men. They are not sunk very
deep but are wrought extensively in a horizonta.
direction. The gold is also found on the sur-
face, in grains among the sand and gravel, and is
obtained by washing the earth. The particles
seldom exceed in size the head of a pin, although
occasionally larger pieces are found , and in one
instance a lump weighing 28 pounds was discov-
ered. There are a great number of mills in
this state for grinding the ore, which are driven
by water or steam. The greater part of the gold
is sent to Europe. The quantity afforded by all the
mines is not known with any accuracy, although
NOR
553
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many exaggerated statements have been made
respecting it, some of which state the amount
as high as 5,000,000 dollars annually.
A great part of the country is covered with
forests of pitch pine. In the plains of the low
country, this tree is almost exclusively the natu-
ral growth of the soil. It much exceeds in height,
the pitch pine of the Northern States. The tar,
turpentine and lumber, afforded by this valuable
tree, constitute one half the exports of the state.
The moisture of the air, in the swampy regions,
loads the trees with long, spongy moss, which
hangs in clusters from the limbs, and gives
the forest a singular appearance. The mis-
tletoe is often found upon the trees of the
interior. This state also produces several valu-
able medicinal roots, as ginseng, Virginia, and
Seneca snakeroot, &c. The rich intervals are
overgrown with canes, the leaves of which con-
tinue green through the winter, and afford good
fodder for cattle.
The most common articles of culture are maize
and wheat, to which the nature of the soil seems
well adapted. Some attention is paid to cotton
and rice. Tobacco is raised in the uplands, as
well as most of the productions of the Middle
States. Agricultural societies exist in different
parts of the state, and sums of money are annu-
ally paid by the government for their assistance.
Agriculture, however, is in a backward condi-
tion.
The produce of the interior is generally carried
to the trading towns in Virginia and South Car-
olina for a market. Timber and plank, grain,
flour and naval stores are the chief exports. The
shipping of the state amounted in 1828, to 54,094
tons. The imports for the same period, were
283,347 dollars ; the exports of domestic produce,
5(54 ,oOG dollars.
In the mountainous parts of the west, the climate
is temperate, and the air salubrious ; this region
's one of the most healthy in the country, and
though the days in summer are hot, the nights
are refreshed by cool breezes. In all the eastern
parts, the climate is unhealthy, and intermittent
fevers are common in summer and autumn. The
inhabitants have a pale,yellowish,and bilious com-
plexion. The winters are very mild. Tiie wheat
harvest takes place in the beginning of June ; the
maize harvest early in September.
North Carolina is divided into 62 counties.
The population is 738,470, of whom 240,4G2 are
slaves. Raleigh is the capital. The other large
towns are Newbern, Wilmington and Fayetteville.
The legislature is styled theGeneral Assembly .and
consists of a Senate and a House of Commons.
Each county chooses on? senator and two repre-
sentatives. The governor is chosen annually by
the legislature, and is ineligible three years out
of six. Voters for senators must be freeholders.
The clergy are excluded from the legislature.
The Baptists are the most numerous religious sect;
they have 272 churches ; the Presbyterians 12G ;
the Lutherans 45; the Episcopalians 11 ; the
United Brethren 4. The Methodists have 32
preachers, and there are a number of societies of
Quakers. The state has a university at Chapel
Hill, and a small literary fund, but which is not
yet available for the purpose of education.
The first permanent settlements in North Caro-
lina were made by fugitives and seceders from
Virginia, between 1640 and 1650. The constitu-
tion was the work of the celebrated John Locke.
Th«i chief magistrate was called the Palatine, and
70
there was an hereditary nobility, with the titles
of Landgrave and Caziqne. The legislature was
called a parliament. This constitution was found
upon trial to be ill adapted to the character of
the people, and it was abolished in 1693. This
colony had been connected with that of South
Carolina, till 1729, when they were separated,
and the government of both was assumed by
the king. This continued till the present consti-
tution was established in 1776.
J^or til castle, p.t. Westchester Co. N. Y. on the
Hudson, 16 m. from Kingsbridge, Pop. 1,653.
j\forth East, p.t. Dutchess Co. N. Y. on the
Hudson, 90 m. N. New York. Pop. 1,689- pv
Erie Co. Pa. ; p.v. Cecil Co. Maryland.
J\orth End, p.v. Matthews, Co. Va.
Northfidd, p.v. Merrimack Co. N. H. on the
Merrimack, 14 m. above Concord. Pop. 1,169;
a township on Staten Island N. Y. Pop. 2,171 ; p.t.
Franklin Co. Mass. on the Connecticut, 80 m.
W. Boston. Pop. 1,757 ; a township of Washing-
ton Co. Vt. Pop. 1,412 ; a village of Essex Co.
N. Y. and a township of Portage Co. Ohio.
JVorth Hero, an Island of Vermont, in Lake
Champlain. It constitutes a township. Pop.
638.
Northington, p.v. Hartford Co. Conn. 9 m. W
Hartford.
Kortk Kingston, p.t. Washington Co. R. I. on
Narraganset Bay, 20 m. S. W. Providence. Pop.
3,036.
Northlech, a town in Gloucestershire, Eng. 80
m. W. by N. of London.
Nortk Middleton, p.v. Bourbon Co. Ken.
Nitrth Moreland, p.v. Luzerne Co. Pa.
A'ortk Mountain, a portion of the Kittatinny
range in Pennsylvania.
JVorthport, p.t. Waldo Co. Me. 6 m. S. Belfast.
Pop. 1,083.
J^orth Providence. See Pawlucket.
JVorth Salem, p.t. Westchester Co. N. Y. Pop.
1,276.
JVorthumberland, a county of England, border-
ing upon Scotland, containmg 1,850 sq. m. Pop.
198,i)65. It contains the richest coal mines in the
world. Also two counties in Upper and Lower
Canada.
JVorthumherlnnd, a county of the W. District of
Pennsylvania, Pop. 18,168. Sunbury is the cap-
ital. Also a county of the E. District of Virginia
Pop. 7,953.
JVorthumberland. p.t. Northumberland Co. Pa.
JVorthtoood,p.t. Rockingham Co. N. H. 20 m
E. Concord. Pop. 1,342.
JVorf.on, a village in Essex Co. Vt. ; p.t. Bristol
Co. Mass. 7 m. N. W. Taunton. Pop. 1,484; p.t.
Delaware Co. Ohio ; p.t. Medina Co. Ohio.
JVorton, or Chipping JVorton, a town of Oxford-
shire, Eng. 74 m. N. W. London.
JVorlon Sound, an inlet on the W. coast of N.
America, in lat. 64, 55.
JVonoalk. p.t. Fairfield Co. Conn, on Long Is-
land Sound. 12 m. S. W. Fairfield. Pop. 3,793;
p.t. Huron Co. Ohio. 14 ra. S. from Lake Erie.
Pop. 903.
Kortcay, a country in the N. of Europe, be-
longing to Sweden, the most westerly part of the
ancient Scandinavia. It is bounded on the VV.
and N. by the Northern Ocean, E. oy Swedish
Lapland and Sweden, and S. by the Cattegat-
extending from the Naze in lat. 57. 30., to the N
Cape in lat. 71. 10. Its breadth, which is very
unequal, is from 40 to 280 m. It is naturally
formed into two divisions, namely, Northern anii
3 A
NOR
5t>4
KOR
Southern or Proper Norway, separated from each
other by tlie small Swedish province of Herndahl.
It is divided into the four governments of Agger-
huyti, Christiania or Cbristiansand, Bergen, and
Drontheim. From its rocky soil, and northern
position, Norway is not populous in proportion to
its extent. The number of inhabitants is calcula-
ted at 1,000,000, who like the Swiss mountaineers,
are exceedingly attached to their country. In
Norway, they have a particular code, called the
Norway Law, compiled by Grieffelfeld, at the
command of Christian V., the great legislator of
this country. By this law, — the palladium of
Norway, the p>easant8 are free-born. They possess
much spirit and fire in their manner ; are frank,
•pen and undaunted, yet not insolent; never
m^ <^^Sl
rr^^^^k
/^■(^^iii^^pK
i
0^¥|||
g^p
1
S^feiis:-5&«Mr
.■;.\v^Vi
fawning, yet paying proper respect. Their prin-
cipal mode of salute is by offering their hand ;
and, when they are given or paid any trifle, the
peasants, instead of returning thanks by words,
or by a bow, shake hands with great frankness
and cordiality. The same causes which affect
the population of Norway operate likewise on
the slate of tillage ; for, although in some places
vegetation is so quick that the corn is sown and
cut in six or seven weeks, yet the country does
not produce sufficient corn for its own consump-
tion. It is, however, exceedingly rich in pasture,
and consequently produces much cattle. The
horses are small, but strong, very active, and
hardy. The fisheries, particularly on the W.
coast, find employment and wealth for the natives,
and supply the finest sailors for the Danish fleet.
The principal fish are salmon, cod, ling, and
whiting ; their livers also yield train-oil ; and the
smallest are given as winter fodder to the cattle.
The extensive forests of oak and pine produce
timber, spars, beams, and planks, besides charcoal,
turpentine, bark, fuel, and even manure ; and the
birch (the bark of which is used as a covering for
the roofs of houses) not only supplies fuel, but
also a kind of wine. The general exports are tal-
low, butler, dried fish, tmiber, planks, horses,
iiorncd cattle, silver, cobalt, alum, Prussian blue,
copp»>r, and iron. It abounds in lakes and rivers ;
the former so large that they appear like inlets
of the sea; but the rivers are m general of a short
course, except the Glommen. The mountains
are numerous, and generally clothed with pines
and firs; the grand Scandinavian chain, which
runs from S. to N., is known by distinct appella-
tions ; the chief are the ridges of Langfial, Dofra-
lial, Kolen, and Severnoi. The wild animals are
th« b«ar, lynx, wolf, fox, and hare; but tb« most
singular creature is the lemming, or Norwegian
mouse, of a reddish colour, and about five inches
long. These animals proceed in vast numbers
from the ridge of Kolen to the sea, devouring
every product of the soil in their course, and at
last seem to devour each other.
Norway was formerly governed by its own he-
reditary sovereigns. On the demise of Hasen V.,
in 1319, without male issue, his grandson in the
female line, Magnus Smek, united in his person
the kingdoms of Sweden and Norway. Magnus
was succeeded in the kingdom of Norway by hia
son Hagen VI., husband of the celebrated Marga-
ret, and at his decease, in 1380, Norway was uni-
ted to Denmark by their son Olof V., who dying,
without issue, Margaret herself wa." raised to the
throne by the unanimous voice of the nation. On
her death it descended with Denmark and Swe-
den to her nephew Eric. Sweden was afterwards
separated from Denmark by the valour and ad-
dress of Gustavus Vasa. By the treaty of Kiel, .
in January, 1814, Norway was ceded by the king,
of Denmark to Sweden ; but the people, not ap»
proving of the cession, had recourse to arms, in."
order to resist the entrance of the Swedish troop**. ■
into their country ; and the diet elected Prince'
Christian, the king of Denmark's son, who was
then governor, to the throne. However, on the
conclusion of the war with France, the allied
powers, who had previously promised this coun-
try to Sweden, if she would take an active part in
the coalition against the French empire, no w did all
in their power to enforce the cession. For this pur-
pose a considerable body of their troops was march-
ed into the Danish territories on the continent, to
watch that power, and all the ports of Norway were
blockaded by the Swedish and English fleets by
sea, while the Swedish army, under the crown
prince, entered Norway by land. Amidst such
united efforts, it was not to be expected that the
brave Norwegians could hold out long. After
the capture of Frederickstadt, and the passage of
the Glommen by the Swedes, Prince Christian
proposed to resign his crown into the hands of tJie
Diet: and on the 20lh of October, 1814, that as-
sembly came to the resolution that Norway should
be governed by the king of Sweden, but as an in-
tegral state, preserving its constitution and laws,
to which Sweden assented. Christiania is the
capital.
JVorwich, a city and county of England, the cap-
ital of Norfolk, and a bishop's see. It was for-
merly surrounded by a strong wall, of which some
ruins still semain. Many of the streets are still
narrow and ill-disposed, though during the last 10
years considerable improvements have been effec-
ted. Besidesthecathedral, which isone oflhe most
spacious and elegant in the kingdom, here are 32
,»arish churches, two churches for the Flemings,
a number of dissenting meeting-houses, and two
Roman Catholic chapels. On a hill, command-
ding an extensive view of the city, is the castle,
an ancient and stately edifice. Near this city, on "
Mousehold Heath, are the ruins oflhe castle of
Kelt, the tanner, by whose rebellion, in the reign
of Edwnrd VI., the city was reduced to a ruinous
state. Norwich has extensive manufactures of
crapes, bombazines, and stuffs of various kinds,
and a considerable trade. It is seated on the riv-
er Yare, 22 m. W. of Yarmouth and 110 N. E. of
London. Long. 1 . 20. E., lal. 52. 40. N.
JVorwich, p.t. Oxford Co. Me. Pop. 1,712; p.t
Herkimer Co. N. Y. Pop. 1,152.
Norwich, p.t. Windsor Co. Vt. on the Connec
NOV
US
NOT
ticut, 21m. above Windsor. Pop. 1,916; p.t.
Hampshire Co. Mass. 15 m. W. Northampton.
Pop. 787; p.t. New London Co. Conn, on the
Thames, 14 m. above New London. Pop. 5,169,
this township comprises 3 villages, the largest of
which is Chelsea Landing. Here are large man-
ufactures of cotton, flannel, carpeting, paper, iron,
lintseed oil, &c. Here is an ancient aboriginal
cemetery called the Burying Ground of the Unca-
ses. Also a p.t. Chenango Co. N. Y. Pop. 3,374,
and a township of Franklin Co. Ohio, on the
Scioto, b m. above Columbus.
J\''ossen. a town of Saxony, on the Muldau, 18
in. W. of Dresden.
JVoteburg, a town of Russia, in the government
of Petersburg, seated on an island in the lake La-
doga, at the place where the Neva issues. It has
a good citadel, and was capital of Ingria, before
Petersburg was built. It is 2-') m. E. of Peters-
burg. Long. 31. 9. E., ht. 59. 56. N.
Koto, a town of Sicily, capital of Val di Nolo.
It was ruined by an earthquake in 1693, and near
it another town was built called Noto Nuovo. It
is a^ m. S. W. of Syracuse. Long. 15. 19. E.,
lat. 36. 50. N.
Kottingltam, a borough and the capital of Not-
tinghamshire, Eng. It is situate on the side and
summit of a rock, into which are cut some small
habitations, and numerous vaults or cellars. To the
W. of the town, on a rocky eminence, is the castle,
a magnificent modern structure, belonging to the
duke of Newcastle, built on the site of an ancient
fortress, celebrated in English history. It is a
handsome town, distinguished by its spacious
market-place, and noted for its excellent ale. It
is one of the principal seats of the silk and cotton
stocking manufacture ; the lace manufacture is
also very extensive. At this town Charles I. set
up his standard, at the commencement of the civil
war which terminated in his destruction. Not-
tingham is seated on a river, which communicates
with the Trent, 1 m. to the S. It is 16 m. E. of
Derby and 124 N. by W. of London. Long. 1. 9.
W., lat. 52. 58. N.
Nottoway, a river of Virginia flowing into the
Meherrin.
Nottinghamshire, a county of England, 48 ra.
long and 25 broad ; bounded N. by Yorkshire.
It enjoys such a temperature of soil and climate
as to render it one of the most fertile and health-
ful counties in England. Almost the whole of the
middle and western parts of the county were for-
merly occupied by the extensive forest of Sher-
wood, the only royal forest N. of the Trent; but
the greater part is now enclosed and covered with
thriving towns, cheerful villages, and extensive
narks. The chief products of this county are
coal, of which there is great plenty, gypsum, lead,
grain of all sorts, cattle, malt, hops, wool, liquo-
rice, and woad. The manufactures chiefly con-
sists of hosiery, bobbin-net and net-lace, glass, and
earthenware.
Nottingkam, p.t. Rockingham Co. N. H. 24 m.
N. W. Portsmouth. Pop. 1,157; t. Burlington
Co. N. J.
Nottingham, E. and W. two townships in Chester
Co. Pa., also towns in Washington Co. Pa., Prince
George Co. Md. and Harrison Co. Ohio.
Nottoway, a county of the E. District of Vir-
ginia. Pop. 10. 141.
Nova Scotia, a British province of N. America,
which formerly, till 1784, included the province
of New Brunswick. It is bounded on the S. and
S. E. by the Atlantic, E. by the gut of Canso, N.
by Northumberland Strait, and N. W. by Ne^»
Brunswick and the bay of Fundy. Its length if
235 m. from Cape Sabie on the S. W. to Cape
Canso on the N. E. Its extreme breadth is 88 m.
but the mean of the peninsular part is not more
than 45. It has several lakes and a vast number
of small rivers. It is a peninsula, lying S. E. of
New Brunswick, and joined to it by a narrow isth-
mus, at the N. E; extremity of the bay of Fundy.
The French settled here before they made any
establishment in Canada, and called it Acadia.
The first grant of lands was made to Sir William
Alexander, by James I. of England, from whom
it received the name of Nova Scotia. Since its
first settlement it has more than once changed
rulers and proprietors, nor was it confirmed to
England till the peace of Utrecht in 1713. The
inhabitants consists of English, Scotch, Irish, and
a few Germans: recent accounts state ihem at
150,000, and they are rapidly increasing in num-
ber and prosperity. The soil is in many parts
thin and sterile, but there are some tracts not in-
ferior to the best lands in Now England. Halifax
is the capital.
Nova Zemhla, an island in the Arctic Ocean.
separated from the continent of Russia by the
strait of Waigatz. It is 540 m. in length and from
100 to 240 in breadth. This country was discov-
ered by the English in 1553, and it has since been
visited by ships attempting to discover a N. E.
passage. In 159.5. a Dutch vessel being cast away
on the coast, the crew were obliged to winter
here, and with great difficulty preserved their lives.
The country is extremely desolate, producing no
trees, nor any vegetables but moss and some iew
arctic plants. It is inhabited by wild beasts, par-
ticularly white bears, white foxes, elks, reindeer,
and rabbits. The hunters from Archangel now
generally winter here, and return home in sum-
mer with their cargoes of skins and furs. Long.
52. to 78. E., lat. 70. to 78. N.
Novalle, a town of Austrian Italy, in the Tre-
visano, 10 m. S. W. of Treviso.
Novara, a town of Italy, capital of a province of
its name in the Sardinian Milanese. It contains
17 churches, besides the cathedral, and is seated
on an eminence, 25 m. W. by S. of Milan.
Novellara, a town of Italy, in the Modenese,
with a castle, 17 m. E. by N. of Parma and 18
m. N. N. W. ofModena.
Novi, a town of the Sardinian states, in the
territory of Genoa, with a strong castle on a
mountain. It is the principal deposit for goods
coming from the Levant, which pass into Aus-
trian Italy, and thence into the S. of Germany.
Near this place, in 1799, the Austrians and Rus-
sians defeated the French, who lost their general
(Joubert), and nearly 10,000 men. 25 m. N. by
W. of Genoa.
Novi, a fortified town of Croatia, taken by the
Austrians in 1789. It is seated on the right bank
of the Unna, 52 m. S. E. of Carlstedt. Long. 16.
53. E., lat. 45. 8. N.
Novi Bazar, a town of Servia, seated near the
Oresco, 72 m. W. of Nissa and 95 S. of Belgrade.
Long. 21. 1. E., lat. 43. 35. N.
Novigrad, a town of Hungary, capital of a
county of the same, with a castle ; seated on a
mountain, near the Danube, 25 m. N. of Buds.
Novigrad, a town of Austrian Dalmatia, with a
castle, seated on a lake of the same name, near
the gulf of Venice, 17 m. E. of Nona and 25 N.
W. ofZaro.
Novogo'od, a city of Russia, capital of a fovem
NLB
566
NUR
mcnt of the Mm« name, and formerly called
Great Novogorod, to distinguish it from other
towns of the same appellation. It was for a long
time governed by its own dukes, and was in fact
a rspublic, under the jurisdiction of a nominal
sovereign. It was the great mart of trade between
Russia and the Hanseatic cities, and made the
most rapid advances in opulence and population.
Its power was so great, and its sifuation so impreg-
nable, as to give rise to a proverb : ' Who can re-
sist the gods and Great Novogorod ?' But in the
15th century this independent republic was oblig-
ed to submit to Ivan Basilowitz I., grand duke of
Russia. It continued, nevertheless, the largest
and most commercial city in Russia, and contain-
ed at least 400,000 inhabitants. It was first des-
olated by the cruelties of Ivan Basilowitz II. ; but
its splendor was not totally eclipsed until Peter
the Great built Petersburg, to which he transfer-
red all the commerce of the Baltic that had before
centered here. It now contains scarcely 8,000
souls ; and a vast number of churches and con-
vents stand as melancholy monuments of its
former magnificence. The town stretches on
both sides of the Volkoff, a river of considerable
depth and rapidity, which separates it into two
divisions, namely the trading part and the quar-
ter of St. Sophia • in the latter are the ruins of
the cathedral, in which several princes of the du-
cal family of Russia are interred. Novogorod is
situate near the N. end of the lake Ilmen, 120 m.
S. S. E. of Petersburg. Long. 31. 45. E., lat. 58.
25 N.
J^foeogorod, JViznei, a city of Russia, capital of
a government of the same name, and an archbish-
op 8 see. It has a castle, surrounded by stone
walls , also two cathedrals, 28 parish churches,
and five convents. The trade is considerable, and
the shops richly furnished with all kinds of for-
eign and home goods. It is seated at the conflux
of tlie Occa with the Volga, 250 m. E. by N. of
Moscow.
Novogorod, Seve.rskoi, a town of Russia, gov-
ernment of Czernigov, seated on the Desna, 86 ni.
E. N. E. of Czernigov.
J^ovogrodek, a town of Russian Lithuania, gov-
ernment of Grodno, seated on a hill in a vast
plain, 80 m. S. by E. of Wilna. Long. 26. 8. E.,
iat. 53. 25. N.
JVovomirgorod, a town of Russia, in the govern-
ment of Catharineslaf, 160 m. N. N. W. of Cher-
son . Long. 31. 44. E., lat. 48. 40. N.
J^outra, a town of Austrian Poland, near which
are mines of gold and silver. 30 m. S. of Cra-
cow.
JVbya, a town of Spain, in Galicia. The chief
trade is in ship-building. It stands at the mouth
of the Tambro, 15 m. W . of Compostella.
Jfoyers, a town of France, department of Yonne,
with a castle ; seated on the Serin, 19 m. E. S. E.
of Auxerre.
jyoyon, a town of the department of Oise, the
birth-place of the celebrated Calvin. It is an epis-
copal see, and is seated near the Oise, 25 m. N.
W. of Soissons and 70 N. by E. of Paris.
A'ozonion, a village in Newcastle Co. Del.
22 m. S. W. Wilmington.
Yozeroy, a town in the department of Jura,
with a castle on a mountain, 20 m. S. E. of Sa-
lins.
.Yuitffl, a country of Africa, bounded on the N.
by Egypt, E. by the Red Sea, S. by Abyssinia and
Darfoor, and W. by Bornou. It is about 600 m.
in length and 450 in breadth. The Nile runs
through it, on the banks of which it is fruitful, but
in other places barren, sandy, and destitute of wa-
ter. The inhabitants make their bread and drink
of a small round seed called doca, or sefF, which
is a kind of millet. Their houses have mud walls,
are very low, and covered with reeds. The dress
of the better sort is a vest without sleeves, and
they have no coverings for their heads, legs, or
feet. The common people wrap a piece of linen
cloth about them, and the children go quite naked.
They are described as a stupid and debauched peo-
ple, but profess to be Mahometans. The produc-
tions of the country are gold, elephants' teeth, civ-
it, and sandal wood ; and a great many slaves are
sent into Egypt.
JVuez, a town of Spain, in the province of Leon,
on the borders of Portugal, 15 m. E. of Braganza
and 48 W. of Zamora.
JVuitz, a town of France, department of Cote
d'Or, famous for its excellent wines. It is seated
at tlie foot of a mountain, 15 ra. S. S. W. of
Dijon.
JVun, or Vied de JVun, an extensive country of
Africa, of which the emperor of Morocco arro-
gates to himself the sovereignty, but his real au-
thority is extremely feeble. It is inhabited by dif-
ferent tribes of Arabs, whose camps are scattered
over such interior parts of the country as are capa-
ble of cultivation.
JVun, a river of Africa running into the Bight of
Benin, now ascertained to be one of the mouths
of the great river Quorra or Niger. See JViger.
JViinda, p.t. Alleghany Co. N. Y. 250 m. W. Al-
bany. Pop. 1,291.
JYundydroo^, a town and fortress of Hindoostan,
in Mysore. It is built on the summit of a moun-
tain, 1,700 feet in height, the greater part inac-
cessible ; but was besieged and taken by the Eng-
lish, under lord Cornwallis, in 1792. It is 70 m
N. of Seringapatam.
JVuneaton, a town in Warwickshire, Eng. with
manufactures of woolen cloth and ribands. It was
formerly noted for its nunnery, and is seated
on the river Anker, 9 m. N. by E. of Coventry
and 98 N. W. of London.
NunjinagodujK town of Hindoostan, in Mysore,
with a ruinous fort, and a large square temple. It
is situate in the fork formed by the junction of
Kaundini with the Kapini, 12 m. S. by E. of
Mysore.
JViinrey, a village in Somersetshire, Eng. 3 m.
S. W. of Frome. Here are the ruins of a
strong castle, the shell of which still remains near-
ly perfect. It was burnt by the parliament forces
in 1645.
JVurenberg, a town of Bavaria, in the circle of
Rezat. It is surrounded by an old wall and ditch,
more than 3 m, in circumference, formerly flanked
with 365 towers ; and through the middle of tlie
town flows the river Pegnitz, over which are six
stone bridges and several of wood. The inhabit-
ants are very industrious, and their maps and
prints, as well as their musical and mathematical
instruments are in high esteem ; nor are they less
curious in clock-work, and in the several manu-
factures of iron, steel, ivory, wood, and alabaster.
The toys commonly known in England by the
name of Dutch toys are also made here. Among
the public institutions are a famous academy for
painting, an anatomical theatre, and a public li-
brary. The ancient castle or palace is still standing
at the extremity of the city, and the arsenal is one
of the best in Germany. The houses are built of
freestone, and are four or five stories high. Nu'
OAK
mr
o»o
renberg was given to Bavaria by the treaty of Til-
sit in 1807. It is 95 m. N. by W. of Munich and
250 W. N. W. of Vienna. Long. 11.4. E., lat.
49. 27. N.
Jfurtingen, a town of Wurtemberg with an hos-
pital, founded in 1481, said to be the richest found-
ation in the kingdom. It is situate on the Neck-
ar, 14 ra. S. E. of Stuttgard.
Jfusserpour, a town of Hindoostan, capital of a
district of the same name, in the province of Sin-
dy. It is situate on the Sinde, 53 m. N. E. of
Tatte. Long. 69. 10. E., lat. 25. 28. N.
Jfyhorg, a sea-port of Denmark, on the E. coast
of the isle of Funen. The remains of the old pal-
ace, in which Christian II. was born, now serve
for a magazine and arsenal. It is seated on a bay
of the Great Belt, ID m. E. of Odensee. Long.
10.40. E., lat. 55. 30. N.
ffykioping, a town of Denmark, in N. Jutland,
with a good harbour, on the gulf of Lymford. It
stands on the E. side of the island of Mors, which
is formed by branches of the gulf, 40 m. W. by
S of Alburg. Long. 8. 36. E.; lat. 56. 52. N.
ffykopins, a sea-port of Denmark, capital of
the isle of Falster, with a royal palace, and one of
the best endowed hospitals in the kingdom. It
stands on a narrow channel, opposite the island
of Laland, 60 m. S. S. W. of Copenhagen. Long.
11.58. E., lat. 54.50. N.
Jfukoping, a government of Sweden, compre-
hending the W. part of Sudermania.
Jfyfwping, a neat town of Sweden, capital of
Sudermania, with a harbour, and the remains of
a strong castle. It is the mo«t ancient town in
the kingdom, and was formerly the residence of
the kings of Sudermania. It is seated on a rivei
of the same name, near the Baltic, 70 m. S. W.
of Stockholm. Long. 17. 27. E., lat. 58. 35. N.
JVyluTid, a province of European Russia, in
Finland, lying on the gulf of Finland, to the W.
of Carelia. It is 120 m. long and from 30 to 60
broadband is a fertile pleasant country, being
better peopled and cultivated than the neighbour-
ing provinces. The inhabitants (about 115,000)
carry on some trade in corn, cattle, planks, linen,
and dried fish.
JVys'ot, a town of Russia, in the government of
Wiburg, on the lake Saima. The castle, which
stands on a rock in a river, near the town, is
strongly fortified by nature and art. It was taken
by the Russians in 1714, restored to the Swedes
at the peace of Nj'stadt, but finally given up to
the Russians by the treaty of Abo in 1743. 50
m. N. W. of Wiburg.
jXyslot, a town of Russia, in the government of
Livonia, with a castle ; 20 m. S. by W. of Narva.
Kystadt, a town of Russia, in Finland, with a
commodious harbour, and a considerable trade in
all kinds of wooden vessels. In 1721 a peace was
concluded here between Russia and Sweden. It
is sealed on a bay of the gulf of Bothnia, 33 m.
N. W. of Abo. Long. 21. 31. E., lat. 61. 10. N.
J^Tysted, a town of Denmark, on the S. E. coast
of the isle of Laland. It carries on a considera-
ble trade with the provinces of Germany, and is
22 m. E. S. E. of Naxkow.
O
O, or ST. MARTIN DO, a town of France,
department of Orne, 5 m. S. of Argentan.
Oahoona. one of the Ingraham Isles, which is
said to be the northernmost of all this cluster. It
lies about 10 leagues N. E. of Nooheva. To this
island Captain Roberts gave the name of Massa-
chusetts. Captain Ingraham had before called it
Washington.
Oak Flat, p.v. Pendleton Co. Va.
Oak Grove, p.v. Lunenburg Co. Va. ; p.v. Jas-
per Co. Geo.
Oak Hall, p.v. Pickens Co. Alab.
Oakham, p.t. Worcester Co. Mass. 62 m. W.
Boston. Pop. 1,010.
Oakham, the chief town of Rutlandshire, Eng.
Near the church are the decayed walls of an old
tjastle ; and in 1749 four silver pennies of the
tater Mercian kings were found here. It is seated
in the centre of a fertile valley, called the Vale of
Catmorc. 28 m. S. by E. of Nottincrham and 98
N. by W. of London. Long. 0. 46. W., lat. 52.
42. N.
Oak/iampton, a borough in Devonshire, Eng.
it has a manufacture of serges, and the remains
of a castle, dismantled bv Henry VIII. It stands
on the river Oak, 24 m. W. of Exeter and 195 W.
by S. of London.
Oakingkam. See Wokingham.
OakkiU,p.v. Green Co. N. Y. ; p.v.Fauquier Co.
Va. ; p.v. Howard Co. Missouri.
Oakingham, p.v. Laurens Dis. S. C. 92 m. N,
W. Columbia.
Oakland, a county of Michigan. Pop. 4,910.
Pontiae is th« capital. Also villiiges in Oakland
Co. Mich. Allegany Co. N. Y., and Anne Arun-
del, Co. Md.
Oakley, p.v. Seneca Co. Ohio.
Oakmulga, p.v. Chesterfield Co. Va.
Oakm-ulgee, a river of Georgia flowing into the
Alatamaha.
Oaktomie, p.v. Covington Co. Mississippi,
OakvUle, p.v. Buckingham Co. Va.
Oatland Mills, p.v. Loudon Co. Va.
Oaxaca, one of the provinces of Mexico, which
See.
Oaxaca, ciiy, the capital of the above province
is seated in a beautiful valley 240 m. S. S. E.
Mexico. Pop. 24.000. The churches are splendid,
but the neighbourhood is subject to earthquakes.
Oban, a village of Scotland, in Argyleshire,
seated 3 m. to the S. of the entrance of Loch
Etive. Here is an excellent harbour, capable of
containing upwards of 500 merchantmen, defend-
ed from the westerly winds by the islands of Ker-
rera and Mull. It is 33 m. N. W. of Inverary.
Obdach, a town of the Austrian states, in Stiria,
at the conflux of the Achza and Traun, 9 ra S. E.
of Judenburg.
Oberkirch, a town ol Baden, 15 m. E. of Stras-
burg.
Obemberg, a town of Bavaria, with a castle,
seated on the Inn, 12 m. S. S. W. of Passau.
Oberndorf, a town of Wurtemberg,8eated on the
Neckar, 8ra. N. N. E. of Rothweil.
Obidos, a town of Portugal, in Estremadura,
with the remains of a castle, on a rock. 13 m.
E. of Peniche and 40 N. N. E. of Lisbon.
OboUah, a strong town of Persia, in Irac-Agemi,
3 a2
OCE
658
OCE
•eated on a branch of the Tigris, near Bassora.
Obskaia, a gulf or bay of Siberia, in the Frozen
Ocean, about 3G0 m. from N. to S. and from 45
to 60 in bioadth. The S. W. extremity, where it
is entered by the river Oby, is in long. G9. 15. E.,
lat. 6(5 55. N.
Obvinsk, a town of Russia, in the government
of Perm, situated on the Kama, 60 m. N. of Perm.
Long. 56. 0. E., lat. 58. 44. N.
Ouy, '>r Ob, the largest river of Siberia. It is-
sues frorr Lake Altyn, in the desert of Ischimska,
runs N. W. and W. by Kolivan, Narim, and Sur-
gut, till it receives the Irtysh from Tobolsk, when
It flows N. and N. E., and, after a course of 1,900
m. enters the gulf of Obskaia. It is a large smooth
stream, abounds in fish, and is navicrible almost
to its source. In its course, especially after the
influx of the Irtysh, it forms a great number of
islands.
Ocana, an ancient town of Spain, in La Man-
cha, formerly fortified, but now in a state of de-
cay. In 1810 a battle was fought in its vicinity
between the French and Spaniards. 30 m. S. S.
£. of Madrid.
Ocana, a town of Terra Firma, in the pro-
vince of St. Martha, on the Rio de Oro, which
flows to the Magdalena. It is 240 m. S. by E. of
St. Martha. Long. 73. 26. W., lat. 7. 40. N.
Oceanica, a nai.ie introduced by Malte Brun, to
designate a fifth grand division or the globe, com-
prising the islands of the Indian Seas and the
Pacific Ocean, with the continent of New Holland,
and all the Antarctic regions. The limits and
general character of this division of the earth are
described by this celebrated geographer in the
following words.
The Chinese Sea separates Asia from the great
ocean, as the Mediterranean separates Africa from
Europe. To the west we continue the boundary
line through the strait of Malacc^, and then turn-
ing round the north point of Sumatra, we proceed
to the point where the 92d meridian east from
London crosses the equator. Through the whole
southern hemisphere, that meridian will form a
convenient division between the seas of New
Holland and those of Madagascar and Africa.
The islands of Amsterdam and St. Paul will, on
this principle, remain connected with the Archi-
pelago of the Indian Ocean. When we leave the
Chinese Sea to the north, the channel between
Formosa and the Philippines being the broadest,
marks the natural boundary. From this we draw
a line which, following that part of the waters
which in most of islands, separates the Japanese
seas to a distance of 300 or 450 m., and reaches
the point of intersection of the 4()th parallel '>f
north latitude with the l.'")2d meridian. The 40th
parallel will continue to bound the new division
of the world, till we come to the point where it is
crossed bv the 158th western meridian from Lon-
don. Tailing our departure from this point, we
separate the North American seas from those of
the Oceanic Archi[)plago by the shortest line that
can be drawn from this to the point of intersection
«f the 108th western meridian and the equator.
This meridian will be our boundary through the
Kouthern lien.isphere
The fifth part of the world thus determined is
found to be situated in the Great Ocean, that
which, of all others, is the Ocean, by way of
eminence. This essentl.il character is not com-
-non to it with any other division of the globe :
it is a character which impresses a special physi-
ognomy on its geography, as well as on its
natural and its civil history. It is therefore wof
thy of being made the foundation of its name.
It will be called Oceanica, and its inhabitants
Oceanians ; names which will supersede the un-
meaning or inaccurate designations of Austral-
asia, Notasia, Austral India, and Australia. New
Holland has not one Asiatic feature. Extend-
ing the principle of the nomenclature which is in
present use, we ought to call Africa " Occiden-
tal Asia." This designation would be equally
correct with those others. There is no occasion
for perpetuating the memory of the pretended
Terra Auslralis, in the name of a part of the world
which is not exclusively situated on the Austral
(or southern^ hemisphere. The happier term of
Polynesia will be preserved for that subdivision
of Oceanica to which it has been specially ap-
plied.
The great countries of Oceanica are exposed
to the influence of a vertical sun. It is probable
that New Holland, unless it contains inland sras,
has a climate as hot and arid as Africa. The
marshy shores of some islands in the north-west
of Oceanica, exposed to an intense heat, generate
a pestiferous air, which may be corrected by hu
man cultivation. Notwithstanding these local in-
conveniences, Oceanica presents to the industri-
ous, the healthy, and the temperate, a greater di-
versity of delightful climates than any other part
of the world. Such islands as are small and ele-
vated resemble so many paradises. By selecting
localities with the proper elevations, the English-
man may find his fresh lawns and his moss-cov-
ered trees, the Italian his orange-groves, and the
West Indian planter his fields of sugar cane.
The small extent of these islands procures for
them the temperature of the ocean. The heat
never becomes insQpportable, even for northern
Europeans. The air is continually renewed by
the light sea and land breezes, dividing the em-
pire of day and night. Their perpetual spring is
rarely disturbed by hurricanes or earthquakes.
None of the great races of quadrupeds, either of
Asia or New Holland, has extended to the small
islands of Polynesia. The pig is the only one
found everywhere domesticated, and is the same
species as in India and China. Dogs, cats, and
rats, formed the whole quadruped class in these
islands before Captain Cook supplied them with
goats and cattle. Ornithology offers, through the
whole of Oceanica, a little more variety, along
with many features of mutual resemblance.
The vegetable kingdom of Oceanica presents to
us all the riches of India in new splendour, and
accompanied by new pleasures unknown to Asia.
In the Sunda islands, the Philippines, and the
Moluccas, rice occupies the place of wheat; and
the culture of it is probably extended over New
Guinea. Further to the east, in the islands of
Polynesia, there are four exceedingly useful escu-
lent plants, which grow either spontaneously, or
under the influence of culture ; the potato, the
yam, and two species of arum, from which, by
culture and boiling, a sweet farinaceous substance
is obtained.
Two orders of trees are spread overall the mid-
dling and small islands of Oceanica, which de-;
light both the eye and the taste. The numerous
family of the palms is extended over the most re
mote and smallest islands. Between the tropics
there is scarcely a rock or a sand-bank on which
these trees do not display their astonishing vege-'
tation. The palms have, in the interior structure
of their trunks, no analogy with other trees. In
OCE
559
OCR
habit and in strMcture they resemble the ferns, in
their blossom the grab^es, and the asparigi in their
mode of fructification But no trees are so portly
and magnificent as the palms. They present a
straight column, perfectly cylindrical, crowned
at the summit with a vast load of sprightly leaves,
arranged in circles over one another, and put
forth from their common receptacle large panicles,
partially inclosed in ample sheaths, and loaded
with flowers and with fruit. But their majestic
appearance is their least merit. Their beauty is
surpassed by their usefulness. The external
layers of the trunk furnish a hard and heavy wood,
which may be formed into planks and stakes.
The sheaths which contain the clusters of fruit
acquire such thickness and consistence that they
are often used as vessels. The large leaves are
employed for roofing wigwams and cottages. Ma-
terials for wadding, flock, and cordage, are fur-
nished by the fibrous pericarp of the cocoa-tree,
by the leafstalks of several other species, and by
the filamentous tissue which, in all of them, covers
the trunk. Of these are made ropes, cables, and
even sail-cloth, and they are used as oakum in
caulking vessels. The leaves of the Macaw tree
(latinier) serve for fans to the Indian fair ones;
those of the Borassus fiahelUfurmis furnish para-
sols which can cover ten people at a time. The
leaves of some palms are used for writing on :
the shell of the cocoa-nut supplies us with a na-
tural cup. This order of trees furnishes a number
of excellent dishes. The sweet and pulpy sub-
stance surrounding the shells of some is eaten and
pressed in a variety of forms : such are the Areca
catechu and the PlicEtiix dactylifera. In some, as
the cocoa-nut, the perisperm or cotyledonous
tnaller, while in others, as the cabbage palm, or
Areca oJeracea, the terminal leaf-bud is used as a
[lot-herb. The milky liquid contained in the
arge cavity of the cocoa-nut is capable of being
converted into wine, vinegar, and alcohol. From
the same fruit a good oil is procured.
Another family of nutritious trees enjoyed by
the Oceanian nations is that of the Jlrlocarpi or
bread-fruit trees. This valuable genus rises to a
height of forty feet. Its trunk acquires the thick-
ness of the human body. The fruit Is as large as
a chiH'.o head. Gathered before it is fully ripe,
and baked among ashes, it becdhies a wholesome
bread, resembling fresh wheaten bread in taste.
For a period of eight months, this tree yields its
fruit in such profusion, that three of them will
support a man for a year. The inner bark of the
same tree is manufactured into a kind of cloth.
' ts wood is well adapted for building cottages and
tfanoes. Its leaves are used as nap&ins ; its glu-
tinous and milky juice furnishes good cement and
glue.
The inhabitants of Oceanica seem to be refera-
ble to two stocks, totally distinct both in physiog-
nomy and in language ; the Malays, or Ye ^ow
Oceanians, and the Oceanian Negroes.
The Malays are no longer considered by the
learned as having originally come from the pen-
insula of Malacca : it is now understood that it
was not till a comparatively recent period that
they became inhabitants of that country. Their
national historians trare their origin to the island
of Sumatra; they also describe them as connect-
ed with the Javanese ; but we find them at pre-
sent extending over numerous countries. Not
only are all the inhabitants of the maritime parts
of Borneo, Celebes, Luzon, and the Moluccas, of
the Malay race ; but the innumerable tribes ol
Polynesia, or eastern Oceanica, seem to have the
same origin. Although the Marians are 5,500 ni.
from Easter Island, and though Owyhee is at
nearly an equal distance from New Zealand, we
have a collection of facts, authenticated by the
concurring testimony of numerous observers,
which force us to regard the families disseminated
over this wide region as having a common origin.
The islanders have tawny complexions, varying
a little in the different tribes, independently of
any ascertainable circumstances in their habits of
life or their climate. The fairest are generally in
the most westerly regions ; some of them, as the
Battas of Sumatra, are directly under the equator.
The hair of the head is long, lank, rough, and al-
ways black. The hair of the beard, and in gen-
eral of every part except the head, is scanty.
They are; in the practice of plucking out that of
the beard in their youth. The Mahometan priests,
affecting to wear long beards, cultivate them to
the best of their power, but not with so much
success as to escape ridicule. Their persons are
short, squat, and robust; their lower limbs some-
what large, but not ill-formed. The busts of the
females are much inferior in symmetry to those
of the women of Indostan. The face is round,
the mouth wide, the teeth remarkably good, the
chin square, the cheek bones high, the cheeks
rather hollow. The nose is short and small, never
prominent, but never flat ; the eyes are small, and
like those of other Orientals, always black. They
are an ill-looking people compared to the Arabs,
Birmans, and Siamese. They are less handsome-
ly formed than the Chinese, but have much better
features.
Differences in colour and in the appearance
of the hair have been observed between the
great and the common people in Otaheite, which
led Forster to believe that a Malay colony had
subdued in these islands some prior negro tribes,
of the race which inhabits New Guinea and New
Holland. But others may, with some probability,
ascribe this difference to habit and diet, as the
great live on the flesh of quadrupeds, and the
common people chiefly on fish.
The sifnilarity of the languages, as exhibited in
the very imperfect vocabularies given by Forster
Father Gobien, Marsden, and others, is strongly
marked. The inhabitants of eastern Oceanica
speak the same language in different dialects, and
this presents a singular analogy to that of the
Malays, particularly that spoken in Sumatra.
Ochsenfurt, a town of Bavarian Franconia,
seated on the Maine, 10 m. S. E. of Wurtzburg.
Ochsenhausen, a town of Wurtemberg, capital
of a petty principality (formerly the territory of
a rich abbey), which was given to prince Met-
ternieh in 1803. 14 m. S. of Ulm.
Ocracoke Inlet, the entrance to Pamlico Sound,
in N. Carolina, 7 leagues S W. of Caue Hattfr-
OEL
fieo
OHi2
IM. Lat. 34. 55. N. It is 14 feet deep at low
water.
Ocridtt.. See Lochrida.
Oczakotc, or Otc/iuhof, a decayed sea-port and
fortress of Russia, in the government of Cathari-
nenslaf. It has been frequently an object of con-
test between the Turks and Russians, many thou-
sands of whom, on both sides, have fallen in its
different sieges. The Russians took it by storm
in 1788, and it was confirmed to them by the
subsequent peace. This important place is the
key to both the Bog and the Dnieper, rivers of
great consequence to this part of the empire. It
18 seated near the Black Sea, on the N. side of
the estuary of the Dnieper, opposite Kinburn, 50
m. W. of Cherson and 190 N. E. of Constanti-
nople. Long. 30. 30. E., lat. 46. 35. N.
OdenbarA, a town of Germany, in the duchy of
Deux Fonts ; seated on the Glan, 34 m.W. of
Mentr..
Odensee, a town of Denmark, capital of tho
isle of Funen, and a bishop's see. It supplies
the greatest part of the army with all their leath-
er accoutrements, and is particularly famous for
gloves. Here are also manufactures .of cloth,
sugar, and soap ; it is situate on a river, 6 m. from
the bay of Stegestrand and 90 W. by S. of Co-
penhagen. Long. 10. 25. E., lat. 55. 30. N.
Oder, a river of the Austrian empire, which
rises in the mountains of Moravia, and flows
through Brandenburg and Pomerania. Below
Stettin it forms a large lake or bay, called Gross
Haff, and then enters the Baltic Sea lay three
channels, called Peene, Swin, and Diwencrw ; be-
tween which lie the islands of Usedom andWollin.
Oderberg. a town of Moravia, on the confines
of Silesia, with a castle, seated on the Oder, at
the influx of the Elsa, 18 m. N. N. W. of Tes-
cheii.
Oderberg, a town of the Prussian province of
Brandenburg, situate on the Oder, 25 m. N. W.
of Custrin.
Odernheim, a town of Germany, in Hesse
Darmstadt, on the Seltz, 14 m. S. of Mentz.
Odernheim, a town of Germany, in the duchy
of Deux Ponts ; seated on the Glan, near its
conflux with the Nahe,28 m. S. W. of Mentz.
Odessa , a. fortified sea -port of Russia, in the
government of Catharinenslaf. The town is
well built, and is rapidly increasing in size and
importance. The population is estimated at
nearly 40,000 who carry on a good trade and
have manufactures of woolens, silks, gunpowder,
soap, &c. It is seated on a gulf of the Black
Sea, 44 m. W. by S. of Oczakow and 99 E. of
Cherson.
Odeypore. See Oudipore.
Odeypore, a town of Hindoostan, capital of
Jushpour, m the province of Orissa. Itis()0 m.
N. E. of Ruttenpour and 220 N. W. of Cuttack.
Long. 83. 22. E.,lat 22. 37. N.
OdUuim, a town in Hampshire, Eng. Here
are the remains of an ancient castle, and of a
royal palace, barns, &c. It is seated on the Bas-
ingstoke Canal, 24 n>. N. E. of Winchester and
42 W. by S. of London.
Ochsfeld, a town of Prussian Saxony, seated
on the Alier, 22 m. N. E. of Brunswick.
Oc/cwan, a town of Saxony, in Meissen, situ-
ate near the Flohe, 9 m. E. N. E. of Chemnitz.
OfJan, an island of Sweden, in the Baltic, se-
^•arated from the coast of Gothland by a strait 12
in. broad in the narrowest part. It is 80 m. long,
bat not more than 9 broad. The N. part has
fine forests, and quarries of excellent freestone
the S. is more level, and very fertile. Both
parts abound in alum mines. Bornholm, the
chief town, is seated on the strait, 22 m. E. N. E.
of Calmar. Long. 16 50. E , lat. 56. 48. N.
Oeh, a town of Prussian Silesia, capital of a
principality of the same name, which now forms
part of the government of Breslau, belonging to
the duke of Brunswick. The town stands on a
river of the same name, is surrounded with walls,
and has a palace, formerly occupied by the prince.
17 m. E. iN. E. of Breslau. Long. 17. 31. E., lat.
51. 12. N.
Oelsnitz. a town of Saxony, on the Elster, 6 m.
S. by E. of Plauen.
Oepen, or Eupcn, a town of the Netherlands, in
Limburg, with considerable manufactures of
cloth ; situate on the Weze, 4 m. E. N. E. of
Limburg.
Oesel, an island in the Baltic, on the coast of
Livonia, at the entrance of the Gulf of Riga. It
is 74 m. long and 50 broad, defended by two forts,
and belongs to Russia Arensberg is the capital.
Getting, a town of Bavaria, seated on the Inn, 8
m. N. W. of Burkhausen.
Ottting, a town of Bavaria, with a well-endow
ed college. It is seated on the Wirnitz, 28 ni. S.
of Anspach and 69 N. N. W. of Munich. Long.
10. 40. E., lat. 48. 56. N.
Offa's Dike, an entrenchment of England cast
up by OfFa, a Saxon king, to defend England
from the incursions of the Welsh. It extends
through Herefordshire, Shropshire, Montgomery-
shire, Denbighshire, and Flintshire, from the
Wye to the Dee.
Offanto, a river of Naples, which rises in the
Apennines, passes by Conza and Monte Verde,
separates Capitanata from Basilicata and Terra di
Bari, and enters the gulf of Venice near Barletta.
It is the ancient Aufidus.
Offen. See Buda.
Offenbach, a town of Germany, in Hesse Darm-
stadt, and the principal manufacturing town in
the duchy, seated on the S. side of the Maine, 5
rn. E. of Frankfort.
Offenburg, a town of Baden, seated on the Kint-
zig, 10 m. S. E. of Strasburg.
Offida, a town of Italy, in Ancona, 26 m. S. of
Loretto.
O^M«s, p. V. Hampshire Co.Va.
Ogdm, p.t. Monroe Co. N. Y. 10 m. N. W.
Rochester. Pop. 2,401 ; p. v. Scott Co. Missouri.
Ogdensburg, p.t. St. Lawrence Co. N. Y. on
the river St. Lawrence, at the mouth of the Os-
wegatchie. It is the lowest point of ship naviga-
tion on the St. Lawrence from Lake Ontario ; be-
low, the river is obstructed by rapids. It is 120
m. above Montreal.
Ogechee, a river of Georgia, flowing into the
Atlantic, 20 m. S. Savannah.
Ogerslieim, a. town of the Bavarian circle of the
Rhino, 12 m. N. of Spire.
Oglethorpe, Ti county of Georgia. Pop. 13,558.
Lexington is the capital.
Oglio, a river which rises in the principality of
Trent, enters Italy, and flows between the prov-
inces of Begamasco and Bresciano, through the
lake of Isero, to the borders of the Milanese, and
turning S. E. enters the Mantuan, where it joins
the Po, above Borgoforte.
Ogmo, a town of the kingdom of Siam, seated
at the N. E. point of the gulf of Siam, 56 m. S,
E. of Siank Long. 101. 28. E., lat. 13. 33. N.
Oheteroa, an island in the S. Pacific, 13 m in
OHI
561
OHI
clreuit. It has no harbour, and is neither so pop-
ulous nor fertile as the islands to the N. of it ; but
its manufactures are of a superior kind, the cloth
is of a better dye, and the spears and clubs are
better carved and polished. The people are lus-
• ty and well made, and rather browner than those
♦ of Tahiti. Long. 150. 47. W., lat. 22. 27. S.
Ohio, a river of the United States flowing into
the Mississippi, from the N. E. It is formed by
the junction of the Allegany and Monongahela
'» which rise in Pennsylvania and Virginia, and
unite at Pittsburg in the former state. Its gen-
eral course to the Mississippi is S. W. but it has in-
numerable sinuosities ; its length in a straight
line from Pittsburg to the Mississippi is 614 m.
and by its w^indings 908. In the lower part of its
course its width is about a mile. There is no ob-
struction to the navigation except the falls at
Louisville, which are avoided by a canal. See
Louisville. In winter and spring it is 50 feet deep-
er than at the end of summer, when it may be for-
ded at the falls. The rams at the end of the year
raise the water sometimes 12 feet in a day. Their
highest elevation is in March. For half its length
in the upper part, it is frozen in the w-inter, and
the breaking up of the ice in March often occa-
sions immense damage. In the spring of 1832 an
tmcommon flood of the river inundated a great
part of Cincinnati, overflowed many other towns
upon the banks, and destroyed a vast amount of
property.
The Ohio is a very beautiful river, and the in-
terval lands upon its borders are highly fertile. It
embosoms more than 100 islands, and the scenery
along its course is diversified with abrupt eminen-
ces, and extensive alluvial tracts covered with
thick forests of sycamore, dogwood, and other
beautiful trees. It is of great importance in the
navigation of the western states and is connected
with Lake Erie by a canal. See the following ar-
ticle.
Ohio Canal, unites the Ohio with Lake Erie.
Beginning at Cleveland, on the lake, it proceeds
southerly along the Cuyahoga, to the portage be-
tween this stream and the Tuscawaras; here it
strikes the latter stream, and passes along its valley
southwesterly. It then passes off to the Scioto and
dessends the valley ofthatriver to the Ohio at Ports-
mouth. It is 306 m. in length, besides a lateral cut
to Columbus of 11 m., and the Dresden-cut with
slack water navigation of 17 m. It has 11,185 ft. of
lockage. This canal was projected by the state of
Ohio. It was begun in 1825, and is now nearly
finished. It has cost less than 10,000 dollars a
mile. Another canal joins the Ohio with the
Miami. It leaves the Ohio at Cincinnati and ex-
tends northerly to Dayton on the Miami. It is
70 m. in length. A further communication is
projected from this point to Lake Erie and the
Ohio canal by rail-roads.
Ohio, one of the United States ; bounded N. by
Michigan Territory and Lake Erie, E. by Penn-
sylvania and Virginia, S. by Virginia and Ken-
tucky and W. by Indiana. It extends from 38. 30.
to 42. N. lat., and from 80. 35. to 84. 47. W. long.
220 m. in length and breadth, and containing 40,
000 sq.m. It is washed on the whole southern
limit by the Ohio, and is intersected by its tribu-
taries the Muskingum, Scioto and Great and Lit-
Ue Miami. The Maumee, Sandusky and Cuya-
hoga flow into Lake Erie. In this part, the state
has 150 m. of coast, containing several harbours,
the chief of which are those of Sandusky, Cleve-
land and Ashtabula. There are no mountains in
71
the state, and hardly any hills. Most of the soil
is susceptible of cultivation. In the north it is
somewhat marshy ; the banks of the rivers are
highly fertile : in the interior are extensive plains
of excellent soil, and the state altogether may be
pronounced equal in fertility to almost any region
of the earth. The forests consist of walnut, various
species of oaks, hickory, sugar maple, and other
sorts; beech,birch,poplar,asli, sycamore, paw-paw,
buckeye, cherry, dogwood, elm, hornbeam, «&c.
With the exception of a few cypress tress, this
state produces hardly any evergreens. Many
sorts of medicinal roots are found here, as ginsenir,
valerian, colunibo, snakeroot, and bloodroo"t
Coal is abundant in the eastern parts, as also iron,
but there are few mines. Marble is plentiful, and
salt springs furnish water nearly as strong as that
of the sea. Near the falls of tlie Little Miami, are
the Yellow Springs, the waters of which are a
strong chalybeate, and in considerable esteem for
their medicinal qualities.
The agricultural products are maize, wheat, rye,
barley, oats, spelt and buckwheat. Fruits are
abundant, and the soil is thought to be the best
for garden vegetables of any in the western coun-
try. Tobacco has been lately introduced. Hemp
is cultivated in some parts.
Ohio enjoys the most active commerce of all
the western states. The northern and eastern
counties export to Montreal and New York by
the lake, great quantities of agricultural produce.
But the chief of the exports are to New Orleans.
The articles are flour, grain, pork, bacon, lard,
whiskey, horses, and cattle.
The domestic manufactures are considerable ,and
there are some large manufactories of woolen, cot-
ton,and paper, at Cincinnati, Zanesville, SteTiben-
ville, Dayton, and other places. The manufacture
of steam machinery, and oilier articles from iron,
is considerable. To tlicse may be added linseed
and castor oil, whiskey, cabinet Airnitiire sind snit.
The number of counties in Ohio is 73. Tiie
Pop. 937,637. Slavery is prohibited. The leg-
islature is called the Gniiral Assnnhhj, and con-
sists of a Senate and House of Representatives.
Tiie senators are chosen for two years and the
representatives for one. The Governor is chosen
for two years. Suffrage is universal and elections
are popular. Columbus is tlie seat of government
and Cincinnati the largest city. The other towns
of importance are Zanesville, Steubenville, Cliilli-
cothe, Dayton, Marietta and Circleville. Tliere
are 4 tribes of Indians in the state; the Wyan-
dots, Shawnees, Delawares, and Ottawas. Tlie
Senecas have recently removed west of the Mis-
sissippi. The four tribes number about 1 ,500 souls,
and own 336,341 acres of land, which is secured
to them by treaty. Considerable annuities are
paid them by the United States government.
OKI
562
OLE
The most numerous reli^ouB sect are the
Presbyterians ; they have 203 ministers ; tlie Bap-
tists 140; tlie MeUiodists 91; the Lutherans 87;
Uje Associate Presbyterians 20 ; the German Re-
formed 82; tiie Episcopalians 16; the Sweden-
borgians 4 ; there are also some Catholics, Uni-
tarians, Universalists, Quakers and Shakers.
Two universities enjoy endowments from tlie
state; they are established at Athens and Oxford.
Tliere are also colleges at New Athens, Hudson
and Gam bier, and about 20 incorporated acade-
mies in different places.
The first settlement in Ohio was made at Ma-
rietta in 17d3. A territorial government was
established the ne.xt year. In lfc'02 it was admit-
ted as a slate into the Union. The fertility of
the soil, and happy local position of the state for
trade, have made it one of the most desirable re-
gions of the western country for emigrants, and
its inorea.se in population and wealth has been
al.niost unparalleled.
Oliinu, a town of Prussian Silesia, with a fine
castle. Great quantities of tobacco are produced
in the neighbourhood. It is situate on the Ohla,
1() m. S. E. of Breslau.
Olirdruf, a town of Sa.xony, in Sa.xe-Gotha, with
a castle and numerous manufactures. 8 m. S.
S. E. of Gotha.
Olaingf.n, a town of Wurtemberg, capital of the
district of Hohenlohe, with an academy. In the
vicinity of the town many Roman antiquities have
been found since 1741. It stands on the river
Ohm, which divides it into the Old and New
Town,28m. S. S. W. Mergentheim. Long. 9.
42. E., lat. 49. 11. N.
Oick, Loch, a lake of Scotland, in Inverness-
Bhire, extending 4 m. from E. to W., and contain-
ing some little wooded islands: its outlet at the
N. end IS the river Oich, which flows by Fort Au-
gustus into the S. extremity of Loch Ness.
Oil Creek, p.t. Crawford Co. Pa., on a creek of
the same name, falling into the Allegany.
Oire, a town of Naples, in Terra d' Otranto,
with an old casJc, seated at the foot of the Ap-
ennines, 20 m. N. E. of Tarento.
Oisc, a department of France, including part
of the former provinces of the Isles of France and
Picardy. It takes its name from the river Oise,
which has its source in the Ardennes, and joins
the Seine below Pontoise. Beauvais is the capi-
tal
Ohefonoko Steamp, in Georgia and Florida is a
Bort of marshy lake 180 m. in circumference giv-
ing rise to the rivers St. Mary and Suwany. Du-
ring the wet season it has the appearance of an
inland sea witli numerous islands. It is inhabited
by immense numbers of alligators, snakes, frogs,
and all sorts of reptiles that arc engendered in miry
regions Vast swarms of moschetoes infest the air
in summer, and the poisonous vapours which th«
heat of the sun raises from its waters in that sea
son render the neighbourhood uninhabitable for
any human being.
Ockloconee, a river rising in Georgia, and flow-
ing through Florida into Ockloconee Bivy, 40 m.
E. of the mouth of the Apalachicola.
Okotsk, a town of Siberia, capital of a prov-
ince of the same name, in the government of Ir-
kutsk. It is seated at the mouth of the Okota,in
a bay of the Pacific Ocean, called the Sea of
Okotsk, 490 m. E. S. of Yakutsk. Long. 143.
12. E., lat. 59. 20. N.
Oldenburg, a grand duchy of Germany, consist-
ing of several scattered portions. Oldenburg
Proper was formerly a county, united with Del-
menhorst, and when the line of its counts became
extinct, in ll)G7, it devolved to the royal family of
Denmark. In 1773 it was exchanged by Denmark
with the grand duke of Russia for the district of
Kiel in Holstein ; and, in 1777, the emperor of
Germany raised it to the the rank of a duchy.
The reigning duke was expelled by Napoleon in
1810, but was restored in 1813, and at the con-
gress of Vienna received the title of grand duke
He now possesses, besides Oldenburg Proper (in-
cluding Delmenhorst and the lordships of Varel,
Jever, and Kniphausen), the principality of Eu
tin (formerly the bishopric of Lubec) in Holstein
and the lordship of Birkenfeld, ceded by Prussia
out of the territory on the Rhine. The inhabi-
tants are of the Lutheran religion.
Oldenburg, a fortified town of Germany, capi-
tal of the foregoing duchy, and the residence of
the grand duke. The church of St. Lambert con-
tains the tombs of the last counts of Oldenburg,
which are very curious. It is seated on the Hun-
ta, 22 m. W. of Bremen and 76 S. S. W. of
Hamburgh.
Oldenburg, a town of Denmark, in the duchy
of Holstein, seated near the Baltic, 28 m. N. of
Lubec.
Oldensael, a town of the Netherlands, in Ove-
ryssel, 30 m. E. of Deventer.
Oldeslohe, a town of Denmark, in Holstei.i,
with extensive salt-works, seated on the Trave,
17 m. W. of Lubec.
Old Fort, p.v. Centre Co. Pa.; p. v. Burke Co.
N. C.
Oldham, a town in Lancashire, Eng. built on
high ground, on a branch of the Medlock, and
near the Irk, whose streams give motion to the
machinery, &c., of numerous manufactures, 7 m
N. of Manchester.
Oldham, a county of Kentucky on the Ohio
Pop. 9,563. Westport is the capital.
Old Point, Comfort, a cape on the North en
trance of James river, Va.
Old Town, or Indian Old Town, i settlement
of Penobscot Indians on an island 'u Penobscot
river, Maine, 12 m. above Bangoj They are
about 300 in number, and have a Catholic priest
and a school.
Old Town, p.t. Allegany Co. Md.;p.v. Ross
Co. Ohio.
Ocean, p.t. Cattaraugus Co. N. Y. Pop 561.
Oleron, a populous and fertile island of France,
5 m. from the W. coast, opposite the mouth of
the Charente. It is 20 m. long and 5 broad, and
belongs to the department of Lower Charente.
This island was formerly in the possession of the
crown of England ; and here Richard L com-
piled the code of maritime laws called the Laws
of Oleron, which are received by a.]' nations in
OLT
563
ONE
Europe as the ground and substruction of all their
marine constitutions.
Oleion, a town of France, department of Lower
Charente, with a castle ; sealed on the E. side
of the island of Oleron, 13 m. W. S. W. of Roche-
fort. Long. 1. 15. W., lat. 45. 48. N.
Oleron, a town in the department of Lower
Pyrenees, on the Gave, 10 ra. S. W. of Pau.
Olika, a town of Poland, in Volhinia, with a
eitadel, 20 m. E. of Lucko.
Olinda. See Pernambuco.
OZtto, a town of Spain, in Navarre, formerly
the residence of the king of Navarre, but now
much reduced. It is seated in a fertile country,
20 m. N. of Tudela.
OUea, a sea-port of W. Prussia, where a peace
was concluded, in 16G0, between the emperor of
Germany and the kings of Sweden and Poland.
It is situate on a bay of the gulf of Dantzic. 10
m. W. N. W. of Dantzic. Long. 18. 32. E.,lat.
54. 24. N.
Oley, a township of Bucks Co. Pa.
OZicc,townships in Morgan and Meigs Cos. Ohio.
Olivenca, a town and fortress of Spain, in Es-
tremadura, which, with its territory, formerly be-
longed to Portugal, but was ceded to Spain in
1801. It is 16 m. S. S. W. of Badajoz.
Ollorton, a town of Nottinghamshire, Eng.
seated on the river Maun, and surrounded by hop
plantations, which contribute greatly to its pros-
perity. 14 m. N. W. of Newark and 137 N. by
W. of London.
Olmedo, a decayed town of Spain, in Leon, seat-
ed near the Adaja, 25 m. S. of VaJladolid.
Olmutz, a district or circle of the Austrian prov-
ince of Moravia, containing 2,000 sq. m. with 347,
300 inhabitants. The N. part is mountainous,
but the S. level and fertile.
Olmutz, the capital of the above district, and
formerly of Moravia, is an archbishop's see, and
has a famous university. It is fortified, well
built, and almost surrounded by the river Morau.
In 1741 it was taken by the king of Prussia who
attempted it again in 1758, but was obliged to
raise the siege. The emperors of Russia and
Austria met here in 1805, previously to the battle
of Austerlitz. It is 80 m. N. by E. of Vienna,
and 97 S. of Breslau. Long. 17. 15. E., lat. 49.
33. N.
Olney, a town in Buckinghamshire, Eng. with
a manufacture of bonelace ; seated on the Ouse,
12 m. S. E. of Northampton and 55 N. N. W. of
London.
Olonetz, a government of Russia, formerly in-
cluded in the government of Novogorod. In this
district are mines of copper and iron. The capital
is Petrozavodsk.
Olonetz, a town of the foregoing government
near which are a mineral spring and an iron forge.
It is situate on the river Olonzo, near its entrance
into the lake of Ladoga, 100 m. across the lake, N.
E. of Petersburg.
Olonetz Mountains, a chain of mountains in
the N. W. part of Russia, which runs in a direc-
tion almost due N. for the space of 1 ,000 m. form-
ing part of the boundary between this country and
Sweden.
Olonne, a town of France, department of Ven-
dee, 35 m. W. of Fontenay le Comte.
Olphcn, a town of Prussian Westphalia, 17 m.
S. S W. of Munster.
Olten, a town of Switzerland, in the canton of
Soleure ; seated on the Aar, 17 m. E. N. E. of
Soleure.
Olympian Springs, in Bath Co. Ken., ncaf
the source of Licking river ; they are considera-
bly frequented by invalids. The water conta-na
iron, sulphur, and carbonic acid.
Olympus, a celebrated mountain of Natolix
The ancients supposed its top reached the heavens,
and from that circumstance placed the residence
of the gods there, and made it the court of Jupiter.
It is 10 m. S. E. of Bursa. Also a mountain in
Thessaly, separated from Ossa by the celebrated
vale of Temf>e ; it is 6,000 feet in height. There
is beside a mountain in the island of Candia with
this nama
Oniugh, a town of Ireland, in the county of
Tyrone, 14 m. S. of Strabane.
Oman, a province of Arabia, bonnded on the
N. W. by the Persian Gulf, N. E. and S. E. by
the ocean, and S. W. by extensive deserts. It is
possessed by a number of petty sovereigns, the
most considerable of whom is the imam of Ros-
tak. The chief town is Mascat.
Ombo, a town of Egypt, on the right bank of
the Nile, 26 m. N. of Esne.
Oinbrone, a town of Tuscany, in the Siennese,
at the mouth of the river Ombrone, 5 m. S. of
Grossetto.
Omegna, a town of the Sardinian states, prov-
ince of Novara, on the N. E. side of Lake Orta,
25 m. N. N. W. of Novara.
Omer, St., a fortified town of France, depart-
ment of Pas de Calais. It owes its name and
importance to a saint, who built a grand monaste-
ry here in the 7th century. The cathedral and the
church of St. Berlin are magnificent structures.
About a league from the town is a great morass,
in which are some floating islands. St. Omer is
seated on the Aa, on the side of a hill, 8 m. N.
W. of Aire and 135 N. of Paris. Long 2. 15. E.,
lat. 50. 44. N.
Ommen, a town of the Netherlands, in Ove-
ryssel, sealed on the Vecht, 17 m. N. E. of D«
venter.
Ommirabih. See Morbeys.
Omoa, a town of Honduras. It is seated on
the bay of Honduras, 80 m. N. N. W. of Val-
ladoJid.
Omsk, a town and fortress of Russia, in the
government of Tobolsk, situate at the conflux of
the Om with the Irtysh, 350 m. S. E. ofTobolsk.
Long. 74. 54. E., lat. 54. 14. N.
Onecote, a village in Stifibrdshire, Eng. 8 m.
N.by E. of Cheadle, noted for the rich copper
mines in its vicinity.
C)nec/(oi<7, one of the Sandwich Islands, in the
N. Pacific, 5 leagues W. of Atooi. Its eastern
coast is high, and rises abruptly from the sea,
but the other parts consist of low ground, except
a round bluff'head on the S. E. point. It produ-
ces plenty of yams, and a sweet root called tee.
Long. 161. 0. W., lat. 21. 50. N.
Oneg, a town of Russia, in the government of
Archangel, on the river Onega, near the White
Sea, 80 m.'S. S. W. of Archangel. Long. 37. 54.
E., lat. 63. 53. N.
Onega, a river and lake of Russia, in the gov-
ernment of Olonetz. The lake is 100 m. long
and 40 broad, and has a communication with the
lake Ladoga. The river gives its name to a
country fuUof woods,and flows into theWhiteSea.
Oneglia, a province of the Sardinian states, in
Piedmont, surrounded by the territory of Genoa,
and the sea. It abounds in olire-oil, fruits, and
wine.
Oneglia, or OneiiU, a sea^port of Piedmont
OON
564
ORA
capital of tlie above province. In 1792, the French
took it by storm, and set it on fire in several pla-
ces. It 18 seated at the mouth of the Imperiale,
55 m. S. W. of Genoa. Long. 7. 57. E., lat. 43.
58. N. .
Oneida, a lake of New York discharging its
water into L. Ontario. It has a canal communi-
cation with the Mohawk. It is 20 m. long and 4
broad.
Oneida, a county of New York lying upon the
above lake. Pop. 41,326. Uticaisthe capital.
Oneida Castle, p. v. Oneida Co. N. Y.
One Leg, a township in Tuscarawas Co. Ohio,
114m. N.E.Columbus. Pop. 1,645. The ge-
nius that invented this name must have been a
limping concern.
Onezkoe, a lake of Russia, in the government
of Olonetz, 120 m. long and 40 broad. It contains
several islands.
Ongar, or Chipping On<rar, a town in Essex,
Eng. 21 m. E. N. E. of London.
Ongolr, a town of Hindoostan, in the Carnatic,
capital of a district of its name belonging to Bri-
tain. It is 78 m. S. S. W. of Condapilly and 166
N. by W. of Madras. Long. 79. 56. E., lat. 15.
28.N.
Onion, one of the principal rivers of Vermont,
which flows through a fertile country, and after
a course of70 m. lalls into Lake Champlain.
Onondaga, a lake of New York communicating
with lake Ontario. It is 6 m. long and 1 broad.
Onondaga, a county of New York on the above
lake. Pop. 58,974. Syracuse is the capital.
Onondaga, p.t. in the above county 50 m. W.
Utica. Pop. 5,668. Here are very large salt works.
See Sal.ina.
Onrust, a small island near the coast of Java,
at the mouth of the harbour of Batavia. Here
the Dutch formerly repaired their ships, and had
large warehouses, which were destroyed by the
British.
Onslow, a county of N. Carolina. Pop. 7,814.
Ontario, a lake of N. America, situate between
75. and 79. W. long., and 43. and 44. N. lat. Its
length is 180 m. and 50 its medium breadth. On
its S. W. part it receives the waters of lake Erie
by the river Niagara, and near the S. E. the
Onondago River ; and on the N. E. is its outlet
the river Iroquois, or St. Lawrence. It is 500 m.
in circumference, and abounds with fish, among
which are the Oswego bass, weighing three or
four pounds. The islands are principally at the
eastern end. The chief harbours are York and
Kingston, belonging to the British, and Sackets'
Harbour belonging to the Americans.
Ontario, a county of New York. Pop. 40,167.
Canandaigua is the capital ; also a county in Up-
per Canada.
Ontario, p.t. Wayne Co. N. Y. Pop. 1,587.
Oodamally a town of Hindoostan, in Coimbe-
tore, 30 m. S. S. E. of Coimbetore.
OonaJashka, one of the islands of the Northern
Archipelago, visited by Cook in his last voyage.
The natives are described as very peaceable.
Fish and other-sea animals, birds, roots, berries.
and even sea weed, compose their food. They
dry quantities of fish during the summer, which
they lay up in small huts for their use in winter.
Their clothing is chiefly composed of skins.
The upper garment, made like a wagoner's
frock, reach down to the knees. Besides this,
they wear a waistcoat or iwo, a pair of breeches,
a fur cap, and boots. They manufacture mats
and baskets of gr&sa, which are both "tronjr and
beautiful ; and there is a neatness and perfection
in most of their works, which shows that they
are not deficient in ingenuity and perseverence.
Long. 165. 0. W., lat. 53. 5 N.
Oosthorrh, a town and fort of the Netherlands,
in the Isle of Cadsand, 4 m. N. E. of Sluys.
Oostenhy, a town of Sweden, in the Isle of
Oeland, 27 m. S. of Borkholm.
Ootatore, a town of Hindoostan, in the Carna-
tic, 22 m. N. N. W. of Tanjore and 80 S. W. of
Pondicherry.
Opelousas, p. v. St. Landry Parish, Louisiana.
223 m. N. W. New Orleans.
Opiieim, a town of Norway, in the province of
Bergen, 45 m. N. N. E. of Bergen.
Oporto, or Porto, a city and sea-port of Portugal,
in Entre Douro e Minho. and a bishop's see.
It is by nature almost impregnable ; and is no-
ted for its strong wines, of which large quantities
are exported to England ; whence all red wines
from Spain and Portugal are called Port wines.
The other chief exports are oranges, lemons, oil,
sumach, and linen cloth. Its commerce greatly
increased after the earthquake at Lisbon, in 1755;
before that time the population was estimated at
20,000, and it is now said to be 70,000. It is seat-
ed on the side of a mountain, near the river
Douro, which forms an excellent harbour, 172
m. N. by E. of Lisbon. Long. 8. 22. W., lat. 41
10. N.
Oppeln, a province of the Prussian states, com-
prising the greater part of Upper Silesia. It con-
sists chiefly of hills and mountains abounding
with extensive forests, and containing a large
store of valuable minerals. The district called
the principality of Oppeln, including more than
half this province, was formerly governed by its
own duke.
Oppeln, the capital of the above province, with
a Catholic collegiate church. It has a great trade
in wool, and stands on the Oder, 150 m. S. £. of
Breslau. Long. 18. 0. E., lat. 50. 39. N.
OppenJieim, a town of Germany, in Hesse
Darmstadt. The vicinity produces excellent wine.
It is seated on the side of a hill, near the Rhine,
12 m. S. S. E. of Mentz.
Oppenhcim, a township of Montgomery Co. N.
Y. on the Mohawk. Pop 3,650.
Oppido, a town of Naples, in Calabria Ultra, at
the foot of the Apennines, 25 m. N. E. of Reg-
gio.
Oppido, a town of Naples, in Basilicata, 5 m.
S. S. E. of Acerenza.
Oppurg, a town of Saxony, in the circle of
Meissen, with a castle, 4 m. W. S. W. of Neu-
stadt.
Orach, a town of European Turkey, in Bosnia,
near the river Drino, 60 m. S. W. of Belgrade.
Oran, a city and sea-port of Algiers, in the
province of Tremecen, with an excellent harbour,
almost opposite Carthagena in Spain. It was
taken by the Spaniards in 1509, and re-taken in
1708. In 1732 the Spaniards became masters of
it again. In 1790 it was destroyed by an earth-
quake, little besides the exterior walls being left
standing, when 2,000 persons perished. 225 m.
W. N. W. of Algiers. Long. 0. 5. W., lat. 35.
58. N.
Oran, p.v. Onondaga Co. N. Y.
Orange, a city of France, in the department of
Vancluse, and a bishop's see. It was an impor-
tant place in the time of the Romans, but at pre-
sent is remarkable only for its antiquities. A
triumphal arch, 200 paces from the town, was
ORU
565
ORE
formerly within its limits ; and here are also the
remains of a fine amphitheatre, some aquedvjcts,
«&c. The fortifications were demohshed by Louis
XIV. in 1682. The chief manufactures are linen,
Borge, and paper. The city is seated in a fine
plain, on the river Aigues, 12 m. N. of Avignon
and 57 S. of Valence.
Oranfre, a county of Vermont. Pop. 27,286.
Chelsea is the capital. A county of New York.
Pop. 45,372. Goshen is the capital. A county of
the E. District of Virginia. Pop. 14,637. Orange
is the capital. A county of N. Carolina. Pop.
23,875. Hillsborough is the capital. A county of
Indiana. Pop. 7,909. Paoli is the capital.
Orancre, p.t. Orange Co. Vt. 15 m. S. E. Mont-
pelier. °Pop. 1,016; p.t. Franklin Co. Mass. 80
m. N. W. Boston. Pop. 880 ; p.v. Orange Co. N.
Y.; p.t. Essex Co. N. J.; towns in Cuyahoga, Rich-
land, Trumbull, Shelby, Meigs and Delaware
Cos. Ohio.
Oran<reburg, a District of S. Carolina. Pop.
18,455.'
Orancre Springs, p.v. Orange Co. Va. 100 m. N.
W. of Richmond.
Orangetmcn,a. township of Rockland Co. N. Y.
on the Hudson. Pop. 1,947.
Orangeville, p.t. Genessee Co. N. Y. 20 m. S.
BataviaT Pop. 1,525 ; p.v. Columbia Co. Pa.
Orange River, a river of S. Africa in the Cape
Colony running into the Atlantic in lat. 28. 30. S.
Oranienbaum, a town of Saxony, in the duchy
of Anhalt- Dessau, 6 m. S. E. of Dessau.
Oranienbaum, a town of Russia, in Ingria. It
is seated in the gulf of Finland, 20 m. W. of
Petersburg.
Oranicnburg, a town of Prussia, in the Middle
Mark of Brandenburg ; situate on the Havel, 18
m. N. of Berlin.
Oratava, a town on the W. side of the island of
TenerifFe, and the chief place of trade. It is seat-
ed at the bottom of an amphitheatre of mountains,
out of which rises the Peake of TenerifFe. Its port
is at 3 m. distance. Long. 16. 24. W., lat. 28.
23. N.
Orbassan, a town of Piedmont, with 1,700 in-
habitants, 6 m. S. W. of Turin.
Orbe, a town of Switzerland, in the Pays de
Vaud, 32 m. W. S. W. of Bern.
Oibe, a town of Germany, in the late electorate
of Mentz, celebrated for its salt works, 26 m. E. of
Frankfort.
Orbitcllo, a sea-port of Tuscany, in the province
of Sienna, with a good harbour, protected by sev-
eral forts. It is seated on the Mediterranean, near
the mouth of tne Albegna, 63 m. S. by W. of Si-
enna. Long. 11. 6. E., lat. 42. 28. N.
Orbre, a river of France, which rises in the Ce-
vennes, flows by Beziers, and enters the gulf of
Lions at Serignan.
Orcades. See Orkneys.
Orchies, a town of France, department of Nord,
12 m. S. S. E.ofLisle.
OrclUlla, a cluster of small islands in the Carri-
bean Sea, N.of the coast of Terra Firma. Long.
65. 20. E., lat. 12. 0. N.
Orcliimont, a town of the Netherlands, in the
territory of Luxemburg, situate on the Semoy,
18 m. N. of Sedan.
Ordingen, a town of Germany, in the late elec-
torate of Cologne; seated near the Rhine, 36 m.
N.N. E. of Cologne.
Orduna, a town of Spain, in Biscay, seated in
a valley surrounded by high mountains, 20 m. S.
W. of Bilbao.
Orehro, a government of Sweden, comprising
the old province of Nericia, part of' Westmann-
land, and a small part of Warmoland. It contains
1,780 square miles, with 100,000 inhabitants.
Orebro, the capital of tlie ahove mentioned gov
ernment has a considerable trade with Stockholm,
across the lakes Hielmar and Maeler, by means
of the river and canal ot Arboga ; sending iron,
vitrol, and red paint, in particular, to that capital.
In the middle of the town, on a small island form
ed by the Swart, stands the castle, formerly a
royal residence. It is seated near the W. extrem-
ity of the lake Hielmar, 100 m. W. by S. of
Stockholm. Long. 15. 12. E., lat. 59. 30. N.
Oregon, or Columbia, a river of the United
States flowing into the Pacific Ocean. It rises
in the Rocky Mountains about lat. 55. N. and
flows S. W. to the Sea in lat. 46. 15. N. Its
length is 1,500 m., and it has several large tribu-
taries as Clark's River, Lewis's River, and the
Multnomah. Its head streams are near those of
the Missouri, and its course is considerably ob-
structed by falls, but it admits a navigation 180
m. from its mouth. All its waters abound in fine
salmon, and towards the sea, they contain great
numbers of seals.
Oregon Territory, the popular name of all that
part of the United Slates territory west of the
Rocky Mountains, watered by the abovemention-
ed river. It extends from 42. to 51. N. lat. along
the coast of the Pacific Ocean. It is bounded N.
by the Russian and British American possessions,
E. by the Rocky Mountains, S. by the Mexican
territories, and W. by the Pacific. Between the
Rocky Mountains and the sea is another chain
through which the Oregon river passes at tlie
great falls, and still farther west another ridge
runs parallel with the coast at about 150 m. dis-
tance. These ridges are lofty, and their peaks
are covered with perpetual snow. Among these
mountains, there are sheltered and fertile valleys.
The timber in the mountains is pine, spruce, fir,
&-C. The plains generally have a fine soil ; but are
very deficient in timber. The prairies, like those
on tlie eastern sides of these mountains, are cov-
ered with grass, and a profusion of most beautiful
flowers. Among the prairie plants are two or
three kinds of edible roots, wliich furnish vegeta-
ble food to the savages, as an aid to the great
proportion of salmon, which they devour. Wild
sage is also an abundant herb. It grows of a
height equal to that of small tree ; and on
these extensive plains is one t)f the principal ar-
ticles of fuel. The sea sliore, for a considerable
distance to the interior, is skirted with deep and
thick forests of evergreens, such as pine and hem-
lock. Sheltered on the north by protecting ridges
of mountains, and the breezes from the west be-
ing softened by coming over immense extents of
sea, the climate is as mild as it is in the country
east of these mountains four of five degrees south
of that point. When Lewis and Clark left the
country in March, and in tiie latitude of Mon-
treal, the prairies were in blossom, and the for-
wardness of the season seems to have correspond-
ed with that of North Carolina at the same time.
The winters are rainy, and some parts of them
severe.
The Spaniards first discovered this country.
The river was discovered by Captain Gray, in the
ship Columbia of Boston ; and it was explored in
1805 by Lewis and Clark. A settlement of fur
traders was made at its mouth by the Americans,
but it was afterwards abandoned. The Indians
3B
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566
ORK
in the territorj are numbered at 140,000. On the
northern part of the coast is Nootka Sound lying
between a large island and the continent. The
savages which inhabit these parts are better known
than any other of the Northwestern tribes.
These savages call themselves Wakash. Their
height is above the middle stature, and they are
of a muscular frame. Their features are charac-
terized by a prominence of the cheek-bones.
Their faie j« oiien very much compressed above
the cheeks, and appears to sink abruptly between
the temples. Their nose, flat at the base, is mark-
ed by wide nostrils, and a round point. Their
forehead is low, their eyes small and black, and
their lips, broad, thick and round. In general,
they are entirely destitute of beard, or, at most
have only a small thin tuft at the point of their
chin. This deficiency, however, is perhaps owing
to an artificial cause ; for, some of them, and,
especially their old men, have bushy beards, an'J
even mustachios. Their eye-brows are scantily
supplied with hair, and are always straight ; but
they have a considerable quantity of very harsh,
and very strong hair on their head, which, with-
out » single exception, is black and straight, and
float/i on their shoulders. A coarse dress of linen,
with A covering from the skin of the bear or sea-
otter, red, black, and white pigments, with which
they besmear their body, the whole of their or-
dinary costume, in short, forms the image of
wretchedness and ignorance. Their war-dress is
extraordinary. They muffle up their head with
pieces of wood, carved into the representation of
eagles, wolves, and porpoises' heads. Several
families live together in the same hut, the wooden
half partitions of which, give it the appearance
of a stable. Some of their woolen stuffs, although
manufactured without a loom, are very good, and
are ornamented with figures of a brilliant colour.
They carve clumsy statues of wood.
Their light canoes, which are flat and broad,
bound over the waves in the steadiest manner,
without the assistance of the outrigger, or balance
board, an essential distinction between the ca-noes
of the American tribes, and those of the south-
ern parts of tlie East Indies, and the islands of
Oceanica.
Orc^rund, a sea-port of Sweden, in l^pland. on
thcgulfof Bothnia, opposite the small island ofGin-
son. Tlie chief article exported is iron, from the
long celebraied mine of Dannemora in its vicinity.
It is 70 m. N. of Stockholm. Long. 18. 5. E., lat.
:;■;). 21. N.
Ord, a government of Russia, once a province
of the government of Bielgorod. Its capital of
the same name, is seated on Occa and Orel, 207
m. S. S. W. of Moscow. Long. 35. 20. E.,lat. 53.
O.N.
Orellana, a town of Spain, in Estremadura, 23
m. E. of Marida.
Orenburg, a government of Asiatic Russia,
bounded by European Russia and the government
of Tobolsk.
Orenburg, a town and fortress of the above gov-
ernment. It is a place of considerable commerce,
and is seated on the Ural, 260 in. S. S. E. of Ufa.
Long. 55. 4. E., lat. 51. 46. N.
Orense, a city of Spain, in Galicia, and a bishops
see. Here are some celebrated tepid and '.jt
springs. It is seated at the foot of a mountain, on
the river Minho, 47 m. S. E. of Compostella.
Long. 7. 50. W., Lit. 42. 22. N.
Orfa, Ourfa, or Rouah, a city of Turkey, in Di-
arbeck, said to be the Ur of the Chaldees. The
walls are 3 m. in circumference, defended by
square towers ; on a rocky hill to the S. is a stately
castle. It has a good trade, particularly in car-
pets and leather, and has a canal to the Euphrates.
The country round is fertile in corn and fruit. It
is 83 m. N. E. of Aleppo and 100 S. W. of Diar-
bekir. Long. 38. 20. E., lat. 36. 50. N.
Orford, a borough in Suffolk, Eng. Here are
the remains of a castle, which, with the church,
is a sea-mark. It is seated near the German
Ocean, between two channels, 18 rn. E. by N. of
Ipswich and 88 N. E. of London.
Or/orrf, p.t. Grafton Co. N. H. Pop. 1,829;
townships in Kent and Suffolk Co. U. C.
Orford jYess, a cape of England, on the S. E.
coast of Sussex, where a light-house is erected
for the direction of ships. Loner. 1. 34. £., lat.
52. 4. N
Orgaz, a town of Spain, in New Castile, with a
castle, 15 m. S. of Toledo.
Orgeht, a town of France, department of Jura, <
seated at the source of the Valouse, 30 m. S. S
W. ofSalins.
Orgiva, a town of Spain, in the province of
Granada, 25 m. S. of Granada.
Orient. See L' Orient.
Orihuela, a town of Spain, in Murcia, and a
bishop's see, with a university, and a citadel built
on a rock. The inhabitants have manufactures
of silk, brandy distilleries, and some saltpetre
works ; and here are made curious snufl-boxes,
with the roots of the terebinthus, much esteem-
ed for preserving Spanish snuff. It is seated in a
very fertile country, on the Segura, 12 ni. N. E.
of Murcia.
Oriskany, p. v. Oneida Co. N. Y. 7 m. from
Utica. Here are manufactures of cotton and
woolen cloths.
Orissa, a province of Hindoostan, bounded on
the N. by Bahar and Bengal, W. by Berar, S by
Golconda, and E. iiy tiie bay of Bengal. The
greater part of the province now belongs to the
British. It is divided into the districts ofCuttack,
Mohurbunge, and Konjeur.
Orislagni, a fortified town of Sardinia, and an
archbishop's see, with a good harbour. It is seat-
ed on the W. coast, on a bay of the same name,
42 m. N. W. of Cagliari. Long. 8. 51. E., lat. 39.
53. N.
Orkcned,i town of Swedeii,,in Schonen, 24 m,
N. of Christianstadt.
Orkney Islands, the ancient Orcades, a cluster
of islands to the N. of Scotland, from which, they
are separated by Pentland Frith. They lie between
ORL
567
ORO
67. and 35. and 49. 16. N. lat., and are about 30
in number, but several are small and uninhabited.
The largest is sometimes dignified with the appel-
lation of Mainland, but is more frequently called
Pomona. Beyond this island, to the N. E., are
seen, among others, Rowsa, Eglisha, and Westra ;
Shappinsha and Edda ; Stronsa, Sanda, and N.
Ronalsha ; and to the S. appear Hoy, and S.
Ronalsha, with others of inferior note. The cur-
rents and tides which flow between these islands
are rapid and dangerous, and near the small isle
of Swinna are two whirlpools, very dangerous
to mariners, especially in calms. The sea coast
swarms with seals and otters, and is visited by
whales, cod, ling, and haddocks, herrings and
other fish ; and on the shores are found large oys-
ters, muscles, cockles, &c. The islands are vis-
ited by eagles, falcons, wild geese and ducks in
great variety, berons, hawks, gulls, &c. Springs
of pure water are found in all the mountainous
parts, and there are numerous lakes and rivulets
abounding in fish. The heath on the mountains
shelter grouse, plovers, snipes, &c., but there are
no partridges, hares, nor foxes. There are great
numbers of small sbeep and black cattle, swine,
rabbits, and red deer. The products of the valleys
and plains are chiefly big and oats. Except ju-
niper, wild myrtle, heath, and a shrub called
cyorhordon, there is scarcely a tree or plant to be
seen ; but this nakedness cannot have been their
former state, as many trunks of large oaks are to
be found in all the mosses. The climate in sum-
mer is moist and cold, but in winter there is
very little snow, and that lies only a short time.
Preceding the autumnal equinox, dreadful storms
of wind rain, and thunder occur. For about three
weeks in midsummer these islands enjoy the rays
of the sun almost without intermission ; but, for the
same space in winter, that luminary hardly rises
above the horizon, and is commonly obscured by
clouds and mists. In this gloomy season the ab-
scene of day is supplied partly by moon-light and
partly by the radiance of the Aurora fforealis,
which here gives a light nearly equal to that of a
full moon. The coasts afford numerous bays and
harbours for the fisheries. The chief exports are
hnen and woolen yarn, stockings, butter, dried
fish, herrings, oil, feathers, and skins of various
kinds, and kelp. The English language prevails
in all these islands, although there are many
words in the Norse, or Norwegian, still in use.
The inhabitants have the general character of
being frugiil, sagacious, circumspect and hospita-
ble ; but the common people are superstitious.
The Orkney and Shetland Isles unite in sendinnr
one member to the imperial parliament.
Orlamunda,a. town of Germany, in Saxe-Gotha,
seated on the Saale opposite the influx of the Or-
la, 40 m. W. S. \V. of Altenburg.
Orland, p.t. Hancock Co. Me. Pop. 075.
Orlando, a cape on the N. coast of Sicily, 15 m.
W. by N, ofPatti. Long. 15.4. E., lat. 38. 14. N.
Orlean, p.t. Fauquier Co. Va.
Orleans, a city of France, capital of the depart-
ment of Loiret, and a bishop's see. It is seated
on the Loire, and has a canal thence to the Loing,
near Montargis. Under the sons of Clovis, it was
the capital of a kingdom. In 1428 it stood a me-
morable siege against the English, which was
raised by the celebrated Joan of Arc, called the
Maid of Orleans. It is now considered one of
the largest and most pleasant cities in France.
The prmcipal public buildings are the cathedral,
town houiio, court of justice, mint, and theatre.
The trade consists in stockings, sheepskins, wine,
brandy, corn, grocery, ancT particularly sugar,
which is brought raw from Nantes and Roche He.
The fauxbourg of Paris is of a prodigious length,
and that of the Olivet, on the left side of the Loire,
has a communication with the city by a bridge of
nine arches. Near the city is a forest, contain-
ing 94,000 acres, planted with oak and ctlier val-
uable trees. Orleans is 30 m. N. E. of Blois and
60S. S. W of Paris. Long. 1. 54. E., lat. 47.54.
N.
Orleans, a county of Vermont. Pop. 13,980.
Irasburgh is the capital. A parish of Louisiana.
Pop. 3,793.
Orleatis, p.t. B.irnstable Co. Mass. 84 m. S. E.
Boston. Pop. 1,799; p. v. Orange Co. Ind.
Orleans, an island and town oi Liov^r Canada,
in the river St. Lawrence, a little to the £. of Que-
bec. Long. 09. 50. W., lat. 17. 0. N. ^
Orlenga, a town of Russia, in the govertiment
of Irkutsk, situate on the Lena, 235 in. N. of
Irkutsk. Long. 105. 40. E., lat. 56. 0. N.
Ormea, a town of the Sardinian states, in Pied-
mont, seated on the river Tanaro, 12 m. S. of
Mondovi.
Ormskirk, a town in Lancashire, Eng. The
chief branch of trade is cotton spinning; coarse
thread is also made for sail-cloth. 3 ni. N. by E.
of Liverpool and 209 N. N. \V. of London.
Ormus, a small island in a strait of the same
name, at the entrance of the gulf of Persia, 9 m.
S. of Gombron. In 1505 the Portuguese were
permitted to form a settlement here, and it was
afterwards frequented by a number of rich mer-
chants. In 1622 the Persians, by the assistance
of the English, expelled the Portuguese and de-
molished the buildings. Some time after the
Persians rebuilt the fort, and, though they could
never bring it to be a place of trade as before, it
is still the kev of the gulf of Persia, on account
of the commodiousness of the harbour. It is al-
most deserted ; for it produces nothing but salt,
which sometimes is two inches deep upon the
surface of the earth. Long. 56. 25. E., lat. 27.
20. N.
Ornans, a town of France, department of Doubs,
seated on the Louvre, 10 m. S. E. of Besaneon.
Omc, a department of France, including the
old province of Perche and part of that of Nor-
mandy. It takes its name from a river which
rises in the department, and runs into the Eng-
lish Channel 8 m. below Caen. The capital is
Alencon. .„
Oronoco, or Orinoco, a river of S. America
which issues from the small lake Ipava, in lat. 5.
5. N., flows E. and S. E. to the lake Pariina, from
which it runs toward the W.; but, after receiving
the Guaviari, it bends N., then N. E. and E., till
it enters the Atlantic by an extended delta of
mouths opposite the isle of Trinidad ; but the
principal one is considerably' to the S. E. of that
island, in lat. 8. 30. N. In this singular winding
course, estimated at 1,400 m. it receives many
large rivers ; and its chief estuary is so deep and
impetuous as to stem the most powerful tides
See Parima.
Oronsa, a small fertile island of Scotland, one
of the Hebrides, to the S. of Colonsa. Here are
the ruins of an abbey, with many sepulchral
statues, and some curious ancient sculpture.
Orington, p. v. Cattaraugus Co. N. Y.
Orono, p.t. Penobscot Co. Me. 10 m. N. E. Ban-
gor. Pop. 1,473 This township contains Indian
Old Town.
OSA
CG8
OSS
Oropesa, a town of Spain, in Valencia, on a
cape of its name, in the Mediterranean, 55 m.
E, N. E. of Valencia. Longr. 0. 5. £., lat. 40. 8.
N.
Orr, a river of Scotland, in Kirkcudbrightshire,
which issues from a small lake to the E. of New
Galloway, and flows into the Solway Frith at
Dalbeattie.
Orrington, p.t. Penobscot Co. Me. 30 m. N.
Castine. Pop. 1,234.
Orsville, a village of Pendleton Dis. S. C.
Orsova, a town and fortress of Hungary, on
the confines of Servia, seated on the N. side of
the Danube, 60 m. S. E. of Temeswar, and 75
E. of Belgrade. Long. 22. 40. E., lat. 45. 10. N.
Orsoy, a town of the Prussian stales, seated on
the Rhine, 20 m. S. E. of Cleves.
Orsza, a town of European Russia, in the gov-
ernment of Mohilef, with a castle, seated on the
Dnieper, 38 m. N. of Mohilef
Orta, a town of Italy, in the ecclesiastical
states, seated near the Tiber, 10 m. E. of V'iterbo.
Orta, a town of the Sardinian states, in the
province of Novara, seated on a lake of its name,
21 m. N. N. W. of Novara.
Ortf.gal, a cape and castle of Spain, on the N.
coast of Galicia, 30 m. N. N. E. of Ferrol. Long.
7. 50. W., lat. 43. 46. N.
Ortenberg, a town of Germany, in Hesse-Darm-
stadt, with a castle ; situate on the Nidder, 17 m.
S. E. of Giesen.
Ortenburg, a town and citadel of Bavaria, in a
county of the same name ; seated near the river
Vills, 10 m. W. of Passau.
Ortenburg, a town of the Austrian states, in
Carinthia, on the S. bank of the Drave, opposite
the influx of the Liser, 32 m. W. of Clagenfurt.
O rlhe.s, a town of France department of Lower
Pyrenees, celebrated for a victory gained here by
the allied army over the French in 1814. It is
seated on the side of a hill, by the river Pau, 20
m. N. W. of Pau.
Orton, a town in Westmoreland, Eng. 276 m. N.
N. W. of London.
Ortona a Mare, a town of Naples, in Abruzzo
Citra, on the gulf of Venice, 13 m. £. of Civita
di Chieti.
Ortrand, a town of Saxony, in the circle of
Meissen, situate on the borders of Lusatia, 16 m.
N. E. of Meissen.
Oruro, a town of Peru, capital of a jurisdiction
of the same name, in the audience of Charcas.
The country abounds in cattle, and has many
fold and silver mines. It is 150 ni. N. W. of
lata. Long. 68. 30. W., lat. 18. 10. S.
Orvieto, a fortified town of Italy, in the papal
stales, capital of a territory of the same name, and
a bishop's see, with a magnificent palace and a
fine Gothic cathedral. It is seated on a craggy
rock, near the conflux of the Paglia and Chiana,
50 m. x\. N. W. of Rome. Long. 12. 20. E., lat.
42. 42. N.
Orville, p. v. Onondaga Co. N. Y.
Orwell, a river in Suffolk, Eng. which runs S.
E. by Ipswich, and, uniting with the Stour, forms
the fine harbour of Harwich. Above Ipswich it
lu called the Gipping.
Orwell, p.t. Rutland Co. Vt. on L. Champlain,
35 m. N. W. Rutland. Pop. 1,598 ; a township of
Oswego Co. N. Y. Pop. 501 ; p.v. Bradford Co.
Pa.
Orwigsburg, p.t. Schuylkill Co. Pa. 26 m. N.
W. Reading.
Otaca, a city of Japan, in the island of Niphon,
defended by a magnificent castle. It has a har-
bour, and is one of the most commercial places
of the empire. It stands on the Jedogawa, over
which are several bridges of cedar, 30 m. S. by
W. of Miaco. Long. 136. 5. E., lat. 35. 5. N.
Osage, a river of the United States flowing
easterly between the Kansas and Arkansas and
joining the Missouri in the centre of the State of
that name. It is 300 m. in length.
Osages, a tribe of Indians in Missouri and Ar-
kansas, comprising about 6,000 souls. They are
divided into the great and little Osages, and have
two or three villages, but live in a scattered,
wandering state. They raise some corn but are
half the year occupied in hunting.
Oschatz, a town of Saxony, in the circle of
Meissen, with a college and some manufactures
of cloth ; seated on the Chemnitz, 16 m N. W.
of Meissen.
Osero, an island in the gulf of Venice, havinor
on the N. that of Cherso, to which it is joined by
a bridge. The capital is of the same name
Long. 15. 30. E., lat. 44. 56. N.
Osiot. See Siout.
Osma, a town of Spain, in Old Castile, and a
bishop's see, with a university. The cathedral
and the episcopal palace are at Brogo d'Osma, a
little to the E. It stands on the Douero, 48 m.
S. E. of Burgos. Long. 2. 52. W., lat. 41. 50.
N.
Osnaburg, or Osnabruck, a province of Hano-
ver, lying between the grand duchy of Oldenberg
and Prussian Westphalia. It is 40 m. long and
20 broad ; produces much corn and flax, and
plenty of turf, coal, and marble. The most ben-
eficial manufacture is a coarse kind of linen,
which is exported to distant parts.
Osjiahurg, the capital of the above province,
with a castle and a university. It is celebrated
for the peace of Westphalia, concluded here in
1648. The Catholics and Protestants have each
two churches and a gymnasium. It is seated on
the Hase, 25 m. N. by E. of Munster. Long. 7.
54. E., lat. 52. 18. N.
Osorno, a town of Chile, seated on Rio Bueno
in a territory where there are mines of gold, 80
m. S. of Valdivia. Long. 73. 20. W., lat. 40.
58. S.
Osrushna, a town of Western Tartary, in Tur
kestan, capital of a province of the same name.
It is 80 m. N. N. E. of Samarcand, and 260 S. of
Taras. Long. 66. 20. E., lat. 40. 40. N.
Ossetia, the country of the Ossi, or Osseti, one
of the seven Caucasian nations, between the
Black Sea and the Caspian ; bounded on the N.
by Great Cabarda, E. by the Lesguis Tartars,
and S. and W. by Imeritia. It is divided into 19
districts of very unequal size ; some containing
only five, and others 50 villages, each of which
comprises from 20 to 100 families. Their lan-
fuage has some analogy with that of the Persians,
'heir history is entirely unknown. The Circas-
sians and Tartars call them Kusha.
Ossiun, a township of Alleghany Co. N. Y
Pop. 812.
Ossipee, a lake in N. Hampshire, in Strafford
county : it covers a space of 7,000 acres. On the
western shore is an Indian mound from which
have been taken skeletons, tomahawks, &c. Ossi-
pee Mountain is on the N. W.
Ossipee, p.t. Strafford Co. x\. H. lying upon
the above lake, 32 m. N. E. Concord. Pop. 1,935.
Ossory, the western division of Queen's county,
in Ireland. It gives name to a bishonric, but the
OST
589
OTA
eatheSral is now at Irishlown, in the county of
Kilkenny.
Ossuna, a town of Spain, in Andalusia. It
was formerly strong, but less by its ramparts than
by a fountain in the middle of the town, which
furnished the inhabitants with water, while the
country for 8 m. round was totally deprived of
that neccessary article. 50 ni. E. N. E. of Seville.
Long. 5. 8. W., lat. 37. 22. N.
Ostalric, a town of Spain, in Catalonia. It had
a strong ca.stle, taken by the French and demol-
ished in 1695. It is seated on the Tordera,28 m.
N. E. of Barcelona.
Osten.l, a fortified sea-port of the Netherlands,
in W. Flanders, seated among a number of canals,
and almost surrounded by two of the largest of
them, into which ships of great burden may enter
with the tide. It is famous for the long siege it
sustained from the Spaniards, from July 1601 to
September 1604, when it capitualaled on honora-
ble terms. On the death of Charles 11., of Spain,
the French seized Ostend ; but in 1706, after the
battle of Ramillies, it was retikeii by the allies.
It was again taken by the French in 1745, but
restored in 1748. In the war of 1756 the French
garrisoned this town for the empress queen, Maria
Theresa. In 1792 it was once more captured by
the French ; evacuated in 1793 ; and repossessed
in 1794. In 1798 a body of British troops landed
here, and destroyed the works of the Bruges Ca-
nal ; but, the wind shifting before they could re-
embark, they were compelled to surrender to the
French. 10 m. W. of Bruges and 22 N. E. of
Dunkirk. Long. 2. 56. E., lat. 51. 14. N.
Osterkofen, a town of Bavaria, seated on the
Danube, 20 m. W. N. W. of Passau.
Osterode, a town of Hanover, with a manufac-
ture of woolen stuffs ; also a magazine for corn,
which is delivered out to the miners of Harz For-
€8t at a fixed price. It is seated on the Saale, 18
m. N. N. E. of Gottingen.
Osterode, a town of Prussia, with a castle, situ-
ate on the Dribentz, 46 m. S. E. of Marienburg.
Ostersund, a town of Sweden seated on the E.
Bide of the lake Storsio, 76 m. N. W. of Sunds-
wald. Long. 16. 10. E., la. 63. 10. N.
Ostencic/i, a town of Prussian Saxony, in the
government of Magdeburg, with good woolen
manufactures ; situate on the Use, 17 m. W. by
N. of Halberstadt.
Ostia, a decayed sea-port of Italy, in the papal
states, and a bishop's see. In the neighbourhood
are extensive salt-works. It stands near the
eastern mouth of the Tiber, 12 m. S. W. of
Rome.
Ostiglid, a town of Austrian Italy, in the pro-
vince of Mantua, seated on the Po, 15 m. S. E. of
Mantua.
Ostinghausen, a town of Westphalia, situate on
the A 1st, 8 m. W. of Lipstadt.
Ostrog, a town of Russian Poland, in Volhynia,
near the river Horin, 30 m. N. N. W. of Constan-
tinow.
Ost^olenka, a town of Poland, where the Rus-
sians were repulsed by the French in 1806 : seat-
ed on the Narew, 50 m. N. E of Warsaw.
Ostrocizza, a town of Austrian Dalmatia, with
the ruins of a castle, formerly fortified. 14 m. N.
of Scardona.
Ostrovno, a village of Russian Lithuania, where
the French defeated a body of Russians in 1812.
17 m. W. of Vitepsk.
Osfuni, a town of Naples, in Terra d'Otranto,
seated ou a mountain, near the gulf of Venice,
72
16 m. W. N. W. of Brindisi, and 50 S E. of
Bari.
Oswald, St., a village in Northumberland, Eng
on the Pict's wall, 4 m. N. of Hexham. Here
Oswald defeated Codwall, a British usurper, who
was killed on the first onsets and here he set up
the first cross in the kingdom of Northumberland.
Oswegatchie, a river of New York flowing into
the St. Lawrence ; also a township in St. Law-
rence Co. Pop. 3,934.
Osicego, a river of New York, forming the out-
let of several small lakes, and flowing into Lake
Ontario. It has several canals which assist its
navigation.
Oswego, a county of New York. Pop. 27,104.
Oswego, the capital of the above county, stands
at the mouth of Oswego river. Pop. 2,703.
Oswestry, a town in Shropshire, Eng. It had a.
wall and a castle, long since demolished. Of late
years the town has been much extended and im-
proved. It has a flourishing cotton manufactory,
and a good trade. 179 m. N. W. of London.
Oszmiana, a town of Russian Lithuania, in the
government of Wilna, 32 m. S. E. of Wiln^.
Otaha, one of the Society Islands, in the S.
Pacific. It lies N. of Ulitea ; and is divided from
it by a strait, which, in the narrowest part, is not
more than 2 m. broad. This island is smaller and
more barren than Ulitea, but has two good har-
bours.
Otaheite, or Tahiti, an island in the S. Pacific,
discovered in 1767 by captain Wallis, who called
it George the Third's Island. Captain Cook, who
came hither in 1768 to observe the transit of Venus,
sailed round the whole island in a boat, and staid
three months : it was visited twice afterwards by
that celebrated navigator. It consists of two pen
insulas, about 30 leagues in circumference. Great
part of it is covered with woods, consisting partly
of bread-fruit trees, palms, cocoa-nut trees, plan-
tians, bananas, mulberries, sugar-canes, and others
peculiar to the climate, particularly a kind of pine-
apple and the dragontree. The birds most com-
mon are two sorts of parroquets, one of a beautiful
sapphirine blue, another of a greenish color, with
a few red spots ; a king-fisher, of a dark green,
with a collar of the same hue round its white
throat ; a lar^e cuckoo, several sorts of pigeons
or doves ; and a bluish heron. The only quadru-
peds found on the island were hogs, dogs, and
rats. The inhabitants have mild features, and a
pleasing countenance. They are about the ordi-
nary size of Europeans, of a pale mahogany brown,
with fine black hair and eyes. Their provisions
are chiefly fish, pork, cocoa-nuts, bread-fruit, and
bananas ; and they employ sea-water as a sauce
both to fish and pork. Nothing can exceed their
agility in swimming, diving, and climbing trees;
and they are praised for their gentleness, good
nature, and hospitality. Previously to the intro-
duction of European habits, the men wore a piece
of cloth round their middle, and another wrapped
about the head, like a turban ; the women had a
piece of cloth, with a hole in the middle, through
which thoy passed their heads, so thai one part of
the garment hung down behind and the other be-
fore to the knees, a fine white cloth, like muslin,
passing over this in various elegant turns round
the baly. Tattooing was common among both
sexes. Their houses had seldom any walls, but
consisted only of a roof, thatched with the long
prickly leaves of the palm tree, and supported by
a few pillars made of the bread-fruit tree. — The
native cloth is made of the fibrous bark of the
3b2
OTT
570
ODD
mulberry tree, which is beaten with a kind of mal-
jet , and a glue, made of the hibiscus esculentus
18 employed to make the bark cohere. Some of
these pieces are two or three yards wide and 50
yards long. Omai, a native of this island, was
carried to England by captain Cook, and carried
back by him in his last voyage. In 1791^) king
Pomare ceded the district of Matavia, on the N.
side of this island, to some of the missionaries be-
lonffintr to the London Missionary Society, through
whose labors all the inhabitants of Otaheite and
many of the neighbouring islands have been led
to renounce idolatry. The sovereign himself be-
came a decided convert to Christianity. A gen-
eral reformation of manners has been effected, a
number of schools established, the useful arts in-
troduced, and civilization is rapidly advancing.
Point Venus is in long. 149. 36. W., lat. 17. 29. S.
Otchakof. See Oczakotc.
Otego, p.t. Otsego Co. N. Y. Pop. 1,148.
Otis, p.t. Berkshire Co. Mass. 20 m. S. E. Lenox.
Pop. 1,013 ; p.t. Hancock Co. Me. Pop. 350.
Otisfidd, p.t. Cumberland Co. Me. 40 m. N. of
Portland.
Otisco, p.t. Onondaga Co. N. Y. on a small lake
of the same name. Pop. 1,938.
Otirij, a town in W. Yorkshire, Eng. seated on
the Wharf, under a high craggy cliff, 25 m. W.
of York and 203 N. N. W. of London.
Oloque, an island of S. America, in the bay of
Panama. Long. 80. 10. W., lat. 8. 10. N.
Olranio, or Terra d'Otranto, a province of Na-
ples, 70 m. long, and 30 broad , hounded on the
N. by Terra di Bari, and on all other parts by the
sea. It is a mountainous country, abounding in
olives, figs, and wine. See Lecce.
Otranto, a strong city and sea-port of Naples,
capital of Terra d'Otranto, and an archbishop's
see, with a harbour and a citadel. It has a con-
siderable trade, ant' is seated on the gulf of Venice,
140 m. S. E of Lari. Long. 18. 35. E., lat. 40.
20. N.
Otrar, a town of W. Tartary, in Turk/>8tan,
near the river Sirr, 70 m. W. S. VV. of Taraz.
Otricoli, a. town of Italy, in the papal states,
seated on a hill, near the "Tiber, 7 m. N. by E. of
Magliano.
Otsego, a small lake in New York giving rise to
one of the head streams of the Susquehanna.
Oiivo'o.a county of New York lying on the above
lake. Pop 51,372. Cooperstown is the capital.
Otseto, p.t. Otsego Co. N. Y. Pop. 4,368.
Otselir., p.t.. Chenango Co. N. Y. Pop. 1,238.
Ottawa, or Grand River rises in the mountains
N. of Lake Huron, and flows into the St. Law
rence above Montreal. Its navigation is obstructed
by rapids.
Ottendorf, a town of Prussian Saxony, with a
castle ; situate near the mouth of the Meden, 27
m. N. W. of Stade.
Ottenheim, a town of Austria, on the N.side of
the Danube, 5 m. W. N. W. of Lintz.
Otterberg, a town of Bavaria, in the circle of
the Rhine, 5 m. N. of Kayserslautern.
Otterhurn, a village m Northumberland, Eng.
on the river Reed, noted for a battle in i;?88 be-
tween the English and Scotch, when Henry Percy,
surnamed Hotspur, was taken prisoner, and Doug-
las, the Scotch general, killed. On this battle
the ballad of Chevy Chase is founded. 21 m. N.
of Hexham.
Otter Creek, a stream of Vermont rising in the
Green Mountains and flowing into Lake Cham-
plain.
Otter Bridge, p.v. Bedford Co. Va. 120 m. S. W
Richmond.
Ottersherg, a town of Hanover, in the duchy
of Bremen, with a fort, 17 m. N. E. of Bremen.
Ottery, St. Mary, a town in Devonshire, Eng.
It has a large church with two square towers, and
manufactures of flannels, serges, <fec. It is seat-
ed on the rivulet Otter,10 m. E. of Exeter and 161
W. by S. of London.
Ottmachau, a town of Prussian Silesia, in the
government of Oppeln, with a castle, seated on the
river Niesse, 7 m. W. by S. of Niesse.
Otto, p.t. Cattaraugus Co. N. Y. Pop. 1,224.
Ottsville, p.v. Bucks Co. Pa. 40 m. E. Philad.
Otttcciller, a town of Prussia, in the province of
Lower Rhine, with an ancient castle ; seated
among mountains, 16 m. N. N. E. of Sarbruck.
Ouhy, one of the Molucca islands, lying to the
S. of Gilolo, and subject to the sultan of Bachian.
It abounds in clove trees. The Dutch have a
small fort on the W. side. Long. 126. 50. E., lat.
1. 30. S.
Oude, a province of Hindoostan. to the N. of
Allahabad. It is subject to a nabob, whose do-
minions lie on both sides of the Ganges, occupy-
ing (with the exception of the district of Rampour)
all the flat country between that river and tJie
northern mountains, as well as the principal part
of that fertile tract lying between the Ganges and
Jumna, known by the name of Dooab, to within
40 m. of the city of Dehli. Oude and its depen-
dencies are estimated at 360 m. in length from E,
to W., and in bi-eadth from 150 to 180. The na-
bob is in alliance with the British ; and a brigade
of the Bengal army is constantly stationed on its
western frontier, which answers the purpose of
covering Oude as well as Bengal, and of keeping
»he western states in awe. The capital is Luck-
now.
Oude., a decayed city of Hindoostan, in the
province of Oude, said to have been the caf)ital
of a great kingdom 1,200 years before the Chris-
tian era. It is frequently mentioned in the M.vha-
borat, a famous Hindoo work in Sanscrit, under
the name of Adjudiah. But no traces of its former
magnificence are left. It is seated on the Gogra,
nearly adjoining Fyzabad.
Oudenard, a town of the Netherlands, in E.
Flanders, in the middle of which is a fort. Here
are manufactures of very fine linen and of curious
tapestry. This town was besiegred by the French
in 1708, but the duke of Marlborough entirely
routed their army. In 1745 it wa? t«l(<>n by the
French, restored by the peace of )'*1'? *gain sur-
rendered to the French in 1794, and ftnafly ceded
OVE
571
OWT
to thft Netherlands after the fall of Napoleon. It
is seated on both sides the Scheldt, 12 in. S. of
Ghent, and 29 W. of Brussels.
Oudenhiirg, a town of the Netherlands, in W.
Flanders, 6 m. S. E. of Ostend.
Oudenwater, a fortified town of the Netherlands,
in the province of Utrecht, the birth-place of the
celebrated Jarnes Arminius ; seated on the Little
Yssel, 10 m. W. S. VV. of Utrecht.
Oudipour, or Meywar, a territory of Hindoostan,
in the province of A^imere, belonirinflr to the Raj-
poots, and lying E. of the river Pudda. It con-
sists in general of mountains, divided by narrow
valleys accessible only by narrow passes, and
abounds with fortresses See Cheitore.
Oudipour, the capital of the above territory, is
seated on the Banass, 134 in. S. S. W. of .^gimere
and 17.5 N. E. of Amedabad. Long. 74. 4. E ,
lat. 2.5. 23. N.
Ouen-tcheou, a city of China, of the first rank,
in Tche-kian, at the mouth of a river, with a good
harbour. 300 m. S. S. E. of Nan-king. Long. 121.
10. E., lat. 28. 2. N.
Ongcin, a city of Hindoostan, in the province
of Malwa, the residence of one of the Western
Mahratta chiefs. It is six m. in circumference,
surrounded by a strong wall, with round towers.
Here are four mosques, several Hindoo temples,
and a modern palace. It is seated on the Sippara,
which flows into the Chumbul, 150 m. N. by W.
of Burhampour. Long. 75. 56. E., lat. 23. 26. N.
Oulz. a town of the Sardinian states, in Peid-
mont, seated in a valley, 12 m. S. W. of Susa.
Oundle, a town in Northamptonshire, Eng. on
the Nen, over which are two bridges, 26 m. N. E.
of Northampton and 78 N. by W. of London.
Oural, or Ural Mountains. See Ural.
Ourcm, a town of Portugal, in Estreraadura,
seated on a mountain, 12 m. W. of Tomar.
Ourfa. See Orfa.
Oiirique, a town of Portugal, in Alemtejo, cele-
brated for a victory obtained by Alphonso, king
of Portugal, over five Moorish kings, in 1139.
The heads of these five kings are the arms of
Portugal. It is 26 ra. S. W. of Beja.
Ouse, a river in Yorkshire, Eng. formed of the
Ure and Swale, which rises near each other in
the romantic tract called Richmondshire, ana
unite at Aldborough- It flows thence through
York, where it is navigable for considerable ves-
sels ; and after receiving the Wharf, Derwent,
Aire, and Don, it meets the Trent on the bor-
ders of Lincolnshire, where their united streams
form the H umber.
Ouse, a river in Sussex, Eng. in St. Leonard
Forest, the other in the forest of Worth. It flows
by New Haven, and enters the English Channel.
Ouse, or Grand River, a river of Upper Cana-
da flowing southernly into Lake Erie, near its
eastern extremity. Here begins the Welland
Canal, which See
Oussore, a town and fort of Hindoostan, in My-
sore, Uken by the English in 1792. 19 m. S. E.
of Bangalore and 69 E. N. E. of Seringapatam.
Oatetro. a town and fortress of Portugal, in
Tras OS Monies, seated on a mountain 9 m. S. E.
of Braganza.
Onerflackee, an island of the Netherlands, in S.
Holland, between the mouths of the Meuse. Som-
merdyck is the principal town.
Overton, a county of W. Tennessee. Pop. 8,
246. Monroe is the capital. Also a p. v. Perfy Co.
Ten
Owrysehe, a town of the Netherlands, in Bra-
bant, seated on the Ysche, 8 m. N. E. of Brus*
sels.
Ovcrijssel, a province of the Netherlands, boun-
ded on the N. by Friesland and Groningen, E. by
Hanover and Westphalia, S. by Guelderland,
and W. by the Zuyder Zee. It is nearly equal
in extent to the whole of N. and S. Holland, and
contains many morasses. Its greatest riches con-
sist in turf, which is dug up here, and sent to the
neighbouring provinces : the other exports are
cattle, butter, cheese, hides, tallow, wool, and lin-
en. Zwolle is the capital.
Ovid, p. t. Seneca Co. N.Y. between Seneca
and Cayuga Lakes. Pop. 2,756.
Ouisconsin, a river of Michigan or N. W. Ter-
ritory, rising between Lakes Michigan ;ind Supe-
rior and falling into the Mississippi at Prairie du
Chien. It is 350 m. in length.
Ovidopol, a town and fort of Russia, in the gov-
ernment of Catherinenslaf. It had its name from
a curious antique tomb, supposed to be that of the
poet Ovid, discovered in 1795. It is seated at the
mouth of the Dniester, 60 m. S. W. of Oczakow
Long. 30. 22. E., lat. 46. 10. N.
Ociedo, a town of Spain, capital of Asturias
d'Oviedo, and a bishop's see, with a university
Near it are the hot springs of Rivera de Abajo,
which bear some resemblance to those of Bath.
It is seated at the conflux of the Ove and Deva,
which form the Asta, 55 m. N. N. W. of Leon.
Long. 5. 53. W., lat. 43. 20. N.
OiBosco, a lake in Cayuga Co. N. Y. flowing
into Seneca river.
Owasco,'p.t. Cayuga Co. N. Y. Pop. 1,350.
Owego, p.t. Broome Co. N. Y. 30 m. S. E.
Utica.
Owen, a county of Kentucky. Pop. 5,792.
Owenton is the capital ; a county of Indiana.
Pop. 4,060. Spencer is the capital.
Owenton, p.t. Owen Co. Ken., 20 m. N. E.
Frankfort. Pop. 143.
Owenville, p.v. Gibson Co. Ind., 190 m. S. W.
Indianapolis
Owingsville, p.v. Bath Co. Ken., 70 m. B
Frankfort.
Owyhee, or Hawaii, the largest and most east-
ern of the Sandwich Islands, in the Pacific
Ocean. Its length from N. to S. is 84 m. and its
breadth 70. It is divided into 6 districts, 2 of
which, on the N. E. side, are separated by a moun-
tain, which rises in three peaks, the summits of
which are 18,000 feet above the level of the sea;
they are perpetually covered with snow, and may
be seen at 40 leagues distance. To the N. of
this mountain the coast consists of high and abrupt
cliffs, down which fall many beautiful cascades ;
and the whole country is covered with cocoa-nut
and bread-fruit trees. To the S. the ground is
covered with cinders, and in many places has
black streaks, which 8»»ein to mark the course of
a lava that has flowed from the mountain to the
shore. The southern promontory looks like the
mere dregs of a volcano. The projecting head-
land is composed of broken and craggy rocks pil-
ed irregularly on one another, and terminating
sharp points ; yet amid these ruins, are many
patches of rich soil, carefully laid out in planta-
tions. The fields are enclosed by stone fences,
and are interspersed with groves of cocoa-nut
trees. Here Captain Cook, in 1779, fell a victim
to a sudden resentment of the natives, with
whom he unfortunately had a dispute. The in-
habitants, formerly devoted to the most degrad-
ing superstition, hare within a few years wholly
03tP
872
OZW
f.
renounced idolatry, and some American missiona-
ries are settled amongst them. They are said to
be naturally mild, friendly, and hospitable to
strangers. The king and chiefs ceded this island
to Great Britain in 1794. Long. 15G. 0. W.,lat.
19. 28. N.
Ozbow, p.v. Jefferson Co. N. Y. 180 m. N. W.
Albany.
Oxford, the capital of Oxfordshire, Eng. and a
bishop's see. It is seated at the conflux of the
Cherwell with the Thames, and has a canal to
Braunston, in Northamptonshire. The city, with
the suburbs, is of a circular form, 3 m. in cir-
cumference, and was anciently surrounded by
walls, of which some remains are yet to be seen ;
as also of iu extensive castle, the tower of which
now serves for a county gaol. It has, besides the
cathedral, 13 parish churches, a number of dis-
senting chapels, a famous university, a noble
market-place, and a magnificent bridge. The uni-
versity is generally supposed to have been a sem-
inary for learning before the time of .\lfred, al-
though it owed its revival and consequence to his
liberal patronage. Here are 20 colleges and four
halls, several of which stand in the streets, and
^ive the city an air of magnificence. The col-
eges are provided with sufficient revenues for the
maintenance of a master, fellow, and students.
In the halls the students live, either wholly, or in
part, at their own expense. The colleges are,
University, Baliol, Merton, Exeter, Oriel, Queen's,
New, Lincoln, All Souls, Magdalen, Brazen Nose,
Corpus Christi, Christ Church, Trinity, St. John
Baptist, Jesus, Wadham, Pembroke, Worcester,
and Hertford. Of these, the most ancient is Uni-
versity College, founded before the year 872 ; and
to Christ Church College, begun by cardinal Wol-
Bey and finished by Henry VIII., belongs the
cathedral. The halls are Alban, Edmund, New
Inn, and St. Mary .Magdalen. Among the libra-
ries in the university, the most distinguished is
the Bodleian (founded by Sir Thomas Bodley),
those of All Soul's College, Christ Church,
Queen's, New, St. John, Exeter, and Corpus
Christi.
Among other public buildings are the theatre,
the Ashmolean museum, the Clarendon printing-
house, the Radcliffe infirmary, and an observatory.
Magdalen bridgfe, besides the beauty of its archi-
tecture, has this singularity, that more than half
of it is on dry ground, and the rest covers two
small stripes of the Cherwell ; this bridge is 526
feet long. At Oxford, king John, compelled by
his barons, summoned a parliament to meet in
1258, the proceedings of which were so disorder-
ly that it was afterwards known by the name of
the Mad Parliament. Charles I. assembled a
parliament here in 1625, in consequence of the
plague then raging in London ; and in 1644 he
•ummoned sucn of the members of both houses
as were devoted to his interests : those were se-
ceders from the parliament then sitting at West-
minster. This city was distinguished for its at-
tachment to that unfortunate king, who here
held his court during the whole civil war. With-
out the town are many ruins of the fortifications
erected in that war. Oxford is governed by a
mayor, dependent on the chancellor and vice-
chancellor of the university, and sends four mem-
bers to parliament, two for the university and two
for the city. 50 m. S. by E. of Coventry and 55
W. N. W. of London. Long. 1. 15. W., lat. 51.
46. N.
Ozfordskire, a county of England, bounded E.
by Buckinghamshire, W. by Gloucestershire, S.
by Berkshire, and N. by Warwickshire and
Northamptonshire. The extreme length is 48 m.
and breadth 38, but its form is very irregular. It
contains 450,000 acres, is divided into 14 hnn
dreds and 207 parishes, has one city and 12 mar-
ket towns and sends nine members to parliament
The soil though various, is fertile in corn and
grass. The S. part, especially on the borders of
Buckinghamshire, is hilly and woody, having a
continuation of the Chiltern hills running through
it. The N. W. part is also elevated and stony.
The middle is, in general, a rich country, watered
by numerous streams running from N. to S., and
terminating in the Thames. Of these the most
considerable are the Windrush, Evenlode, Cher-
well, and Tame ; the last, although an inconsider-
able rivulet, ha= obtained some importance from
having been supposed to give name to the Thames.
The products of Oxfordshire are chiefly those
common to the Midland farming counties ; and a
great improvement has taken place of late years
in the agricultural system. Its hills yield ochre,
pipe-clay, and other earths, useful for various pur-
poses. Corn and malt are conveyed from it by
the Thames to the metropolis ; and the Oxford
Canal affords a direct water communication with
Liverpool, Manchester, and the Wednesbury col-
lieries, as well as with London and Bristol.
Ox,fl»r(f, a county of Maine. Pop. 35,217. Paris
is the capital. Also a county of Upper Canada
on the Thames and Grand rivers.
Oxford, p.t. Worcester Co. Mass. 55 m. S. W.
Boston. Pop. 2,034 ; p.v. Penobscot Co. Me. ; p.t.
New Haven Co. Conn. 12 m. N. W. New Haven.
Pop. 1,762; p.t. Chenango Co. N.Y. 110 m. W
Albany. Pop. 2,947. Also towns and villages in
Sussex Co. N. J., Philad., Chester and Adams Cos.
Pa. Caroline Co. Va., Granville Co. N.C., Tus-
carawas, Coshocton and Guernsey Cos. Ohio.
Oxford, p.t. Talbot Co. Maryl. 50 m. S. E.
Baltimore. It is a port of entry, and one of the
largest commercial towns in the eastern part of the
state.
Oxford, p.t. Butler Co. Ohio. Pop. 2,900. The
whole township belongs to the Miami University,
established here. This institution was founded in
1824. It has 11 instructers and 82 students. The
libraries have 2,200 volumes.
Oye, a town of France, department of the straits
of Calais, 7 m. N. E. of Calais.
OijoTiaz a town of France in the department ot
Ain,8m N. ofNantua.
Oyster Bay, p.t. Queens Co. N. Y. on Long Isl-
and. Pop. 5,193.
Oyster Ponds, p.v. Suffolk Co. N. Y. on Long
Island.
Ozama, a river of Hispaniola, formed b}' the
confluence of two streams which unite about
a league above St Domingo. .In rainy seasons it is
of considerable size, and is very convenient for
brinj^nng down the produce from the interior. It
runs into the sea below St. Domingo.
Ozark Mountains, a range extending from the
central parts of the state of Missouri south-wester-
ly toward the Mexican territories. It is crossed
by the Arkansas and Red rivers. The northern
part is most elevated ; but little is known of any
part of these mountains.
Ozwiczin, a town of Poland, covered on one
side by a great morass, and on the other defend-
ed by a castle, whose walls are of wood. It is
situate on the Weitschel, 34 m. W. of Cracow
Long. 19 10 E., lat. 50. 10. N.
fAD
sn
PAH
PACAJES, atown of Buenos Ayres, capital of a
grovince of its name, with a great trade in cattle.
3in.S. VV. of La Paz.
Pacem, a town in the N. part of Sumatra, capi-
tal of a kingdom of the same name, 120 m. S. E.
of Acheen. Long. 97. 15. E., lat. 4. 0. N.
Pachamac, or Pachacama, a town of Peru, in
the province of Cercade, situate in a valley of its
name, formerly beautified with a magnificent tem-
ple, built by the incas, in which the Spaniards,
when they conquered Peru, found immense rich-
es. It is 18 m. S. S. E. of Lima.
Pachete, a town and fort of Bengal, formerly
the capital of a district of its name, which is now
included in the government of Burdwan. It
stands near the Dummooda, 10 ra. N. E. of Ro-
gonatpour.
Pachnca, a town of Mexico, noted for the rich
silver mines in its vicinity, 56 m. N. by E. of Mex-
ico. Long. 100. 41. W., lat. 20. 44. N.
Pacific Ocean, otherwise called the South Sea,
lying between Asia and America. It is the larg-
est ocean in the world, extending over more than
one-third of its whole surface, and being upwards
of 10,000 m. in breadth. When Magellan entered
this ocean, through the dangerous strait that bears
hi» name, he sailed three months and 20 days in
a uniform direction to the N. W. without discov-
ering land. In the distress he suffered in this
voyage, before he discovered the Ladrone Islands
he had the consolation of enjoying such calm
and gentle weather, with fair winds, that he
cave this ocean the name of Pacific. The Span-
iards, on passing the isthmus of Darien from N.
to S., at the first discovery of this ocean, named
it th? South Sea ; but with respect to America, it
is more properly the western ocean. On one
side of the equator it is called the North, and on
ihe other the South Pacific.
PackersvUle, p. v. Clearfield Co. Pa.
Pactolus, p. v. Sullivan Co. Ten.
Pa^y, a town of France, department of Eure,
on the Eure, 11 m. E. of Evreux.
Padang, a sea-port 051 the W. coast of Suma-
tra, in the possession of the Dutch. It was taken
by the British in 1781, and again in 1794; but
finally surrendered to the Dutch in 1814. In
1707 it was almost totally destroyed by an earth-
quake, and upwards of 300 lives were lost. Long.
m. 49. E., lat. 0. 50. S.
Paadington, a. viUnge in Middlesex, Eng. 1 m.
SV . by N. of London. From the number of build-
ings erected of late years it is now joined to the
metropolis, but the parish still contains some
beautiful rural spots and handsome seats. A ca-
nal passes hence to the Grand Junction Canal
near Brentford.
Paddytown, p. v. Hampshire Co Va.
Paderhorn, an ancient principality of West-
phalia, 40 m. long and 25 broad, remarkable for
its bacon and venison. It now belongs to Prus-
sia.
Paderborn, a fortified town of Prussian West-
phalia, formerly capital of a principality of
the same name. The rivulet Pader rises under
the high altar of the cathedral, and in the collegi-
ate church are the remains of St. Blase. The
most remarkable of the convents is the college
formerly belonging to the Jesuits, and here is al-
so a celebrated university. It is 52 m. E. S. E.
of Munster. Long. 8. 55. E., lat. 51. 41. N.
Padron, a town of Spain, in Galicia, seated on
the Ulla, 12 m. S. of Compostella.
Padstow, a town in Cornwell, Eng. with a con-
venient harbour, and some coasting trade. It i."*
seated at the mooth of the Camel, on the Bristol
Channel, 30 m. W. of Launceston and 243 VV. by
S. of London.
Padua, a province of Austrian Italy, in the
government of Venice, 40 m. long and 35 broad,
bounded by Rovigo, Verona, Vicenza, Treviso,
and Venice. It is well watered, and one of the
most fertile countries in Italy.
Padua, a fortified city of Italy, capital of the
above province, and a bishop's see. It is 7 m. in
circumference, but much less considerable than
formerly ; for great part of the area within the
walls is unbuilt, and the town in general so thin-
ly inhabited that grass grows in many of the
streets. The houses are built with piazzas, which
when the town was in a flourishing state, may
have had a magnificent appearance ; but they now
rather give it a gloomy air. The cathedral is one
of the richest in Italy : in the sacristy is a statue
of the celebrated Petrarch, who was a canon of
the church, and left to it a part of his library. The
Franciscan church is dedicated to St. Antonio,
the patron of the city, whose body is enclosed in
a sarcophagus, under an altar in the middle of
the chapel. Near this church is the school of St.
Antonio, where many of the actions of the saint
are painted in fresco, some of them by Titian.
The church of St. Justina is remarkable for its
rich Mosaic pavement. The hall of the town-
house is one of the largest in Europe, and con-
tains the cenotaph of Livy, who was a native of
Padua. The university, once so celebrated, is
now on the decline. Here are manufactures of
cloth, silk, ribands, and leather, all on a small
scale. Padua was taken by the French in 1796.
It is seated on the Brenta and Bachiglione, in a
fine plain, 20 m. W. by S. of Venice. Long. 11.
53. E., lat. 45. 14. N.
Padvla, a town of Naples, in Principato Citra,
14 m. N. of Policastro.
Pagahm, a decayed city of Birniah, anciently
capital of a province of the same name. It is said
to have been abandoned in the 13th century in
consequence of a divine admonition. The re-
mains of its ancient splendor are numerous
moulderinor temples, and the vestiges of a fort.
It is seated on the Irrawaddy, 110 m. S. W. of
Ummerapoora. Long. 94. 34. E., lat. 21. 10. N.
PagesviUe, p. v. Newberry Dis. S. C.
Pagliano, a town of Nap'?s, in Abruzzo Ultra,
15 m. E. S. E. of Aquilla.
Pago, an island in the gulf of Venice, separated
from Dalmatia by a narrow channel. It is 20 m.
long and 6 broad, chiefly barren, and the soil
stony ; but it is well peopled, contains salt works,
and produces wine and honey. The chief town
is of the same name. Long. 51. 10. E., lat. 44
40. N.
Paltang, a sea-port on the E. coast of the penia
PAL
674
PAL
■ula of Malaya, capital of a kingdom of the same
name, famous for a great number of elephants
and for plenty of pepper. It is 140 m. N. E. of
Malacca. Long. 103. 30. E., lat. 3. 55. N.
Fuinbeevf, a sea-port of France, department of
Loire Inferieure, at the mouth of the Loire.
Hence all the ships belonging to Nantes take
their departure, and here they anchor on their ar-
rival. 22 m. W. by N. of JNantes. Long. 1. 59.
W., lat. 47. 17. N.
Painesvillc, p.t. Geauga Co. Ohio, on Lake
Erie. Pop. 1,402. It has a good harbour, and is a
flourishing place with 2 weekly newspapers.
PainRsirille, p. v. Amelia Co. Va.
Pahisxoirk, a town in Gloucestershire, Eng.
The inhabitants are employed chiefly in the
clothinor trade. It stands on the side of a hill, 7
m. S. S"! E. of Gloucester.
Paint, townships in Wayne, Holmes, Fayette
and Ross Cos. Ohio.
Painted Post, p.t. Steuben Co. N. Y. on the
Tioga Pop. 974.
Paishawur. See Peishore.
Paisley, a town of Scotland, the largest in Ren-
frewshire. It has considerable manufactures of
silk and linen, gauze, lawn, muslin, cambric,
thread, ifec. ; also extensive soap, candle, and
cotton works. The river White Cart divides it
into the Old and New Town, which communicate
by three bridges. The latter stands on the E.
Bide of the river, and consists of many handsome
buildings ; it also contains the magnificent re-
mains of an abbey church, the only one which
Paisley formerly required. By means of the riv-
er, and a canal, vessels of 40 tons can come up
and unload at the quay. 9 m. W. of Glasgow.
Long. 4. 23. W., lat. 55. 57. N.
Paita, a sea-port of Peru, with an excellent
harbour. It has frequently been plundered by
the buccaneers; and in 1741 it was burnt by
Commodore Anson, because the governor refused
to ransom it. Long. 80. 49. W., lat. 5. 12. S.
Palachy, a town of Hindoostan, in the district of
Coimbetore, with a small fort. In its vicinity a
pot was dug up, a few years since, containing
Roman silver coins of Augustus and Tiberius.
It stands in a well cultivated country, 14 m. S. of
Coimbetore and 37 W. of Daraporam.
Palacios, a town of Spain, in Andalusia, 12 m.
S. of Seville.
Palacios, a town of Spain, in Leon, 32 m. W.
S. W. of Leon.
Palais, a town of France, capital of the island
of Belleisle. It has a strong citadel, which stood
a long siege against the English in 1761, and
then surrendered on honorable terms. It stands
on the N. E. side of the island, 30 m. S. S. E. of
L'Orient. Lot.g. 3. 7. W., lat. 47. 19. N.
Palais, St.. a town and district in the depart-
ment of Lower Pyrenees, which, with the town
and district of St. Jean Pied de Port, formed
nearly the whole of the former province of Low-
er Navarre. It is seated on the river Bidouse, 18
m. S. E. of Bayonne. Long. 1. 4. W., lat. 43.
21. N. "^ "
Palamlmnn, or Balambuan, a town on the E.
end of the island of Jajian, capital of a territory
of its name, which abounds with cotton, rice,
maize, fruit, horses, antelopes, buffaloes, and oxen.
It stands on a bay in the strait of Bali. Long.
114. 2.5. E., lat. 8. 10. 8.
Pal/imcotta, a town of Hindoostan, in the
province of Tinevelly. Long. 77. 46. E., lat. 6.
42. N.
Palamos, a strong sea-port of Spain, in Cata
Ionia, seated on a bay of the Mediterranean, 5^
m. N. E. of Barcelona.
Palamoio, a town of Bengal, capital of a well
cultivated district of its name, seated on the
Coyle, 140 m. S. S. W. of Patna.
Palais. See Pelew Islands.
Palatinate of the Rhine, and Bavaria. See
Rhine and Bavaria.
Palatine, a township of Montgomery Co. N. Y.
Pop. 2,745.
Palawan. See Paragoa.
PaUizuola, a town of Austrian Italy, in the
province of Brescia, seated on the Oglio, 20 m.
W. N. W. of Brescia.
Palemhang, a district or kingdom of Sumatra,
on the N. E. coast, conquered by the British in
1812. The chief articles of export are gold, tin,
pepper, silk, ivory, wax, rice, &c.
Palembang, the capital of the above district
and the emporium of the inland commerce of Su-
matra. The inhabitants consists of Malays, Chi-
nese, and Arabs. This town is seated on a river
of its name, about 60 m. from the sea. Lontr
104. 54. E., lat. 2. 59. S.
Palencia, a town of Spain, in Leon, capital of a
district of its name, and a bishop's see, with five
churches, 11 convents, and two hospitals. It is
seated on the Carrion, 70 m. S. E. of Leon.
Long. 4. 28. W., lat. 41. 59. N.
Paleno, a town of Naples, in Abruzzo Citra,
9 m. E. S. E.ofSolmona.
Palenzuela, a town of Spain, in Old Castile,
seated on the Arlanza, a little above the influx of
the Arlanzon, 30 m. S. W of Buriros.
Palermo, p.t. Waldo Co. Me. 80 m. N. E. Port-
laltid. Pop. 1,258.
Palermo, a fortified city of Sicily, in Val di
Mazara, capital of the island, and an archbishop's
see. It stands on a bay of the same name, on the
N. coast, near the extremity of a kind of natural
amphitheatre, formed by high and rocky moun-
tains. The country between the city and the
mountains is one of the richest plains in the world;
the whole appearing a magnificent garden, filled
with fruitful trees and watered by fountains and
rivulets. The two principal streets intersect each
other in the centre of the city, where they form
a handsome square, called the Ottangolo, from
the centre of which is seen the whole of these no-
ble streets, and the four elegant gates which ter-
minate them, each at the distance of half a mile.
The Porto Felice opens to the Marino, a delight-
ful walk, which has on one side the wall of the
city, and on the other the sea ; and in the centre
is an elegant kind of temple, frequentlv made use
of as an orchestra. The churches of Palermo are
upwards of 300, and many of them very rich
and magnificent. The cathedral is a large Go-
thic structure, supported within by SO columns
of oriental granite, and divided into a oreat num-
ber of chapels, some of which are extremely rich
particularly that of St. Rosolia, the patroness of
Palermo. The relics of this saint are preserved
in a large box of silver, enriched with precious
stones ; and they are considered as the greatest
treasures of the city. Here are also found the
tombs of several of the ancient Norman kings.and
of the emperors Henry VI. and Frederic II. of the
finest porphyry. This city has suffered greatly
at different periods by earthquakes and inunda-
tions. The harbour, defended by two castles, is
dangerously open to the sea from the N. E. ; and
even at the anchoring place, ships are in danger
PAL
575
PAL
when a westerly wind rushes through the valley
of Colli between the mountains. About the mid-
dle of the llth century the Norman king,Roger,es-
• . tablished silk manufactures in this city, by means
f' of prisoners taken in his war with the Greeks, and
they still flourish, though not so lucrative since
the manufacture has extended to Italy. One
mile from Palermo is a celebrated convent of
• Capuchins, in which is a vault, made use of as
* a receptacle for the dead. It consists of 4 wide
■* passages, each about 40 feet in length, with arch-
es along the sides, in which the bodies are set
upright, clothed in coarse garments, with their
heads, arms, and feet bare. On the floor are
handsome trunks, containing the bodies of per-
sons of distinction, the keys of which are kept by
the relations. In 1799 when the French made
themselves masters of Naples, Palermo became
the residence of the court; at present it is the
seat of the viceroy of the Sicilian parliament and
of the chief boards of the island administration.
130 m. W. of Messina, and 200 S. by W. of
Ninles. L-jnr. 13. 23. E.,lat. 3S. 7. N.
Palestine,, a country of Syria, so called from
the Philistines, who inhabited its sea-coast. In
the Scriptures it is styled the Land of Canaan,
and the Promised Land : it is also called Judcea,
from the patriarch Judah ; and the Holy Land,
from its having been the scene of the birth, min-
istry, and death of Jesus Christ. It is divided
from the other parts of Syria on the N. by Mount
Libanus, and on the E. by the river Jordan and
1 the Dead Sea; Arabia PetrBea on the S., and the
». . Mediterranean on the W. It is in general a fer-
' tile country, abounding where cultivated, with
corn, wine, and oil ; and it might supply the
neighbouring country with all these, as it anciently
did, were the present inhabitants equally indus-
trious. The parts about Jerusalem are the most
mountainous and rocky ; but they feed numerous
herds and flocks, and yield plenty of honey, with
excellent wine and oil ; and the valleys produce
large crops of corn. This country has been con-
quered and occupied by such a variety of foreign
races tiiat it is difficult to say which forms the
basis of its present population. It now belongs
to the Turkish empire, and is included in the
pachalics of Acre and Damascus, the former com-
prehending the sea-coast and the latter extending
over the interior.
Pale.Hine, p.t. Lawrence Co. Indiana; p. v. Craw-
ford Co. Illinois. 80 m. E. Vandalia.
Palestrina, one of the largest of tiie islands
called the Lagunes, near Venice. It has a town
of the same name, 6 m. S. of Venice.
Palestrina, anciently Praeneste, an episcopal
town of Italy, in the delegation of Rome, with
the title of a principality. Here formerly stood
a temple dedicated to Fortune, the ruins of which
may yet be seen. It is 25 m. E. by S. of Rome.
Long. 13. 5. E., lat. 41. 52. N.
Paliano, a town of Italy, in the papal states,
situate on a hill, 20 m. E. of Rome.
Paligaut, or Palicaud, a fort of Hindoostan, in
Malabar, built by Hyder, on his conquest of that
province. Around it are scattered many villages,
which contain a considerable population and have
some trade. It was taken by the British in 1783
and again in 1790, and was confirmed to them at
the peace of 1792. It stands between two rivu-
lets, near their junction, at the foot of the south-
ern extremity of the Ghauts, 25 m. W. S. W. of
Coimbetore and 56 E. by N. of Paniany.
Paligonda, a town of Hindoostan, in the Car-
natic, with the remains of a fort, in which is a
considerable temple. It ia seated on the Paliar,
25 m. W. of Arcot.
Palk Strait, a strait at the N. end of the island
of Ceylon, in the bay of Bengal, which separates
that island from the coast of Coromandel. It ig
celebrated for the extensive pearl fishery carried
on in it, on both shores, formerly by the Dutch
and now by the British.
Palliser Islands, a group of islands in the S.
Pacific ; the largest is about 15 m. long and 10
broad. Long. 146. 30. W., lat. 15. 38. S.
Palma, one of the Canary islands, to the N. of
Ferro, 50 m. in circumference, and very fertile.
It has a town of the same name, much frequente<l
for its excellent wines and safe harbour. Long.
17. 50. W., lat: 28. 37. N.
Palma, a strong city, capital of the island ol
Majorca, and a bishop's see. The public squares-,
the cathedral, and the royal palace, are magnifi-
cent. It contains 4,000 houses, built after the
antique manner; a univ^ersity, more ancient than
celebrated ; and 22 churches, besides the cathe-
dral. The harbour is extremely good. It was
taken by the English in 17<J6, and retaken in
1715. It is seated on the S. VV. side of the island.
Long. 2. 30. E., lat. 39. 35. N.
Palma, a town of Spain, in Andalusia, on the
Xenil, near its conflux with the Guadalquivir, 30
m. S. W. of Cordova.
Palma, a town of Portugal, in Estremadura,
on the river Cadoan, 20 m. E. of Setuval.
Palma, a town of New Granada, 40 m. N. W.
of Bogota.
Palma J^uova, a strong frontier town of Italy,
in the Venetian province of Udina, seated on a
canal, which communicates with the Lizonzo, 10
m. S E. of Udina. Long. 13. 15. E., lat. 40.2. N.
Palma di Solo, a sea-port of Sardinia, on the S.
W. coast, 38 m. S. VV. of Cagliari.
Palmas, a river of Mexico, formed by the junc-
tion of the Nassas and Sauceda, in New Biscay,
whence it flows E. about 200 m. between the
provinces of Panuco and New Leon, into the
gulf of Mexico.
Palmas, the capital of the island of Grand Ca-
nara. See Canaries.
Palmas, one of the Philippine islands, 16
leagues S. E. of Mindanao. Long. 127. 0. E.,
lat. 5. 33. xV.
Palmas, Cape, a promontory on the Ivory coast
of Guinea. Long. 5. 34. W., lat. 4. 26. N.
Palmela, a town of Portugal, in Estremadura,
with a castle on a rock. 8 m. N. N. E. of Setuval.
Palmer, p.t. Hampden Co. Mass. 82 m. S. W.
Boston. Pop. 1,237. Here are some manufactures.
Palmr.rtoicn, p. v. Saratoga Co. N. Y. 46 rn.
from Albany.
Palm.erston Isle, an island in the S. Pacific,
discovered by Cook in 1774. It consists of about
10 islets, connected by a reef of coral rocks, and
lying in a circular direction ; the principal one
not exceeding a m. in circumference, nor more
than three feet above the level of the sea. It
abounds with cocoa-nuts, scurvygrass, and the
wharra-tree, but has no inhabitants. Long. 162.
57. W., lat. 18. 0. S.
Palmyra, or Tadmor, once a magnificent city
of Syria, originally built by king Solomon, in the
midst of a sandy desert, bounded on three sides,
by a chain of high mountains. On the decline of
the Macedonian empire in the E., it became the
capital of a principality, under the name of Pal-
myra ; and h declared for the Romans, on Adiian
PAM
576
PAN
marching his army through Syria to Egjpt. The
city flourished and increased to the time of Aure-
lian, when it resisted the Roman power under
queen Zenobia, who was at length taken captive,
dnd led in triumph through the streets of Rome.
Soon afterwards the inhabitants massacred the
soldiers who had been left in garrison ; this oc-
casioned the return of Aurelius, who, having
made himself master of the place, caused the in-
habitants to be destroyed, and gave up the city to
pillage. Its stupendous ruins were visited, in
1751, by Mr. Wood, who published a splendid
account of them in 1753. The inhabitants consist
of about 40 Arab families, living in mud cottages,
erected within the spacious court of a once mag-
nificent temple. 100 m. S. E. of Aleppo. Long.
38. 50. E., lat. 33. 20. N.
Palmyra, p.t. Somerset Co. Me. 28 m. E. Nor-
ridjrewock. Pop. 912; p.t. Wayne Co. N. Y. Pop.
3,434 ; p.t. Pike and Lebanon Co. Pa., Halifax Co.
N. C, Warren Co. Missouri, Montgomery Co.
Ten., Warren and Portage Cos. Ohio, Edwards
Co. Illi. and Pike Co. Miss.
Palnaud, a district of Hindoostan, in the Car-
natic, ceded to the British in 1801, and included
in the coUectorship of Guntoor. It is situate near
the river Kistna. Timerycotta is the principal
place.
Palos, a sea-port of Spain in Andalusia, with a
tolerable harbour ; celebrated as the place whence
Columbus sailed on his first adventurous voyage
in 1492. It is seated at the mouth of the Tinto,
50 m. W. by S. of Seville. Long. 6. 52. W., lat.
37. 10. N.
Palos Cape, a promontory of Spain, in Murcia,
19 m. E. ot Carthagena. Long. 40. W., lat. 37
37. N.
PaJota, a fortified town of Hungary, 40 m.
S. by W. of Buda. Long. 18. 0. E., lat. 47. 0.
Palotza, a town of Hungary, situate on the Pop-
rah, 54 m. N. of Cassovia. Long. 21. 20. E., lat.
47. 42. N.
Palte, a famous lake of Thibet, lying to the S.
W. of Lassa, about 12 m. S. of the river Samboo.
It is represented as a wide trench, of about 6 m.
broad, surrounding an island 30 m. long and 20
broad. On the W. shore of this island is a mon-
astery, and the seat of the Lamissa Turcepamo,
or the Great Regenerate, in whom the Thibetians
think that a divine spirit is regenerated, as it is
in the Great Lama. The word lamissa, is the
feminine of lama, which signifies a priest.
Pame'.ia, a township of Jefferson Co. N. Y. Pop.
2,2()3.
Pamiers, a town of France, department of Ar-
riege, and a bishop's see. In the vicinity is a
mineral spring. It is seated on the Arriege, 36
m. S. by E. of Toulouse. Long. 1. 35. E., lat.
43.6. N.
Pamlico Sound, a kind of inland sea, on the
coast of N. Carolina, 100 m. long and from 10 to
20 broad, separated in its whole length from the
Atlantic, by a beach of sand, hardly a mile wide.
It has several inlets, but that of Ocracoke, in lat.
35. 10. N., is the only one that will admit vessels
of burden.
Pamyas, the name given in South Africa to
the wido prairies or plains South of the Rio de la
Plata. The great plain on the east of the Cor-
dilleras, is about 900 m. in breadth, and divided
into regions of different climate and produce. On
leaving Buenos Ayres, the first region is cover-
ed, for 180 m. with clover and thistles ; the sec-
ond region (480 m.) produces long grass, without
a weed ; and the third, reaching the base of the
Cordilleras, is a grove of low trees and shrubs,
in which such beautiful order is observed that
one may gallop between them in every direction.
The two last have nearly the same appearance
throughout the year. The trees and shrubs are
evergreens, and the grass only changes from
green to brown. The first region varies with the
four seasons. In winter the leaves of the thistle
are luxuriant, and the whole surface has the ap-
pearance of a turnip field. The clover is also
rich and strong, and the wild cattle are grazing
at full liberty. In spring the clover has vanish-
ed, and the leaves of the thistle are extended.
In a month the whole region becomes a wood of
thistles, ten or eleven feet high, in full bloom.
The stems of the thistles are so close and strong,
that, independent of the prickles, they form an
impenetrable barrier, which has arisen so sudden-
ly, that an invading army might be imprisoned by
them. Before summer is over the thistles are
dead, and the violence of the pampero or hurri-
cane levels them with the ground, where they
rapidly decompose, and the clover again quickly
appears. If millions of inhabitants could be sud-
denly placed on these pampas they would have
nothing to do but to drive out their cattle to graze,
and without preparation plough what ground they
pleased. But they can hardly be said to be peo-
pled. Between the few settled inhabitants or
gauchos, and the roving Indians who inhabit
the south part of the pampas, a cruel extermina-
ting war is carried on. The Indians always on
horseback, are however, incapable of acting on
foot, and are easily repulsed. The climate of
the pampas is subject to great difference of tem-
perature, though the gradual changes are very
regular. The winter is as cold as an English No-
vember. The summer is very oppressively hot.
But the whole pampas enjoy an atmosphere as
beautiful and salubrious as the most healthy parts
of Greece and Italy, without the malaria. The
south-west wind or pampero, generated by the
Andes, rushes over the plains with a violence
which it is almost impossible to withstand ; but
they make the weather afterwards particularly
healthy and agreeable.
Pampelonnc. a town of France, department of
Tarn, 15 m. N. by E. of Alby.
Pampliega, a town of Spain, in Old Castile, 12
m. S. W. of Burgos.
Pampola, or Pampeluna, a city of Spain, capi
tal of Upper Navarre, and a bishop's see, with a
strong citadel, and a university. The squares
are handsome, and adorned with shops full of
rich merchandise. It was taken by the French,
on their invasion of Spain ; but surrendered to
the allied forces in 1831. It is seated on the Ar
ga,47 m. S. of Bayonne and 197 N. E. of Madrid.
Long. 1. 42. W., lat. 42. 49. N.
Pamplona, a town of New Granada, famous
for mines of gold, and numerous flocks of sheep
in its vicinity. It is 150 m. N. by E. of Bo-
gota. Long. 71. 30. W., lat. 6. 30. N.
Panagia, a town of Romania, 14 m. N. of Gal-
lipoli.
Panama, a city and sea-port of Colombia. It
stands on a fine bay of its name, on the S. coast
of the isthmus of Darien, and contains a hand-
some cathedral, and a number of churches, con-
vents, and monasteries. Before the abolition of
the trade by the galleons, it was the emporium
for all the merchandise of Chile and Peru, intend
PAN
577
PAR
ed for Europe. See Porto Bella. The trade and
commerce are still considerable, and in the har-
bour is a fine pearl fishery. The city is surround-
ed by a wall and other fortifications, and is 60
m. S. by W. of Porto Bello. Long. 80. 21. W.,
lat. 8.49. N.
Panama, p. v. Chatauque Co. N. Y.
Panaraga, a town of the island of Java, capi-
tal of a kingdom of the same name, 60 m. E. by
N. of Mataram.
Panarucan, a town on the N. coast of Java,
formerly the capital of a principality, but now
subject to tlie Dutch. The chief export is long
pepper. Long. 113. 25. E., lat. 8. 0. S.
Panaxj, one of the Philippine islands, between
those of Paragoa and Negros. It is of a triangu-
lar form, 250 m. in circumference, populous and
fertile, and watered by a great number of rivers
and brooks. The chief commodity for exporta-
tion is rice. Iloila is the capital.
Pancras, St. an extensive parish in Middlesex,
Eng. 2 m. N. W. of London. The old church and
churchyard have long been noted as a burial place
for Roman Catholics.
Pancsova, a town and fortress of Hungary,
seated near the Danube, 10 m. E. N. E. of Bel-
grade.
Pangasena, one of the Molucca islands, in the
E. Indies, 45 m. long and 10 broad, lying between
Celebes and Bourton.
Pango, a town of the kingdom of Congo, cap-
ital of a province of the same name. It stands
on the river Barbela, 95 m. N. N. E. of St. Sal-
vador. Long. 14. 45. E., lat. 4. 20. S.
Punjab, a country in the N. W. part of Hin-
doostan, being that watered by the five eastern
brandies of the Indus. It was the scene of Alex-
ander's last campaign, and the termination of his
conquests. It forms a square of 2.50 miles, and
includes the whole of Lahore and a great part of
Moultan Proper. To the lower part of Moultan
it is flat and marshy, inundated by the rains
which fall between May and October.
Paniany, a town of Hindoostan, in the prov-
ince of Malabar, containing above 40 mosques, 500
houses belonging to traders, and 1,000 huts inhab-
ited by the lower orders of people. The port is
frequented by small vessels from different places
on the coast ; and much rice is exported hence
to the northern parts of the province. It is seated
in a sandy plain, near the mouth of a river, 32
m. S. by E. of Calicut. Long. 75. 48. E., lat. 10.
47. N.
Pannanuch, a village of Scotland, in Aberdeen-
shire, situate a little below the waterfall called
the Lin of Dee. It is noted for its mineral wa-
ters ; and has houses and baths for the accommo-
dation of company.
Pannlput, a. iown of Hindoostan, in the prov-
ince of Dehli, celebrated for a battle, in 1761, be-
tween an army of 200,000 Mahrattas, and Abdal-
lah, sultan of Candahar, at the head of 150,000
Mahotnedans, in which the former were totally
defeated. Panniput is situate in an extensive
plain, 72 m. N. W. of Dehli. Long. 76. 55. E., lat.
29.13. N.
Panomi, a town of Macedonia, 16 m. S. of Sa-
lonichi.
Pantalaria, an island in the Mediterranean, be-
longing to Sicily, and situated between that isl-
and and the coast of Tunis. It is 30 m. in cir-
cumference, and abounds in cotton, fruits, and
wine.
Panton, p.t. Addison Co. Va. Pop. 605.
73
Panuco, or Guastsca, a province of Mexico,
bounded on the E. by the gulf of Mexico and W.
by Mechoacan and New Biscay. The tropic of
Cancer divides it into two parts ; the S. part
abounds with provisions, and has some veins of
fold and mines of salt ; but the other is poor and
arren.
Panuco, the capital of the above province, and
a bishop's see, is situate near a river of the same
name, which falls into the gulf of Mexico, 210 m.
N. N. E. of Mexico. Long. 98. 50. W., lat. 22.
50. N.
Pao-king, a city of China, of the first rank, in
the province of Hou-quang, 830 m. S. S. W. of
Pekin. Long. 111.0. E., lat. 27. 5. N.
Paoli, p.t. Orange Co. Ind. 106 m. S. W. In-
dianapolis.
Pao-ning, a city of China, of the first rank, in
the province of Se-tchuen, on the river Kialing,
700 m. S. W. of Pekin. Long. 105. 35. E., lat.
31. 3. N.
Paoom, one of the two New Hebrides, in the
S. Pacific, to the S. of Mallicollo. Long. 168. 29.
W., lat. 16. 30. S.
Pao-ting, a city of China, of the first rank, the
most considerable in the province of Pe-tcheli
next to Pekin. The country around is pleasant
and as fertile as any part of China. 78 in. S.
S. W. of Pekin. Long. 115. 25. E., lat. 38. 54.
N.
Papa, a town of Hungary, in the county of Ves-
prin, 45 rn. W. of Buda.
Paperville, p. v. Sullivan Co. Ten.
Papovl, St. a town of France, department of Au-
de, on the Lande, 13 m. N. W. of Carcassone and
35 S. E. of Toulouse.
Pappenhurg, a town of Hanover, in E. Fries-
land, with two churches, and numerous yards
for ship-building. It is seated on a canal, which
communicates with the river Ems, 13 m. S. of
Einbden.
Pappenheim, a town of Bavaria, formerly the
capital of a county of the same name, seated
on a hill near the Altrauhl, 13 m. N. E. of Dona-
wert.
Papua. See Guinea, J\ew.
Para, a handsome city of Brazil, capital of a
government of the same name, with a citadel and
castle. The chief business is cultivating tobacco
and sugar canes, and gathering cotton which
grows wild here. It is seated on the estuary oi
the Tocantin, 80 m. from the ocean. Long. 49
25. W., lat. 1. 50. S.
Parades, or Pracels, a vast multitude of smalJ
islands and rocks in the China Sea, lying off the
coast Of Cochin-China. They extend 300 m. it
length by CO in breadth, and the intercurrents
among them render their navigation dangerous
Paradella, a town of Portugal, in Beira, 12 m
S. E. of Lainego.
Paradise, villages in York and Lancaster Cos
Pa.
Paragoa, or Palawan, the most westerly of the
Philippine islands, being 180 m. long and from
20 to 40 broad, divided between the king of Bor-
neo and the Spaniards, with some independent
natives in the interior parts, who are black, and
have no fixed place of abode. The Spaniards-
have a garrison at the N. end of the island, at a
place called Tatay. Long, 118. 45. E., lat. 11
O.N.
Paraguay, an extensive country of S. America,
bounded on the xV. by Amazonia, £. by Brazil, S
by Patagonia, and W. by Chile uid Peru. It
3 C
PAR
678
PAR
contains numerons lakes and rivers , of the latter,
the three principal are the Parana, Paraguay, and
Uraguay, the united streams of which form tlie
celebrated Rio de la Plata. These rivers annual-
ly overflow their banks. The climate is in gen-
eral moist and temperate, though in some places
it is cold. In the temperate parts the soil is ex-
tremely fertile, producing grain, beans, peas, cot-
ton, tobacco, and the valuable herb called para-
guay, which is peculiar to this country, and the
infusion of which is drank instead of tea. Here
are also a variety of fruits and very rich pastures ;
but the country is destitute of woods. Cattle,
eheep, horses, and mules are in great abundance ;
of the last many thousands were annually sent to
Peru. In the mountains toward Tucuman, the
condor, the largest bird of the vulture tribe, is
not unfrequent ; and the ostrich is found in the
wide plains. Several independent tribes of in-
digenes live in the interior, on the Rio Grande;
one of them, called Abipones, are a warlike race,
and, by a novelty in American manners, chiefly
cavalry, securing and taming the wild horses in-
troduced by the Spaniards. In 1515 the Span-
iards discovered this country by sailing up the
Rio de la Plata, and, in 1535, founded the town
of Buenos Ayres. In 1580 the Jesuits were ad-
mitted into these fertile regions, and, in the next
century, founded the famous missions of Paraguay.
In 1757 Spain exchanged the colonies on the E.
shore of the Uraguay for the Portuguese colony
of St. Sacrament, vehich caused that river to be-
come the boundary of the respective possessions
of the two crowns. In 1767 the court expelled
the Jesuits, and the natives were put upon the
same footing with the other Indians of the Span-
ish part of S. America.
Paraguay revolted from the government of
Spain at the same time with the neighbourimr prov-
inces. Soon after the declaration of independence
the direction of affairs fell into the hands of Doctor
Francia a native of the country, who procured him-
self to be declared Dictator for life. This govern-
ment has continued to the present moment the
most arbitrary and despotic rule on the face of the
earth ; yet his administration has been generally
equitable. All intercourse with foreigners has
been avoided, and those who have entered the
country have experienced great difficulties in re-
turing. Asuncion is the capital.
Paraiba, a province of Brazil, between those of
Rio Grande and Tamarica. It abounds in sugar
canes, bram-wood, tobacco, and cotton. The
chief town, which is of the same name, is sfeated
on the river Paraiba. The Dutch obtained pos-
•«ssio|i of it in 1635, and fortified it with a; slight
jampMt; but the Portuguese retook it^on af-
.er. W
Paramaribo, the capital of Surinam, Guiana,
md the phief place of the Dutch colonies in S.
America. It has a strong but small citadel, and
a noble road for shipping, where there are seldom
fewer than 80 vessels, loading coffee, sugar, cot-
ton, and indigo. The streets are strait, and lined
with orange, shaddock, tamarind, and lemon trees,
in continual bloom. It surrendered to the Eng-
lish in 1799 and in 1803. It is situate on the fi.
Bide of the river Surinam, 10 m. from its mouth.
Long. 55. 25. W., lat 5. 48. N.
Parana, a province of Paraguay, so named
from a large river, which receives the Paraguay at
Gorientes, and afterwards, joining the Uruguay,
forms the river Plata.
Purchwitz, a town and castle of Prussian Silesia,
with a considerable manufacture of cloth : seated
on the Katzbach, 10 m. N. E. of Leignitz.
Pardubitz, a town of Bohemia, in the circle of
Chrudin, with a fortified castle and a manufacture
of knives and sword blades. It is seated on the
Elbe, 23 m. E. by S. of Prague. Long. 15. 41
E., lat. 49. 58. N.
Parechia. See Paros.
Parenxa, a sea-port of Istria, on a peninsula in
the gulf of Venice, with a harbour for large ves-
sels. Itis28m. S. by W.of Capo d'Istria. Long.
13. 50. E., lat. 45. 18. S.
Parga, a sea-port on the coast of Albania, op
posite to the southern point of the island of Corfu,
memorable as the only place which bade defiance
to the arms of Ali Pasha, tyrant of Albania, co
whom it was eventually surrendered on condition
of his paying an indemnity to those of the inhabi-
tants who should refuse to remain. The evacua-
tion took place in 1819, most of the inhabitants
removing to the Ionian islands. 30 m. S. W. of
Joannina.
Paria, a province of Colombia, lying to *he S.
E. of Cumana, on the banks of the Oronoco, and
including the delta of that river. On the N. of
this province, between Cumana and the island
of Trinidad, is a large bay, called the Gulf ot
Paria.
Paria, the capital of the above province. Here
are some silver mines, and its cheeses, made from
the milk both of sheep and cows, are in high es-
teem. It is 140 m. W. N. W. of Plata. Lonir.
68. 82. W., lat. 18. 30. S.
Paridrong, a strong town of Thibet, on the bor-
ders of Bootan, 45 m. W. N. W. of Tassasudon.
Parilla, or Santa, a town of Peru, in the pro-
vince of Lima, at the mouth of a river of the same
name, 80 m. S. E. of Truxillo, and 280 N. W. of
Lima. Long. 77. 50. W., lat. 8. 56. S.
Purima, a lake of S. America, near the borders
of Amazonia and Guiana,, of a square form, 80 m.
long and 40 broad. It seems to be a kind of in-
undation formed by the Orinoco ; for thai river
enters on the N. and issues on the W. side of the
lake, near its N. W. angle. From the S. E. of
this lake issues the White River, called also the
Parima, which flows S. to the Black River, and
thence S. E. to the river Amazon. To the W. of
this lak'j, before the main stream of tlie Orinoco
turns to the N., there are two other brandies that
flow from it to the Black River. Hence there are
three communications between those two great
rivers, the Orinoco and the Amazon.
Paris, the capital of France, and of civilized
Europe, lies on both banks and occupies two is-
lets of the Seine. This city, which pretends to
a rivalry in arts and elegancies with Athens, and
in magnificence with Thebes, had the meanest
commencement. Julius Coesar found tlie princi-
pal islet, now called " the city " (la cite), covered
with huts, and serving as a retreat for fishermen
of the tribe of Gauls called " Parisii." The sur
rounding woods and marshes, and the waters of
the Seine, which had hitherto protected these bar-
barians, were but a weak obstacle to the Roman
legionaries, upon whose approach they burned
their huts and fled farther into the woods. Caj-
sar, having completed l.he conquest of Gaul, held
a conference with the chiefs of the Gallic hordes
in this islet, and approving the site, laid in it the
foundation of a city, called by the Romans " Lu-
tetiaParisiorum," from the name of the tribe, and
the word " Loutouhezi," by whicli the natives
designated the cluster of bats which had disap-
PAR
579
PAR
peared. The new city improved rapidly under
the influence of Roman laws, arts, and adminis-
tration. During the reign of Charlemagne, who,
amidst his conquests, never lost sight of the arts
of civilization, Paris advanced in arts and letters
as well as wealth and extent. The adventurous
and roving Normans, tempted by the wealth of
the city, and despising the feeble successors of
Charlemagne, who had abandoned the capital as
a patrimony to hereditary counts, plundered it
three times, after short intervals — in 845, 857, and
872. Under the third or Capetian race, it improv-
ed still more rapidly than before. It became the
fi.xed royal residence and seat of government;
the capital of the kingdom in fact as well as in
name. Philip Augustus added to its strength and
beauty by many new edifices, by paving the
streets, and by surrounding the whole city with
deep fosse and; thick wall defended by five hun-
dred towers. Paris at this time had sixteen gates,
and covered a surface of seven hundred and tliirty-
nine square acres. Louis IX. (St. Louis) built
hospitals and schools, reformed the more barba-
rous and vexatious " customs" (laws), regulated
the administration of justice, and created a po-
lice. Paris was taken in 1426 by the English, who
were compelled to abandon it in 1436. Francis
I. had the glory of introducing into Paris science,
literature and the fine arts. The Grecian orders
of architecture were now adopted for the first
time, and the interior of the new edifices adorn-
ed with sculpture and the paintings of the Italian
roasters. Henry IV. erected the Pont Neuf, and
laid out several squares cr •places in the old city
on the islets in the Seine, hitherto the quarter of
the court. Paris is indebted to Louis XIV. for a
great portion of its magnificence : — for its noble
and healthful Boulevards; — for the triumphal
arches (of which two are splended monuments)
by which it is entered at the gates of St. Den-
is, St. Martin, St. Antoine, and St. Bernard ; —
for the Place Vendome and Place des Victoi-
res ; — for the colonnade of the Louvre ; the Hospit-
al of Invalids ; the garden of the Tuileries, design-
ed by Lenotre, under the immediate inspection of
Colbert ; — for the promenades and plantations of
.the Champs Elysees. The Revolution came, and
with it the genius of devastation for a time. The
works of art only are a permanent loss, and for-
tunately they were neither many, nor irreparable
chefs d'oeuvre ; — whilst the public health, conve-
nience, and beauty of the town, have gained in-
calculably by the removal or desecration of the
churches and convents. Spacious and convenient
markets, open and well-built streets or other edi-
fices of great public ornament and utility, now oc
cupy the sites of such religious houses as were
destroyed ; and those left standing, but desecra-
ted, have been converted into prisons, penitentia-
ries, hospitals, colleges, schools or other public
establishments for the purposes of society or char-
ity. Paris is under eternal obligations to Bona-
aparte : he did more for it than even Louis XIV.
He combined, in a greater degree, the useful with
the magnificent. Despotic as he was, he saw
that the mass of the people was now a power
which must not be dazzled merely, as in the time
of Lous XIV., but conciliated and served. His
designs are said to have been essentially his own.
It seems most probable that they could have been
conceived only by the same mind which had the
force, energy and resources to execute them. He
freed the bridges and banks of the Seine from the
embeirrassment and deformity of the old houses bj
which they were still crowded ; built magnificent
quays and wharves ; and erected four bridges of
remarkable beauty, as monuments of art. He
not only conceived (for even the conception was
a great merit), but had nearly executed, at his fall,
the Canal del'Ourcq. He distributed the public
supply of water by fifteen new and abundant
fountains, of which some are beautiful specimens
of architecture. The immense architectural and
sculptural mass called " the Fountain of the El-
phant" was left by him, and still remains unfinish-
ed. The people, not merely of Paris, but of the
whole kingdom, are indebted to him for those
spacious markets, so commodiously arranged for
the sale of every kind of produce ; for public
stores, especially the wine stores, which surprise
by their vastness, the happy ingenuity of their
distribution, and their architectural grandeur. He
erected, near the barriers, five abattoirs or slaugh-
ter-houses ; and thus relieved the town from the
inconvenient and dangerous presence of herds of
cattle, the revolting spectacle of blood, and the
noxious miasmata of butchery and tallow-melting.
The vast granary of reserve, destined by him to
protect the people of Paris against famine and the
change ot seasons, now unfinished or abandoned,
remains a monument of the instability of all hu-
man power and the uncertainity of all human
projects. He cleared the Place du Carousel, be-
tween the Louvre and the Tuileries, of its ob-
structions and nuisances ; adorned it with a tri-
umpiial arch ; completed the Louvre ; filled its
galkry with sculpture and paintings. The gar-
den of the Tuileries owes much of its magnifi-
cence to the noble vista which he opened by the
rue Castiglione to the triumphal column in the
Place Vendome ; — the opp^te view of the Cham-
ber of Deputies, with its im>le portico, on the left
bank of the Seine; and th^^nfinished but grand
triumphal arch of Neuilly. Many of the public
buildings, canals, and other public works left un-
finished by Bonaparte, have been carried on, and
some have been completed, since the restoration
of the house of Bourbon. A new quarter, as it is
called, was begun, in 1823, in the western sub-
urb of Paris, touching the Champs Elysees, ex-
tending to Chaillot, and spreading above the
Chaussee d'Antin. The style of structure is
elegant, and the scale within the reach of ordi-
nary fortunes. A second quarter opens by its
main street, which is spacious and planted with
rows of trees, a communication between two
main points of the fauxbourgs Montmartre and St.
Martin. The progress of all these, however, has
been slow, and in some parts suspended ; and
some generations will probably have passed away
befor^jhe " Ville de Frangois Premier" and Nou-
velle Mienes," with their brilliant associations,or
the" HRit Londres," with its national rivalry, are
monuments of any thing but magnificent projects,
and the want of capital or perseverance. Great
undertakings are rarely, if ever, completed by
private enterprise in Paris: they have been pro-
jected and executed only by the government. The
palace of the Exchange, considered the noblest
edifice of the kind in Europe, was completed and
opened for the transaction of commercial business,
and for the sittings of the tribunal of commerce,
since the accession of Charles X.
It is difficult to give within short limits a
coup d'osil of so crowded, diversified, and even dis-
orderly, a mass as the French capital, — its church-
es, palaces, public buildings, and monuments ot
art. Of its churches, the most remarkable aro the
PAR
580
PAR
cathedral of Notre Dame, in the old city, — a large
and lofty edifice, with two high and massive tow-
ers, presenting a style of arcliitecture imposing
and curious, and well executed for its early date ;
— the church of St. Eustache, a model of light
and graceful classic architecture ; — the churches
of St. Roch and St. Sulpice, modern edifices in a
frand and noble style ; — that of St. Genevieve,
uilt near the close of the last century, — dese-
crated during the Revolution into a Pantheon for
the remains of the great men of France, with the
simple and sublimely affecting inscription — " Aux
grands hommes la patrie reconnoissante," and
re-desecrated in 1830 ; — admired for its dome, —
sustained by the mass of the building in the form
of a Greek cross at its intersection — its principal
fagade and peristyle of twenty fluted Corinthian
columns imitated from the Pantheon at Rome.
Paris boasts several palaces, of which the princi-
pal are the Tuileries, with its vast open court and
imposing fagade on tJie one side, and its public
garden, adorned with alleys of forest tr^^es, terra-
ces , plantations, basins, and copies in marble and
bronze of the most celebrated pieces of sculp-
ture ; — the Louvre, with its gallery of works of
art, and its colonnade, regarded as a specimen of
the nearest approach to perfection in architecture ;
the Palace or Chamber of Deputies, with a grand
Corinthian portico, and several statues of colossal
size, — the beautiful Palais Bourbon — both conti-
guous, immediately on the left bank of the Seine ;
— the old and majestic Luxembourg, or Chamber
of Peers, with its two grand pavilion wings and
central quadrangle surmounted by a cupola, and
its splendid garden openmg on the observatory ;
the Palace of Justice, in the old city, inhabited by
kings of the present dynasty down to the twelfth
in succession, now occupied by the courts of jus-
tice ; the Palis Royal, inhabited and recently
repaired by the duke of Orleans, with its adjoin-
ing public garden, galleries and shops, — concen-
trating as in a focus, wealth and idleness, litera-
ture, industry and the arts, gaming and every
other species of dissipation and depravity.
The chief public edifices are the Hospital or
Hotel of Invalids, with its gilded dome, its orna-
mented fagade, with central Ionic pilasters, and
a planted esplanade extending before it ; — the
Hotel dcs Monnaies, or mint, in which also all
national medals are struck, with its colonnade,
arcades, and statues, forming a noble facade to-
wards the Seine, on its left bank ; — the Observa-
tory, communicating by a grand avenue with the
l.uxembourg; — the Exchange, already mentioned,
built in a simple and noble style, forming a paral-
lelogram 212 feet long and 12G broad, with a
peristyle of sixty-six Corinthian columns.^^^
Three of the sixteen bridges over tl^fsSeine
merit particular notice : — the bridge of the Gar-
den of Plants, formerly called Pont d'Austerlitz,
with five arches of iron, remarkable for its ele-
Snce and solidity ; the Pont d'Jena, changed to
at of " the Invalids," at the instance of Blucher,
■who was actually laying a train to blow it up in
1815; and between these, from the Louvre to the
Institute, the Pont des Arts, incomparably light
and graceful, and used only by foot passengers.
Of the public monuments of art, the most per-
fectly beautiful is the bronze column in the Place
Vendome, modelled upon that of Trajan at Rome,
but exceeding its proportions by a twelfth. The
most remarkable merit in this column, perhaps
is, that, presenting in relief on its pedestal the
•uxclaMic trophies of modern war, in every va-
riety of arms and costume, it yet seems perfectly
in the classic and antique style and taste. The
triumphal arch of the Carousel, modelled upon
that of Septimius Severus at Rome, is unexcep-
tionably beautiful in itself, but small in proportion
to the surrounding area, and rendered for a time
still more disproportionate by the removal of the
celebrated Venetian horses of Lysippus with their
car from its summit, in 1815. These, however,
have been recently replaced by an exact copy in
bronze. It has. like its model, three arcades in
front, with an additional transverse arcade. The
modern triumphal arch at Neuilly exceeds the
arch of the Carousel, and even those of Louis
XIV. at the gates of St. Denis and St. Martin, in
grandeur and advantage of position, rather than
beauty. Colossal statues have been re-erected to
Henry IV. on tiie Pont Neuf, and Louis XIV. in
the Place des Victoires.
Judging by the daily congregation of thousands
of both sexes in the open air, — young men idly lol-
ling or lounging, — old men, with even a cer
tain air of gravity, wasting life in the coffee-
houses and public gardens, — the gaming-houses
equally public and crowded, — one would be dis-
posed to pronounce the people of Paris a race the
most frivolous, idle, and depraved. But the loung
ers and gamesters are, to a considerable extent,
congregated from all parts of Europe ; and the
old men are small annuitants, content with their
actual means of subsistence, — without further in-
crease by industry or speculation. Science, liter-
ature, and the fine arts, are at the same time cul-
tivated in a still greater proportion of numbers by
the studious and the industrious, and with every
advantage which schools of public instruction, li-
braries, and museums, can afford. The public
schools and colleges forming component branch-
es of one great system of public education in med-
icine, jurisprudence, and the military art, abstract
and experimental science, literature, the fine and
useful arts, from the institute down to the two ad-
mirable institutions for,the instruction of the blind
and the deaf and dumb, witii appropriate and some
noble edifices devoted to them, and lectures by
eminent professors, either gratuitous or on mod-
erate terms, are too numerous to be detailed. The
chief public libraries are five in number: — the Roy-
al Library, containing 500,000 vols., 100,000
MSS., 100,000 medals, and 1,500,000 engrav-
ings ; the Mazarine Library, 93,000 vols., and
41,000 MSS. ; the Library of the Arsenal, 170,000
vols., 6,000 MSS. ; the Library of St. Genevieve,
110,000 vols., and 2,000 MSS.; the City Library,
42,000 vols. Tlie principal museums are that, or
rather those, of the Garden of Plants, — an incom-
parable teniple of natural science in every branch,
raised chiefly by the illustrious BufFon, and his
worthy successor, the late count Lacepede ; the
Louvre, still containing 1,200 pictures and 500
pieces of sculpture, among which are many chefs
d'oEuvre ; and the Conversatory of Useful Arts
{Arts^et Metiers,) containing specimens or models
of the machinery and instruments used in every
branch of manufacture.
Paris is the great centre, not only of French but
of continental intellect in literature and science.
From its press issue the most valuable, if not the
greatest number, of literary publications ; and it
has a still more decided lead in scientific research
and discovery. Pans is also as decidedly the
first manufacturing town of France. Its princi-
pal manufacturing establishments called royal, are
three : — the Gobelins tapestry, to which that ot
FAB.
581
PAR
La Savonniere has been united ; the manufactory
of glass, which employs 2,700 men ; and the por-
celain manufactory at Sevres, remarkable not only
for the value of its productions, but for its curious
museum of all the objects connected with the art,
ranged in order. Paris also excels in many of the
commonly used articles of luxury and fashion, —
in male and female dress, jewelry, wrought gold
and silver, watches, clocks, furniture, carriages,
&c. So strong is the tendency to trading indus-
try, that its exports have increased since the Revo-
lution to a degree unprecedented in the history of
commerce.
Society has become essentially changed in Par-
is since the Revolution. The nobles have lost
»heir importance, if not existence, as a caste.
That numerous aggregate of families formerly
called the "court," has disappeared. Wealth,
however, is not the first distinction, nor hats it the
same weight in obtaining access to good company,
in Paris as in other places. The Parisian society
of men of letters and artists is, perhaps, the most
intellectual, interesting and polished, in existence,
-from the fund of knowledge and accomplish-
ment which it contains, and tlie passing admixture
of European rank and talents. The Parisians are
doubtless polished and artificial in their manners ;
but they are also really social and obliging : and
the many hospitals which they support for the
helpless of both sexes and every age, — of which 7
contain 3,156 beds, — with, moreover, several bu-
reaux for the distribution of private domiciliary re-
lief, — sufficiently prove that they are humane and
charitable. Their love of amusement and pleas-
ure is attested by their crowded public walks,
their 3,500 coffee-houses, and twelve theatres.
Paris lies in north lat. 43. 50. II., — long. "20. 11.
(reckoning, with the French astronomers, from
the western point of the He de Fcrro,) — 98 leagues
S. E. of London, 250 leagues S. W. of Copenha-
f en, 380 leagues S. W. of Stockholm, 500 leagues
. W. of St. Petersburgh, 600 leagues S. VV. of
Moscow, 324 leag-ues W. of Cracow, 300 leagues
S. W. of Dantzic, 216 leagues S. W. of Berlin,
210 leagues W. S. W. of Dresden, 195 leagues
W. S. W. of Leipzig, 115 leagues W. by N. of
Frankfort on the Maine, 204 leagues W. by N.
of Prague, 850 leagues W. of Vienna, 270
leagues W. of Presburg, 552 leagues N. W. of
Constantinople, 333 leagues N. W. of Na-
ples, 260 leagues N. N. W., of Rome, 230 leagues
W. N. W. of Venice, 107 leagues N. W.
Bern, 148 leagues W. N. W. of Zurich, 100
leagues W. N. W. of Basle, 280 leagues N. by E.
of Madrid, 350 leagues N. E. of Lisbon. Its area
is 10,600 square acres, of 100 perches each ; its
•iircumference, by the Boulevards, about six
leagues ; its diameter about two leagues ; and its
pop. 900,000. It is divided into 12 municipal dis-
trictSjCalled arrondissements ; 9 on the right and 3
on the left bank of the Seine, — with a mayor and
justice of peace in each ; and these arrondisse-
ments are again subdivided into forty-eight quar-
ters, each with a commissary of police. The
municipal administration and police of Paris are
wholly in the hands of the executive government.
Paris, p.t. Oxford Co. Me. 46 m. N. of Portland.
Pop. 2,307 ; p.t. Oneida Co. N. Y. 9 m. S. W.
Utica. Pop. 2,765. Also towns and villages in
Fauquier Co. Va., Jefferson Co. Ind., Bourbon Co.
Ken. Pop. 1,219. Henry Co. Ten, and Union,
Portage, Stark and Richland Cos. Ohio.
ParishviUe, p.t. St. Lawrence Co. N. Y. Pop.
1,479.
Parfce a county of Indiana. Pop. 7,534. Rock
ville is the capital ; also a village in the same
county. 88 m. W. Indianapolis.
Parker, a township of Butler Co. Pa.
Parker River, a small stream ot Essex Co. Mass.
flowingthrough Newbury into Plum Island Sound.
Parkershurg, p.t. Wood Co. Va. on the Ohio.
12 m. below Marietta.
Parkgale, a village in Cheshire, situate on the
estuary of the Dee, 12 m. N. W. of Chester. Pack
tt-boats frequently sail hence to Ireland
Parkman, a township of Somerset Co. Me.
Pop. 803; p.t. Geauga Co. Ohio. 156 m. N. E.
Columbus. Pop. 709.
Parks, p. v. Edgefield Dis. S. C.
Parma, a duchy of Italy, under which name are
included the duchies of Parma Proper, Placenza,
and Guastalla. It is bounded on the W. and N.
by the Milanese, E. by the Modenese, and S. by
Tuscany and Genoa. The soil is fertile in corn,
wine, oil, hemp, and pasturage ; and there are
some inconsiderable mines of copper and silver.
The celebrated Parmesan cheese is no longer made
in this country, but at Lodi, in the Milanese, and
some other places. By the treaty of Paris, in
1814, this duchy was given to the ex-empress
Maria Louisa.
Parma, an ancient, rich, populous, and hand-
some town of Italy, capital of the foregoing
duchy. It has a university, a magnificent cathe-
dral, and the largest opera-house in Europe,
which has seats for 8,000 people. The dome, and
the church of St. John, are painted by the famous
Correggio, who was a native of this place. The
other most remarkable places are the ducal palace,
with its gallery and collection of artificial curi-
osities ; the large Benedictine convent, in which
12,000 soldiers were quartered in 1724 ; the Pa-
lazzo ^Giardino, a ducal palace, connected with the
town ; and the promenade between the town and
citadel. Charles, king of the Two Sicilies, car-
ried away a library from this place to Naples,
which contained 18,000 volumes, and a very val-
uable cabinet of curiosities, with a rich collection
of medals. The inhabitants, about 36,000, trade
in silk, and silk stockings. In 1734 a bloody
battle was fought here between the Austrians and
the French and Sardinians, in which the former
were defeated. Parma is situated on a river of
the same name, which divides it into two parts,
united by three bridges, 40 m. N. W. of Modena
and 60 S. E. of Milan. Long. 10. 30. E., lat. 44.
50. N.
Parma, p.t. Monroe Co. N. Y. 12 m. N. Roch-
ester. Pop. 2,569.
Parnassus, or Pamasso, a celebrated mountain
in Greece. It has two heads, one of which was
famous for being consecrated to Apollo and the
Muses, and the other to Bacchus. It is the high-
est in Greece, and has a fine fountain, supposed
to be the ancient Castalia. 8 m. N. of Livadia.
Paro, or Porrogong, a town of Hindoostan, cap-
ital of a district of its name in the province of
Bootan, with a castle, the residence of a governor.
It is famous for the manufacture of idols, and the
forging of swords, daggers, and arrows. It stands
on the Patchieu, in a fertile valley, 20 m. S. by
E. of Tassasudoh.
Paros, an island in the Grecian Archipelago,
one of the Cyclades, to (.he W. of Naxia. It is
10 m. long and eight broad, and the soil is well
cultivated. The trade consists in wheat, barley,
wine, and pulse, and in calicoes. It formerly
produced a great deal of oil, but the Venetian
3c2
PAS
582
PAS
army burnt all the olive trees. This island was
anciently dedicated to Bacchus, on account of its
excellent wines ; and has been so famous for its
marble that the best carvers would make use of
no other. The statuaries Phidias and Praxiteles
were natives of this island ; and the famous Arun-
delian marbles at Oxford were brought from this
place.
Paros, or Parccliia, the capital of the Islo of
Paros, and a bishop's see. It was anciently the
largest and most powerful town of the Cyclndes ;
but is greatly decayed. The walls of the castie
are built of ancient pieces of marble, and most of
the columns are placed long-wise ; some of iheni,
that stand upright, support cornices of amezing
size. The natives build their houses of marble,
which they find ready cut to their hands ; but
thev take no care to place the pieces in a regular
manner ; their fields likewise are inclosed with
friezes, altars, and basso-relievos. The present
inhabitants are so ignorant that instead of great
sculptors, and skilful architects, tliey have no-
thincr but carvers of mortars and salt-cellars.
Paros is situate or the W. coast of the island.
Long. 25. 44. E., lat. 37. 8. N.
ParishviUe, p. v. St Lawrence Co. N. Y. 35 m.
S. E. Ogdensburg. Pop. 1,479.
Parret, a river which rises in the S. part of
Somersetshire, Eng. receives the Odered, Ivel
and Throne, and enters the Bristol Channel at
Bridgewater Bay.
Parramatta, a town in New S. Wales, capital
of the province of the same name, with a church,
court-house, hospital, orphan-house, goal, &c.
Pop. 1,200 the soil in most places is remarkably
food. It is seated at the head of the harbour of
ort Jackson, 15 m. W. by. N.of Sydney.
Parsippany, p. v. Morris Co. N. J. 25 ra. N. W.
Newark.
Parsonsfidd, p.t. York Co. Me. Pop. 2,465.
Partenkirch, a town of Bavaria, 48 m. S. S. W.
tS Munich.
Parthenay, a town of France, department of
Deux Sevres, with a c<msiderable trade in cattle
end corn, and manufactures of serge, hats, leath-
er, and earthenware. It is seated on the Thoue,
21 m. S. of Thours and 28 N. N. E. of Niort.
P ar toner aia, a ferry-town of Scotland, in Fife-
shire, near the mouth of the frith of Tay, 9 m.
N. N. W. of St. Andrew.
Paru, a town and fort of Brazil, in the jurisdic-
tion of Para ; situate on the N. side of the head
of the estuary of the Amazon, 200 m. from the
ocean. Long. 54. 20. W., lat. 1. 50. S.
Parys, a mountain of Wales, on the N. W.
coast of the Isle of Anglesey, famous for a cop-
per mine, which is wrought similarly to a stone
quarry open to day. This mine was not opened
till 1768, and the quantity of ore is prodigious.
The purest part is exported raw to the smelting
works at Swansea and other places : the most im-
pure is calcined on the spot, and deprived of its
Bulphur, which is sublimed, and afterwards form-
ed into rolls of brimstone. Quantities of nearly
pare copper are obtained from the waters beneath
the bed of ore, by the intervention of iron. A
load ore, rich in silver, is also found in this moun-
tain. The smelling and boiling houses are in the
valley below, near the sea, and at Amlwich is a
commodious haven for vessels employed in the
copper and brimstone trade.
Pas, a town of France, department of Pas de
Calais, 12 m. S. W. of Arras
Pascagoula, a river of Mississippiiflowing south
iato the gulf of Mexico. It is barred at the mouth
against vessels drawing more than 5 feet water.
Pus de Calais, a department of France, contain-
ing the provinces of Artois and Bourbonnois. It
has a superficial area of 2,500 sq. m. with 570,000
inhabitants. The climate is humid and changea-
ble, several districts are marshy, but the soil in
general is fertile in corn, hemp, flax, Ac. Arras
18 the capital.
Pascical.k, a town of Prussian Pomerania, near
v'hicli are some iron works. It stands on the
Ucker, 28 in. W. of Stettin.
Pasqua, a town of Mexico, in Xalisco, 100 ra.
S. S. W. of Compostella.
Pasqtiaro, a town of Mexico, in Mechoacan, 24
m. S. W. of Mechoacan.
Pasquotank, a county of N. Carolina. Pop.
8,618. Elizabeth is the capital.
Passage, a sea-port of Spain, in Biscay, be-
tween those of Fontarabia and St. Sebastian, 3
m. E. of the latter.
Passaic, a river of New Jersey rising in New
York and flowing S. E. into Newark Bay. It
has a fall of 70 feet at Patterson, where the riv-
er is 40 yards wide and falls in an unbroken sheet,
forming one of the most beautiful cascades in the
country.
Passamaquoddy Bay, an inlet of the Bay of Fun-
dy between the eastern part of Maine and New
Brunswick. It contains the Island of Campobel-
lo. Moose, Deer, and several others, and receives
the waters of many rivers. The tides in the bay
rise more than 30 feet ; the waters abound with
herring, cod, mackerel and pollock, the taking of
which afford occupation to great numbers of peo-
ple. The bay is 12. m. long and 6 wide : it is
navigable for the largest ships.
Passamaquoddy Indians. See Perry.
Passao, Cape, a cape of S. America, in Quito.
Long. 80. 50. W., lat. 0. 30. S.
Passaro, Cape, anciently called Pachimum, the
m ost southerly point of Sicily. It has a fort Id
protect the country from the incursions of the
Barbary corsairs. Off^ this cape, Sir George
Byng defeated a Spanish squadron in 1735. Long.
15. 22. E., lat. 36. 35. N.
Passarowitz, a town of Servia, where a peace
was concluded in 1718 between Charles VI. and
Achmet III. It is situate near the river Moravia,
33 m. E. S. E. of Belgrade.
Pasaruan, a town of the Island of Java, capi-
tal of an extensive principality', with a trade in
cotton and rice, 30 m. W. of ranarucan.
Passau, a fortified city of Bavaria, capital of
the circle of Lower Danube, and formerly of a
principality of its name, which in 1815 was di-
vided between Bavaria and Austria. It stands
on the Danube, where it receives the Inn and Ilz,
and bv these rivers is divided into four parts ;
namely, the town of Passau, Insadt, Ilstadt, and
the fortified castle of Oberhaus, on the mountain
of St. George. This city is celebrated for the
treaty, or religious peace, concluded here in 1552.
In 1662 the cathedral and greatest part of the
town were consumed by fire, but tleyhave been
handsomely rebuilt. It is 65 m. E. S. E. of Ra-
tisbon and 135 W. by N. of Vienna. Long. 13.
32. E., lat. 48. 34. N.
Passenheim, a town of Prussia, in the govern-
ment of Konigsberg, 73 m. S. of Konigsberg.
Passignano, a town of Italy, in the papal states,
17 m. N.W. of Perugia.
Passy, a village of France, department of Par-
is, near the town of St. Denys. Here is a man-
FAT
a»
PAT
nfactnre of considp-able extent for speedily
bleaching cotton and linen cloth.
Passyunb,^ township of Philadelphia Co. Pa. ad-
joining the city.
Pasto, or St. Juan de Pasto, a town of New
Granada, capital of a district of its name, seated
in a valley, 120 m. N. by E. of Quito. Long. 76.
55. W., lat. 1.50. N.
Pa^trana,a. town of Spain, in New Castile, 32 m.
£. of Madrid.
Patairimia, a country in the most southern part
of S. America, bounded on the N. by Buenos
Ayres.and extending 1 ,100 m. on the eastern coast,
from Rio de la Plata to the straits of Magellan.
This country has no timber in the S. parts,
though the N. contains an immense quantity, and
numerous flocks of cattle. The E. coast is gen-
erally low. The natives are tall, stout, and well
made, some of them six feet five inches in height ;
but their hands and feet are remarkably small.
Their colour is a kind of bronze. They have no
other clothing than skins, which they wear with
the hair inward, and a little apron of leather.
Here is found the tougon or American ostrich,
the largest bird of the western continent, being
generally 6 feet high. The Patagonians hunt
them on horseback and kill them with clubs. The
principal harbour is that of Port St. Julian.
Paiak, a town of Hungary, with a protestant
college, situate on the Latoreza, 25 m. S. S. E.
of Cassovia.
Patarut, a city and district of Mysore. See
Seringapatam.
Patani. a town on the N. E. coast of the pen-
insula of Malaya, capital of a district of the same
name, with a well defended harbour. The inhab-
itants have some trade with the Chinese. 300 m.
N. by W. of Malacca. Long. 100. 50. E., lat.
7. 5. N.
Patapsco, a river of Maryland flowing S. E. in-
to the Chesapeak. It forms the harbour of Balti-
more.
Patay, a town of France, department of Loiret,
where the English were defeated, in 1429, by Jo-
an of Arc. 15 ui. N. W. of Orleans.
Patclwuge, p.v. Suffolk Co. N. Y. on Long-
Island.
Paterno, a town of Sicily, in Val di Demona,
built on the ruins of Hybla, so celebrated for its
honev. 15 m. W. of Catania.
Patrrsoti, p.t. Essex Co. N. J. on the Passaic.
Pop. 7.331. It is situated just below the falls of
the river, and has recently grown into importance
by its manufactures. Tliere are 17 cotton facto-
ries, running 30,000 spindles ; and consuming an-
nually 2.000,000 pounds of cotton ; a manufacture
of sail cloth with 1,600 spindles and consuming
yearly 600,000 pounds of flax ; a slittinw and roll-
ing mill working annually 896,000 pounds of iron ;
nail factories making yearly more than 850,000
pounds of nails ; besides iron and brass founden«8
and manufactures of machinery. The capital em
ployed is more than 1 ,000,000 dollars.
Patesville, p.v. Breckenridge. Co. Ken.
PatlitMl, a town of Scotland, in Fifeshire, 2 m
W. of Dysnart, long famous for its manufacture
of nails, and now including different branches of
weaving woolen and linen.
Ptumos, or Patinos, an island in the Grecian
Archipelago, lying 26 m. S. ol the Isle of Samos,
famous for being the place where St. John wrote
the Apocalypse. It is 2.5 m. in circumference,
but produces very little, only a few valleys beinw
capable of cultivation ; partridges, rabbits, quails,
turtles, pigeons, and snipes abound. In the
midst of the island rises a mountain, terminated
by the convent of St. John, the abbot of which
is the prince of the country. The hermitage ol
the Apocalypse is situate on the side of the
mountain between the convent and the port of
Scala. It leads to the church of the Apocalypse,
which is built against a grotto in a rock, point-
ed out as the asylum of St. John, during his ex-
ile. The inhabitants are chiefly sailors or ship-
builders ; and have some trade in cotton, and
stockings of their manufacture. Long. 26. 24.
E., lat. 37. 24. N.
Patna, a city of Hindoostan, capital of Bahar,
seated on the right bank of the Ganges, opposite
the influx of the Gunduck, and fortified with a
wall and citadel. In the citadel were confined
the British prisoners taken in 1764, by Meer Cos-
sim, nabob of Bengal, by whose order they were
brutally massacred. This occasioned the storm-
ing of the city since which period it has acknowl-
edged the British sway, and is the residence of
the provincial courts, &c. The buildings are high
but the streets are narrow. It is a place of con-
siderable trade. 320 m. N. W, of Calcutta. Long.
85. 10. E., lat. 24. 35. N.
Patras, a sea-port of Greece, m the Morea, and
a bishop's see. The Jews, who are one-thirrf of
the inhabitants, have 4 synagoffues, and there are
several handsome Greek churches. The princi-
pal articles of trade are silk, leather, honey, man-
na, pomegranates, citrons, and oranges. It is
seated on the side of a hill, near the entrance of
the gulf of Lepanto, 14 m. S. W. of Lepanto.
Long. 21. 45. E., lat. 38. 17. N.
Patri. a town of Naples, in Terra di Lavoro,
situate near a lake of tlie same name, 13 m. N.
W. of Naples.
Pntrica, a town of the papal states, in Campag-
na di Roma, 13 m. S. of Rome.
Patrick, a county in the E. district of Virginia.
Pop. 7,303. The Court House is 270 m. S. W.
Richmond.
Patrickmlle, p.v. Craven Co. N. C.
Patrimony of St. Peter, & province of Italy, in
the papal slates, 43 m. long and 30 broad, bound-
ed N. by Orvieto, E. by Umbria and Sabina, S.
by Campagna di Roma, and S. W. by the sea.
It was granted by the emperor Constantine, to
support a church he had hnilt in honour of St. Pe-
ter, and for the use of a bishop of Rome. The
country is fertile in corn and fruit, and produces
much alum.
PcUrington,a.toyfnin E.Yorkshire, Eng. Here
the Roman road from the Picts' wall ended ; seat-
ed r.earthe mouth of the Humber, 18 m. E. S fi.
of Hull and 188 N. of London.
Patschkau, a town of Prussian Silesia, on th«
river Neisse, 13 m. W. of Neisse
PAU
584
PAW
Patta, an island on the coast of Zanffuebar, 10
m. in circuit, inliabited chiefly by Arabians, seat-
ed at the mouth of a river of the same name.
Long. 43. 0. E., Iat.1.56. N.
Pattan, a town of Hindoostan, in Nepaul, con-
taining several temples, and about 24,000 houses.
10 m. K. S. E. of Catmandu.
Patlensen, a town of Hanover, 7 m. S. by E. of
Hanover.
Patterson, p.t. Putnam Co. N. Y. Pop. 1,536.
PaUi, a. sea.- port of Sicily, in Val di Demona,
and a bishop's see; seated on the gulf of Patti,
38 m. W. ofMessina. Long. 15. 22. E., lat. 38.
IJ. N.
i*a/<iar«, atown of Hindoostan, in the prov-
ince of Oude, 55 m. N. W. of Canoge and 55 E.
N. E. of Agra.
Pattonsharg, p.v. Botetourt Co. Va. on James
river, 190 ni. W. Richmond.
Pattun, a town of Hindoostan, capital of a dis-
trict of the same name, in Guzerat. It is seated
on the Surswulty, 48 m. N. of Aniedabad. Long.
72. 30. E.. lat. 23. 45. N.
Patucket, or Patctucket FaUs,on the Merrimack,
between Lowell and Dracut, are a violent rapid
of 30 feet descent in a course of 60 rods. A bridge
13 thrown over them, and on the banks of the ri-
ver are numerous manufactures. See Lowell.
Patuxent, a navigable river of Maryland, which
flows into the W. side of Chesapeak Baj', 30 m.
S. of Annapolis.
Patzow, a town of Bohemia, in Bechin, with a
Carmelite convent, and manufactures of cloth.
17 m. E. of Tabor.
Pan, a town of France, capital of the depart-
ment of Lower Pyrenees, with a castle where
Henry VI. was born. It was the ancient resi-
dence of the kings of Navarre ; and, before the
revolution, the capital of Beam. Here are man-
ufactures of cloth, linen, &c., and the environs
are productive in wine and fruit. It is seated on
an eminence, by the river called the Gave de
Pau,97 m. S. of Bourdeaux. Long. 0. 23. W., lat.
43. 7. N.
Paul,, St., an island in the Indian Ocean. See
Amsterdam.
Paul, St., a town of Brazil, in a district of its
name, founded by a colony of Jesuits and Indians
in 1570. The inhabitants are estimated at 20,000,
the greater part of whom are farmers. The town
is pleasantly situated on an eminence, surrounded
on three sides by low meadow-land, and washed
at the base by rivulets which almost insulate it
in rainy weather. It is 36 m. from the sea and
190 W. of Rio Janeiro. Long. 45. 56. W., lat.
23. 26. S.
Paul, St., a town of France, department of Pas
de Calais, 18 m. W. N. W. of Arras.
Paul, St., a town in the department of Upper
Vienne, 10 m. S. E. of Limoges.
Paul, St., a town in the department of Var, 7
m. W. of Nice.
Paul de Fenouilhet, St., a town in the depart-
ment of Eastern Pyrenees, 18 m. W. N. W. of
Perpignan.
Paul de Leon, St.,?L town of France in the depart-
ment of Finisterre. on a bay of the English Chan-
nel, 30 m. N. E. of Brest. Long. 4. 0. W., lat.
48. 41. N.
Paul de OmagiLas, St., a town of Amazonia, on
the S. side of the river Amazon, and on the bor-
ders of Peru. Long. 96. 20. W., lat. 4. 10. S.
Paulding, a county of Ohio. Pop. 160.
Paul Troix Chateaux, St., a town of France,
department of Drome, on the side of a hill, 16 m.
S. of Montelimar.
Paula, a town of Naples, in Calabria Citra, 12
m. W. N. W. ofCosenza.
Paulograd, a town of Russia, in the govern-
ment of Catharinenslaf, 32 m. E. of Catharinen
slaf. Long. 35. 54. E., lat. 47. 10 N.
Pausa, a town of Saxony, in Voigtiand, 7 m.
N. N. W. ofPlauen.
Pausilippo, a mountain 5 m. W. of Naples, cele-
brated for a grotto, which is a passage cut through
the mountain nearly a m. in length, 20 feet m
breadth and 30 in height. People of fashion drive
through this passage with torches ; but the coun-
try people find their way by the light which
enters at the extremities, and at two holes pierced
through the mountain, near the middle of the grotto.
On this mountain is the tomb of Virgil ; and its N.
and E. sides are covered with villas and gardens.
Pduzk, a town of W. Prussia, in Pomcrelia, near
the W. coast of the gulf of Dantzic, 25 m. N. W.
of Dantzic.
Pavia, a province of Austrian Italy, in the gov-
ernment of Milan, called for its fertility the Garden
of the Milanese. It is bounded by Parma, Milan,
and Lodi, and comprises an area of 320 sq. m. with
about 120,000 inhaliitants.
Pavia, the capital of the foregoing province,
and a bishop's see, with a celebrated university,
and a citadel. Besides the cathedral, there are
18 churches, and numerous convents. The chief
articles of commerce are corn, hemp, cheese, and
wine. It was once the capital of Lombardy, and
has undergone various changes. In 1706 it fell
into the hands of Austria; in 1796 it was taken
by the French, and retained till the peace of 1814.
It is seated in a beautiful plain, on the Tesino,
near its conflux with the Po, 17 m. S. of Milan.
Long. 9. 15. E., lat. 45. 13. N.
Pavoasan, the capital of the Isle of St. Thomas,
on the coast of Guinea, and the see of a bishop,
with a fort and a good harbour. It lies under the
equator, in long. 8. 30. W.
Pawlings, p.t. Dutchess Co. N. Y. Pop. 1,705.
Pawlet, p.t. Rutland Co. Vt. 35 m. N. Ben-
nington.
Pawnees, a tribe of Indians in the Missouri Ter
They comprise 3 distinct bands independent in
government, but connected by a general interest
and carry on wars in concert. Their number is
between 6 and 7,000. The Grand Pawnees re
side in a village on the Loup Fork of the Missouri
and have about 3,500 souls. The village of the
Republican Pawnees is 4 m. distant, and contains
1,000. The Loup Pawnees are established 3 m.
farther up the river ; their numbers arc about
2,000. They live chiefly by hunting, but practise
a little agriculture, and keep horses and dogs.
Patctucket, a river rising in Bristol Co. Mass.
and flowing S. into Seekonk river, 4 m. N. E. of
Providence, R. I.
Pawtucket, p.t. Bristol Co. Mass. on the above
river. Pop. 1,4.58. The river here divides Massa-
chusetts from R. I. On the opposite side is the
town of North Providence in Providence Co. R.
I. Pop. 3,503. The two towns are united by a
bridge, and together form one of the largest man-
ufacturing places in the country. The manufac-
tures are mostly of cotton ; they employ 45,000
spindles and 9,000 looms. There are three falls in
the river which afford a very great water power
Pawtuzet, a river of R. I. flowing easterly into
Narraganset Bay, 5 m. below Providence. It haa
P£D
585
PfcQ
many falls and a great number of cotton factories
are situated upon its banks.
Pawtuxet, p.v. in Warwick and Cranston town-
ships R. I. at the mouth of the above river, with
manufactures of woolen and cotton. It is a port
of entry and has some commerce.
Paxton, p.t. Worcester Co. Mass. 55 m. W.
Boston. Pop. 597 ; also townships in Dauphin Co.
Pa. and Ross Co. Ohio.
Paxu, one of the Ionian islands, a little S. of
Corfu, about 15 m. in circumference, inhabited by
about 6,500 Greeks. It produces wine, oil, and
almonds. Long. 20. 20. E., lat. 39. 21. N.
Payerne, a town of Switzerland, in the canton
of Bern, on the river Broye, 22 m. S. W. of Bern.
Paymorro, a town of Spain, in Andalusia, 42
m. N. by E. of Ayamonte and 73 N. W. of Seville.
Paynesville, p.v. Rockingham Co. N. C.
Pays de Vaud, a canton of Switzerland, extend-
ing along the lake of Geneva, and rising gradual-
ly from the edge of that lake. It is richly laid
out in vineyards, corn-fields, and meadows, and
chequered with many villages and towns. Lau-
sanne is the capital.
Paz, La, a city of Buenos Ayres, capital of a
district of its name, and a bishop's see. Besides
the cathedral, it contains four churches, an hospi-
tal, a college, and several convents. It is seated
at the foot of a mountain, in a valley abounding
in wine and fruits, 220 m. N. W. of Plata. Long.
68. 50. W., lat. 17. 0. S.
Pazzy, a town of Romania, and a bishop's see,
8 m. S. W. of Gallipoli.
Peacham, p.t. Caledonia Co. Vt. Pop. 1,351.
Peach Bottom, p.t. York Co. Pa.
Peachtown, a village of Tompkins Co. N. Y.
Peak, a mountainous tract in the N. W. part of
Derbyshire, Eng. which abounds in lead, iron,
millstones, marble, alabaster, coal, and a coarse
sort of crystals. It is much visited on account of
its extraordinary caverns and other curiosities.
The " Wonders of the Peak," which have been
celebrated both in prose and verse, are noticed in
this work under the articles Buxton, Castleton,
Chatstuorth, and Tideswell.
Peaks of Otter, a portion of the Blue ridge of
mountains in Virginia, being the highest summits
in the state. They are 3,103 feet in height.
Pea-Patch, a small island in the Delaware, a
little above the mouth of the canal. Fort Dela-
ware upon this island, commands the passage up
the river.
Pcarlington, p.v. Hancock Co. Miss.
Pearl Islands, islands lying in the bay of Pan-
ama. The inhabitants of Panama have planta-
tions on them.
Pearl River, a navigable river of the state of
Mississippi, which after flowing through a fer-
tile territory, falls into Lake Borgne, a little E. of
Lake Pontchartrain.
Pease, a \ownship of Belmont Co. Ohio.
Pechlarn a town of Austria, on the right bank
of the Danube. The river is very wide; and
here the Romans, who called it Prseclara, had
aharbour for their navy. 14 m. W. of St. Polten.
Pe.dee, a navigable river of the United States,
which rises in N. Carolina, and is there called
Yadkin River : on entering S. Carolina, it takes
the name of Pedee, and flows into Winyaw Bay
at Georgetown.
Pedena, a town of Austrian Illyria, in Istria, 25
m. S. E. of Capo d'Istria.
Pedemirea, a town of Portugal, in Estremadu
1%, on the sea-coast, 33 m. S. W. of Leiria.
74
Pedir, a town of Sumatra, on the N. coast, 40
m. E. S. E. of Acheen. Long. 96. 36. E., lat. 5,
22. N.
Pedraza, a town of Spain, in Old Castile, with
a castle, in which the two sons of Francis I.
were confined. It was the birth-place of the em-
peror Trajan. 25 m. N. E. of Segovia.
Pedro Point, the most northern point of the isl-
and of Ceylon, opposite Point Calymere on the
continent of Hindoostan. Long. 80. 27. E., lat.
9.52. N.
Pedro, St., one of the islands in the Pacific
Ocean called Marquesas. Long. 138. 51. W.,
lat. 9. 58. S. — Also the name of a large river of
Mexico, which runs into the Rio del Norte, on
the borders of Cohahuila ; — a river of Brazil
which falls into the Atlantic ; — and several in-
considerable settlements in S. America, consist-
ing only of a few scattered families of Indians.
Peebles, a borough of Scotland, capital of Pee-
blesshire, seated on the Tweed, over which is
an elegant bridge. It is divided by Eddlestone
Water in the Old and New Town, has manufac-
tures of carpets and serges, and is noted for its ex-
cellent ale. On a projecting rock near the Tweed,
stands Nidpath Castle ; and on an eminence on
the E. stands Horseburg Castle. It is 22 m.
S. of Edinburgh. Long. 3. 7. W., lat. 55. 40. N.
Peeblesshire, a county of Scotland, 30 m. long
and 12 broad ; bounded N. by Edinburghshire, E.
by Selkirkshire, S. by Dumfriesshire, and W. by
Lanarkshire. It is divided into 16 parishes, con-
taining 10,046 inhabitants. Its hills, among which
are those of Tweedsmuir, abound with salubrious
springs, and feed numbers of sheep and cattle.
The principal rivers are the Tweed and Lyne ;
the former runs through the county, whence it
is sometimes called Tweedale.
Pee Pee, a township of Pike Co. Ohio.
Peekskill, p.t. Westchester Co. N. Y. on the
Hudson. 50 m. N. New York.
Peel, a town on the W. coast of the Isle of Man,
situate on a spacious bay. At the S. extremity
of the bay is Peel Isle, a rock of great magnitude
and height, on the summit of which is a castle,
and the dilapidated cathedral of the isle, dedicat-
ed to St. Germain, the first bishop, who lived in
the fifth century. The town is much decayed
and the inhabitants are indolent and poor. 10
m. W. of Douglas. Long. 4, 40. W., lat 54.
13. N.
Peeling, p.t. Grafton Co. N. H. Pop. 291
Peene, a river of Germany, which rises out of
some lakes in Mecklenburg, flows through Hi-
ther Pomerania to the western branch of the Oder
which is thence called Peene, and runs by Wol-
gast into the Baltic Sea, at Peenemunde.
Peenemunde, a town and fort of Prussian
Pomerania, in the isle of Usedom, and the resi
dence of the governor of the island. It commands
the entrance and mouth of the Peene, near which
it stands. 6 m. N. by E. of Wolgast. Long. 13.55.
E., lat. 54. 8. N.
Peer, a town of the Netherlands, in the prov
ince ofLimburg,24 m. N. N. W, of Maestricht.
Pegau, a town of Saxony, on the Elster, 10 m.
S. S. W. of Leipzig.
Pegau, a town of the Austrian states, in Stiria,
near which are considerable lead mines. It is
seated near the Meur, 9 ra. N. N. W. of Gratz.
Pegna de Francia,a. town of Spain, in Leon,.27
m. S. S. E. Ciudad Rodrigo.
Pegnafiel, a town of Spain, in Leon, with a
palace, and a strong castle. It is seated at th«
FK:
586
PEK
fcot of a mountain, near the Duero, 38 m. E.
S. E. of Valladolid. Long. 4. 0. W., lat. 41.
33. N.
Pegnafirme, a town of Portugal, in Estremadu-
ra, afthe mouth of the Mongola, 36 m. N. N. W.
of Lisbon.
Pegnajlory a town of Spain, in Asturias, seat-
ed on the Pravia, 8 m. N. W. of Oviedo.
Petrnaflor, a town of Spain, in Andalusia, 48 m.
N. E. of Seville.
Pegnagarcia, a town of Portugal, in Beira,
26 m. E.'of Castel Branco.
Pagnamacor,A fortified town of Portugal, in
Beira, with a castle, 31 m. E. N. E. of Castel
Branco. Long. 6. o2. W., lat. 40. 6. N.
Prgnaranda, a town of Spain, in Old Castile, 39
m. S. hy E. of Burgos.— Another, 33 m. N. N.
W. of Avila.
Pegnilz, a town of Bavarian Franconia, on a
river of the same name, near its source, 10 m. S.
of Bayreuth.
Pegnon de Velez, a sea-port and fortress of Mor-
occo, seated on a rock in the Mediterranean, near
the town of Velez. It was built by the Spaniards
in 1508, taken by the Moors in 1522, and retaken
in 16G4. It is 73 m. S. E. of Ceuta. Long. 4. 16.
W., lat. 35. 12. N.
Pegu, a province of Birmah, bounded N. by
Arracan and Ava, W. and S. by the bay of Ben-
gal, and E. by Siam. It is very fruitful in corn,
roots, pulse, and fruits : its other products are
teak timber, elephants, elephants' teeth, bees-
wax, lac, saltpetre, iron, lead, tin. petroleum,
very fine rubies, small diamonds, and plenty of
lead. The inhabitants are generally of low stat-
ure and have small eyes. The woman are much
fairer than the men, small, but well proportioned.
In the low flat part of the country, which is liable
to be overflov^ed, the houses are built upon stakes,
and in time of inundation the inhabitants commu-
nicate with each other by boats. Pegu was long
an independent kingdom, and, in 1752, conquered
the kingdom of Birmah ; but Alompra, whom the
king of Pegu had continued as chief at Moncha-
bou, soon afterwards revolted, and in 1757 reduc-
ed Pegu to a dependent province.
Pegu, a city of the above province, erected on
the site of the former city which was ruined by
Alompra in 1757. The ancient city was a quad-
rangle, each side measuring nearly a mile and a
half, and surrounded bv strong walls and other
fortifications, now in ruins. The magnificent tem-
ple of Shoemadoo still exists as a monument of
its ancient greatness. The present city occupies
about one-fourth of the former area. On the N.
and E. sides it borders on tlie old wall, and is
fenced round by a stockade. It is seated on a
river of the same name, 300 m. S. of Ummera-
poora. Long 96. 11. E., lat. 17. 40. N.
Pei-ho, or White-river, a river of China, in Pe-
tche-li, which passes near Pekin,and by the cities
of Tong-tchou and Tiensing, into the Yellow Sea.
The tide flows 110 m., and frequently submerges
the flat country on its banks.
Peijia, a town of Hanover, in the principality of
Hildesheim, with a palace and a Capuchin con-
vent. 20 m. E. of Hanover.
Peipus, or Tchudskoi, a large lake of Russia,
between the governments of Petersburg and Livo-
nia The river Naurova issues from this lake, by
which it has a communication at Narva with the
0ulf of Finland.
Peishore, or Peshawar, a town of Afghanistan,
capital of a fine and populous district of its name.
The inhabitants are estimated at 100 ,(^"'0. Hera
the Hon. M. S. Elphinston had his audience
with the Afghan king in 1809. 95 m. S. S. E.
of Cabul. Long. 70. 37. E., lat. 33. 32. N.
Peiskretscham, a town of Prussian Silesia, in
the government of Oppeln, 39 m. S. £. of Op- ^
peln.
Peitz, a town of Prussia, in the Ucker mark of
Brandenburg, with manufactures of cloth and
yarn ; and in the neighbourhood are iron- works
It stands on the Mauk^e, which runs into the
Spree, 10 m. N. N. E. of Cotbus and 37 S. S. E.
of Frankfort.
Pekin, the capital of the empire of China, in
the province of Pe-tche-li. Its name signifies tJie
Northern Court, to distinguish it from i\an-king,
the Southern Court, where the emperor formerly
resided. This capital forms an oblong square,
and is divided into two cities ; one inhabited by
Chinese, the other by Tartars. Those two cities,
exclusive of the suburbs, are nearly 14 miles in
circumference. The walls of the city are 28 feet
high, 24 thick at the base, and 12 at the top ; and
there are spacious towers at 70 feet distance from
each other. The gates are high, and well arch-
ed, supporting buildings of nine stories high ; the
lowest of which is for the soldiers when they
come off guard : they are nine in number, three
in the S. wall, and two in each of the other sides.
The middle gate, on the E. side, opens into the
Tartar or imperial city, which is a space witliin
the general enclosure, about a mile from N. to S.
and three-fourths of a mile from E. to W., with a
rivulet winding through it. A wall of large red
pohshed bricks, 20 feet high, covered with a roof
of tiles painted yellow and varnished, surrounds
this space, in which are contained the imperial
palace and gardens, the public offices, and lodg-
ings for the ministers, the eunuchs, artificers, and
tradesmen belonging to the court. Between the
other two gates in the S. wall, and the opposite
ones on the N. side of the city, run two stiaight
streets, each 4 m. in length and 120 feet wide.
One street of the same width runs from one of the
eastern to the corresponding western gate, but the
other is interrupted by the imperial city, round the
walls of which it is carried. The other streets
branch from these main streets at right angles, and
are very narrow. The houses have no windows
nor openings to the street, except the great shops ;
most of them are poorly built, and have only a
ground floor. It is astonishing to see the con-
course of people in the main streets, yet not one
Chinese woman among them, and the confusion
occasioned by the number of horses, camels,
mules, asses, waggons, carts, and chairs ; with
out reckoning the several mobs which gather
about the jugglers, ballad-singers, &c. Personb
of distinction have always a horseman to go be-
fore them and clear the way. All the great
streets are guarded by soldiers, who patrole night
and day with swords by their sides, and whips in
their hands, to chastise those who make any dis-
turbance, or take them into custody. The "minor
streets have lattice gates at their entrance into
the great streets, which are shut up at night, and
guarded by soldiers, who suffer no assernblies in
the streets at that time. The emperor s palace
and garden, which occupy two-thirds of the Tar-
tar city, is surrounded by a brick wall, 2 m. in
length, with pavilions at each corner encompassed
by galleries, supported by columns ; the architec-
ture of the stupendous pile of buildings of which
the palace consists is entirely different from that
PEL
537
PEM
of the Europeans. The temples and the towers
of Pekin are so numerous that it is difficult to
count them. The surrounding country is sandy
and unproductive, but provisions of all kinds are
exceedingly plentiful, being brought, as well as
the merchandise, from all parts by canals from
the rivers, which are always crowded with ves-
Bels of different sizes. An earthquake which hap-
pened here, in 1731, hurried above 100,000 per-
sons in the ruins of the houses. The inhabitants
are estimated at 2,000,000. It is 60 m. S. of the
great wall. Long. 116. 27. E., lat. 39. 54. N.
