'.¥ ./ ^g the Jluthor of " Jfricnbs in (JTouncil." SOME TALK ABOl'T ANIMALS AND THEIR MASTERS. Third Edition. Crown 8vo, 7s. ;6d. " Here the ' Friends in Council ' talk in the old style, with no perceptible diminution of freshness and thoughtfulness."— SafMrrfay Review. " Humorous, wise, and good."— S/)ccfa?or. ,, . •«»„„„« ^f "Sir Arthur Helps has here found a great subject, and he has written one of OULITA THE SERF. ^ '(ErageiiB. Pocket Volume Edition, cloth extra, 5s. " Tlie finest closet play of modern days."- Westminster Review. t,„ ,• ^ " The work has long ago taken its place among our standard works of Knglisn authors. This edition is a very handy one, fit for the drawmg-room table or the pocket of the student."— iSi«»!a(arrf. W. ISBISTER & CO., 56, LUDGATE HILL, LONDON. WALKS IN ROME TWO VOLS.-l. WALKS IN ROME By AUGUSTUS J. C. HARE AUTHOR OF MEMORIALS OF A QUIET LIFE, WANDERINGS IN SPAIN, liTC, TWO VOLUMES. 1. FOURTH EDITION W. ISBISTER & CO. 56, LUDGATE HILL, LONDON 1S74 \AU rights fi'sctzril] ^' JCIIIN CHtLDS AND SON, PRINTERS. HIS DEAR MOTHER THE CONSTANT COMPANION OF MANV KOMAN WINTERS £bfst jJiigts au Jltbltatcb BY THE AUTHOR. CONTENTS. INTRODUCTORY. PACE THE ARRIVAL IN ROME 9 CHAPTER I. DULL-USEFUL INFORMATION 27 CHAPTER H. THE CORSO AND ITS NEIGHBOURHOOD 36 CHAPTER HI. THE CAPITOLINE IO9 CHAPTER IV. THE FORUMS AND THE COLISEUM 159 CHAPTER V. THE VEI.AURUM AND THE GHETTO ..... 221 CHAPTER VL THE PALATINE 273 6 CONTENTS. CHAPTER VII. PACK THE CtELIAN 316 CHAPTER VIII. THE .WENTIXE 348 CHAPTER IX. THE VIA Al'l'IA 372 CHAPTER X. THE Ql'lRINAL AND VIMINAL 433 INTRODUCTORY. THE ARRIVAL IN ROME. " A GAIN this date of Rome; the most solemn and interesting that my hand can ever write, and even now more interesting than when I saw it la?!t," wrote Dr. Arnold to his wife in 1840 — and how many thousands before and since have experienced the same feeling, who have looked forward to a visit to Rome as one of the great events of their lives, as the realization of the dreams and longings of many years. An arrival in Rome is very different to that in any other town of Europe. It is coming to a place new and yet most familiar, strange and yet so well known. When travellers arrive at Verona, for instance, or at Aries, they generally go to the amphitheatres with a curiosity to knoAv what they are like ; but when they arrive at Rome and go to the Coliseum, it is to visit an object whose appearance has been familiar to them from childhood, and, long ere it is reached, from the heights of the distant Capitol, they can recognize the well-knowTi form :■ — and as regards St. Peter's, who is not familiar with the aspect of the dome, of the wide-spreading piazza, and the foaming fountains, for long years before they come to gaze upon the reality ? lo WALKS IN ROME. " My presentiment of the emotions with which I should behold the Roman ruins, has proved quite correct," A\Tote Niebuhr. " Nothing about them is new to me ; as a cliild I lay so often, for hours together, before their pictures, that their images were, even at that early age, as dis- tinctly impressed upon my mind, as if I had actually seen them." Yet, in spite of the presence of old friends and landmarks, travellers who pay a hurried visit to Rome, are bewildered by the vast mass of interest before them, by the endless labyrinth of minpr objects, which they desire, or, still oftener, feel it a duty, to visit. Their Murray, their Baedeker, and their Bradshaw indicate appalling lists of churches, temples, and villas which ought to be seen, but do not distribute them in a manner which will render their inspection more easy. The promised pleasure seems rapidly to change into an end- less vista of labour to be fulfilled and of fatigue to be gone through ; henceforward the hours spent at Rome are rather hours of endurance than of pleasure — his cicerone drags the traveller in one direction,— his antiquarian friend, his artistic acquaintance, would fain drag him in others, — he is confused by accumulated misty glimmerings from historical facts once learnt at school, but long since forgotten, — of artistic information, which he feels that he ought to have gleaned from years of society, but which, from want of use, has never made any depth of impression, — by shadowy ideas as to the story of this king and that emperor, of this pope and that saint, whicli, from insufficient time, and the ab- sence of books of reference, he has no opportunity of clearing up. It is therefore in the hope of aiding some of these bewildered ones, and of rendering their walks in IXTRODUCTORY. n Rome more easy and more interesting, that the following chapters are written. They aim at nothing original, and are only a gathering up of the information of others, and a gleaning from what has been already given to the world in a far better and fuller, but less portable form ; while, in their plan, they attempt to guide the traveller in his daily wanderings through the city and its suburbs. It must not, however, be supposed, that one short re- sidence at Rome will be sufficient to make a foreigner acquainted with all its varied treasures ; or even, in most cases, that its attractions will become apparent to the passing stranger. The squalid appearance of its modern streets, the filth of its beggars, the inconveniences of its daily life, will leave an impression which will go far to neutralize the effect of its ancient buildings, and the grandeur of its historic recollections. It is only by return- ing again and again, by allowing th.Q feeling of Rome to gain upon you, when you have constantly revisited the same view, the same temple, the same picture, that Rome en- graves itself upon your heart, and changes from a dis- agreeable, unwholesome acquaintance, into a dear and intimate friend, seldom long absent from your thoughts. " Whoever," said Chateaubriand, " has nothing else left in life, should come to live in Rome ; there he will find for society a land which will nourish his reflections, walks which will always tell him something new. The stone which crumbles under his feet will speak to him, and even the dust which the wind raises under his footsteps will seem to bear with it something of human grandeur." " When we have once know^n Rome," wTote Hawthorne, '•' and left her where she lies, like a long-decaying corpse, 12 WALK'S IN ROME. • retaining a trace of the noble shape it was, but with accu- mulated dust and a fungous growth overspreading all its more admirable features — left her in utter weariness, no doubt, of her narrow, crooked, intricate streets, so uncom- fortably paved with little squares of lava that to tread over them is a penitential pilgrimage ; so indescribably ugly, moreover, so cold, so alley-like, into which the sun never falls, and where a chill wind forces its deadly breath into our lungs — left her, tired of the sight of those immense seven-storied, yellow-washed hovels, or call them palaces, where all that is dreary in domestic life seems magnified and multiplied, and weary of climbing those staircases which ascend from a ground-floor of cook-shops, cobblers'-stalls, stables, and regiments of cavalry, to a middle region of princes, cardinals, and ambassadors, and an upper tier of artists, just beneath the unattainable sky, — left her, worn out with shivering at the cheerless and smoky fireside by day, and feasting with our own .substance the ravenous population of a Roman bed at night, left her sick at heart of Italian trickery, which has uprooted whatever faith in man's integrity had endured till now, and sick at stomach of sour bread, sour wine, rancid butter, and bad cookery, needlessly bestowed on evil meats, — left her, disgusted with the pretence of holiness and the reality of nasti- ness, each e(]ually omnipresent,- — left her, half lifeless from the languid atmosphere, the vital principle of which has been used up long ago or corrupted by myriads of slaughters, — left her, crushed down in spirit by the desola- tion of her ruin, and tlie hopelessness of her future, — left her, in short, hating her with all our might, and adding our individual curse to the infinite anathema which her old INTRODUCTORY. 13 crimes have unmistakeatly brought down : — when we have left Rome in such mood as this, we are astonished by the discovery, by-and-by, that our heartstrings have mysteriously attached themselves to the Eternal City, and are drawing us thitherward again, as if if were more familiar, more in- timately our home, than even the spot where we were born." This is the attractive and sympathetic power of Rome which Byron so fully appreciated — " Oh Rome my country ! city of the soul ! The orphans of the heart must turn to thee, Lone mother of dead empires ! and controul In their shut breasts their petty misery. What are our woes and sufferance ? Come and see The cypress, hear the owl, and plod your way O'er steps of broken thrones and temples. Ye ! Whose agonies are evils of a day — A world is at our feet as fragile as our clay. " The Niobe of nations ! there she stands Childless and crownless, in her voiceless woe ; An empty urn within her withered hands, Whose sacred dust was scattered long ago ; The Scipios' tomb contains no ashes now ; The very sepulchres lie tenantless Of their heroic dwellers : dost thou flow, Old Tiber ! through a marble wilderness ? Rise, with thy yellow waves, and mantle her distress ! " The impressiveness of an arrival at the Eternal City was formerly enhanced by the solemn singularity of the country through which it was slowly approaf^hed. " Those who arrive at Rome now by the railway," says Mrs. Craven in her ' Anne Severin,' " and rush like a whirlwind into a station, which has nothing in its first aspect to distinguish it from that of 14 IVALA'S IN ROME. one of the most obscure places in the world, cannot imagine the effect which the words ' Ecco Roma ' formerly produced, when .on arriving at the point in the road from which the Eternal City could be descried for the first time, the pos- tillion stopped his horses, and pointing it out to the tra- veller in the distance, pronounced them with that Roman accent which is grave and sonorous, as the name of Rome itself" " How pleasing," says Cardinal Wiseman, " was the usual indication to early travellers, by voice and outstretched whip, embodied in the well-known exclamation of every vetturino, ' Ecco Roma.' To one ' lasso maris et viarum,' like Horace, these words brought the first promise of ap- proaching rest. A few more miles of weary hills, every one of which, from its summit, gave a more swelling and majestic outline to what so far constituted ' Roma,' that is, the great cupola, not of the church, but of the city, its only discernible part, cutting, like a huge peak, into the clear winter sky, and the long journey was ended, and ended by the full realization of well-cherished hopes." Most travellers, perhaps, in the old days came by sea from Marseilles and arrived from Civita Vecchia, by the dreary road which leads through Palo, and near the base of tlie hills upon which stands Cervetri, the ancient Ccere, from tlie junction of whose name and customs the word '' ceremony " has arisen, — so especially useful in the great neighbouring city, " This road from Civita Vecchia," writes Miss Edwards, the talented authoress of ' Barbara's His- tory,' "lies among shapeless hillocks, shaggy with bush and briar. Ear away on one side gleams a line of soft blue sea — on the other lie mountains as blue, but not more INTROD UCTOR Y. 15 distant. Not a sound stirs the stagnant air. Not a tree, not a housetop, breaks the wide monotony. The dust hes beneath the wheels Uke a carpet, and follows like a cloud. The grass is yellow, the weeds are parched ; and where there have been wayside pools, the ground is cracked and dry. Now we pass a cmmbling fragment of something that may have been a tomb or temple, centuries ago. Now we come upon a little wide-eyed peasant boy, keeping goats among the ruins, like Giotto of old. Presently a buffalo lifts his black mane above the neighbouring hillock, and rushes away before we can do more than point to the spot on which we saw it. Thus the day attains its noon, and the sun hangs overhead like a brazen shield, brilliant, but cold. Thus, too, we reach the brow of a long and steep ascent, where our driver pulls up to rest his weary beasts. The sea has now faded almost out of sight ; the mountains look larger and nearer, with streaks of snow upon their summits, the Campagna reaches on and on and shows no sign of limit or of verdure,^ — while, in the midst of the clear air, half way, so it would seem, between you and the purple Sabine range, rises one solemn solitary dome. Can it be the dome of St. Peter's ? " The great feature of the Civita Vecchia route was that after all the utter desolation and dreariness of many miles of the least interesting part of the Campagna, the traveller was almost stunned by the transition, when on suddenly passing the Porta Cavalleggieri, he found himself in the Piazza of St. Peter's, with its wide-spreading colonnades, and high-springing fountains ; indeed the first building he saw was St. Peter's, the first house that of the Pope, the palace of the Vatican, But the more gradual approach by i6 WALRUS IN ROME. land from Viterbo and Tuscany possessed equal if not superior interest. " ^Vhen we turned the summit above Viterbo," wrote Dr. Arnold, "and opened on the view on the other side, it might be called the first approach to Rome. At the distance of more than forty miles, it was of course impos- sible to see the town, and besides the distance was hazy ; but we were looking on the scene of the Roman history ; we were standing on the outward edge of the frame of the great picture, and though the features of it were not to be traced distinctly, yet we had the consciousness that they were before us. Here, too, we first saw the Mediterra- nean, the Alban hills, I think, in the remote distance, and just beneath us, on the left, Soracte, an outlier of the Apen- nines, which has got to the right bank of the Tiber, and stands out by itself most magnificently. Close under us in front, was the Ciminian lake, the crater of an extinct volcano, surrounded as they all are, with their basin of wooded hills, and lying like a beautiful mirror stretched out before us. Then there was the grand beauty of Italian scenery, the depth of the valleys, the endless variety of the mountain outline, and the towns perched upon the mountain summits, and this now seen under a mottled sky, which threw an ever-varying light and shadow over the valley beneath, and all the freshness of the young spring. We descended along one of the rims of this lake to Roncig- lione, and from thence, still descending on the whole, to Monterosi. Here the famous Campagna begins, and it certainly is one of the most striking tracts of country I ever beheld. It is by no means a perfect flat, except between Rome and the sea; but rather like the Bagshot Heath INTRODUCTORY. 17 country, ridges of hills with intermediate valleys, and the road often running between high steep banks, and sometimes crossing sluggish streams sunk in a deep bed. All these banks are overgrown with broom, now in full flower ; and the same plant was luxuriant everywhere. There seemed no apparent reason why the country should be so desolate ; the grass was growing richly everywhere. There was no marsh any^vhere visible, but all looked as fresh and healthy as any of our chalk downs in England. But it is a wide wilderness ; no villages, scarcely any' houses, and here and there a lonely ruin of a single square tower, which I sup- pose used to serve as strongholds for men and cattle in the plundering warfare in the middle ages. It was after crowning the top of one of these lines of hills, a little on the Roman side of Baccano, at five minutes after six, according to my watch, that we had the first view of Rome itself. I expected to see St. Peter's rising above the line of the horizon, as York Minster does, but instead of that, it was within the horizon, and so was much less conspicuous, and from the nature of the ground, it looked mean and stumpy. Nothing else marked the site of the city, but the trees of the gardens and a number of white villas specking the opposite bank of the Tiber for some little distance above the town, and then suddenly ceasing. But the whole scene that burst upon our view, when taken in all its parts, was most interesting. Full in front rose the Alban hills, the white villas on their sides distinctly visible, even at that distance, which was more than thirty miles. On the left were the Apennines, and Tivoli was distinctly to be seen on the summit of its mountain, on one of the lowest and nearest parts of the chain. On the right and all before us iS WALKS IN ROME. lay the Campagna, whose perfectly level outline was suc- ceeded by that of the sea, which was scarcely more so. It began now to get dark, and as there is hardly any twilight, it was dark soon after we left La Storta, the last post before you enter Rome. The air blew fresh and cool, and we had a pleasant drive over the remaining part of the Campagna, till we descended into the valley of the Tiber, and crossed it by the Milvian bridge. About two miles further on we reached the walls of Rome, and entered it by the Porta del Popolo." Niebuhr coming the same way says : — " It was with solemn feelings that this morning from the barren heights of the moory Campagna, I first caught sight of the cupola of St. Peter's, and then of the city from the bridge, where all the majesty of her buildings and her history seems to lie spread out before the eye of the stranger ; and afterwards entered by the Porta del Popolo." Madame de StaUl gives us the impression Avhich the .same subject would produce on a different type of cliaracter : — " Le comte d'Erfeuil faisait de comiques lamentations sur les environs de Rome. Quoi, disait-il, point de maison de campagne, point de voiture, rien qui annonce le voisinage d'une grande ville ! Ah ! bon Dieu, quelle tristesse ! En approchant de Rome, les postilions s'e'crierent avec trans- port : Voycz, voycz, c'rsf la coupole ik Saint-Pierre ! Les Napolitains montrent aussi le Vesuve ; et la mer fait de meme I'orgueil des habitans des cotes. On croirait voir le dome des Invalides, s'ccria le comte d'Erfeuil." It was by this approach that most of its distinguished pilgrims have entered the cai)ital of the Catholic world : INTRODUCTORY. 19 monks, who came hither to obtain the foundation of their Orders ; saints, who thirsted to worship at the shrines of their predecessors, or who came to receive the crown of martyrdom ; priests and bishops from distant lands, — many- coming in turn to receive here the highest dignity which Christendom could offer ; kings and emperors, to ask coron- ation at the hands of the reigning pontiff; and among all these, came by this road, in the full fervour of Catholic enthusiasm, Martin Luther, the future enemy of Rome, then its devoted adherent. "When Luther came to Rome," says Ampere, in his ' Portraits de Rome \ Divers Ages,' " the future reformer was a young monk, obscure and fervent ; he had no presentiment, when he set foot in the great Babylon, that ten years later he would burn the bull of the Pope in the public square of Wittenberg. His heart experienced nothing but pious emotions ; he addressed to Rome in salutation the ancient hymn of the pilgrims ; he cried, 'I salute thee, O holy Rome, Rome venerable through the blood and the tombs of the martyrs.' But after having prostrated on the threshold, he raised himself, he entered into the temple, he did not find the God he looked for ; the city of the saints and martyrs was a city of mur- derers and prostitutes. The arts which marked this corrup- tion were powerless over the stolid senses, and scandalised the austere spirit of the German monk ; he scarcely gave a passing glance at the ruins of pagan Rome ; — and inwardly horrified by all that he saw, he quitted Rome in a frame of mind very different from that which he brought with him ; he knelt then with the devotion of the pilgrims, now he returned in a disposition like that of the frondairs of the Middle Ages, but more serious than theirs. This Rome of 20 WALA'S LV ROME. which he had been the dupe, and concerning which he was disabused, should hear of him again ; the day would come when, amid the merry toasts at his table, he would cry three tipies, ' I would not have missed going to Rome for a thou- sand florins, for I should always have been uneasy lest I should have been rendering injustice to the Pope.' " When one is in Rome life seems to be free from many of the petty troubles which beset it in other places ; there is no foreign town which offers so many comforts and ad- vantages to its English visitors. The hotels, indeed, are enormously expensive, and the rent of apartments is high ; but when the latter is once paid, living is rather cheap than otherwise, especially for those who do not object to dine from a trattoria, and to drive in hackney carriages. The climate of Rome is very variable. If the sirocco blows, it is mild and very relaxing ; but the winters are more apt to be subject to the severe cold of the tramontana, which requires even greater precaution and care than that of an English winter. Nothing can be more mistaken than the impression that those who go to Italy are sure to find there a mild and congenial temperature. The climate of Rome has been subject to severity, even from the earliest times of its history. Dionysius speaks of one year in the time of the republic when the snow at Rome lay seven feet deep, and many men and cattle died of the cold.* Another year, the snow lay for forty days, trees perished, and cattle died of hunger.f Present times are a great improvement on these : snow seldom lies upon the ground for many hours together, and the beautiful fountains of the city are only hung with icicles long enough to allow the photographers to • Dionysius, xii. 8. t L'vy, v. 13. I IXTIi OD UC TOR Y. 21 represent them thus ; but still the climate is not to be trifled with, and violent transitions from the hot sunshine to the cold shade of the streets often prove fatal. " No one but dogs and Englishmen," say the Romans, " ever walk in the sun." The malaria^ which is so much dreaded by the natives, lies dormant during the winter months, and seldom affects strangers, unless they are inordinately imprudent in sitting out in the sunset. With the heats of the late summer this insidious ague-fever is apt to follow on the slightest exertion, and particularly to overwhelm those who are employed in field labour. From June to November the Villa Borghese and the Villa Doria are uninhabitable, and the more de- serted hills — the Coelian, the Aventine, and the greater part of the Esquiline, — are a constant prey to fever. The malaria, however, flies before a crowd of human life, and the Ghetto, which teems with inhabitants, is perfectly free from it. In the Campagna, — with the exception of Porto d'Anzio, which has always been healthy, — no town or village is safe after the month of August, and to this cause the utter desolation of so many formerly populous sites (especially those of Veii and Galera) may be attributed : — " Roma, vorax hominum, domat ardua colla viroi-um ; Roma, ferax febrium, necis est uberrima frugum : Romans febres stabili sunt jure fideles." Thus wrote Peter Damian in the loth centur)', and those who refuse to be on their guard will find it so still. The greatest risk at Rome is incurred by those who, coming out of the hot sunshine, spend long hours in the Vatican and the other galleries, which are filled with a 22 WALKS IN ROME. deadly chill during the winter months. As March comes on this chill wears away, and in April and May the temperature of the galleries is delightful, and it is impossible to find a more agreeable retreat. It is in the hope of inducing strangers to spend more time in the study of these wonder- ful museums, and of giving additional interest to the hours which are passed there, that so much is said about their contents in these volumes. As far as possible it has been desired to evade any mere catalogue of their collections, — so that no mention has been made of objects Avhich possess inferior artistic or historical, interest ; while by introducing anecdotes connected with those to which attention is drawn, or by quoting the opinion of some good authority concern- ing them, an endeavour has been made to fix them in the recollection. So much has been written about Rome, that in quoting from the remarks of others the great difficulty has been selection, — and the rule has been followed that the most learned books are not always the most instructive or the most interesting. No endeavour has been made to enter into deep archaeological questions, — to define the exact limits of the Walls of Servius Tullius, — or to hazard a fresh opinion as to how the earth accumulated in the Roman Forum, or whence the pottery came, out of which the Monte Tcstaccio has arisen ; but it has rather been sought to gather up and present to the reader such a succession of word jjicturcs from various authors, as may not only make the scenes of Rome more interesting at the time, but may deepen their imj^ression afterwards. This was the work which the late illustrious M. Ampere intended to carry out, INTR on UC TOR Y. 23 and which he would have done so much better and more fully. From the experience of many years the writer can truly say that the more intimately these scenes become known, the more deeply they become engraven upon the inmost affections. Rome, as Goethe truly says, " is a world, and it takes years to find oneself at home in it." It is not a hurried visit to the Coliseum, with guide book and cicerone, which will enable one to drink in the fulness of its beauty ; but a long and familiar friendship with its solemn walls, in the ever-varying grandeur of golden sunlight and grey shadow — till, after many days' compa- nionship, its stones become dear as those of no other building ever can be ; — and it is not a rapid inspection of the huge cheerless basilicas and churches, with their gaudy marbles and gilded ceihngs and ill-suited monuments, which arouses your sympathy ; but the long investigation of their precious fragments of ancient cloister, and sculptured fountain, — of mouldering fresco, and mediaeval tomb, — of mosaic-crowned gateway, and palm-shadowed garden ; — and the gradually-acquired knowledge of the wondrous story which clings around each of these ancient things, and which tells how each has a motive and meaning entirely un- suspected and unseen by the passing eye. The immense extent of Rome, and the wide distances to be traversed between its different ruins and churches, is in itself a sufficient reason for devoting more time to it than to the other cities of Italy. Surprise will doubtless be felt that so few pagan ruins remain, considering the enormous number which are known to have existed even down to a 24 WALKS IN ROME. comparatively late period. A monumental record of a.d. 540, published by Cardinal Mai, mentions 324 streets, 2 Capitols— the Tarpeian and that on the Quirinal, — 80 gilt statues of the gods (only the Hercules remains), 66 ivory statues of the gods, 46,608 houses, 17,097 palaces, 13,052 fountains, 3785 statues of emperors and generals in bronze, 22 great equestrian statues of bronze (only Marcus Aurelius remains), 2 colossi (Marcus Aurelius and Trajan), 9026 baths, 3 1 theatres, and 8 amphitheatres ! It is impossible to speak too highly of the facilities afforded to strangers for seeing and enjoying everything, especially by the Roman nobility. The beautiful grounds of the Villa Borghese and the Villa Doria appear to be kept up at an enormous expense, solely for the use and pleasure of the public, and almost all the palaces and collections are thrown open on fixed days with unequalled liberality. In almost all these galleries, museums, and gardens the stranger is permitted to wander about and linger as he pleases, entirely unmolested by officious servants and ignor- ant ciceroni. Those will enjoy Rome most who have studied it tho- roughly before leaving their own homes. In the multiplicity of engagements in which a foreigner is soon involved, there is little time for historical research, and few are able to do more than " read up their Murray," so that half the i)leasure and all the advantage of a visit to Rome are thrown away : while those who arrive with the foundation already pre- j)arcd, easily and naturally acquire, amid the scenes around which the history of the world revolved, an amount of in- formation which will be astonishing even to themselves. INTRO D UC TOR Y. 25 " People out of Rome," says Goethe, '' have no idea how one is schooled there ; " but then, as the author of ' Vera * remarks, " that is true of Rome, which Madame Swetchine said of life, viz. that you find exactly what you put into it." The pagan monuments of Rome have been ^\Titten of and discussed ever since they were built, and the catacombs have lately found historians and guides both able and will- ing, — about the later Christian monuments far less has hitherto been said. In English, except in the immense collection of interest which is imbedded in the works of Hemans, and in the few beautiful notices of some of the early martyrs by Mrs. Jameson, very little has been written ; in French there is far more. There is a natural shrinking in the English Protestant mind from all that is connected with the story of the saints, — especially the later saints of the Roman Catholic Church. Many believe, with Addison, " that the Christian antiquities are so embroiled in fable and legend, that one derives but little satisfaction from searching into them." And yet, as Mrs. Jameson observes, when all that the controversialist can desire is taken away from the reminiscences of those, who to the Roman Catholic mind have consecrated the homes of their earthly life, how much remains ! — " so much to awaken, to elevate, to touch the heart ; — so much that will not fade from the memory, so much that may make a part of our after-life." IN^o attempt has been made in these pages to describe the country round Rome, beyond a few of the most ordinary drives and excursions outside the walls. The opening of the railways to Naples and Civita Vecchia have now brought a vast variety of new excursions within the range of a day's 26 WALKS IN ROME. expedition — and the papal citadel of Anagni, the temples of Cori, the cyclopean remains of Segni, Alatri, Norba, Cervetri, and Corneto, and the wild heights of Soracte, will probably ere long become as well known as the oft-visited Tivoli, Ostia, and Albano. It is intended to supplement these " Walks in Rome " by a similar volume of *' Excursions round Rome." CHAPTER I. DULL-USEFUL INFORMATION. Hotels. — For passing travellers or bachelors, the best are: Hotel d'Angleterre, Bocca di Leone ; Hotel de Rome, Corso. For families, or for a long residence : Hotel des lies Britanniques, Piazza del Popolo ; Hotel de Russie (close to the last), Via Babuino ; Hotel de Londres, and Hotel Europa, Piazza di Spagna ; Hotel Costanzi, Via S. Nicolo in Tolentino, in a high airy situation towards the railway- station, and very comfortable and well managed, but further from the sights of Rome. Less expensive, are : Hotel d'Allemagne, Via Con- dotti ; Hotel Vittoria, Via Due Macelli ; Hotel d'ltalie. Via quattro Fontane ; Hotel della Pace, 8 Via Felice ; Hotel Minerva, Piazza della Minerva, very near the Pantheon ; Hotel del Globo, Via S. Nicolo in Tolentino. Pensions are much wanted in Rome. The best are those of Miss Smith and Madame Tellenbach, in the Piazza di Spagna ; Pension Suez, Via S. Nicolo in Tolentino ; and the small Hotel du Sud, in the Capo le Case. Apartments have lately greatly increased in price. An apartment for a very small family in one of the best situations can seldom be obtained for less than 300 to 500 francs a month. The English almost all prefer to reside in the neighbourhood of the Piazza di Spagna. The best situations are the sunny side of the Piazza itself, the Trinita de' Monti, the Via Gregoriana, and Via Sistina. Less good situations are, the Corso, Via Condotti, Via Due Macelli, Via Frattina, Capo le Case, Via Felice, Via Quattro Fontane, Via Babuino, and Via delle Croce, — in which last, however, are many very good apartments. On the other side of the Corso suites of rooms are much less expensive, but they are less convenient for persons who make a short residence in Rome. In many of the palaces are large apartments which are let by the year. 28 WALK'S IJV ROME. Tfattorie (Restaurants) send out dinners to families in apartments in a tin box with a stove, for which the bearer calls the next morning. A dinner for six francs ought to be amply sufficient for three persons, and to leave enough for luncheon the next day. Restaurants where luncheons or dinners may be obtained upon the spot, are those of Bedeau, Via della Croce, and Nazzari, Piazza di Spagna. Those who wish for a real Roman dinner of Porcupine, Hedgehog, and other such delicacies, find it at the Falcone, where Ariosto used to lodge when in Rome. English Church. — Just outside the Porta del Popolo, on the left. Services at 9 a.m., ii a.m., and 3 p.m. on Sundays; daily service twice on week-days. The Atnerican Chuixh is in the same building, with an entrance further on. Post Office. — In the Piazza Colonna. The English mail leaves daily at 8 P.M. Telegraph Office. — 121 Piazza Monte-Citorio. A telegraph of 20 words to England, including name and address, costs 1 1 francs. Bankers. — Hooker, 20 Piazza di Spagna ; Macbean, 3 78 Corso ; Plowden, 50 Via Mercede ; Spada and Flamini, 20 Via Condotti. For sending Boxes to England. — Welby, Strada Papala. (His agents in London, Messrs. Scott, 1 1 King William St. ) English Doctors. — Dr. (Irigor, 3 Pa di Spagna ; Dr. Small, 56 Via Babuino ; Dr. Gason, 82 Via della Croce. German : Dr. Taussig, 144 Via Babuino. American : Dr. Gould, 107 Via Babuino. Italian : Dr. Valeri, 138 Via Ijabuino. Ilomccopaihic Doctor. — Dr. Liberali, 69 Via della Frezza. Dentist.— \)x. Parniby, 93 Piazza di Spagna. Sick-nurses. — Mrs. Meyer, 44 Via delle Carozzc ; the Nuns of the Bon-Secours at the convent in the Via dei Banchi. Chemists. — English Pharmacy, 498 Corso; Sininberghi, 134 Via Frattina ; and Borioni, Via Babuino, are those usually employed by the English ; but the chemists' shops in the Corso are as good, and much less expensive. ROMAN SHOPS. 29 En^^Hsh I/oHse Agcnf. — Shea, 11 Piazza di Spagna. English Lh't'iy Stables. — Jarrett, 3 Piazza del Popolo ; Ranucci, Vicolo Aliberti. Circulating Library. — Piale, i, 2, Piazza di Spagiia. Booksellers. — Monaldini, Piazza di Spagna ; Spithover, Piazza di Spagna; Bocca, 216 Corso ; Loesther, 346 Corso. Italian Masters. — Vannini, 31 Via Condotti (in the summer at the Bagni di Lucca) ; Monachesi (a Roman), 8 Via S. Sebastianello ; Goi- dini, 374 Corso ; N. Lucantini, 17 Via della Stamperia. PJiotographers. — For vieivs of Rome. — Watson, Via Bahuino ; Mac- pherson, 12 Vicolo Aliberti ; Mang, 104 Via Felice ; Anderson (his photographs sold at Spithover's) ; Joseph Phelps, 169 Via Babuino ; Maggi, 329 Corso. For Artistic Bits, very much to be recommended, De Bonis, 11 Via Felice. For Portraits. — Suscipi, 48 Via Condotti (the best for medallions) ; Alessandri, 12 Corso (excellent for Cartes de Visite) ; Lais, 57 Via del Campo-Marzo ; Ferretti, 50 Via Sta. Maria in Via. Drawing Materials. — Dovizelli, 136 Via Babuino ; Corteselli, 150 Via Felice. For commoner articles and stationery, the "Cartoleria," 214 Corso, opposite the Piazza Colonna. Engravings. — At the Stamperia Nazionale (fixed prices), 6 Via della Stamperia, near the fountain of Trevi. Antiquities. — Depoletti, 31 Via Fontanella Borghese ; Innocenti, 118 Via Frattina ; Santelli, 141 Via Frattina ; Capobianchi, 152 Via Babuino. Bronzes. — RiJhrich, 104 Via Sistina ; Chiapanelli, 92 Via Babuino; Dressier, 17 Via Due JMacelli. Cameos. — Saulini, 96 Via Babuino ; Neri, 72 Via Babuino. Mosaics. — Rinaldi, 125 Via Babuino ; Boschetti, 74 Via Condotti. yewellers. — Castellani, 88 Via Poll (closed from 12 to i), verj' beau- tiful, but very expensive ; Pierret, 20 Piazza di Spagna ; Lmocenti, t,2, Piazza Trinita de' Monti. Roman Pearls. — Rev, 122 Via Babuino ; Lacchini, 70 Via Condotti. 30 WALKS IN ROME. Bookbinder. — Olivieri, I Via Frattina. Engraver. — (For visiting cards, &c.), Martelli, 139 Via Frattina. Tailors. — Mattina (the "Poole" of Rome), Corso, opposite S. Carlo, entrance 2 Via delle Carozze ; Vai, 60 Piazza di Spagna ; Reanda, 61 Piazza S. Apostoli ; Evert, 77 Piazza Borghese. Shoemakers. — Rubini, 223 Corso (none good). Dress}naker.-^C\2iusse, 166 Corso. Shops for Ladies' Dress. — Massoni, Palazzo Simonetti ; the Ville de Lyon, 48 Via dei Prefetti (behind S. Lorenzo in Lucina) ; Sebastiani, 8 Via. del Campo-Marzo ; Giovannetti, 50 to 53 Campo-Marzo. Roman Ribbons and Shazvls. — Arvotti, 66 Piazza Madama (fixed prices) ; Bianchi, 82 Via della Minerva. Gloi'es. — Cremonesi, 420 Corso ; 4 Piazza S. Lorenzo in Lucina. Carpets and small Household Articles. — Cagiati, 250 Corso. German Baker. — Colalucci, 88 Via della Croce (excellent). English Grocer. — Lowe, 76 Piazza di Spagna. Italian Grocer and JFine A/erehant. — Giacosa, Via della INIaddalena. Oil, Candles and Wood, <Sr=c — Lnigioni, 70 Piazza di Spagna. English Dairy. — Palmcgiani, 66 Piazzi di Spagna. Artists'' Studios. — Benonviiic, 61 Via Babuino, — landscapes. Brennan, 76 Via Borghetlo. Coleman, 16 Via dci Zucchclli, — very good for animals. Corrodi, 25 Angelo-Custode, — water-colour landscapes, very higlily fmished. Desoulavy, ^^ Via Margutla, — landscapes. ARTISTS' STUDIOS. 31 Fattorini, Via Margutla, — a very beautiful copyist. Flatz, 3 Mario di Fiori, — sacred subjects. Haseltine, J. H., 59 Via Babuino. *Joris, 33 Via Marj^utta,— quite first-rate for figure subjects in water- colour. Garelli, 217 Ripetta, — an admirable copyist, generally to be found in the Capitoline Gallery. *Glennie, 17 Piazza Margana, — water-colour, first-rate. Knebel, 33 Via Margutta, — oil landscapes. Maes, 33 Via Margutta. *Marianecci, 53 Via Margutta, — the prince of copyists. MuUer, 60 Piazza Barberini, — water-colour landscapes. Podesti, 55 Via Margutta, — oil : large historical and sacred subjects. Poingdestre, 36 Vicolo dei Greci — oil : landscapes. Buchanan Read, 55 Via Margutta. *Riviere, 36 Vicolo dei Greci, — water-colour. De Sanctis, 33 Via Margutta. Strutt (Arthur), 81 Via della Croce, — landscapes and figures, both oil and water-colour. Tapiro (Spanish), 72 Sistina, — admirable for figures. Tilton, 20 Via S. Basilio, — remarkable for his drawings of the Nile. Vertunni, 53 Via Margutta. Wedder, 55A Via Margutta. *Penry Williams, 12 Piazza Mignanelli. Sculptors' Studios. — D'Epinay, 57 Via Sistina. Fabj-Altini, 4 S. Nicolo in Tolentino. Miss Foley, 53 Via RIargutta, — admirable for medallion portraits and busts, also the author of a beautiful fountain. *Miss Hosmer, 118 Via Margutta — (Gibson's studio). Miss Lewis, 8 Via S. Nicolo in Tolentino. Macdonald, 7 Piazza Barberini. Rosetti, 55 Via Margutta. 32 JVALA'S IiV ROME. Story, 2 Via S. Nicolo in Tolentino. Tadolini, 150A Via Babuino. Wood (Shakspeare), 504 Corso, — excels in medallion portraits. Wood (Warrington), 7 Piazza Trinita de' Monti. It is impossible for a traveller who spends only a week or ten days in Rome to see a tenth part of the sights which it contains. Perhaps the most important objects are : CJmrches. — S. Peter's, S. John Lateran, Sta. Maria Maggiore, S. Lorenzo fuori Mura, S. Paoli fuori Mura, S. Agnese fuori Mura, Ara Cceli, S. Clemente, S. Pietro in Montorio, S. Pietro in Vincoli, Sta. Sabina, Sta. Prassede and Sta. Pudentiana, S. Gregorio, S. Stefano Rotondo, Sta. Maria sopra Minerva, Sta. Maria del Popolo. Palaces. — Vatican, Capitol, Borghese, Barberini (and, if possible, Corsini, Colonna, Sciarra, Rospigliosi, and Spada). Villas. — Albani, Doria, Borghese, Wolkonski, and, though less important, Ludovisi. Kiiins. — Palace of the Caesars, Temples in Forum, Coliseum, and, if possible, the ruins in the Ghetto, and the Baths of Caracalla. It is desirable for the traveller who is pressed for time to apply at once to his Banker for orders for any of the villas for which they are necessary. The following scheme will give a good general idea of Rome and its neighbourhood in a few days. The sights printed in italics can only be seen on tlic days to which they are ascribed : — Afoiiday. — General view of Capitol, Gallery of Sculpture, Ara Cocl'. Genera! view of Forum, Coliseum, St. John Lateran (with cloisters), and drive out to tlie \'ia I.atiiia and the atiueducls at 'I'avolato. 7//r.«Ay'.— Morning : St. Pcler's and Ihe Vatican Stanze. Afternoon: I'illa Albani, St. Agnese, and drive to the Pontc Nomentana. SCHEME FOR HURRIED TRA TELLERS. ^^ IVed/tcsday. — Go to Tivoli (llie Cascades, Cascatelle, and Villa d'Este). Thursday. — Morning : Palace of ike Ca:sars. Afternoon : drive on the Via Appia as far as Torre Mezzo Strada ; in returning, see the Baths of Caracalla. Friday. — Morning : Palazzo Borghese, Palazzo Spada, The Ghetto, The Temple of Vesta, cross the Ponte Rotto to Sta. Cecilia ; and end in the afternoon at St. Pietro in Montorio and the Villa Doria (or on Monday). Saturday. — Frascati and Albano. Drive to Frascati early, take donkeys, by Rocca di Papa to Mte. Cavo ; take luncheon at the Temple, and return by Palazzuolo and the upper and lower Galleries to Albano, whither the carriage should be sent on to await you at the Hotel de Russie. Drive back to Rome in the evening. Sunday. — Morning : Sta. Maria del Popolo on way to English Church. Afternoon : St. Peter's again ; drive to Monte Mario (Villa Mellini), or in the Villa Borghese, and end with the Pincio. 2d Monday. — Morning: Sta. Prassede, Sta. Pudentiana, Sta. Maria Maggiore. Afternoon : Sta. Sabina, Priorato Garden, English Ceme- tery, S. Paolo, and the Tre Fontane. 2d Tuesday. — Morning : Vatican Sculptures. Afternoon : S. Gregorio, S. Stefano Rotondo, S. Clemente, S. Pietro in Vincoli, Sta. Maria degli Angeli, S. Lorenzo fuori Mura, and drive out to the Torre dei Schiavi, returning by the Porta Maggiore. 2d J Wednesday. — Morning: Palazzo Barberini, Palazzo' /\osJ>igliosi, (and on .Saturdays) Vatican Pictures. Afternoon: Forum in detail, SS. Cosmo and Damian, and ascend the Coliseum. The following list may be useful as a guide to some of the best subjects for artists who wish to draw at Rome, and have not much time to search for themselves : — 34 WALK'S I.V ROME Morning Light : Temple of Vesta with the fountain. Arch of Constantine from the Coliseum (early). Coliseum from behind Sta. Francesca Romana (earl)'). Temples in the Forum from the School of Xanthus. View from the Garden of the Rupe Tarpeia. In the Garden of S. Giovanni e Paolo. In the Garden of S. Buonaventura. In the Garden of the S. Bartolomeo in Isola. In the Garden of S. Onofrio. On the Tiber from Poussin's Walk. From the door of the Villa Medici. At S. Cosimato. At the back entrance of Ara Coeli. At the Portico of Octavia. Looking to the Arch of Titus up the Via Sacra. In the Cloister of the Lateran. In the Cloister of the Certosa. Near the Temple of Bacchus. On the Via Appia, beyond Cecilia Metella. Torre Mezza Strada on the Via Appia. Torre Nomentana, looking to the mountains. Ponte Nomentana, looking to the Mons Sacer. Torre dei Schiavi, looking towards Tivoli. Aqueducts at Tavolato. Evening Light : From St. John Lateran. From the Ponte Rotto. From the Terrace of the Villa Doria (St. Peter's). Palace of the Caesars — Roman side — looking to Sta. r!all)ina. Palace of the Caesars — French side — looking to the Coliseum. Apse of .S. Giovanni e Paolo. Near tlie Naviculia. Garden of the Villa ]\Iattei. Garden of llie Villa Wolkouski. Garden of tlie Priorato. Porta S. Lorenzo. Torre dei Schiavi, looking towards Rome. Via Latina, looking towards the Aqueducts. \'ia Latina, looking towards Rome. SUBJECTS FOR ARTISTS. 35 The montlis of November and December are the best for drawing. The colouring is then magnificent ; it is enhanced by the tints of the decaying vegetation, and the shadows are strong and clear. January is generally cold for sitting out, and February wet ; and before the end of March the vegeta- tion is often so far advanced that the Alban Hills, which have retained glorious sapphire and amethyst tints all winter, change into commonplace green English downs ; while the Campagna, from the crimson and gold of its d}"ing thistles and fenochii, becomes a lovely green plain waving with flowers. Foreigners are much too apt to follow the nati\-e custom of driving constantly in the Villa Borghese, the Villa Doria, .and on the Pincio, and getting out to walk there during their drives. For those who do not care always to see the human world, a delightful variety of dri\es can be found ; and it is a most agreeable plan for invalids, Avithout carriages of their own, to take a " course to the I'arco di San Gre- gorio," or to the sunny avenues near the Lateran, and walk there instead of on the Pincio. A carriage for the return may almost always be found in the Forum or at the Lateran. CHAPTER II. THE CORSO AND ITS NEIGHBOURHOOD. The Piazza del Popolo — Obelisk — Sta. Maiia del Popolo — (The Pincio — Villa Medici — Trinita de' Monti) (Via Babuino — Via jMai_c;utta — Piazza di Spagna — Propaganda) (Via Ripetta — SS. Rocco e Martino - — S. Girolamo degli Schiavoni) — S. Giacomo degli Incurabili — Via Vittoria — Mausoleum of Augustus — S. Carlo in Corso — Via Con- dotti — Palazzo Borghese — Palazzo Ruspoli — S. Lorenzo in Lucina • — S. Sylvestro in Capite — S. Andrea delle Fratte — Palazzo Chigi — • I'iazza Colonna — Palace and Obelisk of Monte-Citorio — Temple of Neptune — Fountain of Trevi — Palazzo Poli — Palazzo Sciarra — The Caravita— S. Ignazio— S. Marcello — Sta. Maria in Via Lata — Pa- lazzo Doria Pamtili — Palazzo Salviati — Palazzo Odescalchi — Pa- lazzo Colonna — Church of SS.Apostoli — Palazzo Savorelli — Palazzo Buonaparte — Palazzo di Venezia— Palazzo Torlonia — Ripresa del Barberi — S. Marco — Church of II Gesu — Palazzo Altieri. ''T^HE first object of every traveller will naturally be to reach the Capitol, and look clown thence upon anciei>t Rome ; but as he will go down to the Corso to do' this, and must daily pass most of its surrounding buildings, we will first speak of those objects which will, ere long, become the most familiar. A stranger's first lesson in Roman geography should be learnt standing in the J'ltTzza dil J\>po/(), whence tlirce streets I)ranch off — the Corso, in the centre, leading towards the Capitol, beyond which lies ancient Rome ; the Babuino, on PIAZZA DEL rOPOLO. 37 the left, leading to the Piazza di Spagna and the English quarter ; the Ripetta, on the right, leading to the Castle of St. Angelo and St. Peter's. The scene is one well known from pictures and engravings. The space between the streets is occupied by twin churches, erected by Cardinal Gastaldi. " Les deux eglises elevees au Place du Peiiple par le Cardinal Gas- taldi a Tentrce du Corso, sont d'un effet mediocre. Comment un cardi- nal n'a-t-il pas senti qu'il ne faut pas elever une eglise pour /aire pe7i- t/ff«^ a quelque chose ? C'est ravaler la majcste divine." Stcndlial ,\. 172. It is in the church on the left that sermons are preached every winter on Sunday afternoons by some of the best Roman Catholic controversialists, just at the right moment for catching the Protestant congregations as they emerge from their chapels outside the Porta del Popolo. These churches are believed to occupy the site of the magnificent tomb of Sylla, who died at Puteoli B.C. 82, but was honoured at Rome with a public funeral, at which the patrician ladies burnt masses of incense and perfumes on his funeral pyre. The Obelisk of the Piazza del Popolo was placed on this site by Sixtus V. in 1589, but was originally brought to Rome and erected in honour of Apollo by the Emperor Augustus. " Ai)ollo was the patron of the spot which had given a name to the great victory of Actium ; Apollo himself, it was proclaimed, had fought for Rome and for Octavius on that auspicious day ; the same Apollo, the Sun-god, had shuddered in his bright career at the murder of the Dic- tator, and terrified the nations by the eclipse of his divine countenance." . . . . Therefore, "besides building a temple to Apollo on the Palatine hill, the Emperor Augustus sought to honour him by trans- planting to the Circus Maximus, the sports of which were under his 38 IVALR'S IN ROME. special protection, an obelisk from Heliopolis, in Egj'pt. This flame- shaped column was a symbol of the sun, and originally bore a blazing orb upon its summit. It is interesting to trace an intelligible motive for the first introduction into Europe of these grotesque and unsightly monuments of eastern superstition." — Merivale, Hist, of the Romans. *' This red granite obelisk, oldest of things, even in Rome, rises in the centre of the piazza, with a four-fold fountain at its base. All Roman works and ruins (whether of the empire, the far-off republic, or the still more distant kings) assume a transient, visionary, and impalpable character, when we think that this indestructible monument supplied one of the recollections which Moses and the Israelites bore from Egj'pt into the desert. Perchance, on beholding the cloudy pillar and fiery column, they whispered awe-stricken to one another, ' In its shape it is like that old obelisk which we and our fathers have so often seen on the borders of the Nile.' And now that very obelisk, with hardly a trace of decay upon it, is the first thing that the modern traveller sees after entering the Flaminian Gate." — Hwwthorne' s Ti-ansformaiion. It was on the left of the Piazza, at the foot of what was even then called " the Hill of Gardens," that Nero Avas buried (a.d, 68). " When Nero was dead, his nurse Eclaga, with Alexandra, and Acte the famous concubine, having wrapped his remains in rich white stuff, embroidered with gold, deposited them in the Domitian monument, which is seen in the Campus-Martius under the Hill of Gardens. The tomb was of porphyry, having an altar of Luna marble, surrom;ded by a balustrade of Thasos marble." — Sudoiiiits. Church tradition tells that from the tomb of Nero after- wards grew a gigantic walnut-tree, which became the resort of inmiinerable crows, — so numerous as to become quite a l^est to the neighbourhood. In the eleventh century, Pope Pasclial II. dreamt that these crows were demons, and that the Blessed Virgin coniniandod liiiii to cut down and burn tlie tree (" albcro malnato "), and build a sanctuary to her honour in its i)lace. A church was then built by means of STA. MARIA DEL POPOLO. 39 a collection amongst the common people ; hence the name which it still retains of " St. Mary of the People." Sta. Maria del Popolo was rebuilt by Bacio Pintelli for Sixtus IV. in 1480, and very richly adorned. It was mo- dernized by Bernini for Alexander VII. (Fabio Chigi, 1655-67), of whom it was the family burial-place, but it still retains many fragments of beautiful fifteenth century •work (the principal door of the nave is a fine example of this) ; and its interior is a perfect museum of sculpture antl art. Entering the church l)y the west door, and following the right aisle, the first chapel (Venuti, formerly Delia Rovere*) is adorned Avith exquisite paintings by Fhituricc/iio. Over the altar is the Nativity — one of the most beautiful frescoes in the city ; in the lunettes are scenes from the life of vSt. Jerome. Cardinal Christoforo della Rovere, who built this chapel and dedicated it to " the Virgin and St. Jerome," is buried on the left, in a grand fifteenth century tomb ; on the right is the monument of Cardinal di Castro. Both of these tombs and many others in this church have interesting and greatly varied lunettes of the Virgin and Child. The second chapel, of the Cibo family, rich in pillars of nero-antico and jasper, has an altarpiece representing the Assumption of the Virgin, by Carlo Maraita. In the cupola is the Almighty, surrounded by the heavenly host.f The third chapel is also painted by Piuturicchio. Over the altar, the Ivladonna and four saints ; above, God the Father, surrounded by angels. In the other lunettes, scenes * Observe. — Here and elsewhere the arms of the Delia Rovere — an oak-tree. Ro- biir, an oak, — hence Rovere. t The beautiful 15th century altar of four virgin saints at S. Cosimato in Trastcvere, is said to have been brought from this chapel. 40 WALKS IN ROME. in the life of the Virgin ; — that of the Virgin studying in tlie Temple, a very rare subject, is especially beautiful. In a frieze round the lower part of the wall, a series of martyr- doms in grisaille. On the right is the tomb of Giovanni della Rovere, ob. 1483. On the left is a fine sleeping bronze figure of a bishop, unknown. The fourth chapel has a fine fifteenth century altar-relief of St. Catherine between St. Anthony of Padua and St. Vincent. On the right is the tomb of Marc-Antonio Albertoni, ob. 1485 ; on the left, that of Cardinal Costa, of Lisbon, ob. 1508, erected in his lifetime. In this tomb is an especially beautiful lunette of the Virgin adored by Angels. Entering the right transept, on the right is the tomb of Cardinal Podocanthorus of Cyprus, a very fine specimen of fifteenth century work. A door near this leads into a cloister, where is preserved, over a door, the Gothic altar- piece of the church of Sixtus IV., representing the Corona- tion of the Virgin, and two fine tombs — Archbishop Rocca, ob. 1482, and Bishop Gomiel. The choir (shown when there is no service) has a ceiling by rinturiuhio. In the centre, the Virgin and Saviour, surrounded by the Evangelists and Sibyls ; in the corners, the Eathers of the Church — Gregory, Ambrose, Jerome, and Augustine. 13encath are the tombs of Cardinal Ascanio Sforza, and Cardinal Girolamo Basso, nephews of Sixtus IV. (Francesco della Rovere), beautiful works of Andrea di Sansovino. These toml)s were erected at the expense of Julius 11., himself a Della Rovere, who also gave the windows, painted by Claude and Gnillaiiinc de Marseilles, the only good s[)ecimens of stained glass in Rome. ^Z:;. MARIA DEL POPOLO. 41 The high-altar is surmounted by a miraculous image of the Virgin, inscribed, "In honorificentia popuh nostri," which was placed in this church by Gregory IX., and which, having been "successfully invoked" by Gregory XIII., in the great plague of 1578. has ever since been annually adored by the pope of the period, who prostrates himself before it upon the 8th of September. The chapel on the left of this has an Assumption, by Aiuiibalc Caracci. In the left transept is the tomb of Cardinal Bernardino Lonati, with a fine fifteenth century relief of the Resurrec- tion. Returning by the left aisle, the last chapel but one is that of the Chigi family, in which the famous banker, Agostino Chigi (who built the Farnesina) is buried, and in which Raphael is represented at once as a painter, a sculptor, and an architect. He planned the chapel itself; he drew the strange design of the Mosaic on the ceiling (carried out by Aloisio dclla Pace), which represents an extraordinary mix- ture of Paganism and Christianity, Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn (as the planets), conducted by angels, being represented with and surrounding Jehovah; and he modelled the beautiful statue of Jonah seated on the whale, which was sculptured in the marble by Lofoizdto. The same artist sculptured the figure of Elijah, — those of Daniel and Habakkuk being by Bernini. The altarpiece, repre- senting the Nativity of the Virgin, is a fine Avork of Sebastian del Piombo. On the pier adjoining this chapel is the strange monument by Fosi (I'j^i) of a Princess Odescalchi Chigi, who died in childbirth, at the age of twenty, erected by her husband, who describes himself, " In solitudine ct luclu superstes." 42 IVALA'S IN ROME. The last chapel contains two fine fifteenth century ciboria, and the tomb of CarcUnal Antonio Pallavicini, 1507. On the left of the principal entrance is the remarkable monument of Gio. Batt. Gislenus, the companion and friend of Casimir I. of Poland (ob. 1670). At the top is his portrait while living, inscribed, " Neque hie vivus "; then a medallion of a chrysalis, "In nidulo meo moriar"; opposite to which is a medallion of a buttei'fly emerging, " Ut Phoenix multi- plicabo dies " : below is a hideous skeleton of giallo antico in a white marble winding-sheet, " Neque hie mortuus." Martin Luther "often spoke of death as the Christian's true birth, and this life as but a growing into the chiysalis-shell in which the spirit lives till its being is developed, and it bursts the shell, casts off the web, struggles into life, spreads its wings, and soars up to God." The Augustine Convent adjoining this church was the residence of Luther while he was in Rome. Here he celebrated mass immediately on his arrival, after he had prostrated himself upon the earth, saying, " Hail sacred Rome ! thrice sacred for the blood of the mart}TS shed here ! " Here, also, he celebrated mass for the last time before he departed from Rome to become the most terrible of her enemies. " Lui pauvrc t'colicr, tlevc si durcmcnt, qui souvcnt, pendant son enfance, n'avait pour oreiller qu'une dalle froide, il passe devant des temples tout de marbre, devant des colonnes d'albatre, des gigantesques obtlisques de granite, des fontaines jaillissantes, d_es vilhis fraiches et embcllies de jardins, de flcurs, de cascades ct de grottes. Veut-il prier? il cntre dans unc cglise qui lui semble uu monde veritable, oil les dia- mants scinlillent sur I'autel, Tor aux soffites, le marbre aux colonnes, la mosa'ique aux chapelles, au lieu d'un de ces temples rustiques qui n'ont dans sa patrie jwur tout ornement que quelques roses qu'une main pieuse va deposcr sur I'autel le jour du dimanche. Est-il fatigue de la route ? il trouve sur son chemin, non plus un modesle banc de bois, THE PIXCIO. 43 mais un siege d'albatre antique recemnient dctene. Cherche-t-il une sainte image ? il n'apergoit que des fantaisies pai'ennes, des divinitcs olympiques, Apollon, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, auxquelles travaillent mille mains de sculpteurs. De toutes ces merveilies, il ne comprit rien, il ne vit rien. Aucun rayon de la couronne de Raphael, de Michel- Ange, n'eblouit ses regards ; il resta froid et muet devant tous les trcsors de peinture et de sculpture rassembles dans les eglises ; son oreille fut fermee aux chants du Dante, que le peuple repetait autour de lui. II etait entre a Rome en pelerin, il en sort comme Coriolan, et s'ecrie avec Bembo : ' Adieu, Rome, que doit fuir quiconque veut vivre saintement ! Adieu, ville ou tout est permis, excepte d'etre homme de bien.' " — Audin, Histoirc de Lnther, c. ji. It was in front of this church that the cardinals and mag- nates of Rome met to receive the apostate Christina of Sweden upon her entrance into the city. On the left side of the piazza rise the terraces of the Pincio, adorned with rostral-columns, statues, and marble bas-reliefs, interspersed with cypresses and pines. A wind- ing road, lined with mimosas and other flowering shrubs, leads to the upper platform, now laid out in public drives and gardens, but, till twenty years ago, a deserted waste, where the ghost of Nero was believed to wander in the middle ages. Hence the Eternal City is seen spread at our feet, and beyond it the wide-spreading Campagna, till a silver line marks the sea melting into the horizon beyond Ostia. All these churches and tall palace roofs become more than mere names in the course of the winter, but at first all is bewilder- ment. Two great buildings alone arrest the attention : " Westward, beyond the Tiber, is the Castle of St. Angelo, the im- mense tomb of a pagan emperor with the archangel on its summit. . . 44 IVALA'S IX ROME. Still further off, a miglity pile of buildings, surmounted by a vast dome, vhich all of us have shaped and swelled outward, like a huge bubble, to the utmost scope of our imaginations, long before v^e see it floating over the worship of the city. At any neaier view the grandeur of St. Peter's hides itself behind the immensity of its separate parts, so that we only see the front, only the sides, only the pillared length and loftiness of the portico, and not the mighty whole. But at this distance the entire outline of the world's cathedral, as well as that of the palace of the world's chief priest, is taken in at once. In such remoteness, moreover, the imagination is not debarred from rendering its assistance, even while we have the reality before our eyes, and helping the weakness of human sense to do justice to so grand an object. It requires both faith and fancy to enable us to feel, what is nevertheless so true, that yonder, in front of the purple outline of the hills, is the grandest edifice ever built by man, painted against God's loveliest sky." — Ha-wthornc. Here the band plays under the great pahn-tree every afternoon except Friday. On Sunday afternoons the Pincio is in what Miss Thackeray describes as " a fashionable halo of sunset and pink parasols " — when immense crowds collect, showing every phase of Roman life ; and disperse again as the Ave-Maria bell rings from the cliurches, either to de- scend into the city, or to hear benediction sung by the nuns in the Trinity de' Monti. "When the fasliionable hour of rendezvous arrives, the same spot, which a few minutes before was immersed in silence and solitude, changes as it were with the rapidity of a scene in a pantomime to an animated panorama. The scene is rendered not a little ludicrous by the miniature representation of the Ring in Myde Park in a small compass. An entire revolution of the carriage-drive is performed in the short period of three minutes as near as may be, and the perpetual occurrence of the same physiognomies and the same carriages trotting round and round fur two successive hours, necessarily reminds one uf the proceed- ings of a country fair, and children whirling in a roundabout." — Sir G. Jlciufs ' Tour in Rome.'' "ThePincian Hill is the favourite ]iromcnade of the Roman aris- tocracy. At the ]irescnt day, however, like most other Roman possessions, it belongs less to the native inhabitants than to the, THE PIXCIO. 4 J barbarians from Gaul, Great Britain, an'l lieyond the sea, who have established a peaceful usurpation over all that is enjoyable or memor- able in the Eternal City. These foreign guests are indeed ungrateful, if tliey do not breathe a prayer for Pope Clement, or whatever Holy Father it may have been, who levelled the summit of the mount so skilfully, and bounded it with the parapet of the city wall ; who laid out those broad walks and drives, and overhung them witli the shade of many kinds of tree ; who scattered the flowers of all seasons, and of every clime, abundantly over those smooth, central lawns ; who scooped out hollows in fit places, and setting great basons of marble in them, caused ever-gushing fountains to fill them to the brim ; who reared up the immemorial obelisk out of the soil that had long hidden it ; who placed pedestals along the borders of the avenues, and covered them with busts of that multitude of worthies, — statesmen^ heroes, artists, men of letters and of song, — whom the whole world claims as its chief ornaments, though Italy has produced them all. In a word, the Pincian garden is one of the things that reconcile the stranger (since he fully appreciates the enjoyment, and feels nothing of the cost,) to the rule of an irresponsinle dynasly of Holy Fathers, who seem to have arrived at making life as agreeable an affair as it can well be. " In this pleasant spot the red-trousered French soldiers are always to be seen ; bearded and grizzled veterans, perhaps, with medals of Algiers or the Crimea on their breasts. To them is assigned the peaceful duty of seeing that children do not trample on the flower-beds, nor any youthful lover rifle them of their fragrant blossoms to stick in his beloved one's hair. Here sits (drooping upon some marble bench, in the treacherous sunshine,) the consumptive girl, whose friends have brought her, for a cure, into a climate that instils poison into its very purest breath. Here,' all day, come nursery maids, burdened with rosy English babies, or guiding the footsteps of little travellers from the for western world. Here, in the sunny afternoon, roll and rumble all kinds of carriages, from the Cardinal's old-fashioned and gorgeous purple carriage to the gay barouche of modern date. Here horsemen gallop on thorough-bred steeds. Here, in short, all the transitory population of Rome, the world's great watering-place, rides, drives, or promenades ! Here are beautiful sunsets ; and here, whichever way you turn your eyes, are scenes as well worth gazing at, both in them- selves and for their historical interest, as any that the sun ever rose and set upon. Here, too, on certain afternoons in the week, a French military band flings out rich music over the poor old city, floating her with strains as loud as those of her own echoless triu:nphs." — Ilan'tltoriie. 46 WALK'S IN ROME. The garden of the Pincio is very small, but beautifully- laid out. At a crossroads is placed an Obelisk, brought from Egypt, and which the late discoveries in hierogly- phics show to have been erected there, in the joint names of Hadrian and his empress Sabina, to their beloved Antinous, Avho was drowned in the Nile a.d. 131. From the furthest angle of the garden we look down upon the strange fragment of wall known as the Mtiro-Torto. " Le Muro-Torto ofifre un souvenir curieux. On nomme ainsi un pan de muraille qui, avant de faire partie du rempart d'Honorius, avait servi a soutenir la tenasse du jardin du Domitius, et qui, du temps de Belisaire, etait deja incline comma il I'est aujourd'liui. Procope racconte que Belisaire voulait le rebatir, mais que les Remains I'en em- pecherent, affirmant que ce point n'etait pas expos^, parce que Saint Pierre avait promis de le defendre. Procope ajoute : ' Personne n'a ose reparer ce mur, et il reste encore dans le meme etat.' Nous pouvons en dire autant que Procope, et le mur, detache de la colline a laquelle il s'appuyait, reste encore incline et semble pres de tomber. Ce detail du siege de Rome est confirme par I'aspect singulier du Muro-Torto, qui senii'U toiijoiirs pris de tomber, et subsiste dans le meme etat depuis quatorze siecles, comme s'il etait soutenu miraculeusement par la main de Saint Pierre. On ne saurait guere trouver pour I'autoxute temporel des papes, un meilleur symbole." — Ampere, Etnp. ii. 397. " At the furthest point of the Pincio, you look dovi^n from the parapet upon the Muro-Torto, a massive fragment of the oldest Roman wall, which juts over, as if ready to tumble down by its own weight, yet seems still the most indestructible piece of work that men's hands ever piled together. In the blue distance rise Soracte, and other heights, which have gleamed afar, to our imagination, but look scarcely real to our bodily eyes, because, being dreamed about so much, they have taken the aerial tints which belong only to a dream. These, nevertheless, are the solid framework of hills that shut in Rome, and its broad surround- ing Campagna ; no land of dreams, but the broadest page of history, crowded so full with memorable events, that one obliterates another, as if Time had crossed and rccrosscd his own records till they grew illegible. " — Jlinvthorne. \\\ early imperial times the site of the Pincio garden was THE STOR Y OF THE PIXCIO. 