Pelagiiisi, an island in the Grecian Archipela-
fo, about 8 m. in circumference. Long. 24.12.
;., lat. 39. 30. N.
Pelegrino. a mountain on the N. coast of Sicily,
nearly 2 m. W. of Palermo. On this mount is a
cavern, in which is the image of St. Rosolio, the
patroness of Palermo, who is said to have died
nere : and round this cave a church is built,
where priests attend to watch the precious relics,
and receive the offerings of the pilgrims.
Peleio Islands, or Palaos, a group of islands in
the Pacific Ocean, lying between 133. and 136. E.
long, and 6. and 8. N. lat. They are encircled on
the VV. side by a reef of coral; and are 18 in
number, of which the principal ones are Oroolong,
Eiuungs, Emillegue, Artingal, Corooraa, and Pe-
lelew. They are well covered with trees of va-
rious kinds and sizes; and every part of that call-
ed Corooraa bears the marks of industry and good
cultivation. Captain Wilson, of the Antetope
1 E. India packet, who was wrecked here in
1783, found the natives simple in their manners,
delicate in their sentiments, and friendly in their
disposition. The astonishment which they man-
ifested on seeing the English, plainly showed
that they had never before seen a white man.
They had no idea of the nature of powder and
shot, and were exceedingly amazed on seeing its
effects. Their principal arms consist of bamboo
darts, from 5 to 8 feet long, pointed with the
wood of the betel-nut tree ; but there are short
^' ones for different marks, which are thrown by
means of a stick two feet long. The chiefs wear a
bone round one of their wrists, in the form of a
bracelet, which, being a mark of greathonour con-
ferred by the king, is never to be parted with but
with life. They are not all of the same degree, as
appeared from a difference in the bone they wore.
Captain Wilson was invested with the highest
order of the bone. With respect to property, in
these islands, a man's house or canoe is consider-
ed as his own, as is also the land allotted to him,
as long as he occupies and cultivates it ; but,
whenever he removes to another place, the ground
reverts to the king. The natives make canoes
out of the bark of trees, some large enough to car-
ry 30 men. Yams and cocoa nuts, being their chief
articles of subsistence, are attended with the ut-
most care ; and the milk of the latter is their com-
mon drink. On particular occasions, they add to
their ordinary fare certain sweetmeats, and a
Bweet beverage, obtained by the aid of a syrup,
extracted either from the pEiIm-tree or the sugar-
cane. Their houses are raised about three feet
from the ground, the foundation beams being
laid on large stones, whence spring the upright
supports of their sides, which are crossed by oth-
er timbers grooved together, and fastened by
wooden pins, the intermediate space being closely
tilled up with bamboos and palm-tree leaves,
platted together : the inside is without any divis-
ions, forming one great room. They have little
baskets, nicely woven from slips of the plantain,
tree, and wooden baskets with covers, neatly
carved, and inlaid with shells. No one goes
abroad without a basket, which usually contains
some betel-nut, a comb, a knife, and a little
twine. The best knives are made of a piece of
the large mother-of-pearl oyster, ground narrow,
and the outward side a little polished. The combs
are made of the orange-tree, of which there are a
few of the Seville kind; the handle and teeth are
fastened to the solid wood. The n?hing hooks
are of tortoise shell ; and twine, cord, and fishing-
nets, are well manufactured from the busks of
the cocoa-nut. Of the plantain leaf are formed
mats, which serve the people as beds. They also
use a plantain leaf at meals, instead of a plate ;
and the shell of a cocoa nut supplies the place of
a cup. There are vessels of a kind of earthen
ware, of a reddish brown colour, in which they
boil their fish, yams, &,c. A bundle of cocoa-nut
husks serves them for a broom ; and thick bam-
boos, with bores five or six inches in diameter,
are the buckets or cisterns. The shell of the tor-
toise is here remarkably beautiful, and the natives
have discovered the art of moulding it into little
trays or dishes and spoons. Some of the great la-
dies have also bracelets of the samemat.ufacture,
and ear-rings inlaid with shells. The Pelewans, in
general, ai-e stout and well made, rather above the
middle stature, and of a deep copper colour.
Their hair is long, and generally formed into one
large loose curl round their heads. The men are
entirely naked : but the women wear two little
aprons, one before, the other behind. Both sexes
are tattooed, have their teeth made black by art,
and the cartilage between the nostrils bored,
through which they frequently put a sprigor blos-
som of some plant or shrub. The men have the
left ear bored, and the women both ; a few of the
former wear beads in the perforated ear, the lat-
ter either the leaf, or an ear-ring of inlaid tor-
toise-shell. Both sexes are very expert swimmers ;
and the men are admirable divers. Such an
opinion had Abba Thulle, the king of the
island, entertained of the English that on their
departure, he permitted his second son, Lee Boo,
to accompany them to England, where he arrived
in 1784. In a few months after, this hopeful
youth died of the small-pox, and the E. India Com-
pany erected a monument over his grave in Ro-
therhithe church-yard.
Pelham, p.t. Merrimack Co. N. H. 32 m. N.
W. Boston. Pop. 1,075; p.t. Hampshire Co.
Mass. 80 m. W. Boston. Pop. 904 ; p.t. West-
chester Co. N. Y. on East River, 20 m. from New
York. Pop. 334.
Pelissane, a town of France, department of
Mouths of the Rhone, 15 m. W. N. W. of Aix.
Bellerin, a town in the department of Low-
er Loire, situate on the Loire, with a harbour for
small vessels, 10 m. N. of Nantes, and 23 S. E. of
Painboeuf.
Peloponnesus. See Greece.
Pemaquid Bay and Point, on the coast of Maine,
in lat. 43.37. N., long. 69. 30. W.
Pemba,!in island in the Indian Ocean, near the
coast of Zanguebar, about 100 m. in circumfer-
ence. Long. 41. 10. E., lat. 4. 50. S.
Pemba, a town of the kingdom of Congo, capi-
tal of a province of the same name. It IS seated
on the Lozo, 90 m. S. S. E. of St. Salvador. Long.
14. 40. E., lat. 6. 45. S.
Pembina, a river of North America flowintt in-
to the Red River of Lake Winnipeg in lat. 48.
PEN
588
PEN
Pen'Aridge, a town in Herefordshire, Eng. with
R manufacture of woolen cloth; seated on the
Arrow, 7 m. W. of Leominster and 145 W. N. W.
of London.
Pembroke, p.t. Merrimack Co. N. H. on the
Merrimack, 40 m. W. Portsmouth. Pop. 1,312;
p.t. Plymouth Co. Mass. 10 m. N. W. Plymouth.
Pop. 1,324 ; p.t. Genesee Co. N. Y. 25 m. E.of
Buffalo. Pop. 3,831.
Pembroke, a borough of Wales, capital of Pem-
brokeshire. It stands on the innermost creek of
Milford-haven, over which are two bridges, but
the harbour is become injured by the rubbish of
the neighbouring lime-stone quarries. It was an-
ciently surrounded by walls, and had a magnifi-
cent castle, the remams of which still give it an
appearance of uncommon grandeur. 263 ra. W.
by N. of London. Long. 4. 48. W., lat. 51.
43 N.
Pembrokeshire, a county of Wales, 37 m. long
and 28 broad ; surrounded on all sides by the sea,
except on the E., where it is bounded by Caer-
marthenshire, and Cardiganshire. It contains
33.'>,600 acres, is divided into 7 hundreds and 145
parishes, has one city and 7 market towns, and
sends three members to parliament. Pop. in 1821,
74,009. The rivers are inconsiderable. A great
part of the county is plain and tolerably fertile,
consisting of rich meadows and arable land. The
N. E. part alone is mountainous, which, however
yield good pasturage for sheep and cattle. This
county abounds with objects of antiquarian inter-
est, such as druidical circles, cromlechs, single
Btone monuments, castles, «fec.
Pemigewasset, one of the head streams of the
Merrimack in N. H. It joins the Winipisiogee,
at Sanbornton.
Penang. See Prince of Wales Island.
Petiautier, a town of France, department of
Aude, 4 m. N. of Carcassone.
Pendennis, a castle in Cornwall, Eng. on a hill
of the same name, on Falmouth Bay. It was
built by Henry VIII. for the security of the coast,
and on the opposite side of the bay is another cal-
led St. Maws. It is a little to the S. E. of Fal-
mouth, the harbour of which it defends.
PendJeton, a large village in Lancashire, Eng.
2 m. W. N. W. of Manchester. The inhabitants
are principally employed in the trade and manu-
factures of the various Manchester goods.
Pendleton, a county of the E. district of Vir-
ginia. Pop. 6,271. Franklin is the capital ; a coun-
ty of Kentucky. Pop. 3,806. Falmouth is the cap-
ital ; also a town in Pickens Dis. S. C. 100 m. N.
W. Columbia.
Penicke, a strong sea-port of Portugal, in Es-
tremadura, with a good harbour and a citadel;
seated on a peninsula, 48 m. N. W of Lisbon.
Long. 9. 20. VV., lat. 39. 22. N.
Fenig, a town of Saxony, and the chief place
of one of the lordships forming the county of
Schomburg, with a manufacture of woolen stuffs
and a pottery; seated on the Mulda, 11 m. N.
W. of Chemnitz.
Peni-scola, a town of Spain, in Valencia, seated
on a high point of land, surrounded on three
■ides by the i>ea, and of difficult access by land.
It is 30 m. S. by W. of Tortosaand 80 N. N. E.
of Valencia. Long. 0. 24. E., lat. 40. 24. N.
Penjield, p.t. Monroe Co. N. Y. 6 m. E. Roch-
ester. Pop. 4,475; also a township of New Bruns-
wick in Charlotte Co. at the Bay of Fundy.
Penishehr, a town of Afghanistan, capital of a
district in the province of Cabul,46m. N. of Cabul.
Penistone, a town in W. Yorkshire, Eng. with
a small woolen manufacture. It has a handsome
parish church, three meeting-houses, a grammai
school, and three other schools free to the whole
parish. The environs, especially to the W , have
rather a dreary and barren appearance. The
town is seated on the right bank of the river Don,
13 m. S. S. E. of Huddersfield and 177 N. N. W.
of London.
Penkridge, a decayed town in Staffordshire,
Eng. seated on the river Penk, 6 m. S. cf Stafford
and 129 iN. W. of London.
Penkum, a town of Prussian Pomerania, seated
on the Randow, between two small lakes, 15 m.
S. W. of Stettin.
Penmaenmawr, a mountain of Wales, in Caer-
narvonshire, overhanging the sea, and rising to
the height of 1,540 feet. It is 4 m. W. by S. of
Aberconway, and the road to Holyhead crosses it
on the side of a dreadful precipice, from which it
is defended by a wall.
Penn, a township of Philadelphia Co. Pa. ad-
joining the city, also townships in Chester, Nor-
thampton and Schuylkill Cos. Pa. and Morgan
Co. Ohio.
Pennar, a river of Hindoostan, which rises in
Mysore, flows by Gooty, Gandicotta, Cuddaph,
and Vellore, ahd enters the bay of Bengal at
Gangapatnam.
Pennington, p. v. Hunterdon Co. N. J. 9 m. N.
W. Trenton.
Pennsborough, 2 townships in Cumberland Co.
Pa. and villages in Lycoming Co. Pa. and Wood
Co. Va.
PennsbuTg, a township of Chester Co. Pa.
Pennsylvania, one of the United States, bounded
N. by Lake f3rie and New York, E. by New
York and New Jersey, S. by Delaware, Maryland
and Virginia, and W. by Virginia and Ohio. It
extends from 39. 42. to 42. N. lat. and from 74. to
80. 40. W. long, and contains 43,950 sq. m. The
centre of the state is occupied by the great Apala-
chian chain of mountains, which here spread out
to their greatest width, and occupy two thirds of
the whole territory. The Delaware bounds the
state on the East. The Susquehanna with its nu-
merous branches intersect nearly the whole
mountainous region. The Allegany, Mononga-
hela and Ohio, water the western parts. A small
portion of the northern limit is washed by Lake
Erie.
In the country E. of the mountains, the climate
does not differ greatly from that part of New Jer
sey in the same parallel, and may be characteris-
ed in general terms as mild and temperate. The
mountainous country lies exposed to the chilling
north-west winds, and the winter in this part is
severe, with deep snows. W. of the moun-
tains, the climate becomes milder ; here the easter-
ly winds of the Atlantic coast are unknown, and
the country is not exposed to the sudden chan-
ges which they occasion. The heat of the sum-
mer is not so great as upon the coast, and the au-
tumn is long, serene and temperate.
East of the mountains the soil is excellent; in
this part the land is level, and enriched from the
washing of the hills and uplands. In the interior,
the soil is rocky and barren, with fertile spots in
the valleys, and along the borders of the streams.
Some o^ these valleys contain land as rich as any
in the state ; but generally the soil being a black
mould, two or three feet deep, and among the
mountains, is not well adapted to cultivation.
W. of the mountains, the country improves, and
FEW
PUN
around the head streams of the Ohio, is generally
fertile.
The most important mineral is anthracite coal,
in which this state far surpasses all other portions
»f the country. In no part of the world, indeed,
is this valuable material found so abundantly as
in Pennsylvania. It abounds in the Wyoming
and Lackawanna valley, between the Blue Ridge
and the Susquehanna. The anthracite district is
principally occupied by mountains rnnning paral-
lel to the Blue Ridge, often broad, with table sum-
mits, and rising generally about 1,500 feet above
the ocean.
The coal occurs in the greatest quantity in
those parts of this region most accessible by water.
. Extensive veins and beds range from the Lehigh
to the Susquehanna, crossing the head waters of
Schuylkill and Swatara, about 10 m. N. W. of the
Blue Ridge. It is abundant near the Susquehan-
> na, and Lackawanna, but in no part is it so plen-
tiful as at Mauch Chunk, a village on the Lehigh,
• % a branch of the Susquehanna.
The anthracite region of the Susquelianna lies
in the valley formed by the Susquehanna and the
Lackawanna, one of its branches; this region
is distinguished as the valleys of the Wyoming
and Lackawanna, but is in fact without any nat-
ural division, and constitutes a single formation.
It is between 60 and 70 m. long, and 5 broad.
The coal lies in beds, and not as commonly, in
reins; these are of every thickness, from a foot
to 27 feet ; none are much esteemed that are less
than three or four ; few are wrought that are less
than 6. The lateral extent of the beds is immense ;
they break out in the precipices and hills, and
upon the banks of the Susquehanna and Lack-
awanna, and form in some places the pave-
ment of these rivers ; they appear in the sides
and channels of almost every stream from the
mountain ; they blacken the soil in numerous
places ; and wells are often sunk in the coal.
In many of the mines of this region, the
naturalist is gratified by seeing vast deposits of
vegetable impressions and remains which accom-
pany the coal, usually in the slate which forms
the roof, and occasionally in that of the floor;
they exist also in the sandstone, and sometimes
even in the coal itself. There are instances where
they fill the slate for a space of ten feet in thick-
ness. The impressions are very perfect, indica-
ing repose and calm at the time of their deposi-
tion, and excluding the possibility of transport
from distant countries.
There are many species of ferns, none of them,
it is said, modern, and most or all, tropical.
There are impressions sometimes several feet long
and of the same width, of the bark of gigantic
vegetables ; some botanists say they are palms ;
occasionally there are entire limbs carbonized,
and there are frequently broad leaves 6 or 7 in-
ches in diameter. Culmiferous plants are nu-
merous, and also the aquatic algas and rushes ;
the leaves of the plants are usually in full expan-
sion, the most delicate parts of their structure be-
ing accurately preserved or copied. Large quan-
titles of clay and iron and bog ore are connected
with the coal strata of this valley, and chalybeate
mineral springs occur in numerous places.
The western part of Pennsylvania is as abun-
dantly supplied with bituminous coal as the east-
ern is with anthracite. It is found on the rivers
Conemaugh, Alleghany, Mononaahela and Ohio,
and in numerous places W. of the Alleghany
lidge, which is, with some exceotions. its eastern
boundary. It occurs upon these mountains at a
considerable elevation, and elsew^here, in nearly a
horizontal position, alternating with grey sand
stone, often micaceous, and bordered by argillace-
ous schist. The veins are generally narrow, rarely
above 6 feet in width. The coal is abundant,
and of excellent quality near Pittsburg.
Springs holding salt in solution, are common
in various parts of the bituminous coal region ;
they are generally weak near the surface, but
deep springs, disclosed by boring, are often strong.
One of these, which contains as much salt as the
ordinary waters of Salina, was discovered by
boring, about 20 m. from Montrose, bordering on
the state of New York. The most considerable
saline springs are on the banks of the Cone-
maugh and Kiskaminitas, about 30 m. E. of Pitts-
burg. These rivers for many miles wind rapidly
through rocky ravines bordered by hills of 300
and 400 feet in height, that rise with steep ac-
clivities, presenting mural precipices of grey sand-
stone, in places jutting over the road and torrent.
The sandstone is ordinarily fine, but is sometimes
a coarse aggregate, principally quartz. Its thin
laminae are generally in a horizontal position.
The lower strata, often in a decomposing state,
contains vegetable impressions. This rock usu-
ally rests on dark and very fissile argillaceous
schist, that contains much sulphuret of iron, and
forms the roof and floor of numerous beds of bi-
tuminous coal adjacent to the streams. These
beds are from a few inches to 5 feet in tliickness,
and occur at various altitudes, from 200 feet
above the river to a great depth below. Large
quantities of salt are made at these springs. Iron
ore is found in abundance in the extensive cal-
careous valley, between the ridges of the Apala-
chian mountains, particularly in the counties of
Centre and Huntingdon. It is mostly raised from
beds of argillaceous earth, resting on limestone.
The iron manufactured in the counties before
mentioned is distinguished for its tenacity and
malleability. Bituminous coal from the Allegha-
ny mountain is often used for making pig iVon.
The Bedford Springs near the town of that
name among the mountains in the S. of the state,
were discovered in 1804. They arise from a
limestone rock, at the foot of a mountain. The
water is cold, odourless, soft and agreeable to the
taste; it is charged with iron, magnesia and lime,
and is efficacious in removing cutaneous and
chronic complaints. There are several salt
springs in the state. Wild animals are abundant
among the mountains and in all the unsettled
parts. The most remarkable of these is the
cougar, or catamount, sometimes called panther
This animal is common to both parts of the west
ern continent but is not known in the eastern.
Copper ore, in a variety of combinations, ia
3D
PEN
590
PER
found m many places among the motmtaina.
There is a lead mine at I'erkiomen. At Mercer,
on the western border of the state, is a manufac-
tory of copperas from iron pyrites.
The limestone of this state affords good marble.
On the Schuylkill, in Montgomery county, is a
quarry of bluish marble, which is extensively
wrought, and exported. Many of the buildings
in Philadelphia are ornamented with it. There
are quarries of slate in York, Lancaster and
Wayne counties, in the eastern part of the state.
Tlie state is divided into two districts, the
eastern and western. The counties are 51, the
townships f>51. The pop. is 1,347,(J72. Harris-
burg is the seat of gfovernment, and Pliiladelphia
the largest city. The other large towns are Pitts-
burg, Reading, and Lancaster. Agriculture is
«kilfully condncted in the eastern parts. Wheat,
maize, garden vegetables and fruit are raised in
great quantities. In the interior and western
parts the farmers also cultivate buckwheat, rye,
oats, barley, hemp and flax. The commerce of
the state is chiefly confined to the single port of
Philadelphia. The port of Presqu Isle, on Lake
Erie has also some commerce, and the internal
trade across the mountains is very active. The
shipping of the state in 1828 was 104,614 tons.
The imports during the same year were 10,100,152
dollars. The exports of domestic produce 2,617,1 52
dollars. Total exports 4,089,435 dollars. The
manufactures of Pennsylvania are very extensive.
At Philadelphia are large manufactures of cotton,
iron, glass and china ware, besides the great va-
riety of articles made in small establishments.
The cloth annually manufactured is estimated at
24,000,000 yards. At Pittsburg and in the neigh-
borhood, are very large establishments of various
kinds. The glass manufactures of this place are
particularly celebrated, and furnish cut glass
ware, and window glass, equal to any in the
country. The glass is white, clear and excellent,
both in texture and polish. The cotton manu-
f.icture is also extensive, and occupies several
large establishments here and in the neiplibouring
towns of Alleghany and Birmingham. The man-
ufactures of iron employ 9 founderies, 8 rolling
mills and 9 nail factories, which make 18 tons of
nails daily. There arc also 7 manufactories of
steam engines, and lately the manufacture of su-
gar mills, and small steam machinery to drive
them, has become an important branch of business.
There are two establishments in Pittsburg for the
manufacture of steel. There are great numbers
of iron works in various parts of the state. At
York, is a foundery for church bells, manufactures
of cutlery, surgical instruments, &c. Elegant
carpeting is also made at the same place. At
Mayanunk, on the Schuylkill, are large cotton
and woolen manufactories. At Chambersburg,
besides other establishments, are extensive man-
ufactories of edge tools, axes, carpenters' tools,
hatclifts, chisels, &-c. of a quality and temper
equal to any made in Enirland. At Bush Hill,
near Philadelphia, is a manufacture of elegant
floor cloths, from hemp and flax, and of table
cloths from cotton. At Bethany, in Wayne
r.nxinty. is a glass manufactory, which produces
450,000 feel of window glass annually. At Mead-
viljo is a manufactory of paper from straw, which
IS extensively used for wrapping paper. This is
the first successful attempt to make paper from
Htraw.
In the western part are large manufactures of
•uit from springs. The principal salt works are
on the Conemaugh, a stream running into the
Alleghany. The salt manufactured at Kiska
minitas and Conemaugh has in some years
amounted to 300,000 bushels ; it is sold at from
20 to 25 cents per bushel at the works ; the ex-
pense of manufacturing does not exceed 10 cents
a bushel.
A large portion of the numerous salt works are
near the river in the ravines of the Kiskaminitas,
and coal for fuel is procured from veins situated
above the works, in the side of the hill, and costs
but a cent a bushel. Considerable salt is made
near Pittsburg, from a fountain obtained by boring
270 feet ; the water is strong, and is raised by r
steam engine; the salt is white, and of a good
quality. This fountain is sufficient for the annu-
al manufacture of 25,000 bushels. There are
other salt springs on the Ohio, and also on the
Chenango and Mahony.
The legislature consists of a Senate and
House of Representatives. The senators are
chosen for four years, and the representatives an-
nually. Suffrage is universal. The govern-
or is chosen for three years by a popular vote.
There is no Lt. governor and no council. The
governor can only be elected thrice in 12 years
and on retiring from office becomes a senator.
The legislature meets annually at Harrisburg in
December. The state sends 24 representatives to
Congress. The state expenses for 1830, were
6,357,994 dollars, of which enormous sum 5,495,
550 dollars were for canals, railroads and other
internal improvements.
The Presbyterians are the most numerous re-
ligious sect, and are divided into two clas.ses ; one
of which call themselves Associate Presbyterians.
These two have 266 preachers. The Baptists
have 144; the Methodists 140; the German Re-
formed Church 73; the Episcopalians 60; there
are also Lutherans, Unitarians, Catholics, Qua- -
kers, Dutch Reformed, Universalists and Jews.
The navigation of the Schuykill has been im-
proved by a series of canals from Philadelphia to
Port Carbon in the coal region, a distance of 100
miles: 64 m. of which consist of canals, and the
remainder of portions of the river, rendered navi-
gable by dams and slack water. The canals are
36 feet wide, and vi^ere finished in 1825. The Un-
ion canal extends from Reading on the Schuylkill
to Middletown on the Susquehanna, 83 miles; it
is 36 feet wide and four deep. There is a tunnel
on this canal 729 feet long, 18 feet wide and 16
high, being the longest in the United States.
Tills canal was completed in 1828. A branch ex-
lends up the Swatara to the Schuylkill coal,
mines. The Conestoga creek is rendered naviga-
ble by canals, 18 m. from Lancaster to the Sus-
quehanna. The Lehigh canal extends from Eas-
ton to Mauch Chunk 46 3-4 m. ; it is 4 feet wide
and 4 deep, and is esteemed the most perfect ca-
nal in America ; it was executed in 2 years, and
cost 25,000 dollars a mile. The Lackawaxen ca-
nal extends from the Delaware and Hudson canal
25 m. up the Lackawaxen creek to the coalmines,
and is navigable for boats of 25 tons.
The Pennsylvania canal is a work undertaken
by the stale, and designed to form a communica-
tion between Philadelphia and Pittsburg. A lail-
road is to be constructed from Philadelphia to
Columbia 80 m. Here the canal begins and ex-
tends to the Union canal at Middletown, thence
W. to the Juniata, and up that river to the moun-
tains, which are to be crossed by a railroad or tun-
nel ; beyond this the canal is to be continued to
PEN
591
pe:t
Plttsburff. The whole length of this commtinica-
lion will be 394 m.
The other canals new constructing by the state
government are one from Middletown on the Un-
ion canal to Muncey Hills on the W. branch of
the Susquehanna, 90 m. Another from Northum-
berland on the Susquehanna up the E. branch to
JJanticoke falls, 55 m Another from Bristol up
the Delaware to Easton on the Lehigh, 60 m.
This is called the Delaware canal. Another from
Meadville on French creek, a head water of the
Alleghany, to Muddy River in the N. W. of the
state, 20 m. The whole length of the canals in
the state will be 728 m.
The Mauch Chunk railroad extends from the
coal mine, to the river Lehigh, 9m; it was com-
pleted four years since. The Mill Creek railway
extends 3 ni. from Port Carbon up Mill Creek to
the coal mines. The Lackawaxen railroad ex-
tendfe 16 m., from the Lackawaxen canal at Hones-
dale, to the coal mines at Carbondale, on the Lack-
awanna, passing through Rix's Gap, in the Moos-
ic Mountain. An ascent and descent of 1,812 feet
is passed by 8 inclined planes, at 5 of which on the
western side of the mountain are stationary en-
gines. Tliis railroad cost about 12,000 dollars a
mile, and went into operati.inin 1829. Besides
these, there are now in progress the following;
Pennsylvania Railroad, from Philadelphia through
Lancaster to Columbia, on the Susquehanna, 84
m. ; Schuylkill West Branch Railroad, from
Schuylkill Haven to the coal mines on Broad
Mountain, 13 m. long, including a branch of 2 1-2
m. ; Schuylkill Valley Railroad, from Port Car-
bon, eastward up the valley of the Schuylkill,
nearly to its head, 10 m. long, passing through a
district richly supplied with coal ; this last is near-
ly completed The Baltimore and Susquehan-
na Railroad is to extend from Baltimore to York
Haven, on the Susquehanna, 60 m.
This state has a university at Philadelphia and
colleges at Carlisle, Canonsburg, Pittsburg,
Meadville, Alleghany, Uniontown and Washing-
ton. Common education however is in a back-
ward statp. About one third of all the children
in the State attend school. The sum of 2,000,000
dollars was bequeathed by the late Stephen Girard
to found a school in Philadelphia.
Pennsylvania has its name from William Penn,
a quaker who began a settlement in the state in
1681. He made a treaty with the Indians which
was observed on both sides with such scrupulous
honour that not the least discord arose between
the settlers and the savages for 70 years. The
original charter of their state continued till after
the revolution. The present constitution was
established in 1790.
Pennygant, one of the highest mountains of
E.ngland, in Yorkshire, 7 m. N. of Settle. Itt
summit is 3,930 feet above the level of the sea.
On its sides are two awful orifices, called Hulpil
and Huntpit holes ; through each of them runs a
brook, both of which run under ground for about
a mile, and cross each other in the bowels of the
earth without mixing their waters.
Pennytown, a village of Hunterdon Co. N Y.
10 m. N. W. Trenton.
Peno, a town of Pike Co. Missouri.
Penobscot, a river of Maine and the larorest in
the state. It has two large head streams, ihe
chief of which runs W- of Moosehead lake in the
highland which separate Maine from Canada. It
flows S. and on joining the ocean foims a wide
bay to which it gives its name. It is navigable
to Bangor, 50 m.
Penobscot, a countv of Maine on the above
river. Pop. 31,530. Sangor is the capital. Also
a town on the river 30 m. below Bangor. Pop.l ,271.
Penobscot Indians. See Indian Old Town.
Penrice, a town of Wales, in Glamorganshire
Here are the ruins of a Norman castle ; and 3 m
to the N., on a mountain, is a Druidical monu-
ment, called Arthur's stone. Penrice is sealed
on the Bristol Channel. 20 m. S. E. of Caermar-
then and 220 W. of London.
Penrith, a town in Cumberland, Eng., in the
church-yard is a singular monument of antiquity,
called the Giant's Grave. The ruins of the
ancient castle overlook the town from the W.,
and on the heights to the N. is a square stone
building called the "Beacon," well situated for
giving alarm in times of danger. The ascent to
it is difficult, but the prospects from the summit
of the hill are extensive and beautiful. 283 m. N.
N. W. of London.
Penryn, a borough in Cornwall, Eng. Here
are large warehouses for flour and grain imported
from the Isle of Wight, and several good brewe-
ries, which supply the shipping at Falmouth ; and
it has a great trade in the pilchard and New-
foundland fisheries. It is seated on a creek of
Falmouth Haven, 3 m. N. W. of Falmouth and
263 W. by S. of London.
Pensacola, p.t. Escambia Co. W. Florida, on
the Gulf of Mexico. It is the largest town in
West Florida, and has a capacious harbour, but
the town can be approached only by small vessels
It is a naval station of the United States. The
situation is comparatively healthy, and the town
is somewhat thriving. The town was founded
at an early period by the Spaniards. It is 50 m.
E. S. E. Mobile. 900 m. S. W. Washington.
Lat. 30. 25. N., long. 87. W. Pop. about 2,000.
Pensford, a town in Somersetshire, Eng. with
a manufacture of hats; seated on the Chew, 6
m. S. by E. of Bristol and 117 W. by S. of Lon-
don.
Pentlund Frith, a strait which divides the Ork-
ney Islands from Caithness-shire, in Scotland.
It is 20 m. long and 10 broad, and dangerous to
those who are not acquainted with its tides and
currents ; especially in passing the • Pentland
Skerries, a cluster of rocks at the E. end of the
frith. On the largest of these rocks is a lignt-
house. Long. 2. 42. W., lat. 58. 35. N.
Pentland Hills, a ridge of hills, in Scotland, 4
m. W. of Edinburgh.
Penza, a government of Russia, formerly a prov-
ince of Kasan. Its capital, of the same name, is
seated on the Sura, where it receives the rivule*,
Penza, 220 m. S. W. of Kasan. Long. 45. 38
E., lat 53 30 N
TER
PER
Penzanet, a sea-port in Cornwall, Eng. It was
burnt by the Spaniards in 1593, but soon rebuilt,
and made one of the tin-coinage towns. Its trade
is considerable, and consists chiefly in pilchards
and other fish, and in shipping lead, tin, and cop-
per, which abound in the vicinity. In conse-
quence of the mildness and salubrity of the air,
and the agreeableness of its situation, Penzance
is much frequented by invalids, for whose accom-
modation there are cold and hot sea-water baths,
&c. It is seated on a creek of Mount Bay, 10
ra. N. E. of the Land's End and 280 W. by S. of
London.
Peoria Lake, in Illinois, an expansion of the
river Illinois, 20 m. in length and 2 in breadth.
It is vtry deep and has no perceptible current.
Here is a settlement called Peoria, on its banks.
Pepin Lake, an expansion of the Mississippi,
100 m. below the falls of St. Anthony. 24 m.
long and from 2 to 4 broad.
Pepperell, p.t. Middlesex Co. Mass. 40 ra. N.
W. Boston. Pop. 1,440.
Pequignij, a town of France, department of
Somme ; memorable for an interview and treaty
between Louis XI. of France and Edward IV. of
England, in 1475, on a bridge built for that pur-
pose. It is seated on the river Somme, 15 m. S
E. of Abbeville
Perak, a sea-port of Malaya, capital of a king-
dom on the W. coast. It is seated on a river of
the same name, 180 m. N. W. of Malacca. Long.
100.0. E.,lat. 4. 23. N.
Peray, St., a town of France, department of
Ardeche, noted for its wines. It is sealed on the
Rlione opposite Valence, 32 m. N. of Viviers.
Perdido, a river separating Florida from Ala-
bama and flowing into the Gulf of'Me-xico.
Perdu Mount, a lofty mountain of the Pyrenees,
with a double summit, of which the higher is
computed at 11 ,000 feet above the sea. It is of
very difficult access, as the calcareous rock often
assumes the form of perpendicular walls, from 100
to 600 feet in height ; and glaciers increase the
difficulty. About 2,000 feet from the summit is a
lake, which throws its waters to the E., into the
Spanish valley of Beoussa.
Perga, a town of Albania, on the gulf of Ven-
ice, 25 m. W. N. W. of Arta.
Pergamar, a town of Romania, and a bishop's
see, fiO m. S. W. of Adrianople. Long. 25. 55.
E., lat. 41. 10. N.
Pergamo, a town of Natolia, and a bishop's
see, with a palace and a castle. It is not so con-
siderable as formerly, but has nine mosques, and
occupies an oblong circumference of 3 m. at the
foot of a mountain. Here parchment was inven-
ted. It is seated on the Germasti, 15 m. from its
mouth and 37 N. of Smyrna. Long. 27. 27. E.,
lat. 39. 5. N.
Peria, a town of Persia, in the province of Irac,
90 m. W. of Ispahan. Long. 51. 25. E., lat. 32.
20. N.
Periac, a town of France, department of Aude,
celebrated for its salt works. It is seated on a
lake of its name, 6 m. S. W. of Narbonne.
Periapatam, a town of Hindoostan, in Mysore.
The environs are rich and beautiful, and abound
in sandal wood. It is 40 m. W. by S. of Serin-
gapatam.
Periers, a town of France, department of Man-
che, 9 m. N. of Coutances.
Perigord, a former province of France, now
forming the department of Dordogne.
PtrijTueux, a town of France, capital of the de-
partment of Dordogne, and a bishop's see. Hewf
are the ruins of a temple of Venus, an amphithea
tre, &c. It is seated on the river Hie, 50 m. S
W. of Limoges. Long. 0. 43. E., lat. 45. II
Perinda, a town of Hindoostan, capital of a
district of its name, in the province of Dowlatabad,
188 m. N. V^. of Hydrabad. Long. 75. 50. E., *
lat. 18. 33. N.
Perinaura, a town of Hindoostan, in the pro-
vince of Coimbetore, 12 m. S. S. W. of Bhawani-
kudal.
Perleberg, a town of Prussia, in Brandenburg
with considerable cloth manufactures. It is seat
ed on the Stepenitz, 42 m. W. N. W. o^" Ruppin.
Long. 12. 3. E., lat. 53. 8. N.
Perkinsotisville, a village of Amelia Co. Va.
Perkiomen, a township of Montgomery Co. Pa.
on a river of the same name, 25 ii. N. Fhiladel.
Perm, a government of Russia, formerly a prov
ince of Kasan. It is divided into two piovinces,
Perm and Catharinenburg, the capitals of which
are of the same name.
Perm, a town Russia, capital of a governmenf
and province of the same name. It is seated on
the Kama, at the influx of the Zegochekha, 020
m. E. by N. of Moscow and 810 E.' by S. of Pe-
tersburg. Lonfif. 55. 10. E., lat. 57. 55. N.
Permacoil, a town of Hindoostan, in the Car
natic, situate on a mountain, 20 m. N. N. W. of ^
Pondicherry.
Pernalla, a town of Hindoostan, in Guzerat, 38
m. S. of Surat.
Pernamhuco, or Fernamhuco, a province of Bra
zil, bounded N. and E. by the Atlantic Ocean, S.
by Bahia, and E. by the desert territory. It is
about 470 m. from N. to S. and 370 from E. to W. ^,
and abounds in sugar-cane, cotton, and Brazil
wood.
PernamJiuco, the capital of the above province,
consists of three divisions, Recife, St. Antonio,
and Boa Vista. The two former are situated on two
flat sand banks, surrounded by the sea, and con-
nected together by a bridge, partly of stone and
partly of wood ; the other division is connected,
with Boa Vista, situated on the continent, by a
narrow wooden bridge. The greatest part of the
extent of sand between Olinda, a town about a
league distant, on the same sand bank as Recife,
and the latter, remains uncovered, is open to the
sea, and the surf there is very violent. The tide
enters between the bridges, and encircles the mid-
dle compartment. The first division of the town is
composed of brick houses, of three, four, and even
five stories in height : most of the streets are nar-
row and there are no public buildings that require
notice. St. Antonio, the principal division of
the town, is composed chiefly of large houses and
broad streets. It contains the governor's palace
(formerly the Jesuits' convent), the treasury, the
town hall and prison, tlie barracks, and the Fran
ciscan, Carmelite, and Penha convents. It com-
prises several squares, and has to a certain degree
a gay and lively appearance. The river Capibar
ibe discharges its waters into the ciiannel between
St. Antonia and Boa Vista. The harbour belong
ing to Recife, called the Mosqueiro, situated on
the outward bank, is formed by a reef of rocks,
which runs parallel with the town, at a very small
distance. Pernambucois daily increasing in opu-
lence and importance, and European fashions pre-
vail. Long. 35. 20. W., lat. 8. 13. S.
Pemau, a fortified town of Russia, in Livonia,
with a castle ; seated near the mouth of a river of
FER
803
PER
the same name, 95 m N. of Riga. Long. 24. 3.
E., lat. .58. 30. N
Femes, a town of France, department of Vau-
cluse, noted as the birthplace of the celebrated
orator Flechier, bishop of A'israes. 12 m. E. by
N. of Avignon.
Femes, a town in the department of Pas de Ca-
lais, seated on the Clarence, 17 m. N. W. of Arras.
Femo, a town of Sweden, in the province of
Nyland, on the coast of the Baltic, 36 m. E. of
Helstngfors.
Feronne, a strong town of France, department
of Somme. It was called Pacelle, because never
taken, though often besieged, till the 2fith of
June, 1815, when it was stormed by the British.
Charles the Simple was imprisoned in the castle,
where he miserably died ; and the duke of Bur-
gundy detained Louis XI. here three days, till he
consented to sign a disadvantageous treaty. It is
seated on the Somme, 27 m. S. W. of Cambray
and 80 K. by N. of Paris. Long. 3. 2. E., lat. 49.
55. N.
Ferousa, a town of the Sardinian states, in
Piedmont; seated on the river Cluson, 6 m. N.
W. of Pignerol.
Ferpignan, a fortified town of France, capital
of the department of Eastern Pyrenees, with a
good citadel and a university. The inhabitants
carry on a trade in corn, wool, iron, and wine,
and have manufactures of silk, woolens, soap,
liqueurs, &c. This town was the scene of two
battles between the French and Spaniards, in
1793. It is seated partly on a gentle declivity
and partly in a plain, on the Tet, near the Med-
iterranean, 95 m. S. E. of Toulouse. Long. 2.54.
E., lat. 42. 42. N.
Ferquimans, a county of N. Carolina. Pop.
6,857. Hertford is the capital.
Ferrinton, p.t. Monroe Co. N. Y. Pop. 2,155.
Ferry, a county of the E. District of Pennsyl-
vania. Pop. 14,257. New Bloomfield is the
capital. A county of Kentucky. Pop. 3,331. A
county of Missouri. Pop. 3,377. Perry ville is the
capital. A countv of Ohio. Pop. 14,018. Somerset
is the capital. A county of Indiana. Pop. 3,371.
Rome is the capital. A county of W. Tennessee.
Pop. 7,038. Shannonsville is the capital. A county
of Alabama. Pop. 11,509. A county of Mississippi.
Fop. 2,285. Augusta is the capital.
Perry, p.t. Washington Co. Me. on Passama-
quoddy Bay. Pop. 735. Here is a remnant of the
Paseamaquoddy Indians consisting of about 5U
families, under the government of a chief named
executed with considerable neatness. Their
numbers are diminishing.
Ferry, p.t. Genesee Co. N. Y. Pop. 2,792 ; also
towns and villages in Venango Co. Pa.. Geaugp
Stark, Wayne, Shelby, Tuscarawas, Muskingum,
Gallia, Brown, Franklin, Licking, Fairfield, and
Richland Cos. Ohio. Perry Co. Ken. and Perry
C-o. Alabama.
Ferryopolis, p. v. Fayette Co. Pa.
Ferryslnirg, p.t. Cattaraugus Co. N. Y. 30 m.
S. Butfalo. Pop. 2,440 ; p.t. Wood Co. Ohio.
Ferrysville, p. v. Alleghany Co. Pa. 7 m. N
Pittsburg.
Ferrysville, villages in Madison Co. N. Y.,
Richland Co. Ohio, iMercer Co. Ken., Perry Co.
Missouri, Perry Co. Ten. and Bond Co. Illinois.
Ferstpolis, anciently the capital of the Persian
empire. It was taken by Alexander the Great,
who set it on fire. Its magnificent ruins are 50
m. N. E. ofShiras.
Fershore, a town in Worcestershire, Eng.
Here are two churches, and that of Holy Cross
contains several ancient monuments. It is seated
on the Avon, 9 m. E. S. E. of Worcester and 108
W. N. W. of London.
Fersia, a large kingdom of Asia, consisting of
several provinces, which, at different times, have
had their particular kings. It is bounded on the
N. by the Caspian Sea, and the mountains of
Caucasus, W. by the Euphrates and Tigris, S. by
the gulfs of Persia and Ormus and the Arabian
Sea, and E. by Hindoostan. It is about 1,225 m.
in length from E. to W. and 900 in breadth from
N. to S., the chief rivers are the Tigris and Amuc.
In the N. and E. parts it is mountainous and
cold ; in the middle and S. E. parts sandy and
desert; and in the S. and W. level and fertile,
though for several months very hot. The soil
produces various sorts of pulse and corn, and
cotton in great abundance. In several places
naptha,asort of bitumen, rises out of the ground,
and here are numerous mines of gold, silver,
iron, turquois stones, and salt; but the first two
of these are not worked on account of the scarcei-
ty of wood. This country produces all the va-
rious sorts of fruits, excellent wine, and a great
number of mulberry trees. The citron here
grows to great perfection. Likewise dates, pista-
Socbason. They are catholics and have a priest
of that religion, and a protestant missionary
among them during the summer. They live in
rude wigwams, and subsist by fishing, hunting
and the manufacture of chip baskets, which are
73
cbio-nuts, and trees which produce manna. Sheep
and goats are abundant ; as are also camels,
buffaloes, and horses. The principal manufac-
tures are silks, silks mixed with cotton or with
camels' or goats' hair, brocades, gold tissues, gola
velvet, carpets, calicoes, camlets, &c. The Per-
sians are subjected to a despotism similiar to that
which presses upon all oriental nations ; yet their
3d2
PER
894
PER
character is materially different. They are more
gay, lively, and active. They are said to be ex-
tremely ostentatious, and to surpass all other na-
tions in politeness — if the most profuse and hy-
pocritical flattery may be so called. Their dress
18 liijhter than that of the Turks, and they are
lavish in the use of jewels and gold ornamenta.
The beard is held in high estimation, and every
art employed to render it thick and tufted.
They are, however, the most learned people of
the E. ; poetry and the sciences may even be con-
sidered OS their ruling passion. In the former,
their fame is decidedly superior to that of any oth-
er oriental nation. The names of Hafiz, Ferdusi,
and Sadi, are classic even in Europe. The reli-
Ifion of the country is Mahomedism, of the sect
of All. In the beginning of the last century,
Persia wag overrun by the Afghans, who carried
fire and sword tiirough its remotest extremities,
and reduced its proudest capitals to ashes. The
atrocities of the Afghans were avenged, and the
independence of Persia vindicated, by Nadir
Shah ; but, though the victories of this daring
chief threw a lustre on his country, after his death
the country was almost torn to pieces by civil war,
till the fortune of arms gave a decided superiori-
ty to Kiirreem Khan. His death gave rise to an-
other disputed succession, with civil wars, as
furious as before. At length Aga Mahommed, a
eunuch, raised himself to the sovereignty, and not
only retained it during his lifetime, but transmit-
ted is to his nephew, the present sovereign, who
assumed the title of Futteh Ali Shah. He is rep-
resented as an accomplished prince ; and his eld-
est son is said to be highly promising.
Persian Gulf, a sea or inland lake, between
Persia and Arabia. The entrance near Ormus is
not above 30 m. over ; but within it is from 120
to 250 in breadth, and the length from Ormus to
the mouth of the Euphrates is 500 m. The
southern side is particularly celebrated for its
pearl fishery.
Person, a county of N. Carolina, Pop. 10,027.
Roxborough is the Capital.
Perth, a borough of Scotland, capital of Perth-
shire. It has been the residence of the sovereigns
of Scotland, and the seat of the parliament and of
the supreme courts of justice. Near the town
are some saline springs, called Pitcaithly Wells,
deemed beneficial in scorbutic cases. Perth is
seated on the S. W. side of the Tay, which is
navigable for small vessels, but the largest are
obliged to unload at Newburg. Over the river is
a modern bridge of 10 arches, the most beautiful in
Scotland, to the town of Kinnoul. Here are sev-
eral incorporated trades, some of which have halls.
The salmon fishery is a great article of trade ;
and the manufactures of linen and cotton goods,
leather, boots, shoes, and gloves are considerable.
35 in. N. by W. of Edinburgh. Long. 3. 20. W.,
lat. 56. 24. N.
Perthes, a town of France, department of Seine-
«t-Marne, 6 m. S. W. of Melun.
Perthes, a town in the dejwrtment of Upper
Marne, fi m. N. W. of St. Dizier.
Pert/tshire, a county of Scotland, 7G m. long
and 68 broad ; bounded W. by Argyleshire, N.
by the shires of Inverness and Aberdeen, E. by
Angus-shire, S. E. by the frith of Tay and the
counties of Fife and Kinross, and S. by the frith
of Forth and the counties of Clackmannan, Stirl-
ing, and Dumbarton. It contains 4,068,640 Eng-
lish acres, is divided into 76 parishes, and the
number of inhabttants in 1821 was i;}9,0o0. The
counter exhibits scenes of rugged and strikin?
magnificence, contrasted with the most beautiful
ones of cultivation. The Grampian mountains
cross it from S. W. to N. E., the highest of
which is Beniawers. The country N. W. of this
ridge is mountainous, and contains several lakes ;
but the opposite side, though not free from hills,
is more low and fertile. The principal rivers are
the Forth and Tay. Perth is the capital.
Pertigi, a town of the island of Sardinia, 19 m.
S. E. of Castel Arot'opese.
Perttiis, a town of France, department of Vau-
cluse, near the Durance, 11 m. N. of Aix. 38 S.
E. of Avignon.
Peru, an independent state of S. America, the
largest of the former Spanish viceroyalties, bound-
ed on the N. by the republic of Colombia, W. by
the Pacific Ocean, S. by Chile, and E. by Brazil-
It is 750 m. in medium length, from N. to S.,and
about 500 in breadth. Rain is unknown in the
S. parts ; but in the N., where the mountains are
not so high, it often rains excessively. There
are large forests on the sides of the mountains
which advance near the sea ; but none of the
trees are like those in Europe. Peru has been
long celebrated for its mines of gold and silver,
which are the chief or only source of its riches.
Besides the produce of the mines, the commodi-
ties exported are sugar, Vienna wood, cotton, Pe-
ruvian bark, copper, and cocoa. The fiercest
beasts of prey in Peru are the puma and jaguar,
inaccurately called lions and tigers by the Euro-
peans ; for they possess neither the undaunted
courage of the former, nor the ravenous cruelty
of the latter. The lama, or American camel, in-
habits the cold districts, and the elk, bear, deer, ar
madilloes, monkeys, &.C., are numerous. Among
the birds, the most remarkakle is the condor,
which is entitled to pre-eminence over the flying
tribe, in bulk, strength and courage. The river
Guayaquil abounds with alligators, and the neigh-
bouring country swarms almost as much with
snakes and vipers as that round Porto Bello does
with toads. When the Spaniards landed in this
country, in 1530, they found it governed by sr v-
ereigns called Incas, who were revered by liieir
subjects as divinities . and the inhabitants were
found to be much more polished than the natives
of other parts of America, those of Mexico ex-
cepted. These were soon subdued bj' the Span-
iards, under the command of Francic Pizarro.
Aft.er the assassination of Pizarro, in 1541, the
country continued a prey to civil contentions
and insurrections, till about the year 1562, when
Tupac Amaru the son of Manco Capac, who
had taken refuge m the mountains, was attack-
ed by the viceroy Toledo. The inca surrender-
ed himself, and was led to tlie scaffold amid the
PES
595
PET
tears of the people The royal authority, thus
established, continued without interruption till
1781, when a descendant of Amaru began an in-
Burrection. After two years of varied success he
was, however, surprised and taken prisoner to-
f ether with his family, who were all executed,
eru now remained in subjection to Spain, and in
a comparative state of tranquillity for some time ;
and in 1809, when juntas were established in La
Paz and Quito, Peru, sent out troops which sup-
pressed their rising efforts. In 1817 the Peru-
vian army was compelled to evacuate Chile; and
Chile in return sent an army into Peru, under
general San Martin, who in 1821, in conjunction
with the fleet under Lord Cochrane succeeded
in liberating it from the Spanish j'oke. The
country has since undergone so many changes
that it cannot at present be considered as in a set-
tled state. Lima is the capital. See America.
Peru, p.t. Bennington Co. Vt.30 m. N. E. Ben-
nington. Pop. 4.55. This town produces the best
iron in the United States; p.t. Berkshire Co.
Mass. 118 m. W. Boston. Pop. 729;. p.t. Clinton
Qo. N. y. on Lake Champlain opposite Burling-
ton. Pop. 4,949 ; p. v. Huron and Delaware Cos.
Ohio.
Perucria, a province of Italy, in the pope's do-
minions comprehending the ancient province of
Perugino. It is 25 m. long and 24 broad ; and
is bounded W. by Tuscany, S. by Orvieto, E. by
Spoleto and Urbino, and N. by Citta di Castello.
The soil is fertile in corn and good wine.
Perua-ia, the capital of the above province, and
a bishop's see, with a strong citadel and univer-
sity. The churches, and many other buildings,
public and private, are very handsome. It is
seated on a hill, near the Tiber, 85 m. N. of
Rome. Long. 12. 20. E., lat. 43. 6. N.
Perugia, a lake of Italy, 8 m. W. of the city of
its name. It is almost round, 5 m. in diameter,
and in it are three islands.
Peruvian Mountains, 9. range in the north-eastern
part of New fork running parallel with Lake
Champlain. The highest summit is called White-
face, and is 3,000 feet above the lake.
Pesaro, a sea-port of the ecclesiastical states,
in the delegation of Urbino, and a bishop's see ;
the cathedral is magnificent, and it has several
handsome churches, with exquisite paintings.
The environs are remarkable for producing olives
and excellent figs. It is seated on an eminence,
at the mouth of the Foglia, on the gulf of Venice,
17 m. E. N. E. of Urbino. Long. 13. 2. E., lat.
45. 52. N.
Pesr.ara, a strong town of Naples, in Abruzzo
Citra, at the mouth of a river of the same name,
on the gulf of Venice, 9 m. N. N. E. of Chieti.
Peschiera, a strong town of Austrian Italy, in
the Veronese. It was taken by the French in
1796; and the garrison surrendered to the Aus-
trians in 1799. It is seated on the river Mincio,
where it proceeds from the lake Garda, 16 m. W.
of Verona.
Pcscia-, a town of Tuscany, in the province of
Florence, celebrated for its fine oil, 25 ra. N. E
of Florence.
Pescina, a town of Naples, in Abruzzo Ultra,
near the Lake Celano, 20 m. S. by E. of Aquila.
Pesenas, a town of France, department of He-
rault, on the river Herault, 12 ra. N. E. of Be-
ziers.
Pest, a town of Hun^fary, capital of a palatinate
of the same name, with a fortress, a royal palace,
and a university, the only one in the kingdom.
Here are many Greek merchants, who conduct
the Levant trade to Germany and the northern
nations. It is seated on the E. side of the Danube,
opposite Buda, 96 m. E. S. E. of Presburg. Long.
19. 8. E., lat. 47. 30. N.
Pesti, a town of Naples, in Principato Citra,
seated near the magnificent ruins of the ancient
Paestum, 20 m. S. E. of Salerno.
Petapa, a town of Mexico, 25 m. S. E. of
Guatimala.
Petaguel, a province on the N. coast of Brazil,
between the provinces of Seara and Rio Grande.
It contains mines of silver.
Pe-tche-li, the principal province of China,
bounded on the N. by the Great Wall and part of
Tartary, E. by the Yellow Sea, S. by Chaiig-tong
and Ho-nan, and W. by the mountains of Chan-
si. It contains nine cities of the first class, which
have many others under their jurisdiction. Al-
though Pe-tche-li extends no further than 42. N.
lat. yet all its rivers are so much frozen during
four mouths in the year that waggons with the
heaviest loads may safely pass them. The soil is
sandy, and produces very little rice ; but it abounds
with all other kinds of grain, and with the greater
part of the fruit trees common in Europe. But,
what renders this province the most considerable,
is that the riches of the whole empire are brought
hither, the southern provinces furnishing it with
every thing they produce that is most uncommon
and delicious. The inhabitants, in general, are
reckoned not so polite, nor so apt to learn the
sciences, as those of the southern provinces ; but
they are stronger and more warlike. Their num-
ber is estimated at 38,000,000. Pekin is the capital.
Peter and Paid, St., or Petrirpauloskoi, a sea-port
of Russia, in Kamtschatka. The town consists
of some log-houses and a few conical huts. Cap-
tain Clerke, who succeeded captain Cook, and
died at sea, was interred here. It is seated on the
E. side of Awatska Bay. Long. 158. 48. E., lat.
53. 1. N.
Peter le Port, St., a market town in the island
of Guernsey, with an excellent harbour, defended
by two castles.
Peterborough. & city in Northamptonshire, Eng.
It is a bishop's see, and contains 8,5.58 inhab-
itants ; the cathedral was formerly a monaste-
ry. The market-place is spacious, the streets re-
gular, and many of the buildings extremely neat.
The manufacture of stockings is extensive, and
considerable trade is carried on in corn, coal, and
timber. 81 m. N. of London. Long. 0. 4. W .
lat. 52. 30. N.
Peterborough, p.t. Hillsborough Co. N. H 40
m. S. W. Concord. Pop. 1,984. Here are maa
ufactures of cotton, woolen, paper, oil, «fec. ; p.t.
Madison Co. N. Y. 122 m. W. Albany.
PET
696
PET
Peterhead, a sea-port of Scotland, in Aberdoen-
Bhire, situate on a peninsula, about a m. S. of the
mouth of U^ie. It has two harbours, defended by
piers ; a considerable trade in the fishery, and to
the Baltic ; and manufactures of thread, woolen
cloth, and cotton. Here is a small fort and a bat-
tery. A mineral spring, of a powerful diuretic
quality, and the sea-bathing, bring a great resort
of company, for whose accommodation there is a
ball-room and many elegant houses. 34 m. N. E.
of Aberdeen. Long. 1. 35. W., lat. 57.27. N.
Peters, a township of Franklin Co. Pa.
Petersburali, a government or province of Rus-
sia, at the E. extremity of the gulf of Finland.
The greater part of this province, was formerly
callea Ingermanland or Ingria. It comprises an
area of lri,00() square miles, with 700,000 inhabit-
ants. Timber forms the chief source of wealth.
Petersburgh, the metropolis of the Russian em-
pire, in the government of the same name, is sit-
uated on the river Neva, near the gulf of Finland,
and is built partly upon some islands in the mouth
of that river, and partly upon the continent. So
late as the beginning of the last century, tho
ground on which Petersburgh now stands was only
a vast morass, occupied by a few fishermen's huts.
Peter the Great first began this city in 1703. He
built a small hut for himself, and some wretched
wooden hovels. In 1710 the Count Golovkin
built the first house of brick, and the next year
the emperor, with his own hand, laid the founda-
tion of a house of the same material. From these
small beginnings rose the imperial city of Peters-
burgh ; and, in less than nine years after the
wooden hovels were erected, the seat of empire
was transferred from Moscow to this place. The
streets, in general are broad and spacious; and
three of the principal ones, which meet in a point
at the admiralty, are at least two m. in length.
The mansions of the nobles are vast piles of build-
ing, furnished with great cost, in the same ele-
gant style as at Paris or London, and situated
chiefly on the S. side of the Neva, either in the
admiralty quarter, or in tiie suburbs of Livonia
and Moscow, which are the finest parts of the
city. The views upon the banks of the Neva ex-
hibit the grandest and moat lively scenes imagi-
nable. That river is in many places as broad as
the Thames at London : it is also deep, rapid, and
as transparent as crystal ; and its banks are lined
on each side with a continued range of grand
buildings. On the N. the fortress, the academy
of sciences, and tjie academy of arts, are the most
striking objects. On the opposite side are the
imperial palace, the admiralty, the mansions of
many Russian nobles, and the English line, so
called because it is mostly occupied by English
merchants. In the front of these buildings, on
the S. side, is the quay, which extends three m.
eicept where it is interrupted by the admiralty ;
and the Neva, during the whole of that space, has
been embanked by a wall, parapet, and pavement
of hewn granite. There are no fewer than 35
great churches (almost every sect of Christains
Being tolerated), and the number of inhabitants is
supposed to be about 300,000. It is said that 3,000
one-horse sledges are employed for passengers in
the streets, in winter. From its low and marshy
situation, it is subject to inundations, which have
sometimes risen so high as to threaten the town
■with a total submersion. The opposite divisions
of Petersburg, situated on each side of the Neva,
are connected by two bridges on pontoons, which,
on account of the large masses of ice driven down
the stream from lake Ladoga, are usually removed
when these masses first make their appearance ;
and for a few days, till the river is frozen hard
enough to bear carriages, there is no communi-
cation between the opposite parts of the towt>.
Among the noblest ornaments of Petersburg is an
equestrian statue of Peter the Great, in bronze,
erected by Catherine II. in 1782. It is of colossal
size, and stands on a huge pedestal of rock, brought
there at great expense. Within the walls of the
fortress is the cathedral of St. Peter and St. Paul,
in which are deposited the remains of Peter the
Great, and of the successive sovereigns, except
Peter II , who was buried at Moscow. The lite-
rary and scientific institutions are numerous
but the most important is the university, founded
in 1819. A Bible society is established on an ex-
tensive scale, having upwards of 200 auxiliaries
in different parts of the empire. Of the charita-
ble institutions the principal are the foundling
hospital, the sailors' hospital, the lazaretto, the
asylum for the blind, the asylum for the deaf and
dumb, the humane society, &.c. The manufac-
tures are various, and some of them of considera-
ble extent ; and the commercial intercourse is
important from its extensive communication with
the interior, this being the only great maritime
outlet in the gulf of Finland. The principal ex-
ports are hemp, flax, skins, leather, iron, tallow,
&c. : the imports suffar, coffee, cotton, indigo,
dyewood, spices, hardware, &c. The number of
ships that enter the Neva annually, of which
nearly half are British, varies from 1,000 to 1,700.
In 1831 this city suffered severely hy the pesti-
lential cholera. Petersbujg is 355 m. N. W. of
Moscow, 430 N. E. of Stockholm, and 1,400 E. N.
E. of London. Long. 30. 20. E,, lat. 59. 56. N.
Pelersburg, p.t. Rensselaer Co. N. Y. 25 m. N.
E. Albany. Fop. 2,011 ; p.t. Adams, Lancaster and
Perry Cos. Pa. ; p.t. Dinwiddle Co. Va. on the Ap-
pomattox, 25 m. S. Richmond. This town is a
port of entry, and has a considerable commerce
in grain, flour, cotton and tobacco. Pop. 8,322;
p.t. Elbert Co. Geo. on the Savannah, 35 m. above
Augusta ; p. v. Woodland Co. and Boone Co. Ken.
p.t. Columbiana Co. Ohio ; p. v. Pike Co. Ind.
Petersdorf, a town of Prussia, in the province
of Samland, 24 m. S. of Konigsberg.
Petersfield^a. borough in Hampshire, Eng. 54 m.
S. W. of London.
Petershagen, a town of Prussian Westphalia,
with a castle, seated on the Weser, 7 m. N. N.
E. of Minden.
Petersham, p.t. Worcester Co. Mass. 67 m . W.
by N. Boston. Pop. 1 ,695.
Petershavsen, a town of Germany, in Baden,
with a Benedictine abbey and a fort ; seated on
the N. side of the Rhine, opposite Constance.
Peterstown, p.t. Monroe Co. Va.
Petersville, p.t. Frederick Co. Va.
Peterwaradin, a town of Sclavonia, one of the
strongest frontier places the house of Austria
has against the Turks, over whom, in 1716,
prince Eugene here gained a great victory. It is
seated on the Danube, opposite the fortress of
Neusatz, in Hungary. 40m.N. W. of Belgrade
Long. 20. 30. E., lat. 45. 23. N.
Petherton, Sovth, 9. ioyrn in Somersetshire, Eng.
with a manufacture of dowlas ; 130 m. W. by S.
of London.
Petigliano, a town of Tuscany, in the Sien-
nese, 8 m. W. of Castro and 45 S. E. of Sien>
na.
Petit Guave, a sea-port of St. Domingo, seated
PPO
597
PHI
on a bay at the W. end of the island. It is 200
m. E. of Jamaica. Long. 72. 52. W., lat. 18. 27. N.
Fetovne, a city of Eastern Tartary, in tlie prov-
ince of Kirin, inhabited principally by Tartar
soldiers and Chinese condemned to exile. It is
seated on the Songari, 150 m. N. by W. of Kirin.
Long. 125. 55. E., lat. 45. 10. N.
Petrclla, a town of Naples, in the Principato
Citra, 11 m. E.of Molise.
Pelrdla, a town of Albania, 26 m. S. E. of
Durazzo.
Pelrikotc, a town of Poland, and for some time
the meetinir-place of the Polish diets, 80 m. S. VV.
of Warsaw. Long. 19. 46. E.. lat. 51. 12. N.
Pelrina, a strong town of the Austrian states,
in Croatia, seated on the Kulpa, 37 m. £. of Carl-
stadt.
Petrozavodsk, a town of Russia, capital of the
government of Olonetz, with manufactures of
stoneware, leather, lead, &c., and a foundery for
cannon. It is seated on Lake Onega. 65 m
N. E. of Olonetz.
PettapoUy,a. town of Hindoostan, in the district
of Guntoor, seated on the bay of Bengal, 38 m.
S. S. E. of Condavir and 48 N. E. of Ongole.
PettatD, a town of the Austrian states, in Stiria,
with considerable manufactures; seated on the
Drave, 15 m. S. E. of Marchburg.
Pettycur, a harbour of Scotland, in Fifeshire,
one mile W. of Kinghorn, in the frith of Forth.
It is the usual landing-place of passengers from
Leith, on the opposite shore.
Peticorth, a town in Sussex, Eng. In the cen-
tre of the town is a very handsome market-house
of stone ; and in the church are interred the re-
mains of many of the Percies, earls of Northum-
berland ; seated near the Arun, 12 m. N. E. of
Chichester and 48 S. W. of London.
Pevense.y, a village in Sussex, Eng. 14 m. W.
S. W. of Hastings, situate on a small river which
runs into a bay of the English Channel, called
Pevensey Harbour. Here is an ancient castle,
which belonged to Robert, earl of Morton, and is
said to be the largest and most entire remain of
Roman buildings to be seen in Britain. Peven-
sey was anciently a famous haven, though now it
is nearly 2 m. from the sea. Here William the
Conqueror landed, when he invaded England.
Peytonslrurg, a village of Pittsylvania Co. Va.
Pfuffenhofen, a town of Bavaria, with a Bene-
dictine monastery at a small distance. It is seat-
ed on the Ilm, 15 m. S. of Ingolstadt. — Also a
town of Wurtomberg, on the Zaber, 18 m. N. of
Stuttgard ; — a town ofthe Austrian states, in Ty-
rol, seated on the Inn, 15 m. W. of Innspruck; —
and a village of Bavaria, 8 m. S. E. of Ulm.
Pfalzel, a town of Prussia, in the province of
Lower Rhine. It has a convent, which was form-
erly a palace of the kings of the Franks, and is
seated on the Moselle, 3 m. N. E. of Treves.
Pfeddersheim, a town of Germany, in Hesse-
Darmstadt ; seated on the river Prim, 5 rn. W. of
Worms.
Pfo.ffi^o^^, a town of Switzerland, in the canton
of Zurich, 12 m. E. of Zurich.
Pfeter, a town of Bavaria, on a river of the same
name, near its conflux with the Danube, 14 m. E.
by S. of Ratisbon.
Pjinz-and-Entz, one of the ten circles of the
grand duchy of Baden, lying along the two rivers
Pfinz and lintz, from the Rhine to the frontiers of
Wurteraberg. Bruchsal is the chief town.
Pforten, a town of Lusatia, 10 m. S. of Guben.
Pforzheim, a town of Germany, in Baden, with
a castle, and a considerable trade in wood, and
manufactures of cloth, stuffs, stockings, jewell-
ry, and watches. It is seated on the £ntz, 15 m.
E. by S. of Durlach.
Pfreimht, a town of Bavaria, with a castle, seat-
ed at the conflux of the Pfreimbt with the Nab,
10 m. E. of Amberg.
Pfullendorf, a town of Baden, seated on the
Andalspatch, 22 m. N. by E. of Constance.
Pful'ivgen, a town of Wurtemberg, 8 m. S. E.
of Tubingen.
Phalslmrg, a fortified town of France, depart-
ment of Meurthe, near the Vosges mountains, 27
m. W. N. W. of Strasburg.
Phanagora, a town of Russia, in the island of
Taman, with a strong fort. The ruins still show
that it has formerly been large and magnificent.
It is seated on a gulf of the Black Sea, 70 m. E.
by N. of Caffa. Long. 36. 40. E.. lat. 45. 12. N.
Pharos, a smau isia..i ^7i liie Mediterranean Sea
opposite Alexandria, in Eg}-pt, the space between
which and the continent forms an extensive har-
bour. It has a communication with the continent
by a stone causeway'and bridge. It had former-
ly an exceedingly high tower upon it called the
Pharos, on the ton of which were lights for the di-
rection of ships. ' Long. 31. 11. E., lat. 30. 24. N.
Pharsalia, p.t. Chenango Co. N. Y. 12 m. N. W.
Norwich. Pop. 987.
Pharza, anciently Pharsalia, a town of Greece,
in Thessaly, famous for the decisive victory gain-
ed by Julius CsBsar over Pompey,in 48 B. C. It
is an archiepiscopal see, and seated on the £ni-
peus, 10 m. S. of Larissa.
Phelps, p.t. Ontario Co. N. Y. 200 m. W. Al-
bany. Pop. 4,798.
Philadtlphia. See Mla-Sheir.
Pliiluddphia, a county of the E. district of
Pennsylvania comprising 120 sq. m. besides the
city of that name and its suburbs. Pop. 188,961.
Philadelphia, the chief city in Pennsylvania and
formerly the seat of government, stands on the
western bank of the Delaware, 126 miles from
the sea by the course of the river and bay, and 5
miles above the confluence of the Delaware and
Schuylkill. The site is a perfect level, and the
city is built on the most uniform rectangular plan.
The houses are of dark colored brick, and the
streets from 50 to 100 feet wide ; it is probably
the most regular city in the world, a circumstance
that secures it numberless advantages in the way
of convenience, but which deprives it of all that
is picturesque and diversified in aspect. It has
many buildings of striking elegance ; the finest
is the United States Bank, which has a front of
white marble, on the model of the Parthenon.
Another edifice formerly occupied for the same
purpose has a handsome marble front of the Cor-
inthian order ; some of the other banks, and many
ofthe churches are fine specimens of architecture.
The Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts is a
chartered company having for its object the en-
couragement of the arts of painting, sculpture,
architecture and engraving. It has a good col-
lection of paintings, some fine pieces of statuary
and a library.
The academy of Natural Sciences have also a
good museum and library, and conduct a scientific
journal. There are about 40 periodicals in the
city including 23 newspapers, 8 of which are
daily. Bookselling is an active branch of busi-
ness, and consists chiefly in the republication of
English works.
The manufactures of this city, and the neigh
•^'
PH/
598
PHI
bonrhood are principally ofcQtton cloth, iron, glass,
china,carpcnter'8 work,&.c. In the mechanic arts
no city of the United States is superior to Phila-
delphia. There are 7 marliets in the city, 87
places of public worship, 2 theatres, 13 banks and
10 public schools. In the north-western suburb is
the State Prison or Eastern Penitentiary, the larg-
est building in the United States ; it is built of gra-
nite, and covers a space of 10 acres ; the principal
front is 670 feet in length.
The arcade has two marble fronts and contains
Peal»-'s Museum, the beat scientific collection in
this country. Here are most of the birds from
which Wilson drew the figures which illustrate his
work on Ornithology. This museum also con-
tains the most perfect skeleton of the mammoth
which has yet been found in this country. The
mint of the United States is a neat marble edifice.
The University of Pennsylvania, established at
this place was founded in 1755; it has 9 instructers
and 125 students. The Pennsylvania Hospital,
b one of the oldest and best institutions of the
kind in the country ; it comprises two buildings,
one of 278 feet in length ; the number of patients
Is usually about 200. West's painting of Christ
healing the sick, presented by the artist to the
hospital, is shown in a building attached to the
establishment. The Philadelphia library was es-
tablished by the exertions of Dr Franklin, and
now contains 22,000 volumes : the building is or-
namented with a marble statue of the founder.
The American Philosophical Society have a libra-
ry of 4,000 volumes. The Atheneuin 2,000. The
Academy of Natural Sciences 2,000. The Society
of Friend« 2,000, and the Hospital 5,000. The
Pennsylvania University occupies an edifice orig-
iiially designed for the residence of the President
of the United States.
Ti.o Fiir Mount Water Works constitute an im-
mense lydraulic establishment upon the Schuyl-
kill a lutle above the cily, fo.r supplying Philadel-
phia w.th wat^r ; the Schuylkill is dammed, and
the wr'er of the river raised into reservoirs hold-
ing nearly 20,000,000 gallons. From these the
water * conveyed in pipes, amounting in
■ggregale length to 55 miles, through Philadel-
pTiiaand the suburbs. These works cost nearly
a million and a half of dollars. There are two
bridges over the Schuylkill below the water works.
The Delaware at the city is ihree quarters of a
mile wide, and is navigable for ships of the line.
The iity extends nearly from the Delaware to the
Schiit^lkill. The streets are kept uncommonly
clear the markets are well supplied, and living
is cht-aper than in any other large city in the
United States. It is a very agreeable place of
residence except in summer, when the heat is
intense. It was founded by William Penn in
1682 ; and is governed by a Mayor, two councils
and a board of aldermen. The expenses of the
city in 1830 were 255,551 dollars. In commerce
it is the fourth city in the union : in 1828 the
shipping owned here amounted to 104,080 tons.
It is in N. lat. 39. 57. W., Long. 75. 18. 138 m.
N. E. Washington ; 100 N. E. Baltimore; 90 S.
W. New York; 300 S. W. Boston. Pop. 167.811.
Philadelphia, p.t. Jefferson Co. N. Y. 173 m
N. W. Albany. Pop. 1,167; p. v. Monroe Co. Ten
Philanthropy, p. v. Bath Co. Ohio.
Philip, St., a. town of Spain. See Xativa.
Philip, St., a town of Brazil. See Luis de Mar-
anham, St.
Philip Islands, two islands in the S. Pacific,
discovered by captain Hunter in 1791. They
are 5 m. asunder, but almost joined by a sandy
spit above water. They are covered with shrubs,
have few tall trees on them, and the land is low.
Long, of tne eastern island 140. 3. E., lat. 8. 6. S.
Philippeville, a fortified town of the Nether-
lands, 22 m. S. by W. of Namur.
Philippi, a town of Macedon, and an archbish-
op s see. Near this place commonly called the
plains of Philippi, Cassius and Brutus were de-
feated by Augustus and Mark Antony, in 42 B. C.
It is greatly decayed, but an amphitheatre and
several other monuments of its ancient grandeur
remain. 60 m. E. of Salonica. Long. 24. 18.
E., lat. 40. 40. N.
Philippine, a strong town of the Netherlands,
in Flanders. It was taken by the French in 1747,
and again in 1794 ; but restored in 1814. It is
seated on an arm of the Scheldt, 15 m. N. by W.
of Ghent.
Philippine Islands, a large cluster of islands,
said to be 1 ,100 in number, in the E. Indian Ocean.
They were discovered by Magellan in 1519. The
air is very hot and moist, and the soil fertile in
rice, &c. The trees are always green, and there
are ripe fruits all the year. There are many wild
beasts and birds, quite unknown in Europe. The
inhabitants are affable, hospitable, and honest.
They cultivate the land with considerable skill,
and rear pigs, fowls, goats, and buffaloes, unde-
the same roof with themselves. The houses are
bamboo, covered with palm leaves, raised on pil-
lars to the height of nine feet. The chief food con-
sists of rice, cocoa-nuts, and salted fish. Further
particulars are given under the names of the re-
spective islands.
Philippines, JS'ew. See Pelew Islands.
Philippopoli, a town of Macedon, founded by
Philip, the father of Alexander the Great. It
was nearly destroyed by an earthquake in 1818.
It is seated on a small island formed by the Ma-
rizza, 95 m. W. N. W. of Adrianople.
Philips JVorton, a town in Somersetshire, Eng
and 104 m. W. of London.
Philipsburg, p. v. Orange Co. N. Y., Warren
Co. N. J., Centre Co. Pa. and Jefferson Co. Ohio.
Pbilipsville, a village in New Feliciana Parish,
Louisiana.
PAi7/ips, a county of Arkansas. Pop. 1,152. Hel
ena is tlie capital.
Phillips, p.v. Somerset Co. Me. 109 m. N. Port-
land.
Philipsburg, a town of Germany, in the grand
duchy of Baden, formerly fortified and considered
as one of the bulwarks of the empire. It was
taken by the French in 1734, when the duke of
Berwick was killed at the siege ; but it was re-
stored the year following by the treaty of Vienna.
In 1799 it was four times blockaded by the French
republicans, and was at length completely dis.
P.D
599
PIL
mantled. It is seated ©n the Rhine, 17 m. N. of
Durlach.
Fhilipstadt, a town of Sweden, in Wermeland,
seated in a mountainous country, abounding in
iron mines, between two !akes, and watered by a
rivulet. 29 m. N. £. of Carlstodt and ICO W. by
N. of Stockholm.
Pkilipstown, a town of Ireland, capital of King's
county. 40 m. W. of Dublin. Long. 7. 13. W.,
lat. 53. 13. N.
Phillipstown, p.t. Putnam Co. N. Y. on the
Hudson, nearly opposite West Point. Pop.
4,81G.
PhUlipston, p.t. Worcester Co. Mass. 65 m. N.
W. Boston. Pop. 932.
Philone, p.v. Franklin Co. Ohio. 14 m. from
Cohimbus.
Phipshurg, p.t. Lincoln Co. Me. on the Kenne-
bec. 20 in. S. W. Wiscasset.
Piacenza. See Placenza.
Pianezza, a town and castle of the Sardinian
states, in Piedmont, sealed on the Dora, 6 m. W.
of Turin.
Pianoza, an island off the coast of Tuscany, 6
m. S. of that of Elba. It is level and low, as the
name imports. Long. 10. 34. E., lat. 42. 40.
N.
Piave, a river of Auatrian Italy, which rises in
the delegation of Feltre, flows through the Vene-
tian territory, and falls into the gulf of Venice,
IG m. N. E. of Venice.
Piazza, a town of Sicily, in Val di Noto, situ-
ate almost in the centre of the island, 38 m. W.
N. W. of Lentini.
Picardy, a former province of France, on the
English Channel, now chiefly included in Uie de-
partment of Somme.
Pickaicay, a county of Ohio. Pop. 15,935, Clr-
cleville is the capital. Also a town in this Co.
on the Scioto.
Pickering, a town in N. Yorkshire, Eng. It
had a strong castle, in which Richard II. waa
confined, now in ruins. The parish church is an
ancient and spacious building, with a fine lofty
spire ; and here are meeting-houses for Indepen-
dents, Wesleyans, Primitive Methodists, and
Friends. 26 m. N. E. of York and 222 N. by W.
of London.
Pico, one of the Azores or Western Islands.
It has a volcanic mountain, called Pico, about
8,000 feet in perpendicular height, from the sur-
face of the sea to the summit of the peak ; on its
sides are numerous craters, several of which are
now almost concealed by trees. The last erup-
tion of the peak happened in 1718, and destroyed
several vineyards. The island is about 80 m. in
circumference, and produces a great deal of wine.
Long. 28. 26. W., lat. 38. 29. N.
Pichincha, a volcano in South America, 15,993
feet above the sea. It is situated near Quito,
11 deg. S. of the equator.
Pickens, a county of Alabama. Pop. 6,620.
Pickens is the capital.
Pickensville, p.v. Pendleton Dis. S. C.
Pictou, a small island, between that of St. John
and the continent of Nova Scotia, at the E. end
of Northumberland Strait. Long. 62. 15. W.,
lat. 45. 50. N.
Pcits' Wall, in England, a famous barrier against
the Picts, of which some remains are left. It be-
gan at the entrance of Solway Frith, in Cumber-
land, and, passing E. by Carlisle, was continued
across the island to Tynemouth.
Pidaura, a town of the Morea, the ancient
Epidaurus. It is sitoate on the W. coast of the
gulf of Egina, 25 m. E. of Napoli di Romania.
Long. 23. 22. E., lat. 37. 40. N.
Piedmont, a principality of Italy, 150 m. long
and 90 broad ; bounded on the N. by the Valais,
E. by the Milanese, S. by the county of Nice and
the territory of Genoa, and W. by France. It
contains many high mountains, among which are
rich and fruitful valleys, as populous as any part
of Italy. In the mountains are rich mines of
several kinds, and the forests afford a great deal
of game. The principal rivers are the Po, Tana-
ro, Sturia, and Doria. This country has a great
trade in raw silk ; and it produces com, rice,
wine, fruits, hemp, flax, and cattle. It belongs
to the king of Sardinia, whose authority was re-
stored in 1814. Turin is the capital.
Pienza, a town of Tuscany, 25 m. S. E. of
Siena.
Piercy, a township of Coos Co. N. H. Pop.
236.
Piermont, p.t. Grafton Co. N. H. Pop. 1,042.
Pierpont, p.t. Ashtabula Co. Ohio.
Pierrepoint, p.v. St. Lawrence Co. N. Y. Pop.
749.
Pierre, St., a small island near Newfoundland,
ceded to the French in 1763, for drying and
curing their fish. They were dispossessed of it
by the English in 1793. Long. 56. 0. W., lat.
46. 39. N.
Pierre, St., a town of the island of Martinico,
situate on a round bay, on the W. coast, 15 m.
N. W. of Fortroyal. Long. 61. 21. W., lat. 14.
44. N.
Pierre le Moutier, St., a town of France, depart-
ment of Nievre, 15 m. N. W. of Moulins and 150
S. of Paris.
Pielola, a village of Austrian Italy, near Man-
tua, the birth-place of Virgil, to whose memory
an obelisk was erected in 1797, by Bonaparte.
Pietro, St., an island in the Mediterranean, 13
m. long and 3 broad, near the S. W. coasts of
Sardinia, taken by the French in 1763, but reta-
ken soon after.
Pignerol , or Pignerola, a town of Piedmont,
and a bishop's see, with manufactures of woolen,
silk, papter, and leather, and a trade in .corn,
wine, spirits, &c. It is seated on the Cluson,
20 m. S. W. of Turin.
Pike, a county of the E. District of Pennsyl-
vania. Pop. 4,843. Milford is the capital ; a
county of Ohio. Pop. 6,024. Piketon is the
capital ; a county of Kentucky. Pop. 2,677.
Pikeville is the capital; a county of Indiana.
Pop. 2,464. Petersburg is the capital ; a county
of Missouri. Pop. 6,1!^. Bowling Green is the
capital ; a county of Mississippi. Pop. 5,402.
Holmesville is the capital ; also towns and villages
in Alleghany Co. N. Y. Pop. 2,016. Bradford
Co. Pa., Knox, Perry, Madison, Wayne, Starke
and Clark Cos. Ohio.
Pikeland, a township of Chester Co. Pa.
Pike Run, a township of Washington Co. Pa.
Pikesmlle, p.v. Baltimore Co. Maryland.
Pikeville, p.v. Marion Co. Alabama.
Pilesgrove, a township of Salem Co. N. J.
Pilgram, a town of Bohemia, in the circle of
Bechin, at the source of the Iglau, 28 m. E^ of
Tabor.
Pillav, a sea-port of Prussia, on the Baltic.
The harbour is good, and it is well fortified, be-
ing considered as the bulwark and key of the
kingdom. Here is a magazine for military stores ;
and below the gate of the castle is a stone equea>
PIO
600
PIS
trian statue of Frederic William the Great. The
streets are broad and straight, and the houses
built in the Dutch taste. In 1807 it was taken
by the French, and re-taken by the Russians in
1813. It is 20 m. W. by S. of Konigsberg, of
which it is the port. Long. 20. 20. E., lat. 54.
38. N. ■
Pilnitz, a town of Saxony, in Meissen, with a
royal palace, celebrated for a treaty entered into
by the princes of Europe against France, in 1792.
The palace was burned down in 1818, but has
since been rebuilt. 7 m. S. E. of Dresden.
Pilsen, a town of Bohemia, capital of a circle of
the same name, which is particularly rich in
sheep, and noted for excellent cheese. The town
is fortified and well built, and seated at the con-
flux of the Radbuza and Walta, 55 m. S. W. of
Prague. Lon^. 13. 39. E., lat. 49. 42. N.
Pilsno, or Pilzow, a town of Austrian Poland,
seated on the Wisloka, 60 m. E. of Cracow.
Pi/tea, a town of Rus.sia, in Courland, capital
of a fertile district of its name ; seated on the riv-
er Windau, 16 m. N. N. W. of Goldingen.
Pinckneij, p.t. Lewis Co. N. Y. Pop. 783;
p.v. Montgomery Co. Missouri.
PiuckneyviUe, p.t. Union Dis. S. C.
Pine, townships in Alleghany and Lycoming
Cos. Pa.
Pine Grove, a township of Schuylkill Co. Pa.;
p.v. Warren Co. Pa.
Pine Hill, p.v. York Dis. S. C.
PinevUle, p.v. Charleston Dis. S. C. 50 m. N.
Charleston.
Pines, Isle of, an island in the S. Pacific, off the
S. end of New Caledonia, 14 m. in length. It is
a pointed hill, sloping toward the extremities,
which are very low ; and on the low land are
many tall pine trees. Long. 167. 38. E., lat. 22.
38. S. See Pinos.
Piney, a town of France, department of Aube,
12 m. E. N. E. ofTroyes.
Ping-king , or Ping-yuen, a city of China, of
the first rank, in the province of Koeitcheou, 930
m. S. S. W. of Pekin. Long. 107. 28. E., lat. 26.
38. N.
Pingliang, a cily of China, of the first rank,
in the province of Chen-si ; seated on the river
Kin-ho, 550 m. S. W. of Pekin. Long. 106. 25.
E.. l.U. 35. 35. N.
Pbikcl, a strong town of Portugal, in Beira,
capital of a territory of the same name, and a
bishop's see. It is seated on the Coa, 28 m. N.
by W. of Guarda. Long. 6. 40. W., lat. 40.
46. N.
Pinneberg, a town of Hanover, in the duchy of
Hoistein, capital of a small province of its name,
with a castle. It is seated on the Owe, 10 m.
N. W. of Hamburgh.
Pinos, an island of the W. Indies, on the S.
side of Cuba, 25 m. long and 15 broad, mountain-
ous, and covered with pines. Long. 82. 33. W.,
lat. 22. 2. N.
Pinsk, a town of Russian Lithuania, in the gov-
ernment of Minsk. There are many Jews among
the inhabitants, and the Greeks have a bishop.
The chief manufacture is dressing Russian leather.
It is surrounded by morasses, and stands on a riv-
er of the same name, 90 m. E. of Brzesc. Long.
26. 20. E., lat. 52. 18. N.
Piomlino, a small principality of Italy, on the
coast of Tuscany, to which was annexed the
Island of Elba, separated by a channel 7 m.
broad.
PiombinOf a sea-port of Italy, capital of the
above principality. It has a good harbour, de
fended by a citadel, and is seated on a peninsula,
40 m. S. S. E. of Leghorn. Long. 10. 23. E.,
lat. 42. 57. N.
Piperno, a town of the ecclesiastical states, in
Campagna di Roma, built out of the ruins of the
ancient Privernum, and seated on a mountain, 9
m. N. N. W. of Terracina.
Pipley, a town of Bengal, seated on the Suban
reeka, not far from its mouth, 53 m. S. of Mid-
napore.
Piqua, p.t. Miami Co. Ohio.
Pirano, a small sea-port of the Austrian states,
in Istria, seated on a peninsula 6 m. S. W. of
Capo d'Istria.
Piritz, a town of Pomerania, seated near the lake
Maldui, 12 m. S. by W. of New Stargard.
Pirmasens, a town of Bavaria, in the circle of
the Rhine. Near this place, in 1793, the French
were defeated by the Prussians. It is 13 m. E.
of Deux Ponts.
Pima, a town of Saxony, celebrated for a
battle fought in its neighbourhood, between the
allies and the French, in 1813. It has a castle on
a mountain, called Sonnenstein, which was almost
destroyed by the Prussians in 1756 and 1758, and
is now an asylum for invalids, «&c. It is a place
of considerable trade, situate on the Elbe, 12 m. S.
E. of Dresden.
Pisa, a city of Tuscany, capital of the Pisano,
and an archbishop's see, with a famous university
and three forts. The river Arno runs through
Pisa, and over it are three bridges, one of which
is constructed of marble ; and there is a canal
hence to Leghorn. This city formerly contained
100,000 inhabitants, but there are not at present
20,000. The manufactures consist of steel, jew-
ellry, embroidery, damasks, velvet, taffeta, and
calico. The cathedral is a magnificent structure,
and on the right side of the choir is a leaning
tower, much noticed by travellers. There are
upwards of 80 other churches: that of St. Stephen,
belonging to an order of knights, is particularly
deserving of notice. The other remarkable build-
ings are the palaces of the grand duke and arch-
bishop, the arsenal, the great hospital, and the
magnificent exchange, which last is almost super-
fluous, as the trade of Pisa is removed to Leghorn.
It is seated in a fertile plain, at a small distance
from the Mediterranean, 11 m. N. N. E. of Leg-
horn and 42 W. by S. of Florence. Long. 10. 23.
E., lat. 43. 43. N.
Pisano, a territory of Tuscany, lying N. of the
Florentino, on the Mediterranean. It is 47 m.
long and 25 broad, abounds in corn, oil, and wine,
and is well cultivated. Pisa is the capital.
Piscadores. See Pong-hou.
Piscataqtui, a river of New Hampshire, the
mouth of which forms the only port in that state,
and at its entrance is a lighthouse, in long. 70. 41.
W., lat. 43. 4. N.
Piscataway, a township of Middlesex Co. N. J. ;
p.t. Prince George Co. Maryland. 18 m. S. of
Washington.
Pisco, a town of Peru, in the province of lea,
with a good road for ships. It is seated in a coun-
try fertile in excellent fruits and good wine, 130
m. S. S. E. of Lima. Long. 75. 55. W., lat. 13.
36. S.
Pisek, a town of Bohemia, capital of the circle
of Prachin. Bohemian diamonds are found here.
It is seated on the Wotawa, near its conflux with
the Muldau, 58 m. S. S. W. of Prague. Long. 14
0. E., lat. 49. 21. N.
I*IT
m
PLA
Pistoia, a city of Tuscany, and a bishop's see,
with a citadel. There are several fine churches,
magnificent palaces, and handsome streets ; but
it is almost deserted, in comparison to what it was
formerly. The Austrians defeated the Neapolitans
here in 1815. It is seated near the river Stella,
20 miles N. W. of Florence. Long. 11. 29. E.,
lat. 43. 55. N.
Pitcairn's Island, an island in the S. Pacific
Ocean in lat. 2-5. 2. S. L..n^. 130. 21. VV. It is
surrounded by rocks and difficult of access, yet
is fertile and pleasant. Here the mutineers of
the Bounty formed a settlement which has since
been visited by British and American ships. The
inhabitants are about 50 or (iO, a mixture of Eu-
ropeans and OUiheitans; their mHnner.s are civil-
ized, and they speak English.
Pitcaitklij, a village of Sotland. seatpd in a se-
questered vale, 5 miles S. of Perth. Its mineral
waters have been lonij famed in tfcorbul.ic com-
plaints, and it has good accoaiinodatioiis for in-
valids.
Pitha, a seaport of Sweden, in W. Bothnia,
seated on a small island, at thf mouth of a river
of its name, in the gulf of Bothnia. It is joined
to the continent by a wooden bridi/e, and is 95
miles N. N. E. nf Uma. Long. 23. 58. E. lat.
65. 15. N.
Pitschen. a town of Prussian Silesia, in the gov-
ernment of Breslau, on the frontiers of Poland,
50 miles E. of Breslau.
Pitt, a county of N. Carolina. Pop. 12,174.
Greenville is the Capital.
PUtemop.ein, a borough of Scotland, in Fifeshire,
with a harbour on the frith of Forth. In the vi-
cinity are coal mines and salt- works. 10 miles S.
by E. of St. Andrew and 24 N. E. of Edinburgh.
Pittshorough, p.v. Chatham Co. N. C. 2G m. VV.
Raleigh.
Pittsburg, city, Alleghany Co. Pa. the chief
town in the western part of the state. It stands
upon a point of land at the junction of the Alle-
ghany and Monongahela rivers, which here take
the name of Ohio. It is built on a reorular plan
upon the slope of an eminence, and a level plain
nt its foot. It IS finely situated for trade, and en-
joys a communication by steiimboats with all the
jrreat towns on the Ohio and Mississippi ; but it
IS most distinguished for its large and flourishing
manufactures of glass, iron, woolen and cotton.
for whicli see Fennsi/lvania. The surrounding
tountry is exceedinsrly rich in bituminous coal,
which IS delivered at the houses for three cents
the bushel. The congtant use of this fuel causes
a perpetual nlnud of black smoke to hang over
the place. The suburbs, Birminnrham and .Alle-
ghany, lie on the opposite sides of the two rivers
and communicate with the city by bridges. Pitts-
burg is a very flourishing place ; it is not a hand-
somely built town : yet it contains some neat edi-
fices. Pop. 12..542.
PittsjieJ d, p.t. Berkshire Co. Mass. 125 m. W.
Boston. Pop. 3..^70. It is a pleasant town and has
manufactures of cloth, muskets and drums. Here
are barracks and a hospital of the United Slates.
p.t. Merrimack Co. N. H. 15 m. N. W. Concord.
Pop. 1,271 ; p.t. Rutland Co. Vt. Pop. 505; p.t.
Otsego Co. N. Y. Pop. 1 .005.
Piltsfortl, p t. Rutland Co. Vt. Pop. 2,005 p.t.
Monroe Co. N. Y. Pop. 1,841.
Pittsgrove, p.t. Salem Co. N. J.
Pinston,p.t. Kennebec Co. Me. Pop. 1,804;
pt. Hunterdon Co. N. J. ; p t Luzerne Co. Pa
PUtstown, p.t. Rensselaer Co. N. Y. Pop. 3,702.
76
Pittsylvania, a county of the E. District of Vit
ginia. Pop. 26,022.
Piura, a town of Pern, capital of a province of
the same name. This was the first Spanish set
tlement in Peru, being founded by Pizarro in
1531. It is 25 m. S. E of Paita. Long. 80. 29,
W.,lat. 5. 15. S.
Pizzighitone, a town of Austrian Italy, with a
strong castle, in which Francis I. of France was
kept prisoner. It was taken by the French in 1733,
again in 1796, and retaken by the Austrians and
Russians in 1799. It is situate on the Adda, 10 m
N.W. of Cremona and 30 S. E. of Milan.
Pizzo, a town of Naples, in Calabria Ultra, on
the gulf of St. Euphemia 4 m. W. by N. of Monte
Leone.
Pi'acentia, a town of Spain in Estremadura, and
a bishop's see, with a castle. It is seated in a
plain, almost surrounded by mountains, 50 m. N.
K. of Alcantara and 110 W. S. W. of Madrid.
Long. 5. 55. VV., lat. 40. G. N.
PiaceiUia, a town of Spain, in Biscay, seated on
the Deva, 25 m. E. by S. of Bilbao.
Placentia, a sea-port of Newfondland, on the
E. side of a large bay on the S. part of the island.
The harbour is capacious, and defended by a fort,
called St. Louis. It is 60 m. W. S. VV.-of St.
John. Long. 53. 43. W., lat. 47. 15. N.
Placenza, a fortified town of Italy, capital of a
duchy, included in that of Parma, and a bishop's
see, with a good citadel, and a celebrated universi-
ty. The churches, squares, streets, artd fountains
are beautiful. The inhabitants, about 30,000, have
scarcely any other employment than the manu-
facture of silk stuffs. At this place the Austrians
gained a decisive victory over the Spaniards and
French in 1746. In 1796 it was taken by the
French, who were forced to evacuate it in 1799.
In 1800 it again fell into the hands of the French,
and was retained till 1814. It is of greater ex-
tent than Parma, and is seated in a well cultivated
country, near the river Po, 38 m. W. N. W. of
Parma. Long. 9. 33. E., lat. 45. 5. N. See
Parma.
PUun, townships in Stark, Wayne and Frank-
lin Cos. Ohio.
Pliunfjdd, p.t. Washington Co. Vt. Pop. 874;
p.t. Sullivan Co. N. H. Pop. 1,-581 ; p.t. Hamp-
shire Co. Mass. no m. W. Boston. Pop. 983;
p.t. Otsego Co. N. Y. Pop. 1,626; p.t. Essex
Co. N. J. Northampton Co. Pa. and Coshocton
Co. Ohio.
Plaistow, p.t. Rockingham Co. N. H. Pop.
59L
P/rtrt, a town of Bohemia, in the circle ofPil-
sen. with a castle, 20 m. S. E. of Egra.
Plaqunrntnes, a Parish of Louisiana. Pop.
4,489. Fort Jackson is the capital ; also the
name of a bend in the Mississippi, 70 m. below
New Orleans.
Platte river, a branch of the Missouri, from the
west ; it is 400 m. long and joins the Missouri in
lat. 41. N.
Plassey, a town of Bengal, in the district of
Nuddeah, memorable for a great victory obtain-
ed by colonel Clive in 1757 over the nabob Sura-
jah Dowlah. It is 25 m. S. of .Moorshedabad.
Plata or Chuquisara, a rich and populous city
of Peru, capital of the province of Las Charcas,
and an prohbishop's see, with a university. The
cathedral is large, and finely adorned with paint-
iniTs and orildincs. It is seated on the Chimao,
Vm m. S."E. of Cusco. Long. 66. 34. W., lat.
19. 16. S.
3E
?'■»
PLE
602
PLY
Plata or Rio de la Plata, a large river of S.
America, formed by the union of the great rivers
Parana and Uraguay. It was discovered in 1515
by Juan Diaz, de Solis, a Spanish navigator who
was slain by the natives in endeavouring to make
a descent in the country. It forms the S. bound-
ary of Brazil, and enters the Atlantic between
the capes of St. Anthony and St. Mary, the lat-
ter in lat. 35. S. It is H'tO m. broad at its mouth ;
and at Monte Video, (iO m. up the river, the land
i« not to be discerned on either shore when a
Tessel IS in the middle of the channel. This river
his many islets and shoals, which cause adverse
cuirents, and render its navigation intricate;
aita the only safe port on its shores, for ships of
considerable burden, is Monte Video.
Plata, a province of Buenos Ayres, in Para-
guay, seated on the S. W. of the river Plata.
Plate, a town and castle of Pomerania on the
river Rega, 19 m. E. by S. of Camin.
PlattekiU, a township of Ulster Co. N. Y. Pop.
2,044.
Ptatten, a lake of Hungary, 60 m. to the S.
E. of that of Neusidler. It is 46 m. in length,
from 3 to 8 in breadth, and abounds with fish.
Platlen, a town of Bohemia, in the circle of
Saaiz, on the frontiers of Saxony, 14 m. N. of Eln-
boge n .
Plattshurg, p.t. Clinton Co. N. Y. on Lake
Champlain 63 m. S. Montreal. Pop. 4,913. It
was the scene of some important military events
during the late war, and is particularly distin-
guished for the defeat of the British army under
Sir George Prevost, and the capture of the Brit-
ish fleet by Commodoje Mc Donoutrh in Sept.
1814.
Plav, a town of Saxony, in the grand duchy of
Mecklenburg, with a castle, seated on a lake of
the same name 20 m. S. S. E. of Gustrow.
Plaurn, a town of Saxony, capital of Voigtland,
with a castle. It has considerable cotton manu-
factures, and is seated on the Elster, 80 m. S. W.
of Dresden. L<jng. 12 12. E., lat. 5i). 28. N.
Plauen, a town of Prussia, in Brandenburo-, on
a lake formed by the Havel, from which is a ca-
nal to the Elbe. It has a manufacture of porce-
lain, and is 5 ni. W. N. W. of Brandenburg.
Pleasant, townships in Franklin Madison^ Clark,
and Brown Cos., Ohio.
Pleasant Grove, villages in Lunenburg Co. Va.
Orange Co. N. C. Greenville. Dis S. C. Henry
Co. Geo.
Pleasant Garden, villages in Burke Co. N. C.
and Maury Co. Ten.
Pleasant Hill, p.v. Wythe Co. Va.
Pleasant Level, p.v. Warren Co. Ken. and Mon-
roe Co. Alab.
Pleasant Plain, p.v. Franklin Co. Ten.
Pleasant Ridve, p.v. Green Co. Alab.
Pleasant Valley, p.t. Dutchess Co. N. Y. Pop. 2,
419. Here are cotton and other manufactures;
p.Y. Putnam Co. N. Y. Sussex Co. N. J. and P'air-
fax Va.
Pleasantville. a village of Shelby Co. Alab.
Plesis, p.v. Jefferson Co. N. Y.
Ples.ti'., a town of Prussian Silesia, in the gov-
ernment of Oppeln, capital of a lordship, with a
a fine castle. It is surrounded bv walls flanked
with tmvf>rs. and seated on the Vistula, 30 m. E.
S. E. of llatibor. Long. 19. 3. E., lat. 49. !37. N.
Plcttrnherir, a town of Westphalia, with an an-
cient castle ; situate on the Else and Oester, 13
m. S. S. W. of Arensbcrg.
Pleyherg, a to-\-n and oaatle of Austria, in Can-
inthia, seated on the Feistez, at the foot of a moun-
tain 20 m. E. of Clagenfurt.
Ploczko,a. town of Poland, capital of a Palatinate
of the same name, and a bishop's see, with a cas-
tle. It is seated on a hill, near the Vistula, 35 m.
N. W. of Warsaw. Long. 19.29. E., lat. 52. 46. N.
Plocn, a town of Denmark, in the duchy of/
Holstein. It has a castle on a mountain, and is
seated on the N. side of a lake, 24 m. N. N. W. of
Lubec. Long. 10. 30. E., lat. 54. 11. N.
hloormel, a town of France department of Mor-
biham, on the river Due, 27 m. N. E. of Vannes.
Plotzkau, a town of Saxony, in the principality
of Anhalt, with a castle; seated on the Saale, 10
m. W. of Kothen.
Pluckemin, p.v. Somerset Co. N. J.
Plvdenz, a town of Austria, in Tyrol, capital of
a lordship of its name. It is seated on a plain,
on the river 111, 12 m. S. S. E. of Felkirch.
Plum Island, on the coast of Massachusetts,
extends from Newburyport harbour to Ipswich.
It is 9 m. long and a mile in breadth. It is com-
posed of sand hills bearing a scanty vegetation of
plum bushes. The whole surface of the island
IS furrowed into singular hollows and ridges like
immense snow drifts. It produces also wild grapes
and cherries, and in the autumn affords a delight-
ful resort for parties of pleasure who frequent the
island in great numbers to enjoy the sea breezes
On the north end stands two light houses.
Plumb, a township of Alleghany Co. Pa.
Plumpstead, a township of Berks Co. Pa.
Pluviers, or Pithivierc, a town of France, in the
department ofLoiret,20 m. N. N. E. of Orleans.
Plymouth, a borough and sea-port in Devon-
shire, Eng. It is seated at the mouth of the Plym,
and next, to Portsmouth, is the most considerable
harbour in England for men of war. It affords
fine anchorage for ships, particularly since the
constitution of the magnificent break-water across
its entrance. The fishery for pilchards extend
no further E. than this port, whence great quan-
tities are exported to Italy and other cntholic
countries. It carries on a considerable foreign
and domestic trade. The charitable institutions
are numerous, and among those for literary pur-
poses are the Athenseum and a public library. It is
43 m. S. W. of Exeter and 216 W. by S. of Lon-
don. Long. 4. 7. W., lat. 50. 23. N.
Plymouth, a county of Massachusetts, border-
ing on Mass. Bay. Pop. 42,993. Plymouth is the
capital.
Plymouth, p.t. the capital of the above county,
30m.S. E. Boston. Pop. 4,751. Itis memorable
in American history as the place where the first
settlers of New England landed in December
1G20. The Forefathers' Rock, on which ther
first set foot has been removed from the sea shore
to the centre of the town. The fortifications,
erected to defend them from the Indians may
still be seen here ,as also the first well dug in New
England. The landing of the Pilgrims is annu-
ally celebrated at this place, and a large stone ed-
ific called Pilgrim Hall was erected here in 1S20
by the New England .society for use on such occa-
sions. The harbour is shallow and insecure ; the
town has some commerce and manufactures of
cordage, iron and cotton. Pop. 4,751.
Plipnouth, p.t. GraRon Co. N. H. Pop. 1,175 ;
p.t. Windsor Co. Va. Pop. 1,237 ; p.t. Litchfield
Co. Conn. Pop. 2,064 ; p.v. Chenango Co. N. Y.
Pop. 1 591. also towns in Luzerne and Montgom-
ery Cos. Pa. Washington Co. N. C. Richmond Co.
Ohio
POl
iis
POL
Plympton, p.t. Plymouth Co. Mass. 32 m. S. E.
Boston, with manufactures ofiron. Pop. 920.
Plffmpton, a borough in Devonshire, Eng. It
had once a castle, now in ruins ; and is one of the
stannary towns for tin. It is seated near the Plym,
7 m. E. of Plymouth and 218 W. by S. of Lon-
don.
Pli/nlimmon, a vast and lofty mountain of
Wales, partly in Montgomeryshire, and partly in
Cardiganshire. The Severn, the Wye, and other
rivers, have their source in this mountain.
Po, the principal river of Italy, which has its
source at Monte Viso, in Piedmont, flows N. E.
to Turin, and thence proceeding in an easterly
course it divides Austrian Italy from the states of
Parma, Modena, and the pope's dominion, and
enters the gulf of Venice by four principal months.
In its course it receives several rivers, and often
overflows its banks, as most of those rivers de-
scend from the Alps, and are increased by the melt-
ing of the snow. It is crossed like the Rhine by
flying bridges.
Po, a river of China, in the province of Kiang-
si, which runs into the Po-yang-hou, a small dis-
tance from Jao-tcheou.
Pocotaligo, p.v. Beaufort Dis. S. C.
Pocklington, a town in E. Yorkshire, Eng. on a
stream that runs into the Derwent, 14 m. E. of
York and 194 N. by W. of London.
Podeastcin, a town of Bavarian Franconia, near
the source of the Pullach, 30 m. S. E. of Bamberg.
Podgorza, a free city of the Austrian empire,
in Galicia, seated on the Vistula, opposite to
Cracow.
Podiachia, one of the eight palatinates of Po-
land, bounded N. and E. by the river Bog, S. by
the palatinate of Lublin, and W. by tiie Vistula.
It has an area of 5,520 sq. m. with 433,000 inhabi-
tants. The capital is Siedlce.
Podolia, a government of Russia, wrested from
Poland, in 1793. The Dniester separates it from
Moldavia on the S. W., and the Bog crosses it
from the N in a S. E. direction. It has an area
of 20,400 sq. m. with 1,330,000 inhabitants.
Podolsk, a town of Russia, in the government
of Moscow "iS m. S. of Moscow.
Podor, a fortress of Africa, on the river Senegal,
built by the French. It was ceded to the English
in 1703, but afterwards taken by the French, and
confirmed to them by the peace of 1783. Long.
14. 20. W.. lat. 17. 1 . N. In the woods and plains
in the neighborhood, are found numerous herds
of the harnessed antelope. An animal singularly
marked with stripes crossing each other and re-
sembling a harness.
Poggio, a town of Tuscany, with a handsome
palace, 8 m. S. E. of Florence.
Pogcriobonzi, a town of Tuscany, with the ruins
of a citadel, seated near the Elsa, 20 m. S. of
Florence.
MgULU, an Island in the Indian Ocean, on the
W^H|p of the island of Sumatra, and separated
from the N. end of that of Nassau by a narrow
channel, which contains a number of smaller isl-
ands, the whole of which are sometimes called
the Nassau or Poggy islands. It is triangular,
and about 20 m. in length. Long. 99. 33. E., lat.
2. 20. S.
Point, a township of Northumberland Co. Pa.
Point Coupee, a parish of Louisiana. Pop. 5,936.
Point Coupee is the capital.
Point Lahaddie, p.v. Franklin Co. Missouri, on
the Missouri.
Pointopolis, p.v. Clermont Co. Ohio
Point Pleasant, villages in Windham Co. Vt.,
Mason Co. Va., Clermont Co. Ohio Martin Co.
Indiana.
Point Remove, p.v. Pulaski Co. Ark.
Poirino. a town of tlie Sardinian states, in
Piedmont; seated on the Bonna. 14 m. S. E. of
Turin.
Poissy, a town of France, department of Seine-
et-Oise, the birthplace of Louis XI.; seated near
the forest of St. Germain, 15 m. N. W. of Paris.
Poitiers, a town of France, capital of the de-
partment of Vienne, and a bishop's see. Its pop
is not in proportion to its extent; for it includes
1 number of gardens and fields within its circuit.
It has several Roman antiquities, particularlv an
amphitheatre, partly demolished ; and a triumphal
arch, which serves as a gate to the great street.
Here, in 135C, Edward tlie Black Prince gained
a victory over the French, taking prisoners kinir
John and his son Philip, whom he brought to
England. The principal manufactures are stock-
ings, woolen caps, gloves, and combs. It is seated
on a hill, on the river Clain, 85 m. S. W. of Tours
and 120 N. by E. of Bordeaux. Long. 0. 21. E.,
lat. 46. 35. N.
Poitou, a province of France, which now forms
the three departments of Vendee, Vienne, and
Deux Sevres.
P'ola, a strong sea-port of Istria, and a bishop's
see. Here are large remains of a Roman amphi-
theatre and a triumphal arch. It is seated on a
mountain, near a bay of the gulf of Venice, 38 m.
S. of Capo d' Istria. Long. 14. 9. E., lat. 45. 13. N
Poland, a large country of Europe, bounded on
the N. by Prussia, Courland, Livonia, and Russia
W. by the Baltic, Brandenburg, and Silesia, S. by
Hungary and Moldavia, and E. by Russia and the
territories wrested by that power from the Turks.
It was formerly divided into four principal parts,
Great Poland, Little Poland, Red Russia, and
Lithuania. In 1772 a partition of this country,
projected by the king of Prussia, was effi-cted by
tliat monarch, in conjunction with the empress of
Russia and the emperor of Germany. By this
partition one-third of the country was wrested
from the republic, the diet being compelled, by a
foreign force, to make and to ratify this important
cession. The three partitioning powers, more-
over, forcibly effected a great change in the con-
stitution. In 1791, however, the king and the
nation, in concurrence, almost unanimously, and
without any foreign intervention, established
another constitution, and one so unexceptionable
every way that it was celebrated by Mr. Burke
as a revolution whereby the conditions of all were
made better and the rights of non.« infringed. By
it the broils of an elective monarchy, of which
Poland, on almost every vacancy of the throne,
had been involved in the calamities of war, were
avoided, the throne being declared hereditary in
the house of Saxony. A few of the nobility, how-
ever, discontented at the generous sacrifice of
some of their privileges, repaired to the court of
Russia ; and, their representations concurring with
the ambitious views of the empress, she sent an
army into Poland, under pretext of being guaran-
tee of the constitution of 1772. Her interference
was too powerful to be resisted ; and this new
constitution was overthrown. But the principal
object for which the Russian army entered i'o
land was not yet attained. The empress had
planned, in conjunction with the kind of Prus
sia, a second partition of this country, which
took place in 1793. Such multiplied oppressions
POL
604
POL
•t last roused the spirit of the nation. General
Kosciusko appeared, in 1794, at the head of a
PoUsh army, to assert the independence of his
country, and to recover the provinces wrested
from it. He was successful at first, against the
king of Prussia ; but was at length overpowered
by numbers ; the country was in different parts
desolated, the houses burnt, and the inhabitants
massacred in crowds. The brave Kosciusko was
taken prisoner, and sent with a number of other
patriots into confinement at Petersburgh, for hav-
ing dared to defend his native country against
foreign aggression. The king formerly resigned
his crown at Grodno, in 1795, and was afterwards
removed to Petersburgh, where he remained a
state prisoner, till his death, in 1798. The whole
of the country was divided among the three par-
titioning powers. Austria had Little Poland, and
the greatest part of Red Russia and Podolia,
which is now called the kingdom of Galicia ;
Prussia had Great Poland, Polish Prussia, a
small part of Lithuania, and Polachia ; and Rus
sia had Samogitia, the remainder of Lithuania,
Volhinia, and Podolia. In the war with Prussia,
in 1806, the French penetrated into Poland, and
proclaimed their desire to restore its ancient inde-
pendence, when, treaties of peace having been
adjusted with Russia and Prussia, the project
Was for the most part abandoned. By the pl^ace
of Tilsit, the king of Prussia renounced the pos-
session of the greater part of his Polish provinces,
when they were erected into the dukedom of
Warsaw, in favor of the king of Saxony. In
1809 Austria was compelled to cede part of Gal-
icia to Russia, and a further portion to the new
■tales. But on the retreat of the French army
out of Poland, in 1813, the Russians took posses-
sion of the duchy of Warsaw, and the congress of
Vienna not only confirmed to that power all the
polish and Lithuanian provinces acquired before
1795, but added the sovereignty of the central
provinces, which form the present kingdom of
Poland.
The towns of Poland are for the most part
built with wood ; and the villages consist of
mean cottages, or huts. The country is so fer-
tile in corn, in many places, that it supplies Swe-
den and Holland with large quantities, and it has
extensive pastures. Peat, ochre, chalk, belemni
tes, agate, chalcedony, cornelians, onyxes, jasper
rock crvstaVs, amethysts, garnets, topazes, sapphi-
res, and even rubies and diamonds are found in
Poland ; also talc, spar, lapis calaminaris, coal
iron, lead, and quickiilver. Here is much leatlt-
er, fur, hemp, flax, saltpetre, alum, manna, hon
ey, and wax ; and there are mines of salt, of a
great depth, out of which is dug rocksalt. Hor-
ses are numerous, very strong, swift, and beau
tiful ; and horned cattle are bred in immense
numbers.
Poland, the central portion of the preceding
country, erected into a separate state in 1815. It
comprises the chief part of that which, from 1807
to 1813, formed the duchy of Warsaw, and is
bounded by the respective acquisitions of Russia,
Austria, and Prussia. The form of the territory
is a square of 200 m; in the middle stands the
capital, Warsaw ; but there is also a detached
tract extending N. E. towards Lithuania. Its
area is 47,000 square m. and its population 3,472
500. It is subject to the same sovereign as Rus-
sia, but is governed in every respect as a separate
monarchy, the czar being represented by a vice-
roy. The prevailing religion is the Catholic, but
Protestants are numerous, as are also the Jews.
This remnant of the great republic of Poland
has rendered itself noted for the desperate attempt
which it made in 1830 and 1831 to throw off the
Russian yoke. The Polish constitution granted
in 1815 by the Emperor Alexander, had been re-
peatedly violated, and many causes of animosity
between the Poles and their oppressors tended
to embitter their servitude. The Grand Duke
Constantine, commander in chief of the army, out-
raged the feelings of the nation by his insulting
demeanortowards the soldiery. At length inspired
by the recent example of the French and Belgians
the Poles rose in insurrection at Warsaw on the
29th of November 1830 ; the revolt immediately
spread throughout the kingdom and extended in-
to Lithuania and other parts of ancient Poland.
An obstinate and sanguinary war commenced,
and the Poles animated by the greatness of the
object for which tney were contending, and hop-
ing for aid from the powers of western Europe, ob-
tained some advantages in the outset which seem-
ed to promise a successful result to their heroic
efforts. But none of the European powers stirred
in their behalf; the Russians poured in fresh ar-
mies, and Poland overpowered by numbers, was
forced to submit in the autumn of 1831. This un-
fortunate country now groans under a heavier ty-
rany than before. To the Russian armies that
crushed the revolution, Europe owes the further
infliction ofthe pestilential cholera. This disor-
der was introduced by them from Asia into Po-
land during the campaign of 1831, and spread
over a great part of Europe.
Poleron. See Pooluroon
Poland, p.t. Trumbull Co. Ohio. Pop, 1,173.
Polesia, a name commonly given to the palatin-
ate of Brzesc,in Lithuania.
Pol, St., a town of France, department of Pas
de Calais, noted for its mineral waters. 16 m. N
W. of Arras.
Policandro, an island in the Grecian M^^^e-
lago, one ofthe Cyclades, 20 m. in circunMPnce.
Here are a few villages, a castle, and a harbour;
but it consists, in general, of barren rocks and
mountains. It lies between Milo and Paros
Long. 25. 31. E., lat. 36. 32 N.
P6licastro,& town of Naples, in Principato Cit-
ra, seated on a gulf of the same name; in the med-
iterranean, 85 m. S. £. of Naples. Lon. 15 40
E., lat. 40. 15. N.
Polignano, a town of Naples, in Terra di Bari,
seated on a craggy rock, near the gulf of Venice .
16 m. E of Bari. '
POM
605
PON
Poligny, a town of France, department of Jura,
■eated on a rivulet, 23 m. S. S. W. of Besangon.
Polina, a town of Albania, 12 m. S. of Durazzo.
Politz, a town of Pomerania, in the government
of Stettin, celebrated for its hops. Cj ra. N. of
Stettin.
PoUtzka, a walled town of Bohemia, in the cir-
cle of Chrudim, on the frontiers of Moravia, 23
m. S. E. of Cruz dim.
Polizz, a town of Sicily, in Val di Mazara, at
the foot of the mountain Madonia, 23 m. S. E.
of Palermo.
Polkowitz, a town of Silesia, in the principality
of Glogau, 12 m. S. of Glogau.
Pojlockshaws, a town of Scotland in Renfrew-
shire, on the river White Cart, 3 m. VV. S. W. of
Glasgow.
Poluo, a town of Prussia, in Pomerania, on the
river Grabow, 38 m. E. S. E. of Colberg.
Polore, a town of Hindoostan in the Carnatic,
26 m.S. S. W.of Arcot, and5o m. N. W.of Pon-
dicherry.
Polotsk, a strong town of Russia, in the govern-
ment of Vitepsk, celebrated for a number of bat-
tles having been fought in its vicinity, between
the French and Russians, in 1812.- It is seated
on the Dwina, at the influx of the Polota, 60 m.
S. W. of Vitepsk. Long. 27. 50. E., lat. 55. 43. N.
Poltava, a government of Russia, between those
of Catharineslav and Charkov. It has an area
of 16,000 square miles, with 1,500,000 inhabit-
ants ; is fertile in corn ; and affords very rich
pasturage.
Poltava, the capital of the foregoing govern-
ment, with a considerable trade in cattle, corn,
flax, hemp, wax, «fcc. It is famous for a battle,
in 1709, between Peter the Great and Charles
XII. of Sweden, in which the latter was totally
defeated 737 m. S. E. of Petersburgh.
Pollr.n, 5^,a town of Austria, the residence of a
great number of the nobility. The adjacent coun-
try yields excellent saffron. It is seated on the
Drasam,33m. W, of Vienna. Long. 15. 41. E.,
lat. 48. 13. N.
Poltzin, a town of Prussia in Pomerania, near
which are medicinal springs and baths. 50 ni.
N. E. of Stargard.
Polynesia, a term applied by modern geogra-
phers to numerous islands in the Pacific Ocean,
from the Lad rones to Easter Island. The prin-
cipal groups are the Ladrones, Carolinas, Pelew,
Sandwich, Society, Friendly Navigator's, Har-
vey, Georgian, and the Marquesas Islands.
Pombal, a town of Portugal in Estremadura, 16
m. N. E. of Leiraand2l S. of Coimbra.
Pomegue, a small island in the Mediteranean,
near the coast of France, at the entrance into the
harbour of Marseilles defended by a tower.
Pomrrania, an extensive province of Prussia,
ig the S. coast of the Baltic, and com-
pnsiniT }J|a,rea of 12,000 square miles, with 670,
4'»*y iia^iB"'*^- !•• 's divided into the govern-
Stettin, Stralsund and Coslin, and is
watered by several rivers, of which the Oder,
Peene, Ucker, Rega, Persante Ihna, Stolpen,and
Leho are the most considerable. The air is pret-
ty cold, but compensated by the fertility of the
soil, which abounds in pastures and corn, of
which a great deal is exported. The country is
flat, contains many lakes, woods, and forests, and
has several good harbours. It was formerly an
independant duchy of the German empire, and
was divided into Hither and Further Pomerania.
The latter, and part of Hither Pomerania, were
seized by the king of Prussia, and confirmed to
him in 1720 ; the remainder N. of the Scene was
ceded by the king of Sweden, at the treaty of
Kiel in 1814. to the king of Denmark, in ex-
change for Norway, but soon after came to Prus-
sia in exchange for Saxe Lunenburg.
Pomerelia, a district of W. Prussia, extending
W. from the river Vistula to the duchy of Pome-
rania, of which it was formerly a part. It is now
included in the government of Dantzic.
Pomona, or Mainland, the largest of the Or. ney
Islands, being 24 miles long and from t to 10
broad ; but intersected by numerous arms of the
sea. The general appearance of the country \9
much the same as the Mainland of Shetland;
but the soil is more fertile, and in some parts bet
ter cultivated. Kirkwall is the capital. See
Orkneys.
Pondichcrry, a town of Hindoostan, in the Car-
natic. It was first settled by the Fiench in 1674 ;
and previously to the war, of 1756 was a fine city.
It extended along the sea coast above a mile,
was three-quarters of a mile in breadth, and had
a citadel then the best of its kind in India. The
city has been repeatedly taken by the English,
particularly in 1761 (when it was immediately
razed, in retaliation of M. Lally's conduct towards
Fort St. David) and the last time in 1793. I«
was restored to the French at the general peace
85 m. S. by Yf . of Madras. Long. 79. 53. E.,
lat. 11.42. N.
Pondico, a small uninhabited igland of the Gre-
cian Archipelago, near the coast of Negropont.
Long. 23. 29. E., lat. 39. 9. N.
Pondsville, p. v. Essex Co. N. Y.
Povferrada, a town of Spain, in Leon, on the
river Sill, 40 m. S. W. of Leon.
Pong-hou, or Piscadorcs, a cluster of islands in
the China sea, which lie about six leagues from
the W. coast of the island of Formosa. They are
only sand-banks or rocks; and not a shrub is to
be seen upon them. The harbour of Pong-hou,
the principal island, is good, and was fortified by
the Dutch, while they were masters of Formosa.
A Chinese garrison is kept here, with one of the
mandarins called literati, whose chief employ is
to watch the trading vessels between China and
Formosa. Long. 121. 25. E., lat. 25, 30. N.
Pons, a town of France, department of Lower
Charente, with a mineral spring; seated on a hill,
near the river Sevigne, 10 m. S. of Saintes.
Pons, St., a town in the department of Herault,
and a bishop's see. It is seated in a valley sur-
rounded by mountains, in which are fine marble
quarries, 24 m. N. of Narbonne. Long. 2. 47. E.,
lat. 43. 29. N.
Pont Audemer, a town in the department of
Eure, with manufactures of woolen, linen, and
leather, and a brisk trade in corn, cattle, and ci-
der; seated on the Rille, 23 m. W. S. V^'. of Rouen.
Pont a Morisson, a town in the department of
Meurthe. It had once a university, which was
removed to Nancy in 1769. It is seated on the
Moselle, which divides it into two parts, 14 m.
N. N. W.of Nancy.
Pont de Camare, a town in the department of
Aveiron, celebrated for its mineral waters, 40 m.
S. S. E. of Rodez.
Pont de Ce, a town in the department of Maine-
et-Loire, seated on the Loire, 3 m. S. of Angers.
Pont de l'£rche, a town of France in the de-
partment of Eure, seated on the Seine, 18 m. N.
of Evreux.
Pont I'Eveque, a town of France in the depart-
3s2
roN
fl06
POO
ment of Calvados. It is a trading place, seated
Dii the Touque, 4 m. from the sea, and 40 W. S.
W. of Rouen. Long. 0. 10. E., lat. 49. 17. N.
Pont de Vavx, a town of France in the depart-
ment of Ain, seated on the Resouze, near its con-
flux with the Saone, 8 m. S. of Macon.
Pont de Vesle, a town of France in the depart-
ment of Ain, witli manufactures of stuffs and
tapestry ; seated on the Vesle, 12 ra. W. of Bourg.
Pont Gi.baut, a town of France in the depart-
ment of Puy de Dome, 10 m. W. N. W. of Cler-
mont.
PotU St. Esprit, a town of France in the de-
partment of Gard, on the river Rhone, over which
IS one of the finest bridges in Europe, consisting
of 19 great and four small archep. To facilitate
the passage of the water, in time of floods, aper-
tures are made through each pier, six feet above
the common level of the river; and, to stem the
ranidlty of the river, the bridge is not built in a
right line, but in a curve. Here are manufac-
tu'res of silk, and a good trade in wine, oil, and
fruits. 17 m. S. of Viviers and 55 N. E. of Mont-
pelier. Long. 4. 40. E., lat. 44. 15. N.
Pont St. Marence, a town of France in the de-
partment of Seine-ot-Oise, 5 m. N. of Senlis.
Pont sur Seine, a town of France in the depart-
ment of Aube, with a castle, seated on the Seine,
20 m. N. W. of Troyes and 55 S. E. of Paris.
PorU sur Yonne, a town of France in the de-
partment of Yonne, seated on the Yonne, 8 ra. N.
W. of Sens.
Ponla Ddgada, a sea-port of St. Michael, one
of the Azores. It is defended by a citadel, and
contains about 8,000 inhabitants. Long. 25. 40.
W., lat. 37 45. N.
Pontarlier, a town of France, department of
Doubs, with a strong castle on a mountain. It is
5eated on the Doubs, and the frontiers of Swit-
lerland, 22 m. W. of Neufchatel and 35 S. E. of
Besangon. Long. 6. 26. E, lat. 46. 55. N.
Ponte, a town of the Sardinian states, in Pied-
mont, seated at the conflux of the Saono and Or-
eo, 19 m. N. N. W. of Turin.
Ponte de Lima, a town of Portugal, in Entre
Douto e Minho, seated on the Lima, over which
is a magnificent bridge, 13 m. N. W. of Braga.
Ponte Stura, a town of the Sardinian states, in
the duchy of Montferrat. seated at the conflux of
the Stura and Po, 5 m. W. S. W. of Casal.
Ponta Veta, a town of Spain, in (ialicia, near
the mouth of the Leris, 29 m. N. of Tay.
Pontcharbrain, a lake of Louisiana 30 m. long
and 25 broad. It lies in the S. E. part of the
state and discharges its waters into the Gulf of
Mexico through Lake Borgne. It receives the
waters of Lake Maurcpas and is connected with
the Mississippi at New Orleans by a canal. The
lake is navigable for small vessels.
Pimteba or Ponte Imptriule, a town of the Aus-
trian states, in Carinthia, seated on the Fella,
over wtiich it has a bridge to Ponteba Venela, a
small to»«'n of the province of Friuli. It is 20 m.
N. N. W. of Friuli and 25 S. W. of Villach. ^
Pontffract, a borough in W. Yorkshire, Eng.
It is situate in a very rich soil, noted for its gar-
dens and nurseries. Its castle, now in ruins, has
been the scrne of various tragical events in the
English history, particularly the miirdrr of
Richard II. 22 m. S. W. of York and 175 N. N.
W of London.
PonteLand, a village in Northumberland, Eng.,
on the river Pont, 7 m. N. E. of Newcastle. It
»pp<tn to have been the Roman station called
Pons JKlii ; and here, in 1244, a peace was con-
cluded between Henry III. and the king of Scot-
land.
Ponti»n, p V Oakland Co. Michigan of Huron
river, tJowing into L. St. Clair.
Pontian Islands, a cluster of small islands in
the Mediterranean, opposite to the coast of Terra
di Lavoro.
Pontiana, a river of Borneo, which enters the
ocean by several mouths, at the W. side of the
island, under the equinoctial line, where the
Dutch have a factory.
Pontivy, a town of France, department of
Morbihan. with a linen manufacture ; seated o,
the river Blavet, 25 m. N. of Vannes.
Pontoise, a town in the department of Seine-et
Oise, with a castle. The parliament of Paris was
transferred to this place in 1652, 1720, and 1753.
It is seated on an eminence, near the Oise, 20 m.
N. W. of Paris. Long. 2. 6. E., lat. 49. 3. N.
Pontorson, a town of France in the department
of Manche, on the Coesnon, with a tide harbour,
10 m. S. S. W. of Avranches.
Pontrrmoli, a town of Tuscany, with a strong
castle ; seated at the foot of the Apennines, on
the river Maora, 40 m. S. W. of Parma. Long,
9. 40. E., lat. 44. 25. N.
Ponirievx, a town of France, department of
Cotes du Nord, on the river Trieux, 10 m. N. W.
of St. Brieux.
Pontypool, a town in Monmouthshire, Eng,
with extensive iron works, and a manufacture of
japanned ware. It is) seated between two hills,
on the river Avon, 15 m. N. W. of Monmouth
and 148 W. by N. of London.
Ponza, one of the Pontian Islands, in the Medit-
erranean, containing a town, harbour, and con-
siderable salt works. It was taken by the British
in 1813. Long. 13. 10. E., lat. 40. 53. N.
Ponzone, a town of the Sardian slates, in the
duchy of Montferrat, 20 m. W. N. W. of Genoa. ,
Poole, a borough and sea-port in Dorsetshire,
Eng. It is a county of itself, and situate on a
peninsula projecting into a capacious bay. The
principal branch of business here is the New-
foundland fishery. It has also a large importa-
tion of deals from Norway, a gen'.;ral commerce
with America and various parts of Europe, and a
fine coasting trade, particularly in corn and coal.
Near the mouth of the harbour is an oyster bank,
from which vast quantities are carried to be fat-
tened in the creeks of Essex and the Thames.
Poole is 40 m. W. S. W. of Winchester and 105
N. by S. of London. Long. 1 59. W., lat. 50.
43. N.
Pooloroon, or Po^eron, one of the Banda Isl-
ands, 100 m. S. E. of Amboyna. Long. 130. 0.
E., lat. 4. 20. S.
Poolotroy, one of the Banda Islands, on which
the Dutch have a regular pentagon, ca
R<»venge.
Paol'in'Ur,, p. V. Montgomery Co. Marj
N. W. Washington ; p. v. Spartanburg
Poena., a city of Hindoostan, the modern capi-
tal of the Mahratta empire. At the bottom of
Parvate Hill, in the vicinity, is a large square fieldj, '
enclosed with high brick walls, where the Peishnrti^
used to assemble the Brahmins, to whom he gav(r
alms at the great feast, when the rainy season ter
minated. The view from this hill commands the
town with all its gardens and plantations, the
cantonments, and the British residency at the
Sungum. The town is entirely defenceless, the
streets long and narrow, and the houses very ir-
POP
eo7
POR
regularly built. The more respectable dwellings
are raised with large blocks of granite to the
height of abo<it 14 feet, after which the super-
structure is composed of timber frames, with
slight brick walls ; those of the common people
are only one story high, with tiled roofs. The
palace is surrounded by high and thick brick
walls, with round towers at the angles, and has
only one entrance. The affairs of government
are under the direction of the British resident.
100 m. S. E. of Bombay. Long. 73. 55. E., lat.
lb. 30. N.
PooTunder, a fortress of Hindoostan, in Beja-
pore, where tiie archives of Poona are kept ; seat-
ed on a mountain, 18 m. E. S. E. of Poona.
Poote, a town of France, department Of May-
cnne, 6 m. W. S W. of Alengon.
Popa Miuire, a tosvn of Terra Firma, with a
convent and chapel of the virgin, to which the
Spaniards in those parts go in pilgrimage, espe-
cially those who have been at sea. It is seated
on a high mountain, 50 m. E. of Carthagena.
Long. 74. 32. W.. lat. 10. 15. N.
Popacton, p. v. Delaware Co. N. Y.
Popayan, a province in the W. part of New
Granada. A chain of barren mountains runs
tlirough the country from N. to S., and the soil
near the sea is flat, marshy, and often flooded by
the rains.
Popayan, the capital of the foregoing province,
and the most ancient city erected by Europeans
in this part of America. It contains a cathedral,
several churches and convents, and two nunneries.
The trade is considerable, and the inhabitants are
estimated at 25,000, chiefly rnulattoes. It stands
in a large plain, 200 m. W. S. W. of Santa Fe and
i40 N. E. of Quito. Long. 75. 55. W., lat. 2
35. N.
Pope, a county of Illinois. Pop. 3,323. Gol-
conda is the capital.
Popedom, or Ecclesiastical States, a country of
Italy, bounded N. by the Po, which separates it
from the Austrian states, E. by the Adriatic, S.
by Naples, and W. by Tuscany. It is 120 m
long and from 80 to 100 broad, divided into the
delegations of Bologna, Ferrara, Forli, Ravenna,
Urbino and Pesaro, Ancona, Fermo, Pontecorvo,
Macerata, Perugio, Spoleto, Viterbo, Ascoli, Ben-
evento, Camerino, Civita Vecchia, and Rieti.
The papal government is a bar to industry, and
ill calculated to promote the happiness of its sub-
jects ; the country is consequently badly culti-
vated and thinly inhabited. Trade and manufac-
tures are but little encouraged ; and were it not
for dates, figs, almonds, olives, and other fruits,
which grow spontaneously, the indolence of the
inhabitants is such that they would be absolutely
starved. The pope, according to the ancient
canon law, is the supreme, universal, and inde-
pendent head of the church, and is invested with
sovereignty over all Christian sovereigns, com-
munities, and individuals. He has the titles of
holy father and holiness, and is elected at every
vacancy from among the cardinals, each of whom
is styled his eminence. Their number was fixed
by Slxtus V. at 70. in allusion to the number of
the disciples sent out by Christ to teach the world
—an allusion without any remarkable propriety ,as
no two classes of people could be more unlike.
The annual revenue of the pone, which formerly
amounted to upwards of £2,000,000 sterling, is
now reduced to about £600,000, including the
exactions in foreign countries. His military force
ia inconsiderable ; his naval force consists of a
few galleys, stationed at Civita Vecchia. In 1798
this state was taken possession of by the French,
who overturned its ancient government, and erect-
ed it into a republic, styled the Roman republic,
under the direction of five consuls. They otli-
ged the pope, Pius VI., to remove from Rome,
first into Tuscany, and afterwards into 'France,
where he died at Valence, August 19th, 17!)9. Ia
December following, a conclave was held at Ve-
nice, and on March 13th, IdOO, cardinal Chiaro-
monti was elected to the papal chair, under the
title of Pius VII., and assumed the sovereignty.
A concordat was concluded for France in Tb(>8,
and in 1804, Napoleon was crowned by the pope ;
but in 1807 the emperor became imperious, whi.'«
the pope maintained a strong feeling of indepen-
dence. Measures of violence vere resorted to;
Rome was occupied by French troops ; the pope
was removed into France, and his states trans-
formed into a kingdom, ander Napoleon's son
He continued a kind of prisoner till the allies had
invaded France in 1814, when he was restored to
most of his former prerogatives. He died in 1823,
and was succeeded by cardinal Annibal della
Genga, under the title of Leo XII., on whose
death, in 1826, cardinal Francesco Soverio Castig-
lioni (the present pontiflf) was elected to the papal
chair and took the title of Pius VIII. Rome is
the capital.
Poperinghe, a town of the Netherlands, in W.
Flanders, on a river of the same name, 6 m. W.
of Ypres.
Poplar Grove, p. v. Dinwiddle Co. Va. Newbury
Dis. S. C.
Poplar Plains, p.v. Fleming Co. Ken.
Poplar Ridge, p.v. Cayuga Co. N. Y.
Poplar Springs, p.v. Arundel Co. Md.
Poplartown, p.v. Worcester Co. Md.
Popo, a kingdom of Africa, on the Slave coast
The inhabitants have scarcely any houses, except
the king's village, which is in an island in the
midst of a river. Long. 2. 33. E., lat. 6. 18. N.
Popocatepeti, on the Smoking mountain, a volca-
no 45 m. S. E. in sight of the city of Mexico.
27,716 feet above the sea.
Pora, an island in the Indian Ocean, on the W.
coast of Sumatra, 54 m. long, and from 9. to 13
broad. Long. 98. 30. E., lat. 1. 10. S.
PorcaA, a sea- port of Hindoostan, in Travan-
core, taken by the English in 1795. It is popu-
lous, and carries on a considerable trade. 85 m.
N. W. of Travancore. Long. 76. 20. E., lat. 9.
15. N.
Porchester, a village in Hampshire, Eng. 4 m.
N. of Portsmouth, at the upper end of the har-
bour, between Fareham and Fortsea Island. It
has an ancient castle which served, during the
last war, for the reception of prisoners of war,
and ordnance stores.
Porco, town of Buenos Ayres, capital of a
province which commences on the W. side of
Potosi, from which it extends 60 ra. It has its
name from a mountain, in which is a rich silver
mine, the first worked by the Spaniards after
their conquest of the country. 25 m. W, S. W.
of Potosi. Long. 67. 20. W., lat. 19. 40. S.
Porcuna, a town of Spain, in Andalusia, on
the Salado, 22 m. N. W. of Jaen.
Porentrui, a town of Switzerland, canton of
Bern, seated on the Hallan, neai Mount Jura,
24 m. W. S. W. of Basel. Long 7. 10. E. lat
47. 27. N.
Porlock, a town in Somersetshire Eng. with a
trade in coal and lime. It is seated on a bay of
POR
608
POR
the Bristol Channel, surrounded by hills, 7 m.
W. of Minehead and 170 W. of London.
Porrogong. Sec Paro.
PoJselou, a rich and commercial town of the
kingdom of Siam. It is surrounded with 14 bas-
tion's, and situate on a large river, 300 m. N. of
its mouth in the gulf of Siam Long. 100. 2. E.,
lat. 17. 48. N.
Port au Prince, a sea-port of St. Domingo,
eeated on a bay on the W. side of the island, with
considerable trade. It was nearly burnt down in
1791, by the revolting negroes, and was talien by
the English and royalists in 1794. Long. 72. 10.
W., lat. 18. 40. N.
Port Baltic. See RogerwicL
Port Byron, p.v. Cayuga Co. N. Y.
Port Conway, p.v. King George Co. Va.
Port Dalrymplc, a harbour on the N. coast of
Van Dienien's Land, where a British settlement,
dependent on the colony of Port Jackson, was es-
tablished in 1804. Launceston is the capital.
Port Desire, a harbour on the E. coast of Pata-
gonia, where ships sometimes touch in their pas-
sage to the Pacific Ocean. Long. 67. 56. W.,
lat. 47. 50. S.
Port Dessieux, p.v. St. Charles Co. Missouri.
Port Deposit, p.v. Cecil Co. Md. on the Susque-
hanna ; a canal 10 m. in length, here passes along
the river.
P(rrt Discovery, a harbour on the W. coast of
N. America, in tlie gulf of Georgia. Long. 237.
20. E., lat. 48. 7. N.
Port Egmont, one of the finest harbours in the
world, on the N. W. coast of Folkland Island,
discovered by commodore Byron in 1765. The
whole navy of England might ride here in per-
fect security from all winds ; and every thing for
the refreshment of ships is to be obtained in
abundance. Long. 55. 0. W., lat, 51. 27. S.
Port Elizabeth, p.v. Cumberland Co. N. J.
Port Francais, a harbour on the W. coast of
N. America, discovered by Perouse in 1786. It
n of a circular form, not to be fathomed in the
middle, and bordered by peaked mountains, of an
excessive height, covered with snow. The na-
tives on this coast are described as the most
complete thieves, possessed of an activity and
obstinacy capable of executing the most difficult
projects. Peltry is abundant, particularly that
of the eea-otter. In this harbour is a small island.
Long. 137. 30. W., lat. 58. 37. N.
Port GiJison, p.v. Claiborne Co. Mississippi 45
m. N. E. Natchez.
Port Genesee, Monroe Co. N. Y. at the mouth
of the Genesee ; on Lake Ontario ; it is a port of
entry with a custom house.
Port Glasgow, p.v. Severn Co. N. Y.
Port Glasgow, a town of Scotland, inRenfrew-
Bhire, near the mouth of the Clyde, erected in
1710 to serve as the port of the city of Glasgow,
whose magistrates appoint a bailiff for its govern-
ment. The harbour is excellent, and there are ex-
tensive warehouses on the quay, belonging to
the Glasgow merchants. Contiguous to the town,
and near the shore, stands the castle of Newark,
a strong fortified edifice. It is 4 m. E. of Green-
ock and 20 \V. by N. of Glasgow.
Port Jackson, a bay and harbour on the coast of
New S. Wales, 13 m. N. of Botany Bay. The
capes that form its entrance are high, rugged, and
perpendicular cliffs ; and the harbour is one of the
noblest in the world, extending 14 m. in length
with numerous creeks or coves. The name of Port
Jackson was given to it by captain Cook, who
observed it in sailing along the coast. See 5y<f-
ney.
Port, Jervis, a village on the Delaware in Or-
ange Co. N. Y. at a point where the states of
New York, New Jersey and Pennsylvania join. A
canal extends from this place to the Hudson in
one direction and to the coal region in Pensylva-
nia, on the other, it is 108 m. in length.
Port Kent, p.v. Essex Co. N. Y.
Port Louis a strong town of France, depart-
ment of Morbihan, with a citadel and a good
harbour. It stands on the extremity of a penin-
sula, at the mouth of the Biavet, 27 m W. of
Vannes. Long. 3 18. W., lat. 47. 40. N.
Poplin, p.t. Rockingham Co. N. H. Pop.
829,91.
Port Louis, the capital of the island of Mauri-
tius, or Isle of France, situate on the W. side of
the island in a low and flat valley, surrounded by
mountains. In 1817 it was almost entirely burnt
down, but has since been rebuilt. It was long the
chief settlement of the French in this part of the
world, but now belongs to the British. Long.
57. 32. E., lat. 20. 10. N.
Port Mahon, a sea-port and chief place of a dis-
trict of the island of Minorca, with an excellent har-
bour. It is built chiefly on lofty rocks. The
houses are in general good, and are all provided
with cisterns, and many with terraces. The
Place D'Armes is large and handsome ; on one
side are barracks capable of containing 1,200 men
The only public walk is the Alameda, which is
merely an alley of trees. On one side of the har-
bour is a dock-yard, and on the other a natural
mole. Long. 4. 5. E., lat. 36. 17. N.
Port Paix, a town on the N. coast of St. Do-
minffo, with a good harbour, opposite the island
of Tortue. Long. 73. 2. W., lat. 19. 58. N.
Port Patrick, a sea-port of Scotland, inWigton-
shire, confined by the sea on one side, and on the
other by overhanging rocks and hills. It is near-
ly opposite Donaghadee, in Ireland, from wliich
it is 20 m. distant; and packet boats sail hence
for that place every day. The harbour is good,
and has one of the finest quays in Great Britain,
with a reflecting light-house. It is 28 m. W. of
Wigton and 107 S. W. of Edinburgh. Long. 5.
3. W., lat. 54. 58. N.
Port Penn, a vilhge of Newcastle Co. Del. on
the Delaware, opposite Reedy Island. 8 m. S. of
Newcastle.
Port Republic, p.v. Rockingham Co. Va. 131 m
N. W. Richmond.
Port Roseway. See Shelburne.
Port Royal, a sea-port of Jamaica, once a con-
siderable town, abounding in riches and trade.
In 1692 it was destroyed by an earthquake, in
1702 by a fire, in 1722 by an inundation of the sea,
and in 1744 by a hurricane. After these extraor-
dinary calamities, the custom-house and public
offices were removed, and no market sufft'red to
be held here in future. It now consists of about
200 houses, built on a neck of land which juts
out several miles into the sea, and is guarded by
a strong fort. The harbour is deep, and 1,000
ships may ride in it, secure from every wind. It
is six miles, cross the bay, S. S. W. of Kingston,
Long. 76.45. W.,lat. 18.0. N.
Port Royal, p.t. Caroline Co. Va. on the Rap-
pahannoc 30 m. below Fredericksburg; p.v.
Maryland Co. Ind ; p.v. Montgomery Co
Ten.
Port Royal, an island on the coast of S. Carolina,
separated from the neighbouring continent by an
FOR
«BP
POR
* arm of the sea, called Broad River, which forms
the most commodious harbour in the state, at the
.,• town of Beaufort.
' Port St. Anne. See Killougk.
* Port St. Jwian, a harbour on the E. coast of Pat-
agonia, where ships bound for the Pacific usually
touch. Long. 68. 44. W., lat. 49. 10. S.
Port St. Mary, a sea-port of Spain, in Auda-
lusia, on the bay of Cadiz. The principal trade is
in salt. The English made a descent here in 1702,
* with a design to besiege Cadiz, but without suc-
cess. 10 m. N. E. of Cadiz.
• P(rrt sur Saone, a town of France, department
of Upper Saone, on the river Saone, 8 m. N. W.
of Vesoul.
Port Tobacco, p.t. Charles Co. Maryland, near
the mouth of a small stream running into the Po-
tomac, 34 m. S. W.ashington.
• Port Vendre, a town of France, department of
I" Eastern Pyrenees, with a small harbour on the
Mediterranean, defended by two forts. It is 25
m. S. S. E. of Perpignan.
Port IVilliam, p. v. Gallatin Co. Ken. 44 m. N.
W . Frankfort.
Portailown, a town of Ireland, in the county of
Armagh, with a linen manufacture ; situate on
the river Bann, 16 m. N. of Newry.
Portage, a county of Ohio. Pop, 18,827.
Ravenna is the capital.
Portage, a towship in Portage and Sandusky
Co. Ohio.
Portalegre, a strong town of Portugal, in Al-
emtejo, and a bishop's see. It has a manufacture
of woollen cloth, and is seated at the foot of a high
mountain, 30 m. N. of Elvas.
Portarlington, a borough of Ireland, partly in
Kinor's and partly in Queen's county ; seated on
the Barrow, 31 m. N. of Kilkenny and 36 S. W.
of Dublin.
Porter, a township of Oxford Co. Me. Pop.
811. A township of Niagara Co. N. Y. Pop.
1,890; p.t. Scioto Co. Ohio.
Portici, a village 4 m. E. S. E. of the city of
Naples, on part of the site of the ancient Hercu-
laneum, near Mount Vesuvius. Here is a palace
of the king of Naples, enriched with a vast number
of fine statues, and other remains of antiquity,
taken out of the ruins of Herculaneum.
Portland, a peninsula in Dorsetshire Eng. con-
nected with the mainland by a ridge of pebbles,
called the Chesil Bank, e.xtending above 7 m. up
the S. W. coast. Between this bank and the
mainland is a narrow arm of the sea called the
Fleet. Portland Isle is 4 m. long and 2 broad,
surrounded by inaccessible rocks, except at the
landing place, at the N. W. end, where there is a
strong castle, called Portland Castle, built by
Henry VIII. The peninsula is noted for its free-
stone, which is used for building the finest struc-
tures, and about 9,000 tons of it are annually ex-
. ported, it lies on the S. W. side of Weymouth
bav, and on its S. extremity, called Portland Point,
two liorht-houses have been erected. Long. 2. 27.
W., kt. 50. 31. N.
Portland, p.t. Cumberland Co. Me. the largest
town in the state, and till lately the seat of gov-
ernment. It has a good harbour on Casco Bay
and a large coasting trade, with considerable for-
eign commerce. It has many handsome build-
ings, among which may be mentioned the custom
house and the mariners church. The town is
generally well built. The shipping of the port
in 1328 amounted to 56,949 tons. On the N. E.
side of the town stands an observatory, 70 feet in
77
height, and the entrance to the harbour is defended
by several forts. Pop. 12,001 . Lat. 43. 39. N.
Ion. 70. 19. W.
Portlund, p.t. Chatauque Co. N. Y. on Lake
Ontario with a harbour. Pop. 1,771. The light
house at the mouth of the harbour is a great cu-
riosity • it is lighted with natural gas, arising
from a spring in the neighbourhood.
Portland, a township in Huron Co. Ohio p.v.
Dallas Co. Alab.
Portland Islands, a cluster of small islands in
the S. Pacific. They are low and covered with
wood ; and the centre one is in Long. 149. 8. E.,
lat 2. 38. S.
Porto, a small sea-port of the papal states, in
the patrimony of St. Peter. It is the see of a
bishop (who is generally a cardinal), dependent
only on the pope, and is seated on the W. side of
the Tiber, 10 m. S. W. of Rome.
Porto Bella, a sea-port of Terra Firma, on the
N. coast of the isthmus of Darien, nearly opposite
Panama on the S. coast. It is a very unhealthy
place; and the country around it swarms with
toads and other reptiles in the rainy season. Be-
fore the abolition of the trade by the galleons, in
1748, and the introduction of register ships, this
place was the great mart for the rich commerce
of Peru and Chile. The town stands close to the
sea, on the side of a mountain that surrounds the
harbour, which is safe and commodious. It was
taken in 1742 by admiral Vernon, who demol-
ished the fortifications ; but it has since been
strongly fortified. It is 60 m. N. by E. of Pana-
ma and 300 W. of Carthagena. Long. 79. 50.
W., lat. 9. 33. N.
Porto CaieZ/o, a sea- port of Venezuela, S. Amer-
ica, with a good harbour, defended by forts. It
is a flourishing place, containing a population of
8,000, and is the centre of the navigation and
commerce of Venezuela. 70 m. W. by S. of Ja-
go de Leon. Long. 67. 32. E., lat. 10. 31. N.
Porto Farino, a sea-port of the kingdom of Tu-
nis. Long. 10. 16. E , lat. 37. 12. N.
Porto Ferrajo, the capital of the island of Elba,
with a good harbour, capable of containing the
largest fleets. This town is celebrated as having
been the residence of Napoleon from May 4, 1814,
to February 26, 1815, when he sailed on his final
expedition to France. Its position is central in
the Mediterranean ; and it perfectly commands
the coast of Italy. It is a very pretty town, built
on a shelving rock, that closes in a circular bay,
about 2 m. deep and as many in breadth. The
land all round is high and woody, and the entrance
to the bay is easy of approach. The streets
and fortifications rise one above another, like
rows of seats in an ancient amphitheatre, and
present a most beautiful spectacle to those who
approach by water. A commodious quay com-
municates, by means of large flights of steps,
with all the streets. Porto Ferrajo was built and
fortified by Cosmo I. duke of Florence in 1548 ;
but the fortifications were not finished till 1628,
when Cosmo II. completed them with a magnifi-
cence equal to that displayed by the old Romans
in their public undertakings ; and it is now deem-
ed impregnable. The gates are decorated with
sculpture, and the rings for fastening cables to
arc of carved bronze. 7 m. S. W. of Piombino,
on the coast of Italy. Long. 12. 17. E., lat. 42,
53. N.
Porto Fino, a small sea-port on the coast of
Genoa, with a fort, situate between two moun«
tains, 13 m. S. E. of Genoa
POR
CIO
roA
' Porto Galete, a town of Spain, in Biscay, seated
in a small bay, 10 m. N. W. of Bilbao.
Porto Greco, a town of Naples, in the Capitan
ata, near the gulf of Venice, 16 m. N. W.of Man-
fredonia.
Porto Gruaro, a town of Austrian Italy, in
Friuli, seated on the Lema, 20 m. W. by S. of
Palnia Nova.
Porto Lon^ont, a sea-port on the S. E. side of
tlie Isle of Elba, with a good harbour, and a for-
tress upon a rock, almost inaccessible. It is 4 m.
S. E. of Porto Ferrajo and 35 N. W. of Orbitello,
on the coast of Italy. Long. 10. 20. E., lat. 42.
50. N.
Porto Marin, a town of Spain, in Galicia, 48
m. E. of Coniposlella.
Porto Praija. a town and bay of St. Jago, one
of the Cape de Verde islands. The town stands
on an elevated plain, and is the residence of the
Portuguese governor of the islands. Long. 23.
29. W". lat. 14. 54. N.
Porto del Priruipe, a sea-port on the N. coast
of Cuba, with a good harbour. Near it are sev-
eral sprino-s of bitumen. Long. 78. 15. W., lat.
21. 52 N.
Porto Real, a sea-port of Spain, in Andalusia,
on the E. side of the bay of Cadiz.7 m. E. of Cadiz.
Porto Rico, an island of the VV. Lidies, 60 m.
E. of St. Domingo, belonging to the Spaniards.
It is 120 m. long and 40 broad, diversified with
woods, valleys, and plains, and watered by springs
and rivers, but unhealthy in the rainy season. It
produces sugar, rum, ginger, cotton, maize, and
rice ; and there are so many cattle that they are
often killed for the sake of tlie skins alone. St.
Juan de Porto Rico is the capital.
Porto Saiito, an island in the Atlantic, the least
of the Madeiras, 15 m. in circumference. In 1518
a Portuguese ship, coasting along the African
shore, was driven out to sea by a sudden squall,
and, when they all expected to perish, they dis-
covered this island, which, on account of their
escape, they named Porto Santo; and hence they
descried the island of Madeira. It produces little
corn ; but there are oxen and wild hogs, and a
vast number of rabbits. Its most valuable pro-
ductions are dragons' blood, honey, and wax. It
has no harbour, but good anchorage in the road.
Long. 16. 25. W., lat. 32. 58. N.
Porto Se^ro, a fertile jn-ovince of Brazil, S. of
that of Ilheos and N. of Spiritu Santo. The cap-
ital, of the same name, is seated on the top of a
rock, at the mouth of a river that flows into the
Atlantic. Long. 40. 0. W.. lat. 16. 20 S.
Port Vecchio, a sea-port of Corsica, seated on
a l)av on the E. coast of the island, 38 m. S.
E. of Ajaccio. Long. 9. 10. E., lat. 41. 40. N.
Porto Veiicro, a sea-port on the coast of Genoa,
at the entrance of the- gulf of Spezzia. It has a
good harbour, and is seated on the side of a hill,
at the top of which is a fort, 5 m. S. of Spezzia.
Long. 9. 38. E., lat. 44. 5. N.
I'tBe
At the S. W. extremity of it, is situate uie town
of Portsmouth.
Portsmouth, a borough and sea-port in Hamp-
shire, Eng. It is the most considerable haven for
men of war, and the most strongly fortified place
in England. Its capacious harbour is made by a
bay running up between the island of Portsea, on
which the town is situate, and the opposite pen-
insula, having a narrow entrance commanded by
the town and forts. Many of the largest ships
are always laid up here : and in time of war, it
is the principal rendezvous of the grand channel
fleet. The docks, arsenals, storehouses, barracks,
«fec.,are all of capital magnitude, and kept in tlie
most perfect order. To the S of the town is llie
noted road ofSpithead, where the men of war an-
chor when prepared for actual service. Poitsmcutli
has one spacious church, and contains 7,269 in-
habitants. Portsea, built on what was formerly
called Portsmouth Common, is now become
much larger than the parent town, containing a
population of 34,785. 72 rn. S . W. London Long.
1. 6. W., lat. 50. 47. N.
Portsmouth, p.t. Rockingham Co. N. H. at the
mouth of the Piscataqua with an e.xcellent har.
hour. It is the only sea-port in the state, and has
considerable commerce. Here is a navy yard of
the United States. The town has 7 churches,
a branch of the U. S. Branch bank,2 insurance offi-
ces, and an athenaeum. Two bridges cross the riv-
er to Kitterv in Maine. In December 1813 a fire
destroyed 397 buildings here. It is 24 m. N. N.
E. Newburyport, 56. m. N. by E. Boston and 54
S- S. W. Portland. Pop. 8,032. Lat. 43. 5. N.
Lon. 70. 45. W^.
Portsmouth, p.t. Newport Co. R. I. on the N.
end of Rhode Island. Pop. 1,727; p.v. Norfolk
Co. Va. on Elizabeth river opposite Norfolk , p.v.
Scioto Co. Ohio, on the Scioto near its junction
with the Ohio. 90 m. S. Cumberland. Pop. 1,063.
The Ohio canal, which see, leaves the river at
this place ; p.t. Carteret Co. N. C. near Ocra
cokelnlet.
Porteoy, a sea-port of Scotland, in Banffshire,
with manufactures of fine linen and sewing
thread. The vicinity is celebrated for its miner-
als, especially for a fine vein of serpentine, call-
ed Portsoy marble ; a species of asbestos, of a
greenish color, which has been wrought into in-
combustible cloth ; and a brilliant kind of granite
of a flesh color. Portsoy stands on a point of
land projecting into Murray Frith, 9 m. W. Banff.
Portsvillt, p.v. Alleghany Co. N. Y.
Portugal, the most western country on the con
tinent of Europe, bounded on the \V. and S. by
the Atlantic, Ocean, and E. and N. by Spain. It
extends from 36. 56. to 42. 20. N. lat.", and from
6. 25. to 9. 30. W. long., and is divided into the
provinces of Entre Douro-e-Minho, Tras os Mon-
tes, Beira, Estremadura, Alemtejo. and Algarve.
It contains 36,510 sq. m. and a pop. of 3,782,550.
Though Spain and Portugal are in the same
Portree, & town of Scotland, on the E. side of climate, yet the air of the latter is much more
the Isle of Skye, one of the Hebrides. The
habitants trade chiefly in black cattle, sheep, and
kelp. It has an excellent harbour, sheltered at
Its mouth bv the Isle of Raaza. Long. 6. 16. V^.,
lat. 57. 33. N.
Portsea, an island between Chichester Bay and
the harbour of Portsmouth, in Hampshire, Eng.
It is alow tract, about 14 m. in circumference,sep-
arated from the mainland on the N. b}' a creek,
over which are two bridges, one for the entrance
and the other for the departure of passengers.
te.^•perate than that of the former, on account of
the neighbourhood of the sea. Agriculture is in
a very backward state ; the implements of indus-
try are of the rudest construction, and very little
corn is raised. Indian corn, imported from Af-
rica, is used by the peasants instead of wheat.
Lemons flourish here in great abundance. This
fruit was introduced into the country from the
east by the Arabs. Olives, vineyards, oranges,
nuts, almonds, figs, and raisins are plentiful, and
in the low grounds rice and maize are cultivated.
%
FOR
bil
The inhabitants also make considerable quantities
of salt witli the sea- water, especially in the bay
of St. Ubes, whence a great deal is exported.
Their export trade consists of the produce of
their own country, and the merchandise which
.icw receive from their foreign possessions, com-
prising Madeira, Cape Verd Islands, some settle-
ments in Africa, Goa, and Macao : the latter con-
sists of wine, sugar, tobacco, cotton, indigo,
hides, and many excellent drugs. The horses of
Portugal were formerly in great esteem ; but
they are now so fond of mules that horses are
scarce. Towards the frontiers of Spain there
are mountains, in which gold and silver were for-
merly found ; and the river Tajo was anciently
celebrated by the poets for its golden sands.
There are also mines of iron, tin, lead, quarries of
marble, and some precious stones. The Portu-
gueseare indolent and luxurious. Plays and church
festivals, bull fights, balls, music, &c., engross
the whole attention of those who are not compelled
to labour for their subsistence. The peasants are
in a state of vassalage, and subsist on the hardest
fare. In many respects they bear a striking re-
semblance to the Highlanders of Scotland. The
principal rivers are the Tagus, Douro, Guadiana,
Mondego, and Caldao. The government is an
absolute monarchy. Formerly it had its Cortes
or representative body, but, from 1697 to the re-
cent revolution, they were never assembled. The
established religion is the Roman Catholic ; and
there are two archbishops and 13 bishops.
Portugal appears to have been known at an
early period to the Phenicians and Carthaginians.
It subsequently followed the fortune of Spam, and,
after being the scene of various military opera-
tions, was finally reduced and constituted a Ro-
man province under Augustus. The Romans
were succeeded by the Goths and other barba-
rians. The Saracens, orMoor.s, invaded the pen-
insula from Africa, and after the battle of Xeres,
A. D. 712, set up several kingdoms, and were
not expelled from Portugal till the 13th century.
In 109"2 Alphonso VI., king of Castile and Leon,
made Henry of Burgundy, grandson of Robert
king of France, count of Portugal, as a reward for
assisting him against the Moors. Alphonso, son
of Henry, was the first king. The last of his
descendants by the male line dying in 1580,
Philip II. of Spain took possession of the throne
in right of his mother. The rapacity of the Span-
ish viceroys was so great that in 1640, the Por-
tuguese revolted, and made John IV., duke of
Braganza, king. In 1807 the British fleet pre-
served the royal family from falling into the hands
of Bonaparte, and conveyed them to Brazil. Por-
tugal itself, also, after a lorg and severe contest,
was delivered from the French yoke bj English
armies under the command of the duke of Wel-
Imgton and other generals. The Queen died at
Rio Janeiro, March 20, 1816, in the 82nd year of
hfer age, and the prince regent became king. At
the conclusion of the general peace, the "people
became discontented, partly through the degra-
dation of the kingdom to the situation of a depen-
dent colony, and partly through the maladminis-
tration of the regency. Plot after plot was form-
ed, in which many officers of distinction were
implicated, who, as soon as they were detected,
were removed, and replaced by British officers.
This only served to increase the discontent ooth
of the people and of the army, and to hasten a
revolution. Every thing having been previously
arranged between the civil and military authori-
ties, a new constitution was announced at Oporto
August 24, 1820, and in September a council of
regency was formed at Lisbon, and letters issued
to assemble the cortes. John VI. by a royal de-
cree issued at Rio Janeiro, February 1831, ap-
proved of the constitution, and, leaving his eldest
son Don Pedro as regent of Brazil, returned to
Portugal, and took an oath to maintain the new
constitution, July 4, 1821. On the 12th of Oc-
tober, 1822, the Brazilians proclaimed the prince
regent constitutional emperor of Brazil, and the
independence of that empire has been since ac-
knowledged by the court of Lisbon. On the 30lh
of April, 1824, Don Miguel, the king's youngest
son, general of the army, surrounded with guards
the palace of his father, in order to depwjse him,
and to make his nephew regent. The foreign
ambassadors discountenanced the conspiracy ; the
king took refuge on board an English man of war ;
under the protection of Britain he resumed the
government ; and Don Miguel left the kingdom
John VI. died in March, 1826.
As soon as Pedro IV. heard of his father's death,
he declared his determination to remain in Brazil,
and to abdicate the throne of Portugal in favour of
his daughter Donna Maria da Gloria (who was
born in 1819), on condition that his brother Don
Miguel should marry her, and that a free consti-
tution should be adopted as contained in a charter
which he sent over from Brazil. The acceptance
of this charter was resisted by the ultra-rovalist
faction at Lisbon, and a rebellion took place un-
der the direction of the marquis of Chaves. In
consequence of the invasion of the kingdom by
the rebels, who had mustered their armies in
Spain, the sister of Pedro IV., who had by him
been appointed regent, claimed the assistance of
George IV. ; who, in compliance with ancient
treaties between the two kingdoms, sent an army
to Lisbon in 1827, which checked the rebelliqp.
Don Miguel, who resided at Vienna, returned to
Lisbon in the spring of 1828, having first visited
Paris and London, at both which places he pro-
fessed his determination to adhere to the consti-
tution. The professions of Don Miguel soon ap-
peared to be insincere, and on the 30th of June
he assumed the title of king of Portugal and Al-
garve. A weak resistance was made by the gar-
ri«on and inhabitants of Oporto, but it was soon
overcome, and Don Miguel now reigns as abso-
lute king. Lisbon is the capital.
Posadas, a town of Spain, in Andalusia, seated
on the Guadalquivir, 19 m. S. W. of Cordova.
Posata, a town on the E. coast of the island of
Sardinia, 45 m. E. S. E. of Castle Aragonese.
Long. 9. 30. E., lat. 40. 36. N,
Posega, a town of Sclavonia, capital of a pala
tinate of the same name. It was taken from the
POT
612
POT
Turks, by the Austrians in 1687; and is seated
near the Orlava, 18 m. N. N. W. of Brod.
Posen, Grand duchy of, a province of the Prus-
sian statt^s, comprising that part of Poland which
was restored to Prussia in 1815. On the E. it is
bounded by the new kingdom of Poland, and S.
and W. by Silesia and Brandenburg. It is divided
into the two governments of Posen and Brom-
berg, contains about 12,000 sq. m. with 800,000
inhabitants, and is watered by the Netz, the War-
tha, the Obra, and the Brahe.
Posen, the capital of Prussian Poland, and of
the government of the same name, is a bishop's
see, and has a university, and a castle on an isl-
and in the river Wartha. The cathedral is mag-
nificent. The suburbs are extensive, and contain
many fine buildings. The river Wartha frequent-
ly inundates the town, but is very beneficial to its
trade with Germany. By the partition of Po-
land, in 1773, Posen became subject to the king
of Prussia. In 1806 it was entered by the French
army, under marshal Davoust, and added to the
duchy of Warsaw, till 1815, when it was re-
stored to Prussia. It is seated in a pleasant
plain, 27 m. W. by S. of Gnesna. Long. 17. 0.
E., lat. 52. 24. N.
Posey, a county of Indiana. Pop. 6,833. Mount
Vernon is the capital.
Posnerk, a town of Saxony, in the principality
of Aldenburg. it has manufactures of cloth and
leather, and is seated on the Gams, near its con-
flux with the Orla, 8 m. N. E. of Saalfeld.
Possession Island, an island in the S. Pacific,
near the N. point of New Holland. Here captain
Cook hoisted the British colours, and took posses-
sion of all the E. or N. E. coast of New Holland
in the name of king George III., which he called
hew S. Wales. Long. 141. 39. E., lat. 10.
33. S
Possession Island, an uninhabited island in the
S. Pacific. Long. 141 . 40. E., lat. 46. 30. S.
Possinko, a town of Portugal, in Estremadura,
10 m. N. E. of Santarem.
Post Oak, p.v. Roane Co. Ten.
Potenza, a town of Naples, in Basilicata, seated
near the sourse of the Basiento, 11 m. S. by W.
of Acerenza.
Potomac, a river of the United States, which
rises in the N. W. part of Virginia, and separates
that state from Maryland, almost its whole course,
till it enters the W. side of Chesapeak Bay. It
is navigable nearly 300 m. for large ships and
where it enters the Chesapeak is 7 1-2 m. wide.
Its whole length is 550 m. The passage of the
Potomac, through the mountains of the Blue
Ridge, at Harper's Ferry, presents the appear-
ance of an immense rent, three quarters of a mile
wide, through a stupendous wall of rocks. The
broken fragments of the mountain which lie scat-
tered all around, and its craggy front, torn down
to the base, attest the violence of the disruption,
and forcibly remind the spectator of the period,
when the mountain ridge opposed a barrier to the
stream, and when its collected waters swelled to
auch a mass as to tear away the mountain from
its foundation. Washington, Alexandria and
Georgetown are situated upon this river.
Potomac and Ohio Canal, called also the Chesa-
peak and Ohio Canal, is designed to uAite the Po-
tomac with the Ohio. It leaves the Potomac at
Georgetown and proceeds up the north-eastern
bank of the river through the mountains, by a
tunnel 4 miles in length, and down the vallies of
th« Yoaghiogeny and Monongahela to the Ohio.
Its length will be 360 m. and its width 60 feet
It was begun July 4th 1828.
Potosi, a town of Bolivia. Here are the best
silver mines in all America, in a mountain in the
form of a sugar-loaf. Silver was as common in
this place &8 iron is in Europe ; but the mines
are now much exhausted, or at least little is ob-
tained in comparison of what was formerly pro-
duced. The country around is naked and barren.
The town is seated at the bottom of the mountain
of Potosi, 260 m. W. N. W. of Arica. Long. 67
30. W., lat. 19. 50. S.
Potosi, p.t. Washington Co. Missouri, 70 m.
W. S. W. St. Louis. It is surrounded by nu-
merous lead mines. See .Missouri.
Potsdam, a province of the Prussian states, in
Brandenburg, comprehending the districts for-
merly termed the Ucker Mark, the Mark of Preg-
nitz, and the greatest part of the Middle Mark.
It is bounded N. by Pomerania and W. Prussia, *l
and S. and W. by Saxony. The city of Berlin,
with a small district lying around it, forms a dis-
tinct government. Potsdam contains an area of
about 8,000 sq. m., with 488,000 inhabitants.
Potsdam, the capital of the foregoing govern-
ment, situated on an island formed by the rivers
Spree and Havel. The public buildings display
great magnificence and taste. The royal palace
is an admirable structure, and the houses near it
are almost all built in the Italian style. In the
market place is a marble obelisk, 75 feet in height ;
also marble statues of the first four kings of Prus-
sia. The garrison church is large, and has a mar-
ble pulpit, under which is the tomb of the Great
Frederick, whose remains are enclosed in a
wooden coffin, covered with copper, without any
ornament or victorious trophies, to recall the mem-
ory of bis actions. On a hill, near the city, is the
royal palace of Sans Souci, which is only one
story high, yet remarkable for its grandeur and
magnificence. The inhabitants of Potsdam have
manufactures of silk, velvet, cotton, linen, &c.
It was entered without opposition on the 24th of
October, 1805, by the French, who carried away
with exultation the sword and scarf worn by the
immortal Frederick during the seven years' war.
13 m. W. S. W. of Berlin. Long. 13. 49. E., lat
52. 52. N.
Potsdam, p.t. St. Lawrence Co. N. Y. 90 m.
W. Plattsburg. Pop. 3,650.
Potter, a county of the W. District of Penn-
sylvania. Pop. 1 ,265. Cowdersport is the capi-
tal ; also a township of Centre Co. Pa.
Potter's Hollow, p.v. Albany Co. N. Y
Potterstown, a village of Hunterdon Co. N. J.
Pottersville, p.v. Louisa Co. Va.
Potteries, The, a district in Staffordshire, Eng.
extending about 10 m. in length and one and a
half in breadth. It comprises the towns and vil-
lages of Burslem, Hanley, Lane End, Etruria,
Stoke upon Trent, Tunstall, Longport, Shelton,
Brownhills, &c., situated in a part of the coun-
ty abounding in coal, and clays of great variety
in colour and texture, which, together with the
great canal intercourse kept up with all parts of the
kingdom, furnish a large portion of industry and
wealth.
Potion, a town in Bedfordshire, Eng. 12 m. E.
of Bedford and 48 N. by W. of London.
PottsoTove, a township of Montgomery Co. Pa.
on the Schuylkill.
Pottstown, p.v. Montgomery Co. Pa. in th«'
above township.
Pottsville, p.v. Schuylkill Co. Pa
•^
PR\
Old
PRlC
Poughkiepsie, p.t. Dutchess Co. N. Y. on the
Hudson, 85 m. above New York. Pop. 7,222. It
is about a mile from the banks of the river which
is here bold and rocky. The town is regularly
laid out and makes an elegant appearance. It is
a place of considerable trade.
Pougues, a village of France, department of
Nievre, noted for its ferruginous mineral spring.
5 m. N. W. of Nevers.
Poulton, a town in Lancashire, Eng. It is much
frequented in the bathing season. 234. N. W. of
London.
Poundridge, p.v. West Chester Co. N. Y.
Pouranjn, St., a town of France, department of
AUier, seated on the Sioule, 19 m. S. by W. of
Moulins.
Powaio River, a small stream flowing info the
Merrimack 4 m. above Newbury port, between
Amesbury and Salisbury. On the bank of the
river are several manufactories and mills. Here
is a steep eminence called Powaw Hill, on which
the Indians were accustomed to celebrate their
powaws, and which exhibits an enchanting pros-
pect from the summit.
Poicelton, p.t. Hancock Co. Geo.
Pnichatan, a county of the E. District of Vir-
ginia. Pop. 8,517. Scotsville is the Capital.
Poyang-hou, a lake of China, in the N. part of
the province of Kiang-si, formed by the conflu-
ence of several rivers, which meet here from
every point of the compass. It is 250 m. in cir-
cumference, and surrounded by a most desolate
region.
Pozzuolo. See Puzzuoli.
Prabiit, a town of the kingdom of Siam, 100 ra.
N. of Siam. Lon. 101. 10. E., lat. 15. 40. N.
Pracels. See Paracels.
Prachatitz, a town of Bohemia, in the circle of
Prachin, 23 m. S. by W. of Pisek.
Prach'm, a mountain of Bohemia, on which
formerly stood a castle of the same name. It
gives name to a circle on the W. side of the Mul-
dau, of which Pisek is the cipital.
PradeSjO. town of France, department of Eastern
Pyrenees, seated in a fin« plain on the river Tet,
24 m. W. S. W. of Perpignau.
Pradcs, a town of Spain, in Catalonia, near
which is a magnificent abbey, where the ancient
kinors of Arragon were interred. It is 39 m. N.
W. of Barcelona.
Pragn, a town of Poland, on the Vistula, op-
posite Warsaw, of which it is considered as a su-
burb.
Pragilas, a town of the Sardinian states in Pied-
mont, 7 m. W. of Turin.
Pracrne, the capital of Bohemia, and formerly
an archie piscopal see. It comprehends four towns,
the Old, New, and Little Town, and the Hrads-
chin. It is 15 m. in circumference, is built up-
on seven hills, and contains 85,000 inhabitants.
The Mulda-i runs through the city, separating
the Old Town from the New, and over it is a
bridire of 18 arches, with a strong tower at each
end. The Old Town is very populous ; the hous-
es are high and the streets narrow. In this part
are the remains of a palace, where the ancient
kinffs resided ; but the finest ornament is the uni-
versity, frequented by a great number of students ;
here also is a magnificent college, formerly be-
longing to the Jesuits, and the Jews have nine
synagoorues. The New Town contains fine struc-
tures, handsome gardens, and large streets ; al-
so an arsenal, andf a secular foundation, whose
abbess was a princess of the empire. The Lit-
tle Town, whioh is the most ancient part, of
Prague, has broad streets, and is very popu!ou3
The Hradschin once belonged to theLitlle Town
but in 1756 it was made the fourth town of
Prague : its principal buildings are the royal pal-
ace, in which is a hall, 100 paces long and 40
broad, without any pillar to support the roof;
the cathedral of St. Veit, containing the buryal-
place of the kings and many relics ; the chapel
of Our Lady of Loretto ; the magnificent archi-
episcopal palace; and the large palace of Tscher-
nin. Prague has suflered frequents devastation-
by war. The White Mountain, without the «rate
of Slrahow, is celebrated for the victory gained in
1620 by the Austrians over Frederic V., the elec-
tor palatine, whom the Bohemians had chosen for
their king. In 1631 Prague was taken by the
Saxons ; and by the Swedes in 1()48. It was ta-
ken by storm in 1741 by the French, who were
obliged to leave it in 1742. In 1757 it was besieg-
ed by the king of Prussia, after a great victory,
obtained near this city, over the Austrians ; but
the defeat at Kollin obliged him to raise the siege.
75 m. S. E of Dresden. Long. 14. 30. E., lat. 50.
6. N.
Prairie, townships in Wayne, Holmes, and
Franklin Cos. Ohio.
Prairie Creek, p.v. Vigo Co. Ind.
Prairie du Chicn, a settlement in Crawford Co.
Michigan, on the Mississippi, at the mouth of the
Wisconsin. It was founded many years since by
the French traders.
Prairie du Roche p.t. Randolph Co. Illinois.
Prairie Mound, p.t. Lillard Co. Missouri.
PrallsvUle, p.v. Hunterdon Co. N. J.
Prasto, a small town of Greece, in the Morea,
situate to the W. of the gulf of Napoli, 16 m. N
by E. of Misitra.
Prato, a town of Tuscany, with a citadel, 10. m
N. W. of Florence.
PratlsvUle, p.v. Alleghany Co. Md.
Prats de Molo, a fortified town of France, de-
partment of Eastern Pyrenees, on the Tet, 29 m.
S. W. of Perpignau.
Prausnitz, a town and castle of Prussian Silesia.
It has a fine church, containing the tombs of the
counts of Hatzfeld, and is 18 m. N. ofBreslau.
P/-eiZe, a county of Ohio. Pop. 16,255. Eaton
is the capital ; p.t. Cortland Co. N. Y. Pop. 1,435.
Praija. See Porto Praya.
Precop, or Perecop, a town and fortress of Rus-
sia, in the government of Catharinenslaf, and pro-
vince of Taurida, seated on the isthmus that joins
the Crimea to the continent. A deep trench, four
m. in length, is cut across the isthmus, over which
is a bridge, and upon that a vaulted gate, called
the Golden Gate of the Tartars. Loner. 35. 34.
E., lat. 46. 8. N.
Prer.opia, a town of Servia, on the river Morale,
20 m. W. of Nissa.
Pergc'., a river ofE. Prussia, which issues from
the lake Augerburg, and flowing bv Insterburg,
Welau, and Kongsberg, enters the eastern ex-
tremity of the Ff isch HafF.
Premislau, a town of Poland, with a strong cas-
tle, and a Greek and Latin bishop's see; seated
on the Pana, 60 m W. by S. of Lemburg. Long.
21.0. E. lat. 49. 0. N.
Prenzlo, a town of Brandenburg, capital of what
was formerly called the Ucker Mark. It contains
6 churches, and has a brisk trade in corn, tobac-
co, and cattle. Seated on thi? lake and river Uc-
ker, 58 m. N. N. E. of Berlin. Long. 13. 55,
E., lat. 53. 19. N.
3F
PRE
614
PRl
Prerav, a town of Moravia , capital of a circle
of the same name. It is seated on llie Beczwa,
13 m. S. E. of Olmutz. Long. 17. 29. E., lat. 49.
S3. N.
Presburg, a city of Hungary. It is seated on
the Danubie, which is here very rapid, and about
250 yards in breadth. The inhabitants are estimat-
ed at 30,000. Its castle, a noble Gothic struc-
ture, was burned down in the commencement of
the present century. This town was declared by
a royal decree of 1536, the capita! of Hungary,
on account of its vicinity to Vienna, and the sov-
ereigns are still crowned in its cathedral ; but the
principal officers of government reside at Buda,
and the diets and supreme courts of judicature
meet at Perth. In December, 1805, a treaty of
peace was concluded here between Austria and
France. 38 m. E. by S. of Vienna and 95 W. N.
W. of Buda. Long 17. 9. E., lat. 48. 9. N.
Prescot, a town of Lancashire, Eng. It is a
long stragjrling town, and may be said to be
built almost over coal pits, several being worked
close to its extremities. It is estimated that 2,000
persons are employed in the collieries of Prescot;
whence Liverpool is chiefly supplied with fuel.
Here are manufactures of watch movements, pin-
ion wire, small files, and coarse earthen ware ;
and also some manufactories of cotton, hats, &c.
8 m. E. of Liverpool and 197 N. N. W. of London.
Prescot, p.t. Hampshire Co. Mass. 76 m. W. Bos-
ton. Pop. 158; also a village of Upper Canada,
on the St. Lawrence nearly opposite Ogdensburcr.
Presenzano, a town of Naples, in Terra di Lavo-
ro. It appears by an inscription to be the ancient
Rufa>, and its territory has the name of Costa Ru-
fraria. It is 28. m N. of Naples.
Presidii, Stato delli, formerly the name of a
small territory of Italy, on the coast of the Sien-
nese. It includes 5 fortresses, which were re-
tained by Spain when the territory of Sienna was
ceded to the duke of Tuscany in 1557. In 1735
it was ceded to the king of the Two Sicilies ; and
now belongs to the grand duchy of Tuscany.
Presteign, a town of Wales, in Radnorshire.
The site of its castle is now laid out in public
walks. It is seated near the source of the Luor,
in a rich valley, 23 m. N. N. W. of Hereford
and 151 N. N. W. of London. Lono-. 2 58.
W. lat. 52. 15. N.
PresUma, a town of Portugal, in Beira, 11 m.
N. of Coimbra.
Presto, a sea-port of Denmark, in Zealand, with
a good harbour in a bay of the Baltic, 42 m. S.
S. W of Copenhagen. Long. 12. 6. E., lat. 55. 9. N.
Preston, a borough in Lancashire, Eng. The
chief manufactures are the various branches of
cotton and muslin, which are now carried on to a
considerable extent. Preston exhibits a nearer ap-
proach than any other town in the kingdom to
universal suffrage, the right of voting being in
the male inhabitants at large. It is noted for the
defeat of the pretender's adherents in J715, when
most of them were made prisoners ; also for a
kind of public carnival, or jubilee, held every 20
years, the last of which was in 1822. It is seated
near the river Ribble and the Lancaster Canal, 22
m. S. S. E. of Lancaster and 217 N. N. W. of
London. Long. 2, 53. W., lat. 53. 46. N.
Preston, p.t. New London Co. Conn, on the
Thames 1.5 m. above New London. Pop. 1,935;
p.t. Chenango Co. N. Y. 106 m. W. Albany. Pop.
1,213.
Preston, a county of the W. District of Virgin-
ia. Pop. 5,009 K^ingwood is the capital.
Prestonpans, a town of Scotland, in Ha3ding-
tonshire, with a safe harbour, called Morrison's
Haven, on the frith of Forth. It has manufac-
tures of salt, stone and earthern ware, and bricks
and tiles. At this place the royal army was de-
feated by the Pretender's adherents in 1745. 8
m. E. by N. of Edinburgh.
Prestonslmrg, p. v. Floyd Co. Ken.
Prestonsville, p v. Rhea Co. Tenn.
Preston Hollow, p. v. Albany Co. N. Y.
Prestch, a town of Prussian Saxony with a fine
castle, seated on the Elbe, 10 m. S. by E. of Brit-
ten, a town of Saxony on the Elbe, 18 rn. S. by E.
of Wittenberg.
Prevesa, a town of Greece, in Albania, and "^
bishop's see. It stands on the ruins of the aw-
cient Nicopolis, built by the emperor Augustus,
in memory of his victory over Anthony. It was ta-
ken by the Venetians in 1684, was ceded to the
Turks in 1718, taken by the French in 17)8, and
retaken the following year by the Turks in whose
hands it remained till the recent liberation of
Greece. It is seated on a mountain, on the gulf
of Larta, 70 m. N. W. of Lepanto. Long. 21.5.
E., lat. 39. 14. N.
Preuilly, a town of France, department of In
dre-et-Loire. Near it are mines of iron ; and
it stands on the Claise, 18 m. S. of Loches.
Priaman, a town on the W. coast of tlie island
of Sumatra, where the Dutch had formerly a fac-
tory. The environs produce but little pepper;
but the air is healthy, and it stands on a small
river in which gold is found. The English E.
India company formed a settlement here in 1685.
Long. 98. 0. E., lat. 1. 0. S.
Priestford, p. v. Hartford Co. Maryland.
Primkenau, a town of Prussian Silesia, in the
government of Leignitz, with an iron forgo and a
manufacture of paper, 16 m. S. W. of Glojau.
Prince Edward, a county of the E. District
of Virginia. Pop. 14,107. Hampden and Syd-
ney college in this Co. was founded in 1774. It
has 6 instructors and 54 students.
Prince Frederick, p.v. Calvert Co. Maryland 40
m. S. Annapolis.
Prince George, a county of the E. District of
Virginia. Pop. 8,308. City Point is the capital.
Prince Georges, a county of Maryland. Pop
20,473. Upper Marlborough is the capital.
Prince William, a county of the E. District of
Virginia. Pop. 9,320. Brentsville is the capi-
tal. °
Prince William, a township of York Co. N. B.
Princess Jinne, a county of the E. District of
Virginia. Pop. 9,102.
Prince of WalesCape, the north-western extrem-
ity of America, discovered by captain Cook, in
1778. It is on the E. side of Bhering's Strait.
Prince of Wales Fort, the most northern settle-
ment of the Hudson Bay Company, on the west
side of Hudson's Bay, at the mouth of Church
hill River. Long. 94. 7. W., lat. 58. 47. N.
Prince of Wales Island, or Penang, an island 8
m. from the W. coast of Malacca, 18 m. long
and 8 broad, divided longitudinally by a ridge of
mountains. The channel to the mainlnnd is a
safe road for ships. This island was purchased of
the king of Quedaby the English E. India Com-
pany, who formed a settlement here in 1786 ; and,
in five years after, Georgetown, its capital, was
established as a sea-port. The inhabitants were
estimated in 1805 at 14,000, since which time
they have considerably increased. Long, iS. 50
£., lat. 0. 36. N.
PtU
PRO
Prince William, Henry's Island, an island in the
Eastern Ocean, lying W. N. W. of Tench Island.
It is pretty high, well wooded, and about 70 m. in
circuit. The population is estimated at 50,000.
It was discovered by lieutenant Ball in 1790, and
a hiorh mountain in the centre was called Mount
Philip. Longr. 149. 30. E., lat. 1. 32. S.— Also
the name of an island in the Pacific Ocean, dis-
covered by captain Wallis in 1767. Long. 141. 6.
W., lat. 17. 0. S.
Prince William Sound, a gulf on the N. W.
coast of America, discovered by Cook in 1778, and
visited and e.xplored by Vancouver in 1794. The
dress of both sexes is a sort of close robe, made
of the skins of various animals, and commonly
worn with the hairy side outward, sometimes
reaching only to the knees, but generally to the
ancles. The men often paint their faces of a
black colour, and of a bright red, and sometime
of a blueish or leaden hue ; but not in regular
figure. The women puncture or stain the chin
with black, that comes to a point on each of their
cheeks. Their canoes are of two sorts ; the one
large and open, the other small and covered : the
framing consists of slendei pieces of v;ood, and
the outside is composed of the skins of seals, or
other sea animals stretched over the wood. Their
weapons, and implements for hunting and fishing,
resemble those used by the Esquimaux. The
principal animals are bears, common and prne mar-
tens, sea otters, seals, racoons, small ermines, fox-
es, and the whitish cat or lynx. The birds found
here are the falcon, the great king-fisher, the
white-headed eagle, and the humming bird.
Long. 147. 21. W., lat. 59. 33. N.
Prince's Island, an island near the W. coast
of Guinea, 90 m. in circumference, discovered
by the Portuguese in 1471. It is elevated and
fertile, and has a town on the N. part, with a
good harbour. Long. 7. 40. E., lat. 1. 40. N.
Prince s Island, a small island in the Indian
Ocean, near the W. entrance of the strait of Sun-
da. It is visited by European ships for wood and
water. Long. 104. 30. E., lat. 6. 15. S.
Prince's Islands, four small islands, in the sea
of Marmora, near the strait of Constantinople,
called Prinkipo, Prote, Kalke, and Antigone.
The first is the largest, and has a town contain-
ing above 2,000 inhabitants. Long. 28. 56. E.,
lat. 40. 51. N.
Princeton, p.t. Worcester Co. Mass. 52 m. W.
Boston. Pop. 1,345. It was called Wachusett
by the Indians, and within its limits stands the
mountain of that name, which See.
Princeton, p.t. Somerset and Middlesex Cos.
N. J. 40 m. N. E. Philadelphia. The college of
iievt Jersey, or Nassau Hall, is established at this
place. It was founded in 1746 ; it has 10 instruct-
ors and 105 students ; the libraries have 12,000
volumes. It has two vacations in spring and
autumn of 12 weeks. Commencement is in
September. Here is also a Theological Seminary.
Princeton, p.v. Caldwell Co. Ken.; p.v. Butler
Co. Ohio; p.t. Gibson Co. Indiana.
Princetown, p.t. Schenectady Co. N. Y. Pop.
819.
Principato, a province of Naples, divided into
Principato Citra and Ultra, that is, the Further
and Hither Principality. The former is 60 m.
long and 30 broad ; the soil fertile in wine, corn,
► .. oil, and saffron ; and it has a great deal of silk,
*" and several mineral springs. Salerno is the cap-
ital. Principato Ultra is 37 m. long and 30
iiroad ; and the soil not fertile ia corn or wine,
but it produces chesnutf, and has excellent pa«-
tures. Avellino is the capital.
Pristina, a town of Romania, and a bishop's
see, which was pillaged by the Austrians in 10d9.
It is seated on the Rusca, 150 m. S. by E. of
Belgrade. Long. 21. 36. E., lat. 42. 43. N.
Piitzicalk, a town of Prussia, in Brandenburg,
seated on the Doranitz, 13 m. E. N. E. of Perle-
berg.
Privas, a town of France, capital of the de-
partment of Ardeche. It is seated on a hill, near
the confluence of three small rivers, 68 m. S. ol
Lyons Long. 4. 36. E., lat. 44. 45.
Procida, a island in the gulf of Naples, near
that of Ischia, 8 m. in circumference, and very
fertile and populous. The capital, of the same
name, is a small fortified place, on a high craggy
rock, by ths sea side. Long. 14. 8. E., lat. 40
43. ?f.
Proctorsville, p.v. Windsor Co. Vt. 88 m. S.
Montpelier.
Prodano, an island in the Mediterranean, near
the W. coast of the Morea, formerly called Sphac-
teria. It is 36 m. S. S, E. of Zante. Long. 21.
24. E., lat. 37. 15. N.
Prome, a city of Birmab, province of Ava. It
was formerly more considerable than at present,
having been greatly reduced by frequent wars.
Much teak timber is sent hence to Rangoon. It
is seated on the Irrawaddy, 120 m. N. W. of Pe-
gu. Long. 95. 0. E.. lat. 18. 50. N.
Prospect, p.t. Waldo Co. Me., on the Penob-
scot, 8 m. N. E. Belfast. Pop. 2,381 ; p.t. Prince
Edward Co. Va. 105 m. S. W. Richmond.
Prospect Hill, p.v. Rensselaer Co. N. Y. ; p.v.
Fairfax Co. Va. ; p.v. Caswell Co. N. C
Prosperous, a. village of Ireland, in the county
of Kildare, 16 m. S. W. of Dublin. It has a con-
siderable manufacture of cotton.
Prosnitz, a town of Moravia, in the circle of
Olmutz. 8 m. S. S. W. of Olmutz.
Provence, a former province of France, which
now forms the department of Var, Lower Alps,
and Mouths of the Rhone.
Proviaence, one of the Bahama Islands, and the
best of those planted by the English. It was
taken by the Spaniards, in 1782, but retaken the
next year. A light-house was erected, in 1804,
on an eminence overlooking Nassau, the chief
town. Long. 77. 20. W., lat. 25. 3. N.
Providence, an island in the Atlantic, which the
Buccaniers fortified, but afterwards abandoned.
It is 150 m. E. of the coast of Nicaragua. Long.
80. 44. W., lat. 13. 25. N.
Providtnce river, a stream of Rhode Island
formed by the union of two rivers just above the
city of Providence. It flows into Narraganset
Bay, and is navigable from Providence to the sea
for ships of 900 tons.
Providence, city, chief of a county of the same
name in Rhode Island, is the largest place in the
state and the second city in New England for
population, wealth, and business. It stands at
the head of Narraganset Bay, which at this ex-
tremity becomes narrowed to the width of a riv-
er. It is built on both sides of the river, the two
parts being connected by a bridge. The new
town on the W. of the river has all the bustle
and liveliness, and displays the flourishing ap
pearance of a commercial city. The hill on th»
opposite side, or East Providence, is chiefly oc
cupied by private mansions, beautifully situated,
and adorned with gardens and court yards. On
the summit of a steep eminence staaas tue cot-
PRO
616
PRU
jege, OTerlooklng the city. The streets are ir-
regular, but there are many beautiful situations
and fine edifices in the city. Here is a hand-
Bome arcade three stories high, with 28 rooms
on each fl«or. Each front consists of an Ionic
portico, with granite pillars. Providence has 12
churcnes, a theatre, a public library, many cot-
ton and woolen manufactories, paper mills, dye-
houses, &c. Its distance from the sea is 35
miles, but merchant ships of the largest size can
come up to the wharves. Steam-boats pass be-
L'-'lS
_ S!p,
tween Providence and New York, through Long
Island Sound, during all the open season, and
nearly the whole of the summer travelling from
Boston to the S. passes by this route. Providence
was founded by Roger Williams in 1G36. It re-
tained the denomination and government of
a town until 1831, when a city charter was
adopted.
Brown University at this place was founded
in 1764, and was first established at Warren : it
was removed to Providence in 1770. It has been
Buppoited solely by individual patronage, and
its funds are not large. The college edifices are
two brick buildings, containing 100 rooms for stu-
dents, and others for public purposes. The col-
lege is delightfully situated on an eminence in
the E. part of the town, which commands a
beautiful prospect. The libraries contain 12,000
volumes, including those belonging to literary
societies. The officers are a President and 8 Pro-
fessors. The board of trustees is composed of 36
members, of whom 22 must be Baptists, 5 Qua-
kers, 5 Episcopalians and four Congregationalists.
The Fellows, or Learned Faculty, are 12, of
•whom 8, including the President, must be Bap-
tists. The number of students in le31, was 95.
There are 3 vacations in May, September and
December, amounting to 13 weeks. Commence-
ment is in September.
Providence is a port of entry, and in 1828
owned 20,252 tons of shipping. It is in lat. 41.
51. N.. long. 71. 10. W. , 30 m. N. bv W. Newport,
40 S. S. W. Boston, 74 E. Hertford. Pop.
16,832.
ProvideTire, p.t. Saratoga Co. N. Y. 25 m. N.
Albany. Pop. 1,.''>79; also townships in Essex
Co. N. J. ; Luzerne, Bedford, Delaware and
Montgomery Cos. Pa.; p. v. Mecklenburg Co.
W. C.
Providence Inn, p.v. Chesterfield Co. Va.
Providence, a county of Rliode Island. Pop.
47,014. Providence city is the capital.
Provincetovm, p.t. Barnstable Co. Mass. on
Cape Cod, at the extremity of the peninsula. It is
60 m. 8. E. of Boston in a straight line and 116
by land. It has an excellent harbour but there
•re no wharves. The houses are of one story
and built on piles driven into the sand with
spaces between them for the sand to drift through,
otherwise they would be completely buried. The
inhabitants live by fishing, as the cape produces
nothing but a scanty vegetation of coarse grass
sufficient for the pasturage of a few cows. Pop.
1,710.
P-iovins, a town of France, department of Seine-
, et-Marne, celebrated for its mineral waters. It
has a considerable trade in corn, and some woolen
manufactures, and is seated on the Vouzie, 60 m.
S. E. of Paris'.
Prucli. See Bruek.
Prusa, or Pnisia. See Bursa.
Prussia, a large country of Europe, occupying
a great part of the N. of Germany, and extending
with little interruption from the confines of
Lithuania to those of the Netherlands. It is a
very fertile country, producing a great deal of
flax, hemp, and corn. There are a great number
of domestic animals: and the sea, the rivers, and
lakes, supply abundance of fish. Game abounds ;
and elks, wild asses, and uri, are found in the
forests : these last are of a huge size, and liave
some resemblance to beeves ; their hides are ex-
tremely thick and strong, and they are sold to
foreigners at a great price. One of the most re-
markable productions of this country is yellow
amber, which is found along the sea-coast.
Tliere are two large lakes, besides the rivers Vis-
tula and Pregel. The inhabitants are generally
of a good constitution, laborious, and robust.
There are a great number of mechanics ; but the
principal business is husbandry, with the feedin.g
of cattle. The present monarchy of Prussia
consists of two distinct parts separated by the
German States, and contains 105,770 sq. m. of ter-
ritory, and a pop. of 12,552,278. The army
amounts to 165,000 men. The revenue is 40,
000,000 dollars: the public debt 120,000,000.
The government is an absolute monarchy. The
religion of the royal family is protestant, but all
creeds are tolerated.
In the 13th century Prussia belonged to the
knights of the Teutonic order. In 1454, that part
since denominated Polish, or W. Prussia, revolt-
ed to Casimir IV. king of Poland, and was incor-
porated into the dominions of the republic. At
the same time the knights were constrained to
hold the remaining part, called Ducal or E. Prus-
sia, as a fief of the crown of Pola:id. In 1525 Al-
bert, the grand master, betrayed the intt-rests of
his fraternity, and concluded a treaty with Sigis-
mund, king of Poland, by which E. Prussia was
erected into an hereditary duchy, and given to
him as a Polish fief. Having adopted the tenets
of Luther, he married a princess of Denmark,
and transmitted this rich inheritance to his de-
scendants : one of wiiom, Frederic William, was
the first duke that threw off" his dependence on
Poland. The foundation of the Prussian mon-
archy was established by him, between 1640 and
1688. His son and successor, Frederic, in 1701
assumed the title of King of Prussia, which was
soon after acknowledged by all the Christian
powers, except Poland, which did not acknow-
ledge it till 1764. In 1742 Frederic II. acquired
the duchy of Silesia from the house of Austria;
and by his wonderful victories, and the still more
wonderful resources by which he repaired occa-
sional defeats, he became the admiration of the
age. In 1772 he compelled the Poles to cede to
him Western Prussia, excepting the cities of
Dantzic and Thorn. He cultivated the arts of
#
PRZ
61t
PUL
peace as well as war, distinguishing himself as a
poet, philosopher, and legislator, and expending
large sums in the improvement of the country.
He was succeeded by his nephew, Frederic Wil-
liam II., in 1736, who forcibly annexed to his
kingdom Dantzic and Thorn, with several con-
biderable provinces, which he styled Southern
Prussia. He had also a share in the general con-
test against France, in the early part of the revo-
lution ; but made peace with that country in
April, 1795; and died at Berlin in 1797.
His son, Frederic William III., continued on
amicable terms with France, till the dissolution
of the Germanic body in 1806, and the consequent
/ormation of the Confederation of the Rhine,
when, thinking himself aggrieved, he declared
war against France. This war was of short du-
ration, but of most disastrous consequence to
Prussia. By the peace of Tilsit, the whole of
the Polish dominions belonging to Prussia, with
a few exceptions, were transferred to another
prince ; and the king of Prussia had further to
renounce his right to all the territories, without
exception, situated between the Elbe and the
Rhine ; to those belonging to Saxony and the
House of Anhalt on the right bank of the Elbe;
and, lastly, to the circle of Rothus, in Lower Lu
satia, which was ceded to Saxony. Thus was
Prussia reduced to the lowest rank among the
powers of Europe. On the memorable retreat of
the French armies from Russia, and the arrival
of the Russians within the territories of Prussia,
she, however, threw off her alliance with France,
joined Russia in the war, and made such extraor-
dinary efforts to retrieve her lost character, by
the magnitude of her armies and the courage
which she maintained in the field, that on the
conclusion of the war all the countries which had
been wrested from her by the treaty of Tilsit were
restored.
The kingdom is now divided into 10 provinces,
namely, E. Prussia, W. Prussia, Brandenburg,
Pomerania, Westphalia, Cleves and Berg, Silesia,
Posen, Saxony, and Lower Rhine ; which are
subdivided into 23 governments. For military
purposes, the kingdom is divided into five great
parts, viz. Prussia, Brandenburg and Pomerania,
Silesia and Prussian Poland, Saxony, and finally
Westphalia with the Lower Rhine. Berlin is the
capital of all Prussia.
Prussia, Proper, an extensive division of the
Prussian states, between the northern frontier of
Poland and the Baltic. It comprises the provin-
ces of E. and W. Prussia, divided formerly by
the Vistula, and now by a line a few m. to the E.
of that river. E. Prussia lies between 19. 20. and
24. 15. of E. long, and 52. 32. and 56. 3. of N. lat.,
and has a superficial extent of 15,000 sq. m. with
856,000 inhabitants. It is divided into the gov-
ernments of Konigsberg and Gumbinnen. W.
Prussia is a less extensive country, its area being
10,000 sq. m. its population 560,000. It is divided
into the governments of Dantzic and Marien-
werder.
Pruth, a river that rises in Marmarosch, in
Hungary, crosses part of the palatinate of Lem-
burg. flows through Moldavia, and enters the
Danube above Leni, in Bessarbia.
Prujjm, a town of the Prussian province of
Lower Rhine, with a princely abbey ; seated on
the river Pruym, 30 m. S. S. E. of Aix-la-Chapelle.
Przesmislia, a town of Austrian Poland, capital
of a circle of its name, with a castle ; seated on
^ river San, 54 m. W. by S. of Lemberg.
78
Przihram, a town of Bohemia, in the circle of
Beraun, with a silver mine and an iron foundery ,
seated near the river Muldau, 28 m. S. S. W. of
Prague.
Pskof, or Pleskof, a government of Russia, ly-
ing between those of Livonia and Smolensko. It
comprises an area of 22,000 sq. m. with 700,000
inhabitants.
Pikof, the capital of the above government,
and an archbishop's see, with a strong castle. It
is seated on the river Welika, at its entrance into
the lake Tchudskoi, 80 m. S. of Narva and 170
S. by W. of Petersburgh. Long. 27. 52. E., at.
57. 38. N.
Pucculoe, a town of Bengal, 40 m. N. W. of
Dacca.
Puckholi, a town of Hindoostan, in the province
of Lahore, 86 ra. S. W. of Cashmere and 145 N,
W. of Lahore. Long. 75. 5. E., lat. 33. 45. N.
Pudda, a river of Hindoostan, which rises in
the S. W. part of Agimere, divides the provinces
of Cutch and Guzerat, and runs into the gulf of
Cutch.
Pudoga, a town of Russia, in the government
of Olonetz, situate on the E. coast of the lake of
Onezkoe, 108 m. E. of Olonetz. Long. 36. 30.
E., lat. 61.36. N.
Puebla, a town of Spain, in Galicia, seated near
the Atlantic, 29 m. S. S. W. of Compostella.
Pxublu de los Angelas, a city of Mexico, capital
of a province of its name. The streets are broad
and straight, and the buildings in general of stone,
lofty and elegant. In the centre of the city is a
large square, adorned on three sides with uniform
porticoes, where are shops filled with rich com-
modities, and on the other with the cathedral,
which has a beautiful front, and two lofty towers.
Besides the cathedral, there are several other
churches and convents, well built and finely
adorned. A small river runs through the town,
and the adjacent valley produces vines and all
sorts of European fruits. It is 80 m. E. S. E. of
Mexico. Long. 99. 22. W., lat. 19. 30. N.
Puebla JVuova, a town of Mexico, in the prov-
ince of Veragua, seated near the Pacific Ocean,
100 m. W. of St. Jago. Lon<r. 83. 0. W., lat. 8.
34. N.
Puebla de Sanabria, a town of Spain in the prov-
ince of Leon, 45 m. S. W. of Astorga.
Puente, a town of Spain, in Navarre, on the
river Agra, 8 m. S. S. W. of Pamplona.
Puerto Bello, Puero Rico, «&c. See Porto.
Puglia, the ancient Apulia, containing the three
provinces of Capitanata, Bari, and Otranto, on
the E. side of the kingdom of Naples.
Pughtown, p.v. Chester Co. Pa.
Pulaski, a county of Georgia. Pop. 4,899.
Hartford is the capital ; a county of Kentucky.
Pop. 9,522. Somerset is the capital ; a county
of Arkansas. Pop. 2,395. Little Rock is the
capital ; also a p.v. Giles Co. Tenn.
Pulhely, a town of Wales, in Caernarvonshire,
seated on an inlet of Cardigan Bay, between two
rivers, 16 m. S. of Caernarvon and 243 N. W. of
London.
Pulx) Condore,see Condort ; and so with other
islands that have sometimes Pulo [Island] prefi.ved.
Pullicate, a town of Hindoostan, in the Carna-
tic, on the sea-coast, and at the S. end of a large
lake to which it gives name, 23 m. N. of Madras.
Pulteney,^X. Steuben Co. N. Y. 30 m. S. Ca-
nandaigua. Pop. 1,730.
Pulteneyville, p.v. Wayne Co. N. Y. on Lak*
Ontario.
3r3
PUT
618
PUZ
Pultney, a township of Belmont Co. Ohio, on
the Ohio.
PuUousk, a town in the interior of Poland,
where in 1807 a battle was fought between the
French and Russians, in which both sides claim-
ed the victory, it is sealed on the Narew, 30 m.
N. of Warsaw.
Pidtowa. See Potjiva.
Puna, an island in the Pacific Ocean, 35 m.
long and 12 broad, lying at tlie entrance of the
bay of Guayaquil. It has an Indian town of the
•anie name, on its S. side. 115 m. N. of Paita.
Punch Hall, a. village of Caroline Co. Mary-
land.
Punhcte, a town of Portugal, in Estremadura,
bt the conflux of the Zezere with the Tajo, 6 m.
N. \V. of Abrantes.
Punta del Guda, the capital of St. Michael, one
of the Azores, with a strong castle. It is situate
on the S. side, and contains 10,000 inhabitants.
The streets are regular and of convenient width,
and the churches, religious houses, and public
edifices may be deemed elegant. There is no
harbour in the vicinity of the town, and vessels
usually anchor at a distance from the shore in an
open road. hong. 25. 42. W., lat. 37. 47. N.
Puiixetamny, p. v. Jefferson Co. Pa. 70 m. N.
E. Pittsburg.
Purbf-ck, Isle of, a rough and heathy tract in
Dorsetshire, to the S. of Pool Bay. It is insulated
by the sea and rivers, and is famous for its stone
quarries, the principal of which lie at its eastern
extremity, near Swannage, whence the stone is
exported : it is of the calcareous kind, but dis-
tinguished into numerous sorts, the finest of which
deserves the name of marble, and is used for
chimney-pieces, hearths, &c. ; while the coarser
kinds are made use of in paving. Tobacco-pipe
clay is dug up in several parts of this island, the
finest near Corfe Castle, of which much is export-
ed, particularly for the Staffordshire potteries.
Purcherui, a town of Spain, in the province of
Granada, 70 m. E. of Granada. Long. 2. 25. W.,
lat. 37. 19. N.
Purfleet, a village in Essex, Eng. situate on the
Thames, 4 m. W. of Grays-Thurrock. It has ex-
tensive lime-works, and a large magazine for gun-
powder.
Purijicacion, a town of Mexico, in the province
of Xalisco, 90 m. S. by E. of Compostella. Lonff.
105. 30. W., lat. 19. 58. N.
Purmerend, a strong town of the Netherlands,
in N. Holland, 10 m. N. by E. of Amsterdam.
Parneah, a town of Bengal, capital of a fertile
and populous district of its name ; seated on the
Scraw, 125 m. N. N. W. of Moorshedabad.
Purijsibarg, t. Beaufort Dis. S. Con the Savan-
nah, 20 m. above Savannah, 94 m. S. W.
Cliarleston. It was established by a colony of
Swi?8, to introduce the cultivation of silk.
Puscldavo, a town of Switzerland, in the can-
ton of Grisons, 3 m. IN. from a lake to which it
gives name. It is 17 m. W. S. W. of Bormio, and
§0 E. of Chiavenna.
Putala, cir Pateli,a. mountain of Thibet, near the
banks of the Burrampooter, 7 m. E. of Lassa. On
Its summit is the palace of the grand lama, the
high priest of Thibet.
Put in Bay, a harbour in Ohio at the West end
ef Lake Erie, formed by the largest of the Bass
Islands, 14 m. N. W. Sandusky. It has 2 entran-
ces, and is deep enough for the largest vessels,
and sheltered from every wind. Here the Ameri-
can fleet under Commodore Perry rendezvoused in
September 1813 when he captured the British
Squadron.
Putlitz, a town of Prussia, in the province of
Brandenburg, with an old castle, 11 m. N. N. E
of Perleberg.
PM^reftm, a county of New York. Pop. 12,701.
Carmel is the capital ; a county of Ohio. Pop.
230. Sugar Grove is the capital ; a county of
Georgia. Pop. 13,653. Eatonton is the rapital.
Putnam, p.t. Washington Co. N. Y. on Lake
Champlain. Pop. 718 ; p.t. Muskingum Co. Ohio.
Putney, a village in Surrey, Eng. seated on the
Thames, over which is a wooden bridge, 4 m. W.
S. W. of London. On Putney heath is an obelisk,
erected in 178(5, in commemoration of Mr. Hart-
ley's mvention of fire-plates, for securing buiH-
ings from fire ; and on its borders are several ele-
gant mansions.
Putney, p.t. Windham Co. Vt. on the Connec-
ticut. 33 m. S. \\ indsor. Pop. 1,510.
Puttan Somnautfi, or Puttan, a town of Hindoos-
tan, near the southern extremity of the Guzerat
Peninsula. Somnauth is one of the twelve iniao-es
of Seeb which are said to have descended from
heaven to earth ; and the great fame of its tem-
ple attracted the cupidity, while it stimulated the
bigotry, of Sultan Mahmood, of Ghizni. Accord-
ing to Mahomedan authors, the image was de-
stroyed, but the Hindoos assert that the god re-
tired into the ocean ! The symbol placed in the
temple is deemed peculiarly propitious to those
who desire offspring. It is visited by pilgrims
from every quarter, who pay a trifling duty to
the Nabob for permission to perform their devotions
at this favourite shrine. The Bombay Presidency
is stated to have used its influence with the Junag-
har State, in 1816, to secure greater freedom of
pilgrimage to Puttan. It stands near the sea, 95 m.
S. of Noanagur. Long. 69. 40. E., lat. 21. 2. N.
Puy, a city of France, capital of the depart-
ment of Upper Loire, and a bishop's see. The
cathedral is famous for a prodigious quantity of
relics; and Our Lady of Puy is celebrated in the
annals of superstition. Puy has manufactures of
blankets, linen, lace, silk, stuff's, and stoneware.
It is seated on the mountain Anis, near the river
Loire, 45 m. N. E. ofMendoand 05 S. E. of Cler-
mont. Long. 3. 58. E., lat. 45. 58. N.
Puy de Z)onie, a department of France, contain-
ing part of the former province of Auvergne. It
has its name from a mountain, situate to the W.
of Clermont, the capital of the department.
Puy en Anjou, a town in the department of
Maine-et-Loire, 10 m. S.'S. W. of Saumur.
Puy r Eveque, a town in the department of Lot.
16 m. W. by N. ofCahors.
Puy la lioque, a town in the department of
Tern-et-Garonne, 18 m. S. S. E. of Cahors.
Pay Moisson, a town in the department of Low-
er Alps, 15 m. S. of Digne.
Pwycertftf, a town of Spain, in Catalonia, cao-
ital of the county of Cerdagna, seated at the foot
of the Pyrenees, near the source of the Segra, 47
m. W.by S. ofPerpignan and 78 N. by W. of
Barcelona. It was taken by the French in 1794
Long. 1. 50. E., lat. 42. 36. N.
Puyzaurens, a town of France, department of
Tarn, 28 m. S. by W. of Alby.
Puizuoli, or Pozzuolo, a celebrated, but now
inconsiderable city of Italy, on the bay of Na-
ples Here are the remains of the temple of
Jupiter Serapis, an interesting monument of an-
tiquity, being different from the Roman and
Greek temples, and built in the manner of the
QUA
619
QUA
Asiatic ; probably by the Egyptian and Asiatic
merchants settled at Puzzuoli, which was the
great emporium of Italy, till the Romans built
Ostia and Antium. It has been converted into a
Christian cathedral, and so much modern work
added that at present only the front of the ancient
edifice is visible. Many other remains of temples,
amphitheatres, and other public buildings in this
citv, alFird convincing proofs of its former mag-
nificence. The ruins of Cicero's villa, near this
place, are of such extent as to give a high idea of
the wealth of that great orator; 9 m. VV. of Naples.
Pijriimids, a range of ancient and stupendous
E^vptian monuments, extending northwards from
Cairo, but on the opposite or west side of the
Nile. Tliev are continued almost uninterrupted-
ly for about 21 leagues, upon a plain occupying
tiie lower slope of a ridge of hills, which runs
parallel to the Nile. This plain is elevated about
8J feet above tlie ground inund ited by the river
and consists of hard rock, forming a proper sup-
port for the immense weight of the structures
erected upon it. The pyramids are distinguished
by their form, which the name expresses, and
still more by their great dimensions. The three
larjest are in the neighbourhood of the town of
Gizeh, and are named from their founders. The
following are their names and dimensions.
Feet hicrh. Ft. sq. at base.
Cheops 499 693
Cephrenes 398 655
Mycerinus 162 280
The pyramids, at first view, present the ap-
pearance of solid masses ; and it seems to have
been the intention of the founders, that the few
openings which they contain, should remain per-
petually closed. The ingenuity of successive
ao-es has traced the openings of the great pyramid,
which were so studiously concealed. The exte-
rior opening is 60 feet above the basej and leads
into a passage 66 paces long. Beyond are succes-
sive galleries, one 120 feet, another 170, and an-
other 180 feet long. The principal chamber, at
the end of the longest gallery, is :J6 feet long, 16
broad, and 13 high. At the farthest extremity is
tlie sarcophagus, for the reception of which this
enormous structure is supposed to have been rear-
ed. This pyramid is ascended on the outside by
an uninterrupted flight of steps, from 2 1-2 to 4
feet, diminished in height, as they approach the
top. The breadth is so proportioned to the height
that a line stretched from the top to the bottom
would touch the angle of every step. The ex-
ternal part is built oi square stones, cut in the
rock found along the Nile. They are com-
pacted together solely by their own weight, with-
out lime, lead, or cramps of any metal. In the
body of the pyramid, however, which is full of
irregular stones, it has been necessary to employ
a mortir composed of lime, earth, and clay. The
pyramid of Cephrenes was first opened by M. Bel-
Koni, in 1818. The sarcophagus was found to
contain bones, supposed to be human, which n^
peared to confirm the belief, that these stupend-
ous monuments, as has been asserted by Strabo
and Diodorus, were intended as sepulchres of the
kings of Egypt. But a thigh bone, which was
carried to London, and examined by the royal
college of Physicians, was pronounced to belong
to a cow, whence it has been inferred that these
structures were reared in honour of this favourite
object of Egyptian worship.
Pifrbauin, a town of Bavaria, capital of a lord-
ship of its name, situate on the frontier of Fran-
conia, 13 m. S. E. of Nuremburg.
Pyrenees, a range of mountains which divide
France from Spain, and the most celebrated in
Europe, except the Alps. They reach from the
Mediterranean to the Atlantic, about 212 m. in
length, and have difierent names, according to
their different situ;itions. The passages over
them are not so difficult as those of the Alps:
one of the most frequented is that firom Pampelu-
na to St. Jean de Pied de Port, by which the
French under Soult marched to attack the Brit-
ish before Pampeluna, in July 1813. These
mountains contain iron, copper, lead, silver, gold,
cobalt, and zinc ; they also furnish great quanti-
ties of timber for ship-building, and abundance
of pitch and tar. See Perdu., SlouiU.
Pyrenees, Eastern, a department of France, con-
taining the provinces of Roussillon, Cerdagne,
and part of Languedoc. Its area is estimated at
1,650 sq. m., and the pop. at 126,500. Although
great part of the country is mountainous, yet it
is fertile in corn, excellent wine, olives, oranges,
&c. Perpignan is the capital.
Pyrenees. Lower, a department of France, com-
prehending the province of Beam and Navarre.
The principal products are corn, wine, flax, chest
nuts, and other fruits ; the manufactures woolen,
linen, leather, and recently cotton. The prov
ince contains an area of about 3,000 sq. m., with
380 ,000 inhabitants. Pan is the capital.
Pyrenees, Upper, a department of France, in-
cluding the province of Bigorre, and comprising
an area of 1,800 sq. m. with 200,000 inhabitants.
Here are excellent horses and good partridges.
The valleys are very fertile, furnishing rye, mil-
let, Spanish corn, and flax. The mountains have
mines of lead, iron, and copper, and quarries of
slate, marble, and jasper. Tarbes is the capi
Ul.
Pyrmont, a U)wn of the N. W. part of Grermany,
capital of a small district of the same name, be
longinff to the prince of Waldeck. Near it are
minepJ waters, weli known to all Europe, and
frequented by persons of the highest rank. It
is seated in a delightful valley, between high
mountains, 38 m. S. yV. of Hanover. Long. 9.
20. E., lat. 51. 57. N.
Pyrstein, a town of Bavaria, in tfie principalihr
of Passau, insulated in Austria. It is 10 m. N. W
of Lintz and 22 E. of Passau.
Q
QUACHA, a lake of Louisiana between the
Mississippi and Barataria Bay.
Quackenbrw i, a town of Hanover, in the
principality of Osnaburg; seated on the Hase. 28
m. N. of Osni nirg.
(Quadra and Vancouver's Island, an island on
the N. W. coast of America, on the S. W. coast
of which is Nootka Sound. It was so named by
captain Vancouver in compliment to senor Qua-
dra, the Spanish commandment at Nootka. It is
QUE
eeo
QUE
aboQt 300 m. in length, and 80 in its greatest
oreadth.
Quadrello, a town of Naples, in Terra di Lavoro,
20 m. E. N. E.of Naples.
qitaker HiU, p.v. Dutchess Co. N. Y. 20 m. E.
Fishkill.
Quaker Springs, p.v. Saratoga Co. N. Y. 31 m.
N. Albany.
Quakertown, p.t. Bucks Co. Pa.
(^uanir-ping, a city of China, of the first rank,
in the province of retche-li, 212 m. S. S. E. of
Pekin. Long. 114. 30. E., lat. 3G. 47. N.
(^uanirsi, an inland province in the S. of Chi-
na. It produces plenty of rice, being watered by
several large rivers. The southern part is a flat
country, and well cultivated ; but the northern is
full of mountains, covered with trees. It con-
tains mines of all sorts, and particularly a gold
mine. Here is a tree called quang-Jang, the pith
of which is made into bread ; and a small spe-
cies of insect which produces white wax. Quel-
ling is the capital.
Quanff-tong, a province of China, bounded
on the E. by Kiang-si and Fo-kien, on the S. by
the ocean, and on tne W. by Tonquin. It is di-
versified by valleys and mountains, and yields two
crops of corn in a year. The northern frontier
consists of a range of lofly mountains, which
abound in gold, jewels, tin, quick-silver, copper,
and iron. Ebony and several sorts of odoriferous
wood are produced in this province, as well as
various sorts of fruit. There is a species of lem-
on as large as a man's head ; and another sort
which grows out at the trunk of the tree, whose
rind is very hard, and contains a great number
of little cells, full of an excellent yellow pulp.
A prodigious number of ducks are bred in this
province, their eggs being hatched in ovens. The
mountains are covered with a kind of osiers,
which creep along the ground, and are so tough
that they make baskets, hurdles, mats, and even
ropes of them. Here is also a tree the timber of
which is remarkably hard and heavy, and is
thence called ironwood. Canton is the capital,
but the viceroy resides at Chao king.
Quangtong, a town on the N. borders of Bir-
mah, in the province of Ava, with a fort, seat-
ed on the Irrawaddy, 150 m. N. N. E. of Um-
merapoora.
QuarUico Mills, p.v. Somerset Co. Maryland.
^uariiz, a town of Prussian Silesia, in the gov-
ernment of Leignitz, 10 m. W. S. W. of Glogau.
Qmr/esville, p.v. Brunswick Co. Va.
Quarre, a town of France, department of Yonne,
6 m. S. of Avallon.
Quarto, two towns of Naples, in Capitanata,
the one 6 ni. W. and the other 12 S. W. of Salpes.
Quarten, a town of Switzerland, near Wallen-
Stadt Lake, 5 m. E. of Claris.
Quatre Br/w,^ hamlet of the Netherlands, which
was the scene of an obstinate conflict between the
British and French, on the 16th of June, 1815.
Queaux, a town of France, department of Vi-
enne, 21 ni. S. E. of Poitiers.
Quebec, the capital of Canada, and of British
America, is situated at the confluence of the rivers
St Lawrence and St. Charles (or the Little River),
about 320 milc-s from the sea. It is built on a rock,
which is partly ot marble and partly of slate, and
is divided into Upper and Lower. Near it is a
fine lead mine. At the time it was founded, in
1608, the tide, it is said, reached the foot of the
rock ; but since that period this river has sunk so
&> that a large spot of ground is lefl dry, and on
this an extensive suburb is built, styled the Low
er Town, which stands at the foot of a rocky pre-
cipice, about 48 feet in height, and is chiefly in-
habited by merchants. The houses in both towns
are of stone, strong, and well built. The fortifi-
cations are extensive, but irregular. The natural
situation of the town renders its defence easy.
If attacked by ships from the river, their guns
cannot injure the works of the Upper Town,
though the ships themselves would be liable to
great injury from the cannon and bombs from
these elevated ramparts. The Lower Town is
defended by a platform, flanked with two bastions,
which, at high water and spring tides, are almost
level with the surface of the water. A little
above the bastion, to the right, is a half bastion,
cut out of the rock ; a little higher a large bat-
tery, and higher still a square lort, the most re-
gular of all the fortifications, and in which the
governor resides. The passages which form a
communication between these rocks are extremely
rugged. The rock which separates the Upper
from the Lower Town extends, with a bold and
steep front, a considerable distance W. along the
river St. Lawrence. The Lower Town is well
supplied with water, which is sometimes scarce
in the Upper Town. This city was erected by
the French in 1608; the English reduced it, with
all Canada, in 162i), but it was restored in 1G32.
In 1711 it was besieged by the English without
success ; in 1759 it was again conquered, after a
battle memorable for the death of general Wolfe
in the moment of victory, and was confirmed to
them by the peace of 1763, In 1775 it was at-
tacked by the Americans under g-eneral Mont-
gomery, who was slain, and his army repulsed.
Of late years great improvements have been effec-
ted, and the present population amounts to nearly
22,000. The chief exports are grain, flour, tim-
ber, lumber", &.C. The basin of Quebec is capable
of containing 100 sail of the line. 180 m. N. E.
Montreal. 330 m. N. of Boston. Long. 70. 48.
W., lat. 46. 55. N.
Queida, a kingdom of Asia, in the peninsula of
Malacca. The king is tributary to Siam. The
principal town is of the same name, has a harbour,
and is 300 m. N. of the city of Malacca. Long.
100. 5. E., lat 7. 5. N.
Quedlinberg, a town of Prussian Saxony, in
the principality of Anhalt, with a castle. The
river Bode divides it into the Old and New Town.
It has a trade in brandy and linen, and is 10 m.
S. by E. of Halberstadt. Long. 11. 10. E., lat.
51.50. N.
Quern Ann, a county of Maryland, on the E. of
Chesapeak Bay. Pop. 14,396. Centreville is
the chief town.
Queen Ann, a town of Maryland, in Prince
George county, situate at the foot of a hill, on the
Patuxent, 13 m. S. W. of Annapolis and 22 E. of
Washington.
Queen Charlotte Island, an island in the S. Pa-
cific, 6 m. long and 1 broad, discovered by captain
Wallis in 1767. Long. 138. 4. W., lat. 19. 18 S.
Queen Charlotte Islands, a group of islands in
the N. Pacific, explored by captain Carteret in
1767. The most considerable he named Egmont,
but the Spaniards call it Santa Cruz. It is 60 m.
long and from 20 to 30 broad, woody and moun-
tainous, with many valleys intermixed. The in-
habitants are very nimble, vigorous, and active ;
and their weapons are bows and arrows pointed
with flint. On the N. side is a harbour nan;ed
Swallow Bay. Long. 164. 26. E., lat. 10. 42 S.
't
QU£
621
QUI
Queen Charlotte Sound, a sound at the N. ex-
tremity of the S. island of New Zealand, near
Cook Strait. Long. 174. 14. E., lat. 41. 6. S.
Qaeenliorough, a borough in Kent, Eng. in the
Isle of Sheppey. It had once a strong caste, re-
mains of which are still to be seen. The chief
emplo)'ment of the inhabitants is fishing, and
oysters are here in great plenty. The town is
sealed near the mouth of the Medvvay, 15 m. N.
W. of Canterbury and 45 E. by S. of London.
Long. 0. 49. E., lat. 15. 23. N.
Qiieensborough, a town of S. Carolina, on the
W. side of the Great Pedee River, 32 m. N. iN.
W. of Georgetown.
Q>teenshoroiigh,a. village in Tuscarawas Co. Ohio.
Queens Coitnty, a county of Ireland, in the
frovince of Leinster, about 30 m. long and 29
.•oad ; bounded on the N. by King's county, E.
by Kildare, S. E. by Carlow, S. by Kilkenny, and
W. by Tipperary and King's county. It is di-
vided into nine baronies and 50 parishes, contains
about 134,000 inhabitants, and sends three mem-
bers to parliament. It was formerly full of woods
and bogs, but is now much improved in cultiva-
tion. Maryborough is the capital.
Queens County, a county of New York, in the
W. part of Long Island. Pop. 22,276. N. Hemp-
stead is the chief town.