47 occupied by the famous villa of Lucullus, who had gained his enormous wealth as general of the Roman armies \n Asia. "The life of Lucullus was like an ancient comedy, where first we sec great actions, both political and military, and afterwards feasts, de- bauches, races by torchlight, and every kind of frivolous amusement. For among frivolous amusements, I cannot but reckon his sumptuous villas, walks, and baths ; and still more so the paintings, statues, and other works of art which he collected at immense expense, idly squan- dering away upon them the vast fortune he amassed in the wars. Inso- much that now, when luxury is so much advanced, the gardens of Lucullus rank with those of the kings, and are esteemed the most mag- nificent even of these." — riularch. Here, in his Pincian villa, Lucullus gave his celebrated feast to Cicero and Pompey, merely mentioning to a slave beforehand that he should sup in the hall of Apollo, which was understood as a command to prepare all that was most sumptuous. After Lucullus — the beautiful Pincian villa belonged to Valerius Asiaticus, and in the reign of Claudius was coveted by his fifth wife, Messalina. She suborned Silius, her son's tutor, to accuse him of a licentious life, and of corrupting the army. Being condemned to death, "Asiaticus declined the counsel of his friends to starve himself, a course which might leave an interval for the chance of pardon ; and after the lofty fashion of the ancient Romans, bathed, perfumed, and supped magnificently, and then opened his veins, and let himself bleed to death. Before dying he inspected the pyre prepared for him in his own gardens, and ordered it to be removed to another spot, that an umbrageous plantation which overhung it might not be injured by the flames." As soon as she heard of his death, Messalina took possession of the villa, and held high revel there Avith her numerous lovers, with the most favoured of whom, Silius, she had actually gone through the religious rites of marriage in the lifetime of the emperor, who was absent at Ostia. But a conspiracy among the freednien of the royal household informed the emperor of what was taking place, and at last even Claudius was aroused to a sense other enormities. 48 WALK'S IN ROME. " In her suburban palace, Messalina was abandoning herself to volup- tuous transports. The season was mid-autumn; the vintage was in full progress ; the wine-press was groaning ; the ruddy juice was streaming ; women girt with scanty fawnskins danced as drunken Bacchanals around her : while she herself, with her hair loose and disordered, brandished the thyrsus in the midst, and Silius by her side, buskined and crowned with ivy, tossed his head to the flaunting strains of Silenus and the Satyrs. Vettius, one, it seems, of the wanton's less fortunate paramours, attended the ceremony, and climbed in merriment a lofty tree in the garden. When asked what he saw, he replied, ' an awful storm from Ostia ' ; and whether there was actually such an appearance, or whether the words were spoken at random, they were accepted afterwards as an omen of the catastrophe which quickly followed. "For now in the midst of these wanton orgies the rumour quickly spread, and swiftly messengers arrived to confirm it, that Claudius knew it all, that Claudius was on his way to Rome, and was coming in anger and vengeance. The lovers part : Silius for the forum and the tribunals ; Messalina for the shade of her gardens on the Pincio, the price of the blood of the murdered Asiaticus." Once the empress attempted to go forth to meet Claudius, taking her children with her, and accompanied by Vibidia, the eldest of the vestal virgins, whom she persuaded to intercede for her, but her enemies prevented her gaining access to her husband ; Vibidia was satisfied for the moment by vague pro- mises of a later hearing ; and upon the arrival of Claudius in Rome, Silius and the other principal lovers of the empress were put to death. "Still Messalina hoped. She had withdrawn again to the gardens of Lucullus, and was there engaged in composing addresses of supplication to her husband, in which her pride and long-accustomed insolence still faintly struggled into her fears. The emperor still paltered with the treason, lie had retired to his palace ; he had bathed, anointed, and lain down to suj^per ; and, warmed with wine and generous cheer, he had actually despatched a message to the poor creature, as he called her, bidding her come the next day, and plead her cause before him. Uut her enemy Narcissus, knowing how easy might be the passage from compassion to love, glided from the chamber, and boldly ordered a tribune and some centurions to go and slay his victim. 'Such,' he said, 'was the cm]ieror's command'; and his word was obeyed without hesitation. Under the direction of the freedman I''uodus, the armed men sought the outcast in her gardens, where she lay ]irostratc on the ground, by the side of her mother Lcpida. While thiir fortunes flourished, dissensions had existed between the two ; but now, in her last distress, the mother had refused to desert her child, VILLA MEDICT. 49 and only strove to nerve her resolution to a voluntary death. ' Life,' she urged, 'is over ; nought remains but to look for a decent exit from it.' But the soul of the reprobate was corrupted by her vices ; she retained no sense of honour ; she continued to weep and groan as if hope still existed ; when suddenly the doors were burst open, the tribune and his swordsmen appeared before her, and Euodus assailed her, dumb-stricken as she lay, with contumelious and brutal reproaches. Roused at last to the consciousness of her desperate condition, she took a weapon from one of the men's hands and pressed it trembling against her throat and bosom. Still she wanted resolution to give the thrust, and it was by a blow of the tribune's falchion that the horrid deed was finally accom- plished. The death of Asiaticus was avenged on the very spot ; the hot blood of the wanton smoked on the pavement of his gardens, and stained with a deeper hue the variegated marbles of LucuUus." — Men- vale, IList. of the Romans wider the E?iipire. From the garden of the Pincio a terraced road (beneath which are the long-closed catacombs of St. Fehx) leads to the Villa Medici, built for Cardinal Ricci da Montepulciano by Annibale Lippi in 1540. Shortly afterwards it passed into the hands of the Medici family, and was greatly enlarged by Cardinal Alessandro de Medici, afterwards Leo XL In 1 80 1 the Academy for French Art-Students, founded by Louis XIV., was established here. The villa contains a fine collection of casts, open every day except Sunday. Behind the villa is a beautiful Gardcji (which can be visited on application to the porter). The terrace, which looks down upon the Villa Borghese, is bordered by ancient sarcophagi, and has a colossal statue of Rome. The garden side of the villa has sometimes been ascribed to Michael Angelo. " La plus grande coquetterie de la maison, c'est la facade posterieure. Elle tient son rang parmi les chefs-d'oeuvre de la Renaissance. On dirait que I'architecte a epuise une mine de bas-reliefs grecs et romains pour en tapisser son palais. Le jardin est de la meme epoque : il date du temps oil I'aristocratie romaine professait le plus profond dedain pour VOL. I. 4 50 WALKS IN" ROME. les fleurs. On n'y voit que des massifs de verdure, aligne's avec un soin scrupuleux. Six pelouses, entourees de haies a hauteur d'appui, s'eten- deiit devant la villa et laissent courir la vue jusqu'au mont Soracte, qui ferme I'horizon. A gauclie, quatre fois quatre carres de gazon s'en- cadrent dans de hautes muvailles de lauriers, de buis gigantesques et de chenes verts. Les murailles se rejoignent au-dessus des allees et les enveloppent d'une ombre fraiche et mysterieuse. A droite, une ter- rasse d'une style noble encadre un bois de chenes verts, tordus et eventres par le temps. J'y vais quelquefois travailler a 1' ombre ; et le merle rivalise avec le rossignol au-dessus de ma tete, comme un beau chantre de village pent rivaliser avec Mario ou Roger. Un peu plus loin, une vigne toute rustique s'etend jusqu'a la porte Pinciana, ou Belisaire a mendie, dit-on. Les jardins petits et grands sont semes de statues, d'Hermes, et de marbres de toute sorte. L'eau coule dans des sarcophages antiques ou jaiilit dans des vasques de marbre : le marbre et l'eau sont les deux luxes de Rome." — About, Ro7ne Cojitetjiporaine. " The grounds of the Villa Medici are laid out in the old fashion of straight paths, vi'ith borders of box, which form hedges of great height and density, and are shorn and trimmed to the evenness of a wall of stone, at the top and sides. There are green alleys, with long vistas, overshadowed by ilex-trees ; and at each intersection of the paths the visitor finds seats of lichen-covered stone to repose upon, and marble statues that look forlornly at him, regretful of their lost noses. In the more ojjen portions of the garden, before the sculptured front of the villa, you see fountains and flower-beds ; and, in their season, a profu- sion of roses, from which the genial sun of Italy distils a fragrance, to be scattered abroad by the no less genial breeze." — HaiutJiorne. A second door will admit to the higher terrace of the BoscJietto ; a tiny wood of ancient ilexes, from which a steep flight of steps leads to the " Belviderc," whence there is a beautiful view. " They asked the porter for the key of the Bosco, which was given, and they entered a grove of ilexes, whose gloomy sliade effectually shut out the radiant sunshine that still illuminated the western sky. They then ascended a long and exceedingly steep (light of steps, leading up to a high mound covered with ilexes. "Here both stood still, side by side, gazing silently on the city, where dome and bell-tower stood out against a sky of gold ; the deso- VILLA MEDICI. 51 late Monte Mario and its stone pines rising dailc to the right. Behind, close at hand, were sombre ilex woods, amid which rose here and tliere the spire of a cypress or a ruined arch, and on the highest point, the white Villa Ludovisi ; beyond, stretched the Campagna, girdled by hills melting into light under the evening sky." — Mademoiselle Mori, From the door of the Villa Medici is the scene famihar to artists, of a fountain shaded by ilexes, which frame a distant view of St. Peter's. "Je vois (de la Villa Medici) les quatre cinquiemes de la ville ; je compte les sept coUines, je parcours les rues regulieres qui s'etendent entre le cours et la place d'Espagne, je fais le d'enombrement des palais, des eglises, des domes, et des clochers ; je m'egare dans le Ghetto et dans la Trastevere. Je ne vois pas des ruines autant que j'en voudrais : elles sont ramassees la-bas, sur ma gauche, aux environs du Forum. Ce- pendant nous avons tout pres de nous la colonne Antonine et la mau- solee d'Adrien. La vue est fermee agreablement par les pins de la villa Pamphili, qui reunissent leurs larges parasols et font comme une table a mille pieds pour un repas de geants. L'horizon fuit a gauche a des distances infinies ; la plaine est nue, onduleuse et bleue comme la mer. Mais si je vous mettais en presence d'un spectacle si etendu et si divers, en seul objet attirerait vos regards, un seul frapperait votre attention : vous n'auriez des yeux que pour Saint Pierre. Son dome est moitie dans la ville, moitie dans la ciel. Quand j'ouvre ma fenetre, vers cinq heures du matin, je vois Rome noyee dans les brouillards de la fievre : seul, le dome de Saint-Pierre est colore par la lumiere rose du soleil levant." — About. The terrace (" La Passeggiata ") ends at the Obelisk of the Trinita dtf Monti., erected here in 1822 by Pius VII., who found it near the Church of Sta. Croce in Gerusalemme. "When the Ave Maria sounds, it is time to go to the church of Trinita de' Monti, where French nuns sing ; and it is charming to hear them. I declare to heaven that I am become quite tolerant, and listen to bad music with edification ; but what can I do ? The composition is perfectly ridiculous, the organ-pkiying even more absurd : but it is twilight, and the whole of the small bright church is filled with persons Ivneeling, lit up by the sinking sun each time that the door is opened ; 52 WALKS IN ROME. both the singuig nuns have the sweetest voices in the world, quite tender and touching, more especially when one of them sings the responses in her melodious voice, which we are accustomed to hear chaunted by priests in a loud, harsh, monotonous tone. The impres- sion is very singular ; moreover, it is well known that no one is per- mitted to see the fair singers, so this caused me to form a strange resolution. I have composed something to suit their voices, which I have observed very minutely, and I mean to send it to them. It will be pleasant to hear my chaunt performed by persons I never saw, especially as they must in turn sing it to the 'barbaro Tedescho,' whom they also never beheld." — Mendelssohn^ s Letters. " In the evenings people go to the Trinita to hear the nuns sing from the organ-gallery. It sounds like the singing of angels. One sees in the choir troops of young scholars, moving with slow and measured steps, with their long white veils, like a flock of spirits. "^/r^- derika Bremer. The CJnirch of the Trinita de^ Monti was buik in 1495 by Charles VIII. of France, at the request of S. Francesco di Paola. At the time of the French revokition it was plun- dered, but was restored by Louis XVIII. in 1S17. It con- tains several interesting paintings. In the second chapel on the left is the Descent from the Cross, the masterpiece of Da?tiele da Volterra, declared by Nicholas Poussin to be the third picture in the world, but terribly injured by the French in their attempts to remove it. " We might almost fancy ourselves spectators of the mournful scene, — the Redeemer, while being removed from the cross, gradually sinking down with all that relaxation of limb and utter heljjlessness which belongs to a dead body ; the assistants engaged in their various duties, and thrown into different and contrasted attitudes, intently occupied with the sacred remains which they so reverently gaze upon ; the mother of the Lord in a swoon amidst her afflicted companions ; the disciple whom he loved standing with outstretched arms, absorbed in contemplating the mysterious spectacle. The truth in the representa- tion of the exposed parts of the body appears to be nature itself The colouring of the heads and of the whole picture accords precisely with TRINITA DE' MONTI. 53 the subject, displaying strength rather than dehcacy, a harmony, and in short a degree of skill, of which M. Angelo himself might have been proud, if the picture had been inscribed with his name. And to this I believe the author alluded, when he painted his friend with a looking- glass near it, as if to intimate that he might recognize in the picture a reflection of himself." — Laiizi. •' Daniele da Volterra's Descent from the Cross is one of the cele- brated pictures of the world, and has very grand features. The body is not skilfully sustained ; nevertheless the number of strong men employed about it makes up in sheer muscle for the absence of skill. Here are four ladders against the cross, stalwart figures standing, ascending, and descending upon each, so that the spate between the cross and the ground is absolutely alive with magnificent lines. The Virgin lies on one side, and is like a grand creature struck down by a sudden death- blow. She has fallen, like Ananias in Raphael's cartoon, with her head bent backwards, and her arm under her. The crown of tliorns has been taken from the dead brow, and rests on the end of one of the ladders." _ • — Lady Eastlake. The third chapel on the right contains an Assumption of the Virgin, another work of Danidc da Volfcrra. The fifth chapel is adorned with frescoes of his school. The sixth has frescoes of the school of Fcn/gino. The frescoes in the right transept are by F. Zuccaro and Picrino del Vaga; in that of the Procession of St. Gregory the mausoleum of Hadrian is represented as it appeared in the time of Leo X. The adjoining Convent of the Sacre Cccur is much fre- quented as a place of education. The nuns are all persons of rank. When a lady takes the veil, her nearest relations inherit her property, except about 1000/., which goes to the convent. The nuns are allowed to retain no personal pro- perty, but if they wish still to have the use of their books, they give them to the convent library. They receive visitors every afternoon, and quantities of people go to them from curiosity, on the plea of seeking advice. From the Trinita the two popular streets — Sistina and S4 WALKS IN ROME. Gregoriana — branch off; the former leading in a direct Hne (though the name changes) to Sta. Maria Maggiore, and thence to St. John Lateran and Sta. Croce in Gerusalemme. The house adjoining the Trinita was that of Nicholas Poussin ; that at the angle of the two streets, called the Ihnpietto, was once inhabited by Claude Lorraine. The adjoining house (64 Sistina) — formerly known as Palazzo della Regina di Polonia, from Maria Casimira, Queen of Poland, who resided there for some years — was inhabited by the Zuccari family, and has paintings on the ground- floor by Fcderigo Zuccaro. One of the rooms on the first- floor was adorned with frescoes by modern German artists at the expense of the Prussian consul Bartholdy, viz. : — The Selling of Joseph : Ovej-beck. Joseph and Potiphar's Wife : Veit. Meeting of Joseph and his Brethren : Cornelius. The Seven Lean Years : Ovcrbeck. Joseph interprets the Dreams in Prison : Schadam. The Bretliren bring Joseph's Coat to Jacob : Schadow. Joseph interprets tlie Dreams of Pharaoh : Cornelius. The Seven Plentiful Years : Veil. On the left of the Piazza del Popolo, the Via Babtiino branches off, deriving its name from the mutilated figure on a fountain halfway down. On the right is the Greek Cliurch of S. Atajiasio, attached to a college founded by Gregory XIII. in 1580. "To-day, the feast of the Epiphany, I have witnessed mass accord- ing to the Greek rite. The ceremonies appear to be more stately, more severe, more significant, and at the same time more popular, than those of the Latin rite." — Goethe, Romische Brief e. Behind this street is the Via Margutta, almost entirely inhabited l)y artists and sculptors. VIA MARGUTTA. 55 "The Via Margutta is a street of studios and staliles, crossed at the upper end by a little roofed gallery with a single window, like a shabby Bridge of Sighs. Horses are continually being washed and currycombed outside their stable doors ; frequent heaps of immondczzajo make the air unfragrant ; and the perspective is frequently damaged by rows of linen suspended across the i-oad from window to window. Unsightly as they are, however, these obstacles in no wise affect the popularity of the Via Margutta, either as a residence for the artist, or a lounge for the amateur. Fashionable patrons leave their carriages at the corner, and pick their way daintily among the gutters and dust-heaps. A boar-hunt by Val- latti compensates for an unlucky splash ; and a campagna sunset of Desoulavey glows all the richer for the squalor through which it is ap- proaclied. " — Barbara! s History. In this street also is situated the Costume Academy. " Imagine a great barn of a room, with dingy walls half covered with chalk studies of the figure in all possible attitudes. Opposite the door is a low platform with revolving top, and beside it an ecorche, or plaster figure bereft of skin, so as to exhibit the muscles. Ranges of benches, raised one above the other, occupy the remainder of the room ; and if you were to look in at about eight o'clock on a winter's evening, you would find them tenanted by a multitude of young artists, mostly in their shirt sleeves, with perhaps three or four ladies, all disposed around the model, who stands upon the platform in one of the picturesque costumes of Southern Italy, with a cluster of eight lamps, intensified by a powerful reflector, immediately above his or her unlucky head. The costumes are regulated by Church times and seasons. During Lent the models were mediaeval dresses ; during the winter and carnival, Italian costumes of the present day ; and with Easter begin mere drape- ries, pieghe, or folds, as they are technically called. Every evening the subject for the next night is chalked up on a black board beside the platform ; for the next hvo nights rather ; for each model poses for two evenings ; the position of his feet being chalked upon the platform, so as to secure the same attitude on the second evening. Consequently, four hours are allowed for each drawing. TYiQ picghe are only for a single time, as it would be impos- sible to secure the same folds twice over The expense of attending the Academy, including attendance, each person's share in the model, and his own especial lamp, amounts to 2\d. an evening, or 56 WALK'S IN ROME. a scudo and a half (about 6s. 6d. ) a month ; marvellously cheap, it must be confessed." — H. M. B., in Once a Week. The Babuino ends in the ugly but central square of the Piazza di Spagna, where many of the best hotels and shops are situated. Hence the Trinita is reached by a magnificent flight of steps (disgracefully ill kept), which was built by Alessandro Specchi at the expense of a private individual, M. Gueffier, secretary to the French embassy at Rome, under Innocent XIII. " No art -loving visitor to Rome can ever have passed the noble flight of steps which leads from the Piazza di Spagna to the Church of the Trinita de' Monti without longing to transfer to his sketch-book the picturesque groups of models who there spend their day, basking in the beams of the wintry sun, and eating those little boiled beans whose yellow husks bestrew every place where the lower class Romans congre- gate — practising, in short, the 'dolce farniente.' Beppo, the celebrated lame beggar, is no longer to be seen there, having been banished to the steps of the Church of St. Agostino ; but there is old Felice, with conical hat, bro\\'n cloak, and bagjiipes, father of half the models on the steps. He has been seen in an artist's studio in Paris, and is reported to have performed on foot the double journey between Rome and that capital. There are two or three younger men in blue jackets and goat- skin breeches ; as many women in folded linen head-dresses, and red or blue skirts ; and a sprinkling of children of both sexes, in costumes the miniature fac-similcs of their elders. All these speedily learn to recognise a visitor who is interested in that especial branch of art which is embodied in models, and at every turn in the street such a one is met by the flash of white teeth, and the gracious sweetness of an Italian smile."— //.;I/.j9. "Among what may be called the cubs or minor lions of Rome, there was one that amused me mightily. It is always to be found there ; and its den is on the great flight of steps that lead from the Piazza di Spagiia to the Church of the Triniti de' Monti. In plainer words, these steps arc the great place of resort for the artists' ' Models,' and there they are constantly waiting to be hired. The first time I went up there, I could not conceive why the faces seemed so familiar to me ; why they appeared to have beset me, for years, in every possible variety of action and cos- PIAZZA DI SPAGNA. 57 tume ; and how it came to pass that they started up before me, in Rome, in the broad day, like so many saddled and bridled nightmares. I soon found that we had made acquaintance, and improved it, for several years, on the walls of various Exhibition Galleries. There is one old gentle- man with long white hair, and an immense beard, who, to my know- ledge, has gone half-through the catalogues of the Royal Academy. This is the venerable or patriarchal model. He carries a long staff; and every knob and twist in that staff I have seen, faithfully delineated, innumerable times. There is another man in a blue cloak, who always pretends to be asleep in the sun (when there is any), and who, I need not say, is always very wide awake, and very attentive to the disposi- tion of his legs. This is the dolce far ttiente model. There is another man in a brown cloak, who leans against a wall, with his arms folded in his mantle, and look out of the corners of his eyes, which are just visible beneath his broad slouched hat. This is the assassin model. There is another man, who constantly looks over his own shoulder, and is always going away, but never goes. This is the haughty or scornful model. As to Domestic Happiness, and Holy Families, they should come very cheap, for there are heaps of them, all up the steps ; and the cream of the thing is, that they are all the falsest vagabonds in the world, especially made up for the purpose, and having no counterparts in Rome or any other part of the habitable globe." — Dickens. "Climb these steps when the sun is setting. From a hundred belfries the bells ring for Ave Maria, and there, across the town, and in a blaze of golden glory, stands the great dome of St. Peter's : and from the terrace of the Villa Medici you can see the whole wonderful view, faintly pencilled Soracte far to your right, and below you and around you the City and the Seven Hills." — Vera. The Barcaccia, the fountain at the foot of the steps, exe- cuted by Bernini, is a stone boat commemorating the naumachia of Domitian, — naval battles which took place in an artificial lake surrounded by a kind of theatre, which once occupied the site of this piazza. In front of the Pa- lazzo di Spagna (the residence of the Spanish ambassador), which gives its name to the square, stands a Cohan n of ci- polHno, supporting a statue of the A'irgin, erected by Pius IX. in 1854, in honour of his new dogma of the Im- 58 IVALKS IN ROME. maculate Conception. At the base are figures of Moses, David, Isaiah, and Ezekiel. The Piazza di Spagna may be considered as the centre of the English quarter, of Avhich the Corso forms the boundary. "Every winter there is a gay and pleasant English colony in Rome, of course more or less remarkable for rank, fashion, or agreeability, with every varying year. Thrown together every day and night after night, flocking to the same picture-galleries, statue-galleries, Pincian drives, and church functions, the English colonists at Rome perforce become intimate, and in many cases friendly. They have an English library where the various meets for the week are placarded : on such a day the Vatican galleries are open ; the next is the feast of Saint so-and- so ; on Wednesday there will be music and vespers at the Sistine Chapel ; on Thursday the pope will bless the animals — sheep, horses, and what-not ; and flocks of English accordingly rush to witness the benediction of droves of donkeys. .^ In a word, the ancient city of the CEesars, the august fanes of the popes, with their splendour and cere- mony, are all mapped out and arranged for English diversion." — Thackeray, The Newcomes. The Piazza is closed by the Collcgio di Propaganda Fcde, founded in 1622 by Gregory XV., but enlarged by Urban VIII., Avlio built the present edifice from plans of Bernini, Like all the buildings erected by this pope, its chief deco- rations are the bees of the Barberini. The object of the college is the education of youths of all nations as mis- sionaries. " The origin of the Propaganda is properly to be sought in an edict of Gregory XIII., by which tlie direction of eastern missions was confided to a certain number of cardinals, who were commanded to promote the printing of catechisms in tlic less known tongues. But the institution was not firmly established ; it was unprovided with the requisite means, and was by no means comprehensive in its views. It was at the sug- gestion of the great jireachcr Giroiamo da Narni that the idea was first conceived of extending tlic above-named institution. At his suggestion, a congregation was established in all due form, and by this body regular THE PROPAGANDA. 59 meetings were to be held for the guidance and conduct of missions in every part of the world. The first funds were advanced by Gregory ; his nephew contributed from his private property ; and since this insti- tution was in fact adapted to a want, the pressure of which was then felt, it increased in prosperity and splertdour. Who does not know the services performed by the Propaganda for the diffusion of philosophical studies ? and not this only ; — the institution has generally laboured (in its earliest years most successfully, perhaps) to fulfil its vocation in a liberal and noble spirit." — Raiikc, Hist, of the Popes. " On y rejoit des jeunes gens nes dans lespays ultramontains et orien- taux, ou sont les inhdeles et les heretiques ; ils y font leur education religieuse et civile, et retoument dans le'ur pays comme missionnaires pour pro pager la loi." — A. Du Pays. "Le college du Propaganda Fede, ou Ton engraisse des missionnaires pour donner a manger aux cannibales. C'est, ma foi, un excellent ragout pour eux, que deux peres franciscains \ la sauce rousse. Le capucin en daube, se mange aussi comme le renard, quand il a ete gele. II y a a la Propagande une bibliotheque, une imprimerie fournie de toutes sortes de caracteres des langues orientales, et de petits Chinois qu'on y eleve ainsi que des alouettes chanterelles, pour en attraper d'autres." — De Brasses. In January a festival is held here, when speeches are recited by the pupils in all their different languages. The pubhc is admitted by tickets. The Via Ripdta leaves the Piazza del Popolo on the right. Passing, on the right, a large building belonging to the Academy of St. Luke, we reach, on the right, the Quay of the Ripetta, a pretty architectural construction of Clement XI. in 1707. Hence, a clumsy ferry-boat gives access to a walk which leads to St. Peter's (by Porta Angelica) through the fields at the back of S. Angelo. These fields are of historic in- terest, being the Frata Qiunctla of Cincinnatus. " L. Quinctius Cincinnatus, the only hope of the Roman people, lived beyond the Tiber, opposite the place where the Navalia are, where he 6o WALKS IN ROME. cultivated the four acres of ground which are now called the Quinctian meadows. There the messengers of tlie senate found him leaning on his spade, either digging a trench or ploughing, but certainly occupied in some field labour. The salutation, ' May it be well with you and the republic,' was given and returned in the usual form, and he was re- quested to put on his toga to receive a message from the senate. Amazed, and asking if anything was wrong, he desired his wife Racilia to fetch his toga from the cottage, and having wiped off the sweat and dust with which he was covered, he came forward dressed in his toga to the messengers, who saluted him as dictator, and congratulated him." — Livy, iii. 26. The churches on the left of the Ripetta are, first, SS. Rocco e Martino, built 1657, by Antonio de Rossi, with a hospital adjoining it. " The lying-in hospital adjoins the Church of San Rocco. It contains seventy beds, furnished with curtains and screens, so as to separate them effectually. Females are admitted without giving their name, tlieir country, or their condition in life ; and such is the delicacy observed in their regard, that they are at liberty to wear a veil, so as to remain unknown even to their attendants, in order to save the honour of their families, and prevent abortion, suicide, or infanticide. Even should death ensue, the deceased remains unknown. The children are conveyed to Santo Spirito ; and the mother who wishes to retain her offspring, affixes a distinctive mark, by which it may be recognised and recovered. To remove all disquietude from the minds of those who may enter, the establishment is exempt from all civil, criminal, and ecclesiastical jurisdiction, and its threshold is never crossed except by persons connected with the establishment." — Dr. Donovan. Then, opposite the quay, S. Girolaino dcgll Schiavoni, built for Si^-tus V. by Fontana. It contains, near the altar, a striking figure of St. Jerome, seated, with a book uj^on his knees. We will now follow the Corso, whicli, in spite of its narrowness and bad side-pavements, is the finest street in Rome. It is greatly to be regretted that this street, which THE CORSO. 6l is nearly a mile long, should lead to nothing, instead of ending at the steps of the Capitol, which would have pro- duced a striking effect. It follows the line of the ancient Via Flaminia, and in consequence was once spanned by four triumphal arches — of Marcus Aurelius, Domitian, Clau- dius, and Gordian — but all these have disappeared. The Corso is perfectly lined with balconies, which, during the carnival, are filled with gay groups of maskers flinging confetti. These balconies are a relic of imperial times, having been invented at Rome, where they were originally called " Mceniana," from the tribune Moenius, who de- signed them to accommodate spectators of processions in the streets below. " The Corso is a street a mile long ; a street of shops, and palaces, and private houses, sometimes opening into a broad piazza. There are verandahs and balconies, of all shapes and sizes, to almost every house — not on one story alone, but often to one room or another on every story ■ — put there in general with so little order or regularity, that if, year after year, and season after season, it had rained balconies, hailed bal- conies, snowed balconies, blown balconies, they could scarcely have come into existence in a more disorderly manner." — Dickens. On the left of the Corso is the Augustine Church of Gesu e Maria, with a fagade by Rinaldi. Almost opposite, is the Church of S. Giacomo degli Incurahili, by Carlo Maderno. It is attached to a surgical hospital for 350 patients. In the adjoining Strada S. Giacomo was the studio of Canova, recognizable by fragments of bas-reliefs engrafted in its walls. Three streets beyond this (on right) is the Via dd Ponte- fici (so called from a series of papal portraits, now destroyed, which formerly existed on the walls of one of its houses), 62 WALK'S IN ROME. where (No. 57R) is the entrance to the remains of the Mausoleum of Augustus. " Hard by the banks of the Tiber, in the grassy meadows where the Roman youths met in athletic and martial exercises, there rose a lofty marble tower with three retiring stages, each of which had its terrace covered with earth and planted with cypresses. These stages were pierced with numerous chambers, destined to receive, row within row, and story upon story, the remains of every member of the imperial family, with many thousands of their slaves and freedmen. In the centre of that massive mound the great founder of the empire was to sleep his last sleep, while his statue was ordained to rise conspicuous on its summit, and satiate its everlasting gaze with the view of his beloved city. " — Merivale. The first fi.nieral here was that of INIarcellus, son of Octa- via, the sister of Augustus, and first husband of his daughter Juha, who died of malaria at Bai^, B.C. 23. " Quantos ille virum magnam Mavortis ad urbem' Campus aget gemitus ! vel qure, Tiberine, videbis Funera, cum tumulum prreterlabere recentem ! Nee puer Iliaca quisquam de gente Latinos In tantum spe toilet avos ; nee Romula quondam UUo se tantum tellus jactabit alumno. Heu pietas, heu prisca fides, invictaque bello Dextera ! non illi se quisquam impune tulisset Obvius arniato, seu quum pedes iret in hostem, Seu spumantis equi fodcret calcaribus armos. Heu, miserande puer ! si qua fata aspcra rumpas, Tu Marcellus eris." JEncid, vi. 873. The next member of the' family buried here was Agrippa, the second husband of Julia, ob. 12 B.C. Then came Octavia, sister of the emperor and widow of Antony, honoured by a ])ublic. funeral, at which orations were delivered by Augustus himself, and Drusus, son of the empress Tivia. Her body was carried to the tomb by Tiberius (afterwards emperor) MA US OLE UM OF A UGUSTUS. 63 and Dnisus, the two sons of the empress. Drusus (r.c. 9) died in a German campaign by a fall from his horse, and was brought back hither for interment. In a.b. 14 the great Augustus died at Nola, and his body was burnt here on a funeral pile so gigantic, that the widowed Livia, dishevelled and ungirt, with bare feet, attended by the principal Roman senators, had to watch it for five days and nights, before it cooled sufficiently for them to collect the ashes of the em- peror. At the moment of its being lighted an eagle was let loose from the summit of the pyre, under which form a senator, named Numerius Atticus, was induced, by a gift from Livia equivalent to 250,000 francs, to swear that he saw the spirit of Augustus fly away to heaven. Then came Germanicus, son of the first Drusus, and nephew of Tibe- rius, ob. A.D. 19, at Antioch, where he was believed to have been poisoned by Piso and his wife Plancina. Then, in a.d. 23, Drusus, son of Tiberius, poisoned by his wife, Livilla, and her lover, Sejanus : then the empress, Livia, who died A.D. 29, at the age of 86. Agrippina, widow of Germanicus (ob. A.D. 33), starved to death, and her two sons, Nero and Drusus, also murdered by Tiberius, were long excluded from the family sepulchre, but were eventually brought hither by the youngest brother Caius, afterwards the emperor Caligula. Tiberius, who died a.d. 37, at the villa of Lucullus at Misenum, was brought here for burial. The ashes of Caligula, murdered a.d. 41, and first buried in the Horti Lamiani on the Esquiline, were transferred here by his sisters. In his reign, Antonia, the widow of Drusus, and mother of Germanicus, had died, and her ashes were laid up here. The Emperor Claudius, a.d. 54, murdered by Agrippina; his son, Britannicus, a.d. 55, murdered by 64 WALKS IN ROME. Nero; and the Emperor Nerva, a.d. 98, were the latest inmates of the mausoleum. The last cremation which occurred here was long after the mausoleum had fallen into ruin, when the body of the tribune Rienzi, after having hung for two days at S, Marcello, was ordered to be burnt here by Jugurta and Sciaretta, and was consumed by a vast multitude of Jews (out of flattery to the Colonna, their neighbours at the Ghetto), "in a fire of dry thistles, till it was reduced to ashes, and no fibre of it remained." There is nothing now remaining to testify to the former magnificence of this building. The area is used in summer as an open-air theatre, where very amusing little plays are very well acted. Among its massive cells a poor washer- woman, known as " Sister Rose," established, some ten years ago, a kind of hospital for aged women (several of them centagenarians), whom she supported entirely by her owm exertions, having originally begun by taking care of one old woman, and gradually adding another and another. The English church service was first performed in Rome in the Palazzo Correa, adjoining this building. Opposite the Via de' Pontefici, the Via Vittoria leaves the Corso. To the Ursuline convent in this street (founded by Camilla Borghese in the seventeenth century) Madame Victoire and Madame Adelaide ("tantes du Roi") fled in the beginning of tlie great French revolution, and here they died. The ChurcJi of S. Carlo in Corso (on right) is the national church of the Lombards. It is a handsome build- ing with a fine dome. The interior was commenced by Lunglii in 1614, and finished by Pietro da Cortona. It PALAZZO BORGIIESE. 65 contains no objects of interest, unless a picture of the Apotheosis of S. Carlo Borromeo (the patron of the church), over the high altar, by Carlo Maratta, can be called so. The heart of the saint is preserved under the altar. Just beyond this on the left, the Via Coiidotti — almost lined with jewellers'-shops — branches off to the Piazza di Spagna. The Trinita de' Monti is seen beyond it. The opposite street. Via Fontanella, leads to St. Peter's, and in five minutes to the magnificent — Palazzo Borghese, begun in 1590 by Cardinal Deza, from designs of Martino Lunghi, and finished by Paul \. (Camillo Borghese, 1605 — 21), from those of Flaminio Ponzio. The apartments inhabited by the family are hand- some, but contain few objects of interest. " In the reign of Paul V. the Borghese became the wealthiest and most powerful family in Rome. In the year 1612, the church benefices already conferred upon Cardinal Scipione Borghese were computed to secure him an income of 150,000 scudi. The temporal offices were bestowed on Marc- Antonio Borghese, on whom the pope also conferred the principality of Sulmona in Naples, besides giving him rich palaces in Rome and the most beautiful villas in the neighbourhood. He loaded his nephews with presents ; we have a list of them through his whole reign down to the year 1620. They are sometimes jewels or vessels of silver, or magnificent furniture, which was taken directly from the stores of the palace and sent to the nephews ; at other times car- riages, rich arms, as muskets and falconets, were presented to them ; but the principal thing was the round sums of hard money. These accounts make it appear that to the year 1620, they had received in ready money 689,627 scudi, 31 baj ; in luoghi di monte, 24,600 scudi, according to their nominal value ; in places, computing them at the sum their sale would have brought to the treasury, 268,176 scudi ; all which amounted, as in the case of the Aldobrandini, to nearly a million. "Nor did the Borghese neglect to invest their wealth in real property. They acquired eighty estates in the Campagna of Rome ; the Roman nobles suffering themselves to be tempted into the sale of their ancient hereditary domain by the large prices paid them, and by the high rate VOL. I. 5 66 WALKS IN ROME. of interest home by the luoghi di monte, which they purchased with the money thus acquired. In many other parts of tlie ecclesiastical states, the Borghese also seated themselves, the pope facilitating their doing so by the grant of peculiar privileges. In some places, for example, they received the right of restoring exiles ; in others, that of holding a market, or certain exemptions were granted to those who became their vassals. They were freed from various imposts, and even obtained a bull, by virtue of which their possessions were never to be confiscated." — Raiike, Hist, of the Popes. "Si I'on peut reprocher a Paul, avec Muratori, ses liberalites envers ses neveux, envers le cardinal Scipion, envers le due de Sulmone, il est juste d'ajouter que la plupart des membres de cette noble famille rivalise- rent avec le pape de magnificence et de generosite. Or, chaque annee, Paul V. distribuait un million d'ecus d'or aux pelerins pauvres et un million et demi aux autres necessiteux. C'est a lui que remonte la fondation de la banque du Saint-Esprit, dont les riches immeubles servirent d'hypotheques aux depots qui lui furent confies. Mais ce fut surtout dans les constructions qu'il entreprit, que Paul V. deploya una royal e magni ficence. " — Gotirnerie. " The Palazzo Borghese is an immense edifice standing round the four sides of a quadrangle ; and though the suite of rooms, comprising the picture-gallery, forms an almost interminable vista, they occupy only a part of the ground-floor of one side. We enter from the street into a large court surrounded with a corridor, the arches of which support a second series of arches above. The picture-rooms open from one into another, and have many points of magnificence, being large and lofty, with vaulted cielings and beautiful frescoes, generally of mythological subjects, in the flat central parts of the vault. The cornices are gilded ; the deep embrasures of the windows are panelled with wood-work j the doorways are of polished and variegated marble, or covered with a com- position as hard, and seemingly as durable. The whole has a kind of splendid shabbiness thrown over it, like a slight coating of rust ; the furniture, at least the damask chairs, being a good deal worn ; though there are marble and mosaic tables which may serve to adorn another l)alace, when this has crumbled away with age." — Ildiothonic. The Borghese Picture Gallery is the best private collec- tion in Rome, and is open to the ptiblic daily from 9 to 2, except on Saturdays and Sundays. The gallery is entered from the side of the palace towards the Piazza Borghese. PALAZZO BORGIIESE. 67 It contains several gems, vhich are here marked witli an asterisk ; noticeable pictures are : — \st Room. — Schools of Milan and Perugia. 1. Holy Family : Sandra Botticelli. 2. Holy Family : Lorenzo di Credi. 3. Holy Family : Paris Alfani Periigino. 4. Portrait : Lorenzo di Credi. 5. Vanity: School of Leonardo da Vinci. 27, 28. Petrarch and Laura. 32. St. Agatha : School 0/ Leonai'do. 33. The Young Christ. School of Leonardo. 34. Madonna : School of Periigino. 35. Raphael as a boy : Raphael? 43. Madonna : Francesco Francia ? 44. Calvario : C. Crivelli. 48. St. Sebastian : Periigino. 49, 57. History of Joseph : Pinturicchio. 59. Presepio : Sketch attributed to Raphael ivhen young. 61. St. Antonio. Francesco Francia. 66. Presepio : Mazzolino. 67. Adoration of the Child Jesus : Ortolano. 68. Christ and St. I'homas : Mazzolino ? 69. Holy Family : Pollajiiolo. 2nd Room. — Chiefly of the school of Garofalo. 6. Madonna with St. Joseph and St. Michael : Garofalo. 9. The mourners over the dead Christ : Garofalo.* 18. Portrait of Julius H. : Giulio Romano, after Raphael. 22. Portrait of a Cardinal : Bronzino ? called Raphael. * 23. ' Madonna col diviu' amore' : School of Liaphael.* 26. Portrait of Ca:sar Borgia : Bronzino, attributed to Raphael.*^ 28. Portrait of a (naked) woman : Bronzino. 36. Holy Family : Andrea del Sarto. 38. Entombment : Raphael.* This picture was the last work of Raphael before he went to Rome. It was ordered by Atalanta Baglioni for a chapel in S. Francesco de' Conventuali at Perugia. Paul V. bought it for the Borghese. The t All authorities agree that this beautiful portrait is not the work of Raphael. Kugler also denies that it is the likeness of Casar Borgia. 68 WALKS LV ROME. ' Faith, Hope, and Charity ' at the Vatican, formed a predella for this picture. " Raphael's picture of ' Bearing the Body of Christ to the Sepulchre,' though meriting all its fame in respect of drawing, expression, and knowledge, has lost all signs of reverential feeling in the persons of the bearers. The reduced size of the winding-sheet is to blame for this, by bringing them rudely in contact with their precious burden. Nothing can be finer than their figures, or more satisfactory than their labour, if we forget what it is they are carrying ; but it is the weight of the burden only, and not the character of it, which the painter has kept in view, and we feel that the result would have been the same had these figures been carrying a sack of sand. Here, from the youth of the figure, the bearer at the feet appears to be St. John." — Laiiy Eastlake. 40. Holy Family : Fra Bartolomeo. 43. Madonna : Fr. Francia. 44. Madonna : Sodoina. 51. St. Stephen: Francesco Francia.* 59. Adoration of the Magi : Mazzolitto. 60. Presepio : Garofalo. 65. The Fornarina : Copy of Raphael, Giiilio Romano? 69. St. John Baptist in the Wilderness : Giiilio Romano. ■^rd Room. — Chiefly of tlie school of Andrea del Sarto. (The works of this painter are often confounded with those of his disciple, Domenico Puligo.) 1. Christ bearing the Cross : Andrea Solaria. 2. Portrait : Parmigianino. 5. ' Noli me tangere ' : Bronzino ? II. The Sorceress Circe : Dosso Dossi. 13. Mater Dolorosa : Solano ? 22. Holy Family : School of Raphael. 24. Madonna and Child with three children : A. del Sarto. 28. Madonna, Child, and St. John : A. del Sarto. 29. Madonna, Child, St. John, and St. Elizabeth. Fierino del Vaga. 33. Holy Family : Fierino del Faqa. 35. Venus and Cupids : A. del Sarto. 40. Danae : Correggio. * In the corner of this picture arc the celebrated Cupids sharpening an arrow. PALAZZO BORGHESE. 69 42. Cosmo de' Medici : Bronziuo. 46. Tlie Reading Magdalene : School of Corirggio. 47. Holy Family : Pomaraiicio. 48. The Flagellation : Sebastian del Pmnbo* 49. St. M. Magdalene: A. del Sarto. /^th Room. — Bolognese school. 1. Entombment : Ann. Carracci. 2. Cumccan Sibyl : Doinenichino.* 18. St. Francis : Cigoli. 20. St. Joseph : Guido Reni. 23. St. Francis : Ann. Carracci. 29. St. Domenic : Ann. Car7-acci. 36. Madonna : Carlo Dolce. 37- Mater Dolorosa : Carlo Dolce. 3S, 4r. Two heads for an Annunciation ; Fiiriuo. 42. Head of Christ : Carlo Dolce. 43. Madonna : Sassofcrraio. ^th Room. — II, 12, 13, 14 The Four Seasons : Fr. Albani. "The Seasons, by Francesco Albani, were, beyond all others, my favourite pieces ; the beautiful, joyous, angel-children — the Loves, were as if creations of my own dreams. How deliciously they were staggering about in the picture of Spring ! A crowd of them were sharpening arrows, whilst one of them turned round the great grind; stone, and two others, floating above, poured water upon it. In Sum- mer, they flew about among the tree-branches, which were loaded with fruit, which they plucked ; they swam in the fresh water, and played with it. Autumn brought the pleasures of the chase. Cupid sits, with a torch in his hand, in his little chariot, which two of his companions draw ; while Love beckons to the brisk hunter, and shows him the place where they can rest themselves side by side. Winter has lulled all the little ones to sleep ; soundly and fast they lie slumbering around. The Nymphs steal their quivers and arrows, which they throw on the fire, that there may be an end of the dangerous weapons." — Andersen, in The Iviprovisatore. 15. La Caccia di Diana : Doinenichino. 25. The Deposition, with Angels : F. Zuccari. 6th Room. — 5. Return of the Prodigal Son : Guercino. 7. Portrait of G. Ghislieri : Pietro da Cortona. 70 IV. 1 LA'S IN ROME. lo. St. Stanislaus with the Child Jesus : Rihera* 12. Joseph Interpreting the Dreams in Prison : Valentin. 13. The Three Ages of Man. Copy from Titian by .Sassoferrafo.'\ 18. Madonna: Sassofcrrato. 22. Flight of yEneas from Troy : Batvccio. 1th Room. — Richly decorated widi mirrors, painted with Cupids by Girqfiri, and wreaths of flowers by Mario di Fiori. Wi Room. — Contains nothing of importance, except a mosaic portrait of Paul V. by Maj-cdlo Froz'euzaH. gth Room.- — Containing several interesting frescoes. 1. The Nuptials of Alexander and Roxana. 2. The Nuptials of Vertumnus and Pomona. 3. 'II Bersaglio dei Dei.' These three frescoes were brought hither from the Casino of Raphael, in the Villa Borghese (destroyed in the siege of Rome in 1849), and are supposed to have been painted by some of Raphael's pupils from his designs. The other frescoes in this room are by Giulio Romano, and were removed from the Villa Lante, when it was turned into a convent. \oth Rootn. — 2. Cupid blindfolded by Venus : Titian. 4. Judith: ScJiool of Titian. 9. Portrait : Pordoione. 13. David with the head of Goliath : Giorq-ione.* . 14. St. John the Baptist preaching (unlinislied) : Paul Veronese. 16. St. Domenic : 7itian. 19. Portrait; Giac. Bassano. 21. 'Sacred and Profane Love' : Titian.* " Out of Venice there is nothing of Titian's to compare to his Sacretl and Profane Love. It represents two figures : one, a heavenly and youthful form, unclothed, except with a light drapery ; the other, a lovely female, dressed in the most splendid attire ; both are sitting on the brink of a well, into which a little winged Love is groping, appa- rently to find his lost dart. . . . Descrijition can give no idea of the consummate beauty of this composition. It lias all Titian's match- less warmth of colouring, with a correctness of design no other painter \ Sec Kiiglcr, ii. 449. PALAZZO BORGIIESE. -ji of the Venetian school ever attained. It is nature, hut not indivichial nature : it is ideal beauty in all its perfection, and breathing life in all its truth, that we behold. " — £ato)Ps Home. " Two female forms are seated on the edge of a sarcophagus-shaped fountain, the one in a rich Venetian costume, with gloves, flowers in her hands, and a plucked rose beside her, is in deep meditation, as if solving some difficult question. The other is unclothed ; a red drapery is falling behind her, while she exhibits a form of the utmost beauty and delicacy ; she is turning towards the other figure with the sweetest persuasiveness of expression. A Cupid is playing in the fountain ; in the distance is a rich, glowing landscape." — Kiigler. 30. Madonna : Giov. Bellini. 34. St. Cosmo and Damian : Venetian School. nth Room. — Veronese school. 1. jMadonna with Adam (?) and St. Augustine: Lorenzo Lotto, MDVIII. 2. St. Anthony preaching to the Fishes : P. Veronese? 3. Madonna : Pitian ? II. Venus and Cupid on Dolphins : Luc. Cambiaso. 14. Last Supper : And. Schiavone. 15. Christ and the Mother of Zebedee's Children: Bonifazio.* 16. Return of the Prodigal Son : Bonifazio.* 17. Samson: Pitian. 18. Christ and the Woman taken in Adultery : Bonifazio. 19. Madonna and Saints : Palma Vecchio. In this picture the donors are introduced— the head of the man is grandly devout and beautiful. 25. Portrait of Himself : Pitian? 27. Portrait : Giffv. Bellini. 31. Madonna and St. Peter : Gicnj. Bellini. 32. Holy Family : Palma Vecchio. 33. Portrait of the Family of Licini da Pordenone : Bart. Licini da Pordenone. \2th Room. — Dutch and German school. I. Crucifixion : Vandyke. 7. Entombment : Vandyke. 8. Tavern Scene : Peniers. 9 . Interior : Brouerer. 72 WALK'S IiV ROME. 19. Louis VI. of Bavaria : Albert Diircr ? 21. Portrait: Holbein. 21. Landscape and Horses : Wouvej-maiin. 22. Cattle-piece : Paul Potter. 24. Portrait : Holbein. 26. Skating (in brown) : Berghem. 2.1. Portrait : Vandyke. 35. Portrait : Lucas von Leyden ? 44. Venus and Cupid : Lucas Cranach. The Palazzetto Borghese on the opposite side of the piazza, originally intended as a dower-house for the family, is now let in apartments. It is this house which is described as the " Palazzo Clementi," in Madanoisclle Mori. At the corner of the Via Fontanella and the Corso is the handsome Palazzo RiispoU, built by Ammanati in 1586. It has a grand white marble staircase erected by Lunghi in 1750. Beyond this are the palaces Fia?io, Vcrospi, and Tcodoli. " Les palais de Rome, bien que n'ayant pas un caractere onginal comme ceux de Florence oude ^ enise n'ensontpas moinscependant un des traits de la ville des papes. lis n'appartiennent ni au moyen age, ni a la renaissance (la Palais de Venise seul rappelle les constructions mas- sives de Florence) ; ils sont des modeles d 'architecture civile moderne. Les Bramante, les Sangallo, les Balthazar Peruzzi, qui les ont batis, sont des maitres qu'on ne se lasse pas d'etudier. La magnificence de ces palais reside principalement dans leur architecture et dans les col- lections artistiques que quelques-uns contiennent. Un certain nombre sont malheureusement dans un triste etat d'abandon. De plus, a 1' ex- ception d'un tres petit nombre, ils sont restes inacheves. Cela se conceit ; presque tous sont le produit du luxe celibataire des papes ou des cardinaux ; tres-peu de ces personages ont pu voir la fin de ce qu'ils avaient commence- Leurs heritiers, pour le plupart, se souciaient fort peu de jeter les richesses qu'ils venaient d'acquerir dans les Edifices de luxe ct de vanitc. A I'intcricur, le plus souvent, est un mobilier rare, surannc, et mesquin.' — A. Du Pays.* • Of llic many Handbooks for Italy which have appeared, perhaps that of Du S. LORENZO IN LUCINA. 73 The Palazzo Bernini (151 Corso), on the left, has, inside its entrance, a curious statue of " Calumny" by Bernini, with an inscription relative to his own sufferings from slander. On the right, the small piazza of S. Lorenzo opens out of the Corso. Here is the Church of S. Lorenzo in Lucina, founded in the fifth century, but rebuilt in its present form by Paul V. in 1606. The campanile is of an older date, and so are the lions in the portico. "When the lion, or other wild beast, appears in the act of preying on a smaller animal or on a man, is implied the severity of the Church towards the impenitent or heretical ; but when in the act of sporting with another creature, her benignity towards the neophyte and the docile. At the portal of St. Lorenzo in Lucina, this idea is carried out in the figure of a mannikin affectionately stroking the head of the terrible creature who protects, instead of devouring him." — Hemans" Chrisiian Art. No one should omit seeing the grand picture of Guido Reni, over the high altar of this church, — the Crucifixion, seen against a wild, stormy sky. Niccolas Poussin, ob. 1660, is buried here, and one of his best known Arcadian landscapes is reproduced in a bas-relief upon his tomb, which was erected by Chateaubriand, with the epitaph, — " Parce piis lacrymis, vivit Pussinus in urna. Vivas qui dederat, nescius ipse mori. Hie tamen ipse silet ; si vis audire loquentem, Mirum est, in tabulis vivit, et eloquitur." In "The Ring and the Book" of Browning, this church is the scene of Pompilia's baptism and marriage. She is made to say : — Pays (in one volume) is the most comprehensive, and — as far as its very condensed form allows — much the most interesting. 74 WALKS IN ROME. — "This St. Lorenzo seems My own particular place, I always say. I used to wonder, when I stood scarce high As the bed here, what the marble lion meant, Eating the figure of a prostrate man." Here tlie bodies of her parents are represented as being ex- posed after the murder : — "beneath the piece Of Master Guido Reni, Christ on Cross, Second to nought observable in Rome." On the left, where the Via della Vite turns out of the Corso, an inscription in the wall records the destruction, in 1665, of the triumphal arch of Marcus Aurelius, which existed here till that time. The magnificence of this arch is attested by the bas-reliefs representing the history of the emperor, which were removed from it, and are preserved on the staircase of the palace of the Conservators. " Les Barbares n'en savaient pas assez et n'avaient pas assez de patience pour demolir les monuments remains ; mais, avec les ressources de la science moderne et a la suite d'une administration reguliere, on est venu a bout de presque tout ce que le temps avait epargne. II y'avait, par exemple, au commencement du xvi^. siecle, quatre arcs de triomphe qui n'existent plus ; le dernier, celui de Marc Aurele, a ete enleve par le pape Alexandre VII. On lit encore dans le Corso I'inconcevable inscription dans laquelle le pape se vante d'avoir debarrasse la pro- menade publique de ce monument, qui, vu sa date, devait etre d'un beau style." — Ainpire, Voyage Daittcsqitc. A little further down the Corso, on the left, the Via delle Convertite leads to 6". Sylvestro in Capite, one of three churches in Rome dedicated to the sainted pope of the time of Constantine. This, like S. Lorenzo, has a fine mediaeval campanile. The day of St. Sylvester's death, December 31 (a.d. 335), is kept here with great solemnity, and is cclebraled by magnificent musical services. This pope S. ANDREA DELLE FRATTE. 75 was buried in the cemetery of Priscilla, whence his remains were removed to S. Martino al Monte. The title " \\\ Capite " is given to this church on account of the head of St. John Baptist, which it professes to possess, as is nar- rated by an inscription engrafted into its walls. The convent attached to this church was founded in 13 1 8, especially for noble sisters of the house of Colonna who dedicated themselves to God. Here it was that the celebrated Vittoria Colonna, Marchesa di Pescara, came to reside in 1525, when widowed in her thirty-sixth year, and here she began to write her sonnets, a kind of " In Memo- riam," to her husband. It is a curious proof of the value placed upon her remaining in the world, that Pope Cle- ment VII. was persuaded to send a brief to the abbess and nuns, desiring them to offer her " all spiritual and temporal consolations," but forbidding them, under pain of the greater excommunication, to permit her to take the veil in her affliction.* At the end of this street, continued under the name of Via de Mercede (No. 11 was the residence of Bernini), and behind the Propaganda, is the Church of S. Andrea dcUe Fratte, whose brick cupola by Borromini is so picturesque a feature. The bell-tower beside it swings when the bells are rung. In the second chapel on the right is the beautiful modern tomb of Mademoiselle Julie Falconnet, by Miss Hosmer. The opposite chapel is remarkable for a modern miracle (?) annually commemorated here. "M. Ratisbonne, un juif, appartenant a une tres-riche famille d'Alsace, qui se trouvait accidentellement a Rome, se promenant dans I'eglise de S. Andrea delle Fratte pendant qu'on y faisait les preparatifs pour * See Trollope's Life of Vittoria Colonna. 76 WALKS IN ROME. les obseques de M. de la Ferronays, s'y est converti subitement. II se trouvait debout en face d'une chapelle dediee a I'ange gardien, a quel- ques pas, lorsque tout-a-coup il a eu una apparition lumineuse de la Sainte Vierge qui lui a fait signe d'aller vers cette chapelle. Une force irresistible I'y a entraine, il y est tombe a genoux, et il a ete a I'instant Chretien. Sa premiere parole a celui qui I'avait accompagne a ete, en relevant son visage inonde de larmes : ' II faut que ce monsieur ait beau- coup prie pour moi.' ^'—Rdcit d^une Seen?: "Era un istante ch' io mi stava in chiesa allora che di colpo mi sentii preso da inesprimibile conturbamento. Alzai gli occhi ; tutto 1' edifizio s' era dileguato a' miei sguardi ; sola una cappella aves'a come in se raccolta tutta la luce, e di mezzo di raggianti splendori s' e mos- trata diritta suU' altare, grande, sfolgoreggiante, plena di maesta, e di dolcezza, la Vergine Maria. Una forza irresistibile m' ha sospinto verso di lei. La Vergine m' ha fatto della mano segno d'inginocchi- armi ; pareva volermi dire, ' Bene ! ' Ella non mi ha parlato ma io ho inteso tutto." — Recital of Alfonse Ratisbonue* M. de la Ferronays, whose character is now so well known from the beautiful family memoirs of Mrs. Augustus Craven, is buried beneath the altar where this vision occurred. In the third chapel on the left is the tomb of Angelica Kaufifmann ; in the right aisle that of the Prussian artist, Schadow. The two angels in front of tlie choir are by Bcrnbti, who intended them for the bridge of S. Angelo. Returning to the Corso, the Via S. Claudio (left) leads to the pretty litde church of that name, adjoining the Palazzo Parisani. Behind, is the Church of Sta. Maria in Via. At the corner of the Piazza Colonna is the Palazzo Chigi, begun in 1526 l)y Giacomo della Porta, and finished by Carlo Maderno. It contains several good pictures and a fine library, but is seldom shown. t • See "Un Figliuol' di Maria, ossia un Ni:ovo nostra Fratello," edited by the Earon di Russicre. 1842. t It is more wortli while to visit the Palazzo Chigi at Lariccia, near Albano, which PALAZZO CIIIGI. riAZZA COLONNA. 77 The most remarkable members of tlie great family of Chigi have been the famous banker Agostino Chigi, who lived so sumptuously at the Farnesina (see chap. 20), and Fabio Chigi, who mounted the papal throne as Alexander VII., and who long refused to have anything to do with the aggrandisement of his family, saying that the poor were the only relations he would acknowledge, and, like Christ, he did not wish for any nearer ones. To keep himself in mind of the shortness of earthly grandeur, this pope always kept a coffin in his room, and drank out of a cup shaped like a skull. The side of the Piazza Colon?ia, which faces the Corso, is occupied by the Post-Office. On its other sides are the Piombino and Ferrajuoli palaces, of no interest. In the centre is placed the fine Column, which was found on the Monte Citorio in 1709, having been originally erected by the senate and people a.d. 174, to the Emperor Marcus Aurelius Antoninus (adopted son of the Emperor Hadrian, — husband of his niece, Annia Faustina, — father of the Emperor Commodus). It is surrounded by bas-reliefs, representing the conquest of the Marcomanni. One of these has long been an especial object of interest, from being supposed to represent a divinity (Jupiter?) sending rain to the troops, in answer to the prayers of a Christian legion from Mity- lene. Eusebius gives the story, stating that the piety of these Christians induced the emperor to ask their prayers in his necessity, and a letter in Justin Martyr (of which the authenticity is much doubted), in which Aurelius allows the retains its stamped leather hangings, and much of its old furniture. Here may be seen, assembled in one room, the portraits of the twelve nieces of Alexander VII., who were so enchanted when their uncle was made pope, that lliey all took the veil immediately to please him ! 78 WALK'S IN ROME. fact, is produced in proof. The statue of St. Paul on the top of the cokunn was erected by Sixtus V. ; the pedestal also is modern. Behind the Piazza Colonna is the Piazza Monte Citorio, containing an Obelisk which was discovered in broken frag- ments near the Church of S. Lorenzo in Lucina. It was repaired with pieces of the column of Antoninus Pius^ the pedestal of which may still be seen in the Vatican garden. Its hieroglyphics are very perfect and valuable, and show that it was erected more than 600 years before Christ, in honour of Psammeticus I. It was brought from Helio- polis by Augustus, and erected by him in the Campus Martius, where it received the name of Obeliscus Solaris, from being made to act as a sun-dial. " Ei, qui est in campo, divus Augustus addidit mirabilem usum ad de- prehendendas solis umbras, dienimque ac noctium ita magiiitudines, strato lapide ad magnitudinem obelisci, cui par fieret umbra, brumse confectre die, sexta hora ; paulatimque per regulas (qua; sunt ex die exclusoe) singulis diebus decresceret ac rursus augesceret : digna cognitu res et ingenio fcecundo. Manilius mathematicus apici auratam pilam addidit, cujus umbra vertice colligeretur in se ipsa alias enormiter jacu- lante apice ratione (ut ferunt) a capite hominis intellecta. Haec obser- vatio triginta jam fere annos non congruit, sive solis ipsius dissono cursu, et coeli aliqua ratione mutato, sive universa tellure a centro suo aliquid emota ut deprchendi et in aliis locis accipio : sive urbis tremor- ibus ibi tantum gnomone intorto, sive inundationibus Tiberis sedi- mento molls facto : quanquam ad altiludinem impositi oneris in terram quoque dicantur acta fundamcnta." — /Y/«. Nat. Hist. lib. xxxiv. 14. lite Palace of the Afofite Citorio (designed by Bernini) contains inil)]ic offices connected with police, passports, &c. On the oijpositc side of the piazza arc the Railway and Telegraph Offices. TEMPLE OF NEPTUNE. 79 Proceeding up tlie Corso, the Via di Pietra (right) leads into the small Piazza di Pietra, one side of which is occu- pied by the eleven remaining columns of the Temple of Neptune, built up by Innocent XII. into the walls of the modern Custom-house. It is worth while to enter the court- yard in order to look back and observe the immense masses of stone above the entrance, part of the ancient temple, — which are here uncovered. Close to this, behind the Palazzo Cini, in the Piazza Orfanelli, is the Teatro Capranica, occupying part of a palace of r. 1350, with gothic windows. Phe opposite church, Sta. Maria in Aqiiiro, recalls by its name the column of the Equina, celebrated in ancient annals as the place where certain games and horse races, instituted by Romulus, were celebrated. Ovid describes them in his Fasti. The church was founded c. 400, but was re-built under Francesco da Volterra in 1590. A small increase of width in the Corso is now dignified by the name of the Piazza Sciarra. The street which turns off hence, under an arch (Via de Muratte, on the left), leads to the Fotintain of Trevi, erected in 1735 by Niccolo Salvi for Clement XII. The statue of Neptune is by Pietro Bracci. " The fountain of Trevi draws its precious water from a source far beyond the walls, whence it flows hitherward through old sub- terranean aqueducts, and sparkles forth as pure as the virgin who first led Agrippa to its well-springs by her father's door. In the design of the fountain, some sculptor of Bernini's school has gone absolutely mad, in marble. It is a great palace-front, with niches and many bas-reliefs, out of which looks Agrippa's legendary virgin, and several of the alle- goric sisterhood ; while at the base appears Neptune with his flounder- ing steeds and tritons blowing their horns about him, and twenty other artificial fantasies, which the calm moonlight soothes into better taste 8o WALKS IN ROME. than is native to them. And, after all, it is as magnificent a piece of ■work as ever human skill contrived. At the foot of the palatial fa5ade, is strewn, with careful art and ordered regularity, a broad and broken heap of massive rock, looking as if it may have lain there since the deluge. Over a central precipice falls the water, in a semicircular cascade ; and from a hundred crevices, on all sides, snowy jets gush up, and streams spout out of the mouths and nostrils of stone monsters, and fall in glistening drops ; while other rivulets, that have run wild, come leaping from one rude step to another, over stones that are mossy, shining and green with sedge, because, in a centuiy of their wild play, nature has adopted the fountain of Trevi, with all its elaborate devices, for her own. Finally the water, tumbling, sparkling, and dashing with joyous haste and never ceasing murmur, pours itself into a great marble basin and reservoir, and fills it with a quivering tide ; on which is seen, continually, a snowy semi-circle of momentary foam from the principal cascade, as well as a multitude of snow-points from smaller jets. The basin occupies the whole breadth of the piazza, whence flights of steps descend to its border. A boat might float, and make mimic voyages, on this artificial lake. "In the daytime there is hardly a livelier scene in Rome than the neighbourhood of the fountain of Trevi ; for the piazza is then filled with stalls of vegetable and fruit dealers, chestnut-roasters, cigar- vendors, and other people whose petty and wandering traffic is trans- acted in the open air. It is likewise thronged with idlers, lounging over the iron railing, and with forestieri, who come hither to see the famous fountain. Here, also, are men with buckets, urchins with cans, and maidens (a picture as old as the patriarchal times) bearing their pitchers upon their heads. For the water of Trevi is in request, far and wide, as the most refreshing draught for feverish lips, the plea- santest to mingle with wine, and the wholcsomest to drink in its native purity, that can anywhere be found. But, at midnight, the piazza is a solitude ; and it is a delight to behold this untameable water, sporting by itself in the moonshine, and compelling all the elaborate trivialities of art to assume a natural aspect, in accordance with its own powerful simplicity. Tradition goes, that a parting draught at the fountain of Trevi ensures a traveller's return to Rome, whatever ob- stacles and improbabilities may seem to beset him." — Ilaiat/tonic's Trans fo rm alio n . " Le bas-relief, place au-dcssus de cettc fontaine, rcpresente la jeune fiile indiquant la source precieuse, comme dans I'antiquite une peinture representait le memo cvenement dans une ciiapellc construite au lieu oil il s'ctait passe." — Ampbx, Enip. i. 264, STA. MARIA IiV TRIVIA. 8i In this piazza is the ratlier handsome front of Sia. Maria in Trivia, formerly Sta. Maria in Fornica, erected by Car- dinal Mazarin, on the site of an older church built by Belisarius — as is told by an inscription : — " Hanc vir patricius Belisarius urbis amicus Ob culpiE veniam condidit ecclesiam. Hanc, idcirco, pedem qui sacram ponis in cedem Ut miseretur eum saspe precare Deum." The fault which Belisarius wished to expiate, was the exile of Pope Sylverius (a.d. 536), who was starved to death in the island of Ponza. The crypt of the present building, being the parish church of the Quirinal, contains the entrails of twenty popes (removed for embalmment) — from Sixtus V. to Pius VIII. — who died in the Quirinal Palace ! The little church near the opposite corner of the piazza is that of The Crocifcri, and is still (1S70) served by the Venerable Don Giovanni Merlini, Father General of the Order of the Precious Blood, and the personal friend of its founder, Gaspare del Buffalo. The Fountain of Trevi occupies one end of the gigantic Palazzo Foii, which contains the English consulate. At the other end is the shop of the famous jeweller, Castellani, well worth visiting, for the sake of its beautiful collection of Etruscan designs, both in jewellery and in larger works of art. "Castellani est rhomme qui a ressuscite la bijouterie romaine. Son escalier, tapisse d'inscriptions et de bas-reliefs antiques, fait croire que nous entrons dans un musee. Un jeune marchand aussi erudit que les archeologues fait voir une collection de bijoux anciens de toutes les epoques, depuis les origines de I'Etrurie jusqu'au siecle de Constantin. C'est la source oil Castellani puise les elements d'un art nouveau qui detronera avant dix ans la pacotille du Palais-Royal." — About, Rome Contemporaiiic. VOL. 1. 6 82 WALKS IN ROME. "C'est ens'inspirant desparuresretrouveesdansles tombesdel'Etrurie, des bracelets et des colliers dont se paraient les femmes etrusques et sabines, que M. Castellani, guide par le gout savant et ingenieux d'un homme qui porte dignement I'ancien nom de Caetani, a introduit dans la bijouterie uii style a la fois classique et nouveau. Parmi les artistes les plus originaux de Rome sent certainement les orfevres Castellani et D. Miguele Caetani, due de Sermoneta." — Ampere, Hist. Rom. i. 388. The Palazzo Sciarra (on left of the Corso), built in 1603 by Labacco, contains a gallery of pictures. Its six celebrated gems are marked with an asterisk. We may notice : — ■ \st Room. — 5. Death of St. John Baptist : Valentin. 13. Holy Family: Innoccnza da Imola. 15. Rome Triumphant : Valentin. 20. Madonna : Titian. 23. Sta. Francesca Romana : Carlo Veneziano. 2nd Room. — 1 7. Flight into Egypt : Claude Lorrain. 18. Sunset: Claude Lorrain. 2,rd Room. — 6. Holy Family : Franda. 9. Boar Hunt : Garofalo. II. Holy Family: Andrea del Sarto. 17. A Monk led by an Angel to the Heavenly Spheres : Gandenzio Ferrari. 2,(i. The Vestal Claudia drawing a boat with the statue of Ceres up the Tiber : Garofalo. 29. Tavern Scene : Teniers. 33. Tlie Fornarina : Co/>y of Raphael by Giulio Rotnano.^ 36. Holy Family with Angels: Lucas Cranach, 1504- dfili Room. — I. Holy Family : Fra Bartolomeo.* "The glow and freshness of colouring in this admirable painting, the softness of the skin, the beauty and sweetness of the expression, the look PALAZZO SCIARRA. 83 with which the mother's eyes are bent upon the baby she holds in her arms, and the innocent fondness with which the other child gazes up in her face, are worthy of the painter whose works Raphael delighted to study, and from which, in a great measure, he formed his principles of colouring." — EatoiUs Rome 5. St. John the Evangelist : Guercino. 6. The Violin Player (Andrea Marone ?) : Raphael* " The Violin Player is a youth holding the bow of a violin and a laurel wreath in his hand, and looking at the spectators over his shoulder. The expression of his countenance is sensible and decided, and betokens a character alive to the impressions of sense, yet severe. The execution is excellent, — inscribed with the date 15 18." — Kugler. 7. St. Mark : Guercino. 8. Daughter of Herodias : Guercino. 12. Conjugal Love: Agostino Caracci. 16. The Gamblers: Caravaggio.* "This is a masterpiece of the painter. A sharper is playing at cards with a youth of family and fortune, whom his confederate, while pre- tending to be looking on, is assisting to cheat. The subject will remind you of the Flemish School, but this painting bears no resemblMce to it. Here is no farce, no caricature. Character was never more strongly marked, nor a tale more inimitably told. It is life itself, and you almost forget it is a picture, and expect to see the game go on. The colouring is beyond all praise." — Eatoii's Rome. 17. Modesty and Vanity : Leonardo da Vinci.* "One of Leonardo's most beautiful pictures is in Rome, in the SciaiTa Palace — two female half-figures of Modesty and Vanity. The former, with a veil over her head, is a particularly pleasing, noble profile, with a clear, open expression ; she beckons to her sister, who stands fronting the spectator, beautifully arrayed, and with a sweet seducing smile. This picture is remarkably powerfiil in colouring, and wonderfully finished, but unfortunately has become rather dark in the shadows . " — Kiiglcr. 19. Magdalen: Giiido Rent. 24. Family Portrait : Titian. 35. Portrait : Broizino. 26. St. Sebastian : Penigino. 29. Bella Donna: Titian.* 84 WALKS IN ROME. Sometimes supposed to represent Donna Laura Eustachio, the peasant Duchess of Alphonso I. of Ferrara. "When Titian or Tintoret look at a human being, they see at a glance the whole of its nature, outside and in ; all that it has of form, of colour, of passion, or of thought ; saintliness and loveliness ; fleshly power, and spiritual power ; grace, or strength, or softness, or whatso- ever other quality, those men will see to the full, and so paint, that, when narrower people come to look at what they have done, every one may, if he chooses, find his own special pleasure in the work. The sensualist will find sensuality in Titian ; the thinker will find thought ; the saint, sanctity ; the colourist, colour ; the anatomist, form ; and yet the picture will never be a popular one in the full sense, for none of these narrower people will find their special taste so alone consulted, as that the qualities which would ensure their gratification shall be sifted or separated from others ; they^are checked by the presence of the other qualities, which ensure the gratification of other men Only there is a strange undercurrent of everlasting murmur about the name of Titian, which means the deep consent of all great men that he is greater than they." — RuskiiCs Two Paths, Lcct. 2. 31. Death of the Virgin : Albert Durer. 32. .^laddalena della Radice : Giiido Keni.* " The two Magdalens by Guido are almost duplicates, and yet one is incomparably superior to the other. She is reclining on a rock, and her tearful and uplifted eyes, the whole of her countenance and attitude, speak the overwhelming sorrow that penetrates her soul. Her face might charm the heart of a stoic ; and the contrast of her youth and enchanting loveliness, with the abandonment of grief, the resignation of all earthly hope, and the entire devotion of herself to penitence and heaven, is most affecting." — EatoiCs Rome. \ Near the Piazza Sciarra, the Corso (as Via Flaminia) was formerly spanned by the Arch of Claudius, removed in 1527. Some reliefs from this arch are preserved in the por- tico of the Villa Borghese, and thougli much mutilated are of fine workmanship. The inscription, which commemorated the erection of tiie anh in honour of the conquest of Britain, is preserved in the courtyard of the Barbcrini Palace. t 'J'hi.'i G:ill'-Ty lia.'. li'.-cii closed .since the S:ii'Juu;ui occupation. THE CARAVITA. 85 On the right of tlie Piazza Sciarra is the Via della Caravita, containing the small but popular CliiircJi of tJic Caravita* used for the peculiar religious exercises of the Jesuits, espe- cially for their terrible Lenten " flagellation " services, which are one of the most extraordinary sights afforded by Catholic Rome. *' The ceremony of pious whippings, one of the penances of the con- vents, still takes place at the time of vespers in the oratory of the Padre Caravita and in another church in Rome. It is preceded by a short exhortation, during which, a bell rings, and whips, that is, strings of knotted whipcord, are distributed quietly amongst such of the audience as are on their knees in the nave. On a second bell, the candles are extinguished — a loud voice issues from the altar, which pours forth an exhortation to think of unconfessed, or unrepented, or unforgiven crimes. This continues a sufficient time to allow the kneelers to strip off their upper garments ; the tone of the preacher is raised more loudly at each word, and he vehemently exhorts his hearers to recollect that Christ and the martyrs suffered much more than whipping. ' Show, then, your penitence — show your sense of Christ's sacrifice — show it with the whip.' The flagellation begins. The darkness, the tumultuous sound of blows in every direction — ' Blessed Virgin ]Mai7, pray for us ! ' bursting out at intervals, — the persuasion that you are surrounded by atrocious culprits and maniacs, who know of an absolution for every crime — so far from exciting a smile, fixes you to the spot in a trance of restless horror, pro- longed beyond bearing. The scourging continues ten or fifteen minutes." — Lord Broitghton. " Each man on entering the church was supplied with a scourge. After a short interval the doors were barred, the lights extinguished ; and from praying, the congregation proceeded to gi^oaning, crying, and finally, being worked up into a kind of ecstatic fur)', applied the scourge to their uncovered shoulders without mercy." — Whiteside's Italy in the Nineteenth Century. Beyond the Caravita is the Chu7-ch of S. Igiiazio, built by Cardinal Ludovisi. The facade, of 1685, is by Algardi. It contains the tomb of Gregory XIV. (\icolo Sfondrati, * So called from the Jesuit father of that name, who lived in the 17th century. 86 WALRUS IN ROME. 1590 — 91), and that of S. Ludovico Gonzaga, both sculp- tured by Le Gros. "In S. Igiiazio is the chapel of San Luigi Gonzaga, on whom not a few of the young Roman damsels look with something of the same kind of admimtion as did Clytie on Apollo, whom he and St. Sebastian, those two yomig, beautiful, graceful saints, very fairly represent in Christian mythology. His festa falls in June, and then his altar is embosomed in flowers, arranged with exquisite taste ; and a pile of letters may be seen at its foot, written to the saint by young men and maidens, and directed to Paradiso. They are supposed to be burnt unread, except by San Luigi, who must find singular petitions in these pretty little missives, tied up now with a green ribbon, expressive of hope, now with a red one, emblematic of love, or whatever other significant colour the writer may prefer." — Mademoiselle Mori. The frescoes on the roof and tribune are by the Padre Pozzi. " Amid the many distinguished men whom the Jesuits sent forth to every region of the world, I cannot recollect the name of a single artist unless it be the Father Pozzi, renowned for his skill in perspective, and who used his skill less as an artist than a conjuror, to produce such illusions as make the vulgar stare ; to make the impalpable to the grasp appear as palpable to the vision ; the near seem distant, the distant near ; the unreal, real ; to cheat the eye ; to dazzle the sense ; — all this has Father Pozzi most cunningly achieved in the Gesii and the Sant' Ignazio at Rome ; but nothing more, and nothing better than this. I wearied of his altar-pieces and of his wonderful roofs which pretend to be no roofs at all. Scheme, tricks, and deceptions in art should all be kept for the theatre. It appeared to me nothing less than profane to introduce shams into the temples of God." — Mrs. Jameson. On the left of the Corso — opposite the handsome Palazzo Simonetti — is the Church of S. MarccUo (Pope, 308 — 10), containing some interesting modern monuments. Among them are those of Pierre (iilles, the traveller (ob. 1555), and of the English Cardinal Weld. Here, also, Cardinal Gon- S. MARCELLO. 87 salvi, the famous and liberal minister of Pius VII., is buried in the same tomb with his beloved younger brother, the Marchese Andrea Gonsalvi. Their monument, by Rinaldi, tells that here repose the bodies of two brothers — " Qui cum singular! amore dum vivebant Se mutuo dilexissent Corpora etiam sua Una eademque urna condi voluere." Here are the masterpieces which made the reputation of Pierino del Vaga (1501 — 1547). In the chapel of the Virgin are the cherubs, whose graceful movements and exquisite flesh-tints Vasari declares to have been unsur- passed by any artist in fresco. In the chapel of the Crucifix is the Creation of Eve, which is even more beautiful. " The perfectly beautiful figure of the naked Adam is seen lying, overpowered by sleep, while Eve, filled with life, and with folded hands, rises to receive the blessing of her Maker, — a most grand and solemn figure standing erect in heavy drapery."— Vasari, iv. This church is said to occupy the site of a house of the Christian matron Lucina, in which Marcellus died of wounds incurred in attempting to settle a quan-el among his Christian followers. It was in front of it that the body of the tribune Rienzi, after his murder on the Capitol steps, was hung up by the feet for two days as a mark lor the rabble to throw stones at. The next street to the right leads to the CoUcgio Romano, founded by St. Francis Borgia, Duke of Gandia (a descend- ant of Pope Alexander VI.), who, after a youth spent amid the splendours of the court of jNIadrid, retired to Rome in 1550, in the time of Julius III., and became the successor 88 WALKS IN ROME. of Ignatius Loyola as general of the Jesuits. The buildings were erected, as we now see them, by Ammanati, in 15S2, for Gregory XIII. The college is entirely under the super- intendence of the Jesuits. The library is large and valuable. The Kircherian Miistum (shown to gentlemen from ten to eleven on Sundays) is worth visiting. It contains a number of antiquities, illustrative of Roman and Etruscan customs, and many beautiful ancient bronzes and vases. The most important object is the " Cista Mistica," a bronze vase and cover, which was given as a prize to successful gladiators, and which was originally fitted up with everything useful for their profession. The Observatory of the Collegio Romano has obtained a European reputation from the important astronomical re- searches of its director, the Padre Secchi. The Collegio Romano has produced eight popes — Urban VIII., Innocent X., Clement IX., Clement X., Innocent XII., Clement XL, Innocent XIII., and Clement XII. Among its other pupils have been S. Camillo de Lellis, the Blessed Leonardo di Porto-Maurizio, the Venerable Pietro Berna, and others. " Ignace, Fran9ois Borgia, ont passe par ici. Leur souvenir plane, comnic un encouragement et une benediction, sur ces salles ou lis pre- siderent aux etudes, sur ces chaires ou peut-etre retentit leur parole, sur ces modestes cellules qu'ils ont haliitees. A la fin du seizieme siecle, Ics eleves du college Romain pcrdirent un de leurs condisciples que sa douce amenite et ses vertus angeliques avaient rendu I'objet d'un affectueux respect. Ce jeune homme avait etc page de Philippe II. ; il etait allie aux maisons royales d'Autriche, de Bourbon et de Lorraine. Mais au milieu de ces illusions d'une grande vie, sous ce brillant costume de cour qui semblait lui promettre honneurs et fortune, il ne voyait jamais que la picuse figure de sa mere agenouillee au pied des autels, et priant pour lui. A peine age de seize ans, il s'echappe de STA. MARIA IN VIA LATA. 89 Madrid, il vient frapper a la porte du college Romain, et dcmande place, au dortoir et a I'etude, pour Louis Gonzague, fils du comte de Castiglione. Pendant sept ans, Louis donna dans cette maison le touchant exemple d'une vie celeste ; puis ses jours dt'clinercnt, comme parle I'Ecriture ; il avait assez vecu." — Gourneric, Home Chrctiemic, ii. 211. We now reach (on right) the ChiDxh of Sta. Maria in Via Lata, which was founded by Sergius I., in the eighth century, but twice rebuilt, the second time under Alexander VII., in 1662, when the fagade was added by Pietro da Cortona. In this church " they still show a little chapel in which, as hath been handed down from the first ages, St. Luke the Evangelist wrote, and painted the effigy of the Virgin Mother of God." — Sec JatnesojUs Sacred Art, p. 155. The subterranean church is shown as the actual house in which St. Paul lodged when he was in Rome. " And when we came to Rome, the centurion delivered the prisoners to the captain of the guard : but Paul was suffered to dwell by himself with a soldier that kept him." "And when they had appointed him a day, there came many to him into his lodging ; to whom he expounded and testified the kingdom of God, persuading them concerning Jesus, both out of the law of Moses, and out of the prophets, from morning till evening." . . . " And Paul dwelt two whole years in his own hired house, and received all that came in unto him, preaching the kingdom of God, and teaching those things which concern the Lord Jesus Christ, with all confidence, no man forbidding him." — Acts xxviii. 16, 23, 30, 31. " St. Paul after his arrival at Rome, having made his usual effort, in the first place, for the salvation of his own countrymen, and as usual, having found it vain, turned to the Gentiles, and during two whole years, in which he was a prisoner, received all that came to him, preach- mg the kingdom of God. It was thus that God overruled his im- prisonment for the furtherance of the gospel, so that his bonds in Christ were manifest in the palace, and in all other places, and go WALKS IN ROME. many of the brethren in the Lord, waxing confident by his bonds, wei"e much more bold to speak tlie word without fear. Even in the palace of Nero, the most noxious atmosphere, as we should have concluded, for the growth of divine truth, his bonds were manifest, the Lord Jesus was preached, and, more than this, was received to the saving of many souls ; for we find the Apostle writing to his Phil- ippian converts : ' All the saints salute you, chiefly they which are of Caesar's household.' The whole Church of Christ has abundant reason to bless God for the dispensation which, during the most matured period of St. Paul's Christian life, detained him a close prisoner in the imperial city. Had he, to the end of his course, been at large, occu- pied, as he had long been, 'in labours most abundant,' he would, humanly speaking, never have found time to pen those epistles which are among the most blessed portion of the Church's inheritance. It was from within the walls of a prison, probably chained hand to hand to the soldier who kept him, that St. Paul indited the Epistles to the Ephesians, Philippians, Colossians, and Hebrews." — Bh<nfs Lectures on St. Paul. "In writing to Philemon, Paul chooses to speak of himself as the captive of Jesus Christ. Yet he went whither he would, and was free to receive those who came to him. It is interesting to remember amid these solemn vaults, the different events of St. Paul's apostolate, during the two years that he lived here. It was here that he converted Onesimus, that he received the presents of the Philippians, brought by Epaphroditus ; it was hence that he wrote to Philemon, to Titus, to the inhabitants of Philippi and of Colosse ; it was here that he preached devotion to the cross with that glowing eagerness, with that startling eloquence, which gained fresh power from contest and which inspiration rendered sublime. . " Peter addressed himself to the Circumcised ; Paul to the Gentiles,* — to their silence that he miglit confound it, to their reason that he might humble it. Had he not already converted the proconsul .Sergius Paulus and Dionysius the Areopagite ? At Rome his word is equally powerful, and among the courtiers of Nero, perhaps even amongst his relations, are those who yield to the power of God, who reveals himself in each of the teachings of his servant. + Around the Apostle his eager disciples group themselves — Onesi])horus of Ephesus, who was not ashamed of his chain ; % Epapliras of Colosse, who was captive with him, coucap- tivus meus ;% Timotliy, who was one with his master in a holy union of • Galat. ii. 7. t Pliillpp. iv. 22. X 2 Timothy i. 16. I'hilciuon 23. STA. MARIA ly VIA LATA. Qi every thought, and M-ho was attached to him like a son, siait patri fdiits ;* Hernias, Aristarchus, Marcus, Demas — and Luke the physician, the faithful companion of the Apostle, his well-beloved disciple — ' Lucas medicus carissimus.' " — From Goiirncrie, Rome C/uvtieinie. "I honour Rome for this reason ; for though I could celebrate her praises on many other accounts — for her greatness, for her beauty, for her power, for her wealth, and for her warlike exploits, — yet, passing over all these things, I glorify her on this account, that Paul in his life- time wrote to the Romans, and loved them, and was present with and conversed with them, and ended his life amongst them. Wherefore the city is on this account renowned more than on all others — on this account I admire her, not on account of- her gold, her columns, or her other splendid decorations." — St. John Chrysostom, Homily on the Ep. to the Romans. " The Roman Jews expressed a wish to hear from St. Paid himself a statement of his religious sentiments, adding that the Christian sect was everywhere spoken against. ... A day was fixed for the meeting at his private lodging. " The Jews came in great numbers at the appointed time. Then fol- lowed an impressive scene, like that at Troas (Acts xxi. )— the Apostle pleading long and earnestly, — bearing testimony concerning the kingdom of God, — and endeavouring to persuade them by arguments drawn from their own Scriptures, — 'from morning till evening.' The result was a divi- sion among the auditors — ' not peace, but a sword,' — the division which has resulted ever since, when the Truth of God has encountered, side by side, earnest conviction with v»'orldly indifference, honest investiga- tion with bigoted prejudice, trustful faith with the pride of scepticism. After a long and stormy discussion, the unbelieving portion departed ; but not until St. Paul had warned them, in one last address, that they were bringing upon themselves that awful doom of judicial blindness, which was denounced in their own Scriptures against obstinate un- believers ; that the salvation which they rejected would be withdrawn from them, and the inheritance they renounced would be given to the Gentiles. The sentence with which he gave emphasis to this solemn warning was that passage in Isaiah, which recurring thus with solemn force at the very close of the Apostolic history, seems to bring very strikingly together the Old Dispensation and the New, and to connect the ministry of Our Lord with that of His Apostles : — ' Go unto this people and say : Hearing ye shall hear and shall not understand, and seeing ye shall see and shall not perceive : for the heart of this people is * Philipp. ii. 22. 92 WALK'S IN ROME. waxed gross, and their ears are dull of hearing, and their eyes have they closed ; lest they should see with their eyes, and hear with their ears, and understand with their heart, and should be converted, and I should heal them.' ". . . During the long delay of his trial St. Paul was not reduced, as he had been at Csesarea, to a forced inactivity. On the contrary, he was permitted the freest intercourse with his friends, and was allowed to reside in a house of sufficient size to accommodate the congregation which flocked together to listen to his teaching. The freest scope was given to his labours, consistent with the military custody under which he was placed. We are told, in language pecu- liarly emphatic, that his preaching was subjected to no restraint what- ever. And that which seemed at first to impede, must really have deepened the impression of his eloquence ; for who could see with- out emotion that venerable form subjected by iron links to the coarse control of the soldier who stood beside him ? how often mnst the tears of the assembly have been called forth by the upraising of that fettered hand, and the clanking of the chain whicli checked its energetic action. " We shall see hereafter that these labours of the imprisoned Con- fessor were not fruitless ; in his own words, he ' begot many children in his chains.' Meanwhile, he had a wider sphere of action than even the metropolis of the world. Not only ' the crowd which pressed upon him daily,' but also 'the care of all the churches ' demanded his constant vigilance and exertion. . . . To enable him to maintain this super- intendence, he manifestly needed many faithful messengers ; men who (as he says of one of them) ' rendered him profitable service '; and by some of whom he seems to have been constantly accompanied, whereso- ever he went. Accordingly we find him, during this Roman imprison- ment, surrounded by many of his oldest and most valued attendants. Luke, his fellow-traveller, remained with him during his bondage ; Timotheus, his beloved son in the faith, ministered to him at Rome, as he had done in Asia, in Macedonia, and in Achaia. Tychicus, who had formerly borne him company from Corinth to Ephesus, is now at hand to carry his letters to the shores which they had visited together. But there are two names amongst his Roman comi)anions which excite a peculiar interest, tliough from opposite reasons, — the names of Demas and of Mark. The latter, when last we heard of him, was the unhappy cause of the separation of Barnabas and Paul. He was rejected by Paul, as unwortiiy to attend him, because he had previously abandoned the work of the Ciosjicl out of timiditv or indolence. It is delightful to find him now ministering obediently to the very Apostle who had then STA. MARIA /.V VIA LATA. 93 repudiated his services ; still more to know that he jiersevercd in this fidehty even to the end, and was sent for by St. Paul to cheer his dying hours. Demas, on the other hand, is now a faithful ' fellow-labourer ' of the Apostle ; but in a few years we shall find that he had ' forsaken ' him, having ' loved this present world.' "Amongst the rest of St. Paul's companions at this time, there were two whom he distinguishes by the honourable title of his ' fellow- prisoners.' One of these is Aristarchus, the other Epaphras. With regard to the former, we know that he was a Macedonian of Thessa- lonica, one of 'Paul's companions in travel,' whose life was endangered by the mob at Ephesus, and who embarked with St. Paul at Caesarea when he set sail for Rome. The other, Epaphras, was a Colossian, who must not be identified with the Philippian Epaphroditus, another of St. Paul's fellow-labourers during this time. It is not easy to say in what exact sense these two disciples were peculiarly fellcnv- prisoners of St. Paul. Perhaps it only implies that they dwelt in his house, which was also his prison. "But of all the disciples now ministering to St. Paul at Rome, none has a greater interest than the fugitive Asiatic slave Onesimus. He belonged to a Christian named Philemon, a member of the Colossian Church. But he had robbed his master, and fled from Colosse, and at last found his way to Rome. Here he was converted to the faith of Christ, and had confessed to St. Paul his sins against his master." — Conybeare and Hoivsoii, Life of St. Paul. A fountain in the crypt is shown, as having miraculously sprung up in answer to the prayers of St. Paul, that he might have wherewithal to baptize his disciples. At the end of the crypt are some large blocks of peperino, said to be remains of the arch erected by the senate in honour of the Emperor Gordian III., and destroyed by Inno- cent VIII. Far along the right side of the Corso now extends the fagade of the immense Palazzo Doria, built by Valwisori (the front towards the CoUegio Romano being by Pietro da Cortona, and that towards the Piazza Venezia by Amati). Entering the courtyard^ one must turn left to reach the 94 WALJ^S LY ROME. Picture Gallery (which is open on Tuesdays and Fridays, from ten till two) — a vast collection, which contains some grand portraits and a few other fine paintings. The \st Room entered is a great hall — to which pictures are removed for copying. It contains four fine sarcophagi, with reliefs of the Hunt of Meleager, the Story of Marsyas, Endymion and Diana, and a Bacchic procession. Of two ancient circular altars, one serves as the pedestal of a bearded Dionysus. The pictures are chiefly landscapes, of the school of Poussin and Salvator Rosa, — that of the Deluge is by IppoUto Scarselliiio. 2nd Room. — In the centre a Centaur (restored), of basalt and rosso-antico. On either side groups of boys playing. Pictures : — 4. Caritas Romana : Valentin. 5. Circumcision : Giov. Bellini ? 7. Madonna and Saints : Basaiti. 15. Temptations of St. Anthony : Sc7wla di Mantegna. 19. St. John in the Desert: Gnercino? 35 . Birth of St. John : Vittore Pisancllo. 21. Spozalizio : V. Pisancllo. 23. .St. Sylvester before Maximin II. : Pesellino. 24. Madonna and Child : F. Francia ? 28. Annunciation : Fil. Lippi. 2^. St. Sylvester and the Dragon : Pesellino (see the account of Sta. Maria Liberatrice). 33. St. Agnes on the burning pile : Giiercino. 37. Magdalen : Copy of the Titian in the Pitti Palace. /^th Room. — A bust of Innocent X. (with whose ill-acquired -wealth this palace was built) in rosso-antico, with a bronze head : Jiernini. ^tli Room. — 17. The Money-changers : Quentin Matsys. PALAZZO DORIA. 95 25. St. Joseph : Guercino. In the centre, a group of Jacob wrestling with the Angel : School of Bernini. 6th Room. — 8. Portrait of Olympia Maldacchini, the sister-in-law of Inno- cent X., who ruled Rome in his time. 13. Madonna : Carlo Maratta. 30. Sketch of a Boy : Incognito. From this room we enter a small cabinet, hung with y>\c- tuxes, oi Breiighel 3X^6. Fiamniifigoj dind containing a bust by Algardi, of Olympia Maldacchini-Pamfili, who built the Villa Doria Pamfili for her son. "jth Room. — 8. Belisarius in the desert : Salvator Rosa. 19. Slaughter of the Innocents : Alazzolino. We now enter the Galleries — which begin towards the left— \st Gallery. — 2. Holy Family in glor}', and two Franciscan Saints adoring: Garofalo. 3. Magdalen: Annibale Caracci. 8. Two Heads : Quentin Matsys. 9. Holy Family : Sassoferrato. 10. Story of the conversion of S. Eustachio (see the description of his church) : School of Alberi Dnrer. 14. A Portrait: Titian. 15. Holy Family : Andrea del Sarto. 20. The Three Ages of Man : Titian.* 21. Return of the Prodigal Son : Guercino. 25. Landscape with the Flight into Eg>'pt : Clande Lorraine. 26. The meeting of Mary and Elizabeth : Garofalo. 38. Copy of the " Nozze Aldobrandini : " Poussin. 45. Madonna: Gnido Reni. 50. Holy Family : Giulio Romano, from Raphael. 96 IVALICS IN ROME. 2nd Gallery. — 6. IMadonna : Fran. Francia. 14. " Bartolo and Baldo : " Raphael.* 17. Portrait: Titian. 21. Portrait of a Widow : Vandyke. 24. Three Heads, called Calvin, Luther, and Catherine : Giorgioize. 26. Sacrifice of Isaac : Titian. 33. Portrait of a Pamfili : Vandyke. 40. Herodias with the Head of John the Baptist : Pordenone. A grand bust of Andrew Doria. 50. "The Confessor : " Rubens. 53. Joanna of Arragon : School of Leonardo da Vinci.* 56. Magdalene : School of Titian. 61, Adoration of the Infant Jesus : Gio. Batt. Benvemiti {'■ V Or- tolano''). 66. Holy Family : Garofalo. 69. Glory crowning Virtue (a sketch) : Correggio. 80. Portrait of Titian and his Wife : Titian. Also a number of pictures of the Creation : Breughel. yd Gallery. — I, 6, 28, 34. Landscapes (with figures introduced) : Ann. Cai-acci. 5. Landscape, with Mercury stealing cattle : Claude Lorraine. 10. Titian's Wife : Titian. 11. "Niccolaus Macchiavellus Historian Scriptor:" Bronzino. 12. " The Mill : " Claude Lorraine.* " The foreground of the picture of ' the Mill ' is a piece of very lovely and perfect forest scenery, with a dance of peasants by a brook-side ; quite enough subject to form, in the hands of a master, an impressive and complete picture. On the other side of the brook, however, we have a piece of pastoral life ; a man with some bulls and goats tumbling head foremost into the water, owing to some sudden paralytic affection of all their legs. Even this group is one too many ; the shepherd had no business to drive his flock so near the dancers, and the dancers will certainly frighten the cattle. But when we look farther into the picture, our feelings receive a sudden and violent shock, by the unex- pected appearance, amidst things pastoral and musical, of the military ; a number of Roman soldiers riding in on hobby-horses, with a leader on foot, ajiparcntly encouraging them to make an immediate and decisive charge on the musicians. Beyond the soldiers is a circular temple, in PALAZZO DORIA. 97 exceedingly bad repair ; and close beside it, built against its very walls, a neat water-mill in full work ; by the mill flows a large river with a weir across it. . . . At an inconvenient distance from the water-side stands a city, composed of twenty-five round towers and a pyramid. Beyond the city is a handsome bridge ; beyond the bridge, part of the Campagna, with fragments of aqueducts ; beyond the Campagna the chain of the Alps ; on the left, the cascades of Tivoli. " This is a fair example of what is commonly called an ' ideal' land- scape ; i.e. a group of the artist's studies from nature, individually spoiled, selected with such opposition of character as may insure their neutralizing each other's effect, and united with sufiP.cient unnaturalness and violence of association to insure their producing a general sensation of the impossible."- — RuskuCs Alodcrn Painters. '.' jVIanv painters take a particular spot, and sketch it to perfection ; but Claude was convinced that taking nature as he found it, seldon^ produced beauty. Neither did he like exhibiting in his pictures acci- dents of nature. He professed to pourtray the style of general nature, and so his pictures were a composition of the various draughts which he had previously made from beautiful scenes and prospects." — Sir y. Reynolds. 18. Pieta : Ann. Caracci. 23. Landscape, with the Temple of Apollo : Claude Lorraine. 26. Portrait : Maszolino. 27. Portrait : Giorgione. 33. Landscape, with Diana hunting : Claude Lorraine. At the end of tliis gallery is a small cabinet, containing the gems of the collection : — 1. Portrait of a " Lettcrato :" Lucas V. l^eyden?* 2. Portrait of Andrea Doria : Sebastian dd Pionibo.* 3. Portrait of Giannetto Doria : Pronzino.* 4. Portrait of S. Filippo Neri, as a boy : Parocci. 5. Portrait of Innocent X. ; Gio. Battista Pamfili (1644 — 55): Velasquez. * 6. Entombment : yolin Emelingk.* Here, also, is the bust of the late beloved Princess Doria (Lady Mary Talbot), which has always been veiled in crape since her death. VOL. I. 7 98 WALKS IN ROME. The ^th Gallery is decorated with mirrors, and with statues of no especial merit. "In the whole immense range of rooms of the Palazzo Doria, I saw but a single fire-place, and that so deep in the wall that no amount of blaze would raise the atmosphere of the room ten degrees. If the builder of the palace, or any of his successors, have committed crimes worthy of Tophet, it would be a still worse punishment to him to wander perpetually through this suite of rooms, on the cold floors of polished brick tiles, or marble, or mosaic, growing a little chiller and chiller through every moment of eternity — or at least, till the palace crumbles down upon him." — Hawthoiiic, Notes on Italy. Opposite the Palazzo Doria is the Palazzo Salviati. The next two streets on the left lead into the long narrow square called Piazza Sajtti Apostoli, containing several handsome palaces. That on the right is the Palazzo Odescalchi, built by Bernini, in 1660, for Cardinal Fabio Chigi, to whose family it formerly belonged. It has some fine painted and carved wooden ceilings. This palace is supposed to be the scene of the latest miracle of the Roman Catholic Church. The present Princess Odescalchi had long been bedridden, and was apparently dying of a hopeless disease, when, while her family were watching what they considered her last moments, tlie pope (Pius IX.) sent, by the hands of a nun, a little loaf (j)anetello), which he desired her to swallow. With terrible effort, the sick woman obeyed, and was imme- diately healed, and on the following day the astonished Romans saw her go in person to the pope, at the Vatican, to return thanks for her restoration ! The building at the end of the square is the Palazzo Valaitini, which once contained a collection of antiquities. Near this, on the left, but separated from the piazza by a courtyartl, is tlie vast Palazzo Coloii/ia, begun, in the PALAZZO COLONXA. 99 fifteentli century, by Martin V., and continued at various later periods. Julius II. at one time made it his residence, and also Cardinal (afterwards San Carlo) Borromeo. Part of it is now the residence of the French ambassadors. The palace is built very near the site of the ancient fortress of the Colonna family — so celebrated in times of mediaeval warfare with the Orsini — of which one lofty tower still re- mains, in a street leading up to the Quirinal. The Gallery is shown every day, except Sundays and holidays, from 11 to 3. It is entered by the left wing. The first room is a fine, gloomy old hall, containing the family dais, and hung with decaying Colonna portraits. Then come three rooms covered with tapestries, the last containing a pretty statue of a girl, sometimes called Niobe. Hence we reach the pictures. The \st Room has an interesting collection of the early schools, includ- ing Madonnas of Filippo Lippl ; Luca Longhi ; Botticelli; Gentile da Fabriano ; Iimoceiiza da Imola ; a curious Cruci- fixion, by Jacopo d' Avanzo ; and a portrait by Giovanni Sanzio, father of Raphael. The ceiling of the yd Room has a fresco, by Battoni and Luti, of the apotheosis of Martin V. (Oddone Colonna, 1 41 7 — 24). Among its pictures, are St. Bernard, Giovanni Bellini; Onuphrius Pavinius, Titian; Holy Family, Bro7i- zifio; Peasant dining, Annibale Caracci ; St. Jerome, Spagna ; Portrait, Paul Veronese ; Holy Family, Bonifazio. Hence we enter the Great Hall, a truly grand room, hung with mirrors and painted with flowers by Mario dc' Fiori, and with genii by Maratta. The statues here are unimportant. The ceiling is adorned with paintings, by Coli and Glierardi, of the battle of Lepanto, Oct. 8, 1571, which Marc- Antonio lOO WALKS IN ROME. Colonna assisted in gaining. The best pictures are the family portraits: — Federigo Colonna, Sustermanns ; Don Carlo Colonna, Vandyke; Card. Pompeio Colonna, Lorenzo Lotto ; Vittoria Colonna, Muziano ; Lucrezia Colonna, Van- dyke; Pompeio Colonna, Agostino Caracci ; Giacomo Sciarra Colonna, Giorgione. We may also notice an extraordinary picture of the Madonna rescuing a child from a demon, by Nlccolo d'Alufino, with a double portrait, by Tintoret, on the right wall, and a Holy Family of Pahna Vecchio at the end of the gallery. Near the entrance are some glorious old cabinets, inlaid with ivory and lapis-lazuli. On the steps leading to the upper end of the hall is a bomb left on the spot where it fell during the siege of Rome in 1848. (Through the palace access may be obtained to the beautiful Colonna Gardens ; but as they are generally visited from the Quirinal, they will be noticed in the description of that hill.) "On parle d'un Pierre Colonna, depouille de tous ses biens en iioo par le pape Pascal II. II fallait que la famille fut deja passablement ancienne, car les grandes fortunes ne s'elevent pas en un jour." — About. "Si n'etoit le different des Ursins et des Colonnois (Orsini and Colonna) la terre de TEglise seroit la plus heureuse habitation pour les subjects, qui soit en tout le monde. " — Philippe de Coiiiincs. 1500- " Gloriosa Colonna, in cui s' appoggia Nostra speranza, e'l gran nome Latino, Ch'ancor non torte del vero cammino L'ira di Giove per ventosa l^ioggia." Petrarca, Sonnetto x. Adjoining the Palazzo Colonna is the fine Church of the Santi Apostoli, founded in the sixth century, rebuilt by Martin V., in 1420, and modernized, c. 1602, by Fontana. SS. ArOSTOLI. loi The portico contains a magnificent bas-relief of an eagle and an oak-wreath (frequently copied and introduced in architectural designs). "Entrez sous la portique de I'eglise des Saints- Apotres, et vous trouverez la, encadre par hasard dans le mur, un aigle qu'entoure une couronne d'lm magnifique travail. Vous reconraitrez facilement dans cet aigle et cette couronne la representation d'une ensigne romaine, telle que les bas-reliefs de la colonne Trajane vous en ont montre plusieurs ; seulement ^e qui etait la en petit est ici en grand." — Ampere, Enip. ii. 1 68 Also in the portico, is a monument, by Canova, to Vol- pato, the engraver. Over the .sacristy door is the tomb of Pope Clement XIV. (Giov. Antonio GanganelH, 1769 — 74), also by Canova, executed in his twenty-fifth year. " La mort de Clement XIV. est du 22 Septembre, 1774. A cette epoque, Alphonse de Liguori etait eveque de .Sainte-Agathe des Goths, au royaume de Naples. Le 22 Septembre, au matin, Teveque tomba dans une espece de sommeil lethargique apres avoir dit la messe, et, pendant vingt-quatre heures, il demeura sans mouvement dans son fauteuil. Ses serviteurs s'etonnant de cet etat, le lendemain, avec lui: — ' Vous ne savez pas, leur dit-il, que j'ai assiste le pape qui vient de mourir.' Peu apres, la nouvelle du deces de Clement arriva a Sainte Agathe." — Gonrnerie, Rome Chritienne, ii. 362. In 1873 the traditional grave of St. Philip and St. James, the "Apostoli" to whom this church is dedicated, was opened during its restoration. Two bodies were found, enclosed in a sarcophagus of beautiful transparent marble, and have been duly enshrined. In the choir are monuments of the fifteenth century, to two relations of Pope Sixtus IV., Pictro Riario, and Cardinal Raffaelo Riario. To the right is the tomb of the Chevalier Girard, brother-in-law of Pope Julius XL, and maitre d'hotel to Charles VIII. and Louis XII. of France. The tomb of Cardinal Bessarion was remo\ed from the church, in 1702, to the cloisters of the adjoining Convent, which is the residence of the General of the 102 WALKS LV ROME. Order of " Minori Conventuali " (Black Friars). The altar- piece represents the martyrdom of SS. Philip and James, by Muratori. The heart of Maria Clementina Sobieski (buried in St. Peter's), -wafe of James III., called the First Pretender, is also preserved here, as is shown by a Latin inscription. " Le roi d'Angleterre est devot a I'exces ; sa matinee se passe en prieres aux Saints- Apotres, pres du tombeau de sa femme." — De Brasses, 1739. In 1552 this church was remarkable for the sermons of the monk Felix Peretti, afterwards Sixtus V. " Suivant un manuscrit de la bibliotheque Alfieri, un jour, pendant qu'il etait dans la chaire des Saints-Apotres, un billet cachete lui fut remis ; Frere Felix I'ouvre et y lit, en face d'un certain nombre de propo- sitions que Ton disait etre extraites de ses discours, ce mot ecrit en gros caracteres : Mentiris (tu mens). Le fougueux orateur eut peine \ contenir son emotion ; il termina son sermon en quelques paroles, et courut au palais de I'lnquisition presenter le billet mysterieux, et de- mander qu'on examinat scrupuleusement sa doctrine. Cet examen lui fut favorable, et il lui valut I'amitie du grand inquisiteur, Michael Ghislieri, qui comprit aussitot lout le parti qu'on pouvait tirer d'un honime dont les moindres actions etaient empreintes d'une inebranlable force de caractcre." — Gouriierie. In this church is buried the young Countess Savorelli, the story of whose love, misfortunes, and death, has been celebrated by About, under the name of ToHa (the J>ello of the story having been one of the Doria-Pamfili family). "The convent which Tolla had sanctified by her death sent three embassies in turn to beg to preserve her relics : already the people spoke of her as a saint. But Count Feraldi (Savorelli) considered that it was due to his honour and to his vengeance to bear her remains with pomp to the tomb of his family. lie had sufficient influence to obtain that for which permission is not granted once in ten years : the right of PALAZZO SAVORELLI. PALAZZO BUOXAPARTE. 103 tiansporting her uncovered, upon a bed of white velvet, and of sparhig her the horrors of a coffin. The beloved remains were wrapped in the white muslin robe which she wore in the garden on the day when she exchanged her sweet vows with Lello. The Marchesa Trasimeni, ill and wasted as she was, came herself to arrange her hair in the manner she loved. Every garden in Rome despoiled itself to send her its flowers ; it was only necessary to choose. The funeral procession quitted the church of S. Antonio Abbate on Thursday evening at 7.30 for the Santi Apostoli, where the Feraldis are buried. The body was preceded by a long file of the black and white confraternities, each bear- ing its banner. The red light of the torches played upon the counte- nance of the beautiful dead, and seemed to animate her afresh. The piazza was filled with a dense and closely packed but dumb crowd ; no discordant sound troubled the grief of the relations and friends of Tolla, who wept together at the Palazzo Feraldi " The Church of the Apostoli and the tomb of the poor loving girl, became at certain days of the year an object of pilgrimage, and more than one young Roman maiden adds to her evening litany the words, ' St. Tolla, virgin and martyr, pray for us.' " — About. Just beyond the church is the Palazzo Miito-SavorcUi (the home of Tolla, "Palazzo Feraldi") long the residence of Prince Charles Edward ("the last Pretender "), who died here in 1788. Hence the Via delle Verghii, with its dismal lines of latticed convent-windows, leads to the Fountain of Trevi. Returning to the Corso, we pass (right) Palazzo Biiona- J>a}'te, built by Giovanni dei Rossi in 1660. Here LcXtitia Buonaparte — " Madame Mere" — ^the mother of Napoleon I., died February 2nd, 1836. The present head of the family is Cardinal Lucien-Louis Buonaparte, son of Prince Charies (son of Lucien) and of Princess Zenaide, daughter of King Joseph of Spain. His only surviving brother is Prince Napoleon Buonaparte. This palace forms one corner of the Piazza di Vc/iezia, which contains the ancient castellated Palace of the Republic I04 IVALA'S /AT ROME. of Venice, built in 1468 by Giuliano da Majano (with materials plundered from the Coliseum) for Paul II., who was of Venetian birth. On the ruin of the republic the palace fell into the hands of Austria, and is still the resid- ence of the Austrian ambassador, to whom it was spe- cially reserved on the cession of Venice to Italy. Opposite this, on a line with the Corso, is the Palazzo Torlonia, built by Fontana in 1650, for the Bolognetti family. " Nobility is certainly more the fruit of wealth in Italy than in England. Here, where a title and estate are sold together, a man who can buy the one secures the other. From the station of a lacquey, an Italian who can amass riches, may rise to that of duke. Thus Torlonia, the Roman banker, purchased the title and estate of the Duca di Brac- ciano, fitted up the ' Palazzo Nuovo di Torlonia ' with all the magnifi- cence that wealth commands ; and a marble gallery, with its polished floors, modern statues, painted ceilings, and gilded furniture, far out- shines the faded splendour of the halls of the old Roman nobility." — Eaton's Home. " Un ancien domestique de place, devenu speculateur et banquier, achete un marquisat, puis une principaute. II cree un majorat pour son fils aine et une seconde geniture en faveur de I'autre. L'un Spouse une Sforza-Cesarini et marie ses deux fils a une Chigi et une Ruspoli ; I'autre obtient pour femme une Colonna-Doria. C'est ainsi que la famille Torlonia, par la puissance de I'argent et la faveur du saint-pere, s'est elevee presquc subitemcnt h la hauteur des plus grands maisons nepotiqucs et iiloAaXc^." —■ About. The most interesting of the antiquities preserved in this palace is a bas-relief, rej)resenting a combat between men and animals, brought hither from the Palazzo "Orsini, and probably pourtraying the famous dedication of the theatre of Marcellus on that site, celebrated by the slaughter of six hundred nniinals. The end of the Corso — narrowed by a projecting wing of the Venetian Palace — is known as the Ri^rcsa del Bar- 70JMB OF BIBULUS. S.MARCO. 105 bcri, because there the horses, wliich run in the races during the Carnival, are caught in large folds of drapery let down across the street to prevent their dashing themselves to pieces against the opposite wall. Close to the end of this street, built into the wall of a house in the Via di Marforio, is one of the few relics of repub- lican times m the city,— a Doric Tomb, bearing an inscrip- tion which states that it Avas erected by order of the people on land granted by the Senate to Caius Publicius Bibulus, the plebeian ?edile, and his posterity. Petrarch mentions in one of his letters that he wrote one of his sonnets leaning against the tomb of Bibulus. This tomb has a secondary interest as marking the com- mencement of the Via Flaminia, as it stood just outside the Porta Ratumena from whence that road issued. There are some obscure remains of another tomb on the other side of the street. The Via Flaminia, like the Via Appia, was once fringed with tombs. From the Ripresa dei Barberi, a street passing under an arch on the right, leads to the back of the Venetian Palace, where is the Church of S. Marco, originally founded in the time of Constantine, but rebuilt in 833, and modernized by Cardinal Quirini in 1744. Its portico, which is lined with early Christian inscriptions, contains a fine fifteenth cen- tury doorway, surmounted by a figure of St. Mark. The interior is in the form of a basilica, its naves and aisles separated by twenty columns, and ending in an apse. The best pictures are S. Marco, " a pope enthroned, by Carlo CrivcUi, resembling in sharpness of finish and indi- viduality the works of Bartolomeo Viviani," * and a Resur- rection by Paliua Giovanc. * Kugler. io6 WALKS IN ROME. " Tlie mosaics of .S. Marco, executed under Pope Gregory IV. (A.d. 827 — 844), with all their splendour, exhibit the utmost poverty of expression. Above the tribune, in circular compartments, is the portrait of Christ between the symbols of the Evangelists, and further below SS. Peter and Paul (or two prophets) with scrolls ; within the tribune, beneath a hand extended with a wreath, is the standing figure of Christ with an open book, and on either side, S. Angelo and Pope Gregory IV. Further on, but still belonging to the dome, are the thirteen lambs, forming a second and quite uneven circle round the figures. The execution is here especially rude, and of true Byzantine rigidity, while, as if the artist knew that his long lean figures were anything but secure upon their feet, he has given them each a separate little pedestal. The lines of the drapery are chiefly straight and parallel, while, with all this rudeness, a certain play of colour has been contrived by the introduction of high lights of another colour." — Kiigler. This church is said to have been originally founded in honour of the Evangelist in 337 by Pope Marco, but this pope, being himself canonized, is also honoured here, and is buried under the higli altar. On April 25 th, St. Mark's Day, a grand procession of clergy starts from this church. It was for the most part rebuilt under Gregory IV. in 838. Behind the Palazzo Venezia is the vast Church of II Gesii, begun in 1568 by the celebrated Vignola, but the cupola and fa^'ade completed in 1575 by his scholar Gia- como della Porta. In the interior is the monument of Cardinal Pellarmin, and various pictures representing events in the lives or deaths of the Jesuit saints, — that of the death of St. Francis Xavier is by Carlo Maratta. The high altar, by Giacomo della Porta, has fine columns of giallo-antico. The altar of St. Ignatius at the end of the left transept is of gaudy magnificence. It was designed by Padre Pozzi, the group of the Trinity being by Bernardino Ludovisi ; the globe in the hand of the Almighty is said to THE GESU. 107 be the largest piece of lapis-lazuli in existence. Beneath this altar, and his silver statue, lies the body of St. Ignatius Loyola, in an urn of gilt bronze, adorned with precious stones. A great ceremony takes place in this church on July 31st, the feast of St. Ignatius, and on December 31st a Te Deum is sung here for the mercies of the past year, in the presence of the pope, cardinals, and the people of Rome, — a really solemn and impressive service. The Convent of the Gesu is the residence of the General of the Jesuits ("His Paternity"), and the centre of religious life in their Order. The rooms in which St. Ignatius lived and died are of the deepest historic interest. They consist of four chambers. The first, now a chapel, is that in which he wrote his " Constitutions." The second, also a chapel, is that in which he died. It contains the altar at which he daily celebrated mass, and the autograph engagement to live under the same laws of obedience, poverty, and chastity, signed by Laynez, Francis Xavier, and Ignatius Loyola. On its walls are two portraits of Ignatius Loyola, one as a young knight, the other as a Jesuit father, and portraits of S. Carlo Borromeo and S. Filippo Neri. It was in this chamber also that St. Francis Borgia died. The third room was that of the attendant monk of St. Ignatius ; the fourth is now a kind of museum of relics containing portions of his robes and small articles which belonged to him and to other saints of the Order. Facing the Church of the Gesu is the Palazzo Altieri, built by Cardinal Altieri in 1670, from designs of Giov. Antonio Rossi. "Quand le palais Altieri fut acheve, les Altieri, neveux de Clement X., inviterent leur oncle a le venir voir. II s'y fit porter, et d'aussi loin lo8 WALKS LV ROME. qu'il aperfut la magnificence et I'etendue de cette superbe fabrique, il reboussa chemin le cceur serre, sans dire un seul mot, et mourut peu apres." — De Brasses. " On the staircase of the Palazzo Altieri, is an ancient colossal marble finger, of such extraordinary size, that it is really worth a visit." — EatoiCs Rome. This palace was the residence of the late noble-hearted vicar-general, Cardinal Altieri, who died a martyr to his de- votion to his flock (as Bishop of Albano) during the terrible visitation of cholera at Albano in 1867. The Piazza del Gesii is considered to be the most draughty place in Rome. The legend runs that the devil and the wind were one day taking a walk together. When they came to this square, the devil, who seemed to be very de- vout, said to the wind, "Just wait a minute, mio caro, while I go into this church." So the wind promised, and the devil went into the Gesu, and has ne\'er come out ■ again — and the wind is blowing about in the Piazza del Gesu to this day. CHAPTER III. THE CAPITOLINE. The Story of the Hill — Piazza del Campidoglio— Palace of the Senator — View from the Capitol Tower — The Tabulariura — The Museo Capitolino — Gallery of Statues — Palace of the Conservators — Gallery of Pictures — Palazzo Caffarelli — Tarpeian Rock — Convent and Church of Ara-Coeli — J^Iamertine Prisons. * I "HE Capitoline was the hill of the kings and the republic, as the Palatine was of the empire. Entirely composed of tufa, its sides, now concealed by buildings or by the accumulated rubbish of ages, were abrupt and precipitous, as are still the sides of the neighbouring citadels of Corneto and Cervetri. It was united to the Quirinal by an isthmus of land cut away by Trajan, but in every other direction was isolated by its perpendicular cliffs : — "Arduus in valles et fora clivus erat." Ovid, Fast. i. 264. Up to the time of the Tarquins, it bore the name of Mons Saturnus,* from the mythical king Saturn, who is reported to have come to Italy in the reign of Janus, and to have made a settlement here. His name was derived from sowing, and he was looked upon as the introducer of civilization and social order, both of Avhich are inseparably connected with * V.-irro, Dc Ling, Lat. v. 42. no WALKS IN ROME. agriculture. His reign here was thus considered to be tlie golden age of Italy. His wife was Ops, the representative of plenty.* " C'est la tradition d'un age de paix represente par le regne paisible de Saturne ; avant qu'il y eut une Roma, ville de la force, 11 y eut une Saturnia, ville de la paix." — Ainph-c, Hist. Rom. i. 86. Virgil represents Evander, the m}-thical king of the Pala- tine, as exhibiting Saturnia, already in ruins, to ^neas. " Hsec duo prteterea disjectis oppida muris, Reliquias veterumque vides monumenta virorum. Hanc Janus pater, hanc Saturnus condidit arcem : Janiculum liuic, illi fuerat Saturnia nomen." ALti. viii. 356. When Romulus had fixed his settlement upon the Pala- tine, he opened an asylum for fugitive slaves upon the then deserted Saturnus, and here, at a sacred oak, he is said to have offered up the spoils of the Czecinenses, and their king Acron, who had made a war of reprisal upon him, after the rape of their women in the Campus Martins ; here also he vowed to build a temple to Jupiter Feretrius, where spoils should always be offered. But in the mean time, the Sabines, under Titiiis Tatus, besieged and took the hill, having a gate of its fortress (said to have been on the ascent above the spot where the arch of Severus now stands) opened to them by ^rarpeia, who gazed willi longing upon the golden bracelets of the warriors, and, obtaining a promise to receive that which they wore upon their arms, was crushed by their shields as they entered. Some authorities, however, main- tain that she asked and obtained the hand of king Tatius. I'Vom lliis time the hill was completely occupied by the • Sinilli's Rumaii Mythology. TEMPLE OF JUPITER CAPITOLINUS. iii Sabines, and its name became partially merged in that of Mons Tarpeia, which its southern side has always retained. Niebuhr states that it is a popular superstition that the beautiful Tarpeia still sits, sparkling with gold and jewels, enchanted and motionless, in a cave in the centre of the hill. After the death of Tatius, the Capitoline again fell under the government of Romulus, and his successor, Numa Pom- pilius, founded here a Temple of Fides Publica, in which the flamens were always to sacrifice with a fillet on their right hands, in sign of fidelity. To Numa also is attributed the worship of the god Terminus, who had a temple here in very early ages. Under Tarquinius Superbus, B.C. 535, the magnificent Temple of yiipiter Capitolbms, which had been vo^^•ed by his father, was built with money taken from the Volscians in war. In digging its foundations, the head of a man was found, still bloody, an omen which was interpreted by an Etruscan augur to portend that Rome would become the head of Italy. In consequence of this, the name of the hill was once more changed, and has ever since been Mons Capitolifuis, or Capitolium. The site of this temple has always been one of the vexed questions of history. At the time it was built, as now, the hill consisted of two peaks, with a level space between them. Niebuhr and Gregoro^'ius place the temple on the south-eastern height, but Canina and other authorities, with more probability, incline to the north-eastern eminence, the present site of Ara-Creli, because, among many other reasons, the temple faced the south, and also the Forum, which it could not have done upon the south-eastern summit; and also because the citadel is always repre- 112 WALKS IN HOME. seated as having been nearer to the Tiber than the temple : for when Herdonius, and the Gauls, arriving by the river, scaled the heights of the Capitol, it was the citadel which barred their path, and in which, in the latter case, Manlius was awakened by the noise of the sacred geese of Juno. The temple of Jupiter occupied a lofty platform, the summit of the rock being levelled to receive it. Its facade was decorated with three ranges of columns, and its sides by a single colonnade. It was nearly square, being 200 Roman feet in length, and 185 in width. '"^ The interior was divided into three cells ; the figure of Jupiter occupied that in the centre, Minerva was on his right, and Juno on his left. The figure of Jupiter was the work of an artist of the Volscian city of Fregellse,t and was formed of terra-cotta, painted like the statues which we may still see in the Etruscan museum at the Vatican, and clothed with the tunica palmata, and the toga picta, the costume of victorious generals. In his right hand was a thunder-bolt, and in his left a spear. " Jupiter angusta vix totus stabat in yEde ; Inque Jovis dextra fictile fulmen erat. " Oz'id, Fast. i. 202. At a later period the statue was formed of gold, but this figure had ceased to exist in the time of Pliny. ;{: When Martial wrote, the statues of Jupiter, Juno, and Minerva, were all gilt. " ScripUis cs a'tcino nunc piinium, Jupiter, auro, Et soror, et sunnni (ilia tota patris. " Martial, xi. Ep. 5. In the wall adjoining the cella of Minerva, a nail was * Vitruvius, iv. 7, i. + Pliny, .\xxv. 12. % Pliny, vii, 39. TEMPLE OF JUPITER CAPITOUXUS. 113 fastened every year, to mark the lapse of time.* In the centre of the temple was the statue of Terminus. " The sumptuous fane of Jupiter Capitolinus had peculiar claims on the veneration of the Roman citizens ; for not only the great lord of the earth was worshipped in it, but the conservative principle of property itself found therein its appropriate symbol. While the statue of Jupiter occupied the usual place of the divinity in the furthest recess of the building, an image of the god Terminus was also placed in the centre of the nave, which was open to the heavens. A venerable legend affirmed, that when, in the time of the kings, it was requisite to clear a space on the Capitoline to erect on it a temple to the great father of the gods, and the shrines of the lesser divinities were to be removed for the purpose, Terminus alone, the patron of boundaries, refused to quit his place, and demanded to be included in the walls of the new edifice. Thus propitiated he was understood to declare that henceforth the bounds of the republic should never be removed ; and the pledge was more than fulfilled by the ever increasing circuit of her dominion." — Merivale, Romans Under the Empire. The gates of the temple were of gilt bronze, and its pave- ment of mosaic ; t. in a vault beneath were preserved the Sibylline books placed there by Tarquin. The building of Tarquin lasted 400 years, and was burnt down in the civil wars, B.C. 83. It was rebuilt very soon afterwards by Sylla, and adorned with columns of Pentelic marble, which he had brought from the temple of Jupiter Olympus at Athens.:}: Sylla, however, did not live to rcdedicate it, and it was finished by Q. Lutatius Catulus, B.C. 62. This temple lasted till it was burnt to the ground by the soldiers of Vitellius, who set fire to it by throwing torches upon the portico, a.d. 69, and dragging forth Sabinus, the brother of Vespasian, murdered him at the foot of the Capitol, near the Mamertine Prisons. § Domitian, * I-ivy, vii. 3. t Pliny, xxxiii. iS. % Pliny, x.\.\vi. 5. § Tacitus. Hist. iii. 74. VOL. I. S 1 14 WALK'S IN ROME. the younger son of Vespasian, was, at that time, in the temple with his uncle, and escaped in the dress of a priest ; in commemoration of which, he erected a chapel to Jupiter Conservator, close to the temple, with an altar upon which his adventure was sculptured. The temple was rebuilt by- Vespasian, who took so great an interest in the work, that he carried away some of the rubbish on his own shoulders ; but his temple was the exact likeness of its predecessor, only higher, as the aruspices said that the gods would not allow it to be altered.'