Queensferry, a borough of Scotland, in Linlith-
gowshire, seated on the frith of Forth, where it is
not more than 2 m. wide. It has a trade in soap,
and a much frequented ferry. It is 9 m. W. of
Edinburgh.
Queenstadt, a town of Prussian Saxony, 5 m.
N. E. of Halberstadt.
Queenstown, a town of Upper Canada, on the
river Niagara, 7 miles below the falls. Here all
the merchandise and stores received from Kings-
ton for the upper part of the province are sent in
waggons to Chippewa, a distance of 10 m. the
falls and broken course of the river rendering the
navigation impracticable for that space. It is 7
m. above Fort Niagara and 20 N. by E. of Fort
Erie.
Queenstown, p.v. Queen x\nn's Co. Maryland.
33 m. S, E. Baltimore.
Queich, a river of Bavaria, which passes by
Anweiller and Landau, and enters the Rhine near
Germersheim.
Quei-ling, a city of China, capital of the pro-
vince of Quang-si. It has its name from a flower
called quei, which grows on a tree resembling a
laurel, and emits such a sweet odor that it per-
fumes the whole country. It stands on a rivers
that runs into the Ta, but with such rapidity as
t>ot to be navigable. It is 180 m. N. by W. of
Canton and 587 S. of Pekin. Long. 109. 51. E.,
lat. 25. 12. N.
Quemahoming, a township of Somerset Co. Pa.
Quentin, St., a strong town of France, depart-
ment of Aisne, with a considerable manufacture
of lawns and cambrics; also gauze, linen, and
thread. Near this place, in 1557, Philip II. of
Spain gained a signal victory over the French,
and afterwards took the town by storm, but it
was restored to France in 1559. It is seated on
an eminence, on the river Somme, 21 m. S. of
Cambray and 83 N. by E. of Paris. Long. 3 20.
E., lat. 49. 50. N.
Quercy, a province of France, now formmg the
department of Lot.
Queretaro, a city of Mexico, capital of a pro-
vince of the same name. Pop. 35,000. 95 m. N.
W. Mexico.
Querfort, a town of Prussian Saxony, in the
government of Merseberg, formerly the capital of
a principality of its name, with a castle, 14 m.
W. of Merseberg. Long. 11. 50. E., lat. 51. 23.
N.
Querimba, a cluster of small islands on the
coast of Mozambique, fertile in fruits and pastures
The principal one, cf the same name, is in long.
41. 30. E., lat. 11.40. S.
Qucsjwy, a fortified town of France, department
of Nord, with an old castle. In 1793 it was taken
by the Austrians, but retaken the next year. It
is seated in an extensive plain, on the rivulet
Ronelle, 9 m. S. E. of Valenciennes and 122 N.
E. of Paris. Long. 3. 40. E., lat. 50. 15. N.
Quiheroii, a town in the department of Morbihan
with a fort, situate at the extremity of a peninsula,
to the N. of Belleisle. \n 1795 it was taken by
some French royalists in the pay of Great Britain ;
but, owing to the desertion and treachery of some
of the soldiers, the republicans soon took it by sur-
prise. It was taken by the English in 1800, but
evacuated soon afterwards. 17 m. S. S. E. of
Port Louis.
Quicaro, an island in the Pacific Ocean, near
the coast of Veragua, about 20 m. long and (/broad
Long. 82. 39. W., lat. 7. 50. N.
Qui.limanry, a sea-port of Zanguebar, in the
kingdom of Melinda. It stands at the mouth of a
riverof the same name, 20 m. S. S. W. of Melinda.
Long. 41. 40. E., lat. 3. 10. S.
Quillan, a town of France, department of Aude,
25 m. S. S. W. of Carcassone.
Quillebasuf, a town of France in the department
of Eure, seated on the Seine, 37 m. W. of Rouen,
and 42 N. W. of Evreux.
Quiloa, a sea-port of Zanguebar, capital of a
kingdom of the same name, with a small citadel.
This country was for some time in the possession
of the Portuguese, from whom it was wrested by
the imam of Mascat. It produces abundance of rice,
millet, fruits, cattle, and poultry. The inhabitants
are Mahomedans partly black and partly tawny.
The capital is well built, and stands on an island,
at the mouth of the river Coava. Long. 40. 0. E.,
lat. 8. 38. S.
Quimper, a city of France, capital of the depart-
ment of Finisterre, and a bishop's see. It is seat-
ed at the conflux of the Oder and Benaudet, 34.
m. S. S. E. of Brest and 112 W. by S. of Rennes.
Long. 4. 6. W., lat. 47. 58. N.
Quimpcrle, a town of France in the department
of Fmisterre, seated on the IsoUe, 30 m. E. S. E.
of Quimper.
Quincy, p.t. Norfolk Co. Mass. 9 m. S. E. Bos-
ton. Pop. 2,192. Here is a quarry of excellent
granite much used for building in Boston and the
neighborhood. The Qui7icy Railroad extends from
this place to Neponset river. It is 3 m. in length
with a single track. It was constructed in 1826,
and was the first undertaking of the kind in Amer-
ica. On an elevated rock at the commencement of
the railroad, stands a square tower of stone with an
inscription commemorating the foundation of the
work. The view from the summit of the tower is
exceedingly fine, embracing Boston Bay, its
islands, and a wide extent of country.
Quincy, p.v. Morgan Co. and Adams Co.
Illinois.
Quingey, a town of France, in the department
of Doubs, seated on the Louve, 12 m. S. W. of
Besancon.
Quin-nog, or Chin-chi, a bay on the coast of
Cochin-China, much freauented by the vessels of
RAB
RAD
tlie country, being an excellent harbour. The
entrance is narrow, and ships ot burden can get
in only at high water. At the head of the har-
bour is the city of Quin-nong. Long. 109. 15.
E., lat. 13. 52. N.
QuiTison, a town of France, department of Low-
er Alps, 29 m. S. of Digne.
Q-iintin, a town in the department of Cotes du
Nord, seated in a valley, on the Goy, 10 m. S. S.
W. of St. Brieuc.
Quinziaa, a chain of mountains in the kingdom
of Fez, 100 m. in length, extending from the de-
sert of Gret to the river Nocor.
Quirjwn, an island in the Atlantic, near the N.
coast of Newfoundland. Long. 53. 22. W., lat.
51. 40. N.
Quistello,a. town of Austrian Italy, famous for
an action l)etween the French and Austrians in
17;i4, wl.er. manslial Broglio was surprised in his
bed. It is Heated or the Seccia, 15 m. S. of Mantua.
Q'litn, a presideury of the republic of Colombia,
lying between two chains of the high mountains
called the Andes. The eastern governments are
chiefly immense tracts, thinly scattered with mis-
sionary villages. The vegetable productions vary
with the eievration ofthe ground. Tlie champaign
country produces abundant crops of maize ; and
the deep ravines,where the temperature is hot,pro-
duce sugar-cane. The elevated lands possess a
colder climate, and produce wheat, barley, &c.
Immense flocks of sheep are reared in the moun-
tain plains, and their wool furnishes materials for
the manufactures of this province. The lands are
generally well cultivated, and there are a great
number of towns and villages inhabited almost
entirely by Indians. The streets are generally
straight and in the direction of the four cardinal
points ; and the roads are laid out in a line, cros-
sing each other, so that the aspect of the country
is tnat of a large garden. Although this country
is situate on both sides the equator, yet it lies so
high, and so near the snow-clad mountains, that
the air is very temperate. There are no noxious
animals ; for the tigers and serpents are below in
the forests. The state of society in this province
has undergone considerable improvement since its
deliverance from Spanish domination, and the
manufactures are in a flourishing state. Hats,
cotton stuffs, and coarse woolen cloths, are made
here in great quanities, and exported to other parts
of S. America.
Quito, the capital ofthe above country, is seat-
ed on the skirts ofthe volcanic mountain of Pin-
chincha, in a pleasant valley, but on high ground.
9,510 feet above the level of the sea. Having n^
mines in its neighbourhood, it is chiefly famous
for manufactures of cotton, wool, and flax. The
town is plentifully supplied with water, and enjoys
a delightful climate ; but it is subject, together
with the whole country, to the awful calamity of
earthquakes. Of these a very destructive one was
experienced in 1755. In 1797 the face of the
whole district was changed by a most dreadful
concussion, and 40,000 persons were in one mo-
ment hurled into eternity. Violent shocks of
earthquakes have since been frequently experi-
enced. It is notwithstanding very populous, and
inhabited by several families of distinguished rank.
400 m. S. W. of Bogota. Long. 77. 55. W., lat.
0. 13. S.
Quizama,, a province of Africa in the S. part of
Angola. It is mountainous and badly cnltivated,
but produces abundance of honey, wax, and salt.
The inhabitants are warlike, and have never sub-
mitted to the Portuguese.
Quoja, an inland country of Africa, lying E.
of Sierre Leone. It is well cultivated, but has
little commercial intercourse.
Quovedo, a town of Austrian Illyria, in Istria
Quorra, See JYiger.
R
RAAB, a town and fortress of Hungary, capi-
tal of a county of its name, and a bishop's see.
It is a strong frontier bulwark against the Turks,
and is seated at the conflux ofthe Raab and B,ab-
nitz, not far from the Danube, 38 m. S. S. E. of
Presburg. Long. 17. 7. E., lat. 47. 38. N.
Raajeirur, a town of Hindoostan, in the prov-
ince of Malwa, 74 m. N E. of Ougein ana 214
S. S. W. of Agra. Long. 70. 56. E., lat. 24 2. N.
Rtuiza, one ofthe Hebrides of Scotland, between
the mainland of Ross-shire and the Isle of Skye.
It is annexed to the parish of Portree, in the
county of Inverness, and is about 12 m. long
and 4 broad, rising with a gentle ascent from the
W side to a great height on the E. side, which is
nearly perpendicular. It is famous for its mill-
stone quarries, and at the N. E. end stands Cas-
tle Broichin, which is a noted sea-mark. Long.
«. 0. W., lat. 57. 32. N.
Rahasteins, a town of France, department of
Tarn, with a castle, seated on the river Tarn, 18 m.
N. E. of Toulouse.
Rabat, a sea-port of Algiers, in Tremecen, with
a castle. It has fine mosques and handsome
palaces, and is seated at the mouth ofthe Burigrig,
between Fez and Tangier. Long. 5. 28. W., lat.
30. 40. N.
Rabenstein, a town of Bohemia, on the river
Ottava, 21 m. W. S. W. of Rakonitz.
Riibun, a county of Georgia. Pop. 2.175.
Clayton is the capital.
Racca, a town of Turkey, in Diarbekir, at the
conflux ofthe Beles with the Euphrates. Near
it are the ruins of Old Racca, once a magnificent
city. It is 110 m. S. by W. of Diarbekir.
Rac.horc, a city of Hindoostan, in the province
ofBejapore, capital of a district of its name, sub-
ject to the nizam ofthe Doccan. It is seated on
the S. bank ofthe Kistna, SO m. S. W. of Hydra
bad. Long. 78. 3. E., lat. IG. 22 N.
Racketon, a village of St. Lawrence Co. N. Y.
Raconi0i,& town of Piedmont, with a magnifi-
cent castle belonging to the prince of Cangnano ;
seated in a plain, 18 m. S. of Carignano.
Radehcrg, a town of Saxony, near which is a
bath, called Augustus bath, discovered in 1717
It is seated on the Roder, 8 m. E. N. E. of Dres-
den.
Radebiirg, a town of Saxony, with a castle. It
is celebrated for earthen ware, and seated on the
Roder, 14 m. N. of Dresden.
Radicofani, a town of Tuscany, in the former
province of Sienna, seated on a steep hill, 40 m.
S. E. of Sienna.
RAI
aa
RAM
Radimpour, or Radunpmir, a town of Hindoos-
tan, in the province of Agimere, situate on the
Puddar, 175 m. N. of Sural and 250 S. W. of
Agi.nere. Long. 71. 48. E., lat. 23. 58. N.
Radnor, JYew, a borough of Wales, in Radnor-
shirp. New Radnor is seated near the soui'ce of
the Somergil, at the foot of a hill, on which a cas-
tle formerly stood, 24 m. N. W. of Hereford and
159 W. N. W. of London.
Radnorshire, a county of Wales, 30 m. long
and 25 broad. The number ofinhabitants in 1821
was 22,459. Its principal rivers are the Wye
and Tend, the former divided it from Brecknock-
shire, and the latter from Shropshire. The E.
and S. parts are tolerably level and productive of
corn. The other parts are rude and mountainous
devoted chiefly to the rearing of cattle and
sheep.
Radnor, a township of Delaware Co. Pa.
Radom, a town of Poland, in the palatinate of
Sandomir, 60 m. N. N. W. of Sandomir.
Radom sk, a town of Poland, in the palatinate
of Siradia, 50 m. S. E. of Siradia.
Radstadt, a town of Bavaria, near the source of
the Ens, 35 m. E. S. E. of Salzburg. Long. 13.
26. E., lat. 47. 18. N.
Ragivolo, a town of Austrian Italy, in the prov-
ince of Mantua, 19 m. S. of Mantua.
Ragland, a village in Monmouthshire, Eng.
famous for its castle, where Charles 1. passed
much of his time, and lived in a magnificent style.
This caslle was the last in Cromwell's time which
surrendered to general Fairfax. 5 m. N. E. of
Usk and 8 E. of Monmouth.
Ragnit, a town of Russian Lithuania, with a
very ancient castle, in which is a large royal mag-
azine for provisions, &c. It is situate on the Nie-
jnen,56 m. E. N. E.of Konigsberg. Long. 21. 30.
E., lat. 55. 30. N.
Rasoogur, a town of Hindoostan, in the prov-
ince of Malwa, 116 m. N. E. of Ougein and 256
S. of Dehli. Long. 77. 30. E., lat. 214. 23. N.
Ragusa, a district of Austrian Dalmatia, con-
taining the territory of the ancient republic of
Ragusa and several islands. It has an area of
700 square miles, with 55,000 inhabitants. The
soil is so barren that the inhabitants receive the
greatest part of their necessaries from the neigh-
bouring islands and Turkish provinces. The chief
rivers are the Drino Gliuta, and Ombla
Ragusa, the capital of the above district, and an
archbishop's see. It is 2 miles in circumference,
and strong by situation, having an inaccessible
mountain on the land side, and a strong fort on
the gulf of Venice. It has a considerable trade
with the Levant and Italy, and is 66 m. W. of
Scutari. Long. 17. 55. E., lat. 42. 32. N.
Ragusa, a populous town of Sicily, in Val di
Noto near the river Maulo, 18 m. W. N. W. of
Noto.
Rahioay, p.t. Middlesex Co. N. J. 5 m. S. W.
Elizabethtown.
Raiatea, orloretea, the Ulietea of captain Cook,
the largest of the Society Isles, in the S. Pacific,
about 40 m. in circumference. The mountains
are lofty, and picturesque. The lowland is ex-
tensive, and the valleys, which are capable of the
highest cultivation, are not only spacious, but
conveniently situated for affording to the inhabit-
ants an intercourse with other parts of the island.
It is well supplied with rivers and streams of ex-
cellent water. On the N. W. is a small but very
secure harbour, called Haraanino, which is shel-
tered from the strong £. and S. winds by the
mountains of the interior. Long. 151. 38. W.
lat. 16. 45. S.
Rain, a fortified town of Bavaria, seated on tlw»
Acha, 12 m. W. f Neuberg.
Rain, or Old R in, a town of Scotland, in Ab-
erdeenshire, near the river Ury, 23 m. N. W.
of Aberdeen.
Rain Lake, a laite of N. America, lying E. of
Lake of the Woods, and W. of Lake Superior
Jt is nearly 100 m. long, but in no part more than
20 wide.
Raisin, a river of Michigan Territory flowing
into Lake Erie. 20 m. S. W. of Detroit river.
Raisin Market, a town in Lincolnshire, En^.
near the source of the Ancbolm, IG m. N. E. of
Lincoln and 147 N. of London.
Rajamundry, a town of Hindoostan, capital of
an extensive and fertile district of its name, in the
province of the Circars. The principal riches
consist in teak timber. It is the residence of the
British civil establishment, and is seated on the
Godavery, 35 m. from its mouth and 170 S. W.
of Cicacole. Long. 81. 57. E., lat. 17. 0. N.
Rajapour, a town of Hindoostan, in the prov-
ince of Bejapore, seated at the mouth of a river of
the same name, 6 m. N. of Geriah.
Rajemal, a district of Bengal, separated by a
range of hills from Bahar. It is now annexed to
the collectorsliip of Boglipore.
Rajemal, a decayed town of Bengal, seated on
the W. bank of the Ganges, 68 ra. N. N. W. of
Moorshedabad.
Rakelslnirg, a town of the Austrian states, in
Stiria, with a considerable trade in wine and
iron. It is a frontier fortress towards Hungary,
and is situate on an island in the river Muer, 36
m. S. E. of Graiz. Long. 15. 58. E., lat. 46. 45.
N.
Rakonitz, a town of Bohemia, capital of a circle
of the same name. Very good beer is brewed
here, and forms the principal article of trade. It
is seated on the Miza, 30 m. W. of Prague.
Long. 14.0. E., lat. 50.5. N.
Raleigh, the capital of N. Carolina, in Wake
county. It was named after the celebrated Sir
Walter Raleigh, under whose direction the first
settlement in N. America was made at Roanoke
Island. It stands on the Neuse, near the centre
of the state. Here is a large and handsome
statehouse, with several other public buildings.
The remoteness from navigation is its greatest
disadvantage. It is 95 m. W. N. W. of Neubern,
the former capital, and 145 W. S. W, of Peters-
bur?, in Virginia. Long. 78. 52. W., lat. 35. 40.
N. Pop. 1 ,700.
Raleigh, p. v. Union Co. Ken. on the Ohio.
Rulphsville, a township of Ashtabula Co. Ohio.
Rama, or Ramula, a decayed town of Palestine,
with many fine ruins of Christian churches, and
other buildings, which attest its former magnifi-
cence. 20 m. W. by N. of Jerusalem.
Ramada, a town of Colombia, in New Granada,
100 m. E. of St. Martha. Long. 72. 20. W., lat.
11.10. N.
Ramagiri, a town of Hindoostan, in Mysore,
seated on the W. side of the Arkawati, with a
strong fort on the opposite bank, on a large rocky
hill, 50 m. N. E. of Seringapatam.
Ramah, p.v. Wilkinson Co. Geo. 33 m. S. Mil
ledgeville.
Ramapo, p.t. Rockland Co. N. Y. on a smalt
stream of the same name, running into the Hud-
son, 35 m. N. New York. Pop. 2,837. Hero are
large maaufactuxes of cotton and iron.
RAM
834
RAO
Rambert, St., a town of France, department of
Ain, with a linen manufanture and considerable
iron works ; seated near the river Albeline, 24
m. S. S. E. of Bourg en Bresse
Rambert, St., a town in the de artment of Loire,
12 m. S. E. of Montbrison.
Ramberviller, a town in the d partment of Vos-
ges, 30 m. S. E. of Nancy.
RambouiUet, a town in the department of Seine-
et-Oise. Here was a royal palace, which was de-
molished in 17!)3. 27 m. S. W. of Paris.
Raillery, 9. town of France, department of Aube,
seated on the river Aube, 18 m. N. E. of Troyes.
RamUlics, a town of the Netherlands, in S. Bra-
bant, memorable for a signal victory obtained by
the duke of Marlborough over the French in
1706. it is seated at the source of the Geete,
10 m. N. ofNamur and 24 S. E. of Brussels.
Ramiseram, an island in the gulf of Manara, at
the W. end of Adam's Bridge, and separated from
Marawar, on the continent of Hindoostan by a nar-
row channel. It is 30 m. in circuit; and contains
some beautiful trees, a few villages, and a cela-
brated temple, to which a vast concourse of pil-
grims resort. Long. 79. 22. E., lat. 9. 18. N.
Ramla, a town of Palestine the ancient Arima-
thea, now in a ruinous stale. Here is a manufac-
ture of soap, which is sent into all parts of Egypt.
18 m. N. W. of Jerusalem.
Rammekens, a sea-port of Zealand, in the isle of
Walcheren. It was one of the towns put into the
hands of the English as a security for a loan in
the reign of queen Elizabeth. 4 m. S. of Middle-
burg. Lon^. 3. 40. E. lat. 51. 29. N.
Rammelberg, a lofty and extensive mountain of
Germany, in that part of the Hartz Forest which
lies within the principality of Grubenhagen. On
this mouniain arc several silver mines ; and at the
foot of it is the city of Goslar.
Ramnad, a town of Hindoostan, capital of a dis-
trict of its name, in the province of Marawar.
Long. 78. 49. E., lat. 21. 28. N.
Ramno, a town of Bengal, in the district of
Chittagong. Long. 92. 15. E., lat. 6. 26. N.
Rampour, a town of Hindoostan in Dehli,32 m.
S. of Cossipour and 105 E. of Dehli.
Ramsay, a town of the isle of Man, situate on a
large bay, on the N. E. Coast. The bay affords
good anchorage, but the harbour will only admit
small vessels. Near it is a lighthouse ; and the
entrance of the town is defended by a fort. It is
15 m. N. by E. of Douglas. Lonff. 4. 26. W. lat.
54. 18. N.
Ramsaysburir, p. v. Sussex Co. N. J.
Ramsey, a town in Huntingdonshire, Eng. It
had formerly an extensive abbey, of which only
the ruins of a gateway remain. It is seated in the
fens, near the meres of Ramsay and Wittlesey,
12 m. N. E. of Huntingdon and 69 N. of London.
Ramsey, an island on the coast of Wales, separ-
ated from Pembrokeshire by a narrow channel,
called Ramsey Sound. Near it is a group of dan-
gerous rocks known by the name of the Bishop and
his Clerks, frequented in the breeding season by
vast multitudes of sea-fowls. The island is 2
m. long and one and a quarter broad. 4 m. W.
by S. of St. David. Long. 5. 20. W., lat. 51. 55.
Ramsaate, a sea-port in Kent, Eng. in the isle
of Thanet, near the Downs. It was formerly an ob-
scure fishing town, and in the reign of Queen Eliz-
abeth contained only 25 inhabited houses. It has
of late years greatly increased in size and popula-
tion. The harbour is nearly circular, and has 2
fine stone piers, a dry dock, and a lighthouse.
Ramsgate is a member of the port of Sandwich,
and is much frequented as a bathing place. 17
m. W. by N. of Canterbury and 72 E. S. E. of
London. Long. 1. 24. E., lat 51. 20. N.
Ramteak, a town of Hindoostan, in Berar, held
sacred to Ram, by the Hindoos, who have a tem-
ple here. 18 m. N. N. E. of Nagpour.
Ranai, one of the Sandwich Islands, in the Pa-
cific Ocean, about three leagues W. of Mowee.
The S. part is high and craggy ; but the other
parts have a better aspect, and are well inhabited.
It produces very few plantains and bread fruit trees
but abounds in yams, sweet potatoes, and taro.
Randal I stolen, p. v. Baltimore Co. Maryland.
Randal Isville, p. v. Robeson Co. N. C.
Randatstoion, a town of Ireland, in the county
of Antrim, 4 m. W. N. W. of Antrim.
Randera.th, a town of Prussia, province of
Lower Rhine, seated on the River Worm, 10
m. N. W. of Juliers.
Randers, a town of Denmark, in N. Jutland,
near the mouth of the Gude, 25 m. E. of Wi-
burg.
Randolph, a county of the W. District, of Vir-
ginia. Pop. 5,000. Beverly is the capital ; a coun-
ty of N. Carolinia. Pop. 12,400. Ashborough is
the capital ; a county of Indiana. Pop. 3,912.
Winchester is the capital; a county of Illinois.
Pop. 4,436. Kaskaskia is the capital.
Randolph, p.t. Orange Co. Vt. 35 m. N. Wind
sor. Pop. 2,743; p.t. Norfolk Co. Mass. 15 m. S.
Boston. Pop. 2,200; and townships in Morris Co.
N. J. Portage and Montgomery Cos. Ohio.
Ransfamatty, a town of Bengal , capital of a dis-
trict of its name, in the collectorship of Rungpore.
It has a celebrated pagoda, and stands near the
Burrampootar, on the confines of Assam, and Boo-
tan, 170 m. N. E. of Moorshedabad. Long. 90.
8. E., lat. 26. 10. N.
Rangoon, a sea port of Pegu, and the principal
mart for teak timber in the Birman Empire. It
was founded by Alompro, king of Birmah, in 1755;
and is the residence of a governor, who lives with-
in the fort. Here is a custom-house, built of
brick, but the wharfs and dwelling-houses are
all constructed of wood. In its neighbourhood
are numerous convents; and 2 m. N. of the town,
on a rocky eminence, is a very grand temple,
which is a splendid object at the distance of many
m. Rangoon surrendered to the British, February
1 , 1825. It is seated on the most eastern branch of
the Irrawaddy (which hence to the sea is called
the Rangoon, or Syriam River) 18 m. N. of its
mouth and 60 S. of Pegu. Long. 96. 10. E., lat.
26. 48. N.
Rannoch, Loch, a lake of Scotland, in the N.
part of Perthshire, 11 m. in length. It receives
the waiers of Loch Ericht from the N., and com-
municates with Loch Tumel on the E. and Loch
Lidoch on the W. On its S. side is a forest of
birch and pine.
Rantampour, a town and fortress of Hindoostan,
capital of a district of its name, in the province of
Agimere. 96. m. E. of Agimere. Long. 76. 57,
E., lat. 26. 35. N.
Rantzow, a town of Denmark, in the du^hv of
Holstein, 24 m. N. by W. of Lubec.
Raolronda, a town of Hindostan, in Visiapour,
near which is a rich diamond mme. 20 m. N. N.
W. of SoUapour.
Raon I, Etape, a town of France, department of
Meurthe, seated at the conflux of the Etape and
Meurthe, 30 m. S. E. of Nancy,
RAT
(196
RAV
Rapallo, a town of the Sardinian stales, in the
province of Genoa, seated on a bay of its name,
16 m. E. S. E. of Genoa.
Jiaphoe, a town of Ireland, in the county of
Donegal, and a bishop's see. The cathedral serves
as a parish church. 11 m. S. W. of Londonderry
and 21 N. E. of Donegal.
Rapid Ann, a river of Virginia flowing into the
Rappahanoc 10 m. above Fredericksburg.
Rapides, a Parish of Louisiana. Pop. 7,559.
Alexandria is the capital
Raplioe, t. Lancaster Co. Pa.
RapoUa, a town of Naples, in Basilicata 5 m.
W. of Venosa.
Rappahannoc, a river of Virginia, which rises
in the mountains called the Blue Ridge, and flows
bv Falmouth, Fredericsburg, Portroyal, Leeds,
Tappahannoc, and Urbanna, intoChesapeak Bay.
Rapperschweil, a town of Switzerland, in the
canton of Zurich, seated on a neck of land that
advances into the lake of Zurich, over which is
a wooden brido-e, 1,850 feet long It is 18 m. S.
E. of Zurich and 20 N. W. of Glaris.
Rapps, a town of Austria, on the river Teya, 8
xn. N. by W. of Horn.
Raritan, a river of New Jersey, which runs by
Brunswick and Amboy into Arthur Kull Sound,
and helps to form the fine harbour of Amboy. A
canal is in progress from this river to the Del-
aware at Latnberton. It will be 38 m. long, 75
feet wide and 7 feet deep.
Jlascia, the eastern division of Sclavonia, water-
ed by the river Rasca, which runs into the Mo-
luve. The inhabitants are called Rascians.
Rasehorg, a seaport of Sweden, capital of a can-
non in Nyland. It is seated on the gulf of Fin-
land, 37 m. S. E. of Abo. Long. 23. 18. E., lat,
SO. 16. N.
Rastadt, a town of Germany, in Baden, with a
noble castle. In 1714 a treaty was negociated
here between the French and Austrians ; and in
1796 the former defeated the latter near this place.
It is seated on the Merg, near the Rhme, 5. m. N.
E. of Baden and 24 S. W. of PhiUpsburg.
Rastenhurg, a fortified town of E. Prussia, with
a castle, seated on the small river (Jluber, 50 m.
S. E. of Konigsberg.
Ratenau, a town of Prussia, in Brandenburg,
seated on the Havel, 15 m. N. by W. of Branden-
burg.
Ratibor, a town of Prussian Silesia, formerly
the capital of a principality of the same name,
with a castle. The cathedral and town-house
are worthy of notice. It is seated in the Oder,
15 m. N. E. of Troppau and 85 S. S. E.of Breslau.
Ratishon, a strong city of Bavaria, and the see
of an archbishop, transferred from Mentz to this
place in 1798. The abbey of St. Emmeran con-
tains the relics of St. Denys, a valuable library,
and a fine collection of mathematical instruments,
The town-house is magnificent, and in its hall
the general diets of the empire used to meet.
Ratisbon has a great trade in salt, for which it is
a depot, and sends large quantities of corn and
wood to Vienna. In 1809 a battle was fought in
the vicinity between the Austrians and French, in
which the latter were victorious. It has an an-
cient bridge of 15 arches over the Danube, and
stands on the S. side of that river, at the influx
of the Regen, 6 m. N. bv E. of Munich and 195
W. by N. of Vienna. Lon. 12. 6. E., lat. 48.58. N.
Ratoath, a town of Ireland, in the county of
Meath, 12 m. E. of Trim and 12 N. W. of Dub-
lin
79
Ratmansdorf, a town of the Austrian states, in
Carniola with a castle, 20 m. S. by W. of Clag-
enfurt.
Ratsha, or Ratska, a town and fortress of Scla-
vonia on the N. side of the Save, opposite the in-
flux of the Drin, 30 m. S. W. of Peterwaradin.
Rattan. See Ruatan.
Rittetiberg, a fortified town of the Austrian
states, in Tyrol, with a citadel. In its vicinity
are copper mines, which also yield some silver.
It is situate on the Inn, 26 m. E. N. E. of In-
spruck and 44 S.W. of Salzburg.
Ratzeburg, a fortified town of Germany, capi-
tal of a principality, subject to the duke of Meck-
lenburg-Strelitz. It is seated on an island, in
the midst of a lake, 30 m. in circumference. The
buildings are of brick, and almost every house is
shaded with a tree. From the lake of Ratzeburg
issues the river Waknitz, which joins the Trave
near Lubec. Ratzeburg is noted for its excellent
beer, and is 14 m. S. by E. of Lubec and 22 S. of
Lauenburg. Lon. 10. 52. E. lat 53.43. N.
Rauhsville, p. v. Northampton Co. Pa.
Raudnitz, a town and castle of Bohemia, seated
on the Elbe, 20 m. N. of Prague.
Raumo, a town of Russia, in Finland, 20 m. S.
of Biorneburg and 55 N. by W. of Abo.
Rauschenberg, a.town of Germany, in Hesse-
Cassel, 7 m. N. N. E, of Marburg and 32 S. S.
W. of Cassel.
Rauvee, or Ravey, a river of Hindoostan, one of
the five E. branches of the Indus. It rises in La-
hore, on the borders of Thibet, flows by the city of
Lahore to Toulomba, in the country of Moultan,
and 28 m. below joins the Chunaub. The Rauvee
is the Hydraotes of Alexander.
Ravello, a town of Naples, in Principato Citra,
and a bishop's see, 10 m. W. of Salerno and 25 S.
E. of Naples.
Ravenglass, a sea-port in Cumberland, Eng. It
stands on an inlet of the Irish Sea, between the
Mite and Esk, which, with the Irt, run into this
inlet, and form a good harbour ; but, the adjacent
country furnishing little for exportation, its chief
trade is in oysters. 2 m. from the town, on the
S. side of the Esk, are ruins of 3 m- in circumfer-
ence, called the city of Burnscar, of which no
historical documents appear to exist. Raven-
glass is 16 m. S. S. E. of Whitehaven, and 279
N. N. W. London. Lon. 3. 30. W., lat. 64.
22. N.
Ravenna, n. city of Italy, in the states of t;"*
church, and an archbishop's see, with several
colleges, a great number of religious houses, and
a ruinous citadel. It has a celebrated harbour,
but the sea has gradually withdrawn 4 m. from
the town. Theodoric, king of the Goths, resid-
ed here, and afterwards the exarchs of the
Greek emperors. The mausoleum of Theodoric
is still to be seen, and is covered by a single
stone, 21 feet in diameter and 15 thick. Ra-
venna is seated on the river Mantone, 37 m. S. E.
of Ferrara and 162 N. of Rome. Long. 12. 5
E.,lat. 44. 25. N.
Ravenna, p.t. Portage Co. Ohio 135 m. N. E
Columbus. Pop. 806.
R/tvensberg, a town of Prussian Westphalia,
capital of a county of its name, now included in
the government of Minden. 36 m. S. W. of
Minden.
Ravensburg, a town of Germany, in Wirtem-
burg, with a considerable trade, particularly in pa-
per ; seated on the Cheus, 18 m. N. of Lindau.
Ravenstein, a town of the Netherlands, in N.
3G
REC
626
RED
Brabant, with a castle ; seated on the Maese, 8
in. W. S. W. of Nimeguen.
Ravitz, a town of Prussian Poland, near the
confines of Silesia, with a considerable manufac-
ture of cloth, 55 m. S. of Posen.
Rawa, a town of Poland, with a strong castle,
seated in a morass, and almost surrounded by the
rive» Rawa, 55 m. S. W. of Warsaw. Long. 19.
55. E., lat. 51.51. N.
Rawlinashurg, p.v. Rockingham Co. N. C.
130 m. N. W. Raleigh.
iirti/mond, p. t. Cumberland Co. Me. 26 m. N.
Portland ; p.t. Rockinjrham Co. N. H. 21 ra. W.
Portsmouth. Pop. 1,000.
Rai/nkam, p.t. Bristol Co. Mass. on Taunton
river 3 m. E. Taunton 32 m. S. Boston. Pop.
1,209. Iron ore abounds here, and in the town
are manufactories of bar iron, hollow ware, nails,
&c. The first forge in America was set up here
in 1052 by James and Henry Leonard.
Raypour, a town of Hindoostan, in Orissa, 60
m. S. of Ruttunpourand 80 W. of Sumbulpour.
Re, an island in France, 16 m. long and 4 broad
separated from the coast of Lower Charente by
the strait of Breton, above 7 m. wide. The pro-
ducts are bitter wine, salt, brandy, and the liquor
called aniseed. St. Martin is the capital.
Readjield, p.t. Kennebec Co. Me. Pop. 1,884.
Read House, p.v. Charlotte Co. Va.
Reading, a borough and the capital of Berk-
shire, Eng. The principal manufactures are can-
vas, blankets, gauze, ribands, and pins ; it has a
trade in malt, flour, and timber. Here are the
ruins of a rich abbey, in which Henry I was in-
terred. It is seated on the Kennet, near its con-
fluence with the Thames, 26 m. S. S. E. of Ox-
ford and 37 W. of London.
7?e«rft»o-, p.v. Middlesex Co. Mass. 14 m. N.
Boston. Pop. 1,806; p.t. Fairfield Co. Conn.
Pop. 1,70!) ; p.t. Steuben Co. N. Y. Pop. 1,568.
Reading, p.t. Berks Co. Pa. on the Schuylkill
54 m. N. W. Philad. It is a flourishing and reg-
ularly built town inhabited principally by Ger-
mans. Here are large manufactures of hats.
The Union canal commences in the neighbour-
hood. Pop. 5,850. Also a township of Adams
Co. Pa ; p.v. Hamilton Co. Ohio, and a town-
ship of Perry Co. Ohio.
Readington, a township of Hunterdon Co.
N.J.
Readyville, p.v. Rutherford Co. Ten.
Realejo, a sea-port of Mexico, in the province
of Nicaragua, with three churches. The chief
trade is in pitch, tar, and cordage. It is situate
among swamps, near the mouth of a river of its
name, 20 m. W. N. W. of Leon, to which it
serves as a. harbour. Long. 87. 46. W.,lat. 12.
43. N.
ReaJviUe, a town of France, department of
Tarn-et-Garonne, 8 m. N. E. of Montauban and
20 S. of Cahors.
Reamstown, p.v. Lancaster Co. Pa.
♦ ReccaruUi, a town of Italy, in the papal states,
and delegation of Ancona. It has a great fair in
September, which continues 15 days ; and is seat-
ed on a mountain, near the river Munsone, 14
m. S. of Ancona.
Reckem, a town of the Netherlands, near the
Meuse, 5 m. N. of Maestricht.
RerMin<rhausen, a town of Prussian Westpha-
lia, capital of a county belonging to the duke of
Aremberg. It has a strong citadel, and is seated
on the Lippe, 20 m. S. S. W. of Munster. Lonw.
7.36. E.,lat. 51. 33. N
Rectorstown, p.t. Fauquier Co. Pa.
Reculver, a village in Kent, Eng. at the month
of a small branch of the Stour, 8 m. N. E. of
Canterbury. It is the Regulbium of the Romans
and its ancient church has two spires, which are
called by mariners the Two Sisters.
Red Bank, a township of Armstrong Co. Pa. ;
p.v. Colleton Dis. S. C.
Red Ridge, p.v. Hawkins Co. Ten.
Red Creek, p.v. Wayne Co. N. Y.
Red Head, a cape of Scotland, in Augusshire,
the S. point of Lunan Bay. Here are the ruins
of a castle, almost surrounded by the sea.
Red Lake, a lake of N. America, lying S. of
Lake of the Woods. It is 60 m. long and 15
broad, and on the N. side is fed by several small
rivers. Its outlet at the S. E. extremity, in lat.
47. 20., is called Red River, and flows into the
Mississippi, a little above St. Anthony Falls.
Red Sea, a sea celebrated in holy writ. It ex-
tends 1,300 m. from N. to S., dividing Africa from
Arabia, and is 200 broad in the widest part. It is
separated from the Mediterranean Sea on the N.,
by the isthmus of Suez, and communicates on
the S. by the strait of Babelmandel with the In-
dian Ocean.
Redbridge, a village in Hampshire, Eng. at the
mouth of the Test, 3 m. W. of Southampton. It
has a considerable trade in coal, timber, corn, &c.
Redjield, p.v. Oneida Co. N. Y.
Red Hill , p.v. Kershaw Dis. S. C.
Red Hook, pt. Dutchess Co. N. Y. on the
Hudson, 50 m. S. Albany. Pop. 2,n83.
Red House, p.v. Caswell Co. N. C.
Redon,n town of France, department of Ille-et-
Vilaine. It serves an a mart for the commerce of
Rennes, and is seated on the Vilaine, 20 m. E.
of Vannes and 62 S. S. W. of Rennes. Long. 2.
10. W. lat. 47. 48. N.
Redondela, a town of Spain, in Galicia, with a
strong castle. It stands on Vigo Bay, 8 m. N.
E. of Vigo.
Redomla, a town of Portugal, in Beira, with a
castle, seated on the Mondego, 17 m. W. of Co-
imbra.
Redondo, a town of Portugal, in Alemtejo, 23
m. S. W. ofElvas.
Redruth, a town in Cornwall, Eng. It is seated
in the very heart of the mining country, 12 m.
N.by E.of Helstoneand 263 W. by S. of Lon-
don.
Red River, one of the western branches of the
Mississippi, rising in New Mexico, and flowing
Southeasterly into the Mississippi 240 m. above
New Orleans. It is 1,800 m. long and has a very
serpentine course with a narrow channel ; 100 m,
above Natchitoches it spreads out into a great
number of channels which intersect a swampy
tract. A great mass of trees floated down the
stream have collected here and formed what i»
called the Great Raft which is 60 or 70 m. in ex
tent and covers the river so that it may be crossec
on horseback ; in many parts the raft is overgrowr
with trees Above and below this place the
river is navigable for steamboats except in th*
rainy season.
Red River, a stream of Lake Winnipeg, rising
near the sources of the Mississippi, and flowing
northerly and northeasterly 170 m. into the south
end of the lake. The Assiniboin is one of its
branches. At the junction of the two streams is
a trading establishment found by Lord Selkirk.
Red River is also the name of a branch of the
Utawas in Canada; a branch of the Cumberland
REG
C27
REW
in Tennessee, a branch of the Kentucky in Ken
and of White river in Arkansas.
Red River, a town of Pulaski Co. Arkansas.
Red Sheril, p. v. Stokes Co. N. C.
Red Stone, a township of Fayette Co. Pa.
Reedsborough, t. Bennington Co. Vt. Pop. 662.
Reedy Island, in the Delaware 50 m. below
Philadelphia, it is 3 m. long} the principal chan-
nel is on the E. side.
Reepham, a town in Norfolk, Eng. with a trade
in malt; situate on the Eyre, over which it has a
ford, 11 m. N. E. of Dereham and 112 N. by E.
of London.
Rees, a town of Westphalia, in the duchy of
Cleve, seated on the Rhine, 10 m. N. W. of
Wesel.
Rees, or Rens, a town of the Prussian states, in
the province of Lower Rhine. Hard by it, on the
Rhine, is the Konigstuhl, or Thronus Regalis, a
remarkable piece of antiquity, consisting of a
round vault, built of freestone, aud resting on
nine stone pillars, one of which stands in the
middle. The vault is 80 feet in circumference,
and has two stout doors, the ascent to which is
by 28 stone steps, ft is furnished with seven
seats, agreeably to the number of electors at that
time ; and on this regal chair the electors of Ger-
many formerly held consultations relative to ths
election of a king and emperor, and other weighty
matters of the empire. Rees is seated near the
Rhine, 5 m. S. by E. of Coblentz.
Reesville, p. v. Montgomery Co. Pa.
Reetz, a town of Brandenburg, 18 m. E. S. E.
of New Stargard.
Regen, a circle of Bavaria, adjacent to Bohemia,
with the circle of Upper Maine on the N. W. and
that of Lower Danube on the S. W. Ratisbon
and Alenburg are the chief towns.
Regen, a town of Bavaria, on a river of the
same name, 12 m. N. N. E. of Deckendorf and 49
£. of Ratisbon.
Regenshcrg, a town of Switzerland, in the can-
ton of Zurich, capital of a bailiwic of the same
name, with a strong castle. It is seated on a
rock called the Lagerberg, 9 m. N. W. of Zurich.
Rrgensburg. See Ratisbon.
RegenstauJ^, a town of Bavaria, in the principal-
ity of Neuburg, on the river Regen, 8 m. N. by
E. of Ratisbon.
Regenstein, a town of Germany, in Saxony, 6
m. S. of Halberstadt.
Regenswalde, a town of Prussian Pomerania,
with a castle, seated on the Rega, 24 ra. E. S. E.
of Camin.
Rcggio, a sea-port of Naples, in Calabria Ultra,
and an archbishop's see. The churches, convents,
and many houses, are built of stones from ancient
edifices, and numerous inscriptions are to be met
with on the walls. The environs produce the
best silk in Calabria; and on the coast is found
a species of muscle, that yields a kind of wool, of
which gloves and stockings are made. Regsrio
was nearly destroyed by an earthquake in 1783.
It is seated on the strait of Messina, 12 m. E. S.
E. of Messina and 95 S. by W. of Cosenza. Lonor.
16. 50. E., lat. 38. 4. N.
Reggio, a city of Italy, capital of a duchy of
the same name, included in that of Modena, and
a bishop's see, with a strong citadel. In the
cathedral are paintings, by the greatest masters ;
and in the square is the statue of Brennus, chief
of the Gauls. The principal trade is in silk. It
was taken bv prince Eugene in 1706, and by the
king of Sardinia in 1742. In 1796 the inhabi-
tants were the first Italians that renounced alle-
giance to their sovereign, and solicited the pro-
tection of the French. Reggio is the birthplace
of the poet Ariosto. It is seated in a fertile coun-
try, on the river Tessone, 13 m. N. W. of Modena
and 80. S. E. of Milan. Long. 11. 5. E., lat. 44.
43. N.
Reghebil, a town of Negroland, in VVanffara,
situate on a lake at the influx of a branch of the
Niger, 240 m. E. by S. of Chanara. Long. 19.
10. E., lat. 13. 20. N.
Regina, a town of Naples, in Calabria Citra, 14
m. N- of Cosenza.
Regis, St., a town of Lower Canada, situate on
the boundary line that separates Canada from the
United States, and on a river of its name, at its
junction with the St. Lawrence, 50 m. S. VV. of
Montreal. Long. 74. 10. VV., lat. 45. 0. N.
Regnano, a town of the papal states, seated
near the Tiber, 17 m. N. of Rome.
Rekoboth, p.t. Bristol Co. Mass. 37 m. S. W.
Boston. Pop. 2,468, also a hundred of Sussex
Co. Del.
Reichenau, &n. island in the Zeller Zee, or lower
lake of Constance, 3 m. long and 1 broad, aboun-
ding with vines and other fruit-trees. 4 m. W.
of Constance.
Reichenau, a town of Bohemia, with a castle,
18 m. E. N. E. of Konigingratz.
Reichenhach, one of the four governments into
which Prussian Silesia was divided in 1815. It
comprises the county of Glatz, the principalities
of Munsterberg, Bricg, and Schweidnitz, and a
considerable part of that of Jauer ; and has an
area of 2,500 sq. m. with 470,000 inhabitants.
Reichenhach, the capital of the foregoing gov-
ernment, has considerable manufactures of linen,
canvas, and fustian, and is seated on the rivulet
Peil, 10 m. S. E. of Schweidnitz.
Reichenhuch, a town of Saxony, in Voigtland.
The inhabitants are principally clothiers ; and
their method of dyeing, particularly scarlet, is
brought to great perfection. 10 m. S. S. VV. of
Zurickau.
Reichenburg, a town of Bohemia, in the circle
of Buntzlau, with a considerable manufacture of
cloth. 28 m. N. of Jung Buntzlau.
Reichenfels, a town of the Austrian states in
Carinthia, 24 m. N. E. of Clagenfurt.
Reichenhall, a town of Bavaria, with a rich salt
spring. Some salt is made here ; but, for want
of fuel, most of the brine is carried over the hills
to Traunstein, a distance of 14 m. by engines and
pipes. Seated on the Sala, 9 m. S. VV. of Salz-
burg.
Reichshofen, a town of France, department of
ofLowerRhine,withacastle,nm. N.of Haguenau.
Reifferscheid . a town of the Prussian states,
formerly the capital of a county in the duchy of
Juliers. It is seated on the Effel, 30 m. S. S. W.
of Cologne and 52 N. by VV. of Treves.
Rein, a town of the Austrian states, in Styria
on the River Save, 25 m. S. S. E. of Cilly.
Reiner, a town of Prussian Silesia, in the gov
ernment of Reichenbach, with a mineral spring,
and manufactures of cloth and paper, 11 m. VV.
of Glatz.
Reiseithurar, a town of E. Prussia, 78. m. S. W.
of Konigsberg. ^
Reisterstoion, p.v. Baltimore Co. Maryland. 15
m. N. VV. Baltimore.
Rembertstoicn, p v. Sumter Dis. S. C.
Remsen, p.t. Oneida Co. N. Y. 35 m. N. Roma
Pop. 1,400.
REN
G2S
RElJ
RetnbervUler, a town of France, department of
Vosges, 17 in. N. N. E. of Epinal.
Remich, a town of the Netherlands on the Mo-
selle, 20 ra. S. E. of Luxemburg.
Remiremont, a town of France, department of
Vosges, J 1 m. S. E. of Epinal.
Remo, St., a town of the Sardinian states, in the
territory of Genoa, situate in a fruitful valley,
with a good harbour, in the Mediteranean, 7 m.
E. by N. of Vintimigliaand 6C S. E. of Genoa.
Rems and Fils, one of the 12 departments of
the kingdom of Wurlemberg, situate E. of that
of Rothenburg. Goppingen is the capital.
Remy, St., a 'town of France, department of
Mouths of the Rhone. A triumphal arch, and a
mausoleum, in the neighbourhood, display the
taste of the Augustan age ; the former is not en-
tire, but the latter is in the best state of preserva-
tion. 10 m. N. E. of Aries.
Rendeshurff, a fortilied town of Denmark, in the
duchy of Holstein, on the frontiers of Sleswick,
and on the river Eyder. It is composed of three
parts, the Old Town, the Skleusskule, and the
New Town ; the former of which stands on an
island formed by the river. The prmcipal manu-
factures are porcelain, earthenware, and gold and
silver lace ; and the trade in timber, by means of
the Eyder Canal, is considerable 15 m. W. of
Kiel and 16 S. S. E. of Sleswick. Long. 9. 53.
E.,lkt. 54.20. N.
Renfrew, a borough of Scotland, and the county
town of Renfrewshire. The principal branch
manufacture is that of thread, but many looms
are employed in the silk and muslin. Robert XL
had a palace here. It is seated near the Clyde, to
which there is a canal, 9 m. W. by N. of Glasgow,
and 13 E.by S. of Greenock Long.4. 26 W.,
lat.55. 54. N.
Renfrewshire, a county of Scotland, 30 m. long
and from 10 to 20 broad ; bounded on the W. and
N. by the frith of Clyde, E. by Lanarkshire, and
S. by Ayrshire. It is divided into 20 parishes,
and the number of inhabitants in 1821 was 112,
175. In the N. part, towards the borders of the
Clyde, the soil is fertile, but the S. part is moun-
tainous and rather barren. Besides the Clyde,
it is watered by the Gryfe, and the White and
Black Cart. The largest town is Paisley.
Reni, a town of European Turkey, in Bessar-
abia, seated on the Danube 135 m. S. W. of Ben-
der.
Kennes, a city of France, capital of the de-
partment of Ille-et-Vilaine, and a bishop's see. It
contains eight parish churches, besides the cath-
edral, several convents, and a small university.
The streets are broad and strait, but they were
narrow before the fire in 1720, which lasted sev-
en days, and consumed 850 houses. In the great
square are the Palace of Justice and tli»? Hotel
de Ville. It is seated on the Vilaine, which di-
vides it into two parts. 190 m. W. S. W, of
Paris. I^ng. 1. 42. W., lat. 48. 7. N.
Rensselaer, a county of New York, on the East
bank of the Hudson. Pop. 49,472. Troy is the
capital. Also a village in this county. 12 m. E.
Albany, with a manufacture of window glass.
Reruiselaervilie, p.t. Albany Co. N. Y. 24 m. S,
W. Albany. Pop 3,689.
Rentown, a village of Scotland, near which is
one of the most considerable printfields in Scot-
land ; also the old mansion of Dalquhnrn, where
Dr. Smollett was born, and the lofty column erect-
ed to his memory, on the bank of the Levon, 4
m. N. W. of Dumbarton.
Renty, a town of France, department of Pas de
Calais, seated on the Aa, 12 m. S. W. of Aire, 50
N. W. of Arras.
Reole, a town in the department of Gironde
seated on the Garonne, 30 m. S. E. of Bordeaux.
Repaillz, a town of the Sardinian states, in Sa-
voy, famous for the retreat of Amadeus, duke of
Savoy, in 1440, when he went to enjoy the plea-
sures of a country life; seated on a river which
runs into the lake of Geneva, 20 m. N. E. of
Geneva.
Reppen, a town of Brandenburg, 16 m. S. S. E.
of Custrin.
Repton, a village in Derbyshire, Eng. 8 m. S. S.
W. of Derby, celebrated for the burial place of sev-
eral of the Saxon kings of Mercia, and for severa.'
antiquities. Here is a noted free-school, which
appears to have been the refectory of a priory
Requena, a town of Spain, in New Castile, with
a castle, and a considerable manufacture of silks.
It was taken by the English in 1706 and retaken
by the French the next year. It is seated on a
hill, on the borders of Valencia, 64 m. E. S. E. of
Cuenza. Long. 1. 9. W., lat. 39. 44. N.
Resht, a city of Persia, capital of Ghilan. It
has a considerable trade, particularly in silk ; and
much rice grows in the environs. It is seated
on a )-iver, 6 m. from the Caspian Sea and 100 N.
of Cashin. Long. 49. 50. E., lat. 37. 28. N.
Resolution Island, an island in the N. Atlantic,
50 m. long and 20 broad, on the N. side of the
entrance into Hudson Strait. Long. 65. 0. W.,
lat. 61. 40. N.
Resolution Isle, a small island in the S. Pacific,
160 leagues E. of Otaheite, so called from the
ship in which Cook made his second voyage.
Long. 141. 15. W., lat. 17. 23. S.
Retel, a town of France, department of Ar-
dennes, seated on a hill, near the Aisne, 26 m
N. E. of Rheims. Long. 4. 24. E,, lat. 49. 32. N.
Retford, East, a borough in Nottinghamshire,
Eng. It is in general well built, and consists of
three principal streets, disposed nearly in the
form of a Roman Y. The chief trade is in malt,
and it has manufactures of hats. It is seated on
the Idle, 29 m. N. by E. of Nottingham and 144
N. by W. of London. West Retford is situated
on the opposite side of the river.
Rethem, a town of Hanover, seated on the Aller,
35 m. N. N. W. of Hanover.
Retimo, a sea-port of Candia, and a bishop's
see, with a citadel. It was taken by the Turks
in 1645. The silk, wool, honey, wax, laudanum,
and oil, are preferred to all others. It is seated
on the N coast of the island, 42 m. W. of Candia.
Long. 24. 38. E., lat. 35. 20. N.
Retz, a town of Bavaria, on the Schwara, 28
m. E. S. E. of Amberg.
Reus, a town of Spain, in Catalonia, with man-
ufactures of silk, cotton, leather, and hats, and a
considerable trade in wine, brandy, &c. ; seated
in the middle of a most fruitful plain, 17 m. S. W.
of Tarragona.
Reuss, a principr.lily of Saxony, lying between
the Prussian and Bavarian territories, comprising
an area of 600 sq. m. with 85.000 inhabitants, of
whom the greater part are Lutherans. Gera is
the chief town.
Reuss, a river of Switzerland, which rises in
the lake of Locendro, on the N. W. of St. Gothard,
flows through the lake of Lucern and the town
of that name, and joins the Aar below Bruck.
Reutlingen, a town of Germany, in Wurtem-
burg. In the town-house is preserved an ancient
AHE
RHl
battering-ram ; and in the vicinity are many pa-
per and powder mills. It is seated on the Echetz.
near the Neckar, 17 m. S. of Stutgard.
Revel, a town of France, department of Upper
Garonne, near the canal of Languedoc, 27 m. S.
E. of Toulouse.
Revel, a government of Russia. See Esthonia.
Revel, a sea-port of Russia, capital of the gov-
ernment of Esthonia, and a bishop's see. it is
surrounded by high walls and deep ditches, and
defended" by a castle and good bastions. The
houses are well built, and have fine gardens. It
is become a place of great trade, since the Rus-
sians obtained possession of it in 1710; and
there are two great fairs, in Ma}' and September,
frequented by English and Dutch merchants. It
is seated on the gulf of Finland, partly in a
pleasant plain and partly on a mountain, 160 m.
N. by E. of Riga and 220 VV. by S. of Peters-
burgh. Long. 24. 17. E., lat. 59. 18. N.
Revello, a town of the Sardinian states, in Pied-
mont, seated near the Po, on the top of a moun-
tain, fortified by nature and art, 8 m. N. W. of
Saluzzo.
Revero, a town of Austrian Italy, in the Man-
tuan, seatid on the Po, opposite Ostiglia, 20 m.
S. E. of Mantua.
Rcvin, a town of France, department of Ar-
dennes, seated on the river Meuse, 6 m. E. of
Rocroy.
Revolution Isle, a group of islands in the Pacific
Ocean, to the N. W. of the Marquesas, of which
they may be deemed a continuation. They were
discovered in 1791. The most considerable are
Baux and Marchand. The latter is about 15 m.
in circuit, and was taken possession of, in the
name of the French nation, by captain Marchand.
Long. 140. 5. VV.,lat. 0. 21. S.
Rncah, a town of Hindoostan, in the province
of Allahabad, the residence of a Hindoo chief,
tributary to the British, 57 m. S. S. W. of Alla-
habad.
Reteari, a town of Hindoostan, capital of a dis-
trict in the province of Dehli- It is the residence
of a chief, tributary to the British, and is seated
on the Sadi, 55 m. S. W. of Dehli. Long. 76.
52. E., lat. 2A. 13. N.
Reynoldshurgh, p. v. Humphreys Co. Ten. on the
Tennessee, 83 ni. W. Nashville.
Rhama.nie, a town and fort of Egypt, on the
W. branch of the Nile, where the canal of Alex-
andria enters that river. It is 2-5 m. above Ro-
Betta and 58 E. S. E. of Alexandria.
Rliayadergwy, a town of Wales, in Radnor-
Bhire. It is situate on the Wye, where there was
formerly a cataract, which is now destroyed, and
a neat bridge erected ; and an eminence near it
cs the site of an ancient castle, of which no ruins
remain. In the neighbourhood are lead and cop-
per mines. 19 m. W. N. W. of New Radnor and
178 of London.
Rhea, a county of E. Tennessee. Pop. 8,182.
Washington is the capital.
R/ieatown, p. v. Green Co. Ten.
Rheda a town of Prussian Westphalia, 10 m. N.
of Lipstadt.
Rheims, a city of France, department of Marne,
and an archbishop's see. The inhabitants are es-
timated at 40,000. The principal church, built
before the year 406, is a very beautiful structure;
and that of St. Nicaise is remarkable for its fine
architecture. Behind the high altar of the church
of St. Remy, the corpse of that archbishop is pre-
served in a magnificent shrine. The kings of
France have been successively crowned at
Rheims ; probably because Clovis, the founder
of the French monarchy, when converted from
paganism, was baptized in the cathedral here, in
the year 496. The remains of an amphitheatre,
a castle, and a triumphal arch, are among the
ancient monuments of the Romans. Rheims is
long and narrow, and the houses are low. Here
are manufactures of flannel, coverlets, and other
wo jlen stuffs. The city was taken and retaken
several times, by the French and allied armies,
in 1814. It is seated in a plain, surrounded by
hills that produce excellent wine, on the river
Vesse, 62 m. N. of Troyes and 75 N. E. of Paris.
Long. 4. 2. E., lat. 49. 15. N.
Rkein, a town of Prussia, with a large fortified
castle, seated on a lake, 75 m. S. E. of Konigs-
berg. Long. 21.38. E., lat. 53. 48. N.
Rheinau, a town of Switzerland, in the canton
of Thurgau, with an abbey, on an island formed
by the Rhine, 5 m. S. S. W. of SchafFhausen.
Rkeinbach, or Rhynbach, a town of the Prussian
states, in the province of Cleves and Berg, 20
m. S. of Cologne.
Rkeinherg, a town of the Prussian states in the
government of Cleves, seated near the Rhine,
13 m. E. of Gelders, and 4 N. by W of Cologne.
Rheine. a town of Prussian Westphalia, seat-
ed on the Ems, 18 m. W. N. W. of Osnaburg.
Rheineck, a town of Germany, seated on the
Rhine, 16 m. N. W. of Coblentz.
Rheineck, a town of Franconia, capital of a
county of the same name, with a castle on the
river Sinn, 25 m. N. by W. ot Wurtzburg.
Rheineck, a town of Switzerland, capital of the
Rheinthal, in the canton of St. Gall, with a cas-
tle, seated on the Rhine, 25 m. S. E. of Con-
stance.
Rheinfelden, a town of Germany, in Baden, the
best of the four Forest-towns ; seated on the
Rhine, over which is a bridge, 8 m. E. of Basel.
Rheinfels, a strong fortress of Germany, in the
Prussian states. It is one of the most important
places on the Rhine, and stands on a stupendous
craggy rock, at the foot of which is the fortified
town of St. Goar. It was taken by the French
in 1794. 16 m. S. of Coblentz.
Rluinmagen, a town of the Prussian states, in
the government of Coblentz, situate on the Rhine
19 m. N. W. of Coblentz.
Rheinthal, a district of Switzerland, in the can-
ton of St. Gall, lying along the Rhine. It is a
fertile valley, 30 m. long and from 3 to 8 broad,
and produces excellent wine. Rheineck is the
capital.
Rheimahurn, a town of France, department of
Lower Rhine, seated on the Erlbach, 10 m. S. E.
of Landau.
Rhena,, a town of Germany, in the duchy of
Mecklenburg, on the river Radegast, 14 m. E. S.
E.of Lubec.
Rhenen, a town of the Netherlands, in the prov-
ince of Utrecht, seated on the Rliine, 20 m. S .E.
of Utrecht.
Rhine, a great and remarkable river of Europe,
which rises in Switzerland, in the canton of Gri-
sons. It is formed of three streams, the Further
Rhine from the head of the valley of Disentis ; the
Middle Rhine from the valley Medelo, and ap-
pendage of St. Gothard ; and the Hither or Up-
per Rhine from the mount A vicula. The first two
torrents united take the name of Lower Rhine
which receives the Upper Rhine at Richenau ; antt
the height is here about 6,180 feet above the sev
3g2
RHO
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BkBQ
Flowing by Coire, at the distance of a mile, the
Rhine Here becomes navigable for rafts. It is
Boon after the boundary between the Rheinthal
and a territory of Austria, and passes through the
Lake of Constance from E. to W. Leaving this
lake, it flows W. by Schaffhausen, below which
it forms a celebrated cataract. It continues in a
westerly course to Bale, when it turns to the N. and
enters the Netherlands, in which course it waters
many considerable cities and towns, and receives
some large rivers. Below Emmerick, in the
duchy of Cleve, it divides into two streams, the
riffht, which retains its name, passes on to
l/lrecht, when it divides once more into two
Streams : the smaller one is called the Vecht,
which runs N. into the Zuider Zee at Muyden ;
and thi' other, the remains of the noble Rhine,
flows W. by Woerden to Leyden, where it di-
vides into several channels, and afterwards is lost
among hills of sand near the village of Catvvyck.
Rhme,a. province of the grand duchy of Hesse,
to the N. of the Bavarian circle of the Rhine,
comprising an area of 1,000 square m. with 155,000
inhabitants.
R/iine, Circle of, a province of Bavaria, situate
to the W. of the Rhine, between Weissemburg
and Worms. It was ceded to Bavaria in 1814.
It contains an area of 1,800 square m. with 308,000
inhabitants.
Rhine, Lf/ioer, a grand duchy of the Prussian
states, composed of territories taken from France
and the grand duchy of Berg in 1814, and assign-
ed to Prussia by the congress of Vienna. It is
bounded N. by the province of Cleves and Berg,
E. by Nassau and Hesse-Darmstadt, S. by the
French and W by the Dutch frontier. It has an
area of 5,700 square m. with 950,000 inhabitants.
Aix-la-Chapelle is the capital.
Rhine, Lower and Upper, two divisions of Ger-
many, abolished in 1806.
Rhine, Lower, a department of France, con-
taining the late province of Lower Alsace. It has
an area of 1,900 square m. with 440,000 inhabi-
tants. Strasburg is the capital.
RJiine, Upper, a department of France, consist-
ing of the late province of Upper Alsace, and
containing an area of about 1,700 square m. with
320,000 inhabitants. Colmar is the capital.
Rhinebeck, p. v. Dutchess Co. N. Y. 26 m. S.
Hudson, on the Hudson. Pop. 2,938.
Rhode Island, an island in the state of the same
name, in Narragansel Bay 15 m. long from N. E.
to S. W. with a mean breadth of 2 1-2 m., con-
taining about 37 sq. m. ; it is a very beautiful is-
land ; the air is pure and salubrious, and the cli-
mate milder than on the continent, rendering it a
very desirable residence for invalids in summer.
I'he surface of the island is agreeably diversified,
but it is destitute of trees, the whole island having
been laid waste by the British in the revolutiona-
ry war. It affords excellent pasturage, and main
tains more than 30,000 sheep. The town of New-
port is in the S. part. ,
Rhode Island, one of the New England States
bounded N. and E. by Massachusetts ; S. by the
ocean and W. by Connecticut. It extend.s from
4] . 15. to 42. N. lat. and from 71. 8. to 71. 52. W.
long. 42 m. in average length and 29 in breadth
and containing 1,225 sq. m. including Nrraganset
Bay which intersects it from N. to S. and embo-
soms Rhode, Connecticut, Prudence, and sever-
al other small islands. Block Island which lies oflT
the coast also belongs to this state. The riverx-
are the Pawtucket, Pawtuxet and Pawcatuck
which flow into Narraganset Bay. There are no
mountains in the state, nor any hilly tracts, yet the
general face of the country is somewhat rough and
rocky. There are some level districts upon the
borders of Narraganset Bay, and some flats on the
Atlantic shores. The aspect of the country on
the whole is picturesque, the highest eminences,
are Mount Hope, in Bristol ; Hopkins' Hill, in
W. Greenwich ; and Woon&ocket Hill, in Smith-
field but they are not remarkable for eleva-
tion. The whole state enioys a salubrious cli-
mate ; the winter in the maritime parts is sensibly
milder, and the seasons there are more uniform
than in the rest of New England ; the heat of
summer is much alleviated by refreshing sea
breezes. In other respects the climate resembles
that of Connecticut and Massachusetts. The
soil is pretty uniform ; on the continent it is gen-
erally a gravelly loam, which is tolerably fertile
but difficult of cultivation. Upon the islands, the
soil is light and productive. There are a few
pine plains in the state, but very little alluvial
land. Considerable quantities ot anthracite coal
exist in the state but the mines are little worked at
present. Iron ore occurs in the northern parts,
and there is a mine wrought at Cranston. There
are quarries of limestone at Smithfield, and the
same place affords excellent marble. Beds of ser-
pentine, are found at Newport. The mineral
treasures of this state as far as yet discovered, are
not on the whole either extensive or valuable.
Rhode Island is divided into 5 counties. Provi-
dence, Kent, Washington, Newport and Bristol.
The Pop. is97,212. Fourteenof which are slaves.
There is no seat of government ; the legislature
meet alternately at F^rovidence, Newport, East
G-eenwich and South Kin<.;ston. The other large
towns are Bristol, Warwick and North Providence
The Blackstone canal, which See, lies partly m this
state, and a railroad is projected from Providence te
Boston. Agricultural industry is chiefly confined
to grazing and the da-ry.
The islands and shores of Narraganset bay arc
celebrated for their fine cattle, their numerous
flocks of sheep, and the excellence and abundance
of their butter and cheese. Of the different kinds
of grain, maize, barley, oats and rye, are the most
generally cultivated.
The commerce is chiefly confined to the ports
of Newport and Providence. The foreiom imports,
in 1828, amounted to 1,128,226 dollars"? The ex
ports of domestic produce to 541,675 dollars, and
the shipping to 40,066 tons.
Pawtucket has the largest manufactories in the
state. The manufactures of this place are chiefly
of cotton. The mills are seated upon three falls
in Pawtucket river, and run 45,000 spindles. They
employ nearly 900 looms.
RHO
631
unit
Providence has also large manufactures of cot-
ton, woolen, cordage, spermaceti, &c. Warwick
has several cotton manufactories, and at Newport
is a manufacture of lace. At Slatersville, in the
town of Smithfield. are extensive manufactures
of cotton. Rhode island is almost exclusively
occupied in manufactures.
Blackstone river affords an immense water pow-
er for manufactories. Upon Woonsocket Falls,
and in the neighbourhood, are about 20 different
establishments, and others are begun. These al-
ready produce annually 2,500,000 yards of sheet-
ing, calico, shirting, drilling, satinet, &c. At
this place are also an iron foundry and manu-
factures of machinery.
Rhode Island is the only state in the Union
that is without a written constitution, the gov-
ernment being to this day founded on the pro-
visions of the charter, granted to the colony by
Charles II. in 1663. The obligations of this char-
ter as a constitution of civil government, became
annulled by the declaration of independence, but
by the common consent of the people, the form of
government was preserved without any essential
variation. The legislature is called the General
^ssevMij, and consists of a Senate and House of
Representatives ; the senators are 10. The rep-
resentatives are two from each town but Provi-
dence, Portsmouth and Warwick send each four,
and Newport, sends 6. The representatives are
chosen twice a year. The executive consists of
a Governor, whose powers are very limited, and
a Lt. Governor, both of whom have seats in the
Senate ; these, as well as the State Treasurer,
Secretary, and Attorney General are chosen an-
nually. Suffrage is universal. The legislature
have 2 stated sessions annually, and meet com-
monly four times a year. Common schools are
supported by an annual payment of 10,000 dollars
from the state ; and there is an university at Prov-
idence. The most numerous religious sect are
the Baptists, who have 12 ministers ; the Congre-
fationalists have 10, and the Episcopalians, 8.
'here is a remnant of the Narraganset Indians at
Charlestown in this st.ate, amounting to about
430, and possessing 3,000 acres of land. They
are Baptists, and support a missionary.
Rhode Island was settled by Roger Williams,
who was expelled from Massachusetts for avow
ing himself a friend to religious freedom. With
a few followers he journeyed beyond the limits
of the state and founded a settlement in 1636
which he called Providence. Two years after-
ward their number had increased so far that a
settlement was made on the island of Jlquetnet, or
Rhode Island. A government was organized and
a code of laws established in 1647. Religious
toleration with a trifling exception has always
prevailed in this state. It was the last of the
states which acceded to the Union. This took
place in 1790.
Rhodes, an island of the Grecian Archipelago,
at the entrance of the gulf of Maori, 40 m. long
and 15 broad. The soil is pretty fertile but badly
cultivated. This island is much celebrated ia
ancient history, having been frequently under
the dominion of different masters. The Saracens
became possessors of it in 665 ; and, in ] 309, it was
taken from them by the knights of St. John of
Jerusalem, who afterwards took the name of
Knights of Rhodes. They retained it till 1623
when it was taken by the Turks, afleran obstinate
resistance ; and the small number of knights that
remains were afterwards removed to Malta. Like
the neighbouring islands, it has been reduced by
the oppressions of the Porte to a state of great
poverty and wretchedness.
Rhodes, the capital of the above island, and an
archbishop's see ; was anciently 9 miles in cir-
cumference, and was regarded by Alexander,
who deposited his last will here, as tiie first city
in the world ; but the present town occuj»ies only
a quarter of the extent of the ancient city. It
has a good harbour, with a narrow entrance be-
tween two rocks, on which are two towers to de-
fend the passage. Here, in all probability, stood
the famous Colossus, a statue of bronze, 70 cubits
high reckoned one of the seven wonders of the
world : it was thrown down by an earthquake ;
and, when the Saracens became masters of the
island, they knocked it to pieces, and sold the
fragments to a Jew of Edessa, near 900 years
after its fall. Rhodes was deemed an impregna-
ble fortress, being surrounded by triple walls and
double ditches, which have long been in a state
of dilapidation. Long. 28. 20. E., lat. 36. 27. N.
Rhodf.s. See Rodez.
Rhone, a large river that rises in Switzerland,
in Mount Furca, and soon joins a more conside-
rable stream from an extensive glacier called that
of the Rhone. After passing thorough the vale of
Valais, it runs through the Lake of Geneva, and
separating Savoy from Bresse, it flows W. to
Lyons, then S. to Vienne, Tournon, Valence,
Viviers, Pont St. Esprit, Avignon, Beaucaire,
Tarascon, and Aries, and enters the Mediterrane-
an by several mouths.
Rhone, a department of France, so named from
the river Rhone, which flows on its E. border.
It includes the late provinces of Beaujolois and
Lyonois, and contains an area of 1050 square
miles, with 330,000 inhabitants. Lyons is the
capital.
Rhone, Mouths of the, a department of France
on the coast of the Mediteranean,at the influx of
the Rhone, containing the W. part of the late
province of Provence. It comprises an area of
2,000 square miles, with 300,000 inhabitants.
Marseilles is the capital.
Rhonhouse, a village of Scotland, in Kirkcud-
brightshire, 8 m. N. N. W. of Newton Douglass,
noted for a great annual fair, and a weekly cat-
tle market from October to January.
Rhaden, a town of Prussian Westphalia, on the
Monne, 12 m. S. S. E. of Lipstadt.
Rhynberg, or Rhinsberg, a town of Branden
burg, with a handsome palace, built by Frederic
II., when hereditary prince. It is seated on the
Rhyn, 10 m. N. of Ruppin.
Rhyney. See Rumney.
Rhynow, a town of Brandenburg, at the conflux
of the Rhyn with the Havel, dto; S. E. of Havel-
burg.
RIC
632
RID
Raizan, a government of Russia, formerly a
province of the government of Moscov?. It com-
prises an area of 13,000 square m. with 1,000,000
of inhabitants, and had anciently its own princes.
The soil is fertile in corn, hemp, and flax.
Raizan, the capital of the above government,
an archbishop's see, was formerly considerable
for its extent and riches, but was almost ruined
by the Tartars in 1568. U is seated at the con-
flux of tiie Trubesh with the Occa, 100 m. S. E.
of Moscow. Long. 40. 37. E., lat. 54. 55. N.
Riba de Sella, a small sea-port of Spain, in As-
turias, on the Bay of Biscay, 29 m. E. by S. of
Gijon.
Ribadavia, a town of Spain, in Galicia, seated
at the conflux of the Avia with the Minho, in the
territory that produces the best wine in Spain, 15
m. W. S. W. ofOrense.
Rihadeo, a sea-port of Spain, in Galicia. with
a good harbour, defended by two castles. It is
seated on a rock, at the mouth of the Rio de Mi-
rando,45 m. N. by E. of Lugo. Long. 6. 47. W.,
lat. 43. 38. N.
Riba, a town of Spain, in New Castile, on the
river Xarama, 8 m. E. of Madrid.
Ribble., a river which rises in W. Yorkshire,
Eng. runs across Lancashire, and enters the Irish
Sea below Preston.
Ribemont, a town of France, department of
Aisne, seated on an eminence near the Oise, 10
m. S. of St. Quentin.
Riberac, a town in the department of Dor-
dogne, 17 m. E. of Perigueux.
Ribtiik, a town of Prussian Silesia, in the prin-
cipality of Ratibor, 20 m. E. by N. of Ratibor.
Rihnik, or Rimnik, a town of European Turkey,
in Wallachia. and a bishop's see. Here, in 1789,
the Auslrians and Russians gained a great victo-
ry over the Turks. It is seated on a river of the
same name, 08 m. E. N. E. of Tergovist. — Anoth-
er of the Allh, 50 m. W. by S. of Tergovist.
Ribnitz, a town of Germany, in the grand
duchy of Mecklenburg-Scliwerin, seated on a
bay of the Baltic, near the influx of the Recken-
itz, 13 m. N. E. of Rostock.
Riceborough, p.v. Liberty Co. Geo. 34 m. S. W.
Savannah, at the head of Newport River.
Richardsville, p.v. Edgefield Dis. S. C. 74 m.
W. Columbia.
Richelieu, a county of Lower Canada, or a river
of the same name flowing into the St. Lawrence.
Richelieu, a town of France, departmentof Indre-
et-Loire, founded by cardinal Richelieu in 1G37 ;
seated on the Amable and Vide, 33 m. S. S. W.
of Tours.
Richmond, a borough in N. Yorkshire, Eng. It
was formerly surrounded by a wall, with three
gates, and had a strong castle (now in a ruinous
condition), on an inaccessible mount. It is the
capital of a district called Richmondshire (now in-
cluded in the duchy of Lancaster) which abounds
in lead mines, and was formerly a county of itself.
Richmond has a manufacture of woolen stockings,
caps, Slc. It is seated on the Swale, over which
is a brid</e, 40 m. N. W. of York and 230 N. N.
W. of London. Long. 1. 35. W., lat. 54. 28. N.
Richmond, a village m Surrey, Eng. with an ele-
gant stone bridge over the Thames. It was anci-
ently called Sheen; but Henry VII. called it
Richmond, on account of his having been earl of
Richmond in Yorkshire. Here was a palace, in
which Edward 111., Henry VII., and queen Eli-
zabeth expired. Richmond is still distinguished
by its beautiful royal gardens, which in summer
are open to the public ; and in these is a noble
observatory. Here is an extensive royal park, call-
ed Richmond, or the New Park; surrounded by
a brick wall built by Charles I. 9 m. W. S. W. of
London.
Richfield, p.t. Otsego Co. N. Y. 75 m. W. Al-
bany. Pop. 1,752, a township of Medina Co.
Ohio. 125 m. N. E. Columbus. Pop. 653.
Richford, p.t. Franklin Co. Vt. 44 m. N. E.
Burlington. Pop. 704 ; p.v. Tioga Co. N. Y.
Rich Hill, townships in Green Co. Pa. and
Muskingum Co. Ohio.
Richland, a county of Ohio. Pop. 24,007,
Mansfield is the capital. A district of S. Carolina
Pop. 11,465. Columbia is the capital; p.t. Os
wego Co. N. Y. on Lake Ontario. Pop. 2,733
p.t. Venan<ro Co. Pa.; p.v. Onslow Co. N. C. and
townships m Belmont, Guernsey, Clinton, Jack-
son and Fairfield Cos. Ohio.
Richland Creek, p.v. Giles Co. Ten. 70 m. S.
W. Murfreesborough, on a stream of the samp
name falling into Elk River.
Richland Hill, p.v. Feliciana Parish, Louisiana
98 m. N. W. New Orleans.
Richmond, a county of N. Y. consisting of Sta-
ten Island. Pop. 7,084. Richmond is the capital.
a county of the E. District of Virginia. Pop.
6,056. acounty of N.Carolina Pop. 9,326. Rock-
ingham is the capital. A county of Georgia. Pop.
11,644. Augusta is the capital.
Richmond, p.t. Lincoln Co. Me. Pop. 1,313 ; p.t.
Chittenden Co. Vt. 13 m. S. E. Burlington. Pop.
1,109 ; p.t. Cheshire Co. N. H. 47 m. S. W. Con-
cord. Pop. 1,301 ; p.t. Berkshire Co. Mass. 130
m. W. Boston, 6. W. Lenox. Pop. 844 ; p.t.
Washington Co. R. I. 30 m. S. W. Providence.
Pop. 1,362; p.t. Ontario Co. N. Y. 15 m. S. W
Canandaigua. Pop. 1,876; p.v. Richmond Co
N. Y. on Staten Island ; p.v. Northampton Co.
Pa. 16 m. from Easton ; p.v. Ross, Jeff'erson Cos.
Ohio; p.v. Wayne Co. Ind. ; p.v. Madison Co.
Ken. Richmond Co. Va. Richmond Co. N. C.
and Henry Co. Alab.
Richmond city, the capital of Virginia, in Hen-
rico Co. stands on the north side of James's river,
at its lower falls, and at the head of tide water.
The town rises gradually from the water, and has
a fine, picturesque appearance. The western di-
vision occupies an eminence called Shockoe Hill,
overlooking the lower town. The capilol is built
upon the highest summit, and has a delightful and
commanding prospect. Two bridges cross the
river to Manchester, on the opposite bank. Most
of the houses are of brick, and many are elegant.
The public buildings, beside the capitol, which ig
an elegant structure, are a court house, a state
prison, 8 churches, an almshouse, a museum, an
academy of fine arts, 3 banks, and the state ar-
mory, in which are manufactured 4 or 5,000
muskets and rifles annually. One of the James
river canals here empties into a basin containing
a surface of two acres. There is a boat navigation
for 220 m. on the river above the city. Richmond
has a very flourishing trade, both mland and by
sea, and enjoys extraordinary advantages by com-
munication with a rich and well cultivated back
country, abounding in tobacco, grain, hemp, coal,
&c. It is in lat. 37. 31. N. Ion. 77. 31. W. 123
m. S. Washington. 21 m. N. Petersburg. Pop.
16,060.
Richmon.dstille, p.v. Schoharie Co. N. Y
Richwoods, p.v. Morgan Co. Va.
Rideau, a river of Upper Canada, falling mto
the Ottawas. The Rideau Canal passes along the
HIO
93
RIO
yalley of this river from the Ottawas to the east
end of Lake Ontario.
Ridge, a remarkable elevation in the western
part oT N. Y. extending parallel to the shore of
Lake Ontario most of the distance from Rochester
to Tjcwiston, 70 m. It is about 30 feet in heiglit
and slopes away gently on each side. A road
. called the Ridge Road passes along its summit.
« Ridge, p.v. St. Mary's Co. Md. 5 m. N. Point
Lookout ; p.v. Edgefield Dis. S. C. 40 m. S. W.
Columbia.
Ridirebury, p.v. FairSeld Co. Conn. 35 m. W.
New ftaven, p.v. Orange Co. N. Y. and Bradford
Co. Pa.
Ridgefield, p.t. Fairfield Co. Conn. 35 m. W.
New Haven. Pop. 2,322. Also a township of
Huron Co. Ohio.
RidirevUle, p.t. Lorain Co. Ohio ; p.v. Warren
Co. Ohio.
Ridgeicay, p.t. Genesee Co. N. Y.
* Ridleij, a township of Delaware Co. Pa.
Rickmtinsioortk, a town in Hertfordshire, E^g. ;
seated on the Coin, 8 m. S. VV. of St. Albans, and
18 W. N. W. of London.
Ricla, a town of Spain, in Arragon,on the Xalon,
28 m. W. S. W. of Saragossa.
Ride, a town in Hampshire, Eng. on the N. E.
coast of the Isle of Wight. It has a daily inter-
course by packet-boats with Portsmouth, and sends
to that place abundance of butter, egors, and poul-
try. 5 m. S. S. W. of Portmouth and 6 E. N. E.
of Newport.
Ricdlingen, a town of Germany, in Wurtem-
berg, seated on the Danube, 25 m. S. W. of
Ulm.
Rietberg, a town of the Prussian states, in the
government of Minden, capital of a county of the
same name, with a castle, situate on the Ems,
\7 m. W. by N. of Paderborn.
Rieti, a town of Italy, in the papal states, capi-
tal of a delegation of its name, and a bishop's
see. Besides the cathedral, it contains three
collegiate and six parish churches, and 12 con-
vents. It is seated on the river Velino, near th«
lake Rieti, 37 m. N. E. of Rome. Long. 13. 5.
£., lat. 42. 23. N.
Rieux, a town of France, department of Upp)er
Garonne, seated on the Reze, 25 ra. S. S. W.
of Toulouse.
Riez,& town in the department of Lower Alps,
seated in a plain abounding with wine and fruits,
20 m. S. S. W. of Digne.
Riga, a government of Russia. See Livonia.
Riga, a strong town of Russia, capital of the
government of Livonia, and next to Petersburgh,
the most commercial place in the empire. It
stands on the river Dwina, 5 m. from its mouth
in agulf of the Baltic called the gulf of Riga or
Livonia. The trade is chiefly carried on by the
foreign merchants resident here ; those belonging
to an English factory enjoy the greatest share of
the commerce. The principal export are corn,
hemp, flax, iron, timber, masts, leather, and tal-
low. The pop. of Riga is estimated at 36,000.
Here is a floating wooden bridge, over the Dwina
2,600 feet long and 40 broad; in winter, when
the ice sets in, it is removed; and in spring
it is replaced. In 1812, on the approach of the
French army under marshal IVIacdonald, to
beseige this place, the governor of the town
set fire to the suburbs, which consumed upwards
of 2,000 houses. Riga is 220 m. N. E. of Konigs-
berg and 310 S. W. of Petersburgh. Lon<r. 24. 15.
£., lat. 56. 50. N. 80
Riga, p.t. Monroe Co. N. Y. 15 m. S. W. Ro-
chester. Pop. 1,908.
Rigaud, a seignory of Yo/k Co. L. C. 85 m,
W. Montreal.
Rigolets, a strait of Louisiana uniting Lakes
Pontchartrain and Borgne, 9 m. in length.
Rigolets de. Bon Dieu, a stream of Louisiana
flowing into Red River from the North, 25 ra.
above Alexandria.
IZiZcf/, a township of Oxford Co. Me. Pop. 57.
jRimJ/t/, a town of Italy, in the papal states,
with an old castle, a strong tower, and many re-
mains of antiquity. The sea having receded
from this city for some centuries, its harbour will
now admit only small vessels. It is seated in a
fertile plain, at the mouth of the Marrechia, on
the orulf of Venice, 28 m. S. E. of Ravenna and
145 "N. by E. of Rome. Long. 12. 34. E., lat. 44.
4. N.
Riinonski, a seiirnory of Cornwall Co. L. C.
RindTe, p.t. Cheshire Co. N. H. 39. m. S. W.
Concord. Pop. 1,269.
Ringliioping , a sea-port of Denmark, in N. Jut-
land. It has a considerable trade with Holland
and Norway, and is seated on a gulf of the Ger-
man Ocean, 43 m. S. W. of Wiburg and 55 N. N.
W. of Ripen. Long. 8. 15. E., lat. 56. 8. N.
Ri.n(fleben, a town of Germany, belonging to
Saxe- Weimar, 6 m. N. of Erfurt and 26 E. N. E
of Eisenach.
Ringo's, p.v. Hunterdon Co. N. J.
Ringsted^ a town of Dennwrk, ia the isle ofZea-
land. It was formerly a city ; and in the great
church are interred several kings, and other per-
sons of distinction. 30 m. S. W. of Copenha
gen.
Rinswood,^, town in Hampshire, Eng. It has
a manufacture of woolen cloths and stockings,
and is famous for its strong beer and ale. It is
seated on the Avon, 30 m. S. W. of Winchester
and 91 W. by S. of London.
RirUeIn, a strong town of Germany, capital of
the district of Schauenburg, with a university.
It is seated on the Weser, 12 m. S. E. of Minden
and a5 W. S. W. of Hanover. Long. 9. 10. E.,
lat. 52. 12. N.
Rio dela Hacha, a seaport of Colombia, in Ven-
ezuela, at the mouth of a river of the same name,
100 m. E. of St. Martlia. Long. 72. 34. W., lat.
11.30. N.
Rio de la Plata. See Plata.
Rio de Miranda, a river of Spain which rises in
the mountain of Asturias, peparates that prov-
ince from Galicia, and enters the bay of Biscay
at Ribadeo.
Rio del J^orte, a considerable river of N. Amer-
ica, the source of which is unknown, but it flows
from N. to S. through the whole country of New-
Mexico, and enters the gulf-of Mexico, on the N.
border of New Leon.
Rio Grande, a province in the N. part of Brazil*
between those of Petaguel and Paraiba. It is
watered by a river of the same name, which
runs W. into the Parana, of which it is the prin-
cipal branch.
Rio Grande, a river which rises in the Sierra
Leone mountains, and flows through the king-
dom of Biguba into the Atlantic. It is navigable
for boats 400 m.
Rio Janeiro, a river of Brazil, which enters the
Atlantic Ocean at St. Sebastian, the capital of
Brazil. At its mouth are several small islands,
which render the entrance difficult and dangerous;
On the E. side of it is the fort of Santa Crux
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CU
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and on ttie W. that of St. Jago, together with
the capital.
Rio Janeiro, one of the richest provinces of
Brazil, lying near the tropic of Capricorn, on a
rivet of tlie same name. It produces cotton
sugar, coffee, cocoa, pepper, indigo, and tobacco,
with abundance of fruit and garden-stuff, but no
bread-corn ; so that the people here have no
wheat-flour but what is brought from Portugal.
As a succedaneum for bread, there are yams and
cassada in plenty. The riches of the country
consist in its mines of gold, and in precious stones.
The latter are found in 8uch plenty that a cer-
tain quantity only is allowed to be collected in
a year, which is sometimes obtained in less than
a month. St. Sebastian is the capital.
Riobamha, a province of Quito, 9 m. long and
4 broad, adjoining that of Latacunga, on the N.
It produces abundance of sugar-cane, wheat,
maize, bi ley, and various fruits. Cattle are nu-
merous, and from the waol of the lama the in-
habitants manufacture stockings, cloth. &c.
Riobamba, the capital of the foregoing province,
is situate at the extremity of an extensive valley.
The productions and manufactures of its district
are superior to any other in Quito ; and in some
• parts of it are very rich mines of gold and silver.
It is 98 m. S. by W. of Quito. Long. 77. 20. W.,
lat. 1.33. S.
Rinvi, a town of France, department of Puy de
Dome, seated on a hill, 8 m. N. E. of Clermont and
115 S. of Paris.
Rioni, or Phasis, a considerable river of Asia
which rises in Georgia, forms the S. boundary of
Mingrelia, and enters the Black Sea.
Rions, a town of France department of Gironde,
seated on the Garonne, 18 m. S. E. of Bourdeaux.
Ripa Transone, a town of Italy, in the papal
states, 8 m. S. of Fermo.
Ripen, a sea-port of Denmark, in N. Jutland,
capital of a diocese of the same name, with a cas-
tle, two colleges, and a public library. The tombs
of several kings of Denmark ar? in the cathedral,
w'hich is a very handsome structure. The harbour
is at a small distance, at the mouth of the Gram,
in a country which supplies the best beeves in
Denmark. It is 65 m. N. W. of Sleswick and 78
S. by W. of Wiburg. Long. 8. 40. E., lat. 55. 23.
N.
Ripley, a town in W. Yorkshire, Eng. principally
noted for its castle, the ancient seat of the Ingilby
family ; seated on the river Nyd,23 ra. W. N. W
of York and 211 N. by W. of London.
/Z//>/ey, a county of Indiana. Pop. 3,957. Ver-
sailles is the capital.
Ripley, p.t. Somerset Co. Me. Pop. G44 ; p.t.
Chatauque Co. N. Y. Pop. 1,647; p.t. Brown
Co. Ohio on the Ohio. 50 m. above Cincinnati;
p.t. Bond Co. Illinois, 20 m E. Edwardsville.
Ri.ppon,i borough in W. Yorkshire, Enj. In its
neighbourhood is the celebrated park of Studley,
including the venerable remains of Fountain Ab-
bey. Rippon was once famous for its religious
houses ; it has a collegiate church, a new church
erected in 1827, four meeting-houses, a free school
and several other excellent charitable institutions.
Its noted manufacture of spurs has long since de-
clined, and at present the principal manufactures
are linens snd saddle-trees, and a considerable var-
nish manufacture. The market-place is one of the
finest squares of the kind in England. It is seated
near the Ure, over which is a handsome bridge of
17 arches, 23 m. N. N. W. of York and 209 N. N.
W. of London.
Ripraps, a shoal at the mouth of James's river
at its entrance into tha Chesapeak. An island
has been formed here by sinking stones in the
water, and a strong fort erected upon it which
commands the entrance of the river.
Riquier, S<, a town of France, department of
Somme, seated on the Cardon, 24 m. N. W. of
Amiens
Risbrouq,Vi town in Bnckinorhamshire, Encr.
20 m.S. of Aylesbury and 37 W. N. W. of London
Rising Sun, p. v. Cecil Co. Maryl. 18 m. S.
W. Washington ; p. v. Dearborn Co. Ind. on the
Ohio, 13 m. below the Great Miami.
Risonville, p. v. Nottaway Co. Va. 76 m. S. W.
Richmond.
Ristigouche, a river of New Brunswick, falling
into Chaleur Bay, in the gulf of St. Lawrence.
Riltenhouse, p. v. Lancaster Co. Pa.
Ritzeneutt'.e, the chief place of a bailiwic of the
same name belonging to the city of Hamburg,
with a castle ; seated half a mile S. of Cuxhaven
and 54 m. W. N. W. of Hamburg.
Riva, a. town of Germany, in the principality
of Trent, on the river Riva, at its entrance into
the lake Garda, 17 m. S. W. of Trent.
Riva, a town of Austrian Italy, in the Valte-
line, seated on the N. end of the lake Como, 8 m.
S. of Chiavenna.
Rivalla, a town of Piedmont, situate on the
Sangeon, 8 m. N. N. E. of Turin.
Riva.lta, a. town of Austrian Italy, situate on
the lake of Mantua, 5 m. W. of Mantua.
Rivanna, a river of Virginia flowing into Jame?
River near Columbia.
Rivarolo, a town of Piedmont, situate on the
Oreo, 15 m. N. of Turin.
River Bank, p. v. Orange Co. Va. 100 m. N.
Richmond.
River Head, p. v. New London Co. Conn, also
a township of Suffolk Co. N. Y. on Long Island.
Pop. 2,016.
Rivesaltes, a town of France, department of
Eastern Pyrenees, seated on the Egly, 8 m. N. of
Perpignan.
Rivoli, a town of Piedmont, with a magnifi-
cent castle, 9 m. W. of Turin.
Rivoli, a small town of Austrian Italy, near
which Bonaparte obtained one of the most re-
markable of his victories in January, 1797. It is
seated on the Adige, 12 m. N. W. Verona.
Rivolo, or Rolo, a town of Italy, in Modena
between Novellara and Mirandola.
Rixeipille, p. v. Culpeper Co. Va. 67 m. S
W. Washington.
Roa, a town of Spain in the province of Burgos
with a castle, and a splendid mansion belongmg
to the counts of Sizuela. It is situate on the
Duero, 25 m. N. by E. of Segovia.
Roane, a county of E. Tennessee. Pop. 7,89?
Kingston is the capital.
Roanne, a town of France, department of Loire,
seated on the Loire, where it begins to be navi
gable for barks. Hence the merchandise of Ijy-
ons is conveyed to Paris, Orleans, Nantes, &c.
45 m. W. N. W. of Lyons and 210 S. S. E. oi
Paris. Lon. 3. 58. E., lat. 46. 4. N.
Roanoke, an island of N. Carolina, on the S.
side of Albermarle Sound, famous as the place
where Sir Walter Raleigh made the first Brit-
ish settlement in N. America.
JJoanofce, a river of the United States, formed
by the junction of the Staunton and Dan, in the
S. part of Virginia. It is subject to inundations,
and on account of the falls, is navigable for small
ROC
635
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craft only, about 60 or 70 m. It enters, by'sever-
al mouths, into the S. W. part of Albermarle
Sound.
Roanoke, p. v. Mecklenburg Co. Va. 150 m. S.
W. Richmond.
Robbcn Island, sometimes called Penguin Island
n barren sandy island, near the Cape of Good
Hope, at the entrance into False Bay. Long. 18.
22. E., lat. 33. 50. S.
R ihbitistown, p.t. Washington Co. Me. on Pas-
samaquoddyBay, opposite St. Andrews. Pop. 616.
Rohestown, p. v. Westmoreland Co. Pa.
Robel, a town of Germany, in the duchy of
Mecklenburg-Strelitz, seated on the lake Muritz,
24 m. W. of Strelitz.
Robert Bay, a capacious bay of the island of
Martinico, formed by two points called that of
tlie E. part of La Rosa, and that of the W. part
of Los Galeones.
Robertson, a county of W. Tennessee. Pop.
13.303. Springfield is the capital.
Robertson s Fork, p.v. Giles Co. Ten.
Rohertsville., p.v. Benninaton Co. Vt. Ill m. S.
W. Montpelier; p.v. Beaufort Co. S. C.
Robeson, a county of N. Carolina. Pop. 9,355.
Lumberton is the capital; also townships in
Washington and Berks Cos. Pa.
Robm Hood, p.v. Philadelphia Co. Pa.
Robin Hood Bay , a bay on the coast of York-
bhire, Eng. between Scarborough and Whitby,
about one mile broad. Here is a village of fish-
ermen, who supply the city of York, and the
adjacent country, with all sorts of fish in their
season. 6 m. S. E. of Whitbv. Long. 0. 10. W.,
lat. 54.25. N.
Robinson, a township of Alleghany Co. Pa.
Roca Cape, a cape of Portugal, the most west-
ern e.\treniity of Europe. On its summit is a
remarkable monastery, said to be 3,000 feet above
the sea ; and on the E. of the mountain is a sum-
mer palace, of Moorish architecture. Here is al-
so a small vineyard, that of Carcavella, yielding
a peculiar grape ; and the environs supply most
of the fruits and greens used at Lisbon. This
cape is called generally, by the Enfflish sailors,
the rock of Lisbon. Long. 9. 36. W., lat. 38.
42. N.
Rocamadour, a town of France, department of
Lot, 23 m. N. of Cahors.
Rocella, a town of Naples, in Calabria Ul-
tra, near which is a coral fishery, 10 m. N. E. of
Gierace.
Rockdale, a town in Lancashire, Enw. with
•jonsiderable manufactures of baize, flannels,
serges, and other woolen goods ; also calicoes,
strong cotton goods, and hats. A canal from
Manchester passes hence to the Calder naviga-
tion, near Halifax. The manor of Rochdale was
held for the last three centuries by the Byrons,
but in 1823 was sold by lord Byron, the celebrat-
ed poet, to James Dearden, Esq. The town is
seated on the river Roch, at the foot of the York-
shire hills, 11 m. N. by E. of Manchester and 197
N. N. W. of London.
Roche, a town of the Sardinian states, in Savoy
seated near a large rock on the river Borne, 12
m. N. E. of Annecy.
Roche, or Rochefort en Ardennes, a town of the
Netherlands, in the province of Luxemburg, with
a strongcastle, seated on a rock, near the river Our-
te, 22 m. S. of Liege and 32 N W. of Luxem-
burg.
^ Rocce Beaucour, a town of France, department
of Dordogne, 22 m. N. W. of Perigueux.
Roche Bernard, a town of France, in the d«»-
partment of Morbihan, on the Vilaine, 22 m. S.
E. of Vannes.
Roche Guyon, a town of France, department of
Seine-et-Oise, on the river Seine, 21 m. W. of
Pontoise.
Roche Posay, a town of France, in the depart-
ment of Vienne, with a mineral spring, seated on
the Creuse, 32 m. E. N. E. of Poitiers.
Roche sur Yonne, a town of France, in the de-
partment of Vendee, 20 m. N. W. of Lucon.
Rochechouart,a. town of France, in the depart-
ment of Upper Vienne, with a castle on a moun-
tain, IS m. W. of Limoges.
Rochefort, a sea-port of France, department of
Lower Charente, with a commodious harbour,
one of the most famous in France. The streets
are broad and straight ; and the houses low, but
regular. It has a magnificent hospital, the finest
hail of arms in France, a noble arsenal, a foundry
for cannon, and all the other magazines necessa-
ry for the construction and equipment of ships of
war. It stands on the Charente, 15 m. from its
mouth, which is defended by several forts. 18
m. S. S. E. of Rochelle and 127 S. W. of Paris.
Long. 0. 58. W. lat. 45. 56. N.
Rochefort, a town of France, in the department
of Jura, on the river Doubs, 6 m. N. E. of Dole
and 22 W. S. W. of Besangon.
Rochefort, a town of France, in department of
Maine-ei-Loire, on the river Loiret, 10 m. S. S.
W. of Angers.
Rochefort, a town of France in the department
of Puy de Dome, 17 m. S. W. of Clermont.
Rochefoucmdt, a town of France in the depart-
ment of Charente, seated on the Tardoire, 12 m.
N. E. of Angouleme.
Rochelle, a fortified sea-port of France, capital
of the department of Lower Charente, and a
bishop's see. Tlie houses are supported hy piaz-
zas, and the haven is surrounded by a prodigious
mole, 4,482 feet in extent. The inhabitants carry
on a considerable trade, especially in wine, bran-
dy, sugar, salt paper, linen, and serges. Rochelle
was the birth-place of Reaumur, the celebrated
naturalist. It is seated in a plain at the bottom
of a small gulf of the Atlantic, 78 m. S. by E. of
Nantes and 330 S. W. of Pans. Long. 1 10. W.,
lat. 46. 9. N.
Rnchema.ur, a town of France \n the depart
ment of Ardeche, seated on the Rhone, 8 m. N.
N. E. of Viviers.
Roche Percee, a town in Howard Co. Missouri.
Rochester, a city in Kent, Eng Its castle, now
in ruins, once rendered it of greai importance;
and here also are some remams of a priory.
Rochester is a bishop s see and has, besides the
cathedral, two parish-churches.
Rochester, p.t. Strafford Co. N. H. 25 m. N. W,
Portsmouth. Pop. 2,155 ; p.t. Windsor Co. Vt.
35 m. N. W. Windsor. Pop. 1,392 ; p.t. Plymouth
Co. Ma.ss. 48 m. S. Boston. Pop. 3,556 ; p.t. Uls-
ter Co. N. Y. 84 m. S. W. Albany. Pop. 2,440.
Rochester, p.t. Monroe Co. N. Y, on the Gene/
see river, is a place of great trade and opulence,
and astonishingly rapid growth. It was founded
in 1812, and is already the fourth town in the
state in point of numbers; it is also the empori-
um of the western parts. It stands upon the
great canal, 7 m. from Lake Ontario, with a ship
navigation by Genesee river within 2 m. of the
town, communication with New York, Quebec
and the great lakes. Rochester contains 2,000
buildings, and the streets are handsome and regii-
ROC
G98
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lar. It has 11 churches, 2 banks, a museum, an
arcade, an athoneutn, and several literary institu-
tions, 2 daily and several weekly newspapers.
Within the limits of the village, for such is the ti-
tle of this flourishing city, are 13 large flour mills,
built of stone, which grind 342,000 barrels of flour
annually. Some of tnese mills are on a scale of
magnitude not equalled elsewhere in the world.
Ono of them covers more than 4 acres, and all are
considered unrivalled in the perfection of ther ma-
chinery. Here are also cotton and woolen manu-
factories, and saw-mills which turn out 9,000,000,
feet of lumber in a year. The Genesee falls are
in the northern part of the town, and the water
power which the river affords here, is immen.se.
There are three bridges across the Genesee at
this place ; the canal aqueduct deserves particu-
lar notice. The canal strikes the river in the S.
part of Rochester, and after following the eastern
bank for half a mile, crosses the river in the cen-
tre of the town in an aqueduct built upon 11 arch-
es of hewn stone 804 feet in length ; the structure
is no less worthy of admiration for its strength than
its architectural beauty. From the observatory
at the summit of the arcade may be seen in a clear
day the waters of Lake Ontario like a strip of
blue cloud on the verge of the horizon. Roches-
ter is 23« m. W. Albany. 3i)6 N. Washington.
Pop. 10,885.
RocAford, a town in Essex, Eng. 16 ra. S. E. of
Chelmsford and 40 E. by N. of London.
Rochlilz, a town of Saxony, with a castle on a
rock, and a handsome bridge over the Mulda, 24
m. S. E. of Leipzig.
Rock, a township of Harrison Co. Ohio 120 N.
E. Columbia. Fop. 708.
Rockaicay, p. v. Queens Co. N. Y. on Long Is-
land ; p.v. Morris Co. N. J. 30 m. N. W. Newark.
Rockaway Valley, p.v. Morris Co. N. J. 75 m.
N.Trenton.
Rockbridge, a. county of the W. District of Vir-
ginia. Pop. 14,244. Lexington is the capital.
This county takes its name from the celebrated
natural bridge which is situated within its limits.
This remarkable work of nature has been formed by
the bursting of the waters of a stream called Ce-
dar creek through a wall of rock more than 200
feet in height. The bridge is 60 feet in width
and the sides for the great part of their height are
nearly perpendicular. A road passes over the
top. The scenery it afibrds is exceedingly grand
and romantic.
Rock Castle, a county of Kentucky. Pop. 2,875
Mount Vernon is the capital.
Rockdale, p.v. Crawford Co. Pa.
Rockford, p.v. Surry Co. N.C. ; p.v. Tuscara-
was Co. Ohio.
Rock Hall, p.v. Kent Co. Maryland on the E.
•ide of the Chesapeak opposite the Patapsco.
Rockhill, p.t. Bucks Co. Pa.
Rock Hill Mills, p.v. Fauquier Co. Va.
Rockinirfiam, a county of N. Hampshire in the
S. E. Pop. 44,452. Portsmouth is the capital ;
a county of the W. District of Virginia. Pop.
20,693. Harrisonburg is the capital ; a county of
N. Carolinia. Pop. 12,920. Wentworth is the
capital.
Rockingham., p.t. Windham Co. Vt. on the Con-
necticut. 23 m. N. Brattleborough. Pop. 2,272 ;
p.v. Richmond Co. N. C.
Rockland, a county of New York, in the S.
Pop. 9,388. Clarkstown is the capital ; a town-
»<hip in Sullivan Co. N. Y. Pop. 547 j a township
of Berks Co. Pa.
Rock Landing, p.v. Halifax Co N. C. on the
Roanoke, 12 m. above Halifax.
Rock Mills, p.v. Pendleton Dis. S. C.
Rockport, p.v. Cuyahoga Co. Ohio, on Lake
Erie. Pop. 361 ; p.v. Spencer Co. Ind. on the
Ohio.
Rock Spring, p.v. Nelson Co. Va. 118 m. W.
Richmond ; p.v. Pendleton Dis. S. C.
Rock River, a branch of the Mississippi in Illi
nois, it is 200 m. in length.
Rock Stream, p.v. Steuben Co. N. Y.
Rockville, p.v. Bucks Co. Pa. and Parke Co.
Ind.
Rocky Hill, p.v. Hartford Co. Conn. ; p.v. Bar-
ren Co. Ken.
Rocky Mount, p.v. Franklin Co. Va. 210 m.
S. W. Richmond ; p.v. Nash Co. N. C. and
Fairfield Dis. S. C.
Rocky Mountains, an immense chain in the
western part of North America which may be re-
garded as a continuation of the Cordilleras of
Mexico. They extend Northwesterly nearly to
the Frozen Ocean, and form the ridge which se-
parates the waters of the great basin of the Mis-
sissippi from those which fall into the Pacific
Ocean.
In extent, in elevation, and in breadth, the
Rocky mountains far exceed the Alleghanies of
the eastern slates. Their mean breadth is 200
miles, and where broadest, 300. Their height
must be very great, since, when first -seen by cap-
tain Lewis, they were at least 150 miles distant
On a nearer approach, the sublimity of the pros-
pect is increased, by the appearance of range rising
behind range, each yielding in height to its suc-
cessor, till the most distant is mingled with the
clouds. In this lofty region the ranges are cov-
ered wirfi snow in the middle of June. From this
last circumstance, these mountainshave been some-
times denominated the Shining mountains — an
appellation much more appropriate than that of the
Rocky or Stony monntains, a property possessed by
all mountains, but peculiar to none. The longi-
tudinal extent of this great chain is immense,
running as far N. W. as 60 N. lat., and perhaps
to the Frozen Ocean itself. The snows and foun-
tains of this enormous range, from the 38th to the
48th degree of northern latitude, feed, with never-
failing supplies, the Missouri and its power-
ful auxiliary streams.
A great number of lateral ranges project to the
S. E., E., and N. E. of the main range. Where
the Missouri enters the plains, is the most east-
ern projection ; and from where the Yellow Stone
leaves the snowy range, there is a range, run-
ning more than 200 miles south-east,which is inter-
sected by the Bighorn river. As these mountains
have not yet been explored by the eye of geolo-
gical science, it is impossible to say any thing
respecting their component parts ; but, from any
thing that we can learn from Pike and Clarke,
they seem to be chiefly granitic. No volcanoes
have yet been discovered amongst them ; but
strange unusual noises were heard from the moun-
tains, by the American party, when stationed
above the falls of the Missouri. These sounds
seemed to come from the northwest. " Since our
arrival at the falls," says the narrative, " we have
repeatedly heard a strange noise coming from the
mountains, a little to the north of west. It is
heard at different periods of the day and night:
sometimes when the air is perfectly still and un-
clouded, and consists of one stroke only, or of fiv«
or six discharges in quick succession. It is loud^
ROC
637
ROD
and resembles precisely the sound of a six pounder
a I ih? distance of three miles. The Indians had
before mentioned this noise like thunder, but we
had paid no attention to it. The watermen also
of the party say, that the Pawnees and Ricarees
give the same account of a similar noise made in
the Black Mountains, to the westward of them."
Again, near the same place, it is afterwards said :
'' They heard, about sunset, two discharges of the
tremendous mountain-artillery."
The base of these mountpins is between three
and four thousand feet above the sea. The high-
est point is suposed to be a peak called the
Great White mountain, between the Arkansas
and Platte rivers, which according to the measure-
ment of Pike is 18,581 feet above the sea and
i0,581 above the level of the meadow at its
base. The lofty regions of these mountains are
inhabited by an animal called the Rocky moun-
tain goat. Their manners are said to resemble
greatly those of the domestic goat. The exact
limits of the range of this animal have not been
ascertained, but it probably extends from the 40th
to the 64th or 65th degree of latitude. It is com-
retire with their lambs to the most inaccessibte
heights. Mr. Drummond informs us that in the
retired parts of the mountains, where the hunters
mon on the elevated part of the range that gives
origin to the Mackenzie, Oregon, Nelson, and
Missouri rivers. The fine wool which the ani-
mal produces, grows principally on the back
and hips, and is intermixed, with long coarse
hair. From the circumstance of its bearing
wool, it has occasionally been termed a sheep
by the voyagers and even by naturalists ; some lit-
tle confusion has therefore crept into the accounts
of its habits, which have been published from the
reports of traders. Its flesh is hard and dry, and
little esteemed. The Indians make caps and
saddles of its skin. The Hudson's Bay company
have lately presented a perfect specimen of the
goat to the Zoological Society. This animal is
v>» ihe size of the domestic sheep, and is totally
white, except the horns, hoofs, lips, and margins
vi ihe nostrils : the horns are black and shining.
Another remarkable race of animals are the
•tocy Mountain Sheep, which are found in this
elevated region from its northern termination in
latitude 68 to about latitude 40, and most likely
still further south. They also frequent the ele-
vated and craggy ridges with which the country
between the great mountain range and the Pa-
cific is intersected ; but theyjdo not appear to have
advanced further to the eastward than to the de-
clivity of the Rocky Mountains, nor are they
found in any of the hilly tracts nearer to Hud-
son's Bay. They collect in flocks consisting of
from three to thirty, the young rams and fe-
males herding together during the winter and
spring, while the old rams form separate flocks.
The ewes bring forth in June or July, and then
had seldom penetrated, he found no difficulty in
approaching the Rocky Mountain Sheep, which
there exhibited the simplicity of character so re-
markable in the domestic species ; but that where
they had been often fired at, they were exceed-
ingly wild, alarmed their companions on the ap-
proach of danger by a hissing noise, and scaled
the rocks with a speed and agility that baffled
pursuit. He lost several that he had mortally
wounded, by their retiring to die amongst the se-
cluded precipices. Their favourite feeding pla-
ces are grassy knolls, skirted by craggy rwjks to
which they can retreat, when pursued by dogs or
wolves. They are accustomed to pay daily visits
to certain caves in the mountains that are encrust-
ed with a saline efflorescence, of which they are
fond. These caves are situated in slaty rocks. Mr.
Drummond says that the horns of the old rams
attain a size so enormous, and curve so much
forwards and downwards that they efl^ectually
prevent the animal from feeding on level ground.
Its flesh is said by those who have fed on it, to be
quite delicious when it is in season, far superior
to that of any of the deer species which frequent
the same quarter, and even exceeding in flavour
the finest English mutton.
Rocky Ridge, p. v. Trigg Co. Ken. 217 m. S.
W. Frankfort.
Rocky Springs, p.v. Rockingham Co. N. C.
145 m."N. W. Raleigh ; p.v. George Co. Ten ;
p.v. Claiborne Co. iVfississippi.
Rocroy, a town of France, department of Arden-
nes, celebrated for the victory gained by the
French over the Spaniards in 1C43. It is seated
in a plain, surrounded by forests, 26 m. N. of
Rethel.
Rodach, a town of Germany, in the principal-
ity of Saxe-Coburg, on a river of its name, 9
m. N. W. Coburg.
Rodby, a sea-port of Denmark, in the island of
Laland. The passage hence to Heiligenhaven,
in Holstein and to the island of Femern, is much
frequented. It is 10 m. N. E. of Naxkow. Long.
11.45. E., lat. 54. 4iS. N.
Rodenburg, a town and castle of Germany, in
the district of Schauenburg, near which is a min-
eral spring. 11 m. W. by S. of Hanover.
Rodez, a town of France, capital of the depart-
ment of Aveiron, and a bishop's see. Here are
four great annual fairs, and some manufactures of
gray cloths and sergea The lofty steeple of itu
cathedral is admired for its architecture. It is
seated in the midst of mcantains, on a hill, at
the foot of which flows the Aveiron 30 m. W. by
S. of Mende.
Rodings, a district of Essex, Eng. comprising
3 H
'3^
ROM
638
ROM
ei^ht parifhes, each of which is called Roding,
tut they are distinguished by the additional ap-
pellation of Beauchamp, Eytliorp, High, Leaden,
White, Abbot's, Berner's, and Margaret's.
Rodman, p.t. Jefferson Co. N, Y. 160 ra. N. W.
Albany. Pop. 1,90).
Rodok, a town of Hindoostan, in the province
of Uehli, 50 m. E. of Hissar and 60 W. N W. of
Dehli.
Rodosto, a sea port of Romania, and a bishop's
«ee, seated on the side of a hill, on the sea of
Mnrmora, 62 m. W. of Constantinople. Long.
27. 37. E., lat. 41. l.N.
Rodrignei, an island in the Indian Ocean, 30
m. long and 12 broad, lying 100 leagues E. of
Mauritius. The country is mountainous, and in
many parts rocky, thoujjh in some places the soil
is excellent; but the best production of the island
ib the land turtle, which are in great abundance.
On the N. side is a bay that affords secure shelter
for ships, and ample supplies of wood and water
Long. 63. 0. E., lat. 19. 30. S.
Roer, a river of the Prussian states, which rises
in Westphalia, flows by Arensberg, Schwerte,
Werden, and Duysburg, and enters the Rhine at
Roerort.
Roerort, a town of the- Prussian states, in the
duchy of Cleve, at the conflux of the Roer with
the Rhine, 17 m. S. by E. of We-^el.
Roeulx, a town of the Netherlands, in Uainault,
8 m. N. E. of Mons.
Rogerstmcn, p. v. Franklin Co. Missouri.
RuffcrsviUe, p. v. Person Co. N. C. Pendleton
Dis. S. C. and Hawkins Co. Ten. on the Hoiston,
70 m. above Knoxville.
Rogerwick, or Port Baltic, a sea-port of Russia,
in tlie province of Revel, seated on a fine hay at
the entrance of the gulf of Finland, 40 m. VV. N.
W. of Revel. Long. 23. 20. E., lat. 59. 10. N.
Rogonatpour, a town of Bengal, capital of the
district of Parhete. 126 m. N. W. of Calcutta.
Long. 86.47. E., lat. 23. 32. IS.
Roha, or Rmtah. See Orfa.
Rohan, a town of France, department of Mor-
biham, on the Aoust,20 m. N. of Vannes.
Rohilcund, or Rohilla, a territory of Hindoostan,
inhabited by the Rohillas, and formerly belong-
ing to the province of Dehli, but now included
in the district of Bareilly. It was conquered by
the nabob of Oude, with the assistance of the
British, in 1774. But in 1801 it was ceded to the
British, and is now governed by a civil establish-
ment.
Rohitzan, a town of Bohemia, with good cloth
manufactures and a trade in iron, 7 m. E. by N. of
Filsen.
Rolduc, a town of the Netherlands, in the late
duchy of Limburg, 10 m. S. W. of Juliers.
Rom, an island of Denmark, on the coast of S.
Jutland. It is 7 m. long and nearly 3 broad, and
contains a few villages.
Romarrna, the former name of a province of
Italy, in the papal states, bounded on the N. by
the Ferrarese, E. by the gulf of Venice, S. by
Tuscany and Urbino, ana W. by Bologna and
Tuscany. It is fertile in corn, wine, oil, and
fruits ; and has also mines, mineral waters, and
salt-works, which makes its principal revenue.
Ravenna is tl-e '■a jital.
Romainmolie.r, \ town of Switzerland, in the
Pays de Vaud, capital o'"a bailiwrc, with a castle ;
sealed in a narrow val!ev, through which flows
the river Diaz, 11 m. S. VV. of Yverdun.
Konuini, a town of European Turkey, in Mol-
davia, and a bishop's see ; seated on the Siret,
50 m. W. S. W. of Jassy.
Romania, a province or division of Turkey,
about 200 m. long and 130 broad ; bounded on
the N. by Bulgaria, E. by the black Sea, S. by
the sea of Marmora and the Archipelago, and W.
by Macedonia. The whole of this fine country,
comprising Thrace, Macedon, and ancient Greece,
is at present in a very backward state, owing to
the oppression and arbitrary exactions of the
Turks. The inhabitants have, however, at length
been liberated from the galling yoke which they
long maintained an arduous struggle to throw oE.
See Greece.
Romano, a town of Austrian Italy, on a river
that runs between the Oglio and Serio, 26 m. E.
of Milan.
Romans, a town of France, department of
Drome, on the Isere, 22 m. S. W. of Grenoble and
30 S. ofVienne.
Rome, a celebrated city of Italy, the capita] of
the pope's dominions. It is sitnate on the Tiber,
over which it has four bridges. The walls are of
brick, in which are 15 gates ; and its whole cir-
cumference, including that part beyond the Ti-
ber and all belonging to the Vatican, is upwards
of 16 m. It has 144,541 inhabitants, which,
though greatly inferior to what it could boast in
the days of its ancient power, is considerably
more than it could number at some former periods
since the fall of the empire. Some of the prin-
cipal streets are of considerable length, and per-
fectly straight. That called the Corso is the
most frequented. The shops on each side are
three or four feet higher than the street, and there
is a path for foot passengers on a level with the
shops. The palaces, of which there are several, in
this street, range in a line with the houses, hav-
ing no courts before them. The Strada Felice
and the Strada di Porta Pia, are a'so very long
and noble streets. Rome exhibits a strange mix-
ture of magnificent and interesting, and of com-
mon and beggarly objects ; the former consist of
palaces, churches, fountains, and the remains of
antiquity ; the latter comprehend all the rest of
the city. The church of St. Peter, in the opin-
ion of many, surpasses, in size and magnificence,
the finest monuments of ancient architecture. It
was begun in 1506, finished in 1621, and is en-
tirely covered both within and without with mar-
ble, lis length is 730 feet, the breadth 520, and
the hei^-ht, from the pavement to the top of the
cross which crowns the cupola, 450. The high
altar under the cupola is 90 feet in height, and of
extraordinary magnificence. A complete descrip-
tion of tliis church, and of its statues, basso-re-
lievos, colums, and various other ornaments,
would fill volumes. The cathedral of St. John
Lateran, the Romans say, is the most ancient oi'
all the churches of Rome, and llie :nother of all
the churches in Christendom. It contains the
Scala Santa, of 28 white marble steps, brought
from Jerusalem, by which Christ is said to have
ascended to the palace of Caiaphas. To this
church every new pope constantly goes first, in a
magnificent procession, to take possession of the
holy see. The Pantheon, which from its cir-
cular form has obtained the name of the Rotunda,
is the most perfect of the Roman temples which
now remain, and notwithstanding the depreda-
tions it has sustained from Goths, Vandals, and
popes, is still a beautiful monument of Roman
taste. The pavilion of the great altar of St. Peter,
and the four wreathed pillars of Corinthian brass
ROM
639
RON
which sapport it, were formed out of the spoils of
the Pantheon, which, after nearly 2,000 y»^ars, has
still a probability of outliving its proud and capa-
cious rival. Its height is 150 feet, and its width
nearly the same. There are no pillars to support
the roof, which is constructed in the manner of a
cupola; neither has it any windows, a sufficiency
of light being admitted through a central opening
in the dome. As the Pantheon is the most entire,
the amphitheatre of Vespasian is the most stu-
pendous monument of antiquity in Rome. About
one-half of the external circuit still remains, from
which a pretty exact idea may be formed of the
original structure, and by computation it could
contain 85,000 spectators. But the antiquities of
Rome are too numerous to be minutely described ;
so that the ancient Forum, now a cow-market,
the beautiful column of Trajan, <fec., must be pass-
ed over. The Campidoglio, built by Michtel
Angelo, is a beautiful structure, standing on the
site of the ancient Capitol, so long the centre of
the empire of the world. The body of this pal-
ace is the residence of'the Senators of Rome, and
the wings are inhabited by the conservators of
the city. The pope has three superb palaces, of
which the principal is the Vatican, near St. Pe-
ter's church. The library of this palace is the
largest and most complete in the world ; rich, es-
Fecially in MSS., in all languages, and of all ages.
n Rome the connoisseur will meet with innu-
merable paintings by the greatest masters, and
with the finest works of sculpture, &c. Besides
the university, which consists of several noble
colleges, there are numerous academies and lite-
rary societies. The castle of St. Angelo serves
more to keep the city in awe than to repel any
foreign attack.
Rome was formerly the metropolis of one of the
greatest empires that have ever existed, and may
be regarded as the parent of all the cities, the
arts, and states of modern Europe. The ancient
Romans were governed by seven kings, for about
2^0 years. During the next 483 years, they were
governed by consuls, tribunes, decemvirs, and
dictators, in their turns. They were afterwards
governed by 60 emperors, for the space of 518
years. Their wars with the Carthaginians, Span-
iards, Gauls, Mithridates of Pontus, Parthians,
and Jews, were the most noted. The Roman
empire was afterwards much distracted by various
commotions, and in 410 Rome was taken and
burnt. In May, 1527, Rome was invested by the
army of the emperor Charles V. ; and the general,
to prevent a mutiny, promised to enrich them
with the spoils of this opulent city. The general,
however, was himself killed, as he was planting
a scaling ladder against the walls ; but his sol-
diers, not discouraged by his death, mounted to
the assault with the utmost valor, and, entering
the city, exercised all those brutalities that may
be expected from ferocitv aggravated by resist-
ance. In the wars whicK attended the French
revolution, Rome was again a considerable suf-
ferer. Large contributions, and severe military
exactions, were drawn from the inhabitants ; and
a great number of the most valuable statues and
paintings were sent off to Paris. The pope was
finally restored in 1814. See Popedom. Rome
is 110 ra. N. W. of Naples, 410 S. S. W. of Vien-
na, and 600 S. E. of Paris. Long. 12. 29. E., lat.
41. 54. N.
Rome, a township of Kennebec Co. Me. 22 m.
xK. Augusta. Pop. 883 ; p.t. Oneida Co. N. Y. Ill
m. W Albany. Fop. 4,360. It is pleasantly sit-
uated half a mile from the Erie Canal ; p.v. Ath
tabula, Lawrence and Athens Cos. Otiio; p.T.
Perry Co. Ind.
Romenay, a town of France, department of
Saone-et-Loire, 15 m. N. N. E. of Magon.
Romerstudt, a town of Moravia, in the neigh-
bourhood of which are some iron mines. 20 ra.
N. N. E. of Olmutz.
Romhild, a town of Germany, in the duchy of
Saxe-Meinungen, with a castle, 13 ra. S. of Mei-
nungen.
Romkala, a town of Syria, with the remains of
an ancient and strong castle, and two churches.
It is seated on the Euphrates, at the influx of the
Simeren, and is used by the Turks as a place of
banishment for great men in disgrace. 85 m. N.
N. E. of Aleppo.
Romna, a l(»wn of Russia, in the government of
Tchernigof, 88 m. E. S. E. of Tchernigof
Romney, p.v. Hampshire Co. Va. on the Poto-
mac 50 m. W. Winchester ; t. Kent. Co. U. C. -
Romney, J\'ctc, a borough in Kent, Eng. It is
one of the cinque-ports, and once contained five
churches and a priory ; but, since the sea has re-
tired, it is much reduced. About a mile to the
W. is Old Romne}', the original port, which is
now a small place. 22 ra. S. W. of Dover and
71 S. E. of London.
Romney Marsh, a tract in the most southern
partof Kent, Eng. between Dungeness and Rye-
haven, defended from the sea by a strong embank-
ment, called Dymchurch Wall. It is 20 m. long
and eight broad, containing about 50,000 acres of
firm land, and some of the richest pastures in
England. Vast flocks of sheep and herds of cat-
tle are fattened here for the London market.
Romont, a town of Switzerland, in the canton
of Friburg, seated on a mountain, 10 m. N. W. of
Friburg.
Romorentin, a town of France, in the depart-
ment of Loire-et-Cher, with a castle, and manu-
factures of serges and cloths ; seated on the Sau-
dre, 26 m. S. E. of Blois and 40 S. by W. of
Orleans.
Rom^dal, a town of Norway, capital of a prov-
ince in the government of Drontheim, 100 m. S.
W. of Drontheim. Long. 7. 54. E., lat. 62.
28. N.
Romscy, a town in Hampshire, Eng. It has a
manufacture of shalloons, and several paper mills ;
and is seated on the Andover canal and the river
Test, 8 m. N. W. of Southampton and 73 W. by
S. of London.
Romulus, p.t. Seneca Co. N. Y. 204 m. W. Al-
bany on Seneca Lake. Pop. 2,089.
RonaJdshay, JVorth and SotUh, two small islands
of the Orkneys.
Ronay, one of the Hebrides, situate between
the Isle of Sky and the mainland.
Roncecalles, a town of Spain, in Navarre,
situate in a valley to which it gives name, 14 m.
N. N. E. of Pamplona.
Ronciglione, a town of Italy, in the states of the
church,''with a fortified castle. It is seated on the
Tereia, near a lake of the same name, 28 m. N.
N. W. of Rome. Long. 12. 32. E., lat. 42. 18. N.
Ronda, a strong town of Spain, in Granada,
with a castle ; situate on a craggy rock, near the
river Guadiaro, 43 m. N. by E. of Gibraltar.
Roney's Point, p.v. Ohio Co. Va.
Ronne, a seat-port of Denmark, in the island of
Bornholm, and the residence of the governor.
TTie harbour is fortified, but not deep. Long 14.
55. E., lat. 55. 10. N.
ROt
640
ROS
Bormeburg, a town and castle of Germany, in
tlie principality of Altenburg, beloning to Saxe-
Gotha, 14 m. S. W. of Altenburg.
Roopat, an island in the straits of Malacca,
separated from Sumatra by a narrow channel.
Long. 101.9. E., lat. 3. 0. N.
Root, p.t. Montgomery Co. N. Y-. 46 m. N. W.
Albany. Pop. 2,750.
Rootstovm, p.v. Portage Co. Ohio. 134 m. N. E.
Columbia. Pop. 663.
Roque, St., a town of Spain, in Andalusia, at
the entrance of the isthmus which separates Gib-
raltar from the continent. It stands on the top of
a hill, overlooking the bay, 17 m. N. E. of TarifFa,
and 58 S. E. of Cadiz.
Roquefort, a town of France, department of
Landes, seated on the Douese, 15 m. E. N. E. of
Mont de Marsan.
Roquemanrc, a town in the department of Gard.
22 m. N. E. of Nismes.
Roquetas, a town of Spain, in Granada, on the
coast of the Mediterranean, 10 m. S. W. of Alme-
ria. 52 S. E. of Granada.
Roras,a. town of Norway, m Drontheim, noted fjr
important mines of copper, 66 m S. of Drontheitn.
Rosa, a singular mountain of the Pennine Alps,
at the N. E. boundary of Piedmont, little inferior
in height to Mont Blanc. It forms as it were, a
a circus of gigantic peaks, round the village of
Macugnaga ; and its appearance is supposed to
impart the name from some resemblance to an
expanded rose.
Rosamarino , a town of Sicily, in Val di Demona,
at the mouth of a river of its name, 22 m. W. by
S. of Patti.
Rosana, a town of Russian Lithuania, in the
government of Grodno, seated near the Zolva, 56
m. S. W. of Novogrodec.
Rosliach, a village of Prussian Saxony, famous
for a victory obtained by Prussia over the French
and Austrians in 1757. 10 m. S. E. of Merseburg.
RoschMd, a town of Switzerland, with a castle
on a mountain ; seated on the lake of Constance,
7 m. E. N. E. of St. Gall.
Roschild, a town of Denmark, in the isle of Zea-
land, and a bishop's see. It is now a poor place,
but was the residence of the kings of Denmark
for several centuries before Copenhagen was
founded ; and the cathedral has long been the
place of their sepulture. A treaty of peace was
concluded here in 1658. It is seated at the end
of a deep gulf, 16 m. W. of Copenhagen.
Roscoe, p.t. Coshocton Co. Ohio, 68 m. N. E.
Columbia.
Roscommon, a county of Ireland, in the pro-
vince of Connaught, 60 ni. long and 37 broad ;
bounded on the N. by Sligo and Leitrim, E. by
Longford and W. Meath, S. by Gal way, and W. by
Galway and Mayo. It contains about 209,000 in-
habitants, is divided into 56 parishes, and sends
three members to parliament. It is a tolerably level
country, producing excellent corn and pasturage,
yet there are some extensive bogs.
Roscommon, a town of Ireland, capital of the
above country, 80 m. W. by N. of Dublin. Long.
«. 42. W., lat. 55. 34 N.
Roscommon, p.v. Steuben Co. N. Y.
Roscrea, a town of Ireland, in Tipperary. 2 m.
to the S. E. are the singular ruins of an abbey, on
an island of about three acres, in the centre of a
bog. It is 20 m. W. S. W. of Maryborough and
32 N. ofCashel.
Rose, a township of Stark Co. Ohio. Pop. 978
Roseau. See Charlolte-toicn
Rosebvrg, p.v. Armstrong Co. Pa.
Rosejicld, p.v. Prince William Co. Va.
Rosehill, p.v. Lee Co. Va.
Roseland, p.v. Cambria Co. Pa.
RosemiVs, p.v. Amherst Co. Va. 118 m. W.
Richmond.
Rosemiirkie. See Fortrose.
' Roscnhejg, a town of the Prussian states, in the
principality of Oppeln, with a small castle, 25 m
N. E. of Oppeln.
Rosenheim, a town of Bavaria, seated at the con
flux of the Manguald with the Inn, 34 m. S. E
of Munich.
Roses, a sea-port of Spain, in Catalonia, with a
citadel. It was taken by the French in 1693,
and again in 1793. It is seated on a bay of th«?
same name, in the Mediterranean, 27 m. N. E. ci
Gerona. Long. 3. 7. E., lat. 42. 17. N.
Roses Bluff, p.v. Dallas Co. Alab.
Rosetta, a town of Egypt, one of the pleasantest
in the country. It has a great manufacture of
striped and otheK coarse linens; but its chief busi
ness is the carriage of goods to Cairo ; for all Eu-
ropean merchandize is brought hither from Alex-
andria by sea. The rice grown in its vicinity, cal-
led sultani, is chiefly sent to Constantinople, and
its exportation to any other place is prohibited.
Rosetta was taken by the French in 1798, and
here the English were defeated by the Turks in
1807. It stands on an island, formed by the W.
branch of the Nile, 25 m. E. N. E. of Alexandria
and 100 N. N. W. of Cairo. Long. 30. 23 E.,
lat. 31.23. N.
Roseville, p.v. Loudon Co. Va. 35 m. N. W.
Washington ; p.t. Muskingum Co. Ohio. 62 m E.
Columbia ; p.v. Park Co. Indiana ; p.v. Delaware
Co. N. Y.
Rosienne, town of Russia, in the government of
Wilna, formerly the capital of Samo^itia. It is
seated on the Dubisse, 70 m. S. of Mittau Long.
23. 45. E., lat. 55. 30. N.
Rosicrs nux Salines, a town of France depart*
ment of Meurthe, formerly celebrated for its salt-
works ; seated on the Meurthe 10 m. S. of Nancy.
Rosoy, a town in the department of Sein£-et-
Marne, with a magnificent castle, 16 m. E. N.
E. of Melun and 30 S. E. of Paris.
Ross, a town in Herefordshire, Eng. It owes
most of its improvements and charitable institu-
tions to John Kyrle, commonly called the Man
of Ross, whose benevolent character is so inter-
estingly delineated by Pope. 4 miles to the S.
W. are the massive remains of Goodrich Castle •
and near it are the ruins of Flanesford Priory
the chapel of which is converted into a barn.
Ross is seated on an elevated rock, on the Wye
12 miles S. E. of Hereford and 120 W by N. of
London.
Ross, a sea- port of Ireland, in the county of
Cork, and united to Cork as an episcopal see.
The harbour was formerly famous, but has been
gradually filled up with sand, so that the town is
sunk from its former splendour, [t is sealed on
a bay of the Atlantic, 20 m. S. W. of Kinsale
Long. 8. 58. W., lat. 51. 32. N.
Ross, a county of Ohio. Pop. 24,053. Chilico-
the is the Capital.
Ross, a. township of Alleghany Co. Pa. on Al-
leghany and Ohio rivers opposite Pittsburg, also
townships in Jefferson, Green and Butler Cos
Oiiio.
Rossie, p.t. St. Lawrence Co. N. Y. Pop. 650
Ross, JVcic, a borough of Ireland, in the county
of Wexford, situate on the Barrow, which is navi-
ROT
e4i
ROT
rable for large vessels up to the quay. The town
has a considerable trade, and exports a great
quantity of wool, butter, and beef. It is 12 m. N.
E. of Waterford and 19 W. of Wexford.
Rossano, a strong town of Naples, in Calabria
Cilra and an archbishop's see. The adjacent
valleys yield oil, capers, saffron, and excellent
pepper. It is seated on an eminence, surrounded
by rocks, 3 m. from the gulf of Tarento and
13(1 S. E. of Naples. Long. 16. 38. E., lat. 39.48. N.
lloss/au, a town of Germany, in the principali-
ty of Anhalt, wiih a castle ; seated at the conflux
of the Rosslau with the Elbe, 10 m. S. S. E. of
Zerbst.
Ross-shire, a. county of Scotland, 80 m. long
and 70 broad ; bounded on the N. by sutherland-
shire. The island of Lewis is attached to this
county. Tain is the capital.
RossvU.le, p.v. Orange Co. N. Y. Butler Co.
Ohio, York Co. Pa New Madrid Co- Missouri
and a town in the Cherokee Country in Georgia
on the great bend of Tennessee river.
Rostrand, a township of Westmoreland Co. Pa.
Rossicein, a town of Saxony, with a good trade
n wool, flannel, and cloth; seated on the Mul-
dau, 23 m. W. of Dresden.
Rostak, a town of Arabia, in the province of
Oman, and the seat of a sovereign prince. It is
' 120 m. W. of Maskat. Long. 57. 30. E. lat. 23.
30. N.
Rostock, a fortified town of Germany, in the
duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, with a univer-
sity, a good harbour, a strong citadel, an arsenal,
and three churches. It is divided into three parts,
the Old, the New, and the Middle Town, and car-
ries on a large trade. It is seated on the river
Warne, 10 m. from its entrance into the Baltic
and 32 E. N. E. of Wismar. Lon. 12. 20. E.,
lat. 54. 10. N.
Rostof, a town of Russia, in the government of
Xaroslaf, and an episcopal see. It is seated on
the Lake Nero, or Rostof, which communicates
with the Volga b^' the river Kotorost, 95 m. N.
9 E. of Mosco^v. Lon. 40. 25. E., lat. 57. 5. N.
Rostrenan, a town of France, department of
Cotes du Nord, near the Blavet, 35 m. S. W. of
St. Brieux.
Rostrevor, a sea-port of Ireland, in the county
of Down, with a considerable saltwork and a
pottery. It is much frequented for sea-bathing,
and the peculiar beauty of its situation renders it
one of the most delightful summer retreats in the
province. Adjoining the town is Rostrevor Hill,
a romantic mountain of extraordinary elevation
and beauty. The town is seated on Carlingford
Bay, 9 m. S. E. of Newry.
Rota, a town and castle of Spain, in Andalusia,
at the entrance of the bay of Cadiz, 9 m. N. N.
W. of Cadiz.
Rotus, a town of Hindoostan, in the province of
La) ore, 85 m. N. W. of Lahore. Lon. 71. 52. E.,
lat 32. 4. N.
Rotas, a town of Hindoostan, in the province
of Bahar, 108 m. S. W. of Patna.
Rotenberg, a town, and fortress of Bavaria, capi-
tal of a lordship of the same name ; situate on a
mountain, 18 m. N. E. of Nurenburg and 27 S.
S. W.of Bayreuth.
Rotenburor, a town of Switzerland, in the canton
of Lucern, 4 m. N. of Lucern.
Rotenburg, a town of Wurtemberg, in the
county of Hohenberg, with a castle. Near it is a
famous mineral spring. It stands on the Neckar,
6 m. W. S. W. of Tubingen.
81
Rotenburg, a town of Hanover, in the duchy of
Verden, on the river Wumme, 15 m. N. by E. of
Verden.
Rotenburg, a town of Germany, in the elector-
ate of Hesse, with a palace; seated on the Fulda
24 m. S. S. E. of Cassel.
RotenfeJs, a town of Bavaria, in the circle of
Lower Maine ; seated on the Maine, 13 m. N.
W. of Wurtzburg.
Roth, a town and castle of Bavaria, in the dis-
trict of Anspach, noted as the birthplace of the
celebrated Gessner. It stands at the conflux of
the Roth with the Rednitz, 18 m. S. of Nuren
berg.
Rothbury, a town in Northumberland, Eng.
situate on the Coquet, in a sequestered and ro-
mantic glen, sheltered from the northern blasts
by towering hills : on the S. an abrupt bank rises
in a pyramidal form, the summit of which is
crowned by a stately tower. The duke of Nor-
thumberland is lord of the manor, though he pos-
sesses very little freehold property in the town
12 m. S. W. of Alnwick and 303 N. by W. of
London.
Rothenberg, a town of Prussian Silesia, on the
river Neissa, 15 m. N. of Gorlitz.
Rothenburg, a town of Bavarian Franconia,
surrounded by moats and ramparts. It stands on
a mountain, by the river Tauber, from which it
is supplied with water by means of a machine.
15 m. W. N. W. of Anspach. Long. 10. 18. E.,
lat. 49. 22. N.
Rotherham, a town in W. Yorkshire, Eng. It
is famous for the extensive iron-works in its vicin-
ity at Masbrough. It is seated at the conflux of
the Rother with the Don, 32 m. S. of Leeds and
159 N. by W. of London.
Rotherhithe, a village in Surrey, Eng. noted for
its dock yards. The church contains an interest-
ing monument to Lee Boo, prince of the Pelew
Islands, who came over to England with captain
Wilson, and died of small pox in 1784. Rother-
hithe is situate on the S. bank of the Thames, 2
m. E. of London.
Rothsiiy, a borough of Scotland, the capital of
the isle of Bute. Here is an ancient castle, once
a royal palace. The inhabitants are actively en-
gaged in the herring fishery, and several cotton
works are also established. Rothsay joins with
Ayr, Irvine, Campbeltown, and Inverary,in send
ing one member to parliament. It is situate on
the E. side of the island, and has an excellent
harbour and pier. 80 m. W. by S. of Edinburgh.
Long. 4. 53. W., lat. 55. 48. N.
Rothxceil, a town of Germany, in Wurtemberg ;
seated on the Neckar, near its source, 27 m. S. ».
W. of Tubingen. Long. 8. 37. E., lat. 48. 8. N.
Rottenmann, a town of the Austrian states, in
Stiria, with a college of regular canons, 20 m. N.
N. W. of Judenburg.
Rotterdam, a cnty of S. Holland, with one of the
finest harlJours in the Netherlands. Next to Am-
sterdam, it is the most considerable place in Hol-
land , for the beauty of its buildings and for its trade ;
and the inhabitants are computed at 60,000. There
are so many deep canals that ships may unload at
the very doors of the warehouses. On the E. side
of the city is a large basin and dock, for the purpose
of building and launching vessels era^ 'o} d in the
service of the admiralty and the E. Incia Com-
pany. This port is more frequented than Amstei-
dam, because the ice breaks up sooner, and the
tide, in two or three hours, will carry a ship into
the open sea. The townhouse, the bank, and th,«
3h2
ROV
642
ROX
arsenal, are magnificent. Some of the houses
are built in the old Spanish style, with the gable
ends embattled in front ; but there is a great num-
ber of modern brick houses, which are lofty and
spacious, particularly on that magnificent quay
called the Boom Tees. On this quay is a hand-
Bomo Jewish synagogue. In an open place at
the head of one of the canals is a bronze statue of
Erasmus, who was born here in 14C7. This city
was in a very flourishing state previously to the
admission of the French troops in January 1705,
and the war with England, when the commerce
of Holland was suspended. It had begun to re-
cover in 1800, when it was again rapidly depress-
ed by tlie renewal of war. After the fall of Na-
poleon its prosperity greatly increased, and it is
thought that the separation of Belgium from Hol-
land will operate favourably on the commerce of
this town. It is seated at the influx of theRolte
with the Merwe (the most northern branch of the
Meuse), 36 m. S. S. W. of Amsterdam. Long.
4. 2i). E.,lat. 51.56. N.
Rotterdam, one of the Friendly Islands, in the
Pacific Ocean, discovered by Tasman, in 1643.
Long. 174. 30. W., lat. 20. 16. S.
Rotterdam, a village of Oneida Co. N. Y.
Rottinven, a town of Bavaria, in the circle of
Lower Maine, situate on the Tauber, 17 m. S. of
Wurtzberg.
Rouah, or Roiha. See Orfa.
Rouen, a city of France, capital of the depart-
ment of Lower Seine, and an archbishop's see.
It is 7 m. in circuit, and stands on the N. side of
the Seine, over which is an elegant stone bridge
of recent erection. The streets are narrow and
crooked, and many of the houses are of wood ;
notwithstanding which it is one of the most opu-
lent and commercial places in France. Among
the public buildings, the most distinguished are
the ereat hall of the palace, in which the parlia-
ment of Rouen met, the o d castle, and the prin-
cipal church, ornamented with three towers. Near
this church, which is not the only remarkable on e
is the public library. In the market-place is a
statue of the celebrated Maid of Orleans, who
was burnt here by the English as a witch. The
inhabitants have manufactures of woolen, linen,
cotton, iron ware, paper, and pottery ; also sugar
refineries and salt-works. Rouen is the birth-
place of the two Corneilles, and of Fontenelle
It is 50 m. S. W. of Amiens and 70 N. W. of
Paris. Long. I. 2. E., lat, 49. 26. N.
Rouergue, a former province of France, which
now forms the department o( Aveiron, which see.
Round Lick, p v. Smith Co. Ten. 60 m. N. E.
Murfreesborough.
Rousay, one of the Orkneys, lying N. W. of
the mainland. It is about 9 m. long and 4 broad,
and contains 800 inhabitants.
Rouse's Point, p. v. Clinton Co. N. Y. on the
western point of the outlet of Lake Champlain
18(i m. N. Albany. A large castle of hewn stone
with 3 tiers of embrasures has been erected at
this spot by the United States, and was claimed
Dy the British as within the boundary of Canada.
Rousselart, a town of the Netherlands, in W.
Flanders, seated on the Mandel, 10 m. N. E. of
Yprcs.
RoussiUon, a former province of France, now
included m the department of Eastern Pyrenees.
See Pyrenees, Eastern.
Roveredo, a town of the Austrian states, in
Tyrol, seated near the Adige, at the foot of a
mountain, on the river Lens, over which is a
bridge, defended by a strong citadel. It has a
very considerable trade in silk, and a great quan-
tity of tobacco is raised here. In 1796 the Aus-
trians were defeated near this place by the French,
who took possession of the town ; but they were
obliged to abandon it soon afterwards. 13 i». S.
of Trent. Long. 10. 55. E., lat. 45. 50. N.
Rovigno, a sea-port of Austrian Illyria, on the
coast of Istria, with two good harbours. The in-
habitants are estimated at 10,000, who are chiefly
employed in the pilchard fishery, ship-building,
and the sale of wood. Near it are quarries of
fine stone. It is seated on a peninsula in the gulf
of Venice, 36 m. S. of Capo d' Istria. Long. 13.
58. E., lat. 45. 11. N.
Rovigo, a town of Austrian Italy, capital of a
province or delegation of its name, and the re-
sidence of the bishop of Adria, to the decline of
which town it owes its present prosperity. It
is seated on the Adige, 37 m. S. W. of Venice
Long. 12. 4. E., lat. 45. 8. N.
Roioan, a county of N. Carolina. Pop. 20,796.
Salisbury is the capital.
Roice, p.t. Franklin Co. Mass. 130 m. N. W
Boston. Pop. 716.
Rotdandviile, p. v. Cecil Co. Maryl.
Rowlett, p.v. Potter Co. Pa.
Rowley, p.t. Essex Co. Mass. 28 m. N. Boston.
6 S. Newburyport. Pop. 2,044.
Roxhurgskire, a county of Scotland, sometimes
called Teviotdale ; bounded N. by Berwickshire,
E. and S. by Northumberland and Cumberland,
and W. by the shires of Dumfries and Selkirk. It
is of an irregular figure, and the greatest extent
in every direction is about 30 m. It is divided
into 31 parishes, and the number of inhabitants in
1801 was 40,892. The principal rivers are the
Tweed, Teviot, and Liddel. The face of the
country exhibits a rough appearance of mosses,
hills, and mountains, interspersed with a narrow
valley, well watered, and fertile in corn. The
hills feed great number of sheep and cattle. Some
remains are still visible of the Catrail, or Picts-
work ditch, a stupendous British work, probably
constructed in the fifth century, as a"line of de-
fence against the Saxons. Ii appears to have
been a vast fosse, 26 feet broad, with a rampart
8 or 10 feet high on either side. In many parts
of the county there are sepulchral tumuli, in
which coffins and urns have been found. There
are also Druidical circles and other antiquities.
The country had its name from the once magnifi-
cent city and castle of Roxburg, situate between
the Tiviot and the Tweed, nearly opposite Kelso ;
of the city of ?evf traces are now evident; and
the castle, near the mouth of the Teviot, is en-,
tirely a ruin. At this castle, in 1460, James II.
of Scotland lost his life, bv the bursting of a con-
non. About 2 m. from the castle, on the banks
of the Teviot, is a village called Roxburg. The
present capital of the county is Jedburg.
Roxborougk, p.v. Person Co. N. C. 80. ra. N. W
Raleigh.
Roxbury, p.t. Norfolk Co. Mass. adjoining Bos-
ton. It is properly a suburb of the city, and is
connected with it by the neck and the western
causeway. The compact part of the town bor-
ders on the neck. The whole surface is exced-
ingly picturesque and abounds with lofty hills,
covered with gardens, cultivated fields and ele-
gant villas, delightfully situated. Many of the
hills are crowned with the remains of the fortifi-
cations thrown up here during the revolution.
Pop. 5,249
RUD
MS
RUN
Raxhury, a township of Orange Co. Vt. 45 m.
N.Windsor, a township of Cheshire Co. N. H. 37
tn. S. W Concord. Pop. 32-2; p.t. Litchfield Co.
Conn. 35 m. N. W. New Haven. Pop. 1,122 ; p.t.
Delaware Co. N. Y. Pop. 3,214, and townships
in Morris Co. N. J. Philadelphia Co. Fa. and
Washington Co. Ohio.
Royal, a. village of Sampson Co. N. C.
Royal, hie, the largest island in Lake Superior
40 m. long and 13 wide. It belongs to the Unit-
ed States.
Royal Oak, p.v. Oakland Co. Mich.
Royalston, p.t. Worcester Co. Mass. 70 m W
Boston. Pop. 1,404.
Koyalton, p.v. Windsor Co. Vt. 28 m. N. Wind-
sor. Pop. 1,893; p.t. Niagara Co. N. Y. Pop.
3.138 ; townships in Cuyahoga and Fairfield Cos.
Ohio.
Royan, a town of France, department of Lower
Charente. It was fortified by the Huguenots,
and vigorously defended against Louis XIII. in
1622. It is seated at the mouth of the Garonne,
18 m. S. W. of Saintes.
Roye, a town in the departihent of Somrae, 2G
ai. S. E. of Amiens.
Royston, a town in Hertfordshire, Eng. Part
of the town extends into Cambridgeshire. Un-
der the market-place is a kind of subterranean
crypt, dug out of the solid chalk, supposed to be
of Saxon construction. 14 m. S. of Cambridge
and 37 N. of London.
Riiatan, an island in the bay of Honduras, 30
m. long and 9 broad, with a fine harbour. Long.
86.45. W., lat. 16. 2:}. N.
Rubicon, the ancient name of a small river of
Italy, which runs into the gulf of Venice, to the
northward of Rimini, celebrated in history as the
limit prescril>ed to Caesar by the Roman senate,
when the ambitious views of that commander be-
came suspected.
Ruckersville, p.v. Elbert Co. Geo.
Ruckingen, a town of Germany, in Hesse-Cas-
sel, which was the scene of an obstinate engage-
ment between the French and Bavarians in 1813.
It is seated on the Kinzig, 5 m. E. oTRanau.
Rudatc, a town of E. Prussia, formerly fortified
with a castle, now in ruins. It is remarkable for
the victory obtained by the Teutonic knights over
Kinstud, great duke of Lithuania, in 1370; in
memory of which a stone pillar was erected which
is still remaining. 12 m. N. N. W. of Konigs-
berg.
Rudelstadt, or RuAolstadt, a town of Germany,
capital of the county of Schwartzburg-Rudolstadt,
with a fine castle on a mountain. It has manu-
factures of flannel and stuffs, and is seated on the
Saale, over which is a stone bridcre. 22 m. S. E.
of Erfurt. Long. 11. 50. E., lat. 50. 44. N.
Rudelstadt, a town of Prussian Silesia, in the
principality of Schweidnitz, with a mine-office,
and copper-works ; seated on the Bober, 18 m.
W. of Schweidnitz.
Rudesheim, a town of Germany, in the duchy
of Nassau, celebrated for its wine. 3 m. N. of
Bingen.
Rudisto. See Rodosto.
Rudkioping, a sea-port of Denmark, in the isl-
and of Langeland. It has a considerable trade
in corn and provisions. Long. 11.0. E., lat. 55.
Rudolf sioerd, a town of Austrian Illyria, in Car-
nolia, with a large collegiate church ; seated on
the Gurck, in a country fertile in wine, 45 m. S.
E ofLaubach.
Rue, a town of France, department of Somme,
17 m. N. W. of Abbeville.
Ruffach, a town in the department of Upper
Rhine, 7 m. S. of Colmar.
Rufec, a town in the department of Charente,
24 m. N. of Angouleme.
Rufia, a river of Greece, in the Morea, which
falls into the gulf of Arcadia, opposite tlie island
of Zante.
Rugby, a town in Wan-wickshire, Eng. cele-
brated for its well endowed grammar school. It
has a commodious church and two meeting-
houses, and is seated on the Avon. 13 m. S. E. of
Coventry and 85 N. N. W. of London.
Rugely, or Rudgley, a town in Staffordshire,
Eng. with manufactures of felts and hats, sheet
iron, and of verdigris. It is seated on the Trent,
9m. E. S. E. of Stafford and IfiG N. W. of London.
Rugen, an island in the Baltic, on the coast of
Pomerania, opposite Stralsund, the channel be-
tween which town and the island is not above a
mile in breadth. Including the indentations of the
sea, which are considerable, the island is 23 m.
long and 18 broad. It abounds in corn and cattle,
and contains numerous gardens and plantations.
This island became subject to Prussia, with the
rest of Pomerania, in 1814. The chief town is
Bergen.
Rugenwald, a town of Prussian Pomerania, in
the government of Coslin, with a castle. Here is a
good salmon fishery and a trade in linen. It is
seated on the Wipper, 3 m. from the Baltic and
35. N. E. to Colberg. Long. 16. 17. E., lat. 54.
25. N.
Ruggles, p.t. Huron Co. Ohio.
Ruhland, a town of Prussia, in Upper Lusatia,
with a trade in fish and beer ; seated on the El-
ster 25 m. E. by N. of Dresden.
Rum, one of the Hebrides, 7 m. W. of the S.
extremity of Skye. It is 9 m. long and 6 broad,
the surface hilly and rocky ; but it feeds a con-
siderable number of small sheep, whose flesh and
wool are valuable. The only harbour is Loch
Scresort, on the E. coast. Long. 0. 20. W., lat.
57. 10. N.
Rumford, p.t. Oxford Co. Me. Pop. 1,127; p.v.
King William Co. Va.
Rumigny, a town of France, department of
Ardennes, 12 m. S. W. of Rocroy.
Runully, a town of the Sardinian states in Sa-
voy, situate on an elevated plain, at the conflux
of the Seram and Nepha, 7 m. W. S. W. of An-
necy.
Rummelsburg, a town of Prussia, in Pomerania,
with manufactures of cloth, seated on the Wip-
per, 14 m. N. of New Stettin.
Rumney, or Rhyney, a river of Wales, which
rises in Brecknockshire, and, separating the coun-
ties of Glamorgan and Monmouth, enters the
Bristol Channel', to the S. E. of Cardiff.
Rumney, p.t. Grafton Co. N. H. Pop. 993.
Runapour, a. town of Bengal, capital of a fertile
district governed by a judge, collector, &c., and
subservient to the court of circuit and appeal of
Dacca. The chief produce of the district is rice,
but there is also much tobacco and some indigo.
The inhabitants carry on considerable trade with
Assam, Bootan, and Calcutta. 124 m. N. N. E. of
Moorshcdabad. Long. 89. 4. E., lat. 25. 44.
N.
Runkel, a town of Germany, in the duchy oi
Nassau, with a citadel on a high hill, formerly
the residence of the count of Wied Runkel. It is
seated on the [jahn 14 m. E N. E of Nassau. .
RU8
644
RUS
Ruptilnumde, a town of the Netherlands, in E.
Flanders, 8 m. S. W. of Antwerp.
Rupert, a river of New Briiian, which issues
from the lake Mistassin, and flows W. into the
S E. part of James Bay. In its course it forms sev-
eral small lakes ; and at its mouth is the remains
of Fort Rupert, formerly a settlement of the Ilud-
•on Bay Company. Long. 76. 58. W., lat. 51.
3. N.
Rupert, p.t. Bennington Co. Vt. Pop. 1,318.
Riippin, a town of Prussia, in Brandenburg. It
stands on the W. side of a lake, formed by the
river Rhin ; and on the opposite side of the lake
is Old Ruppin, with an ancient castle, the resi-
dence of its former counts, whose burial place is
at New Ruppin. This town was entirely con-
sumed by fire in 1787, but is rebuilt in a hand-
some manner, and greatly augmented. It has a
considerable trade, a manufacture of cloth, and
noted breweries. 33 m. N. N. W. of Berlin.
Long. 13. 0. E., lat. 55. 6. N.
Riiremonde, or Roermonde, a strong town of the
Netherlands, in the provinceof Limburg, seated
at the conflux of the Roer with the Meuse, 28
m. N N. W. of Maestricht. Long. 6. 4. £., lat.
51. 11. N.
Ruscck, a town of Bulgaria, defended by a cas-
tle, with manufactures of silk, cotton, linen, wool-
en, tobacco, &c. It was taken by the Russians
in 1810, and a Turkish army was defeated near it
in 1811. It is seated on the Danube, 135 m. N.
by E. of Adrianople. Long. 26. 50. E., lat. 44
12. N.
iJiisA, a c«unty of Indiana. Pop. 9,918. Rush-
ville is the capital ; also townships in Centre,
Dauphin, Susquehanna, Schuylkill and North-
umberland Cos. Pa.
Rushford, p.t. Alleghany Co. N. Y. Pop. 1 ,1 19.
Ritshville, p. v. Fairfield Co. Ohio. Ontario Co.
N. Y. and Rush Co. Ind.
Russell, a county of the W. District of Virginia.
Pop. 6,717. Lebanon is the capital.
Rtissell, p.t. Hampden Co. Mass. 108 m. S. W.
Boston. Pop. 509; p.v. St. Lawrence Co. N. Y.
Pop. 659.
Russelville, p.v. Chester Co. Pa. Logan Co. Ken.
Brown Co. Ohio and Franklin Co. Alab.
Russ, a town of E. Prussia, on the Niemen, 28.
m. S. by E. of Meniel.
Rnsselsheim, a town of Germany, in Hesse-
Darmstadt, situate on the Maine, 6 m. E. of Mentz
and 13 N. W. of Darmstadt.
Russeij, a town of France, department of Doubs,
34 m. E. by S. of Besangon.
Russia, a vast empire, partly in Asia and part-
ly in Europe ; bounded on the N. by the Frozen
Ocean, E. by the Pacific, S. by Great Tartary,
the Caspian Sea, Persia, Turkey in Asia, and the
Black Sea, and W. by Turkey in Europe, Poland,
the Baltic Sea, and Sweden. There were three
countries that had the name of Russia . — namely.
Red Russia, which formed the S. part of Poland ;
White Russia, which comprehended the E. part
of Lithuania; and Black Rusf;ia, which included
the governments of Kaluga, Moscow, Tula, Re-
zan, Volodimir, and Yaroslaf; and hence his im-
Kerial majesty takes the title of emperor of all the
Lussias. This empire, exclusive of the acquisi-
tions from the Turks and from Poland (see Po-
land), forms a square, whose sides are 2,000 m.
each A country of such vast extent must lie in
diflerent climates, and the soil and products must
be as different. The most fertile part is near the
frontiers of Poland, the inhabitants of which are
able to supply their neighbours with corn. The
N. part is not only colder, but very marshy, and
overrun with forests, inhabited chiefly by wild
beasts. The country affords a variety of com •
modities, which, being of great use to foreigners,
produce a considerable annual balance of trade in
favor of Russia. The home commodities are
chiefly sables, black furs, the skins of black and
white foxes, ermines, hyajnas, lynxes, bears, pan-
thers, wolves, martins, white hares, &c., red and
black juchte or Russian leather (which for colour,
smell, and softness, is not equalled in the world),
copper, iron, talc, fallow, wax, honey, potash, tar,
linseed and train-oil, castor, isinglass, hemp, flax,
thread, sail-cloth, calimanco, Siberian musk,
soap, feathers, timber, &c. To these commodi-
ties may also be added almost all the merchan
disc of China, India, Persia, Turkey, and some
European countries.
This extensive empire is divided into 51 pro-
vinces. The principal towns are Petersburgh,
Moscow, Riga, Odessa, Tula, Wilna, &c. The
religion is that of the Greek or Eastern Church,
which is governed by a patriarch, under whom
are the archbishops and bishops. Every priest is
called a papa or pope, and of these there were
formerly 4,000 in Moscow alone. They have
images in their churches ; and the priests give a
passport to those that are dying, addressed to St.
Nicholas, who is desired to entreat St. Peter to
open the gates of heaven, as they have certified
that the bearer is a good Christian. A consider-
able number of the Russians profess the Mahom-
etan religion, and many are still pagans. The
inhabitants of the Swedish provinces are Luther-
ans; and Protestants, as well as Papists, enjoy
full liberty of conscience. There are many con-
vents for both sexes, but it has been wisely or-
dained that no male can enter into a monastic
life before he is 30 years of age ; and that no fe-
male can take the veil till she is 50, and even
then not without the licence of the holy synod.
The inhabitants in general are robust, well
shaped, and of pretty good complexions. They
are great eaters, and very fond of brandy. They
use bathing, but smoke no tobacco, lest the smoke
should dishonour the images of the saints, which
they keep in great veneration ; however, they
take a great deal of snufF, made of the tobacco
brought from the Ukraine. The Russians were
formerly wholly employed in agriculture, feeding
of cattle, hunting and fishing; and he was
thought a learned man who could read and write.
Peter the Great undertook to introduce arts
and sciences, and in 1724, the first university
was founded that ever was in Russia : there is
also an academy of sciences at Petersburg, sup
plied with eminent professors. With respect to
dress, a long beard is in high estimation with the
people of Russia, notwithstanding the efforts of
their monarchs to root it out ; and it is only those
depending upon government, in the army and
navy, who have yet complied with the custom
and wish of the court. Those who retain their
beards, retain likewise the ancient dress ; the
long swaddling coat, either of skins, or of coarse
cloth lined with skins, in winter, and in summer
of cloth only. About their middle they have a
sash of any colour ; but what they most affect is
green or yellow. Their shirts are fashioned as
women's ; and their necks, being exposed to the
cold, become very hard and impenetrable from
this practice. Government continue to exert
every nerve to compel the subjects to adopt the
RUT
645
RYE
can procure any place, or favour, from court, up-
on other conditions tiian banishing the Asiatic
sheep-skin robes. The worn-out veteran retires
with a pension, upon the express terms of never
again assuming the habit of his fathers. But so
jealously attached are the multitude to former
manners, and so honorable do they esteem them,
that a Russian, dressed in his beard and gown,
acquires the greatest respect. The dress of the
women is the reverse of that of the men, both in
fashion and colour, every part of it being as short
and tight as decency will allow, and very gaudy.
It resembles that of the Highland women in Scot-
land. The Russian women are, however, far
more rich in their attire ; nor is gold lace want-
ing, any more than the art of painting, to com-
plete the Russian belle. The rising generation
are modernizing their antic vestments : the stiff
•mbroidered napkin is supplanted by one of flow-
ing silk ; the jacket and petticoat are of muslin,
or other fine stuffs ; and the plaid is exchanged
for a silk or satin cloak, in the cold season lined
with fur. The richer class of females wear vel-
vet boots. The dress of the higher ranks is af-
ter the French and English fashion ; and all must
have a covering of fur six months of the year.
Thus equipped, the prince and the peasant are
drawn in their chaises and sledges through the
dreary Scythian winter. The principal rivers
are the Dnieper, Volga, Don, Duna or Dwina,
and Oby. The sovereigns of Russia are absolute.
They were formerly called Grand Dukes, which
is still the title of the heir apparent. They after-
wards assumed the title of czar, and, in the se-
quel, that of emperor. The first who bore the ti-
tle of czar was Basil, son of John Basilides, who
freed his country from its subjection to the Tar-
tars, about the year 1470. The title of emperor
was first assumed by Peter I., who, by his illus-
trious actions, justly acquired the surname of
Great. He died in 1725, and perhaps no countrj'
ever exhibited, in so short a time, the wonders
that may be effected by the genius and exertions
of one man. Peter the Great, at his accession to
the throne, found his subjects of all ranks involv-
ed in the grossest ignorance and barbarism ; his
numerous armies ferocious and undisciplined ;
and he had neither merchant ships nor men of
war; which, added to the remoteness of the situ-
ation, rendered the influence of Russia in the
politics of Europe of little consideration. Peter
civilized his barbarous subjects, disciplined his
armies, built cities and fortresses, and created a
navy. These national improvements have been
s.'J.\\ further prosecuted since his time, and Rus-
sia now holds a rank among the nations of the
world of which human foresight, at the com-
mencement of the 18th century, could have form-
ed no conception.
The population of European Russia is 45,633,
203, and of the whole empire 59,203,700. The
revenue is 52,000,000 dollars and the national
debt 200,000,000. The military force in time of
peace is 600,000 men and in war above 1,000,000.
Petersburg is the capital of the whole empire.
Russia, p.t. Herkimer Co. N. Y. 95 m. N. W.
Albany. Pop. 2,453. Also atownship of Lorraine
Co. Ohio.
Rustgaden, a town of Sweden, in the govern-
ment of Fahlun, 23 m. S. S. W. of Fahlun.
Rutchester, a village in Northumberland, Eng.
the Vindobala of the Romans, containing some re-
markable ruins of its once con!?iderable fort. Se-
verus's wall runs on the middle of the E. rampart
and .Adrian's vallum passes about the distance
of a chain to the S. of it.
Rutherford, a county of N. Carolinia. Pop.
17,557. Rutherfordton is the capital ; a county
of W. Tennessee. Pop. 26,133. Murfreesborough
is the capital.
Rutherfordton, p.t. Rutherford Co. N. C. 216 m.
S. W. Raleigh.
Rutherglen, a borough of Scotland, in Lanark
shire, once a place of considerable note, but now
reduced to one principal street and a few lanes. It
is seated near the Clyde. 3 m. S. E. of Glasgow.
Ruthin, a town of Wales, in Denbighshire. It
had a strong castle, now in ruins , and is seated
on an eminence, by the river Clwyd, 15 m. S. W.
of Holywell, 205 N. W. of London.
Rutigliano, a town of Naples, in Terra di Bari,
12 m. S. E. of Bari.
Rutlam, a town of Hindoostan, in the province
of Malwa, 48 m. W. of Ougein, 136 E. of Ameda-
bad.
Rutland, a county of Vermont on L. Champlain
Pop. 31,295. Rutland is the capital.
Rutland, the capital of the above Co. stands on
Otter creek, 57 m. N. Bennington. Pop. 2,753 ; p.t.
Worcester Co. Mass. 50 m. W. Boston. Pop.
1,276 ; p.t. Jefferson Co. N. Y. on Black river.
Pop. 2,339 ; p.t. Meigs Co. Ohio 90 m. S. E. Co-
lumbus. Pop. 971.
Rutlandshire, the smallest county in England,
18 m. long and 14 broad. The number of inhabi-
tants in 1821 was 1'3,4S7. The soil varies much ;
but, in general, is fertile, particularly the rich vale
of Catmose, which runs from the W. side to the
centre of the county. The principal rivers are
the Welland and the Guash or Wash. Oakham
is the county town.
Ruttunponr, a city of Hindoostan, in Orissa,
and the capital of a small district of its name. 210.
m. S. by W. of Benares and 360 W. of Calcutta.
Long. 82. .36. E., lat. 22. 16. N.
Rutzen, a town of Prussian Silesia, principality
of Wolau, 20 m. N. of Wolau.
Ruvo, a town of Naples, in Terra di Barri, 16
m. W. of Barri.
Roza, a town of Russia, in the government of
Moscow, 48 m. W. N. W. of Moscow.
Ryacotta, a town and fortress of Hindoostan, in
Mysore. It was taken in 1791 by the British, to
whom it was afterwards ceded by Tippoo Sultan.
85 m. E. of Seringapatam and 98 W. S. W. of
Arcot. Long. 78. 6. E., lat. 12. 26. N.
Ryan, Loch, a bay of Scotland, in the N. W. an-
gle of Wigtonshire. The sea flows into it through
a narrow pass ; and it affords excellent anchorage.
Rydal, a fertile valley to N. Yorkshire, Eng. so
called from the river Rye, which passes through
it and falls into the Swale, near Richmond.
Rydal-water, a lake in Westmoreland, Eng. a
little to the W. of Ambleside. It is one mile in
length, spotted with little, islands and communi-
cates by a narrow channel with Grasmere- water
to the W., and by the river Rothay with Winder-
mere-water, to the S.
Rydroog, a town and fortress of Hindoostan, in
Mysore, on the river Hindenny, 60 m. N. N. E.
of Chitteldroog. Long. 76. 52. E., lat. 14.
40. N.
Rye, a borough and sea-port in Sussex, Eng.
It is an appendage to the cinque ports. On the
edge of the cliff is a small battery, and behind it
Ipres tower, a square building, now a jail. The
old port is so choked up with sand that it can
admit only small vessels. In 1726 a new harbour
SAB
64C
SAB
w«s oponed, in which vessels of 360 tons burden
may s'iifely ride. 63 S. E. of London.
Rtje, a township of Rockingham Co. N. H. on
the coast, 4 m. S. Portsmouth. Pop. 1,172 , p.t.
Westchester Co. N. T. on Long Island Sound,
18 m. N. E. N. Y. Pop. 1,602. Townships of Perry
and Cumberland Cos. Pa.
Ryfgate, p.t. Caledonia Co. Vt. on the Con-
necticut, 22 m. E. Montpelier. Pop. 1,119.
Rytg-Ue, a borough in Surrey, En^. Here was
formeily a castle built in the time of the Saxons,
and called Holms Castle ; some ruins of it are to be
seen, particularly a long vault, with a room at the
end, where, it is said, the barons, who took up
arms against kinj John, held their private meet-
ings. The market-house was formerly a chapel,
dedicated to Thomas a Becket. 21" S. W. of
London.
Bifmennul, a town of the Netherlands, in Bra-
bant, on the Dyle, 5 m. E. of Mechlin.
Ryssen, a town of the Netherlands, in Overvs-
sel, on the river Regge, 16 m. E. N. E. of I^e-
venter.
Rygwick, a town of S. Holland, remarkable for
a treaty concluded in 1697 between England,
Germany, Holland, France, and Spain. It is
seated between Hague and Delft. 30 m. S. W.
of Amsterdam.
Rzeezica, a town of Bohemia, 52 m. S. E. of
Prague.
Rzemien, a town of Poland, in the palatinate of
Sandomir, 36 m. S. S. W. of Sandomir.
Rzeva, a town of the Russian empire, and capi-
tal of a province of the same name, situate on the
Volga, near its source.
Riescow, a well built town of Austrian Poland,
capital of a circle of its name, with a brisk trade
in corn and peltry, situate on the VVisioka, 80 m.
E. of Cracow, 70 W. of Lemberg.
S
SAABA, a kingdom of Negroland, with a cap-
ital of the same name, W. of Torabuctoo, on the
river Senegal.
Saadj,, or Saade, a strong town of Arabia, in
Yemen, and the residence of a sheik. It has a
custom-house, which brings in a considerable
revenue ; and manufacturers of Turkey leallier.
140 m. W. N. W of Sanaa. Long. 44. 55. E.,
lat. 17. 50. N
Saaifeld, a town of Germany, in the duchy of
Saxe-Coburg, with a mint, a mine office, and
manufactures of cloth, and of gold and silk stuffs.
On an eminence near the town steinds the once
celebrated and princely abbey of St. Peter. In
1806 prince Louis Ferdinand, of Prussia, was
killed here in a skirmish with the French. It
stands on the Saale, 34 m. N. N. E. of Coburg, 46
8. W. of Altenburg. Long. 11. 32. E., lat. 50.
41. N.
Saaifeld. a town of E. Prussia, on the lake
Mebing, 23 m. S. E. of Marienburg.
Soar, a town of Moravia, in the circle of Brunn,
on the confines of Bohemia, 42 m. N. W. of
Brunn.
Soar-Louis, a town of Prussia, province of
Lower Rhine, ceded by France in 1815. It is
situate on a peninsula formed by the Sarre, 34
m. E. of Thionville
Saarmund, a town of Prussia, in Brandenburg,
6 m S. of Potsdam.
Saati, a town of Bohemia, capital of a circle of
the same name, which contains some of the best
«orn-land in Bohemia, and yields hops of the best
quality. The town is seated on the Eger, 48 m.
W. N. W. of Prague.
Salta, a fertile island of the W. Indies, 12 m. in
circumference, inhabited by a few Dutcli families,
almost all shoemakers. The island was taken by
the English in 1781, in 1801, and in 1810. It has
no port, and lies a little to the W. of St. Christo-
pher. Long. 63. 17. W., lat. 17. 39. N.
_ Sabanja, a town of Natolia. Here all the roads
from Asia to Constantinople meet. It is situate
on a lake which abounds in fish, 60 m. E. N. E.
of Bursa, 62 E. S. E. of Constantinople. Long.
29. 40. E., lat. 40. 30. N.
Sabatz, or Sahoaz, a town and fortress of Servia,
taken by the Austrians in 1719. It is situate on
the Drave, 22 m. S. of Peterwardein and 28 W
of Belgrade.
Sabi. See Xavier.
Sabia, a kingdom on the E. coast of Africa,
bounded on the N. by Sofala, E. by th« Mosam-
bique Channel, S. by unknov/n regions, and W.
by Manica. The country is fertile and populous,
is crossed, by a river of the same name, has mines
of gold, and many elephants. Manbona is the
capital.
Sabie, a sea-port of Denmark, on the E. coast
of N. Jutland, at the mouth of a river of the satne
name, 23 m. N. N. E. of Alburg. Long. 10. 18.
E , lat. 57. 20. N.
Sabina, a province of Italy, in the Pope's do-
minions, 28 m. long and 20 broad; bounded by
the Tiber, the Teverone, the duchy of Spoleto,
and the Neapolitan frontier. It is watered by
several small rivers, and abounds in oil and wine.
Sahina, p. v. Richland Co. Ohio.
Sabine, a river of N. America rising in the pro-
vince of Texas in lat. 32. 40. N. and flowing S. E.
into the Gulf of Mexico. It forms tiie boundary
between Texas and Louisiana. It is 320 m. in
length ; near its mouth it expands into a lake, 3C
m. long and 8 in breath.
SabionceUa, a town of Austrian Dalmatia, situ-
ated on the extremity of a peninsula, to which it
gives name. This peninsula runs a considerable
way into the Atlantic, having the island of Lesia
on the N. and those of Curzola and Melidaonthe
S., all separated by a narrow channel. The town
is 45 m. N. W. of Ragusa. Long. 17. 40. E.. lat.
43. 20. N.
Sabionetta, a town of Austrian Italy, formerly
capital of a principality of its name, with a strong
citadel. 20 m. E. of Cremona.
Sable, a town of France, department of Sarte,
near which are some quarries of black marble. It
is seated on the Sarte, 25 m. N. E. of Angers.
Sable, Cape, the most southerly point of Nova
Scotia, near which is a fine cod fishery. Lonff
65. 39. W., lat. 43. 23. N. ®
Sable, a river of N. Y. falling into L. Cham-
plain. There is a fall of 80 feet upon this river
at Chesterfield.
Sable, an island in the Atlantic 90 m. S E.
Cape Breton. Lat. 44. 5. N. Long. 60 W. It is
/
SAP
647
SAG
30 m. in len^h and is little more than a heap of
sand.
Sables d'Olonne, a town of France, department
of Vendee, with a port capable of containing ves-
sels of 150 tons. It is seated on the Bay of Bis-
► cay, 40 m. W. of Fontenay le Compe. Long. 1.
50. W., lat. 4.9. 26. S.
SahJestan. a mountainous province of Persia,
little known to Europeans. Bost is the capital.
Sararappa, p.v. Cumberland Co. Me. 4 m. N.
Portland.
Sacai. a city and sea-port of Japan, in the isl-
and of Niphon, with several castles, temples, and
palaces, and a mountain on one side, which serves
as a rampart. 43 m. S. by W. of Meaco. Long.
13(5. 5. E., lat. 34. 53. N.
Sachsenberg, a town of Germany, county of
Waldeck, 10 m. S. W. of Waldeck.
Sacksenhagen, a town of Germany, in the prin-
cipality of Schauenburg, 1.3 m. W. of Hanover.
SachserUiausen, a town of Germany, making
part of Frankfort on the Maine. It is situate •n
the S. side of the river, and communicates with
the rest of the city by a stone bridge.
SachsKnhausen, a town of Germany, county of
Waldeck, 6 m. N. W. of Waldeck.
Sacliscnheim, a town in the kingdom of Wurtem-
berg, 12 m. N. N. W. of Stutgard.
Sachet's Harbour, a town of New York, in Jef-
ferson county, with one of the best harbours in
the state. It has a dock-yard, witii large store-
houses, and is strongly defended by forts and bat-
teries. Ills seated at the mouth of Black River,
on Hungry Bay, at the E. end of Lake Ontario,
176 m. N. W. of Albany. It was the chief naval
station on the lake during the war of 1812.
Snco, a river rising in the Notch of the White
Mountains in New Hampshire and flowing S. E.
through Maine into the sea. It has falls liear its
mouth.
Saeo, p.t. York Co. Me. at the month of the
above river. It is a port of entry and has several
manufactories and a large trade in lumber. Pop.
3,219.
Sacondago, a river of N. Y. flowing into the
Hudson at Jessup's Fall?.
Sacrament, St., a town of S. America, in Buenos
Ayres, settled by the Portuguese, but taken in
1777 by the Spaniards. It stands on the river
Plata, nearly opposite Buenos Ayres, 100 m. W.
by N. of Monte Video.
Sacrapatan, a town of Hindoostan, in Mysore,
on the Cavery, 73 m. N. W. of Seringapatam.
Long. 75. 52. E., lat. 13. 6. N.
Saddleback, a mountain in Cumberland, Eng.
so called from its form. It is upwards of 3,000
feet above the level of the sea ; and on one side
is an immense cavity, once the crater of a volca-
no, at the bottom of which is a lake about 20
acres in dimension. 5 m. E. N. E. of Keswick.
Saddle Mountain, an eminence in Williamstown
and .\dams, Berkshire Co. Mass. It is 4,000 feet
in elevation, and is the highest mountain in
Massachu.setts It consists ot a ridge, 6 m. in
length with 2 summits.
Sadras, a town of Hindoostan, in the Carnatic,
on the coast, near the mouth of the Paliar. A
little to the N. are seven pagodas, hollowed out
of a solid rock. 38 m. S. of Madras.
Sadsbury, townships in Chester, Crawford and
Lancaster Cos. Pa.
Sajji, a strong sea-port of Morocco, with a castle.
It was long the centre of the commerce carried
ou with Europe, but now has little trade. 16 m.
S. of Cape Cantin. Long. 8. 58 W., lat 32
23. N.
Sagan, a town of Prussian Silesia, capital of a
principality of the same name. It has dooSle
walls, a fine palace, a priory of the Augustine or-
der, a Lutheran school, and good cloth manufac-
tures ; and is seated on the Bober, 80 m. N. W
of Breslau. Long. 15. 22. E., lat. 51. 42. N.
Sugar, a town of Hindoostan, in Mysore, with
a considerable trade in pepper, betelnut, and
sandal wood. It stands on the Varada, near its
source, 25 m. N. of Nagara.
Sagara, a celebrated mountain of Greece (the
ancient Helicon), a few m. N. of the gulf of
Corinth. It has a village of its name, formerly
called Ascras, noted as the birth-place of Hesiod.
From its summit may be seen great part of
Greece.
Sagg Harbour, a sea-port of New York, in Suf-
folk county, at the E. end of Long Island. The
whale fishery from this place produces 1,000 bar-
rels of oil annually. 12 m. N. W. of Southamp-
ton, 87 E. of New York.
Sagadahoc, a river of Maine falling into the
Androscoggin at Rumford. This name was an-
ciently applied to the eastern part of Maine.
Saginaw Bay, an arm of Lake Huron in Mich
igan Territory ; it receives the waters of a river
of the same name.
Saginaio, a town of Michigan Territory on the
above river.
Sagfialien, or Amour, a river of Chinese Tartary
which rises near the Yablonoi mountains, where
it is first known by the names of Kerlon and Ar-
gun, and forms part of the boundary between
Siberia and Eastern Tartary, where it receives
the Schilka, and takes its present name. It then
takes a circuitous ecastern course of 1 ,850 m dur-
ing which it receives many other rivers, and en-
ters the sea of Okoisk, opposite the N. part of
the island of Sajhalien.
Saahaiun, or Tchoha, a large island in the sea
of Okotsk, separated from the continent by the
channel of Tartary on the W., and from the island
Jesso by Perouse Strait on the S. It extends from
lat. 46. to 54., or not less than 550 m. in length,
by about 90 of medial breadth. The centre is
mounteiinous, and well wooded with pine, willow
oak, and birch ; but the shores are levol, and well
adapted to agriculture. The natives resemble the
Tartars in form, and the upper lip is commonly
tattooed blue. The dress is a loose robe of skins,
or quilted nankeen, with a girdle. Their huts
are of timber, thatched with grass, with a fire-
place in the middle. In the S. are found some
Japanese articles ; and there is a little trade with
the Mandshurs and Russians.
Saghalienoula Hotun, a city of Eastern Tartary,
in the province of Tcitcicar. It is rich and pop-
ulous, and very important on account of its situa-
tion, as it secures to the Mandshur Tartars the
possession of extensive deserts covered with
woods, in which a great number of sables are
found. It is seated on the river Saghalien, 20(J
m. N. N. E. of Tcitcicar. Long 127. 25. E., la(.
50. 6. N.
Sagres, a strong town of Portugal, in Algarva,
with a harbour and a fort ; seated on a tongue of
land at the S. W. extremity of the province, 20
m. W. S. W. of Lagos. Long. 9. 0. W., lat. 372. N.
Sagur, a town of Hindoostan, capital of a dis-
trict in the province of Malwa, situate near the
Bunnass, 87 m. N. W. of Gurrah, 112 S of Agi*.
Long. 78. 53. E., lat. 23. 45. N
SAI
648
SAI
Sahagun, a town of Spain, in Leon, with a rich
abbef ; seated in a fertile plain, on the river Cea,
32 m. S. E. of Leon.
Sahar. See Shakar.
Sahara. See Zahara.
Sahebgimg, or Jessore, a town of Bengal, capi-
tal of the district of Jessore, seated on the Beirah,
nearly 80 m. E. N. E. of Calcutta.
Said, or Sahid. a province of Upper Egypt,
bordering on Nubia and the Red Sea, anciently
called Thebaid, celebrated for having been the
retreat of a great number of Christians, who lived
here in a solitary manner. It is the least fertile
and populous part of Egypt, being full of deserts.
Saida, a town of Syria, on the coast of the
Mediterranean, the remains of the ancient Sidon,
with a fort and castle. The name of Sidon still
subsists in a small village, about 2 m. from Saida.
To the W. of the castle is a shoal 200 paces long,
and the space between them is a road for vessels,
but not safe in bad weather. The shoal, which
extends along the town, has a basin, enclosed by
A decayed pier ; this was the ancient port, but it
is now so choked up by sands that boats only can
enter its mouth, near the castle. Saida is a tra-
ding town, and the chief emporium of Damascus,
and the interior country. The manufacture of
cotton is the principal employment of its inhabi-
tants. 45 m. W. S. W. of Damascus. Long. 35.
20. E., lat. 33. 30. N.
St. Jlban's, p.t. Somerset Co. Me. 30. m. N. W.
Bangor. Pop. 911 : a village of Licking Co. Ohio.
St. •Bernard, a Parish of Louisiana. Pop. 3,3-56.
St. Charles, a county of Missouri. Pop. 4,332.
St. Charles is the capital. A Parish of Louisia-
na. Pop. 5,i07.
St. Clair, a lake of N. America, between lake
Huron and Erie, communicating with both. It
IS 90 m. in circumference. It recives a small
stream of the same name.
St. Clair, townships in Alleghany and Bedford
Cos. Pa ; a village in Butler Co. Ohio.
St. Clair, a county of Illinois. Pop. 7,092.
Belleville is the capital ; a county of Alabama.
Pop. 5,975. Ashville is the capital ; a county of
Michigan. Pop. 1,115. St. Clair is the capital.
St ClairsmUe, p.v. Chatauque Co. N. Y ; p. v.
Belmont Co. Ohio. ] 1 m. W. Wheeling ; v. St.
Clair Co. Alab.
St. Clemenfs Bay, p.v. St. Mary's Co. Mary-
land. 74 ni. S. Annapolis.
St. Croix, or Schoodic, a stream forming the
eastern boundary of Maine and falling into Pas-
samaquoddy Bay.
St- Francis, a river rising in.Vermont and flow-
ing throutrh Canada into the St. Lawrence. A
river of Missouri and Arkansas, flowing into the
Mississippi. 107 m. above the Arkansas.
St. Frarecow, a county of Missouri. Pop. 2,385.
Farmington is the capital.
St. Francisville, p.v. West Feliciana Parish Lou.
on the Mississippi. 170 m. above New Orleans.
St. Offtpptcrje, a county of Missouri. Pop. 2,182,
St. Genevieve the capital of tliis county, stands
on the Mississippi. 82 m. below St. Louis. It con-
tains a catholic church and the inhabitants are
principally French.
St. George, p.t. Lincoln Co. Me. Pop. 1,6.52.
St. George's p.v. Newcastle Co. Del. 12 m. S.
W. Wilmington.
St. Helena,, a Parish of Louisiana. Pop. 4,027.
St. Helena the capital is 35 m. N. E. Baton Rouge.
St. Helena an island on the Coast of S. Caro-
lina, in Beaufort District.
St. Helena. See Helena.
St. Inigocs, p.v. St. Mary's Co. Md. 93 m.
S. E. Washington.
St. James, a Parish of Louisiana. Pop. 7,672.
Bringier's is the capital.
St. Johns, a river of Florida falling into the
Atlantic in lat. 30.
St. John Baptist, a Parish of Locisiana. Pop.
5,700. Bonnet Carre is the capital.
St. Johnsburg, p.t. Caledonia Co. Vt. 31 m. N.
E. Montpelier. Pop. 1,592.
St. Johnsrille, p.v. Montgomery Co. N. Y. 64
m. N. W. Albany.
St. Landry, a Parish of Louisiana. Pop. 12,
552. Opelousas is the capital.
St. Laicrence,a great river of North America,
being the outlet to the chain of lakes separating
the United States from Canada. It bears this
name only from the sea to Lake Ontario. It is
navigable for ships of the line to Quebec and for
ships of 600 tons to Montreal. At its mouth it
expands into a broad gulf called the gulf of St.
Lawrence.
St. Lawrence, a county of New York, on the
above river. Pop. 36,351. Potsdam is the capital.
St. Leonard's, p.t. Calvert Co. Maryl. on the
W. side of the Chesapeak, 58 m. from Washing-
ton.
St. Louis. See Louis St.
St. Martin s, p.v. Worcester Co. Md. 117 m. S.
E. Annapolis.
St. Martin's, a Parish of Louisiana. Pop. 7,904 .
St. Martinsville, the capital is situated on the
Teche.
St Mary's, a Parish of Louisiana. Pop. 6,542
Franklin is the capital.
St. Mary's, a county of Md. Pop. 13,455. Leon-
ardtown is the capital. A river of the U. States
between Georgia and Florida falling into the
Atlantic. A river of Ohio and Indiana falling into
the Miami.
St. Mary's, p.v. Camden Co. Geo. on St. Mary's
river, 20 m. above its mouth. It was formerly a
place of some importance from its frontier position,
but since the acquisition of Florida by the United
States it has declined. Lat. 30. 43. N. Long. 81.
43. W.
St Mary's River, or Strait, forms the connection
between Lakes Superior and Huron. It has a fall
or violent rapid called the Sault, three quarters of
a mile in extent : it is passable for boats.
St. Michael's p.t. Talbot Co. Md. 25 m. S. E.
Annapolis ; p.v. Madison Co. Missouri. 35 m. S.
W. St. Genevieve.
St. Simon's, an island of Geo rgia, at the mouth
of the Alatamaha.
St. Stephen's, p.t. Washington Co. Alab. on the
Tombigbee, at the head of schooner navigation.
The houses are mostly built of stone. The neigh-
bouring country is highly fertile.
St. Tammany, a Parish of Louisiana. Pop.
2,864. Covington is the capital ; p.t. Mecklen-
burg Co. Va.
St. Thomas, p.t. Franklin Co. Pa.
''jj* Other names beginning with St. will b«
found under the second initial.
Sainf.es, three of the Leeward Carribee Islands
in the W. Indies, between Guadaloupe and Do-
minica. The middle one seems nothing more
than a large barren rock, but contributes to form
a good harbour. Long. 61. 45. W., lat. 15. 52. N.
Saintes, a town of France, capital of the depart
mcnt of Lower Charente. Here are several
monuments of antiquity, of which the most famous
SAL
(Hi
SAL
are the amphitheatre, thv; nqueducts, and t»ie
triumphal arch on the bridge over the Charente
The castle, built on a rock, is deemed impregna-
ble ; and the ancient cathedral has one of the
laro-esl steeples in France. It is seated on the
Charente, 40 m. S. S. E. of Rochelle. 76 S. W,
of Poitiers. Long. 0. 38. W., lat. 45. 45. N.
Saintonge, a former province of France, which
now forms the greater part of the department of
Lower Charente, and part of that of Charente.
Sal,one of the Cape Verde Islands, 42 m. in cir-
cumference, lying to the E. of St. Nicholas. It
has its name from the number of salt ponds that
from time to time are filled by the sea, where the
water crystallizes into a beautiful salt, the chief
production of the island. Long. 22. 56. W., lat.
16. 38. N.
Sala, or Salhe.rg, a town of Sweden, in the
government of Westeras, near which is a silver
mine ; seated on a river, 30 m. W. of Upsal, 50
N. W. of Stockholm.
Salado, a river of S. America, which rises in
Tucuman, about 60 m. W. of Salta, and flows S.
S. E. to the Parana at Santa Fe.
Salamanca, a city of Spain, in Leon, and a
bishop's see, with a famous university, consisting
of 24 colleges. The structure called the Schools,
where the sciences are taught, is very large and
curious. There were formerly 7,000 students,
when tlie Spanish monarchy was in a flourishing
condition ; but at present the number does not
exceed 400, who are all clothed like priests. Here
are magnificent churches, a large public square,
fine fountains, and svery thing that can contri-
bute to the beauty and commodiousness of the
city. The cathedral is one of the handsomest in
Spain ; and there are several fine convents, with
churches belonging to them, adorned with images,
and some v/ith curious pictures. The town is
seated partly in a plain and partly on hills, and is
surrounded by a wall. The river Thormes, which
washes its walls, has a bridge over it 300 paces
long, built by the Romans. 120 m. N. W. of Mad-
rid. Long. 5. 48. W. lat. 41.24. N.
Salamanca de Balcalar, a town of Mexico, in
Yucatan, 140 m. S. E. of Campeachy. Long. 89.
58. W., lat. 17. 55. N.
Sit/tfncAe, a town of Sardinia, in Savoy with a
considerable trade in horses, cattle, cheese, wool-
en stuffs, iron tools, &c. It is situate in a moun-
tainous district, on the river Arve, 30 rn. S. E. of
Geneva.
Salankemen, a town of Sclavonia, where a vic-
tory was obtained by the prince of Baden over
the Turks, in 1691. It is seated on the Danube,
opposite the influx of the Teisse, 20 m. N. W. of
Belgrade, 25 S. E. of Peterwaradin.
Salter g. See Sala.
Salboe, a town of Norway, in Drontheim, with
a copper mine. 45 m. S. E. of Drontheim.
Saldana, a town of Spain, in the province of
Leon, 37 m. N. W. of Palencia.
S'.di.eto, a town of the kingdom of Tunis near
which are the remains of a large castle. It is seat-
ed near the Mediterranean, 22 m. S. S. E. of
Monaster. Long. 11.3. E., lat. 35. 13. N.
Salem, a town of Hindooslan, in the Carnatic,
capital of a district of its name, included in that
of Barramaul. It is the residence of the judge,
collector, &-c., and is seated on a river that flows'
into th"» Cavery, 120 m. S. E. of Seringapatam.
Long. 78. 15. E., lat. 11. 37. N.
Salem, a county of New Jersey. Pop. 14, 155.
Salem is t\a capital.
83
Salem, p.t. Essex Co. Mass Tins is the second
town in the state for papulation, wealth and
trade. It is irregularly built on a peninsula, and
has a secure harbour, but without a sufiicient
depth of water near the shores to allow large
?hips to approach the wharves, without bcinjnr
lightened. The commerce of the place is very
flourishing, and it was one of the first towns of
the United Spates, that entered into the East In-
dia trade. In 1828 the shipping owned here
amounted to 48,210 tons. The streets oPthe town
are narrow, and the houses generally of wood,
yet there are many elegant private mansions,
and in the centre of the town is an enclosed com-
mon planted with trees. Salem has an athene-
um with a library of 5,000 volumes ; a valuable
Museum belonging to the East India Marine So-
ciety, 3 banks and II churches. It is connected
on the north with Beverly by a bridge, and on
the south it is separated by the harbour from Mar-
blehead. It is 14 m. N. E. Boston. 24 S. New-
buryport. Lat. 42. 34. N. Long. 70,54 W. Pop
13,836.
Salem, p.t. Rockingham Co. N. H. 30 m S. W.
Portsmouth. Pop. 1,310; p.t. Orleans Co. Vt. 50 m.
N. Montpelier. Pop. 230 ; p.t. New London Co.
Conn. 30 m. S. E. Hartford. Pop. 974; p.v. N.
Haven Co. Con. 16 m. N. W. N. Haven ; p.t.
Washington Co. N. Y. Pop. 2.972 ; p.t. Salem Co.
N. J. 34 m. S. E. Philad. Towns in Wayne, Luz-
erne, Westmoreland, Mercer, Cos. Pa. Botetourt
Co. Va. Fauquier Co. Va. Stokes Co. N. C. Sum-
ter Dis. S. C. Baldwin and Clark Cos. Geo. Liv-
ingston Co. Ken. Ashtabula, Jefferson, Tuscara-
was, Muskingum, Monroe, Washington, Meigs,
Champaign, Columbiana, Warren and Randolph
Cos. Ohio. Washington Co. Ind. Marion Co. 111.
and Franklin Co. Ten.
Salem Centre, p.v. Westchester Co. N. Y.
Salem Cross Roads, p.v. Westmoreland Co. Pa.
Salerno, a fortified sea-port of Naples, capital
of Principato Citra, and an archbishop's see,
with a castle and a university, principally for
medicine. It is seated on a bay of tlie same name,
27 m. S. E. of Naples. Long. 14. 53. E., lat. 40
35. N.
Salers, a town of France, department of Can-
tal, seated among mountains, 9 miles N. of Au-
rillac.
Salford Lojoer and Upper, two townships in
Montgomery Co. Pa.
Salies, a town in the department of Lower Py-
renees, where are springs from which fine salt is
made. 7 m. W. of Orthes.
Salignac, a town in the department of Upper
Vienne, 10 m. S. of Limoges.
SalirM, p.t. Onondaga Co. N. Y. on Ononda-
ga Lake, 153 m. W. Albany. Pop. 6,929. Here
are large establishments for manufacturing salt.
The salt water is obtained by sinking wells and
boring; it is raised by large metallic pumps,
moved by the surplus water of the Erie canal, or
by steam conveyed into reservoirs, and passed
through pipes to the manufactories. The works
principally used in the manufactory of the salt
are denominated Blocks, Solar works and Steam
works. The Blocks are constructed with boilers
containing from 80 to 120 gallons each, and plao-
ed in masonry in two parallel lines, having 8 to
20 in each line.
The Salina salt is beautifully white, and fine
grained ; the whole quantity made in 1830 was
1,430,000 bushels ; the average price at the Worca
excludire of the state duty, was 12 1-2 cents
31
8AL
060
SAL
jx»r bushel of 56 pounds. It is commonly packed
for sale in barrels of 5 bushels, and is inspected
and branded before removal.
Saline, a township of Columbiana Co. Ohio.
Pop. 664, and villages in Randoloh and Gallatin
Cos. 111.
Saline River, a branch of the Ouachitta in Ar-
kansas, of the Little river of the North in Arkan-
sas, and of Black Lake river in Louisiana.
Saline, a branch of the Ohio in Illinois. On
the banks of this stream , about 20 m. from the
Ohio are extensive salt works owned by ihe Unit-
ed States Government.
SdJinas, a town of Spain, in Biscay, seated on
the Deva, atthe foot of a mountain, 16 m. N. N.
E. of Vittoria, 38 S. S. E. of Bilbao.
Salines,a, village of St. Genevieve Co. Missouri.
Salins, a town of France, department of Jura,
with a strong fort and famous salt works. In
the neighbourhood are quarries of jasper, alabas-
ter, and black marble. It is seated in a fertile
valley, 20 m. S. of Basancon.
Salishury, or JVeic Saruin, a city and the capital
of Wiltshire, Eng. and a bishop's see. It is situ-
ate in a chalky soil, almost surrounded by the
Avon, Willey, Nadder, and Bourn ; and is ren-
dered particularly clean by a small stream flow-
ing throusfh every street. It has a fine cathedral,
the spire of which is the loftiest in the kingdom.
The town-hall is a handsome building, and stands
in a spacious market-place. Salisbury has man-
ufactures of flannels, linseys, hardware, and cut-
lery. .S8 m. S. E. of Bath, 81 W. by S. of London.
Su.'i'ilmrif Craiir, a hill in Scotland on tiie E.
side of Edinburgh, remarkable for a great preci-
pice of solid rock, about one mile long, and in
s^me parts 100 feet high, which passes with some
regularity along its brow.
Siilisbunj Plain, an open tract in England,
which e.xtends from -the city of Salisbury, 25 m.
E. to Winchester and 2.' W. to Shaflsbury, and
is in some places, from 35 to 40 m. in breadths
There were so many cross roads on it, and so few
houses to take directions from, that Thomas, earl
of Pembroke, planted a tree at each mile-stone
from Salisbury to Shaflsbury, as a guide for trav-
ellers. That part of it about the city is a
chalky down ; the other parts are noted for feeding
numerous and large flocks of sheep. !n this plain,
besides the famous Stonehenge, are traces of ma-
ny Roman and British antiquities.
Salisbury, p.t Merrimack Co. N. H. on the
Merrimock 64 ni. N. W. Concord. Pop. 1,379;
p.t. Addison Co. Vt. Pop. 907 ; p.t. Essex Co.
Mass. on the Merrimeck 4 m. N.- Newburyport,
and 46 N. E. Boston. Pop. 2.519; p.t. Litch-
field Co. Conn. 19 m. N. W. Litchfield. Pop.
2,580. This town produces excellent iron ore,
and has many forges and manufactures; p.t.
Herkimrr Co. N. Y. Pop. 1,999. also towns and
villa^res «n Orange Co. N. Y. Lancaster, Lehigh
and Somerset Cos. Pa. Somerset Co. Maryl.
Rov/an Co. N. C. Meira Co. Ohio, and Wayne
Co. Ind.
Sallee, a sea-port of the kingdom of Fez, with
several forts. The harbour is one of the best in
the country ; but on account of a bar, ships of
200 tons are forced to lighten their burden before
they can enter. There are docks to build ships,
but they are seldom used, for want of skill and
materials. It is divided into the Old and New
Town, bv tlio river Guero, and was formerly not-
ed for its pirates. 100 m. W. of Fez and 150 S.
of Gibraltar. Long. 6. 21. W., lat. 34 ') N,
Sa/wt, a town of the Netherlands, in the pror
ince of Luxemburg, on the borders of Liege, with
an ancient castle on a mountain. 30 m. S. S.
E. of Liege and 45 N. of Luxemburg.
Salm, a town of France, department of Meurte,
with a castle, seated at the source of the Sarre,
26 m. E.of Luneville.
Salmon Creelc,iwo streams of New York,flowino'
into L. Ontario and the St. Lawrence.
Salmon Falls river, the liead stream of the Pis-
cataqua, dividing Maine from New Hampshire.
Salmunster, a town of Germany, in the district
of Fulda, on the river Kinz, 19 m. S. S. W of
Fulda.
Salo, a town of Austrian Italy, in the Brescian
near the lake Garda, 17 m. N. E. of Brescia.
Salobrena., a town of Spain, in Granada, with a
castle. It carries on a great trade in sugar and
fish, and is seated on a rock, near the mouth of
a river of the same name, 12 ra. £. of Almune-
car, 36 S. of Granada.
Salon, a town of France, department of Mouths
of the Rhone, seated on the canal of Craponne,
20 m. W. N. W. of Aix.
Salona, a town of Austrian Dalmat'a, seated on
a bay of the gulf of Venice. It was formerly an
important place, and its ruins show that it was
10 m. in circumference. 7 m. N. of Spalatro.
Salone, a town of Greece, in Livadia, and a
bishop's see, seated at the foot of a mountain, on
the top of which is a citadel. 10 m. N. E. of Le
panto.
Salonica, the ancient Thessalonica, a city of
Greece, capital of Macedonia, and an archbishop's
see. It is 10 m. in circumference, and is a place
of great trade. The Greeks have 30 churches,
and the Jews nearly as many synagogues. The
inhabitants are computed at 60,000. It is sur
rounded by walls, and defended on the land side
by a citadel, and near the harbour by three forts
It is seated at the head of a noble gulf of the
Ar-cbipelaa^,3l0m. W. of Constaati!aople. Long
23. 5. E., lat. 40. 53. N.
Salpe, a town of Naples, m Capitanata, near
which are some salt-works. It is situate on a
lake, near the sea, 23 m. S. of Manfredonia and
92 E. N. E. of Naples.
Salse, a town and fortress of France, depart-
ment of Eastern Pyrenees, seated on the lake of
Leucate, 10 m. N. of Perpignan.
Salsetle, an island of Hindoostan, lying off the
coast of Concan, to the N. of Bombay, from which
it is separated by a narrow channel, across which
a causeway was carried in 1805, which has much
benefited the island. This island is about 15 m
sq., and is fertile in rice, fruits, and sugar-canes
It has subterraneous temples cut out of the rock,
in the manner of those of Elephanta. In 1773 tlie
English conquered it from the Mahrattas ; and it
has proved a valuable acquisition to Bombay,
which formerly depended on foreign supplies for
its subsistence. Chief town Tanna.
Salt Creek, townships in Muskingum Hock-
ing and Pickaway Cos., Ohio.
Salt River, a stream of Kentucky, flowing into
the Ohio, 24 m. below Louisville; a river of
Missouri flowing into the Mississippi,100 m. above
St Louis.
Salla, a town of Tucuman, of great resort on
account of the large quantities of corn, meal, wine
salt, cattle, and other commodities, which are
sent hence to most parts of Peru. 280 m. N. N.
W. of St. Jago del Estero. Long. 66. 30. .,W lat.
24. 40. S.
BAL
051
SAM
Saltash, a bofoagh in Cornwall, Eng. on the
Hide of a steep hill, near the mouth of the Tamar
6 m. N. W. of Plymouth, 220 W. by S of London.
Saltcoats, a sea-port of Scotland, in Ayrshire,
with a considerable trade in salt and coal, and
also in ship-buildinar. It is situate on the frith
of Clyde, 5 m. W. by N. of Irvine, 28 S. W. of
Glasgow. Long. 4. 45. W., lat. 55. 40. N.
Salifieet, a town in Lincolnshire, Eng. on a creek
of the German Ocean, 33 m. E. N. E. of Lincoln,
158 N. by E. of London.
Salu, p. v. Madison Co. Illinois.
Saluda, a river of S. Carolina joining the Con-
garee at Columbia.
Saluzzo, a town of Piedmont, capital of a dis-
trict of its name, with a castle. The cathedral is
rfiagnificent and rich. It is seated on an emi-
nence near the Po. 24 m. S. by W. of Turin.
Salvador, St., one of the Bahama islands. See
Guanakani.
Salvador, St., the capital of Congo, stands on a
large mountain, the summit of which forms a
plain, 10 m. in circuit, which is well cultivated.
^ The city has 12 churches besides the cathedral ;
also a large palace, in which the king and a Por-
luoruese bishop reside. 230 m. E. S. E. of Loango.
Long. 14. 20. E., lat. 5. 40. S.
Salvador, St., a city of Brazil, capital of a prov-
ince of Bahia, and an archbishop's see, with sev-
eral forts. The cathedral is large ; but the most
superb structure in the city is the grand church
of the ex-jesuits, built of .European marble, and
the internal part exceedingly rich. The houses
are two or three stories high, and built of stone.
The principal streets are good, but the generality
are narrow and dirty. In the royal square are the
governor's house, the mint, and the public offices ;
and along the beach are the custom-house, dock-
yard, storehouses, &,c. There are many gardens,
full of a great variety of fruit-trees, herbs, and
flowers. The chief commodities are cotton, su-
gar, tobacco, coffee, gums, wood, hides, tallow,
and train oil. The inhabitants are estimated at
upwards of 100,000. It is seated on an eminence,
in the bay of All-Saints, 120 m. S. W. of Ser^rip-
pe. Long. 39. 30. W., lat. 13.30. S.
Salvador deJujui, St., a cit}' of Tucuman, situ-
ate at the foot of a high mountain, on a river of
its name, which flows E. to the Vermejo. 280
m. N. N. E. of St. Jagodel Estero. Long. 66. 20.
W., lat. 24. 5. S.
Salvages, small uninhabited islands, lying be-
tween the Canaries and Madeira, 27 leagues N. of
Point Nago in TeneriSe. Long. 15. 54. W., lat.
30. 0. N.
Salvaterra, a town of Portugal, inEstremadura,
with a royal palace, seated on the Tajo, 35. m. N.
E. of Lisbon.
Salvaterra, a strong town of Portugal in Beira.
It was tak^n by the French in 1704, and by the
allies in 1705. It stands on the frontiers of Spain,
12 m. N N. W. of Alcantara and 37. E. by S. of
Castel Branco.
SaJvatierra, a town of Spain, in Galicia, seat-
ed on the Minho 7 m. N. E.of Tuy.
Salvatierra, a. town of Spain, in Leon, seated
on the Tormes, 23 m. S. of Salamanca.
Salvatierra, a town of Spain, in Biscay, seated
at the foot of Mount St. Adrian, 18 m E. N. E.
of Vittoria.
Salza,a. town of Prussian Saxony, in the gov-
ernment of Magdeburg, famous for its salt-works.
It is seated near the Elbe, 12 in. S. S. E of
Magdeburg.
Salzburg; a province of the Austrian empire,
bounded on the N. by Bavaria, E. by Stiri^, S.
and W. by Tyrol md Bavaria. It is a moun-
tainous country, but pretty fertile, and contains
mines of copper, silver, and iron. It was formerly
subject to an archbishop, who was a prince of tlie
empire and primate of Germany. In lcS()2 it was
made an electorate and given to the grand duke
of Tuscany ; incorporated with the Aujslrian states
in 180G; and transferred in 1809 to Bavaria. On
the fill of Napoleon it was restored, with the ex
ception of a part of its territory, to Austria. It
now comprises an area of 2,800 square miles, with
142,000 inhabitants.
Salzburg, the capital of the above province, has
a strong castle on a mountain and two noble pal
aoes. The inhabitants are estimated at 13,000
The cathedral of St. Rupert is very fine, and
contains five organs. The university founded in
1G23 was converted in 1810 into a lyceum, with
a theological and surgical school. Near Salz-
burg are some very productive salt-works. The
Frencli became masters of this city in 1800 and
again in 1805. In 1818 upwards of 100 houses
were destroyed by fire. It is situate between three
mountains, on both sides the river Salza, 4(5 m.
S. by W. of Passau, 155 W. by S. of Vienna.
Long. 13. 4. E., lat. 47. 46. N.
Salzkoten, a town of Prussian Westphalia, with
a good salt-mine, 7 m. S. W of Paderborn.
Salzusten, a town of Germany, in the county
of Lippe-Detmold, with a salt mine, 12 m. N.
W. of Detmold.
Salzungen, a town of Germany, in the duchy of
Meiningen, with a castle called Schnepfenburg,
on an eminence, and several salt-works. It is
seated on the Werra, 10 ni. S. of Eisenach.
Salzwedel, a town of Prussian Saxony, in the
government of Magdeburg, with manufactures of
woolen, linen, and cotton ; and a considerable
trade in corn, cattle, and hops. It is seated on
the Jeetze, 72 m. E of Hamburgh.
Samana, an island of the W. Indies, on the N.
E. side of that of St. Domingo, from which it is
separated on the VV. by a narrow channel. It is
33 miles long and 8 broad, and has a town and bay
of the same name on the coast. It was taken by
the British in 1808. Long. 69. 20. E., lat. 19. 10.
N.
Samandraki, or Samondrachi, an island of the
Grecian Archipelago, between Stalimeni and the
coast of Romania, and to the N. of the isle of Im-
bro. It is 17 m. in circumference, and has a
town of the same name, with a spacious harbour.
Long. 25. 17. E.. lat. 40. 34. N.
Samar, or Tendny, one of the Philippine islands,
S. E. of that of Luconia, from which it is separat-
ed by a strait. It is 320 miles in circumference,
and is full of craggy mountains, among which are
fertile valleys.
Samara, a town of Russia, in the government
of Simbirsk, seated on the Volga, 95 m. S. S. E.
of Simbirsk.
Samarang, a fortified town in the N. E. part
of the island of Java, and next to Batavia, the
most considerable settlement in the island. It
stands at the mouth of a river of the same name,
290 m. E. by S. of Batavia. Long. 110. 38. E.,
lat. 6. 54. S.
Samarcand, an ancient city of Asia, formerly
the capital of Usbec Tartary, in Bokharia, wi'Ji a
castle and a university. It was the birthplaco
and seat of Tamerlane the Great, and afterwards
the residence of a Tartar prince. The city fall*
SAM
SAM
■hort of its ancient splendor, yet is still very
large, and fortified with strong bulwarks of earth.
The houses are mostlj' of hardened clay, but
some are of stone, from quarries in the neighbour-
hood. The silk-paper made here is in great re-
quest, and it has a considerable trade in excellent
fruits. It is seated on the Sogd, 138 ni. E. by N.
of Bokhara. Long. 65. 15. E., lat. 39. 40. N.
Samarof, a town of Siberia, in the government
of Tobolsk, seated on the Irtysh 13o m. N. of
Tobolsk.
Samatan, a town of France, department of Gers,
with a castle on a mountain ; seated on the Save,
6 m. N. by E. of Lombez.
Samba, a sea-port of Terra Firma, in the prov-
ince Carthaorena, 33 m. N. E. of Carthagcna.
Long. 75. 16. W., lat. 10. 45. N.
Samballas, a multitude of small uninhabited is-
lands, on the N. shore of the isthmus of Daxien.
Most of them are low, flat, and sandy, covered
with a variety of trees, and abound with several
l^inds of shell fish ; some few afford springs of
fresh water. Long. 73. 25. W., lat. 9. 2fi. N.
Sambas, a town of Borneo, near the W. coast,
inhabited by pirates, against whom a British force
was sent out in 1812 and 1813, which proved
completly successful. In its vicinity diamond
mines are found. Long. 109. 0. E., lat. 2. 20. N.
Samhor, a town of Austrian Poland, capital of a
circle of its name, seated on a large plain, on the
Dniester, 46 m. S. W. of Lemberg.
Sambre, a river which rises in Picardy, flows
by Landrecy, Maubeuge, Thun, and Charleroy,
and joins the Meuse at Namur.
Samiri, a town of Asiatic, Turkey, in Irac Ara-
bi, on the Tigris, 70 m. N. N. VV. of Bagdad.
Samisnt, a town of Asiatic Turkey, in the san-
giacate of Marasch, on the Euphrates, 30 m. E.
of Marasch.
Samogltia, a county in the N. W. of Prussian
Lithuania, bounded on the N. by Courland,S. by
Russia proper, and W. by the Baltic. It is full of
forests and high mountains, which feed a great
number of cattle, and produce abundance of hon-
ey. Here are also very active horses, in high es-
teem. The inhabitants are clownish, but honest ;
and they will not allow a young woman to go
out in the night without a candle in her hand and
two bells at her girdle.
Samos, an island of the Grecian Archipelago,
on the coast of Natolia, about 32 m. long and 22
broad, and extremely fertile. It contains two
ranges of lofty mountains, between which are
rich and well cultivated plains, producing abun-
dance of grain, melons, lentils, kidney beans, and
excellent muscadine grapes ; also white figs, four
times as big as the common sort, but not so well
tasted. The silk is very fine, and the honey and
wax admirable. The island abounds with par-
tridges, woodcocks, snipes, thrushes, wood pi-
geons, turtle doves, wheatears, and excellent
poultry. It has emery, stone, and iron mines,
and most of the soil is of a rusty colour. All the
mountains are of white marble. Their bishop
resides at Corea. The principal harbour is that
of Vati.
Samoyedes, once a numerous and powerful na-
tion of Tartary. They are now dispersed; some
of them are found in small detached bodies among
the mountains to the W. of Lake Baikal ; others
fire supposed to be within the Chinese frontiers :
others are scattered among the deserts which ex-
tend along the Frozen Ocean ; and some nearly
as far to the W. as Archangel. The Samoyedes
have a large head, a flat face, high cheek bones
small eyes, a wide mouth, a yellow complexion,
straight black hair, and a little or no beard : they
still preserve the manners of a pastoral people,
and retain the use of moveable habitations, with
which they wander from place to place. They
neither have, nor appear ever to have had, any
kind of a regular government. Their traditional
songs mention only certain heroes, who in better
times, led their ancestors to battle. These songs
form their principal amusements : but the exploits
they celebrate, are never likely to be renewed.
Samptown, a villgage of Middlesex Co. N. J. 13
m. S. VV. Eiizabethtown.
Sampson, a county of N. Carolinia. Pop.
11,768. Clinton is the capital.
Sam's Creek, p.v. Frederick Co. Maryland.
Sonisoe, an island of Denmark, on the E. coast
of N. Jutland, 12 m. long and 3 broad, and very
fertile. It has a town of the same name, and the
inhabitants carrv on some commerce in small ves-
sels. Long. 10." 33. E., lat. 56. 2. N.
Samson, St., a town of France, department of
Euro, on the Rille, 5 m. N. of Pont Audemer.
Samson, St., a town in the department of Maine-
et-Loire, 4 m. N. E. of Angers.
San, a river of Austrian Poland, which rises in
the Carpathian Mountains, in Hungary, and falls
into the Vistula near Sandomir. It forms part of
the boundary between Austrian Galicia and Rus-
sian Poland.
Sana, a city of Arabia, capital of Yemen, with
a castle on a hill, in which are two palaces. The
city, properly so called, is not very populous ; for
gardens occupy a part of the space within the
walls, which are 4 m. in circuit, and contain seven
gates. Here are a number of mosques, some of
them built by Turkish pachas ; also several pala-
ces, 12 public baths, and some large caravanseras.
Fruits are very plenteous, particularly grapes ;
and the exportation of raisins is considerable, one
kind of which is without stones. The city stands
near the source of a river, which flows S. into the
Arabian Sea, and at the foot of Mount Nikkum
on which are to be seen the ruins of a castle, said
to have been builtby Shem. It is 2-50 m. N. N. E.
of Mocha, 490 S. E. of Mecca. Long. 45. 10. E.,
lat. 15. 24. N.
Sana, or Zana, a town of Peru, capital of a
province of its name. It is situate in a valley,
fertile in fruit and corn, and adorned with the
most beautiful flowers, whence it has been some-
times, called Mirofloris. 90 m. N. of Truxillo.
Long. 78. 30. W., lat. 40. 35. N.
Sanashygotta, a flourishing town of Bengal ;
seated on the Mahanuddy, 165 m. N. of Moorshed-
abad.
San Bias, a city and sea-port of Mexico, on the,
Pacific Ocean, at the mouth of the river Santiago.
Lat. 21. 33. N.
Sanhorntoion, p.t. Strafford Co. N. H. 25 m. N
W.Portsmouth. Pop. 2,866.
Sancerra, a town of France, department of Cher,
seated on a mountain, near the Loire, 22 m, N
W. of Nevers, 110 N. of Paris.
Sancian, an island gf China, on the coast of
Quang-tong, 40 m. in circunriference, famous for
being the burying place of Francis Xavier, whose
tomb is to be seen on a small hill.
Sancoins, a town of France, department of Cher,
seated on the Argent, 15 m. S. W. of Nevers.
Sanda, or Sanday, one of the Orkney islands,
about 12 m. in length, but of an irregular form,
and seldom above a m. in breadth. It lies N <jf
BAN
653
SAN
that of Stronsaj, froin which it is separated by a
narrow channel. Much kelp is made here in
summer, and it feeds many sheep and beeves.
On the Start Point is alight-house. Long. 2. 15.
W., lat. 59. 21. N.
Sanda, a small island on the W. coast of Scot-
land, near the Mull of Cantyre, famed for having
been the rendezvous of the Danish fleets during
their expeditions to the western coasts. On it
are tlie remains of a chapel, dedicated to St. Co-
lumba.
Sandbach, a town in Cheshire, with a manufac-
ture of silk. 162 N. N. W. of London.
Sfindec, Aiejc, a town of Austrian Galicia, capi-
tal of a circle of its name which is covered with
extensive forests. 44 m. S. W. of Cracow. — 6.
m. farther N. is Old Sandec, which is now a small
place.
Sanders, p.v. Grant Co. Ken. 50 m. N. £.
Frankfort ; p.v. Limestone Co. Alab.
Sawlersrille, p.v. Washington Co. Geo. 30 m.
S. E. Milledgeville. Pop. 2.327.
Sandford, p.v. Broome Co. N. Y. Pop. 931.
Sandgate, a township of Bennington Co. Vt.
Pop. 93.J.
Sandisfie'd, p.t. Berkshire Co. Mass. 112 m.
S.W.Boston. Pop. 1,655.
Sandhem, a sea-port of Sweden, in the prov-
ince of Upland, where all vessels to and from
Stockholm are examined. 10. m. E. of Stock-
holm.
Sandislon, a township of Sussex Co. N. Y.
Sando, an island of Japan, 87 m. in circum-
ference, on the N. coast of Niphon ; with a town
of the same name. Long. 139. 30. £., lat. 38.
35. N.
Sandomir, a strong town of Poland, capital of a
palatinate of the same name, with a castle on a
steep rock, and several colleges. It is seated on
a hill, on the Vistula, 75 m. L. bv N. of Cracow
and 112 S. by E. of Warsaw. Long. 22. 0. E.,
lat. 50. 21. N.
Sandomir, a palatinate of Poland, bounded on
one part by the Vistula, on another by the Pilica
and the palatinate of Cracow. It contains, ac-
cording to the territorial division of 1815, 4,700
square m. with 448,000 inhabitants.
Sandomir, the capital of the above palatinate,
is seated on the Vistula, 108 m. S. by E. of War-
saw.
Sandawn, a village in the Isle of Wight, 2 m.
S. of Brading. It stands on a bay of its name,
and has a fort erected by Henry VIII., which
maintains a small garrison.
Sandogal, a town of Portugal, in Beira, seated
on the Coa 12 m. S. S. E. of Guarda.
Sandover, p.v. Abbeville Dis. S. C. 90 m. W.
Columbia.
Sandover, a township of Rockingham Co. N. H.
23 ni W. Portsmouth. Pop. 553.
Sandlown, p.v. Kershaw Dis. S. C.
SaiM^M-sA-j/, a county of Ohio. Pop. 2,881. Low-
er Sandusky is the capital.
Sandusky river, a stream of Ohio flowing into
the west end of Lake Erie. At its mouth it ex-
fands into a bay 20 m. in length and 3 to 4 broad,
t has a rapid current and is navigable.
Sajulusky city, p.t. Huron Co. Ohio, on Sandus-
ky Bay. Pop. 591. This is one of the chiet
points of communication between the state of New
York and the towns on the Ohio and Mississippi
by the way of Lake Erie. It has the best har-
bour on the American side of the lake, and main-
tains a constant intercourse with Buffalo and
Detroit, by steam-boats. Ship building is carried
on to a considerable extent, and the town has
already become a place of active trade. A turn-
pike is in progress to Columbus.
Sandusky, a township of Richland Co. Ohio
Pop. 588.
Sandvliet, a town of Belgium in the province of
Antwerp, seated on the Scheldt, 12 m. N. W. of
Antwerp.
Sandwich, a town in Kent, Eng. It is one of
the cinque-ports, and walled round ; but the walls
are greatly decayed, and only one of the gates is
standing. Its trade is much diminished, the
river Stour, on which it is seated, being so r.hokefl
up with sand as to admit only small ves.sels. 68
m. E. by S. of London.
Sandwich, p.t. Strafford Co. N. H. near Lake
Winipisiogee. Pop. 2,743 ; p.t. Barnstable Co.
Mass. on Cape C«»d. 54 m. S. E. Boston. Pop.
3,367.
Sandwich Island, an island in the Pacific
Ocean, near the W. coast of New Ireland. Long
149. 17. E., lat. 2. 53. S.
Sandwich Island, one of the New Hebrides, in
the Pacific Ocean. Long. 168. 33. E., lat. 17.
41. S.
Sandwich Islands, a group of islands in the N.
Pacific, discovered by Cook in 1778. They are 11
in number, extending from 18. 54. to 22. 15. N.
lat., and from 150. 54. to 160. 24. W. long. They
are called by the natives, Owhyee, Mowee, Ranai,
Morotoi, Tahoorowa, Woahoo, Atooi, Neeheehou
Oneehoua, Morotinnee, and Takoora ; all inhab-
ited except the last two. The climate differs lit-
tle from that of the W. Indies in the same lati-
tude ; but there are no traces of those violent
winds wjiich render the stormy months in the
W. Indies so dreadful. There is also more rain
at the Sandwich isles. The v getable produc-
tions are nearly the same as those of the other
islands in this ocean ; but the taro root is here of
a superior quality. The breadfruit trees are not
in such abundance as in the plains of Otaheite,
but produce double the quantity of fruit. The
sugar canes are of a very unusual size, some of
them measuring eleven inches in circumference,
and having fourteen feet eatable. There is also
a root of a brown colour, shaped like a yam, and
from 6 to 10 pounds in weight, the juice of which
is an excellent substitute for sugar. The quad-
rupeds are hogs, dogs, and rats. The fowls arf.
of the common sort ; the birds beautiful and nu
merous, though not various. Goats, pigs, and
European seeds were left by captain Cook, but
the possession of the goats soon gave rise to a
contest between two districts, in which the breed
was destroyed. The inhabitants are of the same
race with those of the islands S. of the equator ;
and in their persons, language, and manners, ap
proach nearer to the New Zealanders than to thei/
less distant neighbours, either of the Society or
Friendly Islands. They are in general above
the middle size, and well made ; they walk grace-
fully, run nimbly, and are capable of bearing
great fatigue. Many of both sexes have fine
open countenances ; and the women, in particu-
lar, have good eyes and teeth, with an engaging
sweetness and sensibility of look. There is one
peculiarity characteristic of every part of the na-
tion, that even in the handsomest faces there is a
fulness of the nostril, without any flatness or
spreading of the nose. The dress of both men
and women nearly resembles those of New Zea-
land, and both sexes wear necklaces of small t»>
3i3
BAM
654
8AN
negated shells. Tattooing the body was former-
rv practised by every colony of this nation. The
— 1
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j
R
i
k
1
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m
1
1
^^^W_-Jl_
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^
Aands and arms of the women were very neatly
marked, and they had the singular custom of ta-
looing the tip of the tongue. They lived in vil-
lages, containing from 100 to 200 houses, built
closely together, without any order, and having
ft winding path between them. Towards the sea
Ihey were generally flanked with detached walls
intended both for shelter and defence. Some of
the houses were from 40 to 50 feet long, and from
20 to 30 broad ; others were mere hovels. The
food of the lower class still consists principally of
fish and vegetables, to which the people of high-
er rank add the flesh r)f hogs and dogs. The
making of canoes, mats, &c., formed the occupa-
tions of the men ; the women were employed in
manufacturing cloth, and the servants principal-
ly engaged in the plantations and fishing. They
had various amusements, such as dancing, boxing,
wrestling, &.c., all of which have now entirely
ceased. The bottoms of their canoes are of a sin-
gle piece of wood, hollowed out to the thickness
of an inch, and brought to a point at each end ;
the sides consist of three boards, each about an
inch thick, neatly fitted and lashed to the bot-
tom part. Some of their double canoes measure
70 feet in length, three and a half in depth, and
12 in breadth. The government is monarchical
and hereditary. The same system of subordina-
tion prevails here as at the other islands ; abso-
lute authority on the part of the chiefs, and unre-
sisting submission on the part of the people. So
long as idolatry prevailed here, human sacrifices
were frequent ; not only the commencement of a
war, or signal enterprise, but tlie denth of any
considerable chief called for a repetition of tliese
horrid rites. From their intercourse with Chris-
tians they had renounced idolatry before any mis-
sionaries were settled among them ; and of late
years they have made great advances in civiliza-
tion. They live in the utmost harmony with each
other , and in hospitality to strangers tliey are
not exceeded even by the inhabitants of the
Friendly Islands. Their natural capacity seems
in no respect below the common standard of man-
kind.