^ In this building Titus and Vespasian celebrated their triumph for the fall of Jerusalem. The ruin of the temple began in a.d. 404, during the short visit of the youthful Emperor Honorius to Rome, when the plates of gold which lined its doors were stripped off by Stilicho.t It was finally plundered by the Vandals, in a.d. 455, when its statues were carried off to adorn the African palace of Genseric, and half its roof was stripped of the gilt bronze tiles which covered it ; but it is not known precisely when it ceased to exist, — the early fathers of the Christian Church speak of having seen it. The story that the bronze statue of Jupiter, belonging to this temple, was transformed by Leo I. into the famous image of St. Peter, is very doubtful. Close beside this, the queen of Roman temples, stood the Temple of Fides, said to have been founded by Numa, where the senate were assembled at the time of the murder of Tiberius Gracchus, 13. c. 133, who fell in front of the temple of Jupiter, at the foot of the statues of the kings: his blood being the first spilt in Rome in a civil war.J Near this, also, were the twin Tcvipks of Mars and Venus Erycina, vowed after the battle of Thrasymene, and con- • Tacitus, Hist. iv. 53. t Zosimus, lib. v. c. 38. % Valerius Maximus, ii. 3. 3. THE ARX. 115 secrated, B.C. 215, by the consuls Q. Fabius Maximus and T. Otacilius Crassus. Near the top of the Chvus was the Tanple of yiipitcr Tona?is, built by Augustus, in consequence of a vow which he made in an expedition against the Cantabri when his litter was struck, and the slave who preceded him was killed by lightning. This temple was so near, that it was considered as a porch to that of Jupiter Capitolinus, and in token of that character, Augustus hung some bells upon its pediment. On the Arx, or opposite height of the Capitol, was the Temple of Ho mm r and Virtue, built B.C. 103, by Marius, with the spoils taken in the Cimbric wars. This temple was of suf- ficient size to allow of the senate meeting there, to pass the decree for Cicero's recall.* Here Nardini places the ancient Temple of Jupiter Feretrius, in which Romulus dedicated the first spolia opima. Here, on the site of the house of Manlius, was built the Temple of "yiuio Afoneta, B.C. 345, in accordance with a vow of L. Furius Camillus.t On this height, also, was the Altar of 'yupitcr Fistor, which commemorated the stra- tagem of the Romans, who threw down loaves into the camp of the besieging Gauls, to deceive them as to the state of their supplies.:}: "Nomine, quam pretio celebratior, arce Tonantis, Dicam Pistoris quid velit ara Jovis." Ovid, Fast. vi. 349. It was probably also on this side of the hill that the gigantic Statue of Jupiter stood, which was formed out of the armour taken from the Samnites, b.c. 293, and which is stated by Pliny to have been of such a size that it was \isible from the top of Monte Cavo. * Vitruvius, iii. 2, 5 ; Propertius, iv. 11, 45 : Cic. pro Plane. 32. t Livy, vi. 20. % Li%*y, v. 4S. 1 16 WALKS IN ROME. Two cliffs are now rival claimants to be considered as the Tarpeian Rock ; but it is most probable that the whole of the hill on this side of the Intermontium was called the Mons Tarpeia, and was celebrated under that name by the poets. "In summo custos Tarpeias Manlius arcis Stabat pro templo, et Capitolia celsa tenebat : Romuleoque recens horrebat legia culmo. Atque hie auratis volitans argenteus anser Porticibus, Gallos in limine adesse canebat." Virgil, ^'En. viii. 652. " Aurea Tarpeia ponet Capitolia rupe, Et junget nostro templorum culmina coelo." Sil. Ital. iii. 623. "juvat inter tecta Tonantis, Cemere Tarpeia pendentes rupe Gigantes." Claud, vi. Cons. Hon. 44. Among the buildings upon the Iiitcnnontiiim., or space between the two heights, were the Tabularium, or Record Office, part of which still remains ; a portico, built by Scipio Nasica,'*" and an arch which Nero built here to his own honour, the erection of which upon the sacred hill, hitherto devoted to the gods, was regarded even by the sub- servient senate as an unparalleled act of presumption. + In mediaeval times the revolutionary government of Arnold of Brescia establislied itself on this hill (1144), and Pope Lucius II., in attempting to regain his temporal power, was slain with a stone in attacking it. Here Petrarch received his laurel crown (1341); and here the tribune Rienzi promul- gated the laws of the "good estate." At this time nothing existed on the Capitol but the church and convent of Ara- • VcUcius Patcrc. ii. 3. t Sec Mcnvale, Hist, of the Romans, vol. vj. APrROACII TO THE CAPITOL. 117 Coeli, and a f.'W ruins. Yet the cry of tlie people at the coronation of Petrarch, " Long hfe to iJie Capitol and the poet ! " shows that the scene itself was then still more present to their minds than the principal actor upon it. But, when the popes returned from Avignon, the very memory of the Capitol seemed effaced, and the spot was only known as the Goat's Hill, — Monte Caprvio. Pope Boniface IX. (1389 — 94) was the first to erect on the Capitol, on the ruins of the Tabularium, a residence for the senator and his assessors, Paul III. (1544 — 50) employed Michael Angelo to layout the Piazza del Campidoglio ; when he designed the Capito- line Museum and the Palace of the Conservators. Pius IV., Gregory XIII., and Sixtus V. added the sculptures and other monuments which now adorn the steps and balustrade.* Just beyond the end of the Corso, the Via dcUa PedaccJiia turns to the right, under a quaint archway in the secret pass- age constructed as a means of escape for the Franciscan Generals of Ara-Cccli to the Palazzo Venezia, as that in the Borgo is for the escape of the popes to S. Angelo. In this street is a house decorated with simple but elegant Doric details, and bearing an inscription over the door which shows that it was that of Pietro da Cortona. The street ends in the sunny open space at the foot of the Capitol, with Ara-Coeli on its left, approached by an immense tlight of steps, removed hither from tlie Temi)le of the Sun, on the Quirinal, but marking the site of the famous staircase to the temple of Jupiter Capitolinus, which Julius Csesar descended on his knees, after his truimph for his Gallic victories. t * Dyer's Rome, 407, 408, 409. t Ampjre, Enip. i. 22. ii8 WALKS IN ROME. The grand staircase, " La Cordouuata" was opened in its present form on the occasion of the entry of Charles V., in 1536.* At its foot are two Uons of Egyptian porphyry, which were removed hither from the Church of S. Stefano in Cacco, by Pius IV. It was down the staircase which originally existed on this site, that Rienzi the tribune fled in his last moments, and close to the spot where the left-hand lion stands, that he fell, covered with wounds, his wife wit- nessing his death from a window of the burning palace above. A small space between the two staircases has lately been transformed into a garden, through which access may be obtained to four vaulted brick chambers, remnants of the substructions of the temple of Jupiter Capitolinus. A living wolf is kept here in commemoration of the nurse of Romulus and Remus. At the head of the stairs are colossal statues of the twin heroes, Castor and Pollux (brought hither from the Ghetto), commemorating the victory of the Lake Regillus, after which they rode before the army to Rome, to announce the joyful news, watered their horses at the Aqua Argentina, and then passed away from the gaze of the multitude into celestial spheres. Beyond these, on either side, are two trophies of imperial times discovered in the ruin on the Esquiline, misnamed the Trophies of Marius. Next come statues of Constantine the Great and his son Constan- tine II., from their baths on the Quirinal. The two ends of the parapet are occupied by ancient Milliaria, being the first and seventh milestones of the A))pian Way. The first milestone was found /// ,v////',an(l showed that tlie miles counted from the gates of Rome, and not, as was formerly sup- • VVlien 400 houses .ind three or four churches were levelled to the ground to make a road for liib triumphal approach. — Rabelais, Lcttre viii. p. 21. STA TUE OF MARCUS A URELIUS. 1 1 9 posed, from the Milliarium Aureiim, at the foot of the Capitol. We now fiiul ourselves in the Piazza del Cauipidoglio, occupying the Intemiontium, where Brutus harangued the people after the murder of Julius Caesar. In the centre of the square is the famous Statue of Marcus Aurelius, the only per- fect ancient equestrian statue in existence. It was originally gilt, as may still be seen from marks of gilding upon the figure, and stood in front of the arch of Septimius-Severus. Hence it was removed by Sergius III. to the front of the Lateran, where, not long after, it was put to a singular use by John XIII. , who hung a refractory prefect of the city from it by his hair.* During the rejoicings consequent upon the elevation of Rienzi to the tribuneship in 1347, one of its nostrils was made to flow with water and the other with wine. From its vicinity to the Lateran, so intimately connected with the history of Constantine, it was supposed during the middle ages to represent that Christian emperor, and this fortunate error alone preserved it from the destruc- tion which befell so many other ancient imperial statues. Michael Angelo, when he designed the buildings of the Capitoline Piazza, wished to remove the statue to its present site, but the canons of the Lateran were unwilling to part with their treasure, and only consented to its removal upon an annual acknowledgment of their proprietorship, for which a bunch of flowers is still presented once a year by the senators to the chapter of the Lateran. Michael Angelo, standing in fixed admiration before this statue, is said to have bidden the horse "Cammina." Even until late years an especial guardian has been appointed to take care of it, with an annual stipend of ten scudi a year, and the title of " II custode del Ca\ alio." * Dyer's City of Rome, p. 379. 1 20 WALKS IN' ROME. "They stood awhile to contemplate the bronze equestrian statue of Marcus Aurelius. The moonlight glistened upon traces of the gilding •which had once covered both rider and steed ; these were almost gone, but the aspect of dignity was still perfect, clothing the figure as it were with an imperial robe of light. It is the most majestic representation of the kingly character that ever the world has seen. A sight of the old heathen emperor is enough to create an evanescent sentiment of loyalty even in a democratic bosom, so august does he look, so fit to rule, so worthy of man's profbundest homage and obedience, so inevit- ably attractive of his love. He stretches forth his hand with an air of proud magnificence and unlimited authority, as if uttering a decree from which no appeal was permissible, but in which the obedient subject would find his highest interests consulted : a command that was in itself a benediction." — HawtJiorne. " I often ascend the Capitoline Hill to look at Marcus Aurelius and his horse, and have not been able to refrain from caressing the lions of basalt. You cannot stand on the Aventine or the Palatine without grave thoughts, but standing on the spot brings me very little nearer the image of past ages." — AHebiihr's Letters. " La statue equestre de Marc-Aurele a aussi sa legende, et celle-la n'est pas du moyen age, mais elle a ete recueillie il y a peu d'annees de la bouche d'un jeune Romain. La dorure, en partie detruite, se voit encore en quelques endroits. A en croire le jeune Romain, cependant, la dorure, au lieu d'aller s'effa^ant toujours davantage, etait en voie de progres. ' Voyez, disait-il, la statue de bronze commence a se dorer, et quand elle le sera entierement, le monde finira.' — C'est toujours, sous una forme absurd e, la vieille idee romaine, que les destinees et 1' existence de Rome sont liees aux destinees et a I'existence du monde. C'est ce qui faisait dire au septieme siecle ; ainsi que les pelerins saxons I'avaient entendu et le repetaient ; ' Quand le Colisee tombera, Rome et le monde finiront.' " — Ampere, Emp. ii. 228. The building at the back of the piazza is The Palace of the Senator, originally built by Boniface IX. (1389), but altered by Michael Angelo to correspond with his buildings on cillicr side. The fountain at the foot of the double staircase was erected by Sixtus V., and is adorned with statues of river gods found in the Colonna Gardens, and a curious porphyry figure of Minerva — adapted as Rome. The TOWER OF THE CAPITOL. 121 body of tliis statue was found at Cori, but tlie head and arms are modern additions. " Rome personnifiee, cette deesse a laquelle on erigea des temples, voulut d'aboid etre une Amazone, ce qui se confoit, car elle etait guerriere avant tout. C'est sous la forme de Minerve que Rome est assise sur la place du Capitole." — Ampere, Hist. Rotiiainc, iii. 242. In the interior of this building the Hall of the Senators contains some papal statues, and that of Charles of Anjou, -who was made senator of Rome in the thirteenth century. The Toii'cr of the Gr//V^/ contains the great bell of A'^iterljo, carried off from that to\Tn during the wars of the middle ages, which is never rung except to announce the death of a pope, or the opening of the carnival. During the closing years of the temporal power of the popes, it has been difficult to obtain admission to the tower, but the ascent is well repaid by the view from the summit, which embraces not only the seven hills of Rome, but the various towns and villages of the neighbouring plain and mountains which successively fell under its dominion. " Pour suivre les vicissitudes des luttes exterieures des Remains contre les peuples qui les entourent et les pressent dc tous cotes, nous n'aurons qu'a regarder a I'horizon la sublime campagne romaine et ces montagnes qui I'encadrent si admirablement. Elles sont encore plus belles et I'oeil prend encore plus de plaisir a les contempler quand on songe a ce qu' elles ont vu defforts et de courage dans les premiers temps de la republique. II n'est presque pas un point de cette campagne qui n'ait ete temoin de quelque rencontre glorieuse ; il n'est presque un rocher de ces montagnes qui n'est ete pris et repris vingt fois. " Toutes ces nations sabelliques qui dominaient la ville du Tibre et semblaient placees la sur des hauteurs disposees en demi-cercle pour Tenvelopper et I'ecraser, toutes ces nations sont devant nous et a la portee du regard. 122 WALKS IN ROME. " Voici de cote de la mer les montagnes des Volsques ; plus a I' est sont les Herniques et les /Eques ; au nord, les Sabins ; a I'ouest, d'autres ennemis, les Etrusques, dont le mont Ciminus est le rempart. " Au sud, la plaine se pvolonge jusqu'a la mer. Ici sont les Latins, qui, n'ayant pas des montagnes pour leur servir de citadelle et de refuge, commenceront par etre des allies. " Nous pouvons done embrasser le panorama liistorique des premiers combats qu'eurent a soutenir et que soutinrent si vaillamment les Remains affranchis." — Avipcrc, Hist. Rom. ii. 373. Beneath the Palace of the Senator (entered by a door in the street on the right), are the gigantic remains of the Tabulariuin, consisting of huge rectangular blocks of peperino supporting a Doric colonnade, which is shown by an inscription still preserved to have been that of the public Record Office, where the Tabulae, engraved plates bearing important decrees of the Senate, were preserved, having been placed there by Q. Lutatius Catulus in B.C. 79. A gallery in the interior of the Tabularium has been fitted up as a museum of architectural antiquities collected from the neighbouring temples. This building is as it were the boundary between inhabited Rome and that Rome which is a city of ruins. " I came to the Capitol, and looked down on the other side. There before my eyes opened an immense grave, and out of the grave rose a city of monuments in ruins, columns, triumphal arches, temples, and palaces, broken, ruinous, but still beautiful and grand, — with a solemn mournful beauty ! It was tlie giant apparition of ancient Rome." — Frederika Brenicr. The traces of an ancient staircase still exist, which led down from the Tabularium to tlic l""orum. This is believed by many t(j have been the path by which the besiegers under Vitellius, A.jj. 69, attacked the Cajiitol. The east side of the piazza — on the left as one stands at the head of the steps — is the Musco Capitolino (open daily CAPITOL— GALLERY OF SCULPTURE. 123 from 9 to 4, for a fee ; and on Mondays and Thursdays gratis, from 2\ to 4I). Above the fountain in the court, opposite the entrance, reclines the colossal statue of a river-god, called Marforio, removed hither from the end of the Via di Marforio (Forum Martis ?) near the arch of Severus. This figure, according to Roman fancy, was the friend and gossip of Pasquin (at the Palazzo Braschi), and lively dialogues, merciless to the follies of the government and the times, used to appear with early morning, placarded on their respective pedestals, as passing between the two. Thus, when Clement XI. mulcted Rome of numerous sums to send to his native Urbino, Marforio asked, " What is Pasquino doing ? " The next morning Pasquin answered, " I am taking care of Rome, that it does not go away to Urbino." In the desire of putting an end to such inconvenient remarks, the government ordered the removal of one of the statues to the Capitol, and, since Marforio has been shut up, Pasquino has lost his spirits. From the corridor on the ground floor open several rooms devoted to ancient inscriptions and sarcophagi with bas-reliefs. The first room on the left has some bronzes — in the centre a mutilated horse, found, 1849, in the Trastevere. " Calamis, venu un peu avant Phidias, n'eut point de rival pour les chevaux. Calamis, qui fut fondeur en bronze, serait-il I'auteur du cheval de bronze du Capitole, qui, en effet, semble plutot un peu anterieur que posterieur ^ Phidias ? " — Ampere, Hist. Rout. iii. 234. At the foot of the staircase is a colossal statue of the Emperor Hadrian, found on the Coelian. The Staircase is lined with the fragments of the Pianta Capitolina, a series of marble slabs of imperial date (found 124 WALKS IN ROME. in the sixteenth century under S3. Cosmo and Damian), inscribed with ground plans of Rome, and exceedingly- important from the light they throw upon the ancient topography of the city. The upper Corridor is lined with statues and busts. Here and elsewhere we will only notice those especially remarkable for beauty or historic interest.* L. 12. Satyr playing on a flute. R. 13. Cupid bending his bow. R. 20. Old woman intoxicated. " Tout le monde a remarque dans le musee du Capitole una vieille femme serrant des deux mains une bouteille, la bouche entr'ouverte, les yeux mourants toumes vers le ciel, comme si, dans la jubilation de Vivresse, elle savourait le vin qu'elle vient de boire. Comment ne pas voir dans cette caricature en marbre une reproduction de la Vielle Femme ivre de Myron, qui passait pour une des curiosites de Smyrne." — Aiiiph-e, Hist. Rom. iii. 272. L. 26. The infant Hercules strangling a serpent. L. 28. Grand Sarcophagus — the Rape of Proseipine. R, 33. Satyr playing on a flute. (In the wall on the left inscriptions from tJie columbarium of Livia.) R. 43. Head of Ariadne. L. 48. Sarcophagus — the birth and childhood of Bacchus. L. 56. Statue, draped. R. 64. Jupiter, on a cippus with a curious relief of Claudia drawing the boat with the image of the Magna Malcr up the Tiber. L. 69. Bust of Caligula. R. 70. Marcus Aurelius, as a boy — a very beautiful bust. R. 70. Statue of Minerva from Vellctri. The same as that in the Braccio Nuovo of the Vatican. R. 72. Trajan. 76. In tlic window, a magnificent vase, found near the tomb of Cecilia Metella, standing on a puteal adorned with reliefs of the twelve principal gods and goddesses. From the right of this corridor open two chambers. The • R, ri-ht ; L, left. CAriTOL— GALLERY OF SCULPTURE. 1^5 first is named the Room of the Doves., from the famous mosaic found in the ruins of Hadrian's villa near Tivoli, and generally called Pliiifs Doves, because Pliny, when speaking of the perfection to which the mosaic art had attained, describes a wonderful mosaic of Sosus of Per- gamos, in which one dove is seen drinking and casting her shadow on the water, while others are pluming them- selves on the edge of the vase. As a pendant to this is another Mosaic, of a Tragic and. Comic Mask. In the farther window is the Iliac Tablet, an interesting relief in the soft marble called palombino, relating to the story of the destruction of Troy, and the ilight of yEneas, and found at Bovill^. " L' ensemble de la giierre contre Troie est contenu dans un abrege figure qu'on appelle la Table Iliaqiie, petit bas-relief destine a offrir un resunne visible de cette guerre aux jeunes Remains, et i servir dans les ecoles soit pour X Lliade, soit pour les poemes cycliques comme d'un Index parlattt. " La Table Iliaque est im ouvrage remain fait a Rome. Tout ce qui touclie aux origines troyennes de cette ville, inconnues k Homere et celebrees surtout par Stesichore avant de I'etre par Virgile, tient dans ce bas-relief une place importante et domine dans sa composition." — Ampere, Hist. Rom. iii. 431. In the centre of the room is a pretty statuette of a girl shielding a dove. The second chamber, known as The Reserved Cabinet, contains the famous Venus of the Capitol — a Greek statue, found immured in a wall upon the Quirinal. " La verite et la complaisance avec lesquelles la nature est rendue dans la Venus du Capitole faisaient de cette belle statue, — qui pourtant n'a rien d'indecent bien que par une pruderie peu chaste on I'ait releguee dans un cabinet reserve, — faisaient de cette belle statue un sujet de scandale pour I'austerite des premiers chretiens. C'etait sans doute 125 WALK'S AV ROME. afin de la soustraire a leurs mutilations qu'on I'avait enfouie avec soin, ce qui I'a conservee dans son integrite ; ainsi son danger I'a sauvee. Comme on I'a trouvee dans le quartier suspect de la Suburra, on peut supposer qu'elle ornait Fatrium elegant de quelque riche courtisane. " — Ampere, iii. 318. The two smaller sculptures of Leda and the Swan, and Cupid and Psyche — two lovely children embracing (most needlessly secluded here), were found on the Aventine. From the end of the gallery we enter TJie Hall of the Emperors. In the centre is the beautiful seated statue of Agrippina (grand-daughter of Augustus — wife of Germanicus — and mother of Caligula). "On s'arrete avec respect devant la premiere Agrippine, assise avec una si noble simplicite et dont le visage exprime si bien la fermete virile." — Arnpere, iv. " Ici nous la contemplons telle que nous pouvons nous la figurer apres la mort de Germanicus. Elle semble mise aux fers par le destin, mais sans pouvoir encore renoncer aux pensees superbes dont son ame etait remplie aux jours de son bonheur." — Braiin. Round the room are ranged 83 busts of Roman emperors, empresses, and their near relations, forming perhaps the most interesting portrait gallery in the world. Even viewed as works of art, many of them are of the utmost importance. They are — 1. Julius Ctcsar, nat. B.C. 100 ; ob. B.C. 44. 2. Augustus, Imp. B.C. 12 — A.D. 14. 3. Marccllus, his nephew and son-in-law, son of Octavia, ob. B.C. 23, aged 20. 4. 5. Tiberius, Imp. A.D. 14-37. 6. Drusus, his brother, son of Livia and Claudius Nero, ob. B.C. 10. 7. Drusus, son of Tiberius and Vipsania, ob. A.D. 23. 8. Antonia, daughter of Mark Antony and Octavia, wife of the elder Drusus, mother of Germanicus and Claudius. 9. Germanicus, son of Drusus and Antonia, ob. A.D. 19. CAPITOL— BUSTS OF THE EMPERORS. 127 10. Agrippina, daughter of Julia and Agrippa, granddaughter of Augustus, wife of Germanieus. Died of starvation under Tiberius, A.u. 33. 11. Caligula, Imp. a.d. 37-41, son of Germanieus and Agrippina. Murdered by the tribune Cheroea (in basalt). 12. Claudius, Imp. a.d. 41-54, younger son of Drusus and Antonia. Poisoned by Agrippina. 13. Messalina, third wife of Claudius. Put to death by Claudius, A.D. 48. " Una grosse commere sensuelle, aux traits boufifis, a I'air assez commun, mais qui pouvait plaire a Claude." — Ampere, Eiiip. ii. 32. 14. Agrippina the younger, sixth wife of Claudius, daughter of Germanieus and Agrippina the elder, great-granddaughter of Augustus. I^Iurdered by her son Nero, A.D. 60. " Ce buste la montre avec cette beaute plus grande que relle de sa mere, et qui etait pour elle un moyen. Agrippine a les yeux leves vers le del, on dirait qu'elle craint, et qu'elle attend."- — EmJ>. ii. 34. 15. 16. Nero, Imp. a.d. 54-69, son of Agrippina the younger by her first husband, Ahenobarbus. Died by his own hand. 17. Poppsea Sabina (?), second wife of Nero. Killed by a kick from her husband, a.d. 62. "Ce visage a la delicatesse presque enfantine que pouvait offrir celui de cette femme, dont les molles recherches et les soins curieux de toilette etaient celebres, et dont Diderot a dit avec verite, bien qu'avec un pea d'emphase, ' C'etait une furie sous le visage des graces.' " — Emp. ii. 38. 18. Galba, Imp. A.d. 69. Murdered in the Forum. 19. Otho, Imp. A.D. 69. Died by his own hand. 20. Vitellius (?), Imp. A.D. 69. Murdered at the Scala; Gemonice. 21. Vespasian, Imp. a.d. 70-79. 22. Titus, Imp. A.D. 79-81. Supposed to have been poisoned by Domitian. 23. Julia, daughter of Titus. 24. Domitian, Imp. A.D. 81-96, son of Vespasian. Murdered in the I'alace of the Ccesars. " Domitien est sans comparaison le plus beau des trois Flavians: mais c'est une beaute formidable, avec un air farouche et faux." — E»tp. ii. 12. 128 WALK'S /y ROME. 25. Longina (?). 26. Nerva (?), Imp. A.D. 96. 27. Trajan, Imp. AD 98-118. 28. Plotina, wife of Trajan. 29. Marciana, sister of Trajan. 30. Matidia, daughter of Marciana, niece of Trajan. 31. 32. Hadrian, Imp. A.D. nS-138, adopted son of Trajan. 33. Julia Sabina, wife of Hadrian, daughter of Matidia. 34. Elius Verus, first adopted son of Hadrian. 35. Antoninus Pius, Imp. A.D. 138-161, second adopted son of Hadrian. 36. Faustina the elder, wife of Antoninus Pius and sister of Elius Verus. 37. Marcus Aurelius, Imp. A. D. 161-180, son of Serv'ianus by Paulina, sister of Hadrian, adopted by Antoninus Pius, as a boy. 38. Marcus Aurelius, in later life. 39. Annia Faustina, wife of Marcus Aurelius, daughter of Antoninus Pius and Faustina the elder. 40. Galerius Antoninus, son of Antoninus Pius. 41. Lucius Verus, son-in-law of Marcus Aurelius. 42. Lucilla, wife of Lucius Verus, daughter of Marcus Aurelius and Faustina the younger. Put to death at Capri for a plot against her husband. 43. Commodus, Imp. a.d. 180-193, ^o'^ of Marcus Aurelius and Faustina. Murdered in the Palace of the Ctesars. 44. Crispina, wife of Commodus. Put to death by her husband at Capri. 45. Pertinax, Imp. a.d. 193, successor of Commodus, reigned three months. Murdered in the Palace of the Ccesars. 46. Didius Julianus, Imp. A. D. 193, successor of Pertinax. Murdered in the Palace of the Ca'sars. 47. Manlia Scantilla (?), wife of Didius Julianus. ! rival candidates (after murder of Didius Julianus, A.D. 193) for the Empire, which tliey failed to obtain, and were both put to death. 50, 51. Soptimius .Sevcrus, Imp. .\.D. 193-21 1, successor of Didius Julianus. 52. Jidia Pia, wife of Scplimius .Scverus. 53. Caracalla, Imp. a.d. 211-217, son of Sept. Severus and Julia Pia. Murdered. CAPITOL— BUSTS OF THE EMPERORS. 129 54. Geta, brotlier of Caracalla, by whose order he -w as murdered in the arms of Julia Pia. 55. Macrinus, Imp. A.d. 217, murderer and successor of Caracalla. Murdered. 56. Diadumenianus, son of Macrinus. Murdered with his father. 57. Heliogabalus, Imp. A.D. 218-222, son of Julia Soemis, daughter of Julia Moesa, who was sister of Julia Pia. Murdered. 58. Annia Faustina, third wife of Heliogabalus, great-granddaughter of Marcus Aurelius. 59. Julia Moesa, sister-in-law of Septimius Severus, aunt of Caracalla, and grandmother of Alexander Severus. 60. Alexander Severus, Imp., son of JuliA Mammea, second daughter of Julia Mcesa. Murdered at the age of 30. 61. Julia Mammea, daughter of Julia Mcesa, and mother of Alexander Severus. Murdered with her son. 62. Julius Maximinus, Imp. 235-238 ; elected by the army. Mur- dered. 63. Maximus. Murdered with his father, at the age of 1 8. 64. Gordianus Africanus, Imp. 238 ; a descendant of Trajan. Died by his own hand. 65. (Antoninus) Gordianus, Junior, Imp. 238, son of Gordianus Africanus and Fabia Orestella, great-granddaughter of Antoninus Pius. Died in battle. 66. Pupienus, Imp. 238, ) reigned together for four months and then 67. Balbinus, Imp. 238, ) were murdered. 68. Gordianus Pius, Imp. 238, grandson, through his mother, of Gordianus Africanus. Murdered. 69. Philip II., Imp. 244, son of, and co-emperor with Philip I. Murdered. 70. Decius (?), Imp. 249-251. Forcibly elected by the army. Killed in battle. 71. Quintus Herennius Etruscus, son of Decius and Ileremiia Etruscilla. Killed in battle with his father. 72. Hostilianus, son or son-in-law of Decius, Imp. 251, with Treb. Gallus. Murdered. 73. Trebonianus Gallus, Imp. 251-254. Murdered. 74. 75. Volusianus, son of Trebonianus Gallus. Murdered. 76. Gallienus, Imp. 261-268. Murdered. 77. Salonina, wife of Gallienus. 78. Saloninus, son of Gallienus and Salonina. Put to death by Postumus, A.D. 259, at the age of 17. VOL. I. 9 I30 WALK'S IN ROME. 79. Marcus Aurelius Carinus, Imp. 2S3, son of the Emperor Carus. Murdered. 80. Diocletian, Imp. 284-305 ; elected by the army. 81. Constantinus Chlorus, Imp. 305-306, son of Eutropius and Claudia, niece of the Emperor Claudius and Quintilius, father of Constantine the Great. 82. Julian the Apostate, Imp. 361-363, son of Julius Constantius and nephew of Constantine the Great. Died in battle. 83. Magnus Decentius, brother of the Emperor Magnentius. Strangled himself, 353. "In their busts the lips of the Roman emperors are generally closed, indicating resei-ve and dignity, free from human passions and emotions." — Winckdinami. "At Rome the emperors become as familiar as the popes. Who does not know the curly-headed Marcus Aurelius, with his lifted brow and projecting eyes — from the full round beauty of his youth to the more haggard look of his latest years ? Are there any modem portraits more familiar than the severe wedge-like head of Augustus, with his sharp cut lips and nose, — or the dull phiz of Hadrian, with his hair combed down over his low forehead, — or the vain, perking face of Eucius Verus, with his thin nose, low brow, and profusion of curls, — or the brutal bull head of Caracalla, — or the bestial, bloated features of Vitellius ? "These men, who were but lay figures to us at school, mere pegs of names to hang historic robes upon, thus interpreted by the living history of their portraits, the incidental illustrations of the places where they lived and moved and died, and the buildings and monuments they erected, become like men of yesterday. Art has made them our con- temporaries. They are as near to us as Pius VII. and Napoleon." — Story's Roba di Roma. "Nerva est le premier des bons, et Trajan le premier des grands empercurs remains ; apres lui il y en eut deux autres, Ics deux Antonins. 'i'rois sur soixante-dix, tel est k Rome le bilan des gloires morales de I'empire." — Ainphr, Hist. Ro»i. liii. Among tlic reliefs round the upper walls of this room arc two, — of Endymion sleeping, and of Perseus delivering CAPITOL— BUSTS OF rillLOSOPIIERS. 131 Andromeda, which belong to the set in the Palazzo Spada, and are exceedingly beautiful. The Hall of Illustrious Mai contains a seated statue of M. Claudius Marcellus (?), the conqueror of Syracuse, b.c. 212. Round the room are ranged 93 busts of ancient l)hilosophers, statesmen, and warriors. Among the more important are : — 4; 5,6. Socrates. 48. Cneius Domitius Cor- 9- Aristides, the orator. bulo, general under 10. Seneca (?). Claudius and Nero. 16. Marcus Agrippa. 49. Scipio Africanus. 19- Theophrastus. 52. Cato Minor. 23- Thales. 54- Aspasia (?). 25. Til eon. 55- Cleopatra (?). 27. Pythagoras. 60. Thucydides (?). 28. Alexanderthe Great(?). 61. yEschines. Z^- Aristophanes. 62, 64. Epicurus. 31- Demosthenes. 63- Epicurus and Metro- 38. Aratus . dorus. 39 40. Democritus of At 68, 69. Masinissa. dera. 71- Antisthenes. 42 43- Euripides. 72 73- Julian the Apostate. 44. 45. 46. Homer. 75- Cicero. 47- Eumenides. 76. 82. Terence. yEschylus (?). Among the interesting bas-reliefs in this room is one of a Roman interior with a lady trying to persuade her cat to dance to a lyre — the cat, meanwhile, snapping, on its hind legs, at two ducks ; the detail of the room is given — even to the slippers under the bed. 77/1? Saloon contains, down the centre, I. Jupiter (in nero-antico), from Porto d'Anzio, on an altar with figures of Mercury, Apollo, and Diana. 132 WALK'S IN HOME. 2, 4. Centaurs (in bigio-morato), by Arisicas and Fajnas (ihcir names are on the bases), from Hadrian's villa. 3. The young Hercules, found on the Aventine. It stands on an altar of Jupiter. " On voit au Capitole une statue d'Hercule tres-jeune, en basalte, qui frappe assez desagreablement, d'abord, par le contraste, habilement exprime toutefois, des formes moUes de I'enfance et de la vigueur carac- teristique du heros. L'imitation de la Grece se montre meme dans la matiere que I'artiste a choisie ; c'est un basalt verdatre, de couleur sombre. Tisagoras et Alcon avaient fait un Hercule en fer, pour exprimer la force, et, comme dit Pline, pour signiher I'energie persc- verante de dieu." — Ampere, Hist. Rom. iii. 406. 5. ^sculapius (in nero-antico), on an altar, representing a sacrifice. Among the statues and busts round the room the more important are : — 9. Marcus Aurelius. 14. A Satyr. 21. Hadrian, as Mars, from Ceprano. 24. Hercules, in gilt bronze, found in the Forum-Boarium (the columns on either side come from the tomb of Cecilia Metella). " On cite de Myron trois Hercules, dent deux a Rome ; I'un de ces demiers a probablement servi de modele a I'Hercule en bronze dore du Capitole. Cette statue a ete trouvee dans le marche aux Boeufs, non loin du grand cirque. L'Hercule de Myron etait dans un temple eleve par Pompee et sitae pres du grand cirque ; mais la statue du Capitole, dont le geste est manicre, quel que soit son merite, n'est pas asscz parfaite qu'on puisse y reconnaitre une oeuvre de Myron. Peut-etre Pompee n'avait place dans son temple qu'une copie de I'un des deux Hercules dc Myron et la donnait pour I'original ; peut-etre aussi Pline y a-t-il etc trompc. La vanile que I'un montre dans tons les actes de sa vie et le peu dc sentiment vrai que trahit si souvent la vaste composi- tion de I'autre s'accordent egalement avec cette supposition et la rcn- dent assez vraisemblable. " — Aniphr, Hist. Kom. iii. 273. 28. Hecuba. "Nous avons le persoimage mcmc d'llccubc dans la Pleureuse du Capitole. Cette prctenduc pleureuse est une Hccube furieuse et une Hccube en scene, car cllc porte le costume, die a le geste et la vivaciic CAPITOL— HALL OF THE FAUX. 133 du theatre, je dirais volontiers de la pantomime Son regard est tourne vers le ciel, sa bouclie lance des imprecations ; on voit qu'elle pourra faire entendre ces hurlements, ces aboiements de la douleur effrcnee que I'antiquite voulut exprimer en supposant que la malheureuse Hecube avait ete nietamorphosee en chienne, une chienne a laquelleona arrache ses petits." — Ampere, Hist. Rom. iii. 46S. 31. Colossal bust of Antoninus Pius. The Hall of the Faiin derives its name from the famous Faun of rosso-antico, holding a bynch of grapes to his mouth, found in Hadrian's Villa. It stands on an altar dedicated to Serapis. Against the right wall is a magnificent sarcophagus, whose reliefs (much studied by Flaxman) represent the battle of Theseus and the Amazons. The opposite sarcophagus has a relief of Diana and Endymion. We should also notice — 15. A boy with a mask. 21. A boy with a goose (found near the Lateran). Let into the wall is a black tablet — the Lex Regia, or Senatus-Consultum, conferring imperial powers upon Ves- pasian, being the very table upon which Rienzi declaimed in favour of the rights of the people. The Hall of the Dying Gladiator contains the three gems of the collection — " the Gladiator," " the Antinous of the Capitol," and the " Faun of Praxiteles." Besides these, we s?iould notice — 2. Apollo with the lyre, and 9. a bust of M. Junius Brutus, the assassin of Julius Ccesar. In the centre of the room is the grand statue of the wounded Gaul, generally known as the D)'ing Gladiator. " I see before me the gladiator lie : lie leans upon his hand — his manly brow 134 WALKS IN ROME. Consents to death, but conquers agony, And his drooped head sinks gradually low,— And through his side the last drops, ebbing slow From the red gash, fall heavy, one by one, Like the first of a thunder-shower ; and now The arena swims around him— he is gone. Ere ceased the inhuman shout which hailed the wretch who won. " He heard it, but he heeded not — his eyes Were with his heart, and that was far away ; He reck'd not of the life he lost, nor prize. But where his rude hut by the Danube lay There were his young barbarians all at play. There was their Dacian mother — he, their sire, Butchered to make a Roman holiday. All this rushed with his blood — shall he expire, And unavenged ? Arise, ye Goths, and glut your ire ! " Byron, Childe Harold. It is delightful to read in this room the description in Transformation : — "It was that room in the centre of which reclines the noble and most pathetic figure of the dying gladiator, just sinking into his death- swoon. Around the walls stand the Antinous, the Amazon, the Lycian Apollo, the Juno ; all famous productions of antique sculpture, and still shining in the undiminished majesty and beauty of their ideal life, although the marble that embodies them is yellow with time, and perhaps corroded by the damp earth in which they lay buried for cen- turies. Here, likewise, is seen a symbol (as apt at this moment as it was two thousand years ago) of the Human Soul, with its choice of Innocence or Evil close at hand, in the pretty figure of a child, clasping a dove to her bosom, but assaulted by a snake. " From one of the windows of this saloon, we may see a broad flight of stone steps, descending alongside the antique and massive foundation of the Cajiitol, towards the battered triumphal arch of Septimius Severus, right below. Farther on, the eye skirts along the edge of the desolate Forum (where Roman washerwomen hang out their linen to the sun), passing over a shapeless confusion of modern edifices, piled rudely up with ancient brick and stone, and over the domes of Christian churches, « CAPITOL— THE FAUN OF PRAXITELES. 135 built on the old pavements of heathen temples, and supported by the very pillars that once upheld them. At a distance beyond — yet but a little way, considering how much history is heaped into the intervening space — rises the great sweep of the Coliseum, with the blue sky brightening through its upper tier of arches. Far off, the view is shut in by the Alban mountains, looking just the same, amid all this decay and change, as when Romulus gazed thitherward over his half-finished wall. " In this chamber is the Faun of Praxiteles. It is the marble image of a young man, leaning his right arm on the trunk or stump of a tree : one hand hangs carelessly by his side, in the other he holds a fragment of a pipe, or some such sylvan instrument of music. His only garment, a lion's skin with the claws upon the shoulder, falls half-way down his back, leaving his limbs and entire front of the figure nude. The form, thus displayed, is marvellously graceful, but has a fuller and more rounded outline, more flesh, and less of heroic muscle, than the old sculptors were wont to assign to their types of masculme beauty. The character of the face corresponds with the figure ; it is most agreeable in outline and feature, but rounded and somewhat voluptuously devel- oped, especially about the throat and chin ; the nose is almost straight, but very slightly cui-ves inward, thereby acquiring an mdescribable charm of geniality and humour. The mouth, with its full yet delicate lips, seems so really to smile outright, that it calls forth a responsive smile. The whole statue — unlike anything else that ever was wrought in the severe material of marble — conveys the idea of an amiable and sensual creature, easy, mirthful, apt for jollity, yet not incapable of being touched by pathos. It is impossible to gaze long at this stone image, without conceiving a kindly sentiment towards it, as if its sub- stance were warm to the touch, and imbued with actual life. It comes very near to some of our pleasantest sympathies." — Hawthorne. " Praxitele avait dit a Phryne de choisir entre ses ouvrages celui qu'elle aimerait le mieux. Pour savoir lequel de ses chefs-d'cEuvre I'artiste preferait, elle lui fit annoncer que le feu avait pris a son atelier. ' Sauvez, s'ecria-t-il, mon Satyre et mon Amour ! ' " — Ampere, Hist. Rom. iii. 309. The west or right side of the CapitoUne Piazza is occupied \iy the Palace of the Conservators, which contains the Proto- moteca, the Picture Gallery, and various other treasures. 136 WALKS IN ROME. The little court at the entrance is full of historical relics, including remains of two gigantic statues of Apollo ; a colos- sal head of Domitian ; and the marble pedestal, which once in the mausoleum of Augustus supported the cineraiy urn of Agrippina, wife of Germanicus, with a very perfect inscrip- tion. In the opposite loggia are a statue of Rome Triumph- ant, and a group of a lion attacking a horse, found in the bed of the Almo. In the portico on the right is the only- authentic statue of Julius Caesar ; on the left, a statue of Augustus, leaning against the rostrum of a galley, in allusion to the battle of Actio m. The Frofoniohra, a suite of eight rooms on the ground floor, contains a collection of busts of eminent Italians, with a few foreigners considered as naturalised by a long residence in Rome. Those in the second room, representing artists of the thirteenth, fourteenth, and fifteenth centuries, were entirely executed at the expense of Canova. At the foot of the staircase is a restoration by Michael Angelo of the column of Caius Duilius. On the upper flight of the staircase is a bas-relief of Curtius leaping into the gulf, here represented as a marsh. *' Un bas-relief d'un travail ancien, dont le style ressemble a celui des figures peintes sur les vases dits archai'ques, represente Curtius engage dans son marais ; le cheval haisse la tete et flaire le marecage, qui est indique par des roseaux. Le guerrier penche en avant, presse sa nionturc. On a vivement, en presence de cette curieuse sculpture, le sentiment d'un incident licroique probablement reel, et en nicme temps de I'aspect priniiiif du lieu (jui en fut temoin. " — Avip'crc, Hist. Koin. i. 321. On the first and second landings are magnificent reliefs, representing events in the life of Marcus Aurclius, Imp., CAPITOL— HALLS OF THE CONSERVATORS. 137 belonging to the arch dedicated to him, which was wan- tonly destroyed, in order to widen the Corso, by Alex- ander VII. "Jusqu'au legne de Commode Rome est representee par une Amazone ; dans I'escalier du palais des Conservateurs, Rome, en tunique courte d' Amazone et le globe a la main, re9oit Marc Aurele ; le globe dans la main de Rome date de Cesar." — Ampere, iii. 242. The Halls of ihc Conservators consist of eight rooms. The ist, painted in fresco from the history of the Roman kings, by the Cavaliere d'Arpi/io, contains statues of Urban VIII., by Bernini ; Leo X., by the Sicilian Giacomo della Duca;* and Innocent X., in bronze, by Algardi. The 2nd room, adorned with subjects from republican history by Latiretti, has statues of modern Roman generals — Marc Antonio Colonna, Tommaso Rospigliosi, Francesco Aldo- brandini, Carlo Barberini, brother of Urban VIII., and Alessandro Farnese, Duke of Parma. The 3rd room, painted by Daniele di Vol/erra, with subjects from the wars with the Cimbri, contains the famous Bronze JFo/f of the Capitol, one of the most interesting relics in the city. The figure of the wolf is of unknown antiquity ; those of Romulus and Remus are modern. It has been doubted whether this is the wolf described by Dionysius as "an ancient work of brass " standing in the temple of Romulus under the Palatine, or the wolf described by Cicero, who speaks of a little gilt figure of the founder of the city sucking the teats of a wolf. The Ciceronian wolf was struck by lightning in the time of the great orator, and a * The statue of Leo X. is interesting as having been erected to this popular art- loving pope in his lifetime. It is inscribed — " Optimi liberalissimiquc ponlificis memorioe." ijS WALKS IN ROME. fracture in the existing figure, attributed to lightning, is adduced in proof of its identity with it. " Geminos huic ubera circum Ludere pendentes pueros, et lambere matrem Impavidos : illam tereti cervice reflexam Mulcere alternos, et corpora fingere lingua." Virgil, ^TZn. viii. 632. " And thou, the thunder-stricken nurse of Rome ! She-wolf! whose brazen-imaged dugs impart The milk of conquest yet within the dome Where, as a monument of antique art, Thou standest : — mother of the mighty heart, Which the great founder sucked from thy wild teat, Scorch'd by the Roman Jove's ethereal dart, And thy limbs black with lightning — dost thou yet Guard thy immortal cubs, nor thy fond charge forget?" Byron, Childe Harold. Standing near the wolf is the well-known and beautiful figure of a boy extracting a thorn from his foot, called the Shepherd Martins. "La ressemblance du type si fin de I'Apollon au lezard et du charmant bronze du Capitole le tireur d'epine est trop frappante pour qu'on puisse se refuser a voir dans celui-ci une inspiration de Praxitele ou de son ecole. C'est tout simplement un enfant arrachant de son pied une epine qui I'a blesse, sujet naif et champetre analogue au Satyre se faisant rendre ce service par un autre Satyre. On a voulu y voir un athlete blesse par une epine pendant sa course et qui n'en est pas moins arrive au but ; mais la figure est trop jeune et n'a rien d'athletique. Le moyen age avait donne aussi son explication et invente sa legende. On raccontait qu'un jeune berger, envoye k la decouverte de I'ennemi, ctait revenu sans s'arreter et ne s'etait permis qu'alors d'arraclier une epine qui lui blessait le pied. Le moyen age avait senti le charme de cette composition qu'il interprctait a sa maniere, car elleest sculptee sur im arceau de la cathedralc de Zurich qui date du siecle de Charlemagne." — Ampere, iii. 315. Forming part of the decorations of this room are two fine CAPITOL— PALACE OF THE CONSERVATORS. 139 pictures, a dead Christ with a monk praying, and Sta. Francesca Romana, by Romanclli. Near the door of exit is a bust said to be that of Junius Brutus. "II est permis de voir dans le buste du Capitole un vrai portrait de Brutus ; il est difficile d'en douter en le contemplant. Voila bien le visage farouche, la barbe hirstite, les cheveux roides colles si rudement sur le front, la physiognomie inculte et terrible du premier consul romain ; la bouche serree respire la determination et I'energie ; les yeux, formes d'une matiere jaunatre. se detaclient en clair sur le bronze noirci par les siecles et vous jettent un regard fixe et farouche. Tout pres est la louve de bronze. Brutus est de la meme famille. On sent qu'il y a du lait de cette louve dans les veines du second fondateur de Rome, comma dans les veines du premier, et que lui atissi, pareil au Romulus de la legende, marchera vers son bul a travers le sang des siens. " Le buste de Brutus est place sur un piedestal qui le met a la hauteur du regard. La, dans un coin sombre, j'ai passe bien des moments face a face avec I'impitoyable fondateur de la liberte romaine." — Amphr, Hist. Rom. ii. 270. The 4th Room contains the Fasti Consiilarcs, tables found near the temple of Minerva Chalcidica, and in- scribed with the names of public officers from Romulus to Augustus. The 5th Room contains two bronze ducks (formerly shown as the sacred geese of the Capitol) and a female head — found in the gardens of Sallust, a bust of Medusa, by Bernini, and many others. The 6lh, or Throne Room, hung with faded tapestry, has a frieze in fresco, by Annibalc Caracci, representing the triumphs of Scipio Africanus. The 7th Room is painted by Danic/e da , Voltcrra (?) with the history of the Punic Wars. The 8th Room (now used as a passage) is a chapel, containing a lovely fresco, by Pinturicchio, of the Madonna and Child with Angels. "The Madonna is seated enthroned, fronting the spectator ; her large mantle forms a grand cast of drapery ; the child on her lap sleeps in the I40 WALKS IN ROME. loveliest attitude ; she folds her hands and looks down, quiet, serious, and beautiful : in the clouds are two adoring ar.gels."- — Kugler. The four Evangelists are by Caravaggio ; the pictures of Roman saints (CeciHa, Alexis, Eustachio, Francesca-Ro- mana), by RoinancUi. By the same staircase, passing on the left a wonderful relief of the apotheosis of the wicked Faustina, we may arrive at the Picture Gallery of the Capitol (which can also be approached by a separate staircase, entered from an alley at the back of the building), reached by two rooms inscribed with the names of the Roman Conservators from the middle of the sixteenth century. This gallery contains very few first-rate pictures, but has a beautiful St. Sebastian, by Gindo, and several fine works of Guercitio. The most noticeable pictures are — \st Room. — 2. Disembodied Spirit (unfinished) : Guido Ron. 13. St. John Baptist : Gnerciito. 16. Mary Magdalene : Giiido Rcni. 20. The Cumtean Sibyl : DotncnkJiino. 26. Mary Magdalene : Ti>ito!-dlo. 27. Presentation in the Temple : Fra. Bartolomeo. 30. Holy Family : Garofalo. 52. Madonna and Sainls : Botticelli ? 61. Portrait of himself : Guido Roti. 78. Madonna and Saints: F. Francia, 1513. 80. Portrait : Velasquez. 87. St. Augustine: Gioz'aiiiii Bellini. 89. Romulus and Remus : Rnbois. 2nd Room. — 100. Two male ])ortraits : Vandyke. 104. Adoration of the Shepherds : Mazzolino CAPITOL— riCTURE-GALLER Y. 14 1 106. Two Portraits : Vandyke. 116. St. Sebastian: Gtiido Rent. 117. Cleopatra and Augustus : Gnercino. 119. St. Sebastian: Liid. Caracci. 128. Gipsy telling a fortune : Caravaggio. 132. Portrait: Gioz^anni Bellini. 134. Portrait of Michael Angelo : M. Vcmisti? 136. Petrarch: Gio. Bellini ? 142. Nativity of the Virgin : Albani. 143. Sta. Petronilla : Gnercino. An enormous picture, brouglit hither from St. Peter's, where it has been replaced by a mosaic copy. The composition is divided into two pans. The lower represents the burial of Sta. Petronilla, the upycr the ascension of her spirit. " The Apostle Peter had a daughter, born in lawful wedlock, who accompanied him in his journey from the East. Petronilla was won- derfully fair ; and Valerius Flaccus, a young and noble Roman, who was a heathen, became enamoured of her beauty, and sought her for his wife ; and he, being very powerful, she feared to refuse him ; she there- fore desired him to return in three days, and promised that he should then carry her home. But she prayed earnestly to be delivered from this peril ; and when Flaccus returned in three days, with great pomp, to celebrate the marriage, he found her dead. The company of nobles who attended him, carried her to the grave, in which they laid her, crowned with roses ; and Flaccus lamented greatly."- — Mrs. jfa meson, from (he Perfetto Legendario. 199. Death and Assumption of the Virgin : Cola della UTafria'. " Here the death of the Virgin is treated at once in a mystical and dramatic style. Enveloped in a dark blue mantle, spangled with golden stars, she lies extended on a couch ; St. Peter, in a splendid scarlet cope as bishop, reads the service ; St. John, holding the palm, weeps bitterly. In front, and kneeling before the couch or bier, appear the three great Dominican saints as witnesses of the religious mystery ; in the centre St. Dominic ; on the left, St. Catherine of Siena ; and on the right, St. Thomas Aquinas. In a compartment above is the Assumption." — yameson's Legends of the Madonna, p. 315. 123. Virgin and Angels: Paid Veronese. 124. Rape of Europa : Paul Veronese. 142 WALKS IN ROME. At the head of the Capitol steps, to the right of the ter- race, is the entrance to the Palazzo CaffarcHi, the residence of the Prussian minister. It has a small but beautiful garden, and the view from the windows is magnificent. " After dinner, Bnnsen called for us, and took us first to his house on the Capitol, the different windows of which command the different views of ancient and modern Rome. Never shall I forget the view of the former ; we looked down on the Forum, and just opposite were the Palatine and the Aventine, with the ruins of the Palace of the Ccesars on the one, and houses intermixed with gardens on the other. The mass of the Coliseum rose beyond the Forum, and beyond all, the wide plain of the Campagna to the sea. On the left rose the Alban hills, bright in the setting sun, which played full upon Frescati and Albano, and the trees which edge the lake, and further away in the distance, it lit up the old town of Labicum."- — Arnold's Letters. From the further end of the courtyard of the Caffarelli Palace one can look down upon part of the bare cliff of the Rupe Tarpeia. Here there existed till 1868 a small court, ■ which is represented as the scene of the murder in Haw- thorne's Marble Faun, or " Transformation." The door, the niche in the wall, and all other details mentioned in the novel, were realities. The character of the place is now changed by the removal of the boundary-wall. The part of the rock seen from here is tliat usually visited from below by the Via Tor de' Specchi. To reach the principal portion of the south-eastern height of the Capitol, we must ascend the staircase beyond the Palace of the Conservators, on the right. Here we shall find ourselves u])()n the highest part of "The Tarpcian rock, the citadel Of great and glorious Rome, queen of the earth, So far rcn()\vn"cl,and with the spoils enriched Of nations." J'aradise Regained. TARTEIAS ROCK. 143 "The steep Tarpeian, fittest goal of treason's race, The promontory whence the traitor's leap Cured all ambition." CJiildc Harold. The dirty lane, with its shabby houses, and grass-grown spaces, and filthy children, has little to remind one of the appearance of the hill as seen by Virgil and Propertius, who speak of the change in their time from an earlier aspect. " liinc ad Tarpeiam sedem, et Capitolia ducit, Aurea nunc, olim, silvestribus' horrida dumis, Jam turn religio pavidos terrebat agrestes Dira loci ; jam turn silvam saxumque tremebant." Virgil, yEn. viii. 347. "Hoc quodcumque vides, hospes, qua maxima Roma est, Ante Phrygem Aeneam collis et herba fuit." Propertius, iv. el eg. I. It was on this side that the different attacks were made upon the Capitol. The first was by the Sabine Herdonius at the head of a band of slaves, who scaled the heights and surprised the garrison, in b.c. 460, and from the heights of the citadel proclaimed freedom to all slaves who should join him, with abolition of debts, and defence of the plebs from their oppressors ; but his offers were disregarded, and on the fourth day the Capitol was re-taken, and he was slain with nearly all his followers. The second attack was by the Gauls, who, according to the well-kno\\ii story, climbed the rock near the. Porta Carmentale, and had nearly reached the summit unobserved — for the dogs neg- lected to bark — when the cries of the sacred geese of Juno aroused an oflicer named Manlius, who rushed to the defence, and hurled over the precipice the first assailant, who dragged down others in his fall, and thus the Capitol was saved. In remembrance of this incident, a goose was 144 WALKS I.V ROME. annually carried in triumph, and a dog annually crucified upon the Capitol, between the temple of Summanus and that of Youth.* This was the same Manlius, the friend of the people, who was afterwards condemned by the patricians on pretext that he wished to make himself king, and thrown from the Tarpeian rock, on the same spot, in sight of the Forum, where Spurius Cassius, an ex-consul, had been thrown down before. To visit the part of the rock from which these executions must have taken place, it is necessary to enter a little garden near the German Hospital, whence there is a beautiful view of die river and the Aventine. " Quand on veut visiter la roche Tarpeienne, on sonne a une porte de peu d'apparence, sur laquelle sont ecrits ces mots : Rocca Tarpeia. Une pauvre femme arrive et vous mene dans un carre de choux. Cast de la qu'on precipita Manlius. Je serais desole que le carre de choux man- quat." — Ainpdre, Portraits de Rome. This side of the Intermontium is now generally known as Monte Capriiio, a name which Ampere derives from the fact that Vejovis, the Etruscan ideal of Jupiter, was always represented with a goat.t On this side of the hill, the viaduct from the Palatine, built by Caligula (who afiected to require it to facilitate communication with his friend Jupiter), joined the Capitoline. We have still to examine the north-eastern height, the site of the most interesting of pagan temples, now occupied by one of tlic most interesting of Christian churches. The name of the famous Chunk of Ara-Coi/i is generally at- tributed to an altar erected by Augustus to commemorate the Delphic oracle respecting the coming of our Saviour, • I'lin. Nat. Hist. xxix. 14, i ; Pint. Fort. Rom. 12. \ Hist. Rom. i. 382. ARA-C(ELT. 145 which is still recognised in tlie well-known hymn of the Church : Teste David cum Sibylla.* The altar bore the inscription "Ara Primogeniti Dei." Those who seek a more humble origin for the church, say- that the name merely dates from mediDsval times, when it was called " Sta. Maria in Aurocalio." It originally belonged to the Benedictine Order, but was transferred to the Franciscans by Innocent IV. in 1252, since which time its convent has occupied an important position as the residence of the General of the Minor Franciscans (Grey- friars), and is the centre of religious life in that Order. The staircase on the left of the Senators' palace, which leads to the side entrance of Ara-Coeli, is in itself full of historical associations. It was at its head that Valerius the consul was killed in the conflict with Herdonius for the possession of the Capitol. It was down the ancient steps on this site that Annius, the envoy of the Latins, fell (b.c. 340), and was nearly killed, after his audacious proposition in the temple of Jupiter, that the Latins and Romans should become one nation, and have a common senate and consuls. Here also,t in v,. c. 133, Tiberius Gracchus was knocked down with the leg of a chair, and killed in front of the temple of Jupiter. It is at the top of these steps, that the monks of Ara- Coeli, who are celebrated as dentists, perfomi their hideous, but useful and gratuitous operations, which may be wit- nessed here every morning ! Over the side entrance of Ara-Coeli is a beautiful mosaic of the Virgin and Child. This, with the ancient brick arches * The " Dies Irse," by Tommaso di Celano, of the fourteenth century. t " Per gradus qui sunt super Calpurnium fornicem." VOL. I. 10 146 WALJTS IN ROME. above, framing fragments of deep blue sky — and the worn steps below — forms a subject dear to Roman artists, and is often introduced as a background to groups of monks and peasants. The interior of the church is vast, solemn, and highly picturesque. It was here, as Gibbon himself tells us, that on the 15th of October, 1764, as he sat musing amidst the ruins of the Capitol, while the bare-footed friars were singing vespers, the idea of writing the " Decline and Fall " of the city first started to his mind. " As we lift the great curtain and push into the church, a faint perfume of incense sahites the nostrils. The golden sunset bursts in as the curtain of the (west) door sways forward, illuminates the mosaic floor, catches on the rich golden ceiling, and flashes here and there over the crowd (gathered in Epiphany), on some brilliant costume or closely shaven head. All sorts of people are thronging there, some kneeling before the shrine of the Madonna, which gleams with its hundreds of silver votive hearts, legs, and arms, some listening to the preaching, some crowding round the chapel of the Presepio. Old women, haggard and wrinkled, come tottering along with their scaldini of coals, drop down on their knees to pray, and, as you pass, interpolate in their prayers a parenthesis of begging. The church is not architecturally handsome, but it is eminently picturesque, with its relics of centuries, its mosaic pulpits and floors, its frescoes of Pinturicchio and Pesaro, its antique columns, its rich golden ceiling, its gothic mausoleum to the Savelli, and its mediitval tombs. A dim, dingy look is over all — but it is the dimness of faded splendour ; and one cannot stand there, knowing the history of the church, its great antiquity, and the varied fortunes it has known, without a jjcculiar sense of interest and pleasure. "It was here that Romulus in the grey dawning of Rome built the temple of Jupiter Ferctrius. Here the spolia opima were deposited. Here the triumphal processions of the emperors and generals ended. Here the victors paused before making their vows, until, from the Mamertine prisons below, the message came to announce that their noblest prisoner and victim — while the clang of their triumph and his defeat rose ringing in his ears, as the procession ascended the steps — had expiated with death the crime of being the enemy of Rome. On the steps of Ara-Ca-li, nineteen centuries ago, the f)ri;t great Cassar climbed ARA-CCELI. 147 on his knees after his first triumph. At their base, Rienzi, the last of the Roman tribunes, fell — and if the tradition of the Church is to be trusted, it was on the site of the present high altar that Augustus erected the ' Ara Primogeniti Dei,' to commemorate the Delphic prophecy of the coming of our Saviour. Standing on a spot so thronged with memories, the dullest imagination takes fire. The forms and scenes of the past rise from their graves and pass before us, and the actual and visionary are mingled together in strange poetic confusion."— i?^/5a di Rofua, i. 73. The floor of the church is of the ancient mosaic known as Opus Alexandrinum. The nave is separated from the aisles by twenty-two ancient columns, of which two are of cipollino, two of white marble, and eighteen of Egyptian granite. They are of very different forms and sizes, and have probably been collected from various pagan edifices. The inscription " A Cubiculo Augustorum " upon the third column on the left of the nave, shows that it was brought from the Palace of the Caesars. The windows in this church are amongst the few in Rome which show traces of gothic. At the end of the nave, on either side, are two ambones, marking the position of the choir before it was extended to its present site in the sixteenth century. The transepts are full of interesting monuments. That on the right is the burial-place of the great family of Savelli, and contains — on the left, the monument of Luca Savelli, 1266 (father of Pope Honorius IV.) and his son Pandolfo, — an ancient and richly sculptured sarcophagus, to which a gothic canopy was added by Agostiiio and Agjiolo da Siena from designs of Giotto. Opposite, is the tomb of the mother of Honorius, Vana Aldobrandesca, upon which is the statue of the pope himself, removed from his monument in the old St. Peter's by Paul III. On the left of the high altar is the tomb of Cardinal I4S WALKS IN ROME. (iianbattista Savelli, oL. 1498, and near it — in the pavement, the half-effaced gravestone of Sigismondo Conti, whose features are so familiar to us from his portrait introduced into the famous picture of the Madonna di Foligno, whicli was painted by Raphael at his order, and presented b}' him to this church, where it remained over the high altar, till 1565, when his great niece Anna became a nun at the convent of the Contesse at Foligno, and was allowed to carry it away with her. In the east transept is another fine gothic tomb, that of Cardinal Matteo di Acquasparta (1302), a General of the Franciscans mentioned by Dante for his wise and moderate rule/' The quaint chapel in the middle of this transept, now dedicated to St. Helena, is supposed to occupy the site of the " Ara Primogeniti Dei." Upon the pier near the ambone of the gospel is the monument of Queen Catherine of Bosnia, Avho died at Rome in 1478, bequeathing her states to the Roman Church on condition of their reversion to her son, Avho had embraced Mahommedanism, if he should return to the Catholic faith. Near this, upon the transept wall, is the tomb of Felice de Fredis, ob. 1529, upon which it is recorded that he was the finder of the Laocoon. The Chapel of the Annunciation, opening from the west isle, has a tomb to G. Crivelli, by 1 )onatello, bearing his signature, " Opus Donatelli Floren- tini." l"he Chapel of Santa Croce is the burial-place of the I'onziani family, and was the scene of the celebrated ecstasy of the favourite Roman saint Francesca Romana. " 'J'hc niort.'il icniains of Vaiiozzti Ponziaiii (sislcr-iu-law of Francesca) were laid in the cluircii of Ara-Ccdi, in the chapel of Santa Croce. 'J'he Roman people resorted there in crowds to behold once more their * I'aradiso, canto xii. ARA-CCELI. 149 loved benefactress — tlie mother of the poor, tlie consoler of the afflicted. All strove to carry away some little memorial of one who liad gone about among them doing good, and during the three days which preceded the interment, the concourse did not abate. On the day of the funeral Francesca knelt on one side of the coffin, and, in sight of all tlie crowd, she was wrapped in ecstasy. They saw her body lifted from the ground, and a seraphic expression in her uplifted face. They heard her murmur several times with an indescribable emphasis the word ' Quando ? Quando ? ' When all was over, she still remained immoveable ; it seemed as if her soul had risen on the wings of prayer, and followed Vanozza's spirit into the realms of bliss. At last her confessor ordered her to rise and go and attend on the sick. She instantly complied, and walked away to the hospital which she had founded, apparently unconscious of everything about her, and only roused from her trance by the habit of obedience, which, in or out of ecstasy, never forsook her." — Lady Georgiana FtdlcrtoiCs Life of Sta. Fr. JRomana. There are several good pictures over tlie altars in the aisles of Ara-Coeli. In the Chapel of St. Margaret of Cortona are frescoes illustrative of her life by Filippo Evangelistic — in that of S. Antonio, frescoes by Nicolo da Pesaro ; — but no one should omit visiting the first chapel on the right of the west door, dedicated to S. Bernardino of Siena, and painted by Bernardino PinturiccJuo, who has put forth his best powers to do honour to his patron saint with a series of exquisite frescoes, representing his assuming the monastic habit, his preaching, his vision of the Saviour, his penitence, death, and burial. Almost opposite this — closed except during Epiphany — is the Chapel of the Prescfio, where the famous image of the Santissimo Bambino d'Ara Cceli is shown at that season lying in a manger. " The simple meaning of the term Presepio is a manger ; but it is also used in the Church to signify a representation of the birth of Christ. In the Ara-Coeli the whole of one of the side-chapels is devoted to this exhibition. In the foreground is a grotto, in which is seated the Virgin ISO WALK'S IiV ROME. Mary, with Joseph at her side and the miraculous Bambino in her lap. Immediately behind are an ass and an ox. On one side kneel the shepherds and kings in adoration ; and above, God the Father is seen surrounded by crowds of cherubs and angels playing on instruments, as in the early pictures of Raphael. In the background is a scenic repre- sentation of a pastoral landscape, on which all the skill of the scene- painter is expended. Sliepherds guard their flocks far away, reposing under palm-trees or standing on green slopes which glow in the sunshine. The distances and perspective are admirable. In the middle ground is a cr}^stal fountain of glass, near which sheep, pretematurally white, and made of real wool and cotton wool, are feeding, tended by figures of shepherds carved in wood. Still nearer come women bearing great baskets of real oranges and other fruits on their heads. All the nearer figures are full -sized, carved in wood, painted, and dressed in appro- priate robes. The miraculous Bambino is a painted doll swaddled in a white dress, which is cnisted over with magnificent diamonds, emeralds, and rubies. The Virgin also wears in her ears superb diamond pendants. The general effect of the scenic show is admirable, and crowds flock to it and press about it all day long. " While this is taking place on one side of the church, on the other is a very different and quite as singular an exhibition. Around one of the antique columns a stage is erected, from which little maidens are re- citing, with every kind of pretty gesticulation, sermons, dialogues, and little speeches, in explanation of the Prcsepio opposite. Sometimes two of them are engaged in alternate questions and answers about the mj-s- teries of the Incarnation and the Redemption. Sometimes the recitation is a piteous description of the agony of the Saviour and the sufferings of the Madonna, the greatest stress being, however, always laid upon the latter. All these little speeches have been written for them by their priest or some religious friend, committed to memory, and practised with appropriate gestures over and over again at home. Their little piping voices are sometimes guilty of such comic breaks and changes, that the crowd about them rustles into a murmurous laughter. Sometimes, also, one of the little preachers has a dispetto, pouts, shakes her shoulders, and refuses to go on with her part ; another, however, always stands ready on the platform to supply the vacancy, until friends have coaxed, reasoned, or threatened the little pouter into obedience. These children are often very beautiful and graceful, and their comical little gestures and intonations, their clasping of hands and rolling up of eyes, have a very amusing and interesting effect.'' — Stores Koba di Roma. IL SANTISSIMO BAMBINO. 151 At other times the Bambino dwells in the inner Sacristy, where it can be visited by admiring pilgrims. It is a fresh-co- loured doll, tightly swathed in gold and silver tissue, crowned, and sparkling with jewels. It has servants of its own, and a carriage in which it drives out with its attendants, and goes to visit the sick. Devout peasants always kneel as the blessed infant passes. Formerly it was taken to sick persons and left on their beds for some hours, in the hope that it would work a miracle. Now it is never left alone. In explanation of this, it is said that an audacious woman formed the design of appropriating to herself the holy image and its benefits. She had another doll prepared of the same size and appear- ance as the " Santissimo," and having feigned sickness, and obtained permission to have it left with her, she dressed the false image in its clothes, and sent it back to Ara-Coeli. The fraud was not discovered till night, when the Franciscan monks were awakened by the most furious ringing of bells and by thundering knocks at the west door of the church, and hastening thither could see nothing but a wee naked pink foot peeping in from under the door ; but when they opened the door, without stood the little naked figure of the true Bambino of Ara-Coeli, shivering in the wind and the rain, — so the false baby was sent back in disgrace, and the real baby restored to its home, never to be trusted away alone any more. In the sacristy is the following inscription relating to the Bambino : — " Ad hoc sacellum Ara Cceli a festo nativitatis domini usque ad fcstum EpiphanicE mas^a populi frequentia invisitur et colitur in piosepio Christ! nati infantuli simulacrum ex olece hgno apud montem olivarum Hierosolymis a quodam devoto Minorita sculptum eo animo, ut ad hoc festum celebrandum deponaretur. De quo in primis hoc accidit, quod 1 5 2 WALKS IN ROME. deficiente colore inter harbaras gentes ad plenam infantuli figurationem et formam, devotus et anxius artifex, professione laicus, precibus et orationibus impetravit, ut sacrum simulacrum divinitus carneo colore perfunctum reperiretur. Cumque navi Italiam veheretur, facto naufragio apud Tuscite oras, simulacri capsa Libumum appulit. Ex quo, recognita, expectabatur, enim a Fratribus, et jam fama illius a Hierosolymis ad nostras families partes advenerat, ad destinatam sibi Capitolii sedem devenit. Fertur etiam, quod aliquando ex nimia devotione a quadam devo'.a fcemina sublatum ad suas redes miraculose remeaverit. Qua- propter in maxima veneratioiie semper est habitum a Romanis civibus, et universo populo donatum monilibus, et jocalibus pretiosis, liberaliori- busque in dies prosequitur oblationibus. " The outer Sacristy contains a fine picture of the Holy Family by Gin Ho Rotnano. The scene on the long flight of steps which leads to the west door of Ara-Cceli is very curious during Epiphany. " If any one visit the Ara-Coeli during an afternoon in Christmas or Epiphany, the scene is very striking. The flight of one hundred and twenty-four steps is then thronged by merchants of Madonna wares, who spread them out over the steps and hang them against the walls and balustrades. Here are to be seen all sorts of curious little coloured prints of the Madonna and Child of the most extraordinary quality, little bags, pewter medals, and crosses stamped with the same figures and to be worn on the neck — all offered at once for the sum of one baiocco. Here also are framed pictures of the saints, of the Nativity, and in a word of all sorts of religious subjects appertaining to the season. Little wax dolls, clad in cotton-wool to represent the Saviour, and sheep made of the same materials, are also sold by the basket-fidl. Children and Contadini are busy buying them, and there is a deafening roar all up and down the steps, of ' Mezzo baiocco, bello colorito, mezzo baiocco, la Santissima Concczione Incoronata,' — 'Diario Ro- mano, Lunario Romano nuovo,' — ' Ritratto colorito, medaglia e quad- ruccio, un baiocco tutli, un baiocco tutti,' — ' Bambinella di cera, un baiocco." None of the prices are higher than one baiocco, except to strangers, and generally several articles are held up together, enumerated, and proffered with a loud voice for this sum. Meanwhile men, women, children, priests, beggars, soldiers, and villain are crowd- ing up and down, and we crowd with them." — Roba di Roma, i. 72. "On the sixth of January tiie lofty stcjJS of Ara-Cceli looked like an MAMERTINE FRISOXS. 153 ant-hill, so thronged were they with people. Men and boys who sold little books (legends and prayers), rosaries, pictures of saints, medallions, chestnuts, oranges, and other things, shouted and made a great noise. Little boys and girls were still preaching zealously in the church, and people of all classes were crowding thither. Processions advanced with the thundering cheerful music of the fire-corps. II Bambino, a painted image of wood, covered with jewels, and with a yellow crown on its head, was carried by a monk in white gloves, and exhibited to the people from a kind of altar-like erection at the top of the Ara-Coeli steps. Everybody dropped down upon their knees ; II Bambino was shown on all sides, the music thundered, and the smoking censers were swung." — Frederika Bremer. The Convent of Ara-CocU contains much that is picturesque and interesting. S. Giovanni Capistrano was abbot here in the reign of Eugenius IV. Let us now descend froin the Capitohne Piazza toAvards the Forum, by the staircase on the left of the Palace of the Senator. Close to the foot of this staircase is a church, very obscure-looking, with some rude frescoes on the ex- terior. Yet every one must enter this building, for here are the famous Maiucrtine Prisons, excavated from the solid rock under the Capitol. The prisons are entered through the low Church of S. Pietro in Carcere, hung round with votive offerings and blazing with lamps. 'There is an upper chamber in the Mamcrtine Prisons, over what is said to have been — and very possibly may have been — the dungeon of St. Peter. The chamber is now fitted up as an oratory, dedicated to that saint ; and it lives, as a distinct and separate place, in my recollec- tion, too. It is very small and low-roofed ; and the dread and gloom of the ponderous, obdurate old prison are on it, as if they had come up in a dark mist through the floor. Hanging on the walls, among the clustered votive offerings, are objects, at once strangely in keeping and strangely at variance with the place — rusty daggers, knives, pistols, clubs, divers instruments of violence and murder, brought here, fresh 154 WALKS IN ROME. from use, and hung up to propitiate offended Heaven ; as if the blood upon them would drain off in consecrated air, and have no voice to cry with. It is all so silent and so close, and tomblike ; and the dungeons below are so black, and stealthy, and stagnant, and naked ; that this little dark spot becomes a dream within a dream : and in the vision of great churches which come rolling past me like a sea, it is a small wave by itself, that melts into no other wave, and does not flow on with the rest. " — Dickens. Enclosed in the church, near the entrance, may be ob- served the outer frieze of the prison wall, with the inscription C. VIBIUS . C. F. RUFINUS . M. . COCCEIUS . NERVA . COS . EX. s . c, recording the names of two consuls of a.d. 22, who are supposed to have repaired the prison. Juvenal's descrip- tion of the time when one prison was sufficient for all the criminals in Rome naturally refers to this building : "Felices proavorum atavos, felicia dicas Sfficula, qua; quondam sub rcgibus atque tribunis Viderunt uno contentam carcere Romam." Sat. iii. 312. A modern staircase leads to the horrible dungeon of Ancus Martius, sixteen feet in height, thirty in length, and twenty- two in breadth. Originally there was no staircase, and the prisoners were let down there, and thence into the lower dungeon, through a hole in the middle of the ceiling. The large door at the side is a modern innovation, having been opened to admit the vast mass of pilgrims din-ing the festa. The whole prison is constructed of huge blocks of tufa with- out cement. Some remains arc shown of the Scalce Gcnionice, so called from the groans of the prisoners — by which the bodies were dragged forth to be exposed to tlie insults of the populace or to be thrown into the Tiber. It was by this staircase that Cicero came forth and announced the e.xecu- MAMERTLYE PRISOXS. 155 tion of the Catiline conspirators to the people in the Forum, by the single word Vixcninf, " they have ceased to li\e.' Close to the exit of these stairs the Emperor Vitellius was murdered. On the wall by which you descend to the lower dungeon is a mark, kissed by the faithful, as the spot against which St. Peter's head rested. The lower prison, called Robur, is constructed of huge blocks of tufa, fastened together by cramps of iron and approaching horizontally to a common centre in the roof It has been attributed from early times to Servius Tullius ; but Ampere* argues against the idea that the lower prison was of later origin than the upper, and suggests that it is Pelasgic, and older than any other building in Rome. It is described by Livy, and by Sallust, who depicts its horrors in his account of the execution of the Catiline conspirators, f The spot is sho\vn to which these victims were attached and strangled in turn. In this dungeon, at an earlier period, Appius Claudius and Oppius the decemvirs committed suicide (b.c, 449). Here Jugurtha, king of Mauritania, was starved to death by Marius. Here Julius Csesar, during his triumph for the conquest of Gaul, caused his gallant enemy Vercinge- torix to be put to death. Here Sejanus, the friend and minister of Tiberius, disgraced too late, was executed for the murder of Drusus, son of the emperor, and for an intrigue with his daughter-in-law, Livilla. Here, also, Simon Bar- Gioras, the last defender of Jerusalem, suffered during the triumph of Titus. • Hist. Rome. t "Est locus in carcere quod TuUianum appellatur, ubi paulijum descenderis ad Isevam, circiter duodecim pedes humi depressus. Eum muniunt undique parietes, atque insuper camera lapideis fornicibus vincta ; sed incultu, tcnebris, odore fueu.i, atque terribilis ejus facies."^5a//. Catil. Iv. 156 WALKS IN ROME. The spot is more interesting to the Christian world as the prison of SS. Peter and Paul, who are said to have been bound for nine months to a pillar, which is shown here. A fountain of excellent water, beneath the floor of the prison, is attributed to the prayers of St. Peter, that he might have wherewith to baptize his gaolers, Processus and Mar- tinianus ; but, unfortunately for this ecclesiastical tradition, the fountain is described by Plutarch as having existed at the time of Jugurtha's imprisonment. This fountain pro- bably gave the dungeon the name of Tulliampn, by which it was sometimes known, tiiUivs meaning a spring.* This name probably gave rise to the idea of its connection with Servius Tullius. It is hence that the Roman Catholic Church believes that St. Peter and St. Paul addressed their farewells to the Christian world. That of St. Peter :— ".Shortly I must put off this my tabernacle, even as our Lord Jesus Christ hath showed me. Moreover I will endeavour that ye may be able after my decease to have these things always in remembrance. For we have not followed cunningly devised fables, when we made known to you the power and coming of our Lord Jesus Christ. . . . Never- theless we, according to his promise, look for new heavens and a new earth, wherein dwelleth righteousness." — z/id St. Peter. That of St. Paul:— •' God haih not given us a spirit of fear. . . Pe not thou, therefore, ashamed of the testimony of our Lord, nor of me his prisoner; but be thou partaker of the afflictions of the gospel according to the power of God. ... I suffer trouble as an evil doer, even unto bonds ; but the word of God is not bound. Therefore I endure all things, for the elect's sake, that they also may obtain the salvation which is in Christ Jesus. ... I charge llice by (Jod and by the Lord Jesus Christ, who shall judge the quick and the dead . . . jireach the word ; be instant * Sec AmpOre, Hist. Rom. ii, 31. MAMERTIXE EKISOXS. 157 in season, out of season ; reprove, rebuke, exliort with all longsufTering and doctrine ; . . . watch in all things, endure aftlictions, do the work of an evangelist, make full proof of thy ministry. For I am now ready to be offered, and the time of my departure is at hand. I have fought a good fight, I have finished my course, I have kept the faith." — 2.iid Timothy. On Jtily 4, the prisons are the scene of a picturesque solemnity, when they are visited at night by the rehgious confraternities, who first kneel and then prostrate them.selves in silent devotion. Above the Church of S. Pietro in Carcere, is that of .5. Giuseppe del Fakgnami, St. Joseph of the Carpenters. " Pourquoi les guides et les antiquaires qui nous out si souvent montre la voie triomphale qui mene au Capitole et nous en ont lant de fois enumere les souvenirs ; pourquoi aucun d'eux ne nous a-t-il jamais parle de ce qui survint le jour du triomphe de Titus, la-bas, pres des prisons Mamertines ? Laisse-moi vous rappeler que ce jour-la le triomphateur, au moment de monter au temple, devant verser le sang d'une victime, s'arreta a cette place, tandis que Ton detachait de son cortege un captif de plus haute taille et plus richement vetu que les autres, et qu'on I'emmenait dans cette prison pour y achever son su])plice avec le lacet meme qu'il portait autour du cou. Ce ne fut qu'apres cette immola- tion que le cortege reprit sa marche et acheva de monter jusqu'au Capitole ! Ce captif dont on ne daigue nous parler, c'c'tait Simon Bar- Gioras ; c'etait un des trois demiers defenseurs de Jerusalem ; c'etait un de ceux qui la defendirent jusqu'au bout, mais helas ! qui la defendirent comme des demons maitres d'une ame de laquelle ils ne veulent pas se laisser chasser, et non point comme des champions herolques d'une cause sacree et perdue. Aussi cette grandeur que la seule infortune suffit souvent pour donner, elle manque a la calamite la plus grande que le monde ait vue, et les noms attaches a cette immense catastrophe ne demeurerent pas meme fameux ! Jean de Giscala, Eleazar, Simon Bar-Gioras ; qui pense a eux aujourd'hui ? L'univers entier proclame et venere les noms de deux pauvres juifs qui, quatre ans auparavant, dans cette meme prison, avaient eux aussi attendu la supplice ; mais le malheur, le courage, la mort tragique des autres, ne leur ont point donne la gloire, et un dedaigneux oubli les a effaces de la memoire des hommes ! " — {Anitc Scvcrin) Mrs. Augustus Craven. 158 WALKS IN HOAfE. " Along the sacred way Hither the triumph came, and, winding round Witli acclamation, and the martial clang Of instruments, and cars laden with spoil, Stopped at the sacred stair that then appeared. Then thro' the darkness broke, ample, star-bright, As tho' it led to heaven. 'Twas night ; but now A thousand torches, turning night to day. Blazed, and the victor, springing from his seat, Went up, and, kneeling as in fervent prayer, Entered the Capitol. But what are they Who at the foot withdraw, a mournful train In fetters ? And who, yet incredulous. Now gazing wildly round, now on his sons. On those so young, well pleased with all they see, Staggers along, the last ? They are the fallen. Those who were spared to grace the chariot-wheels ; And there they parted, where the road divides. The victor and the vanquished — there withdrew ; He to the festal board, and they to die. " Well might the great, the mighty of the world. They who were wont to fare deliciously And war but for a kingdom more or less. Shrink back, nor from their thrones endure to look, To think that way ! Well might they in their pomp Humble themselves, and kneel and supplicate To be delivered from a dream like this I " Rogers' Italy. CHAPTER IV. THE FORUMS AND THE COLISEUM. Forum of Trajan — (Sta. Maria di Loreto) — Temple of Mars Ultor — ■ Forum of Augustus— Forum of Nerva — Forum of Julius Cassar — (Academy of St. Luke) — Forum Romanum — Tribune — Comitium — Vulcanal — Temple of Concord — -Temple of Vespasian — Temple of Saturn — Arch of Septimius Severus — Temple of Castor and Pollux — Pillar of Phocas — Temple of Antoninus and Faustina — Basilica of Constantine — (Sta. Martina — S. Adriano — Sta. Maria — Liberatrice, SS. Cosmo and Damian — Sta. Francesca Romana)^Temple of Venus and Rome — Arch of Titus — (.Sta. Maria Pallara — .S. Buenaventura) — Meta Sudans — Arch of Con- stantine — Coliseum. 'pOLLOWING the Corso to its end at the Ripresa dei Barberi, and turning to the left, we find ourselves at once amid the remains of the Forum of Trajan, erected by the architect Apollodorus for the Emperor Trajan on his return from the wars of the Danube. This forum now presents the appearance of a ravine between the Capitoline and Quirinal, but is an artificial hollow, excavated to facilitate the circulation of life within the city. An inscription over the door of the column, which overtops the other mins, shows that it was raised in order to mark the depth of earth which was removed to construct the forum. The earth was formerly as high as the top of the column, which reaches, loo Roman feet, to the level of the Pala- i6o WALKS I\' ROME. tine Hill. The forum was sometimes called the " Ulpian," from one of the names of the emperor. " Before the year a.d. 107 the splendours of the city and the Campus beyond it were still separated by a narrow isthmus, thronged perhaps by the squalid cabins of the poor, and surmounted by the remains of the Servian wall which ran along its summit. Step by step the earlier emperors had approached with their new forums to the foot of this ob- struction. Domitian was the first to contemplate and commence its removal. Nerva had the fortune to consecrate and to give his own name to a portion of his predecessor's construction ; but Trajan undertook to complete the bold design, and the genius of his architect triumphed over all obstacles, and executed a work which exceeded in extent and splendour any previous achievement of the kind. He swept away every building on the site, levelled the spot on which they had stood, and laid out a vast area of columnar galleries, connecting halls and chambers for public use and recreation. The new forum was adorned with two libraries, one for Greek, the other for Roman volumes, and it was bounded on the west by a basilica of magnificent dimensions. Beyond this basilica, and within the limits of the Campus, the same architect (Apollodorus) erected a temple for the worship of Trajan himself; but this work probably belonged to the reign of Trajan's successor, and no doubt the Ulpian forum, with all its adjuncts, occupied many years in building. The area was adorned with numerous statues, in which the figure of Trajan was frequently repeated, and among its decorations were groups in bronze or marble, representing his most illustrious actions. The balustrades and cornices of the whole mass of buildings flamed with gilded images of arms and horses. Here stood the great ecjuestrian statue of the emperor ; here was the triumphal arch decreed him by the senate, adorned with sculpture, which Constantine, two centuries later, transferred without a blush to his own, a barbarous act of this first Christian emperor, to which however we probably owe their preservation to this day from more barbarous spoliation." — Mcrivale, Romans under tlic Einpiiv, ch. Ixiii. 'l"hc beautiful Column of Trajan was erected by the senate and people of Rome, a.d. 114. It is composed of thirty-four blocks of marble, and is covered with a spiral band of ba.s-rcliefs illustrative of the Dacian wars, and increasing in size as it ncars the top, so tliat it preserves FORUM OF TRAJAX. i6i throughout the same proportion wlien seen from below. It was formerly crowned by a statue of Trajan, holding a gilt globe, which latter is still preserved in the Hall of Bronzes in the Capitol. This statue had follen from its pedestal long before Sixtus V. replaced it by the existing figure of St. Peter. At the foot of the column was a sepulchral chamber, intended to receive the imperial ashes, which were however preserved in a golden urn, upon an altar in front of it. " And a[)ostolic statues climb To crush the imperial urn, whose ashes slept sublime." Childc Hcwold, ex. Tt was while walking in this forum, that Gregory the Great, observing one of the marble groups which told of a good and great action of Trajan, lamented bitterly that the soul of so noble a man should be lost, and prayed earnestly for the salvation of the heathen emperor. ?Ie was told that the soul of Trajan should be saved, but that to ensure this he must either himself undergo the pains of purga- tory for three days, or suffer earthly pain and sickness for the rest of his life. He chose the latter, and never after was in health. This incident is naiTated by his three biographers, John and Paul Diaconus, and John of Salisbury.* The forum of Trajan was partly uncovered by Pope Paul in. in the sixteenth century, but excavated in its present form by the French in 1812. There is much still buried under the streets and neighbouring houses. "All over the surface of what once was Rome it seems to be the effort of Time to bury up the ancient city, as it were a corpse, and he> the sexton ; so that, in eighteen centuries, the soil over its grave has * 'J his story is most picturesquely told by D.inte. Purg. x. 72. VOL. I. H 1 62 WALKS IN ROME. grown very deep, by the slow scattering of dust, and the accumulation of more modern decay upon older ruin. "This was the fate, also, of Trajan's forum, until some papal anti- quary, a few hundred years ago, began to hollow it out again, and dis- closed the whole height of the gigantic column, wreathed round with bas-reliefs of the old emperor's warlike deeds (rich sculpture, which, twining from the base to the capital, must be an ugly spectacle for his ghostly eyes, if he considers that this huge, storied shaft must be laid before the judgment seat, as a piece of the evidence of what he did in the flesh). In the area before the column stands a grove of stone, con- sisting of the broken and unequal shafts of a vanished temple, still keeping a majestic order, and apparently incapable of further demolition. The modem edifices of the piazza (wholly built, no doubt, out of the spoil of its old magnificence) look down into the hollow space whence these pillars rise. "One of the immense gray granite shafts lies in the piazza, on the verge of the area. It is a great, solid fact of the Past, making old Rome actually visible to the touch and eye ; and no study of history, nor force of thought, nor magic of song, can so vitally assure us that Rome once existed, as this sturdy specimen of what its rulers and people wrought. There is still a polish remaining on the hard substance of the pillar, the polish of eighteen centuries ago, as yet but half rubbed off."- — ■ Haivthorne, Transfoj-matiou . On the north of this forum are two churches : that nearest to the Corso is Sta. Afaria di Loi'eto (founded by the corporation of bakers in 1500), with a dome sur- mounted by a picturcscjue lantern by Giuhano di San- gallo, c. 1506. It contains a statue of Sta. Susanna {jiot the Susanna of the Elders) by Fiammingo (Frangois de Quesnoy), which is justly considered the chef-d'oeuvre of the Bernini School. The companion church is called Sta. Maria di Vienna, and (like Sta. Maria della Vittoria) com- memorates the liberation of Vienna from tlie Turks in 1683, by Sobieski, king of Poland. It was built by Inno- cent XI. Leaving tlic forimi at the opposite corner by the Via TEMPLE OF MARS ULTOR. 163 Alessandrina, and passing under the high wall of the Con- vent of the Nunziatina, a street, opening on the left, discloses several beautiful pillars, which, after having borne various names, are now declared to be the remains of the Temple of Mars Uitor, built by Augustus in his new forum, which was erected in order to provide accommodation for the crowds which overflowed the Forum Romanum and Forum Julium. " The title of Ultor marked the war and the victory by which, agree- ably to his vow, Augustus had avenged his uncle's death. " 'Mars ades, et satia scelerato sanguine ferrum ; Stetque favor causa pro meliore tuus. Templa feres, et, me victore, vocaberis Ultor.'* The porticoes, which extended on each side of the temple with a gentle curve, contained statues of distinguished Roman generals. The banquets of the Salii were transferred to this temple, a circumstance which led to its identification, from the discovery of an inscription here recording the tnansiones of these priests. Like the priesthood in gen- eral, they appear to have been fond of good living, and there is a well- known anecdote of the Emperor Claudius having been lured by the steams of their banquet from his judicial functions in the adjacent forum, to come and take part in their feast. The temple was appropriated to meetings of the senate in which matters connected with wars and triumphs were debated. . . . Here while Tiberius was building a temple to Augustus upon the Palatine, his golden statue reposed upon a couch." — Dyer's City of Rotnc. " Up to the time of Augustus, the god Mars, the reputed father of the Roman race, had never, it is said, enjoyed the distinction of a temple within the walls. He was then introduced into the city which he had saved from overthrow and ruin ; and the aid he had lent in bringing the murderers of Ccesar to justice, was signalised by the title of Avenger, by which he was now specially addressed. . . . The temple of Mars Ultor, of gigantic proportions, 'Et deus est ingens et opus,' was erected * Ovid, Fasti, v. 575, 699. i64 WALA'S IN ROME. in the new fonim of Augustus at the foot of the Capitohne and Quirinal hills." — Merivalc, Romans under the Empire. "Ce temple etait particulierement cher a Auguste. II voulut que las magistrals en partissent pour aller dans leurs provinces ; que I'honneur du triomphe y fut decerne, et que les triomphateurs y fissent hommage a Mars Vengeur de leur couronne et de leur sceptre ; que les drapeaux pris a I'ennemi y fussent conserves ; que les chefs de la cavalerie executassent des jeux en avant des marches de ce temple ; enfip que les censeurs, en sortant de leur charge, y plantassent le clou sacre, vieil usage etrusque jusque-la attache au Capitole. Auguste desirait que ce temple fonde par lui prit I'importance du Capitole. "II fit dedier le temple par ses petit-fils Caius et Lucius ; et son autre petit-fils, Agrippa, a la tete des plus nobles enfants de Rome, y celebra le jeu de Troie, qui rappelait I'origine pretendue troyenne de Cesar ; deux cent soixante lions furent tgorges dans la cirque, c'etait leur place ; deux troupes de gladiateurs combattirent dans les Septa ou se faisaient les elections au temps de la republique, comme si Auguste eCit voulu, par ces combats qui se livraient en I'honneur des morts, celebrer les funerailles de la liberte romaine." — Ampire, Emp. i. 224. The temple of Mars stands at the north-eastern corner of the magnificent Forum of Augustus, which extended from here as far as the present Via Alessandrina, surpassing in size the forum of JuHus Caesar, to which it was adjoining. It was of sufficient size to be frequently used for fights of animals (venationcs). Among its ornaments were statues of Augustus triumpliant and of tlie subdued provinces — with inscrii)lions iUustralive of the great deeds he had accom- plished there ; also a pi(-turc by Apelles representing War with her hands bound behind her, seated upon a pile of arms. Part of the boundary wall exists, enclosing on two sides the remains of the temple of Mars Ultor, and is constructed of huge masses of peperino. The arch, in the wall close to the temple, is known as Arco dei Pantani. The sudden turn in the wall here is interesting as commemorating a TEMPLE OF PALLAS MINERVA. 165 concession made to the wish of some proprietors, who were unwilling to part withi their houses for the sake of the forum. "C'est I'histoire chi moulin de Sans-Souci, qui du reste parait n'elrc pas vraie. "II est piquant d'assisler aujourdhui a ce menagement d'Augiiste pour I'opinion qu'il voulait gagner. En voyant le mur s'inflechir parce- qu'il a fallu epargner quelqucs maisons, on croit voir la toute-puissance d'Auguste gauchir a dessein devant les interets particuliers, seule puis- sance avec laquelle il reste a compter quand tout interet general a disparu. L'obliquite de la politique d'Auguste est visible dans I'obiiquite de ce mur, qui montre et rend pour ainsi dire palpable le manege adroit de la tyrannie, se deguisant pour se fonder. Le mur biaise, comma biaisa constanunent Fempereur." — Anipire, Emp. i. 233. (The street on the left — passing the Arco dei Pantani — • the Via della Salita del Grillo, commemorates the ap- proach to the castle of the great mediaeval family Del Grillo ; the street on the right leads through the ancient Suburra.) At the corner of the next street (Via della Croce Bianca) — on the left of the Via Alessandrina — is the ruin called the " Colonnace," being part of the Portico of Pallas Minerva, which decorated the Forum Prausitoriiim, begun by Domi- tian, but dedicated in the short reign of Nerva, and hence generally called the Forum of Iscrva^ on account of the exe- cration with which the memory of Domitian was regarded. Up to the seventeenth century seven magnificent columns of the temple of Minerva were still standing, but they were destroyed by Paul V., who used part of them in building the Fontana Paolina. The existing remains consist of two half- buried Corinthian columns with a figure of Minerva, and a frieze of bas-reliefs. 1 66 WALKS IN R OME. " Les bas-reliefs du forum de Nerva representent des femmes occupees des travaux d'aiguille, auxquels presididt Minerve. Quand on se rappelle, que Domitien avait place a Albano, pres du temple de cette deesse, un college de pretres qui imitaient la parure et les mceurs de femmes, on est tente de croire qu'il y a dans le choix des subjets figures ici une allusion aux habitudes effeminees de ces pretres." — Ampere, Emp. ii. i6i. "The portico of the temple of jNIinerva is most rich and beautiful in architecture, but woefully gnawed by time, and shattered by violence, besides being buried midway in the accumulation of the soil, that rises over dead Rome like a flood-tide. Within this edifice of antique sanctity a baker's shop is now established, with an entrance on one side ; for everywhere, the remnants of old grandeur and divinity have been made available for the meanest neccessities of to-day." — Ilaivthorne. It was in this forum that Nerva caused Vetronius Turinus, who had trafficked with his court interest, to be suffocated with smoke, a herald proclaiming at the time, " Fumo puni- tur qui vendidit fumum." Returning a short distance down the Via Alessandrina, and turning (left) down the Via Bonella, we traverse the site of the Forum of Julius Ccesar, upon which 4000 sestertia (800,000/.) were expended, and which is described by Dion-Cassius as having been more beautiful than the Forum Romanum. It was ornamented with a Temple of Venus Genetrix — from whom Julius Caesar claimed to be descended — which contained a statue of the goddess by Archesilaus, a statue of Caesar himself, and a group of Ajax and Medea by Timomacus. Here, also, Caesar had the effrontery to place the statue of his mis- tress, Cleopatra, by the side of that of the goddess. In front of the tem[)le stood a bronze figure of a horse — supj)osed to be the famous Bucephalus — the work of T.ysippus. ACADEMY OF ST. LUKE. 167 "Cedat equus Latise qui, contra templa Diones, Ctesarei stat sede Fori. Quern tradere es ausus Pellceo Lysippe Duci, mox Ctesaris ora Aurata cervice tulit." Statins, Silv. i. 84. The only visible remains of this forum are some courses of huge square blocks of stone (Lapis Gabinus), in a dirty court. Part of the site of the forum of Julius Csesar is now occu- pied — on the right near the end of the Via Bonella — by the Accademia di San Luca, founded in 1595, Federigo Zuccaro being its first director. The collections are open from 9 to 5 daily. A ceiling representing Bacchus and Ariadne, is by Guido. The best pictures are : — Bacchus and Ariadne : Poitssin. Vanity : Paul Verotiese. Calista and the Nymphs : Titian. The murder of Lucretia : Guido Cagnacci. Fortune : Guido. Innocent XI. : Velasquez. The Saviour and the Pharisee : Titian. A lovely fresco of a child : Raphael. St. Luke painting the Virgin : Attributed to Raphael. "St. Luke painting the Virgin has been a frequent and favourite sub- ject. The most famous of all is a picture in the Academy of St. Luke, ascribed to Raphael. Here St. Luke, kneeling on a footstool before an easel, is busied painting the Virgin with the Child in her arms, who appears to him out of heaven, sustained by clouds ; behind St. Luke stands Raphael himself, looking on."- — Mrs. Jameson. A skull preserved here was long supposed to be that of Raphael, but his true skull has since been found in his grave in the Pantheon. "On a longtemps venere ici un crane que Ton croyait etre celui de Raphael ; crane etroit sur lequel les phrenologistes auront prononce de 1 68 WALKS IN ROME. vains oracles, devant lequel on aura bien profondement reve et qui n'etait que celui d'un obscur chanoine bien innocent de toutes ces ima- ginations." — A. Dh Pays. Just beyond St. Luca, we enter the Forum Romanum. The interest of Rome comes to its chmax in the Forum. In spite of all that is destroyed, and all that is buried, so much still remains to be seen, and every stone has its story. Even without entering into all the vexed archaeological questions which have filled the volumes of Canina, Bunsen, Niebuhr, and many others, the occupation which a traveller interested in history will find here is all but inexhaustible; and, after the disputes of centuries, the different sites seem now to be verified with tolerable certainty. The study of the Roman Forum is complicated by the successmi of public edifices by which it has been occupied, each period of Roman history having a different set of buildings, and each in a great measure supplanting that which went before. Another difficulty has naturally arisen from the exceedingly circumscribed space in which all these buildings have to be arranged, and which shows that many of the ancient temples must have been mere chapels, and the so-called " lakes " little more than fountains. "This spot, where the senate had its assemblies, where the rostra were placed, where the destinies of the world were discussed, is the most celebrated and the most classical of ancient Rome. It was adorned with the most magnificent monuments, which were so crowded upon one another, that their heaped-up ruins are not sufficient for all the names which are handed down to us by histoiy. The course of centuries has overthrown the Forum, and made it impossible to define; the level of the ancient soil is twenty-four feet below that of to-day, and however great a desire one may feel to reproduce the past, it must be acknow- ledged that this very difference of level is a terrible obstacle to the FORUM ROMANUM. 169 powers of imagination ; again, the uncertainties of archreologists are discouraging to curiosity and the desire of illiision. For more than three centuries learning has been at work upon this field of ruins, without being able even to agree upon its bearings ; some describing it as extending from north to south, others from east to west. The origin of the Forum goes back to the alliance of the Romans and Sabines. It was a space surrounded by marshes, which extended between the Palatine and the Capitol, occupied by the two colonies, and serving as a neutral ground where they could meet. The Curtian Lake was situated in the midst. Constantly adorned under the re- public and the empire, it appears that it continued to exist until the eleventh century. Its total ruin dates from Robert Guiscard, who, when called to the assistance of Gregoiy VII., left it a heap of ruins. Abandoned for many centuries, it became a receptacle for rubbish, which gradually raised the level of the soil. About 1547, Paul III. began to make excavations in the Forum. Then the place became a cattle-market, and the glorious name of Forum Romanum changed into that of Campo Vaccino. "The Forum was surrounded by a portico of two stories, the lower of which was occupied by shops (tabernae). In the beginning of the sixth century of Rome, two fires destroyed part of the edifices with which it had been embellished. This was an opportunity for isolating the P'orum, and basilicas and temples were raised in succession along its sides, which in their turn were partly destroyed in the fire of Nero. Domitian rebuilt a part, and added the temple of Vespasian, and An- toninus that of Faustina." — A. Du Pays. The excavations which were made in the Forum be- fore 187 1 are for the most part due to the generosity of Georgiana, Duchess of Devonshire. The papal govern- ment ahvaj'S displayed the most extraordinary apathy about extending them, and, when a large excavation was made in the winter of 1869-70, by the British Archceo- logical Society, in front of the Church of Sta. Martina, insisted on its being immediately filled up again, instead of extending it, as might easily have been done, to join the excavation which had long existed on the Clivus Capitolinus. Lately the excavations have been consider- 170 WALKS /jV ROME. ably increased, but were the roads leading to the Forum to be closed, and a large body of efficient labourers set to work, the whole of the Roman Forum and its surround- ings might be laid bare in a month, without any injury to the interesting churches in its neighbourhood. At present, even that part which is disinterred is cut up by a number of raised causeways, which distract the eye and mar the general effect, and the excavations, recommenced by the Italian government, are slowly and inadequately carried on. If we stand on the causeway in front of the arch of Septimius Severus, and turn towards the Capitol, we look upon the Clivus Capitolinus, which is perfectly crowded with historical sites and fragments, viz. : — 1. The modern Capitol, resting on the Tabidarmm. This is one of the earliest architectural relics in Rome. It is built in the Etruscan style, of huge blocks of tufa or peperino placed long- and cross-ways alternately. It was formerly composed of two stages called Camellaria. Only the lower now remains. It contained the tables of the laws. The corridor which remains in the interior is used as a museum of architectural fragments. The Tabularium probably communicated with the JErarmm in the temple of Saturn. 2. On the riglit of the excavated space, and nearest the Tabularium, the site of the Tribune, in front of which were the Rostra, to which the head of Octavius was affixed by Marius, and the head and hand of Cicero by Antony, and where Fulvia, the widow of Clodius, spat in his dead face, and pierced his inanimate tongue with the pin which she wore in her hair. In front of the rostrum were the statues of the three Sibyls called Tria Fata. FOR UM ROM A NUM. 1 7 x 3. Below, a lit le more to the right, is the site of the Co- mitium, where the survivor of the Horatii was condemned to death, and saved by the voice of the people. Here, also, was the trophied pillar which bore the arms of the Curiatii. In the area of the Comitium grew the famous fig-tree which was always preserved here in commemoration of the tree under which Romulus and Remus were suckled by the wolf, and beneath which was a bronze representation of the wolf and the children. 4. A little more to the left, is the site of the Vukaual, so called from an altar dedicated to A'^ulcan, a platform (still defined) where, in the earliest times, Romulus and Tatius used to meet on intermediate ground and transact affairs common to both ; and where Brutus was seated, when, without any change of countenance, he saw his two sons beaten and beheaded. Adjoining the Vulcanal was the Gr(Bcostasis, where foreign ambassadors waited before they were admitted to an audience of the senate. 5. Below the Vulcanal, and just behind the Arch of Severus, is the site of the Temple of Cor.cord, dedicated, with blasphemous inappropriateness, B.C. 121, by the consul Opimius, immediately after the murder of Caius Gracchus. Here Cicero pronounced his orations against Catiline before the senate. A pavement of coloured marbles remains. At its base are still to be seen some small remains of the Coloniia Mcenia, which was snrmounted by the statue of C. M^nius, who decorated the rostra with the iron beaks of vessels takers in war. 6. The three beautiful columns which are still standing were attributed to a temple of Jupiter Tonans, but are now decided to belong to the Temple of Vespasian. The engrav- 172 WALK'S IlY ROME. ings of Piranesi represent them as buried almost to their capitals, and they remained in this state until they were dis- interred during the first French occupation. The space was so limited in this part of Rome, that in order to prevent encroaching upon the street Clivus Capitolinus, which descends the hill between this temple and that of Saturn, the temple of Vespasian was raised on a kind of terrace, and the staircase which led to it was thrust in between the columns. This temple was restored by Septimius Severus, and to this the letters on the entablature refer, being part of the word Restitucrc. Instruments of sacrifice are sculptured on the frieze. 7. On the left of the excavated space, close beneath the Tabularium, a low range of columns recently re-erected represents the building called the School of Xar.f/ius, cham- bers, for the use of the scribes and persons in the service of the curule sediles, which derived their name from Xanthus, a freedman, by whom they were rebuilt. 8. The eight Ionic columns still standing, part of the Temple of Saturn, the ancient god of the Capitol. Before this temple Pompey sate surrounded by soldiers, listening to the orations which Cicero was delivering from the rostrum, when he received the personal address, " Te enim jam appello, et ea voce ut me exaudire possis." Here the tribune Metellus flung himself before the door and vainly attempted to defend the treasure of the yErariiim in this temple against Julius Caesar. The present remains are those of an indifferent and late renovation of an earlier temple, being composed of columns which differ in diameter, and a frieze put together from fragments which do not belong to one another, 'i'he original temple was built by Tarquin, and ARCH OF SEPTLMIUS SEVERUS. 1 7 5 was supposed to mark the site of the ancient Sabine aUar of the god and the Hmit of the wood of refuge mentioned by Virgil. 9. Just below the Temple of Saturn is the site of the An/i of Tiberius, erected, according to Tacitus, upon tlie recovery by Germanicus of the standards which Varus had lost. 10. The remains of the MilUarium Aureum, which formed the upper extremity of a wall faced with marbles, ending near the arch of Severus in a small conical pyramid. Dis- tances without the walls were inscribed upon the Milliarium Aureum, as distances within the walls were upon the pyramid (from which in this case they were also measured) which bore the name of Umbilicus Roma. The Via Sacra, which is still visible, descended from the Capitol between the temples of Saturn and Vespasian, — being known here as the Clivus Capitolinus, and passed to the left of— 11. The Arch of Septimius Scvcrus, wliich was erected by the senate a.d. 205, in honour of that emperor and his two sons, Caracalla and Geta. It is adorned with bas-reliefs relating his victories in the east, — his entry into Babylon and the tower of the temple of Belus are represented. A curious memorial of imperial history may be observed in the inscription, where we may still discern the erasure made by Caracalla after he had put his brother Geta to death in a.d. 213, for the sake of obliterating his memory. The added words are optimis fortissimisqve principibus — but the ancient inscription p. sept. lvc. fil. gette. nobiliss. C^SARi, has been made out by painstaking decipherers. In one of the piers is a staircase leading to the top of the arch which was formerly (as seen from coins of Severus and ^74 WALKS IN ROME. Caracalla) adorned by a car drawn by six horses abreast, and containing figures of Severus and his sons. It was in front of this arch that the statue of Marcus Aurehus stood, which is now at the Capitol. "Les proportions de Tare de Septime-Severe sont encore belles. L'aspect en est imposant; il est solide sans etre lourd. La grande inscription oil se lisent les epithetes victorieuses qui rappellent les succes militaires de I'empereur, Paithique, Dacique, Adiabenique, se deploie sur une vaste surface et donne a I'entablement un air de majeste qu'admirent les artistes. Cette inscription est doublement historique; elle rappelle les campagnes de Severe et la tragedie domestique qui apres lui ensang- lanta sa famille, le meurtre d'un de ses fils immole par I'autre, et I'acharnement de celui-ci a poursuivre la memoire du frere quil avait fait assassiner. Le nom de Geta a ete visiblement efface par Caracalla. La meme chose se remarque dans une inscription sur bronze qu'on voit au Capitole et sur le petit arc du Marche aux boeufs dont j'ai parle, , ou I'image de Geta a ete effacee comme son nom. Caracalla ne permit pas meme a ce nom proscrit de se cacher parmi les hieroglyphes. En Egypte, ceux qui composaient le nom de Geta ont ete grattes sur les monuments." — Ampere, Ei)ip. ii. 278. (The excavations in the Forum are open to the pubHc on the same days as the Palace of the Csesars — Thursdays and Sundays.) The platform on which we have been standing leads to the Via della Consolazione, occupying the site of the ancient Vicus y^ugariiis, where Augustus erected an altar to Ceres, and another to Ops Augusta, the goddess of wealth. (In this street, on the left, is a good cinquc-cento doorway.) Where this street leaves the Forum was the so-called Laciis Str- vi/iiis, a l)asin which jjrobably derived its name from Servilius Ahala (who slew the philanthroijist Sp. Ma^lius with a dagger near lliis very si)ot), and which was encircled with a ghastly row of heads in tlie massacres under Sylla. This fountain TEMPLE OE CASTOR AND POLLUX. 175 Avas adorned by M. Aggrippa with a figure of a hydra. The right side of the Forum is now occupied for a considerable distance by the disinterred remains of the Basilica Julia, begun by Juhus Caisar, and finished by Augustus, who dedicated it in honour of his daughter. A basiUca of this description was intended partly as a Law Court and partly as an Exchange. In this basilica the judges called Centum- viri held their courts, which were four in number : "Jam clamor, centumc[ue viri, dcnsumque coronoe Vulgus : et infanti Julia tecta placent." ALirtial, vi. Ep. 38. Beyond the basilica are three beautiful columns which belong to a restoration of the Ttmple of Castor and Pol- lux, dedicated by Postumius, B.C. 484. Here costly sacri- fices were always offered in the ides of July, at the anniversary of the battle of the Lake Regillus, after which the Roman knights, richly clothed, crowned with olive, and bearing their trophies, rode past it in military procession, starting from the temple of Mars outside the Porta Capena. The entablature which the three columns support is of great richness, and the whole fragment is considered to be one of the finest existing specimens of the Corinthian order. None of the Roman ruins have given rise to more discussion than this. It has perpetually changed its name. Bunsen and many other authorities considered it to belong to the temple of Minerva Chalcidica ; but as it is known that the position of the now discovered Basilica Julia was exactly between the temple of Saturn and that of Castor, and a passage of Ovid describes the latter as being close to the site of the temple of Vesta, which is also ascertained, it 176 JVJLATS IN ROME. seems almost certain now that it belonged to the temple of the Dioscuri. Dion-Cassius mentions that Caligula made this temple a vestibule to his house on the Palatine. Here, on the right, branches off the Via dei Fienili, once the Vicus Tiiscus, or Etruscan quarter (see Chap. V.), leading to the Circus Maximus. At its entrance was the bronze statue of Vertumnus, the god of Etruria, and patron of the quarter. The long trough-shaped fountain here, at which such picturesque groups of oxen and buffaloes are constantly standing, is a memorial of the Lake of Juturna the sister of Turnus, or as she was sometimes described, the wife of Janus the Sabine war-god. This fountain, for such it must have been, was dried up by Paul V. " At quce venturas prcecedit sexta kalendas, Hac sunt Ledceis templa dicata deis. Fratribus ilia deis fratres de gente deorum Circa Juturnce composuere lacus." Ovid, Fast. i. 705. Here, close under the Palatine, is the site of the famous Teviple of Vesta., in which the sacred fire was pre- served, with the palladium saved from Troy. On the altar of this temple, blood was sprinkled annually from the tail of the horse which was sacrificed to Mars in the Campus- Martius. The foundation of the temple was attributed to Numa, but the worship must have existed in Pelasgic times, as the mother of Romulus was a vestal. It was burnt down in the fire of Nero, rebuilt and again burnt down under Comniodus, and probably restored for the last time by Heliogabalus. Here, during the consulate of the young Marius, the high jjriest Scccvola was murdered, splashing the image of Vesta with his blood, — and here (a.d. 68) SITE OF THE TEMPLE OF VESTA. 177 Piso, the adopted son of Galba, was murdered in tlie sanctuary whither he had fled for refuge, and his head, being cut off, was affixed to the rostra. Behind the temple, along the lower ridge of the Palatine, stretched the sacred grove of Vesta, and the site of the Church of Sta. Maria Liberatrice was occupied by the Atrium Vcstce, a kind of convent for the vestal virgins. Here Numa Pompilius fixed his resid- ence, hoping to conciliate both the Latins of the Palatine and the Sabines of the Capitoline by occupying a neutral ground between them. *' QuKris iter? dicam, vicinum Castora, canae Transibis Vesta;, virgineamque domum, Inde sacro veneranda petes palatia Clivo." Martial, i. Ep. 70. " Hie focus est Vest«, qui Pallada servat et igiiem. liic fuit antiqui regia parva Numre." Ovid, Trist. iii. El. I. " Hie locus exiguus, qui sustinet atria Vestae, Tunc erat intonsi regia magna Numoe. Forma tamen templi, qua^ nunc manet, ante fuisse Dicitur ; et formas causa probanda subest. Vesta eadem est, et Terra ; subest vigil ignis utrique, Significant sedem terra focusque suam. Terra pilas similis, nullo fulcimine nixa. Acre subjecto tam grave pendet onus. Arte Syracosia suspensus in aere clauso Stat globus, immensi parva figura poli ; Et quantum a suramis, tantum seccssit ab imis Terra. Quod ut fiat, forma rotunda facit. Par facics templi : nullus procurrit ab illo Angulus. A pluvio vindicat imbre tholus." Ovid, Fast. vi. 263. " Servat et Alba, Lares, et quorum. lucet in aris Ignis adhuc Phrygius, nullique adspecta virorum Pallas, in abstruso pignus memorabile templo." Ltican, ix. '}92. vot.. I. 12 1 78 WALRUS nv ROME. Close to the temple of Vesta was the Rcgia, where Julius Caesar lived (as pontifex maximus) — where Pompeia his second wife admitted her lover Clodius in the disguise of a woman to the mysteries of the Bona Dea — whence Caesar went forth to his death^ — and from which his last wife Calpurnia rushed forth with loud outcries to receive his dead body. Somewhere in this part of the Forum was the famous Curtiati Lake, so called from Mettus Curtius, a Sabine warrior, who with difficulty escaped from its quagmires to the Capitol after a battle between Romulus and Tatius.* I'radition declares that the quagmire afterwards became a gulf, which an oracle declared would never close until that which was most important to the Roman people was sacri- ficed to it. Then the young Marcus Curtius, equipped in full armour, leapt his horse into the abyss, exclaiming that nothing was more important to the Roman people than arms and courage ; and the gulf was closed, t Two altars were afterwards erected on the site to the two heroes, and a vine and an olive tree grew there.]: "Hoc, ubi nunc fora sunt, udse tcnuere paludcs : Amne rcdundatis fossa madcbat aquis. Curtius ille lacus, siccas qui sustinet aras, Is'unc solida est tellus, sed lacus ante fuit." Ovid, Fast. vi. 401. Some fountain, like those of Servilius and Juturna, bearing tlie name of Lacus Curtius must have existed on this site to imperial times, for the Emperor Galba was murdered there. "A single cohort slill surrounded Calba, when the standard-bearer tore the limperor's image from his spear-licad, and dashed it on the ground. The soldiers were at once decided for Otho ; swords were • Statius, i. 6. Livy, vii. 6. t Livy, vii. 6. Varr. iv. 32. X riiiiy, XV. 18. TEMPLE OE JANUS QUIRIXUS. 179 drawn, and every symptom of favour for Galba amongst the bystanders was repressed by menaces, till they dispersed and fled in horror from the Forum. At last, the bearers of the emperor's litter overturned it at the Curtian pool beneath the Capitol. In a few moments enemies swarmed around his body. A few words he muttered, which have been diversely reported : some said that they were abject and unbecoming ; others aftirmed that he presented his neck to the assassin's sword, and bade him strike ' if it were for the good of the republic ; ' but none listened, none perhaps heeded the words actually spoken ; Galba's throat was pierced, but even the author of his mortal wound was not ascertained, while his breast being protected by the duirass, his legs and arms were hacked with repeated gashes." — Merivale, vii. 73. At the foot of the CHvus Capitohnus, on the left (looking towards the Arch of Titus) stood the Temple of yanus Quiriniis, between the great Foruni and the Forum of Julius Caesar, and near the ascent to the Porta Janualis, by which Tarpeia admitted the Sabines to the Capitol. Procopius, in the sixth century, saw the litde bronze temple of Janus still standing. This was one of many temples of the great Sabine god. " Quum tot sint Jani ; cur stas sacratus in uno, Hie ubi juncta foris templa duobus habes ?" OviJ, Easf. i. 257. This was the temple which was the famous index of peace and war, closed by Augustus for the third time from its foundation after the victory of Actium.* " . . . et vacuum duellis Janum Quirini clausit, et ordinem Rectum, et vaganti frcena licentiae Injecit." Horace, Ode'w. 15. Besides this temple there were three arches, whose sites are unkno\\Ti, dedicated to Janus in different parts of the Forum. • Suetonius, Aug. 22. i8o WALK'S IN ROME. " . . Hsec Janus summus ab inio Perdocet " Horace, Ep. i. I, 54. The central arch was the resort of brokers and money- lenders.* " . . Postquam omnis res mea Janum Ad medium fracta est." II or. Sat. ii. 3, 18. Along this side of the Forum stood the Tabernce Argen- tarice, the silversmiths' shops, and beyond them — probably in front of S. Adriano — were the Tabernae Novae, where Virginia was stabbed by her father with a butcher's knife, which he had seized from one of the stalls, saying, " This, my child, is the only way to keep thee free," as he plunged it into her heart.t Near this also was the statue of Venus Cloacina.:|: The front of the Church of S. Adriano is a fragment of the Basilica of ^-Emilius Paulus, built with part of 1500 talents which Caesar had sent from Gaul to win him over to his party. This basilica occupied the site of the famous Curia of Tullus Ilostilius. " La se rcunit, pour la premiere fois sous un toit, le conseil des anciens rois que le savant Properce, avec un sentiment vrai des anti- quitcs romaincs, nous montre tel qu'il etait dans I'origine, se rassem- blant au son de !a trompe pastorale dans un pre, comme le peuple dans certains petits cantons de la Suisse." — Aniphe, Hist. Rom. ii. 310. The Curia was capable of containing six hundred sena- tors, their number in the time of the Gracchi. It had no tribune, — each s])cakcr rose in turn and spoke in his place. Here was " the hall of asseml)ly in which the fate of the world was decided." The Curia was destroyed by fire, whicli it cauglit from the funeral pyre of Clodius. Around the Curia stood many statues of Romans who had rendered • Cicero de Off. ii. 25. t Livy, iii. 48. I Pliny, xv. 29. COLUMN OF niOCAS. i8i especial service to the state. The Curia Julia occupied the site of the Curia Hostilia in the early part of the reign of Augustus. Close by the old Curia was the Basilica Porcia, built by Cato the Censor, which was likewise burnt down at the funeral of Clodius. Near this, the base of the rostral column, Colonna Dtdlia, has been found. Opposite the Basilica Julia, in the depth of the Forum, is the Column of Pliocas, raised to that emperor by the exarch Smaragdus in 608. This is — " The nameless column with a buried base," of Byron, but is now neither nameless nor buried, its pedestal having been laid bare by the Duchess of Devonshire in 1813, and bearing an inscription which shows an origin that no one ever anticipated. "In the age of Phocas (602—610), the art of erecting a column like that of Trajan or M. Aurelius had been lost. A large and handsome Corinthian pillar, taken from some temple or basilica, was therefore placed in the Forum, on a huge pyramidal basis quite out of proportion to it, and was surmounted with a statue of Phocas in gilt bronze. It has so little the appearance of a monumental column, that for a lo^g while it was thouglit to belong to some ruined building, till, in 1813, the inscription was discovered. The name of Phocas had, indeed, been erased ; but that it must have been dedicated to him is shown by the dale. . . . The base of this column, discovered by the excavations of 1 816 to have rested on the ancient pavement of the Forum, proves that this former centre of Roman life was still, at the beginning of the seventh century, unencumbered with ruins." — Dyci^s History of the City of Rome. " Ce monument et I'inscription qui I'accompagne sont precieux pour I'histoire, car ils montrent le dernier terme de I'avilissement oil Rome devait tomber. Smaragdus est le premier magistral de Rome, — mais ce magistral est un prefet, I'elu du pouvoir imperial et non de ses con- citoyens ; — il commande, non, il est vrai, a la capitale du monde, mais au chef-lieu du duclie de Rome. Ce prefet, qui n'est coimu de I'histoire que par ses laches menagements envers les Barbares, imagine de vokr une colonne a un beau temple, au temple d'un empereur de quelque i82 VVALA'S IN ROME. merite, pour la dedier a iin execrable tyran monte sur le trone par des assassinats, au meurtrier de I'empereur Maurice, a I'ignoble Phocas, que tout le monde connait, grace a Corneille, qui I'a encore trop menage. Et le plat drole ose appeler tres-clement celui qui fit egorger sous les yeux de Maurice ses quatre fils avant de I'egorger lui-meme. II decerne le titre de triomphateur a Phocag, qui laissa conquerir par Chosroes une bonne part de 1' empire. II ose ecrire : ' pour les innombrables bienfaits de sa piete, pour le repos procure a I'ltalie et a la liberie.' Ainsi I'histoire monumentale de la Rome de I'empire finit honteusement par un hommage ridicule de la bassesse a la violence." — Avipirc, Evip. ii. 389. A little behind the Column of Phocas are the marble slabs commemorating the sacrifices called Suovetaurilia, consisting of a pig, a sheep, and an o.x, animals which are sculptured here in bold relief. On the side towards the Capitol a number of figures are represented, amongst them a woman presenting a child to the emperor, in reference to Trajan's asylum for orphans, or for those who were too poor to bring up their children. On the other side is a burning of deeds in reference to the famous remission of debts by Trajan. Beyond this, on the left, the base of the famous statue of Uomitian has been discovered as cicscribed by Statins : "Ipse loci custos, cujus sacrata vorago, Famosusque lacus nomen memorabile servat." Silv. i. 66. Here the Via Sacra turns, almost continuing the Vicus Tuscus. On its right, on a line with the Temple of the Dioscuri, has been discovered the base of the small Temple of Julius Caesar (ylules Divi Julii),* which was surrounded with a colonnade of closely-placed columns and surmounted by a statue of the deified triumvir. 'Hiis was the first temple in Rome which was dedicated to a mortal. " Fralribus assimilis, quos proxima tcmpla tcnentcs Divus ab cxccLsa Julius cede videt." Ovid, Pont. El. ii. 2. • Vitruvius, iii. i SITE OF THE TEMPLE OF JULIUS CAESAR. 183 Dion Cassius narrates that this temple was erected on the spot where the body of JuHus was burnt. It was adorned by Augustus with the beaks of the vessels taken in the battle of Actium, and hence obtained the name of Rostra Julia. He also placed here the statue of Venus Anadyo- mene of Apelles, because Csesar had claimed descent from that goddess. Here, in a.d. 14, the body of Augustus, being brought from Nola, where he died, was placed upon a bier, while Tiberius pronounced a funeral oration over it, before it was carried to the Campus Martius. The road turns again in front of the remains of the Temple of Antoninus and Faustina, erected by the flattery of the senate to the memory of the licentious Empress Faus- tina, the faithless wife of Antoninus Pius, whom they ele- vated to the rank of a goddess. Her husband, dying before its completion, was associated in her honours, and the in- scription, which still remains on the portico, is " Divo an- TONINO ET DivyE FAUSTiN/E. EX. s. c." The front of the temple is adorned with eight columns of cipolino, forty-three feet high, supporting a frieze ornamented with griffins and candelabra. The effect of these remains would be mag- nificent if the modern road were removed, and the temple were laid bare in its full height, with the twenty-one steps which formerly led to it. It is also greatly injured by the hideous Church of S. Lorenzo in Miranda, which encloses the cella of the temple, and whose name, says Ampere, naively expresses the admiration in which its builders held these remains.* On the left we now reach the Church of SS. Cosmo and Damian, considered by Nibby and others to occupy the * Ajnpfere, Emp. ii. 223. 1 84 WALKS IN ROME. site of a temple of Remus. Ampere has since proved that this temple never existed, and that the remains are those of a Temple of the Penates, rebuilt by Augustus. Here Valerius Publicola had a house, to which he removed from the Velia, in deference to the wishes of the Roman people. " Le sentiment d'effroi que la demeure feodale des Valerius causait, etait pareille a celui qu'inspiraient aux Romains du moyen age les tours des barons, que le peuple, des qu'il etait le maitre, se hatait de demolir. Valerius n'attendit pas qu'on se portat a cette extremite, et il vint habiler au pied de la Velia. C'est le premier triomphe des plebeiens sur I'aristocratie romaine et la premiere concession de cette aristocratie." — -Anipcre, Hist. Rom. ii. 274. A little further on are three gigantic arches, being all that remains of the magnificent Basilica of Cojistatitine, which was 320 feet in length and 235 feet in width. The existing ruins are those of one of the aisles of the basilica. There are traces of an entrance towards the Coliseum. The roof was supported by eight Corinthian columns, of which one, remaining here till the time of Paul V., was removed by him to the piazza of Sta. Maria Maggiore, where it still stands. This site was previously occupied by the Temple of Peace, burnt down in the time of Commodus. This temple was the great museum of Rome under the empire, and contained the seven-branched candlestick and other treasures brought from Jerusalem,* as well as all the works of art which had been collected in the palace of Nero and which were removed hither by Vespasian. A .statue of the Nile, with children playing around it, is mentioned by I'liny as among the sights in the temple of Peace, t • Josoi)hus, vii. 37. t riiny, xxxvi. 7. CAMrO VACCINO. 