Sandwich Land, a desolate country in the south-
ern ocean, to the S. E. of the island of Georgia.
The mountains are of a vast height, their sum-
mits wrapped m clouds, and their bases covered
with snow to the vrnter's edge. Thule, the
southern extremity of Sandwicn Land, seen by
Cook in 1775, lies in 27. 45. W. long, and 59. 54.
P lat. This was the greatest S. lat. of land then
known, on which account it received the
name of Southern Thule.
Sandy, a township of Stark Co. Ohio. Pop
909. A township in Tuscarawas Co. Ohio Pop.
765.
Sandy Bay, p.v. Essex Co. Mass. adjoining
Gloucester on Cape Ann.
Sandy Creek, a township of Mercer Co. Pa.
Sandy Fork, p.v. Mecklenburg Co. Va.
Sandy Hill, p.v. Washington Co. N. Y. ne.ar
the junction of the Champlain Canal with the
Hudson.
Sandy Grove, p.v. Chatham Co. N. C.
Sandy Hook, a peninsula, on the coast of New
Jersey, in Monmouth Co. On the N. point is a
lighthouse, 100 feet high. 7 m. S. of the W.
end of Lontr Island. Long. 74. 2. W. lat. 40. 30.
N.
Sandy Hook, p.v. Culpeper Co. Va.
Sandy Lake, a lake of N. America, about 25 ra
in circuit, not far from the source of the Missis-
sippi. Lat. 46. 9. N.
Sandy I^kc, a township of Mercer Co. Pa. *
Sandy Mount, p.v. Baltimore Co. Md. ; p.v.
Greenville Co. Va.
Sandy Point, a seaport of St. Christopher, on
the N. W. side of the island, in Figtree Bay, de-
fended by two forts. Lon. 63. 28. W., lat. 17. 20.
N.
Sandy River, a river in the state of Maine,
which runs into the Kennebeck, 6 m. above
Norridgewock.
Sandy River, Big, a river which rises in the
Laurel Mountains, and forms part of the bounda-
ry between Virginia and Kentucky. It falls into
the Ohio, 40 m. above the Scioto.
Sandy Spring, p.v. Montgomery Co. Md. ,
p.v. Adams Co. Ohio. 110 m. S. Columbus.
Sandytown, p.v. Sussex Co. N. J.
Sandyville, p.v. Tuscarawas Co. Ohio.
Sanen, or Gessenay, a town of Switzerland, in
the canton of Bern, with a castle, situate on a
river of the same name, 20 m. S. W. of Thun.
Sanford, p.t. York Co. Me. Pop. 2,327.
Saaaamon, a river of Illinois, rising in the cen-
tre of the state and flowing into the Illinois.
Sangamon, a county of Illinois, on the above
river. Pop. 12,960. Springfield is the capital.
San'rerfield, p.t. Oneida Co. N. Y. 15 m. S.
Utica. Pop. 2,272.
Sangervilln, p.t. Penobscot Co. Me. Pop. 776.
Sangerhausen, a town of Prussian Saxony, in
Thuringia, with a castle, seated near the Harlz
mountams, 14 m. E. S. E. of Stolberg.
Sanguesa, a town of Spain, in Navarre, 32 m.
S. E. of Pamplona.
Sanky, a village in Lancashire, Eng. 2 m. W.,
of Warrington. It is a place of traffic, being seat-
ed near the Mersey, from which it has a canal to
the various works in the vicinity of St. Helens.
San Marino, a small republic of Italy. It is en-
closed in the states of the Church, amon^ the Ap-
ennines, and contains 22 sq. m. and 7,000 inhab-
itants. The soil produces wine and corn. The
capital is San Marino, a small town on the sum-
mit, of a mountain. This republic is under the
protection of the Pope. It has existed for 1,300
years. The government is a mixture of aristoc-
racy and democracy.
Sanore, a district of Hindoostan, lying to the S.
of Visiapour and N. of Mysore. It was ceded to
the Mahrattas in 1792.
Sarwre, a town and fortress of Hindoostan, capi
tal of the above district, seated on the left bank ot
SAN
655
SAR
the Toom, 15 m before its junction with the Ni-
pouden to form the Tunijebadra. On the opposite
bank is another town called Sanore Bancapour.
It is lOa ra. N hy W. Chitteldroog and 130 S. by
E. of Visiapour.
Siuiquhar, a borough of Scotland, in Dumfries-
shire, with a ruined castle, once the residence of
the Crichton family. It has a trade in coal and
manufactures of carpets and cottons. It is seated
on the Nith, 27 ni. N. W. of Dumfries and 53. S.
W. of Edinburgh.
Stinladla, a town of Spain, in Andalusia, 24 m.
S. of Cordova.
&iiUa Fe, the chief town of New Mexico, seated
on the Rio del Norte. It was founded in the be-
ginning of the 17 century. It is surrounded by a
fertile territory, and has lately become a great
mart for the trade between the Mexican provinces
and the United States. This traflBc is carried on
by caravans of mules and horse wagons which pro-
ceed generally from St. Louis in Missouri. They
carry to Santa Fe manufactured goods, tobacco,
spirits, &c. and receive specie and bullion in re-
turn. Santa Fe is 1,020 m. W. New Orleans.
1,131 N. N. W. Mexico. Lat. 36. 12. N. Long.
104. 52. W. Pop. 4,000.
Santander, a strong sea-port of Spain, in Astu-
rias, capital of a small district of its name, and a
bishop's see. The harbour is good, and large
enough to contain a numerous fleet, defended by
two castles, and a mole that advances into the sea.
It is 11 m. N. E. of Santillana. Long. 3. 37. W.,
lat. 43. 27. N.
Santarem, a town of Portugal, in Estremadura,
with a citadel on a mountain ; seated on the river
Tajo, in a country fertile in wheat, wine, and oil,
55 m. N. E. of Lisbon. Long. 8. 20. W., lat. 39.
18. N.
Santee, a river of S. Carolina, the largest and
longest in that state. It enters the ocean by two
mouths, a little S. of Georgetown. About 120 m.
from its mouth it branches into the Congaree and
Wateree : the latter, which is the N. branch, bears
name of the Catawba River, from this settlement
to its source.
Snnten, a town of Germany, in the duchy of
Cleve ; seated on the Rhine, 15 m. S. E. of Cleve.
Sintianes, a town of Spain, in Asturias, 17 m.
S. S. W. of Oviedo.
Santillana, a town of Spain, seated in a fruitful
vallev,near the Bay of Biscay, 96 m. E. of Oviedo
and 200 N. of Madrid. Long. 3. 58. W., lat 43.
23. N.
Santorin, the ancient Thera, an island of the
Grecian Archipelago, to the S. of Nio. It is in
the form of a crescent, 10 m. from N. to S. and
from one to four in breadth. Between its two
points, to complete the circle, are the small islands
of Therasia, and Aspronisi; and within these are
three other islands, between which and Santoiin
is a road for ships ; but it affords no anchorage, on
account of its depth in some places, and rocky
bottom in others. All these island are of volcanic
origin, but the three interior ones are evidently
of much later date. Santorin.in proportion to its
extent, is the richest and most populous island of
the Archipelago. There are two bishops ; the one
Latin, whose see is Scauro, and the other Greek,
whose residence is at Pirgos, near the middle of
the island. The soil is very dry, and far from fer-
tile ; but it produces plenty of barley, cotton, and
wine, in which, and the cotton manufactures, its
trade consists Fruit is scarce, except figs, and it
has only cistern water. The inhabitants, about
12,000 in number, are almost all Greeks. Scauro
is the capital.
Santos, a sea-port of Brazil, on an island, called
Amiaz, on the W.side of ttje entrance into Santos
Bay. It is defended by a rampart and two cas-
tles. The town of St. Vincent stands >jn the
same island, which is 18 m. in circuit. .10 m.
from the sea and 190 S. W. of St. Sebastian.
Long. 46. 30. W., lat. 24. 15. S.
Saone, a large navigable river of France, which
rises in the Vosges Mountains, and, after a course
of about 200 m. falls into the Rhone at Lyons.
Saone, Upper, a department of France, including
part of the former province of Franche Comte ;
bounded N. by the department of Vosges, and E.
bv that of Upper Rhine. It comprises an area of
2',500 square m. with 312,000 inhabiUnts. The
capital is Vesoul.
Saone-el- Loire, a department of France, includ-
ing part of the former province of Burgundy,
bounded by the departments of Jura, Rhone, and
Allier, and comprising an area of 3,500 square m.
with 471,000 inhabitants. It is named from two
rivers, which flow through it in different direc-
tions. Macon is the capital.
Saorgio, a town of the Sardinian states, in the
county of Nice, situate on the top of a rock, which
is nearly enclosed by the Roia and the Bendola.
On the opposite side of the Roia is a sharp rock,
completely insulated, with an ancient fortress on
the summit, and near the town is a strong fort.
Saorgio was taken by the French in 1794. 19 m.
N. E. ofNice.
Sapienza, three small islands, and a cape, in the
Mediterranean, near the S. coast of the Morea.
The largest island was formerly called Sphacteria,
and is famous in ancient history for a victory ob-
tained by the Athenians over the Lacedemonians.
Long. 21. 35. E., lat. 36. 50. N.
Saracens, a people celebrated some centuries
ago, who came from the deserts of Arabia : sarra
in their language signifying a desert. They were
the flrst disciples of Mahomet, and, within 40 years
after his death, conquered a great part of Asia,
Africa, and Europe. They kept possession of
Spain till 1511, when they were expelled. For a
long time they maintained a war in the Holy Land
against the Western Christians, and at length
drove them out of it. There are now no people
known by this name ; for the descendants of those
who conquered Spain are called Moors.
Saragossa, a city of Spain, capital of Arragon,
and an archbishop's see, with a university. It is
said to have been built by the PhoBnicianb,and the
Romans sent a colony hither in the reign of Au
gustus, whence it had the name of Csesarea Au-
gusta, which by corruption has been changed into
Saragossa. Before this city was taken by the
French, in 1809, there wer«-^nany magniflcent
SAR
656
SAA
bni.din^, 17 large churches, and 14 handsome
convents, besit.es others less considerable. The
Ebro runs through the city, dividing it into two
parts ; and on its banks is a handsome quay, which
serves for a public walk. The Holy Street is the
largest, and so broad that it may be taken for a
square. The cathedral is a spaicious Gothic build-
ing; but the finest church is that of Nuestra Sen-
ora del Pilar, and a place of the greatest devotion
in Spain. They tell us that the Virgin, while yet
living, appeared to St. James, who was preaching
the gospel, and left him her image, with a hand-
some pillar of jasper. This image stands on a
marble pillar, with a little Jesus in her arms, or-
namented with a profusion of gold and jewels,
«nd illuminated by a multitude ot" lamps and wax
lights. The town-house is a sumptuous struc-
ture ; and in the hall are the pictures of all the
kings of Arragon. Saragossa has no manufactures,
and but little trade. It is seated in a large plain
(where the Ebro receives two other rivers), which
produces ail kinds of fruit in great abundance.
A victory was obtained here over the French and
Spaniards in 1710, but it was abandoned by the
allies soon after. Saragossa is also celebrated for
the brave defence it made under general Palafox,
when besieged by the French in 1808-9. 180
m. N. E. ofMadrid. Pop. 41,000.
Saranac, a small river of N. Y. flowing into
Lake Champlain at Plattsburg.
Saratof, a government of Russia, lying along
both sides of the Wolga, and having on one side
the country of Astracan and on the other that of
the Don Cossacks. The extent is estimated at
91,000 sq. m witii a pop. not exceeding 1,000,000.
It is divided into 12 districts, of which that of the
same name is the principal.
Saratof, the capital of the above government,
is surrounded by a wall and is neatly built, chiefly
of wood. The inhabitants (about 5,000) have a
brisk trade in fish, caviar, salt, &c. It is seated
on the side of a mountain near the Wolga, 374
ni. N. by W. of Astracan. Long. 46. 1. E., lat.
51. 32. N.
Saratoga, a count}' of N. Y. Pop. 36,61 6. Balls-
ton is the capital. Also a p.t. in the same Co. 35
m. N. Albany. Pop. 2,461. Here General Bur-
foyne surrendered his army to Gen. Gates. Oct.
7, )777.
Saratoga Springs, p.t. Saratoga Co. N. Y. 39
m. N. Albany. Pop. 2,204. In this town and the
neighbourhood are situated those mineral springs
which draw to this quarter in summer, crowds of
visitors from all quarters of the country. The
village 18 iofated on an elevated spot of ground,
surrounded by a productive plain country, and
enjoys the advantage of a salubrious air and cli-
mate, contributing much to the health and benefit
of its numerous visitants. The springs, so justly
celebrated for their medicinal virtues, are situated
on the margin of a vale, bordering the village on
the east, and are a continuation of a ciiain of
springs discovering themselves about 12 m. to the
south, in the town of Ballston, and extending
easterly, in the form of a crescent, to the Quaker
village. In the immediate vii'.iity are 10 or 12
springs, the principal of which are the Congress,
tne IfamiU.on, the High Rock, the Columbian, the
Flat Rock, the Washington and the President.
About a mile east, are found a cluster of mineral
springs which go by the name of the Ten Springs.
The Congress Spring is owned by Doct. John
Clarke ; to whose liberality the public are much
{ndubted for the recent improvements that have
been made in the grounds adjoining the fountain,
and the purity in which its waters are preserved.
This spring was first discovered about 30 years
since, issuing from a crevice in the rock, a few
feet from its present location. Here it flowed for
A number of years, until an attempt to improve
the surface around it produced an accidental ob-
struction of its waters, which afterwards made
their appearance at the place where they now
flow. It is enclosed by a tube sunk into the
earth to the distance of 12 or 14 feet, which
secures it from the water of the stream, adjoining
to which it is situated. Besides a handsome en-
closure and platform for promenading, the pro-
prietor has thrown an awning over the spring for
the convenience of visitants.
The High Rock is situated on the west side
of the valley, skirting the east side of the village,
about half a mile north of the Congress. The
rock enclosing this spring is in the shape of a
cone, 9 feet in diameter at its base, and 5 feet in
height. It seems to have been formed by a con-
cretion of particles thrown up by the water, which
formerly flowed over its summit through an aper-
ture of about 12 inches in diameter, regularly di-
verging from the top of the cone to its base. This
spring was visited in the year 1767 by Sir Wil-
liam Johnson, but was known long before by the
Indians, who were first led to it, either by acci-
dent or by the frequent haunts of beasts, attracted
thither by the saline properties of the water. A
building was erected near the spot previous to the
revolutionary war; afterwards abandoned, and
again resumed ; since which the usefulness of the
water has, from time to time, occasioned frequent
settlements within its vicinity.
Between the Red Spring in the upper village,
and the Washington in the south part of the lower
village, are situated most of the other mineral
springs in which this place abounds. At three
of the principal springs, the Hamilton, Monroe
and Washington, large and convenient bathing
houses have been erected, which are the constant
resort for pleasure as well as health, during the
warm seiison.
The miner.al waters both at Ballston and Sara-
toga are supposed to he the product of the same
great laboratory, and they all possess nearly the
same properties, varying only as to the quantity
of the different articles held in solution. They
are denominated acidulous saline and acidulous
chalybeate. Of the former are the Congress,
(which holds the first rank), the Hamilton, High
Rock and President, at Saratoga ; and of the
latter are the Columbian, Flat Rock and Wash-
ington, at Saratoga, and the Old Spring and
United States, at Ballston. The waters contain
muriate of soda, hydriodate of soda, carbonate of
soda, carbonate of lime, carbonate of magnesia,
oxide of iron, and some of them a minute quan-
tity of silica and alumina. Large quantities of
carbonic acid gas are also contained in the waters,
givin^r to them a sparkling and livelj' appearance.
The Congress, in particular, the moment it is
dipped, contains nearly one half more than its
bulk of gas ; a quantity unprecedented in any na-
tural waters elsewhere discovered.
The Congress Hall is situated within a few
rods of the Congress spring, to which a handsome
walk, shaded with trees, has been constructed for
the convenience of guests. The space in front
of the building is occupied by three apartments,
each of which is enclosed by a railing, termina-
ting at the front entrances of the piazaa, and eaaii
BAR
657
SAlt
used as a flower garden. The edifice is 200 feet
m length, 2 1-2 stories high, with two wings ex-
tending back, one 60, and the other about 100
feet. The billiard rooms belonging to the estab-
lishment are contained in a building adjoining the
north wing. In front of the Hall is a spacious
piazza, extending the whole length of the build-
ing, 20 feet in width, with a canopy from the
roof, supported by 17 massy columns, each of
which is gracefully entwined with woodbine.
There is also a back piazza, which opens upon a
beautiful garden annexed to the establishment,
and a small grove of pines, affording both fra-
grance and shade to their loitering guests. The
'yongress Hall can accomodate nearly 200 visi-
tants, and is justly ranked among the most ele
gant establishments in the union.
The United States Hotel, with its gardens and
out buildings, occupies a space in the centre of
the village of about five acres. The main build-
ing is composed of brick, 12-5 feet long and 34
wide.
The hotel is situated equally distant between
the Congress and Flat Rock springs, and com-
mands a view of the whole village, and from its
fourtii story a distinct view is had of the sur-
rounding country for a number of miles. This
establishment can accomodate nearly 200 visitants,
and is one of the largest and most splendid edifi-
ces in the United States.
The Pavilion is situated in a pleasant part of
the village, immediately in front of the Flat Rock
spring. The building is constructed of wood,
133 feet in length, witn a wing extending back
from the centre of the main building, 80 feet. It
is 2 1-2 stories high, with the addition of an at-
tick story, which, with the handsome portico in
front, sustained by delicate colonnades, renders it,
in beauty and proportion, one of the finest models
of architecture.
There are many other fine hotels at this place.
The town of Ballston Spa in the neighbourhood
has also several springs which are much visited.
Saratoga Lake, a lake in the neighbourhood of
the above springs, 9 m. long and 3 broad. It af-
• fords excellent fish and game.
Sarbruck, a town of Germany, capital of a
county of its name, with a handsome palace, and
a maenificent Lutheran church. It is seated on
the W. side of the Sarre, 14 m. W. of Deux Fonts.
Long. 7. 5. E., lat. 49. 16. N.
Sarhurg, a town of France, department of
Meurthe, 40 m. E. by N. of Nancy.
Sardam, a town of the Netherlands, in N. Hoi.
land, where there are vast magazines of tim'>;r
for ships and naval stores, and a great number of
shipwrights. In this town Peter the Great resid-
ed for some time, and worked as a shipwright.
It is seated on the Wye, 7 ra. N. W. of Amster-
dam.
Sardinia, an insular and continental kingdom
of Southern Europ»e, containing, besides the isl-
and of Sardinia, Piedmont, Savoy, the county of
Nice, the duchy of Montferrat, part of that of
Milan, and the territory of Genoa. The govern-
ment is monarchical, with few definite limits,
except the privileges guranteed to particular
states. Popery is the religion of the royal family
and the state. The reigning family is descended
from the ancient counts of Savoy, whose domin-
ions became progressively extended by purchase,
conquest, and donation. In the war of the
French Revolution, in 1792, the Sardinians were
aided by Austrian troops and a British subsidy,
S3
but, on Bonaparte assuming the command, the
allied forces were speedily overthrown, all tha
continental dominions of the king of Sardinia
were seized and incorporated with the French
territory, and afterwards parcelled out anew into
departments of the French empire. The 'changes
of 1814 reinstated the king of Sardinia in all his
continental dommions, except the duchy of Sa-
voy ; and in 1815 this also was restored, and the
Genoese territory added to the kingdom,
Sardinia,a.n island in the Mediterranean ,160 m.
from N. to S. a-nd 70 from E. to W., separated
from Corsica on the N. by the strait of Bonifacio.
This island has been neglected by the govern-
ment ; for, exclusive of the mountains, the chief
part of the country may be regarded as waste,
but where cultivated it is fertile in corn, wine, or-
anges, citrons, and olives. Here are mines of
silver, lead, sulphur, and alum, and quantities of
cheese and salt are made. There are many pes-
tilent marshes here. The frequent wastes abound
with wild ducks ; but the cattle and sheep are
not numerous. The Mouflon or Argali is very
common among the mountains of this island
On the coast is a fishery for anchoVles and cor-
ral. This island has undergone various revolu-
tions : in 1708 it was taken from the Spaniards
by the English, and allotted to the emperor of
Germany at the peace of Utrecht. The Span-
iards recovered it in 1717, but were obliged to
abandon it two years after ; and, in 1720, it was
ceded to the duke of Savoy, as an equivalent for
Sicily. In 1794 the inhabitants, rose against their
Piedmontese rulers, and caused the viceroy and
others to be sent out of the island ; but he was af-
terwards received, on the king pledging himself
to assemble the Cortes every 10 years, and con ■
firming all the ancient laws and privileges of
the inhabitants. The island continues to be gov
erned as a province of the kingdom to which it
gives name.
Sardinia, p.v. Niagara Co. N. Y. ; p.t. Erie Co.
N. Y. Pop. 1,114.
Sareoto, p.v. Dublin Co. N. C. 80 m. N. Wil-
mington.
Sarepta, a settlement of Moravians, in the gov-
ernment of Saratov in Russia in Europe, founded
in 1765. 8 m. S. Tzaritzin.
Sargans, a town of Switzerland, m the canton
of St. Gall, with a castle on a rock. Near the
town are mineral springs and a productive iron
mine. It atands on the summit of a hill, near
the Rhine, 14 ra N. of Coire and 47 S. E. of Zu-
rich.
Sargcl, a sea-port of Algiers, in the province
of Mascara, with a castle. Near this town An-
drew Doria was defeated by Barbarossa. 25 m. S.
S. W. of Algiers. Long. 2. 15. E.,lat. 36. 30. N.
Sari, a town of Persia, in Mazandeian, the res-
idence of one of the Persian prjnces ; situate in a
SAR
658
SAU
©onntry abounding in rice, oranges, cotton, sugar,
»nd silk, 25 m. S. W. of Ferabad.
Sark, a small island in the English Channel,
near fhe coast of France, and about two leagues
E. from the island of Guernsey, on which it is
dependant.
S(trk, a aiver of Scotland, which rises in the
central part of Dumfries-shire, and flows S. into
Solway Frith. Its mouth forms a good harbour,
at the village of Sarkfoot, E. by S. of Annan.
Sarlat, a town of France, department of Dor-
dogne, 27 m. S. E.of Perigueux.
Samen, a town of Switzerland, capital of the
canton of Underwalden, near a lake to which it
gives name. 9 m. S. of Lucerne. Long. 8. 14.
E., lat. 46. 52. N.
Sarno, a town of Naples, in Principato Citra,
seated near the source of a river of its name, 12
m. N. N. VV. of Salerno, and 20 E. S. E. of Na-
ples.
Saroj, a strong castle of Hungary, in a county
of the same name, seated on the Tariza, at the
foot of Mount Krapach, 5 m. N. N. W. ofEpe-
ries.
Sarp, or Sarpen, a town of Norway, in the
province of Christiaysand. Near it is a great
cataract, the noise of which may be heard at the
distance of 20 m. 10 ra. W. S. VV. of Frederick-
stadl.
Sarreal, a town of Spain, in Catalonia, near
which are quarries of alabaster, so transparent
that it is used for windows. It is seated on the
Francoli, 11 m. N. Tarragona.
Sarsana, a town of the Sardinian states, in Ge-
noa, with a fortress; near it is a fort in the
mountains called Sarsanello. It stands on the riv-
er Magra, 5 m. from its mouth, and 45. E. S. E.
of Genoa. Long. 9. 58. E., lat. 44. 9. N.
Sarsina, a town, of Italy, in Romagna, on the
river Savio, 21 m W. S. W. of Rimini.
Sart , a town of Asia Minor. It was the an-
cient Sardis, capital of Lydia ; and under the Ro-
mans was a large city, but was Jilmost destroyed
by an earthquake in the reign of Tiberius. Here
are many remains of massive buildings, a mosque
(which was formerly a Christian church), and a
large carvansera. The inhabitants are chiefly
sheperds, who feed their flocks in the adjacent
plains. 35 m. E. N. E. of Smyrna.
Sarte, a department of France, including part
of the ancient province of Maine, and containing
an area of 2,400 square miles, with 410,000 inhab-
itants. The climate is mild and salubrious, and
the soil in general fertile. The manufactures are
hardware, woolens, paper, leather, &c. It takes
its name from a river which flows by Mans to
Angers, where it joins the Mayenne. The capi-
tal is Mans
Sarvar, a town and fortress of Hungary, at the
confluxof the Guntz with the Raad,40 m. S. S.
£. of Presburg.
Sarum, Old, a borough in Wiltshire, Eng.
which is now reduced to a single house, and
scarcely any thing remains to indicate its former
importance, except that it still sends two mem-
bers to parliament. 2 ra. N. of New Sarum, or
Salisbury.
Sarum, an extensive district of Hindoostan, in
the province of Bahar, and one of the most pros-
perous in the British territories. It is situate on
the N. side of the Ganges, in lat. 26. N.
Sartoerde.n, a town of France, department of
Moselle, seated on the Sarre, 33 m. W. N. W of
JSaguenaa and 45 E. N. £. of Nancy.
Sasvan Gkent,a.town and fortress of Belgium.m
Flanders, situate on the Canal from Ghent to the
river Scheldt, and fortified with sluices, by means
of which the country can be laid under water.
It was built by the inhabitants of Ghent, as a
bulwark to that .city, but was taken in 1664, by
the Dutch, from whom the French took it in
J747 and again in 1794. 10 m. N. of Ghent.
Sascram, a town of Hindoostan, in Bahar,
seated at the foot of a mountain, near a lake, 64
m. S. E. of Benares and 88 S. W. of Patna.
Saskatchawan, a river of N. America, rising in
two large head streams on the E. side of the
Rocky mountains and flowing easterly into Lake
Winnipeg. It is 800 m. long.
Sassafras, a village of Kent Co. Maryland on a
stream of the same name, falling into the Chesa-
peak.
Sassari, a city of the island of Sardinia, and an
archbishop's see, with a castle and a university.
Here is a fountain called Rosscl, said to be more
magnificent than the best at Rome ; and in the
neighbourhood are mines of gold and silver. It
is seated on the river Torres, 7 m. from the sea,
and 64 N. of Oristagni. Long. 8. 45. E., lat. 40.
48. N.
Sassuolo, a town of Italy, in the duchy of Mode-
na, with a castle, seated on the Secchia, 10 m. S.
W. of Modena.
Satalia, or Jinfalia, a strong sea-port of Af.ia Mi-
nor, in Caramania. It is divided into three towns,
and is so situate that from the harbour the streets
appear to rise behind each other like an amphithe-
atre. The country around is very fertile ; and
the citrons and oranges are extremely fine. The
chief trade is in wool, cotton, goats' hair, agaric,
tragacanth, opium, and bees' wax. It is seated
on a gulf of the Mediterranean, to which it gives
name, 150 m. S. W. of Cogni. Long. 31. 21. E.,
lat. 37. 1. N.
Satauket, p.v. Suffolk Co. N. Y.
Satgong, or Satagong, a village of Bengal, form-
erly an important city, in which the Europe-
an traders in Bengal had their factories. It is
seated on a creek of Hoogly River, 4 m. N. W. of
Hoogly.
Satimangalam, a town of Hindoostan, in the
province of Coimbetore, with a large stone fort,
and a considerable temple. It has manufactures
of cotton cloths, and a great trade to Seringapa-
tam. In its vicinity the troops of Tippoo Sultan
maintained a severe conflict with the British. It
is 30 m. W. of Bhawanikudal and 75 S. S. E. of
Seringapatam.
Satriano, a town of Naples, in Calabria Ultra, 8
m. S. of Squillace.
Satlarah, a town and fort of Hindoostan, in the
province of Visiapour, the residence of the Mah-
ratta prince, who was restored by the British in
1818. It is situate near the source of the Kist
nah. 50 m. S. of Poonah and 77 W. of Visiapour.
Satteagala, a town of Hindoostan, in the prov-
ince of Coimbetore, v/ith a fort of considerable
size. It stands near the Cavery, which 3 m. be-
low forms and island 9 m. in length, with noble
cataracts on each side. 36 ra. S. E. of Seringapa-
tam.
Sauceda, a town of Mexico, in New Biscay, on
a river of the same name, which joins the Nassas
to form the Palmas. 100 m. N. N. VV. of Duran
go. Long. 105. 36. W., lat. 25. 18. N.
Saucon, Upper, a township in Lehigh Co. Pa.
Saucon, Lower, a township in Northampton Co
Pa
SAV
659
SAV
Saugatuck, a river of Connecticut,flowing S. in-
to Long Island Sound near Fairfield.
Sauirerties, p.t. Ulster Co. N. Y. on the Hudson,
49 in. S. Albany. Pop. 3,750.
Saugur Island, an island of Hindoostan, well
known as a place of pilgrimage. The temple of
Kapila Muni, on the S. coast of Gunga Saugur,
is under the alternate charge of a Byragee and
Sunysee, who levy a tax of 4 annas on each per-
son visiting the temple, the amount of which is di-
vided among 5 different establishments of Raman-
andi Byragees in the vicinity of Calcutta. In
1802, during the administration of the marquis
Wellesley, the horrid practice of infanticide was
abolished on this island. It is seated at the mouth
of the Hoogly River, 100 m. from Calcutta.
Saugusy p.t. Esse.x Co. Mass. 7 m. N. E. Boston,
adjoining Lynn. Pop. 900.
Saugen, or Saulgau, a town of Germany, in
Wurtemberg, 5 m. S. W. of Buchau.
Saulieu, a town of France, department Cote d'
Or, noted as the birth-place of the celebrated Vau-
ban. Here was anciently a college of the Druids ;
and in a wood, where they performed their sacri-
fices, the ruins of a druidical temple are still visi-
ble. It is seated on an eminence, 38 m. VV. of
Dijon and 46 S. E. of Auxerre.
Suumur, a town, of France in the department
of Maine-et-Loire, with an ancient castle, and
manufactures of woolen, linen, and leather, and
some trade in wine and brandy. Here is a fa-
mous bridge over the Loire, consisting of 12 el-
liptical arches, each 60 feet in diameter. 27 m.
S. E. of Angers and 38 W. S. W. of Tours.
Saunder's Island, one of the Society Islands, in
the S. Pacific, called by the natives Tapooamanoo.
It is about 6 m. long, and has in the centre a
mountain of considerable height. Long. 150.
40. W., lat. 17. 30. S.
Sauquoit, p. v. Oneida Co. N. Y.
Saurungpour, a town of Hindoostan, in the
province of Malwa, 42 ra. IN. N. E. of Indore and
43 N. E. of Ougein.
Sauve, a town of Frane, department of Gard,ou
the Vidoure, 12 m. S. W. of Alais.
Sauveterre, a town in the department of Lower
Pyrenees, with an old ruined castle, seated on
the Gave d'Oleron 20 m. W. N. W. of Pan.
Sauveterre, a town in the department of Aveiron
15 m. S. W. Rodez.
Sauveterre, a town in the department of Gironde,
26 m. S. E. of Bordeaux.
Sava, a town of Persia, in Irak, surrounded by
walls of earth. The environs produce exquisite
fruit, particularly pomegranates and almonds, and
a considerable quantity of rice and cotton. 60 m.
S. of Casbin and 110 E. of Amadan. Long. 52.
15. E., lat. 34. 30. N.
Savage Isle, an island in the S. Pacific, about
35 m. in circumference, discovered by Cook in
1774. It received this name from the rude and
inhospitable behaviour of the inhabitants, who
were stout well made men, naked except round
the waists ; some of them had their face, breast,
and thighs painted. It is of a round form, and cov-
ered with trees, shrubs, &c. Long. 169. 30. W.,
lat. 19. 2. S.
Savannah, a river of the United States, which
separates Georgia from S. Carolinia. It is navi-
fable for boats of 100 feet keel from Augusta to
avannah, and thence for large vessels to its en-
trance into the Atlantic Ocean, at Tybee Island.
Savannah, city, in Chatham Co. Georgia, the
largest city in the state, is situated on the west-
ern bank of the river of that name, 17 m. from the
sea, with a good ship navigation for that distance.
The site of Savannah is elevated and pleasant.
The streets are wide and regular, with spacious
squares and many handsome edifices. It con-
tains 10 churches, a theatre, an exchange, a hos-
pital and a public library. It is an unhealthy
place in summer, yet enjoys considerable com-
merce, and is the great mart for the cotton plan-
ters of the whole state. It is 118 m. S. W.
Charleston : 123 S. E. Augusta : 1(M3 E. S. E.
Milledgeville and 658 S. W. Washington. Lat.
32. 8. N., long. 81. 10. W. Pop. 7,308.
Savannu la Mar, a town of Jamaica, in Com-
wallis county, with a good anchorage for large
vessels. In 1780 great part of the town was des-
troyed by a dreadful hurricane and inundation of
the sea; but it has since been rebuilt. It is seat-
ed on the S. side of the island. Long. 7b. 6. W.,
lat. 18. 12. N.
Savatopoti. See Sebastopolis.
Save, a river of the Austrian empire, which
has its source on the N. W. confines of Carniola,
runs E. through that country, separates Scla-
vonia from Croatia, Bosnia, and Servia and joins
the Danube near Belgrade.
Savenay, a town of France, department of Low-
er Loire, 18 m. N. W. of Nantes.
Savendroog, a strong fortress of Hindoostan, in
Mysore, situate on the top of a vast rock, rising
half a mile in i>erpendicular height, from a base
of above 8 m in circumference, and divided at
the summit by a chasm that forms it into two
hills : these having each its particular defences,
serve as two citadels, capable of being maintained
independently of the lower works, which are also
wonderfully strong. Notwithstanding this, it
was taken by a the English, in 1791, after a siege
of seven days. 85 m. N. E. of Seringa patanj.
Saverdun, a town of France, department of Ar-
riege, with a castle, seated on the Arriege. 25 m.
S. S. E. of Toulouse.
Siiverne, a town in the department of Lower
Rhine, seated at the foot of Meant Vosges, in a
country which produces plenty of wine, 20 m.
W. N."W. of Strasburg.
Sa,vigliano, a town of the Sardinian states, in
Piedmont, with a rich Benedictine abbey. Here
the French were repulsed in 1799 by the Aus-
trians. It is seated in a fertile plain, on the river
Maira, 30 m. S. of Turin.
Savolax, a district of the Russian empire, in the
province of Finland, 200 m. long and 100 broad,
consisting mostl}' of woods, lakes, rivers, and
morasses, and abounding in elks and reindeers.
The inhabitants are thinly dis{)ersed, and subsist
by cultivating buck-wheat, breeding cattle, hunt-
ing, fishing, and making wooden ware. Kuopia
is the capital.
Savona, a strong town of the Sardinian states,
in the territory of Genoa, with a citadel on a
rock, and several fine churches. The Genoese,
fearing that it would hurt their trade, ruined the
harbour, and rendered it unfit for large vessels.
It was taken by the king of Sardinia in 1740,
restored to the republic of Genoa in 1748, and
taken in 1795 by the French, who surrendered
to the Austrians in 1800, through famine. In
1800 and 1801 it was the residence of the pope,
during his dispute with Bonaparte. By the con-
gress of Vienna it was ceded, with the whole Ge-
noese territory, to the king of Sardinia. It is
seated on the Mediterranean, 24 m. VV. S. W of
Genoa. Long. 8. 20. E., lat. 44. 18. N.
-m^
SAX
660
SAX
Savoniers, a town of France department of
Indre-et-Loire, near which are caverns famous
for their petrifactions. 8 m. S. W. of Tours.
Savoy, a duchy of Europe, belonging to the
kingdom of Sardinia, 85 m. long and C7 broad ;
bounded on the N. by the lake of Geneva, which
separates it from Switzerland ; E. by the Alps,
which divide it from Vallais and Piedmont; S.
by the latter and France ; and W. by France.
Tlie air is cold on account of high mountains,
which are almost always covered with snow ;
but the valleys are fertile in corn and wine, and
many of the mountains abound with pastures
that feed a great number of cattle. The princi-
pal rivers are the Isere, Arc, and Arve. The
Savoyards, from the nature of their country, are
generally very poor; and great numbers of them
seek a livelihood in France, England, and other
countries, in quality of showmen, &c. The
French subdued this country in 1792, and made
it a department of France, by the name of Mont
Blanc, which was confirmed to them by the treaty
of Paris in 1814; but in 1815 it was restored to
Sardinia, with the exception of a small district
(the commune of St. Julian) ceded to the Swiss
canton of Geneva. Chamberry is the capital.
Savoy, p.t. Berkshire Co. Mass. 120 N. W.
Boston. Pop. 928.
Savu, an island in the Indian Ocean, to which
the Dutch have a bind of exclusive trade, having
entered into an agreement with the rajahs that
their subjects shall trade with no other ships. It is
2C m. in length, and very fertile. Long. 122. 30.
E., lat. 10. 35. S.
Saiopd, p. v. Westchester Co. N. Y.
Sax, a town of Spain, in Murcia, near which is
an ancient citadel on the summit of a rock. It is
seated on the Elda, on the borders of Valencia,
25 m. W. N. W. of Alicant and 42 N. N, E. of
Murcia.
Sax, a. town and district of Switzerland, in the
canton of St Gall, with a castle, 14 m. S. of Rhei-
neck.
Saxenburg, a town of the Austrian states, in
Carinthia, near which are three forts and a strong
pass. It is situate on the Drave, 38 m. W. of
Clagenfurt. Long. 13. 12. E., lat. 46. 44. N.
Saxmundham, a town of Suffolk, Eng. seated on
a hill, 20 in. N. E. of Ipswich and 89 of London.
Saxony, in its comprehensive sense, denotes a
vast tract of country in the N. of Germany, ex-
tending from the VVeser on the VV. to the frontier
of Poland on the E. ; but in consequence of the
territorial changes to which it has been sub-
ject, the name has been used with great latitude
of signification. The division of Germany into
circles took place towards the close of the loth
century, and the large tract of country known
vaguely by the name of Saxony was formed in-
to three circles, Westphalia, Upper Saxony, and
Lower Saxony. Upper Saxony comprised the
electorates of Saxony and Brandenburg, the
duchy of Pomerania, and a number of small prin-
cipalities, forming an extent of about 43,000 sq.
m. with nearly 4,000,000 of inhabitants. It was
bounded E. by Poland, Silesia, and Lusatia, and
S. by Bohemia and Franconia. Lower Saxony
was bounded N. by the duchy of Sieswick and
the Baltic, and W. by Westphalia and the Rhine.
It comprised the electorate of Hanover, the duch-
ies of Brunswick Mecklenbursr, and Holstein,
the free towns of Hamburgh, Bremen, and Lu-
beck, with a number of small states, forming an
•zt«Qt of 26,000 sq. tn. In 1806 the distinction
of circles was finally abolished, and the names
of Upper and Lower Saxony are now of use only
for the elucidation of history.
Saxony, a modern kingdom of Europe, situated
towards the N. E. of Germany, and bounded S.
by Bohemia and N. by the Prussian states. It
comprises an area of 7,188 square m. with 1,237,000
inhabitants ; but, previously to 1814, it was of
much greater extent, having been greatly reduced
by the congress of Vienna. No part of Europe,
in the same latitude, enjoys a milder climate.
The mountainous districts in the S. contain ex-
tensive forests, which are kept up with care, as
the chief supply of fuel for the mines. In the
southern and mountainous parts of Saxony the
valleys only are well cultivated; but in the level
districts in the N., particularly the circles of
Meissen and Leipzig, tillage is general : the pro
ducts are wheat, barley, oats, and other grain ;
also some tobacco and hops. Hogs and sheep are
very numerous, and the greatest care has been
bestowed on the Merino rams, first imported about
1768. Few countries equal Saxony in mineral
riches, and in none has this department of natural
history been more fully described. The principal
are silver, iron, copper, lead, limestone, coal, ar-
senic, cobalt, antimony, zinc, alum, &c. The
principal rivers are the Elbe, the two Elsters, the
two Muldas, and the Quiess. The manufactures
are of considerable extent, and consist principally
of linen, cotton, silk, and leather. The machinery
used, though inferior to the English, has of late
years been much improved. The position of Sax-
ony is not favorable for commercial intercourse.
The export consist of wool (which has long been
considerea tne best in Germany), minerals, linen
yarn, woolens, and lace. The imports are silk,
flax, cotton, coffee, sugar, wine, and, in certain
seasons, corn. A great majority of the inhabi
tants are Lutherans, but the reigning family have
been Catholics since 1697. The institutions foi
education are numerous and well conducted, and
the lower classes are generally taught to read and
write. In no country of equal extent is the num-
ber of printing and book establishments so great.
Of the universities, Halle now belongs to Prussia,
but Leipzig remains to Saxony, and retains all its
former reputation.
Saxony was for many centuries an electorate,
but in consequence of the occupancy of Prussia
by Bonaparte, in 1806, it was formed into a king-
dom. This change of title was not, however
accompanied by any extension of prerogative, tKe
sovereign continuing to share the legislative func
tions with the states, and imposing no tax with-
out their concurrence. The states are divided
into two houses, viz. the prelates and noble in
one, and the country gentry and deputies of the
towns in the other. The higher offices of ad-
ministration are entrusted to a cabinet council, a
board of finance, a military board, a high court
of appeal for judicial questions, and an upper con-
sistory for ecclesiastical. The country is divided
into the circles of Meissen, Leipzig, Erzgebirg,
and Vogtiand, with part of Merseburg, and Upper
Lusatia. Each circle has a court of justice, and
offices for the transaction of provincial business ;
and the peasantry are here in the enjoyment of
complete personal freedom. The king, as a mem-
ber of the Germanic confederation, has the fourth
rank in the smaller, and four votes at the larger
assembly. The army amounts to 12,000 men;
the revenue exceeds £1,000,000 sterling; and the
national debt is £3,700,000.
SAX
661
SCA
The Saxons are first mentioned in history by
Ptolemv, who describes them about the year 160
as a rude tribe, inhabiting Holstein and part of
Jutland. Soon after they appear to have advanced
to the S. and W., acquiring an extension of ter-
ritory. In the 5th century, on the migration of
a part of the Franks into Gaul, the Saxons ac-
quired a farther extension of territory, viz. the
country now forming the grand duchy of Olden-
burg, with part of Hanover and Prussian West-
phalia. When the Britons were forsaken by their
JR.oman defenders, they applied and obtained as-
S ■ sistance from the Saxons, against the Scots and
Picts. After maintaining, during many years a
firm resistance to the arms of Charlemagne, the
Saxons were at last obliged to submit to his con-
ditions, which involved the payment of an annual
tribute and their conversion to Christianity. The
title of duke of Saxony was conferred on Witti-
Jcind, their chief, whose family, after ruling some
time, was succeeded by that of Billung, and af-
terwards by a branch of that of Guelf, which
ruled in Bavaria. The electoral dignity was sub-
sequently conferred on the Wittemburg line of
.the house of Ascania, and, on its extinction, on
the margraves of Meissen, with the title of«lector.
The first elector, surnamed Frederick the War-
like, began his reign in 14i22; he was the founder
of the university of Leipzig.
The next memorable event in the history of
Saxony was the reformation, in the beginnincr of
the IGth century. The prince did not openly es-
pouse the cause of Luther, but, by protecting him
from persecution, he contributed much to the
establishment of his doctriiies. His successor
John Frederick, styled ' the magnanimous,' beimr
defeated by Charles V., was stripped of his states
and dignity, which the emperor conferred on
Maurice, margrave of Meissen, the cousin of the
elector, and the ancestor of the present house of
Saxony. Maurice, putting himself at the head
of the Protestant interest, proved a full match for
the artful Charles, who in 1552 had almost fallen
into his hands, and was compelled to sign the'con-
vcntion of Passau, since considered the bulwark
of the religious freedom of Germany. The Saxons
took an active part in the thirty years' war, which
terminated in the peace of Westphalia in 1648.
In 1697 the temptation of the crown of Poland,
vacant by the death of Sobieski, induced the
reigning elector, Augustus I., to profess himself
a Catholic, a change which, however, did not
prosper. The Swedes under Charles XH. not
only conquered Poland, but invaded Saxony,
brin/jing great distress upon the country until
1708, when relief was obtained by the march of
Charles into Russia, and its disastrous issue ;
after which the crown of Poland was resumed by
Augustus.
In the war of 1740, between Prussia and Aus-
tria, Saxony remained neutral. In that of 1756
the elector was tempted to take a part by the
flattering promises of Austria; but, instead of an
accession of territory, his dominions were ravaged,
and many of his subjects ruined in this dreadful
contest. In the war against France no decided
part was taken by Saxony until 1806, when the
elector sent all his troops to the field, in support
of the king of Prussia, whose subsequent over-
throw enabled Bonaparte to attach the Saxons to
his cause. The title of elector was changed to
that of king. Prussian Poland was afterwards
added to the Saxon dominions, and in 1809 was
nearly doubled by cessions obtained from Austria
But these acquisitions, disproportioned to the in-
herent strength of Saxony, led, as formerly, to
disastrous results. The Russians re-occupied
Poland in the beginning of 1813, and, joined by
the Prussians, made Saxony the scene of the
great continental struggle against Bonaparte.
The battles of Lutzen and Bautzen, the attacks
on Dresden, and the decisive engagements at
Leipzisr, were followed by the retreat of Bonaparte
to the Rhine; and his too faithful ally, the king of
Saxony, was deprived of the government of his
territories. By the decision of the congress of Vi
enna the northern and eastern part, containing no
fewer than 850,000 inhabitants, was separated from
the kingdom, and transferred to Prussia. The king
of Saxony protested against this dismemberment,
but, dreading insurrection and bloodshed, he at
length acquiesced. Dresden is the capital.
Saxony, a provine of the Prussian states, com-
prising almost the whole of the cessions made by
the king of Saxony at the congress of Vienna, and
the principalities lying to the N. of the duchy of
Anhalt, and to the W. of the rivers Elbe and Ha-
vel. It contains an area of 9,830 square
miles, with more than 1,000,000 of inhabitants,
and is divided into the governments of Magde-
burg, Merseburg, and Erfurt. The surface is in
general level, but the soil varies greatly, being
in some places dry and sandy, and in others a
heavy loam. The principal productions are corn,
hemp, flax, and chicory. The inhabitants, except
in the small district called Eichsfeld, are almost
all Protestants, and are in general active and
industrious. Magdeburg is the chief town.
Saxton's River, a river in the state of Vermont,
which joins the Connecticut at Westminster.
Saijbrook, p.t. Middlesex Co. Conn, at the
mouth of Connecticut River. It is one of the
oldest towns in the state and was settled in 1639
bv Lord Brooks. It is 34 m. E. New Haven.
45 S. E. Hartford. Pop. 4,980.
Saycock, one of the islands of Japan, divided
from Niphon by a narrow channel. The Dutch
factors are premitted to reside in the little island
of Disnia. which is on the VV. side of tliis. Long.
132. 28. E., lat. 34. 0. N.
Sayn, a town and castle of the Prussian states,
in the duchy of Nassau, which gives name to a
small county. 6 m. N. of Coblentz and 50 N.
W. of Frankfort.
Sfiypan, the pleasantest and most fertile of the
Ladrone islands, 40 miles in circuit, with a safe
port called Cantanhitda on the W. side. Long.
146. 10. E., lat. 15. 22. N.
Scagen, a town of Denmark, in N. Jutland,
on a promontory of the same name, at the en-
trance of the passage from the ocean into the
Categat. Long. 10. 0. E., lat. 57. 38. N.
Scalanova, a sea-port of Asia Minor, near the
site of the ancient Ephesus, with a castle. The
trade consists chiefly in wine, raisins, corn, and
leather. 40 m. S. S. E. of Smyrna. Long. 27.
31. E., lat. 37. 54. N.
Scaled, a town of Naples, in Calabria Citra,
formerly a large city, but now greatly decayed.
It is seated on the W. coast, 25 m. S. E. of roli
castro. Long. 15. 54. E., lat 40. 0. N.
Scanderoon. See Alexandretta.
Scania. See Schonen.
Scarborough, a sea-port and borough in York-
shire, Enff. It is seated on the declivity of a
high rock, which has such scraggy sides that it
is almost inaccessible. On the top of this rock iB
r larnre orreen plain, with a little well of fresh wat-
3K
SCH
663
SCH
er, asd the remains of a castle, built by Henry
II. This town is greatly frequented on account
of its mineral waters, and also for sea-bathing.
Here is an elegant iron bridge over tlie wide
chasm through wliich the stream called the Mill-
beck flows, and connecting two lofly dissevered
cliffs. The harbour is one of the best in the king-
dom, with a commodious quay, several ship-yards,
and a strong battery. 40 m. N. E. of York and
iJib .V. of London. Long. 0. 10. W., lat. 54. 18-
N.
Scarborousrh, a town and fort on the S. E. side
of the island of Tobago. It was taken by the
English in 1793. Long. 60. 30. W., lat.'ll. 6.
N.
Scarborough, p. v. Cumberland Co. Me. 11 m.
W. Portland.
ScardoTui, a town of Austrian Dalmatia, and a
bishop's see ; seated on the Cherca, 8 m. N. of
Scbenico. Long. 17. 1. E., lat. 44. 29. N.
Scarlino, a town of Tuscany, with a castle, seat-
ed on the sea coast, 7 m. S. of Massa.
Scarpanto, an island in the Mediterranean, 18
m. long and 6 broad, lying S. W. of Rhodes. It
is mountainous and rocky, abounds in cattle and
game, and has quarries of marble. The princi-
pal town on the W. coast has a good harbour.
Long. 27. 40. E., lat. 35. 45. N.
Scarpc, a river of France, which rises near
Aubigny, in the department of Pas de Calais,
passes by Arras, Douay, and St. Amand, and en-
ters the Scheldt at Mortagne.
Scarpcria, a town of Tuscany, celebrated for its
steel manufactures, seated at the foot of the Ap-
ennines, 13 m. N. of Florence.
Scauro, the capital of the Island of Santorin,
and the see of a Latin bishop. It stands on a iof ty
volcanic rock, which projects into the roadstead,
on the W. coast of the island. Long. 25. 26. E.,
lat. 16.23. N.
Schaffhansen, a canton of Switzerland, 15 m-
long and 10 broad with 32,000 inhabitants. The re-
formation was introduced here in 1529 and the re-
ligion is Calvinism. The principal article of trade
is wine, and the manufactures are inconsider-
able.
Schnffhausen, a. town of Switzerland, capital of
the above canton, is sealed on the Rhine, and
owes its origin to the interruption of the n.^vigiv-
tion of that river by the cataract atLauffen ; huts
being at first constructed for the convrniency of
unloading the merchandise from the beets, w.':it h
by degrees increased to a large town. Though a
frontier town, it has no garrison, and the fortifi.
cations are weak. The Rhine, which is here near-
ly 400 feet wide, is crossed by a kind of hanging
bridge; the road not passing over tlie arch, but
being suspended from it, and almost level. It
was burnt by the French, when they evacuated
the town, after being defeated by the Austrians,
in 1799 ; but has since been rebuilt, nearly in the
same state as before. 22 m. N. by E. of Z^n^c,h
and 39 E. of Basel. Long. 3. 41. E, lat. 47. 39.
N.
ScalhoJt. a town of Iceland, and a bishop's see,
witb a college. Long. 22. 20. W., lat. 64. -10 N.
aetiagrhtlcvkc, p.t. Rensselaer Co. N. Y. on the
Hudson, 11 m. above Troy. Pop. 3,002.
Schamar.hi,p,,9. town of Persia, capital of S ;hir-
van. It was formerly very large, but is now de-
cayed, above 6,000 houses having been thrown
down by an earthquake. It has manufactures
of silks and cottons, and is supplied with most
Russian commodities. It stands in a valley, be-
tween two mountains, 24 m. W. of the Caspian
Sea, and 250 N. E. of Tauris. Long. 51. 5. E.,
lat. 40 50. N.
Scharding, a town of Bavaria, with a fortified
castle, seated on the Inn, 7 m. S. of Passau.
Scharnitz, a fortified town of Germany, in Ty-
rol, which defends a pass over the mountains of
considerable importance. It surrendered to the
French and Bavarians in 1805. It stands on the
confines of Bavaria, 12 m. N. of Inspruc.
Schauenburg, a principality of Germany, in
Westphalia. It is mountainous and woody, but
contains much fertile land, quarries of limestone
and freestone, and mines of alum, coal, copper,
and iron. The line of its ancient counts was ex-
tinct in 1640, and in 1647 it became the property
of the landgrave of Hesse-Cassel, of whom the
count of Lippe holds a part as a fief. Rintel is
the capital.
Schaucnstein, a town of Bavaria, in the princi-
pality of Bayreuth, 18 m. N. E. of Cnlmbach
Schaumberg, a town and castle of Germany,
which gives name to a lordship in the duchy of
Nassau, 25 m. W. S. W. of Wetzlar.
Scheer, a town and castle of Wurtemberor, cap-
ital of a lordship of its name ; seated on the
Danube, 36 ra. S. W. of Ulm. Long. 9. 24 £
lat. 48. 5. N.
Scheibenberg , a town of Saxony, near which are
mines of silver and iron. 22 m. S. of Chemnitz.
Scheldt, a river which rises in France, in the
department of Aisne, passes by Cambrjiy, Bou-
chain, Valenciennes, Conde,Tournay, Oudenard,
Ghent, Dendermond, Antwerp, and Fort Lillo,
below which it divides into two branches. One
of these called the Eastern Scheldt, flows by Ber-
gen op-Zoom ; the other, the Western Scheldt,
proceeds to Flushing, and both forming several
islands enter the German Ocean.
Schelestat, or Schletstat, a fortified town of
France, department of Lower Rhine, on the river
Ille, 20 m. S. W. of Sirasburg.
Schel.ln, a town of Hungary, seated on the
Waag, 25 m. N. E. of Presburg.
Schellcnberg, a town of Saxony, frequently call-
ed Augustusburg, from a castle of that name
standing on the mountain of Schellenberg, close
by the town. It is seated on the Zschopa, 8 m. E.
of Chemnitz.
Schdlenburg, a town of Bavaria, where a victo-
ry was obtained by the allies, over the French and
Bavarians, in 1704. 12 m. W. of Neuburg.
Srhdling, an island of the Netherlands, 12 m.
long and 3 broad, lying at the entrance of the
Zuyder Zee. It was taken by the British in 1799
Long. 5. 0. E., laf 53. 20. N.
Srhellsbvrg, p. v. Bedford Co. Pa.
Schemnitz, a town of Hungary, one of the seven
mountain-towns, with three castles. It is fa-
mous for mines of silver and other metals ; as
also for its hot baths. Near it is a hiorh rock of
shining blue stone, mixed with green^and some
spots of yellow. 80 m. E. N. £. of Presburff
Long. 18. 56. E., lat. 48. 30. N.
6VAe7icA, a fortress of the Netherlands, in Gueld-
erland, seated in the angle where the Rhine di-
vides into two branches, the Rhine and Wahal. It
is now in ruins. 13 m. E. of Nimsruen.
Schenertadi/, a county of New York borderimr
on the Mohawk. Pop. 12,334. Schenectady Ca
the capital.
Schenectadij, city, capital of the above county
stands on the Mohawk, 15 m. N. W. Albany, and'
was formerly a flourishing place, but tlie openinj;
SCH
6G3
sen
of the great Erie Canal has diverted the trade in
another direction. Here is a bridg'e across the
Mohawk. Union College at this place was found-
ed in 1795. It has 10 instructors and 205 stu-
dents. The libraries have 13,600 volumes. It
has 3 vacations in April, July and Decem-
ber of 13 weeks. Commencement is in July.
The spot where this town stands was on the
head quarters of the Mohawk tribe of Indians.
. Schenectady was settled at an early period, and
in 1600 a body of French and Indians from Cana-
da captured and burnt the town, and slaughtered
most of the inhabitants. The Mohawk and Hud-
son Railroad is designed to extend from this
place to Albany, it was begun in 1830. Pop. of
Schenectady, 4.258
Schening , a. town of Sweden, in E. Gothland,
Heated in a fertile country, 10 m. S. E. of Was-
tena.
Scheningen, a town of Germany, in the duchy
of Brunswick, near which is a Lutheran convent,
and a salt-mine. 18 m. E. of Wolfenbuttel.
Scheppenstadt, a town in the duchy of Bruns-
wick, 12 m. E. of Wolfenbuttel.
Scherpecheu. See Montaigue.
Schesburg, a fortified town of Transylvania, with
( castle, 60 m. x\. E. of Weissenburg.
Schiedam, a town and harbour, in S. Holland,
noted for its numerous distilleries of gin (Hol-
lands). It is seated on a canal, called the Schie,
which communicates with the Meuse, 6 m. W.
by S. of Rotterdam.
Schierling, a village of Bavaria, noted as the
scene of an obstinate conflict, in J 809, between
Bonaparte and the archduke Charles, generally
called the battle of Abensberg. 11 m. S. of Ratis-
bon.
Schievelbein, a town of Prussian Pomerania,
with a castle; seated on the Rega, 17 m. N. of
Dramburg.
SchUtach,a. town of Germany in thekincrdom of
Wurtemberg, on the river Schiltach, 14 m. N. N.
W. of Rothweil.
Schinta, a town of Hungary, on the river
Waag, 28 m. E. of Presburg.
Scliintznach, a town of Switzerland, in the can-
ton of Aargau. Here are some tepid mineral wa-
ters ; and near it, on a lofty eminence, are the
ruins of the famous castle of Hapsburg. It is
seated on the Aar, 10 m. W. of Baden and 20. S.
E. of Basel.
Schiras. See Shir as.
Schirvan, a province of Persia, 150 m. long
and 90 broad , bounded on the N. by Daghestan ,
E. and, S. E. by the Caspian Sea, S. W. by Ert-
van and W. by Georgia. The soil is very fertile,
producing abundance of rice, wheat, and barley ;
and the pastures feed numerous cattle. Vines are
planted along the hedges, and fastened to the
trees. Here are vast quantities of wild fowls,
particularly pheasants ; also hares in abundancr.
Schamachie is the capital.
SchJackenweld, a town of Bohemia, with a good
tin mine, 5 m. S. of Carlsbad.
Schlackentcerth, a town of Bohemia, with a
fine castle, seated on the Weisseritz, 7 m. N. iN. E.
of Carlsbad.
Schladen, a town of Hanover in the province
of Hildesheim, 28 m. E. S. E. of Hildesheim.
Schlan, a town of Bohemia, in the circle of
Rakonitz, with a castle. It is surrounded by
walls and vineyards, and is 16 m. N. E. of Ra-
konitz.
Schlawa, a town of the Prussian ntates in the
principality of Glogau, 18 m. N. of Glogau.
Schluwe, a town of Prussian Pomerania, on the
river Wipper, 10 m. W. S. W. of Stolpe.
Schleusingen, a town and castle of Saxony, in
the county of Henneburg ; seated on the Schleus,
18 m. S. E. of Smalkald and 19 N. N. E. of
Schweinfurt.
Schlitz, a town of German\', in the principality
of Fulda, on a small river that runs into the Ful-
da, 7 m. N. N. W. of Fulda.
Schlitz, a town of Germany, in Voigtland, with
a castle, 13 m. N. W.ofPlauen.
Schlusselhurg , a town and fortress of Russia,
situate on the Neva, near Lake Ladoga. The
fortress stands on an island in the river, and has
frequently been used as a stats prison. 34 m. E.
of Petersburgh. Long. 39. 55. E., lat. 59. 55.
Schmalkalden. See Smalkalden.
Schmalenberg, a town of Westphalia, on the
river Lenne, 14 m. E. of Aitendorn.
Schmicdeberg, a town of Prussian Silesia, in the
principality of Jauer. The vicinity abounds in
iron ore, and almost all the inhabitants are smiths.
It is seated at the foot of a mountain, near the
source of the Bauber, 25 m. W. S. W. of
Schweidnitz.
Schmiedeburg, a town of Prussian Saxony, 14
m. S. of Dresden.
Schmoltcn, a town of Germany, in the princi-
palitj' of Altenburg, on the river Sprotta, 7 m. S.
W. of Altenburg.
Schnceburg, a town of Saxony, with manufac-
tures of thread, silk, gold and silver lace, &c. ;
and in the neighbourhood are silver mines. It
is situate on an eminence near the Mulda, 9 m.
S. S. E. of Zwickau.
Schoda^k, p.t. Rensselaer Co. N. "Y. on the E.
bank of the Hudson, 9 m. below Albany. Pop.
3,795.
Schoharie, a county of New York. Pop. 27,910.
Schoharie is the capital.
Schoharie, p.t. the capital of the above county,
32 m. W. Albany, on a stream of the same name
flowing into the Mohawk. Pop. 5,146.
Schoharie Kill, p.v. Greene Co. N. Y. 61 m. S.
W. Albany.
Schonbeck, a town and castle of Prussian Saxo-
ny, in the duchy of Magdeburg, with some salt-
works ; seated on the Elbe, 9 m. S. S. E. of Mag-
deburg.
Schoneck, a town of Saxony, in Voigtland, 15
ni. S. E. of Plauen.
Schonecken, a town of Geiwiany, in the territo-
ry of Treves, seated on the Nyms, 28 m. N. by
W. of Treves.
Schonen, or Scanic, a province of Sweden, in
Gothland, almost surrounded by the Sound and
the Baltic. It is 70 m. long and 50 brocd, \rsfi
SCH
664
SCH
the moat level, pleasant, and fertile spot in the
kingdom, producing all the necessaries of life in
abundance. Lund is the capital.
Schongau, a town of Bavaria, surrounded by a
plain wall and some towers. The great square
IB adorned with three fountains of a kind of mar-
ble, the product of the country. It stands on the
side of an eminence, by the river Lech, 14 m. S.
of Lansburg and 40 S.'W. of Munich.
Schonhoten, a town of the Netherlands, in S.
Holland, with a commodious haven. It is cele-
brated for its gardens and its salmon fishery , and
is seated on the Leek, 14 m. E. by N. of Rot-
terdam.
Sckooley's Mountain, an eminence in Morris Co.
N. J. much visited in summer for its agreeable
Bcenery and the mineral springs in its neighbour-
hood.
Sr.horndorf, a town of the kingdom of Wurtem-
berg, with a strong castle, and productive salt
springs. It is seated on the Rems, 17 m. S. S.
E. of Stutgard.
Schouten Island, an island in the Pacific Ocean,
near the N. E. coast of New (Juinea, CO m. long
and 20 broad, discovered by William Schouten,
a Dutchman, in 1G16. Long. 135. 50. E., lat. 0.
40. S.
SfiAojccw, an island of the Netherlands, forming
the N. part of Zealand, at the mouth of the
Scheldt. It is 15 m. long and C broad. Ziriczee
is the capital.
Schrattenthal, a town and castle of Austria, 9
m. S. S. W. of Znaim.
Schrohenhausen, a town of Bavaria, on the riv-
er Par, 16 ni. S. S. W. of Ingolstadt.
Scliut, an island of Hungary, formed by the
Danube, immediately below Presburg. It is 40
m. long and 12 broad, abounds in fruit and her-
bage, and has plenty of game, wood, and fish.
The chief town is Comorn.
Schuyhr, Fort, Old and New, both in the state
of New York, on Mohawk River; the Old 4 m.
below, and the New 7 above Whilestown. The
latter is more usually called Fort Stanwix.
Schuyler, a lake in Otsego Co. N. Y. 5 m. in
length and 1 in breadth.
Schuyhr, p.t. Herkimer Co. N. Y. a!'- \he Mo-
hawk, 84 m. N. W. Albany. Pop. 2,07'!
ScAMy/ersBJWe, p. v. Saratoga Co. N. Y. '4 ♦ ».
N. Albany.
Schuylkill, a county of the E. District oi Tenn-
Bvlvania. Pop. 20,783. Orwigsburg is the capi-
tal.
Schuylkill, a river of Pennsylvania, which rises
N. W. of the Kittatinny mountains, and is navi-
gable from above Reading to its entrance into the
Delaware, 5 m. below Philadelphia.
Schicabach , a town of Bavaria, in the principal-
ity of Anspach, with numerous manufactures.
It stands on a river of the same name, which
flows into the Rednitz, 12 ni. E. by N. of Anspach.
Schwulbach, a town of Germany, in tlie duchy
of Nassau, frequented for its mineral waters ;
Beated on the river Aa, 32 m. W. of Frankfort.
Sclncnienhurg, a town of Westphalia, in the
county of Lippe, 18 m. N. E. of Paderborn.
Schwan, a town of Germany, in the duchy of
Mecklenburg, on the river Warnow, 10 m. N. of
Gustrow.
Schcandm'f, a town of Bavaria, in the princi-
Sality of Neuburg, on the river Nab, 21 m. N. of
Latisbon.
Schwanenstadt, a town of Austria, near which
the Frer ch gained a decisive victory over the
Austrians in 1800. It is seated on the Ager, 25
m. S. W.ofLintz.
Schwartzburg, an ancient castle of Germany,
which gives name to a district belonging to the
house of Saxony. The district is divided into
two parts, the upper and lower, each bearing the
name of county. Rudolstadt and Sondershausen
are the chief towns. The castle is seated on the
Schwartz, 7 m. S. W. of Rudolstadt.
Sclncurtzenberg, a town of Bavarian Franconia,
in a principality of the same name, with a castle,
seated on the Lee, 24 m. E. S. E. of Wurtzbuig.
Schwartzenberg, a town of Saxony, with wire
and lace manufactures. In the vicinity are iron
forges, and mines of tin and lead. It is 10 m.
W. S. W. of Annaberg.
Schicarlzenburg, a town of Switzerland, capital
of a bailiwic, in the canton of Bern. 10 m. S. E.
of Friburg, and 17 S. S. W. of Bern.
Schwatz, a town of Austria, in Tyrol, with a sil
ver and copper mine ; seated on the river Inn, 14
m. N. E. of Inspruc.
Schwedt, a town of Prussia, in Brandenburg,
with a magnificient castle, seated on the Oder, 24
m. S. E. of Prenzio.
Scfnceidnitz, a strong city of Prussia, in the gov-
ernment of Reichenbach, capital of a principality
of the same name, with a castle. Half of the
magistrates are Catholics, but most of the inhabi-
tants are Protestants, who have a church witliout
the town, as also a public school. All kinds of
leather, particularly cordovan, are manufactured
here. In 1716 the greatest part of this city was
burnt down, but it was rebuilt in an elegant man-
ner. The Austrians took it, in 1757, from the
Prussians, who retook it the next year. In
1807 it surrendered to the French. It is seated
on an eminence on the river Weistritz, 22 m. S.
W. of Breslau. Long. 16. 32. E., lat. 50. 44. N.
Schweinfurt, a town of Bavarian Franconia, with
a palace. The inhabitants carry on a large trade
in wine, woollen and linen cloth, goose quills, and
feathers. This town was taken by the French in
1796, and was given to Bavaria in 1802. It is
scaled on the Maine, 21 m. N. E. of Wurtzberg.
Long. 10. 35. E., lat. 50. 6. N.
Sclncc^nitz, a town of Saxony, on the river Els-
ter, 14 m. S. E. of Wittenberg.
Schweinsberg, a town of Germany, in Hesse-
Cassel, on the river Ohm, 7 m. S. E. of Marburg.
Schweitz, a canton of Switzerland, bounded on
the W. by the Waldstadter See, S. by the canton
of Uri, E. by that of Glarus, and N. by those of
Zurich and Zug. Tliis canton, with that of Uri
and Underwalden, threw off the yoke of Austria
in 1308, and formed a perpetual alliance in 1315,
which was the grand foundation of the Helvetic '
'ionfederacy. The name of Schweitzerland, Swis-
serland, or Switzerland, originally comprehended
only these three cantons, but was afterwards ex-
tended to all Helvetia. The whole country, being
rugged and mountainous, consists chiefly of pas-
ture, raises little corn, and has no wine ; but this
soil, naturally barren, has been improved by the
natives to a great degree of fertility. The inhab-
itants made a spirited but unavailing resistance
to the French in 1798, and they suffered severely
in 1799, when Switzerland became the scene ol
military operations. The Roman Catholic is the
established religion.
Schweitz, the capital of the above canton, is
seated near the Waldstadter See, on the slope of
a hill, at the bottom of two high and rugged
rocks, called the Schweitzer Haken. The church
BCl
665
SCL
H a large magnificent building. 18 m. E. by
S of Lucern. Long. 8. 31. E., Tat 46. 56. N.
Schicitz, Lake of. See Waldstadter See.
Schicelm, a town of Prussian Westphalia, in the
county of Mark, near which are some medicinal
springs. 26 m. E. of Dusseldorf.
Schtcerin, a town of Germany, capital of the
grand duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin. It is di-
vided into four parts ; namely, Schwerin. the New
Town, the island of Schelf, and the Moor, which
are all nearly encircled by a beautiful lake. The
principal church is a fine Gothic pile, with a lofty
spire. The ducal palace and gardens are on an
island in the lake, and have a communication with
the town by a drawbridge. This town was taken
bv the Prussians in I'fo!), andin 1806 it was occu-
pied by the French. It is 35 m. W. S. W. of
Gustrow. Long. 11. 33. E., lat. 53. 56. N.
Schwerte, a town of Prussian Westphalia, in the
county of Mark, on the river Roer, 7 m. S. of
Dortmund.
Schwctz, a town and castle of Prussia, on the
Vistula, 7 m. N. of Culm.
Schwiebussen, a town of Prussia, in the princi-
pality of Glogau. It has a castle, a Catholic par-
ish church, a Protestant church, good cloth manu-
factures, and fertile gardens and[ vineyards. 13
in. N. of Zullichau. Long. 15.47. E.lat.' 52. 21. N.
Schwinhurg, a town of Denmark, on the S. coast
of the island of Funen, with the best harbour in
the island, and maiaifactures of woolen and linen.
23. m. S. S. E. of Odensee. Long. 10. 30. E., lat.
55. 10. N.
Sciati, an island of the Grecian Archipelago, 14
m. N. N. E. of Negropont, and almost at the en-
trance of the gulf of Salonichi. It is 10 m. lonor
and 4 broad Long. 23. 40. E., lat. 39. 24. N. °
ScienceviU.e, p. v. Greene Co. N. Y. 59 m. W.
Albany.
Sciglio, a town of Naples, in Calabria Ultra, on
the side of a rocky promontory, called Scylla. or
Cape Sciglio. In the terrible earthquake of l783
the sea was thrown furiously 3 m. inland, and on
its return swept off about 2,500 of the inhabitants,
with the prince of Sciglio, who hoping to find
security, were then on the Scylla Strand, or in
^ats near the shore. It is 10 m. N. by E. of Reg-
• fio- .
Scilly, a cluster of numerous isles and rocks, at
the entrance of the English and Bristol channels,
lying almost 10 leagues W. of the Lands-end, in
Cornwall. Of these only five or six are inhabited.
They are a resort for sea-fowl, and feed many sheep
and rabbits. The inhabitants principally subsist
by fishing, burning kelp, and acting as pilots.
The chief isle is that of St. Mary, nearly 3 m. long
and 2 broad, which has a good port, is well forti-
fied, and contains more inhabitants than all the
rest put together. In this isle, and in two or three
others, are various antiquities, particularly the re-
mains of a temple of the Druids, and ancient sep-
ulchres. Oi that of St. Agnes is a liglit-house,
which, with the gallery, is 51 feet high, and is a
very fine column. At the outermost extremity of
the isle of St. Martin is a seamark, built with rock-
stone, and as conspicuous by day as the light-
house on St. Agnes, but not so high and large.
The Scilly rocks have been fatal to numbers of
ships entering the English channel. One of the
most disastrous events of this kind happened in
1707, when three men of war perished, with ad-
miral sir Cloudesley Shovel and all their crew.
St. Agnes light-house is in Long. 6. 19. W.. lat.
49,54. N.
84
Seillt/, a group of isles or shoals, in the S. Pa-
cific, discovered by captain Wallis in 1767, and
described as extremely dangerous. Long. 155
30. W., lat. 16. 30. S.
Scio, anciently called Chios, an island of the
Archipelago, near the coast of Natolia, 36 m. long
and 13 broad. It is a mountainous country ; but
fruits of various kinds grow in the fields, such as
oranges, citrons, olives, mulberries, and pomegra-
nates, interspersed with myrtles and jasmines.
The wine of Scio, so celebrated by the ancients,
is still in great esteem ; but the island is now
principally distinguished by the profitable culture
of mastich : it has also some trade in silk, cotton,
and figs. Besides the town of the same name, it
contains 68 villages, all inhabited by Greeks;
and those which furnish mastich are the most rich
and populous. In 1822 this island became the
scene of unparalleled barbarity, in consequence of
the Greek population having joined their coun-
trymen in their struggle for liberty. The Turks
landed several thousand men, and: massacred all
the men, and the male children above 12 years of
age ; the women and young children were sent
into captivity, and the male children were cir-
cumcised in token of conversion to Mabomedism.
From the llth of April to the 10th of May the
number of slain amounted to 25,000, and that of
captives to 30,000. Scio is still held by the
Turks.
Scio, the capital of the above island, and a bish-
op's see. It is the best built town in the Archi-
pelago ; the houses being commodious, some of
them terraced, and others covered with tiles.
The castle, an old citadel built by the Genoese, is
now in ruins. The harbour is a rendezvous for
ships that go to, or come from Constantinople : it
will contain 80 vessels, is protected by alow mole,
and has two light-houses. It stands on the E.
side of the island, 67 m. W. of Smyrna. Long.
26. 2. E., lat. 38. 28. N.
Scioto, a. river of Ohio rising in the central part
of the State and flowing southerly into the Ohio
at Portsmouth. The Ohio canal passes along its
banks.
Scioto, a county of Ohio lying on the above
river. Pop. 8,730. Portsmouth is the capital.
Scioto, townships in Ross, Delaware, Picka-
way, Jackson and Madison Cos. Ohio.
Scioto Salt Works, a tract of land reserved by
the United States in Jackson Co. Ohio. 23 m. S.
E. Chillicothe. Considerable salt is made here.
Scipio, p.t. Cayuga Co. N. Y. on Cayuga Lake.
174 m. W. Albany. Pop. 2,691. a township of
Meigs Co. Ohio.
Sciro, or Sciros, an island of the Grecian Ar-
chipelago, to the W. of Metelin, 1.5 m. long and
8 broad. The country is mountainous, but has
no mines. The vines make the beauty of the isl-
and, and the wine is excellent; nor do the natives
want corn or wood. It contains only the village
and convent of St. George, both built on a coni-
cal rock, 10 m. from the harbour of St. George.
Long. 24. 38. E., lat. 38. 54. N.
Scituale, p.t. Plymouth Co. Mass. 17 m. S. Bos
ton, on Massachusetts Bav. Pop. 3,740 ; a town-
ship of Providence Co. R. I. 12 m. S. W. Provi
deuce. Pop. 6,853.
Sclavonia,a. province of Au8tri"i,situate between
the rivers Drave and Danube on the N. and the
Save on the S. ; bounded on the W. by Croatia,
from which to the conflux of the Save with tire
Danube it is 150 m. in length, and from 45 to 2S
in breadth. A chain of lofty mountains, covered
3k2
SCO
6e6
SCO
with forests, extends from E. to W. nearly
through its whole length ; but the remainder is a
fertile level country, producing wheat, barley,
maize, flax, henip, madder, and a variety of fruits.
The eastern part is called Ratza, and the inhabi-
tants Kascians. These form a particular nation,
and are of the Greek church. The ancient Scla-
vonia contained many large countries : some
have extended it from the Adriatic to the Euxine
Sea, and say that it had its name from the Sclavi,
a Scythian nation, who conquered Greece and
this country in the reign of emperor Justinian.
The language of Sclavonia is the mother of four
others ; namely, those of Hungary, Bohemia, Po-
land, and Russia.
Scone, or Scoon, a village of Scotland, in Perth-
shire, noted for an ancient palace where the kings
of Scotland used to be crowned. It is situate on
the E. side of the river Tay, a mile N. of Perth.
Scopelo, an island of the Grecian Archipelago,
10 m. long, and 5 broad. It is very fertile, pro-
duces plenty of good wine, and contains 12,000
inhabitants. 5 m. S. of Sciati. Long. 23. 50.
E., lat. 39. 24. N.
Scopiti, a town of Macedonia, and an archbish-
op's see; seated on the Vardar, over which is a
bridge of 12 arches, 150 m. N. N. W. of Salonica.
Long. 21. 45. E., lat. 42. 40. N.
Scotch Plains, p. v. Essex Co. N. Y. 42 m. N.
E. Trenton.
Sconondoa, p.v Oneida Co. N. Y. 112 m. W.
Albany.
Scotland, the northern of the two kingdoms
into which the island of Great Britain was for-
merly divided. It is bounded on the W. by th«
Atlantic Ocean, N. by the North Sea, E. by the
German Ocean, S. E. by England, and S. by the
Irish Sea. To Scotland also appertain the islands
on its western coast called the Hebrides, or Wes-
tern Islands, and those to the N. E. called the
Orkney and Shetland Islands. From N. to S. it
extends 270 miles, and its greatest breadth is 150,
but in some places not above 30, and no part is
distant above 40 miles from the coast. It con-
tains about 18,000,000 of acres, and the number
of inhabitants in 1821 was 2,093,456. Scotland is
divided into two districts, the Highlands and
the Lowlands ; the former comprising the moun-
tainous part to the N. and N. W , and the latter
Ihe more level district on the E. and S. E. But
nature seems to have pointed out three grand
divisions in Scotland. The first, or N. division,
18 formed by a chain of lakes, which cross the
country, from the frith of Murray to the isl-
and of Mull, in a S. W. direction ; the sec-
ond, or middle division, is bounded on the
S. by the friths of Forth and Clyde, and the
great canal by which they are united ; and
on the S. side of this boundary is the third,
or S. division. The N. division is chiefly an as-
semblage of vast dreary mountains ; not, how-
ever, without some fertile valleys on the north
em and eastern shores. The middle division is
traversed in diff'erent directions, by several rang-
es of mountains ; and though cultivation here ts
also found chiefly on the eastern shore, yet of
this division, as wt 11 as of the former, the arable
land bears a small proportion to the mountainous
and barren tracts. The S. division has a ffreat
resemblance to England, and, with respect both to
the general aspect of the country and to the pro-
gress of cultivation, exhibits every kind of rural
variety. The civil division of the country is into
33 counties. The principal rivers are the Spey,
Don, Tay, Tweed, Clyde, Forth, Northern Dee
Esk, Annan, Nith, and Southern Dee. The
lochs, or lakes, are numerous, and some of them
extensive. The climate is very various. The
northern extremity, which is in the same latitude
with some parts of Norway, is extremely cold ;
but, from its insular situation, the fronts are far
from being so intense as in parts of the continent
equally as far to the N. Its W. coast is subject
to frequent rains in the summer, and to sudden
changes of weather. In many places on the east-
ern shore, and in the whole S. division, the climate
is not inferior to the N. part of England. The
products of the country are grain, flax, woods of
oak and fir, coal, lead, iron, freestone, limestone,
slate, the most beautiful marble, fine rock-crystals,
pearls, variegated pebbles, «fcc. It feeds vast herds
of cattle and flocks of sheep, which are much
valued for the delicacy of their flesh ; and the
fleece of the latter emulates the finest Spanish
wool. On the high grounds the cattle are very
diminutive ; but in many parts of country the
horses and cows are not excelled in size and
beauty by those of the English breed. The stag,
or red deer which has disappeared from about
every other part of Europe is still found in this
country. Among the other wild animals are the
roe, fox, badger, otter, hedge-hog, rabbit, weasel,
mole, and other small quadrupeds. Among the
feathered race are the capercailzie, or the cock of
the wood, the eagle, falcon, partridge, quail, snipe,
plover, black game, &c. Scotland was governed
by a king before the Romans visited England, and
continued an independent kingdom till the death
of the English queen Elizabeth, when fames VI.,
of Scotland, the most immediate heir, was called
to the throne of England, and constantly resided
in the latter ; he and his successors called them-
selves kings of England and Scotland, and each
country having a se|)arate parliament, till the year
1707, in the reign of queen Anne, when both
kingdoms were united under the general name of
Great Britain. The counties send one member
each to parliament, except Bute and Caithness,
Cromarty and Nairn, Kinross and Clackmannan,
which send members in conjunction ; so that the
•ounties send 30 members, which, with 15 sent
by the cities and boroughs, make the 45 com
moners sent by Scotland ; and 16 peers are elect-
ed to represent the nobility. The established re-
ligion is the presbyterian, which is modelled prin*
cipally after the Calvinistical plan settled at Ge-
neva, and on a general principle of an equality
of ecclesisstical authority among its presbj'tex^
SEA
«e7
SEB
There are few Roman Catholics, but the Protes-
tant Dissenters are numerous. With respect to
the trade and manutactures, they are noticed
under the respective cities and towns. Edinburgh
is the capital.
^ .. Sattland Aeck, p.v. Halifax Co. N. C.
Scotl-and Society, p.v. Windham Co. Conn. 34
n. E. Hartford.
Scott, a county of the W. District of Virginia.
Pop. i>,702. Estillville is the capital ; a county
of Kentucky. Pop. 14,677. Greorgetown is the
capital ; a county of Indiana. Pop. 3,097. New
Lexington is the capital.
Scott, p.t. Cortland Co. N. Y. on Skeneateles
Lake. 170 ra. W. Albany. Pop. 1,452; p.v.
Adams Co. Ohio.
Scotlsburg, p.v. Halifax Go. Va.
Scottsville, p V. Genesee Co. N. Y. 252m. W.
Albany ; p.v. Powhatan Co. Va. 30 m. VV. Rich-
mond;" p.v.Allen Co. Ken. 160 S.W.Frankfort.
Scriba, p.t. Oswego Co. N. Y. on L. Ontario at
the mouth of Oswego river. Pop. 2,073.
Scriven, a county of Georgia. Pop. 4,776.
Jacksoiiborough is the capital.
Scroon, a river of New York flowing through a
lake of the same name into the Hudson.
Sctill Camp, p.v. Surry Co. N. C.
Scull Shoals, p.v. Greene Co. Geo.
. SctUiri, a strong town of Albania.and a bishop's
Bee, seated on the lake Zeta, near its outlet, the
river Boiana, 70 m. N. by W. of Durazzo. Long.
19. 16. E., lat..42. 33. N.
Sci//rtr», a town of Asiatic Turkey, in Natolia,
which may be considered sls a suburb of Con-
stantinople. It stands on the strait opposite that
city; and presents itself in the form of an amphi-
theatre, .ifFording a very picturesque view from
the mixture of trees, houses, mosques, and mina-
rets. This town serves as an emporhim and a
rendezvous to the caravans of Asia, and has some
manufactures of silk and cotton stuffs. Here are
extensive burying grounds, shaded with lofly cy-
presses. The rich Turks of Constantinople pre-
fer being interred here ; for they consider Asia as
a land belonging to the true believers, and believe
that the land of Europe will one day fall into the
hands of Christians, and be trodden on by infidels.
Scutari is 1 m. E. of Constantinople.
Scylla, a rock near the entrance of the strait of
Messina, on the coast of Calabria, opposite the
celebrated Chary bdis. It forms a small promon-
tory in the narrowest part of the strait, and is the
famous Scylla of the ancient poets. It does not
come up to the formidable description given by
Homer, nor is the passage so narrow and difficult
as he represents it; but it is probable that its
breadth is greatly increased since his time. The
rock is nearly 200 feet nigh ; and on the side of
it stands the town of Sciglio, whence the promon-
tory is sometimes called Cape Sciglio.
Seahrook, p.t. Rockingham Co. N. H. on the
coast, 7 m. N. Newburyport. Pop. 1,096.
Scafard, a borough in Sussex, Enor. and one of
the Cinque Ports. The inhabitants are chiefly
employed in fishing, but of late it has been much
resorted to as a bathing place. It is seated near
itoe English Channel, 10 m. S. S. E. of Lewis
and 61 S. by E. of London.
Seaford, p.v. Sussex Co. N. J.
Seal, a township of Pike Co. Ohio. Pop. 1 ,173.
Searsborough, a township of Benninorton Co.
; «?t. Pop. 40.
Sc«r*i?Mm/, a township of Waldo, Co. Me. Pop.
1,151.
Searsville, p.v. Sullivan Co. N. Y. 103 m. 8.
W. Albany.
Seaion, a town cf Scotland, in Haddingtonshire.
Here is a ruinous palace, in which Mary queen of
Scots occasionally kept her court, afler her re-
turn from France. It has a considerable trade in
salt anrf coal, and is situate on the frith of Forth,
9 m. E. of Edinburg.
Sebago Pond, in Cumberland Co. Me. 18 m
N. W. Portland. It is 12 m. long and is connect-
ed with the sea at Portland by a canal.
Sebastia, a town of Palestine, the remains of
the ancient city of Samaria, 34 m. N. N. E. of
Jerusalem.
Sebastian, St., a sea-port of Spain, in Biscay,
seated at the foot of a mountain, on the top of
which is a strong citadel. The harbour is secured
by two moles, and a narrow entrance for the ships.
The town is surrounded by a double wall, and
fortified towards the sea. It carries on a great
trade, particularly in iron, steel, and wool. St.
Sebastian was taken bv the French in 1719, in
1794, and again in 1808.' On the 31st of August,
1813, it was taken by storm, by the allied forces,
under general Graham, after a short siege, during
which it sustained a most heavy bombardment,
which laid nearly the whole town in ruins. It
lias since been rebuilt. 50 m. E. of Bilbao and
5*) iN W. of Pamplona. Long. 1. 56. W., laL 43.
24. N.
Sebastian, St., the capital of the provnice of
Rio Janeir*, and of all Brazil, with a citadel on a
hill, and numerous forts. The city stands 4 m.
W. of the harbour, and behind it are high hills
crowned with woods, convents, houses, and
churches. It is 3 m. in circumference ; the streets
are straight and most of them narrow, intersecting
each other at right anales ; and the houses, in
general, are of stone, and two stories high. The
churches are very fine, and there is more religious
parade in this city than in almost any other town
in Europe. The harbour is very commodious,
with a narrow entrance defended by two forts.
Here are manufactures of sugar, rum, and cochi-
neal. The diflferent mechanics carry on their
business in distinct parts of the town ; particular
streets being set apart for particular traaes. On
the S. side of a spacious square is a palace ; and
there are several other squares, in which are
fountains, supplied with water by an aqueduct,
of considerable length, brought over a valley by
a double tier of arches. The mint is one of the
finest buildings existing, and furnished with all
the conveniences necessary for coining with the
greatest expedition. A Benedictine convent and
a fort are on the extreme point, jutting into the
harbour, opposite which is Serpent Island, where
there are a dock-yard, magazines and naval store-
houses. In another part of the harbour, at a place
called Val Longo, are warehouses, formerly ap-
propriated for the reception, and preparation for
sale, of slaves imported from Africa. St. Sebas-
tian is a bishop's see, and seated near the mouth
of the Rio Janeiro, in the Atlantic. Long. 42. 44.
W., lat. 22. 54. S.
Sebastian, Cape St., a cape at the N. W. ex
tremity of Madagascar. Long. 46. 25. E., lat. 12.
30. S.
Sebasticook, a river of Maine, flowing into the
Kennebec from the east.
Sebastopol, a sea-port of Russia, and the first
maritime town of the Crimea. It has one of the
finest and most secure harbours in the world,
capable of containing all the Russian fleets ; and
'I
SEE 6(
it 18 the chief otation of the Black Sea fleet. The
city is built on the side of a hill, which divides
two of its fine basins. The old Tartar houses are
small and ill-built; but along the quay are some
new buildings in a good taste. It stands on part
of the site of the ancient Greek city of Cherson,
where was the famous temple of Diana Taurica ;
and considerable ruins of them are yet discover-
erable. 40 m. S. S. W. of Sympheropol and 350
N. E. of Constantinople. Long. 33. 22. E., lat.
44. 25. N.
Seftec, a township of Penobscot Co. Me. Pop.
90«.
Sebenico, a strong sea-port of Austrian Dalmatia,
and a bishop's see, with four citadels. The cathe-
dral is a magnificent fabric, and its roof is com-
posed of large flat pieces of marble. The Turks
have often attempted in vain to take tiiis town.
It is sealed near the mouth of the Cherca, in the
fulf of Venice, 30 m. S. E. of Zara. Long. 16.
6. E., lat. 44. 17. N.
Sebourg, a town of France, department of Nord,
5 m. E. of Valenciennes.
Sehu. See Zebu.
Sechura, a town of Peru, inhabited by Indians,
who are chiefly employed in fishing or driving of
mules. Here commences a sandy desert;" which
extends southward about 80 m. The town stands
on a river of the same name, 3 m. from the ocean
and 180 N. N. W. of Truxillo. Long. 81. 10. E.,
lat. 5. 55. S.
Seckau, a town of the Austrian states, in Sty-
ria, seated on the Gayle, 9 m. N. of Judenburg.
Seckingen, a town of Baden, the smallest of the
Four Forest Towns. Here is a convent of Noble
nuns, whose abbess was a princes of the empire.
It is seated on an isle, formed by the Rhine, over
which is a bridge, 11m. W. of Basel.
Scckington, a village in Warwickshire, Eng. fa-
mous for a battle, in 7.57, between Cuthred, king
of the \V. Saxons, and Elhelbald, king of the
Mercians. On the N. side of its church are the
ruins of a fort, and near it an artificial hill, 45
feet high. 3 m. N. E. of Tamworth.
Second Moon, a township of Beaver Co. Pa.
Sedan, a strong town of France, capital of the
department of Ardennes, and formerly the seat of
a Protestant university. It is deemed one of the
keys of the country and has a strong castle, an
arsenal, a canal foundry, and a manufacture of
fine cloth. The famous marshall Turenne was
born, in the castle. Sedan is seated on the Meuse,
30 m. S. E. of Charlemont. Lonor, 4. 58. E., lat.
49. 42. N.
Scdnsivagur, a town of Hindoostan, the most
nothern on the coast of Canara. It is seated on
the N. side of the estuary of a river, which enters
into a deep bay, sheltered by three islands, one of
them fortified, and the entrance defended by a
fort on a lofty hill. 3 m. up the river, on the op-
posite bank, are the remains of Carwar, formerly
a noted place of European commerce, but totally
ruined during the reign of Tippo Sultan. 50
m. F. of Goa and 95 N. N. W. of Kundapu-
ra. Long. 74. 15. E. lat. 14, 51. N.
Sndbergh, a town in W. Yorkshire, Eng. with
a manufacture of cotton. 10 m. E. of kendal, 269
N. W. of London.
Sedgwick, p.t Hancock Co. Me. Pop. 1,606
Ser.hausen, a town of Prussia, in the Old Mark
of Brandenburg, nearly stirrounded by the river
Aaland, 12 m. W. of Havelberg.
Se.elwnk, p.t Bristol Co. Mass. 38. m. S. W.
Uoston, on Providence River. Pop. 2,134.
8 SEG
Seelburg, a town of Russia, in the government
of Courland, on the river Dwina, 58 m. S. E. of
Riga.
Se.clow, a town of Brandenburg, 10 m. S. W. of
CustrinT
Seelysbugh. p. v. Cattaraugus Co. N. Y. 310. m.
W. Albany.
Seer, a seaport of Arabia, capital of a principali-
ty in the province of Oman. It has a good har-
bour, and the navy of the prince is one of the
most considerable in the gulf of Persia. 108 m.
W. S. W. of Julfar. Long. 54. 58. E., lat. 25. 10.
N.
Seesen, a town of Germany, in the duchy of
Brunswick, 14 m. S. W. of Goslar.
Seez, a town of France, department of Orne,
and a bishop's see. It is seated in a fine country,
near the source of the Orne, 14 m. N. of Alencon
and 120 W. by S. of Paris. Long. 0. 11. E., lat.
48. 36. N.
Segeberg, a town of Denmark, in the dutchy of
Holstein, with a castle on a high mountain, con-
sisting of Lime-stone, large quantities of which
are carried to Hamburgh and Lubec. It is seat-
ed on the Trave, 15 m. W. N. W^. of Lubec.
Segcdin, a strong town of Hungary, with a cas-
tle, taken from the Turks in 1686. It is seated
near the Teisse, opposite the influx of the Marcs,
105 m. S. S. E. of Pest. Long. 20. 35. E., lat. 46.
18. N.
Segeswar, a town of Transylvania, capital of a
county of the same name. It is built in the form
of an amphitheatre, on the side of a hill, near the
river Kodel, 47 m. N. of Hermanstadt. Lon. 24.
55. E., lat. 47. 4. N.
Segna, a seaport of Morlachia, capital of Hun-
garian Dalmatia, with a fort. It was declared a
free port, and erected into a bishopric. In 1785.
It is seated on the gulf of Venice, 100 m. N. W.
of Spoleto. Long. 15, 21. E., lat. 45. 22 N.
Segni, a town of the papal states, in Campagna
di Roma, and a bishop's see. Organs are said to
have been invented here. It is seated on a moun-
tain, 30 ra. S. E. of Rome.
Sego,a. city of Negroland, the capital of Bam-
barra. It consists of four walled towns, two on
each side the river Niger, which contain about
30,000 inhabitants ; and, as the Moors form a con-
siderable proportion, their mosques appear in ev-
ery quarter. The houses are built of clay, of a
square form, with flat roofs ; some of them have
two stories, and many of them are white-washed
The current money consists of cowries. 290 m
W. S. W^. of Tombuctoo. Long. 2. 46. W., lat
14. 15. N.
Segorbe, a town of Spain, in Valencia, and a
bishop's see. It is seated on the side of a hill, by
the river Morvedro, 35 m. N. by W. of Valencia.
Segovia, a city of Spain, in Old Castile, capital
of a province of its name, and a bishop's see, with
a castle. It stands on two hills, and the valley
by which they ar? separated, on the S. W. side
of the Erasma ; and is surrounded by a strong
wall, flanked with towers and ramparts. It is
supplied with water by a Roman aqueduct, 3,000
paces in length, supported by 177 arches of a pro-
digious height, in two rows, one above the other.
Here the best cloth in Spain is made. The other
branches of industry are dyeing, and the manu
facture of pai)er, pottery, and lead. The cathe-
dral stands on one side of the great square, and is
one of the handsomest Gothic structures in Spain }
besides which there are 27 other churches. The
castle is seated in the highest part of the town
*«
SEi m
and has 16 rooms richly adorned with tapestry,
and ornaments of marble and porphyry. The
royal chapel is magnificently gilded, and embel-
lished with very fine paintings. The mint, for
some years the only one in Spain, is surrounded
by the river, on which are mills, employed in
coining. Segovia was occupied by the French
in I80S, but was evacuated in 1813. 43 m. N. N.
W. of Madrid. Lon. 4. 12. W., lat 41. 3. N.
Se(rovm, Nf.w, a town of Mexico, in Nicaragua,
seated near the source of a river of its name,
which Hows into the Carribean Sea, 90 m. N. by
E. of Leon. Long. 87. 5. W., kt. 13. 45. N.
Scgttria, J\'eio,B. town in the isle of Luconia and a
bi.shop's see, with a fort. It is seated at the N.
end of the island, near the mouth of the Cao-ayan,
24o m. N. of Manilla. Long. 120. 56. E., fat. 18.
3y. N.
Sf.irra, a river of Spain, which rises in the
Pyrenees, and runs S. W. through Catalonia,
passing by Puicerda, Urgel, Belaguer, and Leri-
da, to JVIequinenza, where it joins the Ebro.
6'eifTe, a town of France, department of Maine-
et-Loire, 20 m. N. W. of Angers.
Srinira, a river of Spain, which rises in the
mountains of Segura, in Murcia, crosses that
province and the S. part of Valencia, and enters
the Mediterranean at Guardaman.
Segura, a town of Spain, in Murcia, seated
among mountains, 34 m. N. E. of Ubeda and 96
W. N. W. of Murcia.
Segura, a town of Spain, in Arragon, 35 m. S.
E. of Calatajud and 38 N. of Teruel.
Segura, a town of Portugal, in Beira, with a
fort on a mountain. It stands on the frontiers of
Spain, 15 m. W. N. W. of Alcantara and 35 E. S.
£. of Castel Branco.
Sehauranpour, a town of Hindoostan, in Dehli,
capital of a district of the same name, between
the Jumna and the Ganges. 86 m. N. by W. of
Dehli. Long. 77. 15. E., lat. 30. 4. N.
Seidenberg, a town of the Prussian States, in
Upper Lusatia, with manufactures of cloth and
stockings 8 m. S. S. E. of Gorlitz.
Seilcs, a powerful nation in the N. W. part of
Hindoostan, consisting of several small independ-
ent states, that have formed a kind of federal
union. The founder of iheir sect was Nanock,
who lived in the beginning of the Kith century ;
and they are the descendants of his disciples ;
the word seiks, in the Sanscrit language, signify-
ing disciples. They are in general strong and
well made, accustomed from their infancy to the
most laborious life, and hardest fare. A pair of
long blue drawers, and a kind of chequered plad,
a part of which is fastened round the waist, and
the other thrown over the shoulder, form their
clothing and equipage. The chiefs are distin-
guished by wearing some heavy gold bracelets
on their wrists, and sometimes a chain of the
same metal round their turbans ; and by being
mounted on better horses ; otherwise no distinc-
tion appears among them. The government of
the Seiks is a military aristocracy. Their army
consists almost entirely of horse, of which a
Seik will boast they can bring 300,000 into the
field ; and it is supposed they might bring 200,
000. They have commonly two, some of them
three horses each. They indeed consider this
animal as necessary to their existence ; and while
it is customary with them to make merry on the
demise of one of the brethren, they mourn for
the death of a horse. The Seiks are tolerant in
matters of faith, and require only a conformity
) BEL , 1^ ♦
in certain signs and ceremonies ; hut, unlike the
Hindoos, they admit proselytes, although those
from among the Mahometans are not much e8«
teemed. Their capital is Lahore.
Seil, an island of Scotland, one of the Hebrides,
3 m. long and 2 broad, separated from the main-
land by a narrow strait, over which is a bridge.
Seine, a river of France, which rises in the
department of Cote d'Or, flows by Troyes, Melun
Paris, and Rouen, and enters the English Chan-
nel at Havre de Grace.
Seine, a department of France, the smallest, but
by no means the least important, in the kingdom.
It has an area of about 260 sq. m. with 780,000
inhabitants. The surface is level, and the soil
fertile in corn and wine ; also fruits and vege-
tables for the supply of Paris, which is the capi-
tal.
Seine Loieer, a department of France, including
the N. E. part of Normandy. It has an area of
2,500 sq. m. with 660,000 inhabitants. Rouen is
the capital.
Seine- et-Mame, a department of France, inclnd-
the western part of Champagne. It has an area
of 2,300 sq. m., with 310,000 inhabitants. Melun
is the capital.
Seine-et-Oise, a department of France, compris-
ing the district of Paris, under the name of de-
partment of the Seine. Exclusive of that distrct
it contains 2,200 sq. m., with 440,000 inhabitants.
Versailles is the capital.
Seinslieim, a town of Bavarian Franconia, in a
lordship of the same name, with a castle, 13 m.
S. E.of Wurtzburg.
Seissen, a town of France, department of Gers,
9 m. S. of Auch.
Seist.an, an extensive and independent prov-
ince of Persia, bounded on the N. by Korasan,
and Balck, E. by Candahar, and Sablestan, S. by
Mackeran, S. W. by Kerman, and W. by Covhes-
tan and Farsistan. The country is in general moun-
tainous. The valleys are the only habitable parts ;
for the plains are barren, and covered with fine
sand, which is sometimes raised by whirlwinds
to such a degree as to overwhelm whole caravans.
Dooshak is the capital.
Selam, a town of Mexico, in Yucatan, near the
sea-coast, 45 m. N. W. of Merida.
Selbosoe, a town of Norway, in the province of
Drontheim, 18 m. S. E. of Drontheim.
Selhy, a town in W. Yorkshire, Eng. It is the
birth-place of Henry I., whose father, William
the Conqueror built an abbey here : a canal
passes from tiiis place to Leeds, and large ships
are built here. It is seated on the Ouse, over
which is one of the completest timber bridges in
the kinirdom. 14 m. S. of York and 177 '^N. by
W. of London.
Selenginsic, a fortified town of Russia, m the
government of Irkutsk, with a fort and 3,000 in-
habitants. The adjacent country is mountainous,
but yields a great quantity of rhubarb. It stands
on the Selenora, at the influx of the Chilok, If^O
m S. E. of Irkutsk. Long. 107. 28. E., lat. 51.
16. N.
Selenti, a town of Asia Minor, in Caramania,
at the mouth of a river of the same name, 50 m.
W. S. W. of Selesk
Selesk, anciently Seleucia, a town of Carama
nia, seated on a river, 5 m. from the sea and 80
S. S. E. of Cogni. Long. 34. 36. E., lat. 36. 40
N.
Seligenstadt, a town of Germany, in Hesse
Darmstadt, with a Benedictine abbey, seated at
SEM
670
SEN
the conflux of the Gernspentz with the Maine,
14 m. E. of Frankfort
Selibria, a town of Romania, and an archbishop's
see, formerly a large place, but now much decaj'ecl.
It is seated on the sea of Marmora, 35 m. \V. of
Constantinople.
S^flitLi^ruve, p. V. Northumberland Co. Va.
Selkirfe, a borough of Scotland, the capital of
Selkirkshire. It is seated on tlie Ettrick, 30 m.
8. S. E. of Edinburgh.
Selkirkshire, a county of Scotland, bounded on
the N. E. by Edinburghshire. Fop. 6,637.
Seller svil If., p. v. Bucks Co. Va.
SttHes, a town of France, in the department of
I^ire-et-Cher, on the river Cher, 10 m. S. W.of
Romorentin.
Sclma, p.v. Dallas Co. Alab.
Seitz, a town in the df>partment of Lower
Rhine, seated on the Khine, 25 ni. N. N. E. of
Straghurg.
Seltzer, or Lo^rer Seltzer, a town of Germany,
in the duchy of Nassau celebrated for a spring
of mineral water, which is exported in great
quantities. It is situate on the Emsbach, 30 m.
E. of Coblentz.
Scmnnat, a town of Asiatic Turky, Irac Arabi,
seated on the Euphrates, where a toll is collect-
ed. 120 ra. N. W. of Bassora. Long. 46. ]5.
E., lat. 32. 2. N.
Seinbew-ghewn, a town of Sirmali, from which
is the principal road through the western hills in-
to Arracai^ To this place all Bengal artic-ee of
merchandise imported by way of Arracan srft
brought, and here embarked on the Irrawadi^-r
It stands 3 m. W. oi that river, and 30 S. by \V.
of Pagahm.
Semeo'OTwZa, a town of Negroland, in the coun-
try of Wangara, sealed on a lake formed by a
branchof the Nile, 3.30 m. S. S. W. of Bornou.
Long. 21. 30. E , lat. 14. 58. N.
Seme.ndria, a tov n of European Turkey, in
Servia, with a citad?!, seated on the Danube, 20
in. S. E. of Belgrade.
Semennud, a tow.i of Egypt, on the E. branch
of the Nile, 8 m. S. S. W. of Mansoura and 53 N.
of Cairo.
SemigaJia, a duchy of European Russia, about
100 m. long and 20 broad, forming the E. part of
the government of Courland. Mittau is the capital.
Seminari, a town of Naples, in Calabria Ultra,
with an abbey belonging to the united Greek church.
It suffered severely from an eartlicjuake in 1783,
but now contains 2,000 inhabitants. 22 m. N. E.
of Reggio.
Seminoles, a tribe of Indians in Florida, about
5,000 in number. They were formerly much more
numerous, but having committed hostilities upon
the American settlements in their neighbourhood in
1818, they were attacked by the United States
troops, and completely subdued: since which they
have never been formidable.
Scmlen, a town of Sclavonia, on the S. side of
the Danube, the principal place for carrying on the
transit trade between Turkey and Sclavonia. 4 m
W. of Belgrade.
Sempac/i, a town of Switzcriand, in the canton of
Lucerne, celebnitcd for the battle in 1386, which
established the lil)erty of the Swi-ss, and in which
Leopold, duke of Austria, was defeated and slain.
It is seated on a small lake of the same name, 7 ni.
N. W. Lucerne.
Sempronitts, p. t Cayuga Co. N. Y. 159 m. W
Albany. Pop. 5,706.
Semur en Auxnis, a town of France, department
of Cote d'or, with a castle on a rock. It has
a manufacture of cloth, and is seated on the Ar-
mancon, 34 m. W. by N. of Dijon and 135 S. E.
of Paris.
Semur en Brietmois, a town in the department
of Saone-et-Loire, 33 m. W. by S. of Macon and 45
S. of A u tun.
Sena, or Marzali, a town of Mocaranga, on the
river Zambeze, where the Portuguese have a factory.
Long 35. 3 E., lat. 7. 40. S.
Seneca, a lake and river of N. Y., in Onondaga
county. The lake is 30 m. long and 2 broad,
and lies N. and S. between those of Canandaigua
and Cayuga. At the N. end is the town of Gen-
eva, and on the E. side, between it and Cayuga
Lake, are the military townships of Romulus,
Ovid, Hector, and Ulysses. The river rises to
the W. of Geneva, passes by that town, and
receives the waters of the lake. It afterwards re-
ceives the waters of Cayuga Lake, Canandaigua
Creek, and Salt Lake, and then flows into
Onondago River.
Seneca, a county of N. Y. bounded by Lakes On-
tario, Seneca and Cayuga. Pop. 21,031. Ovid
is the capital ; a county of Ohio. Pop. 5,148
Tiffin is tlie capital.
Seneca, a township of Ontario Co. N. Y. Pop
6,161 ; townships in Morgan and JVIonroe Cos
Ohio.
Senecaville, p.v. Guernsey Co. Ohio.
Sencff, a town of the Netherlands, in the prov-
ince of Hainault, noted for a battle gained by the
French over the prince of Orange in 1674. 4. m
S. Nivelle.
Senegal, a large river which rises in the mouH-
tains of Kong, in Negroland, and flows W. on the
Southern confines of Zahara, into the Atlantic
Ocean, 120 m. N. E. of Cape Verd. Its course is
flexuous, till it arrives within 6 m. of the sea,
when it takes a sudden turn to the S., and for 75
m. is separated from the sea only by a ridge ot
sand. Its mouth, not more than half a league
over, is incommoded by a shifting bar, which ren-
ders the passage difficult and dangerous. Wild
animals are numerous along its banks, particular-
ly leopards who lie in wait near the river to sur-
prise the smaller animals resorting to the banks
to drink.
Senegal, a country on the W. coast of Africa,
lying on a river of the same name. See Fouli.
The French have a fort and a factory in an is-
land at the mouth of the river, and are masters
of the gum trade. It is called Fort Louis, was
taken by the English in 17,58, confirmed to them
by the peace of 1763, but restored m 16«3 Lonjr
16. 31. W., lat. 15. 53. N.
SER
671
SER
5enez, a town of France, department of Low-
er Alps, seated in a rough barren coi ntry, 15 ra
S. S. E. of Digne.
Senftenberg, a town of Prussia, in Lower Lu-
satia, with a castle, 35 m. N. N. E. of Meissen.
Senlis, a town of France, department of Oise,
seated on the river Donette, and almost surroun-
ed by a forest, 20 m. N. W. of Meaux and 27
N. E. of Paris.
Smnaar, a kingdom of Eastern Africa, bound-
ed E. and S. by Abyssinia, W. by Darfur, and N.
by Dongola and the independent districts of Nu-
bia. Tiie Nile flows through this immense plain
above a mile broad, full to the very brim, but nev-
er overflowing. For several miles from the banks
of this river, the soil is of very remarkable fertili-
ty ; and at the time of the rains, about the end of
August and beginning of September, the country
assumes a most delightful appearance, resembling
the pleasantest parts of Holland. Soon after the
rains cease, the dhourra ripens, the leaves turn
yellow and rot, the lakes putrefy, smell, and are
full of vermin ; all the beauty disappears, and bare
scorched Nubia returns, with all its terrors of poi-
sonous winds and moving sands, glowing and
ventilated with sultry blasts. The trade consists
chiefly in exchanging the various productions of
interior Africa with those of Egypt and Arabia.
The kingdom of Sennaar was founded by a body
of Shilluk negroes in 1504. The government is
despotic, but the king may lawfully be put to
death whenever the chief officers decide that his
reign is no longer a public benefit.
Sennaur, a city of Nubia, and capital of the
above kingdom, is 5 m. in circumference, and
very populous. The houses are chiefly of' one
story, with flat roofs ; but the suburbs contain
only cottages covered with reeds. The palace
is surrounded by high walls, and is a confused
heap of buildings. The heats are almost insup-
portable in the day-time, except in the rainy
season, at which time the air is unwholesome.
The commodities are elephants' teeth, tamarinds,
civet, tobacco, and gold dust. Thereis a market
near the palace, where slaves are sold ; the fe-
males sit on one side, and the males on another ;
the Egyptians buy great numbers of them every
year. The merchandise required here consists of
spices, paper, brass, hardware, glass beads, and
a black drug which is used to colour the eye-
brows. The wo Tien of quality have slight gar-
ments of silk, and wear rings of various metals on
their hair, arms, legs, ears, and fingers. Women
of a low rank, and girls, have cloths wrapped
round them from the waist to the knees. The
men go almost naked. Sennaar is seated on an
eminence, near the river Nile. Long. 33. 0. E.,
lat. 13. 4. N.
Sens, a town of France, department of Yonne,
and an archbishop's see, with a handsome Gothic
cathedral. Several ecclesiastical councils have
been held here; in that of 1140 the well
known Abelard was condemned. Sens was ta-
ken by the allies in 1814, but soon afler evacua-
ted. It is seated in a fertile country, at the con-
flux of the Vanne with the Yonne, 25 ra. N. of
Auxerre and 80 S. E. of Pais. Long. 3. 17. E.,
lat. 48. 12 N.
Sepidveda, a town of Spain, in Old Castile,
30 m. N. E. of Segovia.
Sera, or Sira, a town of Hindoostan, in My-
sore, with a stone fort of a good size. It is the
principal place in the central division of the
rajah's domioions N. of the Cavery, and carries
on a considerable inland commerce. The wbof«
of the cloth made here is used in the neigbi/onj"-
hood. Since the restoration of the rajah, in 179i>,
the fort has been garrisoned by British troops
48 m. S. E. of Chitteldroog, 48 N. of Serringapa
tarn. Long. 76. 53. E., lat. 13. 36. N.
Serai, a town of Eurof>ean Turkey, capital of
Bosnia, and the see of a Catholic bishop, appoint*
ed by the king of Hungary. It is a large com-
mercial place, and is seated on the river Bcsna
130 m. W. S. W. of Belgrade. Long. 19. 15. £.,
lat. 44. 14. N.
Serampore, a town of Bengal, belonging to the
Danes. The houses are of brick, plastered with
mortar, and have flat roofs, with balconies and
Venetian windows. The inhabitants carry on
some trade with Europe, China, &c. But the
town is principally distinguished as the early seat
of the Baptist mission in India, and as the resi-
dence of British subjects who take refuge here
from their creditors, it is seated on the W.
bank of the Hooghly. 12 m. N. of Calcutta.
Serdobol, a town of Russia, in the government
of Wiburg, on the lake Ladoga, 60m. N. N. E.
of Wiburg.
Sered, or Szsered, a town of Hungary, on the
river Waag, 30 m. E. N. E. of Presburg.
Serfo, or Serfan'e, an island of the Grecian
Archipelago, 8 m. long and 5 broad, and full of
mountains and rocks, in which are mines of iron
and loadstone. The inhabitants are all Greeks,
and have but one town, called St. Nicholo,
which is a poor place. 50 m. N. W. of Naxaia.
Long. 25. 10. E., lat. 37. 19. N.
Sergaar, a town of Russia, in the government
of Niznei Novogorod, 48 m. S. E. of Niznei No-
vogorod.
Sergippe, a province on the coast of Brazil
to the S. of Pernambuco. It produces sugar
and tobacco in considerable quantities and has
some silver mines.
Sergippe, a sea-port of Brazil, capital of the
above province, seated at the mouth of the Ser-
gippe, 120 m. N. E. of St. Salvador. Long. 37.
44. W., lat. 12. 10. S.
Serignan, a town of France, department of He-
rault, 'at the mouth of the Ombre, in the gulf of
Lions, 8 m. S. E. of Beziers.
Serinagur, or Guwal, a province of Hindoostan,
situated chiefly between .30. and 32. of N. lat. and
between 77 and 79. of E. long. It is estimated at
140 m. in length by 60 in breadth ; and is ffovern-
ed by a rajah, under the protection of the British.
Serinagur, the capital of the above province, is
about three quarters of a mile long, the houses
built of rough stone and mud, and covered with
slate, but seldom more than two stories high. The
streets are narrow and dirty, but there are some
good shops. It is situate in a valley on the river
Alcanauda, which is crossed by a bridge of ropes.
On the opposite side of the river, at the village of
Ranihut, is a temple sacred to Raja Ishwara,
principally inhabited by dancing women, whose
lives are devoted to prostitution as a religious
service ! Serinacrur is 38 m. from Hardwar.
Long. 79. 18. E.,''lat. 30. 11. N.
Serinstipatam, a city of Hindoostan, the modern
capital of Mysore, is situate in an island, 3 m.
long, and 1 broad, formed by the Cavery, which
is here a large and rapid river, with a wide and
rocky channel. The streets are narrow and
confused, and the generalitv of the houses mean.
The city is strongly fortified; notwithstanding
which, lord Cornwallis, in 1792, here compelled
SER
673
SET
ppoo to sign a treaty, by which he ceeded half boundary; partly to the number of forests, and
his dominions, and agreed to pay a vast sum of the general neglect of cultivation in its interior.
' The soil is in general fertile, but a small propor-
tion of the country is as yet under tillage. The
products are wheat, barley, oats, rice, hemp, flax,
and tobacco ; also vines, and fruit of various kinds ;
and in the valleys and other warm spots cotton is
raised. Mines of iron have been discovered in
money to the English and their allies ; and, a new
war taking place in 1799, the British troops car-
ried the fort by an assault, in which Tippoo was
killed. The city and the island have since been
retained by the English, towards the support of the
Late sultan's family. Tlie palace is very large,
and surrounded by a massy wall of stone and several parts; but they are almost entirely neg-
mud : it is now the residence of a surgeon. The lected. The only manufactures are of woolen,
geratrlio of Hyder has been converted into an cotton, and hardware, for home consumption.
European hospital, that of Tippoo into a barrack Servia was formerly an independent kinjidom,
f<,r artillery ; the private apartments of the latter but yielded to the Turks in 1365. In 1801 an
are occupied by tne resident, and the public ones insurrection took place against their authority,
by European troops. Without the walls of the under the standard of Czerni Georges, previously
City are two gardens and palaces; and near to one known as the head of a band of robbers, but now
of them is the mausoleum of Hyder, where rests honored with the name of avenger of his country.
all that was mortal of this Mahometan dynasty, In 1814 he judged proper to withdraw into Rus-
consistintr of Hyder and his wife, and Tippoo,who sia; and by a convention concluded between his
lie under^tombs covered with rich cloths, at the country and the Porte, in 1815, the Servians ac-
eipense of the British government; and the es- knowledged the sovereignty of the sultan, bi/.
tablishment of priests to offer up prayers, and of preserved the free exercise of their religion, as
musicians to perform the nobut, is retained as well as their civil rights. Belgrade is the capital
formerly. In the space between the city and the
two (rardens is the suburb called Shahar Ganjam,
whicli is rapidly increasing on a regular plan.
Serino-apatam is 10 m. N. of Mvsore, and 290 W.
by S.^Madras. Long. 7C. 50. E., lat. 13. 24. N.
Serinsrham. an island in the S. of India, in the
district of Trichinopoly, celebrated for its Hindoo
temple, to which pilgrims from all parts of Hin-
doostan, resort for absolution ; and here, as in all
great pagodas, the Brahmans live in a subordina-
tion that knows no resistance, and slumber in
voluptuousness that feels no want. At present
the allowance made by the British government
for the support of the temple and its establish-
ment, amounts to about iiG,240 sterling.
Seron^, a town of Hindoostan, in Malwa, cele-
brated for its raanufiicture of painted cottons and
chintzes. It is situate in the river Cavery, half lat. 27. 10. N
SessJach, a town and castle of Bavarian Fran-
conia, 16 m. N. of Bamberg.
Sesto, a town of Austrian Italy, in the Milanese^
seated on the Ticino, where it issues from th«
lake Maggiore, 25 m. W. N. W. of Milan.
Sestre, Grand, or Great Parts, a town of Gui.n
ea, on the Grain Coast ; near which is Petit Ses-
tre. It is one of the largest and most commer-
cial towns in the country. Long. 7. 0. W., lat.
4. 50. N.
Sestri di Levante, a town of the Sardinian states,
in the territory of Genoa, 30 m. E. S. E. of Ge-
noa.
Se-tcheou, a city of China, of the first rank, in
the province of Koei-tcheou. It is situate among
mountains, v/hich yield cinnabar and quicksilver,
980 m. S. S. W. of Pekin. Long. 108. 25. E.,
a mile N. of the fortress of Trichinopoly and 140
m. E. N. E. of Ougein. Long. 78. 4. E., lat. 24.
5. N.
Serpa,\ town of Portugal, in Alemtejo, with a
eastle ; seated on a rugged eminence, near the
Guadiana, 3d m. S. by E. of Evora.
Serravalle, a town of Austrian Italy, in the
government of Venice with a castle. It has cloth,
woolen, and silk manufactures, and a trade in
corn, wine and honey. The cathedral contains
some fine paintings, and the church of St. Au-
gusta is a noble edifice. It is situate between two
mountains, and at the source of the Maschio 22
m. N. of Treviso.
Serres, a town of France, department of Upper
Alps, 23 m. S. W.of Gap.
Serran, St., a town of France, department of
Se-tchuen, a province of China, bounded on the
N. by Chen-si, E. by Houquang, S. by Koei-
tcheou, and W. by Tibet. It is watered by the
Kian-ku ; and is rich, not only on ajccount of the
great quantity of silk it produces, but also in iron,
tin, lead, amber, sugar-canes, lapis lazuli, musk,
rhubarb, &c. Tching-tou is the capital.
Seteef, a town of Algiers, in the province of
Constantina. It was the ancient Sitipha, capital
of a part of Mauritania ; but scarcely a fragment
is left of its former greatness, except the fountains.
50 m. S. W. of Constantina. Long. 5. 36. E , lat.
35. 58. N.
Setimo, a town of the Sardinian states, in Pied-
mont, seated on the Po, 8 m. N. of Turin.
Setlege, a river of Hindoostan, the most easterly
of the five eastern branches of the Indus. About
Ille-et-Vilaine, with considerable manufactures of midway from its source, it receives the Beyah, at
linen, gail-cloth, soap, and tobacco, and 9,000 in-
habitants. It is seated at the mouth of the river
Ranee, about a mile S. of St. M.alo, from which
it is separated by a narrow arm of the sea, dry at
low water.
Servia, a province of European Turkey, 190 m.
long and 95 broad ; bounded N. by the Danube
and Save, which separate it from Hungary, E. by
Bulgaria, S. by Macedonia and Albania, and W.
by Bosnia. The climate is less mild than might
be excepted in 43. and 44. of N. lat., the winter
being of considerable length, and spring not be-
ginning till April. This is owing partly to the
height of the great ridge of the Argentaro or Glu-
botin Mountains, extending along its soutlicrn
Firosepour, and joins the Indus at Veh.
Sette, a town of W. Africa, in a district of its
name, lying between Loango and Benin. It has
a great trade in logwood, sent in vessels to May-
ainba; and stands on a river of the same name,
60 m. from its mouth, and 110 N. N. E. of May
amba. Long. 10. 20. E., lat. 2. 0. S.
Settenil, a town of Spain, in Granada, 8 m. N
of Ronda and 38 N. W. of Malaga.
Scttia, a town of the island of Candia, and a
Greek bishop's see, 48 m. E. S. E. of Candia.
Long. 26. 2. E., lat. 35. 3. N.
Settle, a town in W. Yorkshire, Eng. About
2 m to the E. is Attermire Cave, containing
numberless chinks and recesses, fluted pillars ana
SEV
673
SEW
hanging petrifactions. At the like distance to
the N. is Giggleswick Well, a reciprocating
spring, which will sometimes rise and fall nearly
a foot, in a stone trough about a yard square,
every 10 or 15 minutes. Settle is seated on the
Ribble, 38 m. N. N. W. of Halifax and 235 of
London.
Setucket, p.v. Suffolk Co. N. Y.
SetuvaL. See Ubes, St.
Seven Islands, a cluster of islands in the Frozen
Ocean, lying in long. 18. 48. E., lat. 80. 31. N
Here captain Fhipps, with two ships, was sur-
rounded by the ice, from the 1st to the 10th of
August, 1773, when a brisk wind at N. N. E. ef
fected their deliverance.
Seven Islands, islands near the coast of Canada,
on the N. side of the mouth of the St. Lawrence,
at the entrance of a small bay. Long. 66. 5 W.,
lat. 50. 10. N.
Sevcnbercren, a town of the Netherlands in Bra
bant, 8 m.'vV. N. W. of Breda.
Sevenoaks, a town in Kent, Eng. In 1450 Jack
Cade defeated the royal armv near this town. 6
xn. N. W. of Maidstone and 23 S. S. E. of London.
Sever, St., a town of France, department of Lan-
des, seated on the Adour, 20 m. E. of Dax and
69 S. by E. of Bordeaux.
Severac, a town in the department of Aveiron,
on the river Aveiron, 23 m. E. of Rodez.
Sevcrin, a town of European Turkey, in Wal'
achia, on the Danube, 6 m. W. of Czernetz.
Severlna, St., a fortified town of Naples, in Ca-
labria Ultra, and an archbishop's see. It is seated
on a craggy rock, on the river Neto, 8 m. from the
sea and 45. S. E. of llossano. Long. 17. 14. E.,
lat. 39. 15. N
Severina, St., a town of Italy, in the papal states,
13 m. W. S. W. of Macerata.
Scverino, St., a town of Naples, in Principato
Citra, on the river Sarno, 10 m. W. S. W. of Poli-
castro.
Severn, a river of England, which has its rise
in the mountain of Plynlimmon, in Wales, its
mouth is called the Bristol Channel. This river
has a communication with the Thames, the Trent,
the Dee, and the Mersey, by different canals.
Secern, a river of Md. which waters Annapolis,
and enters by a broad estuary into Chesapeak
Bay.
Sevcrndroof, a small island of Hindoostan, on
tlie coast of Concan. Here was a strong fort, be-
longing to Angria the pirate, which was taken by
commodore James in 1756. 68 m. S. by E. of Bom-
bay.
Severo, St., a town of Naples, in Capitanata,
seated in a plain, 26 m. W. by N. of Manfredonia
and 75 N. E. of Naples.
Severus's Wall, commonly called Graham's
Dike, in the W. of Scotland. It is a work of the
Romans, supposed to be done by the emperor,
whose name it bears, to prevent tlie incursions of
the Picts and Scots. It began at Aberoorn , on the
frith of Forth, 4 m. N. E. of Linlithgow, and ran
W. to the frith of Clyde, ending at Kirkpatrick,
near Dumbarton.
Sevier, a county of E.Tennessee. Pop. 5,1 17.
Sevierville, the capital is 5 m. S. E. Knoxville.
Scvifny, a town of France, department of Ar
dennes, 12 m. N. W. of Bethel.
Seville, a province of Spain, forming the western
half of Andalusia, and still retaining the title ot
kingdom. It has an area of 9,500 sq m. with 750,
000 inhabitants. The surface is diversified with
beautiful plains and hills, covered with vines and
b5
fruit trees. Agriculture is in a very backward
state, and the manufactures are all on a smal.
scale. The chief towns are Seville (the capital;"
Cadiz, Ecija, Xeres, Ossuna, and St. Mary's, near
Cadiz.
Seville, a city of Spain, capital of the above pro-
vince, and an archbishop's see, seated on the Gua-
dalquivir. It is fortified by strong walls flanked
with high towers, and takes up more ground than
Madrid, although it now has not above 100,000 in-
habitants. The Phenicians called it Hispalis, and
it is the Julia of the Romans, who embellished it
with many magnificent buildings. The Moors
built an aqueduct, still to be seen, 6 m. in length.
The cathedral is by some supposed to be "the
largest church in the world next to St. Peter's at
Rome ; the steeple is of curious workmanship, and
extremely high, consisting of three towers, one
above another, with galleries and balconies. The
churches and convents are opulenfand beautiful ;
of the latter, that of St. Francis is adorned with a
handsome public square, in the midst of which is
a fine fountain. The university consists of many
colleges ; and the professors enjoy rich pensions.
The royal palace, called Alcazar, was partly built
after the antique by the Moors, and partly in the
modern taste by king Pedro : it is a mile in extent,
and flanked by large square towers, built with
stones taken from the ancient temple of Hercules.
Here is a foundery, and one of the largest depots
for artillery in the kingdom.
The principal manufactures are silk ; and be-
hind the Alcazar is a royal snuff manufacture,
which is strictly examined and guarded. The ex-
change is a square building of the Tuscan order,
each front 100 feet in length, and three stories
high. The town house is adorned with a great
number of statues, and there is a large square be-
fore it, with a fine fountain in the middle. There
are 120 hospitals richly endowed. The suburb
of Triano stands on the other side of the river,
over which is a long bridge of boats. In this
suburb stood the house of the Inquisition ; and
there are public walks, where most of the inhabi-
tants go to take the air. The situation of Seville
renders it one of the most commercial towns of
Spain. All the trade of that kingdom with the
New World, centered originally, in its port; but,
that of Cadiz being found more commodious, the
galleons sailed from that place after the year 1720
Such vast employment did the American trade
give, at one period, that in Seville alone there
were no fewer than 16,000 looms in silk or wool-
en work ; but, before the end of the reiffn of Phil-
ip III., they were reduced to 400. The country
around is extremely fertile in corn, wine, &c.
and there is abundance of oil ; to the W. of
the river is a grove of olive-trees, 30 m. in length.
Seville was taken by the French in 1810, but they
evacuated it after the battle of Salamanca in 1812.
45 m. from the Atlantic and 212 S. S. W. of Ma-
drid. Lon. 5. 59. W., lat. 37. 14. N.
Sevres, Deux, a department of France, including
part of the ancient province of Poitou. It is so
named from two rivers that rise here ; one, called
Sevre Niortois, flowing W. by St. Maixent, Niort
and Marans, into the Bay of Biscay, opposite the
Isle of Re ; and the other named Sevre Nantois,
which takes a N. W. direction, passes by Clisson,
and enters the river Loire, opposite Nantes. The
department comprises an area of 2,500 sq. m.,
with 260,000 inhabitants, about one eighth of
whom are Protestants. Niort is the capital.
Sewalick, a chain of mountains in Hindoostan
3L
8HA
674
SHE
bordering on the country of Serinagur and the
province of Dehli.
Sewickly, J^orth and JVew, two townships in
Beaver Co. Pa. on the' Ohio.
Seusse'., a town of France, departmenr of Ain,
divided into two parts by the Rhone, which here
begins to be navigable. 14 ra. N. by E. of Bel-
ley.
ciezanne, a town in the department of Marne,
87 m. N. W. of Troves and 65 S. E. of Paris.
Sezza, a town of Naples, in Terra di Lavoro, 14
ra. N. W. of of Capua.
Shalmr, a town of Egypt, on the W. branch
of the Nile,48 m. S. E. of Alexandria and 50 N.
N. W. of Cairo.
Shackleford, p. v. King and Queen's Co. Va.
Shade 'Mountain Gap, p.v. Huntingdon Co. Pa.
Shade Works, p.v. Somerset Co. Pa.
Shady Grove, p.v. Franklin Co. Va. 228 m. S. W.
Richmond.
Shafersloion, p.v. Lebanon Co. Pa. 32 m. E. Har-
risburg.
Shaftsbury, p.t. Bennington Co. Vt. Pop. 2,143.
Shaftsbury, a borough in Dorsetshire, Eng.
It stands on a hill where water is so scarce that
the poor get a living by fetching it from a great
distance. 100 m. W. by S. of London.
Shahar, or Sahar, a sea-port of Arabia, in Had-
ramaut, 110 m. S. S. W. of Shibam. Long. 48.
40 m. E., lat. 13. 50. N.
Shahjehanpore, a town of Hindoostan, capital of
a district of its name, in the province of Malwa,
20 m. N. E. of Ougein and 19(5 S. of Agimere.
Shahjehanpore, a. town in the province of Dehli,
district of Bareilly. seated on the Gurrah. Long.
79.50. E., lat. 27. 52. N.
Shakertown, a village of Knox Co. Indiana.
ShalerviUe, p.t. Portage Co. Ohio.
Shamokie, a township of Northumberland Co.
Pa.
Shandtiker,p.l. Ulster Co. N. Y. Pop. 966.
ShanesvUle, p.v. Tuscarawas Co. Ohio.
Shannon, the largest river of Ireland, which is-
sues from Lough Allan, in the county of Leitrim,
and running S. divides the provinces of Leinster
and Connaught ; it then turns S. W., passes by
the city of Limerick, and enters the Atlantic
Ocean between the counties of Clare and Limer-
ick.
ShannonsviUe , p.v. Montgomery Pa.
Shap, a village in Westmoreland, Eng. at the
source of the Loder, between Orton and Penrith.
It had once a famous abbey, which stood about a
mile W. from the church, of which little remaijis,
except the tower of its church, and the ruins of a
bridge. In the vicinity are some great stones,
like pyramids, from 10 to 12 yards apart, placed
almost in a direct line for a mile together, of such
immense weight that carriages now in use could
not support them.
Shapinshn, one of the Orkney Islands, lying
3 m. from the N. E. part of Pomona. It is 7 m.
long and 5 broad. The coasts are level and pro-
duce grass and corn, but the middle part is high
and fit only for sheep pasture. °
S/iaplei^h, p.t. York Co. Me. Pop. 1,480.
Sharon, a townsiiip of Hillsborough Co. N, H.
Pop. 271 ; p.t. Windsor Co. Vt. Pop. 1,459; p.t.
.Norfolk Co. Mass. 18 m. S. Boston, with a manu-
factory of cotton. Pop. 1024 ; p.t. Litchfield Co
Conn. Pop. 2,613; p.t. Schoharie Co. N. Y.
Pop. 4,247 ; towns and villages in Mercer Co. Pa.
Ashtabula, Franklin, Richland and Hamilton Cos.
Ohio.
Sharpsburg, p.v. Washington Co. Maryland
p.v. Hamilton Co. Ohio ; p.v. Bath Co. Ken.
SharpsUncn, p.v. Salem Co. N. J. 26 m. S. E
Philadephia.
Sharronville, p.v. Hamilton Co. Ohio.
Shawangunk Mountains, a branch of the Apala
chian chain in N. Y
Shawangunk, p.t. Ulster Co. N. Y. Pop
2,(m.
Shawneetovm, p.v. Gallatin Co, Illinois on the
Ohio.
Shawsheen River, a branch of the Merrimack in
Mass.
S/ieepseut, a river of Maine flowing into the sea
near the mouth of the Kennebec.
Sheerness,a maritime town in Kent, Eng. on the
point of the Isle of Sheppey, at the mouth of the
Medway, 3 m. N. of Queenborongh. A fort was
built here by Charles II., after the insult of the
Dutch, who burnt the men of war at Chatham in
1667; and it has since been considerably aug
mented and strengthened. There are also an ord
nance office, a dock-yard, and a chapel.
Sheffield, a town in W. Yorkshire, Eng., situ
ate on an eminence surrounded by a beautiful val-
ley, with a range of romantic hills in the perspec-
tive. The houses are well built, and many of
them elegant ; and few places can boast of more
handsome or regular streets. This town has long
been celebrated for its various hardware manufac-
tures which consist particularly of cutlery ware,
plated goods, buttons, &c., immense quantities of
which are now exported to all parts of the habita-
ble globe. In the town and neighbourhood are
founderies for iron, brass, and white metal ; and
numerous work« are established on the banks ol
the rivers for the purpose of preparing the iron
and steel for the manufactures. Here are also
lead works, a considerable carpet manufacture and
a cotton mill ; and the neighbourhood abounds in
coal. Sheffield is seated at the conflux of the
Sheaf with the Don, which is now rendered nav-
igable up to the town. 53 m. S. S. W. of York
and 163 N. N. W. of London. Long. 1. 29. W.,
lat. 53. 20. N.
Sheffield, p.t. Berkshire Co. Mass. 125 m. W.
Boston. Pop. 2,392; p.t. Caledonia Co. Vt. 38
m. N. E. Montpelier. Pop. 720; p.v. Lorain Co.
Ohio, 155 m. N. E. Columbus. Pop. 215.
Shffford, a town of Bedfordshire, Eng. seated
on the Ivel, 9 m. S. E, of Bedford and 41 N. by
W. of London.
Shetbvrne, p.t. Coos Co. N. H. Pop. 312; p.t.
Chittenden Co. Vt. on L. Champlain, 7 m. S.
Burlington. Pop. 1,123; p.t. Franklin Co. Mass.
100 m. N. W. Boston. Pop. 985.
Shelhurne, a town of Nova Scotia, at the head
of a bay called Port Roseway. It extends two
miles on the water side, and one mile b.ackward,
with wide streets crossing each other at right
angles. The harbour is deep, capacious, and se-
cure. About a mile from Slielburne, and sepa-
rated from it by a small river, is the Black Town,
peopled by about 1 ,200 free blacks, who served on
the royal side during the American war. Shel-
burne is 100 m. S. W. of Halifax. Long. 65. 0.
W., lat. 43, 46. N,
Shelby, a county of Kentucky. Pop. 19,039.
Shclbyville is the capital ; a county of W. Ten-
nessee. Pop. 5,652. Memphis is the capital ; a
county of Alabama. Pop. 5,521. Shelby ville is tne
capital; a county of Ohio. Pop. 3,671, Sidney ia
the capital ; a county of Indiana. Pop 6,294
Shclbyville ia the capital.
na
675
SHI
Shelby, p.t. Grenesee Co. N. Y. 246 m. W. Al-
bany.
ShelbyviUe, p.v. Shelby Co. Ind. 25 m. S. E.
Indianapolis ; p.v. Shelby Co. Ken. 30 m. E. Lou-
isville ; p.v. Shelby Co. Alab. 93 m. N. Cahawba ;
p.l. Bedford Co. Ten.
Sheila, a decayed town of Morocco, which none
but Mahometans are allowed to enter. 4 m. E. of
Salle.
Shellif, the largest river of Algiers, which
takes its rise in the desert, flows N. through the
lake Titeri, then turns to the W., and enters the
Mediterranean to the N. of Mustagam. In its
course it receives the Midroe, Harbeene, Toddah
or Silver River, the Archew, Mina, Warissa, and
Fagia.
Sheldon, pt. Franklin Co. Vt. 32 m. N. Bur-
lincrton. Pop. 1.427; p.t. Genesee Co. N. Y. 30
m. S. E. Buffalo. Pop. 1,731.
Shelter Island,a.n island and township in Suffolk
Co. N. Y. at the E. end of long Island. Pop. 330.
SAe^<mAwoM^A, a village in Pittsylvania Co. Pa.
Shenandoah, a branch of the Potomac in V'ir-
ginia, joining that river at Harper's Ferry where
the Potomac breaks through the Blue Ridge. See
Fotomac.
Shenandoah, E. a county of the W. District of
Virginia. Pop. 8,327.
Shenandoah, W. a county adjoining the above.
Pop. 11,423. Woodstock is the capital of both.
Shenango, townships in Beaver, Crawford and
Mercer Cos. Pa.
Shepherdstown, p.v. Cumberland Co. Pa. 4 m.
from Harrisburg; p.t. Jefferson Co. Va. 16 m.
K. W. Harper's Ferry. A village in Belmont Co. .
Ohio.
Shepherdsville, p.v. Bullitt Co. Ken.
Sheperd's Isles, a cluster of islands, part of
the New Hebrides, in the S. Pacific, to the S. of
MalicoUo. Long. 268. 41. E., lat 26. 58. S.
Sheppey, an island in Kent, Eng. at the
mouth of the Thames, separated from the main-
land by a branch of the Medway, called the E.
Swale. It yields plenty of corn, and feeds nu-
merous flocks of sheep. It contains the borough
of Queenborough, and the fort of Sheerness.
Shepton Mullet, a town in Somersetshire, Eng.
with a considerable manufacture of woolen cloth.
The town is seated under the Mendip Hills, 17
m. S. W. of Bath and 116 W. of London.
Sherhom, a town in Dorsetshire, Eng. with
manufactures of linen and silk. It was formerly
a bishop's see, and the parish church, which was
the cathedral, and in which are interred the Sax-
on kings Ethelbald and Ethelbert, is a magnifi-
cent pile of building. Formerly here were two
other churches, a castle, and an abbey, of which
scarcely a vestige remains. 116 m. W. by. S.
of London.
Sherhro, a fort of Guinea, seated at the mouth
of Sherbro River, which separates the country of
Sierra Leone from the Grain Coast. It belongs
to the English, and is 100 m. S. E. of the mouth
of the river Sierra Leone. Long. 11. 0. W., lat.
7. 0. N.
Sherbum, a small town in W. Yorkshire, Eng.
seated in a well cultivated and fertile district,
famous for its fine orchards. 184 ra. N. by W. of
London.
Sherburne, p.t. Middlesex Co. Mass. 21 m. S.
W. Boston. Pop. 900 ; p.t. Chenango Co. N. Y.
Pop. 2,574. a township of Rutland Co. Vt. Pop.
452; p.v. Beaufort Dis. S. C.
Shtrenzur, a town of European Turkey in Kur-
distan, the residence o*" a oasha. 160 m. N. bv
E. of Bagdad.
Sheriff-mtur, a heath of Scotlanc, in Perthshire
near Durablane ; famous for a bloody, outindeci
sive battle in 1715, between the royal army u~
der the duke of Argyle, and the rebel forces under
the duke of Mar.
Sherman, a township of Fairfield Co. Conn.
Pop. 947.
Shersel, a town of Algiers, in the province of
Mascara, formerly of great importance. It has
said to have been anciently destroyed by an
earthquake, when the arsenal and laany other
buildings were p-ecipitated into the harbour, th«
ruins being still visiblj at low water. It is built
after the Moorish manner ; and is famous for its
pottery, and steel and iron manufactures. 60
m. W. by. S. of Algiers. Long. 2. 48. E., lat.
32. 42. N.
Shesheqiiin, p.v. Bradford Co. Pa.
Shetland, the several names of about 40 Islands
besides a number of small holms or rocky islets
used only for pasturage, lying 100 m. N. N. E.
of Caithness-shire, in Scotland, between 59. 56.
and 61. 11. N. lat. The names of the principal
are Mainland, Yell, Unst, Bress.ay, and Fula.
The description given of the largest, or Mainland
will give an idea of the others ; and (he particu-
lars of the climate, inhabitants, &c., are much
the same as in the Orkneys. Shetland unites
with Orkney in forming one of the counties of
Scotland.
Shevagunga, a town of Hindoostan, in Mysore,
25 m. N. W. of Brangalore.
Shibam, a city of Arabia, capital of the prov-
ince of Hadramaut, and the residence of a pow-
erful sheik. 300 m. E of Sana. Long. 49. 40.
E., lat. 15. 25. N.
Shields, J\'orth, a sea-port of Northumberland,
Eng. with considerable trade in coal and salt.
The town extends to Tynemouth on the E., and
many elegant detached mansions are erected in
the neighbourhood. It has wide and airy streets
in every direction, well paved, and lighted with
gas. This town, together with S. Shields, may
be deemed the port of Newcastle ; for the larg-
est vessels are stationed here to take in their la-
ding, which is brought down in barges and light-
ers. It is seated on the N. bank of the Tyne,
near its mouth, 6 m. E. by N. of Newcastle and
279 N. by W. of London. Long. 1. 4. W., lat.
54. 58. N.
Shields, South, a town in the county of Durham,
sealed on the river Tyne, opposite N. Shields,
with which place it enjoys all the advantages of
trade and commerce in common with Newcastle,
It consists principally of one narrow street, two
m. in length, with an open square in the middle.
Many trading vessels are built here, and it has
several salt-works and glass-works. 22 m. N. N.
W. of Durham and 281 N. by W. of London.
Shieldsborough, p.v. Hancock Co. Mississippi.
Sliiloah, p.v. Camden Co. N. C.
Shifnall, a town in Shropshire, Eng. It has a
handsome church, two meeting-houses, a gram-
mar school, a national school, and a subscription
library. 136 N. W. of London.
Shin, Loch, a lake of Scotland, in the S. part of
Sutherlandshire, 15 m. long and 2 broacV At its
S. E. extremity issues the rapid river Shin, which
flows into the head of the frith of Dornoch.
Shinntoten, p.v. Harrison Co. Va.
Ship Island, an island in the Gulf of Mexico on
thfi coast of Mississppi opposite Biloxi Bay.
IHR 678
SIA
Shijtpensourg, p.t. Cumberland Co. Pa. 21 m.
S W. Carlisle.
Shippingport, p.t. Jefferson Co. Ken. on the
Ohio. 2 m. below Louisville.
Shipston, a town in a detached part of Worces-
Icrshire, Eng. surrounded by Warwickshire. 83
N. W. of London.
Shiras, or Shirauz, a city of Persia, capital of
Farsistan, seated at the end of a spacious plain,
bounded on all sides by lofty mountains. It is
surrounded by a wall, 5 m. in circuit, with round
towers at the distance of 80 paces. The city is
built of brick, and adorned with many fine mos-
ques and noble edifices. Here are many good
bazaars and caravanseras ; also a manufacture of
■words. This city was the seat of government
under Kerim Khan, who erected many of the fine
buildings in and near this place. In its vicinity
are numeroub summer-houses, with gardens ; and
the rich wines of Shiras are deemed the best in
all Persia. The tomb of the celebrated poet Hafiz
is in a large garden on the N. E. side of the city,
about 2 m. from the wall ; and at the foot of the
mountains, in ihe same direction, is the tomb of
Sadi. 175 m. S. by £. of Ispahan. Long. 52.
40. E., lat. 29. 37. N.
Shirley, p.t. Middlesex Co. Mass. 38 ra. N. W.
Boston. Pop. 991.
Sldrcan, a province of Persia, forming the lar-
gest and most important division of the southern
Caucasus, bounded N. and E. by Georgia and
Daghestan, and S. by the Kur, which separates
it from Ghilan and Aderbijan. The soil in gen-
eral is fertile, producing corn, saffron, cotton, &c.
Schamachi and Baku are the chief towns.
Shoals, Isles of. See Isles of Shoals.
Shogle, a town of Syria, with an excellent cara-
vansera, seated on the Asi, 18 m. S. by E. of An-
tioch and 45 S. W. of Aleppo.
Shoomsha, one of the Kurile islands, three
leagues S. of Cape Lopatka, in Kamtschatka.
Its inhabitants consist of a mixture of natives and
Kamtschadales.
Shooter's Hill, a village in Kent, Eng. situate
on a hill so called, which affords a very extensive
and delightful prospect. On the W. part of the
hill is a triangular tower, erected to commemorate
the reduction, in 1756, of Severndroog, a strong
fort in Hindoostan : it is called Severndroog
Castle, and contains some of the arms, ornaments,
<fec., taken from the enemy. 8 m. E. S. E. of
London.
Shortham, a borough in Sussex, Eng. It is
commonly called New Shoreham, to distinguish
it from the Old, which lies near it, and is now of
little account. It stands on an arm of the sea,
into which vessels can enter with the tide ; and
many small vessels are built here. 19 m. W. N.
W. ef Newhaven and 56 S. by W. of Lon-
don.
Shoreham, p.t. Addison Co. Vt. Pop. 2,317.
Short Creek, a township of Harrison Co. Ohio.
Pop. 2,185.
Shrewsbury, a borough and the capital of Shrop-
Bhire, Eng. It is seated on a peninsula formed
by the Severn, over which are two bridges; and
is surrounded by a wall, in which are three gates.
Here were formerly a castle and abbey, both now
in rums. Shrewsbury is the chief mart for a
coarse kind of woolen cloth, made in Montgom-
eryshire, called Welsh Webs ; and for all sorts
of^ WeUh commodities, which are generally
bought in a rou^h state at Welshpool, and finish-
ed here. 154 N. W. of London.
Shrewsbury, p.t. Rutland Co. Vt. 10. S. E. Rut-
land. Pop. 1,289; p.t. Worcester Co. Mass. 6. m.
N. E. Worcester. Pop. 1,386; p.t. Monmouth
Co. N. J. 47 m. N. E. Trenton ; p.t. York Co. Pa.
a township of Lycoming Co. Pa; p. v. Kenhawa
Co Va. 306 m. N. W. Richmond,
Shropshire, a county of England, 48 m. long
and forty broad ; bounded N, by Cheshire and a
detached part of Flintshire, E. by Staffordshire, S.
E. by Worcestershire, S. by Herefordshire, S. W.
by Radnorshire, and W. by tiie countries of Mont-
gomery and Denbigh. It contains 860,000 acres,
IS divided into 15 hundreds and 230 parishes, has
17 market towns, and sends 12 members to parlia,
ment. The number of inhabitants in 1821 was
206,153. The soil is generally fruitful, especially
in the N. and E. parts, which produce plenty of
wheat and barley; the S. and W., being moun-
tainous, are less fertile, but yield sufficient pas-
ture for sheep and cattle. This county abounds
with lead, copper, iron, limestone, free-stone,
pipe-clay, bitumen, and coal; it has also some
salt-springs, numerous iron-works, and manufac-
tures of porcelain and flannel. The principal
rivers are the Severn and the Teme The capi-
tal is Shrewsbury.
Shumla, a strong town of European Turke)',
in Bulgaria. It commands the pass over the
mountains, and is 120 m. N. N. W. of Constanti-
nople.
Shvsa, a town of European Russia, capital of
the province of Karabegh, with 2,000 inhabitants,
500 of whom are Armenians, and the remainder
Tartars. 225 m. S. E. of Tiflis.
Shustcr, a city of Persia, capital of Kusistan,
with a considerable manufacture of woolen stuffs
which are exported to Bassorah in return for In-
dian commodities. The streets are narrow and
dirty, but the houses are good, and it contains
ruins which testify it to have been formerly of
great extent and magnificence. Its present popu-
lation is estimated at 15,000, Persians and A-
rabs. It is situate at the foot of a range of
mountains, on an eminence which overlooks the
rapid source of the Karoon. Long. 49, 2, E., lat,
32. 5. N.
Shutesbury, p.t. Franklin Co. Mass. 82 m. W.
Boston. Pop. 987.
Siam, a kingdom of Asia, bounded on the N. E.
by that of Laos, E. by Cochin-China and Cambo-
dia, S. by a gulf of its name, and W. by the bay
of Bengal. It is 550 miles in length and 250 in
breadth, though in some places not above 50,
and is divided into the Higher and Lower. The
country is level, and in the rainy season is over-
flowed ; for which reason most of the houses are
built on pillars, and they have no communication
for some months but by boats. The soil produces
plenty of rice, cotton, and a variety of fruits dif-
ferent from those of Europe. Many authors have
extalled it as the finest and richest country in the
world. There are mines of gold, silver, tin, and
copper ; and plenty of pepper, aloes, benzoin,
and musk. Wild animals roam in the woods, as
elephants, rhinoceroses, leopards, and tygers. —
The inhabitants have large foreheads, little noses,
plump lips, and black sparkling eyes. The men
are of an olive complexion, with little beards ;
but the women are of a straw complexion, and
some have their cheeks a little red. Both sexes
go bare headed, and almost naked, except the
wealthy, who wear rich garments for ostentation.
The king shows himself but once a year to the
people. He is the proprietor of all the lands in
liiB
677
SIC
the oftuntry, and no one can buy any merchan-
dize till he has first had the choice of them. He
generally keeps a numerous army, besides 3,000
elephants, and can take 25,000 men into the field.
The mandarins, that is, the principal men who
daily attend the palace, are 3,000 in number, and
are whipped very severely with split rattans for
the least fault. The temples and priests are very
numerous ; the latter are distinguished from the
laity by an orange-coloured garment, and by
keeping their heads, beards, and eye-brows close
shaved. They have schools for the education of
their children, and scarcely any are found among
*hem who cannot read and write. This country
has been much oppressed by the Birmans, to
whom the king of Siam, after a long and destruc-
ti\e war, ceded the W. maritime towns on the
Bay of Bengal, in 1793.
The Cassowary, one of the largest birds in the
world, is found here. Their tame cattle are
Deeves, buffaloes, and hogs, of which they have
plenty about their farms. There are large and
dangerous crocodiles, and serpents 20 feet long.
Siam, or Juthia, a city, the capital of the above
kingdom. It contains a great number of tem-
ples, convents, chapels, columns and other deco-
rations. The king's palace, and some others,
differ from the common habitations by occupying
a more extensive space, being better constructed,
and of a greater height, but they never exceed
one floor. The Dutch have a factory here, and
merchants from different countries come here to
trade. In 1766 this city was taken by the Bir-
mans. It is situate on an island in the river
Menan, 50 m. N. of its mouth in the gulph of
Siam and 360 S. E. of Pegu. Long. 100. 50.
E., lat. 14. 18. N.
S'mng-yang. a city of China, of the first class,
in the province of Hou-quang, on the river Han,
630 m. S. S. W. of Pekin. Long. 111. 40. E.,
xat. 32. 5. N.
Siara, a province of Brazil, lying between those
of Maragnon and Petaguel. The capital, of the
same name, has a fort on a mountain, near the
mouth of the river Siara. Long. 39. 35. W., lat.
3. 30. S.
Siaskoi, a town of Russia, in the government of
Petersburg, near the lake Ladoga, 24 m. N. E. of
New Ladoga. Long. 30. 47. E., lat. 60 16. N.
Siberia, a large country, comprehending the
northern part of the Russian empire in Asia.' It
is bounded on the E. by the Pacific Ocean, S. by
Great Tartary, W. by European Russia, and N.
by the Frozen Ocean. It extends 3,.500 m. in
length from E. to W. and 1,200 in breadth from
N. to S. The S. part, produces all the necessa-
ries of life, but the S. is eztrem*ly cold, almost
uncultivated, and thin of people. The nrincipa.
riches of this country consist of fine skins and
furs Here is found the Sable a small animal
furnishing one of the most valuable furs in the
world. There are also rich mines of iron and
copper, and several kinds of precious stones, par-
ticularly topazes of a beautiful lustre, magnets of
an extraordinary size, and even whole mountains
of loadstone. The inhabitants are of three sorts
Pagans, or the natives of the country, Mahome-
tans, and Russians. The former dwell in forests
in the winter, and in the summer on the banks,
of rivers. Their garments are the skins of wild
beasts. All their riches are comprised in their
bows, arrows, a knife, and a kettle. They make
use of reindeer and dogs, instead of horses, to
draw their sledges ; and live in huts, which th6«y
remove from place to place. Those in the south-
ern parts are somewhat more civilized. They
have horses with which they go a hunting, and
their houses, though poor, are not shifted from
place to place. The Russians settled here are
much the same <is in their native country. It is
through this vast tract of land that the Russian
caravans travel every year, when they carry their
merchandize to China. The principal rivers are
the Oby, Lena, Irtish, Yenisei, and Okota. The
western part of Siberia is comprised in the Rus-
sian government of Tobolsk, and is divided into
the circles of Tobolsk Proper, Tomsk, Yeniceysk,
and Koly van ; all the eastern part is contained in
the government of Irkutsk, and divided into the
circles of Irkutsk Proper, Nertschink, Yakoutsk,
and Okhotsk, which last includes Kamtschatka
and the islands. Siberia is the place to which
criminals, as well as persons under the displeasure
of the court, are commonly banished from Russia.
Christianity has at present made little progress
in this country, though considerable efforts have
of late j'ears been made by the Russian govern-
ment as well as by the British Missionary Socie-
ties. Tobolsk is the capital and the residence of
the viceroy.
Sical, a town of Mexico, on the N. coast of Yu
catan, 70 m N. W. of Merida. Long. 90. 30. W.,
lat. 39. 30. N.
Sichem, a town of the Netherlands, in S. Bra-
bant, to the S. of which is a celebrated monastery.
It is seated on the Demer, 18 m. E. of Mechlin.
Sicily, an island of the Mediterranean Sea, about
165 m. long and 112 broad. Its form is that of a
triangle, terminating in three capes. Sicily is
separated from the kingdom of Naples by a narrow
strait, called the Faro ; but, as Messina is situated
on it, it is called the Faro of Messina. The two
kingdoms of Naples and Sicily have nearly the
same climate, and the productions are much the
same, hut Sicily abounds much more in corn, par-
ticularly in the valleys of Noto and Mazara.
The valley of Demona has more forests and fruit
trees than the two others. The three great di-
visions of Sicily are named from those valleys ;
but since 1815 it has been divided into seven in-
tendancies ; viz., Palermo, Messina, Catania,
Girgenti, Syracuse, Trapani, and Calatanissetta.
The chief towns in the Val di Mazara are, Paler-
mo, Marsala, Trapani, Termini, and Mazara; ia
3l3
vx^m^.m^
HID
073
SIE
the Val di Noto, Modica, Ra^sa, Nolo, Syracuse, up. It is seated on the English Channel, 158
and Castro Giovanni; in the Val di Deinona, W. by S. of London.
Measina, Catania, and Nicosia. This country Sidneij, p.t. Kennebec Co. Me. on the Ken-
produces corn, wine, oil, silk, excellent fruits, nebec, 8 m. above Augusta. Pop. 2,191 ; p.t. Del-
and almost every necessary of life in wonderful aware Co. N. Y. Pop. 1,410; p.t. Shelby Co. Ohio,
ahfindance. The only manufacturing establish- 80 m. N. W. Columbus. Pop. 248.
nienls of extent are Palermo, Messina, and Cata
nia; they consist of silk, cotton, and linen, and
some w>>rifn8, though the wool of the island is of
indiffff'^nt quality : to which we may add a few
articles, sucli as hats, cutlery, harness, carriages,
and household furniture, made at the principal
towns. The commerce of Sicily is comparatively
trifling, though from the variety of its products,
the excellence of several of its harbours, and the
^neral safety of its coast for navigation, it might.
Under an enlightened government, become very
extensive. In the darkness of their complexion,
and the indolence of their habits, the Sicilians
resemble the Italians and Spaniards; and educa-
tion is in a very backward state, but the new plan
Sidra, a spacious gulf of the Mediterranean, on
the coast of Tripoli, anciently called Syrtis.
Siedenberg, a town of Hanover, in the county
of Hoya, 9 m. S. W. of Hoya.
Siegberg, a town of Prussian Westphalia, in
the duchy of Berg, on the river Seig. 15 m. S. E
of Cologne.
Sicgen, a town and castle of Prussian Westpna-
lia, formerly the capital of a principality belong-
ing to the house of Nassau. In the neighbour-
hood are iron mines, forges and founderies. It is
seated on the Sieg, 24 m. N. W. of Wetzlar,
Long. 8. 12. E., lat. 50. 47. N.
Sienna, or Sicnnese, a province of the grand
duchy of Tuscany, bounded by the Florentine and
of teaching (of Bell and Lancaster) is beginning the territory of Pisa. The soil is pretty fertile,
" ' especially in mulberry trees, which feed a great
number of silk worms, and there are several min-
eral springs. It is 62 m. long and nearly the
same broad, and has an area of 3,000 square m.
with 190,000 inhabitants.
Sienna, a city of Tuscany, capital of the forego,
ing province, and an archbishop's see, with a
university and a citadel. It is surrounded by a
wall, above 4 m. in circumference. The Gothic
metropolitan church is built with black and white
marble, and the pavement is of Mosaic work.
Sienna is not very populous ; but is adorned with
a great number of palaces, fountains, and superb
churches. The great area is round, and the
houses about it are of the same height, supported
by piazzas, under which people may walk in all
weathers. The Italian language is spoken in Si-
enna in its greatest purity. It is seated on three
eminences, 26 m. S. of Florence and 120 N. N. W.
of Rome. Long. 11. 11. E., lat. 43. 24. N.
Sierk, a town of France, department of Moselle,
near the river Moselle, 10 m. N. N. E. of Thion-
ville.
Sierra Leone, a country of Africa, in the W. part
of Guinea, so named from being mountainous, and
the mountains abounding in lions. It is situated
on the Atlantic, and is distinguished for the colo-
to be employed with some success. The religion
is the Catholic ; and the number of ecclesiastics
is said ti amount to 70,000, exclusive of the
monks and nuns. The assembly long dignified
with the name of parliament was, until 1810,
merely a feudal institution, possessing hardly any
marks of the elective franchise.
Sicily was successively occupied by the Pheni-
cians, the Carthaginians, and Romans. In the
8th and 9th centuries it was conquered by the Sa-
racens, who retained possession of the island
about 200 years. Tl)ey gave way to the Nor-
mans who, attracted to Sicily on their progress to
the crusades, made the conquest of the island in
the 1 Ith century. It passed successively into the
possession of France, Germany, and Spain. By
the peace of Utrecht, in 1713, it was given to the
duke of Savoy, with the title of king ; but in
17*20 the Austrians prevailed on the new possessor
of Sicily to exchange it for Sardinia, and added
the former to the kingdom of Naples. The war
carried on by France and Spain against Austria,
in 1734, transfered other crowns of Naples to a
branch of the royal family of Spain, in whose
hands it remained until the progress of the French
revolutionists, in 1799, led to the expulsion
of the royal family from Naples. They took
refuge in Sicily, where they remained till 1815, ny formed there by the British nation, from mo-
when the overthrow of Murat, by the Aus- tives of genftosity and philanthropy. This coun-
trians, led to the restoration of the former family try is traversed by a considerable river, derived
to the throne of Naples, which tiiey continue to from an unknown source in the interior, called the
possess. In 1820 the Sicilians made an attempt Mitomba or Sierra Leone. Its limits are from the
to establish a free government, but the country Grain coast on the S. E., to Cape Verga on tlie
was invaded by the Austrians, and the kins re- N. W. ; that is. between 7. and 10. N. lat. In the
established in all his former absolute authority
Palermo is the capital.
Siclos, a town of Hungary, with a castle on a
mountain, in which the emperor Sigismund was
imprisoned. 12 m. S. of Funfkirchen.
open and plain districts,on the banks of the river,
the heat of the sun, before any breeze arises, is al-
most in tolerable ; but a refreshing giile constantly
springs up about noon, which renders the country
supportable. The wet season, from May to Oc-
-- .... ~. „. • u...r.,,v,,.v.,. ^fcHupporiaoiu. j iie wei season, irom iway lo vjc-
.S»///v«, a Rtrona town on the N. coast of the is-'^ber, is ushered in and terminated by stormy
I f 40 S ""*"■ ^""S- ^^3. 15. E. weather. The whole tract, on each side the river,
oj i' ^' tr % r% r> is rich in rice and millet, which is the chief sus-
SiddonabuTg p.v. York Co. Pa. 32. m. from Har-
risburr.
Sideling Hills, a range of eminences in Bedford
Co. Pa. extending from N. W. to S. E
tenance of the inhabitants ; and, upon the whole,
it is one of the best countries on the coast. The
natives are in general of mild external manners,
„., -- _,- - . and noted for their hospitality; but thev possess
bideroeapso, h town of Macedonia, famous for a a great share of pride, and are easily afrected by
jrold niine m lU neighbourhood. 5 m from the an insult. Of all the trilii?s, those who have em-
gulf of Contessa, and 40. E. S. E. of Salonichi. braced Mahomedism are the most civilized and
Sidmouth, a town in Devonshire. Eng. It is
much frequented in the bathing season, and was
formerly a s«a-port, but its harbour is now choked
respectable ; and those on the coast, from their
intercourse with the European slave -factors, art
much inferior in eve-y thing, except the art of
SIL
679
8IL
making a bargain, lo those who reside higher up
the country. In 1791 an act of parliament was
obtained, incorporating a co«ipany, called the
Sierra Leone Company, for the purpose of culti-
vating W. India and other tropical productions on
the banks of the river. The first settlers amounted
to '200 white persons, besides a number of free
blacks from Nova Scotia. In 1793 the colonists
were all put into possession of small lots of land,
and a new town, on a regular and extended scale,
was begun to be built. The next year a French
squadron destroyed the settlement, and captured
several of the company's ships : from this disaster
they recovered ; and a factory was established
in the Rio Pongos, in 1795. The colony, how-
ever, still continued to languish, and, in 1808, it
was transferred from the company to his majesty.
It was soon after placed under the management
of the African Institution, and, notwithstanding
all its disadvantages, the colony has been rapidly
advancing in prosperity, and the population is
continually augmenting by the capture of negroes,
on their way to the W. Indies, by vessels em-
ployed to put a stop to the slave trade. The num-
ber landed in 1824 was 1 ,530, in 1825, 2,337, in 1336
2.727, and in 1827, 2,857. The whole population
of the liberated Africans in the villages in 1828
(exclusive of 2,502 persons resident in Freetown,
or employed at the timber factories) was 15,004.
Independently of Freetown but including the Isles
de Los and Freetown, the number of settlements
now amounts to 14, of which Regent and Welling-
ton are the richest and most populous. The in-
habitants are by no means wanting in industry
TLe markets of Freetown are supplied with fruits
and vegetables, almost exclusively by the moun-
tain villages, and from 80 to 100 persons are to be
seen daily on the hill leadin£r to Gloucester
Town with the produce of their own farms and
gardens. The Church and Wesleyan Missionary
Societies are aiding by their eflTorts in promoting
the happiness and prosperity of the colony; educa-
tion is rapidly extending, and numbers of degraded
negroes are rising into respectability and even
wealth. Freetown is the capital.
Sieira Morena, mountains of Spain, diving An-
dalusia from Estremadura and New Castile, ren-
dered famous by the wars of the Christians and
Mahometans, and for being the scene where Cer-
vantes has placed the most entertainrng adven-
tures of his hero.
Sigllmessa. See Sugtilmessa.
Siginaringen,a. town of Germany, with a castle,
which gives name to a branch of the house of Ho-
henz')llern. It is seated on the Danube, 18 m.
E. S. K. of Hohenzollern.
Signau, a town of Switzerland, in the canton of
Bern, 12 m. S. E. of Bern.
Sipluna. a town of Sweden, in Upland, 10 m.
N. of Stockholm.
Sigucnza,n. town of Spain, in Guadalaxara, and*
a bishop's see, with a caslle, in which is an ar-
senal. It had formerly a university, consistinor of
several colleges. The most considerable structure
is the cathedral. It is seated on a hill, at the foot
of Mount Atienca, 65 m. N. E. of Madrid. Lonff.
2. 51. W., lat. 40.58. N.
Sihon, a river. See Sirr.
Siiagutfa, a town of Hindoostan, in Mysore,
celebrated, for its kitchen-gardens. Coarse cot-
ton cloths are made here, and some tobacco grows
in the neighbourhood. 20 m. N. W. of Colar, and
32 N. E. of Bangalore.
SUberberg, a strong town of Prussian Silesia. It
had its name from a mine of lead and silver, the
working of which has been discontinued, 11 in
N.N. ET. of Glatz.
Silckester, a village in Hampshire, Eng. once a
celebrated city. There are considerable remains
of its walls and ditches, enclosing an area of 80
acres ; and two military roads frosn the S. gnte,
one to Winchester, and the other to Old Saruin
6 m. N. of Basingstoke.
Silesia, a province of the Prussian states, for-
merly belonging to the kingdom of Bohemia. It
is 200 m. long and 170 broad ; bounded on the N.
by Brandenburff, E. by Poland, S. by Moravia,
and W. by Bohemia, from which it is separated
by a long chain of mountains : the highest, called
Zotenburg, is in the principality of Schweidnitz.
There are mines of coal, lead, copper, and iron,
and quarries of various stones, besides antimony,
saltpetre, sulphur, alum, vitriol, quicksilver, agate,
jasper, and even some gems. The principal rivers
are the Oder, Bober, Neisse, Quels, and Oppa.
The chief manufacture is linen cloth, the annual
value of which has been estimated at upwards of
£1,500,000 sterling; there are also some woolen
manufactures, potteries, iron foundries, and glass-
houses. In this country are a great number of
cattle, large studs of horses, and plenty of game
in the woods ; also a few lynxes, bears, foxes
otters, and beavers. There are many lakes, full
of pike, carp, and other good fish ; also plenty of
bees, which produce much honey and wax
Wheat, maize, barley, oats, millet, and in some
places saffron, are cultivated ; but its wine is bad,
and chieflv used for vinegar. Silesia was for-
merly divided into Upper and Lower. The former
comprising' the S. part, where the inhabitants are
generally Roman Catholics, and speak the Polish
language : in the latter, they are almost all Pro-
testants, and speak their mother tongue. The
county of Glatz, and a portion of Lusatia, are now
annexed to this province, which forms a military
division along with Posen, and is divided into the
governments of Breslau, Liegnitz, Oppeln, and
Reichenbach. This country was ceded to the
king of Prussia, in 1742, by the treaty of Breslau.
In 1807 it was overrun by the French, but was re-
stored to Prussia at the peace of Tilsit. Breslau
is the capital.
Silhet, a town of Bengal, capital of a district of
the same name, seated on the Soorma, 120 ra. N
E. of Dacca.
SUistria, or Dristra, a town of European Tur-
key, in Bulgaria, and an archbishop's see, with a
citadel. It is seated on the Danube, at the influx
of the Missovo, 155 m. N. N. E. of Adrianople.
Long. 27. 6. E., lat. 44. 15. N.
St/ie^Mro', a town of Denmark, in N. Jutland,
with a castle, 18 m. W. of Arhusen.
Silla, a town of Negroland, in Bambarra, on
the right bank of the Niger, remarkable as the
place where Park was obliged to terminate his
first journey, after having penetrated 1,090 m. in
a direct line E. from Cape Verd. It is 75 m. N
E. of Sego.
Sillabar, a sea-port on the W. coast of Sumatra,
with a good and safe harbour, 30 m. S. S. E. of
Bencoolen. Long. 102. 10. E., lat. 4. 0. S.
Sille le Guillaume, a town of France, depart
ment of Sarthe, 19 m. N. W. of Mans.
Sillee. a town of Bengal, seated on the Suban-
recka, 173 m. W. N. W. of Calcutta.
Silver Creek, a township of Green Co. Ohio.
SUrer Lake, p.v. Genesee Co. N. Y.; p.t. Sun
quehanna Co. Pa.
8tN
-tso
SSIN
SUtis, a town of Portugal, in Algarve, on a
river of the same name, 35 m. W. JS. W. of Ta-
▼ira.
Simantas, a town of Spain, in Valladolid, with a
strong castle, in which Philip II. ordered the
archives of the kingdom to be kept. It is situate
on the Douro, 10 m. S. W. of Valladolid and GO
N. E. of Salamanca.
Simbrisk, a government of Russia, formerly a
province of the kingdom of Kasan. It has an
area of 30.000 sq. m., with 850,000 inhabitants,
the greater part of whom profess the religion of
the Greek church. The capiul, of the same name
is seated on the Volga, 100 m. S. by. W. of Ka-
san. Long. 48. 34. E., lat. 54. 22. N.
Sinuoe, a lake of Upper Canada, communicat-
ing with Lake Huron.
Simi, the ancient Syme, an island in the Med-
iterranean, between the island of Rhodes and the
continent, in a bay of its name. It has a town,
cantaiaing about 2,000 houses, built near the sum-
mit of a filch rocky mountain, 12 m. N. W. of
Rh(Kles. Lo'ng. 27. "23. E., lat. 36. 35. N.
Simmem, a town of Prussia, in the province of
Lower Rhine ; seated on a river of the same name,
25 m. S. ofCoblentz.
SimmonsvUle, p. v. Coshocton Co. Ohio. 100 m.
N. E. Columbus.
Simocraif, a town of Hindoostan, in Mysore,
district of Bednore, with a manufacture of coarse
cotton cloth. Tippo Sultan was defeated near
this place by the Mahrattas, aided by a detach-
ment of British, in 1790. It is seated on the Tun-
ga, 34 E. by N. of Nagara.
Slmonthurn, or Simontornya, a town of Hunga-
ry, with a strong castle, taken from the Turks in
1(;86. It is seated on the Sarvita, 32 m. S. S. W.
of Buda. Long. 18. 52. E., lat. 46. 45. N.
Simplon, a mountain of ihe Alps between Swit-
zerland and Italy, through which a road was cut
by Napoleon. Tliis stupendous and magnificent
works is 36 m. in length, and was completed in
1805 ; it consists in many places of galleries or
tunnels, cut though the solid rock of the moun-
tain. There are 22 bridges thrown over rivers
and torrents. The ascent of the road is so easy
that carriages may pass its whole extent without
locking the wheels. The highest part of the
road is about 6,000 feet.
iiimpson, a county of Kentucky. Pop. 6,099.
Franklin is the capital.
SimpsonciJIe, p. v. Shelby Co. Ken. ; p. v.
Montgomery Co. Maryl.
Simsbury, p.t. Hartford Co. Conn. 14 m. N.
W.Hartford. Pop. 2,221.
Siinsonn'dle, p. v. Laurens Dis. S. C,
Sinai, a mountain of Arabia Petrea, in penin-
sula formed by the two arms of the Red Sea.
The Mahometans hold it in great veneration;
and here the Greek Christians liave a monastery,
surrounded by a high wall, and those who go in
and out are drawn up and let down in baskets.
Long. 34. 15. E., lat. 29. 2. N.
Siiuapour, an island at the southern extremity
of the peninsula of Malaya, from which it is sepa-
rated by a narrow channel, and to the S. it gives
name to the narrow sea, called the strait of Sin-
capour. It has a town of the same name. Long".
103 15. E., lat. 1. 10. N.
Siniie, a river of Asia. See Indus.
Sindr.ljiniren, a town of Germany, in the king-
dom of Wurtemberg, 10 m. S. S. W. of Stut-
gard
Si$uty, or Sutde, a provines of Hindoostaa
bounded on the W. by Persia, N. by the terri-
tories of the king of Kandahar, N. E. by those of
the Seiks, E. by a sandy desert, and S. E. by
Cutch. It extends along the course of the In-
dus, from its mouth to the frontiers of Moultan,
300 m. ; and its breadth, in the widest part, is
160. In soil, and climate, and the general ap-
pearan<!e of the surface, it resembles Egypt — the
country being an extended valley, confined on
one side by a ridge of mountains, and on the
other by a desert ; and the Indus, equal at east
to the Nile, winding through the midst of this
level valley, and enriching it by its annual inun-
dations. During great part of the S. W. mon-
soon, or at least in July, August, and part of
September (the rainy season in most other parts
of India) the atmosphere is here generally cloud-
ed ; but no rain falls, except near the sea. Ow-
ing to this, and the neighbourhood of the sandy
deserts on the E. and on the N. W., the heats
are so violent, and the winds from those quarters
so pernicious, that the houses are contrived so
as to be occasionally ventilated by apertures on
the top,resembling the funnels of small chimneys.
When the hot winds prevail, the windows are
closely shut, excluding the hottest current of air,
and a cooler part descends into the house through
the funnels. By this means are also excluded
vast clouds of dust, the entrance of which would
alone be sufficient to render the houses uninhab-
itable. The roofs are composed of thick layer
of earth instead of terraces. Few countries are
more unwholesome to European constitutions,
particularly the lower part called the Delta. The
Hindoos, who were the original inhabitants of
Sindy, have been treated with great rigor by
the Mahometan governors, and vast numbers
have in conseqnence retired into other countries.
The inland parts of Sindy produce saltpetre, sal-
ammoniac, borax, bezoar, lapis-lazuli, and raw
silk. Here are manufactures of cotton and silk
of various kinds ; and also of fine cabinets, inlaid
with ivory^and finely lacquered. Great quanti-
ties of butler are exported, which is clarified and
wrapt up in duppas, made of the hides of cattle.
Here are large beeves, fine sheep, and small har-
dy horses. The wild game are deer, hares, an-
telopes, and foxes, which are hunted with dogs ;
also leopards, and a small fierce creature called
a siahgosh. This province is now governed by
three chiefs, called ameers, tributary to the sul-
tan of Kandahar. The Bombay government sent
an embassy to the chiefs in 1808 ; and the E. In-
dia Company have now a native agent, or charg d'
affaires, residing at the fort of Hydrabad.
Sines,a. town of Portugal, in Alemtejo, on a cape
to which it gives name, 74 m. S. W. of Evora.
Long. 8. 46. W., lat. 37. 58. N.
Sing, a strong town of Austrian Dalmatia, buill
by the Turks in opposition to Clissa, and taken
by the Venetians in 1686. 8 m. N. of Clissa, and
14 of Spalatro.
Sin-gan, a city of China, in the province of
Chen-si, and one the largest and most beautiful
in the empire. The walls are 12 m. in circuit,
nearly a square, and surrounded by a deep ditch ;
they are well fortified with towers and some of
the gates are very lofty and magnificent. It has
a great trade, especially in mules, which are bred
up in great numbers and sent to Pekin. Here is
a strong garrison of Tartars in a separate quarter
of the city , from which it is parted by a strong wall
540 m. S. W. of Pekin. Long. 108. 4. E., lat.
35. 16. N
9IO
68]
SIS
SingUlef, a town of Russia, in the government
of Simbirsk, situate on the Volga, 24 in. S. of Sim-
birsk.
Slngor, a town in the peninsula of Malacca,
seated at the mouth of a small river, in the bay of
Patani. Long. 101 . 25. E., lat. 6. 40. iV.
Sing Sing, p. v. Westchester Co. N. Y. on the
Hudson, 33 m. above New York. Here is the new
State Prison, a large edifice built of hewn granite.
Sinigaglia, a strong seaport of Italy, in the
duchy of Urbino, with a castle and two harbours.
It is the see of a bishop, and contains several
fine churches and convents, and a mint. An an-
nual fair is held here from the middle to the end
of July, frequented by merchants from distant
parts. It stands at the moulh of Nigola, in the
gulf of Venice, 17 m. S. E. of Pesaro. Long. 13.
15. E., lat. 43. 43. N.
Si-ning, a city of China, of the second rank, in
the western extremity of the province of Chen-si.
It has a considerable trade with the Tibetians,
particularly in tea. 4.50 m. W. N. VV. of Sin-gan.
Long. 101. 35. E., lat. 30. 45. N.
Sinking Spring, p. v. Highland Co. Ohio.
Sinob, or Sinope, a sea-port of Asiatic Turkey,
in Natolia, surrounded by walls and double ram-
parts ; but the castle is much neglected. Dioge-
nes the cynic philosopher was born here. It is
seated on the isthmus of a peninsula, in the Black
Sea. 280 m. E. of Constantinople. Long. 33. 55.
£., iat. 41. 5. N.
Sioux, Indians, the most powerful tribe in N.
America. They consist of seven independent
bands, each under its own chief; but they are
united in a confederacy for the protection of their
territories, and send deputies to a general council
of chiefs and warriors, whenever the concerns of
the nation require it. They inhabit with trifling
exceptions all the country between the Mississipi
and Missouri rivers, south of N. lat. 40. Their
nountry includes also large tracts south of the Mis-
souri and east of the Mississippi. They are brave,
spirited, and generous, with proud notions of
their origin as a tribe, and their superiority as hun-
ters and warriors, and with a predominant passion
for war. Their number is stated by Pike at 21,
675, of whom 3,800 were warriors.
Sintzheim, a town of Baden, seated in a mo-
rass, 12 m. S. S. E. of Hiedelberg.
Sion, a mountain of Palestine, on the S. side of
Jerusalem, of great celebrity in sacred history.
Sion, or Sitten, a town of Switzerland, capital of
Valais, and an episcopal see. It is situate on the
river Sitten, near the Rhone, at the foot of three
insulated rocks, which rise immediately from the
plain. On the highest, called Tourbillon, is
the old deserted episcopal palace ; on the sec-
ond, denominated Valeria, are the remains of the
cathedral, and a few houses belonging to the can-
ons ; on Majoria, the third rock, stands the pres-
ent episcopal palace. Sion was formerly the cap-
ital of the Seduni, and some Roman inscriptions
still remain. 50 m. E. of Geneva. Long. 7. 22.
E., lat. 46 9. N.
Siout or OsJo<, a town of Egypt, which has seve
eral mosques, and is the see of a Coptic bishop.
It is surrounded by fine gardens, and palm-trees
that bear the best dates in Egypt. Here are the
ruins of an amphitheatre and some sepulchres of
the Romans. This place is the rendezvous of those
who go in the caravan to Sennaar, in Nubia. It
stands on an artificial mount, 2 m. from the Nile,
and one 85 S. of Cairo. Long. 31. 24 E., lat. 27.
35. N.
Siphanto, the ancient Siphnos, one the best cul
tivated islands of the (Grecian Archipelago, situ
ate W. of Paros. It is 30 m. in circumference,
and, though covered with marble and granite,
produces corn sufficient for its inhabitants, also
olives, vines, figs, cotton, and excellent silk, but
not in any considerable quantity. The chief ar-
ticles of commerce are calicoes, straw hats, ficrs,
onions, honey, wax, oil, and capers. Long. §5.
15. E., lat. 37.1). N.
Sir Charles Hardy's Island, an island in the Pa-
cific Ocean, discovered by Captain Carteret in
1707. It is low, level, and covered with wood.
Long. 154. 20. E., lat. 4. 41. S.
Sir Charles Saunders's Island, an island in the
S. Pacific, about (5 m. in extent from E. to W.,
discovered by captain Wallis in 1707. The na-
tives tlien appeared to live in a wretched manner,
but the introduction of Christianity has since
produced the most surprising improvements.
See Society Isles. Long. 151. 4. VV., lat. 17. 28. S.
Siradia, a town of Prussian Poland, with a
strong castle. It is surrounded by a wall, and
seated in a plain, on the river Wafta, 62 m. N.
E. of Breslau, and 105 N. W. of Cracow. Long.
18. 55. E., lat. 51. 32. N.
Siraf, a town of Persia, in the province of La-
ristan, situate on the Persian gulf, 30 m. S. W.
of Lar. Long. 43. 23. E., lat. 35. 20. N.
Siravan, a town of Persia, in Kusistan, 48 m,
N. N. E. of Suster.
Sire, a town of Abyssinia, in Tigre, famous for
a manufacture of coarse cotton cloths. 40 m. W.
of Axum and 100 W. N. W. of Auzen.
Sirhind, a city of Hindoostan, capital of a coun-
try of the same name, in the province of Dehli.
Procopius takes notice that in the time of Justin-
ian (the sixth century) silk was brought from
Serinda, a country in India. 175 m. N. W, of
Dehli. Long. 75. 35. E., lat. 30. 15. N.
Sirian, a sea-port of Pegu, frequented by the
French, English, and Dutch. It is seated on Pe-
gu River, 30 m. from its mouth, and SO S. of Pe-
gu. Long. 96. 12. E., lat. 16. 32. N.
Sirius, an island in the S. Pacific, about 18 m.
in circuit, discovered by lieutenant Ball in 1790.
Long. 162. 30. E., lat. 10. 52 S.
Sirmich, or Sirmium, a town of Sclavonia, and
a bishop's see; seated on the Bosworth, near the
Save, 42 m. S. E. of Essek. Long. 20. 19. E.,
lat. 45. 13. N.
Siroicy, a town of Hindoostan, in a district of
the same name, in Agimere ; sealed near the
Puddar, 70 m. S. W. of Agimere. Long. 74. 27,
E., lat. 26. 1. N.
Sirpij, a town and fort of Hindoostan, in My-
sore, 14 m. N. of Sera and 37 S. E. of Chittel-
droog.
Sirr, or Si.hon, a river of Independent Tartary
(the ancient Jaxartes), which issues from the
mountains of Imaus, or Belur, on the confines of
Cashgur, and, taking a N. W. course of about
.550 m. enters the N. E. part of the lake Aral. It
formerly flowed to the Caspian Sea, but the Tar-
tars, to free themselves from pirates turned its
course.
Sisizan, a sea-port on the E. coast of Luconia,
one of the Philippine islands. It is situate almost
opposite Manilla and in the vicinity of very high
mountains, which render the air extremely moist.
Long. 123. 45. E., lat. 14. 20. N.
Sissac, a town of Switzerland, in the canton oi
Basel, 17 m. S. E. of Basel.
Sissek, or Siszeg, a strong towa of tlie Austrioa
•KB <
gUttei, in Croatia, situate on the Save, at the in-
Bux of the Kulpa, 40 m. E. of CarUtadt. Long.
16. 56. E., lat. in. 33. N.
Sissopoli, a town of Romania, and an archbish-
op'a fee ; teated on a peninsula of the Black Sea,
2a m. S. of Mescmbria. Long. 28. 9. E., lat. 42.
30 N.
Si*/er»n, a town of France, department of Lower
Alps, with a citadel on the top of a rock, which
was llie prison pf Casimir V., kin^ of Poland. It
is seated on the Durance, 45 m. N. E. of Aix and
407 S. E. of Paris. Lonjr. 5. 50. E., lat. 44. 12. N.
SisterviUe, p.v. Tyler Co. Va. on the Ohio.
Si*ton, a village in Gloucestershire, Eng. It
has manufactures of brass and saltpetre. 7 m. E.
of Bristol.
Sistam, a town of Bulgaria, where a peace was
concluded between the Austrians and Turks in
1791. It is sealed on the Danube, 25 m. E. of
Nicopoli.
Sitia, a town on the N. coast of the isleof Can-
dia, on a bay of the same name, 58 m. E. S. E. of
Candia. Long. 20. 29. E., lat. 35. 0. N.
SiUard, a town of Belgium in the province of
Limburg, seated near the Meuse, 12 rn. N. of
Maestricht.
Siltingburn, a corporate town in Kent, Eng. 40
m. E. S. E. of London.
SUtivaeca, a village of Ceylon, the chief place
of intercourse between the Candians and their
European neighbours, 28 m. E. of Colombo.
Sivas, a city of Asia Minor, and the see of a
bishop, with a castle. It is noted as the theatre
of the great contest between Timur and Bajazet,
in which the latter was finally defeated and taken
prisoner, 180 m. W. S. W. of Erzerum and 210
m. E. N. E. of Cogni. Long. 33. 40. E., lat. 38.
55. N.
Sivroy, or Civray, a town of France, department
of Vienne, seated on the Charente, 27 m. S. of
Poitiers.
Sicry. a town of Belgium, in Hainault, with
2,500 inhabitanU, 18 m. S. W. of Charleroi.
Siwah, a territory of Africa, on the confines of
Egypt and Barca, mentioned by the ancients un-
der the name of the Oasis of Ammon. The fer-
tile part is about 20 m. in circumference, contain-
ing several villages, besides the capital. It af-
fords abundance of vegetable productions, with
corn and oil ; and is well supplied with water
from small streams, but none of them flow be-
yond its territory, being either evaporated before
they reach the surrounding desert or lost in the
sterile sand. The capital, of the same name,
contains the ruins of the celebrated temple of Ju-
piter Ammon; and in the neighbourhood are
many catacombs, which were the burying places
of the ancient inhabitants. It is the theatre of
considerable trade, being situate on the great ca-
ravan route, 220 m. E. of Augila and 280 W. by
8. of Cairo. Long. 27. 10. E., lat. 29. 12. N.
^tara, % town of Sweden, in W. Gothland, a
bishop's see, and formerly the capital of the king-
dom of Gothland. Ii was totally destroyed by fire
in 1719. The ruins of several churches and con-
vents are still to be seen, and it has a college, a
botanical garden, a medical school, and a large ca-
thedral. It is seated on the Lida, on a morass, 77
m. N. E of Golhcburg. Long. 14. 0. E., lat. 58.
16. N.
'iketn, a town of Norway, in the government of
A ;g<erhuys, noted for its mmes of iron and copper ;
•filed near a lake, 26 m. S. W. of Rongsburg.
ikmrntauUs, % Uk« of Newjork in Ononoaga,
Sa SLA
Cayuga and Cortland Cos. It is 15 m. long and
1 1-2 wide: it discharges its waters into L. Ontario.
SIcaneatcles, p.v. Onondaga Co. N. Y. on the
above lake. 152 m. W. Albany.
SkeensboTough. See Wldtehall.
Skiddaw, a mountain in Cumberland, Eng. near
Keswick, above 3,000 feet in perpendicular height
from the surface of the lake Derwentwater, to the j
N. of which it is situate. It is not difficult of ac- j
cess, and is almost covered with grass, which grad-
ually grows coarser in the ascent. Tiie whole top
is covered with a loose brown slaty stone.
SkiLskuera, town of Denmark, in the island of
Zealand, situate on a bay of the Great Belt, 52 m.
S. W. of Copenha<ren. Long. 11. 27 E., lat. 55.
16. N.
Skippack, p.t. Montgomery Co. Pa.
Skipton, a town in W. Yorkshire, Eng. The
river Aire and the Leeds and Liverpool canal pass
through the town, and near it are some cotton
works. It is seated in the midst of a rough moun-
tainous district, called Craven, well adabted to the
grazing and feeding of cattle. 211 m. N. N. W.
of London.
Skye, an islsnd of Scotland, one of the largest
of the Hebrides, being 54 m. long and from 3 to 30
broad. The S. E. end is separated from Inver- '
ness-shire (to which it belongs) by a channel call-
ed the Inner Sound ; in the narrowest part of
which, named the Kyle, cattle are made to swim
across. This side of the island swells gradually
from the shore, in a verdant slope, over which are
seen the naked hills of Strath ; and above these
rises the rugged top of CuUin or Cuchullin. To-
wards the S. W. are rude mountains, black and
red, as if discolored by fire; and on the E. a long
extent of lofty hills. There is, notwithstanding, a
great portion of level ground, with excellent pas-
turage ; and it has numbers of deer and different
kinds of game. It abounds with limestone, mar-
ble, &c., but the basalticcolumns, resembling the
Giants's Causeway in Ireland, are its greatest cu-
riosity. A cave in this island afforded an asylum,
in 1746, to the disappointed Pretender and his
faithful guide, for two nights. Many thousands
of beeves and sheep are annually exported hence.
Some small horses are bred, and a great quanity of
kelp is manufactured here. Portree is the princi-
pal town. The S. extremity is a peninsula, ter-
minating in a rugged promontory called the Point
of Slate. Long. 6. 12. W., lat. 57. 12. N.
Slagelse, a town of Denmark, in the island of
Zealand, 45. m. W. S. W. of Copenhagen.
Slaguen, a town of Prussian Pomerania, seated
on the Wipper, 10 m. E. by S. of Rugenwald.
Slaithwaitc a village in W. Yorkskire, Eng. on
the Huddersfield canal, with manufactures of the
various Manchester goods. 5 m. S. W. of Hud-
dersfield.
Slatersville, p.v. Providence Co. R. 1. 12 m. N.
W. Providence. Here are large manufactures of
cotton.
Slaterville, p.v. Tompkins Co. N. Y.
Slatina, a town of European Turkey, in Wal-
achia, on the river Alaut, 50 m. W. of Bucharest.
Slave coast, a name given to a maritime tract of
Guinea, between the Gold coast and Benin, com-
prehending the kingdoms of Ardra, Popo, and
Whidah.
Slave lake, a lake of N. America, 250, m. In
length from E. to W., and 60 to 100 in width. It
is full of wooded islands, and its outlet at the W
extremity, m long. 119. 30. W., lat. 61. 30. N.,
flows N. W. into th« Arctic Ocean.
SJ.D
683
SMO
Sleaford, JYerofl town in Lincolnshire, Eng. with
a market on Monday. It is a well built and flour-
ishing town, and contains a handsome Gothic
church, 113 m. N. of London. The hamlet of Old
Sleaford is about a mile distant.
Slesicick, a duchy of the Danish dominions,
bounded N. by Jutland, S. by Holstein, and E. and
W. by the sea. It is about 72 m. long and from
30 to 56 broad. Having no mountains, and few
elevations entitled to the name of hills, most parts
of it are fit for tillage. The products are wheat,
barley, oats, rye, hemp, flax, &c. it has good
pasture, on which are bred horses and horned cat-
tle. Woolen and linen are the chief manufac-
tures, which are carried on, not in collective es-
tablishments, but in the cottages of the manufac-
turers. Fishing forms a considerable occupation
on the coast ,as well as in the arms of the sea.
Sieswick, the capital of the foregoing duchy,
is a long irregular town. The houses are
chiefly of wood, and few are more than one sto-
ry high, but very neat. The inhabitants dress
like the Dutch ; and many of them speak their
tongue, though the usual languages are the Ger-
man and Danish. The buildings most worthy of
notice are the cathedal, with its altar and the
monuments of the princes, the five churches, the
town-house, the orphan-house, and the nunnery
of St. John. Near the city is the old ducal pal-
ace of Gottorp. Sieswick has manufactures of re-
fined sugar, earthenware, leather, and sail-cloth,
and is situate on the N. side of an arm of the
Baltic, called the Sley, 60 m. N. W. of Lubec,
and 125 S. W. of Copenhagen. Long. 9. 40. E.,
lat. 54. 35. N.
Sligo, a county of Ireland, in the province of
Connaught, 39 miles long and nearly as
broad ; bounded on the E. by Leitrim, S. E. by
Roscommon,S. W. and W. by Mayo,and N. by the
Atlantic. It is divided into 39 parishes, con-
tains about 269 square miles with 146,29 inhabi-
tants, and sends three members to parliament.
The soil is in general fertile, but rather boggy
towards the coa.st.
Sligo, a borough of Ireland, capital of the pre-
ceding county, and a place of considerable trade,
seated near the mouth of a river which flows
from Lough Gill into the bay of Sligo, 42 miles
N. by W. of Roscommon and 100 N. W. of Dub-
lin. Long. 9. 18. W., lat 54. 15. N.
Slippery Rock, a township of Butler Co. Pa. A
township of Mercer Co. Pa. both on a creek of
the same name.
Sloanville, p. v. Schoharie Co. N. Y. 48 m. W.
Albany.
Slonim, a town of Rusian Lithuania, in the
government of Grodno, with a castle, seated on
the Sezraa, 40 miles S. W. of Novogrodeck and
60 S. E. of Grodno. Long. 24. 57. E., lat. 53.
O.N.
Sloten, a fortified town of the Netherlands, in
Friesland, seated on the rivulet Ee, which flows
into the Zuider Zee, 8 miles E. of Staveren, and
SO S. S. W. of Lewarden.
Sluck, a town of Russian Lithuania, in the gov-
ernment of Minsk, with three Greek churches ;
seated on the river Sluck, 52 miles S. of Minsk.
Long. 27. 54. E., lat. 52. 30. N.
Sluys, a town of Belgium in Flanders, oppo-
site the island of Cadsand, with a good harbour.
It has its name from its fine sluices, by which
the whole country may be laid under water. It
was taken by the Spaniards in 1587, retaken by
the Dutch in 1604, and taken by the French in
1794. 10 miles N. of Bruges. Lonff. 3. 25. E..
lat. 51.19. N. '
Siniiland, a province of Sweden, in Gothland,
lymg between the Baltic and the province ol
Halland. Its area, is 7,750 square miles : its pop-
ulation 315,000. It is well watered, both by riv-
ers and lakes, but great part of it consists of
marshes, heaths, and barren rocks. In some
parts are immense forests of pine and fir ; and
the approach to the villages is announced by
groves of oak, beech, and birch, and numerous
plots of arable. Calmar is the capital.
Smalkalden, a town of Germany, in a district
of its name, belonging to Hssse-Cassel. It is
famous for the league entered into by the Luther-
ans, against the emperor, in 1531, to defend their
religion and liberties. It has a fine castle on a
mountain, and in the vicinity are salt-pits and
mines of iron. It stands on a river of the same
name, which flows into theWerra, 25 miles S. W
of Erfurt and 56 of Hesse-Cassel. Long. 10. 47.
E., lat. 50 45. N.
Smithport, p.T. McKean Co. Pa. 204 m. N. W.
Harrisburg.
Smith, a county of W. Tennessee. Pop. 21,492.
Carthage is the capital. A township of Washing-
ion Co. Pa. and Belmont Co. Ohio.
Smithjield, p.t. Providence Co. R. I. 9 m. N.
W. Providence. Pop. 3,994. Here are manu-
factures of cotton, paper, muskets, sithes, &c.
Within the limits of the town are quarries of
limestone and whetstone; p.t. Madison Co. N. Y.
Pop. 2,636. Towns and villages in Bradford
Somerset, Fayette, Northampton and Pike Cos.
Pa. Isle of "Wight Co. Va. Johnson Co. N.
C. Jeflerson Co. Ohio and Hopkins and Leving-
ston Co. Ken.
Smith Grove, p. v. Warren Co Ken.
Smithborough, p. v. Tioga Co. N. Y.
Smithtoion, p.t. Suffbrk Co. N. Y. on Long
Island. Pop. 1,686.
Smithville, a township of Chenango Co. N. T.
Pop. 1,829; p.v. JeflTerson Co. N. Y. 10. m.
from Sacketts Harbour ; p.v. Brunswick Co. N
C. near the mouth of Cape Fear River.
Smockville, p.v. Jefferson Co. Indiana.
Smolensk, a government of Russia, on the fron-
tiers of Lithuania. After having been an object
of contention, and reciprocally possessed by Po-
land and Russia, it was conquered by Aleiay
Michaelovitch in 1654, and ceded to Russia by
the peace of Moscow in 1666. It contains an
area of 21,400 square miles with 1,050,000 inhab-
itants ; and is fertile in corn, hemp, and flax.
Horses, black cattle, and sheep, are numerous.
The principal rivers are the Duna, Dnieper,
Desna, Sosha, Kasplia, and Viasma.
SmolcTisk, a city of Russia, capital of the
foregoing government, is situate on the Dnieper,
and extends over two mountains and the valley
between them. It is surrounded by walls 30 feet
high and 15 thick ; the lower part of stone, the
upper of brick, and their circumference 4 m. and
three quarters. The houses are mostly of wood
and only one story high, except a few, scattered
here and there, which are dignified with the title
of palaces. The city is divided, through its whole
length, by one straight paved street ; the others
are circular, and floored with planks. The cath-
edral stands on an eminence, where there is a
view of the whole city. Notwithstanding its ex-
tent, it contains only about 13,000 inhabitants, and
has no considerable manufactures, but carries on
with Dantzic, Riga, and the Ukraine, a traffic ia
SNO
684
SOC
linen hemp, honey, wax, leather, furs, &c. In
loli scvenil severe engasjeinente were fought in
the neighbourhood of this city between the
Frencii and llussian armies, in one of which it
siistAined a bombardment, which destroyed most
of llie buildings, 197 m. N. E. of Novo-gorodeck
and •i:V>W. S W. of Moscow. Long. 3*2. 14. E.,
Ut.54. 50.
Sini/n/iusen, a town of Denmark, in the duchy
of Holslein, Ifl m. \V. of Rendsburg.
Smifrna, a sea-port of Asia Minor, and one of
the largest and richest cities of the Levant. The
goodness of the harbour has caused it to be rebuilt
several times after having been destroyed by
earthquakes. It is the rendezvous of merchants
from almost all parts of the world, and the mag-
azine of their merchandize. The population is
computed at 120,000 persons. The streets are
raore open, better paved, and the houses better
built than in any other towns on the continent.
The street of the Franks is the finest in Smyrna,
and lies all along the harbour. The imports from
England consist of woolen cloths, camlets, lead,
tin, and hardware ; these are exchanged for cot-
ton, coffee, mohair, drugs, gall, raisins, figs, &c.
The English and Dutch factors have protestant
chapels, and taverns are as open here as in Eu-
rope. The fortifications consist of a fort, a castle,
a mountain, and an old citadel. Smyrna is eight
days' journey from Constantinople by land, 25
days from Aleppo by the caravans, six from Cog-
ni, seven from Cataya, and six from Satalia; and
is seated at the head of a large bay, 190 m. S. S.
W. of Constantinople. Long. 27. 7. E., lat. 38.
88. N.
Smyrna, p.t. Chenango Co. N. Y. 105 m. W.
Albany. Pop. 1,897; p.v. Kent. Co Del. 12 m. S.
Dover.
Sinijthjield. p.v. Somerset Co. Pa.
Snaith, a. town in W. Yorkshire, Eng. 175 ra
N. by W. of London.
SnnpsvUle, p.v. Chesterfield Co. Va.
Snfx/c or Snitz, a fortified town of Holland, in
Ffiesland, seated on a lake of the same name, in
marshy land. 12 m. S. S. W. ofLewaiden.
Snr.r.dsliorough, p.t. Anson Co. N. C. 100 m. S.
W. Raleigh.
Sneirne, a town of Prussia in the province of
Irac, 57 m.W. N. W. of Amadan.
Sniatin, a tdwn of Austrian Galicia, on the
river Pruth, 28 m. W. of Czernowitz. Long. 22.
50. E.,lat. 4-i. 33. N.
Siuiioden, a mountain of Wales, in the centre of
Caernarvonshire, and the most noted in the whole
region of the Welsh hills. It has several craggy
■ummits, deep dells, moors, and chasms ; also
two lakes that abound with fish, particularly
the char and the guiniard. The height of this
rnountain, from the quay of Caernarvon, to its
highest peak, is 3,f),^>8 feet. It was held sacred
by the ancient Britons as Parnassus was by the
Greeks. Pieces of lava, and groups of columnar
■tones of vast size, have been found lying in all
directions on the summit of this mountain,°which
commands a delightful and extensive view. In
a clear day, and when the mountain is free from
clouds, a part of Ireland, and of Scotland, the Isle
ofMan,the mounUins of Westmoreland and Cum-
berland, paru of Lancashire and Cheshire, and
all N. Wales, the Irish and British seas, and a
rast number of lakes, may be seen from its sum-
miu.
Sruno Hill, p.t Worcester Co. Maryland, on
Pocomoke River. 120 m, S. Philad. It is a port
of entry and has considerable commerce ; p.v
Green Co. N. C. 96 rn. S. E. Raleigh ; p.v Clin-
ton Co. Ohio.
Soane, a river of Hindoostan, which issues from
a lake, <m the S. confines of Allahabad, the same
that is the source of the Nerbudda, and, flowing
in an opposite direction to that river, enters the
Ganges, above Patna.
Sohernheim, a town of Prussia, in the province
of Lower Rhine; seated on the Nahe, 11 m. W.
by S. of Creutznach.
Sibkslau, a town of Bohemia, in the circle of
Bechin, with good cloth manufacture, 12 m. E.
S. E. of Bechin.
Subolka, a town of Bohemia, in the circle of
Buntzlau, 8 m. E. by N. of Jung Buntzlau.
Society Isles, islands in the S. Pacifie Ocean,
discovered by Cook in 1769, situate between 150.
57. and 152. 0. W. long., and 16. 10. and 16. 55.
S. lat. They are seven in number; namely Hu-
aine, Raiatea, Tahaa, Borabora, Maurua, Tubal,
and Sir C. Saunder's Island. The soil, produc-
tions, &c., are nearly the same as at Otaheite,
Nature has been equally bountiful in uncultivated
plenty, and the inhabitants are as luxurious and
as indolent. They are generally above the mid-
dle stature ; but their limbs are less muscular and
firm than those of the Sandwich islanders, whom
in many respects they resemble. Though more
robust than the Marquesans, they are inferior in
size and physical power to the New Zealandera.
In person they resemble the Friendly islanders as
much as any others in the Pacific. Their limbs are
well formed, and they are generally active in their
movements, graceful and stately in their gait, and
perfectly unembarassed in their address. They are
remarkably curious and inquisitive, and compared
with other Polynesian nations, may be said to
possess considerable ingenuity and mechanical
skill. Totally unacquainted, till recently, with
the use of letters, their minds could not be improv-
ed by any regular or continued culture ; yet the
distinguishing features of their civil polity — the
imposing nature, numerous observances, and di
versified ramifications of their mythology — the
legends of their gods — the historical songs of their
bards — the beautiful, figurative, and impassioned
eloquence sometimes displayed in their national
assemblies — and, above all, the copiousness, va-
riety, precision, and purity of their language, to-
gether with their extensive use of numbers — war-
ranted the conclusion that they possessed no con-
temptible mental compacities. This conclusion
has been abundantly confirmed since the estab-
lishment of schools and the introduction of letters.
Multitudes, who were upwards of 30 or 40 years
of age when they commenced with the alphabet,
have'in 12 months learned to read distinctly in
the New Testament, large portions of which,
some of them have in a short period committed to
memory. The missionaries, who for a long time
laboured in these islands amidst discouragement
and disappointment, have at length witnessed the
complete abandonment of idolatry. Christiani-
ty is now universally professed, and the moral
character of the people has been raised by it to
a high degree of excellence. It it stated that in
1829 not fewer than 10,000 persons had learned
to read the Scriptures.
Society Land, a township of Hillsborough Co.
N. H. 25 m. S. W. Concord. Pop. 164.
Soconey, p.v. Pendleton Dis. S. C.
Soconusco, a province of Guatemala, 88 m. long
and nearly as many broad j bounded on the N. by
m
MIU
685
SOI.
^ Chiapa, E. by Guatemala.S. by the Pacific Ocean,
and W. by Guaxaca. The soil is not very fer-
tile, and, being sheltered from the N'. winds by
high mountains, the air is exceedingly hot and
unhealthy.
Soconusco, or Guevetlan, the capital of the fore-
going province, is seated on a small river, near
the Pacific Ocean, 460 m. S. E. of Mexico.
Socotora, or Socotra, an island in the Indian
Ocean, lying about 45 leagues from cape Gardefan
on the coast of Africa. It is 80 m. long and 22
broad, abounds in fruit and cattle, and is particu-
larly noted for its fine aloes, known by the name
of Socotrine aloes. The natives are chiefly Ma-
,* hometans, and are governed by a king who de-
pends on Arabia. Tamara is the capital.
Sodhury, or Chippitig Sodbury, a town in Glou-
cestershire, Eng. 110 m. W. of London.
Sodor, a village in the celebrated island of Icolm-
kill, one of the Hebrides of Scotland. It was
formerly a bishop's see, which comprehended all
the islands, together with the Isle of Man : the
bishop of Man is still called bishop of Sodor and
Man.
Sodus, p.t. in Ontario Co. N. Y. situate on the
S. side of Lake Ontario, on a bay 7 m. long and
3 broad, which forms an excellent harbour when
the rest of the lake is agitated by a storm. It is 80
• m. E. of Niagara. Long. 77. 5. W., lat. 43. 1 0. N.
Soehorg, a town of Denmark, in the island of
Zealand, situate on an island in a fresh-water lake,
15 m. W. N. W. of Elsinore.
Soest, a large town of Prussian Westphalia, in
the government of Arensberg, with a good trade
in corn, 12 m. W. S. W. of Lipstadt, and 30 S.
E. of Munster.
Sofala, a kingdom on the E. coast of Africa,
bounded on the W. and N. by the states of Mo-
caranga, E. by the Mozambique Channel, and S.
by Sabia. It is about 150 m. along the coast, and
2o0 up the country. The country is wild and
thinly inhabited, but contains rich mines of line
gold.
SofaJa, the capital of the above kingdom, with
a fort built by the Portuguese, which is of great
importance for their trade to the E. Indies. It is
seated on a small island, near the mouth of the
Cuama. Long. 35. 40. E., lat. 20. 22. S.
Sofia, or Sophia, a city of European Turkey,
capital of Bulgaria, and an archbishop's see. The
trade is considerable, and the inhabitants are com-
futed at 70,000, but the houses are meanly built,
t is sf-ated at the foot of the mountains of Argen-
taro, on the river Bogana, 100 m. W. N. W. of
Adrianople. Long. 23. 52. E., lat. 43. 0. N.
Sofroy, a town of the kingdom of Fez, noted
for a very handsome mosque. It is seated on a
hill, at the foot of a mountain of the same name,
jiart of Mount Atlas, and between two rivers, 12
m. E. of Fez.
Segno, a town of Africa, capital of a province
of the same name, in the kingdom of Congo.
The inhabitants are said to be Christians, con-
verted by the Portuguese, and the Capuchins have
a church here. It is seated on the Zaire, near its
mouth, IGO m. W. S. W.of St. Salvador. Long.
11. 55. E.,lat. 6. 0. S.
Sohagepour, a town of Hindoostan, capital of a
district in the province of Allahabad. 130 m. S.
of Allahabad. Long. 81. 52. E., lat. 23. 30. N.
Soham, a town in Cambridgeshire, Eng. seated
on a fen of the same name, near Soham-mere,
which takes up 1,000 acres of land. 5 m. S. E.
of Ely and 70 N. by E. of London.
Soho, a village in Staffordshire, Eng. 2 m. N
W. of Birmingham. It was founded by Mr. Boui-
ton, for the manufacture of every article common
to the BirmiiTgham trade, the plated ware usually
made at Sheffield, and of elegant pieces of silver
both light and massive. Here also are made the
improved steam engines now adopted in nume-
rous concerns throughout the kingdom. In 1797
an apparatus for the coinage of copper was em-
ployed here by government; and the Bank of
England dollars were also stamped at this mint.
Soignies, a town of Belgium in Hainault, near
a forest of its name, on the river Senne, 8 m. N.
N. E. ofMons.
Soissonnois, a territory of France, in the Isle of
France, which, with that of Vermandois, now
forms the department of Aisne. It abounds in
corn, wood, and pastures.
Soisions, a city of France, in the department
of Aisne, anciently the capital of a kingdom of
its name. It is a bishop's see ; and the cathedral
has one of the most considerable chapters in the
kingdom. Here St. Louis, Philip the bold, and
Louis XIV., were crowned. The castle, though
ancient, is not that in which the kings of the first
race resided. The inhabitants carry on manufac-
tures of coarse linen, stockings, thread, leather,
ropes, &c., and some trade in corn. Soissons
was repeatedly taken and retaken by the allied
and French armies in 1814, when the town sus-
tained considereble injury. It is seated in a fer-
tile valley, on the river Aisne, 30 m. W. by N. of
Rheims and CO N. E. of Paris. Long. 3, 19. E.,
lat. 49. 23. N.
Solanto, a town of Sicily, in Val di Mazara,
which gives name to a cape and bay on the N.
coast, 10 ni. E. of Palermo.
Soldin, a town of Prussia, in the New Mark of
Brandenburg, of which it was formerly the capi-
tal. It has cloth and woolen manufactures, and
a trade in hops ; and stands on a lake of the same
name, 26 m. N. by E. of Custrin. Long. 15. 7.
E.,lat. 53. 2. N.
Solenof, a salt-water lake of Independent Tar-
tary, 80 m. long and 20 broad, lying midway be-
tween the Caspian Sea and Lake Aral.
Solesbury, a township of Bucks Co. Pa.
Soleure, or Solothurn, a canton of Switzerland,
which stretches partly through the plain and
partly along the chains of the Jura, 36 m. in length
and 25 in breadth, and is very populous. The
soil, for the most part, is fertile in corn ; and the
districts within the Jura abound in excellent pas-
tures. In the mountainous parts are iron, lead,
alabaster, marble, and coal. The inhabitants are
nearly all Roman Catholics.
Soleure, the capital of the above canton, is sur-
rounded bj'^ regular fortifications. The church of
St. Urs is a noble edifice of a whitish-gray stone,
drawn from the neighbouring quarries, which is
a species of rude marble. The arsenal, and the
town house (which has two towers) make a good
appearance. Soleure stands in a delightful plain,
on the river Aar, 18 m. N. of Bern and 30 S. S
W.of Basel. Long. 7. 30. E., lat. 47. 9. N.
Solfatara, or Lago di Bagni, a lake of Italy, in
Campagna di Roma, near Tivoli, formerly called
Lacus Albulus. In this lake are several floating
islands,formed of matted sedge and herbage, with
a soil of dust and sand blown from the adjacent
ground, and glued together by the bitumen and
sulphur with which its waters are impregnated
Some of these islands are 15 yards long, and will
bear five or six people, who, by means of a pol«
3M
SOL (BH
may move to different parts of the lake. From
this lake issues a whitish stream, which emits
vapor of a sulphureous smell, till it reaches the
Teverone. The water of this rivulet has a petri-
fying quality, which increases in strength the
nirtner it has flowed from the lake. Fish are
found in the Teverone, both above and below
Tivoli, till it receives this lake ; after which, dur-
ing the rest of its course to the Tiber, there are
none.
Solfatara, a mountain of Naples, in Terra di
Lavoro, surrounded by other mountains, in the
form of an amphitheatre. It has a kind of cavity,
above a m. in diameter, which was no doubt the
crater of a volcano now extinct. The earth here
is warm and white ; and if opened to somD depth
is insupportable from the heat and exhalations.
The ground is almost every where hollow, and is
supposed to have a subterraneous communication
with Mount Vesuvius. Here are manufactures,
of sulphur, vitriol, and alum.
Soliman, a sea-port of Africa, in Tunis, 20 m.
E. S. E. of Tunis.
Solingen, a town of Prussian Westphalia, in the
county of Berg, with manufactures of cutlery and
all kinds of iron work ; seated near the Wipper,
15 m. E. S. E. of Dusseldorf
Solkamsk, a town of Russia, in the government
of Perin, famous for its salt-pits and good horses;
seated on the Ussolka, which flows into the Kama,
430. m. N. E. of Kasan. Long. 57. 26. E., lat.
59. 16. N.
Sollapnur, a town of Hindoostan, in Visiapour,
capital of a district celebrated for mines of dia-
monds. It is seated near the Kistna, 130 m. S.
E. of Visiapour. Long. 77. 10. E., lat. 16. 23. N.
Solms, or Satms, a county of Germany, in W^et-
teravia, formerly a principality, but deprived of
that rank in 1815. It is subject in part to Hesse-
Darmstadt and in part to Prussia. The decayed
castle of Solms, the seat of the ancient counts, is
seated on a hill, 1 ra. E. of Braunfels, the present
capital.
Solomon Islaiids. See Danger, Isles of.
Solomon Toion, an Indian settlement in Ohio,
near the head of the Great Miami, 17 m. S. Fort
Mc Arthur.
Solon, p.t. Somerset Co. Me. on the Kennebec,
18 m. above Norridgewock. Pop. 768 ; p.t. Cort-
land Co. N. Y. 132 m. W. Albany. Pop. 2,033;
a township in Cuyahoga Co. Ohio.
SoloT, an island of the E. Indies, 70 m. in cir-
cuit, to the S. of Celebes and W. of Flores. Long.
123. 53. E., lat. 9. 0. S.
Solre le Chateau, a town of France, department
of Nord, 7. m. S. E. of Maubeuge.
Solserina, a town of Italy, in the province of
Mantua, 17 m. N. W of Mantua.
Solsona, a town of Spain, in Catalonia, and a
bishop's see ; seated st the foot of a mountain, 51
m. N. N. W. of Barcelona.
So//aM, atown of Hanover, on the river Bohme,
28 m. N. N. W. of Zell.
Soltcump, a town of the Netherlands, in Gron-
ingen, with a large fort, at the mouth of the river
Hunse which is called Groningen Deep, 17 m.
N. W. of Groningen.
Solwaij Fr'Uh, an arm of the sea, between Cum-
beiland in England and Dumfriesshire and Kirk-
cudbrightshire in Scotland. It is navigable for
vessels of 100 tons within 6 m. of ilsextremity ;
and the fisheries, especially of salmon, are very
considerable. At its head on the Cumberland
«id»>, near the river Esk, is Solway Moss. This
SOM
was A level tract, above 2 m. long and 1 broaif', ^
but, in 1771, being swoln by rains, it burst out
at the eastern extremity, and spread over a neigh-
bouring valley; bv this means the surface of the
moss was reducea 24 feet, and sunk into its pres-
ent hollow form. ,
Sombrere, one of the Nicobar Islands, in the In-
dian Ocean, 30 m. N. of Nicobar. |t gives name
to a channel nearly in the middle of those is
lands.
Sombrero, a cluster of uninhabited islands in
the W. Indies, belonging to the English. The
most remarkable of them is a league long, and
consists of an eminence, to which the Spanish
discoverers, finding some resemblance to a hat,
gave the name of Sombrero. It is 80 m. N. W.
of St. Christopher. Lon. 63. 37. W., lat. 18. 38.
N.
Somers, p.t. Tolland Co. Conn. 25 m. N. E.
Hartford. Pop. 1,439; p.t. Westchester Co. N.
Y. Pop. 1997. A township of Buckingham Co.
L. C.
Somerset, a county of Maine. Pop. 35,778
Norridgewock is the capital. A county of New
Jersey, Pop 17,689. Somersville is the capital.
A county of the W. District of Pensylvania.
Pop. 17,441. A county of Maryland. Pop. 20,
155. Princess Anne is the capital.
Somerset, a township of Windham Co. Vt. '
Pop. 245 ; p.t. Bristol Co. Mass. 42 m. S. Bos-
ton. Pop. 1,024; p.v. Somerset and Washington
Cos. Pa. Perry, Belmont and Franklin Cos. Ohio
and Pulaski Co. Ken.
Somersetshire, a county of England, 65 m. long
and 45 broad; bounded on the N. W. by the
Bristol Channel. The chief manufactures are
those of woolen, coarse linen, stockings, &c
Ilchester is usually considered the county town,
Somcrlon, a town in Somersetshire, Eng, 13 m.
S. of Wells and 123 W. by S. of London.
Somersworth, p.t. Strafford Co. N. H. on the
Piscataqua 12 m. above Portsmouth. Pop. 3,090.
Here are large manufactures of cotton and wool-
en cloth and carpeting, employing a capital of
above 1 ,000,000 dollars.
Somerton, p.v. Nansemond Co. Va. 124 m. S.
E. Richmond.
Somervitle, p.v. Somerset Co. N. J. on the Rar-
itan, 16 m. above N. Brunswick ; p.v. Fauquier
Co. Va. 13 m. N. Richmond ; p.v. Fayette Co.
Pa; p.v. Morgan Co. Alab. 50 m. S. Huntsville.
Somma, a town of Naples, in Terra di Lavoro,
with a castle. The vicinity annually produces
above 7,000 pounds of silk of the best quality. It
is seated at the foot of Mount Vesuvius, 10 m. E.
of Naples.
Somme, a department of France, including part
of the ancient province of Picardy. Its extent is
about 2,400 square miles ; its population 500,000,
nearly all Catholics. It takes its name from a
river which rises in the department of Aisne,
flows by St. Quentin, Peronne, Amiens, Abbe-
ville, and St. Valery, and enters the English
Channel. Amiens is the capital.
Sommelsdijck. a town of the Netherlands, in S.
Holland, chief place of the island of Overflacken,
5 m. E. S. E. ofilelvoetsluys.
Sommerfeld, a town of Prussia, in Lusatia, with
manufactures of fine cloths ; seated on the Lupa,
15m.S. S. W. of Crossen.
Sommieres, a town of France, department of
(lard, with a manufacture of thick serges ; seal-
ed on the Vidourle, 14 m. W. by S. of Nisnies.
Somorrostro, a town of Spain, on the coast or
sor
687
SOU
^ Biscay, with a famoos iron mine. 14 m. N. W.
Bilbao.
Soncino, a town of Austrian Italy, in the Cre-
mona.
Sonderhorg, a sea-port of Denmark, in the island
of Alsen, with one of the best harbours in Den-
mark, and a royal palace, in which Christian If.
was confined as a prisoner for 13 years. It is 16
m. E. N. E. of Flendsburg. Long. 9. 49. E., lat.
54. 57. N.
Sondershausen, a town of Germany, capital of
the lower county of Schwartzburg, with a fine
castle on a mountain. It is situate on the Wip-
per, 24 m. N. of Erfurt.
Sondrio, a town of Switzerland, capital of a
district in the Valteline. It stands in a romantic
situation, at the extremity of a narrow valley,
and occupies both sides of the Malenco, a furious
torrent, which runs, into the Adda. 10 m. N. E.
of Morbegno and 14 S. W. of Tirano.
Sonejjour, a town of Hindoostan. in Orissa,
seated on the Mahanudda, 45 m. S. of Sumbul-
pour.
Song-kinng, a city of China, of the first rank,
in the province of Kiang-nan. It has a large
trade in cotton cloth, which is sent to different
parts of the empire, and is situate amid several
canals, near the sea, 560 m. S. of Pekin. Long.
120.45. E.,lat. 31. 0. N.
Sonneherg, a town of Germany, in Sa.\e-Mein-
ingen, with a great trade in looking-glasses, nails,
whet-stones, &c. II m. N. N. E. of Coburg.
Sonnebe) g, or Sonnenburg, a town of Prussia,
in the New Mark of Brandenburg, with a castle.
It stands on the Lenze, 9 m. E. of Custrin.
Stmnewald, a town of Prussia, in Lusatia, on
the river Dober, 12 m. S. W. of Luclcau.
Sonora, a province of Mexico, on the E. side of
the gulf of California. It comprises an area of
19,143 square leagues, with about 123,000 inhab-
tants, and is divided into the district of Sonora,
Cinaloa, and Ostimury. Rich mines of gold were
discovered by the Spaniards, in 1771, in an ex-
pedition against some tribes of Indians. Arispe is
the capital.
Sooloo, a chain of islands in the Eastern Indian
Ocean, lying S. W. of Mindanao, almost midway
between that island and Borneo. They are said
to be 60 in number, and are named from the prin-
cipal island, which is 36 m. long, and 12 broad,
and contains about 60,000 inhabitants, whq are
Mahometans. It is governed by a sultan, but
the legislative power resides in an assembly com-
Eosed of the sultan and 15 nobles, the former
aving two votes. The situation of Sooloo ren-
ders it a great mart, particularly for pearls, sago,
and edible birds'-nests. The chief town is Be-
war, on the N. W. part of the island, where the
English E. India Company have a resident. Long.
121. 15. E, lat. 5. 57. N.
Soonda, or Sudha, a town of Hindoostan, in Ca-
nara, capital of a district of its name. It was
formerly an extensive and populous place. The
space within the inner wall was 3 m. sq. and
fully occupied by houses. When Hyder took
possession, there still remained 10,000 houses;
but the subsequent wars have reduced them un-
der 100. It is seated above the Ghauts, on the
Gangawali, 60 m. N. by W. of Nagara and 75 N.
by S. of Kundapura.
Sophia, See. Sofia.
Sophiania, a town of Persia, in Aderbeitzan,
•eated in a valley, 25 m. N. W. of Tauris.
Sophienberg, a town of Denmark, in Zealand
with a royal palace, near the coast of the Sound,
13 m. N. of Copenhagen.
Sara, a town of Naples, in Terra di Lavoro,
with a castle, seated on the Garigliano. 46 m. E
by S. of Rome. Long. 14. 4. E., lat. 41. 54. N.
Sorau, a town of Prussian Silesia, 21 m. E. of
Ratibor.
Sorau, a town of Prussia, in Lusatia, with man-
ufactures of cloth, and a trade in yarn and linen,
8 m. W. of Sagan.
Sorbon, or Sorbonne, a village of France, in the
department of Ardennes, 6 m. N. of Rethel ; f»,-
mous for being the birth-place of Robert Sorbouj
confessor to St. Louis, who founded the celebrat
ed college at Paris, called after his name.
Sard, a river of Lower Canada, which issues
from Lake Champlain, and flows N. to the St
Lawrence, which it enters at the town of Wil-
liam Henry.
Sorejiio. a sea-port of Naples, in Principato
Citra, and an archbishop's see. It is the birth-
place of Torquato Tasso, and stands on a penin-
sula, in the bay of Naples, at the foot of a moun-
tain of its name. 17 m. S. by E. of Naples, Long.
14. 24. E., lat. 40. 36. N.
Soria, a province of Spain, in Old Castile,
bounded on the E. by Navarre and Arragon. Its
extent is about 4,.30O sq. m. ; its population 200,-
000. The breeding of sheep forms the principal
object of attention, and there are a few manufac-
tures of linen, woolen, paper, and leather.
Soria, the capital of the foregoing province,
stands on the site of the ancient Numantia, near
the source of the Duero, 74 m. E. S. E. of Bur-
gos. Long. 2. 18. W. lat. 41. 50. N.
Soriano, a town of Naples, in Calabria, Ultra,
17 m. E. N. E. of Nicotera.
Saroc, a town of Denmark, in the island of
Zealand, with a royal college, endowed with the
revenues of a once rich convent. 37 ra. W. S. W.
of Copenhagen.
Sosila, a town of Hindoostan, in Mysore, with
a large fort, 25 m. S. E. of Seringapatam.
Sospetlo, a town of the Sardinian states, in the
county of Nice, with a trade in dried fruits, par-
ticularly figs ; seated at the foot of three high
mountains, on the river Bevera, 13 m. N. E. of
Nice.
Soubise. a town of France, department of Low-
er Charente, 23 m. W. N. W. of Saintes.
Soudak, a town of the Crimea, with the re-
mains of an old fort on a mountain close by the
shore. It was formerly a considerable sea-port,
and stands at the end of a valley, which produ-
ces the best grapes and wine in the whole pen-
insula, 26 m. S. W. of Caffa.
Soudan. See Kegroland.
SoulUac, a town of France, department of Lot,
seated on the Borese, 32 m. N. of Cahors.
Sound, a strait between Sweden and Denmark,
through which ships usually sail from the Categat
into the Baltic. It is about 4 m. broad, and the
Danes take a toll of all merchant ships that pass
through the channel. See Elsinore.
Sour, a river of the Netherlands, which flows
from N. to S., through Luxemburg, and enters
the Moselle a little above Treves.
Sourabaxja, a town of Java, capital of a district
of the same name, on the N. E. coast. It is sit-
uate within the narrow strait formed by the islands
of Java and Madura, and is defended by batteries
The houses are good, and some are elegant, par-
ticularly the country seats of private individuals
There is a fine arsenal, with other extensive
«
BOU
SOT3
works, calculated for equipments on a very large
scale. Vessels also, with their various appoint-
ments, are built and equipped at Sourabaya. A
mint is likewise at work here, on a new silver
and copper coinage. The French, when in pos-
session of the island of Java, intended to have
erected Sourabaya into a port of consequence ;
large sums were expended in the construction of
works for the defence of the harbour, and General
Daendols was proceeding in his plans when the
island was taken by the British. It is seated on
a river which separates the European part of the
town from the Chinese and the native quarter.
Lortg. 112. 55. E., lat. 7. 14. S.
Souri, a town of Persia, in Laristan, situate on
the Persian gulf, 115 m. S. W. of Ormus. Long.
55. 30. E., lat. 2C. 18. N.
Sou-tcheou, a city of China, of the first rank, in
the province of Kiang-nan. It is so intersected
by canals of fresh water that Europeans compare
it to Venice. The country round it is almost un-
equalled in point of ferlilit)', in consequence of
which the Chinese call this city the panadise of
the world. The brocades and embroideries made
here are esteemed throughout the whole empire.
The population is prodigous, and the commercial
intercourse with strangers so great that the trade
of all the provinces might be supposed to centre
iHjre. It is seated on the grand canal, and on a
river which communicates with the lake Tai, 560
m. S. by E. of Pekin. Long. 120. 0. E., lat. 31.
22. N.
Souttrraine, a town of France, department of
Creuse, 24 m. N. of Limoges.
South Sea. See Pacific Ocean.
Southam, a town in Warwickshire, Eng. 82 m.
N. W. of London.
Southampton, a borough and county of itself,
and the county-town of Hampshire, Eng. It
stands between the Itchen and Test, which here
flow into an inlet of the sea, called Trissanton
Bay, or Southampton Water. The inlet is navi-
gable almost to the head for vessels of considera-
ble burden, and the two rivers admit small craft
some way up the country. It was formerly a
port of great commerce, and still possesses con-
siderable trade, particularly with Guernsey and
Jersey. 74 m. W. S. W. of London.
Southend, a village in Essex, Eng. at the mouth
of the Thames, nearly opposite Sheerness, much
resorted to for sea-bathing, and containing hand-
some accomodation for the company. 44 m. £.
of London.
Southfi'et, a village in Kent, Eng. 3 m. S. W.
of Gravesend. Some stone coffins, urns, &c.,
have been dug up here, since the commencement
of the present century, which evince it to have
been a Roman station; probably the Vagniacca
of Antoninus.
Southwark, a borough in Surrey, Eng. which
may be considered as part of the metropolis, being
seated on the opposite side of the Thames, and
under the jurisdiction of the corporation of Lon-
don. It is called the Borough, by way of dis-
tinction.
SouXhtneM, a town in Nottinghamshire, Eng. It
is an ancient place, enjoying several privileges dif-
ferent from the county, and has a collegiate
church. Here are the ruins of a grand palace,
demolished in the civil wars of the I7th century.
The principal trade is in malt and hops. 132 m.
N. N. W. of London.
Southwold, a sea- port in Suffolk, Eng. Here a
much esteemed salt is made, and it has also a
trade in corn, beer, andherrmgs. It is sometimes
called Sowle or Sole, and its bay is named Sole
bay. In this bay was the great sea-fight, in 1672,
between the Dutch admiral , De Ruyter, and
James, duke of York, in which the victory was
undecided. 305 m. S. E. of London.
Sojith jimboy, a township of Middlesex Co.
N.J.
South Amenia, p.t. Dutchess Co. N. Y. 85 m.
S. Albany.
Southampton, p.t. Hampshire Co. Mass. 110 m.
W. Boston. Pop. 1,253; p.t. Suffolk N. Y. on
Long Island. Pop. 4,850; townships in Bucks,
Franklin, Cumberland and Bradford Cos. Pa.
Southampton, a county in the E. District of Vir-
ginia Pop. 16,073. Jerusalem is the capital.
South Bainbridge, p.t. Chenango Co. N. Y. on
the Susquehannah 142 m. W. Albany.
South Berwick, p.t. York Co. Me. Pop. 1,577.
Southboroufh, p.t. Worcester Co. Mass. 30 m.
W Boston. Pop. 1,080.
South Branch, p. v. Hardy Co. Va.
Southbridge, p.t. Worcester Co. Mass. 65 m. S.
W. Boston. Pop. 1,444. Here are large manufac-
tures of woolen.
Southbury p.t. New Haven Co. Conn, on the
Housatonic 40 m. S. W. Hartford. Pop. 1,557
South Carolina, one of the United States,
bounded N. by N. Carolina, E. by the Atlantic
S. and W. by Georgia, extending from 32. to 58.
N. lat. and from 78. 24. to &3. 30. W. long. 200
m. in length and 125 in breadth and containinor
30,080 sq. m. It has no mountains except in the
northwestern extremity. It is traversed by the
great Pedee, Santee and Edisto rivers with their
numerous branches ; the Savannah washes the
Southwestern limit of the State. The coast for
100 m. from the ocean, is covered with forests of
pitch pine, with swampy tracts here and there
Beyond this, is a parallel belt of territory, called
the Middle Country, consisting of low sand hills,
resembling the waves of an agitated sea. Tliis
tract occasionally presents an oasis of verdure, or
a few straggling pine trees, and sometinjos a field
of maize or potatoes. The middle country is
bounded by another belt of land called the Ridge,
where the country rises by a steep and sudden el-
evation, and afterwards continues gradually to as-
cend. Beyond, the surface exhibits a beautiful al-
ternation of hill and dale interspersed with exten-
sive forests, and watered by pleasant streams.
The whole seacoast is low and level, and affords
hardly any good harbours. Towards the south it
is skirted by a range of islands, separated from
the main land by narrow channels, which afford
a steamboat navigation. These islands, like the
neighbouring continent are low and flat, but are
covered with forests of live oak, pine and palmet-
Btm
9BB
8PA
#
toes. Before tlje cultivation of cotton, many of
them were the haunts of alligators, and their thick
woods and rank weeds rendered them impenetra-
ble to man. At present, they are under cultiva
tion, and well inhabited and as the voyager glides
by their shores in a steamboat, he is enchanted
with the prospect of their lively verdure inter-
spersed with thick clumps of palmettoes, and flow-
ering groves of orange trees. The live oak which
is so-called on account of its being an evergreen,
is a noble tree with a trunk sometimes 12 feet girth;
its long branches are spread horizontally, and fes-
toons of moss hang from them almost sweeping
the ground. The laurel is here seen covered with
large white blossoms, shaped like a lily, and a
foot in circumference. The long sandy beaches,
which border these islands toward the sea, are cov-
ered with thousands of water fowl. Among the
various tribes of birds which abound in this state
may be mentioned the turtle dove, or Carolina
pigeon which in the summer is also found in all
parts of the United States. Its notes are re-
markably plaintive.
The climate is hot, moist and unhealthy. In
summer the heat of the day continues with little
abatement through the night, and a comfortable
sleep is a blessing not always to be enjoyed. Fe-
vers, generated by the influence of a hot air upon
a moist soil, are common. The summer con-
tinues from 7 to 8 months, or from March to No-
vember. In winter there are often frosts which
kill the tender plants, and even the orange trees ;
but they seldom continue longer than three or
four days, nor penetrate the earth deeper than two
inches. In the lower parts of the state there is
seldom any snow. In the northwestern part, the
land is mountainous, and the climate generally
salubrious, with a drier air, and a colder winter.
The soil along the banks of the rivers is fertile,
and- in the northwestern parts the land is gene-
rally productive. In the neighbourhood of the
sea are extensive swamps. The only mineral
which the state affords is gold, which exists prob-
ably in large quantities, but there are not many
mines.
Thi^ state is divided into 29 Districts. The pop-
ulation is 581,458. of whom 315,665 are slaves.
Columbia is the seat of government, and Charles-
ton is the only large town in the state. There
is one large canal called the Santee canal, con-
necting the Santee and Cooper rivers, 22 m. in
length 35 feet wide, and 4 feet deep, completed
in 1802 ; and several smaller canals upon the
Wateree Broad and Saluda rivers. A railroad
has been commenced to extend from Charleston
to Hamburg, on the Savannah, opposite Augusta.
f7
Cotton and rice occupy the chief attention rf
the planters. Some tobacco is raised, and indigo
was once an important article of cultivation.
Wheat, maize and other grains thrive well, but
are so much neglected that supplies are sought in
the neighbouring states. The exports of cotton
from this state form an important item in the
national commerce, and amount to 200,000 or 250,
000 bales yearly. The export of rice is also
great. The commerce is carried on to a great
extent by northern vessels. The shipping of
South Carolina amounted in 1828 to 33,688 tons,
The imports for 1829 were 1,139,618 dollars ; the
exports of domestic produce were 8,134,616 dol-
lars, total exports 8,175,586.
The legislature is called the General Assembly,
and consists of a Senate and House of Represent-
atives. The senators are chosen for four years,
according to the population and wealth of the dis-
tricts. The representatives are chosen for two
years, according to population. The Governor
is chosen by the legislature for two years.
The qualifications for voting amount nearly to
universal suffrage. The clergy are ineligible
to any civil office. The expenses of the state
for 1829, were 315,370 dollars. The public debt
was 1,670,000 dollars.
The Baptists have 131 ministers ; the Metho-
dists 54; the Presbyterians 46; the Episcopa-
lians 34. There are colleges at Charleston and
Columbia.
South Carolina was first settled at Port Royal
in 1670, and was originally connected with North
Carolina. The two states were separated in 1729.
The colonial form of government was preserved
after the revolution. The present constitution
was formed in 1790 but has been twice amended
since that period.
Southeast, p.t. Putnam Co. N. Y. 18 m. E. of
West Point. Pop. 2,042.
South Farms, p. v. Litchfield Co. Conn.
Southfield, a township of Richmond Co. N. Y.
on Staten Island. Pop. 975.
South Gate, p. v. Campbell Co. Ken. 81 m. N.
E. Frankfort.
South Hadley, p.t. Hampshire Co. Mass. Pop.
1,185.
South Hero, p.t. Grand Isle Co. Vt. 12 m. S
W. Burlington. Pop. 717.
South Hill, p.v. Muhlenberg Co. Va.
Southington, p.t. Hartford Co. Conn. 18 m. S
W.Hartford. Pop. 1,844. A township of Trum
bull Co. Ohio.
South Kintrston, p t. Washington Co. R. I. on
NarragansetBay,20 m. S. Providence. Pop. 3,663.
The legislature of Rhode Island meet every
second year at this place. '<' «^
Southold, p.t. Suffolk Co. N. Y. on Long Islana.V
Pop. 2,900.
South Quay, p.v. Nansemond Co. Va.
South Reading, p.t. Middlesex Co. Mass. W
m. N. E. Boston. Pop. 1,310. '
Southville, p.v. St. Lawrence Co. N. Y.
Southwick, p.t. Hampden Co. Mass. 110 m. S.
W. Boston. Pop. 1,855.
Souto Major, a town of Portugal, in Beira, 14
m.N. W. ofPiiihel.
Souvigny, a town of France, department of Al-
lier seated on the Quesne,10 m. W. by S. Moulins.
Sovano, a town of Italy, in the grand duchy of
Tuscany, 45 m. N. N. W. of Rome.
Spa, a town of the Netherlands, in the province
of Liege, famous for its mineral waters. That
•ailed the Old Spa consists of miaerable cottages
3 m2
^
SPA
690
WA
and is properly notliing but the suburb to the oth-
er. The houses of the New Spa are mostlj' of
Woid and plaster ; but the more modern ones are
of brick and stone. The church of the Capuchins,
and the parish church, are both seated upon emi-
nences. The names of the 5 principal wells are
Pouhon, Geronflerd, Saviniere, Watpotz, and
Tunelet. The inhabitants are employed in mak-
ing toys for strangers. Spa was taken by the
French in 17!)4. and afterwards annexed to
France ; but in 1814 they delivered it up to the al-
lies, it is seated in a valley, surrounded by moun-
tains, 17 m. S. E. of Liege.
Spain, a kingdom of Europe, 640 m. long and
500 broad ; bounded on the N. by the Bay of Bis-
cay, N. E. by the Pyrenees, which separate it
from France, E. and S. by the Mediterranean. S.
W. by the Atlantic, and W. by Portugal and the
Atlantic. It contains the provinces of Old and
New Castile, Andalusia, Arragon, Estremadura,
Galicia, Leon, Catalonia, Granada, Valencia, Bis-
cay, Asturias, Murcia, and Navarre, some of which
have been separate kingdoms and still retain the
title. The air is dry and serene, except during
the equinoctial rains, but excessively hot in the
soutliern provinces in June, July, and August.
The vast mountains, however, that run through
Spain are beneficial to the inhabitants by the re-
freshing breezes that come from them in the S.
parts ; though those in the N. and N. E. are in
the winter very cold. The soil is very fertile ;
but there are large tracts of uncultivated ground :
and the superior attention paid to the large flocks
of sheep greatly impedes the progress of agricul-
ture. The produce of the country consists in
wheat, barley, saffron, honey, silk, salt, saltpetre,
hem[J, barilla, and even sugar-canes, with the
richest and most delicious fruits that are to be
found in France and Italy ; and its wines are in
high esteem. Wolves are the chief beasts of
prey that infest Spain. The wild bulls have so
much ferocity that bull fights were the most mag-
nificent spectacle, the court of Spain could exhib-
it. The genet, an animal producing a perfume
similar to that of the civet, is found in this coun-
try. The domestic animals are horses (which are
remarkably swift), mules, asses, beeves, and
sheep. Spain abounds in minerals and metals.
Cornelian, agate, jacinth, loadstone, turquois
stones, quicksilver, iron, copper, lead, sulphur,
gypsum, calamine, crystal, marbles of several
kinds, porphyry, the finest jasper, and even dia-
monds, emeralds, and amethysts are found here.
Anciently it was celebrated for gold and silver
mines; but since the discovery of Americano at-
tention has been paid to them. The principal
rivers are the Duero, Tagus, Guadiaria Guadal-
quivir, and Ebro. Spain, formerly the most pop-
ulous kingdom in Europe, is now very thinly in-
habited ; to which various causes have contribu-
ted, as the expulsion of the Moors, the emigration
to the colonies, the vast numbers and celibacy of
the clergy, the indolence of the natives, and the
late desolating war. Here are some considerable
manufactures, especially of silk and woolen, but
these are far short of that flourishing condition
which they might attain, being checked by the
royal monopolies, which extend to broad cloth
china, glass, pottery, paper, salt-petre, salt, sul
phur, tobacco, and aome others.
The Spaniards in general are tall, their com-
plexions swarthy, their countenances expressive.
The beauty of the ladies reigns chiefly in their
noveU and romances : in their persons they are
small and slender. Jealousy is no longer the
characteristic of a Spanish hu.sband : the married
ladies have here their cortejo, or male attendant,
in the same manner as the Italians have their
cicisbeo. The established religion is popery.
There are eight archbishoprics, 46 episcopal sees,
and 24 universities, or rather academies. The
Spanish language springs from the Roman, but
many of the words are derived from the Arabic
used by the Moors, who for seven centuries held
dominion in the country : the speech is grave,
sonorous, and very melodious. The government
of Spain, once the most free, is now one of the
most despotic monarchies in Europe. It had for-
merly its cnrtes or parliaments, which had great
privileges ; but now, though not absolutely abol-
ished, they have no part in the government.
They are assembled, indeed, occasionally, as at
the accession of the monarch, but merely as an
appendage to the royal state, without power, or
any other consequence than what results from
their individual rank.
The present population of Spain is estimated at
13,650,172, and its lerrittoral extent at 183,000 sq.
m. The revenue of the .kingdom is 26,520.000
dollars ; the debt 230,443,062 dollars. The army
consists of 46,000 men : the navy is insignificant.
The colonies of Spain are the islands of Cuba
and Porto Rico with the city of St. Domingo in the
W. Indies; the Philippine, Caroline, and Ladrone
Islands in the E. Indies ; the Canary Islands in
the Atlantic and a few settlements on the coast of
Africa. The Population of the colonies is estimat-
ed at 4,088,000. The capital of the kingdom is
Madrid.
Spain was conquered by the Carthaginians and
Romans. The Visigoths founded their empire
here in 419. The Saracens and Moors invaded
and conquered the Southern part of the kingdom
in the 8th century. The Moors established a
kingdom in the Mediterranean provinces of Spain,
and their sovereigns reigned in great splendor at
Granada. The Spaniards were roused to resist-
ance by Don Pelayo, and maintained a struggle
against the Moors, which the Spanish historians
dignify with the name of a continual war of 700
years. The territories gained from the enemy
were formed into several distinct kingdoms
These were gradually amalgamated, and in 1469
the marriage of Ferdinand, king of Arragon with
Isabella, queen of Castile, united the whole of
Christian Spain into one kingdom. These sover
eigns conquered Granada, and completed the total
subjugation of the Moorish powerin the peninsula,
at the same time that Columbus under their aus-
pices discovered America and gave them a new
world in the west.
In the 16th century, under Charles V., who waif
king of this country and Emperor of Germany,
Spain, was the most powerful monarchy in Eu-
rope. Philip II. the successor of this monarch
expelled all the Moriscoes, or descendants of the
Moors who remained in the country, which caused
an immense loss to the kingdom in wealth and
population. The war of the Succession in the
early part of the 18th century, completed the im
poverishment of the country, and Spain has been
only a second rate power since that time.
In 1808, Napoleon seized the kingdom and
placed his brother Joseph upon the throne, but the
resistance of the people who were assisted by the
armies of Britian,and his reverses in Russia frus-
trated the design. This event caused the revolt
of nearly all Spanish America. In 1820, an in-
#:
%'
SPA
SPI
■urrpction of the troops and the people against the
tyrant b'erdinand produced a liberal constitution
which was sworn to by the king in the ancient
assembly of the Cortes. But the Holy Alliance
expressed their disapprobation. France interfer-
ed ; the constitution was put down by the bay-
onet and despotism restored.
Spain, jViw. See Mexico.
Spakia, a town of Barbary, in the kingdom of
Tunis, near which are extensive and magnificent
ruins. It is situate on a rising ground, shaded
all over with juniper-trees, ^M) m. S. W. of Tunis
and 100 S. S. E. of Bona. Long. 9. 15. £., lat.
35. 40. N.
Spa'.dtro, or SpalaUo, a strong sea- port of Aus-
trian Dalmatia, and an archbishop's see. The
harbour is large and deep, and well frequented.
Without the walls is a sulphureous spring, of
great benefit in chronical diseases. Here are the
ruins of the palace of Dioclesian, and of a mag-
nificent aqueduct. In 1784 Spalatro was nearly
depopulated by the plague. It is seated on a
peninsula in the gulf of Venice, 70 m. S. E. of
Zara and 102 N. W. of Ragusa. Long. 17. 31.
E., lat. 44. 4. N. _
Spalding, a town in Lincolnshire, Eng. It is
seated on the VVelland, and from its neatness, and
the canals in its streets, resembles a Dutch town.
The inhabitants are not employed in manufac-
tures, but derive their chief support from agricul-
ture, and the extensive grazing carried on in the
neighbourhood. Much hemp and flax is grown
in the vicinity and there is a good carrying trade
in corn and co.al. 14 ra. S. by W. of Boston and
103 N. of London.
Spall, a town and castle of Bavarian Franconia,
in the district of Anspach. The vicinity produces
excellent hops. It is seated on the Retzat, IG m.
R. S. E. of Anspach.
Spanilau, a towrn of Prussia, in the Middle Mark
of Brandenburg, with a fine fortress. The arsenal
is in subterranean vaults, and there is a prison for
elate criminals. Bayonets, ramrods, sword-blades,
and sabres, are made here: also musket barrels,
which are sent hence to Potsdam to be finished.
It is seated on the Havel, opposite the influx of
the Spree, 8 m. W. N. W. of Berlin and 12 N. E.
of Potsdam.
Spanirenberg, a town and castle of Germany in
Hcsse-Cassel, seated on a mountain 28 m. S. E.
of Cassel .
Spaniitlitown, or Jago de la Vega, a town of Ja-
maica, where the Legislative assembly and the
grand courts of justice are held. It is seated in a
pleasant valley, on the river Cobre, 16 m. W. N.
W. of Kingston.
Sparta, an ancient city of Greece, in the Pelo-
ponnesus, of which a few ruins may still be seen
in the neighbourhood of the village ofMisitra.
Sparta, p.t. Livingston Co. N. Y. 254 m. W.
Albany. Pop. 3,777; p.v. Sussex Co. N. J. 92 m. N.
Tronton ; p.v. Washington Co. Pa. ; p.v. Hancock
Co. Geo. 25 m. N. E. Milledgeville; p.v. White Co
Ten, 75 m. S. E. Nashville ; p.v. Conecuh Co
Alab. 90 m. N. E. Mobile.
Spartanburg, a District of S. Carolina. Pop.
21,143; p.v. the capital of the same name is 100
m. N. Augusta.
Spartel, Cape, a promontory on the coast of Bar-
bary, at the entrance of the strait of Gibraltar.
Long. 5. 5(5. W., lat. 35. 50. N.
Sparttvcnto, Cape, a promontory of Naples, at
the S. E. extremity of Calabria Ultra. Long. 16.
40. E., lat. 37. 50. N.
Speedsville; p.v. Tioga Co. N. Y. 7 m. 9. E
Ithaca.
Speedicell, p.v. Claiborne Co. Ten. 200 m. N,
E. Murfreesborough.
Speights Town, a. sea-port ofBarbadoes, former-
ly much frequented by the Bristol traders, and
thence called Little Bristol. It is situate on the
N. W. coast of the island, and defended by two
forts. Long. 53. 31. W., lat. 13. 15. N.
SpeU.0, a town of Italy, in the Duchy oi Spoleto.
Here are the ruins of a theatre and other remains of
antiquity. It is seated on a hill, 13 m. N. of Spoleto.
S/je«cer, a county of Indiana. Pop. 3,187. Rock-
port is the capital.
Spencer, p.t. Worcester Co. Mass. 51 m. W. Bos-
ton. Pop. 1,618 ; p.t. Tioga Co. N. Y. 190 m. W.
Albany. Pop. 1,2.53; p.v. Owen Co. Ind. 50 m.
W. Indianapolis.
Spencertoicn, p.t. Columbia Co. N. Y. 30 m S
E. Albany.
Spey, a rapid river of Scotland, which issues
from a small lake in the centre of Inverness-shire,
flows N. E. into Murray shire, then divides that
county from Banfshire for more than 20 m. and en-
ters the German Ocean at Garmouth.
Spezzia, or Spetia, a town of the Sardinian states,
in the territory of Genoa, with a good harbour.
It is seated at the foot of a hill, on a gulf of the
same name, 47 m. S. E. of Genoa. Long. 9. 37.
E., lat. 44. 10. N.
Spezzia, an island of Greece, 6 miles long and
2 broad. It has a town of the same name, con-
taining 3,000 inhabitants, and is situate about 20
miles from Napoli di Romania.
Spice Islands. See Moluccas.
Spielberg, a town of Germany, in the principal-
ity of Oettingen, 8 m. N. E. of Oettingen and 13
S. S. E. of Anspach.
Spietz, a town of Switzerland, in the canton of
Bern, seated on the W. side of the lake Thun, 40
m. S. S. E. ofBern.
Spigelburg, a town and castle of Hanover, capi-
tal of a county of the same name, lying within
the principality of Calenberg, belonging as a fief
to the king of the Netherlands. 12 m. E. by S.
of Halem.
Spigno, a town of Sardinia, in the duchy of
Montferrat, with a castle, seated on the Belbo, 1 1
m. S. S. W. of Aqui and 40 S. E. of Turin.
Spilembergo, a town of Austrian Italy, in Friuli,
seated on the Tagliamento, 14 m. W. of Udina.
Spilsby, a town in Lincolnshire, Eng. 31 m. E.
of Lincoln and 133 N. by E. of London.
Spinalonga, a seaport of the island of Candia,
with a good harbour and a citadel. It is situate
near a cape of the same name, 30 m. E. of Can-
dia. Long. 25. 48. E., lat. 35. 20. N.
Spire, a city of Bavaria, capital of the province
of R nine, and formerly of a bishopric of its name.
In ancient times the emperors held many diets at
Spire, and it was the seat of the imperial cham-
ber till 1689, when the city was burnt by the
French, and it was not rebuilt till after the peace
of Ryswick in 1697. Most of the citizens are Lu-
therans; but there are 15 Catholic churches and
convents, among which the college formerly be-
longing to the Jesuits claims the first place.
Spire was taken by the French in 1734; and in
1792 it surrendered to the republican troops of
France, who evacuated it the next year, but re-
entered it in 1794. In 1814 it was ceded to Bava-
ria. It is seated on the W. side of the Rhine, at
the influx of the Spirebach, 54 m. S. by £ of
Mentz. Lon. 8. 29. E., ht. 49 19. N
8PO 692
Spiritu Santo, a province of Brazil, between
tliat of Porto Seguro and Rio Janeiro. Tlie soil
is fertile and watered by a river of the same name,
which flows into a large bay of the Atlantic. The
capital, of the same name, has a castle, and its
Crt is a small bay about 10 m. from tbe ocean,
ng. 41, 10. W., lat 20. 10. S.
Spiritu SutUo, a town of Cuba, near tbe middle
of the island. 155 m. E. S. E. of Havana. Long.
79. 37. E., lat. 22. 15. N.
S/iital, a town of Austrian Illyria, in Carinthia,
seated on the Liser, near the Drave, 15 in.W. N.
W. of Villach.
SpitaJ, a vill*g« 'n Lincolnshire, Eng. 12 m.
N. of Lincoln, on the Roman causeway, leading
to the Humber. Here are two sprinG^s, one call-
ed Julian's Well and the other Castleton Well.
Great number of Roman coins have been dug up
in this village.
Spithend, a famous road in the English Chan-
nel, between Portsmouth and the Isle of Wight,
where the royal navy frequently rendezvous.
Spitzbergen, a group of dreary islands, lying be-
tween 9. and 20. E. long., and 76. 46. and 80. 30.
N. lat , having Greenland to the W. and Nova
Zembis to the E. The Mainland, or principal
island, is 300 m. in length. It was discovered in
1533 tty Sir Hugh Willoughby, who called it
Greenland, supposing it to be a part of the west-
ern continent. In lo95 it was visited by Barentz
and Cornelius, two Dutchmen, who pretended
to be the original discoverers, and called it Spitz-
bergen, or sharp mountains, from the many
sharp-pointed and rocky mountains with which
it abounds. The glaciers on the N. E. pres-
ent a singular appearance, being high cliffs
of an emerald color, impendent over tbe sea,
with cataracts of melted snow, and a black-ground
of black conic hills, streaked with white. In the
winter it is continual night for four months. The
animals are deer, bears, and foxes. The Russians
from Archangel maintain a kind of colony here.
To the N. E. of this group are small isles called
the Seven Sisters, the most arctic land yet dis-
covered.
Spit Roclc,p.v. Essex Co. N. Y. 80 m. N. Albany.
Spiugen, a town of Switzerland, in the Grisons,
seated near the source of the Rhine, 16 m. N. W.
of Chiavenna.
Spoleto, a duchy of Italy, in the Ecclesiastical
states, 55 m. long and 40 broad ; boutided on the
N. by Ancona and Urbino, E. by Naples, S by
Sabina, and W. by. Orvieto and Perugino. It
comprises the greatest part of the ancient Umbria,
and contains 105,000 inhabitants.
Spoleto, the capital of the foregoing duchy, and
a bishop s see. The houses are in general well
built, but the only edifices that have any claim to
distinction are the castle, which stands on a hill
and is connected with the town by a bridge, and
the cathedral, which is certainly a fine structure.
Spoleto suffered greatly from earthquakes in 1703
and 1767. Here are the ruins of an amphithea-
tre, a triumphal arch, and an aqueduct. It is
■eated in a country noted for ffood wine, near the
river Tessino, 40 m. E. of Orvieto and 00 N. by
E. of Rome. Long. 13. 0. E., lat. 42. 45. N.
Spent, ■ivi . a town of Germany, and the capital
of a county of its name. It is seated among hills
covered with vineyards, 27 m. W. by S. of Mentz.
Long. 7. 38. E., lat. 49. 54. N.
Sporades, the ancient name of those islands of
the Grecian Archipelago which are scattered ir-
Mgularly along the shores of Europe and Asia,
SQU
in contradistinction to the Cyclades, which were
grouped circularly around Delos.
Sjtotsicood, p. v. Middlesex Co. N. J. 8 m S.
New Brunswick.
Spotsylvania, a county of the E. district of Vir-
ginia. Pop. 11,920. Frederickburg is the capi-
tal.
Spree, a river which rises in the mountains of
Bohemia, passes through Lusatia into Branden
burg, flows by Berlin, and joins the Havel oppo
site Spandau.
Spremberg, a town of the Prussian states, in
Lusatia, situate on an island formed by the rive
Spree, 14 m. S. by E. of Cotbus.
Spring Bank, p. v. Wayne Co. N. C.
Sprigg, p.t. Adams Co. Ohio. Pop. 1,739.
Spring, a township of Centre Co. Pa.
Springborougk, p. v. Warren Co. Ohio, 77 m. S.
W. Columbus. Pop. 370.
Spring Creek, a township of Miami Co. Ohio;
p.v. Madison Co. Ten.
Springfield, p.t. Hampden Co. Mass. 97 m. S.
W. Boston. Pop. 6,784. It stands on the E.
bank of the Connecticut, and occupies a level site
at the foot of a hill. The town is handsomely
built, principally upon a single street two miles
in length. There is a United States Armory
comprising an arsenal, barracks, forges, and work-
shops for the manufacturing of muskets, of which
above 16,000 are made yearly. On Chickapee
river within the limits of the town is Springfield
Factory Village, where the cotton manufacture
is carried on to a large account. Here are also
considerable manufactures of paper.
Sprintrfield, p.t. Sullivan Co. N. H. 30. m. N.
W. Concord. Pop. 1.202; p.t. Windsor Co. Vt.
Pop. 2,749; p.t. Otsego Co. N. Y. 60 m. W. Al-
bany. Pop. 2,816. Also towns and villages in
Burlington and Essex Cos. N. J., Bucks, Dela-
ware, Huntingdin, Mercer, and Bradford Cos.
Pa., Hampshire, and Loudon Cos. Va., Effingham
Co. Geo., St. Helena Parish Lou. Washington
Co. Ken., Rochester Co. Ten,. Portage, Columbi-
ana, Richland, Jefferson, Gallia, Ross, Clark,
Montgomery, Muskingum and Hamilton Cos.
Ohio.
Spring Garden, p.v. Pittsylvania Co. Pa.
Spring Grove, p.v. Iredell Co. N. C.
Spring Hill, villages in Fauquier and Louisa
Cos. Va. and Lenoir Co. N. C.
Spring Flare, p.v. a Moravian settlemc nt on the
Cherokee Lands in Georgia.
Springtown, p.v. Bucks Co. Pa.
Springville, p.v. Niagara Co. N. Y. Susque-
hanna Co. Pa., and Darlington Dis. S. C.
Sprinar Water, p.t. Livinjrston Co. N. Y. Pop
2,253.
Sprottau, a town of Prussian Silesia, in the prin
cipality of Glogau. on a river of the same name,
at its confluence with the Bober, 21 m. W. S. W.
of Glogau.
Spurn Head, a promontory on the S. E. coast of
Yorkshire, Eng. at the mouth of the Humber, on
which is a lighthouse. Long. 0. 15. E., lat. 53
38. N.
S/^warft, a village in Gloucester, Essex Co Mass.
on tl»e N. side of Cape Ann, with a guovl hiir-
bour.
Sqnam Ijike, a beautiful lake of N. Hampf-hire
near L. Winipissiogee. It is 10 m. long a<.d 6
broad; surrounded by mountains and sprinkled
with islands.
Snuankurn, p.v. Monmouth Co N J. 55. rn. N
£. Philadelphia.
STA
099
STA
S<ptantum, a rocky promontory extending into
Boston Bay, on the south side of Neponset river,
5 m. from Boston. It was named from an Indian
female who was the last of the aborigines that
resided in this neighbourhood. The Feast of
Squantiim is annually held at this spot, and is
usually accompanied with a travestie of the In-
dian customs and language.
Squilace, a town of Naples, in Calabria Ultra,
which was much injured by the earthquake of
1783. It is seated on the Favelone, near a gulf
of its name, 35 m. S. W. of St. Severino. Long.
16. 40. E., lat. 39. 3. N
Stantsburg, a village of Dutchess Co. N. Y. on
the Hudson, 12 m. above Poughkeepsie.
Slablo, a town of the Netherlands, in the prov-
ince of Liege, with a celebrated Benedictine ab-
bey. Here is a manufacture of leather, and a
trade in cloths and stutFs. It is seated on the Rect,
12 m. S. of Limbourg.
Staliroeck, or GeorgetoiDn, a sea-port of Deme-
rara in S. America, and the capital of the prov-
ince. It is seated on the river Demerara, and has
considerable trade. Pop. 8,000.
Slade, a town of Hanover, in the duchy of Bre-
men, with a fortress, a college and three churches.
It is the seat of tiie regency, and chief courts of
justice of the dutches of Bremen and Verden, and
has manufactures of lace, flannels, stockings, hats,
and spirituous liquors. The foreign trade is now
chiefly confined to the transit business, and a ves-
sel sails daily from this place to Hamburgh. It
stands on the Swingel, near its confluence with
the Elbe, 43 ra.N.E. of Bremen. Long. 9. 28. E.,
lat. 55. 36. N.
Stadt am Hof, a town of Bavaria, on the N. side
of the Danube, connected by a bridge with the
city of Ratisbon.
Stadtherg, a town of Prussia, in the province of
Westphalia, on the frontiers ofthe county of Wal-
deck. Part of it, called Marsberg, stands on the
site ofthe famous Saxon fort of Elmesburg, which
was taken by Charlemagne, who built a church
here in honor of St. Peter and St. Paul. Stadtberg
is situate on the Dumel, 16 m. S. of Paderborn.
Stadthagen, a strong town of Prussian West-
phalia, in the principality of Schauenberg, with a
palace, belonging to the prince of Schauenberg-
Lippe, in the garden of which is a mineral spring.
It is 8 m. E. of Minden.
Stafarda, a town of Sardinia, in Piedmont, with
a rich abbey. In 1690 a victory was gained near
this place by the French over the duke of Savoy.
it is seated on the Po, 3 m. N. of Saluzzo.
Staffa, a small island of Scotland, one of the
Hebrides, on the W. side of that of Mull. It is
tiie greatest natural curiosity in Europe, if not in
the world. The whole S. W. end is supported by
ranges of basaltic pillars, mostly above 50 feet
hiwh, and four feet in thickness. Here is also a
magnificent cavern called Fin-ma-coul, or Fingal's
Cave, ^vhich extends 250 feet in length Its en-
trance is a natural arch, 53 feet wide and 117 high,
from which the cavern is lighted, so that its far-
thest extremity may be seen ; it is supported on
each side by ranges of colums, and roofed by
the fragments of others that have been broken off
in forming jt. The bottom of the cave is filled
by the sea, reaching to the extremity, and in very
calm weather a boat may sail into it. This sin-
gular island is every where supported by basaltic
rocks and pillars, and so much hollowed by vari-
ous caves that its whole surface is shaken in
stormy weather.
Slafelstein, a. town of Bavaria, situate on the
Lauter, 16 m. N. N. E. of Bamberg.
Stafford, a borough and the county town of
Staffordshire, Eng. The principal trade consists
in the manufacture of boots and shoes, which at
one time was very considerable, but has greatly
declined. Hats and cutlery are also manufac-
tured here, and a considerable tanning business
is carried on. It is seated on the river Sow, 144
m. N. W. of London.
Staffordshire, a county of England, 55 m. long
and 35 broad ; bounded on the W. by Shropshire,
N. W. by Cheshire, N. E. and E. by Derbyshire,
S. E. by Warwickshire, and S. by Worcestei shire
It contains 780,800 acres, is divided into five hun»
dreds and 181 parishes, has one city and 19 mar-
ket towns, and sends 10 members to parliament.
The number of inhabitants in 1821 was 341,040.
The soil in the S. part is good and rich, though
not without heaths, which take up a large tract
of ground : it abounds in coal and iron. The
middle is level and plain, the N. hilly and barren,
beinof full of heaths and moors. There are good
stone quarries, plenty of alabaster, and limestone.
Tin and brass are among the productions in Staf-
fordshire, and there are several smelling and brass
works near the copper mines. Within the last
half century material improvements have been
introduced into the agriculture of this county;
whilst on the rich lands bordering the Trent the
dairy has become a source of considerable profit.
The trade and manufactures have been greatly
extended by the inland navigation, which con-
nects this county, not only with the metropolis,
but with the Severn, the Mersey, and the Hura-
ber, and the three corresponding ports of Bristol,
Liverpool, and Hull. The iron foundries, blast
furnaces, slitting mills, and other branches of the
iron trade, employ great numbers of people. The
cotton manufactures are very considerable, and
the silk trade is carried on to some extent. The
southern parts ofthe county are distinguished for
the manufactures of locks, buckles, steel toys
(particularly watch chains), and a variety of plated,
lacquered, japanned, and enamelled goods. In
the vicinity of Stourbridge the manufacture of
glass is considerable. There are also manufac-
tures of tobacco and snuft' boxes, shoes, hats, &c.
But the chief manufacture of the county is that
of earthenware, for which it has been long and
deservedly celebrated, and which may now be
ranked among the most important manufactures
ofthe kingdom.
Stafford, p.t. Tolland Co. Conn. 26 m. N. E.
Hartford. Pop. 2,514. Here is a mineral spring
and several manufactures ; p.t. Genesee Co. N.
Y. 30 m. S. W. Rochester. Pop. 2,367 ; a town-
ship of Monmouth Co. N. J ; p. v. Stafford Co.
Va. 47 m. S. W. Washington.
Stafford, a county in the E. District of Virginia
Pop. 9,362.
Stagira, a town of European Turkey, in Mace-
donia, celebrated for being the birth-place of
Aristotle, whence he is called the Stagirite. It is
now called Stavros, and is seated on the gulf of
Contessa, 16 m. W. N. W. of Contessa.
Stagno, a sea-port of Austrian Dalmatia, and a
bishop's see, seated on a peninsula, in the gulf of
Venice, 30 m. N. W. of Ragusa. Long. 17. 50.
E., lat. 43. 12. N.
Stagsville, p. v. Orange Co. N. Y.
Staines, a town in Middlesex, Eng. seated on
the Thames, over which is an iron bridge. At
some distance above the bridge, at Coin Ditch, 19
STA
694
STB
fr
the fxjndon Mark Stone, which is the ancient
boundary to the jurisdiction of the city of London
on the Thames, and bears the date of 1280. 16
m. W. by S. of London.
Stalbrid^e, a town in Dorsetshire, Eng. with a
considera6le manufacture of stockings. Here is
an ancient cross of one stone, 21 feet high, on a
base of eight feet. 112 ra. W. by S. of London.
Slaley, a villa^ in Lancashire, 9 m. E. of Man-
chester, Eng. It is noted for weavers, dyers, and
pressers of woolen cloth, and has some share in
the cotton trade.
Stamford, a borough in Lincolnshire, Eng.
One of its parislies, St. Martin's, ia situate in
Northamptonshire, but the greater part is built
on the side of a hill in Lincolnshire, and, when
approached from the S., presents an interesting
and picturesque appearance. The notable custom
of Borough English prevails here, by which the
youpTer sons inherit the lands and tenements of
the father dying intestate. 89 m. N. by W. of
London.
Stamford, a township of Bennington Co. Vt.
10 m. S. E. Bennington. Pop. 563; p.t. Fairfield
Co. Conn. 20 m. S. W. Fairfield. Pop. 3.795 ; p.v.
Delaware Co. N. Y.
Stampalia, an island of the Grecian Archipela-
o, 12 m. long and 5 broad. It is destitute of
resh water, and almost without inhabitants, 30
m. VV. of Stanchio.
Stanchio, a fertile island of the Grecian Archip-
elago, near the coast of Natolia. It is the ancient
Cos, the birth place of Hippocrates and Apeiles,
and is 25 m. long and 10 broad. It abounds with
cypress and turpentine trees, and a great variety
of medicinal plants. The capital, of the same
name, is a bishop's see; seated at the foot of a
mountain, at the bottom of a bay, and has a good
harbour defended by a castle. 40 m. N. W. of
Rhodes. Long. 26. 54. E., lat. 36 45. N.
Standon, a town in Hertfordshire, Eng. 27 m.
N. by E. of London.
Stanley, a town in C'oucestershire, Eng. 105
W. of London.
Siannardsvitle, p.v. Orange Co. Va. 70 m. W.
Fredericksburg.
Slandish, p.t. Cumberland Co. Me. on the Saco.
25 m. N. W. Portland.
Standford, p.t. Dutchess Co. N. Y. 18 m. N.
E Poughkeepsie. Pop. 2,511.
Stanford, p.v. Lincoln Co. Ken.
Stanhope, p.v. Sussex Co. N. J. 50 m. N. Tren-
ton.
Stantonshurg, p.v. Edgecumbe Co. N. C. 70 ra.
E. Maleigh.
Stanz, a town of Switzerland, in the canton of
Underwalden. Near this place, in 17S)8, the
troops of the canton were totally defeated by the
French, wlio afterwards burnt the town and put
the inhabitants to the sword. It is seated in a
plain, at the foot of the Stanzberg, 8 m. S. E. of
Lucern and liS E. of Bern.
Slara Rusa, a town of Russia, in the govern-
ment of Novogorod, on the river Polista, near the
lake llmen,40 m. S. of Novogorod. Long. 33. 2.
E., lat. 57. 40. N.
Starenberv, a town and castle of Bavaria, near
the N. end of the lake Wurnisee, 14 m. S. W. of
Munich.
Stargard, a town of Germany, in the grand
duchy of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, with a castle be-
longing to the prince, 10 m. N. by E. of Strelitz.
Stargard, New, a town of Prussian Pomerania,
iritli a college, fine manufactures of wool, and a
considerable trade. In 1758 it was taken by tne
Russians. It stands on the river Ihna, 20 m. E
of Stettin. Long. 15. 13. E., lat. 53. 26. N.
Sto;7i:, a county of Ohio. Pop. 26,784. Canton
is the capital.
Slarkenburg, one of the three great divisions of
Hesse-Darmstadt, situate between the Rhine and
the Maine, and forming the southern part of the
grand duchy. Its extent is 1 ,060 square m ; its
population 200,000. Darmstadt is the capital.
Starks, p.t. Somerset Co. Me. on the Kenne-
bec. 7 m. W Norridgewock. Pop. 1,471.
Sturksborough, p.t. Addison Co. Vt. Pop.
1,342. " ^
Starr, a township of Hocking Co. Ohio.
Stai't Point, a promontory on the coast of Devon-
shire, 14 m. S. by W. of Dartmouth. Long. 3.
48. W., lat. 50. 13. N.
Stasfurt, a town of Prussian Saxony, in the
duchy of Magdeburg, with some good salt-works,
21 m. S. S. W. of Magdeburg.
Slaten Island, an island of New York, 18 m.
long and 6 broad, which forms the county of
Richmond. On tiie S. side is a tract of level
land ; but the island in general is rough and the
hills are high. Richmond is the chief town.
Slaten Land. See Zealand. New.
Sfatesborough, p.t. Bullock Co. Geo. 45 m. N.
W. Savannah.
Statesburg, p.t. Sumter Dis. S. C. 30 m. S.
Camden.
Statesville., p.t. Iredell Co. N. C. 130 m. W.
Raleigh.
Stavffen, a town of Germany, in Baden, situate
on the Mehlbach, 8 m. S. of Friburg.
Stauffenburg , a town and castle of Germany,
in Hesse-Darmstadt, situate on the Lohn, 5 m
N. N. E. of Giessen.
Staunton, p.v. Newcastle Co. Del. 6 m. S. W.
Wilmington; p.v. Augusta Co. Va., 120 m. N.
W. Richmond ; a township of Miami Co. Ohio.
Stavanger, a sea-port of Norway, in the gov-
ernment of Bergen. Near it is a fortress, called
Deswick. It is seated on a peninsula, 95 m. S.
of Bergen. Long. 5. 55. E., lat. 58. 58. N
Stavcrcn, a town of the Holland in Friesland,
formerly a rich city and sea-port, but now much
decayed, and the harbour choked up. The an-
cient kings of Friesland made it their ordinary
residence, and there remains enough of its for-
mer splendour to make it a considerable town.
It has still some trade, especially in fishing, and
in passage-boats over the pools and lakes of the
neighbourhood. It is seated on the Zuyder Zee,
8 m. W. of Sloten and 17 N. E. of Enchuyscn.
Long. 5. 13. E., lat. 52. 54. N.
S<ee»t//ero'cn, a town of Holland in N. Brabant,
formerly a strong place, with a convenient har-
bour ; but the sea has retired from it about 3 >«? ,
which, with the calamities it has suffered by war,
has reduced it to a poor town. It has a commu-
nication with the Meuse, and is 7 m. N. of Ber-
gen op Zoom.
Steenkeer, a town of Norway, in the province of
Drontheim, 36 miles N. E. of Drontheim.
Steenkirk, a village of Belgium, in Hainault, fa-
mous for the victory obtained by the French over
William III. of England in 1692. It is 15 m. N.
of Mons.
Stege, a sea-port of Denmark, on the N. coast
of the isle of Mona, almost sun Dunded by a lake,
42 m. S. by W. of Copenhagen. Long. 12. 15.
E.. lat. 55. 4. N.
Slegeburg, a sea-port of Sweden, in E. Goth
STB
e9S
STE
jRnd seated on the Baltic, 9 m. N. of Calmar and
82 S. W. of Stockholm. Long. 16. 40. E., lat. 58.
16. N.
Stdn, a small independent town of Switzerland,
in tlie canton of Zurich, seated on the N. side
of the Rhine, where it issues from the lake of
Constance. Near it is the ancient castle of Ho-
henkiingen, now converted into a watch-tower.
The church is on the opposite side of the Rhine,
tn a place called Burst, which is connected to the
town hy a bridge, lo m. W. by N. of Constance
and 'i")N. E. of Zurich.
Stein, a town of Austria, on the N. side of the
Danube, over which is a long wooden bridge to
Mautern. Between Stein and Krems is a mili-
tary manufacture, in which metal articles, sabres,
cloth, aad clothes are made and kept. 2 m. W.
of Krems and 12 N. by W. of St. Polten.
Stein, a town and castle of Austrian Illyria, in
Carniola, on the Freistritz, 11 m. N. of Laubach.
Stein, a town and castle of the Austrian states,
m Carinthia, on the Drave, 12 m. S. of Clagen-
furt.
Steinau, a town of Prussian Silesia, formerly
the capital of a circle, in the principality of Wo-
lau. It has manufactures of cloth, and is seated
near the Oder, 16 m. N. N. E. of Lignitz.
Steinfurt, a town of Prussia, in the province of
Westphalia, capital of a county of its name, with
a Calvinist academy ; seated on ihe Aa, 10 m. S.
S. E. of Bentheim and 33 N. W. of Munster.
StfiTiheim, a town of Germany, in Hesse-Darm-
stadt, with a castle, near the river Maine, 4 m.
S. E. of Hanau.
Steinhude, a town of Germany, in the county
of Schauenburg-Lippe, on the S. side of Stein-
huder-mere, in which is the strong fortress of
Wilhemstein. 15 m, N. W. of Hanover.
Steinhurst, a town of Denmark, in Holstein,
with a castle, 14 m. S. S. W. of Lubec.
Stellenbosch and Drakentsein, a district of the
Cape of Good Hope, 380 m. long and 150 broad,
bounded S. by Cape Agulhas and N. by the river
Koussie. It is mountainous, but contains some
ol the finest land in the colony. The extent is
estimated at 55,000 sq. m. ; the pop. at 23,000.
Steaay, a town of France, department of Meuse,
on the river Meuse, 22 m. N. N. W. of Verdun.
Stendal, a town of Prussia, in Brandenburg,
formerly capital of the Old Mark. Here is a
colony of French Calvinists, who carry on man-
ufactures of wool, leather, &c. It stands on the
rivulet Ucht, 5 ra. W. of the Elbe, and 36 N. by
E. of Magdeburg. Long. 11. 58. E., lat. 52. 3o.
Stephentown, p.t. Rensselaer Co. N. Y. 20 ni.
S. E. Albany. Pop 2,716.
Stepney, p.v. Fairfield Co. Conn. 50 m. S. E.
Hartford.
Sterling, p.t. Worcester Co. Mass. 46 m. W.
Boston Pop. 1,789; p.t. Cayuga Co. N. Y. Pop.
1,4.36; p.t. Windham Co. Conn. 44 m. E. Hart-
ford with manufactures of cotton. Pop. 1,240;
p.v. Wayne Co. Pa.
Sterlinffville, a village of Granville Co. N. C.
Sternberg, a town in the Prussian states, in the
New Mark of Brandenburg, with a great trade in
cattle, 20 m. E. N. E. of Frankfort.
Sternberg, a town of Germany, in the grand
duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, situate on a
lake, 16 m. S. E. of Wismar.
Sternberg, a town and castle of the Austrian
atates, in Moravia, 10 m. N. E. of Olmutz.
Stcrzingfn a town of the Austrian states, in Ty-
rol, celebrated for its manufacture of sword-blatfes,
and for the silver mines in its vicinity. It is Heat-
ed at the foot of a mountain, on the Eysoch, 1^
m. N. W, of Brixen.
Stettin,n government of Prussia, comprising the
middle of Poinerania, and containinp an erea of
6,625 aquare miles, with 300,000 inhabitanta.
Stettin, a fortified sea-port of Prussii, capital of
Pomerania. It is a handsome town , contains
about 21,000 inhabitants, exclusive of the gurri-
son ; has numerous manufactures, particularly of
cloths, stuffs, hats, stockings, yarn, cotton, rib-
ands, paper, and canvas ; and carries on a con-
siderable trade to all parts of cutope. Timber
and corn are the principal articles of exporta-
tion ; and ship-building, is a very profitable branch
of employment. In 1795 a fire consumed a great
number of houses. In 1806 this place, fnrnished
with 160 pieces of cannon and a garrison of 6,(X)0
men, surrendered to the French. It was garri-
soned by them after the disastrous retreat from
Russia in 1812, but in 1813 was obliged to capitu-
late, when the Dutch troops belonging to the gar-
rison hoisted the Orange cockade. It is seated
on the Oder, 80 m. N. N. E. of Berlin. Long.
14. 44. E., lat. 53. 30. N.
Stettin, J\'ew, a town of Pomerania, in the gov-
ernment of CosHn, with a castle, situate on the
Willem, 41 miles E. of Coshn; and 62 E. N. E.
of New Stargard.
S/ewfecn, a county of New York. Pop. 33,975.
Bath is the capital ; p.t. Washington Co. Me.
Pop 095 ; p.t. Oneida Co. N. Y. 20 m. N. Utica ,
the township was granted to Baron Steuben for
his military services, and here lie his remains.
Pop. 2,094.
Steubenvillt, p.t. Jefferson Co. Ohio, on the
Ohio. 147 m. N. E. Columbus. Fop 3,152. It
is regularly built, and is a very flourishing place ;
it has many manufactures, 2 banks and 2 news-
papers ; the neighbouring country is fertile and
populous.
Stevensburg, a village of Frederick Co. Va. ;
p.v. Culpeper Co. Va.
Stevcnston, a town of Scotland, in Ayrshire, fa-
mous for the coal strata in its vicinity. It is sit-
uate on a hill, 5 m. N. W. of Irvine.
Strcensville, p.v. King and Queen Cos. Va.
Stewart, a county of E. Tennessee. Pop 6,898.
Dover is the capital.
Stewart Islands, five islands in the S. Pacific,
discovered by captain Hunter in 1791, and named
by him in honor of admiral Keith Stewart. Long.
163. 18. E., lat. 8. 26. S. ^
Stewarton, a town of Scotland, in Ayrshire, with
a noted manufacture of bonnet.^, 6 m. N. of Ir-
vine.
Stewarton, a town of Ireland, in the county of
Tyrone, 5 m. N. N. E. of Dungannon.
Stewartstown, p.t. Coos Co. N. H. 140 m. N,
Concord. Pop. 529.
Sleicartstille, p.v. Sussex Co. N. J., and West
moreland Co. Pa.
Steyning, a, hoTctngh in Sussex, Eng. 50 m. S.
W. of London.
Steyr, a town jpf Austria, which has a great
trade in articles of iron and steel. The French
entered it in 1800, and concluded an armistice for
a peace with the Austrians. It is seated at the
conflux of the Steyr with the Ens, 20 m. S. E. of
Lintz.
Steyreg, a town and castle of Austria, situate
on a mountain, on the N. side of the Danube, 8
m £. of Lintz.
STO
696
STO
Slickhausen, a town and castle of Hanover, in
ihe principality of E. Friesl'.nd, 22 m. E. S. E. of
Ernden.
Stigliano, a town of Naples, in Basilicata, fa-
mons for its baths ; seated near the Salandrella,
26 m. S. S. E. of Acerenza.
Stillwater, p.t. Saratoga Co. N. Y. on the W.
bank of the Hudson. 24 ni. N. Albany. Pop.
2,001. This spot is celebartcd for tiie battles
fouffiit between the armies of Gates and Burgoyne
in September and October 1777.
Stillwater, p. v. Sussex Co. N. J. and Miami Co.
Ohio.
StiUicelLsville, p.t. Montgomery Co. N. Y.
Stilton, a town in Huntingdonshire, Eng. cele-
brated for a rich kind of cheese, sometimes called
English Parmesan. 75 m. N. by E. of London.
Stincliar, a river of Scotland, in the S. part of
Ayrshire, which has a rapid course of 26 m. and
enters the ocean below Ballantrae.
Stirlitig, a borough of Scotland, capital of Stir-
lingshire, seated on the river Forth, on a hill,
which terminates abruptly in a steep basaltic rock.
On this rock is an ancient castle, once a place of
great strensrth, and often the scene of bloody con-
tention. The palace, erected by James V., is a
stately building; the outside curiously ornamen-
ted with grotesque figures. Here are two church-
es and a famous grammar school. In the town
and its neighbourhood are manufactures of car-
pets, shalloons, and other woollen stuffs ; and the
cotton trade is flourishing. A salmon fishery,
belonging lo the town, is let to a company, who
dend the fish chiefly to the London and Edin-
burgh markets. Stirling has undergone consid-
erable improvement within the last 30 years ; se-
veral new streets have been built on a modern
and improved plan on the N. side of the town,
and, in the old part of the town, numbers of hou-
ses have been rebuilt. From its commodious
situation, Siirling commands the pass between
the N. and S. part of Scotland. It is 30 m. N.
W. of Edinburgh. Long. 3. 45. W., lat. 56.
6. N.
Stirlingshire, a county of Scotland, 35 m. long
and 10 broad ; bounded on the N. by Perthshire, N.
E. by Clackmannanshire, and the frith of Forth, S.
E. by Lmlithgowshire, S. by Lanarkshire and
Dumbartonshire, and W. by Dumbartonshire. It
is divided into 24 parishes, and contains G-5,376 in-
habitants. The principal rivers are the Forth, Car-
ron, and Avon ; and the great canal crosses it
from the mouth of the Carron. The S. part of the
county id mountainous, but the part near the
Forth is fertile. It abounds in coal, ironstone,
limestone.
Stirum, a town of Prussia in the grand duchy
of Lower Rhine, seated on the Roer, 12 m. W.
of Dusseldorp.
Stock, a township of Harrison Co. Ohio.
Stockach, a town of Germany, in Baden and near
which the Austrians gained a victory over the
French in 1799, and in 1800 the latter defeated
the former, and took possession of the town. It
is seated on a river of the same name, 17 m. N.
E. of Constance.
Stockbridge, a borough in Hampshire, Eng. 66
m. W. by S. of London.
Stockbridge, p.t. Berkshire Co. Mass. 130 m.
W. Boston, with manufactures of cotton, woolen
and chairs, and quarries of marble. Pop. 1,.580;
p.t. Windsor Co. Vt Pop. 1,333; p.t. Madison
Co. N. Y.
Stockem, a town of the Netherlands, in the ter-
ritory of Liege, seated on the Meuse, 11 m. N. of
Maestricht.
Stockerau, a town of Austria, situate near the
Danube, 14 m. N. N. W. of Vienna.
Stockertown, p.v. Northampton Co. Pa.
Stockholm, a province of Sweden, comprising
the eastern parts of Upland and Sudermania, or
the districts of Roslagen and Sodertorn. It has
an area of 2,736 square miles, with 100,000 in-
habitants.
Stockholm, the capital of Swedeen lies in a situ-
ation remarkable for its romantic scenery. It is
very long, irregular, and occupies, besides two
peninsulas, three rocky islands, situate in the
Maelar, in the streams which issue from that
lake, and in a bay of the Baltic. There are four
smaller islands, or rather islets, on which are sit-
uate forts or buildings for naval purposes. A va-
riety of contrasted and beautiful views are formed
by numerous rocks of granite, rising boldly from
the surface of the water, partly bare and cragtry,
and partly dotted with houses, or feathered with
wood. The harbour is an inlet of the Baltic ; the
water is of such depth that ships of the largest
burden can approach the quay. At the extremi
ty of the harbour, several streets rise one above
another in the form of an amphitheatre, and the
palace, a magnificent buWding, crowns the sum-
mit. Except in the suburbs, where several houses
are of wood, painted red, the generality of the
buildings are of stone or of brick whitened with
stucco. There is a royal academy of science, in-
stituded by the celebrated Linnaeus,and a few oth-
er learned men, in 1741 ; and also a royal academy
of arts. The arsenal contains an immense num-
ber of trophies and standards taken from diflfer-
ent nations. Stockholm, with a small territory
surrounding it, forms a separate government, has
its own magistrates, and contains nearly 100,000
inhabitants, who manufacture glass, china, silk,
woolen, »&c. It is 320 m. N. E. of Copenhagen,
1,000 N. E. of Paris, and 900 N. E. of London.
Long. 18. 9 E., lat. 59. 20. N.
Stockholm, p.t. St. Lawrence Co. N. Y. 30 m.
E. Ogdenburg. Pop. 1,944; p.v. Morris Co.
N. J.
Stockport a town in Cheshire, Eng. with a mar-
ket, and considerable manufactures of cot-
ton, printed goods, and hats. From its contigui-
ty to Manchester, and the facilties of its canal
navigation, Stockport partakes of the prosperity
of that town. The number of inhabitants in 1821
was 21,726. It is seated on the Mersey, 7 m. S.
S. E. of Manchester and 179 N. N. W. of
London.
Stockport, p.v. Wayne Co. Pa. on the Delaware.
150 m. N. Philadelphia.
Stockton, a borough in the county of Durham,
Eng. Here are two docks for ship building,
manufactures of canvass and ropes to a consider-
able extent, also of diapers, huckabacks, checks,
&.C. It is seated on the river Tees not far from
its mouth. 243 m. N. by W. of London.
Stockton, p.t. Chatauque Co. N. Y. 60 m. S. W
Buffalo. Pop. 1,604.
Stoddard, p.t. Cheshire Co. N. H. Pop. 1,159.
Stoddardsville, p.v Luzerne Co. Pa.
Stokes, a county of N. Carolina. Pop. 16,196
Salem is the capital. A township of Madison Co
Ohio.
Stokesbury, p.v. Stokes Co. N. C.
Stokesley, a small but neat town in N. York
shire, Eng. 238 m. N. by W. of London.
Stolberg, a town of Prussian Saxony, capital ot
STO
fsn
STR
a county of the same name, with a castle. It is
seated in a valley between two mountains, in
which are mines of copper and iron, 12 m. N. E.
of Nordhausen and 55 W. N. W. of Leipzig.
Long. 11. 5. E.,lat. 51. 36. N.
Stolberg, a town of Saxony, where great quan-
tities of cloth are made, 9 m. S. W. of Chemnitz.
S/olhofen, a town of Germany, in the grand
duchy of Baden, 8 m. S. W. of Baden.
Stoipe, a town of Prussian Pomerania, with a
castle, three churches, and a Lutheran nunnery.
The inhabitants, estimated at 5,000, carry on a
considerable trade in linen and wood, and here
is also a fine salmon fishery. It is seated on the
Stolpa, 10 m. from its mouth, in the Baltic, and
56 E. N. E. of Colberg. Long. 16. 48. E., lat. 54.
27. N.
Stolpemunde, a town of Pomerania, on the Bal-
tic Sea, with a harbour, at the mouth of the Stol-
pa, 10 m. N. W. of Stoipe.
St.o/pen, a town of Saxony, with a castle on a
mountain, 15 m. E. of Dresden.
Stolzenau, a town of Hanover, in the county of
Hoya; seated on the Weser, 14 m. S. S. W. of
Nienburg.
Stolzenburg, a town of W. Prussia, formerly a
suburb of the city of Dantzic, but with the adja-
cent suburbs of Old Scotland, St. Albert, and
Schidlitz, was formed into a separate town, having
its own magistrates and municipal rights in 1772.
Stone, a town in Staffordshire, Eng. a consider-
able manufacture of shoes ; 140 N. W. of London.
Stone Arabia, p. v. Montgomery Co. N. Y. 50
m. N. W. Albany.
Stone Creek, a township of Somerset Co. Pa.
Stoneham, p.t. Middlesex Co. Mass. 10 m. N.
Boston. Pop. 732.
Stonehaven, or Stonehive, a sea-port of Scotland,
and the country town of Kincardineshire. The
harbour is secured by a high rock and stone pier.
Near it are the ruins of the castle of Donnotyre,
on a lofty perpendicular rock, almost surrounded
Dy the sea. The town has a manufacture of brown
linen, and some trade in dried fish and oil. 20
m. N. N. E. of Montrose. Long. 2. 6. W., lat.
56. 55. N.
Stonehenge, a remarkable monument of antiquity
in Wiltshire, on Salisbury Plain, consisting of
several very large stones, some placed upright
and others horizontally across them. Most anti-
quaries suppose this work to have been a temple
of the Druids, because it is in a circular form, and
seems to have been much more regular than it
appears to be at present. It has puzzled many
diligent enquirers to account for the bringing and
placing of those enormous stones ; for it is thought
no method now known is sufficient to have raised
those that lie across to that height. 6 m. N. of
Salisbury.
Stone/iouse, a town in Devonshire, Eng. It
contains a national school, very extensive bar-
racks, aToydl nav.al hospital, ifcc. ; and is situate
about half way between Plymouth and Devon-
port.
Stoneleigh, a town in Warwickshire, Eng. 5
m. S. W. of Coventry.
Stone.iborough, a village of Greene Co. Ken.
Stonesv'dle, p. v. Greenville Dis. S. C.
Stoney Point, p.v. Albemarle Co. Va. Iredell
Co. N. C. Abbeville Dis. S. C.
Stonington, p.t. New London Co. Conn, on
Long Island Sound 15 m. E. N. London. It has
manufactures of cotton and woolen and is enga-
ged in the whale fishery. This town was bom-
88
barded by the British squadron in 1814 bnt wiUi
out effect. Pop. 3,401.
Stony Point,Si fortress of New York,taken Dy the
British in 1779, but recovered soon after by the
Americans, and the British garrison made prison
ers of war. It is seated on the Hudson, opposite
Verplank's Point.
Storkau, a town of Prussia, in the Ucker Mark
of Brandenburg, 27 m. S. E. of Berlin.
Stonnaway, a sea-port of Scotland, on the E
side of the isle of Lewis, at the head of Loch
Stornaway, which is a good harbour for ships ol
any burden. It is a port of the custom-house,
and has a post-office and a regular packet weekly.
Long. 6. 38. W., lat. 58. 18. N.
Stoneville, p.v. Dutchess Co. N. T.
Slortford, or Bishop's Stortford, a town in Hert-
fordshire, Eng. with a market on Thursday On the
E. side are the ruins of a castle, on an artificial
mount. It is seated oh the side of a hill, on the
river Stort, which is navigable hence to the Lea,
10 m. E. N. E. of Hertford and 30 N. N. E. of
London.
Stossen, a town of Saxony, 6 m. S. of Weis-
senfels.
Stoughton, p.t. Norfolk Co. Mass. 17 m. S. Bos-
ton with manufactures of cotton and woolen.
Pop. 1,591.
Stour, a river which rises on the most northerly
point of Dorsetshire, passes by Stourminster,
Blandford, and Winborn then enters Hampshire,
and flows into the Avon, opposite Christchurch.
Stour, a river in Kent, Eng. which flows by
Sandwich into Hope Bay.
Stour, a river of Eng. which forms the entire
boundary between Essex and Suffolk.
Stour, a. river whtch rises in the S. part of Staf-
fordshire, Eng, enters Worcestershire at Sour-
bridge, and flows by Kidderminster into the Se-
vern, opposite Stourport.
Stourbridge, a corporate town in Worcester-
shiie, Eng. with manufactures of glass, iron, and
earthen ware. 126 m. N. W. of London.
Stourminster. a town in Dorsetshire, Eng. witha
manufacture of white baize. Near it are the ru-
ins of a castle, which was the seat of the W.
Saxon kings. 108 m. W. by S. of London.
Stourport, a handsome town in Worcestershire,
Eng. 4 m. S. of Kidderminster.
Stow Market, a thriving town in Suffolk, Eng.
with a manufacture of sacking, ropes, &c., and
a considerable malting business. 70 m. N. N. E.
of London.
StoiD on the Wold, a town in Gloucestershire,
Eng. 80 m. W. by N. of London.
Slow, p.t. Middlesex Co. Mass. 30 m. N. W.
Boston. Pop. 1 ,221 ; p.t. Washington Co. Vt.
24 m. N. W. Montpelier. Pop. ],.570; p.t. Portage
Co. Ohio. 128 m. N. E. Columbus. Pop. 790.
Stow Creek, a township of Cumberland Co. N. J.
Stowsville, p.v. Lincoln Co. N. C. 185 m. W.
Raleigh.
Stoweif, a small town in Somersetshire, Eng.
147 m. W. by S. of London.
Stoystoicn, p.v. Somerset Co. Pa.
Strabane, a town of Ireland, in the county of
Tyrone, situate on the Mourne, near the Foyle,
11 m. S. S. W. of Londonderry.
Strabane, a township of Washington Co. Pa.
Stradella, a strong town of the Sardinian states,
in the Milanese, with a castle. The French be-
came masters of it in 1800. It is seated on th«
Versa, near the Po, 10 m. S E. of Pavia.
Strafford, a county of N. Hampshire. Po/i
3N
STR
698
STR
58,916. Dover is the capital ; p.t. Strafford Co.
N. H. 55 m. N. E. Concord. Pop. 2,200; p.t.
Orange Co. Vt Pop. 1,935. Here is a mine of
copperas.
Stralionitz, a town of Bohemia, in the circle of
Prachin, with a castle ; seated on the Wotawa,
11 m. S. W. of Piseck.
Stralsund, a government of the Prussian states,
comprising the part of Pomerania formerly belong-
ing to Sweden, along with Rugen and other isl-
ands on the N. coast. It has an area of 1,400
square m. with 115,000 inhabitants.
StraJsund, a sea-port of Prussia, formerly the
capital of Swedish Pomerania. It contains about
11,000 inhabitants ; and its trade and commerce
are considerable. The churches and other public
buildings are handsome ; and the library belong-
ing to the college has a capital collection of coins.
Charles XII., in 1714, came hither after his re-
turn from Turkey, and ennobled the magistracy.
Stralsund was forced to submit to the allies in 1715,
was restored in 1720, surrendered to the French
in 1807, and was finally ceded to Prussia in 1813.
It is almost surrounded by the Baltic and the lake
Francen, and has a' harbour separated from the
isle of Rugen by a narrow channel. The manu-
factures are various, but most of them on a small
scale, and the trade is considerable, particularly
in corn. 40 m. E. N. E. of Rostock, and 85 N.
W. of Slettin. Long. 13. 16. E., lat. 54. 20. N.
Strammel, a town of the Prussian states, in
Pomerania, on the river Rega, 21 m. N. E. of New
Stargard.
Strangford, a small town of Ireland, in the
county of Down, sealed on a bay of its name, at
the narrow part which connects Strangford Lough
with the Irish Sea, 7 m. E. of Down. Long. 5.
30. W., lat. 54. 31. N.
Strangford Lough, a large bay, or inlet of the
sea, in the conAiy of Down, on the E. coast of
Ireland, about 17 m. long and 5 broad, abounding
with excellent fish, particularly smelts; and off
the bar, about August, is a periodical herring
fishery. It contains a great many small islands ;
ind the burning of kelp profitably employs a great
number of hands in them. The bar or entrance
into it from the Irish Sea is 3 m. below Strang-
ford and not am. in breadth.
Sf.runrawer , a borough and sea-port of Scotland,
in Wiglonshire, with considerable manufactures
of cotton and linen. Vessels employed in the
coasting trade and herring fishery frequent this
place ; and some ships sail hence to the Baltic
and Ireland with corn. It is situate at the head
of Loch Ryan, 2G m. W. by N. of Wigton. Long.
4. 57. W., lat. 55. 0. N.
Strasburg, a city of France, capital of the de-
partment of Lower Rhine, and a bishop's see. It
is situate near the Rhine; and the River 111 runs
through it, and forms many canals, over which
there are several bridges to connect the different
quarters of the city. It is a place of considerable
commerce, and has manufactures of tobacco, por-
celain, steel, lace, carpetjs, cloth, leather, &c.
The inhabitants are computed at Gfl,000. The
principal structures are built of a red stone, dug
from the quarries which are along the Rhine.
Tiiis town, formerly imperial, was taken by Louis
XIV. in 1G81. The citadel and fortifications,
which he constructed, have been so much aug
mented that Strasburg may be considered one oi
the strongest places in Europe. It was confirm
'!.! to France by the peace of Ryswick in 16!17.
Tlw ttniversity, which had been curtailed of its
classes during the French revolution, was re-
placed on its former footing in 1803. The town
is entered by six gates. In the cathetlral is a
clock, which shows the motions of the constella-
tions, the revolutions of tlie sun and moon, the
days of the week, the hours, &c. Another re-
markable circumstance in this cathedral is its
pyramidical tower, which is 549 feet high. In
the church of St. Thomas is the magnificent tomb
of the famous marshal Saxe. 65 m. N. c" Sasil
and 75 E. of Nancy. Long. 7. 45. E., lat 48
35. N.
Strasburg, a town of W. Prussia, in the circle
of Culm, with a castle ; seated on the Drigentz,
30 m. E. N. E. of Thorn.
Strasburg, a town of Prussia, in Brandenburg,
15 m. N. by W. of Prenzlo.
Strasburg, a town of Austrian lllyria, in Carin-
thia, seated on the river Gurk, 13 m N. of Cla-
genfurt.
Strasbttrg, p.t. Lancaster Co. ; p.t. Franklin Co
Pa. ; p.v. Shenandoah Co. Va.
Strasnitz, a town of the Austrian states, in Mo
ravia, with a castle and a college, on the rivei
Marsch, 12 m. S. S. W. of Hradisch.
Stratford, a village in Suffolk, Eng. 12 m. S.
W. of Ipswich.
Stratford, a village in Essex, Eng., separated
from Bow in Middlesex, by the river Lea, over
which is a bridge, said to be the most ancient
stone arch in England. 3 m. E. N. E. of Lon-
don.
Stratford, Fenny, a town in Buckinghamshire,
Eng., with a manufacture of thread lace ; seated
on the Lyssel, and the Roman highv/ay called
Walling-street, 45 m. N. W. of London.
Strafford Stony, a town in Buckinghamshire
Eng. The inhabitants are principally lace-ma-
kers. It is seated on the Ouse, 52. m. N. W.
of London.
Strattford-on-Avon, a town in Warwickshire,
Eng. It is memorable as the birth-place o*^
Sliakspeare, who was buried here in ICIC. Here
is a manufacture of silk buttons, and some trade
in corn and malt. The town is situate on the
Avon, over which is a long bridge, 8 m. S. W
of Warwick and 95 N. W. of London.
Stratford, p.t. Coos Co. N. H. Pop. 443; p.t.
Fairfield Co. Conn., 14 m S. W. New Haven.
Pop. 1,807. A township of Montgomery Co. N.
Y. Pop. 552.
Stratharn, p.t. Rockingham Co. N. H., 8 m. S.
W. Portsmouth. Pop. 838.
Strathavcn, a town of Scotland, in Lanarkshire,
with a manufiicture of cotton, seated on the Avon,
8 m. S. of Hamilton and 12 W. of Lanark.
Strathmore, a river of Scotland, in Suthcrland-
shire, which flows into a bay of the North Sea,
called Loch Hope.
Strathy, a river of Scotland, in Suthcrlandshire,
which issues from a small lake, and flows into a
bay of the N. Sea, sheltered to the W. by a large
promontory, to whicli it gives name.
Stratton, a town in Cornwall, Eng., 222 m. W.
by S. of London.
Slraubing, a town of Bavaria, capital of a terri-
tory of the same name, with a castle. It has
broad streets, handsome churches, a flourishing
academy, and a convent of L^rsuline nuns. In
1743 it was taken by the Austrians, who demol-
ished the fortifications, but it was restored in
1745. It is seated on the Danube, 22 m S. E
c<" Ratisbon and 68 N. E. of Munich. Long. 18
28. E., lat. 48. 50. N
8TR
699
STR
Strausberg, a town of Prussia, in the Middle
Mark of Brandenburg, with an old castle on a
mountain. It has manufactures of baize and
cloth, and stands on the lake Strauss, 21 m. £.
N. E. of Berlin.
Stratcntown, p.t. Bucks Co. Pa.
Strehla, a town of Saxony, in Meissen, near
which the Prussians were defeated by the Aus-
trians in 1760. It is seated on the Elbe, 14 m.
N. W. of Meissen.
Slrehlen, a town of Prussian Silesia, with man-
ufactures of woolens, stockinffs, and leather ; seat-
ed on the Ohla, 22 m. S. of Breslau.
Strditz, Kew, a town of Lower Saxony, capital
of the duchy of Mecklenburg-Strelitz. It owes
its origin to the destruction of the ducal palace,
in Old Strelitz : in consequence of which, in 1713,
the duke began to erect a magnificent palace, 2
m. from the site of the old one, at a place called
Glienke, which was before his hunting seat ; and
in 1733 he founded a town adjoining to the palace,
and ordered it to be called New Strelitz. The
centre is a spacious market-place, and thence a
number of streets branch out in straight lines;
the chief street leads to the palace, and the next
to a pleasant lake. It is seated among lakes 55
ni. S. E. of Gustrow and 56 N. by W. of Berlin.
Long. 13. 18. E., lat. 53. 21. N.
Strditz Old, a small town of the duchy of Meck-
lenburg, the residence of the younger branch of
that house, till the castle was burnt down in 1712.
See the preceding article.
Strengnes, a town of Sweden, in Sudermania,
and a bishop's see, seated on the lake Maerler, 30
m. W. by S. of Stockholm. Long. 17. 4. E., lat.
59. 20. N.
Strieker sville, p. v. Chester Co. Pa.
Slriegau, a town of Prussian Silesia, in the
principality of Schweidnitz, seated on a river, at
the foot of a mountain, 11m. N. of Schweid-
nitz.
Stroemskolm, a town of Sweden, in Westmania
situate on the lake Mealer, 45 m. S. W. of Upsal.
Long. 16. 24. E., lat. 59. 30. N.
Stroma., a small island of Scotland, on the coast
of Caithness-shire, in Pentland Frith. Its ca-
verns were once used by the inhabitants of the
neighbouring island as places of interment. Near
its N. end is a dangerous whirlpool.
Stromberg, a town of Prussian Westphalia, in
the government of Munster, 20 m. E. N. E. of
Munster and 20 N. W. of Paderborn.
Stromlioli, the most northern of the Lipari Isl-
ands. It is a volcano, which rises in a conical
form to the height of 3,000 feet; and on the E.
side are three or four little craters ranged near
each other, nearly at two- thirds of its height. Not-
withstanding its fires, it is inhabited, and pro-
duces a great deal of cotton. Of all the volca-
noes recorded in history, Stromboli seems to be
the only one that burns without ceasing; and it
has long been looked upon as the great lighthouse
of the Mediterranean, the flames being seen by
night at a great distance. Long. 15. 40. E., lat.
36. 40. N.
Stromness, a. town of Scotland, on the S. W.
side of the island of Pomona, with a good harbour,
9 m. W. of Kjrkwall.
Stromoe, the principal of the Feroe Islands, in
the Northern Ocean, 30 m. in length and 10 in
breadth. It has a town called Thorshaven, which
is the capital of all the islands and the common
market. Long. 7. 0. W., lat. 62. 10. N.
Stromsoe, a town of Norway, in the province
of Aggerhuys, 18 m. S. W. of Christiania. See
Drnmnien.
Stromstadt, a town of Sweden, in VV. Gothland
celebrated for its shell fish. It stands on the
coast of the N. Sea. 43 m. N. N. W.of Uddevalle.
Long. 11.4. E., lat. 59.4. N.
Strong, p.t. Somerset Co. Me. Pop. 985.
Strongsville, p.t. Cuyahoga Co. Ohio. 125 m. N.
E. Columbus. Pop 6^311.
Strongoli, a town of Naples, in Calabria Ultra,
seated on a high rock, 3 m. from the sea, and 7 N.
of St. Severino.
Stronsa, one of the Orkney Islands, situate N.
E. of that called Pomona. It is 7 m. from N. to
S. and nearly the same in breadth, but so indent-
ed by bays that no part of it is above a mile and a
half from the sea. It produces much kelp, and
feeds many sheep and cattle.
Strontian, a village of Scotland, in Arglyeshire
and in the district of Ardnamurchan, noted for its
lead mines, in which a new kind of mineral was
discovered in 1790, and named Strontiies.
Stroud, a. town in Gloucestershire, Eiig. It is
seated on a brook, the waters of which are pecu-
liarly adapted to the dyeing of scarlet, and its
banks are consequently crowded with the houses
of clothiers : a navigable canal accompanies its
progress to the Severn, and is now extended to
join the Thames atLfchlade. Stroud is 11 m. S.
by E. of Gloucester and 100 W. by N. of London
Stroud, a considerable village in Kent, Eng
Slroudsburg, p. v. Northampton Co. Pa.
Stuartshurg, p. v. Westmoreland Co. Pa.
Studland, a village in Dorsetshire, Eng. in the
neighbourhood of which are several curious bar-
rows.
Stuhlingen, a. town ofBaden, ina lordship, of
the same name, with a castle on a mountain, 9 m.
S. of Furstenburg.
Stuklweissenburg, a town of Hungary, capital of
a county of its name, and the see of a bishop, sit-
uate in marshy ground, occasioned by the river
Sarwitz. It was formerly the place for the cor-
onation of the kings, and generally also of their
interment; but it is much decayed, since its
works were dismantled in 1702. The number of
inhabitants is estimated at 13,000. 36 m. S. W. of
Buda, and 80 S. E. of Presburg. Long. 18. 28. E.
lat. 47. 18. N.
Sturbridge, p.t. Worcester Co. Mass. 70 m. S.
W. Boston, with manufactures of woolen and cot-
ton. Pop. 1,688.
Stutgard, a city of Germany, capital of the
kingdom of Wurte-nberg. It is surounded by
walls and ditches, and has an ancient caslle, with
a rich cabinet of curiosities, a magnificent palace,
an orphan house, a college, a ducal academy,
and observatory, a military academy one of
the largest libraries in Germany. It has man-
ufactures of silks, stockings, ribands, &c. and
around it are innumerable vineyards and gardens.
The streets are narrow in the city, and the houses
generally of wood ; but there are fine houses, and
straight streets, in one of the suburbs. Stutgard
was repeatedly entered by the armies on both sidea
between 1796, and 1815. It is seated in a plain
among mountains, near the river Neckar, 36 m.
E. ofBaden and 52 N. E. of Strasburg. Long. 9.
21. E., lat. 48. 44. N.
Styria, a province of Austria, 125 m. long and
17 broad ; bounded on the E. by Hungary, S. by
Carniola, and W. by Carinthia and Salzburg. It
is divided into Upper and Lower Styria ; the for-
mer containing the circles of Judenburg and
SUD
700
SUI
Brack, and the latter those of Gratz, Marchburgr,
and Cilley. Though a mountainous country
there is much land fit for tillage, and the soil is
fertile. The mountains are clothed with oak,
beech, and pine ; every kind of grain is well cul-
tivated, and the white wine is very pleasant. It
contains mines of excellent iron, whence the arms
made here are in great esteem ; also mines of lead
and coal. The principal rivers are the Enns,
Muhr, Drave, and Save. The inhabitants are for
the most part Catholics, but Protestants are tol-
erated, and Jews in a limited degree. Gratz and
Judenburg are the chief towns.
Suahia, the former name of one of the ten cir-
cles of Germany, bounded on the N. by Franconia
and the circle of Lower Rhine, W. by that circle
and Alsace, S. by Switzerland, and E. by Bava-
wa. It comprised the greater part of the kingdom
of Wurtemberg, the grand duchy of Baden and
some other territories.
Suakem, or Suaquam, a sea-port and the capital
of the country of Abex, seated on a small island of
*he same name, in the Red Sea. It is the resi-
^nce of a Turkish governor under the bashaw of
Cairo, and was once a very flourishing place, but
18 now gone to decay. Long. 37. 55. E., lat. 19.
Subiacco, a town of the papal states, in Cam-
pagna di Roma, seated on the Tfeverone, 33 m. E.
by N. of Rome.
Succadana, a town on the S. W. coast of Bor-
neo, capital of a kingdom of the same name. The
chief products of the country are camphor and
diamonds. It is seated at the mouth of a river.
Long. 110. 15. E., lat. 1. 10. S.
Success, a township of Coos Co. N. H. Pop. 14.
Success Bay, a bay on the S. t. fcOHst of Terra
del Fuego. The S. promontory, at its entrance,
is called Cape Success. Long. 65. 27. W. lat. 55
1. S.
Suckasunny p.v. Morris Co. N. J.
Suczava, a town of European Turkey ,in Molda-
via, formerly a flourishing city, but now much
declined. It is seated on a river of the same name,
70 m. N. W. of Jassy. Long. 2.'). 52. E., lat. 47.
57. N.
Suda, a strong fort of the Isle of Candia, situate
on an islet, in a gulf of its name, which is one of
the finest and safest harbours in the Levant. This
fort was constructed by the Venetians, who pre-
served it a great while after Candia was no long-
er in their possession. It is 8 m. E. of Canea.
Siidbury, a borough in Sufiblk, Eng. 54 m. N.
£. of London.
Sudbury, p.v. Rutland Co. Vt. 43 m. W. Wind-
sor. Pop. 812, p.t. Middlesex. Co. Mass. 20 m.
W.Boston. Pop. 1,424.
Suderhamn, a t"wn of Sweden, in the govern-
ment of Gefleborg, with a considerable trade in
linen, butter, timber, and flax; situate at the
mouth of a river, near the gulf of Bothnia, 20 m.
N. of Gefle. Long. 17. 5. E. , lat. 63. 20. N.
Sudcrkoping, a town of Sweden, in E. Goth-
land, seated on a navigable river, 10 m. S. S. E.
ofNordkoping
Sudermania, a province of Sweaen Proper, 62 m.
long and 42 broad ; bounded by Upland. West-
mania, Nericia, and the Baltic. It is the most
populous part of Sweden, and abounds in corn,
and mines of divers metals. Nykoping is the cap-
ital.
Sudertelge, a town of Sweden, in Sudermania,
with a manufacture of worsted and silk stockings,
16 m. W. S. W. of Stockholm.
Sudoree, one of the Feroe Islands, in the North-
ern Ocean, remarkable for a dangerous whirlpoo.
near it, which is occasioned by a crater, 61 fathoms
deep in the centre. The danger, especially in
storms, is very great; but at the reflux, and in
very still weather, the inhabitants venture in boats,
for the sake of fishing.
Suen-hoa, a city of China, of the first rank, in
the province of Pe-tche-li, seated amid mountains,
near the great wall, 77 m. N. N. W. of Pekin.
Long. 114. 39. E., lat. 40. 38. N.
Suez, a sea-port of Egypt, with a castle, seated
at the N. end of the W. arm of the Red Sea, cal-
led the gulf of Suez. This gulf is separated from
the Mediterranean by an isthmus, 125 m. over,
which joins Asia to Africa. The town is sur-
rounded by a sandy country, and is without water.
Several vessels are employed in the navigation
between this port and Jidda, where the commo-
dities are bartered for Indian goods and the coffee
of Arabia. The commerce of Cairo with Suez is
carried on by caravans, which wait the arrival, and
set out on the departure of the vessels, that is,
about the end of April, and in the course of July
and August. The merchandise consists in corn,
wood, iron, lead, wool, cloth, cordage, &c. 65 m
E. of Cairo. Long. 32. 51. E., lat. 30. 2. N.
Suffield, p.t. Hartford Co. Conn. 18 m. N. Hart-
ford. Pop. 2,696. A township of Portage Co.
Onio. Pop. 397.
Suffolk, a county of England, 58 m. long and 28
broad ; bounded on the S. by Essex, W. by Cam-
bridgeshire, N. by Norfolk, and E. by the German
Ocean. The number of inhabitants in 1821 was
270,542. The soil is of various qualities, but the
country, in general, is level. Near the shore it is
sandy and full of heaths, but abound in rye, peas,
turnips, carrots and hemp, with numerous flocks
of sheep. High Suffolk or the woodlands, which
is in the inland part, yields good pasture, which
feeds abundance of cattle. That part on the con-
fines of Esse.x and Cambridgeshire affords also ex-
cellent pasture ; and to the N. and N. W. it is
fruitful in corn. Its chief produce is butter and
cheese ; but the latter has gained almost prover-
bially the character of the worst in England. Ip-
swich is the principal town.
Suffolk, a county of Massachusetts, comprising
Boston and Chelsea. Fop. 62.162. Boston is the
Capital. A county of New York, consisting of
the E. part of Long Island. Pop. 26,980; p.v.
Nansemond Co. Va. 28 m. S. W. Norfolk.
Sugar Creek, townships in Stark. Tuscarawas
Green and Wayne Cos. Ohio.
Sugar LrafjO. township of Luzerne Co. Pa.
Sugar ^rove, o.v. Warren (^o. Pa.
Suggsville, p.v. Clark Co. Alab.
Sugul.messa, or Sig/Jmr.ssa,a. town of the kingdom
of Tafilet, the capital of a district, which abounds
in corn, dates, and other fruits, and has mines of
iron, lead, and antimony. It is seated on the Zig,
140 m. N. N. E. of Tafilet. Long. 5. 5. W., lat.
29. 40. N.
Suhla, a town of Prussian Saxony, capital of
Henneburg, with manufactures of fustian, linen,
leather, and steel. It is seated on the Hazel, 7
m. N. of Schleusingen.
Suhlingcn, a town of Hanover, in the county
of Hoya, on a river of its name, 22 m. W. by i>J.
of Nieburg.
Suire, a river of Ireland, which rises in Tippe-
rary flows by Clonmel and Carrick to Waterford,
and meets the Barrow at the tiead of Waterford
Haven.
SUM
701
SUM
Sullivan, a county of New Hampshire. Pop.
19,n37. Newport is the capital. A county of
N. York. I'op. 12,872; Monticello is the capital.
A county of Indiana. Pop. 4,696. Merom is the
capital. A county of E. Tennessee. Pop. 10,073;
Blountsville is the capital.
Sullivan, p.t. Hancock Co. Me. 35 m. E. Cas-
tine. Pop. 538. p.t. Cheshire Co. N. H. 38 m. S.
W. Concord, irop. 555. p.t. Madison Co. N. Y.
Pop. 4,077 ; p.v. Tioga Co. Pa. a township of
Lorain Co. Ohio. Pop. 206.
SidUvan's /gland, a low island at the entrance
of Charleston harbour, S. C.
Sullij, a town of France, department of Loiret,
seated on the Loire, 20 m. S. E. of Orleans.
SiJmona, a. town of Naples, in Abruzzo Citra,
and a bishop's see. It contains 11 churches and
12 convents, and was the birthplace of the poet
Ovid. It is seated on the Sora. 26 m. S. W. of
Civita di Shieti. Long. 14. 55. E., lat. 42. 0. N.
SuUanta, a decayed town of Persia, in Irak,
with a magnificent mosque, which contains the
tomb of sultan Chodabend, or Hodabunda. 50
miles N. W. of Casbin. Long. 51. 53. E., lat. 36.
16. N.
Sultanpore, a town of Hindoostan, in the prov-
ince of Lahore, 62 m. S. E. of Lahore.
Sultanpore, a town of Hindoostan, in the pro-
vince of Oude, the station of a British detach-
ment, 32 miles S. of Fyzabad aad 50 N. of Alla-
habad.
Sultz, a town of Germany, in Mecklenburg,
with a salt mine, seated on the Rekenitz, 18 m.
E. S. E. of Rostock.
Sultz, a town of France, department of Upper
Rhine, with a medicinal spring, 13 m. S. S. W.
of Colmar.
Sulz, a town of Germany, in the kingdom of
Wurtemberg, with some salt-works; seated near
the Neckar, 12 ra. N. of Rothweil.
Suiza, a town in the grand duchy of Saxe-Wei-
mar, with a salt mine, seated on the lime, 13 m.
E. N. E. of Weimar.
Suhbach, a town and castle of Bpvaria, in a
duchy of its name, the regency of which is unit-
ed to Amberg. It stands in a mountainous coun-
try, fertile in hops, 6 miles N. W. of Amberg.
Sulzhurg, a town of Germany in Baden, with
a fine palace seated in a territory fertile in good
wine, 8 m. S. W. of Friburg.
Sumatra, the most western of the Sunda Is-
lands, in the Indian Ocean. Its general direction
is nearly N. W. and S. E. The equator divides
it into almost equal parts ; the one extremity be-
ing in 5. 53. N., the other in 5. 56. S. lat. and
Acheen Head, its N. extremity, is in Long. 95.
34. N. It is 950 m. in length, and from 150 to
i«iO :n breadth ; and is separated from Malacca by
the strait of that name, and from Java by
the strait of Sunda. A chain of mountains runs
through it? whole extent ; the ranges in many
parts, being double and treble ; yet their altitude
IS not sufficient to occasion their being covered
with snow during any part of the year. Between
these ridges are extensive plains, considerably el-
evated above the surface of the maritime lands.
In these the air is cool ; and, from this advantage
they are esteemed the most eligible portion of the
country, are the best inhabited, and the most
■jleared from woods, which elsewhere, in general,
cover both hills and valleys with an eternal shade.
Here too are found many lakes and rivers which
facilitate the communication between the differ-
ent parts. The inhabitants consist of Malays,
Achense, Battas, Lampoons and Rcjans; the
latter are taken as a standard of description, with
respect to the person, manners, and customs of
the Sumalrans. They are rather below the mia
die stature ; their bulk in proportion ; their limbs,
for the most part, slight, but well shaped, and
particularly small at the wrist and ancles.
Their hair is strong and of a shining black. The
men are beardless, great pains being taken to
render them so, when boys, by rubbing their chins
with a kind of quick lime. Their complexion is
properly yellow, wanting the red tinge that con-
stitutes a copper or tawny colour. Those of the
superior class, who are not exposed to the rays of
the sun, and particularly the women of rank, ap
p roach to a considerable degree of fairness; but
the major part of the females are ugly. The rites
of marriage among the Sumatrans consist simply
in joining the hands of the parties, and pronounc-
ing them man and wife, without much ceremo-
ny, excepting the entertainment which is given
upon the occasion. But little apparent courtship
precedes their marriages. Their manners do not
admit of it, the young people of each sex being
carefully kept asunder, and the girls being sel-
dom trusted from their mothers. The opportuni-
ties which the young people have of seeing and
conversing with each other are at the public festi-
vals, where the persons who are unmarried meet
together, and dance and sing in company. A man,
when determined in his choice, generally employs
an old women as his agent, by whom he sends a
present. The parents then interfere, and, the
preliminaries being settled, a feast takes place.
At these festivals, a goat, a buffalo, or several,
according to the rank of the parties, are killed,
to entertain, not only the relations and invited
guests, but for all the inhabitants of the neigh-
bouring country who chose to repair to them.
The greater the concourse, the more is the credit
of the host, who is generally, on these occasions,
the father of the girl. Polygamy is allowed ; but
it is extremely rare that an instance occurs of a
man having more than one wife, and that only
among a few of the chiefs. This continence they
owe, in some measure, to their poverty. Moth-
ers carry their children straddling on their hip,
and usually supported by a cloth tied in a knot
on the opposite shoulder. The children are nursed
but little, and are not confined by any swathing or
bandages. The original natives of Sumatra are
pagans ; but it is to be observed that when the
Sumartrans, or any of the natives of the eastern
islands, learn to read the Arabic character, and
submit to circumcision, they are said to become
Malays, the term Malay being understood to
mean Mussulman. The wild beasts of Sumatra
are tigers, elephants, rhinoceroses, bears, and
monkeys. The tigers prove to the inhabitants,
both in their journeys and even their domestic
occupations, most destructive enemies ; yet, from
a superstitious predjudice, it is with difficulty they
are prevailed upon to use methods for destroying
them, till they have sustained some particular in-
jury in their own family or kindred. Alligators
likewise occasion the loss of many inhabitants;
and yet a superstitious idea of their sanctity also
preserves them from molestation. The other an-
imals of Sumatra are buffaloes, a small kind of
horses, goats, hogs, deer, bullocks, and hog-deer
This last is an animal somewhat larger than a rab
bit, the head resembling that of a hog, and itA
shanks and feet those of a deer ; the bezoar stone
found on this animal has been valued at ten time*
3n2
SUM
702
SUN
its weight in fifold. Of birds there is a greater va-
riety than of beasts. The coo-ow, or Sumatran
pheasant, is a bird of uncommon beauty. Here
are storks of a prodigious size, parrots, dung-hill
fowls, ducks, the largest cocks in the world, wood
pigeons, doves, and a great variety of small birds,
remarkable for the beauty of their colours. The
reptiles are lizards flying lizards, and camelions.
The islands swarms witli insects, and their varie-
ties are no less extraordinary than their numbers.
Rice is the only grain that grows in the country.
Here are sugar-canes, beans, peas, radishes, yams,
potatoes, pumpkins, and several kinds of potherbs
unknown to Europe ; and also most of the fruits
to be met with in other parts of the E Indies, in
the greatest perfection. Indigo, saltpetre, sulphur,
arsenic,brazil-wood, two species of the bread-fruit
tree, pepper, cassia, camphire, benjamin, coffee,
and cotton, are likewise the produceof this island.
Here also are the cabbage-tree and silk cotton
tree -. and the forests contain a great variety of
valuable species of wood, as ebony pine, sandal,
eagle or aloes, teak, machined, and iron wood,
and also the banyan tree. Bees' wax is a com-
modity of great importance here ; and there are
likewise the edible birds' nests. Gold, tin, iron,
copper, and lead, are found in the country ; and
the first is as plentiful here as in any part of Asia.
Sumatra is divided into many petty kingdoms,
the chief of which are Acheen, Indrapore, Palira-
ban, and Jambi. The English and Dutch have
factories on this island ; the principal one of the
former being fort Marlborough, at Bencoolen,
where, as also at the Dutch settlement of Pedang,
Christian missionaries have been for some time
established.
Sumbowa, an island in the Eastern seas, about
200 m. long and 40 broad. It is divided into the
districts of Beema, Dompoo, Tambora, Sangur,
Pekat, and Sumbawa, all governed by their re-
spective chiefs. The island furnishes sappan
wood, rice, horses, saltpetre, sulphur, wax, birds'
nests, tobacco. Sec., though but little trade is at
present carried on. In the VV., part of the island
is a town of the same name, with a good
harbour.
Sumbhoonant, a town of Hindoostan, in the
province ofNepaul, with a celebrated temple,
which is annually visited by an immense num-
ber of pilgrims from Bootan and Thibet. Long.
85. 38. E., lat. 27. 33. N.
Sumbul, a town of Hindoostan, in a territory of
its name, lying E. of Debli, subject to the nabob
of Oude. 52 m. W. N. W. of Bereilly and 75 E.
of Dehli.
Sumhulpour or Sumelpovr, a town of Hindoos-
tan, in a district of its name, in the province of
Orrissa, 144 miles W. N. W. of Cattack and 280
VV. of Calcutta. Long. 83. 40. E., lat. 21. 25.
Sumeh, a town of Asiatic Turkey, in Natolia,
14. m. E. of Pergamo.
Surnerein, a town of Hungary, in the island of
Schut, 16 miles S. S. E. of Presburg.
Summanytoion, p. v. Montgomery Co. Pa. 35 m.
N. VV. Philad.
Summei-kiotim, a town of Birmah, the inhabi-
tants of which are chiefly employed in the man-
ufactures of saltpetre and gunpowder. It is
seated on the Irrawaddy, 68 miles S. by W. of
Umraerapoora.
Sumerfield, p. v. Guilford Co. N. C.
Sum'^U, p.t. Schoharie Co. N. Y. 33 m. S. W.
Albany. Pop. 1,733.
Summitsville, p. v. Sullivan Co. N. T .
Sumner, a county of W. Tennessee. Pop.
20,606. Gallatin is the capital ; p. v. Oxford Co.
Me. Pop. 1,099.
Sumter, a district of S. Carolina. Pop. 28,278
Sumterville the capital is 100 m. N. W. Charles-
ton.
Sunapee, a lake of New Hampshire 11 miles
in length, in Hillisborough and Cheshire Cos. Its
waters pass through Sugar River into the Con-
necticut.
Sunbury, p.t. NorthumberlandCo Pa ;p.t. Liber
ty Co. Geo. 45 m. S. E. Savannah, on Newport
river which here forms a tolerable harbour. It is
a port of entry ; p.t. Gates Co. N. C ; p.t. Del-
aware and Berkshire Cos. Ohio.
Sunart, Loch, an inlet of the sea, on the W.
coast of Scotland, which extends 20 miles E. into
the county of Argyle, from the N. end of the
island of Mull.
Sunda Hands, islands in the S. E. part of the
Indian Ocean. The chief of them are Borneo,
Sumatra, and Java ; the two latter separated by
a channel called the Strait of Sunda.
Sunderbunds, a tract of country in Bengal
consisting of that part of the delta of the Ganges
which borders on the sea. In extent it is equal
to the principality of Wales. It is completely
enveloped in wood, infested with tigers, and
composed of labyrinth of rivers and creeks, all
of which are of salt, except those that immedi-
ately communicate with the principal arm of
the Ganges. Here salt, in quantities equal to the
whole consumption of Bengal and its dependan
cies, is made and transported with equal facility ;
and here also is found an inexhaustible store of
timber for boat-building.
Sunderburg, a town of Denmark, in the island
of Alsen, with a castle. It is seated on a strait
called Sunderburg Sound, 12 miles E. of Flans-
burg. Long. 10. 0. E., lat. 54. 51. N.
Sunderdoo, a fortified island and sea-port of
Hindoostan, in Concan, reduced bv commodore
James in 1756. It is 36 miles N. N. W. of Goa.
Long. 73.20. E., lat. 16. 3. N.
Sunderland, a sea-port in the county of Dur-
ham, Eng. For the exportation of coal, it is next
in consequence to Newcastle. Its port, at the
mouth of the Wear, will admit vessels of 400
tons; the entrance is defended by a battery, and
a pier, on which is a lighthouse. Here are sever-
al small dockyards, manufactures of salt, ginss,
copperas, and earthenware, and a trade in lime,
grindstone, and other articles. Sunderland is much
frequented durinjr the bathing seasons, and the
neighbourhood for several miles round is enrich-
ed by many elegant seats and mansions. The
pestilential cholera first appeared in England at
this place at the latter part of 1831. It is situate
on the river Wear, over which is a magnificent
iron bridge of one immense arch, which will ad
mit ships of 200 tons burderVit,o sail under it, 13
miles N. E. of Durham and 209 m. N. by W. ol
London.
Sunderland, p.t. Franklin Co. Mass. 90 m. W,
Boston, with manufactures of cotton. Pop. 666
p.t. Bennington Co. Vt. 15 m. N. E. Bennington,
Pop. 463.
Sundi, a province of Congo, which lies alonj;;
the river Zaire. Its rivers renders it extremelf
fertile, and in the mountains are mines of sever
al metals. The capital is of the same name Loi)[»,
17. 55. E., lat. 4. 50. N.
Sundsioald, a sea-port of Sweden, and the CJ^p
sun
703
SUR
ital of Medelpadia. The chief trade is in tar,
birch-bark, deals, hops, flax, and linen. It is seat-
ed near the gulf of Bothnia, 210 miles N. by W.
of Stockholm. Long. 17. 50. E., lat. 62. 25.
N.
Sunergoncr, or Sunnergaum, a town of Hin-
doostan, in Bengal, once a large city, and famous
for a manufacture of fine cotton cloth. It is
seated between the Burrampooter and a branch
df the Ganges, 15 m. S. E. of Dacca.
Sunp-sh, p.v. Monroe Co. Ohio; a township of
Pike Co. Ohio.
Superior, Lake, a lake of N. America between
•Jie United States and Canada. 490 miles in length
1,700 miles in circumference, and the largest
body of fresh water on the globe. It contains
many isknds ; two of them very large, especially
Isle Rovale, which is 100 miles long, and in ma-
ny places, 40 broad. The Indians suppose these
islands to be the residence of the Great Spirits
Upwards of 30 rivers enter this lake, some of
which are of considerable size, and its water is re-
markable for purity and transparency. It abounds
with fishes, particularly trout and sturgeon.
Storms are even more dreadful on this lake than
on the ocean. It discharges its water from the
S. E. corner, through the strait of St. Mary, in-
to lake Huron ; but the quantity does not appear
to be one-tenth part of what is conveyed into it
by the rivers.
Supino, a town of Naples, in the Molise, with
a castle, seated at the source of the Tamara, 17
m. N. by. W. of Benevento.
Sur or Sour, a town of Syria, in Palestine, on
the coast of the Mediterranean, where stood the
famous city of Tyre, destroyed by Alexander the
Great. It is now no more than a village, situ-
ate on a peninsula which projects from the shore
into the sea, in the form of a mallei with an oval
head. The village consists of about GO families,
who live obscurely on the produce of their little
grounds and a trifling fishery, 18 miles S. S. W.
of Saida and 60 m. S. W. of Damascus.
Sura, a town of Sweden, in Westmanland, 15
m. N. of Stroernsholra .
Surat, a city of Hindoostan, in Guzerat, with
a strong citadel. The squares are large, and the
streets spacious, but not paved, so that the dust
is troublesome. Each street has gates of its own,
with which it is shut up in times of turbulence.
The larger houses are flat roofed, with courts be-
fore them ; and those of the common people are
high roofed. It is said to have 320,000 inhabitants ;
and its trade is considerable, notwithstanding the
sandbanks that obstruct the entrance of the Tap-
ty, which causes large vessels to load and unload
alt Svvally, 15 miles to the W. of Surat. In this
city aru Mahometans of several sects, many
sorts of Gentoos, and Jews and Christians of
various denominations. It is one of the stations
of the London Missionary Society. The Ma-
hometans at Surat are not. by far, so strict as
they are in .Arabia, or in other Turkish countries ;
nor are the distinctions of tribes among the Hin-
doos who reside here strictly observed. The lat-
ter are almost all of the cast of the Banians ; and
their skill and dexterity in matters of calculation
and economy often raise them to places of con-
siderable trust. Some of them are very rich,
but all live in a style of moderate simplicity, and
wear onh' a plain robe of white cotton. All
people of distinction in Surat, and through the
rest of India, speak and write the Persian lan-
guage ; but in trade, corrupt Portuguese is the
language used. This city was long the emporium
of the most precious productions of Hindoostan ,
for hither were brought from the interior parts
an immense quantity of goods, which the mer-
chants carried in their ships to the Red Sea, the
Persian Gulf, the coasts of Malabar and Coro-
mandel, and even to China. Since the ri*t of
Bombay, however the traffic of this place has
greatly declined, and now consists chiefly of raw
cotton and a few of its own manufactures. One
thing singular in Surat is, that, though there is
no hospital for human beings, there is an cxten
sive establishment of this nature for sick Oi
maimed animals. When th« Europeans turn
out an old horse, or any other domestic animal,
to perish as useless, the Hindoos voluntari-
ly assume the care of it, and place it in this
house, which is full of infirm and decrepit cows,
sheep, rabbits, hens, pigeons, &c. The country
round Surat is fertile, except towards the sea,
whereit is sandy and barren. Amongthe animals
may be mentioned the Nyl Ghau, a creature some-
what between a cow and a deer and of an ashy
grey colour. Before the English E. India Company
obtained possession of Bombay, Surat was the
seat of their presidency, and the centre of their
eastern trade. It is situate 20 miles up the river
Taptv and 147 m. N. of Bombay. Long. 72,
48. l!., lat. 21. 11. N.
Surgooja, a town of Hindoostan, capital of a
circar of the sam name, in the province of Orissa.
75 m. N. E. of Ruttunpour and 210 S. S. W. of
Patna. Long. 83. 32. E., lat. 23. 6. N.
Surguinstille, p.v. Hawkins Co. Ten. 240 m.
N. E. Murfreesborough.
Surgut, a town of Asiatic Russia, in the gov-
ernment of Tobolsk, surrounded by palisadoes,
and seated on the Oby, 285 m. N. N. E. of
Tobolsk. Long. 73. 30. E., lat. 61. 30. N.
Surinam, a country of Guiana, extending 75
miles along a river of the same name. It abounds
with game, and singular animals of diffent kinds;
the toad, in particular, being remarkable for its
enormous size and ugly form. The products
are fruits, indigo, sugar, tobacco, gums, and
wood for dyeing. The woods are full of mon-
keys, and it is said th<;re are serpents 30 feet
long. Here is found the Phalanger, or Surinam
rat, an animal about the size of a small rabbit.
BUS
704
SUN
This country was ceded by the English to the
Dutch, for iJie province of New Yorii, in 1774
It was taken by the British in 1799, and again
in 1804 ; but restored in 1814. The capital is
Paramaribo.
Suri-agia, a sea-port of Japan, in the island of^
Niphon, capital of a province of the same name
with a castle, where the emperors formerly resided.
170 m. E. of Meaco. Lon. 139.5. E., lat. 39. 30. N.
Surrey, a county of England, 37 m. long and 27
broad, bounded on the N. by Middlesex, E. by
Kent, S. by Sussex, and W. by Hampshire and
Berkshire. In 1821 the number of inhabitants
was 398,G.'>8. The soil is very different in the ex-
treme parts from that in the middle, whence it has
been compared to a coarse cloth with a fine bor-
der ; for the edge of the country on all sides has
a rich soil, extremely fruitful in corn, and grass,
particularly on the N. and W. towards the
Thames ; but it is far otherwise in the heart of the
county, where are wide tracts of sandy ground and
barren Iieaiik, and in some places long ridges of
hills. It produces corn, boxwood, walnuts, hops,
and fullers'-earth. Medicinal herbs are raised to
a considerable extent, and about 3,500 acres of
land consist of gardens for the supply of the Lon-
don market. The principal rivers, besides the
Thames (which is the boundary of this country
on the N.), are the Mole, Wey, and Wandle.
The spring assizes are held at Kingston, and the
summer at Guilford and Croydon alternately.
Sarry, a county of the E. District of Virginia.
Pop. 7,108. A county of N. Carolina. Pop.
14,501. Rockford is the capital; p.t. Hancock
Co. Me. Pop. 561 ; p.t. Cheshire Co. N. H. 40
m. S. W. Concord. Pop. 539.
Sursee, a town of Switzerland, in the canton of
Lucerne, seated on the river Sur, near the lake
of Sempach, 12 m. N. W. of Lucerne.
Sus, a river of Morocco, which rises in Mount
Atlas, flows through the kingdom of Sus, and en-
ters the Atlantic at Messa. Its annual inunda-
tions enrich the country.
Sus, or Suse, a kingdom or province of the em-
[Hre of Morocco, bounded on the W. by the At-
antic, N. by Morocco Proper, E. by Tafilet, and
S. by Darah. It is a flat country, abounding in
corn, sugar-canes, and dates. The inhabitants,
who are chiefly Berebers, or ancient natives, are
distinguished by their industry, and many of them,
who live in towns, become opulent, and are much
more polite than the natives of Fez and Morocco.
In the mountainous part they are entirely free,
and are governed by their own chiefs. The prin-
cipal towr. is 'l''arudant.
Susa, or Sov^a, a sea-port of Tunis, the chief
mart of the kingdom for oil and linen, and for-
merly a place of some repute : near it are con-
siderable remains of ancient buildings. It stands
on the E. coast, 75 m. S. E. of Tunis. Long. 11.
15. E., lat. 35. 40. N.
Susa, a province of the Sardinian states, in
Piedmont, consisting of a broad valley interspersed
with steep rocks. It has an area of 700 square
m. with 6o,000 inhabitants.
Susa, a town of Piedmont, with a strong fort,
railed Brunette. Here are four churches and sev-
eral religious houses, and near it is a triumphal
arch to the honor of Augustus Caisar. It is seat-
ed on the Doria, among pleasant mountains, and
IB the principal passage out of France into Italy.
It was taken by the French in 1799, but restored
in 1814. 23 m. W.N.W. of Turin. Long. 7. 16.
E., lat. 45. 10. N.
Susannah, a village of Clermont Co. Clhio.
Susdtd, a town of Russia, in the government of
Volodimir, and a bishop's see. It is built of wood
and is seated on the Nerl, 90 m. N. E. of Moscow,
Long. 40. 25. E., lat. 56. 26. N.
Susquehanna, a river of the United States, which
issues from the lake Otsego. It crosses three
times the line that divides the state of New York
from Pennsylvania, after which it flows S. E. t»
WilVesbarre, and then S. W. to Sunbury, where
it meets the W. branch of the Susquehanna. It
then flows by Harrisburg to Havre de Grace,
where it enters the head of Chesapeak Bay. To-
v/ard its mouth its course is much impeded by falls,
and several canals have been formed to assists iU«
navigation. Vast quantities of salmon and shau
are taken in its waters.
Susquehanna, a county of the W. District of
Pennsylvania. Pop. 16,777 Montrose is the cap-
ital ; p.v. Broome Co. N. Y ; t. Dauphin Co. Pa.
Susser., a town of France, department of Upper
Vienne, 15 m. S. E. of Limoges.
Sussex, a county of England, 70 m. long and
28 where broadest ; bounded on the N. by Surrey,
N. E. and E. by Kent, S. by the English Channel,
and W. by Hampshire. The number of inhabit-
ants in 1821 was 233,019. The soil is various,
that of the downs, and thence to the sea, is fer-
tile in corn and grass, the latter feeding sheep
whose wool is remarkably fine ; the middle
abounds with meadows and rich arable ground,
and the N. side is shaded with extensive woods,
that used to supply fuel for the iron works when
they were in a flourishing state. The chief com-
modities are corn, malt, cattle, wool, wood, iron,
chalk, and glass. Sussex is not distinguished for
any manufacture but that of gunpowder at Battel,
and of needles at Chichester. Chichester is the
capital.
Sussex, a county of New Jersey. Pop. 20,349
Newton is the capital ; a county of Delaware.
Pop. 27,118. Georgetown is the capital ; a coun-
ty of the E. District of Virginia. Pop. 12,720.
Susteren, a town of the Netherlands, in the
province of Limburg, 2 m. from the river Meuse
and 10 S. of Ruremonde.
Suther/andshire, a county of Scotland, with
about 24,000 inhabitants. Some parts of this
county, called forests are trackless deserts, des-
titute of trees ; or bleak mountains, abounding
with wild roes. In these parts there are few in-
habitants, and no villages, but along the frith of
Dornoch. The country is populous and well cul-
tivated. It has abundance of ironstone, limestone,
and slate, and many veins of lead ore. Dornoch
is the county town.
Sutri, a town of the Papal States, in the patri-
mony of St. Peter, seated on the Puzzola, 22 m.
N. W. of Rome.
Sutton Colefield, a corporate town in Warwick-
shire, Eng. Hardware forms the principal article
of trade. 110 N. W. of London.
Sutlon upon Trent, a small town in Nottingham-
shire, Eng.
Sutton, p.t. Merrimack Co. N. H. 20 m. N. W
Concord. Pop. 1 ,424 ; p.t. Worcester Co Mase
46 m. S. W. Boston, with manufactures of cotton
The Blackstone canal passes through this town.
Pop. 2,186; p.v. Caledonia Co. Vt. 38 m. N. E.
Montpelier. Pop. 1,005. A township of Meiga
Co. Ohio.
Sutanne, St.. a town of France, in the depart-
ment of Mayenne, with a considerable pepper
manufacture, 24 m W. of Mans.
SWE
705
SWE
Sceahorg, a strong fortress of Sweden, built on
several rocky islets in the gulf of Finland. In
1808 it surrendered to the Russians. 3 m. S. of
Helsingfors.
Svenborg, a sea-port of Denmark, in the island
of Funen, with the best harbour in the island.
Here are manufactures of woolen and linen. 22
m. S. of Odens ;e. Long. 10. 37 E., lat. 55. 9. N.
Swaffham, a town in Norfolk, Eng. noted for
butter. 93 m. N. E. of London.
Swainesborough, p. v. Emanuel Co. Geo. 80 ra
S. E. Milledgeville.
Sicale, a river in Yorkshire, Eng. This river
was held sacred by the Saxons from the circum-
stance of upwards of 10,000 persons having been
baptized in it by Pauliness, archbishop of York,
upon their conversion to Christianity.
Swally, a town of Ilindoostan, in Guzerat, with
a harbour, where ships receive and deliver their
cargoes for the merchants of Surat. It is seated
near the gulf of Cambay, 15 m. W. of Surat.
'Long. 72. 3:$. E., lat. 21. 10. N.
Sicalwdl, a village in the county of Darham,
Eng.
Swamp Churches, p. v. Montgomery Co. Pa.
Hwan, a township of Hocking Co. Ohio.
Sioan River, a river of N. America, which rises
m lake Etowwemahmeh, passes through Pwan
Lake, and falls into the Mississippi about 40 m.
from its source. All the country in the neigh-
bourhood of this and Red Deer River abounds in
beavers, moose deer, sallow deer, elks, bears, buf-
faloes, &c. The soil is good, and promises to re-
ward the industrious cultivator. A great number
of persons have recently emigrated to this coun-
try from Great Britain and Ireland.
Swanrille, a township of Waldo Co. Me. 15 m.
S. W. Castine. Pop. 633.
Swanage, a village in Dorsetshire, Eng. seated
on a bay of the same name, in the English Chan-
nel, 4 m. E. S. E. of Corfe Castle.
Swav.nanoe, p. v. Buncombe Co. N. C.
Swaiisborough, p. v. Onslow Co. N. C. 40 m. S.
W. Newbern.
Swanscomb, a vilkge in Kent, Eng. 2 m. W.
by S. of Gravesend.
Swansea, a sea-port and borough of Wales, in
Glamorganshire. Coal, iron, and limestone
abound m its neighbourhood, and great quantities
are exported It has a considerable trade to Bris-
tol, and extensive works for the smelting of cop-
per and lead ore. 206 m. W. of London.
Sicanshnls, a town of Sweden, in W. Gothland,
25 m. W. S. W. of Lindkoping.
Swanton, a township of Franklin Co. Vt. on L.
Champlain 30 m. N. Burlington. Pop. 2,158.
Swantotcn, a town in Kent Co. Md.
Stoanzey, p.t. Cheshire Co. N. H. 44 m. S. W.
Concord. Pop. 1,816; p.t. Bristol Co. Mass. 47
m. S. Boston. Pop. 1,677. Here are manufac-
tures of paper and other articles.
Swarteberg, a town of Sweden, in W. Gothland,
18 m. N. W.of Uddevalla.
Stcartsluys, a town and fortress of the Nether-
lands, in Overyssel, seated on the Vecht, 4 m,
from its mouth and 8 N. of Zwoli.
Sicatara, a river of Pennsylvania flowing into
the Susquehanna at Middletown. Also a town-
ship of Dauphin Co. Pa.
Sweasysviile, a township of Adams Co Mis-
souri.
Sweden, a kingdom of tJurope, extending 1,000
in. from N. to S. and 300 from E. to W , bounded
on the ^f. by Norwegian Lapland, E. by Russia,
69
S. by the gulf of Finland and the Baltic, and W.
by the Sound, the Categat, and Norway. It was
formerly divided into five general parts ; Sweden
Proper, Gothland, Nordland, Lapland, and Fin-
land ; and each of these subdivided into provin
ces. The greater part of Finland, however, was
ceded to Russia in 1808, but in 1814, on ceding
the small province of Swedish Pomerania, it ac-
quired Norway, including which, and Norwegian
Lapland, the total extent of surface may be com-
puted at 343,000 sq. m. with a pop. scarcely ex-
ceeding 3,500,000. The Pop. of Sweden alone is
2,790,000.
The whole country is now divided into 23 gov-
ernments, Umea, Hernosand, Gefleborg, Upsal,
Stockholm, Westeras, Nykoping, Orebro, Stora
Kopparberg or Fahlun, Carlstadt, Lindkoping,
Jonkoping, Kronoborg or Wexio, Calmar
Carlscrona, Scaraborg, Elfsborg, Gottenburg
Halmstadt, Christianstadt, Malmolius, and Wis-
by. Though enclosed by mountains on the W.
and N., it is in general a very flat country ; and
it is remarkable that along the whole road, from
Gottenburg in the W. to Stockholm in the E.,
there is not a single acclivity of consequence, till
within a few miles of the latter. It is well watered
by rivers (tliough not a single navigable one
worth mentioning), numerous lakes, and inland
pieces of water, on the banks of which the palaces
and villas are usually built. At Stockholm,
spring and autumn are scarcely to be perceived ;
for winter continues nine months, and summer
during the remaining three. In winter the cold
is excessive, and the heat in summer is consider-
able, the air being serene all that time. During
this season all the rocks are quite covered with
flowers, and the gardens have plenty of fruits.
The trees are early in blossoming, the soil being
fat and sulphureous; but the fruits have not so
good a taste as in more southern countries. The
animals are horses, cows, hogs, goats, sheep, elks,
reindeer, bears, wolves, foxes, wild cats, and
squirrels. The horses are so little and feeble
that seven are put to a travelling carriage, four a
breast in the first line, and three in the second ;
but a lame or foundered horse is seldom to bo
seen, which is attributed, in a great degree, to
the manner of stabling them on perforated boards
without litter. In some parts are rich silver, cop
per, and iron mines, and vast forests of timbei
trees. The articles of export, are boards, gun-
powder, leather, iron, copper, tallow, skins, pitch,
rosin, and masts ; and the imports salt, brandy,
wine, linen cloth, stuffs, tobacco, sugar, spice,
SWE
TM
SWE
and paper. The inhabitants are of a robust con-
stitution, and able to sustain the hardest labour.
They are however, more polished than formerly,
and have several public schools and colleges,
where the arts and sciences are taught. Their
houses are generally of wood, with very little art
in their construction. The roofs in many places
are covered with turf, on which their goats often
feed.
The form of the Swedish government has fre-
quently varied. Before the accession of Gusta-
vus 1. it was an elective monarchy. By the
union of Calmar, in 1307, it was stipulated that
the same monarch should rule over Denmark,
Sweden, and Norway ; and hence Sweden be-
came a merely tributary kingdom to Denmark.
From this stale of subjection to a tyrannical for-
eign yoke, it was rescued by Gustavus Vasa, on
whom the Swedes, in 1523, conferred the sove-
reignty, and made the crown hereditary in his
male issue. He was entrusted wilh great pre-
rogatives ; and these were augmented by Gusta-
vus Adolphus, the rigiit of succession being ex-
tended, at the same time, to the female line. In
the minority of his daughter Christina, the regnl
powers were greatly circumscribed, and the no-
bles acquired such an exorbitant authority as
gave great umbrage to the clergy, citizens, and
peasants. This proved a favourable opportunity
for Charts XI. to obtain from the states a formal
cession of\ absolute sovereignty, which quietly
devolved upon his son, Charles XII. Upon the
death of the latter, the Swedes conferred the
crown upon Ulrica Eleonora, his youngest sister,
stipulating, at the same time, great limits to the
prerogative. Ulrica resigned the crown to her
consort Frederic I. From this period the Swe-
dish monarch was the most limited one in Europe,
till 1772, when Gustavus III. effected a revolu-
tion, by which he regained the most essential royal
prerogatives, without, however, being an absolute
monarch. He was assassinated in 1792, leaving
his son Gustavus Adolphus, a minor, who attain-
ed his majority in 179G. This prince was de-
posed on the 1st of May, 1809. and his uncle, the
duke of Sudermania, was called to the throne.
But soon after his accession, in consequence of
the sudden death of his son, the crown prince,
he assembled the diet of the kingdom, in order
to choose a successor to the throne. The Swe-
disn diet met for this purpose at Orebro, on the
8th of August 1810, and, after a short speech
from the king, they elected the French raarsiial,
prince of Ponto Corvo, to the dignity of crown
princeof Sweden. This person, though a French-
man and raised to rank and eminence under Bon-
aparte greatly distinguished himself in the ser-
vice of the allies in 1813, at the head of the
Swedish army, and in 1814 secured Norway to
8\'eden by the treaty of Kiel. The established
religion if> the Lutheran, and they have one arch-
bishop anc. 13 bishops. Stockholm is the capital.
The annual revenue is 4,500,000 dollars : the pub
lie debt 1 7,204 ,812 dollars. The army amounts
to 45,000 men.
Sweden, p.t. Oxford Co. Me. 52 m. N. W.
Portland Pop. 487 ; p.t. Monroe Co. N.
ra. W. Rochester. Pop. 2,938.
Swcdexliorovfrk, p. v. Gloucester Co. N. J. 16
m. S. W. Philadelphia
Siceiny, a town of the kingdom of Darfoor, and
a place of general resort for merchants trading to
Egypt. 45 in. N. of Cobbe.
iwe«r's Island, an island on the coast of New
Y, 15
Holland, about 8 m. in length, situated at the bot-
tom of the gulf of Carpentaria. Long. 139. 45.
E., lat. 11. 8. S.
Stceet Springs, p.v. Monroe Co. Va. ; 93 m. S,
W. Staunton. Here are some mineral springs.
Sweetsville, p.v. Marion Dis. S. C.
Sweet Water Valley, p.v. Maria Co. Ten 148 m
S. E. Murfreesboroufirh.
Swindon, a town in Wiltshire, 83 m. W. of
London.
Sioinemunde, a town of the Prussian states, in
Pomerania, in the isle of Usedorn ; situate at the
mouth of the river Swine, 13 m. P',. by iS'. of Use-
dorn. Long. 14. 12. E., lat. 53. 56. N.
Swineslicad, a town in Lincolnshire, Eng., G
m. E. of Boston and 110 N. of London.
Sicinna, a small island of Scotland, one of th
Orkneys, situate near the middle of the Pentlant
frith. Here are two whirlpools, thiit are dan-
gerous to mariners, particularly in a calm.
Switzerland, a country of Europe, bounded, on
the N. and E. by Germany, S. by Italy, and W.
by France. It is 220 m. lung and 140 broad, and
is separated from the adjacent countries by higli
mountains, called the Alps. Switzerland has
been divided, since 1815, into 22 cantons, name-
ly, Lucerne, Uri, Schweitz, Undervvalden, Zug,
Friburg, Soleure, Tesino, Valais, Bern, Basel,
Schaffhausen, Zurich, Vaud, Neufchatel, Gene-
va, Appenzel, Claris, Grisons, St. Gall,Tinirgau^
and Aargau. The first nine are Catholics, the
next seven are Calvinists, and the others contain
both religions. Each canton has its distinct in-
ternal government. The general government
of the country is by a diet, composed of a mem-
ber from each canton, which assembles annually
in June at Friburg, Bern, Soleure, Basil, Zurich,
or Lucerne, in rotation ; and the president is
styled Landamman of Switzerland. The diet de
clares war, concludes peace, makes alliances with
foreign states, and also decides on all treaties on
commerce. There are four passages over the
Alps into Italy from Switzerland ; the first is be
yond the lake of Geneva, over Mount Cenis,
which leads to Savoy ; the second begins in the
country of the Grisons, crosses Mount St. Ber-
nard, and leads to the valley of Aosta in Pied-
mont ; the third begins in the country of the
Grisons, crosses Mount Simplon, and leads to the
duchy of Milan ; the fourth crosses Mount St
Gothard, and the bailiwics of Italy, and termi-
nates in the Milanese. The principal lakes are
those of Constance, Geneva, Lucerne, Zurich,
and Neufchatel. The most considerable rivers
are the Rhine, Rhone, Aar, Arve, Reuss, and
Limmat. Switzerland exceeds every country in
the world in diversity of appearance : the vas'
chain of-A-ips, with enormous precipices cxten^
sive regions oKperpetual snow, and glaciers that
resemble seas df ice, are contrasted by the vino-
yard and cultivated field, the richly wooded brow
and the verdiAt v.-Jley with its "cryslal stream.
Agriculture, cannot, of course, be carried to ^reat
extent, but the grain produced is sufficient for
domestic consumption. The chief riches consist
of excellent pastures, in which many cattle are
bred and fattened, and the goats and chamois feed
on the mountains and in the woods. The men
are strong and robust. The women are tolerably
handsome, and are in general very industrious.
The peasants retain their old manner of dress,
and are content to live upon milk, butler, and
cheese ; and there are some of the mountaineerg
who never have any bread. In 1797, the parti-
SYE
7or
ITR
zans of France having excited disturbances in
Swit2erland, the French entered the country ;
and, after defeating the troops and the peasants,
who opposed them in several battles, they abol-
ished the constitutions of the principal cantons,
erected what was termed the Helvetic Republic,
and vested the goveinment in two councils and
a directory. This constitution was abolished,
in 1302, by the firstconsulof France, and another
was presented for their acceptance, but rejected ;
he offered them a new one in 1803, which they
consented to accept. In December, 1813, the al-
lied armies traversed the country, for the pur-
pose of invading France, when soipe partial
changes again took place in the administration
of Switzerland, which was the cause of violent
commotions amongst several of the cantons ; but,
in 1814, on the meeting of the diet, these disturb-
ances were appeased, and on the 8th of Septem-
ber a federal compact was signed at Zurich. The
population of Switzerland in 1827 was 2,037,030.
The revenue is about 2,500,000 dollars. The
army amounts to 15,000 men.
SwUzr.rland, a. county of Indiana. Pop. 7,111.
Vevay is the capital.
Smobestoton, p.v. Lancaster Co. Pa.
Sya, a town of Sweden, in W. Gothland, 13 m.
S. W. of Lindkoping.
Sycamore, a township of Hamilton Co. Ohio.
Pop. 2,779. A township of Crawford Co. Ohio.
Sydney Bay, a bay on the S. side of Norfolk Isl-
and, in the S. Pacific, formed by Point Hunter
and Point Ross, which are nearly 2 m. asunder.
Long. 168. 12. E., lat. 20. 4. S.
Sydney, a town of New S. Wales, founded by
governor Phillips, on a cove of Port Jackson, in
1788, as a British settlement for the colony of con-
victs originally intended for Botany Bay. It is
now Jie principal seat of the government, and has
a 1 andsome church, an orphan school, a commodi-
Ci3 gaol, a military hospital, a naval yard, a good
market, tVc. The governor's house is buill of
stone, and has a very good appearance ; the lieu-
tenant-governor's is of brick as are also those be-
longinff to the judge and the commissary. The
generality of the houses are built of logs and plas-
tered, and all the roofs are covered either with
shingles or thatch. It is situate on the S. side
of the .'larbour of Port Jackson . Long. 151.23., E,
lat. 33. 48. S.
Syene, or Asvan, a town of Egypt, with a small
fort, on the right bank of the Nile. It was an-
ciently a city, and celebrated for the first attempt
to ascertain the circumference of the earth by
Eratosthenes, a native of Cyrene, about the year
275 B. C. The remains of the ancient town are
on an eminence to the S. where columns and pil-
lars of granite scattered here and there denote its
situation. Near it on a small island in the Nile
anciently called Elephantina, are the ruins of a
temple of Cnuphis. 400 m. S. of Cairo. Long.
33. 20. E., lat. 24. 0. N.
Sylt, au island of Denmark, on the W. coast of
Jutland, of an irregular form, about 40 m. in cir-
cumference, but in no part above 2 m. from the
sea. Great quantities of oysters are found here.
The chief town is Morsum. Long. 8. 26. E., lat
54. 57. N.
Sylvania, p.v. Bradford Co. Pa.
Sylves, a town of Portugal, in Algarva, situate
on a river of the same name, 15 m. E. N. E. of
Lagos and 42 W. of Tavira.
Symnies, townships in Lawrence and Hamilton
Cos. Ohio.
Sympheropcl, the capital of the Crimea, or Rus-
sian province of Taurida. The houses are built
of stone, and roofed in the ancient Greek style,
with tiles. There are likewise numerous modern
handsome buildings, for the residence of the gov-
ernor, judges, and other civil officers. The old
Tartar part of the town, called Achmetshet, is
dirty and ill built. The environs are beautiful;
and 2 m. to the E. of the city is the mountain
Tchatirdagh, the highest in the Crimea, and the
Mons, Berosus of the ancients. Sympheropcl is
situate on the Salgir, the principal river of the
province, Go m. W. bv S. of Caffa, and 90 S. by
E. of Precob. Long." 34. 0. E., lat. 44. 52. N.
Syracuse, a sea-port of Sicily, in Val di Noto
and a bishop's see, with a fine harbour, defended
by a castle. It was once the metropolis of all
Sicily ; war, tyranny, and earthquakes have reduc-
ed it to less than one-fourth of its former size, when
it was deemed one of the most famous cities in
the world, and 22 in. in compass. Near this place
in 1718, there was a sea-fight between the Span-
iards and English, in which the latter were victo-
rious. It is seated near the sea, 72. m. S. by W. of
Messina and 110 S. E. of Palermo. Long. 15. 10.
£., lat. 37.5. N.
Syracuse, p.v. Onondaga Co. N. Y. 155 m. W.
Albany, on the Erie Canal , at the point where a
branch strikes off to Lake Ontario along Oswego
river. Great quantities of salt are manufactured
here from the water of a spring, a mile and a half
from the town. The water is brought from the
spring by aqueducts and is evaporated in the
sun. The vats cover 160 acres.
Syria, or Suristan, a province of Turkey in Asia,
bounded on the N. by Natolia and Diarbeck, E.
by the latter and the deserts of Arabia, S. by Arabia
Petrsea, and W. by the Mediterranean. Under
the general name of Syria was included the an-
cient Phoenicia, lying S. of Syria Proper. This
province abounds in oil, corn, and several sorts of
fruits, as well as peas, beans, and all kinds )f
pulse and garden-stuff; but it would produ'>a
much more than it does, if it were well cultivate 1 ;
for there are the finest valleys in the world, t >-
tween mountains whose sides are proper for the
cultivation of tobacco, olives, and vines. The
Jerboa, a pretty little animal somewhat like a
mouse is common here. The inhabitants have
a trade in silk, camlets, and salt. Sy»ia was pos
sessed bv a succession of foreign nations, before
the time' of Ptolemy, when it became a province
of the Roman empire. Five centuries after, when
the sons of Theodosius div.ded their inunenw
TAB
70&
TAD
patrhnony, this country was annexed to the em-
pire of Constantinople. In this situation it con-
tinued till the year 622, when the Arabian tribea,
under the banners of Mahomet, seized or rather
laid it waste. Since that period it has been torn
to pieces by the civil wars of the Fatemites and
Ommiades — wrested from the califFs by their re-
bellious jrovernors — taken from them by the Turk-
men soldiers — invaded by the European crusades
— retaken by the Mamelukes of K^jypt — and ra-
vaged by Tamerlane and his Tartars ; it fell, at
length, into the hands of the Ottoman Turks, who
have been its masters nearly three centuries. It
is divided into five pachalics, or governments j
Aleppo, Tripoli, Damascus, Acre, and Palestine.
Aleppo is the capital.
Syriam, a sea-port of Birmah, in Pegu,seated at
the head of a river of the same name, opposite the
mouth of Pegu River, 2 m. to the S. is rhe great
pagoda of Syriam. 8 m. E. by N. of Rangoon
and 60 S. of Pegu. Long. 96. 17. E., lat. 16.
50. N.
Syrk, a town of France, department of Moselle,
14 m. S. E. of Ijuxemburg.
Szekely, a town of Hungary, 18 m. E. S. E. of
Debreezen.
Szluin, a district of Austria, in Croatia, com-
prising an area of 320 sq. m., with 40,000 inhabit-
ants. It has a small town of the same name, on
the Crona, 24 m. S. by E. of Carlstadt.
Szucca, a town of W. Prussia, seated on th«
Vistula, 12 m. S. by W. of Culm.
T
TAAIF, a town of Arabia, in the province of
Hedjas, with a considerable trade in raisins and
almonds, and other fruits. It is situate on a lof-
ty mountain, 60 m. S. E. of Mecca. Long. 41.
»>. E., lat. 21.5. N.
Toms, a strong city of Arabia, in the province
of Yemen, with a fortress. Here is the tomb
of a saint, who, according to tradition, was kino-
of the country. The city is seated at the foot o?
a fertile hill, 48 m. E. N. E. of Mocha. Long.
44. 10. E., lat. 13. 45. S.
Taasinae, an island of Denmark, between those
of Langeland and Funen, 8 m. long and 4 broad.
Long. 10. 37. E., lat. 54. 48. N.
Taata, a town of Upper Egypt, 1. m. from the
Nile. It is the residence of a governor, has ma-
ny curious remains of antiquity, and is 200 m. S.
of Cairo. Long. 31. 25. E., lat. 26. 56. N.
Tabaga, an island in the bay of Panama, 4 m.
long and 3 broad. It is mountainous, but abounds
with fruit-trees. Long. 80. 16. W., lat. 7. 50.
Taharca, an island on the coast of Barbary, at
the mouth of the Zaine. It was fortified, and had
a populous city of the same name, when under.
tJie dominion of the Genoeno, who had a coral
fishery here. But in 1757, on the Genoese at-
temping to transfer the island to France, the Ta-
bareans surrendered their city to Tunis; and they
were cruelly deceived by the bey, for he razed the
fortifications, and took away most of the inhabi-
tants as slaves 50 n:. W. 2^. W. of Tunis. Long.
9. 16. E., lat. 36. 50. N.
Taharia, the ancient Tiberias, a town of Pales-
tine, situate on the W. side of a lake, formerly
called the sea of Tiberias, 50 m. N N. E. of Je-
rusalem and 70 S. S. W. of Damascus. Long. 35.
45. E., lat. 32. 40. N.
Tabasco, a province of Mexico, bounded on the
iV. by the bay of Campeachy, E. by Jucatan, S.
by Chiapa, and W. by Guaxaca. It is 100 m.
long and 50 broad, and its chief riches consist in
cocoa-nuts. There are showers every day for
nine months in the year.
Tabasco, the capital of the above province, call-
ed by the Spaniards Nuestra Senora de la Vit-
toria, from a great victory obtained here by Cortes
on his first arrival. It is situate on an island
of the same name, 30 m. long and 10 broad, form-
ed by the river Tabasco and that of St. Peter and
Paul, and on the bay of Campeachy, 270 m. N. E.
of Chiana. Long. 93. 20. W., lat. 18. 20. N.
Taberg, a town of Sweden, noted for its rich
mines of iron, 10 m. S. of Jonkoping.
Taberg, p.v. Oneida Co. N. Y. 118 m. N. W. of
Albany.
Table Bay, See Cape of Good Hope.
Table Island, one of the New Hebridgcs, in the
S. Pacific. Long. 167. 7. E., lat 15. 38. S.
Taboo, a town of Cassina, the capital of a coun-
try lying to the E. of Zahara. It is 280 m. N. by W.
of Agades. Long. 12. 10. E., lat. 24. 0. N.
Tabor, a town of Bohemia, in the circle of its
name. The Hussites, under their celebrated gen
eral Zisca, fortified it, and made it their princi-
pal retreat. It is seated on a mountain of the
same name, by the river Luschnitz, 11 m. N. N.
E. of Bechin.
Tabor, a mountain of Palestine, which com-
mands a view of the Jordan, the lake Gennesa-
reth, and the Mediterranean. 6 m. S. of Naza-
reth.
Tdbris. See Tauris.
Tabristan, a province of Persia, on the S. shore
of the Caspian Sea, bounded by Astrabad on iht,
E. and Chilan on the W.
Tacames. See ^tacama.
Tacazze, a river which rises in Abyssinia, flows
N. W. into Nubia, and joins tlie Nile at Ilak.
Tachau, a town of Bohemia, in the circle of
Pilsen, on the riv«r Mies, 28 rn. W. of Pilsen.
Taenia, a town of the republic of Mexico, in a
district of its name. 6 m. W. N. W. of Mex-
ico.
Tadcaster, a town in W. Yorkshire, Eng. a
market on Wednesday, on the river Wharf, over
which is one of the finest bridges in the county
built with the materials which once formed the
castle that stood on the S. bank of the river. 10
m. S. W. of York and 186 N. by W. of London
TAl
709
TAL
Tadivan, or Taduan, a town of Persia, in Far-
istan, situate in a fruitful valley, GO m. S. of
Shiras
Tadmor. See Palmyra.
Tadousac, a town of Lower Canada, which is of
freat resort for trading with the Indians who bring
ilher fur* to exchange for cloth and other Eu-
ropean goods. It is situate at the- mouth of the
Saguenav, on the river St. Lawrence 18 m. N. E.
of Quebec. Long. 69. 35. W., lat. 43. 5. N.
Tafalla, a town of Spain, in Navarre, with a
university. Charles II., king of Navarre, built
a palace here, which he made his ordinary resi-
dence ; and Philip IV. honoured the town with
the title of city. It is seated on the Cidazzo, in
a country producing good wine, 18 m. S. of Pam-
plona. Long. 1. 3G. W., lat. 42. 29. N.
Tafilet, a kingdom of Barbary, on the E. side of
Mount Atlas, tributary, to Morocco. It is bound-
ed on the N. by Algiers, E. by the Beriberes, S.
by Zahara, and VV. by Darah and Morocco. The
country is sandy and mountainous, but produces
wheat and oarley by the sides of the rivers. The
inhabitants live upon camels' flesh and dates, and
they breed horses to sell to foreigners. The Arabs
live in tents and the Beriberes, tlie ancient inhab-
itants, dwell in villages.
Tafilet, the capital of the above kingdom, with
a castle. It is a trading place, and seated on a
river of its name, 275 m. S. E. of Morocco. Long.
4. 20. W., lat. 30.40. N.
Tdcranrog, a sea-port and fort of Russia, situate
on the N. W. extremity of the sea of Asoph. It
is the largest and best port on this sea ; carries on
a considerable trade with Constantinople and
the Archipelago, particularly in corn and but-
ter ; and is employed in ship-building. 33 m.
W. N. W. of Asoph. Long. 18.40. E., lat. 47.
14. N.
Tugkannuc Moiintains, a branch of the Green-
Mountain chain, extending from Vermont through
the western part of Massachusetts into Connecti-
cut. The highest summit is Saddle Mountain,
which See.
Twrliacozza, a town of Naples, in Abruzzo Ul-
tra, 18 m. S. W. of Aquilla and 33 E. N. E. of
Rome.
Tdtrliamento, a river of Austrian Italy, which
rises in the Alps, on the frontiers of Germany,
and runs S. through Friuli and Trevisano, into
the gulf of Venice.
Tagoast. or l^igarast, a town of Western Africa,
in the province of Sus, by some said to have been
the birthplace of St. Augustiu. A great many Jews
live here, who carry on considerable trade. It is
fc.'^ated in a fertile plain, 37 m. S. of Tarudant.
Tugiimadert, a town of the kingdom of Darah,
with a strong castle on a mountain, seated on the
river Darah, 2;) m. S. of Tattah.
TuiTUs, or Tajo, a river which has its source on
the confines of Arragon, in Spain, runs through
New Castile, by Aranjuez, Toledo, and Talavera,
whence it proceeds by Alcantara, in Estremadura,
when entering Portugal, it flows by Abrantes
and Santarem, below which it forms the harbour
of Lisbon, and then enters the Atlantic Ocean.
Tai, a lake of China, in the provinces of Kiang-
nan and Tche-kiang, nearly 50 leagues in circum-
ference, and 75 m. S. E. of Nan-king.
Taief, a town of Arabia Deserta, in Hedsjas,
with a castle on a mountain, 60 m. S. E. of Mec-
ca.
Tailleborg, a town of France, department of
Lower Charente, 30 m. S. E. of Rochelle.
Tarn, a borough of Scotland, ia Ross-shire, with
a large square tower adorned with five spires, and
an elegant church, formerly collegiate. It is seat-
ed near the frith of Dornoch, 10 m. N. of Cromar-
ty. Long..3. 51. VV.,lat. 57. 46. N.
Tai-ouan, a city and sea-port, capital of the is-
land of Formosa. The streets are nearly straight
from 30 to 40 feet in breadth, and some of
them above 2 m. in length. They are coverel
seven months in the yearVith awnings, to defend,
them from the heat of the sun. The harbour is
sheltered from every wind. It is seated on the
W. side of the island. 'iiOng. 120. 30. E., lat 23.
25. N. f
Tai-ping, a city of Chifla, of the first rank, in
the province of Kiansr-nan, seated on the Kian-
ku, 25 m. S. S. W. of^Nan-king. Long. 118. 15.
E.,lat.32. 26. N.
Tai-ping, a strong city of China, of the first
rank, in the province of Quang-si, seated on a
point of land, almost surrounded by a river, 360
m. W. by S. of Canton. Long 107. 0. E , lat. 22.
36. N. ^
Tai-tckeou, a city of China, of the first rank, in
the province of Tche-kiang, seated on the bank
of a river, in a mountainous country, 720 m. S. S.
E. of Pekin. Long 121 . 2. E., lat. 28. 55. N.
Tai-tong, a strong city of China, of the first
rank, in the province of Chan-si, seated near tlie
Great Wall, in a mountainous country, 155 m.
W. of Pekin. Long. 1 13. 0. E., lat. 40 5. N.
Tai-yu(.n, a city of China, capital of the province
of Chan-si. It is 8 m. in circumference, but
much decayed since it was the residence of the
princes of the last imperial family of Tai-ming-
tchao. 220. S. W of Pekin. Long. HI. 56. E.,
lat. 37. 54. N.
Talvcda, a townof Hindoostan, in Mysore, with
a celebrated temple. It is 24 m. E. S. E. of
Mysore.
Talavera, a town of Spain, in New Castile, with
a fort. It has manufactures of silk, and a potte-
ry. A very obstinate battle was foujrht in its vi-
cinity between the British and French armies in
1809. It is seated on the Tagus, in a valley
abounding in corn, fruits, and excellent wine, 58
m. S. W of Madrid. Long. 4. 1. W.. lat. 39
41. N.
Talbot, a county of Maryland. Pop. 12,947.
Easton is the capital.
Talcaguajia, a sea-port of Chile, on the S. E.
shore of tlie bay of Concepcion,and near the ruins
of the old city of Concepcion. It is now the only
Spanish settlement in the bay. 9 m. from the
new city of Concepcion. Long. 73. 0. W., lat. 36.
42. S.
Ta-li^n city of China, of the first rank, in the
province of Yun-nan. Here are made curious ta-
bles and ornaments of fine marble, which is nat-
urally beautiful with different colors, representinu-
mountains, flowers, tre?s and rivers 160 m. W.
N. W. of Yun-nan. Long. 100. 6. E., lat. 24. 54.
N. ^ . '
Tallahas.iee, p.t. the seat of government for the
territory of Florida, in Leon Co. stands on Wa-
kulla river, 25 m. from the gulf of Mexico. It has .
a healthy situation and the country around it is
fertile, but the place is yet in its infancy ; it has
been incorporated as a citv. Lat. 30. 27. N. 220
m. E. Pensaoola, 2J3 N. W. St. Augustine, Pop.
2,633. ' ^
Tatlano, a sea-port of Corsica, siiua«e on the
gulfof Tallano, 24 m. N. N. W. of Bonifacio, and
39S. S. W.ofCorte. Long. 9. 18. JI. lat. 15. 20 N
30
TAN
710
TAP
Tallapoosa, the eastern branch of Alabama river
Tallerd, a town of France, department of Upper
Alps, seated on the Durance. 9 m. S of Gap.
Tallmirdger, p.t. Portage Co. Ohio, with a coal
mine. Pop. 1,220.
Talmont, a town of France, in the department
of. Lower Charente, with a harbour, near the
mouth of the Gironde, 20 m. S. W. of Saintes.
Talnere, a celebrated town and fortress of Hin-
doostan, in the province of Khandeish, taken by
the British in 1818. Long. 75. 2 E., lat. 21. 13.
N.
Tumalameca, a town of Terra Firma, in the pro-
vince of St. Martha, seated on the Majrdalena,
140 m. S. of St. Martha. Long. 74. 15. W., lat.
9. 6. N.
Tamanah,&town of Hindoostan, in the province
of Concan, 24 m. S. by E. of Gheriah.
Tamara, the capital of the island of Socotera,
with a good harbour. The trade consists chiefly
in aloes, frankincense, amberjrris, and dragons -
blood. It is seated on a bay, on'the N. coast of the
island. Long. 53. 45. E., lat. 11. 56. N.
Tamarica, or Itamaria, a province of Brazil, be-
tween Paraiba on the N., and Pernambuco on the
S. On the coast is an island ot the same name,
24 m. in length, which has a harbour, and good
fresh water. Long. 35. 5. W., lat. 7. 56. N.
Tambov, a government of European Russia, to
the W. of those of Penna, and Saratov. It is di-
vided into 12 circles, and contains an area of
21.000 sq. m. with 1,140,000 inhabitants. The
soil in the S. part is very fertile ; in the N. it is
sandy, and in many parts woody and fertile. It
IS watered by a number of lakes and rivers.
Tambov, a town of Russia, capital of the above
government, and a bishop's see, with manufac-
tures of woolen, linen, canvas and alum. It is
seated on the Tzna, which flows into the Moks-
cha, 228 m. S. E. of Moscow. Long. 41. 45. E.,
lat. 52. 44. N.
Tamieh, a town of Egypt, on a canal which com-
municates with the Nile, 12 m. N. E. ofFayoum.
Tampico, a sea-port of Mexico, on the gulf of
Me.xico, with a tolerable harbour, vvhich however
only admits small vessels. It has a considerable
commerce with the United Stales and Europe.
Lat. 22. 40. N. Long. 98. 36. W. 30 m. S. E.
Panuco.
Trtm?oor<A,a borough in Staffordshire, Eng. with
manufactures of carpets and narrow cloths. In
the neighbourhood Jire many streams of water,
upon which are corn and cotton mills, and near
it are several coal mines. Ill m. N. W. of Lon-
don.
Tamtrortk, p. t Straffbrd Co. N. H. on Os-
sipee River Pop. 1,.554.
Tana.ro, a river of the Sardinian states, which
rises in Piedmont, flows by Cherasco, Alba,Asti,
and Alexandria, and joins the Po below Valenza.
Tancos, a town of Portugal, in Estremadura, 12
ni. S. S. E. ofTomar.
Tancrowal, a town of Africa, seated on the Gam-
bia, where the English have a fort. Long. 14.
27. W. lat. 13 10. N.
Tanda, or Tanrah, a town in Bengal, of which
it was the ca^jital in the 17th century. It is seat-
ed on the Ganges, 120 m. N. W. of Dacca. Long.
87. 56. E., lat. .53. 25. N.
Tiiruierngne, a town of Ireland, in the county of
Armagh, with an extensive linen manufacture and
a corsiderabk trade It stands near the Newry ca-
ml, 11 in. L. N. E. of Armagh and 13 m. N. N.
W. of Newry.
Taneytown, p.v. Frederick Co. Md. 40 ni. N.
W. Baltimore.
Tangermvnde, a town of Prussia, m Branden-
burg, with a castle, 24 m. W. N. W of Branden-
burg.
Tangier, a sea-port of the kingdom of Fez, with
a castle, and surrounded by a wall. The trade con-
sists in supplying the opposite coasts with provi-
sion. It was taken by the Portuguese in 1471 ;
and ceded to Charles 11. of England, on his mar-
riage with the princess Catherine : but he did not
think it worth the expense of keeping, and, in
1683, caused the work to be blown up. It is seat-
ed on the strait of Gibraltar, 940 m. N. W. of F23.
Long. 5. 48. W., lat. 35. 46.N.
Tanjore, a province of Hindoostan, on the coast
of Coromandel, 95 m. long and 90 broad. It is an
appendage of the Carnatic, but subject to his own
rajah, who pays an annual subsidy to the Eng-
lish E. India Company. The Mahometans never
having actually occupied this territory, or affect-
ed any permanent establishment in it. The Hindoo
religion has been preserved in considerable splen-
dor, and the ancient temples, with their vast en-
dowments, remained untouched. In almost every
village there is a temple, with a lofty gateway of
massive but not inelegant architecture, where a
great many Brahmins are maintained, either by
the revenues formerly attached to them, or by an
allowance from government. The Brahmins are
here the chief holders of land, and perform almost
every office of husbandry, excepting holding the
plough. They are all extremely loyal, on ac-
count of the protection they receive, and also tlie
allowance granted by the British government of
45,000 pagodas (about £18,000 sterling) annually,
which is distributed for the support of the poorer
temples !
Tanjore, a city of Hindoostan, capital of the
foregoing province. Here is one of the hand
somest temples in the S. of India ; also the rajah's
palace, vvhich is a grand square, surrounded b}' a
wall and a wet ditch. It is seated onabrancli ot
the Cavero, 205 m. S. by W. of Madras. Long.
79. 12. E.,lat. 10. 46. N.
Tankia. n. town and fortress of Thibet, at the
foot of a mountain. 275 m. W. S. VV. of Lassa
Long. 87. 22. E. lat.' 29. 5. N.
Tanna, a fertile island in the S. Pacific, one of
the New Hebrides, on vvhich are a volcano and
some hot springs. It is 22 m. long and 10 broad ;
and was discovered in 1774, by Cook, who named
the harbour where he lay Port Resolution, from the
name of his ship. The inhabitants are brave and
hospitable; their arms are bows and arrows,
slings, spears, and clubs. Long. 169. 41. E., lat
19.32 S. _ .
Trtwnft, a town of Hindoostan, in the island of
Salsette, on the K. coast, 15 m. N. E. of Bombay.
Tanore, a sea-port of Hindoostan, in the prov-
ince of Malabar, belonging to the British, 28 in.
S. S. E. of Calicut. Long. 75, 50. E., lat. 10.
55. !V.
Taormina, the ancient Tannomenium, a sea-
port of Sicily, in Val di Demona, seated on a rocky
eminence, on the E. coast 34 m. S. S. W. of
Messina.
Tamika, a small island in the S. Pacific, 65
leagues N. E. of Otaheite. Long. 145. 9. W., lat.
14,30. S.
Tapoor, a town of Hindoostan, in Mysore, 83
m. E. S. E. of Seringapatam.
Ta,ppaliann/)f.k p.t. Essex Co. Va. on the "*.
side of Rappahannock river 57 rn. N. E. R-cTJ'
#
TA%
711
TAR
mond. Ita situation is low and unhealthy bat is a
place of considerable trade.
Ttippan, p.v Rockland Co. on the Hudson 25
m. above New York.
Tappan Sea, a wide expansion of the Hudson,
a little above the preceding village. It is 10 m.
lonv and 4 wide.
TappaiMohj, a sea-port on the W. side of the
l^sland ^jf Sumatra, situate on a small island call-
ed Punchongkecheel. The bay is very deep, and
capable of containing the united navies of Eu-
rope. The English E. India Company have a
factory here. It was taken by the French, but
restored at tlie peace in 17G3. Long. 98. 50. E.,
lat. 1. 40. N.
Taptij, a river of Hindoostan, which rises at
Maltoy, in the country of Berat, and runs into
ihe gulf of Cambay, 20 ra. below S-arat.
T'ttr,or PainJico, a river of N. Carolina, which
flows by Louisburg, Tarborough, Greenville, and
enters Pamlico Sound, 40 m. S. E. of Washington.
Taransa, one of the Western islands of Scot-
land, 4 m. in length and 2 where broadest. Long.
8.5.5. W., lat. 53.2. N.
Tarantaise, a province of Sardinia, in Savoy be-
tween Proper Aosla, Faucigny, and Maurienne. It
has an area of 780 square miles, with 40,000 inhab-
itants. The surface is rugged and mountainous.
Tarare, a town of France, department of
Rhone, situate at the foot of a mountain, 20 m.
W N. W. ofLyons.
Tarascon, a town in the department of Mouths
of the Rhone, with a castle, seated on the Rhone,
opposite Beauraire, with which it communicates
by a bridge of boats. It has a trade in oil, brandy,
starch, and silk stuflfs. 10 m. N. of Aries and 14
£. by. S. of Nismes.
Tarascon, a town in the department of Arriege,
7m. S. S. E. ofFoi.T.
Tar%b, a city of Western Tartary, and the cap-
ital of Turkestan. It is seated on a river, which
flows into the Sirr, 350 m. N. by E. of Samarcand.
Long. 66. 30. E., lat. 44. 20. N.
Tarrabona, a strong town of Spain, in Arragon,
and a bishop's see. It is seated partly on a rock
and partly in a fertile plain, 60 m. W. N. W. of
Saragossa, and 180 N. E. of Madrid. Long. 1. 36.
W., lat. 42. 2. N.
Tarbat, a town of Scotland, in the county of
Cromarty, 6 m. E. ofTain.
Tarbat, East, a town of Scotland, in the county
of.\rgyle, 25 m. S. of Campbelton.
TarUf-s. a town of France, capital of the depart-
ment of Upper Pyrenees, and a bishop's see, with
an ancient castle, and a college, and manufactures
of linen, paper, and leather. It is seated on the
Adour, 42 m. S. W. of Auch and 112 S. by E. of
Bordeaux. Long. 0. 4. E., lat. 43. 14. N.
Tarborough, p v. Edgecombe Co. N. C. on Pa-
milico River. 83 m. N. W. Newbern. It has a
considerable inland trade.
Tarento, a sea- port of Naples, in Terra d'Otran-
to, and an archbishop's see. It is seated on a
peninsula, and defended by a strong castle ; but
the harbour is become shallow, and its trade is
consequently diminished. 75 m. N. W. of Otranto,
and 150. m. E. by S. of Naples. Long. 17. 29.
E., lat. 40. 35.. N.
Targa, a town of the kingdom of Fez, on the
Mediterranean^ with a castle on a rock, 90 m. S.
E. of Tangier.
Tarifa (the Julia Traducta of the Romans), a
fortified sea-port of Spain, in Andalusia, with a
eastle. It is seated on an eminence, and on the
strait of Gibraltar, 52 m. S. 'E. of Cadiz. Lonf .
5. 36. W., lat. 36. 5. N.
TariffvU'e, p.v Hartford Co. Conn. Here are
large manufactures of cotton and carpeting.
Ttirija, or St. Bernardo de Tarija, a town of
Tucuman, capital of the jurisdiction of Turija,
which abounds in pastures that feed a vast num-
ber of cattle and sheep. It stands near the source
of the Tarija, which flows into the Vermejo, l>i6
m. N. N. E. of St. Salvador de Jujui. Long. 64.
50. W., lat. 21. 40. S,
Tarku, the capital of the province of Daghes-
tan, seated on the W. coast of the Caspian Sea,
52 m. S. S. E. of Terki and 300 N. N. E. of Tau.
ris. Long. 47. 5. E., lat. 45. 50. N.
Tarlton, p.v. Pickaway Co. Ohio.
Tarma, a town of Peru, capital of a province of
its name, which has many mines of silver, and
feeds abundance of cattle. 12() m. N. E. of Lima.
Tarn, a department of France, including part
of Languedoc. It takes its name from a river,
which rises in the department of Lozere, and
flows by Mithoud, Alb}', Guillac, Montauban,
and Moissac into the Garonne. The superficial
extent is estimated at 2,100 sq. m. with 300,000
inhabitants, of whom upwards of 40,000 are Pro-
testants. Castres is the capital.
Tarn-et- Garonne, a department of France,
formed of portions of the departments of Lot and
Upper Garonne, in 1808. It has an area of 1,500
sq. m. with 250.000 inhabitants, of whoin about
30,000 are Protestants. Montauban is the capital.
Tarnopol, a town of Austrian Galicia, capital
of a circle of its name, with a brisk trade ; seated
on the Sereth. 84 m. E. of [.lemberg.
Tarnoio, a town of Austrian Galicia, capital of
a circle of the same name, and a bishop's see,
seated on the Danajee, 47 m. E. of Cracow.
Tamoicitz, a town of Prussian Silesia, with a
valuable iron mine, [t stands near the frontiers
of Poland, 38 m. E. S. E. of Oppeln.
Taro, a town of Italy, in the grand duchy of
Parma, on the river Taro, 28 m. S. W. of Parma.
Tarporley, a town in Cheshire, with a market
on Thursday, II m. E. S. E. of Chester and 173
K- W. of London.
Tarragona, a sea-port of Spain, in Catalonia,
and a bishop's see. It was very powerful in the
time of the Romans, and has many noble monu-
ments of antiquity. The cathedral is worthy of
notice for its vast dimensions, the elegance of its
Gothic architecture, and a magnificent chapel
built with rich marble and jasper. The ordinary
exports are wine and brandy ; but its harbour is
dangerous, and not mucii frequented. This town
was taken by storm, by the French, in 1810, when
it was nearly reduced to ashes. It is seated on a
hill, at the mouth of the Francoli, in the Medi-
terranean, 54 m. W. S. W. of Barcelona and 260
E. by N. of Madrid. Long. 1. 16. E. lat. 41. 10.
N.
Tarrega, a town of Spain, in Catalonia, situate
on a hill, on the river Cervera, 33 m. N. by W.
of Tarragona
Tarsus. See Terasso.
Tartary, a country of Asia, which, taken in ita
ntmost limits, reaches from the eastern oaean to
the Caspian Sea, and from Corea, China, Thibet,
Hindoostan, and Persia, to Russia and Siberia.
It lies between 55. and 135. E. 'ong., and between
35. and 55. N., lat., being 3,600 m. in length and
960 in extreme breadth, but not above 330 in the
narrowest part. It may be considered under two
grand divisions; namely. Eastern and Western
TAT
719
TAV
Tartary. The greatest part of the former belongs
to the emperor of China, is tributary to him, or
is under his protection. It is divided into three
piovinces, Tcitcicar, Kirin, and Leao-tong. A
considerable part of Western Tartary has been
conquered by the Russians ; and that part of it
E. from the mountains of Imaus, or Belur, to the
Caspian Sea, has for many ages been attached to
Persia, and is called Independen^ Tartary. These
vast countries include all the central part of Asia,
and are inhabited by Tartars of different denomi-
nations and different manners. For various par-
ticulars concerning them, sec the articles Circas-
sia, Crimea, Cossacs, Georgia, Imeritia, KaLmucs,
Mandshars, Mingreiia, Mongolia, Osdetia, Samoy-
edcs, and Usbecs.
Tartas, a town of France, department of Landea.
The Midouse runs through it; and on one side
of this river it rises in the form of an amphithea-
tre. It is 12 m. N. E. of Dax.
Tarudant, a town of W. Africa, capital of the
province of Sua, and the residence of a governor,
or some sheriff related to ihe emperor of Morocco.
120 m. S. W. of Morocco. Long. 8. 35. W., lat.
29. 58. N.
Tarwis, a town of Austrian Illyria, in Carin-
thia, seated on the rivulet called Gailitz. 28 m
W. S. W. of Clagenfurt.
Tashkund, a city of Independent Tartary, capi-
tal of apart of the province of Turkestan. It is
seated on the Sihon, 210 m. N. of Samarcand.
Long. G4. 48. E., lat. 42. 40. N.
Tasmans Land, a peninsula, connected with
Van Diemen's Land by an isthmus 1,800 feet long
and 600 broad.
TassacoTla, a town of the isle of Palma, one of
the Canaries. It lies S. W. of St. Cruz, and be-
ing exposed to westerly winds is little frequent-
ed, but by boats. Long. 17. 58. W., lat. 28. 38.
N.
Tassasudon, the capital of Bootan, a feudatory
country of Thibet. The castle, or palace, is an
extensive quadrangular building of stone, witli
accommodation for the raja, or lama, all the offi-
cers of state, a very numerous establishment of
Gylongs, and a temple of the great idol Maha-
moonie. It ia seated on the Tchintchieu, in a
well-cultivated valley, surrounded by mountains,
280 m. S. S. W. of Lassa. Long. 89. 40. £., lat.
27. 49. N.
Tassing, an island of Denmark, between P^uen
and Langeland, separated from the former by a
ptrait. It is 18 m. in circuit, and has a town of
the same name. Long. 10. 47. E., lat. 55. 7. N.
Tate, a township of Clermont Co. Ohio.
Tatnall, a county of Georgia. Pop. 2,0.39.
Talta, a city of Hindoostan, capital of an ex-
tensive district of its name, in the province of
Sindy. It is seated on a branch of the river
Sinde or Indus, called the Richtel River. In the
17th century it was very extensive and populous,
possessing manufactures of silk, wool, and cot-
ton ; and it was celebrated for its cabinet ware.
Little of these now remain, and the limits of the
city are very circumscribed. The Indus, and its
branches, admit of an uninterrupted navigation
from Tatta to Moultan, Lahore, and Cashmere,
for vessels of nearly 200 tons ; and a very exten-
sive trade was carried on between those places,
in the time of Aurungzebe ; but this trade is now
much diminished, owing to a bad government in
Sindy, and to a hostile disposition of the Seiks.
280 m. W. N. W. of Amedabad and 390 S. S. W.
of Moultan. Long. 07. 37. E., lat. 24. 50. .N.
Tattah, a town on the common fronoiers of
Morocco, Darah, and Tafilet, and in the route
from Morocco to Timbuctoo. 170 m. S. by £. of
Morocco. Long. 6. 15. W., lat. 28. 25. N.
Tatlershall, a town in Lincolnshire, Eng., 123
m. N. E. of London.
Tauckel. a town of Prussia, in Pomerelia, seat-
ed on the Verd, 30 m. N. W. of Culm.
Taumaco, a town of European Turkey, in the
province of Janna, 18 m. N. W. of Zeiton.
Taumago, a fertile island in the Pacific Ocean,
24 m. in circuit, discovered by Quiros in 1G06.
Long. 170. 45. W., lat. 13. 0. S.
Taunton, a river of Massachusetts flowing S.
W. into Narraganset Bay. It is navigable 20 m.
to Taunton for vessels of 50 tons.
Taunton, p.t. Bristol Co. Mass. on the above
river, 32 ni. S. Boston. Pop. C,045. Here are
large and thriving manufactures of cotton, iron,
copper, lead, and Britannia ware. 7,500,000 yards
of calico are made here yearly.
Taunton, a borough in Somersetshire, Eng.
The silk trade furnishes the principal employ-
mentofthe inhabitants, the manufacture of coarse
woolen goods, which was formerly carried on
here to considerable extent, having been trans-
ferred to Wellington and other neighbouring
towns. 141 m. W. by S. of London.
TaureuM, an isle of France, department of Fin-
isterre, at the mouth of the river Morlaix, with a
fort to defend the port of Morlaix.
Taurida. See Crimea.
Tauris, or Taliris, a city of Persia, capital of
Aderbeitzan, and formerly the capital of Persia.
It is of an irregular ficrure, and has neither walls
nor fortifications. The river Spingtrha flows
through it, and the Agi passes on the N. sids of
the city. The bazaars, from their largeness, the
beautiful domes with which they are covered
and the merchandise with which they are filled,
make as fine an appearance as any in Asia.
Here were formerly 300 caravanseras so spacious
that 300 persons might lodge in each ; and the
mosques and baths were grand and magnificent
structures. In 1724 it was terribly shaken by an
earthquake, and nearly 100,000 persons perished.
Soon after this calamity the Turks laid siege to
it, and they were driven away with great loss
but they took it the next year after a bloody con-
test, in which the Persians lost 30,000 men and
the Turks 20,000. Of 250 mosques, mentioned
by Chardin, the ruins of three on\y are visible.
The inhabitants carry on a good trade in cotton,
cloth, silks, gold and silver brocades, fine turbans,
and shagreen leather. It is seated in a fertile
plain, at the foot of a mountain, 95 m. S. E. of
Naksivan and 320 N. W. of Ispahan. Long. 48.
0. E. lat. 38. 2S. N
Taurus, or Kuron, a chain of mountains in
Asia, which begins near the shores of the Archi-
pelago and extends GOO m. to the river Euphrates.
The Taurian chain was formerly considered as
extending to the sources of the Ganges, and the
extremities of Asia, so far as discovered by the
ancients ; but various parts of it were known by
different names.
Taus, a town of Bohemia, in the circle of Pil-
sen, 31 m. S. S. W. of Pilsen.
Tavastland, a district of European Russia, in
the middle of Finland, 150 m long and 100 broad.
The N. part is mountainous and woody, but the
greater part consists of fertile plains, watered by
numerous rivers and lakes. Notwithstandinu- the
goodness of the soil, in which it is scarcely surpas
>f
TCH
718
TCH
sed by any pro nnce in Sweden, it is far from be
ing well cultivated; and the peasants are gener-
ally poor The chief trafflc is in corn, flax, hemp,
dried fish, cattle, leather, tallow, and lime.
Tacastus, or Tavastborg, a town of Finland,
formerly capital of the district of Tavastland.
It has a strong castle, and is seated on a river
which flows into the lake Wana, 110 m. E. N.
E. of Abo.
Taverna, a town of Naples, in Calabria Ultra,
20 m. E. N. E. of Nicastro.
Tavira, or Tavila, a sea-port of Portugal, in Al-
garva, with a castle, and one of the best harbours
in the kingdom, defended by two forts. It is
seated at the mouth of the Gilaon, in the gulf of
Cadiz, 96 m. N. W. of Cadiz and 136 S. E. of Lis-
bon. Long. 7. 36. W., lat. 37. 8. N.
Tavistock, a borough in Devonshire, Eng. with
a manufacture of serges. In its vicinity was born
the famous sir Francis Drake. It is seated on
the river Tavy, 32 m. W. by S. of Exeter and 207
of London.
Tavoy, a sea-port on the W. coast of Siam, in a
district of its name, which was wrested from the
Siamese by the Birnians, and subsequently ceded
to the British in 1824-5. The town is 150 m. W.
N. W. of Siam. Long 98. 20. E., lat. 14. 45. N.
Taxahaio, p. v. Lancaster Dis. S. C.
Tay, a river of Scotland, which rises on the
W. borders of Perthshire, flows through Loch
Tay to Dunkeld, Perth, and Newburg, below
which to the sea (above 20 miles) it may be deem-
ed a continued harbour, and is called the Frilh of
Tay, having Fifeshire on one side and the coun-
ties of Perth and Angus on the other.
Tay, Loch, a lake of Scotland, in Perthshire, 15
m. long and in most parts above one broad, form-
ed by several streams and the river Tay, which
flows through its whole length.
Taylorsville, p. v. Hanover Co. Va. 30 m from
Richmond; p. v. Fairfield Dis. S. C. 18 m. from Co-
lumbia; p.t. Shelby Co. Ken. 30 m. S. E. Louis-
ville.
Tazewell, a county of the W. District of Virein-
ia. Pop. 4,104 ; p. v. the capital of this Co. 302
m. W. Richmond ; p.v. Claiborne Co. Ten. 50
m. N. E. Knoxville.
Tazowskaia, a bay of Siberia, in Obskaia Gulf,
about 140 miles long and 3 broad.
Tchad, a lake of Central Africa, in the king-
dom of Bornou, in lat. 13. N. long. 15. W. It was
first seen by Doctor Oudeney and his companions,
and afterwards visited by Clapperton and Denham.
It is 200 m. long and 150 broad. It receives the
rivers Yeou from the W. and Shary from the S.
It abounds in fish, and its borders exhibit all the
splendour of tropical vegetation. Its water is
fresh. Major Denham travelled alonff the great-
er part of the shore, but was obliged to leave
144 m. of it unexplored. He was informed that it
had no outlet.
Tcliing-tcka, a city of China, capital of the S.
part of Hou-quang. It is seated on the river
Heng, wh'ch has a communication with an ex-
tensive lake, called Tong-tincr-hou, 740 m. S. by
W. of Pekin. Long. 112. 25.°E., lat. 28. 11. N.
Tchang-tcheou, a city of China, of the first rank,
in Fo-kien. . It has a considerable trade with
Emony, Pong-hou, and Formosa ; and is 950 m.
S. of Pekin. Long. 117. 35. E., lat. 24. 32. N.
Tchang-te, a city of China, of the first rank,
in Ho-nan. It is remarkable for a fish, like a
crocodile, the fat of which is of such a singular
nature that when once ignited it cannot be ez-
90
tinguished. Near it is a mountain so steep ana
inaccessible that in the time of war it affords a
safe asylum to the inhabitants. It is 2;)5 m. S. S.
W. of Pekin. Long. HI. 5. E., lat. 29. 2. N.
Tchao-king, a city of China, of the first rank,
in Quang tong, seated on the river Si, 70 m. W.
of Canton.
Tchao-tchcnu, a city of China, of the first rank,
in Quang- tong, seated on the Peikiang, 86 ra. E.
of Canton.
Tche-kiang, a province of China, one of the
most considerable in extent, riches, and pop. It
is bounded on the N. and W. by Kiang-nan, S.
W. by Kiang-si, S. by Fo-kien, and E. by the
ocean. In this province, whole plains are cover-
ed with dwarf mulberry trees, purposely checked
in their growth ; and prodigious quantities of
silk -worms are bred. The principal branch of
trade consists in silk stuffs ; and those in which
gold and silver are intermixed are the most beau-
tiful in China. The tallow tree grows here, and
a species of mushrooms, which are transported to
all the provinces of the empire; and here also are
found the small gold fish with which ponds are
commonly stocked. In Tche-kiang are reckoned
11 cities of the first rank, 72 of the third, and 18
fortresses, which in Europe would be deemed
large cities. Hang-tcheou is the capital.
Tcheou-chan. an island near the W. coast of
China, belonging to the province of Tche kiang.
It is about 24 m. long nnd from 5 to 10 broad.
Tcheraigof, a government of Russia, formerly
a part of the Ukraine. Its capital, of the same
name, is seated on the Desne, 345 miles S. S. W.
of Moscow. Long. QQ. 45. E., lat. 51. 24. N.
Tchesne, a town on the W. coast of Natolia,
with a citadel. It stands almost opposite Scio,
at the head of a spacious road, which is famous
for the destruction of the Turkish fleet, by the
Russians, in 1770. It is 48 miles W. of Smyr-
na. Long. 26. 26. E., lat. 38. 26. N.
Tching-kiang, a city of China, of the first rank,
in Se-tchuen, 910 miles S. W. of Pekin. Long.
104. 26. E., lat. 27. 18. N.
Tching-kiang, a strong city of China, of the
first rauK, in Kiang-nan, and the key of the em-
pire towards the sea. Its situation and trade,
and the beauty of its walla, give it a pre-emi-
nence over the other cities of the province. It
is seated on the S. side of the Kian-ku, 470 miles
S. S. E. of Pekin. Long. 18. 55. E. lat. 32.
14. N.
Tching-kiang, a city of China, of the first rank,
in the province of Yun-nan, 36 miles S. by E.
of Yun-nan. Long. 102. 40. E., lat. 24. 44.
N.
Tching-tcheou, a city of China, of the first
rank, in Hou-quang, seated on an angle formed
by two rivers. Under it are five cities of the
third class, in which a kind of plain earthenware
is prepared, which the Chinese prefer to the most
elegant porcelain. It is 765 miles S. S. \V. of
Pekin. Long. 109 40. E., lat. 28. 23. N.
Tching-ting, a city of China, of the first rank,
in the province of Pe-tche-li, 136 miles S. S. W.
of Pekin. Long. 114. 21. E., lat. 38. 9. N.
Tching-tou, a city of China of the first rank, in
the province of Se-tchuen. It was formerly the
residence of the emperors, and one of the largest
and most beautiful cities in the empire ; but in
1646, during the civil wars that preceded the
last invasion of the Tartars, it was almost entire-
ly destroyed. Its temples, and the ruins of an-
cient oalaces are objects of admiration to straa
3o2
TED
714
TET
fers. 1810 m. S. W. of Pekin. Long. 103.
4. E., lat. 30. 40. N.
Tchin-ngan, a city of China, of the first rank,
in Quang-si, 1,250 m. S. S. W of Pekin.
Long. 106.0. E., lat. 23. 21. N.
Trhi-tckeou, a city of China, of the first rank,
in Kiang-nan ; seated on the river Kiang, 570
m. S. of Pekin. Long. 117. 0. E., lat. 30. 45. N.
Tchi-yuen, a city of China, of the first rank, in
Koei-tcheou, 980 in. S. S. W. of Pekin. Long.
107.51. E., lat. 27. 1. N.
Tchoka. See Saghalien.
Tchong-king, a city of China, of the first rank,
in Se-tcnuen. It is seated on a mountain, ris-
ing in the form of an amphitheatre, at the con-
flux of the Kincha with the Kian-ku, 750 m. S.
W. of Pekin. Long. 106. 20. E., lat. 29. 42. N.
Tchou-hiong, a city of China, of the first rank,
in the province of Yun-nan, 75 m. W. of Yun-
nan. Lono-. 101. 20. E., lat. 25. 6. N.
Tchukotski, the most eastern part of Siberia,
in the province of Okotsk. The attention of
the natives is confined chiefly to their deer, with
which the country abounds. They are a well-
made, courageous, warlike race, and are for-
midable neighbours to the Koriacs, who often
experience their depredations.
Tchukotskoi, a cape of Siberia, on the eastern
extremity of Asia, and the STW. limit of Beer-
ing strait. Long. 172. 30. W., lat. 64. 15. N.
Tchu-tcheou, a cit}' of China, of the first rank,
in Tche-kiang, 730 m. S. S. E. of Pekin. Long.
120. 33. E., lat. 28. 36. N.
Tcitcicar, the largest of the three provinces of
Chinese Tartary, bounded on the N. by Siberia,
N. E. by the sea of Okotsk, S. E. by the prov-
ince of Kirln, and W. by Western Tartary and
Siberia. It is a mountainous country, watered
by the river Saghalien, which receives many
others in its course.
Tcitcicar, a city of Chinese Tartary, capital of
the foregoing province, and the residence of a
Mandshur general. This city was built by the
Emperor of China, to secure his frontiers against
the incursions of the Russians. It Is seated on the
Nonni, 3-55 m. N. N. E. of Pekin. Long. 123.
30. E, lat. 47. 25. N.
Tebesta or Tinsa,a. town of Tunis in Africa, on
the borders of Algiers, with a castle, and several
remains of antiquity. It is seated at the foot of a
mou!>tain, 130 m. S. E. of Tunis.
Tecuit, a town of Morocco, in the province of
Sus, seated in a country abounding in grain,
dates, and sugar-canes, 4 m. E. of Messa.
Tfxklenburg, a town of Prussian Westphalia,
capital of a fertile county of the same name. It
has manufactures of linen cloth, and is 22 m. N. by
E. of Munster. Long. 7. 47. E., lat. 52. 14. N.
Tecoantepec, a sea-port of Mexico, in Guaxaca,
with a fortified abbey and several handsome
churches. It is seated on a large bay of the
same name, in the Pacific Ocean. Loner. 95. 55
W..lat. 16. 28. N.
Tecrit, a town of Asiatic Turkey, in the gov-
ernment of Mosul, seated on a rock, nearthe W.
Bide of the Tlgre, 130 m. S. of Mosul.
Ttculct, a town of Morocco, with an old cas-
tle, seated at the mouth of a river of the same
name, 99 m. W. of Morocco. Long. 9. 45. W.,
lat. 31. 5. N.
Tecumsehf a village in Lenawee Co. Michi-
gan. 64 m. S. W. Detroit.
Teddington, a village of Middlesex, Eng. seat-
ed on the Thames, 12 m. W. S. W. of London.
Tfidelez,a town of Algiers, on the coast of the
Mediterranean, with a castle, 45 m. E. of Al-
giers.
Tednest, a town of Morocco, in the province of
Hea, almost sui rounded by a river. It was ta-
ken by the Portuguese in 1517, but they were
driven away soon after. 40 m. N. E. of Mogador.
Tedsi, a town of Morocco, in the provmce of
Sus, seated in a plain abounding in corn, 20 m.
S. E. ofTarudant. #
Teembo, a city of Central Africa, capital of the
kingdom of Foota Jalloo. The inhabitants esti-
mated at 8,000, carrying on manufactures nC
cloth, iron, silver, wood, leather, &c. 160 m.
E. of Sierra Leone.
Tees, a river which rises on the confines oi
Cumberland, Eng. separates the counties of Dur-
ham and York, and enters the German Ocean be-
low Stockton.
Tefessad, a town of Algiers, with mines of iron
in its neighbourhood, 32 m. S. W of Algiers.
Teflis, a city of Asia, the capital of Georgia,
called by the inhabitants Thills-Caba (Warm
Town), from the warm baths in its neighbour-
hood. It contans 20,000 inhabitants, of whom
more than one-half are Armenians. The streets
seldom exceed seven feet in breadth, and the
houses are of stone with flat roofs, which serve
as walks for the women. Here is a foundry for
cannon, mortars, and balls; also a public school
founded by emperor Alexander. The most
flourishing manufactures are those of silks and
printed linens ; but the chief trade is in furs
sent to Turkey and the S. of Persia. In 1723 it was
taken by the Turks, and in 1734 retaken by Kouli
Khan. It is seated on the Kur, at the foot of a
hill, 300 ni. S. S. W. of Astracan. Long 45. 3.
E., lat. 42. 20. N.
Tefa, a strong town of Morocco, capital of a
district of the same name, seated on the side of a
mountain, 70 m.N. N. E. of Morocco. Loner. 5
55. W., lat. 32. 0. N.
Tefzra, a town of Algiers, in the province of
Mascara, 55 m. S. S. W. of Oran.
Tegaia, a town of Zahara, capital of a territory
of that name, remarkable for mountains of salt.
Long. 6. 30. W., lat. 21. 40. N.
Tegerhy, a town of the kingdom of Fezzan, 80
m. S. W. of Mourzook.
Tegern^ a town of Bavaria, with a celebrated ab-
bey, seated on a lake called the Tegern See. 30
m. S. S. E. of Munich.
Tegiio, a town Austrian Italy, in the Valte-
line. 9 m. S. W. ofTirano.
Teheran, a city of Persia, and lately the residence
of the Shah. It stands on the site of the ancient
city of Rai, and is 4 m. in circuit, surrounded by a
strong wall flanked with towers. The houses are
built of unburnt brick. During the summer It is
unhealthy. Lat. 35. 40. N. long. 50. 52. E. 300 m.
N. Ispahan. Pop. 15,000.
Teignmnuth, a sea-port in Devonshire, Eng.
seated at the mouth of the Teign, 187 m. W. by
S. of London.
Teinilz, a town of Bohemia, in the circle of Pil-
son, with a castle and a convent ; seated on the
Radbuza, 30 m. W. S. W. of Pilsen.
Teisendorf, a town of Austria, in the provinci
ofSalsburg, 12 m. N. W. of Salsburg.
Tejuco, a district of Brazil about 50 m. long*
and 24 broad, particularly noted for its produc
tion of diamonds.
Tejuco, the capital of the above district, is si(
uate on the side of a hill, and is very irregularli
S«
lEN
715
TEN
builf. The circulation of property created by the
diamond works rendered it a flourishing town.
Telese, a town of Naples, in Terra di Lavoro,
18 m. E. N. E. of Capua.
Telfair, a county of Georgia. Pop. 2,136. Jack-
son villa is the capital.
Telgen, or Telga, a town of Sweden, in Suder-
mania, on the lake Maeler, 12 m. S. W. of Stock-
holm.
Tdget, a town of Prussian Westphalia, 5 m. E.
N. E. of Munster.
Te/I, a township of Huntingdon Co. Pa.
Ttl.les, a town of the kingdom of Fez, with a
small harbour, on the Mediterranean, 100 m. E.
S. E.of Tetuan.
Tellicherry, a town of Hindoostan , in Malabar.
It has a considerable trade, and is seated at the
mouth of a river, 42 m. N. N. W. of Calicut.
Long. 75. 33. E , lat. 11. 48. N.
Tellico, p.v. Monroe Co. Ten.
TeltoiD, a town of Prussia, in Brandenburg, on
a lake of the same name, 7 m. S. S. VV. of Berlin.
Tdtsch, a town of Austria, in Moravia, 16 m. S.
of Ifflau.
Teinendefust, a town of the kingdom of Algiers,
10 m. E. of Algiers.
Tcmeswar, a strong town of Hungary, capital of
a territory called the Bannat of Temeswar. It
stands on the river Bega, which forms a morass
round it, and tne fortress requires a garrison of
14,000 men. This place formerly passed for im-
pregnable ; but it was taken by prince Eugene,
in a dry season, in 1716. 80. m. N. N. E. of Bel-
grade and 160. S. W. of Buda.
Temissa, a town of Fezzan, where the caravans
from Tombuctoo, Bornou, «fec., which travel by
the way of Cairo to Mecca, usually provide the
stores of corn, dates, dried meat, and other requi-
sites for their dreary journey. 120 m. E. N. E.
of Mourzook.
Tempelborg, a town of the Prussian states, in
Fomerania, on the S. side of a lake and on the fron-
tiers of Poland, 43 m. E. by N. of New Stargard.
Temple, a township of Kennebec Co. Me. Pop.
798; p.t. Hillsborough Co. N. H. 30 m. S. Con-
cord. Pop. 647.
Templeton, p.t. Worcester Co. Mass. Pop.
1,5.51.
Templin, a town of Prussia, in Brandenburg,
with a great trade in timber. It was totally con-
sumed by fire in 1735, but has been rebuilt in a
beautiful manner. It stands between the Boden-
see and Dolorensee, 18 m. S. W. of Prenzlo and
42 N. by K. of Berlin.
Tenasserim, a town of Birmah, capital of a dis-
trict of its name, situate on a large river, 47 m.
S. E. of JVIergui. Lono-. 93. 50. W., lat. 11. 35.
N. .
Tenhnry, a town in Worcestershire, Eng. 133
in. W. N. W. of London.
TenJ/y. a sea- port of Wales, in Pembrokeshire,
253 m. W. of London. Long. 4. 40. W., lat. 51.
44. N.
Tench Island, an island in the S. Pacific, 2 m.
in circumference, discovered by lieutenant Ball,
in 1790. It is low, but entirely covered with co-
coa-nut and other trees. Long. 151. 31. E., lat.
1. 30. S.
Tenda, a town of the Sardinian states, in Pied-
mont, with a fortified castle on a rock. It stands on
the Roia, 65 m. S. of Turin.
Tenedos, an island of the Grecian Archipelago,
on the coast of Asia Minor, 14 m. S. of the strait
of Gallipoli. It is 11 ra. long aJid 7 broad, is in-
habited almost wholly by Greeks, and its musca-
dine wine is the best in all the Levant. On the
E. side is the town, at the foot of a mountain, with
a harbour defended by a castle. Long. 26. 0. E.,
lat. 39. 50. N.
Teneriffe, one of the Canary Islands, and the
most considerable of them for riches, trade, and
population. It lies W. of the Grand Canary, is
70 m. long and 22 broad, and abounds in wine,
different sorts of fruits, cattle, and game. One
part of this island is surrounded by inaccessible
mountains, of which one in particular, called the
Peak of Teneriffe, is 12,072 feet above the level of
the sea, and the distance to the Peak from the port
of Oratavia, at the base of the mountain, '.s above 11
m. This island is subject to volcanic eruptions
and in 1704 one destroyed several towns and many
thousand people. The laborious works in this is-
land are chiefly performed by oxen and mules,
horses being scarce and reserved for the use of
the officers. Hawks and parrots are natives
of the island, as are swallows, sea-gulls, partridg-
es, canary birds, ap.d blackbirds. There are al-
so lizards,locusts, and dragon-flies. St. Christophe-
de Laguna is the capital, but the governor resides
at St. Cruz.
Teneriffe, a town of the republic of Colombia,
in the former vice-royalty of New Granada, seat-
ed on the Madalena, 100 m. S. S. W. of St.
Martha.
Ttnez, or Tents, a town of Algiers, in the prov-
ince of Mascara, capital of a district of its name,
with a fort. It has a considerable trade in corn
and is seated on a river, 4 m. from the sea and 85
W. S. W. of Algiers.
Te-ngan, a city of China, of the first rank, in
Hou-quang, 550 m. S. by W. of Pekin. Long. 113
21. E.,lat. 31.20. N.
Tennessee, a river of the United States, the larg-
est of all those which flow into the Ohio. Its
commencement is formed in the state to which it
gives name, by the junction of the Clinch with
the Holston, 3o m. below Knoxville. It flows S.
W., on the E. side of Cumberland Mountains, in-
to Georgia, where it makes a circuit to the W. of
called the Great Bend ; it then re-enters the state
of Tennesse, which it passes quite through into
that of Kentucky, where it enters the Ohio, 50
m. above the conflux of that river with the Mis-
sissippi. The Tennessee is 600 yards broad at
its mouth, and is thence navigable by vessels of
great burden for 260 m., to the Muscle Shoals,
in the Great Bend : here the river widens to be-
tween 2 and 3 m. for nearly 30 m. ; and these
shoals can only be passed in small boats ; hence
it may be navigated, by boats of 40 tons burden,
400 m. further to its commencement.
Tennessee, one of the United States, bounded
N. by Kentucky ; E. by North Carolina ; S. by
Georgia, Alabama, and Mississippi ; and W. by
the river Mississippi, separating it from Missouri
and Arkansas. Its length is about 430 m. ; its
breadth 104 m. It lies between 35. and 36. 36. N.
lat., and between 81. 30. and 90. 10. W. long., and
contains 40,000 sq. m. The western part of the .
State is comparatively level. The eastern portioa
is mountainous.
The Cumberland Mountains extend through the
state from N. E. to S. W.,dividingit into two sec-
tions. In East Tennessee are many parallel
ridges, the most lofty of which, are the Laurel,
Stone, Yellow. Iron, Bald, and Unaka Mountains.
All these are peaks of a continued chain. Wel-
lings' and Copper Ridge, and Church, Powell'Si
TEN
716
TAR
•nd Bay^feMountains, art- in the N. E. The sum-
niits of some of these mountains exhibit plateaus
of considerable extent, which admit of good roads,
and are inhabited and cultivated. The heights
subside as they approach the Mississippi and Ohio.
The mountains contain a great number of caverns,
which are amonij the most remarkable features of
the country. They are of so frequent occurrence
that very few have been explored ; and little more
is known of them, than that they abound in nitrous
j^ earth. One of them has been descended 400 feet
below the surface, and found to consist of a smooth
limestone rock, with a stream of pure water at
the bottom, sufficient to turn a mill. A cave en a
high peak of the Cumberland Mountain has a per-
pendicular depth that has never been fathomed.
The enchanted Mountains, which are portions of
the Cumberland ridge, exhibit some very singular
footprints of men, horses, and other animals dis-
tinctly marked in a solid rock of limestone. In
many cases they appear as if the feet which
marked them had slidden while the stone was in a
soft state. One of the tracks is 16 inches long
and 13 inches wide.
The whole state is well watered. The largest
rivers are the Cumberland and Tennessee, which
fall into the Ohio The Obian, Forked Deer,
Big Hatchee and Wolf rivers intersect the western
part of the State, and fall into the Mississiopi.
The valleys of the small rivers are extremely
beautiful, and rich oeyond^-ny of the same de-
scription in the western swRes. The valleys of
the great streams of the Tennessee and Cumber-
land, differ little from the alluvions of the oth-
er great rivers of the West. On the small val-
leys are many fine plantations, and yet so lone-
ly that they seem lost among the mountains.
Tiie climate is delightful, being milder than
in Kentucky, and free from the intense heat
which prevails in the southern portion of the
Mississippi valley. Snows of some depth are
frequent in the winter, but the summers, espe-
cially in the higher regions, are mild. In these
parts, the salubrity of the climate is thought
to equal that of any part of the United States ;
but the low valleys where stagnant waters
abound, and the alluvions of the great rivers
are unhealthy. Maize is planted in the central
parts of the state early in April.
The soil in East Tennessee is remarkably fer-
tile, containinff great proportions of lime. In
West Tennessee the soil is various, and the stra-
ta decend from the mountains in the following
order ; first, loamy soil, or mixtures of clay and
sand ; next, yellow clay ; thirdly, a mixture of red
sand and red clay ; lastly, white sand. In the
southern parts, are immense beds of oyster shells,
on high table land, at a distance from the Missis-
sippi, or any other stream ; some of these shells
are of an enormous size. The soil of tlie valleys
and alluvions is extremely fertile.
Nearly all the forest trees of the western coiin-
try are found in this state, but the laurel tribes
are not common Juniper, red cedar, and savin
cover the mountains. Apples, pears, and plums,
which are properly northern fruits, arc raised in
Sreat perfection The sugar maple is very abun-
ant.
Inexhaustible quarries of gypsum of the finest
quality abound in East Tennessee. Marble in
many beautiful varieties is abundant. Iron ore is
found in plenty, and some lead mines have been
worked. Salt springs are numerous, but the wa-
ter is not sufficiently stronjr to admit of their be-
ing made profitable. Nitrous earth abounds in
the saltpetre caves.
The gold region elsewhere described in the south-
ern states, extends into the southeastern part of
Tenneseee. The spot affording the metal, is situ-
ated about 12 miles south of the Tellico plains,
near the Unika mountain, which separates thiS
state from North Carolina. The gold occurs in
small grains, and appears to have been produced
by the disintegration of the rocks which compose
the mountain. The gold is found in the small
rivulets and brooks, and also on the declivities
of the mountains, and very near their summits.
It is contained in a stratum of the soil of JO or 12
inches in depth, and is separated from the earth
by washing.
Tennessee also contains an ore of zinc of aO
excellent quality. The Cumberland mountains
are rich in coal. Manganese, roofing slate, and
magnetic iron ore may be also numbered amone;
the mineral productions.
This state is politically divided into 2 Districts,
East and West. The former has 22 counties and
the latter 40. The population is 684,822 of
whom 142,382 are slaves. Nashville is the capital.
The other considerable towns are Knoxville and
Murfreesborough. Agriculture is in a great
measure confined to the raising of cotton : but the
soil is well adapted to maize, wheat, rye, barley
and oats, which are all more or less cultivated.
There are some manufactures of iron,hemp,cotton
and cordage.
The legislature is called the General Assembly
and consists of a Senate and House of Represent-
atives. The members of both and the Governor
are chosen for 2 years. Suffrage is universal ; and
the clergy are excluded from office. The Baptists
are the most numerous religious sect ; they have
141 ministers; the Methodists 125, the Presbyteri
ans 80 and the Lutherans 10. There are colleges
at Greenville, Knoxville, and Nashville. Tennes-
eee was settled by emigrants from Virginia and
North Carolina : the first settlements were made
between 1765 and 1770. In 1796 a constitution
was formed, and the territory was admitted into
the union as a state.
Tennis, a town of Egypt, situate on an island
in a lake of the same name, sometimes called
Lake Menzaleh, 28 m. S. E. of Damietta.
Tensaw, a river or Alabama, flowing into Mo
bile Bay, and formed by the union of the Alabama
and Tombigbee rivers. A river of Louisiana
joining with the Washitau to form Black River.
Tensaw, p. v. Baldwin Co. Alabama.
Tcnstaat, a town of Prussian Saxony, 10 m. N.
E. of Langensalza.
Ten-tcheou, a city of China, of the first rank, in
Chang-tong, with a good port and a strong gar
rison. It is seated on the N. side of a peninsu-
la of the Yellow Sea, 250 m. S. E. of Pekin.
Long. 120. 50. E., lat. 37. 20. N.
Tcnderden, a town of Kent. 57 m. E. by S. of
London.
Tentugal, a town of Portugal, in Beira, 8 m. W.
N. W. of Coimbra.
Terarno, a town of Naples, in Abruzzo Ultra, 25
m. N. E. of Aqnila.
Tarasso, a sea-port of Asia Minor, on the coast
of Caramania, and an archbishop's see. It was
formerly called Tarsus, and was the capital of
Cilicia, the literary rival of Athens and Alexan-
dria, and the birthplace of the apostle Paul. It is
seated on the Mediterranean, 100 m. W. by N. of
Alexandretta. Long. 35. 15. £., lat. 37. 4. N.
TER
717
TES
Tequr.TUtama, a cataract near Bogota in Colom-
bia, caused by a branch of the Magdalena falling
into a narrow chasm among the rocks. The
cataract consists of 3 pitches and the whole fall is
867 feet.
Terceira, one of the Azores, of a circular form
about 55 m in circumference, and very fertile.
It contains several towns and villages, with a
number efforts. Angra is the capital.
Terr.hiz, or Tershiz, a town of Persia in the prov-
ince of Chorasan, situate on the borders of the
Great Salt Desert, 160 m. W. N. W. of Herat.
Long. 57. 25. E., lat. 35. 5. N.
Terga, a town of Morocco, seated on the Omir-
abi, 90 m. N. of Morocco.
Tergovist, or Tervis, a town of European Tur-
key, in Walachia. Here is a fine palace, belong-
ing to the hosbodar, or reigning prince ; but he
chiefly resides at Buchorest. It stands on the
Jalonitz, 35 m. N. N. W. of Buchorest. Long. 25.
.G8. E., lat. 45. 28. x\.
Terki, a lown of Asiatic Russia, in the govern-
ment of Caucasus, formerly a frontier place
against Persia. It is seated on a river of the
same name, near the Caspian Sea, 180 m. S. of
Astracan. Long. 47. 30. E., lat. 43. 22. N.
Termed, a town of Usbec Tartary, capital of a
district in Bokharia ; seated in an angle formed
by the union of two rivers, 150 m. S. of Saraar-
cand. Long. 65. 35 E., lat. 37. 15. N.
Termini, a town on the N. coast of Sicily, in
Val di Mazara, with a strong castle. Its miner-
al waters are much celebrated, and it has a con-
siderable trade. It is situate on a rocky eminence,
near the mouth of a river of the same name, 20
m. S. E. of Palermo.
Termoli, a town of Naples, in Capitanata,
seated near the sea, 32 m. S. E. of Lanciano.
Ternate, one of the Molucca islands, lying to
the W. of Gilolo, formerly the seat of sovereignty.
It abounds in cocoa-nuts, bananas, citrons, oran-
ges, almonds, and other fruits proper to the cli-
mate. There are also a great number of birds of
paradise. It is a mountainous country, and con-
tains a great number of woods, which furnish
abundance of game. It is in thfi^ possession of
the Dutch, from whom it was taken by the Brit-
ish in 1810, but restored, with their other Indian
possessions, in 1814. The inhabitants are Ma-
hometans and very indolent. 100 m. E. of Celebes.
Long. 127. 4. E., lat. 0. 50. N.
Terneuse, a town and fort of the Netherlands,
in Flanders, on the W. branch of the Scheldt,
called the Hondt. It is 8 m. N. of Sas van Ghent
and 25 W. N. VV. of Antwerp.
Terni,a town of the ecclesiastical states, in the
luchy of Spoleto, seated on tlie Nera, near the
-nflux of tlie Velino, which has a famous cataract
a mile from the town. Terni was the birth-place
of Tacitus the historian. It is 15 m. S. S. W. of
Spoleto and 46 N. of Rome.
Ternava.a. town of Bulgaria,and an archbishop's
see. It was formerly the seat of the princes of
Bulgaria, and a strong place, but the fortifications
are ruined. It is seated on a mountain, near the
Jenera, 88 m. N. W. of Adrianople and 67 N. E.
of Sofia. Long. 26.2. E., lat. 43. l.N.
Terouenne,a. town of France, department of Pas
de Calais, seated on the Lis, 6 m. S. of St.
Omer.
Terra del Espiritu Santo, the largest and most
western island of the New Hebrides, in the S.
Pacific, being 40 leagues in circuit. The land
ia exceedingly high and mountainous, and in ma-
ny places the hills rise directly from the sea. Ex
cept the cliffs and branches, every part is covered
with wood, or laid out in plantations. Besides
the bay of St. Philip and St. Jago, on the N side
of it, the isles whicli lie along the S. and E. coast
from several good bays and harbours. Long. 167
E., lat. 15. S.
Terra Firma, a country of S. America, bounded
on the N. by the Carribbean Sea. It is now in-
cluded in the Republic of Colombia.
Terra del Fuego, a large island, separated from
the southern extremity of America by the strait
of Magellan, and so called from the volcanoes ob-
served on it. The sea intersects it into several
islands, all of them barren and mountainous; but
on the lower grounds are found several sorts of
trees and plants, and a variety of birds. The na-
tives are short in stature, not exceeding five feet
six inches; their heads large, their faces broad,
their cheek-bones prominent, and their noses flat.
They have little brown eyes, without life ; their
hair is black and lauk, hanging about their neads
in disorder, and besmeared with train oil. They
wear no other clothing than a small piece of seal-
skin, hanging from their shoulders to the middle
of the baclc, being fastened round the neck with a
string. They live chiefly on seals' flesh, o{' which
they prefer the oily part. There is no appear-
ance of any subordination among them, and their
whole character is a strange compound of stupid-
ity, indifference, and inactivity.
Terracirui, a decayed town of the ecclesiastical
states, in Campagna di Roma, with a castle on a
rock. Formerly it was called Anxur, and was
the capital of the Volsci, and its cathedral was
originally a temple of Jupiter. It is seated near
the sea, on the frontiers of Naples, 54 m. S. S.
E. of Rome. Long. 13. 15. E., lat. 41. 24. N.
Terranova, a sea-port of Sicily, in Val di Noto,
seated near the mouth of a river of the same
name, 20 m. E. S. E. of Alicata. Long. 14. 10.
E., lat. 37. 9. N.
Terranova, a sea-port of Sardinia, seated at the
bottom of a bay on the N. E. coast, 62 m. E. N.
E. of Sassari. Long. 9. 35. E., lat. 41. 3. N.
Terrasson, a town of France, department of
Dordogne, seated on the Vesere, 28 m. E. of
Perigueux.
Terre Haute, p. v. Vigo Co. Ind. on the Wabash
91 m. S. W. Indianapolis.
Terridon, Loch, an inlet of the sea, on the W.
coast of Scotland, in Ross-shire, between Gair-
locli and Applecross. It has many creeks and
bays.
Terriore, a strong town and fortress of Hindoos-
tan, in the Carnatic, 25 m. N. of Trichinopoly.
Terryville, p. v. Mecklenburgh Co. Va.
Teruel, a town of Spain, in Arragon, and a
bishop's see, with a citadel. It is 80 m. S. W. of
Sarragossa and 112 E. of Madrid. Long. 1.0.
W., lat. 40. 25. N.
Tervere, or Veere, a fortified sea-port of the
Netherlands, in Zealand on the N. E, coast of
the isle of Walcheren. It has a good harbour,
and a fine arsenal. 4 m. N. by E. of Middleburg,
wifli which it commuincates by a canal. Long.
3. 42. E., lat. 51. 36. N.
Teschen, a town of Austrian Silesia, capital of
a circle of the same name. It is surrounded by a
wall, and at a little distance, on an eminence, is the
old castle where the ancient dukes resided. The
inhabitants carry on a trade in leather, woolen
stuffs, and wine; and make excellent fire-arms.
This town was taJcen by the Prussians in 17'""
TEW
718
TEX
bnt restored in 1763. In 1779 a treaty of peace
was concluded here between the emperor of Ger-
many and the kinw of Prussia. It is seated in a
morass, near the river Elsa, 36 m. E. S. E. of
Troppau and 60 E. by N. of Olmutz. Long. 18.
32. E., lat 49. 43. N.
Tesegdelt, a town of Morocco, seated on a crag-
gy rock, said to be impregnable, at the mouth of
the Techubit, 140 m. W. N. W. of Morocco.
Ttshoo Loomhoo, the capital of Thibet, or of
that part which is immediately subject to the
Teshoo Lama, who is sovereign of the country
during the minority of the grand lama. Its tem-
ples and mausoleums, with their numerous gilded
canopies and turrets, and the palace of the lama,
render it a magnificent place. It stands at the
N. end of a plain, upon a rocky eminence, 220
m. S. W. of Lassa and 470 N. by E. of Calcutta.
Long. 89. 7. E., lat. 29. 4. N.
Tesino, a town of the Austrian states, in Tyrol,
25 m. E. N. E. ofTrent.
Tesset, a town of Zahara, capital of a district of
the same name. It is 350 m. S. S. W. of Tafilet.
Long. 5. 45. W., lat. 25. 54. N.
Tetbury, a town in Gloucestershire, Eng. 99 m.
W. of London.
Tetschen, or Tetzen, a town of Bohemia, in the
circle of Leutmeritz, with a castle on a rock, on
the river Elbe, 29 m. S. E. of Dresden.
Tettnang, a town of Germany, in the kingdom
of Wurtemberg, 8 m. N. of Lindau.
Tetuan, a city of the kingdom of Fez, with a
castle. The houses have only small holes to-
wards the streets, which are very narrow, and
the windows are on the other side, facing a court-
yard, which is surrounded by galleries, and in
the middle is generally a fountain. The houses
are two stories high, flat at the top; and the wo-
men visit each other from the tops of them. The
shops are very small, and without any door ; the
master sitts cross-legged on a counter, with the
goods disposed in drawers round him, and all the
customers stand in the street. Several European
consuls formerly resided in this city ; the English
are still allowed to touch here, and considerable
communication is kept up with Gibraltar. It is
seated on the river Cuz, near the Mediterranean,
110 m. N. N. W. of Fez. Long. 5. 23. W., lat.
35. 37. N.
Teverone, a river of Italy, the ancient Anio,
which rises in the Appennines, 50 miles, above
Tivoli, glides through a plain till it cotaes near
that town, when it is confined for a short space
between two hills, covered with groves. These
were supposed to be the residence of the sibyl Al-
bunea, to whom an elegant temple was here dedi-
cated. The river moving with augmented rapid-
ity, as its channel is confined, at last rushes over
a lofty precipice, and the noise of its falls re-
sounds through the hills and groves of TivOli.
Having gained the plain, it soon afterwards re-
ceives the waters of the lake Solfatara, and then
joins the Tibet, near Rome.
Tcciot, a river of Scotland, which rises in the
mountains in the S. W. of Roxburgshire, and,
passing N. W. through the county, unites with
the Tweed a little above Kelso.
Tevpitz, a town of Prussia, in Brandenburg,
with a castle on a lake, 25 ni. S. by E. of Berlin.
Tcuschnitz, a town and castle of Bavarian Fran-
eonia, 17 m. N. of Culmbach.
Tewsing, a town of Bohemia, in the circle of
Pilwn, 30 m. N. W. of Pilsen.
Tewkesbury, a borough in Gloucestershire, Eng.
Here is one of the noblest parish churches in the
kingdom, which is almost the only remains of
the celebrated monastery to which it formerly be-
longed. 103 m. W. N. W. of London.
Tewkesbury, p.t. Middlesex Co. Mass on the
Merrimack, adjoining Lowell, 24 m. N. W. Bos-
ton. Pop. 1,527. Within the limits of the town-
ship is the village of Belleville, with manufac-
ture of cotton and woolen.
Tewkesbury, a township of Hunterdon Co.
Texas, a province of Mexico, and the frontier
district toward the United States: bounded JN.
by Missouri Territory and E. by Louisiana, from
which it is separated by the Sabine, and the Gulf
of Mexico on the S. Our knowledge of this ex
tensive province — containing, according to Hum-
bolt's table, a surface of 84,000 square miles, and
according to others 100,000 — is still very imper-
fect, and almost solely derived from Pike's jour-
nal of his hasty return from Chihuahua, guarded
all the way by Spanish dragoons to prevent him
from taking notes. But its rising political and com-
mercial relations with the United States will soon
disperse this ignorance. By an act of the Mexi-
can congress it has been united to the province
of Coahuila, under the name oi Coahuila-y-Texus.
This province is exceedingly well watered, and
is the most fertile of all the Mexican states. The
large and beautiful savannahs, waving with grass,
feed vast numbers of wild horses and mules, which
are exported in great numbers to other parts of
Mexico, and to the United States, and form at
present a chief article of commerce. Immediate-
ly to the W. of the Sabine, the soil is rich with-
out being low, and for a space of 12 successive
miles, is covered with magnificent pines. W.
of this again is one of the richest and most fer-
tile tracks in nature, diversified by hills and dales,
and divided, as it were, into natural meadows and
shrubberies, in such admirable order, as to seem
the work not of nature, but of art ; this soil is rich,
friable, and contains much iron. It is as fertile
on the hills as on the plains, and the climate is
delightful, being neither too warm nor excessive-
ly cold. The tract between the Sabine and Bras-
ses rivers is occupied by 2,500 American families,
emigrants from the United States, who raise cot-
ton, maize, tobacco, rice, and sugar-canes. Be-
sides these emigrant families, about 600 Spanish
families are congregated in the vicinity of Na
cogdoches, and inhabit the Ranches, where they
rear cattle.
The principal American establishment to the
W. of the band of pines above mentioned, is the
Aiz Bayou, entirely inhabited by Americans, who
have already erected 7 or 8 cotton mills, and the
products are exported to Nachitoches free of
duty, as the consumption comes entirely from
that place. The second American establishment
is on the Brassos a Dios river, 150 miles from
Nacogdoches. As this stream frequently over-
flows its banks, its vicinity is somewhat un-
healthy. These emigrants have built a town
named San Felipe de Austin, from that of the
founder. General Austin, an American, who
promised to the federal government to locate
from 500 to 600 families on the banks of the Bras-
sos river. At Nacogdoches another grant has
been made to an American of the name of Ed-
wards, who resided at Mexico. This grant bor-
ders on that of Austin, and contains more than
2,000 square miles. N. of this, another grant has
been made to a Mr. Thorn, son-in-law of Ed-
THA
719
THA
wards ; and on the other side a similar granl has
been made to general Wesvil. The colony call-
ed Fredonia, iu this province, was established in
1824 by Mr. Aastin, who has offered to every
colonist a lot of 640 acres, or an English square
mile, with a house. The constitution of this gov-
ernment is that of a federal republic, and has
been literally copied from that of the United
States, but the Catholic religion was alone to be
tolerated. But such an absurd intolerant clause
as this in any of the new independent states of
Mexico, cannot long be in force in the vicinity
of such a free government as that of the United
States, as such an act would exclude all but Ro-
man Catholic emigrants, — whereas all are made
equally welcome to the United States. In 1625
captain Sedgewick, of Russelville in Kentucky,
obtained a grant from the Mexican government
of from 6 to 8 millions of acres, in this province,
along the borders of Louisiana. One principal
condition was inserted in this grant, that a cer-
tain number of the colonists should be free from
all taxes for five years. The capital of Texas
under the old government was San Antonio de
Bejar, on a small stream of the same name, and
contained, according to Pike, about 2,000 souls;
but the present capital, Saltillo, on the confines
of Coahuila amd New Leon, is said to contain
8,000 souls. Its site is bad, being surrounded
with arid plains, where the traveller suffers much
from want of water. The western part of Texas
is inhabited entirely by Spaniards. The soil is
excellent, and all the habitations are watered by
artificial canals, which cause the waters of the
Rio de Nueces and neighbouring springs to irri-
gate the gardens and fields.
Teie.l, an island of the Netherlands, separated
from N. Holland by a narrow channel of the same
name, defended by a strong fort on the mainland,
called the Helder. This channel is the best and
most southern entrance into the Zuyder Zee,
and through it most of the ships pass that are
bound to Amsterdam. In 17TO the fort was taken
by the English, and the whole of the Dutch fleet,
lying within the channel, surrendered to them ;
but the English abandoned the fort soon after-
wards. Long. 4. 59. E., lat. 53. 10. N. ,
Teya, or Theya, a river of the Austrian states,
which rises near Teltsch, in Moravia, flows E.,
f^ by Znaim, on the borders of Austria, and enters
the Moraw, on the confines of Hungary.
Teyw, a town of Bohemia, in the circle of
Bechin, seated on the Muldau, 10 m. S. £. of
Piseck.
Tezar, a town of Fez, capital of the province
of Cuzi, containing a mosque half a mile in cir-
cumference. It is seated on a small river, 45 m.
E. of Fez. Long. 4. 15. W., lat. 33. 40. N.
Tezctuo, a town of Mexico, once the capital of
a rich kingdom. Here Cottez caused a canal to
De dug, and built 18 brigantines, to carry on the
siege of Mexico. It is seated near the lake of
Mexico, 20 m. E. of Mexico.
Ttzda, a town of Algiers, in the province of
Mascara, with a castle, 15 m. S. W. of Oran.
Tezout, a town of the kingdom of Fez, seated
on the point of a rock, 15 m. S. of Melilla.
Tezzoute, an ancient town of Algiers, in the
province of Constantia. Its ruins extend 10 m.
in circumference, among which are magnificent
remains of city gates, an amphitheatre, a temple
dedicated to Esculapius, and other elegant struc-
tures. 90 m. S. S. W. of Constantia.
Tluiintt, a town of the kingdom of Tunis, near
the mouth of a river of the same name, 120 m. 9
of Tunis. Long. 10. 15. E., lat. 34. 50. N.
Thame, or Tame, a river which rises near Tring
in Hertfordshire, crosses Buckinghamshire to tha
N. of Aylesbury, enters Oxfordshire at the town
of Thame, whence it is navigable for barges to
Dorchester, where it joins the Thames. ^ Tiiis
river has been erroneously supposed to give name
to the Thames
Thame, a town in Oxfordshire, Eng. seated on
tlie river Thame, 12 m. E. of Oxford and 44 W
by N. of London.
Thames, the finest river in Great Britain,
which takes its rise from a copious sprinir, called
Thames Head, 2 m. S. W. of Cirencester, in
Gloucestershire. About a m. below tlie source
of the river, it is not more than nine feet wide in
the summer, yet, in the winter, becomes such a
torrent as to overflow the meadows for many
miles" The stream proceeds to Lechlade ; and
being there joined by the Coin and Le:;h, at the
distance of 138 ra. from London, it becomes nav-
igable for vessels of 90 tons. At Oxford it is
joined by the Charwell, and, proceedmg by
Abingdon to Dorchester, it receives the Thame.
Passing by Wallingford to Reading, and forming
a boundary to Berkshire, Buckinghamshire, Sur-
rey, and Middlesex, it waters Henley, Ma/low,
Maidenhead, Windsor, Staines, Chertsey, Kings-
ton, and Brentford, in its course to London.
From London the river proceeds to Greenwich,
Woolwich, Grays-Thurrock, Gravesend, and
Leigh, into the German Ocean. The tide flows
up the Thames as high as Kingston, which, fol-
lowing the winding of the river, is 70 miles from
the ocean — a greater distance than the tide is car-
ried by any other river in Europe. Thr>ugh the
Thames is said to be navigable 138 miles above
London Bridge, there are so many flats that in
summer the navigation westward would be stop-
fted, were it not for a number of locks; but the
first lock is 52 miles above that bridge. The
plan of new cuts has been adopted, in some places,
to shorten the navigation ; there is one near Lech-
lade, and another a mile from Abingdon. A still
more important undertaking was effected in 1789
— the junction of this river with the Severn. A
canal had been made from the Severn to Stroud,
which canal was afterwards continued to Lech-
lade, where it joins the Thames, a distance of
above 30 miles. A communication between this
river and the Trent and Mersey has likewise been
effected, by a canal from Oxford to Coventry ;
and another canal extends from this, at Brauns-
ton, to the Thames at Brentford, called the Grand
Junction Canal.
Thames, a river of Connecticut, formed of two
principal branches, the Shetucket and the- Nor-
wich, or Little River, which have their junction
at Norwich. From this place the Thames is nav-
igable 15 m. to Long Island Sound, which it en-
ters below New LonTlon,
Thames, a river of Upper Canada, flowing inta
Lake St. Clair above Detroit.
Thanet, an island comprising the E. angle of
Kent, being separated from the mainland by the
two branches of the Stour. It produces much
corn, and the S. part is a rich tract of marsh land.
It contains the towns of Margate, Ramsgate, and
Broadstairs, and several villages.
TTianhavsen, a town of Bavaria, on the river
Mindel, 14 m. N. of Mindelheim.
Thasos, an island of the Grecian Archipelago,
on the cor.st of Macedonia, at the entrance of wm
THl
720
THI
gulf of Contessa. It is 12 m. long and 8 broad,
and abounds in all the necessaries of life. The
fruits and wine are very delicate ; and there are
some quarries of fine marble. The chief town of
the same name, has a harbour, frequented by
merchants. Long. 24. 33. E., lai. 40. 59. N.
ThtiTted, a town in Essex, Eng. 44 m. N. N. E.
of London.
Theaki, an island in the Mediterranean Sea, 24
m. long and 7 broad, separated from the N. E. part
of that of Cefalonia, by a narrow channel. It is
the ancient Ithaca, celebrated as the birthplace
and kingdom of Ulysses. The chief town is Vel-
thi, which has a spacious harbour. Long. 20. 40.
E., lat. 38. 25. N.
Thebaid, a country of Upper Egypt, now called
Said, which see.
Thebes, the ancient name of a city of Upper
Egypt. It was celebrated for having 100 gates;
and there are many tombs and magnificent re-
mains of antiquity. One of the tombs has been
broughtover to this country by M. Belzoni. Three
villages, named Carnack, Luxor, and Gournou,
are seated among its ruins, which are hence called
the antiquities of Carnack and Luxor.
Thebes, in Greece. See Thiva.
Theisse, a river of Hungary, which rises in the
Carpathian Mountains, flows above 100 m. in a
western direction to Tokay, when it turns to the
S., passes by Tsongrand and Segeden, and, after
receiving a great number of rivers, falls into the
Danube below Titul.
Thcmar, a town of Germany, in the duchy of
Saxe-Coburg, near the river Werra, 10 m. S. E.
of Meinungen.
Theresa, p. v. Jefferson Co. N. Y. 25 m. N. E.
Sacketts Harbour.
Thermia, an island of the Grecian Archipelago,
S. of the island of Zia, and near the gulf of Engia,
12 m. long and 5 broad. The soil is good and well
cultivated, and it has a great deal of silk. The
principal town, of the same name, is the residence
of a Greek bishop. Long. 24. 59. E., lat. 37. 31 . N.
Thermupyla:, a narrow passage in the N. E. of
Greece, with high cliffs on one side and an im-
passable marsii on the other. It is noted in his-
tory for the brave stand made by Leonidas with
300 f;partans, against the army of Xerxes.
The^s'thj. See Janna.
Thetford, a borough in Norfolk, Eng. with a
manuiacture of woolen cloth and paper. 80. m.
N. E. of London.
Thetford, p.t. Orange Co. Vt. on the Connec-
ticut. Pop. 1,183.
Thibet, a county of Asia, bounded on the N.
W. and N. by the Desert of Kobi, in Tartary, E.
by China, S. by Assam and Birmah, and S. W.
and W. by Hindoostan and Bootan. This coun-
try is one of the highest in Asia, being a part
31 that elevated tract which gives rise not only to
the rivers of India and China, but also to those of
Siberia and Tartary. Its length from E. to W.
cannot be less than 1,400 m; its breadth about
500, but very unequal. It is divided into three
parts. Upper, Middle, and Lower Thibet. The
Upper, lies towards the sources of the Ganges
and Burrampooter ; the Middle is that in which
Labsa, the capital, is seated ; and the Lower that
which borders on China. Little Thibet is situ-
ate between Upper Thibet and Casheur. Not-
withstanding the very rough and sterile state of
Thibet, and the severity of its climate, from its
wonderful elevation, its inhabitants are in a high
Btate of civilization ; their houses arc lofty and
built of stone ; and useful manufactures in some
degree of improvement. The principal exports
are gold-dust, diamonds, pearls, lamb skins,
shawls, woolen cloths, rock-salt, musk, and tincal
or crude borax. The nature of the soil prohibits
the progress of agriculture ; but wheat, peas, and
barley are cultivated. Here are many beasts of
prey, and great abundance and variety of wild
fowl and game ; with numerous flocks of sheep
and goats, and herds of cattle of a diminutive
size, as well as small horses. The ibex, or wild
goat is a native of this country. The Thibetians
are governed by the grand lama, who is not only
submitted to and adored by them, but is also the
great object of adoration for the various tribes of
pagan Tartars, who walk through the vast tract of
continent which stretches from the river Volga to
Corea. He is not only the sovereign pontifi^ the
vicegerent of the deity on earth, but by the more
remote Tartars is absolutely regarded as the dei-
ty himself. Even the emporor of China, who
is of a Tartar race, does not fail to acknowledge
the latna, in his religious capacity, although, as a
temporal sovereign, the lama himself is tributa-
ry to that emperor. The opinion of the most
orthodox Thibetians is, that when the grand la-
ma seems to die, either of old age or infirmity, his
soul, in reality only quits a crazy habitation to
animate another younger or better ; and it is
discovered again in the body of some child, by
certain tokens known only to the lamas or priests,
in which order he always appears. The lamas,
who form the greatest and most powerful body in
the state, have the priesthood entirely in their
hands. At the head of their hierarchy are three
lamas, the Dalai lama, who reside at Lassa ; the
Teshoo lama, who lives at Teshoo Loomboo ; and
the Taranat lama, whose seat is Kharca, in the
N. The priests constitute many monastic orders,
which are held in great veneration among them.
The most numerous sect are called Gylongs, who
are exempt from labor, enjoined temperance, and
interdiction all intercourse with the female sex ;
they abound over all Thibet and Bootan, not-
withstanding the severity of discipline ; since
every family consisting of more than four boys
is obliged to contribute one of them to this order;
and it is also encouraged by ambition, as the offi-
cers of state are usually selected from this sect
Besides the religious influence and authority of
the grand lama, he is possessed of unlimited
power throughout his dominions. His residence is
at a vast palace on the mountain Putala, 7 miles
from Lassa. The religion of Thibet, though in
many respects it differs from that of the Indian
brahmins, yet, in others, has a great affinity to
it. The practice of polyandry is universally
prevalent in Thibet , and one female associates
with all the brothers of a family, without any re-
T«0
721
itriction of age or number ; the choice of a wife
is the privilege of the elder brother. This extra
ordinary custom, and the celibacy of priests, may
have been intended to gard against too numerous
a population in an unfertile country. The Thi-
betians preserve entire the mortal remains of
their sovereign lamas only : every other corpse
is either consumed by fire or exposed to be the pro-
miscuous food of beasts and birds of prey. They
have a great veneration for the cow, and highly
respect the waters of the Ganges, tlie source of
which they believe to be in heaven. The sun-
niasses, or Indian pilgrims, often visit Thibet as
a holy place; and the grand lama always maintains
a body of nearly 300 of them in his pay. See Palte.
Thiel, or Tie!., a strong town of the Nether-
lands, in Guelderland, seated on the Waal, 18 m.
W. of Nimeguen.
Thielet, a town of the Netherlands, in W. Flan-
ders, 10 m. N. of Courtray.
Tbien'ren, a town of Baden, on the river Wut-
tach, 13m. W. of Schaffhausen.
Thiers, a town of France, department of Puy
de Dome, with manufi^ctures of paper, thread,
leather, and cutlery. It is seated on the side of
a hill, 21 m. E. by N. of Clermont.
ThioncUle, a strong town of France, in the de-
partment of Moselle. The Austrians bombarded
it in 1792, but were obliged to raise the seige. It is
seated on the Moselle, over which is a bridge
defended by a hornvvork, 14 m. N. of Mentz and
33 S. W. of Treves.
T.'drsk, a borough in N. Yorkshire, Eng. with
manufactures of coarse linens, sacking, &c. 214
m. N. by W. of London.
Tliiva, or T/iebe. , a celebrated city of Greece,
and a bishop's see 1 he ancient city was 4 m. in
circumference, but only that part of it is now in-
habited which was originally the castle, called
Cadmcea, from Cadmus the founder. In the vi-
cinity is a fine sort of white clay, of which bowls
for pipes are made, that dry naturally and become
as hard as stone. It is seated between two riv-
ers, 23 m. N. W. of Athens.
T7ticjer.v, a town of France, department of Dor-
dogne, 18 m. N. N. E. of Perigueux.
Tkolen, a town of the Netherlands, in an island
of its name belonging to the province of Zealand. 4
m. N. W. of Bergen-op-Zoom.