185 It was near this that the Via Sacra was crossed by the Arch of Fab ins, erected B.C. 121, in honour of the conqueror of the AUobroges, — the then inhabitants of Savoy. Close to this portion of the Via Sacra also stood a statue of Valeria, daughter of Publicola, by whom the honours of the virgin Clo^lia were disputed. Besides those v/hich we have noticed, there is mention in classical authors of many other buildings and statues which were once crowded into this narrow space ; but all trace of many even of those enumerated is still buried many feet below the soil. The modern name of Campo Vaccina, by which the Forum is now known, is supposed by some antiquaries to be derived from Vitruvius Vacco, who once had a house there. "La guerre aux habitants de Privernum (Piperno) rattaclie a une localite du Palatin. . . . Les habitants de Fondi avaient fait cause commune avec les habitants de Privemum. Lour chef, Vitmvius Vacca, possedait une maison sur le Palatin ; c'etait un homme considerable dans son pays et mcme k Rome. lis dcmanderent et obtinrent grace. Privernum fut pris, et Vitruvius Vacca, qui s'y etait refugic, conduit \ Rome, enferme dans le prison Mamertine pour y etre garde jusqu'au retour du consul, et alors battu de verges et mis a mort ; sa maison du Palatin fut rasee, et le lieu ou elle avait etc garda le nom de Prh de VaccaP — Ampere, Histoire Romaine, iii. 17. But the name will seem singularly appropriate to those who are familiar with the groups of meek-faced oxen of the Campagna, which are always to be seen lying in the .shade under the trees of the Forum, or drinking at its water-troughs. " ' Romanoque Foro et lautis mugire Carinis.' "Cavers m'a toujours profondement frappe, lorsque je traversais le Forum, aujourd'hui Campo-Vaccino (le champ du betail) ; je voyais en 1 86 WALKS IN HOME. effet presque toujours a son extremite des boeufs couches au pied dii Palatin. Virgile, se reportant de la Rome de son temps a la Rome ancienne d'Evandre, ne trouvait pas d'image plus frappante du change- ment produit par les siecles, que la presence d'un troupeau de boeufs dans le lieu destine a etre le Forum. Eh bien, le jour devait venir ou ce qui etait pour Virgile un passe lointain et presque incroy- able se reproduirait dans la suite des ages ; le Forum devait etre de nouveau un lieu agreste, ses magnificences s'en aller et les boeufs y revenir. " J'aimais a les contempler a travers quelques colonnes moins vieilles que les souvenirs qu'ils me retracaient, reprenant possession de ce sol d'ou les avait chasses la liberte, la gloire, Ciceron, Cesar, et ou devait les ramener la plus grande vicissitude de I'historie, la destruction de I'empire romain per les barbares. Ce que Virgile trouvait si etrange dans le passe n'etonne plus dans le present ; les bceufs mugissent au Forum ; ils s'y couchent et y ruminent aujourd'hui, de meme qu'au temps d'Evandre et comme s'il n'etait rien arrive." — Ampere, Hist. Rom. i. 211. " In many a heap the ground Heaves, is if Ruin in a frantic mood Had done his utmost. Here and there appears, As left to show his handy-work not ours, An idle column, a half-buried arch, A wall of some great temple. It was once, And long, the centre of their Universe, The Forum — whence a mandate, eagle- winged. Went to the ends of the earth. Let us descend Slowly. At every step much may be lost. The very dust we tread stirs as with life. And not a breath but from the ground sends up Something of human grandeur. • * * » * Now all is changed ; and here, as in the wild, The day is silent, dreary as the night ; None stirring, save the herdsman and his herd. Savage alike ; or they that would explore. Discuss, and learnedly ; or they that come, (And tliere are many who have crossed the earth,) 'J'hat they may give the hours to meditation, And wander, often saying to themselves, 'Tliis was the Roman Forum !'" Rogers' Italy. FORUM ROMANUM. 187 "We descended into the Forum, the light fast fading away and throw- ing a kindred soberness over the scene of ruin. The soil has risen from rubbish at least fifteen feet, so that no wonder that the hills look lower than they used to do, having been never very considerable at the first. There it was one scene of desolation, from the massy foundation-stones- of the Capitoline Temple, which were laid by Tarquinius the Proud, to a single pillar erected in honour of Phocas, the eastern emperor, in the fifth century. What the fragments of pillars belonged to, perhaps we can never know ; but that I think matters little. I care not whether it was a temple of Jupiter Stater or the Basilica Julia, but one knows that one is on the ground of the Forum, under the Capitol, the place where the tribes assembled, and the' orators spoke ; the scene, in short, of all the internal struggles of the Roman people." — Arnold'' s yournal. "They passed the solitary column of Phocas, and looked down into the excavated space, where a confusion of pillars, arches, pavements, and shattered blocks and shafts — the crumbs of various ruins dropt from the devouring maw of Time — stand, or lie, at the base of the Capitoline Hill. That renowned hillock (for it is little more) now rose abruptly above them. The ponderous masonry, with which the hillside is built up, is as old as Rome itself, and looks likely to endure while the world retains any substance or permanence. It once sustained the Capitol, and now bears up the great pile which the medijeval builders raised on the antique foundation, and that still loftier tower, which looks abroad upon a larger page of deeper historic interest than any other scene can show. On the same pedestal of Roman masonry, other structures will doubt- less arise, and vanish like ephemeral things. "To a spectator on the spot, it is remarkable that the events of Roman history, and of Roman life itself, appear not so distant as the Gothic ages which succeeded them. We stand in the Forum, or on the height of the Capitol, and seem to see the Roman epoch close at hand. We forget that a chasm extends between it and ourselves, m which lie all those dark, rude, unlettered centuries, around the birthtime of Christi- anity, as well as the age of chivalry and romance, the feudal system, and the infancy of a better civilization than that of Rome. Or, if we re- member these mediaeval times, they look further off than the Augustan age. The reason may be, that the old Roman literature survives, and creates for us an intimacy with the classic ages, which we have no means of forming with the subsequent ones. "The Italian climate, moreover, robs age of its reverence, and makes it look nearer than it is. Not the Coliseum, nor the tombs of the 1 88 WALKS IN- ROME. Appian Way, nor the oldest pillar in the Forum, nor any other Roman ruin, be it as dilapidated as it may, ever give the impression of venerable antiquity which we gather, along with the ivy, from the grey walls of an English abbey or castle. And yet every brick and stone, which we pick up among the former, had fallen, ages before the foundation of the latter was begun." — Hawthoi-ne, Transformation. "A Rome, vous marchez sur les pierres qui out ete les dieux de Cesar et de Pompee : vous considerez la ruine de ces grands ouvrages, dont la vieillesse est encore belle, et vous vous promenerez tous les jours parmi les histoires et les fables. ... II n'y a que Rome ou la vie soit agreable, ou le corps trouve ses plaisirs et I'esprit les siens, ou Ton est a la source des belles choses. Rome est cause que vous n'etes plus barbares, elle vous a appris la civilite et la religion. ... II est certain que je ne monte jamais au Palatin ni au Capitole que je n'y change d' esprit, et qu'il ne me vienne d'autres pensees que les miennes ordinaires. Cet air m'inspire quelque chose de grand et de genereux que je n'avais point auparavant : si je reve deux heures au bord du Tibre, je suis aussi savant que si j'avais etudie huit jours." — Balzac. Before leaving the Forum we must turn from its classical to its mediceval remains, and examine the very interesting group of churches which have sprung up amid its ruins. Almost opposite the Mamcrtine Prisons, surmounted by a handsome dome, is the Church of Sta. Alarthia, which contains the original model, bequeathed by the sculptor Thorwaldsen, of his Copenhagen statue of Christ in the act of benediction. The opposite transept contains a very in- ferior statue of Religion by Canova. The figure of Sta. Martina by Guervii reposes beneath the high altar. The subterranean church is well worth visiting. An ante-chapel adorned with statues of four virgin martyrs leads to a chapel erected at the cost and from the designs of Pietro da Cor- tona, whose tomb stands near its entrance, with a fine bust by Bernini. In the centre of the inner chapel lamps are burning round the magnificent bronze altar which covers the shrine of Sta. Martina, and beneath it, you can discover the martyr's tomb by the light of a torch which a monk lets down CHURCH OF STA. MARTINA. 189 through a hole. In the tribune is an ancient throne. A side chapel contains the grave in which the body of the virgin saint, with three other martyrs, her companions, was found in 1634 : it is adorned with a fine bas-relief by Algardi. "At the foot of the Capitoline hill, on the left hand as we descend from the Ara Coeli into the Forum, there stood in very ancient times a small chapel dedicated to Sta. Martina, a Roman virgin, who was martyred in the persecution under Alexander Severus. The veneration paid to her was of very early date, and the Roman people were accus- tomed to assemble there on the first da,y of 'the year. This observance was, however, confined to the people, and not very general till 1634; an era which connects her in rather an interesting manner with the history of art. In this year, as they were about to repair her chapel, they discovered, walL'd into the foundations, a sarcophagus of terra-cotta, in which was the body of a young female, whose severed head reposed in a separate casket. These remains were very naturally supposed to be those of the saint who had been so long venerated on that spot. The discovery was hailed with the utmost exultation, not by tlie people only, but by those who led the minds and consciences of the people. The pope himself, Urban VIII., composed hymns in her praise ; and Cardinal Francesco Barberini undertook to rebuild her church. Amongst those who shared the general enthusiasm was the painter, Pietro da Cortona, who was at Rome at the time, who very earnestly dedicated himself and his powers to tlie glorification of Sta. Martina. Her diurch had already been given to the Academy of Painters, and consecrated to St. Luke, their patron saint. It is now ' San Luca and Santa Martina.' Pietro da Cortona erected at his own cost, the chapel of Sta. Martina, and when he died, endowed it with his whole fortune. He painted for the altarpiece his best picture, in which the saint is represented as triumphing over the idols, while the temple in which she has been led to sacrifice, is struck by lightning from heaven, and falls in ruins around her. In a votive picture of Sta. Martina kneeling at the feet of the Virgin and Child, she is represented as very young and lovely ; near her, a horrid instrument of torture, a two-pronged fork with barbed extremities, and the lictor's axe, signifying the manner of her death." — Jainesoii's Sao'cJ a^id Legendary Art. The feast of the saint is observed here on Jan. 30, with much solemnity. Then in all the Roman churches is sung the Hymn of Sta, Martina — 190 WALJvS IN ROME. " Martinse celebri plaudite nomini, Gives Romulei, plaudite glorise ; Insignem mentis dicite virginem, Christi dicite martyiem. Hsec dum conspicuis orta parentibus Inter delicias, inter amabiles Luxus illecebras, ditibus affluit FaustK muneribus domus. Vitas despiciens commoda, dedicat Se rerum Domino, et munifica manu Christi pauperibus distribuens opes Quaerit pra;mia coelitum. A nobis abigas hibrica gaudia Tu, qui martyribus dexter ades, Deus Une et trine : tuis da famulis jubar, Quo clemens animos beas. Amen." There is nothing especial to notice in S. Adriafio, which is built in the ruins of the basilica of Emilius Paulus, or in S. Lorenzo in Miranda, which occupies the temple of Anto- ninus and Faustina, but Sta. Maria Liberatrice, built on the site of the house of Numa and the convent of the Vestals, commemorates by its name a curious legend of the fourth century. On this site, it is said, dwelt in a cave, a terrible dragon who had slain three hundred persons with the poison of his breath. Into this cave, instructed thereto by St. Peter, and entrusting himself to the care of the Virgin, descended St. Silvester the Pope, attended by two acolytes bearing torches, and here, having pronounced the name of Christ, he was miraculously enabled to bind the dragon, and to shut him up till the day of Judgment. But when he ascended in safety, he found at the mouth of the cave two magicians who had followed him in the hope of CHURCH OF SS. COSMO AND DA MI AM. 191 discovering some imposture, dying from the poison of the dragon's breath, — and these also he saved ahve. We now reach the circular building which has been so long known as the temple of Remus. To the right of the entrance are two pillars of cipolino, almost buried in the soil. The porphyry pillars at the entrance, supporting a richly sculptured cornice, were probably set up in their present position when the temple was turned into a church. The bronze doors were brought fronl Perugia. If, as is now supposed, the temple on this site was that of the Penates, the protectors against all kinds of illness and misfortune, the modern dedication to the protecting physicians Cosmo and Damian may have had some reference to that which went before. The Church of .SxS', Cosmo and Daviiano was founded within the ancient temple by Pope Felix IV. in 527, and restored by Adrian I. in 780. In 1633 the whole building was modernized by Urban VIII., who, in order to raise it to the present level of the soil, cut the ancient church in half by the vaulting which now divides the upper and lower churches. To visit the lower church a monk must be summoned, who will bring a torch. This is well worth while. It is of great size, and contains a curious well into which Christian martyrs in the time of Nero are said to have been precipitated. The tomb of the martyrs Cosmo and Damian is beneath the altar, which is formed of beautiful transparent marble. Under a side altar is the grave of Felix IV. The third and lowest church (the original crypt) which is very small, is said to have been a place of refuge during the early Christian persecutions. PI ere is shown the altar at which Felix IV. celebrated mass 192 WALK'S IN ROME. while his converts were hiding here — the grave in which the body of the pope was afterwards discovered — and a miracu- lous spring, still flowing, which is said to have burst forth in answer to his prayers that he might have wherewithal to baptize his disciples. A passage which formerly led from hence to the Catacombs of St. Sebastian, was walled up, twenty years ago, by the paternal government, because twenty persons were lost in it. In this crypt were found the famous " Pianta Capitolina," now preserved in the Capitol. In the upper church, on the right of the entrance from the circular vestibule into the body of the building is this inscription — • " L'imaj^nne di Madonna Santissima che esiste all' altar magg. parlo a S. Gregorio Papa dicendogli, ' Perche piu non mi saluti mentre pas- sando eri solito salutarmi ? ' II santo domando perdona e concesse a quelli che celebrano in quell' altare la liberazione dell' anima dal pur- gatorio, cioe per quell' anima per la quale si celebra la messa."* Another inscription narrates — "Gregorius primus concessit omnibus et singulis visitantibus eccle- siam islam sanctorum Cosmaa et Damiani mille annos de indulgentia, et in die stationis cjusdem ecclesice idem Gregorius concessit decem millia annorum de indulgentia." Among the many relics preserved in this church are, " Una ampulla lactis Beat^e Mariae Virginis " ; " De Domo Sanctoe Mariai Magdalenoe"; " De Domo Sancti Zacharia; profeta ! " Deserving of the most minute attention is the grand mosaic of Christ — coming on the clouds of sunset. "Tlic mosaics of .S..S. Cosmo and Damian (a. D. 526 — 530) are the finest of ancient Christian Rome. Above the arch appear, on each side • Sec Percy's Romanism. CHURCH OF SS. COSMO AND DAMIAM. 193 of the Lamb, four angels, of excellent but somewhat severe style ; then follow various apocalyptic emblems : a modern walling up having left but few traces of the four and twenty elders. A gold surface, dimmed by age, with little purple clouds, forms the background : though in Rome, at least, at both an earlier and later date, a blue ground prevailed. In the apsis itself, upon a dark blue ground, with golden-edged clouds, is seen the colossal figure of Christ ; the right hand raised, either in benediction or teaching, the left holding a written scroll ; above is the hand, which is the emblem of the First Person of the Trinity. Below, on each side, the apostles Peter and Paul are leading SS. Cosmo and Damiano, each with crowns on their heads, towards the Saviour, fol- lowed by St. Theodore on the right, and by'Pope Felix IV., the founder of the church, on the left. This latter, unfortunately, is an entirely restored figure. Two palm-trees, sparkling with gold, above one of whicli appears the emblem of eternity, the phosnix — with a star-shaped nimbus, close the composition on each side. Further below, indicated by water-plants, sparkling also with gold, is the river Jordan. The figure of Christ may be regarded as one of the most marvellous speci- mens of the art of the middle ages. Countenance, attitude, and drapery combine to give him an expression of quiet majesty, which, for many- centuries after, is not found again in equal beauty and freedom. The drapery, especially, is disposed in noble folds, and only in its somewhat too ornate details is a further departure from the antique observable. The saints are not as yet arranged in stiff parallel forms, but are ad- vancing forward, so that their figures appear somewhat distorted, while we already remark something constrained and inanimate in their step. The apostles Peter and Paul wear the usual ideal costume. SS. Cosmo and Damiano are attired in the late Roman dress : violet mantles, in gold stuff, with red embroideries of oriental barbaric effect. Otherwise the chief motives of the drapery are of great beauty, though somewhat too abundant in folds. The high lights are brought out by gold and other sparkling materials, producing a gorgeous play of colour which relieves the figures vigorously from the dark blue background. Altogether, a feeling for cijlour is here displayed, of which no later mosaics with gold grounds give any idea. The heads, with the excep- tion of the principal figure, are animated and individual, though without any particular depth of expression ; somewhat elderly, also, in physio- gnomy, but still far removed from any Byzantine stiffness ; St. Peter has already the bald head, and St. Paul the short brown hair and dark beard, by which they were afterwards recognizable. Under this chief composition, on a gold ground, is seen the Lamb upon a hill, with the four rivers of Paradise, and the twelve sheep on either hand. The VOL. I. 13 1 94 Jr.lLA'S LV li OME. great care of execution is seen in the five or six gradations of tints whicli tlie artist has adopted." — Kuglcr, SS. Cosmo and Damian, to whom this church is dedi- cated, were two Arabian physicians who exercised their art from charity. They suffered under Diocletian. " First they were thrown into the sea, but an angel saved them ; and then into the fire, but the fire refused to burn them ; then they were bound to crosses and stoned, but the stones either fell harmless or rebounded on their executioners and killed them, so then the pro-consul Lycias, believing them to be sorcerers, comn:ianded that they should be beheaded, and thus they died." SS. Cosmo and Damian were the patron saints of the Medici, and their gilt statues were carried in state at the coronation of Leo X. (Giovanni de' Medici). Their fame is general in many parts of France, where their fete is celebrated by a village fair — children who ask for their fairing of a toy or gingerbread calling it their " St. Come." " It is related that a certain man, who Avas afflicted with a cancer in his leg, went to perform his devotions in the Church SS. Cosmo and Damian at Rome, and he prayed most earnestly that these beneficent saints would be pleased to aid him. When he had prayed, a deep sleep fell upon him. Then he beheld St. Cosmo and St. Damian, who stood beside him ; and one carried a box of ointments, and the other a sharp knife. And one said, ' Wiiat shall we do to replace this diseased leg when we have cut it off?' And the other replied, 'There is a Moor who has been buried just now at St. Pietro in Vincoli ; let us take his leg for the purpose.' So they brought the leg of the dead man, and with it they replaced the leg of the sick man ; anointing it with celestial ointment, so that he remained whole. When he awoke he ahnost doubted vvhctlier it could be himself; but his neighbours, seeing that he was healed, looked into the tomb of the Moor, and found that lliere had been an exchange of legs : and thus the truth of this great miracle was jiroved to all beholders." — Mrs. jfamcsoit, from llie Lcirditda Aurea. CHURCH OF STA. FRANCESCA ROMANA. 195 Just beyond the basilica of Constantine, stands tlie Church of Sia. Francesca Romana, which is full of interest. It was first built by St. Sylvester on the site of the temple of Venus and dedicated to the Virgin, under the title of Sta. Maria Antica. It was rebuilt in a.d. 872 by John VIII., who resided in the adjoining monastery during his pontificate. An ancient picture attributed to St. Luke, brought from Troy in iioo, was the only object in this church which was preserved when the building was totally destroyed by fire in 12 16, after which the church, then called Sta. Maria Nuova, was restored by Honorius III. During the restoration, the ])icture was kept at S. Adriano, and its being brought back led to a contest amongst the people, which was ended by a child exclaiming — " What are you doing? the Madonna is already in her own church." She had betaken herself thither none knew how. In the twelfth century the church was given to the Lateran Canons, in the fourteenth to the Olivetan monks; under Eugenius IV., the latter extended their boundaries so fl;r that they included the Coliseum, but their walls were forced down in the succeeding pontificate. Gregory XL, Paul IL, and Csesar Borgia, were cardinals of Sta. Maria Novella. In 1440 the name was changed to that of Sta. Francesca Romana, when that saint, Francesca de' Pon- ziani, foundress of the Order of Oblates, was buried here. Her tomb was erected in 1640 by Donna Agata Pamfili, sister of Innocent X., herself an Oblate. It is from the designs of Bernini, and is rich in marbles. The figure was not added till 1S68. " After tlie death of Francesca, her body remained during a night and a day at the Ponziani Palace, the Oblates watching by turns over 196 WALKS IX ROME. the beloved remains. . . . Francesca's face, which had recently borne traces of age and suffering, became as beautiful again as in the days of youth and prosperity; and the astonished bystanders gazed wiih wonder and awe at her unearthly loveliness. Many of them carried away particles from her clothes, and employed them for the cure of several persons who had been considered beyond the possibility of recovery. In the course of the day the crowd augmented to a degree which alarmed the inhabitants of the palace, Battista Ponziani took measures to have the body removed at once to the church, and a pro- cession of the regular and secular clergy escorted the venerated remains to Santa Maria Nuova, where they were to be interred. "The popular feeling burst forth on the occasion ; it was no longer to be restrained. Francesca was invoked by the crowd, and her beloved name was heard in every street, in every piazza, in every comer of the Eternal City. It flew from mouth to mouth, it seemed to float in the air, to be borne aloft by the grateful enthusiasm of a whole people, who had seen her walk to that church by her mother's side in her holy childhood ; who had seen her kneel at that altar in the grave beauty of womanhood, in the hour of bereavement, and now in death, carried thither in state, she the gentle, the humble saint of Rome, the poor woman of the Trastevere, as she was sometimes called at her own desire." — Lady G. Fullcrtoii^s IJfc of Sta. Francesca Romana. A chapel on the riglit of the chtirch contains the monument of Cardinal Vtilcani, 1322, supporting his figure, with Faith, Hope, and Charity sculptured in high rehcf below. Near the door is that of Cardinal Adimari, 1432, who died here after an ineffectual mission to the anti-pope Pedro da' Luna. In the left transept was a fine Periigino (removed 1867); in the right transept is the tomb of Pope Gregory XL, by Pietro Paolo Olivieri, erected by the senate in gratitude for his having restored the papal court to Rome from Avignon. A bas-relief represents his triumplial entry, with SL Catherine of Siena, by whose en- treaties he was induced to return, walking before his mule. A breach in the walls indicates the ruinous state into which Rome had fallen, llie cliair of St. Peter is represented as CHURCH OF STA. FRAiXCESCA ROMANA. 197 floating back through the air, wliile an angel carries the papal tiara and keys ; a metaphorical figure of Rome is coming forth to welcome the pope. "The greatest part of the praise due to Gregory's return to Rome belongs to St. Catlierine of Siena, who, with infinite courage, travelled to Avignon, and persuaded the pope to return, and by his presence to dispel the evils which disgraced Italy, in consequence of the absence of the popes. Thus it is not to be wondered at, that those writers, who rightly understand the matter, should have said that Catherine, the virgin of Siena, brought back to God the abandoned apostolical chair upon her shoulders." — UglielU, Ital. Sacra, vi. col. 45. Near Pope Gregory's tomb some blackened marks in the wall are shown as holes made by the (gigantic) knees of St. Peter, when he knelt to pray that Simon Magus might be dropped by the demons he had invoked to support him in the air, which he is said to have done to show his power on this spot. "When the error of Simon was spreading farther and farther, the illustrious pair of men, Peter and Paul, the rulers of the Church, arrested it by going thither, who suddenly exliibited as dead, Simon, the putative God, on his appearance. For when Simon declared that he would ascend aloft into heaven, the servants of God cast him headlong to tlie earth, and though this occurrence was wonderful in itself, it was not wonderful under the circumstances, for it was Peter who did it, he who bears with him the keys of heaven. ... it was Paul who did it, he who was caught up into the third heaven." — St. Cyril of ycrusakin. "Simon promised to fly. and thus ascentl to the heavenly abodes. On the day agreed upon, he went to the Capitoline hill, and throwing himself from the rock, began his ascent. Then Peter, standing in the midst, said, 'O Lord Jesus, show him that his arts are in vain.' Hardly had the words been uttered, when the wings which Simon had made use of became entangled, and he fell. His thigh was fractured, never to be healed, — and some time afterwards, the unhappy man died at Aretia, whither he had retired after his discomfiture." — St. Ambrose.* * See the whole question of Simon Magus discussed in Watenvoith's "England and Rome." 198 WALKS IN ROME. "There can be no doubt that there existed in the first century a Simon, a Samaritan, a pretender to divine authority and supernatural powers ; who, for a time, had many followers ; who stood in a certain relation to Christianity ; and who may have held some opinions more or less similar to those entertained by the most famous heretics of the early ages, the Gnostics. Irenaus calls this Simon the father of all heretics. 'All those,' he says, 'who in any way corrujDt the truth, or mar the preaching of the Church, are disciples and successors of Simon, the Samaritan magician.' Simon gave himself forth as a God, and carried about with him a beautiful woman named Helena, whom he represented as the first conception of his — that is, of the divine — mind, the symbol and manifestation of that portion of spirituality which had become entangled in matter." — JainesoHs Sacred Art, p. 204. The vault of the tribune is covered with mosaics. "The restored tribune mosaics (a.d. 85S-SS7, during the ponti- ficate of Nicholas I.), close the list of Roman Byzantine works. By their time it had become apparent that such figures as the art of the day was alone able to achieve, could have no possible relation to each other, and therefore no longer constitute a composition ; the artists accordingly separated the Madonna on the throne, and the four saints with uplifted hands, by graceful arcades. The ground is gold, the nimbuses blue. The faces consist only of feeble lines — the cheeks are only red blotches; the folds merely dark strokes; nevertheless a certain flow and fulness in the forms, and the character of a few accessories (for instance, the exchange of a crown upon the Virgin's head for the invariable Byzantine veil), seem to indicate that we have not so much to do here with the decline of Byzantine art, as with a northern and probably Frankish influence." — Kuglcr. The convent attached to this church was tlie abode of Tasso during his first visit to Rome. behind Sta. Franccsca Romana, and facing the CoHseum, are the remains generally known as the Taiiple of Venus and Rome, also called Tcmplum Urbis (now sometimes called by objectors the " Portico of Livia"), which, if this name is the correct one, was originally planned by the Emperor TEMPLE OF VENUS AND ROME. 199 Hadrian to rival the Forum of Trajan, erected by the archi- tect Apollodorus. It was built upon a site previously occu- pied by the atrium of Nero's Golden House. Little remains standing except a cella facing the Coliseum, and another in the cloisters of the adjoining convent (these, perhaps, being restorations by Maxentius, c. 307, after a fire had destroyed most of the building of Hadrian), Init the sur- rounding grassy height is positively littered with fragments of the grey granite columns which once formed the grand portico (400 by 200 feet) of the building. A large mass of Corinthian cornice remains near the cella facing the Colis- eum. This was the last pagan temple which remained in use in Rome.'^ It was only closed by Theodosius in 391, and remained entire till 625, when Pope Honorius carried off the bronze tiles of its roof to St. Peter's. " Ac sacram resonare viam mugitibus, ante Delubrum Roma; ; colitur nam sanguine et ipsa More dese, nomenqiie loci, ceu numen, habetur. Atque Urbis, Venerisque pari se culmine tollunt Templa, simul geminis adolentur thura deabus." Prndcntiiis contr. Symm. v. 214. "When about to construct his magnificent temple of Venus and Rome, Hadrian produced a design of his own and showed it with proud satisfaction to the architect Apollodorus. The creator of the Trajan column remarked with a sneer that the deities, if they rose from their seats, must thrust their heads through the ceiling. The emperor, we are assured, could not forgive this banter ; but we can hardly take to the letter the statement that he put his critic to death for it." — Merivak, ch. Ixvi. In front of this temple stood the bronze statue of Clojlia, mentioned by Livy and Seneca, and (till the sixth centur} ) • Prudentius contra Symmac. i. i, 25. 200 WALKS IN ROME. the bronze elephants mentioned by Cassiodorus. Nearer the CoUseum may still be seen the remains of the founda- tion prepared by Hadrian for the Colossal Statue of Nero, executed in bronze by Zenodorus. This statue was twice moved, first by Vespasian, in a.d. 75, that it might face the chief entrance of his amphitheatre,* whose plan had been already laid out. At the same time — though it was a striking likeness of Nero — its head was surrounded with rays that it might represent Apollo. In its second position it is described by Martial : " Hie ubi sidereus propius videt astra colossus Et crescuiit media pegmata celsa via, Invidiosa feri radiabant atria regis, Unaque jam tola stabat in urbe domus." De Sped. ii. It was again moved (with the aid of forty-two elephants), a few yards further north, by Hadrian, when he built his temple of Venus and Rome. Pliny describes the colossus as no, Dion Cassias as 100 feet high. "Hadrian employed an architect named Decrianus to remove the colossus of Nero, the face of which liad been altered into a Sol. He does not seem to have accomplished the design of Apollodorus to erect a companion statue of Luna." — Mcrivalc, ch. Ixvi. Near the Cliurch of Sla. Franccsca the Via Sacra passes imdcr the Arch of I'/tiis, which, even in its restored con- dition, is the most beautiful monument of the kind remain- ing in Rome. Its Christian interest is unrivalled, from its liaving been erected by the senate to commemorate the taking of Jerusalem, and from its bas-reliefs of the seven- l)ranclied candlestick and other treasures of the Jewish 'I'cmplc. In mediaeval times it was called the Arch of the * Dion Cassiiis, Ixvi. 15. ARCH OF TITUS. 201 Seven Candlesticks (septem lucernarum) from the bas- relief of the candlestick, concerning which Gregorovius remarks, that the fantastic figures carved upon it prove that it was not an exact likeness of that which came from Jeni- salcm. The bas-reliefs are now greatly mutilated, but they are shown in their perfect state in a drawing of GiuHano di Sangallo. On the frieze is the sacred river Jordan, as an aged man, borne on a bier. The arch, which was in a very ruinous condition, had been engrafted in the middle ages into a fortress tower called Turris Cartularia, and so it remained till the present century. This tower originally formed the entrance to tlie vast fortress of the powerful Frangipani family, which included the Coliseum and a great part of the Palatine and Coelian hills ; and here, above the gate, Pope Urban II. dwelt in 1093, under the protection of Giovanni Frangipani. The arch was repaired by Pius VII., who replaced in travertine the lost marble portions at the top and sides. " Standing beneath the arch of Titus, and amid so much ancient dust, it is difficult to forbear the commonplaces of enthusiasm, on which hun- dreds of tourists have ah^eady insisted. Over the half-worn pavement, and beneath this arch, the Roman armies had trodden in their outward march, to fight battles, a world's width away. Returning victorious, with royal captives, and inestimable spoil, a Roman triumph, that most gorgeous pageant of earthly pride, has streamed and flaunted in hundred- fold succession over these same flagstones, and through this yet stalwart archway. It is politic, however, to make few allusions to such a past ; nor is it wise to suggest how Cicero's feet may have stepped on yonder stone, or how Horace was wont to stroll near by, making his footsteps chime with the measure of the ode that was ringing in his mind. The very ghosts of that massive and stately epoch have so much density that the people of to-day seem the thinner of the two, and stand more ghost- like by the arches and columns, letting the rich sculpture be discerned through their ill-comi^acted substance." — Hawthorne, Transformation. 202 WALK'S lY IWME. " We passed on to the arch of Titus. Amongst the rehefs there is the figure of a man bearing the golden candlestick from the Temple at Jerusalem, as one of the spoils of the triumph. Yet He who abandoned His visible and local temple to the hands of the heathen for the sins of His nominal worshippers, has taken to Him His great power, and has gotten Him glory by destroying the idols of Rome as He had done the idols of Babylon ; and the golden candlestick burns and shall bum with an everlasting light, while the enemies of His holy name, Babylon, Rome, or the carcass of sin in every land, which the eagles of His wrath will surely find out, perish for ever from before Him." — Arnold's jfoHnial. "The Jewish trophies are sculptured in bas-relief on the inside of the arch beneath the vaulting. Opposite to these is another bas-relief repre- senting Titus in the quadriga, the reins borne by the goddess Roma. In the centre of the arch, Titus is borne to heaven by an eagle. It may be conjectured that these ornaments to his glory were designed after the death of Vespasian, and completed after his own. . . . These witnesses to the truth- of history are scanned at this day by Christians passing to and fro between the Coliseum and the Forum ; and at this day the Jew refuses to walk beneath them, and creeps stealthily by the side, with downcast eyes, or countenance averted." — Jllerivale, Romans under the Empire, vii. 250. "The restoration of the arch of Titus reflects the greatest credit on the commission appointed by Pius VII. for the restoration of ancient edifices. This, not only beautiful, but precious monument, had been made the nucleus of a hideous castellated fort by the Frangipani family. Its masonry, however, embraced and held together, as well as crushed, the marble arch ; so that on freeing it from its rude buttresses there was fear of its collapsing, and it had first to be well bound together by props and bracing beams, a process in which the Roman architects are un- rivalled. The simple expedient was then adopted by the architect Stern of completing liic arch in stone ; for its sides had been removed. Thus increased in solid structure, which continued all the architectural lines, and renewed its proportions to the mutiialed centre, the arch was both completely secured and almost restored to its pristine elegance." — Wiseman'' s Life of J'iiis I 'J I. ']'hc proccssicjns of the popes going to the Latcran for tlieir solemn installation, used to halt beside the arch of STA. MARIA PALLARA. 203 Titus while a Jew presented a copy of tlie Pentateuch, with a humble oath of fealty. This humiliating ceremony was omitted for the first time at the installation of Pius IX. At this point it may not be inappropriate to notice two other buildings, which, though situated on the Palatine, are totally disconnected with the other objects occupying that hill. A lane runs up to the right from the arch of Titus. On the left is a gateway, surmounted by a foded fresco of St. Sebastian. Here is the entrance to a wild and beau- tiful garden, possessing most lovely views of the various ruins, occupying the site of the gardens of Adonis. This is the place where St. Sebastian underwent his (so-called) martyrdom, and will call to mind the many fine pictures, scattered over Europe, of the youthful and beautiful saint, bound to a tree, and pierced with arrows. The finest of these are the Domenichino, in Sta. Maria degli Angeli, and the Sodoma at Florence. He is sometimes represented as bound to an orange tree, and sometimes, as in the Guido at Bologna, to a cypress, like those we still see on this spot. Here was an important Benedictine Convent, where Pope Boniface IV. was a monk before his election to the papacy, and where the famous abbots of Monte Casino had their Roman residence. Here, in 11 18, fifty-one cardinals took refuge, and elected Gelasius II. as Pope. The only building remaining is the Church of Sta. Maria Pallara or S. Scbastiano, containing some curious inscriptions relating to events which have occurred here, and — in the tribune, frescoes, of the Saviour in 204 IVALI'CS IN ROME. benediction with four saints, and below, two other groiijjs representing the Virgin with saints and angels, placed, as we learn by the inscription beneath, by one Benedict — probably an abbot. Further up the lane a " Via Crucis " leads to the Church of S. Buonavejitura, " the seraphic doctor " (Cardinal and Bishop of Albano, ob. July 14, 1274), who in childhood was raised from the point of death (122 1) by the prayers of St. Francis, who was so surprised when he came to life, that he involuntarily exclaimed, " O buona ventura "— ( " what a happy chance ") — whence the name by which he was after- wards known.* The little church contains several good modern monu- ments. Beneath the altar is shown the body of the Blessed Leonardo of Porto-Maurizio (ob. 1751), who arranged the Via Crucis in the Coliseum, and who is much revered by the ullra-Romanlsts for having prophesied the proclamation of the dogma of the Immaculate Conception. The crucifix and the picture of the Madonna which he carried with him in his missions, are preserved in niches on either side of the tribune, and many other relics of him are shown in his cell in the adjoining convent of Minor Franciscans. Entered through the convent is a lovely little garden, whence there is a grand view of the Coliseum, and where a little fountain is shaded by two tall palm trees. "Oswald went next to llie monastery of S. Buonaventura, built on the ruins of Ncio's palace. There, where so many crimes had reigned remorselessly, poor friars, tormented by conscientious scruples, doom themselves to fasts and stripes for the least omission of duty. ' Our only hope,' said one, 'is that wlun w c die, our faults will not have ex- • .S. Huoiiavcntiira is pcrliaps best known to the existing Christian world as the author of the beautiful hymn, " Recordare sanctac crucis." VIA SACRA. 2G5 cee.lcd our penances.' Nevill, as he entered, stumbled over a traj), and asked its purpose. ' It is through that we are interred,' answered one of the youngest, already a prey to the bad air. The natives of the south fear death so much that it is wondrous to find there these per- petual mementoes ; yet nature is often fascinated by what she dreads, and such an intoxication tills the soul exclusively. The antique sarco- phagus of a child serves as the fountain of this institution. The boasted palm of Rome is the only tree of its garden." — Madame dd Slat-I, Corinne. The arch of Titus is spoken of as being "in summa Via Sacra," as the street was called which led from the southern gate of Rome to the Capitol, and by which the victorious generals passed in their triumphant processions to the temple of Jupiter. Between the arch of Titus and the Coli- seum, the ancient pavement of this famous road, composed of huge polygonal blocks of lava, has been allowed to remain. Here we may imagine Horace taking his favourite walk. Ibam forte Via Sacra, sicut meus est mos, Nescio quid meditans nugarum, at lotus in illis." Sat. i. 9. It appears to have been the fa\-ourite resort of the fiancu?s of the day : " Videsne, Sacram metiente te viam Cum bis ter ulnarum toga, Ut ora vertat hue et hue euntium Liberrima indiguatio?" Horace, Epod. 4. The Via Sacra was originally bordered with shops, some of which, together with some baths, have been unearthed on the right of the road. 0\id alludes frequently to the pur- chases which might be made there in his time. In this espe- cial part of the Via was the market for fruit and honey.* * Varro, dc R. Rust. i. 2, and iii. 16. 2o5 WALK'S IX ROME. " Dum bene dives ager, dum rami pondere nutant ; Adferat in calatho rustica dona puer. Rure suburbano poteris tibi dicere missa ; Ilia vel in Sacra sint licet empta Via." Ovid, A)i. Amaii. ii. 263. At the foot of the hill are the remains of the bason and the brick cone of a fountain called Meta Sudans, where the gladiators used to wash. Seneca, who lived in this neigh- bourhood, complains (Epist. Ivi.) of the noise which was made by a showman who blew his trumpet close to this fountain. On the right the Via Triumphalis leads to the Via Appia, passing under the A/r/i of Constantiiie. The lower bas- reliefs upon this arch, which are crude and ill-designed, refer to the deeds of Constantine ; but the upper, of fine workmanship, illustrate the life of Trajan, which has led some to imagine that the arch was originally erected in honour of Trajan, and afterwards appropriated by Constan- tine. They were, however, removed from an arch of Trajan (whose ruins existed in 1430*), and were appropriated by Constantine for his own arch. " Constantin a enleve a un arc de triomphe de Trajan les statues de prisonniers daces que I'on voit au sommet du sien. Ce vol a ete puni au seizicme siecle, car, dans ce qui semblc un acces de folie, Lorenzino, le bizarre assassin d' Alexandre de Mcdicis a decapite toutes les statues qui surmontaicnl I'arche Constantin, moins une, la seule dont la tete soit anli(iuc. Ilcureuscment on a dans les musees, a Rome et ailleurs, bon nomljrc de ces statues de captifs barbares avec le meme costume, c'est- a-dire le pantalon et le bonnet, souvent les mains liees, dans une attitude de soumission morne, quelque fois avec une expression de sombre fierlc, car I'art romain avait la noblesse de ne pas humilier les vaincus ; il ne les rei^rcsentail jioint a genoux, foules aux pieds par leurs vainqueurs ; on ne donnait jias U leurs traits etranges un aspect qu'on eCit pu rcndre * See Poggio, Dc Vanitate Fortunae. ARCH OF CONSTANTIXE. 207 liideux ; on les placait sur le sommet des arcs de triomphc, dcbout, la tete baissee, I'air triste." " ' Summus tristis captivus in arcu.' " Ampin; Einf. ii. 169. The arch was furtlier plundered by Clement VIIL, who carried off one of its eight Corinthian columns to finish a chapel at the Lateran. They were formerly all of giallo- antico. But it is still the most striking and beautiful of the Roman arches. " L'inscription gravee sur Tare de Constantin est curieuse par le vague de 1' expression en ce qui louche aux idees religieuses, par I'inde- cision calculee des termes dont se servait un senat qui voulait eviter de se compromettre d^ns un sens comme dans I'autre. L'inscription porte que cet arc a ete dedie a I'empereur parcequ'il a delivre la republique d'un tyran (on dit encore la republique !) par la grandeur de son ame et line inspiration de la Divinite, instiiictn Diviuilatis. II parait meme que ces mots ont ete ajoutes apres coup pour remplacer une formule peut-etre plus explicitement paienne. Ce monument, qui celebre le triomphe de Constantin, ne proclame done pas encore nettement le triomphe du Christianisme Comment s'en etonner, quand sur les monnaies de cet empereur on voit d'un cote le monogramme du Christ et I'autre I'effigie de Rome, qui etait une divinite pour les paiens ? " — Amph-c, Emp. ii. 355. We now turn to the CoHsciiin, originally called The Flavian Amphitheatre. This vast building Avas begun in a.d. 72, upon the site of the reservoir of Nero, by the Emperor Ves- pasian, who built as far as the third row of arches, the last two rows being finished by Titus after his return from the conquest of Jerusalem. It is said that 12,000 captive Jews were employed in this work, as the Hebrews in building the Pyramids of Egypt, and that the external walls alone cost a sum equal to 1 7,000,000 francs. It consists of four stories, the first Doric, the second Ionic, the third and fourtli 2o8 WALK'S AV ROME. Corinthian. Its circumference is 1641 feet, its length is 287, its width 182, its height 157. The entrance for the emperor was between two arches facing the Esquihne, where there is no cornice. Here there are remains of stucco decoration. On the opposite side was a similar entrance from the Palatine. Towards S. Gregorio has been discovered the subterranean passage in which the Emperor Commodus was near being assassinated. The numerous holes visible all over the exterior of the building were made in the middle ages, to extract the iron cramps, at that time of great value. The arena was surrounded by a wall sufficiently high to pro- tect the spectators from the wild beasts, who were introduced by subterranean passages closed by huge gates, from the side towards the Ccelian. The podium contained the places of honour reserved for the Emperor and his family, the Senate, and the Vestal virgins. The places for the other spectators who entered by openings called ro/nitoria, were arranged in three stages (cavea:), separated by a gallery {prcecinctio). The first stage for knights and tribunes, had 24 steps, the second (for the common people) 16, the third (for the soldiery) 10. The women, by order of the emperor, sate apart from the men, and married and unmarried men were also divided. The whole building was probably capable of containing 100,000 persons. At llie top, on the exterior, may be seen the remains of the consoles which sustained the velarium wOiicli was drawn over the arena to shelter the spectators from the sun or rain. 'I'he arena could on occasions be filled with water for the sake of naval combats. Nothing is known with certainty as to the architect of the Coliseum, though a tradition of the Church (founded on an inscriijlion in the crypt of S. Martino al Monte), ascribes it COLISEUM. 209 to Gaudentius, a Christian martyr, who afterwards suffered on the spot.* " The name of the architect to whom the great work of the Coli- seum was entrusted has not come down to us. The ancients seem them- selves to have regarded this name as a matter of little interest ; nor, in fact, do they generally care to specify the authorship of their most illus- trious buildings. The reason is obvious. The forms of ancient art in this department were almost wholly conventional, and the limits of design within which they were executed gave little room for the display of original taste and special character It is only in periods of eclecticism and renaissance, when the taste of the architect has wider scope, and may lead the eye instead of following it, that interest attaches to his personal merit. Thus it is that the Coliseum, the most con- spicuous type of Roman civilisation, the monument which divides the admiration qf strangers in modern Rome with St. Peter's itself, is nameless and parentless, while every stage in the construction of the great Christian temple, the creation of a modern revival, is appropriated with jealous care to its special claimants. " The dedication of the Coliseum afforded to Titus an opportunity for a display of magnificence hitherto unrivalled. A battle of cranes with dwarfs representing the pigmies was a fanciful novelty, and might afibrd diversion for a moment ; there were combats of gladiators, among whom women were included, though no noble matron was allowed to mingle in the fray ; and the capacity of the vast edifice was tested by the slaughter of five thousand animals in its circuit. The show was crowned with the immission of water into the arena, and with a sea-fight representing the contests of the Corinthians and Corcyreans, related by Thucydides. . . . When all was over, Titus himself was seen to weep, perhaps from fatigue, possibly from vexation and disgust ; but his tears were interpreted as a presentiment of his death, which was now impending, and it is probable that he was already suffering from a de- cline of bodily strength. . . . He lamented effeminately the prema- ture decease he too surely anticipated, and, looking wistfully at the * This inscription, fmind in the catacomb of S. Agnese, runs : " Sic praemia servas Vespasiane dire Premiatus es morte Gaudenti letare Civitatis ubi gloria; tu£e autori, Promisit iste Kristiis omnia tibi Qui alium paravit theatrum in coelo." VOL. I. 14 210 II '.1 LA'S IN R OME. heavens, exclaimed that he did not deserve to die. He expired on the 13th September, 81, not having quite completed his fortieth year." — Merivale, ch. Ix. "Hadrian gave a series of entertainments in honour of his birth-day, with the slaughter of a thousand beasts, including a hundred lions and as many lionesses. One magical scene was the representation of forests, when the whole arena became planted with living trees, shrubs, and flowers ; to complete which illusion the ground was made to open, and send forth wild animals from yawning clefts, instantly re-covered with bushes. " One may imagine the frantic excess to which the taste for gladia- torial combats was carried in Rome, from the preventive law of Augustus that gladiators should no more combat without permission of the senate ; that proetors should not give these spectacles more than twice a year ; that more than sixty couples should not engage at the same time ; and that neither knights nor senators should ever contend in the arena. The gladiators were classified according to the national manner of fighting which they imitated. Thus were distinguished the Gothic, Dacian, Thracian, and Samnite combatants ; the Retiarii, who entangled their opponents in nets thrown with the left hand, defending themselves with tridents in the right ; the Secutores, whose special skill was in pursuit ; the Laqiteatorcs, who threw slings against their adversaries ; \heDi>nach<s, aiTned with a short sword in each hand ; the Hoplotnachi, armed at all points ; the Myrmillones, so called from the figure of a fish at the crest of the Gallic helmet they wore ; the Biistitarii, who fought at funeral games ; the Bestiarii, who only assailed animals ; other classes who fought on horseback, called Andabates ; and those combating in chariots drawn by two horses, Essedarii. Gladiators were originally slaves, or prisoners of war ; but the armies who contended on the Roman arena in later epochs, were divided into compulsory and voluntary combatants, the former alone composed of slaves, or condemned criminals. The latter went through a laborious education in their art, supported at the l)ublic cost, and instructed bymasters called Lanistce, resident in colleges, called Ludi. To the eternal disgrace of the morals of Imperial Rome, it is recorded that women sometimes fought in the arena, without more modesty than hired gladiators. The exhibition of himself in this cliaracter by Commodus, was a degradation of the imperial dignity, per- haps more infamous, according to ancient Roman notions, than the llicatrical performances of Nero." — I/cinans' Story of Monuments in Koine. 'I'lic ]'lmpcror Commodus (a.d. 1S0-1S2), frequently fought COLISEUM. 211 in the Coliseum himself, and killed both gladiators and wild beasts, calling himself Hercules, dressed in a lion's- skin, with his hair sprinkled with gold-dust. The gladiatorial combats came to an end, when, in a.d. 403, an oriental monk named Telemachus, was so horrified at them, that he rushed into the midst of the arena and besought the spectators to renounce them : instead of listening to him, they stoned him to death. The first mar- tyrdom here was that of St. Ignatius, said to have been the child especially blessed by our Saviour — the disciple of John — and the companion of Polycarp — who was sent here from Antioch, where he was bishop. When brought into the arena, he knelt down, and exclaimed, " Romans who are present, know that I have not been brought into this place for any crime, but in order that by this means I may merit the fruition of the glory of God, for love of whom I have been made prisoner. I am as the grain of the field, and must be ground by the teeth of the lions, that I may become bread fit for His table." The lions were then let loose, and devoured him, except the larger bones, which the Christians collected during the night. "It is related of Ignatius that he grew up in sucli innocence of heart and purity of life, that to him it was granted to hear the angels sing ; hence, when he became bishop of Antioch, he introduced into the service of his church the practice of singing the praises of God in responses, as he had heard the choirs of angels answering each other. . . . . His story and fate are so well attested, and so sublimely affecting, that it has always been to me a cause of surprise as well as regret to find so few representations of him." — yameso)i's Sacreii Art, 693. Soon after the death of Ignatius, 115 Christians were shot down here with arrows. Under Hadrian, a.d. 218, a 2 1 2 WALKS IN R OME. patrician named Placidus, his wife Theophista, and his t\\ o sous, were first exposed here to the wild beasts, but when these refused to touch them were shut up in a brazen bull, and roasted by a fire lighted beneath. In 253, Abdon and Sennen, two rich citizens of Babylon, were exposed here to two lions and four bears, but on their refusing to attack them, were killed by the swords of the gladiators. In A.D. 259, Sempronius, Olympius, Theodulus, and Exuperia, were burnt at the entrance of the Coliseum, before the statue of the Sun. In a.d. 272, Sta. Prisca was vainly ex- posed here to a lion, then starved for three days, then stretched on a rack to have her flesh torn by iron hooks, then put into a furnace, and — having survived all these tor- ments — was finally beheaded In a.d. 277, Sta. Martina, another noble Roman lady, was exposed in vain to the beasts and afterwards beheaded in the Coliseum. St. Alexander under Antoninus ; St. Potitus, 168; St. Eleuthe- rius, bishop of Illyria, under Hadrian ; St. Maximus, son of a senator, 284; and Vitus, Crescentia, and Modesta, under Domitian, were also martyred here.* "It is no fiction, but plain, sober, honest truth, to say : so suggestive and diblinct is il at this hour : that, for a moment — actually in passing in — they who will, may have the whole great pile before them, as it used to be, with thousands of eager faces staring down into the arena, and such a whirl of strife, and blood, and dust going on there, as no language can describe. Its solitude, its awful beauty, and its utter desolation, strike upon the stranger, the next moment, like a softened sorrow ; and never in his life, perhaps, will he be so moved and over- come by any sight, not immediately connected with his own affections and afllietions. *' To see it crumbling there, an inch a year; its walls and arches overgrown willi green, its corridors open to the day ; the long grass * Sec Hem,iiis' Catholic Italy. COLISEUM. 213 growing in its porches ; young trees of yesterday springing up on its ragged parapets, and bearing fruit — chance produce of the seeds dropped there by the birds who build their nests within its chinks and crannies ; to see its pit of fight filled up with earth, and the peaceful cross planted in the centre ; to climb into its upper halls, and look down on ruin, ruin, ruin, all about it ; the triumphal arches of Constantine, Septimius Severus, and Titus, the Roman Forum, the Palace of the Csesars, the tem.ples of the old religion, fallen down and gone ; is to see the ghost of old Rome, wicked, wonderful old city, haunting the very ground on which its people trod. It is the most impressive, the most stately, the most solemn, grand, majestic, mournful sight conceivable. Never, in its bloodiest prime, can the sight of the gigantic Coliseum, full and running over with the lustiest life, have moved one heart, as it must move all who look upon it now, a ruin. God be thanked : a ruin ! "As it tops all other ruins: standing there, a mountain among graves : so do its ancient influences outlive all other remnants of the old mythology and old butchery of Rome, in the nature of the fierce and cruel Roman people. The Italian face changes as the visitor approaches the city ; its beauty becomes devilish ; and there is scarcely one counten- ance in a hundred, among the common people in the streets, that would not be at home and happy in a renovated Coliseum to-morrow." — Dickens. The spot where the Christian martyrs suffered is now marked by a tall cross, devoutly kissed by the faithful, — and all round the arena of the Coliseum, are the small chapels or " stations," used in the Via Crucis, which is observed here at 4 p.m. every Friday, when a confraternity clothed in grey, with only the eyes visible, is followed by a crowd of worshippers who chaunt and pray at each station in turn, — after which a Capuchin monk preaches from a pulpit on the left of the arena. These semions are often very striking, being delivered in a familiar style, and upon popular subjects of the day, but they also often border on the burlesque " Oswald voulut aller au Colisee pour entendre le Capucin quidevait y precher en plein air au pied de Fun des autels qui designent, dans Tin- 214 WALKS IN ROME. terieur de I'enceinte, ce qu'on appelle la route dc la Croix. Quel plus beau sujet pour I'eloquence que Faspect de ce monument, que cette arene oil les martyrs ont succede aux gladiateurs ! Mais il ne faut rien esperer a cat egard du pauvre Capucin, qui ne connait de I'histoire des hommes que sa propre vie. Neanmoins, si I'on pai"vient a ne pas ecouter son mauvais sermon, on se sent emu par les divers objets dont il est entoure. La plupart de ses auditeurs sont de la confrerie des Camaldiiles ; ils se revetent, pendant les exercises religieux, d'une espece de robe grise qui couvre entierement la tete et le corps, et ne laisse que deux petites ouvertures pour les yeux ; c'est ainsi que les ombres pour- raient etre representees. Ces hommes, ainsi caches sous leurs vetements, se prostement la face contre terre, et se frappent la poitrine. Qiiand le predicateur se jette a genoux en criant miserkorde de pitie! le peiiple qui I'environne se jette aussi a genoux, et repete ce meme cri, qui va se perdre sous les vieux portiques du Colisee. II est impossible de ne pas eprouver alors une emotion profondement religieuse ; cet appel de la douleur a la bonte, de la terre au ciel, remue Fame jusque dans son. sanctuaire le plus intime." — Madame de Sta'eL " ' C'est aujourd'hui Vendredi,' dit Guy, ' il y aura foule au Colisee, il vaudrait mieux, je crois, y aller un autre jour.' "'Non, non,' dit Eveline, 'c'est precisement pour cela que je veux y aller. On m'a dit qu'il fallait le voir ainsi rempli de monde, et que d'ailleurs cette fete etait curieuse.' " ' Ce n'est pas une fete,' dit Guy gravement, ' c'est un simple acte de devotion qui se repete tous les Vendredis.' " ' En verite,' dit Eveline, ' et pourquoi le Vendredi ? ' "• Parceque c'est le jour oil Christ est mort pour nous; par cette raison, vous ne I'ignorez pas, ce jour est demeure consacre dans le monde chretien .... dans le monde catholique du moins,' repondit Guy. " ' Mais i quel propos choisit-on le Colisee pour s'y reunir ce jour la?' " ' Parceque le Colisee a ete baigne du sang des martyrs et que leur souvenir se mele li plus qu'ailleurs a celui de la croix pour laquelle ils I'ont verse.' " — Mrs. Augustus Craven hi Anne Severin. The i)iili)it of the Coliseum was used for the stormy- sermons of Gavazzi, who called tlie i)eople to arms from thence in the revokilion of March, 1848. It is well worth while to ascend to the upper galleries COLISEUM. 21 S (a man who lives near the entrance from the Fomm will open a locked door for the purpose), as then only is it possible to realize the vast size and grandeur of the building. ^"^ May, 1827. — Lastly, we ascended to the top of the Cohseuni, Bunsen leaving us at the door, to go home ; and I seated myself ju.st above the main entrance, towards the Forum, and there took my fare- well look over Rome. It was a delicious evening, and everything was looking to advantage : — the huge Coliseum just under me, the tufts of ilex and aliternus and other shrubs that fringe the walls everywhere in the lower part, while the outside wall, with its top of gigantic stones, lifts itself high above, and seems like a mountain barrier of bare rock, enclosing a green and varied valley. I sat and gazed upon the scene with an intense and mingled feeling. The world could show nothing grander ; it was one which for years I had longed to see, and I was now looking at it for the last time. When I last see the dome of St. Peter's I shall seem to be parting from more than a mere town full of curiosi- ties, where the eye has been amused, and the intellect gratified. I never thought to have felt thus tenderly towards Rome ; but the inexplicable solemnity and beauty of her ruined condition has quite bewitched me, and to the latest hour of my life I shall remember the Forum, the sur- rounding hills, and the magnificent Coliseum." — ArnoLVs Letters. The upper arches frame a series of views of the Aventine, the Capitoline, the Coelian, and the Campagna, like a suc- cession of beautiful pictures. Those who visit the Coliseum by moonlight will realize the truthfulness of the following descriptions : — "I do remember me, that in my youth. When I was wandering, — upon such a night, I stood within the Coliseum's wall. Midst the chief relics of almighty Rome ; The trees which grew along the broken arches Waved dark in the blue midnight, and the stars Shone through the rents of ruin ; from afar The watch-dog bayed beyond the Tiber ; and More near from out the Cesar's palace came 2i6 IVALA'S IN ROME. The owl's long cry, and, interruptedly, Of distant sentinels the fitful song Began and died upon the gentle wind : — Some cypresses beyond the time-worn breach Appeared to skirt the horizon, yet they stood Within a bowshot where the Csesars dwelt. And dwell the tuneless birds of night, amidst A grove which springs through levell'd battlements, And twines its roots with the imperial hearths ; Ivy usurps the laurel's place of growth ; — - But the gladiator's bloody circus stands, A noble wreck in ruinous perfection ! While Csesar's chambers, and the Augustan halls, Grovel on earth in indistinct decay. And thou didst shine, thou rolling moon, upon All this, and cast a wide and tender light, Which softened down the hoar austerity Of rugged desolation, and fill'd up. As 't were anew, the gaps of centuries ; Leaving that beautiful which still was so, And making that which was not, till the place Became religion, and the heart ran o'er With silent worship of the great of old : — The dead but scepter'd sovereigns, who still rule Our spirits from their urns." - Ma7ifred. " Arches on arches ! as it were that Rome, Collecting the chief trophies of her line, Would build up all her triumphs in one dome. Her Coliseum stands ; the moonbeams shine As 't were its natural torches, for divine Should be the light wiiich streams here, to illume Tlie long-explored but still exhaustless mine Of contemplation ; and the azure gloom Of an Italian night, where the deep skies assume " Hues which have words, and speak to ye of heaven. Floats o'er this vast and wondrous monument. And shadows forth its glory. There is given Under the things of earth, which Time hath bent, A spirit's feeling, and where he hath leant His hand, but broke his scythe, there is a power And magic in the ruined battlement, COLISEUM. 217 For which the palace of the present hour Must yield its pomp, and wait till ages are its dower." Childc Harold. "No one can form any idea of full moonlight in Rome who has not seen it. Every individual object is swallowed in the huge masses of light and shadow, and only the marked and principal outlines remain visible. Three days ago (Feb. 2, 1787) we made good use of a light and most beautiful night. The Coliseum presents a vision of beauty. It is closed at night ; a hermit lives inside in a little church, and beggars roost amid the ruined vaults. They had lighted a fire on the bare ground, and a gentle breeze drove the smoke across the arena. The lower portion of the ruin was lost, while the enormous walls above stood forth into the darkness. We stood at the gates and gazed upon this phenomenon. The moon shone high and bright. Gradually the smoke moved through the chinks and apertures in the walls, and the moon illuminated it like a mist. It was an exquisite moment!" — Goethe. It is believed that the building of the Coliseum re- mained entire until the eighth century, and that its ruin dates from the invasion of Robert Guiscard, who destroyed it to prevent its being used as a stronghold by the Romans. During the middle ages it served as a fortress, and became the castle of the great family of Frangipani, who here gave refuge to Pope Innocent II. (Papareschi) and his family, against the anti-pope Anacletus II., and afterwards in the same way protected Innocent III. (Conti) and his brothers against the anti-pope Paschal II. Constantly at war with the Frangipani were the Annibaldi, who possessed a neighbouring fortress, and obtained from Gregory IX. a grant of half the Coliseum, which was rescinded by Inno- cent IV. During the absence of the popes at Avignon the Annibaldi got possession of the whole of the Coliseum, but it was taken away again in 13 12, and placed in the hands of the municipality, after which it was used for bull- fights, in which (as described by Monaldeschi) nobles of 2i8 IVALKS IN ROME. high rank took part and lost their lives. In 1381 the senate made over part of the ruins to the Canons of the Lateran, to be used as a hospital, and their occupation is still commemorated by the arms of the Chapter (our Saviour's head between two candelabra) sculptured in various parts of the building. From the fourteenth century it began to be looked upon as a stone-quarry, and the Palazzos Famese, Barberini, S. Marco, and the Cancellaria, were built with materials plundered from its walls. It is said that the first of these destroyers, Cardinal Farnese, only extorted permission from his reluctant uncle, Paul III., to quarry as much stone as he could remove in twelve hours, and that he availed himself of this permission to let loose four thousand workmen upon the building. Sixtus V. endeavoured to utilize it by turning the arcades into shops, and establishing a woollen manufactory, and Clement XI. (1700-1721) by a manufactory of saltpetre, but both happily failed. In the last century the tide of restor- ation began to set in. A Carmelite monk, Angelo Paoli, represented the iniquity of allowing a spot consecrated by such holy memories to be desecrated, and Clement XI. consecrated the arena to the memory of the martyrs who had suffered there, and erected in one of the arch- ways the still existing chapel of Sta. Maria della Pieta. The hermit appointed to take care of this chapel was stabbed in 1742, which caused Benedict XIV. to shut in the Coliseum with bars and gates. After this time de- struction became sacrilege, and the five last popes all con- tributed to strengthen and preserve the walls which remain. Even so late as thirty years ago, however, the interior was (like that of an English abbey) an uneven grassy space COLISEUM. 219 littered with masses of ruin, amid which large trees grew and flourished, and the clearing out of the arena, though exhibiting more perfectly the ancient form of the building, is much to be regretted by lovers of the picturesque. * Among the ecclesiastical legends connected with the Coliseum, it is said that Gregory the Great presented some foreign ambassadors with a handful of earth from the arena as a relic for their sovereigns, and upon their receiving the gift with disrespect, he pressed it, when blood flowed from the soil. Pius V, urged those who wished for relics to gather up the dust of the Coliseum, wet with the blood of the mart)Ts. In 1744 "the blessed Leonardo di Porto Maurizio," who is buried in S. Buonaventura, drew immense crowds to the Coliseum by his preaching, and obtained permission from Benedict XIV. to found the confraternity of " Amanti di Gesu e Maria," for whom the Via Crucis was established here. Recently the ruins have been associated with the holy beggar, Benoit Joseph Labre (beatified by Pius IX. in i860), who died at Rome in 1783, after a life spent in devotion. He was accustomed to beg in the Coliseum, to sleep at night under its arcades, and to pray for hours at its various shrines. The name Coliseum is first found in the waitings of the Venerable Bede, who quotes a prophecy of Anglo- Saxon pilgrims. " While stands the CoHseum, Rome shall stand ; When falls the Coliseum, Rome shall fall ; And when Rome falls, the world. " + * A work has been published by S. Deakin on the Flora of the Coliseum. This was very remarkable, but has greatly suffered during the so-called cleansing of the building by the Italian government in 1871. t Quamdiu stat Colysaeus, stabit et Roma ; quando cadet Colysseus, cadet Roma ; quando cadet Roma, cadet et mundus. 220 WALKS IN ROME. The name was probably derived from its size ; the amphi- theatre of Capua was also called Colossus. " When one looks at the Coliseum everything else becomes small ; it is so great that one cannot keep its true image in one's soul ; one only remembers it on a smaller scale, and returning thither again finds it again grown larger." — Goethe, Romisehc Briefe. Once or twice in the course of every Roman winter the Coliseum is illuminated with Bengal lights. " Les etrangers se donnent parfois I'amusement d'eclairer le Colisee avec des feux de Bengale. Cela ressemble un peu trop a un finale de melodrame, et on peut preferer comme illumination un radieux soleil ou les douces lueurs de la lune. Cependant j'avoue que la premiere fois que le Colisee m'apparut ainsi, embrase de feux rougeatres, son histoire me revint vivement a la pensee. Je trouvais qu'il avait en ce moment sa vraie couleur, la couleur du sang." — Atiifere, Emf. ii. 156. CHAPTER V. THE VELABRUM AND THE GHETTO. S. Teodoro— Sta. Anastasia — Circus Maximus — S. Giorgio in Velabro — Arch of Septimius Severus — Arch of Janus— Cloaca-Maxima — Sta. Maria in Cosmedin — Temple of Vesta — Temple of Fortuna Virilis — House of Rienzi — Ponte-Rotto — Ponte Sublicio — S. Ni- cole in Carcere — Theatre of Marcellus — Portico of Octavia — Pes- cheria — ^Jewish Synagogue— Palazzo Cenci — Fontana Tartarughe — Palazzo Mattel — Palazzo Caetani — Sta. Caterina del Funari — -Sta. Maria Campitelli — Palazzo Margana — Convent of the Tor de' Specchi. 'T^HE second turn on the right of the Roman Forum is the Via dei FieniH, formerly the Viais Tusciis, so called from the Etruscan colony established there after the dr^'ing up of the marsh which occupied that site in the earliest periods of Roman history. During the empire, this street, leading from the Forum to the Circus iSIaximus, was one of the most important. Martial speaks of its silk-mercers ; from an in- scription on a tomb we know that the fashionable tailors were to be found there ; and the perfumers' shops were of such abundance as to give to part of the street the name of Vicus Thurarius, At its entrance was the statue of the Etnis- can god, Vertumnus, the patron of the quarter.* This was the street by which the processions of the Circensian games * See AmpOre, Hist. Rom. ii. 2S9 — 292. 222 WALK'S I.V ROME. passed from the Forum to the Circus Maximus. In one of the Yerrine Orations, an accusation brought by Cicero against the patrician Verres, was that from avaricious mo- tives he had paved even this street — used for processions of the Circus — in such a manner that he would not venture to use it himself* All this valley was once a stagnant marsh, left by inundations of the Tiber, for in early times the river often overflowed the whole valley between the Palatine and the Capitoline hills, and even reached as far as the foot of the Quirinal, where the Goat's Pool, at which Romulus disappeared, is supposed to have fornied part of the same swamp. Ovid, in describing the processions of the games, speaks of the willows and rushes which once covered this ground, and the marshy places which one could not pass over except with bare feet : " Qua Velabra solent in Circum ducere pompas, Nil prreter salices crassaque canna fuit, Saepe suburbanas rediens conviva per undas Cantat, et ad nautas ebria verba jacit. Nondum conveniens diversis iste figuris Nomen ab averso ceperat amne deus. Ilic quocjue lucus erat juncis et arundine densus, Et pede velato non adeunda palus. Stagna recesserunt, et aquas sua ripa coercet : Siccaque nunc tellus. Mos tamen ille manet." Fast. vi. 405. We even know the price which was paid for being ferried across the Velabrum : " it was a quadrans, three times as much as one pays now for the boat at the Ripetta." t The * " Qiiis a signo Vci tiimiii in circum iiiaxiiimni vciiit, qiiin is unoquoquc gradu de avaritia tiia comiiKiticrctiir ? ciiiani tii viain tcnsariim atciue pomiia; ejus modi cxc- gisti, lit tu ipse ire non aiuleas." — /;/ Virrcm, i. 59. t Varro, dc Ling. Lat. v. 44. See Anipi!rc, Hist. Rom. ii. 32. CHURCH OF S. TEODORO. 223 creation of the Cloaca Maxima had probably done much towards draining, but some fragments of the marsh remained to a late period. According to Varro the name of the Velabrum \vas derived from vc/icfc, because of the boats which were employed to convey passengers from one hill to the other.* Others derive the name from vda, also in reference to the mode of transit, or, according to another idea, in reference to the awnings which were stretched across the street to shelter the processions,— though the name was in existence long before any processions were thought of It was the waters of the Velabrum which bore the cradle of Romulus and Remus from the Tiber, and deposited it under the famous fig-tree of the Palatine. On the left of the Via dei Fienili (shut in by a railing, generally closed, but which will be opened on appealing to the sacristan next door) is the round C/iurch of S. Teodoro. The origin of this building is unknown. It used to be called the temple of Romulus, on the very slight founda- tion that the famous bronze wolf, mentioned by Dionysius as existing in the temple of Romulus, was found near this spot. Dyer supposes that it may have been the Temple of Cybele ; this, however, was upon, and not under, the Pala- tine. Be they wOiat they may, the remains were dedicated as a Christian church by Adrian I., in the eighth century, and some well preserved mosaics in the tribune are of that time. " It is curious to note in Rome how many a modern superstition has its root in an ancient one, and how tenaciously customs still cling to the * Varro, de Ling. Lat. iv. 8. 224 WALKS IN ROME. old localities. On the Capitoline hill the bronze she-wolf was once worshipped as the wooden Bambino is now. It stood in the Temple of Romulus, and there the ancient Romans used to carry children to be cured of their diseases by touching it. On the supposed site of the temple now stands the church dedicated to S. Teodoro, or Santo Toto, as he is called in Rome. Though names must have changed and the temple has vanished, and church after church has here decayed and been rebuilt, the old superstition remains, and the common people at certain periods still bring their sick children to Santo Toto, that he may heal them with his touch." — Story's Roba di Roma. * Further on the left, still under the shadow of the Palatine Hill, is the large Church of Sta. Anastasia^coxiidmmg., beneath the altar, a beautiful statue of the martyred saint reclining on a faggot. " Notwithstanding her beautiful Greek name, and her fame as one of the great saints of the Greek Calendar, Sta. Anastasia is represented as a noble Roman lady, who perished during the persecution of Diocletian. She was persecuted by her husband and family for openly professing the Christian faith, but being sustained by the eloquent exhortations of St. • " There is no doubt that many of the amusements, still more many of the reli- gious practices now popular in this capital, may be traced to sources in Pagan antiquity. The game of inorra, played with the fingers (the micare digitis of the ancients) ; the rural feasting before the chapel of the Madonna del divitio A more on Whit Monday ; the revelry and dancing sub diii for the whole night on the Vigil of St. John, (a scene on the Lateran piazza, riotous, grotesque, but not licentious) ; the divining by dreams to obtain numbers for the lottery ; hanging ex voto pictures in churches to commemorate escapes from danger or recovery from illness ; the offer- ing of jewels, watches, weapons, &c., to the Madonna ; the adorning and dressing of sacred images, sometimes for particular days ; throwing flowers on the Madonna's figure when borne in processions (as used to be honoured the image, or stone, of Cy- bele) ; burning lights before images on the highways : paying special honour to sacred pictures, under the notion of their having moved their eyes ; or to others, under the idea of their supernatural origin — made without hands ; wearing effigies or symbols as amulets (thus Sylla wore, and used to invoke, a little golden Apollo hung round his neck) ; suspending flowers to shrines and tombs ; besides other uses, in themselves blameless and beautiful, nor, even if objectionable, to be regarded as the genuine reflex of what is dogmatically taught by the Church. This enduring shadow thrown by Pagan over Christian Rome is, however, a remarkable feature in the story of that power whose eminence in ruling and influencing was so wonderfully sustained, nor destined to become e.\tinct after empire had departed from the Seven Hills." — Nematis' MonMinents of Rome. STA. AN ASTASIA. 225 Chrysogonus, she passed triumphantly, receiving in due time the crown of martyrdom, being condemned to the flames. Chrysogonus was put to death with the sword and his body thrown into the sea. " According to the best authorities, these two saints did not suffer in Rome, but in lllyria ; yet in Rome we are assured that Anastasia, after her martyrdom, was buried by her friend Apollina in the garden of her house under the Palatine hill and close to the Circus Maximus. There stood the church, dedicated in the fourth century, and there it now stands. It was one of the principal churches in Rome in the time of St. Jerome, who, according to ancient tradition, celebrated mass at one of the altars, which is still regarded with peculiar veneration." — Mrs. Jameson s Sac7-ed and Legendary Art. It was the custom for the mediaeval popes to celebrate their second mass of Christmas night in this church, for which reason Sta. Anastasia is still especially commemor- ated in that mass. To the left of the high altar is the tomb of the learned Cardinal Mai, by the sculptor Benzoni, who owed every- thing to the kind interest with which this cardinal regarded him from childhood. The epitaph is remarkable. It is thus translated by Cardinal Wiseman : ' ' I, who my life in wakeful studies wore, Bergamo's son, named Angelo, here lie. The empyreal robe and crimson hat I bore, Rome gave. Thou giv'st me, Christ, th' empyreal sky. Awaiting Thee, long toil I could endure : So with Thee be my rest now, sweet, secure." Through this church, also, we may enter some of the sub- terraneous chambers of the Palace of the Ccesars. The valley near this, between the Palatine and the Aventine, was the site of the Circus Maximus, of which the last vestiges were destroyed in the time of Paul V. Its ground plan can, however, be identified, with the assistance VOL. I. 15 226 WALK'S IN ROME. of the small circus of INIaxentius on the Via Appia, which still partially exists. It was intended for chariot-races and horse-races, and is said to have been first instituted by Tar- quinius Priscus after his conquest of the Latin town of Apiol?e. It was a vast oblong, ending in a semicircle, and surrounded by three rows of seats, termed collectively cavea. In the centre of the area was the low wall called the spina., at each end of which were the mdce., or goals. Between the metae were columns supporting the ova, egg- shaped balls, and Delphince, or dolphins, each seven in number, one of which was put up for each circuit made in the race. At the extremity of the Circus were the stalls for the horses and chariots called Career cs. This, the square end of the Circus, was termed oppiduni, from its external re- semblance to a town, with walls and towers. In the Circus Maximus, which was used for hunting wild beasts, Julius Caesar made a canal, called Euripzis* ten feet wide, between the seats and the racecourse, to protect the spec- tators. The Liidi Cireeuses Avere first established by Ro- mulus, to attract his Sabine neighbours, in order that he might supply his city with wives. The games were gener- ally at the expense of the a;diles, and their cost was so great, that Cresar was obliged to sell his Tiburtine villa, to defray those given during his a^dileship. Perhaps the most magnificent games known were those in the reign of Cari- nus (Imp. A.D. 283), when the Circus was transformed into an artificial forest, in which hundreds of wild beasts and birds were slaughtered. At one time this Circus was capable of containing .385,000 persons. At the western extremity of the Circus Maximus stood * Made lo fluu- uitli wiiic under Heliogabalus. FORUM BOARIUM. 227 the Temple of Ceres, Liber, and Libera (said to have been vowed by the Dictator Albus Postumius, at the battle of the Lake Regillus), dedicated by the Consul Sp. Cassius, B.C. 492. "Quand le pere de Cassius I'eut immole de ses propres mains a I'avidite patricienne, il fit don du pecule de son fils — un fils n'avait que son pecule comme un esclave — a ce meme temple de Ceres que Spurius Cassius avait cortsacre, et par une feroce ironie, mit au bas de la statue faite avec cet argent, et qu'il dediait a la deesse : ' Don de la famille Cassia.' " L'ironie etait d'autant plus amere, que Ton vendait aupres du temple de Ceres ceux qui avaient offense au tribun. " Ce temple, mis particulierement sous la surveillance des ediles et oil ils avaient leurs archives, etait le temple de la democratie romaine. Le farouche patricien le choisit pour lui faire adresser par son fils mort au service de la democratie un derisoire hommage." — Amph-c, Hist. Ro))i. ii. 416. We must now retrace our steps for a short distance, and descend into a hollow on the left, which we have passed, between the churches of S. Teodoro and Sta. Anastasia. Here an interesting group of buildings still stands to mark the site of the famous ox-market. Forum Boariuni. In its centre a brazen bull, brought from Egina,* once commemor- ated the story of the oxen of Geryon, which Hercules left to pasture on this marshy site, and which were stolen hence by Cacus, — and is said by Ovid to have given a name to the locality : "Pontibus et magno juncta est celeberrima Circo Area, quce posito de bove nomen habet." Fast. vi. 478. The fact of this place being used as a market for oxen is mentioned by Livy.f * Pliny, x.wiv. 2. f Livy, x.\i. 62. 228 WALK'S IN ROME. The Forum Boarium is associated with several deeds of cruelty. After the battle of Cannae, a male and female Greek and a male and female Gaul were buried alive here ; * and here the first fight of gladiators took place, being intro- duced by M. and D. Brutus, at the funeral of their father in B.C. 264.t Here the Vestal virgins buried the sacred utensils of their worship, at the spot called Doliola, when they fled from Rome after the batde of the Allia. % Amongst the buildings which once existed in the Forum Boarium, but of which no trace remains, were the Temple of the Sabine deity Matuta, and the Temple of Fortune, both ascribed to Servius Tullius. " Hac ibi luce ferunt Matutae sacra parenti, Sceptiferas Servi templa dedisse manus." Ovid, Fast. vi. 479. " Lux eadem, Fortuna, tua est, auctorque, locusque, Sed superinjectis quis latet jede togis ? Servius est : hoc constat enim " Fast. vi. 569. The Temple of Fortune was rebuilt by Lucullus, and Dion Cassius mentions that the axle of Julius Csesar's car broke down in front of it on occasion of one of his triumphs. § Another temple in this neighbourhood was that of Pudicitia Patricia, into which the noble ladies re- fused to admit Virginia, because she had espoused a plebeian consul || (see Chap. X.). Here, also, was the Tem- i;le of Hercules Victor, erected by Pompey.lT The two earliest triumphal arches were built in this forum, being in honour of L. Stertinius, erected B.C. 196, after his vic- tories in S])ain. • Ampfrc, Hist. Rom. i. t Dyer, 104. % Livy, v. 40. § Dioii Cassius, Ixiii. 21. || Ampire, iii. 48. U Vitruvius, iii. 3. ARCH OF JANUS. CLOACA MAXIMA. 229 The building which first attracts attention, among those now standing, is the A)xh of yanus, the Sabine god. It has four equal sides and arches, turned to the four points of the compass, and forty-eight niches, probably intended for the reception of small statues. Bas-reliefs on the inverted blocks employed in the lower part of this edifice, show that they must have been removed from earlier buildings. This was probabl)'' used as a portico for shelter or business for those who trafficked in the Forum ; there were many similar porticoes in ancient Rome. On the left of the arch of Janus is a narrow alley, spanned by low brick arches, which leads first to the beau- tiful clear spring of the Aqua Argentina, which, according to some authorities, is the place where Castor and Pollux watered their horses after the battle of the Lake Regillus. "Then on rode those strange horsemen, \ With slow and lordly pace ; And none who saw their bearing Durst ask their name or race. On rode they to the Forum, While laurel boughs and flowers From house-tops and from windows, Fell on their crests in showers. " When they drew nigh to Vesta, They vaulted down amain. And washed their horses in the well That springs by Vesta's fane. And straight again they mounted And rode to Vesta's door ; Then, like a blast, away they passed, And no man saw them more." Macajilay' s Lays. The alley is closed by an arch of the celebrated Cloaca Maxima, the famous drain formed by Tarquinius Priscus, 230 WALKS IN ROME. fifth king of Rome, to dry the marshy land of the Velabrum. "Infima urbis loca circa Forum, aliasque interjectas collibus con- valles, quia ex planis locis baud facile evehebant aquas, cloacis a fas- tigio in Tiberim ductis siccat." — Liz'}', Hb. i. c. 38. The Cloaca extended from the Forum to the Tiber, and is still, after 2,400 years, used, during the latter part of its course, for the purpose for which it was originally intended, though Pliny was filled with wonder that, in his time, it had already withstood the earthquakes, inundations, and acci- dents of seven hundred years. Strabo tells that the tunnel of the Cloaca was of sufficient height to admit a waggon laden with hay, but this probably supposes the water at its lowest. Agrippa, who cleaned out the Cloaca, navigated its whole length in a boat. The mouth of the Cloaca, com- posed of three concentric courses of blocks of peperino, without cement, is visible on the river a little to the right of the temple of Vesta. *' Ces lieux out encore un air et comme una odeur de marecage — quand on rode aux approches de la nuit dans ce coin desert de Rome oil fut placee la scene des premiers moments de son premier roi, on y retrouve, i present mieux qu'au temps de Tite-Live, quelque chose de I'impression que ce lieu devait produire il y a vingt-cinq siecles, a I'epotiue oil, selon la vieille tradition, le berceau de Romulus s'arreta dans les boues du Velabre, au pied du Palatin, pres de I'antre Lupercal. II faut s'ccarter un peu de cet endroit, qui etait au pied du versa^t occidental du Palatin, et faire quelques pas a droite pour aller chercher les traces du Velabre li oh les rues et les habitations modernes ne les ont pas entiercment effacecs. En s'avanjant vers la Cloaca Maxima, on rencontre un cnfoncement ou une vieille cglise, elle-meme au dedans humide et moisie, rappelle par son nom, San Giorgio in Velabro, que le Velabre a et^ Ml. On voit sourdre encore les eaux qui I'alimentaient sous une vofltc sombre et froide, tapissce dc mousses, de scolopcndres et de grandcs herbcs frissonnant dans la nuit. Alentour, tout a un aspect 3-. GIORGIO IN VELABRO. 231 triste et abandonne, abandonne comme le furent au bord du marais, suivant I'antique recit, les eiifants dont on croit presque ouir dans le crepuscule les vagissements. L'imagination n'a pas de peine a se re- presenter les arbres et les plantes aquatiques qui croissaient sur le bord de cet enfoncement que voila, et a travers lesquelles la louve de la legende se glissait a cette heure pour venir boire a cette eau. Ces lieux sent assez peu frequentes et assez silencieux pour qu'on se les figure comme ils etaient alors, alors qu'il n'y avait ici, comme dit Tite-Live, vrai cette fois, que des solitudes desertes: VastcB tunc solitudines erant." — Ampere, Hist. Rom. i. 271. The church with the picturesque campanile near the arch of Janus, is S. Giorgio in Velabro, founded in the fourth century, as the BasiHca Sempronia, but repeatedly rebuilt. The architrave above its portico was that where Rienzi affixed his famous inscription, announcing the return to the Good Estate : " In brrce tempo g/i Romani torncranno al loro antico buono stato." The church is seldom open, except on its festival (Jan. 20), and during its station in Lent. The interior is in the basilica form, the long nave being lined by sixteen columns, of various sizes, and with strangely different capitals, showing that they have been plundered from ancient temples. The carving on some of the capitals is sharp and delicate. There is a rather hand- some ancient baldacchino, with an old Greek picture let into its front, over the high altar. Beneath is preserved a fragment of the banner of St. George. Some injured frescoes in the tribune replace mosaics which once existed here, and which were attributed to Giotto. In the centre is the Saviour, between the Virgin and St. Peter ; on one side, St. George with the martyr's palm and the warrior's banner, — on the other, St. Sebastian, with an arrow. Several fragments of carving and inscriptions are built into the side walls. The pictures are poor and ugly which relate to the 232 WALKS IN ROME. saint of the church, St, George (the patron of England and Germany), the knight of Cappadocia, who dehvered the Princess Cleodohnda from the dragon. " Among good specimens of thirteenth century architecture is the portico of S. Giorgio, with Ionic columns and horizontal architrave, on which is a gothic inscription, in quaint Leonine verse, informing us that the Cardinal (or Prior) Stephen, added this detail (probably the cam- panile also), to the ancient church— about the middle of the thirteenth century, as is supposed, though no date is given here ; and in the midst of an age so alien to classic influences, a work in which classic feehng thus predominates, is remarkable." — Hcinans' Sacred Art. Partly hidden by the portico of this church, is the beau- tiful miniature Arch of Septimius Sevenis, erected to the emperor, his wife Julia Pia, and his sons Caracalla and Geta, by the silversmiths (argentarii) who had their shops in the Forum Boarium on this very spot (" cujus loci qui invehent "). The part of the dedication relating to Geta (as in the larger arch of Septimius) was obliterated after his murder, and the words Fortissimo felicissimoque PRiNCiPi engraved in its place. The architecture and sculpture, part of which represents a sacrifice by the im- perial family, pro\e the decadence of art at this period. Proceeding in a direct line from the Arch of Janus, we reach the Church of Sta. Maria in Cosmcdin, on the site of a I'emple of Ceres, dedicated by the consul Spurius Cassius, 13. c. 493, and afterwards re-dedicated to Ceres and Proser- pine, probably by Augustus, who had been initiated into the Eleusinian mysteries in Greece. The church was built in the basilica form, in 7S2, by Adrian I., when the name Cosmedin, from the Greek Konf-ior, is supposed to have been given, from the ornaments with which he adorned it. It was intended for the use of the Greek exiles expelled STA. MARIA IN COSMEDIN. 233 from the East by the iconoclasts under Constanthie Co- pronimus, and derived the epithet of Sta. Maria in Scuola Greca, from a " Schola " attached to it for their benefit. Another reUc of the Greek colony which existed here is to be found in the name of the adjoining street, Via della Greca. In the middle ages the whole bank of the river near this was called Ripa Greca. The interior of this church is of great interest. The nave is divided from the aisles by twelve ancient marble columns, of which two have especially curious antique capitals, and are evidently remains of the temple which once existed here. The choir is raised, as at S. Clemente. The pavement is of splendid Opus Alexandrinum (11 20); the ambones are perfect ; there is a curious crypt ; the altar covers an ancient bason of red granite, and is shaded by a gothic canopy, supported by four Egyptian granite pillars \ behind it is a fine episcopal throne, with lions, said to have been used by St. Augustine, an ancient Greek picture of the Virgin, and a graceful tabernacle of marble inlaid with mosaic, by Dcodato Cosmati. In the sacristy is a very curious mosaic, one of the few relics preserved from the old St. Peter's, a.d. 705. (There is another in S. Marco at Florence.) Crescimbeni, the founder and historian of the Arcadian Academy (d. 1728), is buried in this church, of which he was a canon. On St. Valentine's Day the skull of St. Valentine, crowned with roses, is exhibited here. In the portico is the strange and huge mask of stone, which gives the name of Bocca della Verita to the neigh- bouring piazza. It was believed that if a witness, whose truthfulness was doubtful, were desired to place his hand in the mouth of this mask, he would be unable to withdraw it, if he were guilty of perjury. 234 WALKS IN ROME. " Cette Bouche-de-Verite est une curieuse relique du moyen age. Elle servait aux jugements de Dieu. Figurez-vous une meule de moulin qui ressemble, non pas a un visage humain, mais au visage de la lune : on y distingue des yeux, un nez et une bouche ouverte ou I'accuse mettait la main pour preter serment. Cette bouche mordait les menteurs ; au moins la tradition I'assure. J'y ai introduit ma dextre en disant que le Ghetto etait un lieu de delices, et je n'ai pas ete mordu." — About, Rome Contemporaine. On the other side of the portico is the tomb of Cardinal Alfanus, ob. 1150. "The church was rebuilt under Calixtus II., about A.D. 1128, by Alfanus, Roman Chancellor, whose marble sepulchre stands in the atrium, with his epitaph, along a cornice, giving him that most com- prehensive title, 'an honest man,' vir probus. Some more than half- faded paintings, a Madonna and Child, angels, and two mitred heads, on the wall behind the canopy, give importance to this Chancellor's tomb. Though now disfigured exteriorly by a modem fafade in the worst style, interiorly by a waggon-vault roof and heavy pilasters, this church is still one of the mediaeval gems of Rome, and retains many olden details : the classic colonnades, probably left in their original place since the time of Adrian I. ; and the fine campanile, one of the loftiest in Rome ; also the sculptured doorway, the rich intarsio pave- ment, the high altar, the marble and mosaic-inlaid ambones, the marble episcopal throne, with supporting lions and a mosaic decoration above, &c., — all of the twelfth century. But we have to regret the destruction of the ancient choir-screens, and (still more inexcusable) the white-washing of wall surfaces so as entirely to conceal the mediaeval paintings which adorned them, conformably to that once almost universal practice of polychrome decoration in churches, prescribed even by law under Charle- magne. Ciampini (see his valuable history of this basilica) mentions the iron rods for curtains between the columns of the atrium, and those, still in their place, in the porch, with rings for suspending ; also a small chapel with paintings, at one end of the atrium, designed for those penitents who were not allowed to worship within the sacred building — as such, an evidence of disciplinary observance, retained till the twelfth century. Over the portal are some tiny bas-reliefs, so placed along the inner side of the lintel that many might pass underneath without seeing them : in the centre, a hand blessing, with the Greek action, between two sheep, laterally ; the four evangelistic emblems, and TEMPLE OE VESTA. 235 two doves, each pecking out of a vase, and one perched upon a dragon (more Uke a lizard), to signify the victory of the purified soul over mun- dane temptations." — Heinans' Christian Art. Close to this church stood the Palace of Pope Gelasius II. (1118). Opposite the church is a beautiful fountain, erected by one of the Medici, and beyond it the graceful round temple noAv called the Temple of Vesta, supposed by Canina to have been that of Mater Matuta, and by others to have been that of Hercules founded by Pompey. It is known to have existed in the time of Vespasian. It is very small, the circumference of the peristyle being only 156 feet, and that of the cella 26 feet, — the height of the surrounding Corinthian columns (originally twenty in number) 32 feet. This temple was first dedicated as a church under the name of S. Stefano delle Carrozze ; it is now called Sta. Maria del Sole. This is not the Temple of Vesta (which was situated near the Church of Sta. Maria Liberatrice in the Forum) of which Horace wrote : — "Vidimus flavum Tiberim, retortis Littore Etrusco violenter undis, Ire dejectum monumenta regum Templaque Vestce." Carm. i. 2. The modem overhanging roof of the temple has been much objected to, as it replaces an entablature like that on the temple of the Sibyl at Tivoli ; but artists admire the exquisite play of light and shade caused by its rugged tiles, and, finding it a perfect " subject," wish for no change. "C'est aupres de la Bouche-de-Verite, devant le petit temple de 236 IVALKS IiV ROME. Vesta, que la justice romaine execute un meurtrier sur cent. Quand j'arrivai sur la place, on n'y guillotinait personne ; mais six cuisinieres, dont une aussi belle que Junon, dansaient la tarantelle au son d'un tambour de basque. Malheureusement elles divinerent ma qualite d'etranger, et elles se mirent a polker contre la niesure." — About. Close to this — overhanging a little hollow way — is the Temple of Foriiuia Virilis, built originally by Servius TuUius, but rebuilt during the republic, and, if the existing building is really republican, the most ancient temple remaining in Rome. It is surrounded by Ionic columns (one side being enclosed in other buildings), 28 feet high, clothed with hard stucco, and supporting an entablature adorned with figures of children, oxen, candelabra, tScc. The Roman matrons had a great regard for this goddess, who was sup- posed to have the power of concealing their personal imper- fections from the eyes of men. At the close of the tenth century this temple was consecrated to the Virgin, but has since been bestowed upon St. Mary of Egypt. Hard by, is a picturesque end of building, laden with rich but incongruous sculpture, at one time called " The House of Pilate," but now known as the House of Rienzi. It derives its present name from a long inscription over a doorway, which tallies with the bombastic epithets assumed by " The Last of the Tribunes " in his pompous letter of Aug. I, 1347, when, in his semi-madness, he sunmioned kings and emperors to appear before his judgment-seat. The inscription closes : — " Primus do ]iriniis maj^nus Nicolaus alj imis, Krexit jiatrum dccus oh rcnovare suoruni. Stat patris Crcscens matnsque Theodora nomen. Hoc culmcn clarum caro dc pignorc gessit, Davidi tribuit qui pater c.xhibuit." HOUSE OF RIENZI. PONTE ROTTO. 237 It is believed, from the inscription, that the house was fortified by Nicholas, son of Crescentius and Theodora, who gave it to David, his son ; that the Crescentius alluded to was son of the famous patrician who headed the populace against Otho III. ; and that, three centuries later, the house may have belonged to Cola di Rienzi, a name which is, in fact, only popular language for Niccola Crescenza It is, however, knowii that Rienzi was not born in this house, but in a narrow street behind S. Tommaso, in the Rione alia Regola, where his father Lorenzo kept an inn, and his mother, INIaddalena, gained her daily bread as a washerwoman and water-carrier — so were the Crescenzi fallen ! Here is the entrance to a suspension-bridge, which joins the remaining arches of the Ponte Rotto, and leads to the Trastevere. On this site was the Pons ^milius, begun, B.C. 180, by M. yEmilius Lepidus and Marcus Fulvius Nobilior, and finished by P. Scipio Africanus and L. Mummius, the censors, in B.C. 142. Hence the body of the Emperor Heliogabalus was thrown into the Tiber, The bridge has been three times rebuilt by different popes, but two of its arches were finally carried away in an inunda- tion of 1598, and have never since been replaced. The existing remains, which only date from the time of Julius III., are highly picturesque. " Quand on a etabli un pont en fil de fer, on lui a donne pour base les piles du P&nte-Rotto, eleve au moyen age sur les fondemcnts du Pons Palatinus, qui fut acheve sous la censure de Scipion I'Africain. ScipioJi I'Africain et un pont en fil de fer, voila de ces contrastes qu'on ne trouve qu'a Rome." — Ampere, Enip. ii. 209. From this bridge is the best view of the Isola Tiberina and its bridges, and hence, also, the Temple of Vesta is 238 WALK'S IN ROME. seen to great advantage. Just below is the mouth of the Cloaca Maxima. "Quand du Ponte-Rotto on considere le triple cintre de I'ouverture par laquelle la Cloaca Maxima se dechargeait dans le Tibre, on a devant les yeux un monument qui rappelle beaucoup de grandeur et beaucoup d'oppression. Ce monument extraordinaire est une page importante de I'histoire romaine. II est a la fois la supreme expression de la puissance des rois etnisques et le signe avant-coureur de leur chute. L'on croit voir Tare triomphal de la royaute par ou devait entrer la republique." — Amph-c, Hist. Rom. ii. 233. In the bed of the river a little lower down may be seen, at low water, some massive fragments of masonry. Here stood the Pons Sublicius, the oldest bridge in Rome, built by Ancus Martins (b.c. 639), on which Horatius Codes and his two companions " kept the bridge " against the Etruscan army of Lars Porsenna, till — •' Back darted Spurius Lartius ; Herminius darted back : And, as they passed, beneath their feet They felt the timbers crack. But when they turned their faces. And on the farther shore Saw brave Horatius stand alone, They would have crossed once more. " But with a crash like thunder Fell every loosened beam, And, like a dam, the mighty wreck Lay right athwart the stream : And a long shout of triumph Rose from the walls of Rome, As to the highest turret-tops Was splashed the yellow foam." MacaKlay's Lays. The name " Sublicius " came from the wooden beams of its construction, which enabled the Romans to cut it away. ■S". GIGVAXNI DECOLLATO. ST A. GALL A. 239 The bridge was rebuilt by Tiberius and again by Antoninus Pius, each time of beams, but upon stone piers, of which the present remains are fragments, the rest having been destroyed by an inundation in the time of Adrian I. On the Trastevere bank, between these two bridges, half hidden in shrubs and ivy (but worth examination in a boat), are two gigantic Heads of Lions, to which in ancient times chains were fastened, and drawn across the river to prevent hostile vessels from passing. Near this we enter the Via S. Giovanni DecoUato, decor- ated with numerous heads of John the Baptist in the dish, let into the walls over the doors of the houses. The " Confraternity, della Misericordia di S. Giovanni Decollato," founded in 1488, devote themselves to criminals condemned to death. They visit them in prison, accompany them to execution, receive their bodies, and ofter masses for their souls in their little chapel. Vasari gives the highest praise to two pictures of Francesco Salviati in the Church of S. Giov. Decollato, " before which all Rome stood still in admiration,"-^representing the appearance of the angel to Zacharias, and the meeting of the Virgin and Elizabeth. On the left is the Hospital of Sta. Galla, commemorating the pious foundation of a Roman matron in the time of John I. (523 — 526), who attained such celebrity, that she is still commemorated in the Roman mass by the prayer — "Almighty and merciful God, who didst adorn the blessed Galla with the virtue of a M'onderful love towards thy poor ; grant us, through her merits and prayers, to practise works of love, and to obtain Thy mercy, through the Lord, &c. Amen." On, or very near this site, stood the Porta Carmcntalis, which, with the temple beside it, commemorated Cannenta, 240 WALK'S IN ROME. the supposed mother of Evander, a Sabine prophetess, who is made by Ovid to predict the future grandeur of Rome.* Carmenta was especially invoked by women in childbirth. The Porta Carmentalis was reached from the Forum by the Vicus Jugarius. It was by this route that the Fabii went forth to meet their doom in the valley of the Crimera. The Porta had two gates — one for those who entered, the other for those who left it, so that in each case the passenger passed through the "Janus," as it was called, upon his right. After the massacre of the Fabii, the road by which they left the city was avoided, and the Janus Carmentalis on the right was closed, and called the Porta Scelerata. " Carmentis portas dextro via proxima Jano est. Ire per hanc noli, quisquis es ; omen habet." OviJ, Fast. ii. 20I. Just beyond the Porta Carmentalis was the district called Tarentufn, where there was a subterranean " Ara Ditis Patris et Proserpin^e." "We now reach (left) the Church of S. Nicolo in Car- iere. It has a mean front, with an inscription in honour of one of the Aldobrandini family, and is only interesting as occupying the site of the three Temples of Juno Matuta, Piety (?), and Hope, which are believed to mark the site of the Forum Olitorium. The vaults beneath the church contain the massive substructions of these temples, and fragments of their columns. The central temple is believed to be that of Piety, built by M. Acilius Glabrio, the duumvir, in B.C. 165 (though Pliny says that this temple was on the site afterwards occu- * Fasti, i. 515. CARITAS ROMANA. 241 pied by the theatre of Marcellus), in fulfihiient of a vow made by his father, a consul of the same name, on the day of his defeating the forces of Antiochus the Great, king of Syria, at Thermopylae. Others endeavour to identify it with the temple built on the site of the Decemviral prisons, to keep up the recollection of the famous story, called the " Caritas Romana," — of a woman condemned to die of hunger in prison being nourished by the milk of her own daughter. Pliny and Valerius Maximus tell the story as of a mother ; Festus only speaks of a father ; * — yet art and poetry have always followed the latter legend. A cell is shown, by torchlight, as the scene of this touching incident. " There is a dungeon, in whose dim drear hght "What do I gaze on ? Nothing. Look again ! Two forms are slowly shadowed on my sight — - Two insulated phantoms of the brain : It is not so ; I see them full and plain — An old man, and a female young and fair, Fresh as a nursing mother, in whose vein The blood is nectar : — but what doth she there, With her unmantled neck, and bosom white and bare ? " But here youth offers to old age the food. The milk of his own gift :— it is her sire, To whom she renders back the debt of blood Bom with her birth. No, he shall not expire While in those warm and lovely veins the fire Of health and holy feeling can provide Great Nature's Nile, whose deep stream rises higher Than Egypt's river ; — from that gentle side Drink, drink, and live, old man ! Heaven's realm holds no such tide. * Plin. H. N. vii. 36 ; Val. Max. v. 4—7 ; Festus, p. 609. VOL. I. 16 242 WALKS IN ROME. " The starry fable of the milky-way Has not thy story's purity ; it is A constellation of a sweeter ray, And sacred Nature triumphs more in this Reverse of her decree, than in the abyss Where sparkle distant worlds : — Oh, holiest nurse ! No drop of that clear stream its way shall miss To thy sire's heart, replenishing its source "With life, as our freed souls rejoin the universe." Childe Harold. A memorial of this story of a prison is preserved in the name of the church — S. Nicolo in Carcere. It was pro- bably owing to this legend that, in front of the Temple of Piety, was placed the Cohimna Ladaria, where infants were exposed, in the hope that some one would take pity upon and nurse them out of charity. A wide opening out of the street near this, with a pretty fountain, is called the Piazza Alontanara, and is one of the places where the country people collect and wait for hire. " Le dimanche est le jour ou les paysans arrivent a Rome. Ceux qui cherchent I'emploi de leurs bras viennent se louer aux marchands de campagne, c'est-a-dire aux fermiers. Ceux qui sont loues et qui travaillent hors des murs viennent faire leurs affaires et renouveler leurs provisions, lis entrent en ville au petit jour apres avoir marche une bonne partie de la nuit. Chaque famille amene un ane, qui porte le bagage. Hommes, femmes, et enfants, poussant leur ane devant eux, s'etablissent dans un coin de la place Farnese, ou de la place Montanara. Les boutiques voisines restent ouvertes jusqu'a midi, par un privilege special. On va, on vient, on achate, on s'accroupit dans les coins pour compter les pieces de cuivre. Cependant les anes se reposent sur leurs quatre pieds au bord dcs fontaines. Les femmes, vetues d'un corset en cuirasse, d'un tablier rouge, et d'une veste rayee, encadrent leur figure halee dans une draperic de linge trcs-blanc. Elles sont toutes a peindre sans cxcejjlion : quand ce n'cst pas pour la beaute de leurs traits, c'cst pour relcgance naive de leurs attitudes. Les hommes ont le long manteau bleu dc ciel ct le chapeau pointu ; la-dessous leur^ PIAZZA MONTANARA. 243 habits de travail font merveille, quoique roussis par le temps et couleur de perdrix. Le costume n'est pas uniforme; on voit plus d'un manteau amadou rapiece de bleu vif ou de rouge garance. Le chapeau de paille abonde en ete. La chaussure est tres-capricieuse ; Soulier, botte et sandale foulent successivement le pave. Les dechausses trouvent ici pres de grandes et profondes boutiques ou I'on vend des marchandises d'occasion. II y a des souliers de tout cuir et de tout age dans ces tresors de la chaussure ; on y trouverait des cothurnes de Fan 500 de la republique, en cherchant bien. Je viens de voir un pauvre diable qui essayait une paire de bottes a revers. Elles vont a ses jambes comme une plume a I'oreille d'un pore, et c'est plaisir de voir la grimace qu'il fait chaque fois qu'il pose le pied a terre. Mais le marchand le fortifie par de bonnes paroles : ' Ne crains rien,' lui dit-il, ' tu souffriras pendant cinq ou six jours, et puis tu n'y penseras plus.' Un autre marchand debite des clous a la livre : le chaland les enfonce lui-meme dans ses semelles ; il y a des bancs ad hoc. Le long des murs, cinq ou six chaises de paille servent de boutique a autant de barbiers en plein vent. II en coute un sou pour abattre une barbe de huit jours. Le patient, barbouille de savon, regarde le ciel d'un ceil resigne ; le barbier lui tire le nez, lui met les doigts dans la bouche, s'interrompt pour aiguiser le rasoir sur un cuir attache au dossier de la chaise, ou pour ecorner une galette noire qui pend au mur. Cependant I'operation est faite en un tour de main ; le rase se leve et sa place est prise. II pourrait aller se laver a la fontaine, mais il trouve plus simple de s'essuyer du revers de sa manche. " Les ecrivains publics alternent avecles barbiers. On leur apporte les lettres qu'on a re9ues ; ils les lisent et font la reponse : total, trois sous. Des qu'un paysan s'approche de la table pour dieter quelque-chose, cinq ou six curieux se reunissent officieusement autour de lui pour mieux entendre. II y a une certaine bonhomie dans cette indiscretion. Chacun place son mot, chacun donne un conseil : ' Tu devrais dire ceci.' — ' Non ; dis plutot cela.' — ' Laissez-le parler,' crie un troisieme, 'il sait mieux que vous ce qu'il veut faire ecrire.' " Quelques voitures chargees de galettes d'orge et de ma'is circulent au milieu de la foule. Un marchand de limonade, arme d'une pince de bois, ecrase les citrons dans les verres. L'homme sobre boit a la fontaine en faisant un aqueduc des bords de son chapeau. Le gourmet achete des viandes d'occasion devant un petit etalage, ou les rebuts de cuisine se vendent a la poignee. Pour un sou, le debitant remplit de boeuf hache et d'os de cotelettes un morceau de vieux journal ; une pincee de sel ajoutee sur le tout pare agreablement la denree. L'achcteur 244 WALA'S IN ROME. marchande, non sur le prix, qui est invariable, mais sur la quantite ; il prend au tas quelques bribes de viande, et on le laisse faire ; car rien ne se conclut a Rome sans marchander. " Les ermites et les moines passent de groupe en groupe en quetant pour les ames du purgatoire. M'est avis que ces pauvres ouvriers font leur purgatoire en ce monde ; et qu'il vaudrait mieux leur donner de I'argent que de leur en demander ; ils donnent pourtant, et sans se faire tirer I'oreille. " Quelquefois \m beau parleur s'amuse a raconter une histoire ; on fait cercle autour de lui, et a mesure que I'auditoire augniente il eleve la voix. J'ai vu de ces conteurs qui avaient la physionomie bien fine et bien heureuse ; mais je ne sais rien de channant comme I'attention de leur public. Les peintres du quinzieme siecle ont du prendre a la place Montanara les disciples qu'ils groupaient autour du Christ." — About, Rome Contemporaine. An opening on the left discloses the vast substructions of the Theatre of Alar celliis. This huge edifice seems to have been projected by Julius Csesar, but he probably made little progress in it. It was actually erected by Augustus, and dedicated {c. 13 b.c.) in memory of the young nephew whom he married to Iiis daughter Julia, and intended as his successor, but who was cut off by an early death. The theatre was capable of containing 20,000 spectators, and consisted of three tiers of arches, but the upper range has disappeared, and the lower is very imperfect. Still it is a grand remnant, and rises magnificently above the paltry houses which surround it. The perfect proportions of i^ Doric and Ionic columns served as models to Palladio. " Le mur exterieur du portique demi-circulaire qui enveloppait les gradins offre encore a notre admiration deux etages d'arceaux et de colonncs doricjues ct ioniques d'une beaute presque grecque. L'etage su])crieur, qui devait ctre corinthicn, a disparu. 'L^s/orniccs, ou voiites du rez-de chaussce, sont liabitccs encore aujourd'hui comme elles I'etaient dans I'antiquite, mais plus honuctement, par de pauvres gens qui PALAZZO SAVELLI. 245 vendent des ferrailles. Au-dessous des belles colonnes de I'enceinte exterieure, on a construit des maisons modernes dans lesquelles soat pratiquees des fenetres, et a ces fenetres du theatre de Marcellus, on voit des pots a fleurs, ni plus ni moins qu'a une mansarde de la rue Saint Denis ; des chemises sechent sur I'entablement ; des cheminees sur- montent la ruine romaine, et un grand tube se dessine a I'extremite. "Dans les jeux celebres a I'occasion de la dedicace du theatre de Mar- cellus, on vit pour la premiere fois un tigre apprivoise, tigrim man- snefadiim. Dans ce tigre le peuple romain pouvait contempler son image." — Ampere, Etnp. i. 256. In the middle ages this theatre .was the fortress of the great family of Pierleoni, the rivals of the Frangipani, who occupied the Coliseum ; their name is commemorated by the neighbouring street, Via Porta Leone. The constant warfare in which they were engaged with their neighbours did much to destroy the building, whose interior became reduced to a mass of ruins, forming a hill, upon which Baldassare Peruzzi (1526) built the Palazzo SavcIIi, of which the entrance, flanked by the two armorial bears of the family, may be seen in the street (Via Savelli) v/hich leads to the Ponte Quattro Capi. " Au dix-septieme siecle, les Savelli exer9aient encore une jurisdiction feodale. Leur tribunal, aussi regulierement constitue que pas un, s'ap- pellait Corte Savella. * lis avaient le droit d'arracher tous les ans un criminel a la peine de mort : droit de grace, droit regalien reconnu par la monarchie absolue des papes. Les femmes de cette illustre famille ne sortaient point de leurs palais sinon dans un carosse bien ferme. Les Orsini et les Colonna se vantaient que pendant les siecles, aucun traite de paix n'avait ete conclu entre les princes chretiens, dans lequel ils n'eussent ete nominativement compris." — About. The palace has now passed to the family of Orsini- Gravina, who descended from a senator of a.d. 1200. The * Beatrice and Lucrezia Cenci were imprisoned in the Corte Savella, and led thence to execution. 246 WALKS IN ROME. princes of Orsini and Colonna, in their quality as attendants on the throne {principi assistenti al soglio), take precedence of all other Roman nobles. " Nicolovius will remember the Theatre of Marcellus, in which the Savelli family built a palace. My house is half of it. It has stood empty for a considerable time, because the drive into the courtyard (the interior of the ancient theatre) rises like the slope of a mountain upon the heaps of rubbish ; although the road has been cut in a zig-zag, it is still a break-neck affair. There is another entrance from the Piazza Montanara, whence a flight of seventy-three steps leads up to the same story I have mentioned ; the entrance-hall of which is on a level with the top of the carriage-way through the courtyard. • The apartments in which we shall live are those over the colonnade of Ionic pillars forming the third story of the ancient theatre, and some, on a level with them, which have been built out like wings on the rubbish of the ruins. These enclose a little quadrangular garden, which is indeed very small, only about eighty or ninety feet long, and scarcely so broad, but so delightful ! It contains three fountains — an abundance of flowers : there are orange- trees on the wall between the windows, and jessamine under them. We mean to plant a vine besides. From this story, you ascend forty steps, or more, higher, where I mean to have my own study, and there are most cheerful little rooms, from which you have a prospect over the whole country beyond the Tiber, Monte Mario, and St. Peter's, and can see over St. Pietro in Montorio, indeed almost as far as the Aven- tine. It would, I think, be possible besides to erect a loggia upon the roof (for which I shall save money from other things), that we may have a view over the Capitol, Forum, Palatine, Coliseum, and all the inhabited parts of the city." — Niebiihi's Letters. Following the wall of the theatre, down a filthy street, we arrive at the picturesque group of ruins of the " Porticus Octavioc," erected by Augustus, in honour of his sister (the unhappy wife of Antony), close to the theatre to which he had given the name of her son. The exact form of the btiilding is known from the Pianta Capitolina, — that it was a parallelogram, surrounded by a double arcade of 270 columns, and enclosing the temples of Jupiter I PORTICO OF OCTAVIA. 247 and Juno, built by the Greek architects, Batracus and Saunis.* With regard to these temples, Pliny narrates a fact which reminds one of the story of the Madonna of Sta. Maria Nuova.t The porters having carelessly carried the statues of the gods to the wrong temples, it was imagined that they had done so from divine inspiration, and the people would not venture to remove them, so that the statues always remained where they had been placed, though their sur- roundings were utterly unsuitable. The Portico of Odavia built by Augustus, occupied the site of an earlier portico — the Porticus Metelli — built by A. Csecilius Metellus, after his triumph over Andriscus in Macedonia, in b.c. 146. Temples of Jupiter Stator and Juno existed also in this portico, one of them being the earliest temple built of marble in Rome. Before these temples Metellus placed the famous group of twenty-five bronze statues, which he had brought from Greece, executed by Lysippus for Alexander the Great, and representing that conqueror himself and twenty-four horsemen of his troop who had fallen at the Granicus.J The existing fragment of the portico is the original en- trance to the whole. The building had suffered from fire in the reign of Titus, and was restored by Septimius Se- verus, and of this time is the large brick arch on one side of the ruin, "It was in this hall of Octavia that Titus and Vespasian celebrated their triumph over Israel with festive pomp and splendour. Among the Jewish spectators stood the historian Flavins Josephus, who was one of * See the account of the Basilica of St. Lorenzo fuori Mura. + See Ch. IV. t See Dyer's City of Rome. 248 WALKS IN ROME. the followers and flatterers of Titus .... and to this base Jewish courtier we owe a description of the triumph." — Gix'goroviiis, Wander- jahre in Italien. Within the portico is the Church of S. Angela in Pescheria. Here it was that Cola Rienzi summoned, at midnight — May 20, 1347— all good citizens to hold a meeting for the re-establishment of " the good estate ; " here he kept the vigil of the Holy Ghost ; and hence he went forth, bare- headed, in complete armour, accompanied by the papal legate, and attended by a vast multitude, to the Capitol, where he called upon the populace to ratify the Good Estate. It is said that one of the causes which most incited the indignation of Rienzi against the assumption and pride of the Roman families, was the fact of their painting their arms on the ancient Roman buildings, and thus in a manner appro- priating them to their own glory. Remains of coats of arms thus painted may be seen on the front wall of the Portico of Octavia. It was also on this very wall that Rienzi painted his famous allegorical picture. In this painting kings and men of the people were seen burning in a furnace, with a woman half consumed, who personified Rome, — and on the right was a church, whence issued a white-robed angel, bearing in one hand a naked sword, while with the other he plucked the woman from tlic flames. On the church tower were SS. Peter and Paul, crying to the angel, " Aquilo, aquilo, succurri a I'albergatrice nostra," — and beyond this were represented falcons (typical of the Roman barons) falling from heaven into the flames, and a white dove bearing a wreath of olive, which it gave to a little bird (Rienzi), which was chased by the falcons. Beneath was in- PESCIIERIA. 249 scribed : " I see the time of great justice, do thou await that time." "Then turn we to her latest tribune's name, From her ten thousand tyrants turn to thee, Redeemer of dark centuries of shame — The friend of Petrarch — hope of Italy — Rienzi ! last of Romans ! While the tree Of Freedom's wither'd trunk puts forth a leaf, Even for thy tomb a garland let it be — The forum's champion, and the people'schief — Her newborn Numa thou — with reign, alas ! too brief." Childe Harold. Through the brick arch of the Portico we enter upon the ancient Fesc/tcria, with the marble fish-slabs of imperial times still remaining in use. It is a striking scene — the dark, many-storied houses almost meeting overhead and framing a narrow strip of deep blue sky, — below, the bright groups of figures and rich colouring of hanging cloths and drapery. " C'est une des ruines les plus remarquables de Rome, et une de celles qui offrent ces contrastes piquants entre le passe et le present, amuse- ment peipetuel de I'imagination dans la ville des contrastes. Le portique d'Octavie est, aujourd'hui, le marche aux poissons. Les colonnes et le fronton s'elevent an milieu de I'endroit le plus sale de Rome ; leur effet n'en est pas moins pittoresque, il Test peut-etre davan- tage. Le lieu est fait pour une aquarelle, et quand un beau soleil eclaire les debris antiques, les vieux murs sombres de la rue etroite ou la poisson se vend sur des tables de marbre blanc, et a travers laquelle des nattes sont tendues, on a, a cote du monument romain, le spectacle d'un marche du moyen age, et un peu le souvenir d'un bazar d' Orient." — Ampire, Emp. i. 179. " Who that has ever been to Rome does not remember Roman streets of an evening, when the day's work is done ? They are all alive in a serene and homelike fashion. The old town tells its story. Low arches cluster with life — a life humble and stately, though rags hang from the citizens and the windows. You realize it as you pass them — their temples are in ruins, their rule is over — their colonies have revolted 250 WALKS IN ROME. long centuries ago. Their gates and their cohimns have fallen like the trees of a forest, cut down by an invading civilization." — Miss Thackeray. Here we are in the centre of the Jews' quarter — the famous Ghetto. The name " Ghetto " is derived from the Hebrew word chat, broken, destroyed, shaven, cut down, cast off, aban- doned (see the Hebrew in Isaiah xiv. 12; xv. 2; Jer. xlviii. 25, 27; Zech. xi. 10 — 14; &c.). The first Jewish slaves were brought to Rome by Pompey the Great, after he had taken Jerusalem, and forcibly entered the Holy of Holies. But for centuries after this they lived in Rome in wealth and honour, their princes Herod and Agrippa being re- ceived with royal distinction, and finding a home in the Palace of the Caesars, — in which Berenice (or Veronica), the daughter of Agrippa, presided as the acknowledged mistress of Titus, who would willingly have made her empress of Rome. The chief Jewish settlement in imperial times was nearly on the site of their present abode, but they were not compelled to live here, and also had a large colony in the Trastevere ; and when St. Peter was at Rome (if the Church tradition be true), he dwelt, with Aquila and Priscilla, on the slopes of the Aventine. Julius, Augustus, and Tiberius Caesar treated the Jews with kindness, but under Caligula they already met with ill-treatment and contempt, — that emperor being especially irritated against them as the only nation which refused to yield him divine honours, and because they had successfully resisted the placing of his statue in the Holy of Holies at Jerusalem. On the de- struction of Jcnisalcm by Titus, thousands of Jewish slaves were brought to Rome, and were employed on the building THE GHETTO. 251 of the Coliseum. At the same time Vespasian, while allowing the Hebrews in Rome the free exercise of their religion, obliged them to pay the tax of half a skekel, fomaerly paid into the Temple treasury, to Jupiter Capito- linus, — and this custom is still kept up in the annual tribute paid by the Jews in the Camera Capitolina. Under Domitian the Jews were banished from the city to the valley of Egeria, where they lived in a state of poverty and outlawry, which is described by Juvenal,* and occupied themselves with soothsaying, love-charms, magic-potions, and mysterious cures. t During the reigns of the earlier popes, the Jews at Rome enjoyed a great amount of liberty, and the anti-pope Anacletus II. (ob. 1 138) was even the grandson of a baptized Jew, whose family bore a leading part in Rome, as one of the great patrician houses. The clemency with which the Jews were regarded was, however, partly due to their skill as physicians^ — and long after their persecutions had begun (as late as Martin V., 141 7 — 31), the physician of the Vatican was a Jew, The first really bitter enemy of the Jews was Eugenius IV. (Gabriele Condolmiere, 143 1 — 39), who forbade Christians to trade, to eat, or to dwell with them, and prohibited them from walking in the streets, from building new synagogues, or from occupying any public post. Paul II. (1468) increased their humiliation by com- pelling them to run races during the Carnival, as the horses run now, amidst the hoots of the populace. This custom continued for two hundred years. Sprenger's " Roma Nuova" of 1667, mentions that "the asses ran first, then the Jews — naked, with only a band round their loins — then * Sat. iii. t Sat. xvi. 252 WALK'S IN ROME. the buffaloes, then the Barbary horses." It was Clement IX. (Rospigliosi), in 1668, who first permitted the Jews to pay a sum equivalent to 1500 francs annually instead of racing. " On the first Saturday in Carnival, it was the custom for the heads of the Jews in Rome to appear as a deputation before the Conservators in the Capitol. Throwing tliemselves upon their knees, they offered a nosegay and twenty scudi with the request that this might be employed to ornament the balcony in which the Roman Senate sate in the Piazza del Popolo. In like manner they went to the senator, and, after the ancient custom, implored permission to remain in Rome. The senator placed his foot on their foreheads, ordered them to stand up, and replied in the accustomed formula, that Jews were not adopted in Rome, but allowed from compassion to remain there. This humiliation has now dis- appeared, but the Jews still go to the Capitol, on the first Saturday of Carnival, to offer their homage and tribute for the pallii of the horses, which they have to provide, in memory that now the horses amuse the people in their stead." — Gregoroviiis, Wa)iderjahre. The Jews were first shut up within the walls of the Ghetto by the fanatical Dominican pope, Paul IV. (Gio. Pietro Carafifa, 1555 — 59), and commanded never to appear out- ■ side it, unless the men were in yellow hats, or the women in yellow veils. " For," says the Bull Cum Nimis, " It is most absurd and unsuitable that the Jews, whose own crime has plunged them into everlasting slavery, under the plea that Christian magnanimity allows them, should presume to dwell and mix with Christians, not bearing any mark of distinction, and should have Chris- tian servants, yea, even buy houses." The Ghetto, or Vicus Judaiorum, as it Avas at first called, was shut in by walls which reached from the Ponte Quattro Capi to the Piazza del Pianto, or "Place of Weeping," whose name bears witness to the grief of the people on the 26th July, 1556, when they were first forced into their prison-house. "Those Jews who were shut up in the Ghetto were placed in posses- THE GHETTO. 253 sion of the dwellings of others. The houses in that quarter were the property of Romans, and some of them were inhabited by families of consideration, such as the Boccapaduli. When these removed they remained the proprietors and the Jews only tenants. But as they vyere to live for ever in these streets, it was necessary that the Jews should have a perpetual lease to defend them against a twofold danger, — negligence on the part of the owner to announce to his Jewish tenant when his possession expired, or bankruptcy if the owner raised his rent. Thus originated a law which established that the Romans should remain in possession of the dwellings let to the Jews, but that the latter should hold the houses in fee farm ; that is, the expiration of the contract cannot be announced to a Jewish tenant, and so long as he pays the lawful rent, the rent can never be raised ; the Jew at the same time may alter or enlarge his house as he chooses. This still existing privilege is called the Jus Gazzaga. By virtue of it a Jew is in hereditary possession of the lease, and can sell it to his relations or others, and to the present day it is a costly fortune to be in possession of a Jus Gazzaga, or a hereditary lease. Highly extolled is the Jewish maiden who brings her bridegroom such a dowry. Through this salutary law the Jew became possessed of a home, which to some extent he may call his own." — Gregoroztus. The Jews were kindly treated by Sixtus V. on the plea that they were " the family from whom Christ came," and he allowed them to practise many kinds of trades, and to have intercourse with Christians, and to build houses, libraries, and synagogues, but his mild laws were all repealed by Clement VIII. (Aldobrandini, 1592-1605), and under Cle- ment XI. and Innocent XIII. all trade was forbidden them, except that in old-clothes, rags, and iron, " stracci feracci." To these Benedict XIV. (Lambertini) added trade in drapery, with which they are still largely occupied. Under Gregory XIII, (Buoncompagni, 1572-85) the Jews were forced to hear a sermon every week in the church, first of S. Benedetto alia Regola, then in S. Angelo in Peschiera, and every Sabbath police-agents were sent into the Ghetto to drive men, women, and children into the 254 WALKS IN ROME. church with scourges, and to lash them while there if they appeared to be inattentive. "Now was come about Holy Cross Day, and now must my lord preach his first sermon to the Jews : as it was of old cared for in the merciful bowels of the Church, that, so to speak, a crumb at least from her conspicuous table here in Rome, should be, though but once yearly, cast to the famishing dogs, undertrampled and bespitten upon beneath the feet of the guests ; and a moving sight in truth this, of so many of the besotted, blind, restive, and ready-to-perish Hebrews ! now ma- ternally brought — nay (for He saith, ' Compel them to come in '), haled, as it were, by the head and hair, and against their obstinate hearts, to partake of the heavenly grace. . . ." — Diary by the Bishofs Secretary, 1600. Though what the Jews really said, on thus being driven to church, was rather to this effect : — IX. "Groan all together now, whee-hee-hee ! It's a-work, it's a-work, ah, woe is me ! It began, when a herd of us, picked and placed. Were spurred through the Corso, stripped to the waist ; Jew-brutes, with sweat and blood well spent To usher in worthily Christian Lent. X. *It grew, when the hangman entered our bounds, Yelled, pricked us out to his church like hounds. It got to a pitch, when the hand indeed Which gutted my purse, would throttle my creed. And it overflows, when, to even the odd. Men I helped to their sins, help me to their God." R. B. Brcnuning, Holy Cross Day. This custom of compelhng Jews to Hsten to Christian ser- mons was renewed by Leo XII., and was only abolished in the early years of Pius IX. The walls of the Ghetto also remained, and its gates were closed at night until the reign of the i)resent pope, who removed the limits of the Ghetto, and revoked all the oppressive laws against the Jews. The luiniune feeling with which he regarded this hitherto op- THE GHETTO. 