Thomas, St. an island in the Atlantic, lying
under the equator, near the W. coast of Guinea,
discovered in 1G40 by the Portuguese. It is al-
most round, is about 30 m. in diameter, and con-
sists chiefly of hills, intermixed with valleys,
which are often filled with a thick fog. The soil
is fertile, and produces plenty of sugar-canes, rice,
and millet. On the same vine are blossoms and
green and ripe grapes, all the year round. The cli-
mate is unwholesome to the Portuguese, but it
agrees well with the original natives, and also
with the cattle, which are larger and finer here than
on the coast of Guinea. In 1641 this island was ta-
ken by the Dutch ; but they soon relinquished it
in consequence of the inclemency of the climate.
Pavoasan is the capital.
Thomas, St., one of the Virgin islands, in the
W. Indies, with a harbour, a town, and a fort.
It is 15 m. in circumference, and the trade is con-
siderable, particularly in times of peace. It surren-
dered to the English in 1807, but was restored to
the Danes in 1814. Long. 65.26. W., lat. 11.22. N.
Thomas, St., a town of Hindoostan, in the Car-
natic, formerly a powerful city. It is inhabited
by weavers and dyers, and noted for making the
91
THU
best colored stuffs in India. 3 m. S. of Ma
dras.
Thomasloiim, a borough of Ireland, in the
county of Kilkenny, on the river Noire, 10 m. S.
S. E. of Kilkenny.
Thomastown, p.t. Lincoln Co. Me. on Penob-
scot Bay. 37 m. E. Wiscasset. Pop. 4,221. Great
quantities of lime are burnt here and exported to
all parts of the country. The quarries of limestone
also produce fine white and black marble.
Thompson, p.t. Windham Co. Conn, in the N.
E. angle of the state. Pop. 3,388; a township of
Sullivan Co. N. Y. 34 m. N. W. Newburg. Pop.
2,459; townships in Sandusky, Delaware, and
Geauga Cos. Ohio.
Thompsoidown, p. v. Mifilin Co. Pa.
ThompsmiviUe, p. v. Culpeper Co. Va. and
Chesterfield Dis. S. C.
Thonon, a town of the Sardinian states, in Sa-
voy, with a palace and several convents ; seated
on the lake of Geneva at the influx of the river
Drama, 16 m. N. E. of Geneva.
Thorn, a city of W. Prussia, formerly a Han-
seatic town. In the Church of St. John is the
epitaph of the celebrated Nicholas Copernicus,
who was born here. It is divided into the Old
and New town, and has a celebrated protestant
academy. In 1703 it was taken by the Swedes,
who demolished the fortifications; and in 1793
it was seized by the king of Prussia and annex-
ed to his dominions. It was taken by the French
in 1806, and remained in their hands till 1812. It
is seated on the Vistula, over which is a long wood
en bridge, 07 m. S. of Dantzic and 105. N. W. of
Warsaw. Long. 18. 42. E., lat. 53. 6. N.
Thorn, a small but thriving town in W. York-
shire, Eng. 165 m. N. by W. London.
Thornhury, a borough in Gloucestershire, Eng.
122 m. W. of London.
Tliornv'dle, p.t. Perry Co. Ohio.
Thornbnry, a township of Delaware Co. Pa.
Thornhill, a town of Scotland, in Dumfries-
shire, with manufactures of coarse linen and
woolen cloth, seated near the river Nith, 15 m.
N. N. W. of Dumfries.
Thornsburg, p. v. Spotsylvania Co. 18 m. E.
Fredericksburg.
Thornton, p.t. Grafton Co. N. H. 48 m. N. Con-
cord. Pop. 1,049.
Thouars, a town of France department of
Deux Sevres. The castle of its ancient dukes
is on a rock, surrounded by walls, 120 feet high,
built of white stone. It is seated on a hill, by
the river Thone, 32 m. S. E. of Angers and 162
m. S. W. of Paris.
Thunder Buy, a bay in the N. W. part of
Lake Huron, so named from the frequent thunder
heard there.
Thrapston, a town in Northamptonshire, Eng.
73 m. N. N. W. of London.
Three Hills l.fland, one of the New Hebrides,
in the S. Pacific, 12 m. in circumference, lying
to the S. of Masicollo.
Three Rivers, or Trois Rivieres, a town of Low-
er Canada, situate on a river of the same name,
which before its conjunction with the St. Law
rence, is divided by two islands into three branch
es. It has two churches, a convent, and, an
hospital. 9 m. up the river is a considerable iron
foundry. 70 m. W. S. W. of Quebec.
Thuin, a town of the Netherlands, in the teri
tory of Liege : seated on the Sambre, 8 m. S. W.
Charleroy and 15 S. E. of Mons.
Thun, a town of Switzerland, capital of a baili
3P
TIO
722
TIL
WJC, fnthe canton of Bern, with a castle. It is
seated on a lake of the same name, 14 m. long
and three broad, where the river Aar issues from
It, 15 m. S. by E. of Bern.
Thousand Islands, a group of ema.]\ islands in
the river St. Lawrence just below lake Ontario.
Also a group of Islands in the Straits of Sunda.
Thur, a river of Switzerland, which rises in
the S. part of the county of Togwenburg, and
flows into the Rhine, 7 m. S. S. W. of Schaff-
hausen.
Tkurvau, a canton of Switzerland, which lies
along the river Thur ; bounded on the S. by the
canton of St. Gall, W. by that of Zurich, and
N. and E. by the lake and territory of Constance.
It is extremely populous, and the most pleasant
and fertile part of Switzerland, though some-
what mountainous towards the S. Its area is
computed at 350 square miles, with 77,000 inhab-
itants, one-third of whom are Catholics, and the
other two-thirds Calvinists. Frauenfeld is the
capital.
TImringia, the former name of a province of
Germany, in Saxony ; bounded on the E. by
Meissen, S. by FranconiaW. by Hesse and Eich-
feld, and N. by the duchy of Brunswick and the
principality of Anhalt. It is 73 m. in length, and
nearly as much in breadth, abounding in corn,
fruits, and wood.
Thurso, a town of Scotland, in Caithness-shire,
at the mouth of the river Thurso, on the S. W.
side of a spacious bay. It has a considerable
trade in corn and fish, and manufactures of wool-
en and linen cloth. 28 m. iS. W. of Wick and
5() ni N. N. E. of Dornoch. Long. 3. 18. W.,
lat. 58. 30. N.
T'uiirar, a town of Hindoostan, in the Carnatic,
50 m. W. S. W. of Pondicherry and 75S. of Arcot.
Tiano, a town of Naples, in Terra di Lavoro,
will) a famous nunnery and a mineral springj 15
m. N. W. of Capua.
Tiber, a river of Italy, which rises in the Ap-
ennines, flows through the Pope's Dominions by
Borgo. St. Sepulchro, Citta di Castella, Orto,
and Rome, 10 m. below which it enters the
Mediterranean Sea, between Ostia and Porto.
Tllnir'jn, a cape at the most western extremi-
ty of the island of St. Domingo, with a town
and fort, on an open road, opposite Port Antonio
in Jamaica. Long. 74. 32. W., lat. 18. 25. N.
Ticondcroga, a fort of the state of New York,
built by the French in 1756, on the narrow pas-
sage between the lakes George and Champlain.
it was taken in 1759 by general Amherst, and in
1777 by general Burgoyne, but evacuated soon
;ifler the surrender at Saratoga. It had all the
iulvantages th t art or nature could give it : but
is now a heap of ruins, and forms an appendage
to a farm. The township of Ticonderoga is in
Essex Co. 92 m. N. Albany, and 110 S. Mon-
treal. Pop. 1,996.
Ticino, a canton of Switzerland, to the W. of
the canton of Grisons, and almost encircled by
Italy. It m rich in pastures and cattle, and has an
area of 1,130 square miles, with 90,000 inhabi-
tants. Bellinzona is the capital.
Ticino, or Tesin, a river which has its source
in Switzerland, on the S. side of St. Gothard,
flows through the canton of Ticino and the lake
Maggiore ; then passes to Pavia, in the Milanese,
and a little after joins the Po.
Tickhill, a town in W. Yorkshire, Eng. 156
m. N. by W. of London.
Tideswell, a town in Derbyshire, Eng. on the
S. confines of the Peak. Here is a well, deemed
one of the wonders of the Peak, which after great
rains ebbs and flows two or three times in an
hour, the waters gushing from several cavities at
once, for the space of five minutes : the well is
three feet deep and broad, and the water rises and
falls two feet. 22 m. N. W. of Derby and 160 N.
N. W. of London.
Tidore, an island in the eastern seas, one of the
Moluccas. It is 20 m. in circumference, and pro-
duces cloves and flax. The woods and the rocks
that surround it render it a place of defence. It
is governed by a sultan, who possesses also the S
part of GiIolo,and claims tribute from Mysol. 1(5
m. S. of Ternate. Long. 126. 40. E., lat. 1.0. N.
Tien-sing, a city of China, in Pe-tche-li, which
has a great trade in salt. It is seated on the Pei-
ho, at the influx of the Eu-ho, 90 m. from its
mouth, and 90 S. E. of Pekin.
T#re, p.v. Seneca Co. Oho. 100 m. N. Co-
lumbus; a township of Adam, Co. Ohio.
Tigre, a province in the N. E part of Abyssinia,
200 m. long and 120 broad, through which passes
all the merchandise of the kingdom destined to
cross the Red Sea for Arabia. Adowa is the
capital.
Tigris, a river of Asia, which has its source in
the mountain of Tchilder, in Diarbek. It flows
by Diarbekir, Gezira, Mosul, and Tecrit, in which
course it separates Diarbek from Curdistan ; then
enters Irac Arabi, where it passes by Bagdad and
Corna, and soon after joins the Euphrates,- 35 m.
above Bassora.
Tilbury, East, a village in Essex, Eng. near the
mouth of the Thames, E. of Tilbury Fort. In
this parish is a field, called Cave Feld, in which
is a horizontal passage to one of the spacious cav-
erns in the neighbouring parish of Chadvvell. Dr.
Derham measured three of the most considerable
of them, and found the depth of one to be 50,
another 70, and the third 80 feet. Their origin
is too remote for investigation.
Tilbury Fort, a fortress in Essex, Enor. situai.3
on the Thames, opposite Gravesend. It hiis a
double moat, the innermost of which is 180 feet
broad : and its chief strength on the land side con-
sists in its being able to lay the whole level under
water. On the side next the river is a strong
curtain, with a platform before it; on both of which
and the bastions, are planted a great number of
guns. It is 28 m. E. by S. of London.
Tilliers, a town of France, department of Eure
6 m. N. E. of Verneuil.
Tilsit, a town of Prussian Lithuania, with a
castle and a considerable trade in corn, liiiseed,
butter, cheese, and other provisions. In 1807 it
was taken by the French ; soon after which two
treaties of peace were made, between Franco and
Tm
723
riR
Pruasia, and France and Russia, the three sover-
eigns being here in person. It is situate on the
Memel, 50 m. N. E. of Konigsberg and 95 S. S.
W. of Mittau. Long. 22. 8. E., lat 55. 8. N.
Timana, a town of Terra Firnia, in Popayan,
capital of a territory of the same name, which
abounds in fruits and pastures. It is seated on a
river 130 ra. E. S. E. of Popayan. Long. 74. 55.
W., lat. 1. 35. N.
Tinier ycotta, a town and fortress of Hindoostan,
in the Carnatic, chief place in the district of Pal-
naud. 72 m. S. E. of Hvdrabad and 82 W. by S.
of Candapilly. Long. 79." 26. E., lat. 16. 20. N.
Timon, or Timoan, an island on the E. coast of
the peninsula of Malaya, 30 m. in circumference.
It is mountainous and woody, and produces plen-
ty of cocoa-nuts and rice. Loner. 104. 25. E., lat.
3.0. N.
Timor, an island in the Indian Ocean, to the
W. of the N. W. point of New Holland. It is
200 m. long and GO broad, and abounds in sandal-
wood, wax, and honey. The Dutch have a fort
here, from which they expelled the Portuo-uese in
1513. It is situate at Cupan, the principal town,
in the S. W. point of the island. Long. 124. 0. E.,
lat. 10. 23. S.
Timarlaut, an island in the Indian Ocean, be-
tween Timor and New Guinea It is 60 m. in
circumference, and the S. point is in long. 131.
54. E., lat. 8. 15. S.
Tinevelly, a town of Hindoostan, capital of a
district of its name, at the S. extremity of the
Carnatic. It is seated on a river which flows in-
to the gulf of Manara. Ho m. S. S. W. of Mobura.
Long. 71. 46. E., lat. 8. 42. N.
Tingtcheou, a city of China, of the first rank,
in Fo kien, 980 m. S. of Pekin. Long. 116. 30. E.,
lat 2.-). 48. N.
Tinian, an island in the N. Pacific, one of the
Ladrones, 12 m. long and 6 broad. The soil is
dry, and somewhat sandy, but produces abundance
of cocoa-nuts, paupaus, guavas, limes, sour oran-
ges, and bread-fruit ; also much cotton and indigo.
There are no streams ; and the water of a well
supposed to be the same at which commodore
Anson filled his casks in 1742, wa,*! found by com-
modore Byron, in 1765, to be brackish and full
of worms. Both these officers speak of the fish
caught here as unwholesome. Moschetoes and
other kinds of flies are numerous; and there are
likewise many venomous insects, centipedes, and
scorpions. The road is dangerous, for the bot-
tom consists of hard sand and large coral rocks.
Long. 146. 0. E., lat. 15. 0. N.
Tinicum, p:t. Bucks Co. Pa. and a township in
Delaware Co. Pa. both on the Delaware.
Tinmouth, p.t. Rutland Co. Vt. 26 m. N. Ben-
nington. Pop. 1 ,049.
T^no, the ancient Tenos, an island of the Gre-
cian Archipelago, to the S. of Andros, from
which it is separated by a channel of a mile in
width. It is 15 m. long and 8 broad, and produ-
ces 16,000 pounds of silk every year. The for-
tress stands on a rock ; and here is a bishop's see
of the Latin church, though the Greeks have 200
papas or priests. The capital is St. Nicholo.
Long. 25. 10. E.,lat. 37.40. N.
Tintagel. a v.illage in Cornwall, Eng. noted for
the splendid remains of a castle, on a bold prom-
ontory in the Bristol Channel, said to have been
the birth-place of king Arthur, and the seat of
the ancient dukes of Cornwall. 1 mile W. of
Bossiney.
Tinterrif a village in Monmouthshire, Eng.
noted for the venerable remains of an abbey, which
is a beautiful specimen of Gothic architecture. It
is seated on the river Wye, 5 m. N. by E. of
Chepstow.
Tinto, a river of Spain, which rises in the prov-
ince of Seville, and has its na)ne from the water
being tinged of a yellow colour. Near its springs
it has a petrifying quality, no fish will live in it
nor any plants grow on its banks ; these proper-
ties continue till other rivulets enter and alter its
nature ; for when it passes by Niebla it is not
different from other rivers, and 18 m. below it
enters the bay of Cadiz, at Huelva.
Tinzeda, a town of Barbarj', in the county of
Darah, on the river Dras. Long. 6. 13. W., lat.27,
30. N.
Tioga, or Chemung, a river of New York and
Pennsylvania, forming the N. W. branch of the
Susquehanna.
Tioga, a county of N. Y. Pop. 27.704. Elmira
is the capital. A county of the W. Dis. of Penn-
sylvania. Pop. 9,062. WcUsborough is the capital ;
p'.t. Tioga Co. N. Y. Pop. 1,413; p.t. Tioga Co.
Pa.
Tiom, an island on the W. coast of Sweden, 25
ra. in circumference, and aboundinar in excellent
pastures. Long. 11. S'J. E.,lat. 58. OT N.
Tipera, or Tipra, a district of Bengal, on the
borders of Birmah. The cliief town is Comiliah,
which is the residence of tlie rajah, and tiie seat
of the British civil establishment.
Tippecanoe, a branch of the river Wabash from
the north, famous for a battle with the Indians
fought upon its banks in November 1811. A cel-
ebrated Indian chief called the Shawanese Proph-
et had succeeded in stirring up the savages against
the Americans, and collected a body of 600 war-
ri.ors who were supplied with arms by the British
and committed great de\astations upon the fron-
tiers. General Harrison was dispatched against
them, and a severe battle was fought here in
savages were totally defeated.
Tippecanoe, a county of Indiana. Pop. 7,167.
Lafayette is the capital.
Tipperary, a county of Ireland in the province
of Munster. It is divided into 147 parishes, con-
tains about 346,000 inhabitants and sends four
members to parliament. The S. part is fertile ;
but the N. is rather barren, and terminates in a
range of twelve mountains, the highest in Ire-
land, called Phelem-dhe-Madina. The river
Suire runs through it from N. to S. Clonmell is
the capital.
Tipperary, a town of Ireland, in the county of
the same name, 9 m. W. S. W. of Cashel and 20
N.W. of Clonmell.
rano, a town of Austrian Italy, capital of a
district of in liie Valteline. It contains several
TIT
724
TOB
handsome buildings, but from the narrowness of
the streets, and many ruinous houses, its general
appearance is desolate. Its staple commerce con-
sists in the exportation of wine and silk. Near
the town is the magnificent church of the Mo-
dona, much visited by catholic pilgrims. The
massacre of the Protestants of the Valteline, in
1620, began in this town. It is seated on the
Adda, 15 m. E. of Londris. Long. 9. 58. E., lat.
46. 20. N.
Tipton, a county of W. Tennessee. Pop. 5,317.
Covington is the capital.
Tireh, a town of Asia Minor, in Natolia, situate
■on the Meinder, 32 m. S. S. E. of Smyrna.
Tirey, an island of Scotland, one of the Hebri-
des, lying to the W. of Mull. It is IGm. long and
3 broad. The surface in general is even, and it
is noted for its marble quarry and a handsome
breed of little horses.
Tirelemont, a town of the Netherlands, in S.
Brabant, formerly one of the most considerable
cities in that duohy, but ruined by the wars, and
by a great fire in 1701. Near this place the Aus-
Irians were defeated in 1792 by the French, who
the year following were routed by the former. It
is seated on the river Greete, 10 m. E. S. E. of
Louvain.
Tirnau, a town of Hungary, in the country of
Neitra, seated on the Tirna, 26 ra. N. E. of Pres-
burg.
Tirschenreid, a town of Bavaria, seated on a
lake, 10 m. S. of Egra.
Tishury, a township of Dukes Co. Mass. on
Martha's Vineyard. Pop. 1,318.
Titan, or Cabaros, an island of France, the larg-
est and most eastern of the Hieres, i^ the Mediter-
ranean.
Titeri, the middle or southern province of the
kingdom of Algiers, in which is a lake of the
same name, formed by the river Shellif, near its
source Towards the N. the country is mountain-
ous and narrow, and to the S. it extends far into
the desert. It contains some of the highest moun-
tains in the kingdom, part of which are inhabited
by the Cabyls, an independent tribe, who have
never been subdued by the Al^erines. The prin-
cipal town of this province is Belida.
Titicaca, a lake of S. America, between Peru and
Bolivar. It is of an oval figure, with an inclination
from N. W. to S. E., and 240 m. in circumference.
Many streams enter into it, but its waters are so
muddy and nauseous as to be unfit for drinking.
One of the most splendid temples in the empire
was erected on an island in this lake, by the
Incas.
Titlisherg, one of the highest mountains in
Switzerland, in the canton of Uri^ 11 m. S. S. W.
of Altorff.
Titschein, JVetc, a well built town of the Austrian
states, in Moravia, defended by walls, 28 m. E.
by N. of Prerau.
Titlmaning, a town of Bavaria, in the duchy of
Salzburg, seated on the Salza, 20 m. N. N. W. of
Salzburg.
Titul, a town of Hungary, seated on the Theis-
se, 23 m. E. S. E. of Peterwardein and 24 N. N.
W. of Belgrade.
Tiumen, a town of Siberia, in the province of
Tobolsk, on the river Tura at the influx of the
Pischma, 170 m. S. W. of Tobolsk.
Tiverton, a borough in Devonshire, Eng. noted
for its woolen manufactures, particularly kerseys.
161 m. W. by S. of London.
Tiverton, a township of Newport Co. R. I. on
Narraganset Bay 14 m. from Newport Pop.
2,905.
Tivoli, a town of the papal states, in Campagna
di Roma, and a bishop's see. Though now poor,
it boasts of greater antiquity than Rome, being
the ancient Tibur, which was founded by a Gre-
cian colony. It was the favourite country resi-
dence of the ancient Romans, as Frascati is of the
moderns. The cathedral is built on the ruins of
a temple of Hercules. In the market place are
two images of oriental granite, representing the
Egyptian deity Isis. The adjacent country yields
excellent oil. Near Tivoli are the ruins of the
magnificent villa built by emperor Adrian, a eel
ebrated cascade, a temple of Vesta, and anothei
of the Sybil Albunea, a famous villa Esteme, and
the remarkable lake of the Solfatara. Tivoli is
seated on an eminence, on the river Teverone,
16 m. E. N. E. of Rome.
Tizzano, a town of Italy ,in the duchy of Parma,
13 m. S. of Parma.
T/ascala,a. province of Mexico bounded on the N.
by Panueo E. by the gulf of Mexico S. by Guaxaca
and the Pacific Ocean, and W. by Mexico Proper.
On the W. side there is a chain of mountains for
the space of 55 m., v/ell cultivated; and on the
N. is a great ridge of mountains, the neighbour-
hood of whicii exposes it to violent tempests and
frequent inundation. Yet this is allowed to be the
most populous county in all America ; and it
produces so much maize, that hence it had the
name of TIascala, the Land of Biead. Puebla de
los Angelos is the capital.
TIascala, a town of Mexico, formerly the capital
of the province of the same name ; seated on a
river, 15 m. N. by E. of Puebla de los Angelos.
Tobago, the most southern of the islands in tlie
W. Indies, and the most eastern except Barba-
does. It is 30 m. long and 10 broad : and near
its N. E. extremity is Little Tobago, an island 2
m. long and 1 broad. The climate is not so hot
as might be expected from its situation so near
the equator ; nor is it visited by such dreadful
hurricanes as frequently desolate the other islands.
It is diversified with hills and vales, and is equal
in richness of produce to any island in these seas.
In 1748 it was declared a neutral island, but in
1763 was ceded to the English. It was taken by
the French in 1781, and confirmed to them in
1783; but it was taken by the English in 1793,
and restored in 1802. It was again taken by the
English in 1803, and confirmed to them by the
treaty of Paris in 1814. The principal place is
Scarborough.
Tobermory, a town of Scotland, in the island of
Mull, with a good harbour, and a custom-house;
seated on a fine bay, near the N. W. end of the
sound of Mull. Long. 5. 58. W., lat. 56. 46. N.
Tobolsk, a government of the Russian empire,
which comprehends the greatest part of Western
Siberia. It is divided into the two provinces of
Tobolsk and Tomsk.
Tobolsk, a considerable and populous city of
Russia, formerly capital of Siberia, and at present
of the government of Tobolsk. It is divided into
the Upper and Lower Town : the former is prop-
erly the city, and stands very high, with a fort
built with stone, in which are the governor's
court, the governor's house, the archbishop's
palace, the exchange, and two of the principal
churches, all built of stone, but the houses in
general are of wood, and are very low. The Tar-
tars that live round this town, for several m. are
all Mahometans, and their mufli is an Arabian
TOL
TXb
TOM
in general they behave very quietly, and carry on
some commerce, but practice no mechanic trades.
There are also a great number of Calmuc Tartars,
who serve as slaves. All the Chinese caravans
pass through this town, and all the furs furnished
by Siberia are brought here, and hence forwarded
to Moscow. The Russians commonly send their
state prisoners to this city. It is seated at the
confluence of the rivers Tobol and [rtisch, 11,00
ni. E. by N. of Moscow and 1,200 E. by S. of
Petersburgh. Long. 63. 35. E., lat. 58. 12. N.
Toby, a township of Armstrong Co. Pa. on Al-
leghany river.
Tocantin, the largest river of Brazil, which
rises in lat. 18. S., and flows N. E. at the foot of
a ridge of mountains for above 700 m. then enters
a more open country, and pursues its course 400
m. further to the Atlantic Ocean, which it enters
by a large estuary, below the city of Para. The
estuary of this river has a communication with
that of the .\mazon to the W. ; and the space
incl'ided by them and the ocean is an island, 150
m. in diameter, called Maraso or Joanes.
Tocat, a city of Asia Minor, in Sivas. The
houses are handsomely built, and the streets
paved, which is an uncommon thing in these
parts; but the town makes a very odd appear-
ance, being built on uneven ground. There are
two rugged perpendicular rocks of marble, with
an old castle upon each ; and so many streams,
that each house has a fountain. The inhabitants
are computed at 60,000. The chief trade is in
copper vessels, but much yellow leather and silk
is manufactured. It is seated in a district which
abounds in fruit and excellent wine. 45 m. W.
N. W. of Sivas and 150 N. of Marash. Long.
36. 35. E., lat. 39. 10. N.
Tocayma, a town of Colombia, in a country
abounding in fruit and sugar-canes. Here are
hot baths between two cold springs ; and near
the town is a volcano. It is seated on the Pati,
near its entrance into the Madalena, 34 m. W. of
St. Fe de Bogota. Long. 74. 53. W., lat. 4. 5. N.
Tockoa, or Tuccoa Falls, a isascade on a small
stream in Franklin Co. Geo. running into the
Jutraloo. The descent is 187 feet, and the water
is hashed into a fine rain before it reaches the
bottom.
Tocriir, a kingdom of Negroland, lying to the
E. of Tombuctoo, on both sides the Niger. The
capital is of the same name, seated on the S. side
of the Ni<rer, 320 m. E. of Tombuctoo. Long. 6.
18. W., lat. 16. 33. N.
Todd, a county of Kentucky. Pop. 8,801.
Elkton is the capital.
Todi, a town of the papal states, in the duchy
of Spoleto, seated on a hill, near the Tiber, 22 m.
S. of Spoleto.
Toissey, a town of France, department of Ain,
with a college ; seated near the conflux of the
Saone and Chalaron?, 15 m. N. of Trevoux.
Tokay, a town of Hungary, with a castle. It
is celebrated for its wine, which is preferred to all
others in Hungary; and near it are large salt-
works. It stands at the conflux of the Bodrog
with the Theisse, 105 m. E. N. E. of Buda.
Long. 21. 15. E., lat. 48. 8. N.
Tolaga Bay, a bay on the N. E. coast of the
northern island of New Zealand. Long. 178. 34.
E., lat. 38. 21. S.
Toledo, a city of Spain, in New Castile, of which
it was formerly the capital. It is seated on a
conical hill on the river Tagus, which nearly sur-
round;> it, and on the land side is an ancient wall,
flanked with 100 towers. There are a great
number of superb structures, besides 17 public
squares, where the markets are kept, it is an
archbishop's see ; and the cathedral is the richest
in Spain : the Segrario, or principal chapel, con-
tains 15 large cabinets led into the wall, full of
gold and silver vessels, and other works. Here
are numerous religious houses and churches, with
some hospitals ; and formerly it had a university,
which was suppressed in 1807. The inhabitants,
once estimated at 200,000, are now reduced to
25,000. Without the town are the remains of an
amphitheatre and other antiquities. It has a roy-
al castle, and several manufactures of arms, silk,
and wool. Toledo was occupied by the French
in 1808. 37 m. S. of Madrid. Long. 3. 20. W.
lat. 39. 50. N.
Tolen, a fortified town of the Netherlands, in
Zealand, in an island of the same name, separated
by a narrow channel from Brabant. On the Bra-
bant side it has a fort called Schlyckenburg, 5 m.
N. W. of Bergen-op-Zoora. Long. 4. 20- E., lat.
51. 30. N. S .
To'.entino, a town of the ecclesiastical states, in
Ar>cona, where the relics of St. Nicholas are kept.
A treaty of peace was concluded here between
Bonaparte and the papal court in 1797. It is
seated on the Chiento, 8 m. S. E. of St. Severino.
Tolesburg, a sea- port of Russia, in the govern-
ment of Riga, seated on the gulf of Finland, 60
m. W. of Narva. Long. 26. 4. E., lat. 59. 38. N.
Tolfa, a town of Italy, in the states of the church.
In the environs are warm baths, mines of alum
and iron, and quarries of alabaster and lapis lazuli
6 m. N. E. of Civita Vecchia.
Tolland, a county of Connecticut. Pop. 18,700.
Tolland, p.t. the capital of the above Co. 17 m.
N. E. Hartford. Pop. 1,698.
Tolland, p.t. Hampden Co. Mass. 125 m. S. W.
Boston. Pop. 724.
Tolmczo, a town of Austrian Italy, in Friuli,
with a castle. Near it is an extensive linen man
ufacture. It stands on the Tagliamento, 16 m.
N. W. ofUdina.
Tolmino, a town of the Austrian states, in Car-
niola, 12 m. N. of Goritz.
Tolna, a town of Hungary, formerly the capi-
tal of a county of the same name, producing ex-
cellent wine. It is seated on the Danube, 65 m.
S. of Buda. Long. 19. 15. E., lat. 46. 30. N.
Tolnani, a town of Hindoostan, in the country
of Baglana, 70 in. W. of Burhampour and 124 E
of Surat. Long. 75. 3. E., lat. 21. 15. N.
Tolometa, a sea-port of Barbary, in Barca, an-
ciently called Ptolemais. It is seated on the
Mediterranean, 100 m. W. of Derna. Long. 20.
30. E.,lat. 32.44. N.
Tolosa, a town of Spain, in Biscay, capital of
the district of Guipuscoa ; celebrated for its steel
manufactures, particularly of sword-blades. It
was taken by the French in 1794, und a^ain in
1808. It is seated m a valley, between the Araxia
and Oria, 36 m. E. of Bilbba. Long. 2. 5. W
lat. 43. 12. N.
Tolu, a sea-port of Terra Firma, in Carthagena ;
famous for its balsam, produced from a tree like
a pine. It is seated on a bay, 70 m. S. of Cartha-
gena. Long. 75. 16. W., lat. 9. 30 N.
Tom, Mount, an eminence of Massachusetts, on
the W. bank of the Connecticut, near Northamp-
ton. It is about 1 ,200 feet above the level of the
river.
Tomar, a town of Portugal, in Estremadura, on
the river Naboan, at the foot of the mountains,
3p3
TOM
796
TOM
where there is a castle belonging to the knights
of Christ. 40 m. S. by E. ofCoimbra and 60 N.
E of Lisbon.
Tomburtoo, a city of Central Africa, and the
great emporium of the interior trade of that con-
tinent. It is situated in an imr.jense plain of
white sand, having no vegetation but stunted
trees and shrubs, »uch as the mimosa ferruginea,
which grows no higher tlian three or four feet.
The City is not closed by any barrier, and may be
entered on any siJe. It forms a sort of triangle,
about three miles in circuit. I'he houses are
large but not high, consisting entirely of a ground
floor; they are built of bricks of a ro'ind form,
rolled in the hands and baked i«i the sun. The
streets are clean and sufficiently wide for three
horsemen to pass abreast. Both within and with-
out the town there are many straw huts, which
serve as dwellings for the poor and for the slaves
■who sell merchandise for their masters. The ci-
ty contains seven mosques, two of which are
large. The number of inhabitants is stated not
to exceed 12,000, who are all engaged in trade :
but the population is sometimes augmented by
the Arabs, who arrive with the caravans and re-
main a while in the city. In the plain several
species of grass and thistle afford food for the
camels. Fire-wood is very scarce, being all
brought from the neighbourhood of Cabra, and
camel dung forms the only fuel of the poorer
classes. The soil being totally unfit for cultiva-
tion, the inhabitants are obliged to procure from
Jenne every thing requisite for the supply of
their wants, such as millet, rice, vegetable butter,
honey, cotton, Soudan cloth, preserved provisions,
candles, soap, allspice, onions, dried fish, pistachi-
os, «fcc. ; and to prevent immediate famine, in case
the vessels from Cabra should chance to be stop-
ped by the Tooariks, the inhabitants take care to
have their warehouses amply stored with every
kind of provision. Water is also scarce, and is
sold in the market place, where a measure con-
taining about half a pint is procured for a cowrie.
To the W. S. W. of the town there are large ex-
cavations, from 30 to 40 feet deep, for preservinar
the rain-water These reservoirs have no cover-
ing ; and the water, being consequently exposed
to the sun and the hot wind, though tolerably
clear, has a disagreeable taste, and is very hot.
Near tlie reservoirs are some small plantations of
tobacco, the only plant which is here cultivated,
and which grows no higher than five or six in-
ches, and that only by dint of watering. All the
native inhabitants of Tornbuctoo are zealous Ma-
hometans. Their dress is similar to that of the
Moors. They are represented as gentle and com-
plaisant to strangers, industrious in their habits,
and not wanting in intelligence. The men are
of the ordinary size, generally well made, up-
right, and walk with a graceful step. Their col-
or is a fine des'p black. Their noses are a little
more aquiline ,han those of the Mandingoes, and
like them they have thin lips and large eyes. The
women attend to domestic occupations. They
are not veiled, like those, of Morocco, and are al-
lowed to walk out when they please. Those of
the richer class have always a great number of
ffhss beads about their necks and in their ears.
Like the women of Jenne they wear nose-rinnrs ;
and the female who is not rich enough to procure
a ring substitutes a piece of red silk for it ; they
wear silver bracelets, and ancle rings of plated
steel, the latter of wnich are made in the coun-
try. Thtt female slaves of rich masters have
gold ornaments about their necks, and instead of
wearing ear-rings, as in the environs of the Sen
egal, they have little plates in the form of a neck
lace. The interior of the dwellings in Tornbuc-
too, as well as the dress of the inhabitants, is ex-
ceedingly neat. Their domestic articles consist
of calabashes and wooden platters: knives and
forks are unknown here, and the natives imagine
that like them, all people in the world eat with
their fingers. Their furniture consists merely of
mats for sitting on ; and their beds are made by
fixing four stakes in the ground at one end of the
room, and stretching over them some mats or a
cow hide. The rich have cotton mattrasses and
coverlets, which the neighbouring Moors manu-
facture from camel's hair and sheep's wool. The
people are well fed. Their meals, of which they
take two in a day, consist of rice, and couscous
made of small millet, dressed with meat or dried
fish. Those negroes who are in easy circumstan-
ces breakfast on wheaten bread, tea, and butter
made from cows' milk : those of inferior circum-
stances use vegetable butter. Generally speak-
ing, the negroes are not so well lodged as the
Moors ; the latter have great influence over them,
and ind'»ed consider themselves far their superi-
ors. Cloth and other European merchandise,
and salt, are brought to Tombuctoo by caravans
from Barbary ; these are exchanged for ivory ;
slaves, senna, gold-dust, dates, ostriches' feathers,
&c., brought from the interior and more mari-
time parts of Africa. This city is subject to a
well-regulated police, and many of the inhabitants
are very rich. Cabra its port, 3 m. N., is a nar-
row town of mud huts, containing about 1,000
inhabitants, who are all employed either in land-
ing the merchandise brought from Jenne, or in
conveying it to Tombuctoo ; it has a small
mosque with a minaret, but is a dirty and miser-
able-looking place. Long. 3. 40. W. lat. 17. 50.
N. Such is the discription of the celebrated city
of Tombuctoo, according to the relation of M.
Caillie aFrenchman, who visited this city in 1827,
and is the only European who ever returned from
it. The veracity of his relation however, is
doubted by many.
Tombigbee, river, a branch of the Alabama,
rising in the northern part of Mississippi and
flowing S. Easterly till it unites with the Black
Warrior in Alabama. It is navigable by schoon-
ers to St. Stephen's.
Tomkannock, p. v. Rensselaer Co. N. Y.
Tompkins, a county of New York. Fop. 36,545
Ithaca is the capital ; p.t. Delaware Co. N. Y
Pop 1,774.
Tompliinville, p. v. Monroe Co. Ken.
Tbrnina, a province of Buenos Ayres, 72 m.
long and 210 in circuit. The surface is moun-
tainous, but the valleys are fertile.
Tomini, a town on the E. coast of the island of
Celebes, on a bay to which it gives name. Long.
110. 0. E., lat. 0.45. S.
Tomsk, a town of Asiatic Russia, capital of a
province of its name, in the government of To-
bolsk. On the highest part stands a wooden
castle, defended by 14 pieces of cannon; and in
it are a cathedral built of wood, the chancery^
and an arsenal. The inhabitants carry on a great
trade, this town lying on the great road through
all the E. and N. parts of Siberia. Here are al|
kinds of artificers and tradesmen, but they an',
extremely indolent and slothful. It contains
above 2,000 houses, with 12,000 inhabitants,
and is seated on the river Tom, 560 m, £. by
TON
987
TON
S. of Tobolsk. Long. 84. 19. E., lat. 57. 4.
N.
Tondem, a well-built tx>wn of Denmark, capital
of a district of its name, in the duchy of Sleswick,
with a considerable trade in corn, cattle, silk, and
fine lace. It is seated on the river Widaw, and
on a bay of the <ierman Ocean, 28 m. S. by E. of
Ripen and 40 N. W. of Sleswick. Long. 9. 40.
E., lat 54. 58. N.
Tnngatahoo, one of the Friendly Islands, 20
leagues in circuit. It was discovered by Tasnian,
who called it New Amsterdam, and was visited
in 1773 and 1777 by Cook, who lay at anchor on
the W. part. It has the best harbour, or anchor-
ing-place, to be found among these inlands. The
land is low, with many gentle risings, and very
fertile, being wholly laid out in plantations, with
roads or lanes for travelling. It is the seat of
government for all the other islands, and the or-
dinary residence of all the principal chiefs. Long.
174. 46. W., lat. 21. 9. S.
Tongeron, or Tongres, a town of the Nether-
lands, in the territory of Liege, formerly one of
the most flourishing cities in the Roman province
of Gallia Belgica. It is seated on the Jeckar, 13
m N. W. of Liege.
Tong-gin, a city of China, of the first rank, in
Koei-tclieou, 850 m. S. S. W. of Pekin. Long.
108. 37 E., lat. 27. 40. N.
Tongho, a city of Birmah, capital of a province
of the same name, noted for producing the best
bctel-nut. It has a fort, deemed the strongest in
the Birman empire, and is seated near the Se-
tang, 90 ra. N. of Pegu. Long. 96. 45. E., lat.
13. 45 N.
Tong-tchang, a city of China, of the first rank,
in Chansf-tong, seated near the N. end of the
grand canal, 210 m. S. of Pekin. Long. 116. 12.
E., lat. 36. 30. N.
Tong-tchou, a small city of China, in Petche-li,
seated on the Pei-ho, 170 m. from its mouth and
12E. by S. of Pekin.
Toag-tchuen, a fortified city of China, of the
first rank, in the province of Se-lchuen. The
inhabitants are all soldiers, who have followed
the profession of arms from father to son. 1,000 m.
•S. W. of Pekin. Long. 102. 30. E., lat. 25.56. N.
Tonirusians, or Tonguses, a people who inhab-
it the E. part of Siberia, and are subject to the
Russians. They are all pagans, and subsist
chiefly by grazing and hunting of sables. They
live in huts, which they take down and remove
with them from place to place. These huts are
composed of wooden poles, covered all over with
hair and rubbisli, except a hole letl. at the top to
let out the smoke. Their fire is made in the mid-
dle, and ihey all sit round it upon turfs. Both
sexes are very strong, and broad faced, and they
all ride on horseback, not excepting the girls.
Both men and woman dress alike in a sort of
frock, with boots of skins on their legs, and their
common drink is water.
Tonna, a town of Germany, in Saxe-Gotha,
6 m. N. of Gotha.
Tonn.ay Bout.onne, a town of France, depart-
ment of Lower Charente, on the river Boutonne,
17 m. N. of Saintes.
Tonruiy pharente, a town in the department of
Lower Charente, with a castle ; seated on the
Charente, 3 m. E. of Rochefort and 15 N. W. of
Saintes.
Tonneins, a town in the department of Lot-et-
Garonne seated on the Garonne, 7 m. E. of
Marmande.
Tonnerre, a town in the department of Yonne,
famous for its good wines. It is seated on the
Armancon, 27 m. S. of Troyes and 102 E o/Paris.
Tonnewanio, a. small river of New York flowing
into Niagara river opposite Grand Isle.
Tonningen, a sea-port of Denmark, in the duchy
of Sleswick. The harbour is commodious and
defended by three batteries. It is sealed on a
peninsula formed by the river Eyder, 25 m. W.
S. W. of Sleswick and 70 N. N. W. of Ham-
burg. Long. 9. 10. E., lat. 51. 30. N.
Tonquin, a country of Asia, bounded on the N
by China, E. by China and the gulf of Tonquin
S. by Cochin-China, and W. by Laos. It is 1200
miles in length and 500 in breadth, and oi.e of
the finest countries of the E. for population,
riches, and trade. It contains about 18,000,000
of inhabitants. The commodities are gold, musk,
silks, calicoes, drugs of many sorts, woods for
dyeing, lackered and earthen wares, salt, aniseed,
and worm-seed. The lackered ware is not infe-
rior to that of Japan, which is accounted the best
in the world. The natives in general are of a
middling stature, and clean limbed, with a tawny
complexion ; their faces oval and flattish ; and
their hair black, long, and coarse, hanging down
their shoulders. They dye their teeth black.
They are dexterous, active, and ingenious in me-
chanic arts. Their garments are made either of
silk or cotton ; but the poor people and soldiers
wear only cotton of a dark tawny colour. Their
houses are small and low, and the walls either of
mud, or hurdles daubed over with clay. They
have only a ground-floor, with two or three par-
titions, and each room has a square hole to let in
the light. They have stools, benches, and chairs ;
and on the side of a table in every house is a lit-
tle altar, on which are two incense pots. The
country abounds with villages, which consist of
30 or 40 houses, surrounded by trees; and in
some places are banks to keep the water from
overflowing their gardens, where they have
oranges,betels, pumpkins, melons, and salad herbs.
In the rainy season they cannot pass from one
house to another without wading through the
water, but sometimes they have boats. The Ton-
quinese in general are courteous to strangers ;
but the great men are haughty and ambitious,
the soldiers insolent, and the poor thievish. They
buy all their wives, of which the great men have
several. The men are so addicted to gaming,
that, when every thing else is lost, they will
stake their wives and children ; and in hard times
they will sell them to buy rice for themselves.
When a man dies, he is buried in his own ground,
and, if he was a master of a family, they make a
great feast. The first new moon that happens
after the middle of January is a great festival,
when they rejoice for 10 days together ; and they
have another great feast in May or June, when
their first harvest is got in. Their religion is
paganism, but they own a Supreme Being. Their
principal idols have human shapes ; but they
have likewise some resembling elephants and
horses, placed in small low temples built of tim-
ber. The language is very guttural, and some of
the words are pronounced through the teeth : it
has a great resemblance to the Chinese. Ton-
quin became an inde[)endent kingdom in 1368,
but it has been entirely subdued by Cochin-China,
so that, with Cambodia, and all the countries be-
tween Siam and China, it is now united under
one empire. Cachao is the capital.
Tonsberg, a sea-port of Norway, in the province
^,
TOR 728
of Aggerhuys. It has some commerce in timber ;
and near it is Walloe, the most considerable salt-
work in the kingdom. 46 m. S. of Christiania.
Long. 10. 14. E., lat. 58. 50. N.
Tonuru, a town of Hindoostan, in Mysore, for-
merly a city of great extent, as appears by some
ruins of the walls. Here are three temples, in
good preservation ; and near it is an immense
tank, or resevoir of water, between two rocky
hills. It is 10 m. N. of Seringapatam.
Toohoonai, an island in the S. Pacific Ocean,
discovered by Cook. It is not, in any direction,
above 6 m. over, but there are hills in it of a con-
siderable elevation, covered with herbage, except
a few rocky cliffs, with patches of trees inter-
spersed to their summits. It is plentifully stock-
ed with hogs and fowls, and produces several
kinds of fruits and roots. See Society Islands.
Long. 210. 23. W., lat. 23. 25. S.
Topel, or To/d, a town of Bohemia, in the circle
of Pilsen at the source of a rivulet of the same
name, 25 m. N. W. of Pilsen.
Topetin, a town of Mexico, in the province of
Mechoacan, at the mouth of a river, near the Pa-
cific Ocean, 55 m. N. W. of Zacatula.
Toplitz, a town in Bohemia, in the circle of
Leutraeritz, celebrated for its warm baths. Near
this place the Austrians defeated the Prussians
in 1762 ; and here the allied sovereigns had their
head-quarters a considerable time, in 1813 . It is
16 m. N. W. of Leutmeritz.
Topohzan, a town of Hungary, 60 ra. N. E. of
Fresburg.
Topsham, a sea-port of Devonshire, Eng. 5 m. S.
E. of Exeter, and 170 S. W. of London.
Topsfidd, p.t. Essex Co. Mass. 21 m. N. E.
Boston. Pop. 1,011.
Topskam, p.t. Lincoln Co. Me. Fop. 1,564
p.t. Orange Co. Vt. Pop. 1,384.
Tor, a sea-port of Arabia, with a good harbour,
defended by a castle. Here is a Greek convent,
in the garden of which are fountains of bitter
water, pretended to be those which Moses ren-
dered sweet by throwing in a piece of wood. It
stands on the W. side of the peninsula formed
by the two arms of the Red Sea, 150 m. S. S. E.
of Suez. Long. 33. 40. E., lat. 28. 10. N.
Torbay, a bay of the English Channel, on the
coast of Devonshire, to the E. of Dartmouth,
formed by two canals, called Berry Head and
Bob's Nose. The S. point. Berry head, is in
Long. 3. 28. W., lat. 50. 24. N.
Torbla, a town of the Sardinian states, in Pied-
mont, 7 m. E. of Nice.
Torbole,?L town of Austrian Italy, in the circle
ofTreut, 14 m. S. E. of Trent.
Torcel.lo, a town of Austrian Italy, in a small is-
land of the same name, in the gulf of Venice. It is a
bishop's sec, and has several churches and an
elegant nunnery. 7 m. N. of Venice.
Tarda, or Torrenharg, a town of Transylvania,
famous for its salt-works. The Hungarian lan-
guage is said to be spoken with the greatest puri-
ty in this town. 15 m.W. N. W^. of Clausenburg
and 48 N. W. of Hermanstadt.
Tordesillas, a fortified town of Spain, in Leon,
with a palace, where queen Joan, mother of
Charles V., ended her melancholy days. It is
seated on the Duero, 15 m. S. W. of Vallado-
lid and 75 S. E. of Leon.
Torae, a town of Bengal, 235 m. W. N. W. of
Calcutta. Long. 84. 55. E., lat. 23. 38. N.
ToreUo, a town of Spain, in Catalonia, famous
fbr a battle gained bj the French over the Span-
TOR
iardsin 1694. It is seated near the mouth of the
Ter, 19 m. E. by S.of Gironna and 60 N. E. of
Barcelona.
Torgau, a strong town of Prussian Saxony,
in the government of Merseburg, with a castle.
The inhabitants brew excellent beer, and liave
manufactures of woolens, leather, and soap. Here
the king of Prussia obtained a great victory over
the Austrians in 1760. The town was taken by the
allies in 1814. It is seated among groves and
lakes on the river Elbe, 26 m. N. N. VV. of
Meissen and 46. N. W. of Dresden. Long. 13.
3. E., lat. 51. 32. N-.
Torigny, a town of France, department of
Manche, with a castle, 7 m. S. E. of St. Lo.
Tormes, a river of Spain, which rises in the
mountains of A villa, in Castile, passes by Alva,
Tormes, and Salamanca, and joins the Duero.
below Mirande de Duero. The battle of Salma-
naca, July 1812, was fought on its banks.
Torna, a town of Hungary, capital of a district
of the same name, with a castle ; seated on an
eminence, on the river Sayo22m. W. of Cassovia.
Long. SO. 43. E., lat. 48.59. N.
Tornea, a river of Sweden, which rises on the
bordersof Norway, forins alake of the same name,
and flows S. E. into the gulf of Bothnia, below
Tornea.
Tornea, a sea-port of European Russia, in the
government of Finland, with a good harbour. It
is a place of some trade ; for the Laplanders in
those parts come and exchange their skins and
other articles for what they want. The houses
are low, and the cold so severe that sometimes
people lose their fingers and toes. In its vicini-
ty is an entire mountain of iron ore. It is seat-
ed on the river Tornea, at the N. e.xtremity of
the gulf of Bothnia, 165 m. N. E. of Uraea. Long.
24. 12. E., lat. 65. 51. N.
Toro, a town of Spain, in Leon, capital of a dis-
trict of its name, and a bishop's see. It is seated
on a hill, on the river Duero, over which is a
bridge 20 m. E. N. E. of Zamora and 30 N. N. E
of Salamanca.
Toron, a town of Macedonia, situate on a neck
of land between the gulfs of Monte Santo and Cas-
sandra, 90 m. S. E. of Salonica. Long. 24. 10. E.,
lat. 39. 58. N.
Torquay, a village in Devonshire, Eng. near the
N. side of Torbay.
Torre de las Salinas, a town of Spain, in Va-
lencia, with a great trade in salt, procured from a
small lake formed by saline springs. This is the
most considerable salt-work in all Spain. The
town is situate near the coast of the Mediterranean,
20 m. S. E. of Orihuela and 37 N. N. E. of Cartha-
ge na.
Torre del Greco, a town of Naples, in Terra del
Lavoro, destroyed by an eruption of Vesuvius in
1631, and by another in 1794. T'he present
town is built on the lava that covers the former
habitations, and stands on the bay of Naples, 5 m.
S. E. of that city.
Torre de Monrorvo, a town of Portugal, in Tras
OS Monies, surrounded by a wall, and defended
by a bastion, and a castle. It is 27 m. S. £. ol
Mirandela and 42 S. S. W. of Braganza.
Torrejo, a town of Spain, in New Castle, 15 m.
S. of Madrid.
Torres, a town of Spain, in Granada, seated on
the Mediterranean, 45 m. S. W. of Granada.
Torres J^ova^, a town of Portugal, in Estrenia-
dura, with a castle ; seated in a fertite plain, 58 m.
N. by E. of Santarem
TOS
729
TOU
Torres Vedras, a town of Portugal, in Estrema-
dura, noted for the lines erected in its vicinity by
Lord Wellington in 1810. It has a castle, four
churches, &c., and is seated near the Atlantic, 27
ni. N. of Lisbon.
Torriglia, a town of the territory of Genoa, 14
n\. N. E. of Genoa.
Torrington, p.t. Litchfield Co. Conn. 23 m. N.
Hartford. Pop. 1,654. Here is a manufactory of
woolen.
Torrington, a town in Devonshire, Eng. 1D4 m.
W. by S. of London.
Torsilla, a town of Sweden, in Sudermania, 43
m. W. of Stockholm.
Torlola, the principal of the Virgin Islands, in
the W. Indies, 18 m. long and 7 broad. It for-
merly belonged to the Dutch, who built a strnog
fort, from which they were expelled by the Eng-
lish in 1666. The town and harbour are at the
E. end of the island. In 1802 it was made a free
port, since which period the island has undergone
great improvements : it produces excellent cotton,
sugar, and rum. Long. 63. 0. W., lat. 18. 33. N.
Tortona, a town of the Sardinian states, in a
province of its name, with a good citadel on an
eminence. It was formerly deemed a considerable
frontier place ; was taken by the allies in 1744, by
the Spaniards in 1745, by the French in 1796, by
the Russians and Austrians in 1799, regained by
the French the same year, and by them delivered
up to the Auslrians in 1814. It is seated on the
Scrivia, 27 m. S. W. of Milan. Long. 8. 58. E.
lat. 44. 54. N.
Tortorella. a town of Naples, in Principato Ci-
tra, 5 m. N. E. of Policastro.
Tortosa, a town of Spain, in Catalonia and a
bishop's see, with a citadel. It is divided into the
Old and New Town, both surrounded by fortifica-
tions. The entrance is over a large bridge of
boats, on the river Ebro. The cathedral, the roy-
al college of Dominicans, and the convent of the
Carmelites are the most remarkable edifices.
Here is a great deal of silk and oil, and very fine
potters ware, which resembles porcelain. Tortosa
was taken by the French in 1810, after a short
siege ; but restored in 1814. It is seated partly on
a plain and partly on a hill, in a country fertile in
corn and fruits, and abounding with quarries and
mines of silver, iron, alabaster, jasper of divers
colors, and stones with veins of gold. 48 m. S.
W. of Tarragona and 96 S. E. of Saragossa. Long.
0. 35. E., lat. 40. 48. N.
Tort«sa, the ancient Orthosia a town of Syria,
with a castle. It is surrounded by lofty walls, and
stands near the Mediterranean, 35 m. N. N. E. of
Tripoli.
Tortue, or Tortuga, an island of the W. Indies,
near the N. coast of St. Domingo, so named from
the great number of tortoises found on and near it.
Here the French buccaniers used to fortify them-
selves. It is about 20 m. long and 4 broad, and
has a safe harbour, but difficult of access. Long.
73. 10. W., lat. 20. 10. N.
Tortuga, or Sal. Tortuga, an uninhabited island
near the coast of Terra Firma, 60 m. W. of the isl-
and of Margaretta, and about 36 in circumference.
There are a few goats on it, and the tortoises
come upon the sandy banks to lay their eggs At
the E. end is a large salt-pond, where the salt be-
gins to kern in April ; and for some months after
ships come here to lade salt. At the W. end is a
small harbour with fresh water. Long. 64. 46.
W., lat. 11. 16. N.
Tosa, a sea-port of Spain, in Catalonia, on abaj
which forms a good harbour. It is built partly
on a plain and partly on a steep hill, which pro-
jects into the sea. On the top of the hill is a
strong citadel, with other fortifications. It is 57
m. N. E. of Barcelona. Long.2.54. E.,lat.41.42. N.
Toscuntlla, a town of Austrian Italy, 5 m. E. N.
E. ofSalo.
Tosena, a town of Sweden, in W. Gothland,
20 m. W. N. W. of Udde valla.
To.iso, a town of Sweden, in W. Gothland, 42
m. N.N. E. of Uddevalla.
Tost, a town of Prussian Silesia, in the princi-
pality of Oppeln, with a castle, 25 m. E. S. E of
Oppeln.
Tostar, or Suster, a town of Persia, capital of
Kusistan, on the river Sable. It was once a eel
ebrated city, where the kings of Persia had a
magnificent palace, in which they deposited their
archives and part of their treasure. In Scrip-
ture it is called Shushan, and the river is nam-
ed Ulai. At present here are manufactures
of silks, stuffs, and rich cloth. It is 170 m. VV.
S. W. of Ispahan. Lon^ 49. 2. E., lat. 31. 30. N.
Tutness, a borough in Devonshire, Eng. 196 m.
W. by S. of London.
TottejUuim, a village in Middlesex, Eng. 5 m
N. of London.
Toul,a. fortified town of France, department of
Meurthe. The cathedral and episcopal palace are
handsome structures. It is sealed on the Mo-
selle, in a plain, almost surrounded by moun-.
tains, 13 m. W. by S. of Nancy, and 34 W. S
W. of Metz.
Toulon, a fortified city and sea-port of France,
capital of the department of Var. It is divided
into the old and new quarter : the former, which
is ill built, has nothing remarkable in it but the
town-house, and a long street, shaded with
trees, called the Rue aux Arbres ; the other con-
tains the magnificent works constructed by Louis
XIV. many fine houses, and a grand oblr>ng square
lined with trees, and serving as a parade. The
old and new harbour communicaie with each other
by means of a canal. The old haven has a noble
quay, and is protected by two moles, begun by
Henry IV. The new haven was constructed by
Louis XIV., as were the fortifications ; it con-
tains an arsenal, a rope-walk, a park of artillery,
dock-yards, basins, and every thing to be expect-
ed in the second port for men of war in this conn-
try. The galleys, transferred from Marseilles
some years ago, occupy a basin in the new port.
Many of the galley-slaves are artisans, and some
merchants ; they no longer sleep on board the
galleys, but are provided with accommodations on
shore, in a vast building, erected for that purpose.
Both the old and new port have an outlet into
the outer road or harbour, which is 10 m. in cir-
cuit, surrounded by hills, and the entrance de-
fended, on both sidles, by a fort and batteries.
Toulon is the only mart in the Mediterranean for
the re-exportation of the products of the E. In-
dies. In 1706 it was bombarded by the allies,
both by land and sea, by which almost the whole
town was reduced to a heap of ruins, and several
ships burned ; but they were at last obliged to
raise the siege. In 1721 it experienced the dread-
ful ravages of a pestilence. In 1793 it capitulat-
ed, in the name of Louis XVII., to the British,
who not finding the place tenable, evacuated it the
same year, after having destroyed the arsenal,
&c. Toulon is seated on a bav of the Mediterrar
nean, 37 m. S. E. of Marseilles and 517 S. S. E
of Paris. Long. 5. 55. E., lat. 43. 7. N.
TOU
730
TRA
Toulouse, a city of France, capital of the de-
partment of Upper Garonne, and an archbisliop's
Bee. It contains 60,000 inhabitants, and is the
most considerable city in France, next to Paris
and Lyons, although its population bears no pro-
?ortion to its extent. It was the capital of the
'ectosages, who made so manv conquests in Asia
and Greece. It was next a Roman colony, and
was successively the capital of the Visigoths
(who destroyed the superb amphitheatre, of which
there are still some remains, the capital, and other
Roman monuments), and that of Aquitaine. The
walls of the city, as well as the houses, are built
with bricks. St. Stephen's, the metropolitan
church, would be incomparable if the nave were
equal to the choir, and the archbishop's palace is
magnificent. The town-house forms a perfect
square, 324 feet long and 66 high : the principal
front occupies an entire side of the grand square
called the Place Royale. In the great hall called
the Hall of Illustrious Men, is the statue of the
Chevalier Isaure, with the busts of all the great
men to whom Toulouse has given birth. Com-
municating with the Atlantis on one side by the
river Garonne, and with the Mediterranean on the
other by the canal of Languedoc, Toulouse might
have been a very commercial city; but the taste
of the inhabitants has been principally for the
sciences and belles-lettres. The little commerce
they have consists in leather, wool, drapery,
blankets, mignionets, oil, iron, mercury, hard-
ware, and books. The bridge over the Garonne,
equal to that of Tours, forms a communication
with the suburb of St. Cyprian. The allied army
entered this city on the 12th of April, 1814 after
a severe action with the French arnry the pre-
ceeding day. Toulouse is 145 m. S. E. of Bor-
deaux and 400 S. by W. of Paris. Long. 1. 26.
E.,lat. 43.36. N.
Tour, a town of France, department of Puy de
Dome, 22 m. S. of Clermont.
Tour de Roussillon, a town in the department
of Eastern Pyrenees 3 m. E. of Perpignan.
Tour du Pin, a town in the department of Isere,
seated on the Bourbre, 24 m. S. of Vienne.
Tour la Blanche, a town in the department of
Dordogne, 15 m. N. W. of Perigueux.
Tour Ic Ville, a town in the department of La
Manche, celebrated for its manufacture of glass.
It is separated from Cherburg by a river.
Touraine, a late province of France, which now
forms the department of Indre-et-Loire.
Tourancourefiy, a town of Hindoostan, in the
Carnatic, 35 m. S. S. W. of Tritchinopoly.
Tournan, a town of Fran-^e, department of
Seine-et-Marne, 20 m. E. S. E. of Paris.
Tournay, a city of Belgium, in Flandero, dnd a
bishop's see. It has several fine manufactures,
and is particularly famous for good stockings.
The cathedral, and the abbey of St. Martin, are
very magnificent It was taken by the allies in
1709, and ceded to the house of Austria by the
treaty of Utrecht ; but the Dutch were allowed
to place a garrison in it, as one of the barrier
towns. In 1792 it was taken by the French, who
were obliged to abandon it in 1793, but re-entered
again on the conquest of Flanders in 1794; and
retained it till 1814. It is seated on both sides
the Scheldt, over which is a bridge, 14 m. E. S.
£. of Lisle and 30. S. S. W. of Ghent. Long.
3. 24. E., lat. 50. 33. N.
Tournehem, a town of France, department of
Pas de Calais, 9 m. N. W. of St. Omer.
Tournon^ a town in the department of Ardeche,
with a fine college, and a castle ; seited on the
side of a mountain, on the river Rhone, 38 m N.
of Viviers and 48 S. of Lyons.
Tournus, a town in the department of Saone-
et-Loire, 15 m. S. of Chalons.
Tours, a city of France, capital of the depart-
ment of Indre-et-Loire, and an archiepiscopal see.
It is seated on the Loire, and near the Cher.
Over the former is one of the finest bridges in
Europe, consisting of 15 elliptic arches, each 75
feet in diameter. The principal church is re-
markable for the delicacy of its structure, curious
clock, mosaic pavement, and rich library of man-
uscripts. Under the ministry of cardinal Riche-
lieu, 27,000 persons were here employed in the
silk manufacture ; and now the whole number of
inhabitants is about 23,000. The red wines of
Tours are much esteemed. In one of the suburbs
is the abbey of Marrnoutier, reputed the most an-
cient in the W. Near the city is Plessisles-
Tours, a palace built by the profligate and super-
stitious Louis XI., wlio died here in 1483. Tours
is 52 m. N. N. E. of Poitiers and 127 S. W. of
Paris. Long. 0. 42. E., lat. 47. 24. N.
Towamensing, p. v. Northampton Co. Pa.
Towanda, p.t. Bradford Co. Pa.
Towcester, a town in Northamptonshire, Eng.
with manufactures of lace and silk. It was once
strongly fortified, and the Roman Watling-street
passes through the town. 60 m. N. W. of Lon^f
don. *
Toumsend, p.t. Middlesex Co. Mass. 45 m. N.
W.Boston. Pop. 1,506; p.t. Windham Co. Vt.
Pop. 1,386; p. v. Cape May Co. N. Y. townships
of Huron and Sandusky Cos. Ohio.
Towton, a village in W. Yorkshire, Eng. fa-
mous for that bloody battle between the forces of
the houses of York and Lancaster so fatal to the
latter, on Palm Sunday, 1461. 3 m. S. E. of
Tadcaster.
Trachenberg, a town of Prussian Silesia, capital
of a principality of the same name, abounding in
corn, cattle, and timber. It has a fine castle, and
is seated on the Bartch, 26 m. N. N. W. of Bres-
lau. Long. 16. 56. E., lat. 51. 27. N.
Trafalgar, a promontory of Spain, in Andalu-
sia, at the entrance of the strait of Gibraltar.
This cape is 30 m. S. S. E. of Cadiz. Long. 6.
2. W., lat. 36. 11. N.
Tragonara, a town of Naples, in Capitanata
20 m. N. W. of Lucera.
Train, a town of Bavaria, on the river Ambs,
5 m. S. of Abensperg and 20 E. of Ingolstadt.
Traina, a town of Sicily; in Fal di Demona, 25
m. N. W. of Catania.
Trajanopoli, a town of Romania, and a Greek
archbishop's see. It is seated on the Marissa, 40
m. S. of Adrianople and 135 W. by N. of Con-
stantinople.
Trajetto, a town of Naples, in Terra di Lavoro,
built on the site of the ancient Minturna, 25 m. N
W. of Capua. Long. 14. 4. E., lat. 41. 20. N.
Tralee, a borough of Ireland, capital ot
the county of Kerry, near which is a chaly-
beate spring It stands on a small river, which
flows into a shallow bay of its name, 50 m. S. W
of Limerick. Long. 10. 0. W., lal. 52.4. N.
Trancoso, a town of Portugal, in Tras os Mon-
tes, with a castle, 9 m. W. by S. of Pinhel.
Tranent, a town of Scotland, in Haddington-
shire, 8 m. E. of Edinburgh and 10 W. of Had-
dington.
Trant , a city of Naples, in Terra di Bari, the see
of an archbishop, and the usual residence of the
TRA
731
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givornor of the province, which is sometimes
called Terra di Trani. Since the harbour has
been choked up, the town has fallen greatly to
decay. It stands on the gulf of Venice, 21) m.
W. by N. of Bari and 125 N. by E. of Naples.
t; Long. 16. 36. E., lat. 41. 18. N.
Tranqvebar, a sea-port of Hindoostan, iii the
district of Tanjore, with a fort and factory, be-
longing to the Danes, who pay an annual rent to
the rajah. The town is surrounded by a wall and
bastions ; and contains three Christian churches,
a large mosque for the Mahometans, and several
pagodas for ihe Gentoos. In 1807 it was taken
by the English. It is seated at the mouth of
the Cavery, 165 m. S. of Madras. Long. 79. 53.
E.,lat. 11.1. N.
Transylvania, a country of Europe, formerly
annexed to Hungary ; bounded on the S. by Hun-
gary, E. by Moldavia, S. by Walachia, and W.
by Hungary. It is 160 m. long and 1.50 broad,
and surrounded by high mountains, whieli, how-
ever, are not barren. It produces as much corn
and wine as is wanted, and there are rich mines
of gold, silver, lead, copper, quicksilver, and alum.
The manufactures, which are in an extremely
backward state, consists of woolen, cotton, glass,
&c. It has undergone variovj« revolutions, and
now belongs to the house of Austria. The in-
habitants are of various religions, as Roman
Catholics, Lutherans, Calvinists, Socinians Ar-
menians, Greeks, and Mahometans. The gov-
ernment is aristocratical ; and, since the year
1722, rendered hereditary to the princes and prin-
cesses of the house of Austria.
Transylvania, a village of Jefferson Co. Ken.
on the Ohio. 8 m. above Louisville.
Trap, p.v. Montgomery Co. Pa. a village of
Somerset Go. Md. p.v. Talbot Co. Md.
Trapani, a sea-port on the N. W. coast of Sicily,
in Val di Mazara, with a fort, and an excellent
harbour in the form of a sickle, whence its an-
cient name, Drepanum. It is a trading place,
famous for its salt-works, and fisheries of tunnies,
and coral. It stands on a small peninsula, 30 m.
N. ofMazara and 45. W. of Palermo. Long. 12.
20. E., lat. 38. JO. N.
Tra^ OS Monies, a province of Portugal, beyond
the mountains with regard to the other provinces
of this kingdom, whence it has its name. It is
oounded on the N. by Gallica, W. by Entre Dou-
roe Aiinho, S. W. and S. by Beira, and E. by
Leon ; and contains an area of 5,500 square miles,
«rith 350,000 inhabitants. The valleys are fer-
tile in corn, wine, and oil, and are numerous.
The Duero divides it into two parts, and Miran-
da is the capital.
Trasviaur, a town and castle of Austria, seated
on the Trasen, 12 m. W. of Tuln.
Tru,u, a strong sea-port of Austrian Dalmatia,
and a bishop's see. It is seated on the gulf of
Venice, in a small island, joined to the mainland
by a long bridge of wood, to the isle of Bua by
another of stone, 22 m. S. JE. ofSebenico. Long.
17. 52. E., lat. 44. 0. N.
Traunstein, a town and castle of Bavaria.
Great quantities of salt are made here, from water
brought above 14 m. over mountains, by means
of engines and pipes, from Reichenhall. It is
seated on the iriver Traun, 16 m. W. N. W. of
Salzburg.
Itauntenau, a town of Bohemia, in the circle
ol Konigingratz, 21 m. N. of Konigingratz.
Travancorfe, ?i province of the peninsula ofHin-
* duostan, extending along the coast of Malabar
from Cape Comorin to the province of Cochin,
140 m. in length by 70 in breadth at the N. ex-
tremity, and contracting gradually to the S. point.
It is subject to a rajah, who is under British protec
tion.
Travancore, the ancient capital of the above
province, is surrounded by strong and extensive
lines, but is much decayed. 110 m. S S. W. of
Madura and 230. S. S. E. of Calicut. Long. 77.
15.E., lat. 8. 25. N.
Traee, a river of Denmark, in the duchy of Hol-
stein, which flows by Segeberg, Ordclso, and Lu-
beck, and enters the Baltic at Travemunde
Travemunde, a strong town of Germany, seat
ed on the Baltic, at the mouth of the Trave. It
is the port of Lubec, to which it belongs, and is
12 m. N. E. of that city.
Traverse, a town of Switzerland, in the district
of its name, in the canton of Neufchatel, 11 m.
VV. of Neufchatel.
Traya-uera. a town of Spain, in Valencia, 30
m. S. "W. of tortosa.
Trebbin,a. town of Prussia, in Braddenburg, 22
m. S. S. W. of Berlin.
Trebia, a river in Italy which rises in the ter-
ritory of Genoa, flows by Bobio, in the Milanese
and joins the Po above rlacentia.
Trebigna, a town of Turkish Dalmatia, and a
bishop's see ; seated on the gulf of Venice, at the
mouth of the Trebenska, 14 m. N. of Ragusa.
Trebisaccia, a town of Naples, in Calabria Citra,
on the gulf of Tarento,10 m. E. N. E.of Cassano.
Trebisond , a sea- port of Asia Minor, in Natolia,
and a Greek archbishop's see. The walls are
square and high, with battlements; and are built
with the ruins of ancient structures, on which are
inscriptions not legible. The town is not popu-
lous ; for there are many gardens in it, and the
houses are but one story high. The castle is
seated on a flat rock, with ditches cut in it. The
harbour is at the E. end of the town, and the mole
built by the Genoese is slmost destroyed. It
stands at the foot of a very steep hill, on the Black
Sea, 104. m. N.N. W. of Erzerum and 440 E.
Constantinople. Long. 40. 25. E.,lat. 39. 45. N.
Trebitz, a town of the Austrian states, in Mo-
ravia, with manufactures of cloth, iron, and glass :
seated on the Igla, 21 m. S. E. of Iglau.
Trehnitx, a town of Pnissian Silesia, in the
principality of Oels, with a Cistercian nunnery,
12 m. N. of Breslau.
Trebsen, a town of Saxony, on the Mnlda, 14
m. E. by S. of Leipzig.
Treffurt, a town of Prussian Saxony, with a
castle, seated on an eminence, 30 m. S. E. of Got-
tingen.
Tregony, a borough in Gernwall, Eng. 253
m. W. by S. of London.
Treguier, a sea-port of France, department of
Cotes du Nord ; seated on a peninsula, near the
English Channel, 22 m. N. W. of St. Brieux.
Long. 3. 13. W., lat. 48. 47. N.
Trelleborg, a town of Sweden, in Schonen,
seated on the Baltic, 26 m. S. of Lund.
Tremesan, or Tlemsan, a city of Algiers, capital
of a district of its name, in the province of Mas-
cara. It is surrounded by strong walls, and in-
habited by poor Arabs, Moors, and Jews. In the
time of the Arabs, it was the residence of power-
ful princes ; but is now dwindled to scarcely a
fifth part of the ancient city. Its once flouristiing
manufacture of carpets and woolen coverlets are
in a state of decay, and the former masterpieces
of architecture have disappeared ; for there is not
ir
wP*
TRB
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TRE
a single building of excellence n«w t6 be seen.
It is oO m. S. S. W. of Oran. Long. 1. 12. W.,
lat. 34. 50. E.
Tremiti, three islands of Naples, in the gulf of
Venice, 15 tn. from the N. coast of Capitanata.
They are called Tremiti, or St. Nicolo, St. Domino,
and Capraria. The first, which is the principal
of them, has a Benedictine convent and a castle.
Long. 15. 30. E., lat. 42. 10. x\.
Tremouille, a town of France, department of
Vendee, seated on the Bennaile, 35 m. E. by S.
of Poitiers.
Tremp, a town of Spain, in Catalonia, 20 m. N.
of Balaguer.
Trenscliin, a town of Hungary, capital of a coun-
ty of its name, with an ancient castle on a rock.
U has celebrated hot baths, and is seated near the
W aag, 70 m. N. N. E. of Presburg. Long. 18. 0.
E., lat. 48. 58. N.
Trent, a circle of the Austrian empire, in the
S. part of Tyrol, among the Alps, bounded by
Tyrol Proper and the territories of Venice, it
produces excellent wine.
Trent, a fortified city, capital of the above circle,
and formerly of a principality, famous in church
history for a celebrated council which was held
fVom 1545 to 1503. It has a handsome castle, a
cathedral, three parish churches, a college, and
some convents. In 1790 it was taken by the
French, under Massena, with 6,000 prisoners and
20 cannon. It is situate between two mountains,
on the river Adige, 67 m. N. W. of Venice. Long.
10. 55. E., lat. 40. 2. N.
Trent, a river which rises in Staffordshire, Eng.
meets the Ouse on the borders of Yorkshire,
where there united stream forms the Humber.
This river is of itself navigable from Burton, in
Staffordshire ; and, by canals, it has a communi-
cation with the Mersey, the Severn, and the
Thames.
Trent, a river of N. Carolina, joining the Neuse
at Newbern. It is navigable 12 rn.
Trenton, p.t. Hunterdon Co. N. J. on the Dela-
ware 30 in. N. E. Philad. It is the capital of Nevr
Jersey, and stands at the limit of sloop and steam-
boat navigation upon the river, which is here
crossed by a bridge 1,100 feet long. The town
has considerable trade, cotton manufactures, a
statehouse, 2 banks and 6 churches. It has been
incorporated with city privileges. Pop. 3,925.
At this place Wasliington crossed the Delaware
on the night of tlie 25 December 1770, and falling
(I
npon the enemy's posts captured a body of 900
Hessians. This bold and successful achievement
had a wonderful effect in retrieving the desperate
condition of the Americans.
Trenton,^.i. Hancock Co. Me. Pop. 795; p. v.
Jones Co. N. C. Todd Co., Kea., Butler Co. Ohio ;
p.t. Oneida Co. N. Y. 108 m. N. W, Albany.
Pop. 3,221. Trenton Falls, are on West Canada
Creek, a feeder of the Mohawk, 14 m. N. of Utica ;
they consist of several grand and beautiful cas-
cades, some of them 40 feet in descent. The
river here passes through a rocky chasm 4 m. in
length, presenting the greatest variety of cascades
and rapids, boiling pools and eddies. The rock is
a dark limestone, and contains abundance of
petrified marine shells.
Treport, a town of France, department of Lower
Seine, seated on the English Channel, at the
mouth of the Bresle. It is the port for the town
of Eu, nearly two m, distant, and is 17 m. N. E.
of Dieppe.
Trepto, a town and castle of Prussia, in Pome-
rania, seated on the river Tollensee, and frontiers
of Mecklenburg, 25 m. N. of i\ew Strelitz.
Trepto-Xcio , a town of Pomerania, with man-
ufactures of stockings and woolen stuffs, seated
on the Rega, near its mouth in the Baltic, 16 m.
E. N. E. of Camin.
Treshanish Isles, four fertile islands on the W.
coast of Scotland, between the island of Coll and
that of Mull.
Treves, a government of Prussia, comprising
the old electorate of Treves, a small portion of
the duchy of Luxemburg, with some other pretty
districts, and containing an area of about 2,50iO
square miles, with 300,000 inhabitants- There
are many mountains and forests ; but nearer the
Rhine and Moselle the soil is fruitful, abounding
in corn and wine.
Treves, a city of Germany, formerly the capi
tal of an electorate and archbishopric of lh»
same name, and now of the preceding govern
ment. It has a castle, a university, (now termed
a gymnasium) numerous remains of antiquities,
and many fine churches and palaces ; but has
great'y suffered by war, and is now neither large
nor populous. It was taken by the French under
Jourdan in 1794, and retained till 1814. It is
seated on the Moselle, over which is a handsome
bridge, between two mountains, covered with
vineyards. 20 m. N. E. Luxemburg and 55 S.
by E. of Cologne. Long. 0. 43. E., lat. 49. 47,
N.
Trevi, a town of Italy, in the duchy of Spoleto,
12 m. N. by W. of Spoleto.
Trevico, a town of Naples, in Princlpato Ultra,
25 m. E. of Benevento.
Trevier de Courtes, St.,n. town of France, de-
partment of Aln, 26 m. N. N. W. of Bourg en
Bresse.
Trevier en Domhes, St., s. town in the depart-
ment of Ain, 18 m. S. W. of Bourg en Bresse.
Trevino, a town of Spain, in Biscay, with a cit
adel, 10 m. S. of Vittoria.
Trevisano , a province of Austrian Italy, in the
government of Venice ; bounded on the W. by
Vicentino, N by Feltrino and the Bolognese, E.
by Friuli, and S. by the gulf of Venice, Dogado,
and Padua. The soil is fertile, and produces corn,
wine and wood, and the exports are cattle, silk,
and woolen cloth. Treviso is the capital.
Treviso, or Trevigio, a fortified city of Italy,
capital of Trevisano, and a bishop's see. It is
the residence of many noble families, and is seat-
ed on the Sile, at the influx of the Piavesella, 18
m. N. N. W. of Venice. Long. 12 18. £., laU
45. 44. N.
Trevovx, a town of France department of Ain
and formerly the capital of the principality of
Dombes. The mon' remarkable buildings ars
TRI
f33
the ancient mint, the parliament house, the gov-
ernor's house, and the printing office. The last
is celebrated for the Literary Journals composed
bv the Jesuits of the college of Louis le Grand.
Trevoux is seated on the side of a hill, on the
river Saone, 12 m. N. of Lyons and 188 S. by E.
of Paris. Long. 4. 51. E.. lat. 54. N.
Trtxlerstoion, p. v. Lehigh Co. Pa.
Treysa, a town of Germany, in Hesse-Cassel,
16 m. E. N. E. of Marburg.
Triana, p.v. Madison Co. Alab. 18 m. S. W.
Hunlsville.
Tiitidelphia, p.v. Montgomery Co. Md. Here
are manufactures af cotton.
Tribua, a town of the Austrian states, in Mo-
ravia. 3'J m. N. W.of Olmutz.
Trihstes, a town of Prussia, in Pomerania
with a castle ; seated on the Trebel, 22 m. S. S.
W. of Stralsund and 28 m. E. S. E. of Rostock.
Trihstadt. a town of Bavaria, in the province of
the Rhine, 16 m. E. N. E. of Deux Ponts.
TricaJa, a town of Macedonia, on the Strimon,
50 m. E. N. E. of Salonica.
Tricarico, a town of Naples, in Basilicata, 13
m. S. E. of Acerenza and 21 m. S. W. of Ma-
tera.
Triceto, a town of Naples, in Calabria Citra,
14 m. S. E. of Scalea.
Tricolore. a town of Hindoostan, in the Carnatic,
where Tippoo Sultan was defeated by the Brit-
ish in 1790". It is 44 m. W. of Pondicherry.
Trieste, a government of the Austrian empire,
bounded by the government of Lambach, the
Adriatic, and Croatia. It comprises the southern
part of Illyria, is divided into four circles, and
contains an area of about 5,000 square miles,
with 550,000 inhabitants.
Trieste, a sea-port of Austrian Illyria, capital of
a circle of its name, in the foregoing govern-
ment, and a bishop's see. The harbour is spa-
cious, screened by a wall, fortified with a bastion.
In the old town the houses stand on the side of a
mountain, extending themselves quite to the sea;
and on the top of the mountain is a castle. On
the \. W. side of the old town, where formerly
were salt-pits, a beautiful suburb, or new town,
nas been built. The fixed inhabitants, estimated
at 40,000, have a good trade in salt, oil, almonds,
iron, copper, &Ai., brought from Lubach ; and
they make good white wines. Trieste was taken
by the French in 1707, but evacuted in the same
year. In 1809 it again fell into the hands of the
French, who retained it till 1814. It stands on a
gulf of its name, which is the N. E. part of the
gulf of Venice, 12 m. N. of Capo d'Istria and 70
N. E. of Venice. Long. 14. 3. E., lat. 45. 51. N.
T,7W. a county of Kentucky. Pop. 5,889. Ca-
d\-6 is tne capital.
Trim, a town of Ireland, capital of the county
of Meath ; seated on the Boyne, 23, m. N. W.
of Dublin. Long. 6. 48. W., lat. 53. 32. N.
Trincomale, a sea-port on the E. coast of Cey-
lon, with a harbour reckoned the finest in the JE.
Indies, but situate in the most barren part of
the island. The nearest farm villages, from
which the inhabitants are supplied with provis-
ions, are upwards of 12 m. distant. The harbour
is d&fended by two forts, Trincomale and Osten-
burg, the latter, built upon a cliff, projecting 1,5()0
paces into the sea. Its circumference within the
walls is about 3 m. but in this space is included a
rising point, immediately over the sea, covered
with thick jungle. Trincomale was taken from
the Dutch by the English, inl782, retaken by the
French the same year, restored to the Dutch b
the peace of 1783, and again taken by the Eng
lish in 1795. It stands on a spacious bay of thr
same name, 100 m. N. N. E. of Candy. Long.
81. 25. E., lat. 8. 32. N.
Trincomale, a town of Hindoostan, in the Car-
natic, near which the troops of Hyder Ali were
defeated by the British in 1768. It is 45 m. S.
S. W. of Arcot and 52 W. N. W. of Pondicherry.
Trinidad, an islapd on the N. E. coast of Terra
Firma, separated from Paria on the S. by a chan-
nel about 10 m. over, and from Cumana on the
W. by the gulf of Paria, the N. entrance into
which is called Boca del Drago (Dragon's Mouth),
on account of the adverse currents and tem{>es-
tuous waves encountered here, when this island,
with the neighbouring continent, was discovered
by Columbus, in 1498. It is 90 m. long and 50
broad ; produces sugar, cotton, maize, fine tobac-
co, indigo, and fruit ; but the air is unhealthy.
It was taken in 1595 by Sir Walter Raleigh, and
in 1676 by the French, who plundered and left it.
In 1797 it was captured by the English, and af-
terwards ceded to them by the treaty of Amiens.
The capital is Port d'Espagne, on the gulf of Pa-
ria, near the Boca. Long. 61. 30. W., lat. 10. 0.
N.
Trinidad, a sea-port of Guatemala, on a bay of
the Pacific Ocean. It is a place of great trade,
the harbour being the nearest landing to Guate-
mala for all merchandise that comes from Mexico
and Peru. The town is nine m. from the har-
bour, and 110 E. S. E. of Guatemala. Long. 90
40. W., lat. 14. 0. N.
Trinidad, a sea-port of Cuba, in a bay on the
S. part of the island, 40 m. S. W. of Spiritu San-
to. Long. 80. 3. W , lat. 21. 58. N.
Trinidad, a town of Colombia, seated on the
Madalena, 58 m. N. W. of St. Fe de Bogota.
Trinidada, three rocky islets in the Atlantic
Ocean, 200 lea<rues E. of Spiritu Santo, in Brazil.
Long. 29. 35. W., lat. 20. 30. S.
Trinity, a. sea-port on the N. side of Martinique,
with a spacious and safe harbour and a considera-
ble trade. Long. 61. 8. W., lat. 14. 53. N.
Trino, a town of the Sardinian states, in Pied-
mont, 8 m. N. W.of Casal and 35 N. E. of Turin.
Tripatore, a town of Hindoostan, in Marawar,
36 m. E. N. E. of Madura and 58 S. W. of Tan-
jore.
Tripoli, a country of Barbary, bounded on the
N. by the Mediterranean, E. by Barca, S. by Fez-
zan, and W. by Biledulgerid and Tunis. It is
not very fertile, and the E. part is quite a desert.
It is 92o m. along the coast, but the breadth is
various. It is governed by a dey, under the pro-
tection of the Turks.
Tripoli, a city and sea-port of Barbary, capital
of the foregoing country, with a castle and a fort.
The inhabitants are noted pirates. It was taken
by emperor Charles V., who settled the knights
of Rhodes here ; but they were expelled by the
Turks in 1551. The /Americans made an attempt
upon the town in 1804, but without success. It
was formerly very flourishing, and has now some
trade in ashes, ostriches' feathers, and skins ; but
they gain more by the Christians taken at sea ;
for they either set high ransoms on them, or sell
them for slaves. Tripoli is seated on the Medi-
terranean, surrounded by a wall, 275 m. S. E. of
Tunis and 570 E. S. E. of Algiers. Long. 13. 5
E., lat. 32. 54. N.
Tripoli, a. town of Syria, on the Mediterranean
defended bj a citadel. There ia oae handsoma
3Q
TRO
734
TRO
mosque, and all the houses have fountains belong-
.■ng to them. Before it is a sand-bank, which in-
creases so much that it is expected to clioke up
the harbour, which is 2 m. W. of the town, and
formed by a round piece of land, united to the main-
land by an isthmus. On each side is a bulwark to
defend the entrance. It is the residence of a
bashaw, who also governs the territory about it,
where there are great numbers of mulberry-trees
and other fruits. The commerce of Tripoli con-
sists almost wholly in coarse *silk, which is made
use of for laces. It is 90 m. N. \V. of Damascus
and 120 S. of Scanderoon. Long. 36. 20. E., lat.
34. 50. N.
Tripura, a town of Hindoostan, in the province
of Coimbetore, with a fort at a little distance,
called Palar. It is seated on the Noyelar, 27 m.
N. N. W. of Daraporam.
Trisl, an island of Mexico, on the coast of Ta-
basco, in the bay of Campeachy, separated by a
narrow channel, on the E., from the isle of Port
Royal. It is 18 m. in circuit. Long. 92. 4-5. W.,
lat. 18. 15. N.
Tristan Da Cunha, an island in the Atlantic
Ocean, 15 m. in circuit. The land is extremely
high, and rises gradually towards the centre of
the island (where there is a lofty conical moun-
tain) in ridges, covered with trees of a moderate
size and height. The coast is frequented by sea-
lions, seals, penguins, and albatrosses. Long. 15.
30. W., lat. 37.9. S.
Tntchinopoly, a town of Hindoostan, in the
Carnatic, surrounded by a double wall, flanked
with towers, and encompassed by a ditch. It was
taken by the British in 1751. 30 ra. W. of Tan-
jore and 208 S. S. W. of Madras. Long. 78. 46.
E., lat. 10.49. N.
Trivadi, a town of Hindoostan, in the Carnatic,
with a large pagoda, which forms a citadel. It
is 26 m. S. W. of Pondicherry.
Trirew^o, a town of Naples, in the Molise, the
see of a bishop, 18 m. N. Molise.
Triumpko de la Cruz, cape, on the coast of
Honduras. Long. 88. 25. W. lat. 15. 56. N.
Trocadie, a small island in the gulf of St.
Lawrence, near the N. coast of St. John's Island.
Trocliteljigen, a town of Hohenzollern-Sigma
ringen, 16 m. N. W. Buchau, 29 S. Stutgard.
Long. 9. 18. E. lat. 48. 16. N.
Troctou, a small island in the E. Indian sea, near
the coast of Queda. Long. 99. 33. E., lat. 6. 30.
N.
Trogen, a town of Switzerland chief place of
the Protestant part of the canton of Appenzell,
noted for its manufacture of cloth. 7 m. S. E. St.
Gall, 7 N. Appenzell. Long. 9. 33. E., lut. 47.
14. N. Pop. 2,250.
Troia, a town of Naples, in Capltanata, on the
Chilare,the see of a bishop. It contains 6 cliurch-
es, and 6 convents. 33 m. S. W. Manfredonia,
60 m. N. E. Naples. Long. 15. 18. E., lat. 41.
24. N.
Troja, a small island in the Mediterranean, near
the coast of Italy. Long. 11. 5. E., lat. 42. 43.
N.
Trois Maries, Les, a town of France, in Mouths-
of-the-Rhone, 15 m. S. Aries.
Trois Rivieres. See Three Rivers.
Trois Rivieres, a bay on the E. coast of the isl-
and of St. John, in the gulf of St. Lawrence.
Trois Rivieres, a river of St. Domingo,runs into
the sea, on the N. coast of the island, near Port
Paix.
Troitz, or Troitskoe Monastr, that is, " the con-
vent of the Holy Trinity," a convent of Russia,
strongly fortified, 40 m, from Moscow.
Troitzk, a town of Russia, in Penza, 75 m. W.
N. W. Penza. Long. 43. 34. E., lat. 54. N.
Troitzkoe, a town of Russia, in Upha, 200 m. E.
Upha. Long. 61. 44. E., lat. 54. N.
Troitzkoi, a town of Russia, in Tobolsk, on the
Oby, 304 m. N. Tobolsk. Long. 42. 50. E , lat.
61. 24. N.
Troki, or Trocki, a town of Russia, in Wilna,
formerly the residence of the great dukes of Li-
thuania, 16 m. W. Wilna, 150 E. Konigsberg.
Long. 24. 44. E., lat. 54. 33. N. Pop. 5,000.
Tromha, a small island near the coast of Istria.
Long. 13.52. E., lat. 45. 3. N.
Tromnes, a small island in the North sea, near
the coast of Lapland. Long. 15. 26. E., lat. 68.
5. N. ^ ^
Tromoe, an island near the coast of Norway.
Long. 9. 10. E., lat. 58. 27. N.
Tromperwick, Gulf of, bay of the Baltic, on the N,
E. coast of the island of Usedom. Long. 13. 40.
E., lat. 54. 40. N.
Tronto, a river of Italy, which runs into the
Adriatic, in long. 13.59. E. lat. 42. 52. N.
Trorzan, a town of Piedmont, 7 m. N. W. Tu-
rin. Pop. 2,540.
Troon Point, cape on the W. coast of Scotland.
Long. 4. 36. W., lat. 55. 36. N.
Tropea, a town of Naples, in Calabria Ultra,
on a rock near the sea coast, 37 m. N.N. E.
Reggio. Long. 16. 13. E., lat. 38. 40. N. Pop.3,992.
Tropic Keys, small islands or rocks among
the Virgin Islands, in the West Indies, between
Great Passage island and Porto Rico.
Troppau or Oppau, cit}', in Austrian Silesia, and
capital of a circle so culled, is in a fruitful coun-
try, on the river Opapa, walled, and containing
an ancient palace of the princes, with 3 parochi-
al churches, a college, 3 convents of monks, and
a nunnery. 45 m. S. Oppeln, 80 S. S. E. Bres-
lau. Long. 18. 30. E. lat. 49. 50. N. Pop. 11,540.
Tropplowilz, a town of Silesia, 70 m. N. N.
W. Troppau. Long. 17. 31. E. lat. 50. 1. N.
Trosa, a sea-port of Sweden, in Sunderman-
land,on,the Baltic, 18 m. S. W. Stockholm.
Trosachs, mountains of Scotland, in Perthshire,
10 m. W. Callander.
Trotby, a river of England, runs into the Wye.
at Monmouth.
Tz-oizft, a river of Russia, which runs into the
Kama, 16 m. N. Kosa, in Viatka.
Troup Head, a cape of Scotland, on the N
coast of Banff, 10 m. W. Kinnard's Point.
Long. 2. 11. W. lat. 57. 39. N.
Troupsburg, a town of Steuben Co. N.Y. 20 m.
S. W. Bath. Pop. 666.
Troutbeck, a river of England in Westmoreland,
which runs into the Eden. 3 ni. below Appleby.
Trout River, a river m the N. W. Territory
which runs into the Mi8.'<issippi, above the outlet
of Sandy lake.
Troiciridgc, a town of Wiltshire, Enr.
Troy, p.t. Che>ihire Co. N. H. 69 m. S. W.
Concord. Pop. 676; p.t. Orleans Co. Vt. 50 m. N.
Montpelier. Pop. 608 ; p.v. Bradford Co. Pa. ; p.t.
Miamia Co. Ohio and townships in Cuyohoga,
Geauga, Delaware, Athens, Richland Cos. Ohio,
p.v. Perry Co. Ind. Lincoln Co. Missouri and
Obian Co. Ten.
Troy, p.t. Bristol Co. Mass. 48 m. S. Boston
Pop. 4,159. Within the limits of this towj is fall
River Village, with a pop. of 31,438. and verv large
manufactures of cotton ; which run 3,431 &j.indles.
TRU
"^
TBT
Here are also manufactures of satinet, bleaching
and printing works, and manufactures of iron.
The town contains 7 churches, and a bank. It
stands on Taunton River which is navigable to
this place for small ves.^els.
Troy, city in Rensselaer Co. N. Y. stands on
the E. bank of the Hudson 5 m. above Albany at
the head of sloop navigation. It has a very flour-
ishing trade, and manufactures of cotton, woolen,
paper, iron «fec. iri the neighbourhood. Pop. 11,405.
In point of location and beautiful natural sce-
nery, Troy is exceeded by few, if any, of the
towns and villages on the Hudson. The streets,
running north "and south, converge together at
the north end of the city, and are crossed at right
angles by those running east and west. The
buildings are principally built of brick, and are
shaded by rows of trees on each side of streets,
which are preserved remarkably clean, by addi-
tions of slate and gravel, instead of pavements.
The city contains three banks, seven churches, a
court house, jail and market. The Episcopal
church is a superb specimen of Gothic architec-
ture, probably not exceeded in the United States.
A large three story brick building has also been
erected at the expense of the corporation, for the
accommodation of the female seminary incorpo-
rated at this place.
Mount [da, in the rear of Troy, is a romantic
spot, affording a very extensive prospect of the
Hudson river and the adjacent country.
About a mile above the city, a dam has been
thrown across the river, and a lock constructed,
affording a sloop navigation to the village of Wa-
terford.
One mile and a half from Troy is the Rensse-
laer school, which was established, and is under
the patronage of Gen. Stephen Van Rensselaer
It is a valuable and flourishing institution.
Troyes, a city of France, capital of the depart-
ment of Aube, and a bishop's see, with a castle in
which the ancient counts of Champagne resided.
It is surrounded by good walls ; but almost all the
houses are of wood, and good water is wanting
Its cojnmerce, once very flourishing, now consist
only »n some linen, dimities, fustians, wax-chan-
dlery, candles, and wine. Troyes was captured
and recaptured several times by the allied and
French armies, in 1814. It is seated on the
Seine, 28 m. E. by N. of Sens and 105 S. E. of
Paris. Long. 4. 5. E., lat. 48. 18 N.
Truckseille, p. v. Richland Co. Ohio.
Tru7nanshur<r, a township of Tompkins Co. N.
Y. on Cayuga Lake.
Trumbull, a county of Ohio. Pop. 26,154.
Warren is the capital, p.t. Fairfield Co. Conn. 65
m. S W. Hartford. Pop. 1,238.
Truns, a town of Switzerland, in the canton of
Grisons, seated on the Rhine, 7 m. W. of Ilantz.
Truro, a borough in Cornwall, Eng., it is a
slannarv town, and the chief business is in ship-
ping tin and copper ore, found in abundance in the
neighbourhood. 257 m. W. by S. of London.
Truro, a town of Nova Scotia, in Halifax coun-
ty, at the head of a narrow gulf in the bay of Fun-
dy, 40 m. N. by W. of Halifax.
Truro, p.t. Barnstable Co. Mass. on Cape Cod,
adjoining Providence. Pop. 1,549, a township of
Franklin Co. Ohio, on Big Walnut and Black
Lick Creeks. Pop. 683.
Truxillo, a town of Spain, in Estremadura
with a citadel on the top of a hill. It was the birth-
place of the noted Erancis Pizarro, and is situate
on th« aide of a hill, near the river M agasca, 70
m. N. E. of Badajoz and 90 S. W. of Toledo.
Long. 5. 43. W., lat. 39. 26. N.
TruxiUo, a city and sea-port of Peru, capital of a
province of its name, and the see of a bishop. It
was built by Francis Pizarro in 1553. In its ter-
ritory are above 50,000 native Americans. It is-
surrounded by a wall, and seated in a fertile coun-
try, on a small river, near the Pacific Ocean, 300
m. N W. of Lima. Long. 70. 5. W., lat. 8. 1.
S.
Truxillo, a sea-port of S. America, in Honduras,
on the gulf of that name. It stands 3 m. from
the sea, between two rivers, the mouths of which,
and some islands before them, form the harbour.
It is 150 m. N. E. of Valladolid. Long. 86. 30.
W., lat. 15. 40. N.
TruxiUo, or Kuestra Senora de la Paz, a town
of Venezuela. 150 m. S. E. of Maracaybo. Long
70. 15. W., lat. 8. 15. N.
Truxton, p.t. Cortland Co. N. Y. Pop. 3,888
Tnjdriffen, a township of Chester Co. Pa.
Tryone, a township of Adams Co. Pa.
Tsanad, a town of Hungary, on the river Meros
23 m. E. by S. of Segedin.
Tscherkask, a city of European Russia, capital
of the country of the Don Cossacs, founded in
1814, the old capital of the same name, about 5
m. distant, being considered unhealthy. The
streets are wide and straight, but the houses are all
built of wood. It is situate at the confluence of
the Aksai and Turloo, 40 m. N. E. of Azoph.
Long. 40.2. E., lat. 47. 14. N.
Tschernahora, a town of the Austrian states, in
Moravia, with a castle on a mountain, 13 m. N.
N. W. of Brin.
Tschernemt, a town of Austria, in Carniola,
with a castle, and a commandery of the Teutonic
order. 33 m. S. E. of Laubach.
Tschime, a town of Prussian Silesia, in the prin-
cipality of Glogau, with a castle, and good cloth
manufactures. 22 m. E. N. E. of Glogau.
Tschopau, a town of Saxony, celebrated for its
blue manufacture. It stands on a river of the
same name, 7 m. S. E. of Chemnitz.
Tsiampa. See Ciampa.
Tsi-nan, a city of China, capital of Chang-tong.
It is much respected by the Chinese, on account
of its having been formerly the residence of a
long series of kings, whose tombs, rising on the
neighbouring mountains, afford a beautiful pros-
pect. It is seated on the river Tsi or Tslng-ho,
230 m. S. by E. of Pekin. Long. 117. 25. E., lat.
36. 46. N.
Tsi-ning, a city of China, of the second rank,
in Chang-tong, situate on the grand canal, 275
m. S. of Pekin. Long. 116. 24. E., lat. 35. 24.
N.
Tsin tcheou, a city of China, of the first rank,
in Chang-tong. 250 m. E. S. E. of Pekin. Long.
119. 2. E., lat. 36. 40. N.
Tsong-ming, an island of China, 50 m. long and
10 broad, lying at the mouth of the Kiang-ku, and
separated from the province of Kiang-nan by two
channels, 13 m. broad. Its principal revenue
arises from salt, which is made in such abundance
on the N. side of the island, that it can supply most
of the neighbouring countries. It contains only
one city, but villages are very numerous. The
country is delightful, and intersected by many
canals. The city of the same name, is of the
third class, and is situate at its S. £. end. Long.
121.55. E., lat. 30. 15. N.
Tsongrad, a town of Hungary, capital of a
county of the same name ; seated on the TheisM,
'%■
TVE
736
TUM
opposite the influx of the Koros, 26 m. N. of
Segedin.
Tsor, Sor. Sur, or Soar, a town on the E. coast
of Arabia, in Oman, 22 m. S. E. Kalhat. Lat.
82. 36. N.
Tua, a river of Portugal, which runs into the
Duero, 15 m. N. W. St. Joao, de Pesqueira.
Ttfaio, a town of Africa, in Jaen,on the Senegal.
Long. 10. 28. W., lat. 14. 56. N.
Tuak, a small island in the Red Sea, 12 m. from
the coast of Arabia. Long. 41. 58. E., lat. 5. 58.
N.
Tuam, a city of Ireland, in Galway, the see of
an archbishop, J7 m. N. N. E. Galway.
Tuariks, a people of Africa,inhabiting a country
borderintr S. W. on Bomou, S. on Bornou, Sou-
dan, anj" Tombuctoo, E- on the country of the
Tibboo and Fezzan, N. on Fezzan and the country
of the Arabs who live behind Tripoli, Tunis, and
Algiers, and W. on the great empire of Fez and
Morocco. They are divided into many nations
and tribes, who all speak the same lanjriiage.
Tuat, or Twat, fertile oasis of the Sahara, Afri-
ca. Long. 1. to 6. E. lat. 23. N.
T^iba, a river of Russia, which runs into the
Enisei, 16 m. S. W. Abakansk, in Kolivan.
Tubal, one of the small Society Islands, 12 m.
from Bolabola. Long. 151. 44. W. lat. 16. 12 S.
Tubingen, a town of Wurtemberg, in a valley
on the Neckar, between two hills. An university
was founded here in 1477, and restored in 1770.
It contains 300 students ; here is also a college
for the nobility. 16 m. S. S. W. Stuttgart, 28
E. Freudenstatt. Long. 9. 10. E., lat. 48. 33. N.
Pop. 5,765.
Tubna, a town of Algiers, (an. Thubana), 110
m. S. S. W. Constantina, 120 S. S. E. Algiers.
Long. 5. E., lat. 35. 8. N.
Tub-urbo, (an. Tuburbum), a town of Tunis, on
the Mejerdah. 16 m. W. N. W. Tunis.
Tuckel, a town of West Prussia, 44 m. S. W.
Dantzic.
Tuckahoe, a river of J$ld. which runs into Chop-
tank river.
Tucker's Island, a small island in the Pacific
ocean. Long. 122. 5. E., lat. 7. 22. N.
Tucker's Island, a small island near the coast
of S. Carolina. Long. 80. 16. W., lat. 32. 36. N.
Tuckersville, p.t. Wayne Co. Geo., p. v. Crawford
Co. Ind.
Tuckerton, p.t, and port of entry, Burlington
Co. N. J. on Little Egg harbour.
Tuckush, a small island in the Mediterranean
near the coast of Algiers, 12 m. E. Cape of Iron.
Tucopia, an island in the Pacific. Long. 157.
E., lat. 12. S.
Tucuman, a province of the old viceroyalty of
Buenos Ayres, lying between the province of Sal-
ta on the north, and Santiago and Catamarea on
the S. Area, 50,000 square miles. Pop. 45,000.
The name is frequently applied to a much more
extensive country. Chief town, St. Miguel de
Tucuman.
Tueuyo, a river of Venezuela, which runs into
the sea, in long. 69. 22. W. lat. 10. 38. N.
Tuddington, a town of Eng. in Bedford, 16 m.
S. Bedford, 37 N. London.
Tudela, a town of Spain, in Navarre, on the
Ebro, 4 m. S. Pamplona, 45 N. W. Saragossa.
Long. 1. 40. W., lat. 42. 11. N. Pop. 7.295.
Tver, a town of Russia, and capital of a govern-
ment at the conflux of the Tvertza and Volga.
It is the see of an archbishop. It was burnt in
tho year 1763, but has since been rebuilt on a
regular and beautiful plan. The governor'*
house, the bishop's palace, the courts of justice,
the new exchange, the prison, and several other pub-
lic edifices were built at the expense of the empress.
There is an ecclesiastical seminary at Tver, which
is under the inspection of a bishop, and admits
600 students. Tver is a place of considerable
commerce, which it owes principally to its ad-
vantageous situation. 72 m. N. N. W. Moscow,
580 N. E. Warsaw, 272 S. E. Petersburg. Long.
36. 14. E., lat. 56. 51. N. Pop. 20,000.
Tverskoe, a government of Russia, bounded N.
by Novgorod, E. by Jaroslavl and Vladimir, S. by
Moskovekaaa, and Smolenskoe, and W. by Pskov ;
180 m. long, and 100 broad. Long. 33. to 38. E.
Lat. 55. 36. to 58. 30. N. Pop. 773,300.
Tuffoa, a town of Africa, on the slave coast, 40
m. W. Assom.
Tuftonhorough, a town of Stratford Co. N. H.
on lake Winnipiseogee, 50 m. N. W. Concord
Pop. 1,375.
Tugeloo, a river of Georgia, which is formed
by the union of the Tallulah and Chatooga, and
flowing S. E. between Georgia and S. Carolina,
joins the Kiowee, to form Savannah river.
Tuggsville, p.v. Clarke Co. Alabama.
Tuggurt, a town of Africa, in Nigritia, 360 m.
N. E. Tombuctoo. Long. 6. E., lat. 20. 30. N.
Tuggurt, or Tocort, a town of Algiers, 240 m.
S. S. E. Algiers. Long. 5. 50. E., lat. 32. 40. N.
Tui, a river of S. America, which runs into the
Caribbean sea. Long. 67. 20. W., lat. 10. 36. N.
Tuis, a town of Italy, in Friuli, 10 m. W.
Udina.
Tuklaktak, an island in the North sea, near the
coast of E. Greenland. Long. 46. 20. W., lat.
61. N. ^
Tula, a city of Russia, and capital of a govern-
ment of 11,855 sq. m. and 960,000 inhabitants.
It is on the Upha and is the Birmingham of Rus-
sia. The imperial fabric of fire arms employed ii^
1800, 6,000 workmen. Pop. at the same period,
estimated at 30,000. Near it are some iron mines,
112 m. S. Moscow, 452 S. S. E. Petersburg.
Long. 37. E., lat. 54. 11. N.
rwZeAro5, a town of Spain, in Navarre, situate
on the Quels, 7 m. W. of Tudel.
Tullamore, a town of Ireland, in King's county,
on a river of the same name, and near the great
canal, 10 m. W. by S. of Philipstown.
Tulle, a town of France, capital of the depart-
ment of Correze. The cathedral is famous for its
steeple, which is very high and curious. It is
seated at the conflux of the Correze and Solane,
in a country surrounded by mountains and preci-
pices, 37 m. S. S. E. of Limoges and 62 S. W. of
Clermont. Long. 1. 42. E., lat. 45. 16. N.
Tullow, a town of Ireland, in the county of Car-
low. 8 m. E. S. E. of Carlow and 38 S. S. W. of
Dublin.
TuUy. p.t. Onondaga Co. N. Y. Pop. 1,640.
Tullytown, p.v. Greenville Dis. S. C.
Tuln, a town of Austria, and a bishop's see ;
seated near the Danube, 15 m. W. N. W. of
Vienna.
Tulpehocken, a township of Berks Co. Pa.
Tulsk, a hamlet of Ireland, in the county of
Roscommon, containing the ruins of towers, cas-
tles, &c., which sufficiently attest its former im-
portance. 9 m. N. of Roscommon.
Tumbez, a town of Peru, noted as the place
where the Spaniards first landed in these parts
under Pizarro. It is seated on a river of the same
name, which flows into the bay of Guayaquil
TUN
737
TUR
270 m. S. by W. of Quito. Long. 79. 51. W., lat.
3. 40. S.
Tutncuru, a town of Hindoostan, in Mysore,
with a well-built fort, 32 m. S. E. of Sera.
Tumen, a town of Russia, in the province of
Tobolsk, 150 m. W. S. W. of Tobolsk. Long.
150. 15. E., lat. 57. 3. N.
IStnbridge, p.t. Orange Co., Vt. Pop. 1,920.
Tunbridge, a town in Kent, Eng. 30. m. E. S. E.
of London.
Tunbridge IFells, a town in Kent, Eng. much
resorted to on account of its chalybeate waters,
discovered in 1606, by Dudley lord North, who
recovered from a deep consumption by drinking
them. It is seated at the bottom of three hills,
called Mount Sinai, Mount Ephraira, and Mount
Pleasant, on which are seated some good houses,
orchards, and gardens ; and, as the country is
naturally wild, the effect of the whole is romantic
and picturesque. The wells are 5 m. S. of Tun-
Dridge and :35 S. S. E. of London.
Tunarinskoi. a town of Russia, situate on the Ir-
kut, 80 m. S. VV. of Irkutsk. Long. 103. 15. E.,
lat. 51. 18. N.
Tunis, a county of Barbary, bounded on the N.
and E. by the Mediterranean, S. by Tripoli and
Bileduigerid, and W. by Algiers. It extends
200 m. from N. to S. and 120 m. from E. to W.
This country was formerly a monarchy, but in
1574 it became a republic, under the protection
of the Turks, and pays a certain tribute to the
bashaw that resides at Tunis. The soil in the E.
part is but indifferent, for want of water. To-
wards the middle, the mountains and valleys
abound in fruits ; but the W. part is the most
fertile, being watered by rivers. The environs
of Tunis are very dry, and corn is generally
dear ; but there are plenty of citrons, lemons,
oranges, dates, grapes, and other fruits ; also
olive trees, roses, and odoriferous plants. In the
woods and mountains are lions, bisons, ostriches,
monkeys, roebucks, hares, pheasants, partridges,
and other sorts of birds and beasts. The principal
rivers are the Guadilcarbar, Magrida, Magerada,
and Caps. The form of government is by a divan,
or council, whose president is the bey. The mem-
bers of the divan are chosen by the bey. The
inhabitants are a mixture of Moors, Turks,
Arabs, Jews, and Christians, merchants and
slaves ; and they carry on a great trade in linen
and woolen cloth, Morocco leather, gold dust,
leather, lead, horses, oil, soap, and ostriches' eggs
and feathers. The established religion is Ma-
homedism. All public instruments are written
in the Arabic tongue, but commerce is usually
carried on by that of the Lingua Franca.
Tunis, the capital of the above country, stands
on a point of the gulf of Goletta, surrounded by
lakes and marshes. It is in the form of an oblong
square, 5 miles in circumference, with a lofty
wall, five gates, and 35 mosques. The houses are
all built of stone, though but one story high ; and
it has a citadel on an eminence, on the W. side
of the city. Without the walls are two suburbs,
which contain upwards of 100 houses. Within
the walls are 10,700 families and above 3,000
tradesmen's shops. The divan, or council of
state, assembles in an old palace, where the bey
resides. The hartiour has a very narrow en-
trance, which" is well fortified. The Mahome-
tans here have nine colleges for students, and a
great number of smaller schools. Tunis is a
place of great trade, and has manufactures of vel
rets, wlks, linen, and red caps worn by the com
93
mon people. It is 10 m. from the sea, 275 N.W
of Tripoli, and 380 E. of Algiers. Long. 10. 16.
E., lat. 30. 45. N.
Tunja, a town of New Granada, capital of a
district of the same name. Near it are mines of
gold and emeralds. It is seated in a fertile valley
90 m. N. bv E. of St. Fe de Bogota. Long. 73. 8
W., lat.5.^.N.
Tunkat, a town of Western Tartary, in Tarkes-
tan, seated in a large plain, on the river Ilak, ICO
m. S. E. of Taraz.
r«r6o<,,a township of Northumberland Co. Pa.
Turcoin, a town of France, department of Nord
where the allies, under the duke of York, were
defeated by the French in 1794. It is 6 m. N. N.
W. of Lille.
Turcomania, a province of Turkey, in Asia,
now called Armenia, which see.
Turenne, a town of France department of Cor-
reze, with a castle, 16 m. S. S. W. of Tulle.
Turin, a fortified city of Piedmont, capital of
the dominion of the king of Sardinia, and an arch
bishop's see, with a university founded in 1405
by Amedeo, duke of Savoy. There are many
large squares, among which that of St. Charles
is the most spacious ; the buildings are handsome
and it has extensive arcades on each side Most
of the streets are well built, uniform, and straight,
and terminate on some agreeable object ; the
Strada di Po, the finest and largest, leads to the
royal palace, and is adorned with piazzas, filled
with shops, as are various others of the best
streets ; all of which are kept clean by means of
a canal from the Doria, with slucies that flow
through them into the Po. The inhabitants are
computed at 112,000. The palace consists of two
magnificent structures, joined together by a gal-
lery, in which are several pictures, statutes, and
antiquities of great value. The citadel, which
was demolished by the French after the battle of
Marengo was a regular pentagon, comprehend-
ing an extensive and well-furnished arsenal, a
cannon-foundry, a chemical laboratory, &c
There are fine walks on the ramparts and walls of
the city ; fine gardens on the side of the river Po ;
and a charming public place called the Corso,
where many people assemble in an evening to ex-
hibit themselves and their equipage. Near this
city, on the banks of the Po, is tlie beautiful cas-
tle of Valentin, the garden of which is applied to
botanical studies. In 1798 the French republican
army took possession of tJiis city, seized all the
strong places and arsenals of Piedmont, and oblig-
ed the king and his family to remove to the is-
land of Sardinia. In 1799 the French were driven
out by the Austrians and Russians ; but shortly
afterwards the city and all Piedmont surrendered
to the French. In 1814 it was delivered up to the
allies, when they restored it to the king of Sar-
dinia. It is seated in a fertile plain, at the con-
fluence of the Doria with the Po, 68 m. N. VV. of
Genoa and 80 S. W. of Milan. Long. 7. 40. E.,
lat. 45. 4. N.
Turin, p.t. Lewis Co. N. Y. 145 m. N. W. Al-
bany. Pop. 1,561.
Turinge, a town of Sweden, in the province
of Sudermanland, 24 m. W. S. W. of Stockholm.
Turinsk, a town of Russia, in the government
of Tobolsk, with a fort, 190 m. W. by S. of
Tobolsk.
Turivacary, a town of Hindoostan, In Mysore,
consisting of an outer and inner fort, strongly
defended by a ditch and mud walls, and an
open suburb at a litUe distance. Her* uw
3q2
-»t.
TVB.
m
TUK
two small temples of curious workmanship.
34 m. S. of Sera and 50 N. of Seringapatam.
Turkestan, a couniry of Western Tartary, boun-
ded on the N. and E. by the country of the Kal-
mucs, S. by Bokharia, and W. by the lake Aral.
The chief of this country is generally called the
khan of the Karakalpahs. The capital is Taraz.
Turkey, a large empire, extending over part of
Europe, Asia, and Africa, European Turkey for-
merly comprehended Moldavia, Bessarbia, Wal-
achia, Bulgaria, Servia, Bosnia, part of Croatia
and Oalmatia, Romania, Macedonia, Albania,
Janna, Livadia, and the Morea. Bessarabia and
part of Moldavia were, however, ceded to Russia
m 1812, and in 1830, the independence of Greece
being established by the allied powers, the terri-
tory of the sultan in Europe became greatly con-
tracted. See Greece. Asiatic Turkey is bound-
ed on the N. by the Black Sea and Circassia, E.
by Persia, S. by Arabia, and W. by the Mediter-
ranean and the Sea of Marmora. It lies between
27. and 46. E. long., and 28. and 45. N. lat., and
contains the countries of Irac-Arabi, Diarbek,
Curdistan, Armenia, Caramania, Natolia, and Sy-
ria, with Palestine. In Africa the Turks have
Ecypt, part of Nubia, and Barca ; and the states
of Tripoli and Tunis are under their protection.
Of these countries (which see respectively) the
climate, productions, manners, &c., must be vari
ous. The Turks are generally robust, well-shap
ed, and of a good mien. They shave their heads
but wear long beards, except those in the seraglio,
or palace, and military men. who wear only
whiskers. The turban worn by the men is white,
and consists of long pieces of thin linen made up
together in several folds. No one but a Turk
must presume to wear a white turban. Their
clothes are long and full. They sit, eat, and
sleep on the floor, on cushions, matrasses, and
carpets. In general they are very moderate in
eating, and their meals are despatched with
great haste. Their principal food is rice ; and
the frugal repast is followed by fruit and cold wa-
ter, which are succeeded by hot coffee, and pipes
\yith tobacco. With opium they procure what
they call a kief, or placid intoxication. Chess
and draughts are favorite games ; and the coffee-
houses and baths furnish other sources of amuse-
ment. Polygamy is allowed among them ; but
their wives, properly so called, are no more than
four in number. The fair sex here are kept un-
der a rigorous confinement ; the Arabic word
Haram, which signifies a sacred or prohibited
thing, is in its fullest sense used both of the hab-
itation of th« women nad of th« womea them-
Belvef^. The Turk* believe in one God, and that
his great prophet is Mahomet ; they appropriate
to themselves the name of Moslemim, which has
been corrupted into Mussulman, signifying per-
sons professing the doctrine of Mahomet, which
he calls Islam. Drinking wine is prohibited by
this prophet in the Koran, yet the Turks make
use of it occasionally, without any scruple ;
though instead of it they generally use sherbet,
a liquor made of honey, spices and the juice of
fruits. They expend great sums on fountains,
not only in the towns, but in the country, and
other solitary places, for the refreshment of trav
ellers and labourers. The grand signior is abso-
lute master of the goods and lives of his subjects,
insomuch that they are little better than slaves.
The grand vizier is the chief officer under the
grand signior ; besides discharging the functions
of prime minister, he is commander of all the for
ces of the empire. The divan or cabinet council,
consists of the vizier, the mufti, and the kioga
bey. The other ministers are, the reis effendi
(whose office corresponds in part to that of chan-
cellor, and in part to that of secretary for foreign
affairs in Britain) ; the tefterdar, or minister of
finance ; the tschelebi, or master of the ordnance ;
the terroeena emini, or minister of marine ; and
the tschiaus baccha, or secretary of state. The
pachas or governors of provinces act also as farm-
ers genersH of the revenue for their respective
provinces. The sangiac beys are the governors
of districts under the pachas, and invested, like
them, with both civil and military functions. The
ulenia are a numerous body, whose functions con-
sist in explaining the koran and in applying it&
injunctions to the circumstances of the times
They thus combine the character of clergy and
lawyers, having at their head the grand mufti.
The imans, or priests, are a body altogether dis-
tinct from the ulema, their duty being merely to
perform public worship in the mosques.
The public revenue of Turkey is derived
partly from a capitation tax on Christians and
Jews, partly from duties on tobacco and oth-
er articles of consumption. The amount of the
whole is said to be less than 30,000,000 dollars.
The army, which is composed of a variety of
troops, seldom amounts to 100,000 men, and the
navy is inconsiderable. The foreign commerce of
Turkey is inconsiderable. The chief Turkish
sea-ports in the Levant are Constantinople and
Smyrna. There is little trade with the former.
Smyrna has commerce with Europe and America
in the exportation of fruit, particularly figs, which
grow to great perfection in this part of the country.
Turkey, a township of Essex Co. N. J. 14 m.
N. W. Elizabethtown.
Turkin, a town of Ilussia, in the government of
Caucasia, situate on the Caspian Sea, 140 m. S
of Astracan. Long. 47. 15. E., lat. 44. 15. N.
Turn-again, Cape, a cape on the E. side of the
northern island of New Zealand. Long. 17G 56
E., lat. 40. 28 S.
Turnuu, a. town of Bohemia, in the circle of
Buntzlau, on the river Iser, 12 m. N. N. E. of
Jung Buntzlau.
Turner, p.t. Oxford Co. Me. 18 m. E. Paris
Pop. 2,218.
Turnersville, p.v. Robertson Co. Ten.
Turnhout, a town of the Netherlands, in Bra-
bant, near which, in 1596, prince Maurice of Nas-
sau, with only 800 horse, totally defeated the
Spaniards, consisting of 6,000. 24 m. N. £ of
Antwerp.
TUY
739
TYO
Turan, a sea-port of Cochin-China, situate on a
bay of the same name, which affords a safe retreat
for the largest ships in the most tempestuous sea-
Bon. In the vicinity are plantations of sugar-canes
and tobacco. Turon is 40 ra. S. E. of Hue. Long
i07. 40. E., lat. 16. 9. N.
Tarsi, a town of Naples, in Basilicata, on the
tiver Sino, 8 m. W. of the gulf of Tarento and
30 S. of Matera.
Turtle Creek, townships in Shelby and Warren
Co. Ohio.
Tuscaloosa, a county of Alabama. Pop. 13,645,
Tuscaloosa is the capital.
Tuscaloosa, the capital of Alabama and of the
above county, on the Black Warrior River, near
the centre of the state 200 m. N. Mobile. 900 m.
S. W. Washington. Pop. 1,600. The university
of Alabama at this place was founded in 1820. It has
6 instructors and 65 students, the library has 1,000
vols. It has one vacation of two months in August
and September. Commencement is inDecember.
Tascanij, a sovereign state of Italy, with the ti-
tle of a grand duchy, belonging to the house of
Austria. It is bounded on the N. by Modena, on
the E. and S. by the pope's territories, on the W.
by the Mediterranean. It is about 150 m. in
!en<^th, and 100 in breadth; and is watered by sev-
eral rivers of which the Arno is the chief There
are several mountains, in which are found mines of
iron, aluin, and vitrol. There are also quarries of
marble, alabaster, and porphyry, besides hot baths
and mineral waters. Many parts of it are fruitful
in corn and wine, and produce plenty of citrons,
oranges, pomegranates, and other fruits. The in-
habitants apply themselves to trade ; they chiefly
manufacture silks, stuffs, fine earthenware, and
gilt leather. They are much visited by foreign-
ers, on account of their politeness, and because
the Tuscan language is accounted the purest in
all Italy. This duchy is divided into three prov-
inces, Florence, Pisano, and Sienna, to which
some add the Islands. Upon the flight of the
grand duke, in 1799, it was erected by the French
into the kingdom of Etruria ; but was soon after-
wards transformed into an apendage to the
crown of Italy. In 1814 however, the duchy was
restored to the Austrians, when Ferdinand, the
grand duke, returned to his dominions. Florence
IS the capital.
Tuscarawas, a county of Ohio, on a stream of
^ the same name, flowing into the Muskingum.
Pop. 14,298. New Philadelphia is the capital;
also a village in the same Co. and a township in
Stark Co. Ohio.
Tuscarora, p.t. Mifflin Co. Pa.
Tuscumbia, p. v. Franklin Co. Alab.
Tusis, a town of Switzerland, in the canton of
Orisons, seated near the torrent Nolla, 16 m. S. by
W. of Coire.
Tutucorin, a town of Hindoostan, in the Car-
natic, seated on the gulf of Manara, 29 m. E. by
N. of Palamcotta, and 67 S, of Madura.
Tutlingen, a town of Germany, with a castle on
a mountain, belonging to the kingdom of Wurtem-
berg. Near it is the celebrated foundry of Lud-
wigsthal. It is seated on the Danube, ov^r which
is a bridcre, 58 m. S. S. W. of Stuttgard. Long. 8.
48. E., lat. 48. 2. N.
TWura, a town of Russia, in the government of
Irkutsk, situate on the Lena, 160 m. N. of Irkutsk.
Long. 105. 40.' E., lat. 54. 40. N.
Tuxford, a town in Nottinghamshire, Eng. 137
to. N. by W. of London.
Tuy, a town of Spain, in Galicia, and a bishop's
see. It is surrounded by walls and ramparts, and
well furnished with artillery, being a frontier town
towards Portugal. It stands on a mountain near
the river Minho, 60 m. S. of Compostelli and 260
W. N. W. of Madrid. Long. 8. 32, W , lat. 42. 4. N".
Tuila a town of Asiatic Turkey, in Caramania,
situate at the western extremity of a lake to which
it gives name, 28 m. N. of Cogni.
Tver, a government of Russia, formerly a pro
vince in the government of Novogorod. It was
the first province modelled according to the code
of laws of Catharine II , and comprises an area of
24,000 sq. m. with 1 ,000,000 of inhabitanU. The
country produces abundantly all kinds of corn and
vegetables. Its forests yield the most valuable
timber. The quadrupeds and the feathered race
are the same as in all the N. of Europe. Besides
the fishes common to most lakes and rivers, there
is one peculiar to the waters of these northern re
gions, called the sterlet : it is the acipenser ruth
enus of Linne, and is a species of sturgeon, high-
ly esteemed for the flavor of its flesh, and for its
roe, of which the finest caviar is made.
Tver, the capital of the foregoing government,
and an archbishop's see, with a fortress. It is a
place of considerable commerce, being seated at
the conflux of the Tyerza, and Volga, along which
is conveyed all the merchandise sent by water
from Siberia and the S. provinces towards Peters-
burg. It is divided into the Old and New Town ;
the former, situate on the opposite side of the Vol-
ga, consists almost entirely of wooden cottages;
the latter has risen with lustre from the ashes of
the conflagration of 1763. Catharine II., at her
own expense, raised the governor's house, the
episcopal palace, the courts of justice, the ex-
change, the prison, and some other public edifices ;
and, to every person who engaged to build a
house of brick, she offered a loan of £300 for 1 2
years without interest. The streets are broad and
long, extending in straight lines, from an octagon
in tne centre ;°the houses of this octagon, and of
the principal streets, are of brick stuccoed white,
and make a magnificent appearance. Here is an
ecclesiastical seminary, which admits 600 stu-
dents. In 1776 the empress founded a school for
the instruction of 200 burgher's children ; and in
1779 an academy for the education of 120 of the
youncr nobility of the province. Tver is 99 m. N.
N. W. of Moscow. Long. 36. 5. E., lat. 56. 7. N.
Tweed, a river of Scotland, which rises from
numerous springs in the S. part of Peebles-shire,
called Tweedsmuir. It divides that country al-
most into two equal parts, crosses the N. part of
Selkirkshire and Roxburgshire, then forms the
boundary between Berwickshire and England,
and enters the German Ocean at Berwick.
Twickenham, a village in Middlesex, Eng.
adorned with many handsome villas, of which
two are particularly celebrated : that which was
the favorite residence of Pope,and Strawberry Hill,
the elegant Gothic retreat of the celebrated Hor-
ace Walpole, earl of Orford. It is seated on the
Thames, 3 m. S. S. W. of Brentford.
Twiggs, a county of Georgia. Pop. 8,029
Marion is the capital.
Twin, towHships in Darke, Ross and Preble Cos.
Ohio.
Twinsburg, p.t. Portage Co. Ohio.
Tybee, an island of Georgia at the mouth of thf.
river Savannah, on which is a lighthouse,
Tyboine, a township of Perry Co. Pa.
Tycokzin, a town of Poland, on the Nrew t
m. N. W.ofBielsk.
trcE
740
UCE
Tydort, one of the Molucca Iglands threa
leagues S. of Ternate.
Tyler, a county of the W. Dis. of Virginia.
Pop. 5,750. Middlebourne is the capital.
Tyne, a river in Northumberland, Eng. formed
of a branch from the E. part of Cumberland, and
another from the hills on the borders of Scotland.
These, uniting little above Hexham, form a large
river, which nows by Newcastle, and enters the
German Ocean at Tynemouth.
Tynn, a river of Scotland, in Haddingtonshire,
which rises on the borders of Edinburgshire, flows
by Haddington, and enters the German Ocean to
the W. of Dunbar.
Tynemouth, a village in Northumberland, Eng.
near the mouth of the Tyne, 9 m. E. N. E. of New-
castle.
Tyngsliorough, p.t. Middlesex Co. Mass. on the
Merrimack. 30 m. N. W. Boston. Pop. 822.
Tyre. See Sur.
Tyringham, p.t. Berkshire Co. Mass. 116 m. S.
W. Boston. Fop. 1,351.
Tyrol, a princely county of the Austrian empire,
bounded on the N. by Bavaria, E. by Salzburg
and Carinthia, S. by Austria Italy, and W. by
Switzerland. Though a mountainous country, its
valleys are fertile in corn and wine, and it has
an excellent breed of cattle. It likewise yields
salt, all kinds of ores, and various sorts of precious
stones. Its copper contains not only silver but
also some gold. The principal rivers are the Inn,
Adige, and Eysach. The country is divided into
seven districts or circles. It was overrun by
the French and Bavarians in 1805 ; and by the
treaty of Presburg was ceded to Bavaria. In 1809
it was ceded to Italy, but was restored to Austria
in 1814. Inspruck is the capital.
Tyrone, a county of Ireland, in the province of
Ulster, 46 m. long and 37 broad ; bounded on the
N. by Londonderry, E. by Armagh and Loch
Naeh, S. W. by Fermanagh, and W. by Donegal.
It is divided into 35 parishes, contains about 28,
700 inhabitants, and sends three members toparlia-
ament. It is a rough country, but tolerably fer-
tile. The capital is Dungannon.
Tyrone, p.t. Steuben Co. N. Y. 240 m. W. Al-
bany. Pop. 1,880; townships in Perry, Fayette
and Huntingdon Cos. Pa.
Tyrrell, a county of N. Carolina. Pop. 4,732.
Columbia is the capital.
Tysted, a town of Denmark, in N. Jutland, with
a citadel, seated on the gulf of Lymford, 46 m.
W. of Alburg. Long. 8. 25. E., lat. 56. 54. N.
Tyvy,oT Teife, a river of Wales in Cardiganshire,
which issues from a lake on the E. side of the
county, and flows by Tregannon, Llanbeder, New-
castle and Cargan, into Cadigan Bay.
Tzaritzyn, a town of Russia in the government
of Saratof; seated on the Volga, 120 m. N. W. of
Astracan. Long. 45. 25. E., lat 48. 0. N.
Tzcrm^z, a town of European Turkey, in Ro-
mania near the river Tzerna, 32 m. N. N. E. of
Adrianople.
Tzivilsk, a town of Russia in the government
of Kasan, 56 m. W. of Kasan. Long. 47 25. E
lat. 55. 40. N.
Tzuruchatu, Staroi, a. town of Russia _in the
government of Irkutsk, seated on the Arguni.a,
on the borders of China, 160 m. S. E of Ner-
tchinsk. Long. 119. 32. E., lat. 49. 18. N.
U
UBEDA, a town of Spain, in Andalusia, with
a strong castle ; seated in a fertile country, near
the river Guadalquivir, 22 m. N. E. of Jaen.
Ubcrltngen, a town of Baden, in the district of
Furstenburg. The principal trade is in corn to
Switzerland ; and near it are famous baths. It is
seated on a high rock, 7 m. N. of Constance.
Ubersko, a town of Bohemia, in the circle of
Chrudin, 10 m. E. N. E. of Chrudin.
Ubcs, St., or Setuval, a fortified sea-port of Port-
ugal, in Estremadura, with a strong citadel, and a
good harbour, defended by three forts. It is built
on the ruins of the ancient Setebriga, at the head
of a bay, near the influx of the Cadaon, and has
a good trade, particularly in salt, of which a
freat quantity is sent to the colonies in America.
t stands at the end of a plain, 5 m. in length, ex-
tremely fertile in corn, wine, and fruits ; the N.
end bounded by mountains, covered with pines
and other trees, and containing quarries of jasper
of several colours. 20 m. S. E. of Lisbon. Lone.
8. 54. W., lat. 38. 22. N.
Ubigau, a town of Saxony, seated on the El-
ster, 28 m. S. E. of Wittenburg.
Uby, an island on the E. side of the entrance
of the gulf of Siam, 20 m. in circumference. It
yields good water and plenty of wood. Long. 104.
46. E., lat. 8. 55. N.
Ucayal. See Aimrimac.
Ucedo, or Uzeda, a town of Spain, in New
Castile, with a castle ; seated on the Xarama, 32
m. a.H. £. of Madrid.
TJcker, a river which issues from a lake of the
same name, near Prenzlo, in Brandenburg, flows
N. into Pomerania, and being joined by the Ran-
do, enters the Frisch Haff" at Uckermunde.
Ucker Mark, the former name of that part of
Brandenburg which bordered on Pomerania, be-
tween Mecklenburg and the Oder. It now forms
part of the Prussian government of Potsdam.
Uckermunae. a town of Prussia, m Pomerania,
seated on the Frisch Haff", at the influx of the
Ucker, 32 m. N. W. of Stettin.
Uddevalla, a sea-port of Sweden, in the prov-
ince of Bahus. The streets are spacious, but
the houses are built of wood, and the town was
therefore almost entirely destroyed in tlie fire of
1806. The chief trade is in iron, planks, and her-
rings. It is situate on a bay of the Categat, 50
m.N. by W. of Gotheburg. Long. 11. 50. E.,
lat 58. 24. N.
Udina, or Udine, a city of Austrian Italy, cap-
ital of a delegation of its name which comprises
almost the wliole of the former Venetian Friuli,
with a citadel. It is the see of an archbishop, and
contains 18,000 inhabitants. A treaty between
the Austrians and French was signed here in
1797. It is seated in a large plain, on the river
and canal called La Roia, 20 m. N. W. of Aquileia
and 65. N. E. of Venice.
Udinskoi, a town of Siberia, in the government
of Irkutsk, seated on the Seligna, 150 ra. E. of
Irkutsk. Long. 108. 20. E., lat. 52. N.
DI^
741
UL0
Udipu, a town of Hindoostan, in Canara near
which is a small fort. Here are three temples,
placed in a common square, and surrounded by
14 larwe convents. It stands amid rice fields,
beautifully intermixed with palm gardens, 2 ra.
from the sea, and 36. N. N. W. of Mangalore.
Udskoi, a town of Siberia, in the province of
Okhotsk, situate on the Ud, 300 m. S. W., of
Okhotsk. Long. 135. 30. E., lat. 55. 6. N.
Udvarhely, a town of Transylvania capital of a
district of its name, with a considerable trade in
honey, wax, &c. 22 m. E. N. E. of Schoesburg,
and 78 S. E. of Clausenbug.
Uelzen, a town of Hanover, in Luneburg, noted
as the birthplace of Zimmerman. It is situate on
an island in the river Ilmeran. 22 m. S. of Lune-
burg.
Ufa, a government of Asiatic Russia, formerly
included in the government of Tobolsk. It is
divided into the two provinces of Ufa and Oren-
burg.
t^a, the capital of the above government, seat-
ed on the river Ufa, near its confluence with the
Bielaia,760 m. E. by S. of Moscow. Long. 56.
0. E., lat. 54. 50. N.
Uffenheim, a town of Bavarian Franconia, in the
district of Anspach, with a castle ; situate on the
Gollace, 15 m. N. by E. of Rottenburg and 22 S.
E. of Wurtzburg.
Ugento, a town of Naples, in Terra d'Otranto,
and a bishop's see, 8 m. W. of AUessama and 20
S. W. of Otranto.
Ugliani, a town of the Sardinan states, in
Piedmont, 9 m. N. of Ivrea and 16 E. S. E. of
Aosta.
Uglich, a town of Russia, in the government of
Jaroslaul, with a trade in leather and soap ; seat-
ed on the Volga, 45 m. W. of Jaroslaul.
Ugogna, a town of Austrian Italy, 45 m. N. W.
of Milan.
Uist, J^orth and South, two islands of the Heb-
rides, on the W. coast of Scotland. N. Uist is 22
rn. long and 17 broad, and the face of the coun-
try corresponds with that of Lewes. S. Uist is
23 m. long and 7 broad, and the trees are here
equally unknown. Many cows are annually ex-
ported ; but the staple commodity is kelp, of
which about 1,100 tons are annually manufac-
tured in each. The island of Benbecula lies be-
tween them, and they are each about 16 m. to
the W. of the most western point in the Isle of
Skye.
Ukenskoi, a town of Russia, in the government
»f Tobolsk, at the conflux of the Irtisch and Oby,
19fi m. N. of Tobolsk. Long. 69. 15. E., lat. 61.
10. N.
Ukraine, a country of Europe, lying on the
borders of Poland, Russia, and Little Tartary. Its
name signifies a frontier. By a treaty between
Russia and Poland, in 1693, the latter remained
in possession of the Ukraine, on the W. side of
the Dnieper, wiiich constituted a palatinate called
Kiov ; while the E. side was allotted to Russia,
and called the government of Kiov, but Russia
having obtained the polish part, by the treaty of
partition, in 1793, the whole belongs now to that
power. That part of the Ukraine on the W. side
of the Dnieper is but indifferently cultivated ;
but that on theE. side, inhabited by the Cossacs,
is in much better condition. The principal town
is Kiov. See Cossacs.
Ulala, a town of Hindoostan, in Canara, 3 m.
S. W. of Magalore.
Ulavoolfl. town of Scotland in RosB-shire, on the
E. side of the entrance of Loch Broom, at tl^
mouth of a river of its name, with a good har-
bour and commodiouc road. It is a great fishing
station and situate in the midst of a wodl country,
48 m. W. by N. of Tain. Long. 5. 5. W., lat.
57. 50. N.
Ulea, or Ulaborg, an extensive province to the
N. of Finland, and extending along the S. coast
of the gulf of Bothnia. It was long subject to
Sweden, but, since 1309, it forms a circle of the
Russian government of Abo. The population
is thinly scattered, the chief part of the surface
being covered with forests, marshes, and rocks
Uleaborg, the capital of the preceding prov
ince, and the largest town in E. Bothnia, with a
castle on an island, and a cAmmodious harbour.
In 1714 this town was demolished by the Rus-
sians, to whom the Swedes surrendered it in
1608. It is situate at the mouth of a river of the
same name 340 m. N. by E. of Abo. Long. 24.
40. E., lat.&5. 30. N.
Uiietea, one of the Society isles, in the S.Pacific.
See Raiatea.
UUswati.r, a lake of England, on the borders of
Westmoreland and Cuniberland, 10 m. N. of Am-
bleside. It is 8 m. long, and abounds with Char
and other fish. The report of guns, discharged
in certain stations on the lake, is reverberated from
rock to rock, promontory, cavern, ai;d hiil,
with every variety of sound. Tiie river Eamont
flows through this lake,andby Penrith to the Eden,
forming that part of tUe boundary line between
the two counties.
Ulm, a city of Germany, in Wurtemberg. It
is a fortified, large, and handsome place ; in which
the archives of the late imperial towns of Suabia
were preserved, and where the diet of the circle
was generally held. The cathedral is a large
magnificent structure. Here i^.^n excellent col-
lege, with a theological seminary annexed ; and
a convent for the daughters of the nobility and cit-
izens, who are here educatfed, and afterwards at
liberty to marry. Its other most remarkable build-
inors are the abbey of St. Nlchael, commonly called
Wengen, the town-house, the arsenal, the maga-
zines, and the valuable town Hbrary. The inhabit-
ants are protestants, and estimated at 16,000;
they have a good trade in linens, fustians, paper
wine, and wool. The duke of Bavaria took it in
1702, by stratagem ; but surrendered it after the
battle of Blenheim, in 1704. In 1796 it was ta-
ken by the French, and it surrendered to them
in 1805, with the flower of the Austrian army,
under general Mack, consisting of 60.000 men.
In 1810 it was transferred to Wurtemberg. It is
seated at the confluence of the Blau with the
Danube, opposite the influx of the lUer, 38 m
W. by N. of Augsburg and 40. S E. of Stuttgard.
Long. 9. 56. E., lat. 48. 24. N.
Ulotho, or Vlotkow, a town of Prussian West-
phalia, in the county of Ravensburg, near vhich
is a medicinal spring. 6 m. S. of Minden.
Uirichstein, a town of Germany, in Hesse-Darm-
stadt, with a fortified castle, 25 m. S. E. of Mar-
burg.
IMrichskamn, a town of Sweden, in W. Goth-
land, formerly called Bogesund, the present name
being given it in 1741, in compliment to queen
Ulrica Eleanora. It has a considerable trade in
cattle, provisions, tobacco, &c., and is 50 ra. £.
of Gotheburg.
J7i!5«er, a province of Ireland, 116 m. long and
100 broad ; bounded on the E by the Irish Sea,
N. by th« Northern Ocean, W. bj the Atlanlio
3R
UND
743
UNI
Ocean, S. W. by the province of Connaught, and
S. by that of Leinster. It contains the counties
of Donegal, Londonderry, Antrim, Tyrone, Fer-
managh, Monaghan, Armagh, Down, and Cavan.
The principal place is Londonderry.
Ulster, a county of New York. Pop. 36,55L
Kingston is the capital ; p.t. Bradford Co. Pa.
Ultzen, or Veltzen, a town of the Netherlands,
in N. Holland, with a trade in flour and wool.
50 m. N. of Haarlem,
Uherstone, a town in Lancaster, Eng. 261 m.
N. N. W. of London.
Ulysses, a township of Tompkins Co. N. Y.
Pop. 3,130.
Umhago<r, a lake lying between N. Hamp-
shire and Maine, 18 m. long and 10 broad. Its
waters flow into the Androscoggin.
Umo, or Umca, a province of Sweden, compri-
sing W. Bothnia, Umea Lapmark, and nearly all
Swedish Lapland. It has an area of 65,000 sq.
m. with about 80,000 inhabitants.
Uma, or Umea, a sea-port of Sweden, in W.
3othma, capital of the above province, at the
mouth oi the river Uma, in the gulf of Bothnia.
The houses are built of wood ; and it was twice
burnt bv the Russians. 310 m. N. by E. of
Stockholm. Long. 19. 18. E., lat. 63 58. N.
Umago, a small sea-port of Austrian Illyria,
in Istria, seated near the gulf Largona, 12 m. S.
W. of Capo d' Istria.
Umbria, a province of Italy, now called the
duchy of Spoleto,
Umbriatico, a town of Naples, in Catabria, seat-
ed on the Lipuda, 15 m. N. by W. of St. Seve-
rina.
Ummerapoora, one of the most flourishing and
well-built cities of Asia, once the metropolis of
Birmah, with a spacious and regular fort, com-
pletely fortified after the eastern manner. It was
founded in 1783 by the emperor Minderagree, 4
m. to the N. E. of Ava, the ancient capital. The
houses are raised on posts from the grouufd ; the
smaller supported by bamboos, the larger by strong
timber The streets are all straight, many of them
wide, paved with brick, and frequently crossed by
others at right angles. The royal palace is a
splendid edifice, within the fort, and no nobleman
of the court was permitted to enter it with his
ftet covered. The temples and monasteries are
numerous, and though in general composed of
wood are very magnificent : the unbounded ex-
penditure of gilding, which is bestowed on the
outside of the roofs, particularly on the lofty spires,
renders them objects of extraordinary splendor.
Ummerapoora is situate on a peninsula, formed
by the Irrawaddy on the W. and a narrow chan-
nel branching E. from the river, which soon takes
a N. direction and expands to a lake on the E.
side of the city, 7 m. long and one and a half
broad. 250 m. E. of Calcutta and 620 N. N. W.
of Siam. Long. 76. 7. E., lat. 21. 57. N.
Unadilla, p.t. Otsego Co. N. Y. on the Susque-
hanna. Pop. 2,313.
VncasviUe, p. v. N. London Co. Conn. 45 m.
8. E. Hartford.
UndertDalden,a. canton of Switzerland, bounded
on the N. by the canton of Lucern and the Lake
of the Four Cantons, E. by high mountains which
separate it from the canton of Uri, S. by Mount
Brunich which parts it from the canton of Bern,
and W. by that of Lucern. It is 24 m. long and
20 broad, contains an area of 300 sq. m. with
23,000 inhabitants, and is divided into the Upper
•nd Lower Vallejr, by a forest called Kesterwald,
which crosses the canton from N to S. Th«
country abounds in fruit and cattle, but produces
little corn and no wine. The inhabitants are
Roman Catholics. Stanz is the capital of the
Lower Valley, and Sarnen of the Upper and of
the whole canton.
Ungvar, a town and fort of Hungary, capital of
a palatinate of the same name. It stands in an
island formed by the Ung, 57 m. E. of Cassovia.
Long. 22. 23. E., lat. 48. 42. N.
Ungnin, a small island in the N. Pacific Ocean
near the W. coast of America, so named by th«
Russians. Long. 198. 44. E., lat. 55. N.
Unhuca, a small island in the Indian sea, at the
entrance of the bay of Leronzo Marques. Lat.
26.5. N.
UiJiosl, or ^nhost, a town in Bohemia, in Sclia-
lan ; 8 m. S. Schalan, 9 m. W. Prague. Pop
992.
Uniego, a town of Poland, in the palatinate of
Lenczicz, with a fine castle belonging to the arch-
bishop of Gnesen, seated on the Warta, 20 ra. S.
S. W. of Lenczicz.
Union, a county of the W. Dis. of Pennsylvania.
Pop. 20.749. New Berlin is the capital. A coun-
ty of Ohio. Pop. 3,192. Marysville is the capi-
tal. A county of Kentucky. Pop. 4,435. Mor-
ganfield is the capital. A county of Illinois.
Pop. 3,239. Jonesborough is the capital. A
county of Indiana. Pop. 7,957. Liberty is the
capital. Acounty of Arkansas. Pop. 640 Corea
Fabre is the capital. A District of S. Carolina.
Pop 17,908. Unionville is the capital.
Union, p.t. Lincoln Co. Me. Pop. 1,612; p.t.
Tolland Co. Conn. Pop. 711 ; p.t. Brown Co.
N. Y. Pop. 2,112; p.t. Essex Co. N. J ; town-
ships in Erie, Huntingdon, Luzerne, Fayette,
Mifilin and Schuylkill Cos. Pa; and towns and
villages in Loudon and Monroe Cos. Va., Union
Dis. S. C. Union, Belmont, Washington, Law-
rence, Knox, Ross, Highland, Champaign, Logan,
Madison, Fayette, Clinton, Scioto, Warren. But-
ler, Muskingum, Clermont, Miami, Morgan, Lick-
ing, Harrison and Brown Cos. Ohio.
Union Society, p. v. Green Co. N. Y.
Union Springs, p.v. Cayuga Co. N. Y ; p.v.
Fayette Co. Pa.
Uniontoion, p.v. Frederick Co. Maryl ; p.v. Fay-
ette Co. Pa; p.v. Belmont Co. Ohio; p.v. Mus-
kingum Co. Ohio ; a town in Pike Co. Ohio.
Unionvi'le, p.v. Orange Co N. Y. Chester Co.
Pa. and Georgia Co. Ohio.
United Provinces of South America, called also
Buenos Ayres, from the name of the chief city,
and sometimes the Argentine Republic, from the
etymology of the river La Plata ; a republic of
South America lying upon the La Plata and its
tributary streams.
The present political boundaries are Boli-
via on the N. Paraguay, Banda Oriental and
the Atlantic Ocean on the E. Patagonia on
the S. and Chile on the W. It contains 600,000
sq. m. and is divided into 13 provinces. This
country resembles an extensive amphitheatre,
bounded laterally by the Andes and the
Brazilian mountains, and on the N. by a tract
of mountains, denominated those of Chiqui-
tos, which running N. W. from the Andes of La
Paz and Potosi, and crossing the Parana, are con-
nected with the Brazilian chain, — leaving to-
wards the S. E. the immense opening of the llio
de la Plata, like a wide and magnificent portal
proportioned to the grandeur, importance, and ex
tent of the region to which it gives access. With
UNI
743
UNI
in these limits — some scattered and intermediate
ridges excepted — the country is extremely level,
the°hills generally not exceedinor 540 feet of ele-
vation above their bases ; and the whole being a
vast extended plain, covered with lakes and in-
numerable rivers, many of which, though equal
to some of the largest in Europe, flow unregard-
ed and nameless, and are viewed merelj' as tribu-
tary streams. Few of them, however, reach the
sea, being either lost in the lakes, or stopped in
tiie level plains, where they are soon absorbed or
insensibly evaporated. The uniform levelness
of this tract is so great, that it has been calculated
by barometrical observation, that the great river
Paraoruay, in its progress to the south, does not
fall above one foot in perpendicular height, be-
tween the parallels of 18. and 22. S. lat. or 230
miles direct distance, but much more by the
course of the stream. Even when the winds from
the S. E. occasion the rivers of Buenos Ayres to
rise seven feet above their usual level, this rise is
observed in the Parana, at the distance of 60
leagues. In consequence of this flatness of the
'soil, the rains which fall on the Andes are sto{>-
pcd where they descend into the plains, and are
insensibly evaporated ; so that a number of rivu-
lets which, if collected on a different configura-
tion of surface, would form a large stream, are
thus stopped and annihilated. This physical de-
fect cannot be supplied by any artificial means;
for the same cause which prevents the superflu-
ous moisture from finding its way to the sea,
would equally prevent its conveyance by canals.
In Buenos Ayres, and other towns situated on
the banks of rivers, it is always found necessary
to use a pump, in order to raise the water to the
level of the town. This very circumstance,
which pr jduces the effects above described, is
equally favourable to the formation of lakes. As
the superfluous waters caused by the periodical
rains, have no outlet, from the defect of descent,
and cannot be absorbed by the soil, they are
necessarily collected in the flat parts of the coun-
try, where they spread to a great extent, cover-
ing an immense space, but of no depth any
where.
Most of the lakes are of this description ; and
among these is the celebrated lake of Xarayes,
which is nothing else than the superfluous waters
of the Paraguay, when swelled by the tropical
riins, spread over an immense flat, and partly
evaporated, and partly carried off^ by tJie river
when it begins to retire within its banks. This
marsh was formerly supposed to be its source ;
and many fables were circulated concerning it, as
having a beautiful island in its centre ; which,
from the salubrity of its atmosphere, its perennial
verdure, and exuberant fertility, was called ' the
Island of Paradise,' and was said to be inhabited
by the Orejones, a Peruvian tribe, which had
taken refuje here at the time of the conquest.
The number of crocodiles in this marsh is im-
mense ; and in the vicinity are found pumas,
jaguars, stags, and monkeys of various kinds;
the country also swarms with ants, moschetoes,
and innumerable noxious insects. During the
inundation, the Portuguese (from their settle-
ments on the Cuyaba) cross it in canoes and
small barks. When the inundation has ceased,
the whole plain is completely dry, and covered
with weeds and other plants. Of the same kind
are the lakes of Jtcruasacaty in S. lat. 25., and
JVumhucu, in 27. S. lat., and in general all those to
the E. of the Paraguay.
The lake of Iberi, or Caracares, lies between
the Uraguay and the Parana. For 30 league*,
the northern boundary of this lake runs parallel
with the former river, and extends as far to the
south. From its S. extremity the river Mirinay
runs into the Uraguay ; and from its W. and S
W. sides, three other large streams issue, namely
the Santa Lucia, Corientcs, and Batiles, and fall
into the Parana. None of these streams are for-
dable. Its greatest breadth is 46 miles. This
lake neither receives rivers, brooks, nor sprino-s,
but is entirely nourished by the simple filtration
of the waters of the Parana, — a phenomenon of
which there is not another known instance in the
world. This filtration alone supplies not only
the four great rivers issuing from it, but also the
vast quantity carried off" bv evaporation from a
surface of 8,000 square miles; which, according
to Halley's calculation, must be equal to 70,000
tons daily, allowing the mean temperature to be
the same as that of England. This watery ex
pause, however, is generally very shallow, and
filled with aquatic plants, so that its interior is
completely inaccessible. The islands with which
it is studded are well-stocked with deer and other
game: flocks of wild fowl are always skimming
on its surface , its fish are numerous, and very
sweet and fresh, and many flourishing settle-
ments are made on its shores. This lake over-
flows twice-a-year. During the intf.rvals be-
tween the inundations, it has the appeararjce of
an immense swamp, with 12 lakes dispersed at
different distances.
There are other lakes, which stagnate in ex-
tensive flats, and being shallow, cover a great
surface of ground ; and which, consequently di-
minish the quantity of arable land. In the south-
ern parts of this territory, and E. of the Plata,
a chain of salt lakes extends E. from the Andes
to this river. One of these lakes, in particular,
360 miles S. W. of Buenos Ayres, is remarkably
salt. It is about 18 miles in circuit ; and the
salt found at the bottom is so hard and thick,
that it is difficult to break it with iron tools.
About 300 carts are annually loaded with it, and
carried to Buenos Ayres; and what is very re-
markable in this chain is, that a few of the lakes
are fresh, though during the rains they are so
swelled as to communicate frequently with those
that are salt. All the springs throughout the
greater part of the flat country W. of the Parana
and Paraguay, are more or less salt, and few of
the rivers can be drunk till they enter the Parana.
The soil of this region, extending about 700 m. in
length, and 190 ra. in breadth, is saturated with
fossil salt.
The western parts of this country, are generally
mountainous, comprehending within their limits
some of the loftiest ridges of the Andes. From
the great chain of Andes, branches diverge in dif-
ferent places, extending far into the interior. Of
these, the mountains of Cordova Achala, in the
province of Tucuman, and those of the still more
western province of Cuyo, form secondary ridges ;
and another ridge of the same kind branch-es off
in the latitude of the great river Colorado, or
Desaguadero, which, under the Indian apf>ellation
of Casuhati, runs nearly across to the Atlantic.
The southern mountains are covered with thick
impenetrable woods, and are little known. The
Brazilian range on the E. is also of secondary
elevation, generally covered with thick forests,
interspersed with extensive tracts wholly desti-
tute of vegetation. This extensive chain iti con-
sm
744
mi
nected with Ihe Andes dn the W. and N. W., by
an intermediate range, called the mountains of
Chigvitos.
This country is noted for the vast plains, call-
ed pampas. From the banks of the Paraguay
immense plains extend westward to the frontiers
of Los Charcas, and northward to the mountains
of Chiquitos. These plains are generally elevated
and dry, though traversed by numerous rivers.
They are skirted by extensive and ancient forests,
which afford shelter to the wild animals of the
country, and are inhabited by Gauchos and other
scattered tribes of Indians, who roam over their
deserts in a state of savage independence. See
Pampas.
A country so extensive as Buenos Ayres, must
possess a great variety both of climate and soil.
While, on the frozen summits of the Andes, the
cold is intolerable even in summer, in the plains
the heats of summer are extremely oppressive.
The S. W. wind prevails only about one month
during the year. In the northern parts of the
country, and in the interior, the W. wind is
scarcely known, and seldom lasts three hours to-
gether. At Buenos Ayres, and on the coast, the
winds are more violent ; the westerly wind is
most common, and, sweeping down the immense
plains of the interior, rushes over upon the coast
with inconceivable violence. The S. E. wind is
generally followed by rains in winter, and by dry
weather in summer. In the spring and summer
these winds are often very violent, raising clouds
of dust which obscure the sun, and which cause
great inconvenience to the inhabitants, by des-
troying their clothes, and penetrating into their
houses and apartments. The atmosphere is very
humid, and the apartments wiiich have a southern
exposure have always wet floors.
But, notwithstanding the exuberant fertility and
benign temperature which pervades the greater
part of this extensive country, its cultivation has
been greatlj' neglected ; and a colony which have
been the granary of Europe, has hitherto produced
little more than what merely supplies its own
wants. The native pride and indolence of the
Spaniards, and the extreme sluggishness of the
Indians, effectually stop all agricultural improve-
ments in this part of the New World ; and exten-
sive plains, watered by innumerable streams, are
only employed to rear and fatten cattle.
The inhabitants of this extensive country are
composed of the same classes as those of the other
Spanish colonies, viz. : European Spaniards,
C'reoles, people of Colour, Negroes, and Indians.
Of these, the Europeans held (till the late revo-
lution) the first rank: and filled, with few excep-
tions, every ofKce of trust, power, and influence,
in the country. The Creoles who have at pres-
Bnt gained the ascendency, held an inferior opli
tical rank to the Europeans. The people of colour,
the negroes, and Indians, still hold the same rel-
ative situations in society, — the Indians, as usual,
being lowest in the scale. It is difficult to fix
the number of inhabitants, and the relative pro-
portions of the classes to each other.
The internal commerce of Buenos Ayres, or
that carried on with its own provinces, is consid-
erable. Of this traffic, the herb of Paraguay forms
the most important branch : 2,500,000 lbs. of it
pass annually into Peru, and 1,000,000 lbs. into
Chile. It is conveyed in covered waggons drawn
by oxen, from Santa Fe to Jujuy and Mendoza ,
and from thence is carrried on the backs of mules
to Potosi, La Paz, Peru, and Chile. In Paraguay,
the price of this article is 4 dollars, or 18s. per
arroba of 25 lbs. At Potosi, however, the price is
more than double, and increases as it proceeds
north. Immense droves of cattle pass annually
into Peru ; and 60,000 mules of two years old,
are annually purchased in the territory, for
that country. The greatest part of European com
modifies consumed in Chile, are drawn from
Buenos Ayres. A considerable commerce is also
carried on with the independent tribes that sur-
round the country, particularly with the Pap
pas and Puelches. Some gold of a very superior
quality, which is supposed to be collected among
the mountains and upland springs on the banks
of the Uraguay, has been lately brought to Bueno?
Ayres by the Indians, who contrive to barter it
with the Americans or other foreign merchants.
The foreign commerce of this country is trans-
acted chiefly at Buenos Ayres, from which place
are exported hides, tallow, corn, beef, furs and
peltry, gold and silver. The government is re-
publican, but has been for some time in an unset-
tled state. Buenos Ayres is the capital. This
country was formerly a viceroyalty under the
Spanish goverment but revolted and declared its
independence immediately after the invasion of
Spain by the French in 1808. The population is
above 2,000,000.
United States of America, a federative republic,
ocupying the middle division of North America,
and consisting of the States of Maine, New Hamp-
shire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island,
Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylva-
nia, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, N. and S.
Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, Louisiana, Missis-
sippi, Tennessee, Kentucky, Ohio, Indiana, Illiil-
ois, and Missouri, all which are independent states
with regard to their internal gCiVernment, and the
Territories of Florida, Michigan, Arkansas, Mis-
souri, Oregon and the district of Columbia, which
are under the dominion of the general government.
This republic is bounded N. by British and Rus-
sian America, E. by the Atlantic Ocean, S. by the
Atlantic, the Gulf of Mexico, the Mexican ter-
ritories, and W. by the Mexican territories,and the
Pacific Ocean. It extends from 25. to 55. N. lat.
and from 43. 5. to about 130. W. long, and con-
tains upwards of 2,300,000 square miles.
This country is traversed by two great chams
of mountains ; the Rocky mountains which are a
continuation of the great Mexican chain and pass
through the western territories of the United
States in a northwesterly direction toward the
Frozen Ocean ; and the Apalachian chain, which
has its whole extent in this country and stretches
from the southeastern side of the Mississippi
valley, in a northeast direction parallel to the coast
of the United States nearly to the Gulf of St.
Lawrence. The different ridges of this chain,
UNI
T45
UPP
are known by a variety of names from the Cum-
berland Mountains of Tennessee, to the White
Mountains of New Hampshire, and the highlands
of Maine, but they may be considered as all con-
stituting one system. An inferior range of moun-
tains compared with these two are the Ozark and
Masserne mountains, which may be regarded as
detached branches of the Mexican chain stretch-
ing northwestly into Missouri and Arkansas.
The rivers wliich water the different parts of the
United States are among the largest in t-he world,
and the Missouri from its source in the Rocky
Mountains to its outlet in the Gulf ef Mexico, is
the largest river on the globe. The rivers which
rise on the southeastern slope of the Apalachian
mountains, and flow into the Atlantic are not
comparable to the streams of the west for length,
yet are highly useful in navigation. The Atlantic
coast is indented by innumerable bays and har-
bours, affording vast advantages for commerce,
and the internal navigation of the country is as-
sisted by a great number of canals, the chief of
which are those uniting the great lakes of Canada
with the rivers of the Atlantic and the Gulf of
Mexico. The varieties of climate, soil, natural
productions and agricultural industry, will be
found minutely specified under the heads of the
several states. For exact statistical details the
reader is referred to the tables in the Appendix.
The population of the United States at the
census of 1830 was 12,856,165, excluding the
Indians. Since 1790 it has increased on an average
one third every ten years. The number of In-
dians is estimated at 313,000. The commercial
imports for ISoO were 70,876,920 dollars; the
exports of domestic produce 59,462,029 dollars ;
total exports 73,849,508. The enrolled and licen-
bed shipping at the end of the year 1828 amount-
ed to 1,741,391 tons. The navy consists of7ship3
of the line, 12 frigates and 13 sloops of war and
several small vessels. There are 5 ships of the
line and 6 frigates in building. The army is
restricted by law to 6,186 men.
Since 1810 there appears to have been no at-
tempt at an exact estimation of the annual value
of manufactures At that period they were com-
puted at above 170,000,000 dollars ; their value at
present is doubtless quadrupled. The money coin-
ed at the mint of the United States in 1831 was
3,92.1,473 dollars. The public debt is expected to
be paid off in the course of the present year, 18.32.
The total expenditure of the U. S. government
for 1830 was 12,729,533 dollars. The nett revenue
for the same year was 22,697. (579 dollars. There
are in the U. S. 48 colleges, 21 Theological semi-
naries, 7 medical schools, 9 law schools, and above
12.000 churches ; of which the Baptist and Meth-
odists have together 4,484, the Presbyterians 1,472,
the Cono-regationalists 1,331, the Episcopalians
932, the Catholics 784, the Dutch Reformed 602,
the Quakers 562, the Universalists298, the Luthe-
rans 249, the Unitarians 127, the Calvinistic Bap-
tists 84, the S wedenborgians 73, the Moravians 56,
and the Jews 96 synagogues.
The United States form together a federal
republic. Each state is independent, and has
a separate legislature, executive, and judiciary ;
but the defence of the country, the regulation of
commerce, and the general interests of the confed-
eracy, are entrusted to the general government.
The legislative power is vested in a congress,
composed of a senate, consisting of 2 members
from each state, chosen by the state legislatures for
^ years; and of a house of representatives, elect-
9i
ed by the people for 2 years. The exeouitve
power is vested in a president, who, together with
a vice president, is chosen for 4 years by electors
from all the states. The principal subordinate
officers in the executive department, are the sec-
retaries of state, of the treasury, of war, and of the
navy. The judiciary is independent of the legisla-
ture. The supreme court is composed of 7 judges.
All power originates with the people. The con-
stitution secures to the citizens the grand princi-
ples of freedom, liberty of conscience in matters
of religion, liberty of the press, trial by jury, and
the right of choosing and being chosen to office.
Washington is the capital.
These States were most of them originally col-
onies of Great Britain. The first settlement made
by the English was in Virginia in 1607 : although
Florida afterwards acquired by the United States
from the Spaniards, was settled earlier. The oldest
American town is St. Augustine which was foun-
ded about the year 1564. The dates of the settle-
ment of the several slates and their local histories
will be found under the head of each. In 1775
the attempt of the British government to tax the
colonies without their consent caused a revolt,and
the Independence of the American states was de-
clared on the 4th of July 1776, a desperate war
with the mother country followed, but it was
found impossible by the British to bring the
Americans to submission, and in 1783 peace was
concluded, and the independence of the states ac-
knowledged by the king of Great Britain. The
States enjoyed their separate independent gov-
ernments till 1788 when the present constitution
and federal government were established.
Unitia, p. v. Blount Co. Ten.
Unity, p.t. Waldo Co. Me. on the Kennebec,
30 m. above Augusta. Pop. 1,299 ; p. v. Sullivan
Co. N. H. 32 m. N. W. Concord. Pop. 1,258.
A township of Westmoreland Co. Pa; p. v. Mont-
gomery Co. Maryl. a township of Columbiana Co.
Ohio.
Unna, a river of European Turkey, which rises
in Bosnia, on the frontiers of Croatia, passes by
Wihitsch, and joins the Save, 16 m. above Gra-
disca.
Unnary, a town of Sweden, in the province of
Smoland, 43 m. W. of Mexio.
Unst, the most northern of the Shetland Isl-
ands, lO m. long and 4 broad, and more level than
the other isles. It feeds many sheep, horned
cattle, and hogs ; and about 80 tons of cured fish
are annually exported. Long. 1. 10. W., lat. 61.
10. N.
Utiterscen, a town of Switzerland, in the canton
of Bern, near which is the famous cavern, of St.
Pat. It is seated on the river Aar, between the
lakes Brientz and Thun, 25 m. S. S. E. of
Bern.
Unza, a town of Russia, in the province of the
same name, in the government of Kostroma. It
is situate on the river Unza, 92 m. E. N. £. of
Kostroma.
Upland, a province of Sweden, between Suder-
mania, Westmania, Gestricia, and the Baltic. It
is 70 m. long and 45 broad, contains an area of
500 sq. ra., with 250,000 inhabitants, and is ex
tensively covered with shapeless stones and im-
penetrable woods, but enriched with inexhaustible
mines of copper, iron , and silver. Stockholm is
the capital.
Upper, a township of St. Lawrence Ct . Ohio.
Upper Z^aWiw, a township of Montgomery Co.
Pa.
3R
UHA
746
vm
Upper Freehold, a township of Monmouth Co.
N. J.
Upper Lisle, p.v. Broome Co. N. Y.
Upper Marlborough, p.v. Prince George Co.
Maryl.
Upper Sandusky, p.v. Crawford Co. Ohio, on
Sandusky River.
Upperville, p.v. Loudon Co. Va.
Upfiingknm, a town in Rutlandshire, Eng. 89
m. N. by W. of London.
Upsal, a city of Sweden, in Upland, and an
archbishop's see, with a university. It is divid-
ed into two almost equal parts by tlie river Sala
and the streets are drawn at right angles from a
central kind of square. A few of the houses are
built of brick, but the generality are constructed
of wood, painted red, and the roofs are covered in
with turf Upsal was formerly the metropolis of
Sweden, and near it is the morasten, or stone on
which the king used to be crowned. The cathe-
dral, a large structure of brick, contains the re-
mains of the celebrated Gu>stavu3 Vasa, and of
Charles Linne. The university is the most an-
cient in Sweden, and the first seminary in the
north for academical education. The royal socie-
ty here is likewise the oldest literary academy
in the north. Here is an observatory, planned
by the celebrated Celsius, from which the Swedish
geographers compute the longitude ; also a bo-
tanical garden, of which Linne was superinten-
dent. Upsal is seated in a vast open plain, fertile
tn corn, 35 m. N. N. W. of Stockholm. Long. 17.
39. E.,lat. 59. 52. N.
Upson, a county of Georgia. Pop. 7,013.
Upton, p.t. Worcester Co. Mass. 88 m. S. W.
Boston. Pop. l,l.'>7.
Upton, a town in Worcestershire, Eng. Ill m.
W. N. W. of London.
Urach, a town of Germany, in the kingdom of
Wurtemberg. It has a great trade in paper, da-
masks, and linen, and is 21 m. S. S. E. of Stut-
gard.
Uraguaij, a province of S. America, so named
from a large river, which unites with the Parana
70 m. above Buenos Ayres, and forms the famous
river Plata.
Ural, or Oural, a river of Russia, which rises
in Mount Caucasus, flows by Orenburg, Uralsk
and Gurief, and enters the Caspian Sea by three
mouths.
Ural Mountains, a chain of mountains extend-
ing from the 50th to nearly the 67th degree of
H. lat., or about 1,150 m., and sometimes called
by the Russians "the back of the world." The
central part of this chain abounds in metals ; and
they contain fine white marble. Pauda, one of
the highest mountains, is said to be 4,512 feet
above the level of the sea. This chain forms a
considerable part of the boundary between Europe
and Asia.
Uralian Cossacs, a Tartar tribe that inhabit the
Russian province of Orenburg, on the S. side of
the river Ural. These Cossacs are descended
from those of the Don ; and are a valiant race
They profess the Greek religion, but they are
dissenters from the established religion, whom
the Russians called Roskolniki, or Separatists,
and wlio style themselves Staroverski, or Old
Believers. They consider the service of the es-
tablished church as profane, and have tlieir own
priests and ceremonies. The Uralian Cossacs
are all enthusiasts for the ancienT ritual, and prize
their beards almost equal to their lives. A Rus-
sian ofiBcer having ordered a number of Cossao
recruits to be publicly shaved in the town of
Yaitsk, in 1771, this wanton insult excited an in-
surrection, which was suppressed for a time ; but
in 1773 an impostor, Pugatchef, who assumed the
name of Peter III., appeared among them ; and
taking advantage of this circumstance, roused
them once more into open rebellion. This was
suppressed by the defeat and execution of the
impostor; and in order, to extinguish all remem-
brance of this rebellion, the river Yaik was called
the Ural ; the Yaik Cossacs were denominat<*d
Uralian Cossacs ; and the town of Yaitsk was
named Uralsk. These Cossacs are very rich, in
consequence of their fisheries in the Caspian Sea.
Their principal fishery is for sturgeons and belu-
ga, whose roes supply large quantities of caviare;
and the fish, chiefly salted and dried, afibrd a con-
siderable article of consumption in the Russian
empire.
Uralsk, a town of Russia, capital of the country
of the Uralian Cossacs, was formerly called Yaitsk
and is seated on the river Ural, 375 m. N. N. E. of
Astracan. Long. 50. 10. E., lat. 52. 0. N.
Uranihurg, a once magnificent castle, of Den-
mark, in the island of Huen, now in ruins. It
was built by Tycho Brahe, a celebrated astrono-
mer, who called it Uraniburg, or Castle ol' the
Heavens, and here made his observations.
Urbunna, p.t. Steuben Co. JN. Y. 252. m. W.
Albany. Pop. 1,288; p.t. Charapaicrn Co. Ohio.
Pop. 1,103
Urbana, p.v. Middlesex Co. Pa. on the Rap-
pahannoc. 47 m. N. York. It has some com-
merce.
Urbunia, a town of Italy, in the delegation of
Urbino, built bv Urban VIII. ; seated on the Me-
tro. 7 m. S. S. W. of Urbino.
Urbino, a delegation of Italy, in the pope's dc
minions, comprising the greater part of the form-
er duchy of Urbino, with some adjoining districts.
The air is not deemed wholesome, nor is the soil
fertile. The chief production is silk, and game is
plentiful.
Urbino, a. city of Italy, capital of the foregoing
delegation, and an archbishop's see. The uni-
versity contains a noble college and 16 convents
Great quantities of fine earthenware are made here
and it is famous for being the birth-place of the
illustrious painter Raphael. It stands on a hilL
58 ni. E. of Florence and 120 N. of Rome.
Long. 12. 40. E., lat.43. 46. N.
Uredcn,a. town of Prussian Westphalia, in the
government of Munster.with manufactures of ex-
cellent linen ; seated on the Berckel, 26 m. W.
N. W. of Munster.
Urgel, a town of Spain in Catalonia, and a bish-
op's see. It is seated on the Segra, in a fertile
plain, surrounded by mountains planted with
vineyards, 78 m. N. N. W. of Barcelona. Lonf.
1.28. E., lat. 42.24. N.
Urghenz, a town of the country of Carcasm, of
which it was formerly the capital : seattd on a
small river which runs into the lake Aral, 90 m
N. N. W. of Khiva. Long. 58. 30. E., lat.
42^24. N.
Uri, a canton of Switzerland, 30 m. long, and
12 broad; bounded on the N. by the canton of
Sweitz and the Waldstadter Sea, E. by the can-
tons of Grisons and Glarus, S. by the bailiwics
of Italy, and W. by tiie cantons of Underwaldeii
and Bern. It has an area of 640 square miles
with 15,000 inhabitants. Altorf is the capital
See Schwe.ilz.
Uri, LMke of. See Waldstadter See.
vn
ni
UZE
Urseren, a town of Switzerland, in the canton
of Uri, situate on the Reuss 17 m. S. S. E. of
Altorf.
Ursitz, St., a town of Switzerland, in the canto 'i
of Bern, indebted for its origin to a hermitage,
built in the 7th century by St. Urslnius. It is
seated on the Doubs, 6 m. S. of Porentrui.
Usbec Tartary, a vast country of Western Tar-
tary, bounded on the N. by the country of the
Kalmucs and Turkestan, E. by Thibet, S.'by Hin-
"doostan and Persia, and W. by the Caspian Sea.
These Tartars are divided into several tribes, gov-
erned by their respective khans, or princes.
When under one sovereign, they were the most
powerful of all the Tartarian nations. The prin-
cipal khana pride themselves in being descended
from Tamerlane, whose birth-place was the an-
cient city of Samarcand. The Usbecs, in their
persons, are said to have better complexions, and
more engaging features than the Kaltnucs. Their
religion is Mahometisrn, and they diiferin general
very little from the people of the northern prov-
inces of Hindoostan.
Uscazia. See Scozia.
Useitom, an island of the Prussian States, in
Pomerania, in the Baltic Sea, between the mouths
of the Peene and Swin, with two forts named af-
ter these two rivers. It has a town of the same
name, on the S. W. coast, 40 m. N. W. of Stet-
tin. Long. 14. 2. E., lat. 53. 58. N.
Ushant, an island of France, on the coast
of the department of Finisterre, opposite Con-
quet. It is 8 m in circumference, and contains
several hamlets and a castle. Long. 5. 5. W.,
lat. 48. 28. N.
Vsingen, a town of Germany, in the duchy
of Nassau. It has a handsome castle, and is seat-
ed on tlie Usbach, 12 m. S. S. E. of Wielburg.
Usk, a town in Monmouthshire, Eng. 142 m.
W. by N. of London.
Ussel, a town of France, department of Correze,
39 m. N. E. of Tulle and 53 E. S. E. of Limoges.
Ustarkz, a town in the department of Lower
Pyrenees, 6 m. S. S. E. of Bayonne.
Ustica. a small island in the Mediterranean, 25
m. N. of the coast or Sicily. It was for centuries
nninhabited, except by wild goats, till in the year
1765, a citadel was built and a colony settled. The
island is without springs, and its only supply of
fresh water consists of rain kept in cisterns. Long.
13. 26. E., lat. 38.42. N.
listing, a town of Russia in the government of
Vologda, capital of a large district of its name
and an archbishop's see. Great quantities of
grain are sent hence to different parts. It is
seated on the Dwina, 464 m. N. E. of Moscow.
Utica, city, Oneida Co. N. Y. on the Mo-
hawk 96 m N. W. Albany, is one of the largest
and most flourishing towns in this part of the
state. It is regularly built, with broad and straight
streets, and handsome buildings. The Erie ca-
nal, the great road, and the river unite at this
point and secure this place a flourishing tr.ade ;
the surrounding country is fertile, Utica has 11
churches, 3 banks, a lyceum and a court house.
Pop. 8^23
Utica, p.v. Clarke Co. Ind. ; p.v. Licking Co.
Ohio.
Utrecht, one of the Dutch provinces, 30 m.
long and 20 broad ; bounded on the N. and W.
by Holland and the Zuyder Zee, E. and S. by
Guelderland. The soil is fertile, and there are
no inundations to fear as in the other provinces.
Utrecht, a fortified city of the Netherlands, cap-
tal of the foregoing province, with a famous uni-
versity. It is of a square form, about 3 miles in
circumferance, exclusive ol the suburbs, which
are considerable. The inh tbitants are estimated
at 3.5,000. The most distinguished of the public
buildings is the cathedral, liie tower of which is
very lofty, and said to be one of the handsomest
in the kingdom. The town-house is also a noble
building, and there are a great many charchf^s
and hospitals, schools for the fine arts, a hall of
paintings, several valuable libraries, «fec. The
principal manufactures are silk and fire arms ;
and in a palace called the Mall is an extensive
foundry for cannon balls. Two canals, called the
New Graft and the Vaert, run through the city,
and over them are 3G stone bridges. The envi-
rons are full of gardens, walks, and groves, which
added to the purity of the air, render Utrecht one
of the most agreeable places for residence in these
parts. Here the union of the Seven United
Provinces was begun in 1579 ; and here was con-
cluded, in 1713, the peace which terminated the
wars of queen Anne. Utrecht surrendered to
the Prussian* in 1787, and to the French in 1795,
each time without resistance. It is seated on
the Rhine, 18 m. S. E. of Amsterdam and 35 N.
N. W. of Nimeguen. Long. 5. 8. E., lat. 52. 6. N.
Utrera, a town of Spain, in Andalusia, near
which is a salt-spring, 21 m. S. of Seville.
Uttoxeter, a town in Staffordshire, Eng. with a
market on Wednesday, manufactures of cabinet-
ware, and a considerable trade in corn and cheese.
The parish church, the body of which has been re-
cently rebuilt, is a spacious Gothic edifice. The
other places of worship are two meeting-houses
for Methodists, and one for Quakers. It is seat-
ed on a risinor ground, near the river Dove, 14 ra.
N. E. of Stafford and 135 N. N. W. of London.
UtznarJt, a town of Switzerland, capital of a
bailiwic belonging to the cantons of Schweita
and Glaris. It is 3 m. N. from the lake of Zurich
and 15 N. by W. of glaris.
Uwchland, p.v. Chester Co. Pa.
Uxbridge,p.t. Worcester Co. Mass. 38 m. S. W.
Boston, on Blackstone River, with large manu>
factures of woolen. Pop. 2,086.
Uxhridge, a town in Middlesex, Eng. 15 m. W.
by N. of London.
UzeL, a town of France, department of Cotes
du Nord, 17 m. S. W of St Brieux.
Uzerche, a town in the department of Correze,
10 m. N. N. W. of Tulle and 36 S. S. E. of Limo-
ges.
Uzes, a town in the department of Gard, with
a spring that supplies the aqueduct of Nismes.
It is seated in a country abounding in corn, oil,
silk, and good wine, 12 m. N. of Nismes.
val
748
VAAST,ST., a town of France, department of
Manche, with a small harbour and some salt
works, 14 m. E. S. E. of Cherburg.
Vabres, a town in the department of Aveiron.
It has manufactures of serfres, dimities, and cot-
tons, and stands at the conflux of two small riv-
ers that flows into the Tarn 30 m. S. S. E. of
Rodez and 32 E. of Alby.
Vacka, a town of Germany, in Saxe- Weimar,
on the river Werra, 16 m. W. S. W. of Eisen-
iMCh.
Vaehe, an island of the W. Indies, of a triangu-
lar form, 24 m. in circuit. It is 12 m. from the
S. coast of St. Domingo, opposite St. Louis.
Vacheluse, one of the Lipari Islands, 3 m. S.
of Stromboli.
Vofla, a town of Tuscany, at the mouth of the
Cecini, 26 m. S. S. E. of Leghorn.
Vadacurry or Vadnghery, a town of Hindoos-
tan, in Malabar, with a neat fort on the top of a
hill. It is a place of considerable trade, and
stands on the sea coast, at the N. end of a long
inland navigation, 12 m. S. S. E. of Tellichery.
Vadin, a town of Bessarabia, situate on the
Danube, 92 m. W. of Nicopoli.
Vado, a town of the Sardinian States, in the
territory of Genoa, on a bay of the Mediterrane-
an, 3 m. S. of Savonaand 24 S. W. of Genoa.
Vadestein, a town in Sweden, in E. Gothland,
where the kings of Sweden had a palace, now in
ruins. It is seated on the lake Wetter, near the
river Motala, 32 m. W. of Nordkioping.
Vadutz, a town and castle of Germany, in the
principality of Lichtenstein,26 m. S. of Lindau.
Vaena, a town of Spain, in Andalusia, seated
on the Castro, 23 m. S. E. of Cordova.
Vaihe.nd, a town of Persia, in Segestan, on a
river of the same name 40 m. E. S. E. of Arok-
hage.
Vaighingen, a town of Germany, in Wurtem-
berg, seated on the Enz, 18 m. N. N. W. of Stutt
gard.
Vaison, a town of France department of Vau-
cluse, noted as the birth-place of Trogus Pompe-
us, the Roman Historian. It is seated on a
mountain, near the river Oreze, and the ruins of
ancient Vaison, which was one of the largest
cities of the Gauls. 22 m. N. E. of Avignon and
23 S. S. E. of Montelimar.
Val, a village of the Netherlands, 3 m. W. of
Maestricht, where in 1744 marshal Sa.xe obtained
a victory over the duke of Cumberland.
Val di Demonti, a province in the N. E. anjle
of Sicily. It means tlie vafley of demons, and is
BO called because Mount JDtna is situate in this
province, which occasioned ignorant and super-
stitious people, at the time of its fiery eruptions,
to believe it was a chimney of hell. The capital
18 Messina.
Val di Mazara, a province in the W. angle of
Sicily, so called from the town of Mazara. It
contains Palermo, the capital of the whole isl-
and.
Val di Nolo, a province in the S. E. angle of
Sicily, so called from the town of Noto, its capi-
Ul.
Valais, a canton of Switzerland, which consists
of a valley 100 m. long and 20 broad, between
ridges of very high mountains, among which are
the Great St. Bernard, Grimsel, Furca, and others
whose summits are never free from snow. The
S. chain separates it from the Milanese, Piedmont,
and Savoy ; the N. divides it from the canton of
Bern. The country is divided into Uppei and
Lower Valais. The former reaches from Mount
Furca, its E. boundary, to lhe\ .ver Morge, below
Sion, and the latter from that river to St. Gingou,
on the lake of Geneva. A country consisting of
plains, elevated valleys, a'ld lofty monntains,
must necessarily exhibit a great variety of cli-
mates and prospects. The productions must vary
also according to its singul-ir diversity of climates ;
for strawberries, cherries, plums, pears, and
grapes, in their natural growth, may be tasted in
the same day. It has riore than sufficient wine
and corn for interior consumption, the soil in the
midland and lower districts being exceedingly
rich and fertile ; but, in the more elevated parts,
barley is the only grain that can be cultivated
with success. The inhabitants profess the Roman
Catholic religion, and the lower class are ex-
tremely indolent and dirty ; they have no manu-
factures of any consequence. In 1802 the Valais
was constituted an independent republic, under
the guarrantee of France, Switzerland, and Italy ;
but in 1814 it was annexed to Switzerland. Sion
is the capital.
Valckotrnr, a town of Sclavonia, seated on the
Walpo, near its conflux with the Danube, 70 m.
W. N. W. of Belgrade.
Valdai, a town of Russia, in the government
of Novoirorod, on the side of a lake of the same
name. The lake is 20 m. in circumference, and
has an island in the middle, on which is a con-
vent surrounded by trees. The town contains
several brick buildings ; and the wooden houses
are more decorated than the generality of Russian
cottages. It is 72 m. S. E. of Novogorod. Long.
33. 44. E., lat. 57. 50. N.
ValdasJics, a town of Portugal in Tras os
Montps. 9 m. E. S. E. of Mirandela.
Valdehuron, a town of Spain, in Leon, near the
source of the Esla, 38 m. N. E. of Leon.
Valdecabras , a town of Spain, in New Castile,
10 m. N. N. E. of Cuenza.
Valdecona, a town of Spain, in Catalonia, 15
m. S. by W. of Tortosa.
Valdfmoro, a town of Spain in New Castile, 13
m. S. of Madrid.
Valdicia or Baldivia, a sea-port of Chile, built
in 1552, by the Spanish general Valdivia, ai'ter he
had conquered the country. It is surrounded by
walls built of earth, and defended by several forts
and batteries ; the entrance of the harbour has
also numerous pieces of cannon on each side. In
the vicinity are many gold mines It stands on
a bay of the Pacific Ocean, 200 m. S. of Concep-
cion. Long. 73. 10. W., lat. 39. 40. S.
Valence, a city of France, capital of the depart-
ment of Drome, and a bishop's see, with a citadel,
and a school of artillery. It is surrounded by
walls ; and the greatest part of the public places,
and many private houses, are adorned with foun-
tains. Besides the handsome cathedral, there
VaL
U9
VAL
are manj other churches, as well as convents.
It is seated on the Rhone, 30 m. N. by E. of Si-
viers and 335 S. by E. of Paris. Long. 4. 52. E.,
lat. 44. 55. N.
Valence, a town of France, department of Lot-
et-Garonne, on the river Garonne, 12 in. S. E.
of Agen.
Valencia, a province of Spain, formerly a king-
dom ; bounded on the N. by Arragon,N. E. by
Catalonia, E. by the Mediterranean, S. and S.
W. by Murcia, and W. by New Castile. It is
220 m. long, arid from 20 to t)0 broad, and the
most pleasant and populous country in Spain ;
for here they enjoy a perpetual spring. It is
watered by a great number of streams, and fertile
in all the necessaries of life, especially fruits, oil,
and wine. In the mountains are mines of iron
and alum, and quarries of marble, jasper, and
lapis calaminaris. Here is also much silk, cot-
ton, and hemp; the manufactures of which are
the cause of a considerable population.
Valenci'i, a city of Spain, capital of the above
province, and an archbishop's see, with a univer-
sity. The Moors were expelled from it in the
12th century. It was taken by the earl of Peter-
borough in 1705, and lost again in two years
after. In 1811 it was taken by the French, under
Suchet, with a garrison of l(i,000 men, and im-
mense stores. It contains 12,(100 houses within
the walls, besides those in the suburbs and plea-
sure gardens around it, which amount to the same
number. The cathedral has a steeple 130 feet
high ; and one side of the choir is incrusted with
alabaster, and adorned with fine paintings of
Scripture history. The palace of the viceroy,
that of Ciuta, the monastery of St. Jerome, the
exchange, and the arsenal, are all worthy of no-
tice. Here are manufactures of cloth and silk ;
and several remains of antiquity. It is seated on
the Guadalaviar, near the Mediterranean, 130 m.
E. S. E. of Madrid. Pop. 80,000.
Valencia, a town of S. America, in Venezuela,
seated on the lake Tocarigua, 57 m. S. W. of
Porto Cavallo. Long. 65. 30. W., lat. 9. 50. N.
Valencia d' Alcantara, Bi town of Spain, in Es-
tremadura, with an old castle. It is surrounded
bv walls, and stands on a rock, near the frontiers
of Portucral, 28 ra. S. W. of Alcantara and 45 N.
N. W. of Badajos.
Valenciennes, a city of France, in the depart-
ment of Nord, seated on the Scheldt, which flows
through it in several branches, and here begins
to be navigable. It is large and populous ; but
the streets are narrow and crooked and many of
the houses are of wood. The citadel and forti-
fications were constructed by order of Louis
XIV. who took this town from the Spaniards ,
ai.d it was confirmed to him by the treaty of Nim-
guen, in 1G78. In 1793 it was taken by the allies,
under the duke of York, after a severe siege. But
in 1794 it again surrended to the French by ca-
pitulation, and was confirmed to them by the trea-
ties of 1814, 1815. Besides lace, this city is noted
for manufactures of woolen stuffs and cambric.
It is 28 m. S. E. of Lisle and 120 N. N. E. of Pa-
ris. Long. 3. 32. E., lat. 50. 21. N.
Valentia, an island and harbour on the coast of
Ireland in the country of Kerry, S. of Dingle Bay.
Valentine, a town of France, department of Up-
per Garonne, 9 m. N. E. of St. Bertrand.
Valenza, a town of Austrian Italy, in the gov-
ernmept of Milan, seated on a mountain near the
river ?o. 12 m. E. S. E. of Cassal, and 35 S. S.
W. of Milan
Valenza, a fortified town of Portnffal in Entr^rf
Douero e Mmho, seated on an eminence, near
the river Minho, opposite Tuy, in Spain, and 30
m. N. N. W. ofBraga.
Valette, a city of Malta, the capital of that is-
land, and wonderfully st»ong both by nature and
art. It is seated on a peninsula, between two of
the finest ports in the world, which are defended
by almost impregnable fortifications. Valette has
three gates, and the streets are all paved with flat
squai-e stones. The houses are neat, and built of
stone ; the rooms forming a flat terrace plastered
with pozzolana ; and most of thens have a balco-
ny to the street, where the inhabitants pass a great
part of their time. The principal buildings are
the palace of the grand master, the infirmary, the
conservatory, and the magnificent church of St.
John. The pavement of this church is composed
entirely of sepulchral monuments of the finest
marbles, porphyry, lapis lazuli, and a variety of
other valuable stones, admirably joined together,
representing the arms, insignia, &c., of the per-
sons whose names they commemorate. The great
source of water that supplies Valette rises near
Citta Vecchia, and is thence conveyed by an aque-
duct, erected at the expense of one of the grand
masters. Valette is situate opposite Cade Passe-
ro in Sicily. Long. 15. 34. E., lat. 35.54. N.
Valette, a town of France, department of Char-
ente, 12 m. S. by E. of Angouleme.
Valkenbvrg-, or Fa.uquemont, a town of the Neth-
erlands, in Limburg. In 1672 it was taken by
the French, who demolished the fortifications. It
is seated on the Geule, 8 m. E. by N. of Maes-
tricht. Long. 5. 58. E., lat. 51. 0. N.
Valladolid, a city of Spain, in Leon, capital of a
province of the same name, and a bishops's see
with a university. It has long and broad streets,
and is adorned with handsome buildings, squares,
and fountains. The market place, called El Cam-
po, is700 paces in circumference, surrounded by
a great number of convents. There are nume-
rous monasteries and nunneries, the finest of
which is that of the Domnicans, remarkable for
its church, which is one of the most magnificent
in the city. The kings formerly resided at this
place ; and the royal palace, which still remains,
is of very large extent, though but two stories
high. The town-house lakes up the entire side of
a square. Here are some woolen manufactures,
and many goldsmiths and jev/elera. The envi-
rons of the city are covered with gardens, orch-
ards, vineyards, meadows and fields. Valladolid
was taken and retaken several times, by the
French and Spaniards, during the late peninsular
war. It is seated on the Escurva, near the Pis-
ner<ra, 74 in. S. S. W. of Leon and 100 N. N. W.
of Madrid. Long. 4. 47. W., lat. 41. 42. N.
Valladolid, a province of the republic of Mexi-
co, bounded N. by the Rio de Lerma, S. by the
Pacific, W. by New Galicia, and E. by Mexico
Proper. It is 200 miles in circumference, and is
very rich, abounding in all the necesssaries of
life ; and the climate in general is mild and sa-
lubrious. At the period of the Spanish conquest
this province formed part of the kingdom of Me-
choacan, which was independant of the ancient
Mexican empire.
Valladolid, or Mechoacan, a city of Mexico, cap-
ital of the foregoing province, with a fine cathe-
dral,and some handsome houses : situate on a river
near its source, 120 m. W. of Mexico.
Valladolid, or Comayagua, a city of S. America
capital of Honduras ; seated in a plain, 380 m.
3b3
VAN
750
VAR
E. of Guatemala. Long. 88. 20. W., lat. 14.
35. N.
Vallelonsa, a town of Naples, in Calabria Ul-
tra, 18 m. l£i. N. E. of Nicotttra.
VaUencay, a town of France, in the department
of Indre, on the Nabon, and 28 m. N. by W. of
Chateauroux.
VuUengin,n. town of Switzerland, in a county
of its name, united to the principality of Neuf-
chatel. It is seated on the Scyon, 3 m. N. N. W.
of Neufchatel.
Vallers, a town of France, department of Indre-
et-Loire, noted for its mineral waters, 4 m. N. W.
of Tours.
Vallery, St., a town in the department of Som-
me, at the mouth of the river Somme, 10 m. W.
N. W. of Abbeville and 100 N. by W. of Paris.
Vallery en Caux, St., a town in the department
of Lower Seine, near the sea-coast. William,
duke of Normandy, sailed hence when he made
his descent on England. It is 15 m. W. S. W.
of Dieppe and 100 N. W. of Paris.
VaUeAi Forge, p.v. Chester Co. Pa. on the
Schuylkill, 20 m. N. W. Philadelphia, with man-
ufactures of iron.
Vallier, St., a town in the department of Drome
near the river Rhone, 18 m. N. of Valence.
Valogne, a town in the department of Manche,
noted for cloth and leather, 10 m. S. S. E. of
Cherburg and 50 W. N. W. of Caen.
Valona, a sea-port of Albania, and an archbish-
op's see, seated at the entrance of the gulf of Ven-
ice, near the mountains of Chimera, 50 m. S. of
Durazzo. Long. 19. 40. E,. lat. 40. 54. N.
Vidimia, p.v. Jackson Co. Indiana, 64 m. S.
Indianapolis.
Valparayso, a sea-port of Chile, with a well-
frequented harbour, defended by a strong fort.
Its proximity to St. Jago has drawn hither all the
commerce formerly carried on between that city
and Callao, which consists principally of wheat,
tallow, leather, cordage, and dried fruits. It is
seated on a bay of the Pacific Ocean, at the foot
of a high mountain, 75 m. N. W. of St Jago.
Long. 72. 19. W., lat. 33. 3. S.
Valperga, a town of the Sardinian states, in
Piedmont, IG m. N. of Turin.
Valreas, a town of France, department of Vau-
cluse, 18 m. N. E. of Orange.
Vals, a town in t-he department of Ardeche,
celebrated for mineral springs; seated on the Ar-
deche, 18 m. N. W. of Viviers.
Viilleline, or Valle-ielino, a fertile valley of Aus-
trian Italy, 50 m. long, and from 12 to 15 broad,
enclosed between two chains of high mountains;
the N. chain separates it from the Orisons, the S.
from the Venetian territories ; on the E. it is
bounded by the county of Bomiio, and on the W.
by that of Chiavana. The river Adda flows
through its whole length into the lake Como ; and
it is divided into three districts, Upper, Middle,
and Lower. The inhabitants are all Roman Cath-
olics, and have no manufactures ; but they ex-
port wine, silk, plants, cheese, butter, and cattle.
on the 20th of July, 1620, there was a general
massacre of the protestants in this valley.
Valva,n. town of Naples in Abruzzo Citra, 18
m.S. S. W. of Civitadi Chieta.
Van, a strong town of Curdistan, with a castle
on a mountain, in which the Turks keep a nume-
rous garrison. It is governed by a beglerbeg, and
seated on a lake of its name) 120 m. in circumfer-
ence), 80 m. E. by S. of Betlis. Long. 44. 30. E.,
lat. 37. 10. N.
Vancehurg, p.v. Lewis Co. Ken.
Vanadlia, the capital of Illinois, in Fayette Co
stands on the Kaskaskia, 55 m N. St. Louis and
808. W. Washington. The situation is agreeable,
but the place is in its infancy. Pop. 500.
Vandcnburg^ a county of Indiana. Pop. 2,610.
Evansville is the capital.
Van Diemen's Land, an island in the S. Pacifii,
160 m. long and 80 broad, separated from the S.
part of New Holland by Bass Strait. It was dis-
covered by Tasman in 1642, and till 1799 was
deemed the S. extremity of New Holland. Cook
called here in 1777 for supplies of wood, water, and
grass, and it has since been visited by different
navigators. The natives are of a common stature,
but rather slender, the skin black, and the hair
woolly, but their lineaments more pleasing than
those of Negroes. They seem to prefer birds
to all other food. The hovels in which they live
resemble those of New S.Wales; but sometimes
large trees are hollowed out by fire to the height
of six or seven feet. The land is chiefly high,
diversified with hills and valleys, which are well
wooded and watered. The forest trees seem to
be all of one kind, growing quite straight to a
height proper for masts. The low lands produce
flowering shrubs and odoriferous plants that per-
fume the air. S. Cape is in long. 146. 50. E., lat.
43. 40. S.
Vaniam Bady, a town of Hindoostan,in Mysore,
55 m. W. S. W. of Arcot and 130 E. of Seringap-
atam.
Vannes, a sea-port of France, capital of the de-
partment of Morbihan, and a bishop's see. The
principal trade is in corn, bariron, and fish. It is
seated on the gulf of Morbihan, 56 m. S. W. of
Rennes and 555 VV. by S. of Paris. Long. 2. 46
W., lat. 47. 39. N.
Vansville, p.t. Prince George Co. Maryl. 15 m
N. E. Washington.
Var, a department of France, which takes its
name from a river that rises in the county of Nice
and enters the Mediterranean. 4 m. W. of Nice.
The surface is rugged and the soil very various.
It contains an area of 2,900 sq. m. with 290,000
inhabitants. Toulon is the capital.
Varallo, a strong town of the Sardinian states,
on the frontiers of Piedmont, 33 m. E. of Aosta
and 57 m. N. N. E. of Turin.
Varambon, a town of Fiance, department of Ain,
on the river Ain, 14 m. S. S. E. of Bourg en Bresse.
Varasdin, a town of Croatia, with a castle and
a citadel ; seated near the Drave, 65 m. N. N. E.
of Carlstadt. Long. 16. 32. E., lat. AG. 25. N.
Vardar, a river oit Greece, which rises in Mount
Scardus, and flows S. through Macedonia, into
the gulf of Salonica.
Varella, a cape on the E. coast of the kingdom
of Ciampa. Behind it is a mountain, remarkable
for having a high rock, like a tower, on its sum-
mit. Long. 109. 17. E., lat. 12. 5(». N.
Varennes, p.v. Pendleton Dis. S. Cy.
Varennes, a town of France, department of Al-
lier, seated on an eminence near the river Allier,
20 m. S. of Moulins.
Varennes, a town in the department of Meuse,
where Louis XVI., his queen, sister, and two
children, were arrested, in their flight from the
Tuilefies in 1791, and conducted back to Paris.
13 m. W. by N. of Verdun.
Varese, a town of Austrian Italy, in the govern-
ment of Milan, 30 m. N. W. of Milan.
Varhely, a town of Transylvania, 40 m. S. of
Weissenburg.
\ta
%t
VEN
Variety Mills, p. v. Nelson Co. Va.
Viirna, a sen-port of Bulgaria, and an arch-
bishop's see ; seated near the inoutli ofthe Varna,
in the Black Sea, 22 m. N. of M^sembria and 145
N. W. of Constantinople. Long. 28. 2d. E., lat.
42. 44. N.
VarzF.y, a town of France, department of Nievre,
24 m. N. of Nevers.
Vasil, a town of Russia, in the government of
N:ivogorod, situate on the Volga, 60 m. E. of No-
vogorod. Long. 45. 44. E., lat. 56. 16. N.
Vassal hornug/i, p.t. Kennebec Co. Me. on the
Kennebec, 83 m. N. E. Portland. Pop. 2,761.
Vass:f, a lown of France, department of Upper
Marne, where, in 1.562, a bloody persecution ofthe
frotestants began, by order of the duke of Guise,
t is seated on the Blaise, 10 m. N. W. of Joinvilie.
Votan, a town in the department of Indre, 8 m.
N. W. of Issoiidun.
Vatka, a sea-port of the Morea, situate on a
laro-e bay to which it gives name, 44 m. S. E. of
Misitra. Long. 23. 2. E., lat. 36. 38. N.
Vnucluse, a department of France, including the
county of Venaissin and territory of Avignon.
The superficial extent is estimated at 1,400 sq. m.
with 210,000 iniiabitants. It takes its name from
the fountain of Vaucluse, 12 m. E. of Avignon,cel-
ehnted by Petrarch. The chief town is Avignon.
Vaucoulcurs, a town of France, department of
Meuse, seated on the side of a hill, on the river
Meuse, 23 m. S. E. of Bar le Due.
Vautl, Pays de. See Pays.
Vaudemont, a town of France, department of
Meurthe, 18 m. S. by W. of N<incy.
Vauville, a town in the department ofManche,
on a bay to which it gives name, 9 m. W. of Cher-
burg.
Vauxhale, a village in Surrey, Eng., seated on
the Thames, over which is an elegant iron bridge,
of nine arches, 2 m. S. W. of London It is cel-
ebrated for its gardens, which, as a place of public
entertainment, are the finest in Europe.
Vaypura, a town of Hindoostan, in Malabar,
seated at the mouth of a fine river, down which
much teak timber is floated. 7 m. S. of Calicut.
Vecht, a river that rises in Westphalia, near
Munster, crosses the counties of Stenfort and Ben-
theim, and, entering Overyssel, passes by Ommen,
Hasselt, and Swartsluys, below which it enters the
Zuyder Zee.
Vecht, a river of Holland, which branches off
from the old channel ofthe Rhine at Utrecht, and
enters the Zuyder Zee at Muyden.
Vechta, a town and fortress of Germany, in the
principality of Olde.nburg, seated on a river of the
same name, 27 m. S. of Oldenburg, and 35 N. N.
E. of Osnaburg.
Vedenskoi, a town of Russia, in the government
of Archangel, situate on the Vokscha, 200 m. E.
S. E. of Archangel. Long. 46. 44. E., lat 58. 4 .5. N.
Vtga, a town of Spain, in Asturias, near the
coast, 34 m. N. W. of Oviedo.
Vega, a town of Spain, in the province of Leon,
22 m. N. N. E. of Leon.
Vegayman, a town of Spain, in the province of
Leon, 2S m. N. N. E. of Leon.
Vegli.a, an island in the gulf of Venice, on the
coast of Dalmatia. It is 90 m. in circuit, rocky asi J
badly cultivated, but produces wine and bilk, and
has small horses in high esteem. The town of the
eame name has a good harbour, a strong citadel,
and is the see of a bishop. Long. 14. 56. E., lat.
45. 22, N.
Fegliana, a town of the Sardinian states, in
Piedmont, seated on an eminence, near the riTeT
Doria, 12 m. xN. W. of Turin.
Vek, a town of Hindoostan, in Moultan, seated
at the junction of the Setiedge with the Indus, 63
m. S. S. W. of Moultan. Long. 70. 5. E., lat. 29.
Vr.iros, a town of Portugal, in Alemtejo, seated
on the Anhaloura, 10 m. S. S. W. of Portalegre.
Vtisenlmrg, a town of Russia, in the government
of Revel, near the gulf of Finland, 56 m. E. of
Revel.
Veil, St., a town of Austrian lllyria, in Carin-
thia, with an old castle, seated at the conflux of
the Glan and Wunich, 8 m. N. of Clagenfurt.
Vela, a cape on the N. coastof Terra Firma 160
m. E. N. E. of St. Martha. Long. 71. 25. W.', lat.
12. 30. N. .
Vela.y, a district of France, which is full of high
mountains, covered with snow the gre'iter part of
the year, but abounds in cattle. It forms a part of
the department of Upper Loire.
Velbnrg, a town of Bavaria, in the principality
of Neuburg, with a decayed castle, 22 m. N. W.
of Batiobon.
Veldentz, a town of Prussia, in the province of
Lower Rhine, with a castle. The environs pro-
duce excellent Moselle wine. It is seated on the
Moselle, 19 m. N. E. of Treves.
Vclctri, a town of Italy, in Campagna di Roma,
the residence ofthe bishop of Ostia, whose palace
is magnificent ; and there are large squares adorn-
ed with fine fountains. It is seated on an emi-
nence, 18 m. S. E. of Rome.
Velez de Gomara, a sea-port of the kingdom of
Fez, with a castle, seated between two high
mountains, on the Mediterranean, 120 m. N. N.
E. of Fez. Long. 4. 0. W., lat. 55. 10. N.
Velez Malaga, a town of Spain, in Grenada,
seated in a large plain, between two rivers, near
the Mediterranean, 13 m. £. by N. of Malaga and
62 S. W. of Grenada.
Velika, a town of Sclavonia, on the river Baka-
wa, 10 m. E. of Cruetz and 60 N. W. of Fosega.
Velore, a town of Hindoostan, in the Carna-Sc,
with a large and beautiful fort, strongly garrison-
ed by English forces. The town is pretty large,
and well built. Above it are three small forts on
as many hills. It is seated in a fine valley, on
the Paliar, 14 m. VV. of Arcot.
Venafro, a town of Naples, in Terra di Lavoro,
25 m. N. by W. of Capua.
Venaissin, a small but fertile district of France,
now included in the department of Vaucluse.
Venango, a county of the W. Dis. of Pennsyl-
vania. Pop. 4,706. Warren is the capital.
Venant, St., a town of France, department of
Pas de Calais, on the river Lis, 6 m. N. by W. of
Bethune and 27 S. E. of Dunkirk.
Venasque, a town of Spain, in Arragon, in a
valley of the same name, and on the river Essarn,
47 m. N. N. E. of Balbastro.
Vena.'ique, a town of France, department of
Vaucluse, on the river Nasque, 1 m. E. S. E. of
Carpentras and 18 E. N. E. of Avia;non.
Vtndtllchery. a town of Hindoostan, in the E.
part of Mysore, ceded to the English by the treaty
of Seringapatam. Here are the remains of the
rajah'.s palace, and tiie ruins (if a fort. Near this
place iron is smelted from Mack sand. It is 57 m.
W. of Arcot and 58 E. of Bangalore.
Vf.nce, a town of France, department of Var, 9
m. N. of Antibes and 9 W. of Nice.
Vendee, a deijartnient of France, including part
ot the former province of Poitou. It is so cidled
VEN
7S2
VEN
fVom a small river of the same name. The sur-
face is level and the soil fertile. It contains an
area of 2,G()0 sq. m. with 280,000 inhabitants.
Bourbon Vendee is the capital.
Venden, a town of Russia, in the government of
Riga, on the river Aa, SO m. E. N. E. of Riga.
Vendome, a town of France, department of
Loire-et-Cher, on the river Loire, 30 m. N. E. of
Tours and 95 S. W. of Paris.
Vendrell, a town of Spain, in Catalonia, 25 m.
W. SW. of Barcelona.
Venei'ia, a town of Piedmont, which took its
name from a magnificent hunting-seat built by a
duke of Savoy. It has manufactures of wool and
Bilk, and stands on the Stura, 8 m. N. N. W. of
Turin.
Venezuela, one of the 12 provinces of the re-
public of Colombia, bounded E. by the province
of Cumana, W. by Maracaybo, N. by the Carrib-
ean Sea, and S. by the plains of Varinas and the
Orinoco. It spreads round a gulf of the same
name (which reaches 90 m. within land, and is
80 in breadth) and the lake of Maracaybo. When
the Spaniards landed here in 1499 they observed
some huts built upon piles, in an Indian village
named Cora, in order to raise them above the
stagnated water that covered the plain ; and this
induced them to give it the name of Venezuela,
or Little Venice. Near the sea coast are high
mountains, the tops of which are barren, but the
lower parts in the valley are fertile, and gold is
found in the sands of the rivers. The province
is said to contain 100,000 inhabitants, who raise
great numbers of sheep, manufacture some cotton
stuffs, and cultivate excellent tobacco, cocoa, and
sugar. Caracas is the capital.
Venice, formerly a celebrated republic of Italy,
the government of which was aristocratic, for
none could have any share in it but the nobles.
The doge was elected by a plurality of votes, ob-
tained in a peculiar manner by means of gold and
silver balls ; and after his election the ducal cap
was placed on his head with great ceremony, on
his public entrance into St. Mark's church. He
held his dignity for life, and his office was to
marry the Adriatic Sea, in the name of the re-
public ; to preside in all assemblies of the state j
to have an eye over all the members of the mag-
istracy ; and to nominate to all the benefices an-
nexed to the church of St. Mark. On the other
hand his power was so limited that he has been
justly defined to be, in habit and state, a king ;
in authority a counseller; in the city a prisoner;
and out of it a private person. There were five
councils : the first was called La Signoria, com-
posed of the doge and six counsellors. The sec-
ond was II Consiglio Grande, in which all the
nobles, amounting to 2,500, had a voice. The
third wa« II; Consiglio dei Pregadi, consisting of
about 250 of the nobility. The fourth was II
Consiglio Proprio, which was united to the Sig-
noria ; its members consisted of 28 assessors ;
this council gave audience to the ambassadors.
The fifth and last was II Consiglio dei Dicoi,
composed of ten counsellors, who took iholicc of
all criminal matters ; and the doge himself, when
accu.seti, was obliged to appear before them ;
there was no appeal from this council, which
was a severe state inquisition. This constitution,
however, no longer exists. In 1737, a tumult
having happened at Venice, in which some French
soldiers were killed, the French seized the city,
and instituted a provisionary democratic govern-
tficat; but soon after, by the treaty of Campo
Formio, the city and territory of Venice, 3ylnff io
the N. and W. of the river Adige, was ceded to
Austria as a duchy, in equivalence for the domin-
ions that house had lost in the Netherlands and
the remainder of the territory was annexed to
what the French then styled the Cisalpine repub-
lic. In 1805 commenced a short war between
Austria and France, and, by the treaty of peace
at Presburg. the duchy of Venice was given up,
and the whole territory of Venice was annexed to
the kingdom of Italy. The Austrians, however,
took possession of this country in 1814. The
Venetian territories on the continent, enumerated
above (and which, by way of distinction, are some-
times called the Terra Firma) are described in
their respective places.
Venice was onca one of the most powerful
commercial and maritime states in Europe. For
this it was indebted, at first, to the monopoly of
the commerce of India ; the products of that
country being conveyed, in the middle ages, up
the gulf of Persia, the Euphrates, and the Tigris as
far as Bagdad ; thence by land across the desert,
to Palmyra; and thence to the Mediterranean
ports; and afterwards the supplying of the cru-
saders with provisions and military stores was an
additional source of opulence and power. All
this declined, however, after the discovery of the
Cape of Good Hope, by the Portuguese, in 1486 ;
which in its consequences, has reduced Venice
from a -state of the highest splendour to compar-
tive insignificance. The Venetians are lively and
ingenious, extravagantly fond of amusements,
with an uncommon relish fof"humour. They are
in general tall, well made, and of a ruddy brown
colour, with dark eyes. The women are of a
fine style of countenance, with expressive features
and a skin of rich carnation: they are of easy ad-
dress, and have no aversion to cultivate an ac-
quaintance with strangers who are properly re-
commended. Whatever degree of licentiousness
may prevail among them, jealousy, poison, and
the stiletto have been long banished from their
gallantry. The common people display some
qualities very rarely to be found in that sphere of
life, being remarkably sober, obliging to strangers,
and gentle in their intercourse with each other.
Venice, a city of Italy, and a long time the cap-
ital of a territory of the same name. In the 4th
century, when Attila, king of the Huns, rav-
aged the N. part of Italy, many of the inhabit-
ants abandoned their country, and retired into
the islands of the Adriatic Sea, now called the
gulf of Venice, These islands being near each
other, they found means to join them by driv-
ing piles on the sides, and forming the channels
into canals, on which they built houses, and
thus the superb city of Venice had its begin-
ning. It is the see of a patriarch, and stands on
72 little islands, about 5 m. from the mainland,
in a kind of laguna or lake, separated from the
gulf of Venice by some islands at a few m. dis-
tance. These islands in a great measure break the
force of the Adriatic storms, before they reach the
laguna. The number of the inhahitaiits jn 1825,
was 109.927. They have a fl(mrishiiig trade in
silk manufactures, bone-lace, and all sorts of glasses
and mirrors, which make their principal employ-
ments. Most of the hou.ses have a door open-
ing upon a canal, and another into a street, by
means of which, and of the bridges, a person may
go to almost any part of the city by land as well
as by water. The streets in general are narrow,
and so are the canals, except the Grand Canal
VEN
753
ITER
which is very broad and has a serpentine course
through the middle of the city. There are nearly
500 bridges in Venice ; but most of them are only
paltry single arches thrown over the canals. The
Rialto consists also of a single arch, but a very
noble one, and of marble, built across the grand ca-
nal, near the middle, where it is the narrowest;
this celebrated arch is 90 feet wide on the level of
the canal, and 24 feet high. The beauty of it is
impaired by two rows of booths or shops, which
divide its upper surface into three narrow streets.
The view from the Rialto is equally lively and
magnificent, the canal being covered by boats and
gondolas, and flanked on each side by magnifi-
cent palaces, churches, and spires. Tlie patri-
archal chur-sh of St. Mark, one of the richest and
most expensive in the world, is crowned by five
domes : and the treasury is very rich in jewels
and relics. In the numerous cliurches and con-
vents are the most admirable paintings ; and in-
deed Venice, highly renowned for valuable pain
tings, far surpasses, in this respect, even Rome
itself. The ducal palace, before the subversion
oftlie republic, contained the apartments of the
doge, halls and chambers for the senate and the
different councils and tribunals, and an armory,
in which a great number of muskets were kept,
ready charged, that the nobles might arm them-
selves on any sudden insurrection. The arsenal
IS a fortification of three m. in compass; before it
was possessed by the French, it contained arms
for 60,000 foot and 20,000 horse, arranged in an
ornamental manner ; and 2,800 men were daily
employed in building ships, casting cannons,
making cables, sails, anchors, &c. The hand-
some structure called II Frontica di Tedeschi, con-
taining 22 shops and 100 rooms, is that where
the German merchants store their commodities.
The bank of Venice is supposed to be the first
of the kind in Europe, after the model of which
those of Amsterdam and Hamburg were estab-
lished. In this city a famous carnival is held from
Christmas till Ash Wednesday, in all which time
libertinism reigns through the city, and thousands
of foreigners frequent it from all parts of Europe-
riie chief divisions are ridottos and masquerades ;
and St. Mark's Place is the general rendezvous.
Venice is included in the provinces called the Do-
gado, and is 125 m. N. N. E. of Florence and 140
E. of Milan. Long. 12. 23. E,, lat. 45 27. N.
Venice, Gulf of, a sea or gulf of the Mediterra-
nean, between Italy and Turkey in Europe. It
is the ancient Adriaticum Mare, and is still some-
times called the Adriatic Sea. There are many
islands in it, and many bays or small gulfs on
each coast. The grand ceremony of the doge of
Venice marrying the Adriatic annually on Ascen-
sion Day, by dropping into it a ring from his bu-
centaur, or state barge, attended by all the nobili-
ty and ambassadors in gondolas, was intPrraitted
in 1797, for the first time for several centuries.
Venice, p.t. Cayuga Co. N. Y. 174 m. W. Al-
bany. Pop. 2,445 ; p.t. Huron Co. Ohio, on San-
dusky Bay, 110 m. N. E. Columbus.
Venlo, a strong town of the Netherlands, in
Guelderland, and a place of trade for merchan-
dize coming from the adjacent countries. In
1703 it surrendered to the allies, and was confirm-
ed to the Dutch by the barrier treaty in 1715. It
was taken by the French in 1794, but ceded to
the allies in 1814. It is seated on the E. side of
the Meuse, opposite Fort St. Michael, 12 m. N.
of Ruremonde. Long. «. 6. E., lat. 51. 22. N.
Venosa, a town of Naples, in Basilioala, noted
9§
as the birth-place of Horace ; seated on the river
Ofanto, 13 m. N. W. of Acerenza.
Venta de Cruz, a town of Terra Firma, in the
isthmus of Darien, seated on the river Chagre.
Here the Spaniards used to bring the merchan-
dize of Peru and Chile on muleg from Panama,
and embark it on the river for Porto Bello, 20 ni.
N. of Panama.
Venzone, a town of Austrian Italy, in Friuli,
situate on the Tagliamento, 18 m. N. N. W. of
Friuli.
Vera, a town of Spain, in Grenada, 24 m. N.
N. E. of Almeria and 80 E. of Grenada.
Vera Cruz, a province of Mexico, comprising a
considerable part of the eastern coast. It has an
area of about 32,000 square miles, with 160,000
inhabitants. The soil of the lower grounds is
abundantly productive, but the climate is so vari-
ous that in the space of one day the traveller
may pass from the regions of perpetual snow
through all the intermedinte temperatures to the
suffocating heat of the plain near the sea, and
within the compass of a few miles the naturalist
may range through the scale of vegetation.
Vera Cruz, a city and sea-port of Mexico, cap-
ital of the above. The harbour is defended by a
fort, situate on a rock of the island of St. Juar
de Ulhua, nearly adjoining. This port is the
natural centre of the treasure and merchandise
of Mexico, and it receives much E. India produce
by way of Acapuico from the Philippine Islands.
The city is regularly built; its streets broad and
strait, and its edifices constructed of Materials
drawn from the bottom of the ocean — for no rock
is to be procured in the neighbourhood. It is
situated in an arid plain, without running wa-
ter, and on which the N. winds blow with
dreadful impetuosity from October to April, form
ing vast hills of moving sand. People in easy
circumstances drink rain water collected in cis-
terns, and it is in contemplation to erect public
cisterns within the precincts of the city ; but at
present the common people are obliged to use wa-
ter which proceeds from the filtration of th^
marshes, and which having been in contact witu
the roots of vegetables, is of very bad quality
The Old Town, 16 m. to the N. W., is famous on
account of the landing of Cortez, with 500 Span-
iards, when he undertook the conquest of Mexico.
Vera Cruz is 200 m. E. S. E. of Mexico. Long
96. 50. W., lat. 19. 5. N.
Vera Paz, a province of S. America,in Guatema-
la, bounded on the N. by Yucatan, E. by the bay
and province of Honduras, S. by Guatemala Pro-
per, and W. by Chiapa. Jt is full of mountains
and forests ; but there are many fertile valleys
which feed a great number of horses and mules.
There are also many towns and villages of the
native Americans. The capital, of the same
name, is a bishop's see, but is inconsiderable. I*
is 120 m. N. E. of Guatemala. Long. 90. 55. W
lat 15. 30. N.
Veragua, a province of Terra Firma, bounded
on the N. by the Caribbean Sea, E. by the prov-
ince and bay of Panama, S. by the Pacific Ocean,
and W. by Costa Rica. It is 125 m. long and 40
broad, and is a mountainous and barren country,
but abounds in gold and silver. St. .lago is the
capital.
Verberie, a town of France, department of Oise,
on the river Oise, 10 m. N. E. of Senlis.
VerceUi, a city of the Sardinian States, in Pied-
mont, capital of a lordship of the same name, and
a bishop's see. The townhouse. the governor'*
TEB,
?8t
VER
palace, and the hospital, are handsome structures.
The inhabitants, estimated at 20,000, are chiefly
employed in the manufacture of silk. It is seat-
ed at the conflux of the Cerva with the Cesia, 40
m. N. E. of Turin. Long. 8. 24. E, lat. 45.
31. N.
Verckolensk, a town of Russia, in the govern-
ment of Irkutsk, seated on the Lena, 120 m. N.
of Irkutsk. Long. 105. 35. E., lat. 54. 0. N.
Verckotura, a town of Russia, in the govern-
ment of Perm, and a bishop's see. This was the
first town the Russians built in Siberia. It is sit-
uate near the river Tura, 120 m. N. of Catharinen-
burg. Long. 60. 15. E., lat. 58. 45. N.
Verde, Cape, a promontory on the W. coast of
Africa, 145 m. N. W. of the mouth of the Gambia.
Long. 17. 31. W., lat. 14. 44. N.
Verde Islands, Cape, islands in the Atlantic,
above 300 m. W. of the coast of Africa, between
13. and 19. N. lat. They were discovered in
1446, by Anthony Noel, a Genoese in the service
of Portugal, and received their general name from
their situation opposite Cape Verde ; but they are
said to have been known to the ancients, under
the name of Gorgades. They are ten in number,
lying in a semicircle. The names are St. Anto-
nio, St. Vincent, St. Lucia, St. Nicholas, Sal, Bon-
avista, Mayo, St. Jago, Fuego, and Brava. St.
Jago is the principal.
Verden, a duchy of Hanover, 28 m. long and
nearly as much broad ; bounded on the W. and
N. by the duchy of Bremen, and E. and S. by the
duchy of Lunenburg. It consists chiefly of heaths
and high dry lands ; but there are good marshes
on the rivers Weser and Aller. It was formerly
a bishopric, which, at the peace of Westphalia,
was secularised, and ceded to Sweden ; in 1712
it was taken by the Danes, who, in 1715, ceded it
to the electoral house of Brunswick, which session
was confirmed in 1718 by the Swedes. The in-
habitants are Lutherans.
Verden, the capital of the foregoing duchy, con-
tains four churches, and is seated on a branch of
the Aller, 18 m. E. S. E. of Bremen. Long. 9.
20. E., lat. 52. 58. N.
Verdun, a strong town of France, department
of Meuse, and a bishop's see. The citadel, which
is a regular fortification, was constructed by Vau-
ban, who was a native of this place. Besides the
cathedral there are a collegiate church and nine
parish churches, and it is divided into the Upper,
Lower, and New Town. Verdun surrendered to
tlie Prussians in 1792, but was retaken soon after.
Here Bonaparte confined those Englishmen whom
he detained after the rupture of liiOS. It is seat-
ed on the Meuse, 28 m. N. by E. of Bar le Due
and 140 E. by N. of Paris. Long. 5. 23. E., lat.
49. 9. N. ^ ^
Verdun, a town in the department of Saone-et
Loire, seated on the Saone, at the influx of the
Doubs, 30 m. E. by. S. of Autun.
Verdun, a town in the department of Upper
Garonne, seated on the Garonne, 20 m. N. N. W.
of Toulouse.
Verea, a town of Macedonia, 48 m. W. of Sa-
lonica.
Vereria, a town of Russia, in the government
of Moscow, 56 "^ Vf . S. W. of Moscow.
Vergennes, i,X. Addison Co. Vt. on L. Cham-
plain at the mouth of Otter Creek. 21. m. S.
Burlington. Pop. 999. This place has been in-
corporated with city privileges. It has many iron
foundries and mills, and manufactures of woolen.
ferinu, a town of Terra Firma, in Cumana,
celeb-ated for its tobacco. It is situate on a gulf
of the Atlantic, 45 m. E. of Cumana. Long. 63
44. W., lat. 10. 8. N.
Vermandois, a territory of France in Picardy
Vermanton, a town of France department of
Yonnc, 14 m. S. S. E. of Auxerre.
Vermejo, a river which rises in Tucuman, on
the borders of Peru, flows S. E. to the Paraguay,
and enters that river a little above its junction
with the Parana.
Vermilion, a county of Illinois. Pop. 5,836.
Danville is the capital. A county of Indiana.
Pop. 5,706. Newp'irt is the capital.
Vermilion, p.t. Huron Co. Ohio. 133. m. N. E.
Columbus. Pop. 505 ; p.t. Richland Co Ohio.
86 m. N. E. Columbus. Pop. 1,451.
Vermont, one of the New England Statt'S.
bounded N. by Canada, E. by N. Hampshire, S.
by Massachusetts and W. by N. Y. from which it
is separated from the west part by Lake Cham-
plain. It extends from 42. 44. to 45. N. lat. and
from 71. 33. to 73. 2a W. long, and contains
10,212 sq miles. The eastern limit is washed by
the Connecticut, and the whole State is traversed
from N. to S. by the Green Mountains, from
which numerous small streams How East and
West into Lake Champlain and the Connecticut.
The chief of these streams are Onion River, Otter
Creek, the Missisque, the Pasumsic, White Riv-
er and West River. Lake Memphremagog lies on
the northern limits of the State. A remarkable
eruption of one of the small lakes of this state
took place in 1810. Long Lake, a beautiful sheet
of water, a mile and a half in length, and three
fourths of a mile in width, was situated in the
town of Glover in the N. part of the state, and
communicated by a small stream with lake Cham-
plain. About 200 rods from Long Lake, was a
smaller lake on much lower level, the outlet of
which was Barton River, flowing in an opposite
direction into Lake Memphremagog. The land
separating these lakes was a steep declivity. The
water being low at the mills on Barton River,
during the summer of 1810, it was thought ad-
visable to obtain a new supply by letting out a
portion of the water of Long Lake into the lake
beneath, by means of a trench down the intf rven-
ing declivity. Accordingly, on the 6th of June,
the people of the neighbourhood assembled with
their tools, and began the work of cutting the
trench, when on a sudden the lake burst its bor-
ders, and poured with its whole mass down the
descent, rushing with inconceivable velocity in
an immense column, three quarters of a mile
wide, and 80 feet in depth, across the country 15
rniles into Lake Memphremagog. This furious
torrent tore up in its course, rocks, hills and for-
ests, sweeping away houses, mills, cattle, ^c
VER
753
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roaring like thunder, and shaking the earth like
a miglity earthquake. The inhabitants of Barton
hearing the roar, looked up toward the lake, and
beheld the torrent coming down upon them,
bearing a whole forest upon its top. The cattle
for many miles round, ran bellowing to their
homes, and all the neighbourhood were thrown
into the greatest terror. No lives were lost, but
a vast amount of damage was occasioned. —
The winter begins here about the first of
December, although the frosts appear as early as
the first of September. From the first setting in,
to the breaking up of the winter, there is scarce-
ly any thaw. The winter continues till April.
Snow storms are frequent, yet little snow falls at
a time : they come from all points of the compass
except the East, and are generally over in a few
hours. Tlie cold is here more steady and uniform
than in the other New England states. On the
mountains, the snow is commonly three or four
feet deep, and lies till the end of April. On the
low grounds, it is from 1 to 2 1-2 feet in depth,
and continues till about the 20th of March. The
severest cold never kills the young trees, and the
chilling easterly winds of spring seldom reach so
far inland as to be felt here ; west of the Green
Mountains they are totally unknown. Droughts
are uncommon ; the crops more frequently suf-
fer from too much moisture. During April and
May the weather is mild with frequent showers.
Through the summer it is fair and serene. The
wind at this season is mostly from the S. W. be-
ing regulated by the direction of the mountains,
and the shores of lake Champlain. The heat of
the day is excessive, but the nights are ever cool
and agreeable. The soil is generally rich and
loamy. On the borders of the rivers are fine tracts
of interval land, which consists of a deep, black,
alluvial deposit ; these are sometimes a mile in
width, and are very productive in maize, grain,
grass, and garden vegetables. The uplands are in
many places scarcely inferior to the intervals, and
are in general sufficiently free from stones to ad-
mit of easy cultivation. The hills and mountains
which are not arable on account of their steep-
ness, or the rocks, affijrd the best of pasturage
for nheep and cattle. There is hardly any part of
the country better adapted to the rearing of hors-
es, horned cattle and sheep, than the mountainous
parts of this state. Wheat is raised more abund-
antly on the western side of the mountains, than
on the eastern. The soil and climate of all pnrts
are very favourable to the growth of the apple and
other fruits. The greater part of the state is bet-
ter fitted for grazing, than tillage.
Iron is abundant in this state, and lead, zinc,
copper and manganese are found in many places.
Sulphate of iron,or copperas is very plentiful. The
best iron is found at Peru in the southern part of
the state, and has the highest reputation for itk
ductility and toughness. It is worked into
chains, bolts, &c. but the bed of ore having been
much reduced of late, and the manufacture of iron
increased, an inferior sort is now mixed with the
Peru iron, by which its quantity has much de-
teriorated. It is still, however, of high excel-
lence. A quarry of fine marble exists in Middle-
bury. It rests upon a bed of argillite, and rises
in many places above the surface of the ground.
The marble is of various colors, and has been
wrouglU ever since 1806. It is now in the pos-
session of an incorporated company, and the ma-
chinery for sawing it is driven by water. At
Swanton on lake Champlain in the N. is an inex-
haustible quarry, which covers an area o*" more
than 300 acres. The marble is of a beautiful
black, and sometimes of a bright blue clouded
color. 100 saws are occupied at the mills in this
town, in working it into various forms. On a
small island in lake Memphremagog, is a quarry
of novaculile, known by the name of Magog oil-
stone ; it is several hundred feet in length, and
interspersed with quartz. A manufactory of this
stone has been established in the town of Burke.
The oil-stones when manufactured, sell for 50
cents per pound. Quarries of slate are wrought
near Brattleboro'. The surface of the state is
highly diversified. From the mountainous ridge
which occupies the centre of the state, the land
slopes, toward the Connecticut and lake Cham-
plain. Adjoining the rivers are extensive plains,
but the elevated country forms the greater pro-
portion of the surface.
In the northern parts, the population is thin,
and the country still unsubdue(i by the plough.
Innumerable slumps, the remains of the pris-
tine forests, deform the fields. Pines and other
trees, girded, dry, and blasted bj' summers heat,
and winters cold, scorcfied and blackened by fire,
or piled in confusion, on fields cleared half jy
the axe, and half by burning — these with the
rude low huts of the inhabitants, indicate a coun-
try imperfectly subdued by man. But if we con-
fine ourselves to merely phj'sical observations,
and consider the natural formation of hill,
mountain, valley, lake and stream, we shall find
this state to be among the most picturesque por-
tions of North America.
This state is divided into 13 counties. The
population is 280,079. Montpelier is the capital.
The other large towns are Windsor, Brattleboro,
Burlington, Middlebury, Benington and Rutland.
The agriculture resembles that of the other New-
England states. Wheat is only cultivated W.
of the mountains. Maize thrives best on the
intervals, but is also raised abundantly on. the
uplands. Farmers who are industrious, seldom
fail of having their barns filled with hay and flax ;
their gfranaries with maize, wheat, rye, oats, bar-
ley, ftease and beans, and their cellars with the
best of cider, potatoes and other esculent roots.
The raising of wool has lately much increased.
Lake Champlain aflTords facilities for a considerable
commerce between this stale and Canada. Tiie
trade in this quarter is chiefly with Montre-
al ; the exports are pot and pearl ashes, beef,
pork, butter and cheese, flax, live cattle, &c. The
domestic trade is mostly with Boston, New York
and Hartford. Except the domestic fabrics of lin-'
en and woolen which occupy almost every family,
the m^hufactures of this slate are not considera-
ble. There are however above 100 woolen and
cotton manufactories, paper mills and oil mills
VER
756
VER
also 300 tanneries, and 150 distilleries. Maple
augar is made in nearly every town and family in
the state ; the average quantity made by each
farming family is estimated at 150 pounds, a-
mounting to C million pounds a year. Pot and
pearl ashes, and iron are also manufactured in va-
rious parts. There are manufactories of copper-
as from native sulpliuret of iron at Strafford and
Shrewsbury.
The legislature of Vermont is comprised in a
house of rcpresentitives called the General As-
sembly. There is no senate; each town has
one representative. The executive officers are
a Governor, Lt. Governor, and a council of
12, chosen annually by general ballot : all resi-
dents in the state of one year's standing are vo-
ters. There is also a council of ceH5or«, chosen
every 7 years; they are 13 in number, and hold
their office for a year; their duty is to inquire
whether the constitution has been preserved in-
violate during the period preceding their appoint-
ment, and whether the leirislative and executive
branches have done their duty, and to suggest al-
terations in the constitution. The legislature
meet at Montpelier in October. The Congrega-
tionalists have 203 churches, and 110 ministers.
The Baptists 105 churches, and 50 ministers.
The Methodists have 44 ministers. The Episco-
palians have 11 churches. There are two Unita-
rian churches, one at Burlington and one at Brat-
tleboro'. There are colleges at Burling'on and
Middlebury. Academies and schools are numer-
ous in this state as in other parts of iNew England.
Each town is obliged by law to support public
schools. Vermont was first explored by the
French settlers of Canada, but the earliest set-
tlement within the territory was made by the
English of Massachusetts, who in 1724, more
than 100 years after the discoveries in the north-
ern parts of Champlain, established themselves
at Fort Dummer, on the Connecticut. Six years
after this, the Frencn advanced from Canada
down Lake Champlain, and settled at Crown
Point, and on the eastern shore of the lake. The
claim to the country was afterwards disputed by
N. Hampshire and New York. Tlie British Par-
liament decided in favour of the latter state, but
much confusion and altercation were caused by
the conflicting grants of land made bv the N.
Hampshire and iV. York governinenls. The dis-
putes thus occasioned, remained unsettled during
the revolutionary war, after which New York
compounded for her claim, and Vermont became
an independent state. She was received into the
Union in March 1797.
Vermont, p. v. Chatauque Co. N. Y.
Vernal., p. v. Genesee Co. N. Y.
Vcrnet, a town of France, department of Eas-
tern Pyrenees, 4 m. S. of Prades.
Verneuil, a town in the department of Eure,
seated on the Aure, 22 m. S. W. of Evreux and
65 W. by S. of Paris.
Verneuil. a town in the department of Allier,
3 m. from the river Allier and 15 S. of Moulins.
Vernon, a town of France, in the department of
Eure, with a fortress at the end of the bridge over
the Seine, 27 m. S. E. of Rouen and 42 N. W.
of Paris.
Vernon, a township of Windham Co. Vt. on
the Connecticut. .Pop. 681. p.t. Tolland Co.
Conn. 12 m. N. E. Hartford. Pop. 1,1 G4. p.t.
Oneida Co. N. Y. 18 m. W. Utica with manufac-
tures of glass. Pop. 3,045. also townships and
villages in Sussex Co N.J, Kent Co. Del. ; Mont
gomery Co. Geo. ; Clinton and Trumbull and
Scioto Cos. Ohio. ; Jennings Co. Ind. ; Hickman
Co. Ten. ; Antaugo Co. Alab.
Veroli, a town of Italy, in Campagna di Roma,
seated on the Cosa. 3 m. S. of Alatri.
Verona, a province of Austrian Italy, in the
fovernment of Venice, 35 ra. long, and 27 broad,
t is a very fertile country, abounding in corn,
wine, fruit, and cattle.
Verona, a city of Italy, capita] of the foregoing
province, and a bishop's see. It has three forts,
and is surrounded by thick walls, deep ditches,
and good ramparts. The river Adige divides it
into two parts, which communicate by four
bridges. Most of the buildings are of marble,
above 30 kinds of which are found in the neigh-
bourhood ; but the streets are neither clean nor
straight ; the best is that called the Corso, which
is pretty long, and there is a handsome square
called the Piazza d'Armi. This city is famous for
antiquities, the most remarkable of which is tho
Roman amphitheatre, of which seven rows of
benches of white marble are still entire ; but va-
rious repairs have been made from time to time.
In the town house are the statues of five illustrious
natives of Verona ; namely, Catullus, jEmilius
Marcus, Cornelius Nepos, the elder Pliny, and
Vetruvius. Besides the cathedral there are a
great number of churches and convents, and sev-
eral hospitals. The palaces of Bevilacqua and
Scipio Maffei contain many valuable paintings,
antiques, and other curiosities. The principal
trade arises from the manufactures of silk and
woolen, and next to them are those of gloves and
leather. Near the city is a delightful place, call-
ed Campo Marzo, where two annual fairs are held
in May and November. Verona has been often
taken, and when Italy was invaded by the French,
it was added to the kingdom of Italy. In 1814
it was ceded to Austria, and in 1822 the members
of the Holy Alliance met here to deliberate on
the affairs of Europe. It is 20 m. N. N. E. of
Mantua and 54 W. of Venice. Long. II. 18. E.,
lat. 45. 20. N. Pop. 60,000.
Verona, p.t. Oneida Co. N. Y. on the Erie Canal.
120 m. W. Albany. Pop. 3,739.
Vcrovitza, a strong town of Sclavonia, seated
near the Drave, 65 m. N. W. of Essek.
Verrez, a t«wn of the Sardinian states, in Pied
mont, with a fortress so strong by nature as to be
deemed impregnable. It is 15 m. S. S. E. of
Aosta and 35 N. of Turin.
Verrieres, a town of Switzerland, in the canton
of Neufchatel. Tlie environs are celebrated for
excellent cheese. It is 6 m. E. N. E. of Pontar-
lier and 20 W. S. W. of Neufchatel.
Versailles, p.v. Ripley Co. Ind. 45 m. W. Cin-
cinnati ; p.v. Woodford Co. Ken. 12 m. W.
Lexington.
Versailles, a town of France, capital of the de
Fartment of Seine-et-Oise, and a bishop's see.
n the reign of Louis X'lII. it was only a small
villige, in a forest 30 m. in circuit ; and here this
prince built a hunting seat in 1630, which Louis
XIV. enlarged into a magnificent palace, and it
was the usual residence of the kings of France
till 1789, when Louis XVI. and hisfamily were
removed from it to Paris. The buildings and gar-
dens were adorned with a vast number of statues,
by the greatest masters, and the water-works were
magnificent. The gardens, with the park, are 5
m. in circumference, and surrounded by walls
Versailles is 10 in. W. S. W. of Paris. Long. 3.
7. E.. lat. 48. 48. N.
y£s
757
VIC
Versctz, a town of Hungary, in Temeswar, and
a bishop's see. It contains some extensive bar-
racks, and near it are ttie ruins of a castle. 18
m. N. of Vipalanca and 40 S. of Temeswar.
Vershire, a township of Orange Co. Vt. Pop.
1,2G0.
Vcrsoix, a town of France, department of
Aisne. Here, in 1768, an attempt was made to
form a harbour, in opposition to Geneva, and
great sums were expended for that purpose ; but
it was soon after relinquished. It is seated on
the lake of Geneva, at the influx of the river
Versoix, 6 m. S. E. of Gex and 7 N. of Gen-
eva.
Vertus,a. town of France, department of Marne,
seated at the foot of a mountain on which are
good vineyards, 17 m. S. W. of Chalons and 78
N.E. of Paris.
Verviers, a town of the Netherlands, in the
province of Liege, which has a considerable
traffic in cloth. It is seated on the Weze, 4
m. S. W. of Limburg and 17 E. S. E. of Liege.
Vervins, a town of France, department of Aisne,
famous for a treaty, in 1598, between Henry IV.
of France and Phillip II. of Spain. It is seated
on the Serre, 40 m. N. E. of Soissons.
Verzuolo, a town of the Sardinian states, in
Piedmont, with a castle. It is surrounded by an
ancient wall, flanked with towers, and seated in a
very fruitful soil, near the Vratia, 3 m. S. of
Saluzzo.
Vesley, a town of France, department of Aisne,
on the river Aisne, 10 m. E. N. E. of Soissons.
Vesoul, a town of France, capital of the depart-
ment of Upper Saone. In its vicinity is a medi-
cinal spring. It is seated at the foot of a moun-
tain, near the river Durgeon, 24 m. N. of Besan-
con and 106 E. S. E. of Troyes. Lonjr. 6. 8. E.,
lat. 47. 36. N.
Ve.sprin, an episcopal town of Hungary, capital
of a county of the same name, with a castle. It is
sealed on the Sed, 19 m. W. by S. of Stuhlweis-
senburg and 70 S. S. E. of Presburg. Long. 17.
57. E., lat. 47. 16. N.
Vesuvius, a volcanic mountain of Italy, 7 m.
E. of Naples. It is nearly 30 m. in circuit at the
base, and about 3.700 feet high. Towards the
sea it is covered with fruit-trees and vineyards;
but on the S. and W. sides, and on the top,
nothing is to be seen but black ashes, cinders,
and stones. The top of Vesuvius is divided into
two points, the southernmost of which is called
Mont de Somma. Tiie eruption in the year 79,
under Titus, was accompanied by an earthquake,
which overturned sever.al cities, particularly Pom-
peii and Herculaneum ; and this eruption proved
fatal to Pliny the naturalist. Great quantities of
ashes and sulphureous smoke were carried not
only to Rome, but also beyond the Mediterra-
nean, into Africa; birds were suffocated in the
air, and fell down upon the ground ; and fishes
perished in the neighbouring waters, which were
made hot, and infected by it. Anotlier very vio-
lent eruption, in 1631, totally destroyed the town
of Torre del Greco. The eruption in 1767 was
the 27lh from the time of Titus, since which
there have been 11 others, the last of which was
in 1819. Next to those in 79 and 1631, that of
1794 was the most violent and destructive. In
this eruption the lava flowed over 5,000 acres of
rich vineyards and cultivated lands, and the town
of Torre del Greco was again destroyed ; the top
of the mountain likewise fell in, and the crater
is now little short of 2 m. in circumference.
Veudre,a. town of France, department of AUier,
on the river Allier, 17 m N. W . of Moulins.
Vevay, a town of Switzerland, capital of a bail-
iwic in the Pays de Vaud. The principal manu-
facture is hats ; it has a large trade in cheese, and
its wine is in great estimation. It stands near the
lake of Geneva, 10 m. E. by S. of Lausanne.
Long. 7. 0. E., lat. 46. 25. N.
Vevay, p.t. Switzerland Co. Indiana, on the
Ohio. 45 m. S. W. Cincinnati. It was settled
in 1804 by a body of Swiss emigrants, to whom the
United States government made a grant of land
in order to introduce the cultivation of the vine.
The vineyards are now very flourishing, and are
the largest in Ihe United States. The inhabitants
are mostly Swiss, and carry on some manufac-
tures of straw bonnets and other articles.
Veyne, a town of France, department of Upper
Alps, 12 m.W. by S. of Gap.
Vczclay, a town in the department of Yonne,
noted for the noble stand r.iade by the Calvinists.
in 1560, against Charles IX., who besieged the
town, but was obliged to retire after the loss of
1,500 men. Theodore Beza was a native of Ve-
zelay. It is seated on the top of a mountain, near
the river Cure, 26 m. E. by S. of Auxerre
Vezdize, a town in the department of Meurttie,
seated on the Brenon, 12 m. S. of Nancy and
14 S. E. of Toul.
Viana, a town of Portugal in Entre Douro e.
Minho, at the mouth of the Lima, with a good
harbour for small vessels, defended by a fort, 20
m. W. by N. of Braga.
Viandcn, a town of the Netherlands, in Luxem-
burg, divided into the Old and New Town by the
river Uren. It has a castle, on an inaccessible
rock, and considerable manufactures of cloth, and
leather. 22 m. N. of Luxemburg and 22 N. W. of
Treves.
Viamen, a town of the Netherlands, in S. Hol-
land, with a castle ; seated on the Leek, 7 m. S.
of Utrecht.
Viatica, a government of Russia, which was
formerly a province of Kassan, containing an ex-
tent of 47,000 square miles, with not more than
1,100,000 inhabitants. It takes its name from the
river Viatka, which flows through the country,
and joins the Kama.
Viatka, formerly called Khlynof, a town of
Russia, capital of the foregoing government, and
a bishop's see with a castle. It is seated on the
river Viatka. 100 m. N. of Kassan. Long. 54.
15. E., lat. 57. ?5. N.
Viazma, a town of Russia, in the government
of Smolensk, seated on an eminence, 80 m. N. E.
of Smolensk.
Vic, a town of France, department of Meurthe,
seated on the Seille, 15 m. E. N. E. of Nancy.
Vic, or Vique, a town of Spain, in Catalonia,
and a bishop's see. It is seated in a fertile plain,
35 m. N. of Barcelona.
Vic Bigorre, a town of France, department ot
Upper Pyrenees, situate on the Adour, 12 m. N.
of Tarbes.
Vic Fezp-nsac, a town in the department of GerB,
seatd on the Douze, 15 m. W. of Auch.
Vide Compte, a town in the department of Puy
de Dome, with a palace, where formerly the
counts of Auvergne resided. About a mile from
it are mineral springs. It is seated near the Al-
lier, 15 m. S. E. of Clermont.
Vicegrad, a town of Hungary, with a castle on
the top of a rock, in which the crown of Hungary
was formerly kept. It is seated on the S. side of the
3S
VIE
758
4nE
Danube, 8 m. S. E. of Gran and 16 N. W. of
Buda.
yicenza, or Viccntino, a de^gation of Austrian
Italy, in the government of Venice, 35 m. long
and 27 broad, and so pleasant and fertile that it
is called the garden and flesh-market of Venice.
Here are also mines of silver and iron, and quar-
ries of stone, almost as fine as marble.
Vicenza, a city of Italy, the capital of the fore-
going province, and a bishop's see. It is without
Walls, but is a large place, adorned with about
20 palaces from the designs of Palladio, who was
a native of this place. The cathedral is embellish-
ed with marble, and has some good paintings ; be-
sides which there are above CO other churches, and
in that of St. Corona, the high altar, and the
painting by Paul Veronese of the Magni, paying
adoration to Christ, attract particular notice. In
the fine square before the town-house are two
lofty colums, with St. Mark's winged lion on one
of them, and on the other a statue of our Saviour.
The other remarkable places are the Monte della
Picta with its fine library, the Palazzo Vecchio
with its admirable paintings, the Theatrum Olym-
picum after the model of the amphitheatre of Pal-
ladio, and the triumphal arches in the public
promenade of Campo Marzo. The principal
manufactures are silk, damask, and taffeta, about
4 m. from the city on a mountain, is the church
Delia Madonna di Monte Berrico, which is much
frequented by pilgrims, and has a fine frontis-
piece, with a convent close by Vicenza is seated
in a fertile plain, between two hills, at the union
of the rivulets Bachiglione and Rerone,22m. E.
of Veronea and 15. W. of Venice. Long. II. 40.
E.,lat. 45. 28. N.
Vickij, a town of France, department of Allier,
near which are some mineral springs. It is seat-
ed on the Allier, 40 ni. S. of Moulins.
Vicksburg, p.t. Warren Co. Mississippi, on the
Mississippi, 60 m. N. E. Natchez. It has a brisk
trade in the exportation of cotton to New Orleans
by steamboats. The town is very picturesquely
built on the slopes of several high hills.
Vico, a town of Naples, in Principato Citra, near
the bay of Naples, 5 m. N. E. of Sorento.
Vico, a tv^wn of Corsica, in which is the cathe-
dral of the bishop of Sagona, a town now in ruins.
It is 15 m S. W^. of CorteandSOS. of Calvi.
Vicovaro, a town in the Ecclesiastical slates, in
the district of Snbina, seated near the Teverone,
10 m. N. E. of Tivoli.
Victor, p.t. Ontario Co. N. Y. 218 m. W. Albany.
Pop. 2,265.
Victory, a township of Essex Co. Vt. 45 m. N.
E. Montpelier. Pop. 53; p.t. Cayuga Co. N. Y.
Pop. 1,819.
Vidalia, p.v. Concordia Parish, Lou. on the
Mississippi opposite Natchez.
Vielleburoufrh, p.v. Caroline Co. Va.
Vielsh, a tow.n of Russia, in the government of
Vologda, situated on the Vogado, 150 m. N. N. E.
of Vologda. Long. 41. 4.5. E., lat. 61. 40. N.
Vienna, a city of Lower Austria, the capital of
the empire, and an archbishop's see. It stands
in a fertile plain, on the right bank of the Danube
at the influx of the little river Vien. The city
itself is not of great extent, nor can it be enlarged
being limited by fortifications ; but it is very pop-
ulous. The streets in general are narrow, and the
houses high ; but there are several fine squares,
and in that called Joseph Square is a colossal
equestrian statue in bronze of Joseph II. Some
of the public buildings are magnificent; the chief
of them are the imperial palace, the palaces of the
princes Litchtenstein, Etigene, &c., the imperial
chancery, the extensive imperial arsenal, the cit-
arsenal, the mint, the general hospital, the town
house, the custom-house, the bank, the library
and the museum. No houses without the walls
are allowed to be built nearer to the glacrs than
600 yards ; so that there is a circular field of that
breadth all round the city, which has a beautiful
and salutary effect. The eight suburbs are not
populous in proportion to their size, for many
houses have extensive gardens. The circumfer-
ence of the city and suburbs is upwards of 18 m.
Many families, who live during the winter within
the fortifications, spend the summer in the su
burbs. The cathedral is built of freestone, and the
steeple contains a bell of uncommon magnitude,
cast out of the cannon taken from the Turks. Ad-
joining to this church is the archbishop's palace
the front of which is very fine. Vienna was in-
effectually besieged by the Turks in 1589 and
1683. At the latter period the seige was raised by
John Sobieski, king of Poland, who totally de-
feated the Turkish army. The university had
several thousand students, who, during the seige
mounted guard, as they did also in 1741. The
archducal library is much frequented by foreign-
ers, as it contains above 1,000,000 printed bof)ks,
and 12,000 MSS. The archducal treasury, and a
cabinet of curiosities of the house of Austria, are
great rarities. The Danube is here very wide,
and contains several woody isles, one of which is
the prater, or imperial park ; it also forms a sort
of harbour, where are magazines of naval stores,
and ships have been fited out to serve on that ri-
ver against the Turks. The trade of Vienna is
in a flourishing state, and it has manufactures of
silk stuffs, gold and silver, lace, tareslry, looking-
f lasses, &L.C. In 1805 this city surrendered to the
'rench, but was given up by the peace of Pres-
burg. In 1809 it again surrendered to the French,
but they again restored it on the conclusion of
Peace. In 1830 it experienced a severe calamity ;
after a frost of 118 days a thaw set in on the 26tli
of February, and about midnight on the 28th
the ice broke and inundated the dwellings of 50,
000 inhabitants, many of whom were drowned,
together with a great number of horses, cows,
pigs, «Stc. In 1831 it was united by the pestilen-
tial cholera, and suffered severely. It is 50 m.
y^. of Presburg, 330 N. N. E. of Rome, and 570
E. of Paris. Long. 16. IG. E., lat. 48. 13. N. Pop.
290,000.
Vienna, p.t. Kennebec Co. Me. Pop. 722 ; p.t.
Oneida Co. N. Y. Pop. I,76t>; p.t. Dorchester
Co. Md. and a port of entry, on Nanticoke Riv-
er ; p.v. Trumbull Co. Ohio. Pop. 910; p.v.
Johnson Co. 111. and Davies Co. Ken. ; p.v. Abbe
ville Dis. S. C. and Clarke Co. Ind.
Viennc, a town of France, dcpartjnent of Isere,
and an archbishop's see. In the ikh century the
Burgundians made it the capital of their kingdom.
The cathedral is a handsome Gothic structure. In
1311 a general council was held here, at which
pope Clement V. presided, and among other mat-
ters, the suppression of the Knight Templars was
determined. The commerce of Vienne consists in
wines, silk, and sword-blades. It is seated on the
Rhone, 15 m. S. S. E. of Lyons and 38 N. W.
of Grenoble. Long. 4. 56. E., lat. 45. 32. N.
Vienne, a department of France, formed of
part of the province of Poitou, and bounded N
by the department of Indre-et-Loire, and S. by
that of Charente. It takes its name from a rive^
VIL
nor
VlL
which rises in the department of Correze, and
flows into the Loire 5 m. above Saumur. Poitiers
is the capital.
Vienne, Upper, a department of France, cora-
prisinff the greater part of the province of Limo-
sin. Limoges is the capital.
Vierraden, a town of Prussia, in Brandenburg
seated on tlie Vesle, near its conSux with the
Oder, 22 m. E. S. E. of Prenzlo.
Vierzon, a town of France, department of Cher,
famous for its forges. It is seated on the Cher,
near the influx of the Yevre, 17 m. N. W. of
Bourges.
Vicsti, a town of Naples, in Capitanata, seated on
the gulf of Venice, in the place called the Spur
of the Boot, and at the foot of Mount Gargano,
25 m. N. E. of Manfredonia. Long. 16. 40. £.,
lat. 41.51. N.
Viet, St., or St. Vith, a town of the Netherlands,
in Luxemburg, near the source of the Uren, 24
m S. S. E. of Limburg and 48 N. of Luxem-
burg.
yirran, a town of France, department of Gard,
22 m. W. S. W. of Alais and 38 W. N. W. of
Nismes.
Vigevano. a town of Austrian I'aly, in the prov-
ince of Milan, with a strong castle on a rock ;
seated near the Tesino, 16 m. S. W. of Milan.
Vignot, a town of France, departmentof Meuse,
on the river Meuse, 16 m. E. of Bar le Due and
24 S. S. E. of Verdun.
Vigo, a sea-port of Spain, in Galicia, situate on
a bay of the Atlantic, defended by a fort on an
eminence and an old castle. It has a good har-
bour, into which, in 1702, the English and Dutch
fleet forced their passage, and made themselves
masters of the Spanish plate-fleet, when just ar-
rived from America. In 1719 the English obtain-
ed possession of Vigo, but relinquished it after
raising contributions. It stands in a fruitful coun-
try, 14 m. W. N. W. of Tuy and 47 S. of Com-
postella. Lonff. 8. 40. W., lat. 42. 14. N.
Vigo, a count}' of Indiana. Pop. 5,737. Terre
Haute is the capital
Vihiers. a town of France, department of
Maine-et Loire, 20 m. S. of Angers, and 20 W.
by S. of Saumur.
Vilaine, a river of France, which rises in the
department of Mayenne, passes by Vitre and Ren-
nes, divides the department of Morbihan from
that of Lower Loire, and enters the Bay of Bis-
cay below Roche Bernard.
Villa de Conde, a town of Portugal, in Entre
Douroe Minho,atthe mouth of the Ava,20m. N.
of Oporto.
Villa de Horta, the capital of the island of Fay-
al, one of the Azores. It is seated on the W.
coast, and has a harbour, landlocked on every
«ide except the E. and N. E., and defended by
several forts. Long. 2.3. 41. W., lat 38. 32. N.
Villa d' fglesias, a town of the island of Sardin-
ia, and a bishop's see, 35 m. W. S. W. of Cag-
liari.
Villa Flor, a town of Portugal, in Tras os
Montes, 28 m. S. by W. of Braganza.
Villa, Franca, a sea-port of Sardinia, in the
county of Nice, with a castle and fort. The har-
bour is capacious, and the mountains which en-
close it extend into the sea like promontories. It
was taken by the French in 1705, by the French
and Spaniards in 1744, and by the French in 1792.
Of late years it has become the resort of con-
sumptive invalids in preference to Nice It is 3
in. E. of Nice.
Villa Franca, a town of Portugal, in Estrema-
dura, on the estuary of the Tagus, 20 m. N. E. of
Lisbon.
Villa Franca, a town on the S. coast of St.
Michael, one of the Azores, defended by a fort
and other works. Opposite this place, half a
mile from the shore, is a small island, which has
a basin with a narrow entrance, where 50 ves-
sels may anchor in security. It is 16 m. E. by
N. of Punta del Guda. Long. 25. 30. W., lat.
37. 50. N.
Villa Franca de Panndes, a town of Spain, in
Catalonia, 13 m. W. by S. of Barcelona.
Village Green, p. v. Delaware Co. Pa.
Village Springs, p. v. Blount Co. Alab.
Villa Herrnosa, a. town of Spain, in Valencia,
near the river Millas, 58 ra. N. of Valencia.
Villa Hrrmosa, a town of Mexico, in tlie prov
ince of Tabasco, on the river Tabasco, 60 m. S.
W. of Tabasco, and 70 N.E. of Chiapa. Long.
94. 5. V^'., lat. 17. 45. N.
Villa Joiosa, or Jnysa, a town of Spain, in Va
lencia, on the coast of the Mediterranean, 18 m
E. N. E. of Alicant and 24 S. of Gandin.
Villa Kova d'^sti, a fortified town of the Sar
dinian states, in Piedmont, 14 m. W. of Asti.
Villa JS'nva de Cervf.ra, a town of Portugal, in
Entre Douro e Minho, situate on the Minho,
near its mouth, 27 m. N. W. of Braga and 45 N.
of Oporto.
Villa Nova de Portimao, a fortified sea-port of
Portugal, in Algarva, on a river which forms a
spacious and secure harbour, defended by two
forts. It is 9 m. E. N. E. of Lagos and 42 VV by
S. of Tavari. Long. 8. 27. W., lat. 37. 12. N.
Villa JVova de Porto, a towti of Portueal, in
Entre Douro e Minho, seated on the Douro, op-
posite Oporto (on which it depends) and defended
by several forts.
Villa JVova de Principe, a town of Brazil, in
Rio Janeiro, situate near the diamond mines, 130
ni. W. of Porto Seguro.
Villa Real, a town of Portugal, in Tras ob
Montes, seated at the conflux of the Corgo and
Ribera, J 2 m. N. by E. of Lamego and 38 S. E.of
Braganza.
Villa Real, a town of Spain, in the province of
Valencia, near the Manjares, 40 m. N. N. E. of
Valencia.
Villa Heal, a town of Brazil, in the province of
Spiritu Santo, 150 m. W. by S. of Spiritu Santo.
Villa Rica, a town of Chile, on the lake Mala-
bansren, 60 m. N. E. of Valdivia.
Villa Viciosa, a town of Spain, in Asturias,
seated on the Bay of Biscay, 32 m. N. E. of
Oviedo.
Villa Vicosa, a fortified town of Portugal, in
Alemtejo, with an old castle, and a palace where
the dukes of Braganza formerly resided. In the
suburb is an ancient temple, originally built to
the honour of Proserpine ; and in the neighbour-
hood are quarries of fine green marble. It is 12
m. S. W. of Eivas and 33'N. E. of Evora.
Villach, a town of Austrian lllyria, in Carinthia,
with a castle. Near it are medicinal baths. It is
seated at the conflux of the Geil with the Drave,
16 m. W. by S. of Clagenfurt
Villaine, a town of France, department of May
enne, 16 m. E. by N. of Mayenne.
Villamiel, a town of Spain, in Leon, 48 m. S
of Ciudad Rodrigo.
Villarino, a town of Spain, in Leon, on the
river Douero and confines of Portugal, 45 m. W,
N. W. of Salamanca.
VIN
78K.
TfR
nUedieu, a town of France, department of Loir-
et-Cher, 20 m. W. S. W. of Vendome.
Villedieu, a town in the department of Manche,
8 m. N. N. E. of Avranches.
Villefort, a town in the department of Lozere,
18 m. E. of Mende and 19 N. of Alais-
Villefranche, a town in the department of Rhone,
surrounded by walls, and seated on the Saone,
18 m. N. by W. of Lyons.
V'Mefranchc, a town in the department of East-
ern Pyrenees, with a fort ; seated on the river
Tet,25 m. W. S. W. of Perpignan.
Villefranche, a town in the department of Avei-
ron, with a great trade in linen cloth; seated on
the Aveiron, 20 m. W. of Rodez.
Villefranche, a town in the department of Upper
Garonne, on the canal royale, 22 m. S. £. of
Toulouse.
Villejuine, a town in the department of Paris, 4
m. S. of Paris.
ViUemont, p. v. Chicot Co. Arkansas.
Villemur, a town in the department of Upper
Garonne, seated on the Tarn, 12 m. N. N. R. of
Toulouse.
Villena, a town of Spain, in Murcia, with a
castle, formerly of great strength. In the neigh-
bourhood is a morass, from which salt is made.
It is 18 m. S. S. E. of Almanza and 50 N. by E.
of Murcia.
Villeneui}e,a. town of France, department of Lot-
et- Garonne, on the river Lot, 17 m. N. of Agen.
Villeneuve, a town in the department of Gard,
on the Rhone, opposite Avignon, with which it
communicates by a bridge, 21 m. E. N. E. of
Nismes.
VUleneuve, a town of Switzerland, in the canton
of Pays de Vaud, situate at the E. extremity of
the lake of Geneva, 3 m. from the influx of the
Rhone and 14 E. S. E. of Lausanne.
ViUeneuve de Berg, a town of France, depart-
ment of Ardeche, 13 m. S. of Privas.
Villers Cotcrets, a town in the department of
Aisne, 12 m. S. W. of Soissons and 44 N. E. of
Paris.
Villingen,a. town of Germany, in Baden, strong
by nature on account of the surrounding moun-
tains and narrow passes. Here is a Benedictine
abbev, and in the vicinity is a good bath. It is
20 ni. E. by N. of Friburg.
Vilscck, a town of Bavaria Franconia, near
which are several foundries. It is seated on the
Vils, 20 m. N. of Amberg.
Vilshofen, a town of Lower Bavaria. In 1745
the Austrians took it by storm. It is situate on
the Danube, at the influx of the Vils, 11 m. W.
by N. of Passau.
Vilvordcn, a town of ihe Netherlands, in S.
Brabant, with an ancient castle; seated at the
confluence of the Woluwe and the Senne, 7 m.
N. N. E. of Brussels.
Vimieiro,?L town of Portugal, in Alemtejo, J2 m.
W. by N. of Estremos.
Vimiera, a village of Portugal, in Estremadura,
30 m. N. of Lisbon.
Vimiosa, a town of Portugal, in Tras os Mon-
ies, 15 m. W. N. W. of Miranda and 17 S. E. of
Braganza.
Vincennes, a town of France, in the department
of Paris, remarkable for its castle, which for three
centuries was the country residence of the royal
family. 3 m. E. of Paris.
Vincennes, p. v. Knox Co: Ind. on the Wabash,
136 m. N. W. Louisville and 150 m. above the
inouth of the Wabash. It was settled by tha
French from Canada in the early part of the last
century, and was formerly the scat of the territe-
rial government. The river is navigable to this
place for steam-boats the greater part of the year.
Pop. 1,800.
Vincent, p.t. Chester Co. Pa.
Vincentown, p.v. Burlington Co. N. J. 20 m. E.
Philad.
Vincent, Cape, St., the S. W. promontory of
Portugal, 25 m. W. by S. of Lagos. Long. 9. 0.
W., lat. 37. 3. N.
Vincent, St., one of the Windward Caribbee
Islands, in the W. Indies, 24 m. long and 18 broad,
and about 70 m. W. of Barbadoes. It is extreme-
ly fertile, and well adapted for the raising of sugar
and indigo ; and here the bread-fruit trees brought
from thrive Otaheite remarkably well. The origi-
nal inhabitants were Caribs, a warlike race, man-
ifestly distinguished from the aborigines of the
larger islands. They are conjectured to have
been originally a colony from N. America, their
fierce manners approaching nearer to those of the
original natives of that continent than they do to
that of S. America, and their language also having
some affinity to that spoken in Florida. In their
wars they preserved their ancient practice of de-
stroying all the males, and preserving the women
either fur servitude or for breeding. St. Vincent
was long a neutral island ; but, at the peace of
17G3, the French agreed that the right to it should
be vested in the English. The latter, soon after,
engaged in a war against the Caribs, on the wind-
ward side of the island, who were obliged to con-
sent to a peace, by which they ceded a large tract
of land to the crown. The consequence of this
was, that, in 1779, they greatly contributed to the
reduction of this island by the French, who, how-
ever, restored it in 1783. In 1795 the French
landed some troops, and again instigated the
Caribs to an insurrection, which wj,- not subdued
for several months. It was almost desolated in
1812 by an eruption of the Souffi-ier mountain,
which had continued quiet f-»r nearly a .century
before. Kingston is the capital.
Vincent, St., one of the Cape Verde Islands, 12
m. long and three broad and uninhabited. On
the N. W. side of it is a good bay, where ships
may wood and water, and wild goats may be shot
Long. 25. 30. W., lat. 17. 30. IN .
Vincent, St., a town of Spain, in Asturias, seat-
ed on the Bay of Biscay, 9 m. W. by S. of San-
tillana.
Vineyard, a township of Grand Isle Co. Vt.
Pop. 459.
Vingorla, a town of Hindoostan, in Visiapour,
belonging to the British. About 10 m. to the W.
N. W. are some rocks in the sea, called Vingorla
Rocks. The town is situate near the mouth of a
river, 25 m. N. N. W. of Goa. Long. 73. 27. E.,
lat. 15. 51. N.
Vintimiglia, a town of the Sardinian states, in
the territory of Genoa, with a small harbour, and
a strong castle on a high rock. It is seated on'
the Mediterranean, at the mouth of the Rotta. 20
m. N. E. ofNice and24S. W. of Oneglia. Long.
7.37. E.,lat. 43. .53. N.
Vipalanca, or Vj Palanka, a town of Hungary,
in Temeswar, with a fortress. It stands on the
Karass, near its entrance into the Danube, 42 m.
E. of Belgrade and 58 S. of Temeswar.
Vire, a town of France, department of Calvados
with several manufactures of coarse woolen
cloths. It is seated on the the Vire, 30 m. B. E
of Coutances and 150 W. of Paris.
rift
m
VIR
Viriril, p.t Cortland Co. N. Y. 10 m. S. Homer
and 154 W. Albany. Pop. 3,912.
Virgin Cape, a cape of Patagonia, at the en-
trance of the strait of Magellan ; so called by Ma-
gellan, because he discovered it on the feast
of St. Ursula. Long. 67. 54. W., lat. 52. 23. S.
Virgin Gorda, or Spanish town, one of the Vir-
gin Islands in the W. Indies. It has two good
harbours, and is defended by a fort. Long. 64. 0.
W., lat. 18. 18. N.
Virgin Islands, about 30 islands and keys in
the W. Indies, between St. Juan de Puerto Rico,
and the Leeward Carribee Islands. They are
possessed by tiie English and Danes. In the first
division, belonging to the English, is Tortola, to
which belong Jost Van Dike, Little Van Dike,
Guana, Beef, and Thatch Islands. In the second
divison is Virgm Gorda, to which belong Anega-
da, Nicker Prickly Pear, the Muskitos, the Com-
manoes, &c. Of the Danish Islands, the princi-
pal are St. .Thomas and St. John.
Virginia, one of the United Stales ; bounded
N. by Ohio, Pennsylvania and Maryland : E. by
Maryland and the Atlantic ; S. by S. Carolina
and Tennessee and W. by Ohio and Kentucky-
It lies between 36. 40. and 40. 43. N. lat. and 75. 25.
and 83. 40. W. long. It is the largest state in the
anion being 370 m. in length, and 200 in breadth.
It comprises 64,000 sq. m. The Apalachain chain
from Pennsylvania, passes through the stale,
southwesterly into N. Carolina and Tennessee.
The most easterly ridge is known by the name of
the Blue Ridge. On the west, the Laurel Moun-
tains and Chesnut Ridge extend from Pennsylva-
nia, and terminate in this state. The Cumberland
Mountains lie between Virginia and Kentucky.
The Alleghany ridge is continued from Pennsyl-
vania ; tnere are other ridges as Greenbriar,
North Mountain, Broad Moimtain, Back Bone,
Jackson River Mountain, Iron Mountain, and
Great Flat Top. The loftiest summits are the
Peaks of Otter, in the Alleghany ridge, which are
3,103 feet above the level of the sea. This state
is watered by a great number of rivers, among
which may be mentioned the Potomac, Rappa*
hannoc, York, James, and Staunton, east of the
Mountains ; and the Ohio and Kanawha to the
W. The outer half of Chesapeak Bay lies in
this state, and by its depth and extent, and the
numerous fine rivers which it receives, is of the
highest use for navigation. Most of the large
towns are situated at a considerable distance up
the rivers. Norfolk has a good harbour, in the
Bouthern part of the bay, near the mouth of the
James The embouchure of this river forms a spa-
cious haven, called Hampton Roads. These roads
were formerly open, but strong fbrtifications have
rendered their entrance impracticable to an ene-
my. The shores are low and fiat. A peninsula
%
about 60 m. long, and from 10 to 15 wide, lies on
the eastern side of the Chesapeak, and is bordered
toward the sea by a string of low, sandy islets.
The waters of the Chesapeak enter the sea, be-
tween Cape Charles and Cape Henry, forming a
strait 15 m. in width.
From the vast extent of this state, and the va-
rieties of its surface, we should of course be led to
expect a great diversity of climate. In the Atlan-
tic country, east of the Mountains, the heals of
summer are long and oppressive, the spring short
and variable, and the winters extremely mild, the
snow seldom lying more than a day after it has
fallen. Droughts in summer and autumn are fre
quent The people have sallow complexions, from
the heats of summer, and bilious diseases in au
turan. On the mountains, the air is cool and sa
lubrious,and the inhabitants are tall and muscu
lar, with robust forms and healthy countenances
Fires are here used during five months of the
year. The heat of summer during the day is con
siderable, bul the nights are always cool. On the
western side of the mountains, the climate is cold-
er by some degrees than in the same parallel of
latitude on the coast. The valley of the Ohio is
exceedingly hot in summer, while in winter,
the river is frozen so as sometimes to be passable
for two months together. The autumn is dry,
temperate, and healthy, with the most beautiful
weather. From the Atlantic coast to the head
of tide water on the rivers, the country is low, flat
and marshy, or sandy ; this meagre soil is cover-
ed with pines and cedars; but the banks of the
rivers are loamy and rich, and the vegetation in
those parts, luxuriant. This territory is alluvial,
and exhibits marine shells and bones everywhere
beneath the surface. From the head of tide wa-
ter to the Blue Ridge, the land begins to rise, and
becomes stony and broken ; the soil lies on a
stratum of stiff, reddish clay, and is much superior
to the Lowland country. In the valley between
the Blue Ridge and the Alleghany, we come to a
limestone country ; here the soil lies upon a bed
of that rock, and is very fertile, particularly in
grain and clover. In some parts the soil is chalky.
The western part of the state, or that part which
lies between the mountains and the Ohio, has a
broken surface, with occasional fertile tracts, but
the soil is generally lean.
The most remarkable natural curiosities in this
state are Weier's Cave, the Rock Bridge, or Nat-
ural Bridge over Cedar Creek, and the passage of
the Potomac through the Blue Ridge at Harper's
Ferry, — all of whicl\,*ce. In the mountainous and
western parts, there is abundance of iron ore,
with lead and coal. Gypsum of the best quality
is also found in the same region. In the eastern
part between the Potomac and James rivers, gold
has lately been discovered near the surface, and
considerable quantities have been obtained by
washing the earth. Since the year 1827, the
gold mines of Virginia have attracted attention.
The belt of country in which they are found, ex-
tends through Spotsylvania, and some neighbour-
ing counties. In 1830, about 24,000 dollars val-
ue of gold from Virginia, was coined at the mint
of the United States. Almost every part of the
state, west of the mountains, abounds in salt
springs. Among the mountains, are also a rreat
nurnberof mineral springs. The Warren Springs,
near Green Valley, in Bath county, have a tem-
perature of 96. The Hot Springs, in the same
neighbourhood, have a temperature of 1 12. These
and several others are visited hy invalids.
3 s2
VIR
769
Via
This state is divided into 103 counties, compris-
ed within two districts, the Eastern and Western.
The population is 1,2J 1,272, of whom 469,724 are
slaves. Richmond is the capital. The other
large towns are Norfolk, Petersburg, Fredericks-
burg, Lynchburg, Williamsburg and York, all
which are on the eastern side of the mountains.
Wheeling, on the Ohio, is the largest of the west-
ern towns in the state. Virginia has been
ville, Williamsburg, Lexington and Prince Kd-
ward county. The state has a Literary Fund
of 1,510,689 dollars
Virginia was the earliest settled of the British
American colonies. An exi>edition was despatch-
ed by the London Company, under Captain New-
port, who was accompanied by Gosnold and the
celebrated Captain Smith. They entered the
Chesapeak, and discovered James' river in April,
1607. A settlement was immediately formed at
Jamestown, but the colonists soon began to suifer
severely by famine and the hostility of the natives.
Smith was taken prisoner, and when on the point
of being put to death by the savages was rescued
chiefly distinguished for the culture of tobacco,
although wheat and maize receive a good share of
attention ; these three articles constitute the chief
exports of the state. The cultivation of tobacco
has considerably fallen off within a few years, and
the land in many cases, has been neglected in
consequence of the exhaustion of the soil. Ma-
ny tracts in the eastern parts, formerly devoted
to tillage, are now abandoned and overgrown
with pines. Agriculture in general, may be pro-
nounced in a backward state in Virginia. East
of the mountains, the labour is almost wholly per-
formed by the slaves, and this portion of the state
appears to be declining in wealth. West of the
mountains, slave labour is less relied upon, and
the country is improving in its condition. The
imports into this state for 1829, amounted to 395,-
352 dollars; the domestic produce exported, to
3,783,493 dollars ; total exports, 3,787,431 dollars.
The errolled and licensed shipping in J828,
amounted to 67,302 tons. The manufoctures con-
sist chieflv of iron and salt. The salt works, on
the Kana^hwa, produce about 2,000,000 bushels
of salt yearly. At Harper's Ferry, is a manufac-
tory of muskets, employed principally for the
United States.
The legislature consists of a Senate and House
of Representatives. The senators are 32; they
are elected by districts, and hold their office f(jur
years, one quarter of their number being renewed
everyyear. The representatives are chosen year-
ly. These elections are made viva voce, and not
as in other states, by ballot. The governor is
elected for three years, by the two branches of
the legislature, and is eligible but once in 6 3'ears.
There is a council of three, chosen like the Gov-
ernor , the senior counsellor is Lt. Governor. The
right of voting comes very near to universal suf-
frage. Clergymen are ineligible as legislators.
No legislative provision can be made for religious
M'orship.
The most numerous religious sect in Virgin-
ia, are the Baptists who have 337 churches ; the
Presbyterians have 104 ; the Episcopalians 45
ministers : the Methodists 77. There are also
Lutherans, Catholics, and Jews in small num-
bers.
There are 4 colleges in this state ; at Charlotts-
and released by the romantic generosity of Poca-
hontas,the King's daughter. The affairs of the col-
ny after this, fell into so bad a state, that all the set-
tlers embarked, and were under sail to leave the
country, when several ships arriving with sup-
plies, they were induced to remain. From this pe-
riod, the settlement began to thrive, though much
harrassed by Indian wars. Charles 1. conferred
upon the inhabitants the right to elect represent-
atives ; in return for which favour the Virgin-
ians adhered to the royal interests during the
civil wars which preceeded his overthrow. The
parliament in 1C52, sent a fleet which brought
them to submission, and for 9 years, Cromwell
appointed the Governor of the colony. After the
restoration, Virginia was much disturbed by a
civil war in her own territory, but the Governor
continued to be appointed by the King till the
beginning of the American Revolution. In 1776,
a new constitution was formed ; and in 1830, it
was revised by a 'Convention.
Virnebur<r, a town of Prussia, in the govern-
ment of Treves ; seated near the Nesse, 26 m.
W. N. W- of Coblentz.
Virion, a town of the Netherlands, in Luxem-
burg, 22 m. W. of Luxemburg,
Visagapatarn , a town of Hindcostan, capital of
an extensive district in the province of the North-
ern Circars,and the residence of the Judge, collec-
tor, &c., of the district. It has a harbour, and
carries on a considerable trade. 100 m. N. E. of
Rajamundry and 480 N. E. of Madras.
Visiilia, p.v. Campbell Co. Ken.
Visclima, a town of Russia, in the government
of Tobolsk. 268 m. S. W. of Tobolsk.
Vise, a fortified town of the Netherlands, in
the province of Liege, seated on the Meuse, 6 m.
S. of Maestricht.
Visen, a town of Portugal, in Beira, and a
bishop's see, 32 ni. S. of Lamego and 49 N. E. of
Coimbra.
Vishnei-Volotschok, a town of Russia, in the
government of Tver. It has a canal, which, by
uniting the Tverza and the Masta, connects the
inland navigation between the Caspian and the
vrr
763
VOL
Baltic , and is seated on the river Zua, 50 m. N.
W of Tver.
Visiapour, or Bejapour, a province of Hindoos-
tan, 350 m. long and about 200 broad, bounded N.
and E. by tlie provinces of Aurungabadai>d Beder,
S. by Canara and the river Toombuddra, and W.
by tlie sea. The soil is in general fertile and
provisions are plentiful and cheap.
Visiajwur, or Bejapour, the capital of the fore-
going province, was formerly a great city, and is
said to have contained immense wealth, some of
which has been found among the ruins. It was
besiegfd by Aurungzebe, and obliged to capitu-
late in 1689. It is situate in a fertile plain, 150
m. S. E. of Poonah and 340 N. by W. of Sering-
apatam. Long 75. 40. E., lat. 17. 16. N.
Visa, a mountain of the Marintime Alps, in
Piedmont, noted as the source of the river Po.
yistnla, a river which rises in the Carpathian
mountains, on the confines of Moravia and Hun
gary, flows through Poland and Prussia, by Cra-
cow, Sandomir, Warsaw, Culm, Marienburg, and
Dantzic, and enters the Baltic by three mouths.
yUepsk, a government of Russia, lying between
Courland and Livonia ; it has an area of about
20,000 square miles, and contains 750,000 inhab-'
itants. The surface is flat, and covered with ex-
tensive forests.
Vitepsk, a city of Russia, capital of the forego-
ing government. It is divided into two parts by
the river Dwina, and is surrounded by a wall. In
the campaio-n of 1812 it wasentered by the French.
207 ra. W.°of Moscow and 320 S. of St. Pet..>rs-
burg.
VUerbo, a town of Italy, capital of a delegation
of its name, in the pope's dominions, and a bish-
op's see. Its streets are broad and well paved,
and it contains 10 parish-churches, and numerous
convents, palaces, and fountains. Near the city
is a hot mineral spring much frequented. It is
seated at the foot of a mountain, in a beautiful
valley, 40 m. N. N. W. of Rome. Long. 12. 26. E ,
lat. 42. 25. iN.
VUre,dL town of France, department of Ille et
Vilaine, with a trade in linen cloth, and knit
stockinirs and gloves, seated on the Vilaine, 20 m.
N. E. ofRennes and 52 S. E. of St. Malo.
V'Ury le Brule, a village of France 2 m. N. E. of
Vitry le Francois. It was formerly a considera-
ble town, but was burnt by Louis VII., and on
this account called Brule. The English and Bur-
gundians, in the war with Charles VII., set fire
to Vitry with 60 villages. It was a third time
burned and ruined by the troops of the emperor
Charles V.
Vitry le Francois, a town of France, depart-
ment of Marne, built by Francis I. after the de-
struction of Vitry le Brule by the emperor Charles
V. It has a great trade in corn, and is seated on
the Marne, lorn. S. E. of Chalons and 100 E. of
Paris.
VitteauT, a town of France, in the department
of Cote dOr, seated on the river Braine, among
the mountains, where there are quarries of mar-
ble, 12 m. S. E. of Semur and 27 W. of Dijon.
iittoria, a town of Spain, capital of the prov-
ince of Alaba, in Biscay. It is surrounded by
doable walls, and the large streets are bordered
with trees. Inthe principal square are the town-
house, two convents, and a fine fountain. It has
a great trade in hardware, particularly in sword-
blades, which are made here in large quantities.
It is seated on an eminence, at the end of a plain,
iertils in corn and grapes, 32 m. S. £. of Bilbao
and 155 N. of Madrid . Lonff. 2. 38. W. lat 43
45. N. ^
Vivarez, a territory of France, in the N. E.
part of Languedoc, on the banks of the Rhone,
now forming the department of Ardeche.
Vivero, a town of Spain, in Galicia, seated
at the foot of a steep mountain, near the river Vi-
vero or Landrova, which flows into the Bay of
Biscay. 22 m. N. W. of Mondonedo.
Fmer*, a town of France, department of Ar-
deche, seated among rocks (on one of which the
cathedral is built) on the river Rhone, 16 m. S.
by E. of Privas.
Vladimir. See Volodimir.
Vlidand.&n island of the Netherlands, about 8
m. long and 3 broad, situate at the entrance of
the Zuyder Zee, 5 m. N. of Texel.
Vighera, a province of the Sardinian states, ad-
jacent to Austrian Italy, coirprising an area of
100 square miles, with flOjOOO inhabitants. The
soil is fertile in corn and wine, and much silk is
produced.
Voghera, a town of Italy, capital of the above
province, and a bishop's see. The chief manu-
facture is that of silk. It is seated on the Slaffo-
ra, 9 m. N. E. of Tortone.
Voglabruck,^ town of Austria, on the river Vo-
gel, 28 m. N. E. of Salzburg and 38 S. W. of
Lintz.
Void, a town of France, department of Mease,
18 m. E. S. E. of Aar le Euc.
Voigdand, a circle of the kingdom of Saxony,
adjoining that of Erzgebirge, comprising an area
of 700 square miles, with 100.000 inhabitants. It
is very hilly, and abounds in wood ; but the
valleys afford plenty of corn, and pastures that
feed great numbers of excellent cattle. Plauen
is the capital.
Voigtsbcrg, a town and citadel of Saxony, in
Voifftland, 5 m. S. by. E. of Plauen.
Voigtsberg, a town of the Austrian States in
Stiria, seated on the Kainach 18 m. E. by S. of
Gratz.
Vokelmark, or Volkcnmark, a town of Austrian
Illyria, in Carinthia, seated on the Drave, 17 m
E. by S. of Clagenfurt.
Volcano, one of the most considerable of the Li-
pari Islands in the Mediteranean, lying S. of the
island of Lipari, from which it is separated by a
deep channel, a mile and a half broad. It is 12
miles in circumference, and is a volcano, in the
form of a broken cone, but now emits smoke only.
Volcandlo a small volcanic island in the
Mediterranean, between that of Lipari and Volum.
Volga, a river of Russia, which forms part of
the boundary between Europe and Asia. It has
its source in two small lakes, in the government
of Pleskof, about 80 m. W. of Tver, begins to be
navigable a ♦ew m. above that town, and is there
augmented by the influx of the Tverza. It wa-
ters some of the finest provinces in the Russian
empire, passes by Yaroslaf, Kosfroma, Nishnei,
Novogorod, Kasan, Simbirsk, Saratof, Tzaritzin,
and Astracan, and enters the Caspian Sea, by scv
eral mouths. This is supposed to be ths largest
river in Europe; and by means of it, the river
Tverza, and a canal thence to the Neva, there is
a navigable communication between the Caspian
Sea and the Baltic.
Volhynia, a government of Russia, 220 m. long
and 130 broad ; bounded on the N. by Polesia,
E. by Kiof, S. by Podolia, and W. bv the king-
dom of Poland. It consists chiefly of fertila
plains, watered by a great number of rivers.
■\ ,'>
VOL
764
VUL
Vollenkovm, a town of the Netherlands, in
Overyssel, with a castle ; seated on the Zuyder
Zee,8 m. S. W. of Steenwich and 12 N. W. of
Zwoll.
Volmar, a town of Russia, in the government
of Riga, on the rivet Aa, 60 ni. N. fi. of Aiga.
Volnrij, p.t. Oswego Co. N. Y. 180 m. N. W.
Alb;»ny. Pop. 3,020.
l^olo, an ancient town of Greece, in Thessaly,
with a citadel and a fort. It was taken, and al-
most ruined, in 1655, by the Venetians. It is
seated on a gulf of the same name, where there is
a good harbour, 30 m. S. E. of Larissa. Long. 22.
55. E.,Iat. 39.21. N.
Vdodimir, or Vladimir, a government of Rus-
sia, formerly a province of tlie government of
Moscow, it contains an area of 19,500 sq. m.
with about 1,000,000 of inhabitants. The soil is
extremely fertile, and in the forests are innumer-
able swarms of bees.
Votodimir, the capital of the foregoing govern-
ment, seated on the Kliasma, 110 m. E. by N. of
Moscow.
Vologda, a government of Russia, divided into
the two provinces of Vologda and Ustiug, and
comprising an area of 149,000 sq. m. with about
660,000 inhabitants. It is a marshy country, full
of forests, lakes, and rivers, and noted for its fine
wool.
Vologda, the capital of the above province and
an archbishop,s see, has a magnificent cathedral,
several churches, a castle, and a fortress. The
principal trade is in hemp matting, leather and, tal-
low. It is seated in a marsh, on the river Volog-
da, which flows into the Sukhona, 257 m. N.
bv E. of Moscow. Long. 39. 46. E., lat. 59.
2b. N.
Volsk, a town of Russia, in the government of
Saratof, situate on the Volga, 76 m. N. E. of Sa-
ratof.
Volta, a river of Guinea, which separates the
Gold Coast from the Slave Coast, and enters the
Atlantic Ocean.
Vokaorio, a town of the Sardinian States, in
the territory of Genoa, 15 m. N. by W. of Genoa.
Volterra, a walled town of Italy, in the grand
duchy of Tuscany, containing several antiquities.
It is the see of a bishop, and is seated on a moun-
tain, 30 m. S. S. W. of Florence and 32 S. E. of
Pisa.
Voltri, a town of the Sardinian States, in the
territory of Genoa, near which the Austrians were
defeated by the French in 1796. It is 6 m. W. of
Genoa.
Volturara, a town of Naples, in Capitana-
ta, 20 ra. W. of Lucera, and 25 N. E. of Na-
ples.
Volturno, a river of Naples, which rises in the
Appennines, passes by Isernia and Capua, and
enters the gulf of Gaieta.
Voluntown, p.t. Windham Co. Conn. Pon.
1,304. ^
Volvic, a town of France department of Puy de
Dome, near which are immense quarries, which
furnish materials for the building of the adjacent
towns, and for the statues in the churches. It is 6
m. N. of Clermont.
VoorheiesviUe, p.v. Montgomery Co. N. Y.
Foor«, an island of the Netherlands, in S. Hol-
land, between two mouths of the Meuse, 20 m.
long and 5 broad. This island, with Goree and
Overslackee, form the territory called Voornland
which anciently belonged to Zealand. Briel is
the capital.
Vorden, a town of Hanover, in the princi-
pality of Osnaburg, 20 ra. N. N. E. of Osna-
burg.
Vordon, a town of Poland, on the Vistula,
where a toll is collected from ships going up
and down the river. It is 15 m. S. S. W. of
Culm.
Voringen, a town of Germany, in the princi-
pality of Hohenzollern, 10 m. S. E. of Hohenzol-
lern.
Voronez, a government of Russia, bordering
on the Ukraine, which it resembles in climate,
soil, and productions. It comprises an area of
31,000 sq. m. with about 800,000 inhabitants.
Voronez, the capital of the above government
and an archbishop's see, is seated on the river
Voronez, near its junction with the Don, 230 m.
S. S. E. of xMoscovv. Long. 39. 14. E., lat. 51.
36 N.
Vosges, a department of France, including the
S. E. part of the former province of Lorrain, so
called from a chain of mountains, formerly cover-
ed with wood, that separates this department
from those of Upper Saone and Upper Rhine. It
has an extent of 2,400 sq. m. with 340,000 inhab-
tants. Epinal is the capital.
Voughine, p.v. Chicot Co. Arkansas.
Vouille, a village of France, department of
Vienne, where Clovis gained a battle in 507
against Alaric, king of the Visigoths, which ex-
tended the French empire from the Loire, to the
Pyrenees, 10 m. W. of Poitiers.
Vourla, a town of Asia Minor, in Natolia, 30
m. W. by S. of Smyrna.
Vou-tckang, a city of China, capital of the
province of Hou-quang, and the rendezvous, as it
were, of all the commercial people in the empire.
As every branch of trade is carried on here, its
port, on the Kian-ku, is always crowded with
vessels, the river being sometimes covered with
them to the distance of two leagues. The beau-
tiful crystal found in its mountains, the plentiful
crops of fine tea, and the prodigious sale of the
bamboo paper made here, contribute no less to
make it famous than the continual influx of stran-
gers. It is 655 m. S. of Pekin. Long. 112. 25.
E, lat. 30. 30. N.
Vouziers, a town of France, department of Ar-
dennes, seated on the river Aisne, 32 m. E. N. E.
of Rheims.
Vriezen- Veen, a town of the Netherlands, in
Overyssel, 20 m. E. by S. of Zwolle.
Vokovar, a town of the Austrian states, in Scla-
vonia, with a manufacture of silk, seated on the
Danube, at the influx of the small river Yuko,
which divides it into two parts. 21 m. S. E. of
Eszek.
VuUurara, a town of Naples, in principato Ul
tra, 65 m. N E. of Naples.
WJX
765
WAL
W
WAAG, a river of Hungary, which rises in
the Carpathian mountains, flows by Leopoldsladt,
and joins the Danube below Comorn.
Waal, a river of the Netherlands, being the S.
branch from the Rhine below Einmerick. It
flows W. through Gelderland, passes by Nimegu-
en, Tiel, Bommel, and Gorcuni, and joins the
Meuse at Briel.
Wabash, a river of the United States, in Indiana,
which rises near some lakes to the W. of Lake
Erie, and taking a S. S. W. course of 400 m.
enters the Ohio 100 m. above the confluence of
that river with the Mississippi. It is navigable
for 340 m. and approaches within 9 m. of the
navigable waters of Lake Erie.
Wabash, a county of Indiana. Elk Heart Plain
is the capital. A county of Illinois. Pop. 2,109.
Mount Carmel is the capital.
Wachenheiin. a town of Bavaria, in the circle
of the Rhine, 17 m. S. S. W. of Worms.
t WachUrsbach, a town of Germany, in Wattera-
via, with a castle, in which the count of Isen-
burg-Wachtersbach resides. 20 m. E. N. E. of
Hanau.
Wachusett, a mountain of Massachusetts in
Princeton, Worcester Co. It is a detached emi-
nence at a distance from any range of mountains
and is 3,000 feet in height.
Waddinorton, p.t. St. Lawrence Co. N. Y. 250
m. N. W. "Albany.
Wadesborough, p.v. Anson Co. N. C. 20 m. W.
Fayetfeville.
Willing River, p.t. Suffblk Co. N. Y.
Wadstena, a town of Sweden, in E. Gothland,
with a castJe built by Gustavus Vasa in 1544, and
mhabited by his son Magnus, who was insane.
It is seated on the lake Wetter, 46 m. W. of
Nordkoping. Long. 14. 53. E., lat. 58. 28.
N.
Wadsworth,p.t. Madison Co. Ohio, 110 m. N.
E. Columbus. Pop. 965.
Wageningen, a town of the Netherlands, in
Gelderland, with a good trade in cattle and tobac-
co. It is seated on the Rhine, 12 m. W. of Aren-
heim.
Wagram, a town of Austria, 14 m. N. N. E.
Vienna. Here Napoleon gained a splendid victo-
ry over the Austrians July, 6, 1809.
Wahren, a town of Germany, in the duchy of
Macklenburg, seated near the lake Calpin, 12 m.
of Malchin and 27 W. N. W. of New Stre-
Waiblingen, a town of Germany, in the kinjr.
dom of Wurtemberg, on the river Rems, 7 m. E.
N. E. of Stuttgard.
Waidhoccn, Bairisch, a town of Austria, on the
river Ips, 23 m. S. W. of St. Polten.
Waidlioven, Bohmisch, a town and castle of Aus-
tria, on the river Teya, 10 m. N. N. W. of Horn.
Wai.dslioroush. p.v. Callaway Co. Ken, 263 m.
S. W. Frankfort.
Waisntz, or Valgatch, an island and strait be-
tween Nova Zembla and Russia. Long. 93. 30.
E.Jat. 69. 30. N.
WaitifieRt a town in Lincolnshire, Eng. 131 m.
N. bv E. of London.
Waiisfiddy p.t. Washington Co. Vt. Pop. 958.
Waitzen, a town of Hungary, and a bishop's
see. A large annual fair is kept here. It has fre-
quently been taken by the Turks, and was burnt
by them in 1685. It is situate on the Danube,
98 m. E. S. E. of Presburg. Long. 19. 15. E.,
lat. 47. 45. N.
Wakitomika, p.t. Coshocton Co. Ohio. 60 m. N
E. Columbus.
Wake, a county of N. Carolina. Pop. 20,417
Raleigh is the capital.
Wakefield, a town in W. Yorkshire, Eng. Here
are considerable manufactures of woolen cloth
and stuffs, and a hall for the sale of the goods ; al-
so a free grammar-school, which has several ex-
hibitions to both the universities. It is situate in
the heart of a rich and fertile district, 29 m. S
W. of York and 178 N. N W. of London.
^Fo/:c^cW, a township of Strafford Co. N. H
50 m. N. W. Portsmouth. Pop. 1,470.
Wake Forest, p.v. Wake Co. N. C.
Wakulla, a small river of W. Florida, running
into the Gulf of Mexico. The Wakulla Foun-
tain which is the source of this river, is a large
basin of water like a small lake, and so deep that
it has been sounded with a line of 250 fathoms
without reaching the bottom. The water is of a
light blue color and almost as transparent as air. It
has almost the coldness of ice water, even in the
hotest of summer, and bubbles up from the bottom
like a cauldron of boiling water. This spring
is 12 m. from Tallahassee and 20 from the Galf
of Mexico.
Walachia, province of Turkey, 175 m. long and
125 broad; bounded on the N. by Transylvania,
E. by Moldavia, S. by the river Danube which
separates it from Bulgaria, and W. by Hungary.
It is watered by numerous rivers, abounds in
good horses and cattle, has mines of several kinds,
and produces wine, oil, and all manner of Euro-
pean fruit. One of the most remarkable able
animals of this country is the Strepsiceros or
Walachian sheep. Its area is estimated at 28,000
square miles ; its population at 800,000. It was
ceded to the Turks by the treaty of Belgrade in
1739. It is governed by a hospodar or prince
who is a vassal of the empire, and holds his
sovereignty by a firman of the grand signior.
Bucharest is the capital.
Walcheren, an island of the Netherlands, the
principal one of Zealand, and the most westerly,
at the mouth of the Scheldt. It is 9 m. long and
WAL
766
WAL
8 broad, and being low is subject to inundations,
but has good arable and pasture lands. This isl-
and was taken by the British in July 1809, with
a view to the destruction of the ships and arsenal
at Antwerp ; but a number of untoward circum-
stances first rendered the principal object of the
expedition abortive, and then the pestilential na-
ture of the island, at that particular season of the
year, obliged the British to relinquish every ad-
vantage they had gained. The capital of this
island, and of the whole province, is Middle-
burg.
JValcour, a town of the Netherlands, in the
province of Namur, which was entirely destroyed
by fire in 1615; seated on the Heura, 27 ra. S.
W. of Namur.
Waldburg, a castle of Germany, which gives
name to a county, between the Danube and the
Her. It stands on a mountain, 7 m. N. of Wan-
gen and 33 S. by W. of Ulm.
fValdeck, a principality of Germany, 30 miles
long and 24 broad ; bounded on the £. and S. by
Hesse-Cassel, VV. by the Prussian province of
Westphalia, and N. by the principality of Pader-
born. It consists of two counties, Pyrmont and
Waldeck, the latter containing 424 sq. m. with
40,000 inhabitants, the former 31 sq. m. with
10,000 inhabitants. The country is mountainous
and covered with woods ; and has mines of iron,
copper, quicksilver, and alum.
WaJ.de.ck, a town of Germany, in the county of
the same name, with a castle, seated on the
Steinbach, 6 m. S. E. of Corbach.
IValden, or Saffron IValden, a town in Essex,
Eng. 42 m. N. by E. of London.
Walden, p.t. Caledonia Co. Vt. 74 m. N. E.
Montpelier. Pop. 827. p.v. Orange Co. N. Y.
85 m. S. Albany. Here are large manufactures
of broad-cloth, flannel and cotton.
WaLderdiurg, a town and castle of Saxony, sit-
uate on the Muldau. The old town, on the op-
posite side of the river, is famous for its brown
and white earthern ware. It is 12 m. N. N. E.
of Zwickau.
WaJdenburg, a town of Wurtemberg, in the
principality of Hohenlohe, with an ancient castle
on a mountain, 6 m. E. by N. of Ohringen.
Waldenheim, a town of Saxony, with an ancient
monastery, now converted into an orphan house
and house of correction, in which various manu-
factures are carried on. It is situate on the
Zschopa, 30 m. S. E. of Leipzig.
fValdmuHchen, a town of Bavaria, on the river
Schwarza, 32 m. E. S. E. of Amberg.
Waldo, a county of Maine. Pop. "29,790. Bel-
fast is the capital. A town in Waldo Co. Me.
Pop. 534.
Waldoborough, p.t. Lincoln Co. Me. 22 m. E.
Wiscasset. It has a good harbour and is a port
of entry with a considerable coasting trade in
lumber and lime. Pop. 3,113.
Waldassen, a town of Bavaria, near which is a
rich Cistertian abbey, the abbot of which was
formerlv a prince of the empire. It is 44 m. N.
N. E. of Amberg.
Waldshut, a strong town of Baden, in the circle
of Wiesen, one of the four Forest Towns ; seated
on the Rhine, at the entrance of the Black Forest,
19 m. W. S. W. of Schaffliausen.
WaMstadt, a name given to the Swiss cantons
of Lucern, Uri, Schweitz, and Underwalden. It
signifies F01 jst Towns ; these cantons containing
a great number of forests. For the Waldstadt of
Baden, see Forest Towns.
Waldstadter See, or Lake of the Four Cantons,
one of the finest lakes in Switzerland. It con-
sists of three principal branches, called the Lakes
of Lucern, Schweitz, and Uri. The upper branch,
or lake of Lucern, is in the form of a cross, the
sides of which stretch from Kussnatcht to Dul-
lenwal, a village near Stantz. It is bounded to-
wards the town by cultivated hills, sloping gradu-
ally to the water, contrasted on the opposite side
by an enormous mass of barren and cragffy rocks ;
Mount Pilate, one of the highest mountains in
Switzerland, rising boldly from the lake. To-
wards the E. of this branch, the lake contracts
into a narrow creek, scarcely a mile across. Soon
after it again widens, and forms the second branch,
or lake of Schweitz ; on the W. side the canton
of Underwalden, on the E. that of Schweitz.
Here the mountains are more lofty, and infinite-
ly varied ; some covered to the very summits
with verdure, others perpendicular and craggy.
Near Brumen commences the third branch, or
lake of Uri, which takes a S. E. direction. It is
deep and narrow, about 9 miles long, and bor-
dered on both sides by rocks uncommonly wild
and romantic, with forests of beech and pine
growing down their sides to the very edge of the
water. The river Reuss flows through this lake.
Wales, a principality in the W. of England,
150 m. long and 80 broad ; bounded on the N. by
the Irish Sea, W. by that sea, and St. George's
Channel, S. by the Bristol Channel, and E. by
the counties of Chester, Salop, Hereford, and
Monmouth. It has an area of 5,200,000 acres,
contained in 1821, 717,438 inhabitants, and sends
24 members to parliament. It is divided into N.
and S. Wales, each containing six counties,
namely, Anglesea, Carnarvon, Denbigh, Flint,
Merioneth, and Montgomery, in N. Wales;
Brecknock, Cardigan, Carmarthen, Glamorgan,
Pembroke, and Radnor, in S. Wales. It is the
country to which the ancient Britons fled, when
Great Briton was invaded by the Saxons. They
are now called Welsh, and continue to preserve
their own language. They were long governed
by independent kings, till in the reign of Edward
I., their last prince, Llewellin, being vanquished
and slain in the year 1283, the country was uni-
ted to England. The natives submitted to tiie
English dominion with extreme reluctance ; and
Edward, as a conciliatory means, promised to
give them for their prince a Welshman by birth,
and one who could speak no other language.
This notice being received with joy, he invested
in the principality his second son, Edward, then
an infant, who had been born at Carnarvon.
The death of his eldest son, Alphonso, happening
soon after, young Edward became heir also of
the English monarchy, and united both nations
under one government ; but some ages elapsed
before the animosity which had long subsisted
between them was totally extinguished. From
the time of Edward II. the eldest son of the king
of England has always been created prince of
Wales. The general aspect of the country is
bold, romantic, and mountainous, consisting of
almost continued ranges of lofty mountains and
impending craggs, intersected by numerous deep
ravines, with extensive valleys, and affording
endless views of wild mountain scenery. Agri-
culture is in a backward state, but the soil is by
no means barren, producing all the necessaries
of life ; the cattle and sheep are numerous, but
small, and it is particularly famous for gojits. It
is watered by many rivers", the principal of which
WAL
767
WAL
and other particulars, are noted in the different
counties.
Wales, JVeic Smith, a name given to the E.
coast of New Holland. It was first explored by
captain Cook, in 1770; and a design was formed,
in consequence of his recommendation, to settle
Si> a colony of convicts at Botany Bay. Captain
Philip, being appointed govenor oftlie intended
settlement, sailed from Portsmouth, in May, 1787,
with a detachment of marines, and 778 convicts,
of whom 221) were women. He arrived at Bota-
ny Bay in January, 1788; but, subsequently,
finding this bay very ineligible for a colony, he
fixed upon Port Jackson, about 13 m. further to
the N., and here a settlement was begun, to which
he gave the name of Sydney cove. With respect
to the country, a vast chain of lofty mountains,
about 60 miles inland, runs nearly in a N. and S.
direction further than the eye can reach. The
general face of it is diversified with gentle risings
and snriiU winding valleys, covered, for the most
part, with large spreading trees, which afford a
succession of leaves in all seasons ; and a variety
of flowering shrubs, almost all new to a European,
but of little fragrance, abound in tliose places
which are free from trees. The climate appears
not to be disaorreeable ; the heat is never excessive
In summer, nor the cold intolerable in winter :
storms of thunder and lightning are frequent.
During the summer months, December, January,
and February, the mean heat is about 80 degrees
at noon, but it is greatly mitigated by a regular
Seabreeze. In the inland districts, to the E. of
the mountains, the climate is about 5 degrees
colder. The soil possesses every variety, from
the sandy heath and the cold hungry clay to the
fertile loam and the deep vegetable mould. In
the interior a rich loam, resting on a substratum
of fat clay, several feet in depth, is found even
on the tops of some of the highest hills, which in
general are not less fertile than the valleys. The
alluvial lands on the banks of the Nepean and
Hawkesbury are of the greatest fertility, being a
rich vegetable mould many feet in depth, formed
by depositions from these rivers during their inun-
dations. Wheat and maize are extensively culti-
vated by the colony, and barley, oats. r\-e. &c.,
are also raised. Every species of culinary vege-
table known in Britain is produced in New South
Wales, and many of them attain a superior de-
gree of perfection, though a few also degenerate.
The fruits are excellent and of great variety : or-
anires, peaches, apricots, nectarines, grapes,
pears, plums, pomegranates, raspberries.strawber-
ries, melons, &c., attain the highest degree of
maturity in the open air ; while the pine apple
may be produced by the aid of the common forc-
ing glass. The price of provisions is however
liable to great extremes, in consequence of the
inundations of the Nepean and Hawkesbury,
' which sometimes destroy, in a moment, the
brightest hopes of the farmers. The native quad-
rupeds are principally of the opossum kind, of
which the most remarkable is the kangaroo.
The native dogs are extremely fierce, and can-
not be brought to the same degree of familiarity
as those with which we are acquainted. There
are also weasels and ant-eaters, with that singu-
lar animal the4uck-billed platypus, in which the
jaws of a quadruped are elongated into the com-
plete bill of a bird. Horses and cattle have been
introduced, and their increase throughout the col-
ony has been very rapid. There are many beau-
tiful birds of various kinds; among which the
principal is a black swan, its wings edged wHh
white, its bi'l tinged with red ; and the ostrich or
cassowary, which frequently reaches the heigh*
of seven feet or more. Several kinds of serpents,
large spideis, and scolopendras, have also been
met with ; and three or four species of ants, par-
ticularly green ants, which bnild their nests up-
on trees in a very singular manner. There are
likewise nrny curious fishes; though the finny
tribe seem not to be so plenti-ful here as they gen-
erally are in higher latitudes. Some sharks have
been seen in Port Jackson ; and in the rivers and
salt creeks there are alligators.
The Aborigines of New S. Wales are repre
sented as, perhaps, the most miserable and savage
race of men existing. They ^o entirely naked ;
and, though pleased at first with some ornaments
thai were given them, they soon threw them away
as u.seless. It does not appear, however, that
they are insensible of the benefits of clothing, or
of some of the conveniences of which their new
neighbours are possessed. Some of them, whom
the colonists partly clothed, seemed to be pleased
with the comfivrtable wannth they derived from
it : and they all expressed a desire for iron tools.
The color of the natives is rather a deep choco-
late than a full black ; but the filth with which
their skin is covered prevents its true color from
appearing. Their hair is generally clotted with
a red gum, and they paint themselves with va-
rious colors : they will also sometimes ornament
themselves with beads and shells, but make no
use of the beautiful feathers of their birds. Most
of the men want one of the fore teeth in the up-
per jaw, which appears to be a badge of honour
among them, and it is common for the women
to cut off two joints of the little finger. Of the
cultivation of the ground they have no notion,
nor can they be prevailed upon to eat our bread
or dressed meat. Hence they depend entirely
for subsistence on the fruits and roots they can
gather, and the animals and fish they catch.
They frequently set fire to the grass, in order to
drive out the opossums, and other animals, from
their retreats, and they have been observed to
set decoys for quails. As all these resources
must be precarious, it is no wonder that they are
frequently distressed for provisions. Thus, in
the summer, they would eat neither the shark
nor the stingray, but, in winter, any thing was
acceptable. They sometimes bake their provi-
sions, by the help of hot stones, like the inhabi-
tants of the islands in the Southern Ocean, but
more frequently eat them raw. Among the fruits
used by them is a kind of wild fig; and they eat
also the kernels of a fruit resembling the pine-
apple. The principal part of their subsistence,
however, is fish. They sometimes strike the fish
from the canoes with spears, sometimes catch
them with hooks, and also make use of nets,
which are generally made of the fibres of the fla.t
plant, with very little preparation, and are strong
and heavy : the lines of which they are composed
being twisted like whipcord. Some of them,
however, appear to be made of the fur of an ani-
mal, and others of cotton. Their hooks are made
of the inside of a shell very much resembling the
mother-of-pearl. Their canoes are nothing more
than large pieces of bark tied up at both ends with
vines; and, considering the slight texture of
these vessels, the dexterity with which they are
managed, and the boldness with which they ven
ture out to sea in them, are wonderful. Their
huts consist of pieces of bark laid together in the
WAL
708
WAL
fbrm oPan oven, open at one end, very low, but
long enough for a man to lie at full length ; but
they seem to depend more for shelter on the
caverns with which the rocks abound. They
possess a great power of imitation : they can imi-
tate the songs and language of the Europeans
almost instantaneously, much better than tiie
latter can imitate theirs by long practice ; and
this talent is discernible in their sculptures, every
where to be met with on the rocks : these repre-
sent men and other animals, and, though rude,
are very surprising for people who have not the
knowledge of constructing a comfortable habita-
tion, or of making clothes. In person, they are
active, vigorous, and stout, though generally lean.
The women have sometimes been kept back with
the most jealous sensibility, sometimes offered
with tlie greatest familiarity. They have soft
and pleasing voices ; and seem not to be destitute
of modesty. The men display great personal
bravery on the appearance of any danger; but,
with all their courage, they are much afraid of a
musket. They certainly burn their dend; which
perhips, has given rise to the story of their being,
cannibals. They seem very little given to thiev-
ing, in comparison with the inhabitants of most of
the islands in the Southern Ocean ; and they are
very honest among themselves, leaving their spears
and other implements on the beach, in perfect
security of their remaining untouched. They
are very expert at throwing their javelins, and
will hit a mark at a considerable distancie. Their
number seems to be small, in comparison to the
extent of the country.
The settlements of the British in New S. Wales
at first extended only along Port Jackson and the
Hawkesbury River; but they have since pene-
trated into the interior of the country. For a long
period the Blue Mountains formed an impassable
boundary to the E., but a carriage road has now
been constructed across these mountains, to the
distance of upwards of 100 m. ; and the popula-
tion is spreading in the valleys beyond them. In
1817 and 1818 two expeditions were fitted out to
explore the course of the Lachlan and the Mac-
quarrie to their termination, which was found to
be in extensive swamps. The principal settle-
ments in this quarter, besides the town of Sydney,
which is the capital of the colony, are Paramatta,
Windsor, Bathurst, and Liverpool. There is also
a small settlement in the district of Coal River,
about 60 m. northward of Port Jackson, where
the town of Newcastle is situated. This is the
Slace of transportation for criminals from Botany
iay, and contains about 500 of these incorrigible
offenders, besides free settlers and troops. The
population of the whole colony is supposed, at
present, to amount to nearly 50,000.
Wales, p.t. Lincoln Co. Me. Pop. 612; p.t. Erie
Co. N. Y. 20 m. S. E. Buffalo. Pop. 1,500.
Walet, the capital of Bergoo, in Negroland. It
is 100 m. N. bv W. of Sego and 270 W. by S.
of Tombuctoo." Lonjr. 3. 0. W., lat. 15. 45. N.
fValdheim, p. v. Caldwell Co. Ken.
IValh.of, a town of Russia, in the government
of Courland, near which the Poles were defeat-
ed by Gustavus king of Sweden, in 1626. It is 34
m. E. of Mittau.
Walker, p.t. Centre Co. Pa.
Walkertown, p. v. King and Queen Co. Va.
Wallabout, a bay on Long Island opposite New
York, with a Navy Yard of the United States.
Wallajapetta, a populous and well-built town
of Hindoostan, in the Carnatic, which is the em-
porium of the trade between the country above
the Ghauts and the sea-coast. It is seated on the
N. bank of the Paliar, nearly opposite Arcot, 63
m. W. by S. of Madras.
Wallenhvrg, a town of Switzerland, in the can
ton of Basel, with a castle on a high rock ; seated
on the Ergetz, 12 m. S. by E. of Basel.
Wallcnstadt, a town of Switzerland, in the can-
ton of St. Gail. It is a great thoroughfare for
merchandise passing from Germany, through tJie
country of the Grisons, to Italy, and stands at tlie
E. end of a lake of the same name, 9 m. W. of
Sargans and 15 N. W. of Coire.
Wallensladt, a lake of Switzerland, 10 m. long
and 2 broad, bounded by high mountains, except
to the E. and W. Through this lake flows tlie
Mat, which soon after joins the Linth, and forms
the river Limmat.
Wallerstcin, a town of Bavaria, with a castle, 6
m. S. W. of Oettingen.
WalLersville, p. v. Fayette Co. Ind.
Wallingford, a boro\igh in Berkshire, Eng. 46
m. W. London.
Wallingford, t. P^utland Co. Vt. Pop. 1 ,740 ; p.t.
N. Haven Co. Conn. 13 m. N. N. Haven. Pop.
2,419.
Wallkill, p.t. Orange Co. N. Y. on the Hudson,
65 m. N. N. W. New York. Pop. 4,056.
Walney, an island of England, on the coast of
Lancashire. It is 9 m. long and 1 broad, and
serves as a bulwark to the hundred of Furness^
against the waves of the Irish Sea.
Walnut, iovms in Fairfield, Pickaway and Gallia
Cos. Ohio.
Walnut Grove, p.t. Kenhawa Co. Va, ; Cabarras
Co. N. C ; Spartanburg Dis. S. C. ; Mercer Co
Ken.; Montgomery Co. Ten.
Walnut Hill. p. v. Jefferson Co. Illinois.
Walpach, t. Sussex Co. N. J.
Walpo, a town of Sclavonia, capital of a coun-
ty of the same name, with a castle. It is seated
on the river Walpo, 20 m. W. of Essek and 11&
S. of Budd.
Walpole, p.t. Cheshire Co. N. H. on the Con
necticut 14 m. N. W. Keene. Pop. 1,979; p.t
Norfolk Co. Mass. 18 m. S. W. Boston. Pop.
1,442.
Walterboro, p. v. Colleton Dis. S. C.
Walsall, a town of Staffordshire, Eng. with
manufactures of hardware. In the neighbourhood
are valuable lime works. 115 m. N. W. of London
Walsham., JVnrth, a town in Norfolk, Eng. 123
m. N. N. E. of London.
Walsingham, s. town in Norfolk, Eng. 113 m.
N.N. E. of London.
Walsrode, a town of Hanover, in the duchy of
Lunenburg, with a convent of nuns of noble ex-
traction ; seated on the Bohme, 15 m. E. by S. of
Verden.
Wallenbuch, a town of Germany, in the king-
dom of Wurtemberg, on the river Aich, 10 m. S.
by W. of Stuttgard.
Waltcrslmusen, a town of Germany, in the
duchy of Saxe-Gotha, with manufactures of cloth ,
seated on the Horsel, 6 m. S. W. of Gotha.
Waltham, p.t. Middlesex Co. Mass. on Charles
river, 11 m. N. W. Boston. Pop. 1,859. Here
are some of the largest cotton manufactures in the
United States, they are chiefly of shirting and
sheeting ; between 2 and 3 millions of yards are
made yearly. There are also at this place man-
ufactures of machinery and bleacheries.
Waltham, a township of Addison Co. Vt. Pop
330.
WAR
769
WAR
Wulth.am Ahhey, a town in Essex, Eng. with a
market on Tuesday. It derives its name from a
magnificent abbey, founded by king Harold, son)e
fragine-nts of wliich remain. 12 m. N. by E. of
London.
^, HuUkam, Bishop, a town of Hampshire, Eng.
»■ 65 m. W. by S. of London.
JVahhamstow,aiviUa.gein Essex, Eng. 5 m. N.
E. of London.
H'alur, a town of Hindoostan, in Mysore, with
a castle, and manufactures of cotton cloth and
coarse blankets. Itstandsin afertile country, 20
m. E. by M. of Bangalore.
Wandlwash, a town of Hindoostan in the Car
natic, noted for a vir.tory obtained by the British
over the French in 1760. 27 m. S. of S. E. Arcot
and 38 iN. N. VV. Ponderchorry.
Wandsworth, a village in Surrey, Eng. with
J manufactures for bolting cloth, the printing of
'.calicoes and kerseynieres, and the whitenning
vEnd pressing of stuffs; also Oil, iron, and white
lead mills, vinegar works, and distilleries. In
Garret Lane, near this place, a mock election was
formerly held, after every general election of par-
• liauient, of a Mayor of Garret ; to which Foot's
. dramatic piece of that name gave no small celeb-
rity. It is seated on the Wandle, near its conflu-
ence with the Thames, 5 m. W. S. W. of Lon-
don
Wandfried,VL town of Germany, in Hesse Cas-
sel, situate on the Werra 15 m. W. of Mulhausen
'.and 36 S. E. of Cassel.
j^ JFawo'rtra, a fertile country of Negroland, lying
.^ to the §. of Bornou. It is watered by the Niger,
, , which here divides into several branches. Gha-
.nara is the capital. ,
; Wangen, a town of Germany, in Wurtemberg,
> with a great trade in wine, fine paper, linen, and
hardware. It is seated on the Overarg, 18 m. N.
E.ofLindau and 21 W. of Kempton.
Wangen, a town of Switzerland, in the canton
of Bern, capital of a Bailivvic. It is seated on the
Aar, 10 m. E. of Soleure and 23 N. N.E.of Bern.
Wangen, a town of France, department of Low-
er Rhine, seated on the side of a hill, and sur-
rounded by a wall, 12 m. VV. of Strasburg.
Wardockheud, a village of Scotland, in Dum-
frieshire, to the northward of Sanquhar, and near
the lead mines. It has a considerable number of
emelting-houses.
Wanstead, a village in Essex, Eng. 6 m. N. E. of
London.
Wantage, a town in Berkshire, Eng. 60 m. W.
of London.
Wantage, a township of Warren Co. N. J.
Wa:Uzcneau, a town of France, department of
Lower Rhine, 6 m. N. of Strasburg.
Wantzleben, a town of Saxony, in the govern-
ment of Megdeburg, 12 m. W. S. W. of Magde-
burg.
Wara, a town of Negroland, capital of the coun-
try of Berffoo. 320 m. S. S. E. of Bornou. Long.
25. 25. E., lat. 15. 30. N.
Warangle, a ruinous town of Hindoostan, the
Arinkill of Ferishta, once the capital of Golcon-
da. The site of it is still evident from the old
ramparts, which are amazingly extensive. A
modern fortress is constructed within it, and is in
the possession of the nizam of the Deccan. 62
m. N. N. E. of Hydrabad. Long. 79. 30. E., lat.
13. 6. N.
Warberg, a sea-port of Sweden, in Holland, with
a castle at the mouth of the harbour, on a rock
•urrounded by water. It is seated near the Cate-
97
gat, 34 m. S. S. E. of Gothburg. Long. 11. 56.
E.,lat. 57. 12. N.
Warburg, a town of Prussian Westphalia, in
the principality of Paderborn, seated on the Dy-
mel, 17 m. S. S. E. of Paderborn.
Ward, p.t. Worcester Co. Mass. 50 m. S. W
Boston Pop. 690.
Warde, a town of Denmark, in N. Jutland, near
the mouth of a river of the same name, 15 m. N.
of Ripen.
Wardien, Great, a strong town of Hungary, cap-
ital of a county of the same name, and a bishop's
see, with a citadel. The town itself is not large,
but has three suburbs of very considerable extent
It was taken by the Turks in 1660, but the Aus
trians retook it in 1602. It is seated on the Keres,
117 m. N. E. ofPeterwardein and 150 E. S. E. of
Buda. Long. 21. 50. E., lat. 47. 5. N.
Wardcin, Little, a strong town of Croatia, cap-
ital of a count}' of the same name, seated on the
Drave, 34 m. N. by E. of Agram and 50 S. E. of
Gratz. Long. 15. 55. E., lat. 46.40. N.
Wardhuys , a sea-port of Norway, capital of a
district of its name. It stands on a small island of
the same name, near the continent, and has an old
fort, where tlie governor resides. 120 m. E. S. E.
of the N. Cape. Long. 31. 7. E., lat. 70. 23. N.
Wardsborough ,^ X.'^mdha.m Co. Vt. Pop. 1,148.
Wardsbrldge, p.t. Orange Co. N. Y.
Ware, p.t. Hampshire Co. Mass. 70 m. W.
Boston, with large manufactures of cotton and
woolen. Pop. 2,045.
Ware, a town in Hertfordshire, 21 m. N. by E.
of London.
Waree, a town of Guinea, capital of a country
of its name, in the kingdom of Benin, 70 m. S. S.
W. of Benin. Long. 6. 0. E., lat. 5. 38.N.
Wareham, a borough in Dorsetshire, Eng. 112
m. W. by S. of London.
Wareham, p.t. Plymouth Co. Mass. 39 m. S. E
Boston. Pop. 1,885. Here are manufactures of
cotton.
Warendorf, a fortified town of Prussian. West-
phalia, in the government of Munster, with good
linen manufactures ; seated on the Eras, 12 m. E.
by S.of Munster.
Warka, a town of Poland, in the palatinate,
of Masovia, on the river Pisa, 45 m. S. by E,
of Warsaw.
Warktcorth, a town in Northumberland, Eng.
.5 m. S. E. of Alnwick.
Warminster, a town of Whiltshire, Eng. 96 m.
W. by S. of London.
Warminsier, p.t. Bucks Co. Pa.; p. v. Nel-
son Co. Va.
Warm Spring, Buncombe Co. N. C. ; p. v.
Warm Spring Co. Arkansa.s. on a small creek
flowing into the Washitaw. Here are somd tepid
springs ofa medicinal quality.
Warm Spring, a county of Arkansas, Pop. 458.
Warm spring is the capital.
Warntmvnde, a town of Germany, in the grand
duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, 9 m. N. N. W.
of Rortock.
Warner, p.v. Merrimack Co. N. H. Pop. 2,221.
Warnersville, p. v. Hardeman Co. Ten.
Warneton, a town of the Netherlands, in W.
Flanders, 8 m. N. W. of LLsle.
Warren , a county of New York. Pop. 11,795.
Caldwell is the capital. A county of the W. Dis.
of Pennsylvania. Pop. 42,860. Washington is
the capital. A county of N. Carolina. Pop.
10,916. Warrenton is the capital. A county of
Georgia. Pop. 10,846. Warrenton is the capi-
3 T
WAtt
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WAS
tal. A county of Ohio. Pop. 21,493. Lebanon
is the capital. A county of Kentucky. Pop. 10,
947. Bowling Green is the capital. A county
of W. Tennessee. Pop. 15,351. Mc.MinnvilJe
is the capital. A county of Mississippi. Pop.
7,861. Vicksburg is the capital. A county of
Indiana. Pop. 2,854. Williamsport is the capi-
tal. A county of Illinois. Pop. 307. Warren
is the capital.
Warren, p.t. Lincoln Co. Me. 30 m. E. Wis-
casset. Pop. 2,030. p.t. Grafton Co. N. H. Pop.
702; p.t. Bristol Co. R.I. 12 m. S. E. Provi-
dence. Pop. 1,800 ; p.t. Litchfield Co. Conn.
Pop. 9aj ; p.t. Herkimer Co. N. Y. Pop. 2,084.
Towns in Somerset Co. N. J ; Warren, Bradford
and Franklin Cos. Pa.; Trumbull, Jefferson, Bel-
mont, Tuscarawas and Washington Cos. Ohio.
Warrensbura, p.t. Warren Co. N. Y. 7 m. W.
Caldwell. Pop. 1,191.
Warrensburg, p. v. Green Co. Ten.
WarrensvUle, a township of Cuyahoga Co. Ohio.
Warrenton, p. v. Fauquier Co. Va; Warren Co.
Geo; Warren Co. Mississippi.
Warrcnstown, a township of Somerset Co. Me.
p.v. Jefferson Co. Ohio.
Warrick, a county of Indiana. Pop. 2,973
Boonville is the capital.
Warrinorton, a township of Bucks Co. Fa. A
township of York Co. Pa.
Warrington, a town in Lancashire, Eng. with
manufactures of muslins, velveteens, canvas, cot-
ton, cliecks, hardware, pins, and glass, and a con-
siderable traffic in malt. 18 m. E. of Liverpool
and 182 N. N. W. of London.
Warriore, a town of Hindoostan, in the Car-
nntic, 32 m. N.N. E. of Tanjore and 55 S. S. W.
of Pondicherry.
Warsaxo, the nietropolis of the present kingdom
of Poland, and formerly of the whole county of
that name. It is built partly in a plain, and part-
ly on a gentle rise from the Vistula; extending
with tlie«8uburbs of Kralia and Praga, over a vast
extent of o-round, and containing above 100,000
inhabitants. The streets are spacious, but ill pav-
ed ; the churches and public buildings large and
magnificent ; the palaces of the nobility numer-
ous and splendid ; but the greatest part of the
houses, particularly in the suburbs, are mean and
ill-constructed wooden hovels. The manufac-
tures comprise woolen stuffs, carpeting, gold and
silver wire, soap, tobacco, &.c. Here are several
wholesale mercantile houses, employed in the im-
port of articles for the supply of the interior, and
the export of Polish produce. Two great annual
fairs have, since 1817, been established here, on
the plan of those of Frankfort, Leipzig, ifcc. They
are held in May and November, each continuing
three weeks. In the beginning of 1784, the em-
press of Russia put a garrison into this city, in
Older to compel the Poles to acquiesce in the
usurpation she had in view ; but this garrison
was soon expelled by the citizens. Tlie king
«* .« of Prussia besieged Warsaw in July, but was com-
i*' pelled to raise the siege in September. It was
undertaken by the Russians, who, in November,
took by storm the suburb of Praga, massacred the
inhabitants, and nearly reduced it to ashes. The
immediate consequence was the surrender of the
city to the Russians, who in 1790, delivered it up
to the king of Prussia. Towards the end of 1800,
the French occupied this place; and, by the
treaty of Tilsit, the city, with this part of Poland,
was given to Saxony, to be held under the title
of tire duchy of Warsaw. The Russians, how-
ever ovefran this duchy in 1813, and took po».
gession of the city of Warsaw. The Foliah
revolution of 1830 broke out at this place, and
the Russian Grand Duke Constantino was driv-
en from the city : but in 1831 Warsaw was again
captured by the Russians which put an end to
the insurrection. The city suffered severely by
the pestilential cholera the game year, which was
introduced from Asia by the Russian armies.
Warsaw is 170 m. S. of Konigsberg and 180 E.
N. E. of Breslau. Long. 21. 0. E., lat. 52. 14 N.
Warsaw, p.t. Genesee Co. N. Y. 20 m. S. Ba-
tavia. Pop. 2,474.
Warta, a river of Poland, which rises in the
palatinate of Cracow, flows by Siradia and Pos-
nan, passes by Driessen and Landsberg in Bran-
denburg, and enters the Oder at Custrin.
Wartenberg , a town of Prussian Silesia, capital
of a lordship of the same name, with a castle. In
1742 it was entirely reduced to ashes, except the
old castle, which is now used asa brewhouse. It
is 28 m. N. E. of Breslau.
Wartenberg , a town of Prussian Silesia, in the
principality of Glogau, 20 m. N. W. of Glogau.
Waricick, a borough and the capital of War-
wickshire, Eng. It was fortified with a wall,
now in ruins ; but has still a noble castle of the
ancient earls of Warwick, inhabited by the pres-
ent possessor of that title. The town was near-
ly destroyed by fire in 1694, but was subsequent-
ly rebuilt with greater regularity. The streets
are spacious, and meet nearly in the centre of the
town, 92 m. N. W. of London.
Warwick, p.t. Franklin Co. Mass. 80 m. N. W.
Boston, with maiufactures of glass. Pop. 1,150;
p.t. Orange Co. N. Y. 70 m. N. W. New York.
Pop. 5,013. Towns in Bucks and Lancaster Cos.
Pa.; Cecil Co. Maryland, Tuscarawas Co. Ohio.
Wartcick, p.t. Kent. Co. R. I. on Narraganset
Bay, 10 m. S. Providence. Pop. 5,529. It has
a harbour for small vessels, with some coasting
trade, and lar^je manufactures of cotton.
Warwick, a county of the E. District of Vir-
ginia. Pop. 1,570.
Waricickshire, a county of England, bounded
on the N. by Derbyshire. The climate of this
county is healthy, and the air mild and pleasant-
its salubrity is increased by the great consump-
tion of wood for the iron works, many parts be-
ing entirely cleared and converted to tillage and
pasture. The N. part, called the Woodlands is
divided from the S.. called the Feldon by the riv-
er Avon ; and the soil of both is in general riv^h
and fertile. It produces corn, flax, wood, wool,
cheese, coal, iron, and limestone ; and its breeds
of cattle and sheep are of a superior kind. The
manufactures are various and important, compri-
sing ribands, gauws, and other silk fabrics, last
ings and thread, and all descriptions of hardware.
The capital is Warwick, but Birminghani is the
largest town.
iVasa, a sea-port of Sweden, in E. Bothnia, on
the gulf of Bothnia, 40 m. N. by E. of Christine
stadt.
Washington, a county of Maine. Pop. 21,295.
Machias is the capital ; a county of Vermont.
Pop. 21 ,394. Montpelier is the capital ; a county
of Rhode Island. Pop. 15,414. South Kingston
is the capital ; a county of N. York. Pop. 42,615.
Salem is the capital ; a county of the W. Dis.
of Pennsylvania. Pop. 9,128. Franklin is the
capital ; a county of Maryland. Pop. 25,2()5.
Hagerstown is the capital ; a county of the W.
Dis. of Virginia. Fop. 15,614. Abington is the
WAS
771
WAS
capital ; a county of N. Carolina. Pop. 4,562
Plymouth is the capital ; a District of S. Carolina.
Pop. 13.728. A county of Georgia. Pop. 9,820.
Sandersville is the capital ; a county of Alabama.
Pop. 3,478. A county of Mississippi. Pop.
J ,976. Princeton is the capital ; a county of E.
Tennessee. Pop. 10,995. Jonesborough is the
capital ; a Parish of Louisiana. Pop. 2,286.
Franklinton is the capital ; a county of Kentucky.
Springfield is the capital; a county of Ohio.
Pop. 11,731. Marietta is the capital; a county
of Indiana. Pop. 13,072. Salem is the capital;
a county of Illinois. Pop. 1,674. Nashville is
the capital ; a county of Missouri. Pop. 6,797.
Potosi is the capital ; a county of Arkansas. Pop.
2,181. Fayeltsville is the capital; a county of
the Dis. of Columbia. Pop. 30,250. Washing-
ton city is the capital.
11'aslun.gton City, the seat of government of
the United States, stands in the centre of the
District of Columbia upon the north bank of the
Potomac, 295 m from the sea by the course of the
river and bay. It occupies a spot between the riv-
er and one of its tributaries, called the East
Branch. The city is about a mile and a half
above the junction of the two streams, although
the original plan embraces the whole extent be-
low. The plan of the city combines regularity
with variety, and is adapted to the variations of
the surface, so that the spaces allotted to public
buildings, occupy commanding positions, and the
monotonous sameness of a rectangular design is
avoided, while all its advantages are secured.
The minor streets run at right angles, but the
larger avenues diverge from several centres, in-
tersecting the streets with various degrees of ob-
liquity, and opening spaces for extensive squares.
The smaller streets run N. and S. or E. and W.
and are from 90 to 110 feet wide. The grand
avenues are from 130 to 160 feet in width, and
are planted with trees. Several of the largest
unite at the hill on which the capitol is situated.
These bear the names of the several states o the
Union. The general appearance of Washington
IS that of the mere outline, or beginning of a
great city , its tardy growth has disappointed the
expectations of the original founders. The
buildings of the city occupy three distinct groups
like so many separate villages, divided from
each other by vacant spaces. The chief edifices
are situated in the neighbourhood of the Capitol,
or at the Navy Yard, or in the Pennsylvania Ave-
nue. The Capitol is a large and magnificent
building of white freestone, 3-52 feet long, in the
shape of a cross, with the Representatives Hall
and the Senate Chamber in the two wings, and a
spacious rotunda in the centre. The Representa-
tives Hall is semicircular, 95 feet in length, and
CO in height, lighted from the top, and adorned
with a colonnade of pillars of breccia, beautifully
polished ; it is one of the most elegant halls in
the world. The Senate Chamber is of the same
shape, and 74 feet long. The Rotunda is 90 feet
in diameter, and 96 feet high, to the top of the
dome within. It is all of marble, and the floor is
beautifully paved ; the whole has a most grand
and imposing effect. Several pieces of sculpture
are placed in niches in the walls, representing
events in American history. The sound of a sin-
gle voice uttered in this apartment, is echoed
from the dome above, with a rumbling like dis-
tant thunder. The J\''utioiial LHirury is contained
in the Capitol, and embraces also a series of na-
tional paintings by Frumbull. The President's
House is an elegant structure of freestone, 170
feet in front, and two stories in height, ornament-
ed with an Ionic portico. It stands about a mile
west of the capitol. It is surrounded with the offi-
ces of the heads of departments. At the patent
office, is kept a collection of all tlie models of pa-
tent inventions in the country. The Navy Yard,
on the East Branch, exhibits a monument to the
American officers who fell in the war with Tri-
poli, There are few other buildings wortliy of no
lice for their architecture. The office of the De
partment of Slate, is a large edifice of brick, with
a portico in front, and there are two or three oth-
ers of the same size and construction. There are
two public free schools in the city. Two bridges
cross the eastern branch, and one, the main stream
of the Potomac, at Washington.
Columbian College, at this place was founded
in 1821 . It has 4 instructers and 50 students, the
library has 4,000 volumes. The national library
contains 16,000 volumes.
During the session of Congress the city is much
crowded by visiters and public officers ; but apart
from its political consequence, the place has few
attractions : the country in the neighbourhood
has a poor soil and is thinly inhabited. A Navy
Yard of the United States has been established
heie, and the river is navigable to the sea for
ships of the line. The commerce of the place is
inconsiderable. Washington is in lat. 35. 58. N.
Long. 77. 2. W. Greenwich. 79. 22. W. Paris.
58. ?>2. W. Ferro. 152 W. Philadelphia. 137
m. S. W. Philad. 227 S. W. N. York. 436 S,
W. Boston and 1,260 m. N. E. New Orleans.
Pop. 13,827.
Washington, a township of Sullivan Co. N. H
Pop. 1,135; p.t. Oiange Co. Vt. 43 in. N. Wind-
sor. Pop. 1,374 ; p.t. Berkshire Co. Mass. 120 m.
W. Boston. Pop. 701 ; p.t. Litchfield Co. Conn. 10
m. S. W. Litchfield. Pop. 1,621 ; p.t. Dutchess
Co. N. Y. 12 m. N. E. Poughkeepsie. Pop.
3,036 ; a village of Albany Co. N. Y ; p.t. Morris
Co. N. J ; a township of Burlington Co. N. J;
and towns and villages in Columbia, Fayette,
Franklin, Union, Lycoming, Lancaster, York,
Westmoreland, and Indiana Cos. Pa., Culpeper.
Co. Va., Beaufort Co. N. C, Wilkes Co. Geo.,
Columbiana, Fayette, Franklin, Darke, Clermont,
Guernsey, Licking, Richland, Miami, Montgomo
ry, Pickaway, Preble, Scioto and Warren Cos.
Ohio. Davis Co. Ind., Mason Co. Ken., Rhea Co.
Ten., Autauga Co. Alab., Adams Co. Mississippi.
Washington, p.t. Washington Co. Pa. 26 m. S.
W. Pittsburg. Washington College, at this place
was founded in 1606. It has 4 instructers and 47
students; p.t. Adams Co. Mississippi 6 m. E.
Natchez. Jefferson College at this place was
founded in 1802. It has 10 instructers and 160
students.
'*^-%
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Washitaw, or OuachUta,a. river of Arkansas and
Louisiana, flowing into Red River.
Washita, a Parish of Louisiana. Pop. 5,140.
Monroe is the capital.
Wassenhercr, a town of Prussia, in the duchy of
Juliers; seated on the Roer, 17 m. JS. W. of
Juliers.
Wasscrburg, a town of Bavaria, with a castle
and four churches. The principal trade is in salt.
In 1800 the French took it by storm. It is sealed
on the Inn, 28 m. E. of Munich and 38 N. W. of
Salzburg.
Wasser-trudingen, Sitown of Bavarian Franconia,
in the principality of Anspach,6 m. N. of Oettin-
gen.
JVasticater, a lake in Cumberland, Eng. 7 m. N.
N. E. of Ravenglass. It is 3 m. long and above
half a m. broad, lying in Wastdale, among the
western mountains. The Screes, a very high
ridge of mountains, run along the S. E. side of
the lake. Its outlet, at the S. end, joins the river
Irt, which enters the sea at Ravenglass.
Wasungen, a town of Germany, in the duchy
of Saxe-iVIeinungen, seated on the Werra, 5 m.
N. of Meinungen.
Watchet, a town in Somersetshire, Eng. seated
on the Bristol Channel, at the mouth of a harbour,
frequented by coal ships, which are freighted
hence with limestone, alabaster, and kelp. 156
m. W. by S. of London.
Watehoo, an island in the S. Pacific, discovered
by captain Cook. It is six leagues in circuit,
diversified by hills and plains, and covered with
verdure. Long. 158. 15. W., lat. 21. 1. S.
JVaterbor ough, Tp.t. York Co. Me. Pop. 1,816.
Wateibury, p.t. Washington Co. Vt. 12 m. N.
W. Montpelier. Pop. 1,650; p.t. N. Haven Co.
Conn. 25 m. S. W. Hartford. Pop. 3,070.
Waterford, p.t. Oxford Co. Me. Pop. 1,123;
p.t. Caledonia Co. Vt. Pop. 1,358; p.t. N. Lon-
don Co. Conn, adjoining New London. Pop.
2,475; p.t. Saratoga Co. N. Y. on the Hudson.
11 m. above Albany. Pop. 1,473 ; a township of
Gloucester Co. N. J.; p.t. Erie Co. Pa. ; p.v Mif-
flin Co. Pa. ; p.v. London Co. Va.,2 townships in
Washington Co. Ohio.
Waltrford, a county of Ireland, 50 m. long and
29 broad ; bounded on the S. by St. George's
Channel.
Waterford, a city and sea-port of Ireland, capi-
tal of a county of the same name. It has an ex-
cellent harbour, where ships of the greatest bur-
den may ride at the quay. The bishop's palace
and the Roman Catholic chapel are elegant. The
commerce with England and other countries is
considerable ; and packet-boats sail regularly
hence for Milford haven. The principal exports
are beef, pork, corn, live stock, butter, and linen.
75 m. S. by W. of Dublin.
Waterloo, a village of the Netherlands, celebrated
at the scene of the signal victory of the 18lh of
June, 1815, which completed the downfall of
Napoleon. 10 m. S. of Brussels.
Waterloo, p.t. Seneca Co. N. Y. 5 m. N. E.
Geneva. Pop. 1,837; p.v. Mifflin Co. Pa.; Ann?
Arundel Co. Md ; Laurens Dis. S. C. ; Fayette.
Co. Ind ; Lauderdale Co. Alab.
Watf.rtown, p.t. Middlesex Co. Mass. 7 m. N.
W. Boston on Charles River. Here are manu-
factures of woolen, cotton, paper &c., and an
arsenal of the United States. Pop. 1,641.
Watertoion, p.t. Litchfield Co. Conn. 10 m. S.
«, ^^. \field. Pop. 1 ,500 ; p.t. Jefferson Co. N.
b m. S. E. Sackelts Harbour. Pop. 4,768.
Waterville, p.t. Kennebec Co. Me. on the Ken
nebec. 20 m. above Hallowell. Pop. 2,216.
Here are some manufactures, and a Theologica.
Institution ; p.v. Oneida and Delaware Co. N. Y.
Water Vliet, p.t. Albany Co. N. Y. 9 m. N
Albany. It contains the Shaker village of Nis jk
kayuna.
Watford, a town in Hertfordshire, Eng. 15 m.
N. W. London.
Walkinsville, p.v. Goochland Co. Va., Clark Co.
Geo.
Watlington, a town in Oxfordshire, Eng. 46 m.
W. of London.
Walton., a town in Norfolk, Eng. 91 m. N. N
E. of London.
Watlshorough, p. v. Lunenburg Co. Va.
Waveren, a town of the Netherlands, in S. Bra-
bant, situate on the Dyle, 12 m. S. of Louvain.
Waverley,p.v. Lincoln Co Missouri.
Waxhobii, a fortress on the coast of Sweden, in
the Baltic, situate on a small island at the en-
trance of the Lake Maeler. Here all homeward-
bound ships are searched. It is 16 m. E. of Stock-
holm.
Way, or Pulo Way, an island near the N. point
of that of Sumatra. It is the largest of the is-
lands that form the entrance of the channel of
Acheen ; and is peopled by men banished from
Acheen. Long. 94. 50. E., lat. 5. 35. N.
fi'ayne, a county of New York. Pop. 33,.555.
Lyons is the capital ; a county of the E. Dis. of
Pennsylvania. Pop. 7,663. Bethany is the capital;
a county of N. Carolina. Pop. 10,902, Waynes-
borough is the capital ; a county of Georgia.
Pop. 902. Waynesville is the capital ; a county
of Ohio. Pop. 23,344. Wooster is the capital ;
a county of Indiana Pop. 18,587. Centre ville is
the capital ; a county of Illinois. Pop. 2,562
Fairfield is the capital; a county of Missouii-
Pop. 3,254. Greenville is the capita! ; a county
of Kentucky. Pop. 8,731. Monticello is the
capital; a county of W. Tennessee. Pop. 0,013.
Waynesborough is the capital ; a county of Mis-
sissippi. Pop. 2,778. Winche.ster is the capital,
a county of Michigan Pop. 4,565. Detroit is the
capital.
Wayne, p.t. Kennbec Co. Me. Pop. 1,153; p.t.
Steuben Co. N. Y. Pop. 1,172; and 17 townships
in Ohio.
Waifnesborough, p.v. Autrusta Co. Va., Wayne
Co., N. C. Burke Co. Geo'., Wayne Co. Ten.
Waynesbvrg, p.v. Franklin, Green and Chestei
Cos. Pa., Stark Co Ohio.
Waynesville, p.v Wavne Co. Geo., Haywood
Co. N. C. and Warren Co. Ohio.
Weakley, a county of W. Tennessee. Pop.
4,796. Dresden is the capital.
Weare, p.t. Hillsborough Co. N. H. 55 m. W.
Portsmouth. Pop. 2.430.
Weathersfidd, p.t. Windsor Co. Vt. Pop. 2,213,
p.t Trumbull Co. Ohio.
Webster, p.t. Worcester Co. Mass. Pop
1,200.
Wner's Cave, a remarkable Cavern in Augusta
Co. Virginia, near the Shenandoah. It has ma
ny apartments and galleries, abounding in sparry
concretions, which by torch light exhibit tlie most
magnificent scenes
Weurmouth Bishop, a town in the county ot
Durham, Eng. on the S. side of the Wear, adjoin
ing Sunderland. It has an iron bridge over the
river, of one arch, 2.36 feet span, erected in 1796,
and the first ever constructed of parts so form
ed as to unite in the manner of keystones. It has
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manufactures of canvas, and partakes in the com-
merce of Sunderland.
Wcarmouth Monk, a town in the county of Dur-
ham, Eng. on the N. side of the mouth of the
Wear, opposite Sunderland. Here was an exten-
sive monastery which was destroyed by the Scots.
It shares in the growing prosperity of Sunderland.
Wedensckweil, a town of Switzerland, in the
canton of Zurich, 10 m. K. S. E. of Zurich.
JVetlnfshury, a town in Staffordshire, Eng. with
manufactures of hardware, several iron forges,
and mines of excellent coal. 118 m. N. W. of
London.
Weert, a town of the Netherlands, in the terri-
tory of Liege ; seated on the river Brey, 10 m.
W. N. W. of Ruremonde.
Weibstadt, a town of Prussia, in the province of
the Rhine, 14 in. S. E. of Heidelburg.
Weivftvdburg, a town of Austrian Illyria, in Car-
nolia, with a castle on a mountain, and a manu-
facture of fine stockings, 10 m. S. E. of Laubach.
Wekkterbacli, a town of Germany, in the county
of Isenberur, witii a castle ; seated on the Zinzig,
20 m. S. E. of Giessen and 23 N. E. of Frankfort.
Weickersheim, a town of Wurtemberg, in the
district of Hohenlohe, with a fine castle, on the
river Tauber, 3 m. E. of Mergentheim.
Weida, a town of Germany, in Saxe-Weimar,
32 m. E. of Weimar.
fVeiden, a town of Bavaria, with manufactures
of linen, woolen stuffs, and salt-|vetre ; seated on
the Nab 18 m. N. E. of Amberg.
JVeil, or IVeilerstadt, a town of Germany, in
Wurtemberg, seated on the Worm, 12 m. W. of
Stuttgard.
Weil, or Wyl, aXown of Switzerland, in the can-
ton of St. Gall, seated on the river Thur, 19 m.
S. S. VV. of Constance.
fVeillmrg, a town of Germany, in the duchy of
Nassau, seated on the Lahn, over which is a
bridge, 12 m. S. W. of Wetzlar and 25 N. N. W.
of Frankfort.
JVeile, a sea-port of Denmark, in N. Jutland, sit-
xjate on a bay in the Little Belt, 35 m.W. S. W.
of Arhusen and 38 N. E. of Ripen. Long. 9. 30.
K., lat. 55. 45. N.
WeiLheim, a town of Bavaria, with a castle on
the river Amber, 28 m. S. S. W. of Munich.
We'dhein, a town of Wurtemberg, on the river
Lauter, 20 m. S. E. of Stuttgard.
Weimar, Saxe,9. grand duchy of Germany, com-
prising the duchies of Weimar, Jena, and Eisen-
bach, part of the principality of Altenburg, the
chief part of the district of Neustadt, the petty
districts of .\lstadt, Ihnenau, and Oldisleben, aud
Bome districts to the E. of the Hesse-hassel territo-
ry. It is divided into two great provinces, and con-
tains an area of 1,450 square miles, with upwards
of 200,000 inhabitants.
Weimar, the capital of the foregoing duchy. In
the duke's palace is one of the most considerable
libraries in Germany, with a cabinet of coins and
medals ; and it had a gallery of paintings, which,
with some other parts of the castle, was destroyed
by fire in 1774. It is seated on the 11m, 12 m. W.
of Erfurt and 26 W. S. W. of Naumburg. Long.
11.27. E , lat. 51.2. N.
Weinlieim, a town of Germany, in Baden seated
on the river Welchintz, 10 m. N.of Heildberg.
Weinsberg, a town of Wurtemberg, with a
ruined castle on a hill. In 1707 the greatest part
of the town was destroyed by fire. It stands
partly on the hiil, and partly in a valley, famous
for wine, 5 m. N E. of Heilbron
Weissdmunde, a fortress of W. Prussia, seated
at the W. mouth of the Vistula, to defend the
harbour of Dantzic.
Weissemburg, a town of France, in the depart-
ment of Lower Rhine. Between this place and
Lauterburg are the famous lines from which the
French drove the Austrians in 1744 ; and in 1793
the Prussians drove the French from the same
situation. It is seated on the Lauter, 10 m. S.
W. of Landau and 22 N. E. of Strasburg. Long.
8. 11. E, lat. 48.53 N.
Weissemburg, a township of Lehigh Co.
Weissenburg, a town of Bavarian Franconia,
seated on the Rednith, 5 m. N. of Pappenheim
and 30 S. W. of Nuremburg.
Weissenburg, or Carhburg, a city of Transyl-
vania, capital of a county of the same name, and
a bishop's see, with a university. It is seated on
the side of a hill, near the river Maros, 42 m. W.
N. W. of Hermanstadt.
Weissenburg, a frown of Switzerland, in the
canton of Bern, celebrated for its mineral waters,
20 m. S. of Bern.
Weissenfels, a town of Prussian Saxony, on
the Saal, 17 m. S. W. of Leipzig. Upon a white
rock, above the town, is a fine citadel, called
Augnstusburg.
IVeisscnhorn, a town and castle of Germany,
in a county of its name, seated on the Roth, 10
m. S. E. of Ulm and 28 W. of Augsburg.
Weissensee, a town of Prussian Saxony, with a
superintendency and commandery of the knights
of Malta. The lake formerly in its neighbour-
hood was drained, and converted into arable land,
in 1705. It was 21 m. N. E. of Langensalza.
Welau, a town of E. Prussia, celebrated for the
treaty concluded herewith Poland, in 1657, when
the elector, Frederic William, was invested with
the sovereignty of Ducal Prussia. It is seated
on the Pregel, at the influx of the Alia, 30 m. E.
of Konigsberg.
Welby, p.v. Prince George Co. Md.
Weldon, a town in Northamptonshire, Eng. 83
m. N. N. W. of London.
Weldon, p.v. Halifax Co. N. C.
Welland CatuiX, in Upper Canada unites Lake
Erie with L. Ontario. It was completed in 5
years, and first opened in 1829. It admits the
passage of vessels of 125 tons.
Welfleet, p.t. Barnstable Co. Mass. on Cape
Cod, 97 m. S. E. Boston. Pop. 2,044. It has
manufactures of cotton and woolen.
Wellingborough, a town in Northamptonshire,
Eng. Here are menufactures of shoes and lace
and near it is a fine chalybeate spring called Red,
well 67 m. N. by W. of London.
Wellington, a town in Shropshire, Eng. In
the neighbourhood are foundries, iron mines, and
coal works. 150 m. N. W. of London.
WeJIington, a town in Somersetshire, Eng. with
manufactures of serges, druggets, and earthen-
ware. The duke of Wellington takes his title
from this place. 148 m. W. by S. of London.
Wellington, p.t. Bristol Co. Mass. 3 m. S.
Taunton, with manufactures of cotton, woolen,
and paper; p.v. Medina Co. Ohio.
Weils, a city in Somersetshire, Eng. It has
its name from the wells and springs about it ; and
is a bishop's see, jointly with Bath. The cathe-
dral is a stately pile ; and the bishop's palace is
like a castle, being surrounded by walls and a
moat. The city is well built'and neatly paved
120 m.W. of London.
3t3
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IVells, a town in Norfolk, Eng. 118 m. N. N.
E. of London.
Wells, p.t. York Co. Me. 26 m. IN. E. Ports-
mouth. Pop. 2,977.
IVellsborough, p. v. Tioga Co. Pa.
IVellshurg, p.t. Brooke Co. Va. on the Ohio.
15 m. above Wheeling. This is a very thriving
town and has large manufactures of glass.
Wdlsville, p.v. Columbiana Co. Ohio.
fVels, a town of Upper Austria, with a oastle,
and a great trade in timber ; seated on the Traun,
near a large forest, 15 m. S. S. W. of Lintz.
Welshfitld, a township of Geauga Co. Ohio.
Welshpool,^ corporate town of Wales, in Mont-
gomeryshire, with a market on Monday. It is
the great mart for Welsh cottons, flannels, &c.,
which are sent hence to Shrewsbury. Near the
town are the remains of Powis Castle, a large
structure, built on an eminence. 176 m. N. W.
of London.
Welwarn, a town of Bohemia, in the circle of
Rakonitz, 13 ni. N. of Prague.
Wdzheim, a town of Wurtemberg; seated on the
Lein, 19 m. E. of Stuttgard.
Wendell,, a township of Sullivan Co. N. H.
Pop. 637. p.t. Franklin Co. Mass. 85 m. W.
Boston. Pop. 875.
Wem, a town in Shropshire, Eng., 9. m. N. of
Shrewsbury.
Wendlingen a town of Wurtemberg, situate
on the Neckar, 12 m. S. S. E. of Stuttgard.
Wewrforcr, a borough in Buckinghamshire, Eng.
35 m. W. by N. of London
Wenliam,' ^X. Essex Co. Mass. 21 m. N. E
Boston. Pop. 612.
IVenner, the largest lake of Sweden, lying in
W. Gothland, to the N. W. of the lake Wetter.
It is 100 m. in length, and in some places 40 in
breadth, and contains several islands. It receives
24 rivers, and its only outlet is the river Gotha.
Wennersltorg, a town of Sweden, in W. Goth-
land, with a castle. It is the staple for all the
iron sent from the province of Wermeland to
Gotheburg, and is seated on the Gotha, near the
S. W. extremity of the lake Wenner, 50 m. N.
by E. of Gotheburg.
Wentioorth, p.t. Grafton Co. N. H. Pop. 924 ;
p.v. Rockingham Co. N. C.
Weobley, a borough in Herefordshire, Eng. 147
m. W. N. W. of London.
Werchteren, a town of the Netherlands, in Bra-
bant, 9 m. E. S. E. of Mechlin.
Werden, a town of Prussian Westphalia, seat-
ed on the Roer, 13 m. N. E. of Dusselaorf.
Werderberg, a fortified town of Switzerland,
capital of a Bailiwic in the canton of Glarus with
a castle on an eminence. It is seated near the
Rhine, 10 m. S. S. E. of Appenzel and 26 ra. E.
N. E. of Glarus.
Werdenfels, a town and castle of Bavaria, giv-
tniT name to a county on the frontiers of Tyrol.
I7''m. S. of Weilheim and22 N. W. of Inspruck.
Werfen, a town and fortress of Austria, in the
province of Salzburg, situate on the Salza, 22 m
S. by E. of Salzburg.
Werl, a town of Prussian Westphalia, with a
castle, seated on the Sisek, 8 m. S. of Ham.
Wermeland, a former province of Sweden, the
N. part of Gothland, between Dalecarlia and the
lake Wenner, 100 m long and 50 broad. The
country is fertile; diversified by mountains, rocks,
hills, and dales, clothed with forests of birch, pop-
lar, mountain ash, pine and fir. It also abounds
with lakes, which succeed each other almost witn-
out intermission ; and numerous rivulets flovr
from these lakes. The chief river is the Clara,
or Stor Elbe in which is a good salmon-fishery.
It has mines of silver, lead, copper, and iron, with
forges, foundries, &c., belonging to them.
Wern, a town of Prussian Westphalia seated
near the Lippe, 6 m. W. of Ham.
Wernigerode, a town of the Prussian states, cap-
ital of a county of the same name, abounding in
mountains, the principal of which is the Great
Brocken, or Blocksberg. The principal business of
the town consists in brewing, distilling, and man-
ufacutures of cloth and stuffs. It is 12 m. W. by
S. of Halberstadt and 23 S. S. E. of Wolfenbnt-
tel. Long. 10. 58. E., lat. 51 . 53. N.
Werra, a river of Germany, which rises in the
principality of Coburg,3 m. above Ei.ssfield, flows
by Hilburghausen, Meiningen, Solzungen, Vac-
ha, Trefurt, Wanfried, AUendorf, and Witzen-
hausen ; it then enters the duchy of Brunswick,
passes by Munden, and a little below that town
joins the Eulda, where the united stream forms
the Weser.
Wertheim, a town of Germany, in Baden, capital
ofacounty of the same name, which yields excel-
lent wine. It is seated at the conflux of the Tau-
ber with the Maine, 16 m. W. of Wurtzburg.
Werwkk, a town of the Netherlands, in Flan-
ders seated on the Lis 8 m. S. E. of Ypaz.
Wesel, a town of the Prussian states, in the
duchy of Cleve, with a strong citadel. Here are
two Calvinist churches, one for the Lutherans, and
another for the Papists. It is seated on the Rhine
at the influx of the Lippe, 25 m. S. E. of Cleve
and 50 W. S. W. ofMunster. Long. 6. 87. E.,
lat, 51. 38. N.
Wesenburg, a fortified town of Rrussia, in the
government of Esthonia, seated on the Wiss, 54
m E. of Revel.
Weser, a river of Germany, formed by the un-
ion of the Werra and Fulda, in the duchy of
Brunswick, at Munden. It flows along the con*
fines of Westphalia and Saxony by Corvey,H;im-
elin, Minden, and Hoye ; receives the Aller from
Verden, and, passing by Bremen, enters the Ger-
man Ocean at Carlsburg.
Wesley, a township of Washington Co. Ohio.
West, a township of Huntington Co. Pa. ; a
township of Columbiana Co. Ohio.
Westbury, a borough in Wiltshire, Eng. with
a manufacture of broad cloth. On a hill to the
E. of the town is Bratton Castle, the remains of a
fortification, where the Danes held out 24 dnys
against the English. It is 26 m. N. W. of Salis-
bury and 98 W. of London.
Westeras, a town of Sweden, capital of a gov-
ernment of its name, and a bishop's see, with a
citadel and a famous colleire. It carries on a con-
siderable commerce with Stockholm, particularly
in copper and iron from the neighbouring mines.
Here are the ruins of an ancient palace, formerly
inhabited by the kings of Sweden. The cathedral,
built of brick, is celebrated for its tower, esteem-
ed the highest in the kingdom. In this cathe-
dral is the tomb of the unfortunate Eric XIV.
Westeras is seated on the lake Maelar, 46 m. N.
W. of Stockholm. Long. 17. 0. E., lat. 59. 38. N
fVesterburg, a town of Germany, in the duchy
of Nassau, with a castle. 22 m. S. W. of Eillen
burg.
Westerham, a town in Kent,Eng. 21 m. S. S. E.
of London
fVesterlo, p.t. Albany Co. N. Y. Pop. 3,320.
contains an area of 8,300 sq. m. with about 1,000,
IWliS
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IVtsterly, p.t. Washington Co. R. I. 20 m. E.
New London. Pop. 1,903.
Wtstern, p.t. Worcester Co. Mass. 22 m. S. W.
Worcester. Pop. 1,189; p.t. Oneida Co. N. Y.
on the Mohawk, 5 m. above Rome. Pop. 2,419.
Western Islands. See Azores and Hebrides.
Wbsterwick, a sea-port of Sweden, in Smaland,
with a good harbour a commodious quay, a cloth
manufacture, and a trade in ship timber and all
sorts of naval stores. It is seated on the Baltic,
56 m. N. of Cahnar and 120 S. W. ol Stockholm.
Long. 16. 0. E., lat. 57. 40. N.
yVest Fairle.e, a township of Orange Co. Vt. 36
m. S E. Montpelier. Pop. 841.
JVrstfuU, a township of Pickaway Co. Ohio.
IVestJield, a township of Orleans Co. v.t. Pop.
353; p.t. Hampden Co. Mass. 105 m. S. W. Bos-
ton. Pop. 2,941 ; a township of Richmond Co. N.
Y. Pop. 1,734; p.v. Chatauque Co. N. Y. ; p.t.
Essex Co. N ; Y. p.v. Delaware Co. and a town-
ship in Medina Co. Ohio.
Westford, p.t. Middlesex Co. Mass. 28 m. N. W.
Boston. Pop. 1,329 ; p.t. Chittenden Co. Vt. 35.
m. N. W. Montpelier. Pop. 1,290; a township
of Otsego Co. N. Y. Pop. 1,645.
Wcsl Friendship, p.v. Anne Arundel Co. Md.
JVcst Greenwich, p.t. Kent Co. R. I. 18 m. S.
W. Providence. Pop. 1,817.
ITest Hampton, p.t. Hampshire Co. Mass. 100
m. W. Boston. Pop. 907.
H'esi Haven, p.t. Rutland Co. Vt. 50 m. W.
Windsor. Pop . 724.
Westhofen, a town of Germany, in the palatinate
of the Rhine. It has three churches, and is 7 m.
N W. of Worms.
V/esthofen, a town of France, in the department
of Lower Rhine, 12 m. W. of Strasburg.
West.land, a township of Guernsey Co. Ohio.
WcstLilierty , p.v. Ohio Co. Va. Logan Co. Ohio.
Henry Co. Ind. and Morgan Co. Ken.
West Loioville, p.v. Lewis Co. N Y.
JVestmania, a former province of Sweden, be-
tween Upland, Sudermania, Nericia, Wermeland,
and Dalecarlia. It is 75 m. long and 45 broad, and
abounds in copper and iron mines. The face of
the countr}' is diversified like Wermeland.
Weslmeath- See Mealh.
Westminister, a city in Middlesex, the residence
of the monarch, the seat of the parliament and of
the liigh courts of justice, and constituting, with
London and South wark, the metropolis of the Bri-
tish empire. On the dissolution of its abbey, in
1541, Henry VIII. erected it into a bishopric, ap-
pointing the whole of Middlesex (Fulham except-
ed) for the diocese. It had, however, only one pre-
late ; for Edward VI. soon after dissolved it, and
the .^bbey is now only a collegiate church. West-
niinister, through courtesy, still bears the title of a
city, and sends two men*ibers to parliament, who
are chosen by its house-holders, there being no
freemen nor incorporated companies. Besides the
churches of the establishment, Westminister con-
tains places of worship for dissenters of almost ev-
ery denomination, and a Jew's synagogue. Among
the modern improvements in this part of the me-
ttopolis is the erection of a wide street, or rather
•uocession of streets, from Carlton palace on the
S. to Portland Place on the N. The buildings are
most magnificent, and it is probably without ex-
ception the finest street in Europe. In the city are
two parish churches, St. Margaret and St. John ;
and seven in the liberties, namely, St. Clement, St.
Mary, St. Paul, St. Martin, St". Ann, St. Jamea,
and St. George. The precinct of St. Martin-le
Grand, though within the city of London, is un»
der the jurisdiction of Westminister. See London.
Westminister, p. I. Worcester Co. Mass. 54 m.
N. W. Boston. Pop. 1,695; p.t. Windham Co.
Vt. 18 m. N. Brattleboro. Pop. 1,737; p. v. Fred-
erick Co. Maryland.
Westmoreland, p.t. Chester Co. N. H. 45 m. S.
W. Concord. Pop. 1 ,(>47 ; p.t. Oneida Co. N. Y .
12 m. W. Utica. Pop. 2,303.
Westmoreland, a county of the W. Dis. of
Pennsylvania. Pop. 38,400! Greensburg is the cap-
ital. A county of the E. Dis. of Virginia. Pop.
1,411.
Westmoreland, an inland county of England^
bounded on the N. and N. W. by Cumberland,
E. and S. E. by Yorkshire, and S.' and S. W. by
Lancashire. The number of inhabitants in 1821
was 51 ,359. It is a region of lofty mountains,
naked hills, dreary forests, and barren moors ;
but is watered by numerous rivers and several
lakes. The soil of course is various ; that on the
mountains being very barren, while that in the
valleys is fertile, producing good corn and grass,
especially in the meadows near the rivers. In the
hilly parts on the VV. borders are some mines of
copper, but the ore lies very deep. This county
yields abundance of limestone and the finest blue
slate ; and many excellent hams are cured here.
Its manufactures are a coarse woolen cloth,
worsted stockings, fiannels, tanned leather, and
gunpowder. The principal rivers are the Eden,
Lune, and Ken; and the chief lake is Winander-
mere, the largest in England. Appleby is the
county town.
West JVetobury, p.t. Essex Co. Mass. 34 m. N-
E. Boston. Pop. 1,586.
Weston p.t. Middlesex Co. Mass. 14 m. W. Bos-
ton. Pop. 1,091 ; p.t. Fairfield Co. Conn. 7 m.
N. Fairfield. Pop. 2,997; p.v. Lewis Co. Va.
Westown, a township of Chester Co. Pa.
Westpfialia, one of the former circles of Germa-
ny, bounded on the E. by Lower Saxony, S. by
Hesse, Welteravia, and Treves, W. by the Neth-
erlands, and N. by the German Ocean. The cli-
mate is cold, and there are a great many marshes,
but the soil produces pastures and some corn. The
horses are large, and the hogs in high esteem,
especially the hams, known by the name of West-
phalia hams. The principal rivers are the We-
esr. Ems, Lippe, and Roer. This circle contain-
ed the bishoprics of Munster, Liege, Paderborn,
and Osnaburg ; the principalities of Eniden or
East Friesland, Meures, Minden and Verden ;
the duchies of Westphalia, Berg, Juliers, Cleve,
Oldenburg, and part of the territory of the princes
of Nassau"; the counties of Mark, Ravensburg,
Steinfurt, Tecklenburg, Lingen, Bethnein, Diep-
holt, Hoya, Schouenburg, Spigelburg, Lippe, Rit-
berg, and other smaller ones; and several lord-
ships and abbeys. In 1800 all the parts of this
circle lying on the left bank of the Rhine, being
full one-third of the whole territory', became uni-
ted to France ; and in 1808 the French empercr
erected the remainder into a kingdom, in favour
of his brother Jerome, and added to it the electo-
rates of Hesse-Cassel and Hanover. Cassel
was the capital. After the celebrated battle of
Leipzig, in 1813, this new kingdom was overrun
by the allies, and the government ove.-thrown.
The whole territory now belongs to Prussia, Han
over, and Oldenburg.
Westphalia, a province of the Prussian states,
bounded W. by the Netherlands, and E. by Han
over and Hosse-Cassel. It is divided into th«
WET
776
WHE
districts of \ren8berg, Minden, and Munster, and
contains an area of 8,300 sq. ni. with about 1,000,
000 of inhabitants. The soil in general is not
fertile, but large quantities of flax are raised, and
the rearing of cattle is carried to great extent.
There are mines of lead, iron, and coal in the
mountainous districts, and extensive salt works
in different parts of the province.
IFestpkalid, a duchy of Germany, in the Prus-
sian province of Westphalia, and government of
Arervsoerg 40 m. long and 25 broad ; bounded on
the N. by the principalities of Munster and Osna-
burg and the county of Lippe, W. by that of
Mark, S- by the territories of Nassau, and E. by
the counties of Witgenstein, Hartzfeld, Waldeck,
and Hesse. It is a mountainous country, full of
wood, but moderately fertile. It formerly belong-
ed to the elector of Cologne, but was ceded to
the prince of Hesse-Darmstadt in 1802, and made
«ver to Prussia in 1814.
West Point, p.t. Orange Co. N. Y. on the W.
oankofthe Hudson, 58 m. above New York. The
United Slates Military Academy at this place was
established b}' Congress in 1802, for the instruc-
tion of young men destined for the army. The
number of cadets is limited to 250, and in choos-
ing among the applicants, the sons of revolution-
ary officers are allowed the first claim, and the
children of the deceased officers of the last war,
the second. The age of the pupils on admission
must be between 14 and 22. The professors and
instructors are 30 in number; each of the cadets
costs the government 336 dollars annually. They
are required to encamp (5 or 8 weeks during the
year. The course of study is completed in four
years, and includes French, drawing, natural and
experimental philosophy, chemistry, mineralog'y,
geography, history, ethics, national law, mathe-
matics and the whole science of strategy, tactics,
artillery and engineering. The annual expense
of the institution is 115,000 dollars.
There are 5 large stone buildings, and 6 of
brick The site they occupy is very beautiful and
commanding, being a level 188 feet above the
river. Close to the shore stands a white marble
monument, bearing the name of Kosciusko. In
another part is an obelisk to the memory of Col.
Wood, one of the pupils who fell at Fort Erie.
Westpoint, p. v. Hardin Co. Ken.
JVestjfort, p.t. Bristol Co. Mass. 60 m. S. Bos-
ton. Pop. 2,773; p.t. Oldham Co. Ken. on the
Ohio ; p.t. Essex Co. N. Y.
IVestport, a town of Ireland, in the county of
Mayo, 8 m. W. of Castlebar.
iVestra, one of the Orkney Islands, 9 m. long
and from 1 to 3 broad. It has a trade in kelp, and
a good harbour for small vessels on the N. W.
Bide, 9 m. N. N. E. of Pomona. Long. 2. 52. W.,
lat. 69. 8. N.
West Sprinnfield, p.t. Hampden Co. Mass. 100
m. S. VV. Boston, with considerable manufactures.
Pop. 3,272.
fVest Stockhridge, p.t. Berkshire Co. Mass. 130
m. W. Boston. Pop. 1,208,
fVestvUle, p.v. Simpson Co. Mississippi.
Wetherliij, a town in W. Yorkshire. 191 m. N.
bj W. of London.
Wahersfidd, p.t. Hartford Co. Conn. 3 m. S.
Hartford. Pop. 3,862. This town is famous for
the cultivation of onions.
Wetter, a lake of Sweden, in Gothland, S. E.
of the lake Wenner. It is 1(X) m. in length, and
in some places 20 in breadth. Above 40 small
•treams enter this lake, and its only outlet is the
river Motala, which flows E. by Nordkoping into
the Baltic.
Welteravia, or JVateraw,a. name originally ap
plied to a district of Germany, lying on the banks
of the river Wetter, but now so extended as to
denote all the country between the Lahn, the
Rhine, and the Maine.
Wettin, a town of Prussian Saxony, in the
duchy of Magdeburg, with a castle on a moun-
tain ; seated on the Saal, over which is a ferry,
9 m. N. N. W. of Halle.
Wettincren, a town of Switzerland, in the coun-
ty of Baden, celebrated for its wooden bridge,
240 feetbng, of a single arch over the river Lira-
mat. It is 1 m. S. of Baden.
Wi:t2lar, a town of Germany, in Wetteravia.
capital of a county of the same name. It is sur
rounded by ditches and walls flanked with towers,
and is seated at the confluence of the Lahn, Disle,
and Dillen, 30 m. N. of Frankfort. Long. 8 37
E., lat. 50. 33. N.
Wevelshurg, a town and citadel of Westphalia,
in the principality of Paderborn, 9 m. S. of Pader-
born.
Wexford, a county of Ireland, in the province
of Munster, 47 m. long and 30 broad; bounded
on the N. by Wicklow, E. by St. George's Chan-
nel, S. by the Atlantic Ocean, W ny Waterford
and Kilkenny, and N. W. by Catherlouffh. It
contains 142 parishes, has two boroughs, and sends
four members to parliament. The surface is
mountainous, but the soil in general is fertile in
corn and grass. The principal rivers are the
Barrow and Slaney.
Wexford, a borough of Ireland, and capital of
the foregoing county. It has a spaoious harbour
at the mouth of the Slaney, on a bay of St.
George's Channel, but the water is not deep
enough for large vessels. Much woolen cloth is
manufactured here and in the neighbourhood.
The inhabitants are estimated at 9,000. It is 33
m. E. N. E. of Waterford and 60 S. of Dublin.
Long. 6. 30. W., lat. 52. 22. N.
Wexio, a town of Sweden, in Smaland, seated
on the lake Helga, which contains a group of
woody islands, ft is a bishop's see, though small,
and is 50 m. W. of Calmar.
Weyhridge, a villaoe in Surrey, Eng. seated on
the Wey, near its entrance into the Thames, 2 m.
E. of Chertsey. Here is Woburn Farm, the
plantations of which were the first specimen in
EngrJand of the ornamented farm.
Weyhridge, a to'vnship of Addison Co. Vt
Pop. 850.
Weyhill, a village in Hampshire, Eng. fa-
mous for an annual fair for all kinds of cattle,
leather, hops, cheese, and pedlary. It is one of
the largest fairs in England, lasting 10 days. 3
m. W. of Andover.
Weymes, a town of Scotland, in Fifeshire, with
a harbour, whence mucli coal and salt are export-
ed. It stands on the Frith of Forth, 4 m. N. E.
of Kilkaldy and 12 S. by W. of Cupar.
Weymouth, a sea-port and borough in Dorset-
shire, Eng. 12 m. S. W. London.
Weymouth, p.t. Norfolk Co. Mass. 10 m. S. E.
Boston, noted for the manufacture of excellent
cheese. Pop. 2,839. A townshipof Ghcester Co. N.
J.; p.t. Medina Co. Ohio, 117 m. N. E. Columbus.
Wharton, a township of Fayette Co. Pa
Whartontille, p.v. Fauquier Co. Va.
Whately, p.t. Franklin Co. Mass. 100 m. W
Boston. Pop. 1,111.
Wheatfield, a township of Indiana Co. Pa
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n^eder, p.t. Steuben Co. N. Y. Pop. 1 ,389.
Wlieelins, p-t. Ohio Co. Va. on the Ohio, 95
m. below Pittsburg. It stands at the mouth of a
creek on a high bank, and consists principally of
one large street, parallel to the river. The great
Cumberland road strikes the Ohio at this place
and makes it a great thoroughfare for emigrants
from the Atlantic states. The town is well built
and nas a very flourishing trade and considerable
manufatures. Pop. 5,221.
Whedingt townships of Belmont and Guernsey
Cos. Ohio.
fVheelock, p.t. Caledonia Co. Vt. Pop. 834.
^hernside, the highest mountain in England,
situate on the N. VV. part of Yorkshire, amid
other mountains, and about 6 miles to the N. of
that called Ingleborough. Its summit is 4,050
feet above the level of the sea. Near the top are
four or five tarns or small lakes. Its base con-
tains several spacious caverns, of which the prin-
cipal are Yordas, Gatekirk, and Greenside
caves.
Whidnh, a country of Guinea, on the Slave
Coast, extending about 10 miles along the Atlan-
tic, and 12 miles inland. Europeans who have
been in this country extol it as the most beauti-
ful in the world, and assert that spring and au-
tumn reign perpetually in alternate succession.
The country is so populous that one single vil-
lage contains as many inhabitants as some entire
kingdoms on the coast of Guinea. The people,
in their manners, have been compared to the
Chinese ; the same persevering industry, ceremo-
nious civility, joalous affection for their women,
thievish inclinations in trade, prevail in both
countries. Bows, arrows, assagays, and clubs,
are the principal weapons of the Whidanese.
They have no distinction of hours, days, weeks,
or stated periods ; and yet, without pen, ink, or
the assistance of artificial arithmetic, they calcu-
late any thing with great accuracy. TheV are
said to have a faint idea of a Supreme Being, to
whom they attribute omnipotence, and consider
him as the Creator of the universe. He is, they
say, too highly exalted to have any concern about
his creatures ; and the government of the world
lie leaves to the fetiohes, to whom, therefore,
they apply as the mediators between God and
them. These fetiches are divided into three
classes : snakes, tall trees, and the sea ; and
sometimes they add a fourth, namely, the chief
river of the kingdom, the Euphrates. The dei-
fied snakes are about a yard long, amazingly tame
and familiar ; and no insult or injury can be of-
fered to them by a native, under pain of death.
Here are oxen, cows, goats, sheep, hogs, turkeys,
ducks, and hens ; also elephants, buffaloes, tigers,
several kinds of deer, and a sort of hares. The
fruits are citrons, lemons, oranges, bananas, tam-
arinds, «&c., and there are vast numbers of palm-
trees, from which much wine is made. The trade
consists chiefly of elephants' teeth, wax and hon-
ey ; and the principal manufactures are cloths,
umbrellas, baskets, pitchers for pito or beer, plates
and dishes of wood, gourds finely ornimented,
white and blue paper, &c. In 1727 the king of
Dahomey reduced this country to the state of &
dependent province. Xavier, or Sabi, is the
capital.
fVkitby, a aea-port in N. Yorkshire, Eng. It is
seated on the Grerman Ocean, at the mouth of
the Esk, 48 ra. N. N. E. of York and 243 N. of
London.
Whitchurch, a borough in Hampshire, Eng.
98
with manufactures of shalloons, serges, Ac. 56
m. W. by S. of London.
H-'hiic'hurch, a town in Shropshire, Eng. 160 in.
N. VV. of London.
IVhite, a county of \V. Tennessee. Pop. 9,9fi7.
Sparta is the capital ; a county of Illinois. Pop.
6,091. Carmi is the capital.
IFhite Chimneys, p. v. Caroline Co. Va.
White Clay Creek, a hundred of Newcastle Co
Del.
finite Creek, p.t. Washington Co. N. Y. 36 m.
N.E.Albany. Pop. 2,44-^.
White Day, p. v. Monongahela Co. Va.
Wldte Deer, p.v Lycoming Co. Pa.; a town*
ship of Union Co. Pa.
White Eyes, p.t. Coshocton Co. Ohio.
Whittfield, p t. Lincoln Co. Me. Pop. 2,020.
A township of Coos Co. N. H. Pop. 685.
Whitehall, p.t. Washington Co. N. Y. formerly
Skenesborough. It stands at the mouth of a creek
flowing into the S. end of Lake Champlain. The
Northern Canal from the Hudson here passes in-
to the lake. Sloops, steamboats and other lake
craft come up to the town, and the trade of the
place is very active. A steamboat plies regular-
ly between Whitehall and St. Johns, L. C.
70 m. N. Albany, 170 N. W. Boston. Pop.
2,888.
WJtitehall, JV*. and S. two townships in Lehigh
Co. Pa. on the Lehigh p.v. Columbia Co. Pa.,
Frederick Co. Va., Mecklenburg Co. N. C. and
Abbeville Dis. S. C.
White Haren, p.t. Somerset Co. Md.
White House, p.v. Hunterdon Co. N. J.
White Lake, p.v. Sullivan Co. N. Y.
Wkiteland, E. and W. two townships in Ches-
ter Co. Pa.
Whitely, a county of Kentucky. Pop. 3,807.
Whitehjsburg, p.v. Kent Co. Del. 22 m. S. E.
Dover.
Whitemarsk, p.v. Montgomery Co. Pa.
White Mountains, p.v. Coos Co. N. H. 117 m.
N. N. E. Concord.
White Mountains, a range of mountains in the
norhern part of New Hampshire, nearlj' in the
centre of the county of Coos. They, are the
highest in the United States, east of the Rocky
Mountain chain, and are celebrated for their
grand and beautiful scenery. Those mountains
extend about 20 m. from S. W. to N. E. being
the more elevated parts of a range extending ma-
ny miles in that direction. Their base is 8 or 10
m. broad ; and situated about 25 m S. E. from
Lancaster, 70 N.of Concord, 82 N. by W, from
Portsmouth ; and in lat. 44. 15, long. 71. 20. W.
Although distant more than 60. m. from the near-
est part of the coast, their snow-white summits
are distinctly visible many leagues at sea, and
along the coast of Maine. Their great ele«^ation
has always rendered them interesting, both to
our ancestors, and to the aboriginal inhabitants
of the country. As early as 1632. they were vis-
ited by Neal, Jocelyn and Field, who gave ro-
mantic accounts of their adventures, and of
the extent and granduer of the mountains,
which they called the Crystal Hills. Since that
time, these regions have l>een repeatedly explor-
ed by hunters, and by men of science. Mount
Washington is 6,428 feet above the level of the
sea, 5,850 above the river at Lancaster, and 4,781
above Crawford's, the nearest dwelling to the
summit. This mountain is easily known by its
superior elevation, and its being the southern of^
the three highest peaks. The heights of the otb
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el peaks above the Connecticut at Lancaster, are
as follows ;
Mount Adams, ... - 5,3S3 feet.
•' Jefferson, - - . . 5,281
" , Madison, .... 5.039
" Monroe, .... 4;932
" Franklin,- - . . 4,470
" Pleasant, .... 4,339
Mount Adams is known by its sharp termina-
ting peak, and being the second N. of Washing-
ton. Jefferson is situated between these two.
Madison is the eastern peak of the range. Won-
roe is the first to the S. of Washington. Frank-
lin is the second S. and is known by its level sur-
face. Pleasant is known by its conical shape,
and being the third S. of Washington. In pas-
sing from the Notch to the highest summit, the
traveller crosses the summits of Mounts Pleasant,
Franklin and Monroe. In accomplishing this, he
must pass through a forest, and cross several ra-
vines. These are neither wide nor deep, nor are
they discovered at a great distance ; ft)r the trees
fill them up exactly even with the mountain on
each side, and their branches interlock with each
other in such a manner, that it is very difficult to
pass through them, and they are so stiff" and thick
as almost to support a man's weight. Mount
Pleasant is easily ascended. Its top, to the ex-
tent of 5 or 6 acres, is smooth, and gradually
slopes away in every direction from its centre.
It even has a verdant appearance, as it is every
• where covered with short grass, which grows in
little tufts to the height of four or five inches.
Among these tufts, mountain flowers are thinly
scattered, which add life and beauty to the scene.
The prospect from this summit is beautiful : to
the N. the eye is dazzled with the splendour of
Mount Washington ; N. W. are seen the settle-
ments in Jeff"erson ; W. the courses of the
Amonoosuck, as though delineated on a map; S.
W. the Mooshelock and Haystack are discovered ;
S. Chocorua peak.; S. E. the settlement and
mountains in Bartlett ; E. only dark jnountains
and forests.
On descending this mountain, a small patch of
water is found at its base : from which the as-
cent is gradual to the summit of Mount Franklin.
After crossing this mountain, you pass over the
E. pinnacle of Mount Monroe, and soon find
yourself on a plain of some extent, at the foot of
Mount Washington. Here is a fine resting-place,
on the margin of a beautiful sheet of water, of
an oval form, covering about 3-4 of an acre.
The waters are pleasant to the taste, and deep.
Not a living creature is to be seen in the waters,
at this height on the hills ; nor do vegetables of
any kind grow in or around them, to obscure the
clear rocky or gravelly bottom on which they
rest. A small spring discharges itself into this
pond at its south-east angle. Another pond, of
about 2-3 its size, liesN. W. of this. Directly
before you, the pinnacle of Mount Washington
rises with majestic grandeur, like an immense pyr-
amid, or some vast Kremlin in this magnificent
city of mountains. The pinnacle is elevated
aboiU I,.')00 feet above the plain, and is composed
principally of huge rocks of granite and gneiss
piled together, presenting a variety of colors and
forms. In ascending, you must pass enormous
masses of loose stones; but a walk of half an
hour will generally carry you to the summit.
The view from this point is wonderfully grand
and picturesque. Innumerable mountains, lakes,
ponds, rivers, towns and villages meet the delight-
ed eye, and the dim Atlantic stretches its waters
along the eastern horizon. To the N. is seen the
lofty summits of Adams and Jefferson ; and to
the east a little detached from the range stands
Mount Madison. Mount Washington is support- *
ed on the N. by a high ridge, which extends to
Mount Jefferson ; on the N. E. by a large grassy •.
plain, terminating in a vast spur extending far
away in that direction ; E. by a promontory,
which breaks off" abruptly at St. Anthony's Nose ;
S. and S. E. by a grassy plain, in summer, of
more than 40 acres.
At the southeastern extremity of this plain, a
ridge commences, which slopes gracefully away
towards the vale of the Sico ; upon which at short
distances from each other, arise rocks, resembling,
in some places, towers ; in others representing
the various orders of architecture. It would be
vain in us to attempt a description of the varied
wonders which here astonish and delight the be-
holder. To those who have visited these moun-
tains, our descriptions would be tame and unin-
teresting ; and he who has never ascended their
hoary summits, cannot realize the extent and mag-
nificence of the scene. These mountains are
decidedly of primitive formation. Nothinor of
volcanic origin has ever yet been discovered on
the most diligent research. They have for ages,
probably, exhibited the same unvarying aspect.
No minerals are here found of much rarity or
value. The rock which most abounds, is schistus,
intermixed with greenstone, mica, granite and
gneiss. The three highest peaks are composed
entirely of fragments of rocks heaped together in
confusion, but pretty firmly fixed in their situa-
tions.
During nine or ten months of the year, the
summits of the mountains are covered with snow
and ice, giving them a bright and dazzling ap-
pearance. On every side are long and winding
gullies, deepening in their descent to the plains
below. Here some of the finest rivers of New-
England originate. The Saco flows from the E.
side of the mountains ; the branches of the Ame-
riscoggin from the N. ; the Amonoosuck and
other tributaries of the Connecticut from the W. ;
and the Pemigewasset from the S., its fountain
being near that of the Saco. The sides of the
hills are in many parts covered with soil ; but
this is very superficial in all cases, and every
spot, that can be reached by running water, is
left destitute of every thing but rocks and pebbles,
of which likewise the river-bottoms are exclu-
sively composed. In these cold and elevated re-
gions, the period for the growth of vegetables is
extremely brief; the mountains must be forever
sterile. Moss and lichens may be found near the
summits, but of meagre and scanty growth — look-
ing as if they had wandered from their proper
zone below, into these realms of barren desola-
tion.
The Kot.ch of the White Mountains, is a name
appropriated to a very narrow defile extending
two miles in length between two huge cliffs ap-
parently rent asunder by some vast convulsion
of nature, probably that of the deluge. The en-
trance of the chasm is formed by two rocks stand-
ing perpendicular at the distance of 22 feet from
each other ; one about 20 feet in height, the oth-
er about 12. The road from Lancaster to Port-
land passes through this notch, following the
course of the head stream of the Saco. The
scenery at this place is exceedingly beautiful and
grand. The mountain otherwise a continued
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779
WIH
range, is here cloven quite down to its base, open-
ing a passage for the waters of the Saco. The
gap is so iiaiiow, that space has with difficulty
been found lor the road. About half a mile from
the entrance of ihe chasm, is seen a most beau-
tiful cascade, issuing from a mountain on the
right, about 800 feet above the subjacent valley,
and about 2 miles distant. The stream passes
over a series of rocks almost perpendicular,
with a course so little broken as to preserve the
appearance of a uniform current, and yet so far
disturbed as to be perfectly white. This beauti-
ful stream, which passes down a stupendous preci-
fice, is called by Dwight the Silver Cascade.
t is one of the most beautiful in the world. At
the distance of three fourths of a mile from the
entrance of the chasm is a brook, called the Flume,
which falls from a heiglit of -240 or 250 feet over
three precipices — down the two first in a single
current, and over the last in three, which unite
again at the bottom in a small basin formed by
the hand of nature in the rocks. The water is
pure and transparent, and it would be impossible
for a brook of its size to be moddled into more
diversified or delightful forms.
The more elevated parts of these mountains
are occasionally subject to avalanches, or slides
of earth, which sweep suddenly down their sides
and occasion great damage. A serious calamity
of this sort occurred at the Notch in August 1826,
to a family of the name of WiUey, who occupied
a dwelling in the narrowest part of the defile
many miles from any other human habitation.
At midnight during a furious storm of rain, the
mountain broke loose above them, and poured
down in a torrent of earth, rocks, and trees. The
family, aroused by the noise, immediately fled
:^•:'^.o^ -^^
«^c^
from the house, but were overtaken by the aval-
anche and swept to destruction. The roads and
bridges along the valley were destroyed, the
streams choked up, and heaps of earth, rocks and
trees exhibited a frightful picture of desolation.
Till within a few years these mountains were
seldom visited except by a few hunters and an
occasional traveller, and the beauties of these
wild and sequestered spots were as little known
to the world as those of the Vale of Chamouni,
before the discovery of that unrivalled spot in the
last century. Latterly, the fame of the White
Mountain scenery has drawn the attention of all
the lovers of the picturesque in our country, and
the mountains are now visited every summer by
travellers from all parts of the United Slates.
Tolerable accommodations may be found at Craw-
ford's. Visitors who wish to view the sunrise
from Mount Washington, pass the night at the
Camp, 7 miles above, where the steepest ascent
of the mountain begins.
Tlie only places susceptible of cultivatioa in
the heart of the mountains, are the little meadow*
inhabited by the Crawfords, the Notch, and Wil
ley Meadows; and there the interval of warm
weather is so short in the year, that few vegeta-
bles can arrive at maturity, with all the rapidity
of growth which distinguishes such cold regions.
To those who are fond of field sports, the forests
and rivers aflTord every advantage, during the
brief summer which visits the valleys. Various
kinds ot" wild birds and game are to be found in
the woods, besides bears, wild cats, and deer.
The moose and buffalo were formerly abundant
among the mountains ; and it is scarcely thirty
years since they were killed in great numbers,
merely for their hides and tallow ; as the latter
still are in the deserts beyond the Mississippi.
Deer are common in the woods, and frequently
are killed by the hunters. Sometimes they come
boldly down into the little niCadow before Craw-'
ford's house, and quietly graze with the cattle.
The black bears are occasionally seen in the more
unfrequented places ; but they will always en-
deavour to avoid a man. A large species of elk,
here known by the namo. of the Cariboo, has
made its appearance in the White Mountains
within a few years ; but they are still very scarce
in this part of the country.
niiile Oak, p.v. Rutherford Co. N. C.
H'kite Plains, p.v. Westchester Co. N. Y. 30
m. N. New York. Pop. 759; p.v. Jackson Co.
Ten.
iViite Post, p.v. Frederick Co. Va.
White River, a stream falling into ihe Wabash
from the S. E. A river of Arkansas falling into
the Mississippi a little above the mouth of the Ar-
kansas.
White Sand, p.v. Lawrence Co. Mississippi.
WhI.testjormigIt, p.v. Oneida Co. N. Y.
Whitestown, I. Oneida Co. N. Y. Pop. 4,410.
Whitesville, p.v. Columbus Co. N. C.
Wkitc Water, a branch of the Great Miami in
Indiana and Ohio; a township in Hamilton Co.
Ohio; p.v. i)earbon Co. Ind.
Whiteing, p.t. Addison Co. Vt. Pop. 653.
IVhiteinw/iam, p.v Windham Co. Vt. Pop.
1,477.
Whiteley, a township of Green Co. Pa.
Whitepaine, a township of Montgomery Ca
Pa.
Whittedville, p.t. Buncombe Co. N. C.
White Sea, a large bay of the Frozen Ocean
on the N. part of Russia, on the E. side of which
stands the town of Archangel.
Wtiitehaven, a sea-port in Cumberland , Eng.
It is seated on a creek of the Irish Sea, on the
N. end of a great hill, washed by the tide on the
W. side, where there is a large whitish rock, and
a strong stone wall that secures the harbour.
Near it are excellent coal mines, some of which
run a considerable way under the sea, and are
the chief source of its wealth. It is 41 m. S. W.
of Carlisle and 320 N. N. W. of London. Long
3.35. W.,lat. 54.25. N.
Wkitehorn, a borough of Scotland, in WigtoB-
shire, near the bay of Wigton. It is a place of
great antiquity, having been a Roman station
and the first bishopric in Scotland. 8 m. W of
Wigton.
WIdtesable, a village on the coast of Kent, Eng.
7 m. N. N. W. of Canterbury.
Whitsuntide Island, one of the New Hebriden
in the S. Pacific, 30 m. long and 8 broad, discov
ered by captain Wallis, on the WhiUunday, 1767.
Long. 168, 20. E., lat. 15. 44. S.
WIE
«M
WIH
Whitthhury Forest, a forest in the S. part of
Northamptonshire, Eng. 9 in. long and 3 broad.
Wihurg, or Vihorg, an extensive district of
Russia, in the government of Finland. It was
ceded by the Swedes to the Russians, partly by
the peace of Nystadt in 1721, and partly by the
treaty of Abo in 1743. Besides pastures, the
country produces rye, oats, and barley, but not
sufficient for the inhabitants.
fViburg, a fortified sea-prn-t of Russia, capital
of the foregoing district, and a bishop's see, with
a strong citadel. The houses are almost entirely
built of 'stone. The chief exports are planks, tal-
low, pitch, and tar. The surrounding country is
pleasant; and near it, at Imatra, is the famous
cataract of the VVoxa, which makes a noise more
stunning tiian that of the Rhine at Lauffen. Wi-
burg stalids on the N. E point of the gulf of
Finland. 100 m. N. N. W. of Petersburg. Long.
29. 10. E., lat.OO. 5G. N.
fVihunr, a cily of Denmark, in N. Jutland,
capital of a diocese of the same name, and the
seat of the chief court of justice in the province.
In 1720 the cathedral, a church, the town-house,
and the bishop's palace, were destroyed by fire ;
but they have all been magnificently rebuilt. It
is sealed on a lake, in a peninsula, 120 m. N. of
Sleswick. Long. 9. 50. E., lat. 5(5. 20. N.
Wick, a borouffh of Scotland, and the capital
of Caithness-shire, with a harbour on an inlet of
the German Ocean, at the mouth of a river of
the same name. Much kelp is made here, but
the fisheries are the chief object of importance.
It is 55 m. N. E. of Dornoch. Lonff. 2. 51. W.,
lat. 58. 21. N.
Wick, a fortified town of the Netherlands, in
the duchy of Limburg, seated on the Meuse, op-
Eosite Maestricht, with which it communicates
y a bridge.
Wick DiierstetJe., a town of Prussian Westpha-
lia, with two castles, 12 m. N. of Juliers.
Wickford, p.t. Washington Co. R. I. 24 m. S.
Providence. x
JVickloto, a county of Ireland, ii^>^he province
of Leinster, 3(> m. long and 2-5 broacnS»<iynded
on the N. by Dublin, E. by the Irish Sea, S. hy
Wexford, VV. by Catherlough and Kildare, and
N. W. by Kildare. It is divided tnto 58 parish-
es, has about 111,000 inhabitants, and sends two
members to parliament. It is very mountainous
and woody, interspersed with rocks and bogs ;
but the valleys are fertile and well cultivated,
and watered by numerous small rivers.
Wickloto, the capital of the foregoing county, is
seated on the Irish Sea, with a narrow harbour,
at the mouth of the river Leitrim 20 m. S. S. E.
•f Dublin. Long. 6. 12. W., lat. 52. 58. N.
Wicomico, p. v. Northumberland Co. Va.
Wickxnar, a decayed town in Gloucestershire,
Eng. Ill W. of London.
Widdin, a fortified town of Bulgaria, and an
archbishop's see. It has often been taken and
retaken by the Austrians and Turks; and is seat-
ed on the Danube, 100 m. N. by W. r,f Sossa and
140 E. S. £. of Belgrade. Long. 24. 27. E., lat.
44. 12. N.
Wied, a county of Germany, at the conflux of
the rivers Wied and Rhine. It is composed of
two parts, the Upper County, or Wied-Runkel,
and the Lower County, or Wied-Nieuwied.
Wied, a town of Germany, in the lower county
of Wied, 9 m. N. N. W. ofCoblentz.
Wielun, a town of Prussian Poland, with a good
eastle, IC m. S. of Siradia.
Wielitska, a village of Austrian Poland, in Gali-
cia, celebrated for its salt mines, which extend
under the whole town, and to a considerable dis-
tance on each side. In these mines are several
small chapels, excavated in the salt ; and many
of the inhabitants reside chiefly in the mines. 8
m. S. E. of Cracow.
Wiesenstcia , a town of Wurtemberg, with a
castle ; seated on the Fils, IC m. W. N. W. of Ulra
and 25 E. S. E. of Stuttgard.
Wicsen/Aa/, a town of Saxony, in Meissen, with ^
manufactures of iron, steel, and fire-arms, and a
considerable trade in leather. It stands on a rivu-
let of the same name, on the frontiers of Bohemia,
15 m. N. by E. of Carlsbad.
Wigan, a borough in Lancashire, Eng. 39
m. S. of Lancaster and 196 N. N. W. of Lon-
don.
Wight, an isl.and in the English Channel, on
the S. coast of Hampshire, from which it is se-
parated by a narrow strait It is about 21 m. in
length and 13 in breadth, and is nearly divided
into two equal parts by the river Mede, or Cowes,
which, rising in the southern angle, enters at the
northern into the channel, opposite the mouth of
Southampton bay. The S. coast is bordered with
very steep cliffs of chalk and free -stone, hollowed
into caverns in various parts. The W. side is
fenced with ridges of rocks, of which the most
remarkable are those called the Needles. Be-
tween the island and the main are various sand
banks, especially off the E. part, where is the
safe road of St. Helens. Across the island from
E to W. runs a ridge of hills, forming a tract of
fine downs, with a chalky or marly soil, which
feeds a great number of rabbits and fine fleeced
sheep. To the N. of this ridge the land is chiefly
pasture ; to the S. of it is a rich arable country,
producing great crops of corn. The variety of
prospects wfiich this island affords, its mild air,
and the neat manner in which the fields are laid
out, render it a very delightful spot. It is devo-
ted almost entirely to husbandry, and has no
manufactures of any consequence. Among its
products are to be reckoned a pure white pipe-
clay, and a fine while crystalline sand, of the
latter of which great quantities are exported for
the use of the glass-works in various parts. The
other articles of export are wheal, flour, barley,
malt, and salt. Its principal town is Newport ;
it likewise contains the boroughs of Newton and
Yarmouth.
Wigton,a. town in Cumberland, Eng. with man-
ufactures of linen and cotton; also an extensive
calico-printing establishment, and a silk hat man-
ufactory. 304 N. N. W. of London.
Wigton, a borough and sea-port of Scotland,
capital of Wigtonahire. Here are manufactures
of woolen and cotton, the former chiefly of plaids
and flannel. It is situate on a hill, which over-
looks the bay of Wigton, 100 m. S. W. of Edin-
burg.
Wigtonshire, or West Galloway, a county of
Scotland, bounded on the N. by Ayrshire, N. E.
by Kirkcudbrightshire, and on all other sides by
the Irish Sea. Us greatest extent, in any direc-
tion, does not exceed 30 m. It is divided into 17
parishes, and contains about 34,000 inhabitants.
Wilbraham, p.t. Hampden Co. Mass. 89 m. S
W- Boston. Pop. 203.
Wihacs, a frontier town of European Turkey
in Bosnia, seated on a lake formed by the river
Unna, 40 m. S. E. of Carlstadt and 220 W. of
Belgrade. Long. 16. 10. E., lat. 45. 34. N.
*t.
WIL
781
WIE
Wilcox, a county of Alabama. Pop. 9,459. Can-
ton is the capital.
Wildbad, a town of Germany, in Wurtemberg
with a celebrated warm bath, seated on the Enz
.24 ni. W. of Stuttgard.
WUdherg. a town of Wurtemberg, situate on
the Nagold. 19 m. S. W. of Stuttgard.
Wildherg, a town of Prussia, in Brandenburg,
28 m. N. of Br<indenburg.
Wihlerness, p. v. Spotsylvania Co. Va.
JViJdcskauscn, a town of Germany, in the
diichy of Oldenburg, seated on the Hunte, 20 m.
S. W. of Bremen. Long. 8. 27. E., lat. 52. 53.
N.
Jl'iJdungen, a town of Germany, in the county
of Waldek, with a castle. j\ear it are mineral
(springs, and mines of copper, iron, and lead. 14
m. S. S. E. of Corbach.
WUhcrmstein, a fortress of Germany, in the
county of Sachauenburg, on an island formed of
stones sunk for the purpose, in Steinhuder-mere.
It was erected in 17(58 by William, count of
Schauenburg-Lippe, for the improvement of his
new inventions in the art of war. It stands near
the town of Steinhude, 18 m. W. N. W. of Han-
over.
Wilkes, a county of N. Carolinia. Pop. 11,942.
Wilkesborough is the capital ; a county of Geor-
gia. Pop. 1 4,237. Washington is the capital.
Wilkesliarre, p t. Luzerne Co. Pa. on the Sus-
quehannah, 120 m. N. W. Philad.
Wilkesborough, p.t. Wilkes Co. N. C. 204 m.
N. W. Raleigh.
Wilkesville, p.v. Gallia Co. Ohio. 104 m. S. E.
Columbus.
Wilkinson, a county of Georgia. Pop. 6,558.
Irwinton is the capital; a county of Mississippi.
Pop. n,G93. Woodville is the capital.
iVilkinsonpille, p.v. Chesterfield Co. Va. ; v.
Johnson Co. Illinois.
Wilkomiers, a town of Russia, in the govern-
ment of Wilna, seated on the Sweita, 45 m. N.
N. W. of Wilna.
William. Fort, a fort of Scotland, in the county
of Inverness, at the extremity of Loch Linne,
where that arm of the sea bends to the W. and
forms Loch Ell. It is of a triangular figure, and
Is 64 m. S. W of Inverness.
IVUliam Ilenrij, a town of Lower Canada, sit-
uate at the conflux of the Sorel with the St. Law-
rence. It ills a Protestant and a Roman Catho-
lic church. The principnl cliannel of intercourse
with this country and the United States is through
this town. It is 40 m. N. E. of Montreal and 120
S. W. of Quebec. Long. 73. 22. W.. lat. 45. 55 N.
Waieit, p.t. Cortland Co. N. Y. JPop. 894.
lyiiiiains, a county of Ohio. Pop. 377. Defi-
ance is tlie capital ; t. Northampton and Mont-
gomery Cos. Pa.
William.shorousrh, p.v. Greenville Co. N. C.
37 m. N. W. Halifax.
Williamahnrir, p.t. Penobscot Co. Me Pop.
227 ; p.t. Hampshire Co. M.ass. 100 m. W Boston
with manufactures of cotton, linen, and woolen.
Pop 1,225; p V. Huntingdon and Northumber-
land Cos. Pa. Iredell Co. N.T>*, Mason Co. Ken.
and Jackson and Maury Cos. Ten., Clermont Co.
Ohio. Pop. 1,609.
Williamslnirg, a District of N. Carolina. Pop.
9,015. Kingstree is the capital.
Williamshurg, p.v. James City Co. Va. 32 m.
E. by S. Richmond. This town was once the
capital of the State, but is now much decayed
from its former importance. It still containn
y> illiam and Mary College which was founded
here in 1693. It Iias7 instructers and 60 students.
The libraries have 4,200 volumes. It has one va-
cation of nearly 4 months from July to October.
Commencement is in July.
Williamsfield, p.v. Ashtabula Co. Ohio. 242 m.
N. E. Columbus.
Williamsport, p.v. Lycoming Co. Pa. and Wash-
ington Co. Pa., Washington Co. Md., Pickaway
Co. Oliio., Morgan Co. Ind.
Williamson, a county of W. Tennessee. Pop.
26,608. Franklin is the capital.
Wiliiamstadt, a sea-port of Holland in N Bra-
bant. 13 m. N. W. Breda.
Williamslotcn, p.t. Orange Co. Vt. 46 m. N
Windsor. Pop. 1,487.
Williamstown, p.t. Berkshire Co. Mass. 130 m.
N. W. Boston. Pop. 2,127. Williams College,
at this place was founded in 1793. It has 7 in-
structers and 115 students. The libraries have
4,.556 volumes. There are 3 vacations in May.
September and December, of 18 weeks. Com
mencement is in December.
Williamstown, p.v. Oswego Co. N. Y. Pop.
686 ; p.v. Lancaster Co. Pa., Martin Co. N. C.
Grant Co. Ken.
Williamsville, p.v. Erie Co. N. Y., Chesterfield
Co. Va., Person Co. N. C.
Willington, p.t. Tolland Co. Conn. 26 m. N. E.
Hartford. Pop. 1,305 ; p.v. Abbeville Dis. S. C.
Wiliink, p.v. Erie Co. N. Y.
Williston, p.t. Chittenden Co. Vt. 10 m. S. E.
Burlington. Pop. 1,603.
Willistotcn, a township of Chester Co. Pa.
Willow Grove, p.v. Montgomery Co. Pa. and
Sumter Dis. S. C.
Wilisborough, p.t. Essex Co. N. Y. on L Cham-
plain. Pop. 1,316.
Willshire, p.t. Van Wert Co. Ohio. 130 ra. N.
W. Columbus.
Willistown, an Indian village in the Cherokee
country of Alabama. 50 m. E. Huntsville-
Wilma.nstrand, a town of Prussia in t<''inland
100 m. N. W. St. Petersburg, famous for a battle
between the Swedes and Russians in 1741.
Wilmington, p.v. Windham Co. Vt. 17 m. W.
Brattleborough. Pop. 1.367; p.t. Essex Co. N.
Y. KiO m. N. Albany. Pop. 695.
Wilmington, p.t. Newcastle Co. Del. on Chris-
tiana Creek, near its entrance into the Delaware.
It is the largest town in the state, a port of entry,
and incorporated with city privileges. It is regu-
larly and handsomely built, mostly of brick. In the
neighbourhood are many flourishing manufactures
of cotton, woolen, paper, gunpowder, and a great
number of mills. The town has 10 churches, 3
banks, an arsenal of the United States and a pub-
lic library. It has a large ttide in flour ; and ves-
sels drawing 14 feet of water can come np the
creek on which the town is situated 28 m. S. W.
Philad. Pop. 6,628.
Wilmington, p.v. Fluvanna Co. Va. 60 m N.
W. Richmond; p.t. New Hanover Co. N. C, near
the mouth of Cape Fear River 80. m. S. E. Fay-
etteville ; it is a sea-port and has some commerce^
p. V. Clinton Co. Ohio ; p.v. Wayne Co. Ohio.
Willis Isle, a rocky island at the N. end of the
island of Southern Georgia. It was discovered
in 1775, and contains the nests of many thousands
in shags. Long. 38. 30. W, lat. 54. 0. S.
Willisau, a town and Bailiwic of Switzerland, in
the canton of Lucern, seated among the mountains
on the river Wiger, 16 m. W. N. W. of Lucern.
Wilmansirand : town of Russia in the overn
3 \J
WIL
782
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mentof Finland, near which an obstinate battle
was fought, in 1741, between 3,000 Swedes and
16,000 Russians, when the former were obliffed
at length to yield to superiority of numbers. It is
BeatefTon the S. side of the lake Saima, 40 m. N.
N. W. of Wiburg and 100 N. N. W. of Peters-
burg.
irUna, p.v. Jefferson Co. N. Y. 176 m. N. W.
Albany. Pop. 1,602.
IVUna, a government of Russia, comprising
the N. part of Lithuania, and containing an area
of 2, '^00 square miles, with about 1,000,000 of
inhabitants.
WLlnii, a town of Russia, capital of the forego-
ing government, and a bishop's see, with a uni-
versity, an ancient castle, and a royiil palace. It
stands on several little eminences, and has two
considerable suburbs, called AntokoUo and Rud-
aiska. Here are upwards of 40 churclies ; and the
magnificent one belonging to the castle has a very
rich treasury. In 1748 a dreadful conflagration
destroyed 13 churches, and in 1749 another fire
happened b}' lightning, which consumed six
churches; besides these, the Jews synagogue, the
council-house, 33 palaces, numerous stone edifi-
ces, and other buildings were destroyed. The
churches have been reljuilt, and some of them
in a more elegant manner than before ; but the
city has not recovered its former gandeur. Wil-
na was taken by the Russians in 1794, and, with
its territory, annexed to that empire. The French
look possession of it in 1812, but evacuated it
the same year. It is seated on the Vilia, 180 m.
E. ofKonicsberg and 240 N.E. of Warsaw. Long.
25, 28. E.,lat. 54. 41. N.
Wdsdorf, a town of Saxony, in Meissen, near
which the Saxons were defeated by the Prussians
in 1745. It is 9 m. W. of Dresden.
JVilsnach, a town of Prussia, in Brandenburg,
14 m. N. W. of Havelberg.
fVilson, a county of W. Tennessee. Pop.
25,477. Lebanon is the capital. ; p.t. Niagara
Co. N Y. Pop. 913.
WiJson, p.t. Kennebec Co. Me. Pop. 1,650 ;
p.t. Hillsborough Co. N. H. Pop. ],OCl ; p.t.
Fairfield Co. Conn. 77 m. S. W. Hartford. Pop.
2,095; p.t. Saratoga Co. N. Y. 15 ra. N. W.
Ballston Spa. Pop. 1 ,303.
Wilsonville, p.v. Bath Co. Va.
Wihan Hill, p.v. Shelby Co. Alab.
Wilsowitz, a town of the Austrian states, in
Moravia, 15 m. E. N. E. of Ilradisch.
Wilton, a borough in Wiltshire 85 m. W. by S.
of London.
Wiltshire., a county of England, 53 miles long
and 38 broad ; bounded on the E. by Berkshire
and Hampshire. The number of inhabitants in
1821 was 222,157. The air is sharp on the hills
in winter, but is mild during that season in
the vales. The land in the N. part is generally
hilly and woody, but affords excellent pasture
for cattle, and here is made the Wiltshire
cheese so much esteemed. In the S^ the soil is
rich and fertile. In the middle it chiefly consists
of downs, that afford the best pasture for sheep;
and in the valleys, which divide the downs, are
corn-fields and rich meadows. Its principal com-
modities are sheep, wool, wood, and stone ; of
this hist there are excellent quarries on the bank
of the Nndder, where some of the stones are 23
3'ards in length, and four in thickness, without a
Haw. The chief manufactures are the different
Itranches of the clothing-trade. Salisbury is the
"apital.
Wimbledon, a village in Surrey, Eng. on an ele-
vated heath, 7 m S. W. of London. On the S.
W. aufirle of the common is a circular encamp-
ment, including seven acres ; the trench very
deep and perfect. In the village are copper mills,
a manufacture for printing calicoes, and another
of japan ware.
Wimborn, or Wimlorn Minster, a town in Dor-
setshire, Eng. It had a monastery, in which
were interred the W. Saxon kings Etheldred and
Sigeforth, and queen Ethelburga. Its noble
church, called the Minster, was formerly collegi-
ate. 100 m. S. of London.
Il'immis, a town of Switzerland, in the canton
of Bern, seated on the Sibnen, 18 m. S. of Bern.
Wimpfcn,a. town of Germany, in Hesse-Dariii-
stadt, consisting properly of two towns, called
Wipfen on the Hill, and Wimpfen in the Vale.
A salt work was established here in 1761. It is
seated on the Neckar, 8 m. N. of Heilbon and 22
E. of Heidelberg.
Wincaunton, a town in Somersetshire, Eng.
with manufactures of ticking, dowlas, serges, &c.
24 m. S. of Bath and 108 W. by S. of London.
Winchcomh, a town in Gloucestershire, Eng.
99 N. N. W. of London.
JVinchelsca, a. town in Sussex, Eng. an appendage
to the cinque ports, 64 m. S. E. of London.
Winchendon, p.t. Worcester Co. Mass. 6 m. '
N. W. Boston. Pop. 1,463.
Winchester, p.v. Cheshire Co. N. II. 73 m. S.
W. Concord on the Connecticut, with manufac-
tures of woolen, cotton, nails, and oil. Pop. 2,052.
Winchester, p.t. Frederick Co. Va. ;')(), m. S.
W. Harper's Ferry. It is regularly ana hand-
somely built in a pleasant situation and has con-
siderable trade and manufactures, a medi(;al
school and an academy. There are some mineral
springs in the neighbourhood, and the town is
much frequented in summer by people from the
lower country.
Winchester, p.t. Litchfield Co. Conn. Pop. 1,765.
Guernsey and Ohio Co. Randolph Co. Ind. Clarke
Co. Ken., Franklin Co. Ten., and Wayne Co.
Mississippi.
Winchester, a city in Hampshire, Eng. It is
one mile and a half in circumference, and has 8
churches, besides the cathedral, in which were
interred several Saxon kings and queens, whose
bones were collected by bishop Fox, put mto
small gilded cofiins, and placed on a wall in the
S. side of the choir. In this cathedral is the mar-
blecoffin of William Rufus. In the vicinity is St
Mary's College, founded by William of Wyke-
ham ; and contiguous to it is a spacious quadran-
gular edifice for commoners or gentlemen not on
the foundation. At the S. end of the city is the
hospital of St. Cross, founded by a bishop of this
see, for a master, nine poor brethren, and four
out-pensioners. All travellers who call at this
hospital have a right to demand some bread and
beer, which is always brought to them. 62 m. W.
by iS. of London.
Windav, a sea-port of Russia, in the govern
ment of Courland, with a castle. The exports
are pitch, tar, wax, &c., and some ships are built
here. It stands at the mouth of a river of the
same name, in the Baltic, 86 m. N. W. of Mittau
and 100 N. bv E. of Memel. Long. 21. 50. E., lat
57. 1.5. N. '
Windermere, or WinandermereAhe mostexten
sivc lake in England, lying betwe^-n Westmor
land and Lancashire. It extends 15 m. from N
to S., but is not more than a mile broad. It is fa-
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783
WIN
mons for its fine char, and abundance of trout,
perch, pike, and eel. Its principal feeders are the
, . rivers Rothay and Brathay, and its outlet the ri-
i Ter I<even. This lake is intersected by several
promontories, and spotted with islands. Among
these, the Holme, or Great Island, an oblong
tract of .30 acres, crosses the lake in an oblong
line, surrounded by a number of inferior isles,
finely wooded.
IVind Gap, p.v. Northampton Co. Pa.
Windham, a county of Vermont. Pop. 23,758
Newfane is the capital ; a county of Connecticut.
Pop 20,077. Brooklyn is the capital.
Windham, p.v. Cumberhmd Co. Me.; p.t. Rock-
; intrham Co. N. H. Pop. 1,006: p.v. Windham
Pit Co. Vt. Pop. 84 ; p.t. Windham Co. Conn. Pop.
2,812; p.t. Green Co. N. Y. Pop. 3,472; p.v.
Portage Co Ohio. 143 m. N. E. Columbus. Pop.
683.
Windllngen, a town of the kingdom of Wur-
teniberg, seated on the Lauter, 12 m. S. E. of
Stultgnrd
Windsbach, a town and castle of Germany, in
the district of Anspach, on the Rednitz, 10 ni. S.
E. of.\nspach.
JVlndskeim, a town of Germany, in Bavaria,
surrounded with ramparts which serve for a prom-
enade. It is seated on the Aisch, 30 m.
S. E. of Wurtzburg and 32 S. S. W. of Bam-
berg.
Windsor, a borough in Berkshire, Eng. seated
on an eminence, on the Thames, with a market
on Saturday. It hais been a royal demesne ever
since the time of William the Conqueror, who
received it from the hands of the abbot of West-
minster, in exchange for lands in Essex. The
picturesque beauty of its scenery, its noble forest,
and the interesting historical associations connect-
ed with the vicinity, all combine to confer upon
it peculiar attractions; but it owes its chief cele-
brity to its magnificent castle, the favorite resi-
dence of a long line of kings. This castle stands
upon a high hitl, which rises from the town by
a gentle ascent ; and its fine terrace, faced with
a rampart of free-stone, 1,870 feet in length, is
one of the noblest walks in Europe, with resjject
to strength, grandeur, and prospects. It was built
originally by William the Conqueror, and enlarg-
ed by Henry I. Edward III. (who was born in
it) caused the greater part of the edifice to be ta-
Ken down and rebuilt in its present form. Great
additions were made to it bv Edward IV., Henry
VII., Henry VIII., and Elizabeth. Charles II.
enlarged the windows and made them regular,
furnislied the royal apartments with paintings,
enlarged the terrace walk on the N. side, and
carried it round the E. and S. sides. After the
iccession of the present house of Brunswick,
and in particular during the reign of George HI.
splendid improvements were made ; and under
his late majesty George IV., it assumed its pres-
ent wrand and magnificent appearance. The cas-
tle IS divided into two larye courts, separated
from each other by the round tower allotted for
the residence of the governor. On the N. side
of the upper courts are the state apartments, on
the E. the private apartments of his late majeslv,
and on the S. the suite of rooms set apart for the
officers of state. In the centre of the court is an
equestrian statue of Charles II. The royal apart-
ments are adorned with a splendid collection of
paintings, chiefly formed by the late king, and
the royal chapel is embelleshed with a variety of
•uperb carvings, bj tJie celebrated Gibbons. In
the lower ward of the castle is St. George's chap-
el, an elegant and highly finished structure, of
pointed architecture, began by Edward HI, iu
1737, in honer of the order of the greater. On
die S. side of the town is the great park, which
is 14 m. in circumference. From that part of the
castle called the round tower, the eye embraces
one of the most noble and extensive prospects in
in England ; for not fewer than 12 counties may
be discerned with the naked eye; while the land-
scape presents every combination of picturesque
beauty. Windsor is 22 m. W. London.
Windsor, a county of Vermont. Pop. 40,633.
Windsor is the capital.
Windsor, p.t. Windsor Co. Vt. on the Connec-
ticut. 61 m. S. Montpelier, and 112 N. W. Bos*
ton. It has a handsome thriving town with con-
siderable trade. Pop. 3,134; p t. Kennebec Co
Me. Pop. 1,84-5 ; p.t. Berkshire Co. Mass. 120 m
W. Boston. Pop. 1,042 ; p.t. Hartford Co. Conn
7 m. N. Hartford. Pop. 3.220; p.t Browne Co
N. Y. Pop. 2,175; p.t. York Co. Pa. Bertie Co.
N. E. and Ashtabula Co. Ohio.
Windsor Forest, a forest in the E. part of Berk-
shire, 50 miles in circumference. Thougii the
soil is generally barren and uncultivated, it is
finely Jiversified by hills and dales, woods and
lawns, and delightful villas. It contains several
towns and villages, of which Oakingham is the
principal.
Windtcard Islands, such of the Caribbee islands
in the W. Indies as commence at Martiiiico and
extend to Tobago.
Windward Passage, the strait between Point
Maizi, the E. end of the island of Cuba, and Cape
St. Nicholas, the N. W. extremity of St. Domin-
go-
Wlnfield, p.v. Herkimer Co. N. Y. 91 ip. N. W.
Albany. Pop. 1 ,778.
Wind/tall, p.t. Bennington Co. Vt. Pop. 571.
Wlnnf.nd. a town and Castle of Wurtemberg, 12
m. E. N. E. Stuttgard.
JVlnnicza, a town of Austrian Poland, with a
castle ; seated on the river Bog, 35 m. N. of
Bracklau.
Winnipeg, a lake of Upper Canada, N. W. lake
Superior. It is 240 m. long and from .50 to 100
broad, and exhibits a body of water next m size to
Lake Superior. It receives the waters of several
small lakes in every direction, and contains a
number of small islands. The lands on its banks
produce vast quantities of wild rice, and the su-
gar-tree in great plenty.
Wlnlpiseosee., r. N. H., which runs from lake
Winnipiseogee into the Merrimack, S. of the San-
bornton.
Winipiseogee, a lake of N. Hampshire in Straf-
ford Co., surrounded by the townships of f^entre
harbour, Moultonborough, Tuflonborough, Wolfs-
borough, Alton, Guilford, and Meredith. Long.
71. 5. to 71. 25. W., lat. 43. 29. to 43. 44. N. It is
about 23 m. long, from S. E. to N. W., and about
10, where widest broad. It receives the waters
of several small streams, but is supplied chiefly
by subjacent springs, and its waters are conveyed
oiHf by the river Winipiseogee, which joins the
western branch of the Merrimack, at the S. W.
corner of Sanborn ton, opposite Salisbury, near
Webster's falls. It is 472 feet above the level of
the ocean, and 232 above the Merrimack, at the
junction of their waters ; and in some places it is
unfathomable by any means in the possession of
the inhabitants. It abounds in fish, and its wa-
ters are remarkably pure, bat little, if at all iafe-
WIN
784
WIS
rior to those of lake George, N. Y. It is of a
very irregular form : in the N. W. it divides into
3 branches, or large bays, and in the S. E. is a
long arm, called Merrymeeting Bay. Several large
promontories intrude into the lake ; the principal
of which are Meredith neck, Moultonborough
neck, and Tuftonborough neck. It is bordered in
various parts by hills and mountains ; on the N.
W. is Red Mountain, on the N. Ossipee, on the S.
Mount Major, and Gunstock mountain. The lake
contains a great multitude of islands said to
amount to 3G5 ; some of them large enough for
farms of considerable extent, and are of beautiful
appearince. The prospect of the lake and its en-
virons is enchanting.
The following description of the appearance of
the lake as seen from the summit of Red moun-
tain is given by Dr. Dwight. — '■ Immediately at
the foot of the height, on which we stood, and in
the bottom of the immense valley below, spread
south-eastward the waters of the Winipiseogee
in comjtlete view ; except that one or two of its
arms were partially concealed by intervening
peninsulas. A finer object of tlie same nature
was perhaps never seen. The lakes, which I had
visited in my northern and western excursions,
were all of them undivided masses boriered by
shores comparitively straight. Tliis was, centrally,
a vast column, if I may be allowed the term, 2.3 m.
in length and from G to 8 in breadth, shooting out
with inimitable beauty, a succession of arms,
some of them not inferior in length to the whole
breadth of the lake. These were fashioned with
every elegance of figure, bordered with the most
beautiful winding shores, and studded with a mul-
titude of islands. Their relative positions, also,
could scarcely be more happy.
*' Many of the islands are large, exquisitely
fashioned;, and arranged in a manner not less sin-
gular than pleasing. As they met the eye, when
surveyed from tliis summit, they were set in
groups on both sides of the great channel, and left
this vast field of water unoccupied between them.
Their length was universally at right angles to
that of the lake, and they appeared as if several
chain of hills orignally crossing the country in
that direction, had by some convulsion been merg-
ed in the water so low, that no part of them was
left visible, except the oblong segments of their
summits. Of those, which, by their size and sit-
uation, were most conspicuous, I counted 45,
without attempting to enumerate the smaller ones,
or such as were obscured. The points, which in-
trude into this lake are widely different from
those of lake George ; bold, masculine bluffs, im-
pinging directly upon the water. These, in sev-
eral instances, were spacious peninsulas, fitting
to become rich and delightful residences of man,
often elevated into handsome hills, and sloping
gracefully into the lake."
Winnisborough, p. v. Fairfield Dis. S. C 30 m.
N. Columbus.
Winschoten, a fortified town of the Netherlands
in Groningen. Here, in 1568, was fought the
first battle between the revolted Dutch and the
Spaniards, who were defeated by Lewis, brother
to the prince of Orange. It is 6 m. S. of Dolbart
Bay and 19 E. S. E. of Groningen.
Winsen, a town of Hanover, with a castle, seat-
ed on the Luhe, near its confluence with the II-
menau, 15 m. N. W. of Lunenburg. — Another,
seated on the Aller, 6 ni. below Zell and 47 S. S.
W. of Lunenburg.
Winsford, a village in Cheshire, Eng. 4 m. W.
by N. of Middlewich. Here is a considerable
manufacture of salt, and abundance of salt rock,
of which great quantities are s^nt to Liverpool
for exportation.
WinsloiD, a town in Buckinghamshire, Eng. 49
m. VV. N. W. of London.
Wlnslow, p.t. Kennebec Co. Me. 45 m. N.
Wiscasset. Pop. 1,259. -
Winster, a town in Derbyshire, Eng. situate
among rich lead-mines, 26 m. N. N. W. of Derby.
Wintcrberg, a town of Bohemia, with a celebra-
ted glass manufactory, 77 m. S. by W. of Pryne.
Winterinrrham, a town in Lincolnshire, Eng.
33 m. N. of Lincoln.
f I'inttrthur, a. town of Switzerland, in the can-
ton of Zurich, where there are. mineral baths.
Tile articles made here by the smiths and turners
are in great estimation ; and it has manufactures
of earthenware, striped camlets, and cotton. It
is seated in a fertile plain, on tlie river Alach, 12
m. E. N. E. of Zurich.
Wiiitrrton, a village on the E. coast of Norfolk,
Eng. near a promontory called Wintertonness,
on which is a light-house, 8 m. N. by W. of Yar-
mouth.
Winlhrop, p.t. Kennebec Co. Me. 10 m. W.
Augusta. Pop. 1,837.
Winlon, p.t. Hertford Co. N. C. 153 m. N. E.
Raleigh.
JVintonburir, p. v. Hartford Co. Conn.
Winyaio Bay, in S. Carolina receives the Pe-
dee, Waccamaw and Winee Rivers, and joins
the sea, 12 m. below Georgetown.
Winwesler, a town of Germany, capital of the
county of Falkenstein. 24 m. W. S. W. of
Worms and 27 N. E. of Deux Points.
Winwkk, a village in Lancashire, Eng. 3 m.
N. of Warrinufton. It is deemed the richest rec-
tory in the kingdom ; and on the S. side of the
church is a Latin inscription, intimating that the
place was once a favourite seat of Oswald, king
of Northumberland.
U'ipperfurt, a town of Prussia, in the province
ofClevesand Berj, seated on the Whipper, 30
m. E. S. E. ofDuiseldorf
JVippra. a town of Prussian Saxony, 10 m. W.
N. W. of Eisleben.
Wirksirorth, a town of Prussian Saxony 10 m.'
W. N. W. of Eisleben.
Wirksirorth, a town in Derbyshire, Eng. 140
m. N. N. W. of London.
Wishaden, a town of Germany, in the duchy of
Nassau. It has some warm baths, formerly of
freat repute ; 6 m. N. of Mentz and 22 W. of
rankfort.
Wisheach, a town in Cambridgeshire, Eng.
34 m. N. N. W. of Cambridge and 89 N. of Lon-
don.
Wisby, a eea-port of Sweden, capital of the isle
of Gothland, with a castle. It is seated on the
side of a rock, on the Baltic, 129 m. S. by E. of
Stockholm. Long. 18. 41. E., lat. 57. 36. N.
IViscasset, p.t. Lincoln Co. Me, on Sheepscut
River, -55 m. N. E. Portland. It is a port of en-
try and has a considerable trade in lumber and
wood. Pop. 2,443.
Wismar, a strong sea-port of Germany, in the
duchy of Mecklenburg with a citadel. It has
suffered frequently by war; and in 1716 it was
taken by the nortliern confederates, who blew up
and razed its former fortifications. The three
principal churches, the townhouse, and the palace
of Mecklenburg, are its most remarkable build-
ings. It is seat'^d on a bay of the Baltic, 30 na
WOA
785
WOL
E. bv N. of Lubec and 33 W. S. W. of Rostock.
Long. 11. 34. E., lat. 53. 56. N.
Wiston, a town of Wales, in Pembrokeshire,
248 m. W. N.W. of London.
fVUepsk, a strong town of European Russia,
with a castle. The French entered it in ldl2,
but evacuated it the same year. It is seated in a
morass, at the confluence of the Dwina and Wids-
ba Go m. E. of Polotsk and 80 W. N. W. of
Smolensk. Long. 29. 40. E., lat. 55. 43. N.
Witgenau, a town of Bohemia, in the circle of
Bechin, on the river Launsnitz, 14 m. E. of Bud-
weis.
fVitgenstein, a castle of Germany, which gives
name to a small county belonging to Hesse-Darm-
stadt It stands on a high rock, 13 m. N. W. of
Marburg.
jrUham, a town in Essex, Eng. 38 m. E. N. E.
of London.
Witlich, a town of Prussia, in the province of
Lower Rhine. It has a castle called Ottensfein,
and in its neighbourhood are many copper-mines.
It is seated on the Leser, 19 m. N. N. E. of
Treves.
iVUney, a town in Oxfordshire, Eng. Here
are manufactures of the finest blankets, and other
thick woolens, called bear-skins and kerseys.
65 m. W. N. W. of London.
IViistock, a town of Prussia, in Brandenburg,
with celebrated cloth manufactures : seated on
the river Dosse, 17 ra. N. N. W. of Ruppin.
WitlenJierg, a strong town of Prussian Saxony,
with a famous university and a castle. The cele-
brated Martin Luther began the Reformation here,
in 1517, and is buried in a chapel belonging to
the castle. In 1821 a colossal statue was erected
here to his memory. Wittenberg has suffer-
ed greatly by wars, particularly in the seige
oy the Austrians in 1760; and in 1813 it was
taken by the allies after a short siege. It
is seated on the Elbe, over which is a bridge, 65
m. N. W. of Dresden. Long. 12. 45. E., lat. 51.
64. N.
Wittenberg, a town of Prussia, in Brn.idenburg,
seated on the Elbe, 7 m. S. S. W. of Perleberg.
Wittenberg, a town of Germany, in Mecklen-
burg, 15 m. W. S. W. of Schwerin.
Wittgenstein, a town of Russia, in the govern-
ment of Livonia, 40 m. S. E. of Revel.
Wittlesey-mere, a lake in the N. E. part of
Huntingdonshire, Eng. 6 m. long and 3 broad. It
is 4 m. S. of Peterborough.
Wittsburg, p.v. Erie Co. Pa.
Witzenhaiisen,s.tovin of Germany, in Hesse-Cas-
sel, seated on the Werra, 18 m. E. by N. of
Cassel.
Wlteliscomb , a town in Somersetshire, Eng.
with a considerable manufacture of blanketing,
kerseys, and other coarse cloths. 153 m. W. by
S. of London
Wivenhoe, a village in Essex. Eng. on the Coin
3 m. S. E. of Colchester, of which it is the port.
The Colchester oysters are chiefly barrelled at
this place.
Wladislaio, a town of Poland, capita] of a pala-
tinate of its name and of the province of Cnjavia,
with a fort. It stands on the Vistula, 98 m. W
N. W. of Warsaw. Long. 18. 50. E., lai. 52. 54.
N.
Woahoo, one of the Sandwich islands, 7 leagues
N. W. of Morotoi. From the appearance of the
N. E. and N. W. parts, it is the finest island of
the group. A bay is formed by the N. and W. ex-
tremities, into which a fine river flows, through
99
a deep valley ; but the water is blackish for 200
yards from the entrance. It is supposed to con-
tain 60.000 inhabitants. Lieut. Hergist, who had
been sent from England, in 1791 , wiui a supply of
provisions for captain Vancover, then on a voyage
of discovery, was here surprised and murdered by
the native's, together with Mr. Gooch, the as-
tronomer. Long. 157. 51. W. lat. 21. 43. N.
IVoburn, a town in Bedfordshire, Eng. It
had an ancient abbey, on the site of which stands
the magnificent building called Woburn Abbey,
the seat of the duke of Bedford. 42 m. N. N. W.
of London.
Woburn, p.t. Middlesex Co. Mass. 10 m. N. W.
Boston, on the Middlesex Canal. Pop. 1,977.
Here is a beautiful sheet of water called Hora
Pond, environed by steep woody hills and afford-
ing the most delightful scenery.
Wodnian, a town of Bohemia, seated on the
Bianitz, 12 m. S. of Piseck.
Woerden, a town of the Netherlands, in S. Hol-
land, seated on the Rhine, 10 m. W. of Utrecht.
H'okey, or Okey, a village in Somersetshire,
Eng. on the N. side of the Mendip Hills, 2 m. W.
of Wells. Here is a famous cavern, called Wokey
Hole.
Wokino A village in Surrey, Eng. on the river
Wey, 5 m. N. N. E. of Guilford.
Workingham or Orkingham, a corporate town in
Berkshire, Eng. 31 m. W. by S. of London.
VVoUtu, a strong town of Prussia, Silesia, capi-
tal of a principality of the same name, with a
fine castle, many handsome buildings, and a great
woolen manufacture. It is seated near the Oder,
surrounded by a morass, 20 m. N. W. of Breslau,
Long. 16. 45. E., lat. 51. 18. N.
Wolbek, a town of the Prussian states, in the gov-
ernment of Munster, 7 m. S. S. W. of Munster.
Wolcott, p.t. ' rleans Co. Vt. 63 m. N. Mont-
pelier. Pop. 492. ; p.t. N. Haven Co. Conn. 25
m. N. New Haven. Pop. 844. ; p.t. Wayne Co.
N. Y. Pop. 1,085.
Wolcotsville, p.v. Litchfield Co. Conn.
Woldeck, a town of Germany, in the duchy ot
Mecklenburg, 21 m. E. N. E. of Strelitz.
Wolfach, a town of Baden, on a river of the
same name, at its confluence with the Kinzig 19,
m. N. E. of Friburg.
Wolfborough, p.t. Strafford Co. N. H.45m. N
E. Concord. Pop. 1,928.
WolfenviUtel, a principality of Germany, which
constitutes part of the duchy of Urunswick. It is di
vided into two parts the principalities of Ilelderheil,
Halberstadt : the northern borders on the duchies
of Lunenburg and Magdeburg ; the southern lies
between the principality of Hildesheim, the ab-
bey of Corvey, and the county of Wernigerode.
The N. part produces abundance of grass, grain,
flax, hemp, silk, and various kinds of pulse and
fruit. The S. part is hilly and has little arable
land, but yields plenty of timber and iron, and
has manufactures of glass and fine porcelain, with
a very rich mine and salt works in the Hartz
Forest. The principal rivers are the Weser,
Leine, and Ocker. The established religion is
the Lutheran.
WolfenviUtel, a strong city of Germany, capi-
tal of the foregoing principality. It has a castle,
formerly the residence of the dukes, in which is
an excellent library, with a cabinet of curiosities
relating to natural history. In the principa.
church is the burial-place of the princes, which
is an admirable piece of architecture. Wolfen-
buttel is seated in a marshy soil, on the Ocker, f
3 u2
"WOO
788
WOR
m. S. by W. of Brunswick and ilO W of Halber-
(iladt. Long. 10. 45. E., lat. 52. 10 N.
WoJfersdike, a small island of the Netherlands
in Zealand, between N. and S. Beveland.
Wolfsberg, a town of Austrian Illyria, in Carin-
thia, with a castle ; seated on the Lavant, at the
foot of a mountain, 26 m. E. N. E. of Clagenfurt.
Wolgast, a sea-port of Prussia, in. Pomerania,
with one of the best harbours on the Baltic. On-
\y the tower of its ancient castle is now standing.
It is seated on the Peene, or W. channel of the
Oder, 54 m. N. W. of Stettin. Long. 13. 52. E.,
hit. 54. 4. N.
Wolkenstein, a town of Saxony, in the circle of
Erzgeberg, with a castle on a rock ; seated near
the Zschopa, 15 m. S. S. E. of Chemnitz.
Wolkomysk, a town of Prussia, in the govern-
ment of (jlrodno, seated on the Ros, 23 m. S. E.
of Grodno.
WoUin, a fortified town of Poraerania, capital
of a fertile island of the same name, between the
two Eastern branches of the Oder. It is seated
on the Diwenow, 12 m. S. W. of Camin and 30
N. of Stettin. Long. 14. 40. E., lat. 53. 50. N.
li'olmirsladt, a town of Prussian Saxony, in
Magdeburg, on the river Ohra, 10 m. N. of Mag-
deburg.
Woloczok, a town of Russia, in the government
of Novogorod, 100 m. S. E. of Novogorod. Long.
34. 20. E., lat. 57. 30. N.
Wolsingham, a town in the county of Durham,
Eng. amid mines of lead and coal, 16 rn. W. of
Durham and ^7 N. N. W. of London.
Wolvcrhamjiton, a town in Staffordshire, Eng.
Here are manufactures of various kinds of iron,
brass, steel, and tin goods, japanned and paper
wares, «&c. Tt is seated on a hill, nearly encom-
passed by canals, 16 m. S. of Stafford and 122 N.
W. of London.
Wolvey, a village in Warwickshire, Eng. 5 m.
S. E. of Nuneaton.
JVomeldorf. p. v. Berks Co. Pa,
Wood, a county of the W. Dis. of Virginia.
Pop. 6.409. Parkersburg is the capital. A coun-
ty of Ohio. Pop. 1,095. Perry sburg is the cap-
ital.
Woodhridge, a town in Suffolk, Eng. 77 ra. N.
E. of Fjondon.
Woodhridge, a township of N. Haven Co. Conn.
7 m. N. W. New Haven. Pop. 2,049. ; p.v. Mid-
dlesex Co. N. J. 10 m. N. II. New Brunswick.
Woodbury, p.v. Litchfield Co. Conn. 19 m. N.
W. New Haven. Pop. 2,045 ; t. Caledonia Co. Vt.
Pop. 824. ; p V. Gloucester Co. N. J ; t. Bedford
and Huntingdon Cos. Pa.
Woodchester, a village in Gloucestershire, Eng.
2 m. S. of Stroud. It has a broad-cloth and a
silk manufacture. A great tessellated pavement
and other splendid Roman antiquities have been
discovered here.
Woodford, a county of Kentucky. Pop. 12,294 ;
t. Bennington Co. Vt. Pop. 395. Versailles is
the capital.
Wood Laion, p.v. Edgefield Dis. S. C.
Woods, Lake of the, a lake of N. America, 90
m. long, and 30 where broadest, but very irregu-
lar in its shape. It lies between Lake Winnipeg
and Lake Superior, chiefly in Upper Canada,
but the S. part is in the territory of the United
States. The lands on its banks are covered with
oaks, pines, firs, &c.
Woodsboro, p.v. Frederick Co. Md.
Woodsfield, p.v. Monroe Co. Ohio. 120 m. E.
Columbua
Woodstock, p.t. Oxford Co. Me 56 m N. Port-
land. Pop. 573; p.t. Windsor Co. Vt. 79 m. S-
Montpelier. Pop. 3,044 ; p.t. Windham Co.
Conn. 48 m. N. E. Hartford, with manufactures
of cotton and woolen. Pop. 2,928; p.t. Ulster
Co. N. Y. with manufactures of iron and glass.
Pop. 1,376; p.t. Shenandoah Co. Va. 100 m. W.
Washington p.t. Hyde Co N. C.
Woodstock, a borough in Oxfordshire, Eng, It
is chiefly noted for Blenheim-house, built at the
expense of the nation for the duke of Marlborough,
in memory of his signal victory over the French
and Bavarians in 1704. Woodstock has a manu-
facture of gloves, and of steel watch chains. The
poet Chaucer was born, lived and died here, it
IS 8 m. N. W. of Oxford and 62 W. N. W. of
London.
Woodstown, p.v. Salem Co. N. J. 26 m. S.
Phrlad.
Woodsville, p.v. Jefferson Co. N. Y. 1.58 m. N.
W. Albany ; p.v. Culpeper Co. Va., Hanover Co.
Va., Perquimans Co. N. C, Warren Co. Ten.,
Decatur Co. Alab. and Wilkinson Co. Mississippi.
Wooler, a town in Northumberland, Eng. 14
m. S. of Berwick and 317 N. by W. of London.
Woolwich, a town in Kent, Eng. It is the
most ancient military and naval arsenal in Eng-
land, and has a royal dock-yard, where men of
war were built as early as the reign of Henry
VIII. At the eastern p.art of the town is the
royal arsenal, in which are vast magazines of
great guns, mortars, bombs, balls, powder, and
other warlike stores; a foundry, with three fur-
naces, for casting ordnance ; and a laboratory,
where fireworks and cartridges are made, and
bombs, carcases, grenades, &c., charged for the
public service. A little to the S. of the arsenal
are extensive artillery barracks, for the accom-
modation of the officers and privates: and a little
further S. a ro3'al military academy, where the
mathematics are taugrht and cadets instructed in.
the military art. Woolwich is seated on the
Thames, which is here so deep that large ships
may at all times ride with safety It is 8 m. E
of London.
Woolwich, p.t. Lincoln Co. Me. 40 m. N. E.
Portland. Pop. 1,484.
Wooster, p t. Wayne Co. Ohio. 89 m. N. E.
Columbus. Pop. 1,953.
Worcester, a central county of Massachusetts.
Pop. 84,365. Worcester is the capital. A county
of Maryland. Pop. 18,271. Snowhill is the cap-
ital.
Worcester, p.t. Worcester Co. Mass. 40 m. W.
Boston. It is one of the largest inland towns in
the state and has a communication with the
waters of Narraganset Bay by the Blackstone
Canal. The town is handsomely built, and the
neighbouring country is very pleasant and well
cultivated. Here is the library of the American
Antiquarian Society, consisting of 6,000 volumes.
A State Insane Asylum has recently been estab-
lished here. A cattle show is held here annually
and the trade of the town is very flourishing
Pop. 4,172.
Worcester, p.t. Otsego Co. N. Y. 74 m. W.
Albany. Pop. 2,093. A township of Montgomery
Co. Pa.
Worcester, one of the most ancient and respec-
table cities of England, the capital of Worcester-
shire, and a bishop's see. It contains 1 1 churches,
besides the cathedral, also a number of meeting-
houses for various sectaries as well as Roman
Catholics. Edgar's Tower, a strong portal, is
Won,
787
WUR
part of its ancient castle ; here are als? three
grammar-schools, seven hospitnls, a public in-
linnary, and a well contrived quay. Worcester
is governed by a mayor, carries on a considerable
trade in hops, carpets, and glotres, has a large
manufacture of elegant china-ware, manufactures
of fine lace, an extensive iron foundry, distillery,
&c., and contains about 19,000 inliabitants. Here
Cromwell, in 1G51, obtained a victory over the
Scotch army, which had marched into England
to reinstate Charles H., who, after this defeat,
escaped with great difficulty into France. Wor-
cester is seated on the Severn, 3G m. N. N. E. of
Bristol and 111 W. N. W. of London. Long.
2. 0. W., lat. 52. 9. N.
Worcestershire, a county of England, 44 m.
long and 24 broad ; bounded on the N. by Shrop-
shire and Staffordshire, E. by Warwickshire, S.
E. and S. by Gloucestershire, and W. by Here-
fordshire. It contains 613,240 acres, is divided
mto five hundreds and 152 parishes, has one city
and 1 1 market-towns, and sends nine members
to parliament. In 1821 the number of inhabitants
was 184,424. The soil in the vales and meadows
is very rich, particularly the vale of Evesham,
which is styled the granary of these parts. The
hills have generally an easy ascent, except the
Malvern Hills in the S. W. part of the county,
which feed large flocks of sheep. The other hills
are the Licky, near Bromsgrove, towards the N. ;
and the Bredon Hills, towards the S. E. Here
are plenty of fruits of most sorts, especially pears,
which are in many places found growing in the
hedges. The commerce and manufactures are
considerable. The chief exports are coal, corn,
hops, cloth, cheese, cider, perry, and salt. The
principal rivers are the Severn, Teme,and Avon.
IVorcum, a town of the Netherlands, in S. Hol-
land, seated on the S. side of the Meuse, just be-
low the influx of the Waal, 8 m. N. N. E. of
Heusden.
fVorcum, a town of the Netherlands, in Fries-
land, 18 m. S. W. of Lewarden.
JVordinorhorg, a sea-port of Denmark on the S.
coast of the island of Zealand, from which there
is a much frequented passage to the island Falster
and Laland. It is 46 m. S. S. W. of Copenha-
gen. Long. 11. 58. E., lat. 55. 3. N.
Workington, a sea- port in Cumberland, Eng.
seated at the mouth of the Derwent, on the coast
of the Irish Sea. The river admits vessels of 400
tons burden, and the harbour is commodious.
In the neifjlilir)nrh(>od are a large iron foundry,
some snll-works, and numerous collieries. The
principal maniifactures arc canvas and cordage,
but the coal trade is its diief siippart. It is 7 m.
W. by S. <.f Cockermonth and :?I2 N N. W. of
Lond(ni. Long. 3. 27. W., hit. 54. 31. N.
Worksop,ii town in .VoUinghanishire, Eng. The
canal from Chesterfield to llie Trent passes near
this town. It is 22 m. N. W of Newark and 140
N. by W. of London.
Worms, a city v)f (ronnan}', in Hfsse-Darmstadt
formerly the capital of a princely bishoj>ric ofi'.he
same name, it is famous Ihr a diet held in 1521,
at which Luther assisted in persi>n. The catlse-
dral is magnificent, and the principal Lutheran
church has abeautit'ul altar and fine paintings.
In the war of 1689 it was taken by th«' French,
who almost reduced it to ashes. In 1743 a treaty
was concluded here between CJreat Britain, Hun-
gary, and Sardinia. In 1792 Worms surrender-
ed to the French, who were obliged to evacuate
it the next year, after the loss of Mentz ; but it
was ajrain taken by them in 1794. It is seated on
the Rhine, 27 m.S. S. W. of Mentz. Long. 8.28
E., lat. 49. 36. N.
Worsley, a town in Lancashire, Eng. celebrated
for the immense quantity of coal in its vicinity
and for being the place where the duke of Bridge-
water first commenced his canal navigation. It
is 6 m. N. N. W. of Manchester.
Worstead, a town of Norfolk, Eng. This plac«
is noted for the introduction of that sort of twist
ed yarn called worstead ; and was formerly a
place of considerable trade, though now reduced
to a mere village. It is 12 m. N. of Norwich aiid
121 N. E. of London.
Worthington, p.t Hampshire Co. Mass. 110 in
W.Boston. Pop. 1,178; p.v. Franklin Co. Ohio
9 m. N. Columbus.
Wotton Busset, a borough in Whiltshire, Eng.
88 m. W. of London.
IVotton-under- Edge, a town in Gloucestershire,
Eng. with extensive manufactures of cloth. It is
seated under a fertile eminence, 20 m. N. E. of
Bristol and 109 W. N. W. of London.
lVragby,a. town in Lincolnshire, Eng. 143 m. N
of London.
Wrath, Cape, a promontory of Scotland, in
Sutherlandshire, which is the N. W. point of
Great Britain. Affainst its rugged and lofty cliffii
the rapid tides bursts with incredible fury. Lon^
4. 47. W., lat. 53. 34. N.
Wrekin, a noted hill or mountain in Shropshire,
Eng. 8 m. E. S. E. of Shrewsbury. It was a fa
mous station of the Romans, and its height in
reckoned 1,200 feet
WrtrUham, p.t. Norfolk Co. Mass. 24 m. S. W.
Boston, with manufactures of cotton, woolen, and
straw bonnets. Pop. 2,7()5.
Wrexham, a town of Wales, in Denbighshire.
It is a great mart for flannel, and a place of con
siderabfe traffic. 180 m. N. W. of London.
Wrieztn, or Brietzen,n town of Prussia, in Bran
denburg. situate on a lake formed by the inunda
tions of the Oder, 37 m. E. N. E. of Berlin.
Wrightsboro. p.v. Union Dis. S. C; p.v. Co
lumbia Co. Geo. 104 m. N. E Milledge
ville.
Wrightstoten, p.v. Burlington Co. N. J. 21
m. S. E. Trenton, t. Belmont Co. Ohio.
WrightsTiUe,p.y. YorkCo. Pa. and Duplin Co
N. C.
fVrington, a town in Somersetshire, Eng. It
was the birth-place of the celebrated Locke, and
is seated near the source of the Yeo. 10 m. S.
W. of Bristol and 125 W. of London.
Wrotham, a decayed town in Kent, Eng. 24 m.
5. E of London.
Wroi.eter, a village in Shropshire, Eng. said to
have been formerly a city built by the Britons.
It appears to have been surrounded by a thick
wall and a deep trench which may be traced in
several places. 5 ni. S. E. of Shrewsbury
Wunnentierg, a town of Prussian Westphalia,
which received its name from a victory gained
by Charleinatrne over the Saxons in 974 It is 14
m. S. of Paderborn.
Wnvsiedd, a town of Bavarian Franconia, near
which are mines of copper and iron, and quarries
of marble. It is seated on the Rosslau, 12 m. W
of Egra and 34 E. of Bnnreulh.
Wurtemberg, a kingdom of Germany, bounded
E. by Bavaria and W. by Baden, and comprising
an area of 8,000 sq. m., with 1,536,000 inhabit
ants. It IS one of the most populous and fertile
countries in Germany, though there are monv
XAL
788
XAU
mountains and woods. It produces plenty of pas-
ture, corn, fruit, and a great deal of Neckar
wine — so called from the river Neckar, which
runs through the kingdom. There are also
mines and salt springs, and much game. This
country was erected into a kingdom by Napoleon
in 1805 ; and he made considerable additions to
it by the territories taken from Austria. In 1813
the allies, having engaged to serve the king in
his various acquisitions, received his support in
the invasion of France. Stuttgard is the capital.
fVurtzburv, a district of Bavaria, in the circle
of Lower Maine, comprehending a great part of
Franconia. It is C5 m. long and 50 broad, and is
bounded on the N. by Henneberg, E. by Bam-
berg, S. by Anspach, Hohenlohe, and Mergen-
theini, and W. by Wertheim, Mentz, and Fulda.
The soil is very fertile, and produces more corn
and wine than the inhabitants consume. This
territory was formerly a bishopric, and its sove-
reign was one of the greatest ecclesiastic princes
of the empire; but it was given as a principalty
to the elector of Bavaria in 1803; and by the
treaty of Presburg, in 1805, it was ceded to the
archduke Ferdinand, whose electoral title was
transferred from Salzburg to this place. In 1814,
however, it was again transferred to Bavaria, in
exchange for the Tyrol, when the archduke Fer-
dinand was reinstated in his Tuscan dominions.
IVurtxImrg, a fortified city of Bavaria, capital
ofthe circle of Lower Maine, with a magnificent
Ealace, a university, an arsenal, and a handsome
ospital. Tiie fortress stands on an eminence,
and communicates with the city by a stone biidge.
Besides the cathedral, there are several colleo-iate
and parish churches, colleges, abbeys, and con-
vents. Here is a cannon and bell foundry ; also
cloth and stuff manufactures, established in the
house of correction. Wurtzburg was taken by
the French in 1796 and again in 1800. It is
seated on the Maine, 40 m. W. S. W. of Bam-
berg and 65 E. S. E. of Frankfort. Long. 10. 14.
E., lat. 49. 46. N.
IVurzach, a town of the kingdom of Wurtem-
berg, in the county of Waldburg, with a castle ;
situate on the Aitrach, 17 m. N. of Wangen and
28 S. by W. of Ulm.
IVursen or Wurtzen, a town of Saxony, with a
castle, a cathedral, and two churches. Here are
fine bleaching grounds for linen ; but the princi-
pal trade is in beer, of which great quantities are
exported. It is situate on the Muldau, 15 ra. E.
of Leipzig.
JVusterhausen, a town of Prussia, in Branden-
burg, seated on the Spree, 15 m. S. S. E. of Ber-
lin. — Another, seated on the Dosse, 17 m. E. N.
E. of Havelburg and 44 N. W. of Berlin.
M'ustrau, a town of Hanover, in the duchy of
Lunenberg, seated on the Dumme, at its conflu-
ence with the Jutzo, 14 m. S. of Danneberg.
JVyalusing, p.t. Bradford Co. Pa. 30 m. S. W
Montrose.
VVycomh or High Wycomh a borough in Buck-
inghamshire Eng. A Roman tesselated pavemeni
was discovered in an adjacent meadow in 1744.
31 m. W. N. W. of London.
Wye, a town in Kent, Eng. 55 m. S. E. of
London.
Wye, a river of Wales, which issues from
Plynlimnion hill, in the S. part of Montjromery-
shire, very near the source of the Severn. I
crosses the N. E. corner of Radnorshire, giving
name to the town of Rhyadergowy (fall of th ^^■
Wye) where it is precipitated in a cataract
Then, flowing between this county and Breck-
nockshire, it enters Herefordshire, passing by
Hay to Hereford, a few m. below which it re-
ceives the Lug ; it then flows by Ross and Mon-
mouth, and, separating the counties of Monmouth
and Gloucester, it enters the Severn belo.w Chep-
stow. This river is navigable almost to Hay, and
a canal forms a communication between it and
the Severn from Hereford to Gloucester.
Wyllieshurg, p. v. Charlotte Co. Va. 132 m. S;
W. Richmond.
Wymondham, a town in Norfolk, Eng. with
manufactures of bombazines, Norwich crapes, &c.
100 m. N. N. E. of London.
Wyoming, p. v. Luzerne Co. Pa. situated in a
valley among the Apalachian Mountains 1 m. from
Wilkesbarre.
Wysox, p.t. Bradford Co. Pa.
Wythe, a county of the W. Dis. of Virginia.
Pop. 12,163. Wythe is the capital. 351 m. from
Washington
X
XABEA, a sea-port of Spain, in Valencia, near
the coast of the Mediterranean, 44 m. N. E. of
Alieant. Lonjf. 0. 3. E. lat. 38. 48. N.
Xacca, or Sacra, a sea-port of Sicily, in Val di
Mazara, with an old castle. Here are large
granaries for the reception of corn intended to Be
exported, and manufactures of beautiful vases.
It is seated on the S. coast at the foot of a moun-
tain, 20 ni. S. E. of Mazara and 41 S. S. W. of
Palermo. Long. 13. 2. E., lat 37. 41. N.
Xagua, a sea- port on the S. coast of the island
of Cuba, seated on a bay, which is five leagues
in circumference and surrounded by mountains.
It is one of the finest ports in the W. Indies, and
k S4 m. S. E. of Havana Long. 80. 45. W.,
lat 22. 10. N.
Xalapa, a town of Mexico, in Vera Cruz, and a
bishops see. This town is said to give name to
ib« purgative root called jalap, or xalap. 60 m. £.
of Angelos and 80 E. of Mexico. Long. 98. 20.
W., lat. 19. 32. N.
Xaltsco, a town of Mexico in a province of ita
name, 14 m. N. W. of Compostella.
Xaliva. or St. Philip, a town of Spain, in Valen
cia. Having taken the part of Charles III., in
1707, Philip V. ordered it to be demolished, and a
new town to be built called St. Philip. It is seat-
ed on the side of a hill, at the foot of which
runs the Xucar, 32 m. S. W. of Valencia and
50 N. W. of Alieant. Long. 0. 14. W., lat. 39.
4. N.
Xauxa., or Jauxa. a province of Peru, 36 miles
long and 45 broad, bounded by the mountains of
the Indians, and the provinces of Tarma, Huan-
ta, Angaraes, Xauyos, and Guarochiri. The cli-
mate is highly salubrious, and the soil fertile in
corn and fruits.
Xauxa, a town of Peru, capital of the forego-
lAU
789
TAR
J.-j province, noted for its silver mines ; seated
o.. a river of the same name, 100 m. E. of Lima.
Xavier, or Sabi, the capital of the kingdom of
Whidah, in Guinea. It is populous, and a great
market is held every Wednesday and Saturday at
the distance of a mile from the town. The mar-
ket place is surrounded by sutlers' booths, which
are only permitted to sell certain sorts of meat,
as beef, pork, and the flesh of goats and dogs.
Here slaves of both sexes are sold, as well as ox-
en, sheep, dogs, hogs, fish, and birds; also the
various commodities of Whidah manufacture,
and every thing of European, Asiatic, or African
production. Xavier is seated near the river Eu-
phrates, about 7 m. from the sea. Long. 2. 30.
E., lat. 6. 40. N.
Xavier, a town of Spain, in Navarre, noted as
the birth-place of the celebrated Romish saint and
missionary of that name. It is 35 m. S. E. of
Pamplona.
Xavier, St., a town of Paraguay, in the province
of La Plata, 200 m. W. of Rio Janeiro.
Xenia, p.t. Greene Co. Ohio near the Little
Miami, 56 m. S. W. Columbia. Pop. 4,175.
Xenil, a river of Spain, which rises in the E.
part of Granada, and flows by Granada, Loxa,
and Ecija, in the Guadalquivir.
Xeres, a town of Guatemala, in Nicaragua,seat-
ed on a river that flows into Fonseca Bay, 70 m.
N. W. of Leon.
Xeres de la Frontera, a large and well built
town of Spain, in Andalusia, famous for that ex-
cellent wine corruptly called Sherry. It is seat-
ed on the small river Guadalete, 15 m. N. E. of
Cadiz and 38 S. S. W. of Seville.
Xeres de la Frontera, a town of Mexico in the
S. part of the province of Zacatecas, 80 m. N. by
E. of Guadalajara. Long. 103. 35. W., lat. 28.
22. N.
Xeres de Guadiana, a town of Spain, in Anda-
lusia, seated on the Guadiana, 26 m. N. by E. of
Ayamonte.
Xicoco, an island of Japan, between Niphon
and Ximo, 250 m. in circumference.
Xilotopec, a town of Mexico, capital of a dis-
trict of its name, 60 m. N. of Mexico.
Ximo, an island of Japan, the second in size
and eminence, situate to the S. W. of Niphon,
from which it is divided by a narrow channel. It
is 450 m. in circumference.
Xixona, a town of Spain, in Valencia, with a
castle, seated among mountains, in a country
that produces excellent wine and the valua-
ble drug called Kerraes. It is 15 m. N. of Alicant.
Xucar, a river of Spain, which rises in the N
E. part of New Castile, passes by Cuenza, and,
entering the province of Valencia, runs into the
gulf of Valencia, at the town of Cullera.
Xudnogrod, a town of Croatia, 17 m. N. of Se-
benico and 37 E. of Kzara.
..i**?'-
YACHT A, a fort of Russia, in the govern-
ment of Irkutsk, on the borders of Chinese Tar-
tary 48 m. S. S. W. of Selenginsk.
Yadkin, a river rising in North Carolina and
flowing into South Carolina, where it takes the
name of Great Pedee.
Yakutsk or Jakutskoi, a town of Russsia, capi-
tal of a province of the same name, in the gov-
ernment of Irkutsk, with a wooden fort. It is
seated on the Lena, 960 m. N. E. of Irkutsk.
Long 129. 48. E., lat. 62. 2. N.
Yale, the capital of a province of the same name,
in the island of Ceylon, 56 m. S. E. of Candy.
Yamburg, town of Russia, in the government
of Petersburg, situate on the Luga, 20 m. E. of
Narva.
Yamina, a town of Negroland, in Bambarra,
near the river Niger, 66 m. S. W. of Sego.
Yanceyville, p.v. Louisa Co. Va. 60 m. N. W.
Richmond.
Yang-tcheou, a city of China, of the first rank,
in the province of Kiang-nan. Its district is in-
tersected by a number of canals ; and it carries
on a great trade, particularly in salt, which is
made on the sea-coast of this jurisdiction. It
stands on the left bank of the Kian-ku, where
the imperial canal crosses that river, 485 m. S.
by E. of Pekin. Long. 118. 54. E., lat. 32. 26. N.
Yao-gan, a city of China, of the first rank, in
the province of Yun.nan. Its territory is inter-
mixed with mountains, fine forests, and fruitful
valleys, and produces abundance of musk. Near
the city is a salt spring, which produces very
while salt. It is 100 m. W. by N. of Yun-nan.
Long. 100. 45. E., lat. 25. 12. N.
Yao-tcheu, a city of China, of the first rank, in
Kiang-si, on the W. side of the lake Poyaug, 700
m. S. of Pekin. Long. 116. 40. E., lat. 29. 8
N.
Yare, a river in Norfolk, Eng. formed by the
confluence of several streams that rise in the
heart of the county. It passes through Norwich,
whence it is navigable to Yarmouth, where it
enters the German Ocean.
Yarkan, or Irken, a town of Tartary, in the
country of Cashgur, with a large palace, where
the khan of the Eluth Tartars generally resides.
It has a considerable trade, and stands in a fertile
country, on a river of the same name, 100 m. S.
E. of Cashgur. Long. 79. 4. E., lat. 38. 40. N.
Farm, a town in N. Yorkshire, Eng. 239 m. N
by W. of London.
Yarmouth, a sea-port and borough in Norfolk,
Eng. It is seated at the mouth of the Yare, and
enjoys the export, and import trade of various
places in Norfolk and Suffolk. The harbour is
convenient for business, the vessels lying in the
river along a very extensive quay. Its foreign
trade is considerable, and it also sends ships to
the Greenland fishery. A great number of her-
ring are cured here, and under the name of red
herrings, are either consumed at home or export-
ed to foreign countries. Yarmouth contains about
1 8,000 inhabitants. Off" the mouth of the harbour
is a bar, which prevents the entry of ships of large
burden : and the many sand-banks off" the coast
from the Yarmouth Roads, so noted for frequent
shipwrecks. Yarmouth is 23 m. E. of Norwich
and 124 N. E. of London. Long. 1. 45i E., lat. 62.
38. N.
Yarmouth, a borough in Hampshire, Eng. on
the N. W. coast of the Isle of Wight, with a for-
tified castle, and a convenient quay. It is 10 m.
W. of Newport
•fr
TEN 790
YanHouth, p.t. Barnstable Co. Mass. on Cape
Cod 70 m. S. E. Boston, with large manufac-
tures of salt. Pop. 2,251.
Yaruqui, a village of Peru, near a plain of the
same name, 12 m. N. E. of Quito. This plain
was chosen for the base of the operations for
measuring an arc of the meridian, by Ulloa and
the French mathematicians.
Yates, a county of New York. Pop. 19,019.
Penn Yann is the capital: p.v. Genesee Co.
N. Y.
Yaynan-gheoum, a town of Birmah, celebrated
for the oil wells in its neighbourhood, which sup-
ply the whole empire, and many parts of India,
with petroleum. The inhabitants are employed
in making jars to contain the oil. It stands on a
creek of the Irrawaddy, 28 m. S. by E. of Shil-
lahmew.
Yazoo, n river of Mississippi, 200 m. in length
flowing into the Mississippi.
Yazoo, a (lounty of Mississippi. Pop. 7,550 Ben-
ton is the capital.
Yea, a town of Peru, in Lima, with a trade in
glass, wine, brandy, &c. It is seated in a valley
watered by a river, 50 m. E. S. E. of Pisco and
170 S. S. E.ofLima.
Yell, one of the Shetland Islands, to the N. of
that called Mainland. It is 20 m. long and 8
broad and has several good harbours.
Yellow River. See Hoan-ho.
Yellow Sea,, or Leao-tong, a gulf of China, be-
tween the provinces of Pe-tclie-li and Chang-
tong on the W., and the peninsula of Corea on
the E. ^
Yellow Springs, p.v. Chester Co. Pa; p.v. Hunt-
ingdon Co. Pa ; p.v. Green Co. Ohio.
Yellowstone, a branch of the Missouri. It rises
in the Rocky Mountains, and joins the Missouri
after a course of about 1,000 ra.
Yellow water, a river flowing into Pensacola Bay
in Florida, 70 m. in length.
Yemen, a province of Arabia Felix, comprehend-
ing the finest and most fertile part of Arabia, and
lying on the coast of the Red Sea and Indian
Ocean. Millet is the grain chiefly cultivated ;
but the principal object of cultivation is coffee,
which is all carried to Beit el Faki. Nearly the
whole commerce of the country is carried on by
Macha, but Sana is the capital.
Yenikal, an important fortress of the Crimea, 8
m. E. of Kertch. See Kertck.
Yenisei, or Jenisa, a large river of Siberia,
which runs from S. to N., and enters the Frozen
Ocean to the E. of the bay of Oby.
Yerdseisk, or Jeniskoi, a town of Russia, in the
government of Tomsk, on the river Yenisei, 310
m. N. N. E. of Tomsk. Long. 92. 35. E., lat. 58.
6. N.
Yenne, a town of the Sardinian states, in Sa-
voy, near the Rhone, 13 m. N. W. of Chani-
bery.
Yen-ngan, a city of China, of the first rank, in
Chen-si, on the river Yen, 390 m. S. W. of Pekin.
Long. 108. 50. E., lat. 36. 44. N.
Fc»-p««^', a city of China, of the first rank, in
Fokien ; seated on the brow of a mountain by
the river Minho, 820 m. S. of Pekin. Long. 116.
54. E., lat. 26.40. N.
Yen-icheou a city of Chma, of the first rank in
Chang;-tong, situate in a well cultivated district
which is enclosed between two considerable rivers.
270 m. S. of Pekin.
Yen-tcheou, a city of China, of the first rank, in
Tche-kiang. In the neighbourhood aro luines of
TOR
copper, and trees that yield an excellent varnishj
which when once dry, never melts again, and will
bear boiling water. The paper made here is in
high esteem. 650 m. S. S. E. of Pekin. Long. 119.
14. E., lat. 29. 38. N.
Yen-tcldng, a town of China, in Chang-tong
where a kind of glass is made, so delicate that i
will not endure the inclemencies of the air. 45
m. S. E. of Tsi-nan.
Yeovil, a corporate town of Somersetshire, Eng
122 m. W. by S. of London.
Yesd, a town of Persia, in the province of Irac
on the road from Kerman, to Ispahan. It has a
silk manufacture , and here are made the finest
porcelain and carpets. 200 m. E. S. E. of Ispahan.
Long. 66. 50. E., lat. 32. 0. N.
Ylo, a sea-port of Peru, in Los Charcos, 70 m.
N.N. W.of Arica. Long. 71. 13. W., lat. 17
36. S.
Yonguesville, p.v. Fairfield Dis. S. C. 42 m. N.
Columbus.
Yonkers, p.t. Westchester Co. N. Y. 11 m. N.
New York. Pop. 1,761.
Yonne, a department of France, containing
part of the former provinces of Burgundy
and Champagne, and comprising an area
of 2,900 square miles, with . 350;000 inhabi-
tants. The climate is temperate, and the soil
fertile in corn, hemp, flax, wine, and fruits. It
receives its name from a river which rises in the
department of Nievre, flows by Chateau-Chinon,
Clameci, Auxerre, Joigny, and Sens, and joins
the Seine at Montereau. Auxerre is the capital.
York, a city, the capital of Yorkshire, Eng. and
an archbishop's see. It is the Eboracum of the
Romans, and many of their coffins, urns, coins,
&c., have been found here. It has always been
considered as the capital of the North, and, in
point of rank, as the second city in the kingdom;
but is now surpassed in wealth and populousness
by many of the more modern trading towns.
York contains about 20,000 inhabitants. The
cathedral of St. Peter, generally called the Min-
ster, is reckoned the largest and most magnifi-
cent Gothic structure in the universe. The E.
window, which is said hardly to have its equal
for tracery, painting, and preservation, was the
work of John Thornton, a glazier, of Conventry,
in 1405. This beautiful edifice sustained consid-
erable injury from fire, occasioned by a frantic in-
cendiary, in 1829, but it is expected that the
munificence of the countv will soon restore it to
its original splendor. Besides the cathedral,
York contains but 20 churches in use, though in
the reign of Henry V. it had 44 parish churches,
17 chapels, and nine religious houses. Here are
also a number of meeting houses for dissenters
and Catholics. The city is dividad by the Ouse
into two parts, united by a stone bridge of five
arches, the centre one 81 feet wide. The river is
navigable to this city for vessels of 70 tons bur-
den, although it is 60 miles from the sea. The
castle is a noble structure, and was formerly a
place of great strength, but is now used as a coun-
ty prison. Near it, on an artificial mount, is Clif-
ford's Tower, a round shell said by some to have
been raised by William the Conqueror, but oth-
ers deem it a Roman work. It was used as a
garrison in the civil wars, and till the year 1683,
when the magazine blowing up reduced it to
its present form. York is a county of itself, gov-
erned by a lord mayor ; the prefix of lord being
given by Richard II. ; and its county includes
Ainsty Liberty, in which are 35 villages and
•«.#>
%
roR
791
IPR
namlets. The guildhall, built in 1466, is a grand
structure, supported by two rows of oak pillars,
each pillar a single tree. The corporation built
a mansion-house in 1728, for the lord mayor ; and
among the other public buildings are a noble
assembly house, designed by the earl of Burling-
ton, an elegant court-house on the right of tiie
castle, a theatre royal, a county hospital, and an
asylum for lunatics. York is 70 m. S. by E. of
Durham, 190 S. S. E. of Edinburgh, and 195 N.
by W. of London. Long. 1. 7. W., lat. 53. 59. N.
York, a city of Upper Canada, and the seat of
government for that province. It is situate on the
N. W. side of Lake Ontario, and has an excellent
harbour, formed by a long peninsula, which em-
braces a basin of water sufficiently large to con-
tain a considerable fleet. On the extremity of the
peninsula called Gibraltar Point are stores and
blockhouses, which command the entrance of the
harbour ; and on the mainland, opposite this
point, is the garrison. The front of the city is a
mile and a half in length, and it contains several
handsome squares, particularly one open to the
harbour. It is 45 m. N. N. VV. of Fort Niagara
and 140 W. by S. of Kingston. Long. 79. 36. W.,
lat. 43, 35. N.
York, a county of Maine. ~Pop. 51,710. Al-
fred is the capital. A county of the E. Dis. of
Pennsylvania. Pop. 42,65S, York is the capi-
tal. A county of the E. Dis. of Virginia. Pop.
5,:}54. Yorktown is the capital. A District of S.
Carolina. Pop. 17,785.
York, p.t. York Co. Me. 10 m. N. E. Ports-
mouth. It is one of the oldest towns in the state
and has some coasting and fishery business. Pop.
3,485. ; p.t. Livingston Co. N. Y. Pop. 2,636. ;
p.t. York Co. Pa. 21 m. S. W. Lancaster. Towns
in Tuscarawas, Sandusky, Belmont, Athens,
Morgan and Butler Cos. Ohio.
York Haven, p.v. York. Co. Pa. on the Susque-
hanna 15 m. below Harrisburg.
York River, in Virginia, formed by the junction
of the Pamunkey and Mattapony.
York Springs, p.v. Adams Co" Pa. 22 m. S. VV.
Harrisburg, 30 miles above Yorktown, below
which it flows into the Chesapeak.
Yorktown, p.t. York Co. Va. on York River
29 m. N. W. Norfolk. It has an excellent har-
bour, and some commerce. It is memorable in
American history as the spot where the British
array under Lord Conwallis surrendered to the.
Yorkville, p.v. York Dis.
iumbia.
S. C. 80 m. N. Co-
Americans and French under Washington on the
19th of October J1781. This event totally crush-
ed the power of the British on the continent, and
led the way to the peace which established the
independence of the United States.
Yorktovm, p.t. Westchester Co. N. Y. 113 m.
S. Albany Pop. 2,141.
York Fort, a settlement of the Hudson Bay
Company, on the W. side of Hudson Bay, at the
mouth of Nelson or York River. Lonir. 88. 44
W., lat. 57. 15. N. **
Yorkshire, the largest county of England,
bounded on the N. by Westmoreland and Du"rharo,
E. by the German Ocean, S. by Lincolnshire,
Nottinghamshire, and Derbyshire, S. W. by Che-
shire, W. by Lancashire, and N. W by West-
moreland. It extends 80 m. from N. to S., and
115 from E. to W., and contains 3,847,420 acres.
From its great extent it has been divided into
three parts, called the North, East, and West
ridings ; and subdivided into 26 wapentakes : it
has one city, 60 market-towns, and upwards of
560 parishes, and sends 30 members to parli.iment.
The air and soil of this extensive county vary ex-
tremely. The E. riding is less healthy than the
others ; but this inconvenience decreases in pro-
portion as the county recedes from the sea. On
the hilly parts of this riding, especially in what
is called the York Wolds, the soil is generally
barren, dry, and sandy ; but great numbers of
lean sheep are sold here, and sent into other
parts to be fattened. The W. riding, which is
much the largest, enjoys a sharp but healthy air,
and the land on the western side is hilly, stony,
and not very fruitful ; but the intermediate val-
leys consist of much good arable ground, and
pasture for the largest~cattle. It also produces
iron, coal, lime, jet, alum, horses, and goats.
Here the clothing manufactures principally flour-
ish. The N. riding, in general, exceeds the other
two in the salubrity of the air. The worst parts
breed lean cattle ; but, on the sides of the hills,
in the valleys, and in the plains, it produces good
corn and rich pastures. Richmondshire, on the
N. W. of this riding, was formerly a county H)f
itself; here many lead mines are worked to great
advantage. In Yorkshire, likewise, are the dis-
tricts of Holderness, on the borders of the Hum-
ber, Cleveland on the confines of Durham, and
Craven on the borders of Westmoreland and Lan-
cashire. In this last district are three of the
highest hills in England, named Whernside, In-
gleborough, and Pennygant, which form a sort of
triangle from their tops, at the distance of 5, 6,
and 8 m. while their monstrous bases nearly unite.
Yo-tcheou, a city of China, of the first rank, in
Hou-quang, and one of the richest cities in the
empire ; seated on the river Kian-ku, and on the
lake Tong-ting, which is more than 70 leagues in
circuit. 700 m. S. by W. of Pekin. Long. 112.
35. E, lat. 29. 23. N.'
Youghall, a borough and sea-port of Ireland,
in the county of Cork, with a commodious har-
bour and a well defended quay. It has a manu-
facture of earthen ware, and is seated on the side
of a hill, on a bay of its name, 28 m. E. by N. of
Cork, Long 3. 10. W., lat. 51. 49. N.
Youghiogeny, a river of Pennsylvania, flowing
into the Monongahela 18 m. above Pittsburg.
Yough Glades, p.v. Alleghany Co. Maryland
Youngstown, p.v. Niagara Co. N. Y. 20 m. N
W. Lockport, on Niagara River ; p.v. Westn ore
land Co. Pa. 11 in. E. Greensburg ; p.t. Trum-
bull Co. Ohio. 165 m. N. E. Columbus. Pop.
4,383.
Yovngsville p.7. W^arren Co. Pa. 328 m. N. W
Harrisburg.
Ypres, a fortified city of Belgium in Flanders,
and a bishop's see. It has considerable mana-
ZAA
793
ZAA
factures of silk, linen, lace, cotton, thread, &c.,
and the canal of Bosingen, and the New Cut,
greatly expedite the conveyance of goods to Nein-
port, Ostend, and Bruges. Ypres was taken by
the French in 1794, and retained till the downfall
of Napoleon. It is seated on the Yperlee, 15 m.
W. of Courtray. Long. 2. 48. E., lat. 50. 51. N.
Yriex, St., a town of France, department of
Upper Vienne, 20 m. S. by W. of Limoges.
Ysendyk, a strong town of the Netherlands, in
the isle of Calsand, 8 m. E. of Sluys and 18 N.
W. of Ghent.
Yssel, or Issel, a river of the Netherlands, which
branches oft" from the Rhine below Huessen, and
flowing by Doesburg, Zutphen, Deventer, and
Campen, enters the Zuyder Zee by two channels.
Yssel, or Little Issel, a river of the Netherlands,
which flows by Ysselstein, Montford, Oudewater,
and Gouda, and enters the Merwe above Rotter-
dam.
Yssel, or Old Issel, a river which rises in West-
phalia, in the duchy of Cleve, flows by Ysselburg
into the county of Zutphen, and enters the Yssel
at Doesburg.
Ysseinwiul, an island of the Netherlands, in S.
Holland, situate between the Merwe on the N.
and another branch of the Meuse on the S. It
has a town of the same name, nearly 3 m. W. of
Rotterdam.
Ysselstein, a town of the Netherlands, in S.
Holland, with a castle on the river Yssel, 5 m. S.
S W. of Utrecht.
Ystadt, or Ydst'd, a town of Sweden, in the
province of Schonen on a bay of the Baltic, op-
posite Stralsund,26 m. S. E. of Lund. Long. 13.
44. E., lat. 55. 22. N.
Ythun, a river of Scotland, in Aberdeenshire,
which crosses the county in a S. E. direction, and
enters the German Ocean at the village of New-
burg, 15 m. N. N. E. of Aberdeen.
Yucatan, a peninsula of Mexico, in the province
of Merida, bounded N. W. by the waters of the
Mexican gulf, S. E. by the bay of Honduras, S.
W. by Vera Cruz, and S. by Vera Paz.
Yuen-kiang, a city of China, of the first rank,
in the province of Yun-nan, on the river Ho ti,
145 m. S. S. W. of Yun-nan. Long. 101. 44. E.,
lat. 47. 50.
Yuen-tcheou, a city of China, of the first rank,
in Kiang-si, 750 ra. S. of Pekin. Long. 113. 58.
E., lat. 27. 50. N.
Yuen-yang, a city of China, of the first rank,
in Hou-quang, on the river Han, 515 m. S. S. W.
of Pekin. Long. 100. 30. E., lat. 32. 50. N.
Yuma, Long Island, one of the Bahama islands,
in the W. Indies, lying to the N. of the E. end
of Cuba, and its W part under the tropic of Can-
cer. It is 70 m. in length and 10 in breadth.
Yumetos, a cluster of small islands, among the
Bahamas, lying to the S. W. of Yuma.
Yung-ning, a city of China, of the first rank,
at the N. extremity of the province of Yun-nan,
on the borders of Thibet,230 m. N. N. W. of Tnn-
nan. Long. 100. 24. E., lat. 27. 50 N.
Yung-pc, a city of China, of the first rank, in
the province of Yun-nan, 170 m. N. W. of Yun-
nan. Long. 100. 34. E., lat. 26. 44. N.
Yung-ping, a. city of China, of the first rank, in
Pe-tche-li, on a river that enters the gulf ofLeao-
tong. Near it stands the fort Chun-nai, which is
the key of the province of Leao-tong. 115 m. E.
of Pekin. Long. 108. 34. E., lat. 39. 55. N.
Yung-tchang, a city of China, of the first rank,
in the province of Yun-nan. The neighbouring
country produces gold, honey, wax, amber, and a
vast quantity of fine silk. 210 m. W. of Yun-nan.
Long. 99. 2. E., lat. 25. 5. N.
Yung-tcheou, a city of China, of the first rank,
in Hou quang, 885 m. S. S. W. of Pekin. Long.
111.15. E., lat. 26. 10. N.
Yun-hing, a city of China, of the first rank, in
the province of Ho-nan, 43C m. S. of Pekin.
Long. 113. 52. E., lat. 33. 0. N.
Yun-nan, a province of China, at the S. W. ex-
tremity, 300 m. long and 250 broad ; bounded on
the N. by Thibet and Se-tcheuen, E. by Koei-
tcheou and Quang-si, S. by Tonquin and Laos,
and W. by Pegu and Birmah. It is mountainous,
but the soil in general is fertile, and it is reckon-
ed the richest province in China, from its produc-
tive mines of gold, copper, and tin, — its amber,
rubies, sapphires, agates, pearls, and marble, —
its musk, silk, elephants, horses, gums, medicinal
plants, and linen. 21 cities of the first rank, and
55 of the second and third are included in this
province, and the number of inhabitants is esti-
mated at upwards of 8,000,000.
Yun-nan a city of China, capital of the fore-
going province, formerly celebrated for its extent,
its magnificent buildings, vast gardens, tombs,
triumphal arches, and elegant squares ; but it has
suffered greatly from the Tartars, in their dif-
ferent invasions, and the city at present contains
nothing remarkable. It stands at the N. extrem-
ity of a lake, 1,260 m. S. S. W. of Pekin. Long.
102. 30. E., lat. 25. 6 N.
Yurcup, a town of Asiatic Turkey, in Cara-
mania, on the Kizil-ermuk, 125 m. N. E. of Cogni.
Long. 34. 30. E., lat 39. 40. N.
Yverdun, a strong town of Switzerland^ in the
Pays de Vaud, capital of a bailiwic of its name,
with a castle, a college, and an hospital. Near
the town is a sulphurous spring, with a commo
dious bathing-house. The principal trade is in
wine, and merchandise passing between Germany,
Italy, and France. It has some remains of Ro-
man antiquities, and stands on the lake of Neuf-
chatel, at the influx of the Orbe and Thiele, 38
m. W. S. W. of Bern. Long. 6. 59. E., lat. 46.
44. N.
Yvrtot, a town of France, department of Lower
Seme, 7 m. N. N. W. of Caudebec,
Yvry, a town of France, department of £ure,
on the river Eure, 16 ra. S. of Evreux.
Z
ZAAB, a district of Algiers, in the desert be-
hind Mount Atlas, belonging to the province of
Constantina. The people ot Zaab are free, and
pay no tribute ; but they are poor and indigent,
aa may be expected of the inhabitants of so barren
a soil. Dates are the principal article of food ,
and they have extensive plantations of palm-trees.
They carry on some commerce in ostriches*
feathers. The chief place of tl>* district is Bia-
cara.
ZAH
793
ZAN
Zabola, a town of Transylvania, on the con-
fines of Moldavia, 5 m. S. W. of Denmark.
Zacatecas, a province of Mexico, bounded on
the N. by Newr Biscay, E. by Panuc S. by Mach-
sachan and Guadalaxara, and W. by Chiametlan.
It abounds with lara;e villages, and its mines are
deemed the richest in America.
Zacatecas, a city of Mexico, capital of the
above province, surrounded by rich silver mines,
2G0 m. N. E. of Mexico.
Zacatula, a town of Mexico, in the province of
Mechoacan,on a river of the same name, near
the Pacific ' cean, 180 m. S. W. of Mexico.
Long. 102. 55. W., lat. 18. 30. N.
Zaclian, a town of Prussia, in Pomerania, 13
m. E. of New Stargard.
Zafra, a town of Spain, in Estremadura, with
a castle, 20 m. S W. of Medina.
Zagara, a mountain of Greece, in Livadia, one
of the tops of Mount Parnassus. It was the an-
cient Helicon, from which issued the fountain
Hippocrene, and was sacred to the Muses, who
had here a temple.
Zaghara, a town of Negroland, in Bornou, on
the river Fittree, 170 m. S. E. of , ornou.
Zahara or the Great Desert, a vast country of
Africa, 1,900 miles in length by 840 in breadth ;
bounded on the N. by Barbary, E. by Fezzan and
Cassina, S. by Negroland and Fouli, and W. by
the Atlantic Ocean. The air is very hot but not
unwholesome to the natives. The soil is gener-
ally sandy and barren ; but there are verdant val-
leys n which water either springs or stagnates,
and it is here and there interspersed with spots of
astonishing fertility, which are crowded with in-
habitanti. Here grows the acacia, a species of mi-
mosa which produces the gum arable. These
fertile spots in the desert are called oases, or
islands, bearing some resemblance to islands in
the sea ; and they abound most in the northern
and eastern parts ; but the smaller ones are not
always permanent ; for a furious wind from the
desert, bringing along with it an immense quan-
tity of sand, sometimes overwhelms an oasis,
and reduces it to barrenness. These oases are
formed into a number of states, governed by pet-
ty princes ; and those of which some intelligence
has been obtained are noticed in this work in
their proper places. The inhabitants consisting
of various tribes, are wild and ignorant ; and
the Mahometan religion is professed throughout
the country, unless where they approach the
country of the Negroes. They maintain towards
each other the maxims of apparent hostility, but
a Christian is every where odious. Their lan-
guage is chiefly a dialect of the Arabic ; and their
only intercourse with other nations is carried
on with the caravans which periodically tra-
100
verse these immense deserts. The Zahara abonnd*
in antelopes, wild boars, leopards, apes, ostriches,
and serpents. There are few horses and beeves ;
but many sheep, goats, and camels.
Zahara, a town of Spain, in Andalusia, with a
citadel; seated on a craggy rock, 42 m. S. E. of
Seville.
Zahna, a town of Prussian Saxony, G m. N. E
of Wittenberg.
Zaina, a town of Algiers, in the province of
Constantina, supposed, from some considerable
ruins, to have been the ancient city of Zama. It
is 28 m. S E. of Seteef and 46 S. W. of Con-
stantina.
Zainc, a river of Barbary, which separates the
kingdoms of Algiers and Tunis, and enters the
Mediterranean at the island of Tabarca
Zaire, a river of Congo, which rises in the
kingdom of Matamba, flows N. to the extreme
borders of Congo, where it turns to the W.,
then separates the kingdoms of Loango and
Congo Proper, and enters the Atlantic Ocean
below Sogno,
Zaiamea, a town of Spain, in Andalusia, 12
m. N. of Niebla and 38 W.N. W. of Seville.
Zaiamea, a town of Spain in Estremadura,
anciently called Ilapa. It contains many ves-
tiges of its former splendor, and is 38 m. S. E.
of Merida. •
Zamora, a strong town of Spain, in Leon,
and a bishop's see. In its environs fine tur-
quoise stones are found. It is seated on a hill,
on the river Duero, over which is a bridge,
32 m. N. by W. of Salamanca and 146 N. W.
of Madrid. Long. 5. 56. W., lat. 41. 50. N.
Zamora, a town of Quito, in the neighbour-
hood of which are rich mines of gold. It is
seated near the Andes, 230 m. S. of Quito.
Long. 78. 20. W., lat. 4. 6. S.
Zamora, a town of Mexico, in Guadalaxara,
40 m. S. E. of Guadalaxara. Long. 103. 30..
W., lat. 20. 52. N.
Zamora, a town of Algiers, in the province
of Constantina, 250 m. W. of Hamamet. Long.
6. 25. E., lat. 36. 20. N.
Zamoski, a town of Poland, with a citadel, a
cathedral, and several other churches. It is 37
ra. S. S. W. of Chelm and 44. W. N. W. of Betz.
Zampaga, a town of Mexico, seated on a small
lake, 30 m. N. of Mexico.
Zane, a township of Logan Co. Ohio. Pop.
608.
Zanesfield, p.t. Logan Co. Ohio. 47 m. N. W.
Columbus.
Zanesville, p.l. Muskingum Co. Ohio, on the
Muskingum. Pop. 3,056. It is a very flourish-
ing town with manufactures of glass, paper,
woolen, iron, oil, and several mills. The great
Cumberland road passes directly through the
town.
Zanfara, a kingdom of Negroland, to the S.
of Zegzeg, between Cassina and Bornou. The
inhabitants are tall in stature, of very blacjc com-
plexion, with broad faces, and savage disposi-
tions. The capital, of the same name, stands
on a river that forms a lake N. of Ghana and
then flows through that city into the Niger. It
is 230 m. N. E. of Ghana and 450 W. S. W. of
Bornou. Long. 16. 0. E., lat. 18. 30. N.
Zanguebar, a country on the E. coast of Af-
rica, between 3. N. and 9. S. lat. It includes
several petty kingdoms, in which the Portu-
guese have settlements. The inhab'tants are all
Dlacks, with curly woolv hair ; and, except tkoM
3X
ZA'F
H
ZEA
eemrerted by the Portueuese, are either Mahome-
lans or pagans, the latter much the more nu-
merous. The principal territories are Jubo, Me-
linda, Mombaza, and Quiloa. The Portuguese
trade for slaves, ivory, gold, ostriches' feathers,
wax, and drugs. The productions are n)uch
the same as in the other parts of Africa, between
the tropics.
Zanle, an island in the Mediterranean, forming
part of the Ionian republic. It is situate near the
coast of the Morea, 17 m. S. of the island of Ceph-
alonia, and is 14 m. long and 8 broad. Its prin-
cipal riches consist in currants, which are cultiva-
ted in a large plain, under the shelter of moun-
tains. Here are also the finest peaches in the
world, with other choice fruits, and excellent wine
and oil. The natives speak both Greek and Ital-
ian, though there are a very few Roman Cath-
olics among them ; but they have a bishop as well
as the Greeks. Pop. 50,000.
Zante, the capital of the foregoing island, is
pleasantly situated on an eminence on the E. side
of the island, at the bottom of a small bay. The
houses are built partly of brick,and partly of wood,
and seldom more than one or two stories in height,
on account of the frequency of earthquakes ; the
last visitation of this kind was in 1820, when sever-
al hundreds of houses were overthrown. The har-
bour is capacious and is protected by a mole. 12
in. W. of Cape Tornese,in the Morea. Pop. 20,000.
Zanzibar, an island in the Indian Sea, on the
coast of Zangnebar, between the islands of Pem-
ba and Monsia. It abounds in sugar canes and
citrons. The inhabitants are Mahometan Arabs,
and are governed by a sheik appointed by the
iman of Mascat. Long. 41. 0. E., lat. G. 0. S.
Zara, a city of the Austrian states, capital of a
circle of the same name, and of the whole of Aus-
trian Dalmatia, with a harbour. It is situated
in a plain, upon a small peninsula, joined to the
continent by an isthmus of about 25 paces broad.
On the side of the citadel it is very well for-
tified. Near the church, which the Greeks call-
ed St. Helia, are two handsome fluted columns
of the Corinthian order, said to have been part
of the temple of Juno. This place was formerly
more considerable than at present, the number of
the inhabitants being now not above 8,000. The
circle contains an area of 2,150 square miles, with
100,000 inhabitants. There are very fine paint-
ings in the churches, done by the best masters;
and they pretend to have the body of Simeon,
brought from Judea, and kept in a shrine with a
cryst 1 before it. Zara is seated on the gulf of
Venice 80 m. S. W. of Jaicza, and 150 S. E. of
Venice. Long. 16. 6. E., lat. 44. 30. N.
Zareng-, a town of Persia, in the province of
Segestan. It is celebrated for its beautiful porce-
lain, and is seated on the Hirmund, 350 m. E. of
Ispahan. Long. 61. 10. E., lat. 32. 28. N.
Zaril, a town of Greece, in the Morea, 22 m. E. of
Jtisltra.
Z.::mate, a town in the Morea, seated on an emi-
nence 20 m. S. W. of Misitra.
Zamomtz, a town of Prussia, in Pomerelia, on a
bay of the Baltic, 33 m. N. N. W. of Dantzic.
Zoilaic, a town of Poland, in Volhinia, seated on
the Horin, 30 m. N. N. W. of Constantinow.
Zatmar, a strong town of Hungary, capital of a
county of the same name. It is seated on a small
lake, formed by the river Samos, 50 m. E. by S. of
T«ickay, and 130 E. of Buna. Long. 22. 34. E., lat.
47, 50. N.
Zatm; a town of Poland, in the palatinate of
Cracow, with a castle ; seated on an emuieoca
near the river Vistula, 20 m. S. W. of Cracow,
and 60 S. E. of Ratibon.
Zaweh, a town of Persia, in the province of
Khorasan, situate on the Tedjen, 20 m. from
the Caspian Sea, and 80 N. of Mesched.
Zbaras, a town of Austrian Poland, 28 m.E. of
Zborow and 68 N. by W of Kaminieck.
ZhoroiD, a town of Austrian Poland, in the
circle of Lemburg. Here, in 1649, John Casimin,
king of Poland, with 20,000 men, was attacked
by 110,000 Cossacks and Tartars, for three days
successively, but defended himself so bravely
that the latter consented to terms of accommo-
dation. Zborow is 52 m. E. by S. of Lemburg.
Long. 25. 46. E., lat. 49. 46 N.
Zealand, or Zeeland, an island of Denmark, of
a triangular form, 230 m. in circumference, and
the largest of the isles belonging to the king of
Denmark. It lies at the entrance of the Baltic,
having the Categaton the N., the Sound on the
E., and the Great Belt on the W. The coast
is much intersected by large bays; and within the
country are several lakes, which as well as the riv-
ers, abound in fish. It is exceedingly fertile, pro
ducing grain of all sorts with excellent pasture and
in most parts plenty of wood. It is particularly
famous for its breed of horses. Copenhagen is
the capital of this island and of the whole king-
dom.
Zealand, a province of Holland comprising the
ancient county of Zealand and Dutcli Flanders
bounded on the N. by the isles of Holland, E. by
Brabant, S. by Flanders, and W. by the German
Ocean. It is composed of several islands, the
principal of which are Walcheren, Schowen, N.
and S. Beveland, Tolen, Duyveland, iUid Wolf-
ersdike. The surface is generally level and lies
so low that the inhabitants are obliged to defend
themselves from encroachments of the saa by
vast dykes, which are kept up at great expense.
The river Scheldt forms the most of these islands,
and the soil of them is fruitful. The province
carries on considerable trade in corn, madder, flax
salt meat, linen yarn, rapeseed, oil, «&c. The
greater part of the inhabitants are Calvinists, but
there are also many Catholics and Lutherans, and
some Mennonite Baptists. The principal towns
are Middleburg and Flushing.
Zealand, Keio, in the Pacific Ocean, was discov-
ered by Tasman in 1642. He traversed the east-
ern coast from lat. 34. to 43. S. and entered a
strait ; but, being attacked by the natives soon af-
ter he came to an anchor, he did not go ashore.
From the time of Tasman the whole country ex-
cept that part of the coast which was seen by
him, remained altogether unknown, and was oy
many supposed to make part of a southern conti-
nent, till 1770, when it was circumnavigated by
captain Cook, who found it to consist of two
large islands, separated by the strait above men-
tioned, which is four leagues broad, and to which
he gave his own name. Along the coast there
are many small islands ; and it is indented by deep
bays, affording excellent shelter for shipping and
abundant supplies of wood and water. There are
also several rivers capable of receiving large ves-
sels, and in which the spring-tide rises nearly ten
feet perpendicularly. Of the two islands, the
southernmost, called by the natives Tavai, or
Tovy Poenammoo, is for the most part mountain-
ous and barren. As far inland as the eye can
reach, nothing appears but mountains of stupen-
dous height, consistmg of rocKs that are lotalJy
2EA
796
XEL
naked, except wl)ere they are covered with snow ,
but the land bordering on the sea-coast is thiciily
clothed with wood, almost down to the water's
edge. The northernmost island, called Eaheino-
mauwe, has a much better appearance. It is, in-
deed, not only hilly, but mountainous ; yet even
the hills and mountains are covered with wood ;
and every valley has a rivulet of e.-tcellent water.
The soil of these valleys, and the plains, of
which there are many overgrown with wood, is
in general light, but fertile ; and it is supposed
that every kind of European grain, plants, and
fruits, would flourish here with the utmost luxu-
riance. The whole extent of the two islands is
estimated by Mr Nicholas, who visited them in
1814 and 1815, at 62,160 sq. ra. or 39,782,400 sq.
acres. The winters are milder than in England,
and the summers not hotter, though more equally
warm. There are forests of vast extent, full of
the straightest and largest timber, fit for building
of any kind. The only native quadrupeds are
dogs and rats : the former are domestic, and for
food ; the latter, though not numerous, are also
eaten. The birds, like the vegetables, are almost
entirely peculiar to the country. The creeks
swarm with fish, which are equally delicious with
those of Europe. The rocks are furnished with
great quantities of excellent muscles, one sort of
which measures above a foot in length, and with
great variety of other shell-fish. The men are
stout and fleshy, but not corpulent, and are ex-
ceedingly vigorous and active. The women in
general are smaller than the men, and are chiefly
distinguished by the softness of their voices. The
bodies of both sexes are marked with black stains,
called amoco, which is the same as tatooing at
Otaheite. Their dress is also the same vvithlhat
of the natives of that island. Their houses are
miserable lodgings ; and their only furniture con-
ists in a few small baskets, in which they put
/heir fishing-hooks and other trifles. Their food
consists chiefly of fish, with which, instead of
bread, they eat the root of a kind of fern, which
they scorch over the fire, and then beat with a
stick, till the bark or dry outside falls off*. Be-
sides their dogs, they also contrive to kill birds ;
and in most parts of the northern island they have
sweet potatoes, cocoas, and yams; but in the
southern nothing is raised by cultivation. Their
cookery consists wholly in roasting and baking,
which last is performed in the same manner as at
Otaheite. The women eat in common with the
men, and but little subordination or distinction of
rank is observed among them.
From Cape Kidnappers, in lat. 39. 43., for up-
wards of 80 leagues to the northward, the people
acknowledge one sovereign, called Teratu, and
under him several subordinate chiefs, who proba-
bly administer jr-stice; but whether his authority
be hereditary or delegated is uncertain. This
part of the coast is by far the most populous ; til-
lage, weaving, and tlie other arts of peace, being
here best known and most practised. The canoes
are more decorated, the plantations more numer-
o«is, and the clothes and carving finer, than any
w^lere else. In other parts the inhabitants are
scattered along the coast, in single families, or in
large tribes, in a state of perpetual hostility with
each other. For such continual wars, and the in-
human banquet that is the consequence of victo-
ry, among people in other respects mild and gen-
tle, perhaps no batter reason can be assigned than
that what at first originated in necessity has been
perpetuated by habit; and exasperated by revenge
In the year 1814 several missionary stations wer6
established in New Zealand, for the purpose of
civilizing the ignorant natives, and instructing
them in the Christian religion. In 1819 the set-
tlements were visited by Mr. Marsden, when a
tract of land, consisting of 13,000 acres, was
purchased from one of the chiefs, and the mis
sionaries were settled on it. According to the
latest accounts, they still continue to struggle
against the obstacles opposed to their prowress
from the ferocity and superstition of the natives.
Among other enterprises they have succeeded in
reducing the language of New Zealand to writing,
and have constructed a grammar for the benefit
of such new missionaries as may be inclined to
enter on this field of labor. Several New Zea-
landers who were brought to New Holland, and
had there an oppotunity of witnessing the arts
and improvements of civilized life, have since
rendered great service to the missions.
Zebid, a city of Arabia, in the province of Ye-
men. It was once very considerable, but its
walls are demolished, and the present buildings
scarcely occupy the half of its ancient extent.
It is seated on a river, 16 m. from the Red Sea.
and 140 N. of Mocha. Long. 44.28.E.,lat.l5. 10. N.
Zebu, or Sehi, one of the Philippine Islands
between those of Leyta and Negros. It is 149 m.
long and 30 broad, and has a town of the same
name, on the E. coast. Long. 122. 30. E., lat. 10.
36. N.
Zedic, a town ofBarbaryin Tripoli, seated on
a bay of the Mediterranean, 120 m. S. E. of Tri-
poli.
Zegedin, or Szeged, a strong town of Hungary,
with a trade in salt, tobacco, wool, and corn ;
situate on the Theisse, opposite the influx of the
Maros, 65 m. N. W. Temeswar and 98 S. E. of
Pest. Long. 20. 25. E., lat. 46. 20. N.
Zegzeg, a kingdom of Negroland, to the N. of
Zanfara, between Cassinaand Bornou. Thecap-
ital is of the same name, 360 m. N. E. of Cassina.
Long. 16. 0. E., lat. 20.45. N.
Zehaenick, a town of Prussia, in Brandenburg,
noted for a large foundry, 30 m. N. of Berlin
Ztil, a town of Bavarian Franconia, seated on
the Maine, 10 m. N. W. of Bamberg.
Zeila, a sea-port of the kingdom of Adel, and a
place of considerable trade ; seated on a bay of
the Arabian Sea. Long. 44. 22. E., lat. 11. 9. N.
Zcitoun, Gulf of, a bay on the eastern coast of
Greece, opposite the northern extremity of the
island of Negropont. It is the boundary between
Independent Greece and Turkey.
Zeitoun, a town of European Turkey situated
at the bottom of the above gulf, in Janna, and
an archbishop's see, with a castle. It is seated on
a gulf of its name, 50 m. S. S. £. of Larissa and
62 N. of Corinth.
Zeitz, a town of Prussian Saxony, with a mag
nificent castle, and a collegiate church. It ha«
good cloth and stuflT manufactures, and is seated
on the the Elster, 23 m. S. S. W. of Leipzig.
Zell, a town of Hanover, formerly the capital
of a duchy of the same name, in the principality
of Lunenburg. It is surrounded by ditches and
ramparts, on which are planted chesnut and
lime trees. The high courts of appeal for all the
territories of the electoral house of Brunsvvick,
Lunenberg were held here ; and also the diets for
the principality. The castle was repaired by
George II. of England, for the residence of his
unfortunate sister, the queen of Denmark, who
died here in 1775. Zell is seated on the Alter,
ZiO.
799
* ZOU
98 m. E. N. E. of Hanover. Long. 10. 14. E.
lat. 52 42. N.
Zell, a town of Baden, seated on the river
Kinlzig, 18 m. S. E. ofStrasburg.
Zell in the Pinzgau, a town of Austria, in the
province of Salsburg, seated on a lake, 30 m.
W. ofRadstadtand34S. S. W. of Salzburg,
Zell in Zellerthal, a town of Austria, in the
Ty.ol, seated on the Ziller, 24 m. E. of In-
spruck.
Zellerfield, a town of Hanover, in the Upper
Hartz, with a mine-office and a mint. 9 m. S.
S W.ofGoslar.
Zeluia, a town of Russia, government of Grod-
no, 50 m. W. S. W. of Novogorodek.
Zemplin, a town of Hungary, in a palaUnate of
the same name, seated on the Bodrog, 25 m. S.
E. of Cassovia, and 27 N. E. of Tockay
Zengan, a town of Persia, in the province of
Irac, 80 ra. N. N. E. of Amandan.
Zengui, a town of Asiatic Turkey, in the pa-
chalic°of Aleppo, situate on the Euphrates, 55
m. N. E. of Aleppo.
Zenta, a town of Hungary, memorable for a sig-
nal victory gained by prince Eugene over the
Turks in 1697. It is seated on the Theisse, 52
m. N. of Belgrade.
Zerhst,a. town of Germany in the duchy of An-
halt-Dessau, with a fine castle. It is famous for
good beer, and has manufactures of gold and sil-
ver. 10 m. N. N. W. of Dessau.
Zerea, a town and fortress of Persia, in Farsis-
tan, 18 m. N. N. E. of Shiras.
Zeule.n, a town of Bavarian Franconia, on the
river Rosach, 21 m. N. E. of Bamberg.
Zeulenrode, a town of Germany, in the princi-
pality of Reuss, with manufactures of stuffs and
stockings, 14 m. N. W. of Plauen.
Zia, an island of the Grecian Archipelago to
the S. of Negropont, 15 m. long and 8 broad. It
abounds in barley, wine, and silk ; also a fine
sort of oak, whose fruit, called villam, used by
dyers and tanners, is the best trading commodity
in the island. The principal town, of the same
name, seated on an eminence, is a bishop's see,
and has a good harbour, with about 2,500 houses,
all flat at the top. Long. 34. 24. E., lat. 37. 48. N.
Zlegenenhals, a town of Prussia Silesia, with
several foundries, and a manufacture of excellent
glass. It is seated on the Biela, 10 m. S. of
Neisse.
Ziecrenhayn, a fortified town of Germany, cap-
ital of a province of its name in the electorate of
Hesse, with a fine castle and an arsenal. The
suburb called Weinhausen is a handsome place,
and more extensive than the town. In 1757 it
was taken by the French and in 1761 it was in-
effectually besieged by the allies, who reduced
two third's of the town to aslief? by their cannon-
ade It stands on a morass, surrounded by the
river Schwalm, 28 m. S. S. E. of Cassel.
Ziegenruck, a town of Saxony, on the river
Saal,1lO m. S. of Neustadt.
Ziegeser, or Zicsar, a town and castle of Prus-
sia, in Brandenburg, 18 m. W. S. W. of Bran-
denburg.
Zielenxig, a town of Prussia, in Brandenburg,
with manufactures of cloth, 20 m. E. S. E. of
Custrin.
Zierenbeg, a town of Germany, in Hesse Cas-
sel, 8 m. W. N. W. of Cassel.
Ziget, a town of Hungary on the Theisse, near
tto source, 42 m. E. by N. of Nagybanja.
Zigeth, a Btrong town of Hungary, which has
been several times besieged and taken by th«
Turks and Austrians. It stands on the Alma, by
which it is surrounded, 48 m. S. E. of Canischa.
Long. 18. 16. E.,lat. 46. 8. N.
Ziriczee, a strong town of the Netherland s, in
Zealand, and capital of the isle of Schowen. It
was the ancient residence of the counts of Zea-
land, and is 12 m. N. E.of Middleburg and 18 S.
W.ofBriel.
Zitlau, a fortified town of Saxony, in Upper
Lusatia, surrounded by a wall, with 4 large and
6 small gates. It has a very extensive trade in
linen, wnite damasks, woolen cloth, and blue pa-
per. The cathedral has three organs ; and near
it is a college, where the languages, drawing, and
other arts, are taught gratis. Adjoining to the
cloisters is an excellent library, and at a small
distance from it is an ophan house. It is seated
on the Neisse, 17 m. S. W of Gorlitz and 47 S.
E. of Dresden. Long. 15. 1. E., lat. 50. 54
N.
Zitza, a village of European Turkey in Albania
14 m. N. W. of Joannina. The beauties of its
scenery have been celebrated in the verse of By-
ron.
Znaim, a strong town of the Austrian states,
in Moravia, capital of a circle of the same name,
with a castle, in which are a great many pagan
antiquities. The vicinity yields excellent wine.
It is seated on the Teya, 35 m. S. W. of Brinn
and 42 N. N. W. of Vienna. Long. 16. 0. E., lat.
48. 40. N.
Zoar, p.t. Tuscarawas Co. Ohio. 110 m. N. E
Columbus : also a village in Delaware Co. Ohio
21 m. N. E. Columbus; p.v, Erie Co. N. Y., 3K
m. W. Albany.
Zoara, a fortified town of Tripoli, with a good
harbour, seated on the Mediterranean, 60 m. VV,
of Tripnli. Long. 1 1 . 53. E., lat. 32. 45. N.
Zohlitz, a town of Saxony, in Meissen. The
inhabitants subsist princially by working the ser-
pent-stone, which is found in tne neighbourhood,
into pitchers, bowls, tea and coffee-cups, «&c.
The red species of this stone, which is considered
as the finest, belongs solely to the sovereign. It
is 17 m. S. of Freyberg.
Zobten, a town of Prussian Silesia, in the gov-
ernment of Reichenbach, 9 m. E. N. E.of Sch-
weidnitz.
Zqffingen, a town of Switzerland, in the can-
ton of Bern, with an elegant church, and a pub-
lic library, containing several curious manuscripts.
It is seated on the Wigger, 19 m. N. N. W. of
Lucern.
Zolnock,a, town of Hungary, capital of a coun-
ty o^'the same name. In 1554 it was taken by
the Turks, but retaken in 1685. It is seated on
the Thei.sse. at the influx of the Sagelia, 62 m.
IV. E. of Colocza and 62 E. of Buda Long. 20.
50. E., lat 47. 10. N.
Zombor, a town of Hungary, near the river
Moszlonga, 50 m. N. W. of Neusatz.
Zorbitr, a town of Prussian Saxony, with a cita-
del, 24 m. N. N. W. of Leipzig.
Zorndorf, a village of Prussia, in Brandenburg,
where the king of Prussia, after a dreadful con-
flict, totally defeated the Russians in 1758 ; 5 m
N. of Custrin.
Zossen, a town and castle of Brandenburg, situ-
ate on the Notte, 19 m. S. of Berlin.
Zovt-Pan, a curious salt lake, in the country of
the Hottentots, lying a few m. N. cf Point Pa-
dron, in a plain much above the level of the sea,
and between 3 and 4 m. in circumference. At
ZUR
797
ZWI
some seasons of the year it is formed into an
entire mass of fine white salt, with a hard crust
resembling ice.
Zitioan, a town of the kingdom of Tunis, fa-
mous for the dyeing scarlet caps and the bleach-
ing of linen, 36 m. S. W. of Tunis.
Zuckmantel, a town of Austrian Silesia, and a
bishop's see. It has mines of gold, silver, cop-
per, and iron, and is 15 m. S. of Neisse.
Zuecla, a town of the kingdom of Fezzan, situ-
ate in a district of remarkable fertility. The rem-
nants of ancient buildings, the number and size of
the cisterns, and the construction of the vaulted
caves, intended perhaps as repositories for corn,
exhibit wonderful vestiges of its ancient splendor.
It is 60 m. E. N. E. of Mourzook. Long. 16. 34.
E., lat. 27. 59. N.
Zutr, a small canton of Switzerland, contain-
ing an area of 120 sq. m., bounded on the E. and
N. by Zurich, W. by Lucern, and S. by Schweitz.
It is rich in pasturage, has plenty of various
kinds of stone fruit, as well as walnuts and chest-
nuts, and wine of a very acid flavor. The inhab-
itants estimated at 15,500, are Roman Cath-
olics.
Zuir, the capital of the foregoing canton, con-
tains several handsome churclies, a good town-
house, <fec., and is seated on a lake of its name,
12 m. N. W. of Schweitz. Long. 8. 24. E.,lat. 47.
4.N.
Zuider Zee, a great bay of the German Ocean,
which extends from N. to S. in Holland, between
the provinces of Friesland, Overyssel, Gelderland
and I»iorth Holland.
Zulauf, or Suhiy, a town of Prussian Silesia, 5
m. S. W. of Militsch.
Zullich.au, a town of Prussia in the province of
Brandenburg, with a castle which stands without
the walls of the town, and has a rampart and
ditches. The suburbs contain more houses than
the town itself, and amcng them is a large orphan
house, to which is annexed a school, an acade-
my, &.C. Here are good manufactures, and the
vicinity produces much corn and wine. In 1759
a' battle was fought near this town between the
Prussians and Russians in which the former were
defeated. It is situate in a plain, near the Oder,
24 m. E. by N. of Crossen. Long. 15. 52. E., lat.
52. 9. N.
Zulpha, or Jufa, a town of Persia, almost close
to Ispahan, to which it is a sort of suburb, and se-
parated from it by the river Sanderon. It was
peopled by a colony of Armenians, brought hith-
er by Shah Ahbas, and contains several church-
es and monasteries.
Zuiz, a town of Austrian Silesia, in the prin-
cipality ofOppeln, 14 m E. by S. of Neisse and
2GS. S. W.of Oppeln.
Zuiz, a town of Switzerland, in the canton of
Grisons, on the river Inn, 26 m. S. E. ofCoire.
Zumampa, a town of Tucuman, on the river
Dolco, 110 m. S. S. E. of St. Jago del Estero.
Zumaya, a town of Biscay, near the coast, 51
m. W. by S. of St. Sebastian.
Zumpango, a town of Mexico, 100 m. N. by E.
of Acapulco and 105 S. of Mexico.
. Zurich, a cantqn of Switzerland, bounded on
the N. by SchafFhausen, E. by Thurgaw and the
county of Tockenburg, S. by Claris, Schweitz,
and Zug, and W. by Lucern and the county of
Baden. Zurich was admitted a member of the
Helvetic confederacy in 1351, and obtained the
privilege of being the first canton in rank; it is
alio the most considerable in extent both of ter-
ritory and power, next to that of Bern, having ui
area of 950 sq. m., with upwards of 180,000 in
habitants. It abounds in wine and excellent pas
ture ; but the supply of corn is not sufficient for
interior consumption. The inhabitants are all
Calvinists ; and two-thirds of them derive their
livelihood by spinning thread and silk, and mak-
ing linen for the manufacture of the town.
Zurich, a city of Switzerland, capital of the
foregoing canton, stands at the northern extrem-
ity of the lake of Zurich, and occupies botb sides
of the rapid and transparent Limat, which issues
from that lake and divides the town into two un-
equal parts, communicating by three bridges. It
was formerly an imperial city, and is one of the
best built in this country, but the streets are nar
row and the houses high. Zurich was the first
town in Switzerland that separated from the
church of Rome. Among its charitable founda*
tions are an orphan-house, an hospital for incura-
bles, that for the sick of all nations, which usual-
ly contains between 600 and 700 patients, and
the Almosen-Amt, or foundation for the poor,
which puts out children as apprentices, and dis-
tributes money, clotlies, and books, to poor per-
sons, not of the town only, but of the canton, to
the amount of upwards of £5,000 a year. The
inhabitants carry on manufactures of muslins,
cottons, linens, and silk handkerchiefs. It is 35
m. S. W. of Constance, 40 S. E. of Basil, and 55
N. E. of Bern. Long. 8. 32. E., lat. 47. 20. N.
Zurich, a lake of Switzerland, 24 m. long and
4 broad. The adjacent country is finely cultiva-
ted and well peopled ; and the S. part of the lake
appears bounded by the stupendous mountains
of Schweitz and Glarus. The scenery is pic-
turesque, lively and diversified. Tlie river Lim-
mai runs through the whole length of this lake
to Zurich.
Zurita, a town of Spain, in New Castile, with
a castle, seated on the Tagus, 3d m. £. of Mad-
Zurz, a town of Switzerland, in the canton of
Grisons, seated on the Inn, 20 m. N. N. W. of
Bormio.
Zurzach, a town of Switzerland, in the county
of Baden, seated on tJie Rhine, just above the in-
flux of the Aar, 9 m. N. of Baden.
Zurzonza, a town of Mexico, in the province
of Mechoacan, situate on an island in a lake, 26
m. W. S. W. of Mechoacan.
Zutphen, a strong town of the Netherlands, in
Gelderland, capital of a county of its name. It
is seated at the conflux of the Berkel with the
Yssel, 9 m. S. by E. of Deventer and 55 E. by S.
of Amsterdam. Long. 6. 13. E., lat. 52. 10. N.
Zuyst, A village of the Netherlands which
abounds in plantations and shady walks, and is
inhabited by Moravian manufacturers. It is
much frequented in the summer months, by mer-
chants who have no country seats of their own.
5 m. from Utrecht.
Zvenivorod, a. town of Knsa'iA, in the govern
ment of Moscow, situate on the Moskva, 28 m.
W. of Moscow.
Zwenkau, a town and castle of Saxony, seated
on the Elster, 6 m. S. of Leipzig.
Zwell, a town of Austria, at the conflux ot the
Zwetl with the Kemp, 26 m. W. N. W of
Krems.
Zwick, a town of Saxony, with a citadel, three
churches, and a Latin school, in which is a good
library. The inhabitants have manufactures of
cloth and leatlier, and a trade in corn and beei
3x3
'W'^'
zwo
796
ZYT
It is seated on the Mulda, 20 m. N. N. E. of
Plauen and 21 S. of Altenburg.
Zwingenberg, a town of Germany, in Hesse-
Darmstadt, 6 m. S. of Darmstadt.
Zicittau, a town of Moravia, in the circle of
Olmutz, 40 m. W. N. W. of Olmutz.
Zwoll, a fortified town of the Netherlands, in
Overyssel, with three handsome suburbs. A
canal begins near this place, and extends to the
river Yssel, which is defended by several forts.
Zwoll is the most opulent town in the province,
and stands on an eminence, on the river Aa, ,
m. N. of Deventer and 31 S. W. of Coevoraen
Long. 6. 3. E., lat. 52. 31. N.
Zwonitz, a town of Saxony, 14 m. S. S. W of
Chemnitz.
Zwornick, a town of Bosnia, 60 m. E. of Seraio
and 68 S. W. of Belgrade.
Zytomierz, a town and fortress of Russia, capi
tal of the government of Volhinia, and a bishop ■
see, seated on the Ciecirief, 120 m. E. of Lucko.
Long. 29. 22. E., lat. 50. 35. N
ADDENDA.
JIddison, a township of Gallia Co. Ohio. Pop.
662.
Jilford, t. Berkshire Co. Mass. 125 m. W. Bos-
ton. Pop. 512.
Alachua, a county of Florida. Pop. 2,204.
Dell's is the capital.
Alaqua, t. Walton Co. Florida.
Ann Arbor, t. Washtenaw Co. Michigan.
Andes, p. t. Delaware Co. N. Y. Pop. 1,859.
Bellefontaine, p. t. Logan Co. Ohio. Pop. 282.
Benton, t. Yazoo Co. Mississippi.
Berrien, a county of Michigan. Pop. 333.
Niles is the capital.
Blount, a county of Alabama. Pop. 4,233.
Bkuntsville is the capital.
Bolivar, t. Hardiman Co. Tennessee.
Brandon, t. Rankin Co. Mississippi.
Bucyrus, p. t. Crawford Co. Ohio. 60 m. N.
Columbus. Pop. 724.
Calhoun, a county of Illinois. Pop. 1,099.
Gilead is the capital.
Carlinville, t. Macaupin Co. Illinois.
Carlyle, t. Clinton Co. Illinois.
Cass, a county of Michigan. Pop. 928. Ed-
wardsburg is the capital.
Chaplin, p. t. Windham Co. Conn. 10 miles S.
of Brooklyn. Pop. 1500.
Chardon, p. t. Geauga Co. Ohio, 168 m. N. E.
Columbus. Pop. 880.
Chippewa, a county of Michigan. Pop. 625.
Sault de St. Marie is the capital.
Chariton, a county of Missouri. Pop. 1,776.
Chariton is the capital.
Chicot, a county of Arkansas. Pop. 1,165.
/illemont is the capital.
Conecuh, a county of Alabama. Pop. 7,444.
Sparta is the capital.
Conway, a county of Arkansas. Pop. 982.
Harrisburg is the capital.
Copiali, a county of Mississippi. Pop. 7,024.
Irallatin is the capital.
Carea Fabre, t. Union Co. Arkansas.
Crittenden, a county of Arkansas. Pop. 1,272.
'Jrreenock is the capital.
Cole, a county of Missouri. Pop 3,006. Jef-
tirson City is the capital.
Clay, a county of Missouri. Pop. 5,342. Lib-
y is the capital.
Credsburg, t. Russell Co. Ken.
Decatur, t. Macon Co. Illinois
Defiance, p. t. Williams Co. Ohio. 130 m. N.
W. Columbus. It occupies the spot of old Fort
Defiance.
Delphi, t. Carroll Co. Indiana.
Duvall, a county of E. Florida. Pop. 1,970.
Jacksonville is the capital.
Ellisville, t. Jones Co. Mississippi.
Equality, t. Gallatin Co. Illinois.
Fayette, t. Howard Co. Missouri.
Fentress, a county of W. Tennessee. Pop
2,766. Jamestown is the capital.
Feliciana, East, a Parish of Louisiana. Pop.
8,247. Jackson is the capital.
Feliciana, West, a parish of Louisiana. Pop.
8,629. St. Francisville is the capital.
Femandina, t. Nassau Co. Florida.
Findlay, p. t. Hancock Co. Ohio.
Fountain, a county of Indiana. Pop. 7,644
Covington is the capital.
Fulton, a county of Illinois ; p.t. Schoharie Co.
N. Y. Pop. 1,592; t. Callaway Co. Missouri.
Gadsden, a county of Florida. Pop. 4,894
Quincy is the capital.
Galvezton, a small island in the bay of St. Ber-
nard, on the coast of Texas, formerly a great re-
sort of pirates. Also a village in Louisiana, 25
m. S. E. of Baton Rouge.
Gasconade, a county of Missouri. Pop. 1,548.
Gasconade is the capital.
Gilead, t. Calhoun Co. Illinois.
Greenock, t. Crittenden Co. Arkansas.
Groton, p. t. N. London Co. Conn, at the
mouth of Thames r. Here is fort Griswold,
which was the scene of a massacre committed by
the British troops, under Benedict Arnold, Sept.
6, 1781. A monument has been erected to com-
memorate this melancholy event. Pop. 4,750.
Hall, a county of Georgia. Pop. 11,755.
Gainesville is the capital.
Hamburg, p. v. on Savannah r. in Edgefield
dis. S. C, 81 miles S. W. Columbia. A rail road
from this town to Charleston is in a course of
completion.
Hennepin, t. Putnam Co. Illinois.
Highland, a county of Ohio. Pop. 16,347.
Hillsborough is the capital.
Hinds, a county of Mississippi. Pop. 8,619.
Jackson is the capital.
Hcrculaneum, p. t. Jefferson Co. Missouri. 30
m. below St. Louis.
•^J'"'
/ ^w^
PAR
799
WIL
Hdena, t. Jowa Co. Michigan.
Hempstead, a county of Arkansas. Pop. 2,507.
Hickstown, t. Madison Co. Florida.
Independence, a county of Arkansas. Pop.
2,0*31. Bates ville is the capital.
Iowa, a county of Michigan. Pop. Ij'iSQ. Hel-
ena is the capital.
Izard, a county of Arkansas. Pop. 1,366.
Jacksonopolh, t. Jackson Co. Michigan.
Jo Daviess, a county of Illinois. Pop. 2,111.
Galena is the capital.
Jacob's Staff, t. Monroe Co. Arkansas.
Lafayette, a county of Missouri. Pop. 2,921.
Lexington is the capital. A county of Arkansas.
Pop. 748.
La Grange, t. Oldham Co. Ken.
Leaksviile, t. Greene Co. Mississippi.
Leon, a county of Florida. Pop. 6,493. Talla-
hassee is the capital.
Lexington, t. Lafayette Co. Missouri.
Little Piney, t. Crawford Co. Missouri.
Logansport, t. Cass Co. Indiana.
Lournde^, a county of Georgia. Pop. 2,453.
Franklinville is the capital. A county of Missis-
sippi. Pop. 3,342. Columbus is the capital.
Macaupin, a county of Illinois. Pop. 1,989.
Carlinville is the capital.
Mackinaw, t. Tazewell Co. Illinois.
Mackville, t. Washington Co. Ken.
Mansfield, p. t. Tolland Co. Conn. 28 m. E.
Hartford. Here is a small silk factory, that em-
ploys about fifty hands, and is the only silk-
weaving establishment in the U. S. This branch
of industry was introduced into Conn, about
seventy years ago, and has been gradually in-
creasing in importance. Pop. 2,700.
Marianna, t. Jackson Co. Florida.
Matteawan, v. Dutchess Co. N. Y. on Fishkill
Creek, with large manufactures of cotton, woollen
and iron. See JVetc York, State.
Maumee, p. v. on Maumee river, where the
road crosses from Columbus to Detroit, by p. r.
136 miles N. N. W. Columbus.
Menomonie, t. Brown Co. Michigan.
Merom, t. Sullivan Co. Indiana.
Meriicether, a county of Georgia. Pop. 4,424.
Greenville is the capital.
Miccotovm, t. Hamilton Co. Florida.
Monticello, t. Jefferson Co. Florida.
Mortonsville, t. Woodford Co. Ken.
Mosquito, a county of E. Florida. Pop. 733.
Timoka is the capital.
Miuncyton, t. Delaware Co. Indiana.
Muscogee, a county of Georgia. Pop. 2,508.
^Columbus is the capital.
Nashville, t. Washington Co. Illinois.
J^assau, a county of E. Florida. Pop. 1,511.
Fernandina is the capital.
Kiles, t. Berrien Co. Michigan.
Obion, a county of W. Tennessee. Pop. 2,099.
Troy is the capital.
Paductih, I. McCrscken Co. Kentucky.
Paraclifta, t. Sev'er Co. Arkansas.
Paris, t. Edgar Co. Illinois.
Pitcher, i. Chenango Co. i\. Y. Pop. 1,21 »
PinokneyvUle, t. Perry Co. Illinois.
Pontiac, t. Oakland Co. Michigan.
Purdy, t. Mc. Nairy Co. Tenn.
Quincy, t. Gadsden Co. Florida.
Rankin, a county of Mississippi. Pop. 2,08i|.
Brandon is the capital.
St. Albans, p. t. Franklin Co. Vt., 23 miles If.
Burlington, and 46 N. W Montpelier. Pop.
2,395.
St. Andretc, parish in Charleston district, S. C
It is watered by the Ashley, and lies just abovs
Charleston.
St. Andrew's Sound, bay on the coast of Geor-
gia, S. of Jekyl river.
St. Andrew's, r. West Florida which runs into
a bay of the Atlantic, to which it gives name.
Long. 85. 48. W. Lat. 30. 17. N.
St. Joseph, Co. of Michigan in the valley of St.
Joseph's river. — Co. of Indiana, area 672 square
miles. — Island of Upper Canada, in the straits of
St. Mary's, about 75 miles in circumference.—
Bay, Florida, to the W. of Apalachicola Bay. —
A river of Michigan territory, one of the largest
tributaries of Lake Michigan.
St. Mark's, r. East Florida, which runs into
Apalachia bay , a little below the town of St. Mark.
St. Mark's, p. v. at the head of Appalache riv-
er, at the junction of St. Mark and Walkully
rivers, 22 m. by p. r. S. S. E. Tallahassee, and
the port of Tallahassee for sail vessels. Boats
can ascend the river ten miles higher.
Salvisa, I. Mercer Co. Ken.
Sugar Grove, t. Putnam Co. Ohio.
Sydney, t. Shelby Co. Ohio.
Scotia, t. Pop. Co. Arkansas.
Taliaferro, a county of Georgia. Pop. 2,984,
Crawfordsville is the capital.
Tarecoopy, t. St. Joseph Co. Indiana.
Tazewell, a county of Illinois. Pop. 4,716
Mackinaw is the capital.
Terre Bonne, a parish of the East District of
Louisiana. Pop. 2,121. Williamsburg is the
capital.
Timoka, t. Mosquito Co. Florida.
Van Buren, a county of Michigan. Pop. 5 ; ■.
Onondaga Co. N. Y. Pop. 2,890.
Vanc3)urg, t. Lewis Co. Ken.
Venus, t. Hancock Co. Illinois.
Vermiiionville, t. Lafayette Co. Louisiana.
Vinathaven, p. t. Hancock Co. Me. on Fox
Islands in Penobscot Bay. Pop. 1,794.
Walton, a county of W. Florida. Alaqua is the
capital.
Wapaghkonetta, p. t. Allen Co. Ohio.
Ware, a county of Georgia. Pop. 1,194
Wanesborough is the capital.
Waterloo, t. Monroe Co. Illinois.
Washtenaw, a county of Michigan. Pop. 4,042.
Ann Arbor is the capital.
Wilcox, a county of Alabama. Pop. 9,469.
Canton is the capital.
*,* Peititentiaries. In th« description of Wethersfit'd, an account of the penitentiary of Con-
necticut, was inadvertently omitted. This establishment is on the plan of the Auburn prison, ia
New York, and its discipline is of the same general description. The system is very complete, and
by the moral education of its inmates, great improvement in their characters and manners is gradu
ally effected. The Auburn prison has been occupied about twelve years. Service is performed ia
its chapel on the Sabbath, and a Sunday School is in successful •^neration. In the year ending Sep-
tember 1831 , the labor of the convicts more than covered the expenditures of the establishmenC
Number of convicts Dec. 1, 1831, 646. The prison at Singsingis essentially on the same plan.
J»m^.
\ /
BANKING ANDMONIED
INSTITUTIONS.
The Bank of Amsterdam was established in 1609, and is a bank merely of depoaft and transfer :
it neither makes, loans, nor circulates bills.
The Bank of Hamburg was established in 1619. The amount of its deposit, varies fron 10 to 15
millions of dollars.
The Bank of England is one of deposit, discount and circulation. It was established in 1G94,
and its original capital was £1,200,000, which in 1781 had been increased to 11,642,400. The amount
of loans to the government has increased with the capital of the bank. It appears by some recent
discussions in Parliament, that the gross returns to the bank, from its transactions with the govern-
ment, are £1,390,898 per annnm, the National debt being 860 millions.
The Bank of France was established in 1803, by the union of three private banking institutiona
of Paris, with a capital of 45,000,000 francs. This like the Bank of England, is a bank of deposit,
discount and circulation. The bank has coined, from 1820 to 1828 about 118,400.000 francs. The
amount of bullion and coin in the coffers of the bank at the same time was 240,000,000 francs. The
number of shares w^as 69,000.
Of the other banks of Europe, that of Genoa was once the most considerable. Some of the
other principal banks of Europe are those of Altona, Berlin, Copenhagen, Madrid, Naples, Christi*
ania, Rome, Rotterdam, Stockholm, Stuttgard, Vienna, and the Imperial banks of Russia.
The Bank of the United States, at Philadelphia, has 25 branches at the following places.
Portland, Utica, Norfolk, New Orleans |
Portsmouth, Buffalo, Fayetteville, Nashville, |
Burlington, Pittsburg, Charleston, Lexington,
Boston, Baltimore, Savannah, Louisville,
ProTidence, Washington, Mobile, Cincinnati,
Hartford, Richmond, Natchez, St. Louis.
New York,
The situation of the Bank on the Ist of Angust, 1831, was as follows :
Public debt fund, . , . . . . . . . 3,500,000
Discount on personal security, ........ 41,600,000
" on funded security, . , . . . . . 800,000
" on domestic exchange, . . . . . . . 14.400,000
Circulation, . . 22,300,000
Deposits, . ......... 16,300,000
Specie, . . 11,500,000
Notes of State Banks, equal to Specie, ....... 2,100,000
Surplus profits, . . . ... . . . . 1,750,500
Surplus provision for bad debts, . . . . . . • . 309,000
Bonus for Bank and 5 per cent, from Gov't, paid and liquidated, . . 1,705,000
■ »^
Increase of investments since 1822, ....«« .A . 32,250,000
NetProfitfor one year, ending July 1, 1822, .... ^'' . . 1,4<;9,445
, " foroneyear, ending July 1st, 1831, ... .- . 2,925,000
Amount of Bills bought and sold, and Treasury Transfers, . . . . 98,000,000
In August, 1822, amount of discounts of Bank and Branc^ for domestic purpost:*, 15,700.000
Same in 1831, , . . . . 53,000,000
) The present charter of the bank extends to March 3d, 1836. There were besidt* in 1831 in tlie
different States, 354 banks with capitals, from $2,050,000 downwards, amounting to about 161,1. 54 ,5.'l5
dollars, including the United States Bank. The paper currency in 1830 was estimatv^d to amount to
77,000,000 dollars.
APPENDIX
STATISTICS OF THE UNITED STATES.
Table showing the whole Quantity of Land in those States and Territories in which public land is
situated; the Quantity of Public Land to which the Indium title had been extinguished June 30 18x28;
and the Quantity to which it had not been extinguished June 30, 1828.
V^hole quan-
Quantity of Quantity ot
tity of land in
land belonging land belonging
State or Territory.
euch State or
Territory.
to the ir. Stales, to the U.States,
to which the In- to which the In-
ACRES.
tinguished. jextinguished.
Tennessee
.
26,432,000
3,000,000
Mississippi . -. ,
• •
31,074,2.34
11,514,517
16,885.760
Indiana
.
22.459,669
12,308.455
5,335,fc'3S;
Ohio
« •
24,810,246
4,984,348
409,501
Louisiana
.
31,46.3,040
25,364,197
none.
Illinois ....
.
35,941,902
23,575,300
6,424,640
Michigan Territory, (peninsular)
.
24,939,870
16,393,420
7,378,400
Arkansas do.
.
28,899,520
26,770,941
none.
Missouri . .
...
39,119,019
35,263,-541
none.
Florida Territory
, .
35,286,760
29,728,300
4,032,640
Alabama .
* '
34,001,226
19,769,679
9,519,066
334,627,486
205,672,698
49,985,639
Territory of Huron lying west of lake
Michigan and east
of the Mississippi river
.
56,804,854
50,804.834
Great Western Territory, extending from the Mississippi]
river to the Pacific ocean
750.000,000
750,000,000
1,140,432,330
856,790,473
Add quantity to which the Indian title i
8 eztingmsbed .
ites
205,672,698
Total acres belonging to the United St
1,062,463,171
THEOLOGICAL SEMINARIES.
Com.
tu
Vols.
Nome.
Place.
Denomination.
opera-
tion.
in
in
l.ib.
Bangor Theol. Seminary,
Bangor,
Me.
Cong.
1816
14
1,200
Theological Seminary,
Andover,
Mass.
Cong.
1808
138
6,000
Theological School,
Cambridge,
do.
Cong. Unit.
1824
36
1,500
Theological Institution,
Newton,
do.
Baptist,
1825
16
Theological Dep. Yale College,
New Haven,
Con.
Cong.
1822
49
8.000
Theological Ins. Epis. Ch.
New York,
N.Y.
Prot. Epis.
1819
20
3,650
Theological Sem. of Auburn,
Auburn,
do.
Presbyt.
1821
58
8,550
Hamilton Lit and Theol. In.
Hamilton,
do.
B&jitist,
1820
76
1,300
Harlwick Seminary,
Theological Sem. Da. Ref. Ch.
Hartwick,
do.
Lutheran,
1816
9
900
N. Brunswick,
N.J.
Dutch Ref.
24
Theological Sem. Pr. Ch. U. S.
Princeton,
do.
Presbyt.
1812
124
6,000
Seminary Luth. Ch. U. S.
Gettysburg,
Pa.
Evang. L.
1826
6,000
German Reformed,
York,
do.
G. Ref Ch.
1825
8
3,500
West. Theological Seminary,
Alleghany Terri.
Fairfax County,
do.
Presbyt.
1828
Epis. Theological School Va.
Va.
Prot. Epis.
14
Union Theological Seminary,
Prince Ed. County,
do.
Presbyt.
1824
35
South. Theolofifical Seminary,
Columbia,
S. C.
do.
1829
South. West. Theol. Seminary,
Maryville,
Ten.
do.
1821
22
{550
Lane Seminary,
Cincinnati,
Ohio.
do.
1829
Rock Spring,
Rock Spring,
11.
Baptist,
1827
1,200
Hanover,
New Madison,
Ind.
Presbyt..
1829
643 143.3.501
DISBURSEMENTS OF GOVERNMKNT.
A tttUementof the Disbursements of Government made in each State since 1789, for Fortifications, Light'
houses. Public Debt, Revolutionary Pensions, and Internal Improvements, by a return made by th»
Secretary of the Treasury, transmitted to Congress 21 st December, l&iO.
fiUatea and Territories.
For Forilfic.v
tions.
6,105 07
For Light Hou-
ses.
For public Debt.
Revolu'y and
other Pens'rs.
1,496,699"T5
Internal Im-
provements.
47,176 27
Maine
124.687 34
New Hampshire
95,913 30
65,277 12
1,181,399 22
1,229,771 92
35,529 76
Massachusetts
542.779 92
777,994 30
41,199,662 99
2,459,714 66
207,341 90
Rhode Island
Connecticut
603.545 46
72,196 29
113,039 05
138,671 43
1,933,764 54
2,592,565 88
346,943 22
1,403,376 60
200 00
25,859 14
Vermont
4,729 22
l,a52,89l 67
New York
3,266,136 15
404,646 21
48,032,756 47
4,590,337 08
174,181 90
New Jersey
2U,?50 00
3,251 17
1,131,841 90
550.857 20
100 00
Pennsylvania
191,871 64
27,458 m
60,888,181 07
1,897,211 19
42,641 68
Delaware
477,r/j2 35
254,814 77
218,190 41
81,109 73
34,513 00
Maryland
1 07?>,309 03
103,715 39
7,753,036 76
574,614 57
Virginia
2^488,465 04
291,318 88
1,907,500 75
1,194.920 88
80 00
North Carolina
507,772 78
304,307 13
272^13 22
366;539 34
29,840 00
South Carolina
707,017 96
157,531 70
8,630,215 11
153,149 94
Georgia
175,777 58
242,867 73
158,546 53
117,758 78
7,514 68
Kentucky
7^4,530 83
Tennessee
15,111 18
557,044 30
200 00
Ohio
15,71i) 36
853,013 16
462,965 32
Louisiana
1,806,398 60
157,152 73
27,705 25
6,435 00
Indiana
525 00
188,118 82
115,007 49
Mississippi
1,400 00
4,560 44
19,481 55
53,291 38
Illinois
494 36
37,841 lii
8,500 00
Alabama
1,174,362 98
14,628 98
31,416 21
92.725 73
Missouri
5,288 69
49,498 92
24;575 09
Michigan
34,534 12
20,809 89
29,884 99
84,523 56
Arkansas
47,477 20
Florida
104.000 00
121,534 63
102,955 15
Columbia
4*J,781 74
4,403,304 46
118,180 82
Cumberland road
2,443,420 80
Subscription to Chesapeake
and Delaware canal
450,000 00
Subscription to Dis'al Swamp
canal
200,000,00
Subscription to Louisville and
Portland canal
233,500 00
Subscription to Chesapeake
and Ohio canal
200,000,00
Improving the navigation of
the Mississippi and Ohio
rivers
Total
180,315 65
13,420 639 24
3,348,716 35
•80,303,679 31
20,492,647 27
5,310,940 11
Table showing the Quantity of Land sold in each of the several Slates and Territories from the
1st of July, 1820 to the 'ilst of December, 1829, a period of 9 1-2 years ; and also the Quantity sold
in each.
Acre«. hds.
:, 459,054 78
Of whicli there were soli
Acres, hils.
Alabama ...
'in half the year ol
' 1820 303,404 09
Mississippi ...
544, ."^23 82
1821 .
. 781,213 32
Louisiana . t
150,839 35
1822
801,220 18
Ohio ....
1,405,267 73
1823
653,319 .52
Indiana . . -
2,169,149 70
1824 ,
749,323 04
Illinois .... •
667,200 44
1825 *, .
. 893,461 69
Missouri
923,506 32
1826 .-A
848,082 26
Florida Territory
336,567 50
1827 \ .
. 926,727 76
Michigan Territory
443,209 23
1828 . * .
9()5,600 36
Arkansas Territory
Total
59,899 36
8,167,218 23I
1829 ;
. 1,244,860 01
8,167,218 23
».'".«^,
^
COLLEGES IN THE UNITED STATES.
* Undergraduates, not including medical, theological, and law students.
COMMERCE.
Exports and Imports during the Year ending Sept. 30, 1830.
Imports . . • . . .
Exports of Domestic Produce. .
** Foreign Produce ... ,
Vols, in
College
Vols, in
Name.
riac«.
Found-
*Stu-
Students'
ed.
17!J4
denu.
Library.
Libraries.
Bowdoin,
Brunswick,
Me.
132
8.000
4,300
IWaterville,
Waterville,
do.
1820
31
1,700
300
Dartmouth,
Hanover,
N. H.
1770
137
3,500
8,000
Univ. of Vermont,
Burlington,
Vt.
1791
39
1,000
—
Middlebury,
Harvard University,
Middlebury,
do.
1800
86
1,846
2,322
Cambridge,
Mass.
1638
247
35,000
4,605
Williams,
Williamstown,
do.
1793
90
2,250
1,76a
Amherst, .
Amherst,
do.
1821
207
2,200
3,780
Brown University,
Providence,
R. L
1764
105
6,100
5,562
Yale,
New Haven,
Conn.
1700
359
8,500
9,000
Washington, .
Hartford,
do.
1826
74
5,000
1,200
Columbia,
New York,
N. Y.
1754
140
4,000
580
Union,
Schenectady,
do.
1795
227
5,100
8,250
'Hamilton, . •
Clinton,
do.
1812
78
IGeneva,
Geneva,
do.
1826
29
520
630
iCollegeofN. J. .
Princeton,
N.J.
1746
73
8,000
Rutgers,
N. Brunswick,
do.
1770
60
Univ. of Pennsylvania, .
Philadelphia,
Penn.
1755
97
—
— .
Dickinson, .
Carlisle,
do.
1783
20
2,000
5,000
Jefferson,
Canonsburg,
do.
1802
116
700
1,800
Western University, .
Pittsburg,
do.
1820
50
—
50
Washington,
Washington,
do.
1806
31
400
525
Alleghany,
Mead vi lie.
do.
1815
6
8,000
—
Madison, .
Union Town,
do.
1829
70
— •
—
St. John's,
Annapolis,
Md.
1784
63
■
i
St. Mary's,
Baltimore,
do.
1799
120
io,ooa
—
Georgetown, .
Georgetown,
DC.
1799
140
7,000
—
Columbian,
Wasliington,
do.
1821
50
4,000
—
William and Mary, .
Williamsburg,
Va.
1093
100
3,600
600
Hampden-Sydney, ,
Prince Ed. Co.
do.
1774
90
■ —
—
Washington, .
Lexington,
do.
1812
23
700
1,500
University of Virginia, .
University of N. C., .
Charlottesville,
do.
1819
131
8,000
—
Chapel Hill,
N. C.
1791
69
1,800
3,000
Charleston,
Charleston,
S.C.
1785
69
3,000
1,000
College of S.C,
Columbia,
do.
1801
97
7,000
University of Georgia,
Athens,
Ga.
1785
117
2,500
2,250
Alabama University, .
Tuscaloosa,
Ala.
1820
—
—
Jefferson, .
Washington,
Mis.
1802
98
—
Louisiana,
Jackson,
La.
Greenville,
Greenville,
Tenn.
1794
3,500
—
University of Nashville,
Nashville,
do.
1806
71
2,000
500
E. Tennessee,
Knoxville,
do.
21
340
200
Transylvania,
Lexington,
Ken.
1798
143
2,350
1,500
Centre,
Danville,
do.
1822
66
1,258
108
Augusta,
Augusta,
do.
1823
35
1,500
550
Cumberland, . .
Princeton,
do.
1825
120
1,000
600
St. Joseph's, .
Bardstown,
do.
150
Georgetown,
Georgetown,
do.
—
35
—
—
University of Ohio, .
Athens,
Ohio.
1802
45
—
—
Miami University,
Oxford,
do.
1824
56
1,000
1,200
Western Reserve,
Hudson,
do.
1826
60
1,000
—
Kenyon, .
Gambier,
do.
1828
80
Bloomington,
Bloomington,
Ind.
1828
51
—
Illinois,
>-
Jacksonville,
11.
1829
20
4,624
—
—
163,764
70,681
Domestic Produce exported in American vessels
". " . " Foreign vessels
Foreign Produce exported in American vessels
Total Exports
Foreign vessels
r.
$70,876,920
59,462,029
14,387,479
$73,849,508
51,100,189
8,355,740
12,386,529
1,610,950
NUMBER OF PERSONS IN THE U. S. 100 TEARS OJ.D
Table showing the number of Persons of the several classes, who were One Hundred Years eld and
upufards, according to the Census of 1850.
f " BtatM aDd TeiritoriM.
"Whit?
Malea
White
Femalea
Sla
Males.
vea.
Females
Free
Malea
Blacks.
Females
Total 1
(Maine
1
3
1
5 1
iNew Hampshire
.
6
1
5
15 1
(Vermont
3
5
2
4
14 1
jMassachusetts . .
J
1
2
5
4
12
Rhode Island
Connecticut . •
3
3
6
4
3
2
11
20 1
New York
35
18
2
2
22
51
130 1
New Jersey . .
.
1
2
2
4
5
14 :
Pennsylvania .
^ » ^
37
20
J
9
30
33
130 1
Delaware . .
.
1
3
3 '
13
18
38 !
Maryland . ,
7
17
50
53 I
49
86
262
Virginia . .
•
23
26
122
143
143
22
479 ■
North Carolina
23
26
92
114
22
27
304
South Carolina
14
19
98
84
19
6
240
Georgia . .
13
22
106
78
n
6
236
Alabama .
,
15
10
30
25
1
6
87
Mississippi . ,
2
23
21
1
47
Louisiana
. ,
9
1
37
39 !
11
28
125
Tennessee . ,
39
27
59
34 !
7
6
172
Kentucky . .
•
27
11
45
49 1
17
17
166
Ohio
21
8
1
8
5
42
Indiana . ,
.
10
2
i
2
5
19
Illinois . . ,
4
1
2
3 !
1
1
12
Missouri
, ,
2
2
41
2 I
2
2
51
Columbia, Dist. . .
2
3
2
3
8
18
Florida, Territory
, .
1
1
2
Michigan do.
1
1
Arkansas do.
1
3
1
1
1
7
Tol
al
297 .
234 i 717
662 •'
382
359
2,654
By this Table it will be seen that the proportion of Blacks of 100 years old and upwards greatly
exceeds that of the Whites ; but it may be remarked that the ages of the Blacks are not generally so
well known as that of the Whites ; and that, therefore, the accuracy of the Census, as it respects
the ages of this class, is less to be relied on.
MEDICAL SCHOOLS.
Place.
ProC
Students,
99
103
40
Maine Medical School, . . .
New Hampshire Medical School,
Medical Society University Vermont,
Vermont Academy of Med.
Massachusetts Med. Col. Harv. Univ.
Berkshire Med. Ins. Wil. Col.
Med. Dep. Yale College,
Col. Phys. and Surg. N. Y. .
Rutgers Med. Fac. Gen. Col.
Col. Phys. and Surg. W. Dist
Medictl Dep. Univ. Penn.
Medical Dep. Jefferson College,
Medical Dep. Univ. Md.
Medical Col. Charleston, S. C.
Medical Dep Transylvania Univ.
Medical College o fOhio, . . .
Law Schools. — At Cambridge, Ms., New Haven, Litchfield, Ct., Philadeij>aia, Williamsburg,
Va., Charleston, S. C, and Lexington, Ken.
Brunswick,
Hanover,
Burlington,
Castleton,
Boston,
Pittsfield,
New Haven,
New York,
New York,
Fairfield, N. Y.
Philadelphia,
Canonsburg,
Baltimore, .
Charleston, .
Lexington,
Cincinnati,
91
190
61
113
160
420
121
130
200
113
'y
POPULATION OF THE UNITED STATES,
According to Five Official Enumerations.
States and Territories.
1st Census
2d Census.
3(1 Census
4th Census
5th Census.
Per
cent.
I
Pop. 1790
Pop 1800
151,719
Pop. 1810
Pop. 1620.
Pop. 1830
It
years
33,9
'Maine
90,540
228,705
298,335
399,402
N. Hampshire ....
141,885
183,858
214,460
244,161
269,533
10,4
Vermont ....
85,539
154,465
217,895
2.35.764
286,679
19,0
Massachusetts ....
378,787
422.845
472,040
523,287
610,014
16,6
Jlhode Island
68,825
69,122
76,93]
83,059
97.210
17,0
Connecticut . • . .
237,946
251,002
2G1 ,942
275,248
297,711
8.2
New York
340,120
586,050
959,049
1,372.812
1,913,-508
39,4
New Jersey ....
184,139
211,149
245.562
277,575
320,779
15,6
Peimsylvania
434,373
602,545
810,091
1,049,313
1,347,672
28,4
Delaware . . ' .
59,096
64,273
72,674
72,749
76,739
5,5
Maryland . . .
319.728
345,824
380,540
407,350
440,913
9,7
Virginia . . .
747,610
880,200
979,622
1,065,366
1,211,272
1.3,7
N. Carolina
393,951
478,103
555,500
638,829
7:38,470
15.6
S. Carolina ....
249,073
345,591
162,686
415,115
502,741
581,458
15,7
Georgia ....
82,548
252,433
340,989
516,567
51,5
Alabama ^
8 850
40 352
f 127,901
J 75,448
308,997
141,6
Mississippi 3 '
•
136,806
80,1
Louisiana . . i .
76,556
153,407
215.575
40,7
Tennessee
. .
105,602
261,727
420,81 3
684,822
62,7
Kentucky ....
73,677
220,959
406,511
564,317
688,844
22.1
Ohio . ...
. .
45.365
230,760
581,434
937,679
61.2
Indiana . . . .
4,651
24,520
147 178
341.582
132,1
Illinois ....
215
12,282
55-211
157,575 18o,4|
Missouri . . • .
19,783
66 ,.586
140,074
110,4
District of Columbia
15,093
24,023
33,039
39,858
20,1
Michigan Ter.
... 551
4,762
8,896
31,260
250,1
Arkansas Ter.
1,062
14,273
30,383
113,3
Florida Ter. ...
34,723
33,4
Total
1
3,929,328
5,309,758
7,239,903 9,638,166
1 2,856,1 &5
SLAVES IN THE UNITED STATES,
.iccording to Five Official Enumerations.
Slaves.
SI fives.
Slaves.
1 Slaves.
; Slaves.
1790.
1800.
1810.
1820.
' 1830.
Maine . . . .
New Hampshire
...
158
8
Vermont
16
.Massachusetts
t)
Rhode Island
948
380
108
48
14
Connecticut
2.764
951
310
ft7
23
;New York
21,324
20.613
15,017
10,088
' 46
iNew Jersey
11.423
12.422
10,851
7,557
2,246
jPennsvIvania
3,737
1.706
795
211
386
Delaware
8.887
6.153
4,177
4,509
3,305
Maryland ,
103,036
108,5.54
111.502
107,398
102,878
Virginia
1292.627
346.968
392,518
425,153
469,724
North Carolina
100,572
133.296
168.824
205,017
246,462
South Carolina
107,094
146,151
196,365
258,475
315.665
Georgia
29,264
59,699
105,218
149,656
217,470
Alabama
Mississippi
3,489
17,088
c 41.879
\ 32,814
117,294
65.659
Louisiana
4,660
69.064
109,631
Tennessee
13.584
44,535
80.107
142.382
Kentucky
12.430
40,343
SOj.'^ol
126,732
165,350
Ohio
3,417
.Indiana
135
237
190
, Illinois
ICS
917
746
Missouri
District Columhia
3,011
10.222
24.990
.
5,395
6,377
6,050
Michijran Territory
.
24
27
Arkansas Territory
.
1,617
4,578
Florida Territory
.
697,697
1,191,3(54
1 ,538,064
15,510
<
8' '6.849
2,010,4361
3 Y
STATISTICAL VIEW OF ALL THE
From the Weimar Genealogical, Histori'
:
Area
in English
POPULATION.
EvROPXAN States.
~
sq. miles.
Catholics.
Protestants
Greeks.
Jews,
Total.
1 Anhalt-Bernburg
334
38,510
300
38,900
2 A nhalt- Dessau
345
1,200
56,800
1,270
59,270
3 Anhall-Cothen
330
1300
34,835
415
35,610
4 Austria*
258,603
25,650,000
3,000,000
2,970,000
480,600
32,100,500
5 Baden
5.926
730,808
343,173
10,930
1,090,9H
6 Bavaria
31,317
2,880,383
1,094,633
57,574
4,032.590
7 Brunswick
1,491
2,500
240.400
1,300
244,200
8 Bremen
68
1,500
50^000
51,500
9 British Empire
117,788
6,085,300
16,197,321
15.000
22,297,021
10 Cracow
494
100,812
19,000
7^288
127.100
11 Denmark
52,268
2.000
2,049,531
0,000
2,057,531
12 Frankfort on the Maine
91
6;ooo
42,800
5,200
54, COO
13 France
213,838
31 ,099,518
892,947
60,000
32,052.405
14 Greece
P
550.000
15 Hamburg
150
3,060
139,440
7,500
150,000
16 Hanover
14,7a5
200,000
1,370,574
12,000
1.582.574
17 Hesse-Cassel
4,428
105,000
492,300
5,430
'0C2;700
18 Hesse- Darmstadt
3,922
120,000
582,900
16.000
718,900
19 Hesse-Hombtirg
166
2,931
17,683
1,050
21 .004
20 Hoh. Hechingen
129
15,000
15,000
21 Hoh. Sigmaringen
386
30,600
400
40.000
22 Ionian Islands
998
35,200
800
133,898
5,500
175,398
23 Lichtenstein
51
5,800
5.800
24 Lippe-Detmold
430
1,600
75,118
70.718
25 Lucca
413
145,000
145.000
26 Lubeck
143
400
45,703
400
46, .503
27 San Marino
22
7,000
7,000
28 Meek. Schwerin
4,746
957
437,105
3,102
441.104
29 Meek. Streliti
705
50
78,510
833
97.393
30 Modena
2,092
377,-500
1,.500
379,000
31 Nassau
1 ,753
157,638
184,651
5,717
348,006
32 Netherlandst
!i5,307
3,6ro,(;oo
3,237,500
80,000
6,977,,50O
.33 Oldenburg
2.459
70.700
175,538
970
247.208
34 Parma
2^203
437^400
437.400
35 Portugal
36,510
3,782,-550
3,782.550
36 Prussia
107,159
4,694,000
7,930,403
154,000
12,778,403
37 Reuss, elder line
145
24,020
80
24,100
38 Do. younger do.
447
57,470
220
57.0.0
39 Russia
1,414,436
5,500,000
2,6.58.500
33,326,500
360,000
41,995,000
40 Sardi-ia
28,912
4,142.177
22,000
3.200
4-, 107,377
41 Saxoii/
575
48,00(
1 ,350,000
2,000
1 ,400,000
42 Saxe-Altenburg
496
1.50
109,343
109,493
43 Saxe-Coburg-Gotha,
1,036
11, .500
130,593
1,200
143.293
44 Saxe-Meningen
884
40(
128,939
950
129,.589
45 Saxe- Weimar
1,416
9,512
210,911
1,231
221,654
46 Schanenb. Lippe
206
100
25,500
25,600
47 Sch. Rudolstadt
404
200
56.025
160
50,985
48 Sell. Sonderhausen
358
200
47,906
48,100
49 Sicilies (the Two)
41,284
7,412,717
2,000
7,414,717
50 Stales of the Clmrch
17.210
2,468,940
15.000
2.483.940
51 Sweden
291,103
5,00(
3,869,700
4.000
3,878,700
.52 Switzerland
14,701
817.110
1,217,700
1,810
2.036,080
53 Spain
179,074
1,3,651,172
13.051,172
54 Turkey*
203,506
310.000
5,878,000
315,000
9,393.000
.55 Tuscany
8,381
1,291,130
9,400
1,300,530
56 Waldeck
459
800
52,700
500
54 .000
57 Wurtemberg
7,615
464,000
II6..5.59.075
1 ,062,253
9,150
1,-535.403
213,977,108
Total
1 3,104.780
49,847,495
42.308,398
1,071,040
jiiislrla, according to the Weimar Alintinac, contains, in addition to the numbers inserted in the
in the right hand column, and also in the sum total.
t TheTirea of Belgium in 1831 was 14,4-59 square miles, and the total population, 3,600,000 Its
11, .518 square miles, and the population was ?,M5,-550
EURpPEAN STATES FOR 1828.
eal, and Statistical Almanae for 1830.
GOTBKRMENT. ,
Finances.
Land
Forces.
Sea Forces
Revenue.
Debt.
In peace.
In war-
Peace.
War.
Sail.
Sail.
1 Absolute Monarchy
130,000
240.000
370
740
2 Do.
284.000
200,000
529
1,058
3 Do.
92,000
640,000
324
648
4 Do.
52,000,000
200,000,000
271,404
750,504
31
31 j
5 Constitutional Monarchy
3,932,880
6,302,424
11, .566
20,000
1
6 Do.
12,031,547
44,402,257
53,898
71,600
7 Absolute Monarchy
950,773
1,400,000
2,432
4,192
8 Republic
160,000
1,200,000
385
770
9 Constitutional Monarchy
228,849,600
3,490,896,708
90,519
378,370
610
1,050
10 Republic
133,248
10,000
11 Absolute Monarchy
4,080,000
40,000.000
38,819
74,000
97
120
12 Republic
304,000
3,200,000
475
946
13 Constitutional Monarchy
157,760,000
480,000,000
281,000
320,000
329
350
14 ?
2,580
50
l5 Republic
600,000
5,200.000
1 ,050
2,596
l6 Limited Monarchy
4,680,000
12.000,000
12,940
26.108
17 Absolute Monarchy
1,800,000
780,000
9,859
li;353
18 Constitutional Monarchy
2,351,4.56
5,589,450
8,421
12,390
l9 Absolute Monarchy
72,000
180,000
200
400
20 Do.
48,000
145
290
21 Do.
120,r,00
200,000
370
740
22 Republic
565,600
1,600
1,600
'
23 Constitutional Monarchy
480,001)
55
110
1
24 Absohite Monarchy
196,000
280,000
690
1,380
25 Constitutional Monarchy
y 288,000
600,000
800
800
3
3
26 Republic
160,000
1,200,000
406
812
27 Do.
12,000
28 Limited Monarchy
920.000
3,800,000
3,137
7,160
»
29 Do.
200,000
200,060
742
1,434
]
30 Absolute Monarchy
600,000
400,000
1,860
1,860
1
31 Limited Monarchy
724,000
2.000,000
2,800
6,056
32 Constitutional Monarchy
12,000,000
178,078,670
43,297
69,472
93
150
33 Absolute Monarchy
600,000
2,177
4,354
34 Do.
600,000
2,000,000
1,320
1,320
35 Do
8,740,800
24.000,000
40,000
70,000
23
23 '
36 Do.
30,477,600
114,840,440
165,000
524,428
1
37 Do.
56,000
2,000,600
206
412
38 Do.
160,000
480,000
538
1 ,076
39 Do.
52,000.000
200,000,000
600,000
1,039,117
12
12
40 Do.
8,740;800
24,000.000
28,000
60,000
8
8
41 Limited Monarchy
4,400,000
12,800,000
13,307
24,000
42 . Do.
240.000
329,640
982
1,964
43 . Do.
360,000
1,200,000
1,366
2,732
44 Do.
300,000
1,000,000
1,150
2.300
45 Constitutional Monarchy
719,784
2,400,000
2,164
4;020
46 Absolute Monarchy
86,000
120,000
240
480
47 Limited Monarchy
130,000
170,922
539
1,070
48 Do.
120,000
160,000
451
902
49 Absolute Monarchy
12,593,484
84,000,000
28,436
60,000
12
M&
50 Do.
4,800.000
98,000,000
9,100
9,100
6
6
51 Constitutional Monarchy
7,000;000
17,264,812
45,291
138,569
30
373
52 Confederated Republics
25,509
33,578
53 Absolute Monarchy
26,520,000
230.443,062
46,000
173.550
34
09
54 Despotism
11,200,000
36,000,000
8 ,000
200,000
80
160
55 Absolute Monarchy
8.000
8,000
56 Limited Monarchy
160,000
480,000
518
1,036
57 Constitutional Monarchy
3,342,818
10,942,766
4,906
27,910
, Total .
658,847,899
5,341,721,211
1,909,175
4,-578,430
1,308
2,641
Table, 500 Mahometans ; Russia 150,000 ; Turkey 2,890,000, which are included in the sums
Gevemment is a constitutional monarchy. The area of Holland, the same year, was estimated at
BRITISH SLAVE COLONIES IN THE WEST INDIES, &c
Chartered Cdoniea.
Whites.
Slaves.
Free
Blacks.
GoTernora.
Jamaica
15,000
331,000
40,000
Earl of Belmont.
Barbadoes
15,000
81,000
5,000
Sir James Lyon.
Antigua
2,000
30,000
4,500
Sir Patrick Ross.
Grenada
800
24,500
3,700
Sir James Campbell.
St. Vincent
1,300
23,500
2,900
Sir George F. Hill.
St. Christopher's
1,800
19.500
2,500
William Nicolay.
Nevis
800
9,000
1,800
William Boothby, Liettt. Gov
Virgin Isles
Dominica
8G0
5,400
607
James Bathurst, Lieut. Gov.
800
14,500
3,600
Tobago
Montserrat
350
12,700
1,200
Nathaniel Blackwell.
500
6,000
700
Sir P. Steward, Lieut. Gov.
Bahamas
4,000
9,500
2,800
Sir James Carm. Smyth.
Bermudas
5,500
4,650
500
Stephen R. Chapman.
Crown Colonies.
Trinidad
13,500
23,000
16,000
Lewis Grant.
St. Lucia
1,100
13,50(1
4,000
Honduras
300
2,450
2,800
Demerara and Essequibo
3,000
70,000
6,000
Sir Benjamin D'Urban.
Berbice
600
21,000
1,000
Henry Beard, Lieut. Gov.
Jlfrica.
Cape of Good Hope
43,000
35,000
29,000
Sir G. Lowry Cole.
Mauritius
8,000
76,OOo
15,100
Sir Charlts Colville.
108,150
812,700
143,707
BRITISH NORTH AMERICAN COLONIES.
Frorincea.
Population.
Lower Canada (1831)
Upper Canada (1829)
Nova Scotia (1827)
New Brunswick (1824)
Newfoundland Island
Prince Edward Island
511,919
220,897
123,848
74,191
80,000
24,000
Lord Aylmer, Governor General.
Sir John Colborne, Lieutenant Governor.
Sir Peregrine Maitland, Lieutenant Governor
Sir Archibald Campbell, Lieutenant Governor
Sir Thomas J. Cochrane, Governor.
Sir Murray Maxwell, Lieutenant Governor.
INDEPENDENT STATES.
1
Population.
Capital.
Pop.
Ruler.
Mexico
8,000,000
Mexico
150.000
Bustamente, Presidetit.
Central America
2,000,000
Guatimala
50.000
Moranzan, do.
Colombia
3,000,000
Bogota
50,000
Caicedo, do.
Venezuela
Caraccas
30,000
Paez, do.
Peril
1,600,000
Lima
60,000
Gamarra, do.
Bolitria
1,200,000
Chuquisaca
30,000
Santa Cruz, do
Chili
800,000
Santiago
40,000
Ovalle, do.
Buenos Ayres ^
Or. Rep. Uraguay >
Buenos Ayres
80,000
Rosas, do.
2,000,000
Monte Video
10,000
Rivera, do
Paraguay j
Assumption
12,000
Francia, Dictator.
Brazil
4,000,000
Rio Janeiro
150,000
Pedro II. Emperor.
Hayti
935,000
Port Republican
30,000
Boyer, President.
RELIGIOUS DENOMINATIONS.
Denominations.
Minin'rs.
Cbur. or^ Communi-
Cong. cants.
Popnlatioa.
Calvinistic Baptists, ....
2,914
4,384
304,827
2.743,000
Methodist Episcopal Church,
1,777
476,000
2,600,000
Presbyterians, General Assembly,
1,700
2,158
173,329
1,800,000
Congregationalists, Orthodox,
1,000
1,270
140,000
1,260,000
Protestant Episcopal Church, -
500
700
600,000
Universalists,
150
300
500,000
Roman Catholics, .
500,000
Lutherans,
205
1,200
44,000
400.600
Christ-ians,
200
800
25,000
275.000
German Reformed, . "
84
400
17,400
200;000
Friends, or Quakers,
400
.
200,000
Unitarians, Congregationalists,
150
160
176,000
Associate and other Methodists,
350
35,000
175,000
Free-wiH Baptists,
300
400
16,000
150,000
Dutch Reformed,
159
194
17,888
125,000
Mennonites, . . .
200
30,000
120,000
Associate Presbyterians,
Cumberland Presbyterians,
74
144
15,000
100,000
50
75
8,000
100,000
Tunkers,
40
40
3,000
30,000
Free Communion Baptists,
30
3,500
30.000
Seventh-day Baptists,
• ■■/■»
30
40
2,000
2o;ooo
Six Principle Baptists,
25
30
1,800
20,000
United Brethren, or Moravians,
23
23
2,000
7,000
Millenial Church, or Shakers,
45
15
6,000
New Jerusalem Church,
30
28
5.000
Emancipators, Baptists,
15
600
4,000
Jews, and others not mentioned,
150
50,000
The above Tabular View of the number of Ministers, Churches or Congregations, Communicants,
and Population, belonging to the different Religious Denominations in the United States, is taken
chiefly from the " Quarterly Register of the American Education Society" for Feb. 1831. The
fopulation is given chiefly by estimate
TOTAL POPULATION OF THE EARTH.
Surface.
Europe . . . . . 2,793,000
Asia ..... 12,118,800 .
Africa ..... 8,516,000
America ..... 11,046,000 .
Australasia . . . . . 3,100,000- .
Total
37,573,000
Inhabitant!.
227,700,000
390,000,000
60,000,000
39,000,000
20,000,000
737,000,000
INHABITANTS OF THE EARTH, DIVIDED ACCORDING TO THEIR RELIGIOUS
BELIEF.
The two following estimates are according to the geographers, Malte-Brun and Hassel.
Catholics ...
Greek Church . .
Protestants . . ,
Total of Christian* '
Jews . . , ,
Mahometans . . . ,
Pagans ....
Total of Inhabitants of the Globe
Malte-Brun.
116,000,000
70,000,000
42,000,000
228,000,000
4,000,000
100,000,000
310,000,000
642,000,000
Haaael.
134,000.000
62,000,000
55,000,000
251,000.000
3,000,000
120,000.000
550,000,000
924,000,000
3 y3
1. St ATiMKKT showing the Nathks and Numbers of the different Tribes of Indians now re- ^
maining within the limits of the several States and Territories, and the q,UANTiTy of lakp ^
claimea b/ them respectively
TRIBES.
"dumber"
of each
Number of
Acres claimed
TRIBES.
Number
ol' each
Number of
Acres claimed
Tribe.
by each Tribe
Tribe.
by each Tribe.
Maine.
St. John's Indians
300
Indiana and Illinois.
Passamaquoddies
379
100
Pottawatamies and Chip-
Penobscots
277
92,160
92,260
pewas
3,900
956
Massachusetts.
Georgia and Alabama.
*
Marsh pee
320
Creeks
20,000
9,537,920
1
Herring Pond
40
Martlia s Vineyard
340
1
Troy
50
Georgia, Alabama,
and Tennessee.
Cherokees
Alabama
7,272,576
750
9,000
Rhode Island.
Narragansett
420
3,000
Tennessee
1,055,60
Connecticut.
Mississippi and Alabama.
Mohegan
300
4,000
Choctaws
21,000
Stonington
50
300
Groton
50
MISSISSIPPI.
Chickasaws
3,625
15,705,000
400
4,300
New York.
Florida Territory.
Senecas
2,325
Seminoles and Others.
5,000
4,032,640
Tuscaroras
253
Oneidas
1,096
Louisiana.
Onondagas
446
Billoxie
55
Cayugas
90
246,675
Apolashe
45
Stockbridge
273
Pascagoula
111
Brotherton
360
Ad dees
27
St. Regis Indians
300
Yaltasse
36
Coshattees
Caddow
180
450
5,143
246,675
Virginia.
Delawares
51
Nottaways
47
27,000
Choctaws
Shawanees
178
110
South Carolina
Natchitoches
25
Catawbas
, .450
144,000
Quapaws
Piankcshaws
8
27
Ohio.
Wyandotts
542
163,840
1,313
' Sliawanees
800
117,615
Missouri.
Senecas
551
55,505
Delawares
1,800
21,120
Delawares
80
5.760
Kickapoos
2,200
9,600
Ottowas
377
50,581
Shawanees
Weas
Ihoways
1,383
14,086
2,350
393,301
327
1,100
Michigan Territory.
Wyandscotts
7
^
5,810
44,806
Potlawatamies
1 6
Missouri & Arkansas
Chippewas and Ottawas
18,473
■7,057,920
Territory.
Menotneenees
3,900
Osages
5,200
207
3,491,840
Winnebagoes
5,800
J
Piankeshaws
28,316
7,057,920
5,407
3,491,840
Indiana.
Arkansas Territory.
Miami and Eel River
Cherokees
6,000
4,000,000
Indians
1,073
10,104,000
•Quapaws
Choctaws
700
8,858,560
Illinoii.
Menomeenees
Kaskaskias
270
)
3(i
\ 5,314.560
6,700
12,858,560
Sauks and Foxes
6,400
s
Total.
129,266
77,402,318
6,706
b,3l4,.'>60
MISSIONARY TABLE,*
Showing the principal Protestant Missionary Stations in the World, and the Societies by v;htch they aft
employed.
1 B. M. S.
1 C. M. S
1 W. M. S.
1 do.
1 L. M. S. .,' •
2 B. M. S. *
1 CM. S.
2L M.S.
1 W. M. S. •
9 U. B., 4 W. M. S., 1 U M. S
1 L. M. S.,5 S. M. S
C. M. S.
Agimere
Agra
Albany
Alexandria
A goa Bay
A.l)ahabad
A\nboyna
Anguilla
Antigua
Astrachan
Baddagamme
Bahamas
Balasore
Bambey
fianda
Bangalore
Barbadoes
Barbuda
Bareilly
Barrackpore
Bartholomew, St
Batavia
Bathurst
Batticaloe
Batticotta
Beerbhoom
Belgaum
Bellary
Benares
Bencoolen
Berbice
Berhampore
Bermudas
Bethany
Bethelsdorp
Bethesda
Beyrout
Boglipore
Bogue Town
Bombay
Bcrabora
Bosjesveld
Buddalore
Burdeis Point
Burdwan,
Buxar,
Calcutta,
Caledun,
E. Indies,
<(
S. Africa,
Egypt,
S. Africa,
K. Indies,
<(
Moluccas,
W. Indies,
A. Russia,
Ceylon,
W. Indies,
E. Indies,
Surinam,
Moluccas,
E. Indies,
W. Indies,
((
E. Indies,
((
W. Indies,
E. Indies,
W. Africa,
Ceylon,
«
E. Indies,
E. Indies,
«
E. Indies,
Sumatra,
Surinam,
Hindoostan.
W. Indies,
S. Africa,
Syria,
Hindoostan,
Georgian Islands,
E. Indies,
Society Islands,
S. Africa,
Hindoostan,
Taheite,
E. Indies,
S. Africa,
1
5 W M. S.
3L.M. S. »
1 U. B.
1 N. M. S.
2W. M. S.,2L. M S.
I U. B. 1 W. M. S
W. M. S.
1 C. M. S.
1 B. M. S.
1 W. M.S.
3 B. M. S., 2 L. M. S.
1 W. M. S.
1 W. M. S.
1 A. B. C. F. M.
1 B. M.S.
1 L. M. S.
3L. M.S.
1 B. M. S., 1 L. M. S., 1 C. M.
1 B. M. S.
1 L.M. S.
1 L. M. S.
1 W. M. S.
1 L. M. S.
13 do.
d.
1 A. B. C. F. M.
L. M. S.
2 W. M. S , 1 C. M. S. 2 A. B. C. F. M
XL. M. S
do.
3 C. M. S
1 C. M. S.
6 L. M. S., 2 S. M. S., 2 C. M. S
1 L. M. S.
.#
•ABBREVIATIONS.
f M. S. or L. S., London Missionary Societv.
C. M. S., Church <' "^ ^
W. M. S., or W. S., Wesleyan «
B. M. S., Baptist '«
S. M. S., Scottish «.
JV. M. S., Netherlands «
U. F. M. S., United Foreign United Staleg.
A. B. C. F. M., American Board of Commissioners for Foreign MtMioi
.; Z,' ^x\^ ^' American Baptist Board for Foreign Missions.
M. A., Missionary Association.
M. S., Missionary Society.
A. M. S., AuTiJiary Missionary Societv.
U. B., UnitPd iJretliren.
C. K. S., C.nawan Knowledare Society.
B. 8/- F. B. S., British and Foreign Bible Society.
B. S., Bible Society.
MISSIONARY TABLE.
St.
Calpentyn
Caltura
Campbell
Canada
Canofee
Canton
Cape Coast Castle
Cape Town
Cawnpore
Ceylon.
Charlotte
Cherokees
Cherokees
Chinsurah
Chitpore
Chitta^ong
Chittoor
Choc taws
Christopher
Chumie
Chunar
Cochin
Colombo
Combaconum
Congo Town
Constantinople
Corfu
Cotta
Cotym
Crimea
Cudapah
Culna
Cuttack
Cutwa
Dacca
Delagoa Bay
Dehli
Demarara
Digah
Dinapore
Pindegal
Dominica
Doorgapore
Eimeo
Elim
Enon
Eustatius, St.
Freetown
Futtyghur
Galle
Gammap
Gaujam
Gay a
Gloucester
Gnadenthal
Goamalty
Goree
Gornickpore
Greenland
Grenada
Griqua Town
Groenekloof
Hankey
Hawaii
Haweis Town
Henreepore
High Tower
Huahine
Jaffna
Jamaica
Java
Ceylon,
<(
S. Africa,
N. America,
W. Africa,
China,
W. Africa,
S. Africa,
E. Indies,
It
W. Africa
Ten. and Geo.
Arkansas
E. Indies
Ten and Geo.
W. Indies
S. Africa
E. Indies
«
Ceylon
E. Indies
W. Africa
Turkey
Corfu
Ceylon
E. Indies
Russia
E. Indies
S. Africa
E. Indies
Guyana
E. Indies
W. Indies
E. Indies
Pacific Ocean
S. Africa
<(
W. Indies
W. Africa
E. Indies
Ceylon
S. Africa
E. Indies
W. Africa
S. Africa
E. Indies
W. Africa Island
E. Indies
N. America
W. Indies
S. Africa
N. PacificOceanlsl
Georgian Islands
E. Indies
Cherokees
Society Isles
Ceylon
W. Indies
E. Indies
1 C. M. S.
1 W M. S
I L. M. S.
9 W. M. S.
1 C. M. S.
1 L. M. S.
I S. P. G. F. P.
1 W. M. S, 1 L. M.S.
1 C. M. S.
14 W. M. S., 3 B M. S., 2 L. M. S., 40. M. S. 7 A. 6. C. F M.
1 C. M. S.
2U. B.,4A. B C F M
2 A. B. C. F M
1 L. M. S.
10. K.S.
1 B. M. S
L. M. S.
3A.B. C. F. M
3U.B., 3W, M. S.
2 C. M. S.
1 C. M. S.
1 L. M. S., 1 B. M. S. 1 W. 8
1 C. K. S.
1 W. M. S.
1 C. M. S.
1 L. M. S.
1 C. M. S.
3 C. M. S.
2L M. S.
1 L. M. S.
1 C. M. S.
1 B. M. S.
do
do
1 W. x\I. S.
1 B. M. S.
1 L. M. S.
2 B. M. S.
1 B. M. S.
1 C. K. S.
2 W. M. S
1 B. M. S.
2 L. M. S.
1 U. B. S.
4U.B.S. i
IW. M. S. ''
2 W. M. S.
1 B. M. S.
1 W. M. S.
I W. M. S.
1 L. M. S.
I B. M. S.
IC. M.S.
1 U. B.
1 B. M. S.
1 C. M. S.
I C. M. S.
II U. B.
3 W. M. S.
3 L. M. S.
1 U. B.
1 L. M. S.
2A. B. C.F. M
1 L. M. S.
1 C. M. S.
1 A. B. C. M.
1 L. M.S.
1 A. B. C. F. M., and W A C. U ft.
4U. B, 8W. M.,2. B. M.
3B. M. S.,1 L. M. S.
mSSlONARY TABLB.
Jessore
. Kanay
Harass
Kent
Khamiesberg
Kissey
Kornegalle
Labrador
Lattakoo
Leicester
Leopold
Liberia
Lily Mountain
Madagascar
Madras
Madura
Malacca
Malapeetzee
Malda
Malta
Manepy
Martin, St
Maui
Mauritius
Meerut
Monghyr
Montserrat
Moorshedabad
Mothelloor
Muttra
Nagercoil
Nagapatam
Negonibo
Nel'lore
Nevis
N. Brun. &N.Scot.
Newfoundland
New Zealand
Oahu
Oodooville
Oreiioerg
Paarl
Pacaltsdorp
Padang
Palamcotta
Panditeripo
Paramaribo
Paramatta
Patna
Pella
Philipolia
Plaiiitains
Pulo Pinang
Quilon
Raiatea
Rangoon
Reed Fountain
Regent's Town
Salsette
Sandwich Islands
Sarepta
Sault de St. Mairie
Sebolga
Serampore
Silket
Sincapore
Sommelsdyk
Steinkopff
Slellenbosch
Surat
Taha
Ceylon
Russian Tartary
W. Africa
S. Africa
W. Africa
Ceylon
N. America
S. Africa
W. Africa
S. Africa
E. Africa
E. Indies
S. Africa
E. Indies
Mediterranean
Ceylon
W. Indies
Sandwich Islands
E. Indian Ocean
E. Indies
<(
W. Indies
E. Indies
Ceylon
«
W. Indies
N. America
((
South Sea
Sandwich Islands
Ceylon
A. Russia
S. Africa
«
E. Indies
((
Ceylon
S. America
N. S. Wales
Hindoostan
S. Africa
<(
W. Africa
E. Indies
((
Society Islands
E. Indies
S. Africa
W. Africa
E. Indies
S. Sea
Russia
N. America
E. Indies
S. America
S. Africa
«
E. Indies
tiociety Islands
4 B. M S
1 C. M. S
3 S. M. S
1 C. M. S.
1 L. M. S.
1 CM. S.
1 W. M S
I6U. B.
I L. M. S,
1 C. M. S.
do
I A. B. C. F M.
1 W. M. S.
2 L. M. S.
2 W. M., 3 L. M , 3 C. M S
1 C. K. S.
4 L. M. S.
1 L. M. S.
1 B. M S.
I L. M. S., 10 M.S
I A. B. C. F M.
1 W. M. S.
1 A. B. C. F. M.
1 L. M. S.
1 C. M. S.
2 B. M. S.
1 W. M. S.
1 B. M. S.
1 C. K. S.
1 B. M.S.
2 L. M. S.
I C. K. S.
1 W.M. S.
I C. M. S.
2W. M. S.
17 W. M. S.
II W. M. S.
1 CM. S.
1 L. M. S.
1 A. B. C. F. M.
4 S. M. S.
1 L. M. S
do
1 B. M. S.
2 C. xM. S.
1 A. B C. F. M.
5 U. B.
1 C. M. S.
12 B. M. S.
1 L. xM. S.
do
1 C M. S.
3 L. M. S.
1 L. M. S
do.
1 A. B. C. F. iVr.
1 W. M. S., 1 L M. S
1 C. M. S
1 A. B. C V M
5 A. B. C F. M
3U. B.
1 B. M. S.
3 B. M. S.
2 B M. S.
1 L. M. S.
1 U. B.
1 L. M. S.
do.
3 L. M. S.
MISSIONARY TABLE.
Tahiti
'I'anjore
Tellicherry
Ternalfl
Theopohs
Tillipally
Timor
Tinnevelly
TiUlya
Tobago
Tonga
Tortola & Virg.Ils
Tanquebar
Travancore
Tricliinopoly
Trincomalee
Trinidad
Tnlbagh
V'nDiemen's Land
Vans Variya
Vepery
Vincent St
Vizagapalam
Waterloo
Wellington
Whangarooa
Wilberforce
Wilks' Harbour
Zak River
Zante
S. Pacific Ocean
E. Indies
((
G Indian Sea
S. Africa
E. Indies
Indian Sea
E. Indies
«
W. Indies
S. Pacific Ocean
W. Indies
E. Indies
Ceylon,
W. Indies
S. Afi-ica
Southern Ocean
E. Indies
<(
W. Indies
E. Indies
W. Africa
New Zealand
W. Africa
Tahiti
S. Africa
Greek islands
1 C. M. S.
1 N. M. S.
2 L. M. S.
I L. M. S.
I N. M. S.
1 C. K. S.
1 L. M. S.
2 W. M. S
1 W. M. S
3 W. M S.
2 C. M ».
L L. M. S.
1 C. K. S.
1 W. M. S.
1 W. M. &
L. M. S.
1 W. M. S.
I B. M. S
I C. K. S.
W. M. S
3 L. M S.
1 C. M.S.
do
W. M. S.
1 C. M. S.
L. M. S.
do
do
APPORTIONMENT"
Maine
N. Hampshire
Massachusetts
Rhode Island
Connecticut
Vermont
New York
New Jersey
Pennsylvania
Delaware
Maryland
Virginia
Of Representation to Congress.
8 North Carolina
5 South Carolina
12 Georgia
2 Kentucky
6 Tennessee
5 Ohio
40 Indiana
6 Mississippi
28 Illinois
1 Louisiana
8 Missouri
21 Alabama
13
9
9
13
13
19
7
3
3
3
2
b
"This apportionment, which is to take place March 3d, 1833, is in the ratio of one Representativi
for every 47,700 persons in each state
A BRIEF COMMERCIAL DICTIONARY.
ABACA, a kind of hemp or flax, made
from tlie fibrous part of an Indian plan-
tain ; the white makes very fine cloth,
but the gray is used for cordage and ca-
bles.
AbrotoKoi^es, a kind of coral like
southern wood, whence it takes its
name, according to CIuslus. It is found
on rocks in the bottom of the sea.
Acacia, a species of mimosa, Egyptian
♦horn. The flowers of this plant are
used, by the Chinese, to produce that
yellow tolor, which we see in their
Bilks and staffs. Gum Arabic is pro-
duced from a species of acacia.
Achia, a sort of cane which grows in
the East Indies, is pickled green, and
sent to Europe in stone or earthen jars.
Acuri, or Blue Coral, is fished up on
the coast of Africa, from Rio-del-re to
Uie river of the Catnarones, where the
Dutch tratfic for it.
Adamant, an ancient name for the dia-
mond. It is also used for a very hard
species of iron, and for the magnet or
loadstone.
Adamantine Spar, a stone of peculiar
hardness, approaching to that of the
diamond. It will cut glass easily and
mark rock crjstal. It is found in China
and India, and, as M. Fini alleges, in
Italy.
Adatis, a fine Bengal muslin, 13 yards
to the piece.
Adenos, a kind of cotton, otherwise
called murine cotton. It comes flrom
Aleppo by the way of Marseilles.
Aestuary, in geography, denotes an
arm of the sea which runs a good way
within land.
Afioume, or Fiume, a kind of flax,
which comes from Egypt by way of
Marseilles and Leghorn.
Agate, a genus of semi-pellucid gems,
which takes its name from the river
Achates, on the banks of which it is
found. These gems are composed of
crystal, colored by a large quantity of
earth. Agates are arranged according
to the different colors of their grounds ;
white, reddish, yellow and green. Of
these there are many varieties, some of
them having natural representations of
animals, trees, letters, &c. No country
affords finer agates, or in greater abun-
dance, than Germany. They are also
found in France, Great Britain, Sicily,
Siberia and the East Indies. Agates
may be stained artificially by a solution
of silver in nitric acid, and afterwards
exposing the part to the sun.
Agio, a bank term in Holland, ex-
pressing the difference between money,
bank money, or current money and cash.
Ct is synonymous with premium, when
the bank money is worth more than the
■aine nominal amount of the current
eoin, and with discount, when its value
is less.
AigTi9, a stone which serves instead
of current coin, among the Issinais, a
nation of Africa, on the coast of Guinea,
where the river Asbin runs, near the
Gold Coast ; it is of a greenish blue
color, without any lustre, hard, but does
not take a good polish ; they give its
weight in gold for it.
Alabaster, a kind of stone resembling
marble, but softer.' It is of various
colors, but the white shining alabaster
IS most common ; it is used by sculptors,
for the formation of small statues, vases,
Columns, &c. It is found in many parts
ef England, especially in Derbyshire and
Nottinghamshire.
Alcanna, a drug used in dyeing, which
comes from Egypt and other parts of
the Levant.
Alcakol, is 9 name applied to highly
rectified spii^ of wine. When pure, it
is perfectly the same whether obtained
from brandy, wine, or any other fluid
which has undergone the spirituous fer-
mentation. It is a light, transparent,
colorless liquid, of a sharp, penetralmg,
agreeable smell, and of a warm, stimu-
lating taste. It is extremely inflamma-
ble, and burns with a pale blue flame,
scarcely visible in bright daylight. Al-
cohol is used in medicine and the arts
for a variety of purposes.
Alder, a tree according to the classi-
fication of botanists of the birch kind.
It is common in Europe and Asia, and
the United States of America. The
wood of the alder is in great demand for
machinery, and is peculiarly adapted
for all kinds of work which are to be
kept constantly in water. With the ad-
dition of copperas, the bark yields a
black dye, used to a considerable ex-
tent in coloring cotton.
Ale, a fermented liquor, obtained from
an infusion of malt ; differing from
strong beer chiefly in having a less pro-
portion of hops. The duties on beer
and ale make a principal branch of the
revenues m England.
Aiu^ie^, a class of saline substances,
possessing in general the following pro-
perties : they have an acrid taste ; they
change the blue juices of vegetables to
a green, and the yellow to a brown
color ; and render oil miscible with wa-
ter. They are mainly characterized,
however, by a power of combining with
acids so as to impair the activity of the
latter and form neutral salts.
Alkanet, a dyeing drug, which grows
naturally in the Levant. The root im-
parts an elegant red color to oily sub-
stances, and improves the color of ma-
hogany.
Allspice. See Pimento.
Almacrra, a fine deep-red ochre, with
some admixture of purple, very heavy,
of a dense, yet friable structure, and
rough dusty surface. It is used in paint-
ing, and in medicine as an astringent.
Almonds, a kind of medicinal fruit,
contained in a hard shell, which is en-
closed in a tough cottony skin. Al-
monds are of two kinds, sweet and bit-
ter : the Jordan almond is of the first
quality ; next the Valencia (a smaller
sort of about half the price,) and the
inferior almonds are from Barbary,
whence principally come the bitter ones.
From the port of Malaga in Spain come
the finest almonds, both in the shell
and kernel. In medicinal cases, the
oil from almonds is found useful ; and
that extracted from the bitter one, if
dropped into the ear, proves effectual
against deafness. Almonds are im-
ported in casks, boxes, and serons.
.^ioes, the inspissated juice of the plant
aloe, produced in many of the hot cli-
mates. It is brought from Jamaica and
Barbadoes, in both of which islands
large quantities are prepared, and gen-
erally conveyed in the shells or skins
of large gourds. The medicinal proper-
ties of aloes have been long known.
Aloes Wood, the product of a tree
growing in China, and some of the In-
dian islands.
AUfuifou, or Arquifou, a sort of leaden
ore, which, when broken, looks like an-
timony. It is used by potters to give a
green varnish to their works.
Alum, a mineral substance composed
of a peculiar earth termed alumine, and
sulphuric acid ; that sold under the
name of common alum, contains a por-
tion of potash and ammonia. Most of
the alum to be met with is artificially
prepared. Native alum, which contains
a greater quantity of aluminous eartk
and a portion of iron, is found at GbtW
wig in Austria, in Carinthia, in th«
clefts and caverns on Stromboli, the
Solfatara near Naples, the grotto of San
Germano, Iliseno, and other places in
Italy. It is found in the United State*
in mica-slate rocks. Alum is extremely
useful for dyeing and o'her purposes
its importance, in the arts, is very great
and its annual consumption is ia
mense.
Amber, a pellucid and very hard in
flammable substance, of a fragran
smell, and possessed of a resinous lus>
tre. Its natural color is a fine pale yel-
low, but it is often made white and
sometimes black : by friction it becomes
strongly electric. It is found in masses
from the size of a coarse sand to that of
a man's bead, and occurs in beds of
bituminous wood situated upon the
shores of the Adriatic seas ; also in To-
land, France, Italy and Denmark. M(»«
recently it has been found in the United
States, at Cape Sable in Maryland.
Amber frequently contains flies and
other insects, curiously preserved : it is
manufactured into beads, crosses, and
other ornaments.
Ambergris, a substance found floating
in the sea near the coasts of various
tropical countries, and also taken from
the intestines of the spermaceti whale,
where it is supposed to originate. Its
color is a yellowish or blackish white
its odor is very agreeable, and hence
arises its only use. In the state of an
alcoholic solution, it is added to laven-
der-water, tooth-powder, &c. to which
it communicates its fragrance. Amber-
gris is chiefly found in the Atlantic
Ocean, on the seacoast of Brazil, of the
E. Indies, China, Japan and the Moluc-
ca islands ; but much of it comes from
the Bahama islands.
Amber Seed, a small odoriferous seed
used as a perfume. It is sometimes
brought from Egypt, but is likewise in».
ported from Martinico.
Amethyst, a gem of a purple color
which, in its purest state, is of the sams
hardness and at least of equal value
with the niby or sapphire. It is found
in the E. and W. Indies, and in several
parts of Europe.
Ammonia, an alkaline substance,
which, in a state of purity, is in form
of a gas, of a very pungent smell, ex-
tremely volatile. It may be obtained
from all animal bodies in a state of pu-
trefaction, and is found native in con»-
bination with muriatic acid, in crystal-
lized masses, called sal ammoniac, in the
neighborhood of volcanoes, in some of
the mountains of Tartary and Thibet,
and in the waters of some of the lakes
in Tuscany. This salt is applied to
many useful purposes : a considerable
portion of it is consumed by dyers, cop-
persmiths, tinners, &c.
Avata, or Anotto, a kind of bnffcolor-
ed dye, which has acquired the name
of JVanfceen, from JVangking in China,
whence the calico so colored first came.
It is brought from Brazil.
Anchor, in maritime affairs, is a very
large and heavy iron instrument, with
a double hook at one end, and a ring at
the other, by which it is fastened to a
cable. It is cast into the bottom of the
ses, or rivers, where taking its hold, it
keeps ships from being drawn away by
the wind, tide, or current. There are
several kinds of anchors : 1. The shee*
anchor, which is the largest, and if
never used but in violent storms, tt
hinder the ship from being driven
ashore. 3. The two boweis, which v
BAR
•Bed for ships to ride in a harbor.
S. The stream anchor. 4. The grap-
nel.
Anchovies, the name of a small fish
common in the Mediterranean. It is
much used in sauces from the excellence
of its flavor.
Anil, the plant from which indigo is
made.
Aninga, a root which grows in the
Antilles islands, and is used for refining
fiuj;ar.
Anise, a small seed of an oblong shape.
It is cultivated in Germany, but the
best comes from Spain.
Antimony, a bluish-white, brittle me-
tal, of a scaly or foliated texture. It is
used as an ingredient in the manufac-
ture of pewter, and type-metal. There
are mines of antimony in Germany and
many parts of France.
Aquafortis, nitric acid in a diluted
State. It is much used by dyers, calico-
printers, &c.
Aranea, a silver ore found only in Po-
tosi, and in the single mine there of
Catamito.
Areb, a nominal money used in ac-
counts in India, equal to five shillings
sterling.
Arffol, tartar or the lees of wine used
by dyers.
Arquifoux, a sort of lead ore, used by
potters to give their works a green var-
nish.
Arrack, a spirituous liquor imported
from the E. Indies, used as a dram and
in punch.
Arrowroot, a kind of starch manufac-
tured from the roots of a plant which is
cultivated in the E. and W. Indies.
Arsenic, a metal of very common oc-
currence, being found in combination
with nearly all of the metals in their
native ores. It is usually seen in white,
glassy, translucent masses, to which
form it is reduced by fusion from a pow-
dery slate. It is one of the most viru-
lent poisons known, not only when
taken into the stomach, but when ap-
plied to a wound, or even when its va-
por is inspired.
Ssbestos, a kind of mineral substance,
of a woolly texture, endued with the
property of resisting fire.
Ash, a well-known tree, the timber
of which is useful in making imple-
ments of husbandry and for otlier pur-
poses:
Asparagus, an esculent plant, the
heads of which are useful for the table
and the roots in medicine.
Assafmtida, a resinous gum of an ex-
tremely powerful odor, procured from
the root of a large umbelliferous plant,
which grows in the mountains of some
parts of Persia.
Autnm, a sort of bark which resem-
bles cinnamon, but is paler and thicker.
It comes from the Levant, and is an in-
gredient in the carmine dye.
BAIZE, a sort of coarse, open, wool-
len stuff, having a long nap, sometimes
frizzed and sometimes not. It is man-
ufactured to a great extent in different
parts of England.
Bamboo, a plant which multiplies very
much by its root, whence springs a ra-
mous or branchy tufl, after the man-
ner of the European reeds. The Indian
bamboo is the largest kind of cane that
is known.
Bandannas, silk handkerchiefs, gen-
erally red spotted with white, manufac-
tured in the E. Indies.
Bariga, a species of raw silk brought
from the E. Indies.
Barilla, the name of a sea-plant which
grows very plentifully on the coast of
8pain. It abounds with soda ; and the
impure ashes of the plant, containing
that salt in great abundance, form an
important article of commerce. The
ashes themselves are commonly called
barilla.
Bark, Peruvian, the produce of a tree.
Which is the ipontaneous growth of
BUG
many parts of S. America, but more
particularly of Peru. This valuable
medicine was first introduced into Eu-
rope by the Jesuits, whence it was for-
merly called Jesuit's bark.
Barley, a sort of grain very well
known, principally used for making
beer
Barnacles, a kind of shell-fish in the
W. Indies, which penetrate into the
bottoms of vessels, and sometimes in-
jure them so materially as to give the
sheathing the appearance of a honey-
comb.
Barometer, a machine for measuring
the weight of the atmosphere.
Bazaar, a place for trade among the
eastern nations.
Beaver, an amphih.ous animal, for-
merly common in England, but now
extirpated. It abounds in N. Ameri-
ca, where the skins make a consider-
able article of exportation.
Beech, one of our handsomest forest
trees, common in almost all the N. Eng-
land and middle states.
Beer, a generic term for drink extract-
ed from malt. It may be extracted from
most kinds of grain after having under-
gone the process of malting.
Bergamot, the name of a fragrant es-
sence extracted from a species of citron.
Beryl, a pellucid gem of a bluish-green
color, found in the E. Indies and about
the gold mines of Peru, and especially
in Siberia and Tartary. Its value is
trifling compared with the ruby, topaz,
&c.
Birch, a forest tree, easily known by
the smooth appearance and silvery color
of its bark.
Bismuth, a considerable heavy metal,
of a much harder and firmer texture
than antimony. It causes the metals
that are difficult of fusion to melt with
a much smaller degree of fire than they
otherwise would do.
Black Lead, a mineral found in great
abundance in Cumberland, England, as
also in many parts of Spain, particular-
ly in the neighborhood of Malaga. It is
used in the manufactureof pencils, also
for blackening the front of stoves, grates,
&;c.
Bombazine, a kind of silk stuff origin-
ally manufactured at Milan, but now
extensively in G. Britain.
Borax, a substance of a greenish color,
brought from the E. Indies in great
masses : it is used as a flux for metals.
Busphoms, in geography, a narrow
strait or arm of the sea.
Box-wood, is a yellowish, hard, and
solid wood, and takes a good polish. It
is used in works of sculpture, and in
instruments of music, such as flutes,
nagelets, &c.
Brandy, a spirituous and inflammable
liquor, extracted from wine and other
liquors, and likewise from the husks of
grapes by distillation. Brandy is pre-
pared in many of the wine countries of
Europe, and with peculiar excellence in
Languedoc, in Anjou, and other parts
of the south of France, whence is the
Cognac brandy.
Brass, a factitious metal, made of
copper and zinc in proper proportions.
Brazil-Wood, so railed because it came
first from Brazil, a province in S. Ame-
rica. It is of a red color, and very
heavy. It is much used in fumed work,
and takes a good polish ; but is chiefly
used in dying.
Braziletlo, the worst species of Brazil-
wood : it comes from the Antilles is-
lands.
Bristles, the strong hair standing on
the back of a hog or wild boar. They
are imported principally from Russia.
Buckram, a sort of coarse cloth, made
of hemp gummed, calendered and dyed
several colors.
Buckwheat, a grain which is native of
Africa, but so hardy that it will flourish
in almost any country. It is extensive-
ly cultivated in different parts of the
CHE
U. States, and from the flour an excel
lent article of food is produced.
Buffalo, or Bison, a wild bull, found in
large herds in diflerent parts of Ameri-
ca. The hides are exported in large
quantities.
Bulbs, the roots of several sorts o(
flowers, as tulips, hyacinths, &c., of
which large quantities are imported from
Holland.
Bullion, uncoined gold or silver in the
mass
CACHALOT, a large fish of the whale
species, from the brain of which sperm
nccti is extracted.
Cajeput Oil, the volatile oil obtained
from the leaves of the cajeput tree,
which is common on the mountains of
Amboyna, and the other Molucca is-
lands. It is of a green color, very lim-
pid, lighter than water, of a strong
smell resembling camphor, and of a pun-
gent taste.
Calabar Skin, the Siberian squirrel
skin used in making muffs, tippets, &c.
Calamanco, a woollen stuff principally
manufactured in the Netherlands but
also in England.
Calico, a cotton cloth, which derives
its name from Calicut, a city of India,
from which it was first brought. The
art of calico-printing is supposed to have
been practised in India more than 2,000
years, though it was not introduced into
England till the year 1676.
Cambric, a species of very fine white
linen, first made atCambray, in French
Flanders, whence it derives its appella
tion.
Camel, a large beast of burden, used
throughout all the eastern countries.
Camlet, a plain stuff, composed of a
warp and woof, which is manufactured
on a loom, with two treadles, as linens
are. Camlets are of different kinds, a»
goats'-hair, wool, silk camlets.
Camphor, a white, resinous produc
tion, of peculiar and powerful smell,
extracted from trees which grow in the
islands of the E. Indies and in China.
Canal, a kind of artificial river, made
for the convenience of water carriage.
Cantharides, flies of a shining green
color, found adhering to certain kinds
of trees in Spain, Italy and the southern
part of France. They are commonly
called SpanisA/Jics, and are of extensive
use in medicine.
Canvas, a very clean unbleached
cloth of hemp or flax, woven very regu-
larly in little squares.
Cape, a promontory or headland, run-
ning out with a point into the sea.
Capers, the full grown buds of a low
shrub generally growing out of the
joints of old walls or fissures of rocks
in the warm climates of Europe.
Carbon, a substance which has been
found to exist in a state of absolute pu-
rity in the diamond. It is tlie base of
common charcoal, which is an oxide of
carbon.
Carbuncle, a precious stone ef the ruby
kind, of a very rich, glowing blood-red
color.
Cascarilla, the bark of a tree growing
plentifully in the Bahama islands, of a
fragrant smell, and moderately bitter
taste.
Cassada, a mealy substance, derived
from the rooi of a plant called Magnoc j
a native of the W. Indies. From the
pure flour of cassada is formed the sub-
stance called tapioca.
Cass^ia, the bark of a tree, which
grows in the E. and W. Indies and in
China. It is thicker and coarser than
cinnamon, but of a similar taste. It is
mostly imported from China.
Castor-Oil, an oil extracted from the
seeds of a plant which grows in the E.
and W. Indies, and in the tJ. States. Ita
uses in medicine are well known
Ccrfor, a tree common in America, the
wood of which is of a reddish color, and
incorruptible.
Chestnut, a handsome forest tree,
producing a swMt and sofl-shelled
fruit.
Chints, a fine printed calico first man-
nfactured in tlie E. Indies, but imitated
in oUier countries.
ChocoliiU, a Itind of paste, or cake,
prepared cliiefly from the cacao-nut, a
production of "the W. Indies and S.
America.
Chronometer, a timepiece of a peculiar
construction, at present much used by
navigators in determining the longitude
at sea.
Cider, a liquor extracted from the
juice of apples, and forming a consider-
able portion of agricultural produce in
this country.
Cimolia, the name of the earth of
which tobacco-pipes are made. It is
J'ound in different parts of England.
Cinnamon, the under bark of the
branches of a tree of the bay tribe, which
is chiefly found in the island of Ceylon,
but which grows in Malabar and other
parts of the E. Indies.
Citron, an agreeable fruit resembling
a lemon in color, taste and smell. It
comes to us preserved or candied from
Madeira.
Civet, a perfume taken from the civet-
cat.
Clove, the unexpanded flower-bud of
an East Indian tree, somewhat resem-
bling the laurel in its height, and in the
shape of its leaves.
Coal, a combustible substance com-
posed chiefly of carbon and bitumen.
That which contains much bitumen is
highly inflammable, and burns with a
iright flame: the anthracite, in which
the carbon predominates burns less
vividly. Numerous varieties of coal
exist : it abounds in almost every coun-
try, and inexhaustible mines are found
In different parts of the U. States.
Cobalt, a metal found in Oie form of
an ore, in Saxony, Sweden, and some
parts of England.
Cochineal, a drug, in many respects
approaching to the nature of ker-mes. It
s brought to us from .Mexico, where it
Is collected in immense quantities, be-
ing a species of insect which affords a
deep crimson dye. Cochineal is also
raised in Peru and several other parts
of Spanish America, and becomes every
year an article of greater importance to
the commerce of thatrcountry.
Cociia-Jsfut, a woody fruit, of an oval
shape, covered with a fibrous husk, and
lined internally with a white, firm and
fleshy kernel. It is a native of Africa,
the E. and W. Indies, and S. America.
Cod,a. well known fish that is caught
in Immense quantities on the banks of
Newfoundland, and the other sand-
banks that lie off the coasts of Cape Bre-
ton, Nova Scotia, and N. England.
Coffee, the berries of a shrub common
in Arabia Felix. The best coffee is im-
ported from Mocha in the Red Sea.
That next in esteem is raised in Java
and the E. Indies; and that of lowest
price is raised in the W. Indies and
Brazil.
Copal, a substance of great import-
ance as a varmsh, obtained from the
rhvs copalinum, a tree in N. America.
Copper, a metal, next to iron in spe-
cific gravity, but lighter than gold, sil-
ver or lead. It is found *n N. and S.
America, in most European countries,
and in Africa and Japan.
Copperas, a name given to the sul-
phate of green vitriol, used in dying
black.
Coral, a marine zoophyte that be-
comes after removal from the water as
hard as a stone, and of a fine red color.
It is found in the Mediterranean and in
the Ethiopic Ocean, about Cape Ne-
gro.
Cordage, a term used in general for
all sorts of cord, made use of in rigging
ships.
Cork, the bark of a species of oak
Tvliich growi in Spain, Portugal and on
URA
the Fr«nch side of the Pyrenean moun-
tains.
Cornelian, a precious stone of which
there are tiiree kinds, red, yellow and
white. The finest cornelians are those
of the E. Indies; but very beautiful
ones are found in many parts of Eu-
rope.
Cotton, a soft downy substance found
on the gossypium or cotton-tree. It is
separated from the seeds of tlie plant by
a mill, and then spun and prepared for
all sorts of fine work, as stockings,
quilts, &c. Cotton was found indigen-
ous in America. North and S. Ameri-
ca, Egypt and India produce most of
the cotton consumed, and the greater
part is manufactured in England and
the U. States. The cotton gin is a ma-
chine invented by Mr. Whitney, aa
American, for the purpose of cleansing
cotton.
Crape, a light, transparent stuff, like
gauze, made of raw silk, gummed and
twisted on the mill, and woven with-
out crossing. It is manufactured in
France and various parts of G. Britain.
Cream of Tartar, a combination of
tartaric acid with potash. It comes to
us from Leghorn, and other parts of
Italy.
Crystal, the name of a very large class
of fossils, hard, pellucid, and naturally
colorless.
Currants, a smaller kind of grapes,
brought principally from Zante and
Cephalonia.
Chircuma, a plant which is native of
India. The root communicates a beau-
tiful but perishable yellow dye, with
alum.
Cypress, the cypress tree is a dark
colored evergreen, which grows abun-
dantly in the western parts of the U.
States. The name of this tree is de-
rived from the island of Cyprus, in the
Mediterranean, where it still grows in
great luxuriance.
DAMASK, an ingeniously manufac-
tured stuff, the ground of which is
bright and glossy, with vines, flowers,
and figures interwoven. It is made in
France and other countries of Europe ;
and is also brought from India and Chi-
na.
Dates, the fruit of the date palm, a
tree inhabiting the north of Africa, and
which is also cultivated in Italy and
Spain. This fruit is an oval, soft, fleshy
drupe, having a very hard stone, with a
longitudinal furrow on one side, and
when fresh, possesses a delicious per-
fume and taste.
Diamond, a precious stone which has
been known from the remotest ages.
It is the hardest of all bodies ; the best
tempered steel makes no impression on
it. T\\e first water in diamonds means
the greatest purity and perfection of
their complexion, which ought to be
that of the purest water. Diamond-
mines are found chiefly in the E. Indies ;
and in Brazil, in S. America.
Diaper, a sort of fine flowered linen
commonly used in table-cloths, nap-
kins, &c.
Dimity, a species of Cross-barred stuff
entirely composed of cotton, similar in
fabric to fustian.
Dock, in maritime aftairs, is an artifi-
cial basin, by the side of a harbor, made
convenient either for the building or
repairing of ships. It is of two sorts:
1. Dry dock, where the water is kept
o\it by great flood-gates, till the ship is
built or repaired, when the gates are
opened, and the water let in to float
and launch her. 2. Wet docks, a place
into which the ship may be hauled, out
of the tide's way, and so dock herself,
or sink for herself a place to lie in
Donm, the fine feathers from the
breasts of several birds, particularly
that of the duck kind. That of the
eider duck is the most valuable.
Drab, a sort of thick woollen cloth,
woven purposely for great ctuKs.
FUR
Dragon's Blood, a gummy resinont
substance, which is brought from the E.
Indies. A no ution of dragon's blood
in spirit ot wine is usee* ?>r staining
marble, to which it gives m •..d tinge.
Drawback, in commerce, an allow-
ance made to merchants on the reex-
portation of certain goods, which in
some cases consists of the whole, in
others of a part, of the duties which bad
been paid upon the importation.
Drug, in a commercial sense, is ap-
plied to every article of a medicinal na-
ture, Ruch as gums, jalap, senna, &c.
Duck, a sort of strong brown cloth,
used chiefly by sail-makers. The best
comes from Russia.
EBOJVY WOOD, is brought from the
Indies, exceedingly hard, and heavy,
susceptible of a very fine polish. The
best is a jet black, free of veins and
rind, very massive, astringent, and of
an acrid, pungent taste.
Embargo, an arrest on ships or mer-
chandise, by public authority.
Emerald, one of the most beautiful of
all the class of colored gems ; when
perfect its color is a pure green. Em-
eralds are found in the E. Indies and
in many parts of America ; they are also
met with in Silesia, Bohemia and other
parts of Europe.
Emery, in natural history, a rich iron-
ore found in large masses, extremely
hard and very heavy. It is imported
from the island of Naxos, where it ex-
ists in great abundance, and is also
found in many parts of Europe.
Famine, a valuable fur which is ob-
tained from a species of weasel, abound-
ing in all the cold countries, especially
Russia, Norway and Lapland. The fur
is short, soft, and silky, and is in great
request. The common weasel of the
United States is white in winter, and is
the proper ermine of Europe.
Ether, a very volatile fluid produced
by the distillation of alcohol with an
acid.
FEATHERS, make a considerable
article of commerce, being principally
used for plumes, ornaments, filling of
beds, writing-pens, &c. Eiderdown is
imported from Denmark ; the ducks
that supply it being inhabitants of Hud-'
son's Bay, Greenland, Iceland, Nor-
way and N. America.
Felucca, a little vessel with oars, fre-
quent in the Mediterranean.
Figs, the best are those which come
from" Turkey, packed in cases. Many
are brought from Faro of a small aad
inferior kind, also from the south of
France. Vast quantities are exported
from Spain and Portugal.
Flannel, a kind of slight, loose, wool-
len stuff", composed of a woof and warp,
and woven on a loom with two treadles,
after the manner of baize. The flan-
nels of England and of Wales are most
esteemed.
Flaz, a plant which is cultivated prin-
cipally for the fibres yielded by tha
bark, of which linen cloth is made.
The seeds yield an oil well known in
commerce, under the name of linseed
oil. Flax IS now extensively cultivated
in the U. States, and its various pro-
ducts have become with us important
articles of commerce.
Flour, the meal of wheat-corn, finely
ground and sifted.
Fossil, in chemistry, denotes, in gen-
eral, all things dug out of the earth, ei-
ther native or extraneous.
Fox-Skins, an article of considerable
export from N. America, employed in
the making of muffs, tippets, &c.
Fuller^s Earth, a species of clay, of a
grayish ash colored brown, in all de-
grees from very pale to almost black,
and it has generally something of a
greenish cast. It is used by fullers to
take grease out of their cloth before they
apply the soap.
Fur, the skins of quadrupeds, which
are lireaset^ A'ith aluni wiUiout d«|>riv-
3Z
RON
\ng them of their hair ; the siclns chiefly
uaed are thoseof the sable, erniine, bear,
bpaver, hare, &c. 'J'hey are principally
exported froin N. America and Kiissia.
Fitstiaii, a kind of cotton stuif, which
seems as if it was waled or ribbed on
one side ; the principal mannfacture of
vhis article is carried on at Manchester,
in England, and its neighborhood.
Fustic, a yellow wood, used in dying,
principally brought from the islands of
Barbadoes, Tobago, &c. The color it
yields is a fine golden yellow.
OAUiJ^GAL, a root which is brought
(Vom China It is an excellent stom-
achic.
• Oalbanum, a gnm issuing from the
stem of an umbelliferous plant, growing
lu Persia and many parts of Africa.
Oaleon, a sort of ship employed in
Spain, in the commerce of the VV. In-
dies.
Oalloon, a narrow, thick kind of fer-
ret or lace, used to edge or border
clothes, sometimes made of wool or
thread, and at others of gold or silver,
but commonly of mohair or silk.
OatU, are tumors, produced by the
punctures of insects on several species
oftlieoak tree. Other trees are liable
to the same accidents, and produce galls
of various forms and sizes, but those of
the oak only are used in medicine, and
for the purposes of dying and making
ink. Tlie galls which come from Alep-
po are the most valuable.
Oainbo^e, a gum resin, of a deep yel-
low or orange color, brought chiefly
from Cambodia in the E. Indies.
Oamcl, a very beautiful gem of a red
color, with an admixture of blue.
Oas, among chemists, a term made
use of to denote all tlie aerial and per-
manently elastic fluids, except the at-
mospheric air.
Oaine, a very slight, thin, open kind
of stufl', made of silk, sometimes of
tl^read , there are also figured gauzes,
and some with gold or silver flowers on
a silk ground ; the latter come to us
principally from China.
Oenena, or Oin, an ordinary malt spirit,
distilled a second time, with the addi-
tion of Juniper berries. Holland is noted
for distilling the finest Geneva.
Oentian, a plant of the mountainous
parts of Germany, the roots of which
are used in medicine.
O-inger, a knotty, flattish root, of a
fibrous substance and of a pale or yel-
lowish color. It grows in moist places
in various parts of tropical Asia and the
B. Indies, and has been cultivated to
aome extent in the W. Indies, particu-
larly in Jamaica.
dinseng, a plant, the root of which
has long been celebrated among the
Chinese, entering into the composition
of almost every medicine nsed by the
nigher classes. It was formerly sup-
posed to grow exclusively in Chinese
Tartary ; but it has now been long
Known that this plant is also a native of
iV America, in the vicinity of the Alle-
ghany mountains.
GLixs, a transparent, brittle, factitious
body, produced by the action of fire upon
1 fissd salt and sand, or stone, that
readily melts. It is manufactured in
almost every country.
Oo:d, a tnetal of a yellow color, in
specific gravity next to platina, possess-
ing great lustre, malleability, and duc-
tility. Europe is mostly supplied with
gold from Chili and Peru in S. America;
though a small quantity is likewise im-
ported from China and the coast of Af-
■Ica. In the U. States, gold mines
'.bound in Virginia, N. Carolina, Geor-
.'la, and other southern states, and have
een worked to a considerable extent.
(iiiJUchid, a sort of money, or rather a
mail ingot of gold which comes from
'hina
Grain, signifies the fruit or seed grow-
ing in a spike or ear, in which sense it
comprehends every species of corn, as
wheat, rye, barley, oats, &c.
Grampus, a fish of the whale kind.
Grapes, a well known fruit produced
from the vine. It is of various colors
when ripe, but the principal are tlie
green and purple. VVe import vast quan-
tities of green grapes from Malaga and
other parts of Spain.
Guaiacuni, a medicinal wood, extreme-
ly hard and solid, of a dense, compact
texture and a yellowish color. The
bark is also used in medicine ; and there
is a substance sold under the name of
gum guaiacum, which is used for a sim-
ilar purpose. We obtain giiaiucum prin-
cipally from the W. Indies and S. Ame-
rica.
Gum Arabic, a substance which ex-
udes from the Egyptian acacia, and is
brought chiefly from the Levant.
Gum, Elastic, or Caoutchouc. This
substance, usually termed India rubber,
is prepared from the juice of a tree grow-
ing in Cayenne, and other parts of S.
America.
Gunpowder, a composition of nitre,
sulphur, and ciiarcoal, mixed together
and granulated.
Gypsum, or Plaster- Stone, native sul-
phate of lime. It is found in difierent
parts of Europe and America.
I/ARTSJIORM, the entire horns of
the male deer as separated from the
head. The chemical analysis of harts-
horn yields a water highly impregnated
with a volatile salt, which is called
spirit of hartshorn.
Hellebore, a genus of plants allied to
and resembling the ranunculus. There
are ten species. By distillation a poi-
sonous oil may be obtained from the
root.
Hemp, a plant which grows wild in
the E. Irjdies and some parts of Ameri-
ca, and is valuable for the various uses
of its seed and the fibres of its bark ;
— the latter being made into cordage,
ropes, cables and cloth of every quality.
Though cultivated to some extent in the
U. States, it still forms a large .article of
import from Europe, and particularly
from Russia.
Hides, the skins of beasts ; particu-
larly applied to those of large cattle, as
bullocks, cows, &c. Those from S
America are in best repute.
Hock, a German wine of exquisite fla-
vor when old. The best comes from
Frankfort on the Maine.
Hops, a plant which is a native of Eu-
rope, Siberia, and N. America. It is
used principally in the manufacture of
beer, and is raised extensively both in
England and the V. States.
Horehnund, a labiate plant, with whit-
ish, cottony leaves and stem, now na-
turalized in the U. States, and growing
on the banks of ponds, &c. Its juice
imparts a permanent dye to wool, silk
and linen, and is of use in pulmonary
complaints.
Hungary Water, so called from a
queen of Hungary, is made by distil-
ling in balneo, fresh-gathered flowers of
rosemary, two pounds, rectified spirits
of wine, two quarts.
HtiacintJi, a pellucid gem of a red co-
lor with a mixture of yellow.
Hydromel, a fermented liquor, made
of honey and water.
Hydrometer, an instrument used for
determining the specific gravities of
liquids.
ICRLAJ\rr) MOSS, a species of lichen
growing in the arctic regions of Europe,
and also abundant in the Aloine region
of the White mountains of N. Hamp-
shire. It is an article of commerce, and
often employed in pharmacy, in the
composition of pectoral lozenges, svruos
KER
Indigo, a dye prepared from the leaves
and small branches of tiitj Indigofert
tiiictoria. It is cultivated in N. and S
America and both the Indies. A bas-
tard sort of indigo may be ot'.ained from
the isatis tinctoria or woad.
Ingiit, a mass of gold or silver from
the iniues, melted and cast into a sort
of mould, but neither coined nor
wrought.
Iodine, a substance which may be ob-
tained from a variety of sea-weeds and
fungi, and in great abunfance from kelp
It is a deadly poison.
Ipecacuanha, a drug brought from S
America, and much used in medicine.
Iridium, a metal discovered in the ore
of platina, by M. Tennant. It is of a
white color, brittle, and difficult of fu-
sion.
Iron, the most valuable of all metals.
It is common to all parts of the United
States and most of the countries of the
globe. We import much iron from Eng-
land and Sweden.
Iron tVood, a species of wood of a red-
dish cast, so called on account of its
corroding as that metal does, and its
being remarkably hard and ponderous.
The tree which produces it grows prin-
cipally in the W. Indies, S. America
and some parts of Asia.
Isinglass, a gelatinous substance made
from certain fish found in the Danube,
and the rivers of Muscovy. It is brought
chiefly from Russia.
Ivory, the substance of the tusk of the
elephant. It is usually brought from
the coasts of Africa. The ivory of In-
dia is apt to lose its color, and turn yel-
low ; that of Acliem and Ceylon is the
most esteemed.
JADE, a species of Jasper.
Jalap, a root so called from being
principally brought from the envinma
of Xalapa. It is much employed in me
dicine.
Japanning, the art of varnishing and
painting ornaments on wood, metals,
&c., in the same manner as is done by
the natives of Japan.
Jasper, a stone found in the E. Indies
and China, and an ingredient in the
composition Of many mountains. It oc
curs usually in large amorphous masses,
and its colors are various. It is used in
the formation of seals, and when pol-
ished is very beautiful.
Jaiel, a precious stone of a fine blue
color, found in the E. Indies.
Jet, a black, inflammable, bituminous
substance, susceptible of a good polish,
and becoming electrical by rubbing. It
occurs in different parts of Europe, and
is found at South Hadley, Mass., in the
coal formation.
Jujubes, the fruit of a tree which
grows in Languedoc, Provence, the is-
lands of Hieies, in several parts of Ita-
ly, and in India and Persia. It ischief-
ly used in medicine, nearly for the same
purposes as the common fig: a paste is
prepared from it, which is of efficacy in
pulmonary complaints.
KALI, "a genus of marine plpnts,
which are burnt to procure alkali.
Keel, the lowest piece of timber in a
ship, running her whole length, from
the lower part of her stem to the lower
part of her stern-post.
Kelp, the calcined ashes of a plant
called by the same name. The prepa-
ration of kelp is carried on to a great
extent in Scotland and Ireland.
Kcrmes, an insect of the genus called,
in natural history, coccus. It is prin-
cipally used in dying, on account of its
imparting a fine scarlet or crimson color.
It is found in abundance in France anJ
Spain, and large quantities are brought
from the Levant.
Kersey, a species of coarse woollen
stuff, usually woven in ribs.
LTM
ICrtfX In naval architecture, a vessel
with two masts, usually applied to one
carrying bombs, or ratlier mortars.
Kiffekil, a mineral dug up near Konie
In Natolia, and employed in forming the
bowls of Turkish tobacco-pipes.
Kupfernickel, a sulphate of nickel, and
generally compounded of nickel, ar-
senic, and sulphate of iron.
LABRADOR STOME, a beautiful
Btone brought from the coast of Labra-
dor. Its color is commonly of a light
or of a deep gray, frequently blackish j
but when held in certain positions to
the light, it exhibits varieties of beauti-
ful inteinal colors, chiefly green and
blue.
Lac, or Oum Lac, the product of the
coccus lacca, an insect, which deposits
its eggs on the branches of a tree called
Bihar in Assam. Lac possesses the
properties of a resin, and is the basis of
many varnishes, and of the finest kinds
of sealing wax. The best is amber-co-
lored and transparent.
Lace, a species of net-work, made of
silk, thread, or cotton. The best laces
come from Holland.
Lacker, a varnish applied to brass,
tin, and other metals, to improve their
color.
Lacrmut, a plant which yields a yellow
dye-stuff: it is a species of moss, and
comes from France, Holland and the is-
lands of Candia and Teneriffe.
Lapis Lazuli, a sort of stone from
which that celebrated color, ultramarine,
is made. It is found in many parts, but
that of .4.sia and Africa is superior.
Larboard, among seamen, the left-
band side of the ship, when yoii stand
with your face towards the head.
Latitude, the distance of any place
from the equator, measured upon the
meridian in degrees, minutes, and sec-
onds: all places lying underthe equator
are said to have no latitude ; and all
others to have north or south latitude,
according to their situation with respect
to the equator. The complement of lati-
tude is the difference between the lati-
tude itself and 90°, or as much as the
place itself is distant from the pole ; and
this complement is always equal to the
elevation of the equator above the hori-
zon of the place. The elevation of the
pole of any place is equal to the latitude
itself.
iMva, the fused stony substance which
issues from volcanoes.
Lavender, a fragrant plant, native of
the S. of Europe, and now commonly
cultivated in our gardens. The water
drawn from the flowers by distillation
is an agreeable perfume.
Lawn, a sort of clear or open worked
cambric manufactured in France and
Flanders, also in Scotland and the N.
of Ireland.
Laiaretto, a public building, hospital
or pest-house, for the reception of those
afflicted with contagious disorders. The
Lazaretto of Marseilles is the finest in
the world.
, /.ead, one of the perfect metals. It is
vf a dull white, inclining to a blue color ;
and although the least ductile and sono-
rous, it is the heaviest of metallic bo-
dies, excepting mercury, gold and pla-
tina. It is found abundantly in differ-
ent parts of Europe and in N. and S.
America. The lead mines of Missouri
are very productive.
/,(!«, an epithet to distinguish that
half of the horizon, to which the wind
is directed from the other part whence
it arises, which latter is called to wind-
ward.
Lemnian Earth, a clay of a pale red
color, which has its name from the is-
land of Lemnos, where it is dug. When
genuine, it is a good medicine in some
diseases.
Lemons, the fruit of the lemon-tree,
growing in great abundance in Sicily,
Spain and Portugal. The ports of Lis-
bon and Malaga are the principal sbip-
1.0a
plng-places of lemons ; the shipping of
fruit from these places commences about
the middle of September, and continues
until the February following, after which
time the article becomes scarce and
dear. The lemons of the Bermuda is-
lands are large and of a delicious flavor.
Tlin island of Zante abounds in lemons
of a great size. Lemons are invariably
shipped while their color is green, and
they generally become quite yellow ere
they reach this country.
Lentisk, the tree which produces the
resin called mastich. It grows in the
S. of Europe.
Lichen, or Liverieort, a species of moss
found in different parts of France, and
in the Canary and Cape de Verd is-
lands. It is useful in dying, and also as
a food or medicine.
Light-Hottse, a tower on an eminence
upon the seacoast, or at the entrance of
some port or river, for the direction of
ships in dark nights, by means of an
illumination.
Lignum Kite, a species of wood of great
utility both for turnery and in pharma-
cy. The tree which produces it grows
in most of the W. India islands, but es-
pecially in Hayti and Saint Croix.
Lime, one of those earthy substances,
which exist in every part of the world.
It is found purest in limestone, marble
and chalk. None of these substances
are lime, but are capable of becoming so
by burning in a white heat. Lime may
aiso be obtained by burning calcareous
spars, or by dissolving oyster shells in
muriatic acid. ,;,
Limes, a species of lemon, which
grows plentifully in the W. Indies, and
is also to be met with in the S. of Eu-
rope.
Linen, a cloth of very extensive use
made of flax. The chief countries in
which it is manufactured ar« Russia,
Germany, Switzerland, Flaiiders, Hol-
land, Scotland and Ireland. The flax-
seed is chiefly procured from America.
LinseijwooUey, a coarse cloth made of
flax, or hemp, and wool mixed, and
much worn by the peasantry' of Scot-
land, Wales, &c.
Liquid Amber, a resinous juice, flow-
ing from a large tree, which grows in
Virginia, Mexico, and olher parts of
America.
Liquorice, a root which grows wild in
many parts of France, Italy, Spain, and
Germany, and is cultivated in England.
Bayonne and Saragossa in Spain sup-
ply the best. The inspissated juice of
the liquorice-root is exported in rolla,
or cakes, usually covered with bay
leaves from Spain and Holland.
hisbon Wine, a white wine, of a fine
sweet flavor, which usually comes from
the city of that name.
Litliarge, an oxide of lead.
Litkina, an alkali in the mineral call-
ed petal ite.
Lithography, the art of printing from
stone.
Load, or Lode, in mining, a word used
especially in the tin-mines, for any reg-
ular vein or course, whether metallic or
not, but most commonly load means a
metallic vein.
Loadstone, a hard mineral body of a
dark gray color with a metallic lustre,
and possessed of the property of attract-
ing iron. This singular substance has
likewise the wonderful property of turn-
ing to the pole when suspended, and
left at liberty to move freely. Upon this
remarkable circumstance the mariner's
compass depends, an instrument which
gives us such advantages over the an-
cients. The natural loadstone has the
quality of communicating its properties
to iron nnd steel. It is found in con-
siderable masses in the N. of Europe,
China, Siam, and the Phillippine isles.
Loo-wood, a hard and compact wood
of a fine grain and so heavy as to sink
in water. Its predominant color is red,
tinged with orange, yellow, and black.
MAS
Its chief use is for dying. This wood
is likewise called India, Jamaica and
Campeachy wood, from the places where
it grows most plentifully.
Longitude, in navigation, the distance
of a ship or place, east or west, from
another, reckoned in degrees fiom the
equator. It has become a conventional
usage to reckon longitude from Green-
wich, near London.
Lugger, a sort of vessel usually heavi-
ly built, and rigged with a squaie sail.
Lumber, in the coasting trade, means
stowage-wood and small timber ; as
spars, joists, boards, planks, shingles,
hoopsj staves, &c. Maine exports vast
quantities of lumber
Lustring, or Lutestring, a speciea c/
light, shilling silk.
Lycopodium, the fine dust of lycopo-
diiim or club-moss, is sometimes called
on account of its great inflammability,
vegetable sulphur. It is commim In
mountainous places and in forests of
fir-trees ; and when strewed in the air
takes rtre from a candle and burns like
a flash of lightning. It is i^sed in thea-
tres.
MACE, one of the exterior coverings
of the nutmeg. It is a warm aromatic,
and usually comes from the E. ndies,
in glass or porcelain vessels.
Mackerel, a fish, native of the Euro-
pean and American seas, generally ap-
pearing at stated seasons, and swarm-
ing in vast shoals round particular
coasts.
Madder, the root of the rubia tincto-
ruin, a substance extensively employed
in dying. It grows most abundantly in
Holland.
Madeira, a well known white wine,
deriving its name from the island where
it IS made.
Magnesia, a white and spongy sub-
stance usually obtained by the decom-
position of the sulphate of magnesia. It
IS much used in medicine.
Mahogany, the timber of a tree, which
is a native of the warmest parts of Ame-
rica, and grows in many of the W. In-
dia islands. It is hard, takes a fine
polish, and answers better than any
other sort of wood, in all kinds of cabi-
net ware.
Maiie, a kind of Indian corn, exten-
sively cultivated in the U. States, and
used for making bread, &c.
Malachite, a green carbonate of cop-
per.
Jlfa7t, aterm applied to grain prepared
after a particular manner, for brewing
the various kinds of beer.
Manganese, a brilliant metal, of a
darkish white color, very brittle, of con-
siderable hardness, and difficult of fu-
sion. It is found in America and vari-
ous parts of Europe.
Manna, a substance obtained from
several vegetables : but the ash, the
larch, and the alhagi afford it in the
largest quantities. The best manna
comes from Sicily.
Marble, a kind of stone of various
colors, composed chiefly of lime, found
in great masses, and dug out of pits and
quarries. It abounds in Mass. and other
parts of the U. States, and in all the
countries of Europe.
Marie, an earthy stibstance of seve-
ral varieties, useful as a manure.
Marmots, likewise called Alpine mice,
are rather bigger than the rabbit, and
are valuable on account of their skins.
They abound in Europe, Kamtschatka
and America.
Marten, an animal of a dark tawny
color, with a white throat and a bushy
tail. Its general length is about a f(-)l
and a half, and it is prized for its skin.
The finest marten-skins are obtained in
N. America, Russia, Norway, and the '
Levant.
Massicot, white lead calcined ovcy >
moderate fire.
Mastic, a resin obtained from the les-
ser turpentine tree and the lentisctu
HON
It comM from Turkey and the isU of
Ohio.
Mead, an agreeable beverage made
chiefly of honey and water.
Mechoacariy a root of a plant of the
convolvulus kind, brought from the pro-
vince of Mechoacan in S. America.
Mercury, a metallic substance, fluid
at the common temperature, having the
appearance and brilliancy of melted sil-
ver. It is found in Spain, Germany,
China and S. America.
Meiiotinto, a kind of graving so nam-
ed, as nearly resembling paint, the
word importing half-painted.
Mica, a stone which forms the essen-
tial part of many mountains, and con-
sists of a great number of thin lamJtite
adhering to each other, sometimes of a
very large size. It has long been em-
ployed as a substitute for glass.
Minium, in the arts, red lead or oxide
of lead.
Mirobolans, a smjill purgative fruit of
considerable utility in pharmacy, and
brought from India.
Mohair, the soft and silvery hairs of
the Mohair goat, which is a native of
Angora. It is woven into camlets and
other manufactures.
Molasses, the gross fluid matter that
remains of sugar after crystallizing.
Money, the following table embraces
an account of the principal foriegn mo-
nies, with their values in British ster-
ling.
N. B. That c stands for Copper ; s for
Silver ; o for Gold ; and those marked *,
are imaginary, as the I'ound sterling of
England.
GREAT BRITAIN.
£. s. d.
A Farthing c 1-4
2 qrs. make a Halfpen-
ny c 1-2
2 Halfpence, a Penny c 1
6d., a Half-Shilling a 6
12d., a Shilling 9 10
Qs. 6d., a Half Crown §026
5s., a Crown 9 5
78. Piece, 1-3 of a Gui-
nea o 7
lOs., a Half-Sovereign o 10
lOs. Gd., a Half-Gui-
nea o ■ 10 6
203., a Sovereign o 10
20s., a Pound sterling * 1
21s., a Guinea a 110
FRANCE.
Paris, Lyons, Bordeaux, ^c.
OLD MONIES.
A Denier c 1-94
3 Deniers make a Liard c 1-S
2 Liarda, a Dardene c 1-4
12 Deniers, a Sous c 1-2
20 Sous, a Livre of Ex-
change * 10
60 Sous, an Ecu of Ex-
change s 2 6
6 Livres, an Ecu s 5
10 Livres, a Pistole * 8 4
24 Livres, a Louis d'Oro 1
NEW MONIES.
A Centime * 1-10
S Centime Piece c 1-2
A Decline Piece e 1
A Franc s 10
2 Franc Piece s 18
15 Sol Piece ■ 7 1-2
30 Sol Piece s 13
5 Franc Piece s 4 2
10 Franc Piece a 8 4
80 Franc Piece o 16 8
A Louis d'Or o 10
SPAIN.
At Malaga, Oibraltar, Denia, t[C.
RIALS VELON.
A Maravedi * 23-272
S Maravedies make an
Octavo c 23-136
4 Maravedies, a Quartilc 23-68
34 Maravedies, a Rial
Velon * 2 7-8
512 Maravedies, a Pias-
tre s 3 7
15 Rials, a Piastre of Ez-
•bange • 3 7
HON *
60 Rials, a Pistole of Ex-
change G 14 4
78 Rials, a Pi-stole o 16
2048 Maravedies, a Pis-
tole of Exchange * 16
PORTUGAL.
A Ree or Eea * 27-400
10 Rez make a Half Vin-
tem c 27-40^
20 Rez, a Vintem c 1 7 20
5 Vintems, a Testoon s 6 3-4
4 Testoens, a Crusade
of Exchanges 2 3
24 Vintems, a New Cru-
sade s 2 8 2-5
10 Testoons,or 1000 Rez,
a Milre * 5 7 1-2
48 Testoons, a Moidore a 1 7
64 Testoons, a Joannes o 1 16
DENMARK AND NORWAY.
Copenhagen, Sound, Bergen, Drontheim,
fyc.
A Skillingc 9-16
6 Skilllngs make a Drug-
gen s 3 3 8
16 Skillings, a Slet
Marc * 9
20 Skillings, a Rix Marc s 11 1-4
24 Skillings, a llix Ort s 1 1 1-2
4 Marcs, a Crown s 3
6 Marcs, a Rix Dollar 9 4 6
11 Marcs, a Ducat g 8 3
SWEDEN AND FINLAND.
Slockholm, Vpsal, t(c.
A Runstic * 7-30
3 Runsiics make a Sti-
ver c 7 7-18
8 Runstics, a Copper
Marc c 15-9
3 Copper Marcs, a Silver
Marc 9 4 2-3
4 Ditto, a Copper Dol-
lar c 6 2-9
9 Ditto, a Caroline s 12
3 Copper Dollars, a Sil-
ver Dollar 9 16 2-3
3 Silver Dollars, a Rix
Dollar 9 4 8
2 Rix Dollars, a Ducat o 9 4
RUSSIA.
Petersburir, Archangel, Moscow, Sfc,
A Poliisca * 22-208
2 Poluscas make a De-
nusca c 97-100
2 Denuscas, a Copec * 27 50
3 Copecs, an Altin c 1 31-50
10 Copecs, a Grivener s 5 2-5
25 Copecs, a Polpotin s 1 11-2
50 Copecs, a Poltin s 2 3
100 Copecs, a Ruble s 4 6
2 1-4 Rubles, a Czarvo-
nitch o 10 1 1-2
5 Rubles, an Imperial o 12 6
10 Rubles, a Double Im-
perial a 2 5
HOLLAND.
Amsterdam, Rotterdam, t(c.
A Pening* 21-320
SPeningsmakeaGrotec 21-40
2 Grotes, a Stiver s 1 1-20
6 Stivers, a Schelling 9 6 3-10
20 Stivers, a Guilder, or
Florin s 19
28 Stivers, a Golden
Florin 2 5 1-10
50 Stivers, a Rix Dol-
lar s 4 4 1-10
60 Stivers, a Draiiifuil-
der s "^ 5 3
3 Florins and 3 Stivers,
a Dncatoon a 7 6
105 Stivers, a Ducat o 9 3
6 Guilders, a Pound
Flemish * 10 6
7 Florins, a Half-Beyer o 12 3
14 Florins, a Reyer o 14 6
ITALY.
Leghorn, Florence, S;c.
A Denari c 5-144
4 Denari make a Q,ua-
trini c 6 .5 36
12 Denari, a Soldi c 5-12
5 Quatrini, a Craca c 25-36
8 Cracas, a Cluilo s 5 5-9
20 Soldi, a Lira * 8 1-3
6 Llras, a Piastre of Ex-
change o 4 3
MUS
7 1-2 Liras, a Ducat o 5 2 1-4
22 Liras, a Pistole o 15 6
SWITZERLAND.
Oeneva, ^-c.
A Denier* 13S
2 Deniers make a De-
niere Current c 1-16
12 Deniers, a Small
Sol c 3-8
12 Deniers Current, a
Sol Current c 3-4
12 Small Sols, a Florin * 4 1-9
12 Sols Current, a Livre *
Current * •IS
10 1-2 Florins, a Pata- •
con 9 3 11 1-4
15 3-4 Florins, a Croi-
sade 9 6 10 7-?
24 Florins, a Ducat 9 9
GERiMANY.
Hamburg, Bremen, Mtuna, Lubeck, tfu
A Tryling * 9-121
2 Trylings make a Sex-
ling * 3-64
2 Sexlings, a Fening c 3-^
12 Fenings, a Sheling
Lubs s 11-8
16 Shelings,a Marc* 16
2 Marcs, a Slet Dollar s 3
3 Marcs, a Rix Dollar s 4 6
6 1-4 Marcs, a Ducat a 9 4 1-2
120 Shelings, a Pound
Flemish * 116
TURKEY.
Constantinople, Smyrna, Cyprus, S^c,
A Man gar c 3-20
4 Mangars make an As-
per * 3-5
3 Aspers, a Para s 14-5
5 Aspers, a Bestic s 3
10 Asperr., an Ostic § 6
20 Aspers, a Solota s 10
80 Aspers, a Piastre * 4
100 Aspers, a Cara-
grouch s 5
10 Solotas, a Xeriff a 10
INDIA.
Calcutta, Calicut, Sfc.
A Pice c 5-32
4 Pices make a Fanam c 5-8
6 Pices, a Viz c 15-16
12 Pices, an Ana s 17-8
10 Anas, a Fiano s 16 3-4
16 Anas, a Rupee s 2 6
2 Rupees, an English
Crown s 5
2 Rupees, a French
Crown s 5
56 Anas, a Pagoda o 8 9
CHINA.
Pekin, JVankin, Canton, 4'c.
A Caxa, Cachea, or
Caya * 2-25
10 Caxa make a Canda-
reen c 4-5
10 Candareens,a Mace 8 8
35 Candareens, a Ru-
pee 9 S 3
2 Rupees, a Dollar s 4 6
70 Candareens, a Rix
Dollar 9 4 4 1-2
7 Maces, a French
Crown 9 4 8
2 Rupees, an English
Crown 9 5
10 Maces, a Tale * 6 8
Moresco, a kind of carving, painting,
&c., done in the manner of the Moors.
Mnrocro, a fine kind of leather pre-
pared of the skin of an animal of th«
goat kind, and imiHirted from the Le-
vant, Barhary, &c.
Morphine, an alkali salt obtained from
•pinm.
Mosaic, an assemblage of little pieces
of glass, marble, precious stones, &c.,
of various colors, rut square, and ce-
mented on a ground of stucco.
Mother of Pearl, the shell of a muscle,
dwelling in the ocean of either Indies.
Muscadine, a rich wine of the growth
of Provence, Languedoc and other parts
of France.
Mvsk, a substance found in a bag, sit-
uated in the umbilical region of the
moschus mociferous, and used as a
ORA
perfiime. It is also obtained from tlie
civet or musk cat.
Musk-Seed, the seed of a plant which
grows in the W. Indies, and yields an
^ odor precisely liice real musk.
* Moulin, a tine, thin sort of cotton
cloth, which bears a downy nap on its
surface. The best comes from India.
Must, the juice of the grape previous
to fermentation.
Myrrh, a gum resin, brought from the
E. Indies and from Smyrna and Alep-
po.
JVAJVKEEM", or JVanking, a species of
cotton cloth closely woven. It takes its
name from a city in China, wliere the
reddish thread of which the stuff is
made is spun.
JVaptka, an oil, which issues out of
white, yellow, or black clays, in Persia
and Media.
A'eap Tides, those tides which hap-
pen when the moon is in the first and
last quarters, being low, when compared
to spring tides.
M'epliritic Wood, a wood of a very
dense and compact texture, brought
from New Spain. It is a diuretic.
JVicaraffua fVood, a dye-wood of a very
bright red color, brought from Nicara-
gua.
JVickel, a semi-metal, found common-
ly in mines of cobalt.
M'iiizin, a root of a pale brown color,
and of an acrid, astringent taste. It is
collected on the mountains of Corea.
J^iitmeg, the kernel of a large fruit not
unlike the peach. The best nutmegs
are brought from the E. Indies in stone
jars. The round nutmeg is preferred to ■
that which is oblong.
J\ruT. Vomica, the seed of the officinal
strychnos, a native of the E. Indies. It
is among the most powerful poisons of
the narcotic kind.
OMKUM^ old ropes untwisted, and
pulled out into loose hemp, in order to
be used in caulking the seams of ships,
&.C.
Ochres, combination of earths with
the oxide of iron ; they are of various
colors, and are principally employed as
pigments.
Offiiicr, that part of the sea a good dis-
tance from shore, where there is deep
water, and no need of a pilot to conduct
the ship.
Olive, a fruit which yields a large
quantity of oil, the produce of the olea,
olive-tree. It is a native of the south-
ern parts of Europe, and is cultivated in
great quantities in the S. of France, It-
aly and Portugal. Olives have an acrid,
bitter and disagreeable taste : pickled
« they prove more palatable. The Lucca
f olives, which are smaller than the
others, have the weakest taste ; the
Spanish, or larger, the strongest ; the
Provence, whicli are of a middling size,
are generally the most esteemed.
Oiiyz, one of the semi pellucid gems,
with variously colored zones, but none
red. It is found in the E. Indies and
different parts of America.
> Opal, a stone of the quartz family,
■^ found in many parts of Europe, espe-
cially in Hungary. When first dug out
of the earth it is soft, but it hardens and
diminishes in bulk by exposure to the air.
Opium, is obtained from the white
poppy, a plant which is extensively cul-
tivated in Turkey and India. It is a
jowerful narcotic.
Opnbalsamum, the juice of a tree called
Celpasi. It resembles myrrh, and is
poison taken internally.
Opodeldoc, a solution of soap in alco-
aol, with the addition of camphor and
rolatile oils.
Opoponaz, a resin obtained- from a
plant crowing in the Levant.
Oranges, the fruit of the orange-tree,
which flourishes in the S. of Europe and
the VJ. States, and in both the Indies.
Great quantities of oranges are imported
from Seville. The island of JMalta fur-
kisnes oranges of a Hue flavor ; and they
W PHO
also come to great perfection in the W
Indies and the Azores.
Orchilla IVeed, a whitish moss, yield-
ing a rich purple tincture, used for dy-
ing. It is found in the islands of the
Archipelago, and also in those near the
African coast.
Ordnance, a general name for all sorts
<f great guns used in war.
Origanum, oil obtained from the leaves
of the wild marjoram. It is a cure for
the chilblains.
Orpiment, a semi metal, usually found
in copper mines.
Orris, a sweat scented powder, pro-
duced by pulverizing a root of the same
name. The root is white, and is brought
from Florence, in the neighborhood of
which city it grows spontaneously.
Orleon Iron, a particular sort of bars
of iron, made for the manufacture of
wire.
Ormium, a metal of a dark blue color,
which exists in platina.
Osnaburgh, a coarse linen cloth man-
ufactured in the city of that name.
Ostrich Feathers, the fine feathers of
the ostrich. They are brought from Af-
rica, particularly the coast of Barbary.
Otta, or Ottar of Roses, the essential
oil of roses. It comes to us under this
name from Bengal.
Oxygen, a simple substance, which
can only be obtained in combination
with other bodies or in a state of gas.
PjlLEJVI)jlR,a. kind of coasting ves-
sel.
Palladium, a metal of a white color,
which exists in the ores of platina.
Palm Oil, an oil obtained from the
nuts of a tree, which grows in most
parts of Asia, Africa and America, more
especially on the coast of Guinea, in the
Cape de Verd islands, and in Jamaica
and Barbadoes.
Panjonia, a species of crystal.
Paranthine, a stone of a variety of
colors, found in Norway.
Parchment, the skin of sheep or goats
prepared so as to render it proper for
writing upon, &c. The best parchment
is made in France.
Pareira Brava, a root of a dark color,
which comes from Brazil, and is used
in medicine.
Pargasite, a mineral of a green color
and transparent, lately found near Abo.
Parian Marble, the white marble from
the island of Paros, used to this day for
carving statues, &c.
Paul, the Indian flax.
Pearl Ashes, a kind of fixed alkaline
salt, prepared by mixing the ashes of
burnt wood with water, evaporating the
clear ley, and calcining them in an oven
moderately hot. Pearl ashes are chief-
ly prepared in N. America, Russia and
Hungary.
Pearls, hard, white, shining bodies,
usually round, found in various kinds
of testaceous fishes. The fish, in which
the largest and finest pearls are pro-
duced, is the E. India pearl-oyster. The
most remarkable pearl fisheries of Ame-
rica are in the Gulf of Mexico and along
the coast of Granada.
Pekoe, a species of Bohea tea.
Penguin, a fruit vftry common in the
W. Indies, of a sharp, acid flavor.
Pennants, or Pendants, those stream-
ers of a ship, which are split or divided
into two parts, ending in points.
Pepper, an aromatic berry, of a hot,
dry quality, chiefly used in seasoning
articles of food. The pepper plant flour-
ishes in the Islands of Java, Sumatra
and Ceylon, and more particularly on
the Malabar coast.
Perry, a beverage made from pears.
Petrol, a mineral oil, or species of bit-
umen, supposed to issue from tlie clefts
of rocks, and found floating on the wa-
ters of certain springs. It is obtained
in hot countries, and is used externally
in paralytic cases, &c.
Pewter, a factitious metal, the basis
of which is tin.
PYR
Phosphorus, a simple substance, mnch
resembling wax in consisti-nce, of a
faint straw color, and highly combustU
ble. It was discovered by a German
chemist, named Brandt, about 160 yean
since, and the preparation was long
kept a secret.
Picul, the Chinese quintal of 100
pounds.
Pilchards, a species of fish, similar to
the herring.
Pimento, the berries of a tree, which
grows spontaneously and in great abun-
dance in the island of Jamaica. It is
usually imported in bags and casks, and
is similar in smell and taste to cloves,
juniper-berries, cinnamon, and pepper,
or rather a peculiar mixture somewhat
akin to them, whence its name of all-
spice.
Pinchbeck a name given to one of the
many imitations of gold. It is maue by
melting yellow copper in various pro-
portions with red copper.
Pine Apple, the fruit of a plant which
grows spontaneously in S. America, Af-
rica and the Indies.
Pink, a vessel used at sea, masted and
rigged like other ships, only that it is
built with a round stern.
Pinnace, a small vessel used at sea,
with a square stern, chiefly employed as
a scout for intelligence, and for landing
of men, &c.
Pistachio, the fruit of the pistachia
terebinthus, a kind of turpentine tree.
It grows naturally in Arabia, Persia and
Syria ; also in Sicily, whence the nuts
are usually brought.
Pitch, a tenacious oily substance
drawn chiefly from pines and firs ; or it
is more properly tar, inspissated by boil-
ing it over a slow fire.
Plaid, a striped or variegated stuff*,
manufactured principally in Scotland.
Planks, thick strong boards, cut from
various kinds of wood, especially pine,
oak and fir.
Plaster of Paris, the sulphate of lime,
after being calcined.
Platina, the heaviest of all metals ; it
is met with in some abundance in S.
America and in Russia, where it has
been coined into money. Its color is that
of the purest silver.
Plumhago, black lead.
Plush, a kind of stuff composed chief-
ly of wool and goats' or camels' hair.
Pomegranate, a medicinal fruit, like
an apple or quince, full of seeds, enclos-
ed within a reddish pulp. It grows in
Spain , Italy and France , and S. America.
Poppy, a well known plant of several
species. That which produces opiuitt
is the white oflicinal poppy.
Porcelain, a fine kind of earthenware,
chiefly manufactured in China, and
thence called China ware.
Porphyn/, includes those stones which
contain either feltspar, scboerl, quartz,
mica, or crystals of any kind. Tt is
found of different colors, and occurs in
nearly every country.
Port, the name of a red wine, so call-
ed from Oporto, whence immense quan-
tities of the article are exported.
Potash, an alkaline salt, chiefly pro-
cured by lixiviation from the ashes of
burnt wood, and other vegetable sub'
stances.
Pounce, giim-sanderach, pounded and
sifted very fine.
Proa, in navigation, is a name given
to a vessel used in the South Seas. In
its construction, the head and stern are
alike, but the sides are different ; the
side Intended to be always the lee side
being flat, a""* ■"•e windward side made
rounding.
Prunes, plums dried in the mmshine
or in an oven. The best come from
France
Pumice-Stone, a light, rough and po-
rous stone, which is found in the great-
est abundance in the island ol I 'pari.
Pyrites, a genus of inflammable sub-
stances, composed of sulphur, which
3z2
&tTM
bas dissolved, or saturated itself with
metals.
Pifrop't, a mineral found in Bohemia,
Bt a de«'p red color, which passes to
orange, when exposed to the sun.
Pyrophonui, an artificial product, pre-
pared from alum by calcination, with
the addition of various intiaiuniable sub-
stances.
Pyrotechnics, the art of making fire-
Works.
^U^DRjiJVT, a mathematical in-
strument, of great use in navigation,
Jnr taking the altitudes of the sun, stars,
&c.
Quarantine, a detention which ships
undergo, when suspected of having on
board persons or goods infected with
contagion. The usual quarantine is 40
days.
Quartz, a mineral of the flint genus,
which is divided into five sub-species.
Quaasia, a tree growing in S. Ameri-
ca and tlie VV. Indies, the root, bark
and wood of which are used in medi-
cine, and by brewers to give a bitter
taste to their beer. It received its name
from (iuassi, a negro of Surinam, who
discovered its virtues.
Quercitron Bark, the bark of a species
of oak growing in Mass. and other parts
of N. America. It is used for dying
yellow.
RAGWORT, a native perennial plant
growing by roadsides, and flowering
from July to August. It imparts a fine
green color to wool.
Raisins, grapes prepared by suffering
them to remain oa the vine till they are
perfectly ripe, and then drying them In
the sun or by the heat of an oven. The
names by which raisins are distinguish-
ed among traders, are the following,
and the order in which they are placed
denotes their relative value, the first
being the most esteemed ; viz. Musca-
tels, sun or solis, bloom or jar. Belve-
dere, Denia or Malaga, Sultana, Lipari,
and Smyrna, black and red. The best
of tliese kinds are imported in boxes and
jars, and the inferior in mats. Spain
supplies great quantities of this article ;
and Malaga is the port whence they are
chiefly exported. Calabria furnishes the
finest of any part of Italy.
Rape Seed, the seed of the napus sta-
liva, from which a useful oil is extract-
ed.
Ratafia, a fine spirituous liquor, pre-
pared in France from the kernels of
cherries, apricots, &c.
Ralecn, a thick woollen stuff', manu-
factured chiefly in France, Holland and
Italy.
RatlaTis, the small shoots or branches
of the sugar-cane, brought from the E.
and W. Indies.
Reddle, an ore of iron in the state of
red oxide, commonly used as a pig-
mSiU.
hesin. a viscid juice oozing from sev-
eral vegetable productions, as the pine,
the Or, .fee. That of fir is known by the
Dame of rosin.
Riuipvntic,a medicinal root resembling
rhubdi'b. It comes from Smyrna.
Rhalum, or Rose Wood, a wood or
root brought from the Canary islands.
Rhubarb, a plant of which there are
seven species. The yellowish root
which is used 'n medicme comes prin-
cipally from Cliina.
Rice, a plant very much resembling
wheat in shape, color and leaves. It is
cultivated to great extent in Asia as
well as in ihe southern parts of the U.
Stites.
Rine-Hemp, the best sort of hemp,
cleaned from all impurities.
Rnuae, a red color obtained from the
plant caUhamus, a native of Egypt and
the Levant.
Ruby, a genus of precious stcfties of
various colors, found in the E. Indies
and In Bi.i'/.il.
Rnm, a well known spirituous liquor,
mado from the sugar-cane.
sns
Rye, a useful species of grain produc-
ed from a plant which is a native of the
island of Cdndia.
SABLE, an animal valued for its fur.
The best skins come from Siberia, Hud-
son's bay and Canada.
Sagatliee, a slight woollen stuff", some-
times mixed with a little silk.
Saffo, the produce of an oriental tree,
which grows in great abundance in the
Moluccas and the coast of Malabar. It
is also brought from the W. Indies. It
forms an agreeable jelly, and is a useful
article of diet.
Salt, a njineral body, readily soluble
in water, and tasting sharp or pungent
on the tongue. The salt obtained from
the waters of the sea is called bay salt :
so named from being first made in the
bay of St. Ubes, in Portugal. We ex-
port much salt from the West Indies.
Rock salt is obtained in great abundance
from the mines in Poland and Hungary.
Saiiders, an odoriferous wo()d, brought
from the Indies.
Sapan, a species of wood, similar to
the Brazil wood, and used for the same
purposes. The tree which produces it
is found in S. America, Japan, and Co-
chin-China.
Sapphire, a genus of precious stones,
of a blue color, and the hardest of all
except the ruby and diamond.
Sarcenet, a kind of fine, thin woven,
plain silk.
Sardifies, a species of fish of the her-
ring kind ; anchovies.
Sardonyx, a precious stone, consisting
of a mixture of the clialcedony and cor-
nelian.
Sarsaparilla, the root of a plant grow-
in" in most parts of America. Tlie flower
is yeiiow, mixed with red.
Sassafrai, the root of a tree, which is
a native of N. America, and grows plen-
tifully in Florida.
Satin, a soft, closely-woven silk, with
a glossy surface. The chief seats of
this manufacture are Lyons, Genoa and
Florence.
Saw-wort, a plant employed by dyers
to impart a yellow color.
Scammony, the produce of a species of
convolvulus, or creeper plant ; which
grows wild in the vales between Naza-
reth and Mount Carniel. It is used in
medicine as a purgative.
Scapolite, a mineral of a pearl color,
found in Norway.
Scrivellos, the small elephants' teeth,
or pieces of them, which are not sold
singly but in parcels.
Sena, or Senna, the leaf of a shrub-
by plant cultivated in Persia, Syria and
Arabia, and much used in medicine as
a useful cathartic.
Serse, a woollen stuflf manufactured
in a loom.
Seron,o{ almonds, is the quantity of
200 weight ; of indigo, the same.
Shair, a woollen stufl' smooth on one
side and velvety on the other.
Sharrrin, a kind of grained leather,
prepared, as is supposed, of the skin of a
gpeciesofsqualus, or horned fish, called
the shagree, or shagrain, and used in
covering books, &c. It is imported
from Constantinople and some parts of
Poland.
Shalloon, a slight woollen stuflf, which
derives its name from the town of Cha-
lons, where it was first manufactured.
Shammy, a kind of leather, soft and
pliant. The real shammy is prepared
of the skin of the chamois-goat, whence
its name. •
Shajnis, a species of fine woollen hand-
kerchief, forming an article of female
dress. The finest shawls conie from
the E. Indies. The province of Cache-
mire is the grand seat of the manufac-
ture of the beautiful shawls which bear
its name.
Shellac, a kind of lac, which has un-
dergone a purification in a particular
manner.
Sherry, a Spanish wine, made in the
TAP
vicinity of Xeres, whence its name
The Sherry wines are shipped mostly
from Cadiz.
Silk, a very soft, fine, bright thread,
the work of an insect, called tlie bom-
by]f, or the silk-worm. The silk im-
ported into this country is chiefly the
produce of Italy, France, Turkey and
the E. Indies. Attention has recently
been directed to the culture of silk in
the U. States, and it will doubtless in
time become an important article of
manufacture in the country.
Silver, a metal of a fine white color,
without either taste or smell. The most
considerable silver mines are at Potosi
in S. America, Kunsberg in Norway,
Annaberg in Austria, tlie Hartz, &.c.
Sloop, a sort of small ship or vessel,
usually with one mast.
Smack, a small vessel, usually cany
ing a single mast, and employed in fish-
ing.
Smalt, a species of glass, of a dark
blue color.
Snake-Root, a medicinal root growing
principally in Virginia and the southern
states.
Soda, an alkaline salt, principally ob-
tained from the ashes of marine plants.
Soy, an extract from a sort of bean
growing in China. It is used as a stim-
ulant sauce.
Spermaceti, a fat substance obtained
from the brains of a species of whale.
Sponge, a plant of a porous texture,
common in the Mediterranean and other
seas, where it adheres in large masses
to rocks, stones, shells, &c. It comes
chiefly from Aleppo and Smyrna.
Squill, a plant with a large bulbous
root, growing spontaneously on the,
sandy shores of Spain and the Levant.
It is used in medicine.
Steel, iron refined in the fire with cer-
tain ingredients, that render it white
and impart to it a harder and finer grain
than that of the original metal.
Storax, the most fragrant of the solid
resins. It is obtained from a tree, which
grows most plentifully in Cilicia, Syria,
and Pamphilia ; and is also met with in
America.
Stucco, a generic term, comprehend-
ing all the different kinds of coverings,
drawings, or coatings for walls.
Sugar, a solid, sweet substance, ob-
tained from the sugar-cane. It is ex-
tensively manufactured in the E. and
W. Indies, Louisiana and S. America.
Sulphur, or Brimstone, a hard, brittle,
inflammable substance, of an opaque
yellow color.
Sumach, a shrub which grows natural-
ly in the U. S., Syria, Spain and Portu-
gal ; in the two last it is cultivated with
great care; and great quantities are also
exported from Sicily. Its shoots are re-
duced to powder, and prepared for the
purposes of dying, tanning, &c.
Swivel, a small cannon, much used on
board merchant-ships as a weapon of
defence.
TABBY, a kind of ricn silk.
Tacamahaca, a solid resinous sub-
stance, used in pharmacy, brought from
New Spain and the island of Madagas-
car.
Taffety, a fine, smooth, silken stuff',
remarkable for its gloss.
Talc, a species of mineral, of which
there are three varieties. It iibounds in
the mountains of Tyrol and Salsburg.
Tamarinds, the fruit of the taniarin-
dus indica. It is a pod resembling a
beancod, including several hard seeds,
with a dark colored viscid pulp, of a
pleasant acid taste : the E. India tama-
rinds are longer than the W. India ; the
former containing six or seven seeds
each, the latter rarely above three or
four.
Tammy, a species of woollen stuff"
manufactured in England.
Taonbac, or Tombaqua, a mixture of
gold and copper.
Tapioca, a name given to white sag*
TEA
Tea, the dried leaves of the tea-plant,
• commodity in general use ii. Euroi)e,
Airerica anH Asia. The tea-plant is a
Bitt'vf. ol Japan. China and Tcnquin.
It atiains the greatest perfection in the
regions of Nankin. In commerce, eight
principal sorts of tea are distinj^ished,
three of green and five of bohea. The
three sjrts of creen tea are, 1. The Im-
perial or Bloom tea. 2. The Haisven
or Hyson, so calle« from the name of an
Indian merchant, who first brniiglit it
into Europe. 3. The Singlo, or Songlo.
The five sorts of Bohea tea are, 1. The
Souchong. 2. The Sumlo, Camho or
Campoi. 3. The Congou. 4. ThePeko.
5. The Bohea.
The first gathering commences at the
end of February, or beginning of March.
The leaves are then small, tender, and
unfolded, and not above three or four
days old ; these are called ficki-ttian- or
" tea in powder," because it is pulver-
ised ; it is also called sometimes bloom
tea. It is sold in China at 20(i. or 2.,-.
per pound. The laborers employed in
collecting it, do not pull the leaves by
handfuls, but pick them up one by one,
and take every precaution that they may
not break tliem. However long and
tedious this labor may appear, they gath-
er from four, to ten, or fifteen, pounds
per day.
The second crop is gathered about the
end of March, or beginning of April.
At this season part of their leaves have
attained iheir^full growth, and the rest
are not above half their size. This
difference does not, however, prevent
them from being all gathered indiscrim-
inately. They are afterwards picked,
and sorted into different parcels, ac-
cording to their age and size. The
youngest, which are carefully separated
from the rest, are often sold for leaves
of the first crops. Tea gathered at this
season is called too-Uiaa, or " Chinese
Tea," because the people of Japan in-
fuse it, and drink it after the Chinese
manner.
The third crop is gathered at the end
of May, or in the month of June. The
leaves are then very numerous and
thick, and have acquired their full
growth. This kind of tea, which is
called ben-tsiaa, is the coarsest of all,
and is reserved for the common people.
Some of the Japanese collect their tea
only at two seasons of the year, which
correspond to the second, and third, al-
ready mentioned ; others confine them-
selves to one general gathering of their
crop, towards the month of June; how-
ever, they always form afterwards dif-
ferent assortments of their leaves.
The finest and most celebrated fea of
Japan, is that which grows near Ud-si,
a small villace situated close to the sea,
and not^far distant from Meaco. In the
district of this village is a mountain,
e-Ttremely well adapted for- the culture
of fine tea. It is enclosed by hfdges
and ditches, to prevent all access to it.
'•he tea-shrubs that grow on this moun-
tain, are planted in regular order, and
•re divided by different avenues and
alleys. The care of this place is in-
trusted to people, who are ordered to
guard the leaves from dust, and to de-
fend them from the inclemency of the
weather. Before collecting the tea, it
is said, they abstain from every kind
of gross food for some weeks, that their
breath and perspiration may not injure
the leaves, which they do not touch but
with very fine cloves.
Teak, or Teck- Wood, the produce of a
tree growing in Ava and Pegu and on
the coast of Malabar, is employed in the
rnnstrtiotion of the vessels fitted out at
1' Mibay, Madras, and Calcutta. Theim-
' I tance of the traffic to which this wood
p ves rise, may readily be conceived,
when it is asserted, that the total bur-
den of the vessels belonging to Calcutta,
which are formed of it, amounts to 40,000
Ions. This ia the only species of wood
WEI
which can be advantageously employed
in the construction of the large IJeiigal-
ese vessels ; for it hns beenascertnined,
that the indigenous wood of Be.igal is
scarcely serviceable at all in the Indian
seas.
Tent, a strong, sweet-flavored red
wine, made in the province of Andalu
sia.
Tiffany, a sort of transparent gauze,
stiffened with gum and pressed.
Tin, a metal of a fine white color, a
slight disagreeable taste, and emitting a
peculiar smell when rubbed. There are
considerable tin-mines on the M.ilabar
coast, in the island of Banda, in Spain,
and in the Spanish West Indies. The
tin-mines of Cornwall, Eng., are the
most productive.
Tobacco, a plant, the leaves of which
form an extensive branch of commerce.
It is cultivated in the E. Indies and Af-
rica, though little is exported thence.
In the Levant, Salonica is the grand
market for this commodity. The to-
bacco of Dalmatia and Croatia is of a
good quality ; and the plant is succe.^s-
fiilly raisedin other parts of Europe. N.
America indubitably yields the finest
tobacco in the world ; Virginia and
Maryland proriucins it in the greatest
abundance and of the best quality.
Tintoise-SheU, the shell of the testa-
ceous animal called a tortoise.
Trade W'nds, certain winds which
regularly blow in ascertained directions
for given periods, in different parts of
the world ; and are taken advantage of
in the course of commerce and naviga-
tion. They prevail especially in the
Indian seas.
Train Oil, a general name for differ-
ent sorts of gsh oil.
Turmeric, a root used in dying yel-
low. It conies from the E. Indies.
Turnsol, a valuable dying drug, pre-
pared near Montpelier.
Turpentine, a resinous juice extracted
from several species of trees.
Turquoise, a mineral of a pale sky-blue
color.
ULTRAMARLVE, a very fine blue
powder, made from the blue parts of
Ia;iis lazuli.
Usquebaugh, a stron g com pou n d 1 iquor,
chiefly taken by way of dram ; it is made
in the highest perfection at Drogheda in
Ireland, and is similar to whisky.
VALOXIJi, a plant brought from Ita-
ly and the Levant, and used as a dying
ingredient.
Vanilla, a plant whose aromatic pods
are used in the manufacture of choco-
late. It comes from S. America and
the Indies.
Velvet, a rich kind of silk stuff cover-
ed on the outside with a close, short,
fine and soft nap. Florence and Genoa
are most noted for tjie manufacture of
this article.
Verdigris, an acetat of copper used as
a pigment. ..
Vermicelli, an Italian preparation of
flour, used in soups, broths, &c.
Vidonia, a white wine, the produce
of the island of Teneriffe.
WEIGHTS A^rn MEASURES, are
used to ascertain the quantities of any
article or commodity, -according to its
nature.
Weight, in a commercial sense, de-
notes a body, legally defined, appointed
to he put in the balance against other
bodies, whose momentum is requir-
ed.
The word measure, taken in a similar
sense, can require no definition. The
orisinal standards appear to have been
pointed out by the size and proportions
of the hum.in frame : and these natural
measures are still used when artificial
ones cnnnot l>e conveniently resorted to ;
thus the fathom of a well-proportioned
man is supposed equal to his height or
stature ; the pace, one half of his stature :
the cubit, one fourth -j the foot, one sixth,
and Hie ij/on, ouj igirtU. The hand is
WEI
reckoned one third of the foot, and tb4
breadth of the thumb one twelfth.
Standards of weights and me-isures
were held sacred by the ancients, and
a uniformity was strictly observed in
many countries of Asia. Among the
Romans there was but one weight and
one measure; every town and city
throughout their vast empire having a
standard, whicb was an exact copy of
the archetype kept in the capitol, and
therefore called capitohna.
In latter times, from various abuses
and a diversity of usages, a variety of
weights and measures have obtained,
and do at present prevail, in the various
countries of Europe and the other parts
of the woild. There is, however, with
few exceptions, a similarity in the sys-
tems of all countries, which seems to
indicate a common oritiin. Thus the
foot, which is the general unit for mea-
sures, is duodecimatly divided ; and the
pound, which is the unit for weights, is
divided either into twelve or sixteen
ounces, &.c. In almost every nation,
there are two descriptions of weights,
one for the precious metals, and the
other for common articles ; such are the
Troy and Avoirdupois weights in Eng-
land.
Standards generally signify any mea-
sure or weight of acknowledged author-
ity, by which others of the same de-
nomination are to be compared and ad-
justed. They are distinguished into
arbitrary standards and invariable
standards from nature. The former are
universally adopted exce\J in France}
and the latter are intended to correct ox
to restore them, if lost.
The origin of the old standards of
weight or capacity is not certainly
known ; but those of linear measures
may be inferred, from their names, to
have been taken from some part of the
human frame, as noticed above. Hence
the foot, the hand, the span, the ?i<u7, the
cubit or elbow, the ulna, aune, or arm,
the fathom, the pace, &c. The inch, in
some places, is determined by barley-
corns ; but in others, it is called the
thumb. The fnger, too, is reckoned as
two-thirds of an inch.
The foot is the most general unit foi
measures as the pound is for weights;
and both are mostly divided into the
same number of equal parts, and their
divisions were anciently called by the
same name, uncia, which signifies a
twelfth part of the whole. Hence the
inch was called the uncia pedis, and the
ounce the uncia librte.
As measures derived in the manner
described, must vary with the different
sizes of men, the standards, formed of
some durable substance, have been
taken from the foot, or arm, of some
distinguished person. Thus the Saxon
Tyrrf, or girth, the modern yard, is said
to have been adjusted by the arm of
king Henry I. It is supposed, that, from
a similar reason, the old French foot
has been called pied dt roi.
The following list embraces some of
the principal foreign weights and mea-
sures.
Weights Uied in several parts of Asia, tht
East Indies, Chim. Persia, 4"c.
In Turkey, at Smyrna, tec, they use
the batman, or batteman, containing
six occos, the occo weighing three
pounds four-fifths English. They have
another batman much less, con.sisting,
as the former, of six occos ; but theoeco
only containing \5 ounces Enelish ; 14
occos of the first kind make the Turk-
ish quintal.
At Cairo, Alexandretta, Aleppo, and
Alexandria, they use flie rotto, rotton, or
rottoli ; at Cairo, and other parts of
Eg>pt, it is 144 drachms, being above
an Enelish pound wc i:^t
At Aleppo there 7-e *Jjree •rrts of rot-
tos ; tte Crrt "10 artfijxks making
about seven pounds £-..%. ift and used
in weighing ::)ttons, gails. ftnd otiier
^%^'
arge eommodities ; the second is 624
drachms, used for all silks but white
ones, which are weighed by the third
rotto of 700 dmchms.
At Seyda the rolto is 600 drachms.
'Ihe other ports of the Levant, not
here named, use some of these weights,
particularly the occo or ocqua, the rot-
toli, and rotto.
The Chinese weights are the piece, for
»arge commodities; it is divided into
100 catiSj or cattis, though some say 125 ;
the cati into 16 taels, or Kiles, each tale
equivalent to 1 1 3 of an ounce English,
or the weight of one rial and one
twelfth, and containing 12 mas, or mas-
ses ; and each mas 10 condrins. So
that the Chinese piece amounts to 137
pounds English avoirdupois, and the
'adi to one pound, eight ounces. The
ticul for silk contains 06 catis and three
ftarths; the bahar, bakaire, or barr,
contains 336 catis.
Tonquin has also the same weights,
measures, &c., as China.
Japan has only one weight, viz., the
cati, which, however, is different from
that of China, as containing 20 taels.
At Sural, ^gra, and tliroughout the
States which composed the kingdom of
the Great Mogul, they use the man, or
maund, whereof they have two kinds ;
the king's man, or king's weight, and
the man simply ; the first used for the
weighing of common provisions, con-
taining 40 seers or seres, and each seer
just a Paris pound.
The common man, used in the weigh-
ing of merchandise, consists likewise
of 40 seers ; but each seer is only esti-
mated at 12 Paris ounces, or three-
fourths of the otner seer.
The man may be Jooked on as the
common weight of the E.ist Indies,
though under some difference of name,
or rather of pronunciation, it being call-
ed mas at Cambaya ; and in other places,
mein and maun. The seer is properly
the Indian pound, and of universal use ;
the like may be said of the bahar, tael,
and catti above-mentioned.
At Siam the weights are the piece con-
taining two shans, or cattis ; but the
Siamese catti is only half the Japanese,
the latter containing 90 taels, and the
former only 10 ; though some make the
Chinese catti only 16 taels, and the Si-
amese 8. The tael contains four baats,
rticals, each about a Paris ounce ; the
»aat four selings, or mayons ; the mayon
wo fouangs ; the fouang four payes ;
he paye two clams ; the sompaye half
a fouang. It is to be observed, that
these are the names of their coins as
well as weights ; silver and gold being
commodities there sold, ss other things,
ky their weights.
In the isle of Java and particularly at
Bantam, they use the gantan, equal to
nearly three Dutch pounds.
In Oolconda, at Visapour, and Ooa,
they have the furatelle, containing one
pound, 14 ounces, English ; the man-
galis, or mangelin, for weighing dia-
monds and precious stones, weighing at
Goa five grains, at Golconda, &c., five
and a half grains. They have also the
rotolo, containing fourteen and a quar-
ter ounces English ; the metricol, con-
taining the sixth part of an ounce ; the
wall for piastres and ducats, containing
the 73d part of a rial.
In Persia they use two kinds of bat-
mans, or mans ; the one called cahi, or
cheray, which is the king's weight ; and
the other batman ofTauris. The first
weighs thirteen pounds, ten ounces,
English ; the second six and a half
pounds; its divisions are the ratel, or
a sixteenth ; the derhem, or drachm,
which is the fiftieth ; the meschal,
which is half the derhem ; the dung,
which is the sixth part of the meschal,
being equivalent to six carat-grains;
and lasti\ , the grain, which is the one
fourth part of tiie dung. They hare
WEI
also the vakie, which exceeds a little
our ounce ; the sah-cheray, equal to the
1170th part of the derham ; and tl.o to-
man, used to weigh out large payments
of money without telling ; its weight is
that of fifty abassis.
African IVeights.
As to the weights of Africa, there are
few places that have any, except Egypt,
and the countries bordering on the
Mediterranean, whose weights havj
been already enumerated among tho-'e
of the poits of the Levant. The island
of Madagascar, indeed, has weights,
but none that exceed the drachm, nor
are they used for any thing but gold and
silver.
Foreign Measures.
The standard in Holland, Flanders,
Sweden, a good part of Oermany, many
of the Ilanse Towns, as Dantiic, and
Hamburgh, and at Oeiteva, Frankfort,
4'c., is the ell ; but the ell in all these
places differs from the Paris ell. In
Holland it contains one Paris foot,
eleven lines, or four-sevenths of the
Paris ell. The Flanders ell contains
two feet, one inch, five and a half lines,
or seven- twelfths of the Paris eM. The
ell of Germany, Brabant, &c., is equal
to tlyit of Flanders.
The Italian measure is the bracchio,
brace, or fathom. This obtains in the
states of Modena, Venice, Florence,
Lucca, Milan, Mantua, Bologna, &;c.,
but is of different lengths. At Venice
it contains one Paris foot, eleven inches,
three lines, or eight-fifteenths of the
Paris ell. At Bologna, Modena, and
Mantua, the brace is the same as at
Venice. At Lucca it contains one Paris
foot, nine inches, ten lines, or half a
Paris ell. At Florence it cSntains one
foot, nine inches, four lines, or 49-luin-
dredths of a Paris ell. At Milan, the
brace for measuring silks is one Paris
foot, seven inches, four lines, or four-
ninths of a Paris ell ; that for woollen
cloths is the same with the ell of Hol-
land. At Bergaina, the brace is one
foot, seven inches, six lines, or five-
ninths of a Paris ell. The usual mea-
sure at Naples, however, is the canna,
containing six feet, ten inches, and two
lines, or one Paris ell and fifteen-seven-
teenths.
The Spanish measure is the vara, or
yard, in some places called the barra ;
containing seventeen-twenty-fourths of
the Paris ell. But the measure in Cas-
tile and Valencia is the pan, span, or
palm ; which is used, together with the
canna, at Genoa. In Arragon, the vara
is equal to a Paris ell and a half, or five
feet, five inches, six lines.
The Portuguese measure is the cave-
dos, containing two feet, eleven lines,
or four-sevenths of a Paris ell ; and the
vara, 106 whereof make 100 Paris ells.
The Piedmontese measure is the ras,
containing one Paris foot, nine inches,
ten lines, or half a Paris ell.
In Sicily, their measure is the canna,
the same with that of Naples.
The Muscovite measures are the cubit,
equal to one Paris foot, four inches, two
lines; and the arcin, two whereof ar*
equal to three cubits.
The Turkish and Levant measures are
the picq, containing two feet, two inch-
es, and two lines, or three-fifths of the
Paris ell.
The Chinese measure is the cobre, ten
whereof are equal to three Paris ells.
In Persia, and some parts of the In-
dies, .the gueze, of which there are
two kinds ; the royal gueze, called also
the gueze mankelser, containing two
Paris feet, ten inches, eleven lines, or
four-fifths of the Paris ell ; and the
shorter gueze, called simply gueze,
only two-thirds of the former. At Goa
and Ormuz, the measure is the vara,
the same with that of the Portuguese.
In Pegu, and some other parts of the
ladies, the cando or candi, equal to the
ZIfc
ell of Venice. At Goa and other parti
they use a large cando, equal to seven-
teen Dutch ells, exceeding that of Ba-
bel and Balsora by seven-eighths per
cen'um, and the vara by six and a half.
In Jfiam they use the ken, short of
three Paris feet by one inch. The ken
contains two soks, the sok two keubs,
the keub, twelve nious, or inches, the
nious to be equal to eight grains of rice,
i. e. to about nine lines.
At Cambodia they use the haster ; in
Japan the tatain ; and the span on some
of the coasts of Guinea.
iVeld, a plant used in dying yellow.
IVhisky, a spirit obtained by distil-
lation from corn, sugar, or molasses,
though generally from the former.
Windward, in sea language denote'
any thing towards that point from whicfr .
the wind blows in respect of a ship.
Woad, a plant, whose leaves are used
for dying blue.
Wool, a long, soft and curly hair,
which covers the skins of several of the
ruminating animals, but is especially
shorn from that of the sheep.
Worm Seed, a hot, bitter seed, brought
from Aleppo.
Worsted, a thread spun of wool that
has been combed, and which, in the
spinning, is twisted harder than ordi-
narily.
XYLO BALSJIMVM, the wood of
the tree which bears the balm of Gile-
ad.
YAMS, the edible roots of a creeping
plant common in Africa, the Indies, and
the southern states.
Yam, wool or flax spun into thread,
of which they weave cloth
ZF~i, Indian Com. The only species,
the mays, or maize. The Indians in
New England, and many other parts of
America, had no other vegetable but
maize or Indian corn for making theii
bread ; they call it weachin; and in the
United States of America there is much
of the bread of the country made of this
grain, not of European corn. In Italy
Germany, Spain, and Portugal, maize
constitutes a great part of the food of
the poor inhabitants. The ear of the
maize yields a much greater quantity of
grain than any English corn-ears. There
are commonly about eight rows of grain
in the ear, often more if the ground is
good. Each of these rows contains at
least 30 grains, and each of these gives
much more floui than a grain of any Eng-
lish corn. The grains are usually either
white or yellow ; but sometimes they
are red, bluish, greenish, or olive-color,
ed, and sometimes striped and varie-
gated. This sort of grain, though so
essentially necessary to the natives of
the place, is yet liable to many acci-
dents. It does not ripen till the end of
September; so that the rains often fall
heavily upon it while on the stalk, and
the birds in general peck it when soft
and unripe. Nature has, to defend it
from these accidents, covered it with a
thick husk, which keeps off slight rains
very well ; but the birds, if not fright-
ened away, often eat through it, and
devour a great quantity of corn.
Zedoary, a medicinal root brought to
us from China. It should be chosen
fresh, sound, and hard, in large pieces,
it matters not whether long or round
in its form ; of a smooth surface, and
of the briskest smell possible ; such as
is friable, dusty, and worm-eaten, is to
be rejected. Zedoary, distilled with
common water, affords a thick and
dense essential oil, on which its virtues
principally depend, which soon con-
cretes into a kind of camphire. It is a
sudorific, and is used as a coidinl medi-
cine.
Zinc, a metal of a brilliant white co-
lor, with a shade of blue, and composed
of a number of thin plates adhering to
gether.
Zircon, a stone brought from Ceyloa
M^ OF ran
f XTNIVZ;a,:T-^T
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(A1724s]0)476B
General Library
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