255 pressed race is said to have been first evinced, — when, on the occasion of his placing a Uberal alms in the hand of a beggar, one of his attendants interposed, saying, " It is a Jew ! " and the pope replied, " What does that matter, it is a man ? " "The present population of the Ghetto is estimated at 3800, a number out of all proportion, considering the small" size of the Ghetto, which covers less space than the fifth part of any small town of 3000 inhabitants. The Jews are under the chief congregation of the Inquisi- tion, and their especial magistrate for all civil and criminal processes is the Cardinal Vicar. The tribunal which governs them consists of the Cardinal Vicar, the Prelato Vicegerente, the Prelate Luogo-tenente Civile, and the Criminal Lieutenant. In police matters, the President of the Region of S. Angela and Campitelli exercises the local police magistracy. The Jewish community has itself the right of regulating its internal order by the so-called Fattori del Ghetto, chosen every half- year. The common tribute of the Ghetto to the state, and to various religious bodies, amounts to about 13,000 francs." Opposite the gate of the Ghetto near the Ponte Quattro Capi a converted Jew erected a church, which is still to be seen, with a painting of the Crucifixion on its outside wall (upon which every Jew must look as he comes out of the Ghetto), and underneath an inscription in large letters of Hebrew and Latin from Isaiah, Ixv. 2 : — " All day long I have stretched out my hands to a disobedient and gainsaying people." The lower streets of the Ghetto, especially the Fiumara, which is nearest to the banks of the Tiber, are annually overflowed during the spring rains and melting of the mountain snows, which is productive of great misery and distress. Yet in spite of this, and of the teeming population crowded into its narrow alleys, the mortality was less here during the cholera than in any other part of Rome, and malaria is unknown here, a freedom from disease which may 256 WALKS IN ROME. perhaps be attributed to the Jewish custom of whitewashing their dweUings at every festival. There is no Jewish hospital, and if the Jews go to an ordinary hospital, they must submit to a crucifix being hung over their beds. It is remarkable that the very centre of the Jewish settlement should be the Portico of Octavia, in which Vespasian and Titus celebrated their triumph after the fall of Jerusalem. Here and there in the narrow alleys the seven-branched candlestick may be seen carved on the house walls, a "yet living symbol of the Jewish religion." Everything may be obtained in the Ghetto : precious stores, lace, furniture of all kinds, rich embroidery from Algiers and Constantinople, striped stuffs from Spain, — but all is concealed and under cover. " Cosa cercate," the Jew shopkeepers hiss at you as you thread their narrow alleys, and try to entice you into a bargain with them. The same article is often passed on by a mutual arrangement from shop to shop, and meets you wherever you go. On Friday evening all shops are shut, and bread is baked for the Sabbath, all merchandise is removed, and the men go to the synagogue, and wish each other " a good Sab- bath," on their return.* In the Piazza della Scuola are five schools under one roof — the Scuola del Tempio, Catilana, Castigliana, Sici- liana, and the Scuola Nuova, " which show that the Roman Ghetto is divided into five districts or parishes, each of which represents a particular race, according to the prevailing nationality of the Jews, whose fathers have been either Roman-Jewish from ancient times, or have been brought hither from Spain and Sicily ; the Temple-district * See Dr. Philip's article on " The Jews in Rome." THE GHETTO. 257 is said above all others to assert its descent from the Jews of Titus. In the same piazza is the chief synagogue, richly adorned with sculpture and gilding. On the external frieze are represented in stucco the seven-branched candle- stick, David's harp, and Miriam's timbrel. The interior is highly picturesque and quaint, and is hung with curious tapestries on festas. The frieze which surrounds it repre- sents the temple of Solomon with all its sacred vessels. A round window in the north wall, divided into twelve panes of coloured glass, is symbohcal of the twelve tribes of Israel, and a type of the Urim and Thummim. " To the west is the round choir, a wooden desk for singers and precentors. Opposite, in the eastern wall, is the Holy of Holies, with projecting staves (as if for the carrying of the ark) resting on Corinthian columns. It is covered by a curtain, on which texts and various devices of roses and tasteful ara- besques in the style of Solomon's temple are embroidered in gold. The seven-branched candlestick crowns the whole. In this Holy of Holies lies the sealed Pentateuch, a large parchment roll. This is borne in procession through the hall and exhibited from the desk towards all the points of the compass, whereat the Jews raise their arms and utter a cry." " On entering the Ghetto, we see Israel before its tents, in full rest- less labour and activity. The people sit in their doorways, or outside in the streets, which receive hardly more light than the damp and gloomy chambers, and grub amid their old trumpery, or patch and sew diligently. It is inexpressible what a chaos of shreds and patches (called Cejicl in Italian) is here accumulated. The whole world seems to be lying about in countless rags and scraps, as Jewish plunder. The fragments lie in heaps before the doors, they are of every kind and colour, — gold fringes, scraps of silk brocade, bits of velvet, red patches, VOL. I. 17 258 WALKS IN ROME. blue patches, orange, yellow, black and white, torn, old, slashed and tattered pieces, large and small. I never saw such varied rubbish. The Jews might mend up all creation with it, and patch the whole world as gaily as harlequin's coat. There they sit and grub in their sea of rags, as though seeking for treasures, at least for a lost gold brocade. For they are as good antiquarians as any of those in Rome, who grovel amongst the ruins to bring to light the stump of a column, a fragment of a relief, an ancient inscription, a coin, or such matters. Each Hebrew Winckelmann in the Ghetto lays out his rags for sale with a certain pride, as does the dealer in marble fragments. The latter boasts a piece of giallo-antico, the Jew can match it with an excellent fragment of yellow silk ; porphyiy here is represented by a piece of dark red damask, verde-antico by a handsome patch of ancient green velvet. And there is neither jasper nor alabaster, black marble, or white, or parti-coloured, which the Ghetto antiquarian is not able to match. The history of eveiy fashion from Herod the Great to the invention of paletots, and of every mode of the highest as well as of the lower classes may be collected from these fragments, some of which are really historical, and may once have adorned the persons of ROmulus, Scipio Africanus, Hannibal, Cornelia, Augustus, Charlemagne, Pericles, Cleopatra, Barbarossa, Gregory VII., Columbus, and so forth. " Here sit the daughters of Zion on these heaps and sew all that is capable of being sewn. Great is their boasted skill in all work of mending, darning, and fine-drawing, and it is said that even the most formidable rent in any old drapery or garment whatsoever, becomes invisible under the hands of these Arachnes. It is chiefly in the Fiumara, the street lying lowest and nearest to the river, and in the street corners (one of which is called Argumille, i.e. of unleavened bread), that this business is carried on. I have often seen with a feeling of pain the pale, stooping, starving figures, laboriously plying the needle, — men as well as women, girls, and children. Misery stares forth from the tangled hair, and complains silently in the yellow-brown faces, and no beauty of feature recalls the countenance of Rachel, Leah, or Miriam, — only sometimes a glance from a deep-sunk, piercing black eye, that looks up from its needle and rags, and seems to say — ' From the daugliter of Zion, all her beauty is departed — she that was great among the nations, and princess among the provinces, how is she become tributary,! She weepeth sore in the night, and her tears are on her checks ; among all her lovers she hath none to comfort her : all her friends have dealt treacherously with her, they are become her enemies. Judah is gone into cajjlivity, because of affliction, and because of great servitude ; she dwcllcth among the heathen, she findcth no PALAZZO CENCT. 259 rest ; all her persecutors overtook hei between the straits. How Ii.itli the Lord covered the daughter of Zion with a cloud in his anger ! " — Giegorovius, Wanderjahre. The narrow street which is a continuation of the Pes- cheria, emerges upon the small square called Piazza dcUa Giudccca. In the houses on the left may be seen some columns and part of an architrave, being the only visible remains of the Theatre of Balbus, erected by C. Cornelius Balbus, a general who triumphed in the time of Augustus, with the spoils taken from the Garamantes, a people of Africa. It was opened in the same year as the Theatre of Marcellus, and though very much smaller, was capable of containing as many as 11,600 spectators. To the right, still partly on the site of the ancient theatre, and extending along one side of the Piazza delle Scuole, is the vast Palazzo Cenci, the ancient residence of the famous Cenci family (now represented by Count Cenci- Bolognetti), and the scene of many of the terrible crimes and tragedies which stain its annals. " The Cenci Palace is of great extent : and, though in part modern- ized, there yet remains a vast and gloomy pile of feudal architecture in the same state as during the dreadful scenes which it once witnessed. The palace is situated in an obscure corner of Rome, near the quarter of the Jews, and from the upper windows you see the immense ruins of Mount Palatine, half hidden under the profuse undergrowth of trees. There is a court in one part of the palace supported by columns, and adorned with antique friezes of fine workmanship, and built up, after the Italian fashion, with balcony over balcony of open work. One of the gates of the palace, formed of immense stones, and leading through a passage dark and lofty, and opening into gloomy sub- terranean chambers, struck me particularly." — ■Shdlty''s Preface to " The Cenci. " Opposite the further entrance of the Palace, is the tiny 26o WALKS IN ROME. Church of S. Tommaso del Cenci, founded 1113 by Cencio, bishop of Sabina ; granted by JuHus II. to Rocco Cenci ; — and rebuilt in 1575 by the wicked Count Cenci. "In 1585, Francesco Cenci was the head of the family, a man of passions so ungovernable and heart so depraved, that he hesitated at no species of crime. His first wife was a Princess Santa Croce, whom he is believed to have poisoned in order to marry the beautiful Lucrezia Petroni. His domestic cruelties to his children, especially to his three elder sons, Giacomo, Christoforo, and Rocco, were so terrible, that they petitioned the reigning Pope Clement VHI. to interfere in their behalf, but he abruptly dismissed them as rebels against the paternal authority ; one daughter, Marguerita, alone escaped from her miserable home, being given in marriage by the pope to a Signor Gabrielli. " The escape of this daughter made Francesco the more emlnttered against the remainder of his family. His youngest child, Beatrice, he immured in a solitary chamber, to which no one but himself was admitted, and where he constantly starved and beat her severely. When he received the news that his sons Christoforo and Rocco were assassinated in the neighbourhood of Rome by an unknown hand, he expressed the utmost joy, declaring that no money of his should pur- chase masses for the repose of their souls, and that he could have no peace until his wife and every child he had were in their graves. " Lucrezia, believing that the monster whom she had espoused was possessed, in spite of his cruelty, by a criminal passion for his own daughter, attempted secretly to save her, by presenting a memorial to the pope imploring him to give her in marriage to a Signor Guerra, who had long been attached to her. But this petition was intercepted by Francesco, who then carried off Lucrezia and his two youngest children, Beatrice and Bernardo, to Petrella, a vast and desolate castle in the Apennines. Guerra, and Giacomo the eldest remaining brother of Beatrice, hired a band of banditti in the Sabine hills who were tt) attack the party on the way, and to carry off Francesco for a ransom, liberating the women ; — but the rescue arrived too late. " When they reached Petrella, Beatrice was incarcerated in a subter- ranean dungeon, where she was persuaded that her lover Guerra had been murdered, and was treated with such awful cruelty by her father, that, for a time, she was deprived of her reason. One day a servant, Marzio, whose betrothed had previously been seduced and murdered by Francesco, roused by llie shrieks of lieatrice, burst into the room, and i-ushing upon his master dealt a terrible thrust with a dagger on his STORY OF THE CENCI. ' 261 neck, exclaiming, 'I murder thee, assassin of thy own blood.' But Cenci arose uninjured, to the horror of Marzio, who imagined that only a demon could avert such a blow, and who was ignorant that he wore under his vestments, even in bed, a coat of mail which covered his entire body. " At length Beatrice contrived to communicate with her brother Gia- como, who united with Guerra in hiring the services of Marzio and of Olympio, another servant, who was inspired with an equal thirst for vengeance upon Count Cenci. All felt that the death of Francesco was the only hope for his unhappy family. The assassins com- municated with Lucrezia, who administered an opiate to her husband, and then stole from him some keys which enabled her after mid- night to liberate Bernardo and Beatrice. The latter she found in a state of stupefaction, and vainly endeavoured to rouse her, signifying that the moment of escape had arrived. Beatrice showed no symptom of surprise at the announcement, or at the visit of her stepmother at that strange hour ; she asked not how they had opened her door, or how her liberty had been acquired. When they were all assembled in the hall, Lucrezia told them the project, and asked their aid. Bernardo at first hesitated, but Lucrezia roused him by every argument she could urge and obtained his consent. Beatrice made no reply. " . . . . Francesco Cenci was murdered in his sleep. Marzio placed a large nail or iron bolt on his right eye, which Olympio, with one blow of a hammer, drove straight into the brain. The deed thus accomplished, Marzio and Olympio wrapped the dead body in a sheet," and carried it to a small pavilion built at the end of a terrace-walk, overlooking an orchard. From this height they cast it down on an old gnarled elder-tree, in order that when the body should be found the next morning, it might appear that whilst walking on the terrace, the foot of the count had slipped, and that he had fallen head-foremost on one of the stunted branches of the tree, which, piercing through his eye to the brain, had caused his death. Returning to the hall, they received from Lucrezia a purse of gold ; Marzio, carrying with him a valuable cloak trimmed with gold lace, turned towards Beatrice (who still stood leaning against the table), and saying, ' I shall keep this as a memorial of you,' departed with Olympio. The report of Francesco's death was not spread through the castle until the next morning. Lu- crezia then rushed through the house uttering cries. In a day or two the funeral took place, and immediately after the family returned to Rome. Giacomo took possession of the Cenci palace, and Beatrice daily improved in health of body and mind. " Soon, however, the suspicious circumstances of Count Cenci's death 262 WALKS IN ROME. excited attention ; the body was exhumed and examined, and the in- habitants of Petrella placed under arrest, when a washerwoman deposed to having received bloody sheets from one of the inhabitants of the castle — she thought from Beatrice^the day after the murder. On hearing this, the fear that he would turn against them, induced Signor Guerra to hire assassins to pursue Olympio, Avhom they despatched at Terni ; but Marzio was arrested, and confessed the circumstances of the murder, though when confronted with Beatrice, he proclaimed her inno- cence of it, and declared her incapable of crime. " Guerra made good his escape, but the whole Cenci family were thrown into prison and put to the torture. Giacomo, Bernardo, and Lucrezia, unable to endure the sufferings of the rack, confessed at once. "Such, however, was not the case Avith the young and beautiful Beatrice. Full of spirit and courage, neither the persuasions nor threats of Moscati the judge coidd extort from her the smallest confession. She endured the torture of the cord with all the firmness which the puiity of her heart inspired. The judge failed to extort from her lips a single word which could throw a shade over her innocence, and at length, believing it useless to pursue the torture further, he suspended the pro- ceedings, and reported them to the pope. But Clement VIII. suspecting that the unwillingness of Moscati to believe Beatrice guilty was induced by her extreme beauty, only replied by consigning the prosecution to another judge, and Beatrice was left in the hands of Luciani, 'a man whose heart was a stranger to every feeling of humanity.' Upon her renewed protestations of innocence, he ordered the torture of the Vigilia. "The torture of the Vigilia was as follows: — Upon a high joint- stool, the seat about a span large, and instead of being flat, cut in the form of pointed diamonds, the victim was seated : the legs were fastened together and without support ; the hands bound behind the back, and with a running knot attached to a cord descending from the ceiling : the body was loosely attached to the back of the chair, cut also into angular points. A wretch stood near, pushing the victim from side to side, and now and then, by pulling the rope from the ceiling, gave the arms most painful jerks. In this horrible position the sufferer remained forty hours, the assistants being changed every fifth hour. At the expiration of this time, Beatrice was carried into the prison more dead than alive. The judge was annoyed at the account he received of the fortitude of Beatrice, and, in a rage, he exclaimed, ' Never shall it be said that a weak girl can escape from my hands, while not one of those condemned liavc been able to resist my power ! ' STORY OF THE CENCI. 263 • " On the tliird day the examination was renewed, and Beatrice was condemned to the tortura capillomm. ' At a given signal, the satel- lites of the tribunal carried Beatrice under a rope suspended from the ceiling, and twisting into a cord her long and beautiful hair, they attached it, with diabolical art, to the rope, so that the whole body could by this means be raised from the ground. The frightful prepara- tions over, and her protestations of innocence again disregarded, she was elevated from the ground by the hair of her head ; at the same time was added another torture, consisting of a mesh of small cords twined about the fingers, twisting them nearly out of joint and dragging the hand almost from the bone of the arm. The wretched girl screamed with agony, while the judge stood by, commanding the suspended rope to be tightened, and raising the body by the hair from the ground gave it a sudden jerk, exhorting her to confess. She cried out in a convulsion for water, rolling her eyes in agony, and exclaiming, ' I am innocent.' The torture being repeated with still greater cruelty, and the fortitude of the young girl remaining unshaken, the judge, believing it impossible that a young female could resist such torments, concluded, with the superstition of the times, that she carried about with her some witch- craft ; he ordered her to be examined, and finding no cause of suspicion, was about to have her hair cut off, when it was suggested the torment of the tortura capillomm could not then be renewed ; her hair was again fastened to the rope, and for a whole hour she was subjected to such a succession of cruelties as the heart shrinks from narrating : but not a word escaped from her lips, that could compromise her innocence. " In the mean time Lucrezia, Giacomo, and Bernardo were taken into the hall Erculeo, and in their presence a repetition of the torture was ordered, to so awful an extent, that she fainted and lay senseless. A new cruelty was devised — the taxilla, — her feet were bared, and to the soles was applied a block of heated wood, prepared in such a way as to retain the scorching heat ; then did the unhappy girl utter piercing shrieks, and remained some minutes apparently dead. These accumu- lated tortures were repeated, until her relations, who were handcuffed lest they should render her any assistance, began to implore her with heart-rending tears and entreaties to yield. To this the judge mingled threats and the application of further torments, and enforced them with such rigour, that the victim shrieked in agony, and exclaimed, ' Oh ! cease this martyrdom, and I will confess anything.' "The tortures were at once suspended and restoratives applied, while her family on their knees implored Beatrice to adhere to her promise, Urging that the unnatural cruelties of her father would be a just defence for the crime imputed to her, and that by agreeing to their 264 • WALK'S IN ROME. deposition, she might give them a hope of common liberation. The unhappy girl replied, ' Be it as you wish. I am content to die if I can preserve you ' — and to each interrogatory of the judge she replied, ' J£ vera,'' until asked whether she did not urge the assassins to kill her father, and, on their refusal, propose to commit the crime herself, when she involuntarily exclaimed, ' Impossible, impossible ! a tiger could not do it ; how much less a daughter ! ' Threatened anew with the torture, she answered not, but, raising her eyes to Heaven, and moving her lips in prayer, she said, ' Oh my God, Thou knowest if this be true ! ' Thus did the judge force from Beatrice an assent to a deed at which her very nature revolted. "Luciani hastened to the pope with the news that Beatrice had con- fessed. Clement VIII. was seized with one of those fits of anger to which he was subject, and exclaimed — 'Let them all be immediately bound to the tails of wild horses, and dragged through the streets until life is extinct.' The horror evinced by all classes at this sentence induced him to grant a respite of twenty-five days, at the end of which a trial took place, and the advocate Farinacci boldly pleaded the defence of the prisoners. But while their fate was hanging in the balance, the Marchesa Santa-Croce was murdered by her own son, which caused Clement to order the immediate execution of the whole Cenci family, and the entreaties of their friends only induced him to spare the life of Bernardo, with the horrible proviso that he was to remain upon the scaffold and witness the execution of his relations. " , . . . During the fearful and protracted transit to the scaffold, it was the custom of the satellites of the inquisition, at regular intervals, to tear from the body pieces of flesh with heated pincers, but in this instance the pope dispensed with this torture, but ordered that Giacomo should be beaten to death and then quartered. As the pro- cession passed the piazza of the Palazzo Cenci, Giacomo, who had appeared resigned, became dreadfully agitated, and uttered heart-rending cries of, ' My cliildrcn ! my children ! ' The people shouted, ' Dogs, give him his children ! ' The procession was proceeding, when the multitude assumed such a threatening aspect, that two of the Com- pagnia dei Confortati thought tliemselves authorised to pause, the unhappy man imploring tliem in accents of despair, to suffer him once more to behold his cliildren. The crowd became pacified on seeing Giacomo descend from the cart and conducted to the vestibule of his palace, where they brought to him his children and his wife. The latter fainted on the last step. "The scene that followed was the most affecting and painful that the imagination can picture. His three children clung around his legs, STORY OF THE CENCI. 265 1 uttering cries that rent the hearts of all present. The unhappy man ' embraced them, telling them that in Bernardo they would find a father ; then, fixing his eyes on his unconscious wife, he said, ' Let us go ! ' Reascending the cart, the procession stopped before the prison of the Corte Savella. " Here Beatrice and Lucrezia appeared before the gates, conducted by the Confortati. They knelt down and prayed for some time before the crucifix, and then walked on foot behind the carriage. Lucrezia wore a robe of black, and a long black veil covered her head and shoulders ; Beatrice in a dark robe and veil, a handkerchief of cloth of silver on her head, and slippers of white velvet, ornamented with crimson sandals and rosettes, followed. . . . Twice during the passage, an attempt was made to rescue Beatrice, but each failed, and she reached the chapel, where all the condemned were to receive the blessing of the Sacrament before execution. " The first brought out to ascend the scaffold was Bernardo, who, according to the conditions of his reprieve, was to witness the death of his relatives. The poor boy, before he had reached the summit, fell down in a swoon, and was obliged to be supported to his seat of torture. Preceded by the standard and the brethren of the Misericordia, the executioner next entered the chapel to convey Lucrezia. Binding her hands behind her back, and removing the veil that covered her head and shoulders, he led her to the foot of the scaffold. Here she stopped, prayed devoutly, kissed the crucifix, and taking off her shoes, mounted the ladder barefoot. From confusion and terror, she with difficulty ascended, crying out, ' Oh, my God ! oh, holy brethren, pray for my soul, oh, God, pardon me ! ' The principal executioner beckoned to her to place herself on the block ; the unhappy woman, from her unwieldy figure, being unable to do so, some violence was used, the executioner raised his axe, and with one stroke severed the head from the body ! Catching it by the hair, he exposed it, still quivering, to the gaze of the populace ; then wrapping it in the veil, he laid it on a bier in the corner of the scaffold, the body falling into a coffin placed underneath. The violence used towards the sufferer had so excited the multitude, that a universal uproar commenced. Forty young men rushed forward to the chapel to rescue Beatrice, but were again defeated, after a short struggle. . . . "Meanwhile Beatrice, kneeling in the chapel absorbed in prayer, heeded not the uproar that surrounded her. She rose, as the standard appeared to precede her to the block, and with eagerness demanded, ' Is my mother then really dead ? ' — Answered in the affirmative, she prayed with fervour ; then raising her voice, she said, ' Lord, thou hast called 266 WALK'S IN ROME. me, and I obey the summons willingly, as I hope for mercy ! ' Ap- proaching her brother, she bade him farewell, and with a smile of love, said, ' Grieve not for me. We shall be happy in heaven, I have forgiven thee.' Giacomo fainted ; his sister, turning round, said, ' Let us proceed ! ' The executioner appeared with a cord, but seemed afraid to fasten it round her body. She saw this, and with a sad smile said, ' Bind this body ; but hasten to release the soul, which pants for immortality ! ' " Scarcely had the victim arrived at the foot of the scaffold, when the square, filled with that vast multitude before so uproarious, suddenly assumed the silence of a desert. Each one bent forward to hear her speak ; with every eye riveted on her, and lips apart, it seemed as if their very existence depended on any words she might utter. Beatrice ascended the stairs with a slow but firm step. In a moment she placed herself on the block, which had caused so much fear to Lucrezia. She did not allow the executioner to remove the veil, but laid it herself upon the table. In this dreadful situation she remained a few minutes, a universal cry of horror staying the arm of the executioner. But soon the head of his victim was held up separated from the trunk, which was violently agitated for a few seconds. The miserable Bernardo Cenci, forced to witness the fate of his sister, again swooned away ; nor could he be restored to his senses for more than half an hour. " Meanwhile the scaffold was made ready for the dreadful punishment destined for Giacomo. Having performed some religious ceremonies, he appeared dressed in a cloak and cap. Turning towards the people, he said in a clear voice, ' Although in the agonies of torture I accused my sister and brother of sharing in the crime for which I suffer, I accused them falsely. Now that I am about to render an account of my actions to God, I solemnly assert their entire innocence. Farewell, my friends. Oh, pray to God for me.' "Saying these words, he knelt down; the executioner bound his legs to the block and bandaged his eyes. To particularise the details of this execution would be too dreadful ; suffice it to say, he was beaten, beheaded, and quartered in the sight of that vast multitude, and by the side of a brother, who was sprinkled with his blood. All was now over. " Near the statue of St. Paul, according to custom, were placed three biers, each with four lighted torches. In these were laid the bodies of the victims. A crown of flowers Iiad been placed around the head of Beatrice, who seemed as though in sleep, so calm, so peaceful was that placid face, while a smile such as she wore in life still hovered on her lips. Many a tear was shed over that bier, many a PALAZZO COSTAGUTI. 267 flower was scattered around her, whose fate all mourned — whose inno- cence none questioned. " On that night the bodies were interred. The corpse of Beatrice, clad in the dress she wore on the scaffold, was borne, covered with garlands of flowers, to the church of San Pietro in Montorio ; and buried at the foot of the high altar, before Raffaelle's celebrated picture of the Transfiguration." * Retracing our steps to the Piazza della Giudecca and turning left down a narrow alley, which is always busy with Jewish traffic, we reach the Piazza delle Tartarughc, so called from the tortoises which form part of the adornments of its lovely little fountain, — designed by Giacomo della Porta, the four figures of boys being by Taddeo Landini. At this point we leave the Ghetto, Forming one side of the Piazza delle Tartarughe is the Palazzo Costagtiti, celebrated for its six splendid ceilings by great artists, viz. : — 1. Albani : Hercules wounding the Centaur Nessus. 2. Dovienickino : Apollo in his car. Time discovering truth, &c., much injured. 3. Gucrdiio : Rinaldo and Armida in a chariot drawn by- dragons. 4. Cav. d Arpiiio : Juno nursing Hercules, Venus and Cupids. 5. Lanfranco : Justice and Peace. 6. Romanelli: Arion saved by the dolphin. In a corner of the piazza is a well-known Lace-Shop^ much frequented by English ladies, but great powers of bargaining are called for. Almost immediately behind this is one of the most picturesque mediaeval courtyards in the city. * This account is much abridged from the interesting translation in Whiteside's "Italy in the Nineteenth Century," from "Beatrice Ccnci Romana, Storia del Secolo xvL Raccotiiata dal D. A. A. Firenze." 268 WALKS IN ROME. On the same line, at the end of the street, is the Palazzo Mattel, built by Carlo Maderno (1615) for Duke Asdrubal Mattel, on the site of the Circus of Flaminius. The small courtyard of this palace is well worth examining, and is one of the handsomest in Rome, being quite encrusted, as well as the staircase, with ancient bas-reliefs, busts, and other sculptures. It contained a gallery of pictures, the greater part of which have been dispersed. The rooms have fres- coes by Ponierancio, Laiifranco, Pietro da Cortona, Dome- nichino, and Albani. Behind this, facing the Via delle Botteghe Oscure, is the vast Palazzo Cactani, now inhabited by the learned Don Michael- Angelo Caetani (Duke of Sermoneta and Prince of Teano), whose family is one of the most distinguished in the medieval history of Rome, and which gave Boniface VIII. to the church : " Lo principe de' nuovi farisei." Dante, Inferno, xxvii. It claims descent from Anatolius, created Count of Gaieta by Pope Gregory II. in 730. Close to the Palazzo Mattel is the Church of Sta. Cate- rina dc' Funari, built by Giacomo della Porta, in 1563, ad- joining a convent of Augustinian nuns. The streets in this quarter are interesting as bearing witness in their names to the existence of the Circus Flaminius, the especial circus of the plebs, which once occupied all the ground near this. The Via delle Botteghe Oscnre, commemorates the dark shops whicli in mediaeval times occupied the lower part of the circus, as they do now that of the Theatre of Mar- ccUus. The Via dei Funari, the ropemakcrs who took ad- vantage for their work of the light and open space which ^ PIAZZA DI CAMPITELLI. 269 the interior of the deserted circus afforded. The remains of the circus existed to the sixteenth century. Near this, turning right, is the Piazza di CampitcUi, which contains the Church of S. Maria in CampitcUi, built by Rinaldi for Alexander VII. in 1659, upon the site of an oratory erected by Sta. Galla in the time of John I. (523-6), in honour of an image of the Virgin, which one day miraculously appeared imploring her charity, in company with the twelve poor women to whom she was daily in the habit of giving alms. Tlie oratory of Sta. Galla was called Sta. Maria in Portico, from the neighbouring portico of Octavia, a name which is sometimes applied to the present church. The miraculous mendicant image is now enshrined in gold and lapis-lazuli over the high altar. Other relics supposed to be preserved here are the bodies of Sta. Cyrica, Sta. Victoria, and Sta. Vincenza, and half that of Sta. Barbara ! The second chapel on the right has a picture of the Descent of the Holy Ghost by Liica Giordano ; in the first chapel on the left is the tomb of Prince Altieri, inscribed " Umbra," and that of his wife. Donna Laura di Carpegna, inscribed "Nihil;" they rest on lions of rosso-andco. In the right transept is the tomb, by Pettrich, of Cardinal Pacca, who lived in the Palazzo Pacca, on the opposite side of the square, and was the faithful friend of Pius VII. in his exile. The bas-relief on the tomb, of St. Peter delivered by the angel, is in allusion to the deliverance from the French captivity. The name Campitelli is probably derived from Campus- teli, because in this neighbourhood (see Ch. XIV.) was the Columna Bellica, from which when war was declared a dart was thrown into a plot of ground, representing the hostile territory, — perhaps the very site of this church. 270 WALKS IN ROME. In the street behind this, leading into the Via di Ara CoeH, are the remains of the ancient Palazzo Margajia, with a very richly-sculptured gateway oi c. 1350. Opening from hence upon the left is the Via Tor de' Spccchi, whose name commemorates the legend of Virgil as a necro- mancer, and of his magic tower lined with mirrors, in which all the secrets of the city were reflected and brought to light. Here is the famous Convent of the Tor de' Specchi, founded by Sta. Francesca Romana, and open to the public during the octave of the anniversary of her death (following the 9th of ]\Iarch). At this time the pavements are strewn with box, the halls and galleries are bright with fresh flowers, and Swiss guards are posted at the different turnings, to facilitate the circulation of visitors. It is a beautiful specimen of a Roman convent. The first hall is painted with ancient fres- coes, representing scenes in the life of the saint. Here, on a table, is the large bowl in which Sta. Francesca prepared ointment for the poor. Other relics are her veil, shoes, &c. Passing a number of open cloisters, cheerful with flowers and orange-trees, we reach the chapel, where sermons or rather lectures are delivered at the anniversary upon the story of Sta. Francesca's life, and where her embalmed body may be seen beneath the altar. A staircase seldom seen, but especially used by Francesca, is only ascended by the nuns upon theif knees. It leads to her cell and a small chapel, black with age, and preserved as when she used them. The picturcscjue dress of the Oblate sisters who are everywhere visible, adds to the interest of the scene. " It is no {gloomy al)0(lc, the Convent of tlic Tordi Specchi, even in the eyes of those who cannot inKicrsl.ind the hnjijiiness of a nun. It is such a place as one loves to sec children in ; where relijjion is combined with / CONVENT OF THE TOR DE' SFECCIH. 271 everything that pleases the eye and recreates the mind. The beautiful chapel ; the garden with its magnificent orange-trees; the open galleries, with their fanciful decorations and scenic recesses, where a holy picture or figure takes you by surprise, and meets you at every turn ; the light airy rooms, where religious prints and ornaments, with flowers, birds, and ingenious toys, testify that innocent enjoyments are encouraged and smiled upon ; while from every window may be caught a glimpse of the Eternal City, a spire, a ruined wall, — something that speaks of Rome and its thousand charms. "It was on the 2ist of March, the festival of St Benedict, that Francesca herself entered the convent, not as the foundress, but as a humble suppliant for admission. At the .foot of the stairs, having taken off her customary black gown, her veil, and her shoes, and placed a cord around her neck, she knelt down, kissed the ground, and, shedding an abundance of tears, made her general confession aloud in the presence of all the Oblates ; she described herself as a miserable sinner, a grievous offender against God, and asked permission to dwell amongst them as the meanest of their servants ; and to learn from them to amend her life, and enter upon a holier course. The spiritual daughters of Fran- cesca hastened to raise and embrace her ; and clothing her with their habit, they led the way to the chapel, where they all returned thanks to God. While she remained there in prayer, Agnese de Lellis, the superioress, assembled the sisters in the chapter-room, and declared to them, that now their true mother and foundress had come amongst them, it would be absurd for her to remain in her present office ; that Francesca was their guide, their head, and that into her hands she should instantly resign her authority. They all applauded her decision, and gathering around the Saint, announced to her their wishes. As was to be expected, Francesca strenuously refused to accede to this pro- posal, and pleaded her inability for the duties of a superioress. The Oblates had recourse to Don Giovanni, the confessor of Francesca, who began by entreating, and finally commanded her acceptance of the charge. His order she never resisted ; and accordingly, on the 25th of March, she was duly elected to that office." — Lady Georgina Fullcrton' s Life of Sta. Francesca Komana. " Sta. Francesca Romana is represented in the dress of a Benedictine nun, a black robe and a white hood or veil ; and her proper attribute is an angel, who holds in his hand the book of the Office of the Virgin, open at the words, ' Tenuisti matmm dexteram vieatn, et in vohuitate tua deduxisfi me, et cum gloria suscepisti tne^ (Ps. Ixxiii. 23, 24) ; which attribute is derived from an incident thus narrated in the acts of 272 WALKS IN HOME. her canonisation. Though unwearied in her devotions, yet if, during her prayers, she was called away by her husband on any domestic duty, she would close her book, saying that ' a wife and a mother, when called upon, must quit her God at the altar, and find him in her household affairs.' Now it happened once, that, in reciting the Office of Our Lady, she was called away four times just as she was beginning the same verse, and, returning the fifth time, she found that verse written upon the page in letters of golden light by the hand of her guardian angel. " — yamesotCs Sacred Art, p. 151. Almost opposite the convent is the Via del Monte Tar- peio, a narrow alley, leading up to the foot of the Tarpeian rock, beneath the Palazzo Cafifarelli, and one of the points at which the rock is best seen. This spot is believed to have been the site of the house of Spurius Maelius, who tried to ingratiate himself with the people, by buying up corn and distributing it in a year of scarcity (b.c. 440), but who was in consequence put to death by the patricians. His house was razed to the ground, and its site, being always kept vacant, went by the name of ^Equimselium.* * Livy, iv. i5 ; xxxviii. 28. CHAPTER VI. THE PALATINE, The Story of the Hill — Orti Famesiani — The Via Nova — Roma Quadrata — The Houses of the early Kings — Temple of Jupiter Stator — Palace of Augustus — Palace of Vespasian — Crypto-Porticus — Temple of Jupiter- Victor — The Lupercal and the Hut of Faus- tulus — Palace of Tiberius — Palace of Caligula — Clivus Victorise — Ruins of the Kingly Period — Altar of the Genius Loci — House of Hortensius — Septizonium of Severus — Palace of Domitian. " "T^HE Palatine formed a trapezium of solid rock, two sides of which were about 300 yards in length, the others about 400 : the area of its summit, to compare it with a familiar object, was nearly equal to the space between Pall-Mail and Piccadilly in London," * The history of the Palatine is the history of the City of Rome. Here was the Roma Quadrata, the " oppidum," or fortress of the Pelasgi, of which the only remaining trace is the name Roma, signifying force. This is the fortress where the shepherd-king Evander is represented by Virgil as wel- coming ^neas. The Pelasgic fortress was enclosed by Romulus within the limits of this new city, which, " after the Etruscan fashion, he traced round the foot of the hill with a plough drawn by a bull and a heifer, the furrow being carefully made to fall * Merivale, Hist, of Romans under the Empire, chap. xl. VOL. I. I.S 274 WALKS IN ROME. inwards, and the heifer yoked to the near-side, to signify that strength and courage were required without, obedience and fertihty within the city. . . . The locahty thus enclosed was reserved for the temples of the gods and the residence of the ruling class, the class of patricians or burghers, as Niebuhr has taught us to entitle them, which predominated over the dependent commons, and only suffered them to crouch for security under the walls of Romulus. The Palatine was never occupied by the plebs. In the last age of the republic, long after the removal of this partition, or of the civil dis- tinction between the great classes of the state, here was still the chosen site of the mansions of the highest nobility."* In the time of the early kings the City of Rome was represented by the Palatine only. It was at first divided into two parts, one inhabited, and the other called Velia, and left for the grazing of cattle. It had two gates, the Porta Romana to the north, and the Porta Mugonia — so called from the lowing of the cattle — to the south, on the side of the Velia. Augustus was born on the Palatine, and dwelt there in common with other patrician citizens in his youth. After he became emperor he still lived there, but simply, and in the house of Hortensius, till, on its destruction by fire, the people of Rome insisted upon building him a palace more worthy of their ruler. This building was the foundation-stone of "the Palace of the Cxsars," which in time overran the whole hill, and, under Nero, two of the neighbouring hills besides, and whose ruins are daily being disinterred and recognised, though much confusion still remains regarding their respective sites. In a.d. 663, part of the palace remained sufficiently * Merivalc, chap. xl. THE PALATIXE THE ORIGINAL ROME. 275 perfect to be inhabited by the Emperor Constans, and its plan is believed to have been entire for a century after, but it never really recovered its sack by Genseric in a.d. 455, in which it was completely gutted, even of the commonest fur- niture ; and as years passed on it became imbedded in tlie soil which has so marvellously enshrouded all the ancient buildings of Rome, so that till within the last ten years, only a few broken nameless walls were visible above ground. " Cypress and ivy, weed and wallflower grown Matted and mass'd together, hillocks heap'd On what were chambers, arch crush' d, columns strown In fragments, choked-up vaults, and frescoes steep'd In subterranean damps, where the owl peep'd, Deeming it midnight : — Temples, baths, or halls ? Pronounce who can ; for all that Learning reap'd From her research has been, that these are walls. — Behold the Imperial Mount ! 'Tis thus the mighty falls." Byron, Childe Harold. How different is this description to that of Claudian (de Sexto Consulat. Honorii). " The Palatine, proud Rome's imperial seat, (An awful pile) stands venerably gi^eat : Thither the kingdoms and the nations come, In supplicating crowds to learn their doom : To Delphi less th' inquiring worlds repair, Nor does a greater god inhabit there : This sure the pompous mansion was design'd To please the mighty rulers of mankind ; Inferior temples rise on either hand. And on the borders of the palace stand, While o'er the rest her head she proudly rears, And lodged amidst her guardian gods appears." Addisoii's Translation. After the middle of the sixteenth century a great part of the Palatine became the property of the Farnese family, 276 WALKS IN ROME. latterly represented by the Neapolitan Bourbons, who sold the "Orti Farnesiani," m 1861, to the Emperor Napoleon III., for ^10,000. Up to that time this part of the Palatine was a vast kitchen-garden, broken here and there by pic- turesque groups of ilex trees and fragments of mouldering wall. In one corner was a casino of the Famese (still stand- ing) adorned in fresco by some of the pupils of Raphael. This and all the later buildings in the " Orti," are marked with the Yaxnese fleur-de-lis, and on the principal staircase of the garden is some really grand distemper ornament of their time. Since 1861 extensive excavations have been carried on here under the superintendence of Signor Rosa, which have resulted in the discovery of the palaces of some of the earlier emperors, and the substructions of several temples. After the revolution of 1870 the French portion of the Palatine was sold by the Ex-Emperor Napoleon to the Roman municipal government. In visiting the Palace of the Ccesars, it will naturally be asked how it is known that the different buildings are what they are described to be. In a great measure this has been ascertained from the descriptions of Tacitus and other histo- rians, — but the greatest assistance of all has been obtained from the Tristia of Ovid, who, while in exile, consoles him- self by recalling the different buildings of his native city, which lie mentions in describing the route taken by his book, which he had jjcrsuaded a friend to convey to the imperial library. He supposes the book to enter the Palatine by the CHvus Victoria: behind the Temple of Vesta, and follows its course, remarking the different objects it passed on the right or the left. HOUSE OF OCTAVIUS. 277 If we enter the palace by the Farnese gateway, on the right of the Campo-Vaccino, opposite SS. Cosmo e Damiano, we had better only ascend the first division of the staircase and then turn to the left. Passing along the lower ridge of the Palatine, afterwards occupied by many of the great patrician houses, whose sites we shall return to and examine in detail, we reach that corner of the garden which is nearest to the Arch of Titus. Plere a paved road of large blocks of lava has lately been laid bare, and is identified beyond a doubt as part of the Via Nova, which led from the Porta Mugonia of the Palatine along the base of the hill to the Velabrum. In the reign of Augustus it appears to have been made to communicate also with the Forum. "Qua Nova Romano nunc Via juncta Fore est." Ovid, Fast. vi. 396. At this point the road was called Suinma Via Nova. Near this spot must have been the site of the house where Octavius lived with his wife Afra, the niece of Julius Caesar (daughter of his eldest sister Juha), and where their son, Octavius, afterwards the Emperor Augustus, was bom. This house afterwards passed into the possession of C. Lsetorius, a patrician ; but after the death of Augustus, part of it was turned into a chapel, and consecrated to him. It was situated at the top of a staircase — " supra scalas annularias"* — which probably led to the Forum, and is spoken of as " ad capita bubula," perhaps from bulls' heads, with which it may have been decorated. Here we find ourselves, owing to the excavations, in a deep hollow between the two divisions of the hill. On the left is the Velia, upon Avhich, near the Porta Mugonia, the * Sueton. Aug. 72. 273 WALA'S IN ROME. Sabine king, Ancus Martius, had his palace. "Wlien Ancus died, he was succeeded by an Etruscan stranger, Lucius Tarquinius, who took the name of Tarquinius Priscus. This king also lived upon the Velia,* with Tanaquil his queen, and here he was murdered in a popular rising, caused by the sons of his predecessor. Here his brave wife Tanaquil closed the doors, concealed the death of the king, harangued the people from the windows, t and so gained time till Servius Tullius was prepared to take the dead king's place and avenge his murder. J Keeping to the valley, on our right are now some huge blocks of tufa, of great interest as part of the ancient Roma Q?iadrafa, anterior to Romulus. Beyond this, also on the right, are foundations of the Temple of Jiipitcr Stator, built by Romulus, who vowed that he would found a temple to Jupiter under that name, if he would arrest the flight of his Roman followers in their conflict with the superior forces of the Sabines.§ "Inde petens dextram, porta est, ait, ista Palati ; Hie Stator, hoc primum condita Roma loco est." Ovid, Trist. iii. El. I. "Tempus idem Stator scdis habet, quam Romulus olim Ante Palatini condidit ora jugi." Ovid, Fast. vi. 793. The temple of Jupiter Stator has an especial interest from its connection with the story of Cicero and Catiline. "Ciceron rassembia le scnat dans le temple de Jupiter Stator. Le choix du lieu s'explirjue faciiement ; ce temple etait pres de la principale * I-ivy, i. 41. t Livy, i. 41. X The pal.ice of Niima was close to the Temple of Vest.i ; that of Tulhis Ilostilius was on the Ccclian ; those of Servius Tullius and Tarquinius Superbus on the Esquiline. § Dionysius, ii. 50; Livy, i. 12. TEMPLE OF JUPITER ST A TOR. 279 entree du Palatin sur le Velia, dominant, en cas d'emeute, le Fonini, que Ciceron et les principaux senateurs habitants du Palatin n'avaient pas k traverser comma s'il eut fallu se rendre k la Curie. D'ailleurs Jupiter Stator, qui avait arrete les Sabines a la porte de Romulus, arreterait ces nouveaux ennemis qui voulaient sa ruine. Lk Ciceron prononfa la premiere Catilinaire. Ce discours dut etre en grande partie improvise, car les evenements aussi improvisaient. Ciceron ne savait si Catilina oserait se presenter devant le senat ; en le voyant entrer, il con9ut son fameux exorde : 'Jusqu'a quand, Catilina, abuseras-tu de notre patience ! ' " Malgre la garde volontaire de chevaliers qui avait accompagne Ciceron et qui se tenait a la porte du temple, Catilina y entra et salua tranquillement I'assemblee ; nul ne lui rendit son salut, a son approche on s'ecarta et les places resterent vides autour de lui. II ecouta les foudroyantes apostrophes de Ciceron, qui, apres I'avoir accable des preuves de son orime, se bornait a lui dire : ' Sors de Rome. Va-t-en ! ' "Catilina se leva et d'un air modeste pria le senat de ne pas croire le consul avant qu'une enquete eut ete faite. 'II n'est pas vraisemblable, ajouta-t-il, avec une hauteur toute aristocratique, qu'un patricien, lequel, aussi bien que ses ancetres, a rendu quelques services a la republique, ne puisse exister que par sa ruine, et qu'on ait besoin d'un etranger d'Ar- pinum pour la sauver.' Tant d'orgueil et d'impudence revolterent I'assemblee; on cria a Catilina: 'Tu es un ennemi de la patrie, un meurtrier.' II sortit, reunit encore ses amis, leur recommanda de se debarasser de Ciceron, prit avec lui un aigle d'argent qui avait appar- tenu a une legion de Marius, et a minuit quitta Rome et partit par la voie Aurelia pour aller rejoindre son armee." — Ampire, Hist, Rom. iv. 445. Nearly opposite the foundations of Jupiter Stator, on the left, — are some remains considered to be those of the Porta Palatii. The valley is now blocked by a vast mass of building which entirely closes it. This is the palace of Augustus, built in the valley between the Velia and the other eminence of the Palatine, which Rosa, contrary to other opinions, identifies with the Gcrinalc. The division of the Palatine thus named, was reckoned as one of " the seven hills " of 28o WALKS IN ROME. ancient Rome. Its name was thought to be derived from Germani, owing to Romulus and Remus being found in its vicinity.* The Palace of Augustus was begun soon after the battle of Actium, and gradually increased in size, till the whole valley was blocked up by it, and its roofs became level with the hill-sides. Part of the ground which it covered had previ- ously been occupied by the villa of Catiline. t Here Sue- tonius says that Augustus occupied the same bed-room for forty years. Before the entrance of the palace it was ordained by the Senate, B.C. 26, that two bay-trees should be planted, in remembrance of the citizens he had preserved, while an oak wreath was placed above the gate in comme- moration of his victories. " Singula dum miror, video fulgentibus armis Conspicuos postes, tectaque digna deo. An Jovis hfec, dixi, domus est ? Quod ut esse putarem, Augurium menti querna corona dabat. Cujus ut accessi dominum, non fallimur, inquam : Et magni rerum est banc Jovis esse domum. Cur tamen apposita relatur janua lauro? Cingit et Augustas arbor opaca fores ?" Oznd, Trist. i. 33. "State Palatini laurus ; prcetextaque qu-ercu Stet domus ; seternos tres habet una deos." Fast. iv. 953. It was before the gate of this palace that Augustus upon one day in every year sate as a beggar, receiving alms from the passers-by, in obedience to a vision that he should thus appease Nemesis. Upon the top of tliis building of Augustus, Vespasian built his palace in a.d. 70, not only using the walls of • Varr. iv. 8. t Veil. Patcrc. ii. Si. PALA CE OF A UG US TUS. 28 1 the older palace as a support for his own, but filling the chambers of the earlier building entirely up with earth, so that they became a solid massive foundation. The ruins which we visit are thus for the most part those of the palace of Vespasian, but from one of its halls we can de- scend into rooms underneath excavated from the palace of Augustus. The three projecting rostra which we now see in front of the palace are restorations by Signor Rosa. The palace on the Palatine was not the place where the emperors generally lived. They resided at their villas, and came into the town to the Palace of the Cffisars for the transaction of public business. Thus this palace was, as it were, the St. James's of Rome. The fatigue and annoyance of a public arrival every morning, amid the crowd of clients who always waited upon the imperial footsteps, was natur- ally very great, and to obviate this the emperors made use of a subterranean passage which ran round the whole building, and by which they were enabled to arrive unob- served, and not to present themselves in public till their appearance upon the rostra in front of the building to receive the morning salutations of their people. If we ascend a Avinding path to the right, to the garden which now covers the greater part of the hill Germale, we shall find a staircase which descends on the left to join this passage, following which, we will ascend, with the emperor, into his palace. The passage, called Crypto-Porticus, is still quite perfect, and retains a great part of its mosaic pavements and much of its inlaid ceilings, from which the gilt mosaic has been picked out, but the pattern is still traceable. The passage was lighted from above. It was by this route that St. 282 WALKS IN ROME. Laurence was led up for trial in the basilica of the palace. Turning to the left, we again emerge upon the upper level. The emperor here reached the palace, but as he did not yet wish to appear in public, he turned to the left by the private passage called Fauces, which still remains, running behind the main halls of the building. Here he was received by the different members of the imperial family, much as Napoleon III. was received by Princesses Mathilde, Clotilde, and the Murats, in a private apartment at the Tuileries, before entering the ball-room. Hence, passing across the end of the basilica, the emperor reached the portico in front of the palace, looking down upon the hollow space where were tlie Temple of Jupiter Stator and the other buildings connected with the early history of the Roman state. Here the whole Court received him and escorted him to the central rostra, where he had his public reception from the people assembled below, and whence perhaps he addressed to them a few words of morning salutation in return. The attendants meanwhile defiled on either side to the lower terraced elevation, which still remains. This ceremony being gone through, the emperor returned as he came, to the basilica, for the transaction of business. The name Basilica means " King's House." It was the ancient Law Court. It usually had a portico, was oblong in form, and ended in an apse for ornament. The Chris- tians adoi)tcd it for their places of worship because it was the largest type of building then known. They also adopted the names of the different parts of the pagan basilica, as the Confessional, from the Confession, the bar of justice at which the criminal was placed, — the Tribune, from the THE BASILICA. 283 Tribunal of the Judge, &c. A chapel and sacristy added on either side produced the form of the cross. The Basilica here is of great width. A leg of the emperor's chair actually remains in situ upon the tribunal, and part of the richly wrought bar of the Confession still exists. This was the bar at which St. Laurence and many other Christian martyrs were judged. The basilica in the palace of the Caesars was also the scene of the trial of Valerius Asiaticus in the time of Claudius (see Chap. II.), when the Empress Messalina, who was seated near the emperor upon the tribunal, was so overcome by the touching eloquence of the innocent man, that she was obliged to leave the hall to conceal her emotion, — -but characteristically whispered as she went out, that the accused must nevertheless on no account be suffered to escape with his life,* — that she might take possession of his Pincian Garden, which was as Naboth's Vineyard in her eyes. An account is extant which describes how it was necessary to .increase the width of the seat upon the tribunal at this period, in consequence of a change in the fashion of dress among the Roman ladies. This basilica, though perhaps not then itself in existence, will always have peculiar interest as showing the form and character of that earlier basilica in the Palace of the Caesars, in which St. Paul was tried before Nero. But it is quite possible that it may be the same actual basilica itself, — and that the palace of Nero which overran the whole of the hill, may have had its basilica on this site, where it was preserved by Vespasian in his later and more contracted palace. " The appeals from the provinces in civil causes were heard, not by * Tac. Ann. xi. 2. 2S4 WALKS IN ROME. the emperor himself, but by his delegates, who were persons of consular rank : Augustus had appointed one such delegate to hear appeals from each province respectively. But criminal appeals appear generally to have been heard by the emperor in person, assisted by his council of assessors. Tiberius and Claudius had usually sat for this purpose in the Forum ; but Nero, after the example of Augustus, heard these causes in the imperial palace, whose ruins still crown the Palatine. Here, at one end of a splendid hall,* lined with the precious marbles of Egypt and of Libya, we must imagine Caesar seated in the midst of his assessors. These councillors, twenty in number, were men of the highest rank and greatest influence. Among them were the two consuls and selected representatives of each of the other great magistracies of Rome. The remainder consisted of senators chosen by lot. Over this distin- guished bench of judges presided the representatives of the most power- ful monarchy which has ever existed, — the absolute ruler of the whole civilised world. " Before the tribunal of the blood-stained adulterer Nero, Paul was brought in fetters, under the custody of his military guard. The prose- cutors and their witnesses were called forwai'd, to support their accus- ation ; for although the subject-matter for decision was contained in the written depositions forwarded from Judsea by Festus, yet the Roman law required the personal presence of the accusers and the witnesses, whenever it could be obtained. We already know the charges brought against the Apostle. He was accused of disturbing the Jews in the exercise of their worship, which was secured to them by law ; of desecrating their Temple ; and, above all, of violating the public peace of the empire by perpetual agitation, as the ringleader of a new and factious sect. This charge was the most serious in the view of a Roman statesman ; for the crime alleged amounted to niajcstas, or treason against the commonwealth, and was punishable with death. " These accusations were supported by the emissaries of the Sanhe- drim, and probably by the testimony of witnesses from Judaea, Ephesus, Corinth, and the other scenes of Paul's activity. . , . When the parties on both sides had been heard, and the witnesses all examined, tiie judgment of the court was taken. Each of the assessors gave his ojjinion in writing to the cmi)eror, who never discussed the judgment with his assessors, as had been the practice of better emperors, but after reading their opinion, gave sentence according to his own pleasure, • Dion Cassius mentions that the ceilings of Halls of Justice in the Palatine were painted by Severus to represent the starry sky. 'I'he old Roman pr.acticc was for the magistrate to sit under the open sky, which probably suggested this kind of ceiling. THE TABLINUM.—THE LARARIUM. 285 without reference to the judgment of the majority. On this occasion it might have been expected that he would have pronounced the condemn- ation of the accused, for the influence of Popptea had now reached its cuhninating point, and she was a Jewish proselyte. We can scarcely doubt that the emissaries from Palestine would have demanded her aid for the destruction of a traitor to the Jewish faith ; nor would any scruples have prevented her listening to their request, backed as it probably was, according to Roman usage, by a bribe. However this may be, the trial resulted in the acquittal of St. Paul. He was pronounced guiltless of the charges brought against him, his fetters were struck off, and he was liberated from his long captivity." — Conybcare and Hoivson. Beyond the basilica is the Tab/imiiu, the great hall of the palace, which served as a kind of commemorative domestic museum, where family statues and pictures were preserved. This vast room was lighted from above, on the plan which may still be seen at Sta. Maria degli Angeli, which was in fact a great hall of a Roman house. The roof of this hall was one vast arch, unsupported except by the side walls. We have record of a period when these walls were supposed insufficient for the great weight, and had to be strengthened, in interesting confirmation of which we can still see how the second wall was added and united to the first. Appropriately opening from the family picture gallery of the Tablinum, was the Larariwn, a private chapel for the worship of such members of the family — Livia and many others — as were deified after death. An altar, on the ori- ginal site, has been erected here by Signer Rosa, from bits which have been found. Hitherto the chambers Avhich we have visited were open to the public ; beyond this, none but his immediate family and attendants could follow the emperor. We now enter the Fcrisiyk, a courtyard, which was open to the sky, but surrounded with arcades ornamented with statues, where we 286 WALKS IN ROME. may imagine that the empresses amused themselves with their birds and flowers. Hence, by a narrow staircase, we can descend into what is perhaps the most interesting portion of the whole, the one unearthed fragment of the actual Palace of Augustus, which still retains remains of gilding and fresco, and an artistic group in stucco. An original window remains, and it will be recollected on looking at it, that when this was built it was not subterranean, but merely in the hollow of the valley, afterwards filled up. In these actual rooms may have lived Livia, who in turn inhabited three houses on the Palatine, first that of her first husband Nero Drusus, Avhom Augustus compelled her to divorce ; then the imperial house of Augustus ; and lastly that of Tiberius, the son by her first husband, whom she was the means of raising to the throne. We now reach the Triclinium or dining-room, surrounded by a skirting of pavonazzetto with a cornice of giallo. Tacitus describes a scene in the imperial triclinium, in which the Emperor Tiberius is represented as reclining at dinner, having on one side his aged mother, the Empress Livia, and on the other his niece Agrippina, widow of Germanicus and granddaughter of the great Augustus.* It was while the imperial family were seated at a banquet in the triclinium, in tlie time of Nero, that his young step-brother Britannicus (son of Claudius and Messalina) swallowed the cup of poison which the emperor had caused Locusta to prepare and sank back dead upon his couch, his wretched sisters Antonia and Octavia, also seated at the ghastly feast, not daring to give expression to their grief and horror, — and Nero merely desiring the attendants to carry • Ann. iv. 54. THE TRICLINIUM.— THE NYMFILEUM. 2S7 the boy out, and saying that it was a fit to which he was subject.* Here it was that Marcia the concubine presented the cup of drugged wine to the wicked Commodus, on his return from a wild beast hunt, and produced the heavy slumber during which he was strangled by the wrestler Narcissus. In this very room also his successor Pertinax, who had spent his short reign of three months in trying to reform the State, resuscitate the finances, and to heal, as far as possible, ' the wounds inflicted by the hand of tyranny,' received the news that the guard, impatient of unwonted discipline, had risen against him, and going forth to meet his assassins, fell, covered with wounds, just in front of the palace, t Vitruvius says that every well-arranged Roman house has a dining-room opening into a nymphreum, and accordingly here, on the right, is a Nymphceum, with a beautiful fountain surrounded by miniature niches, once filled with bronzes and statues. Water was conveyed hither by the Neronian aqueduct. The pavement of this room was of oriental alabaster, of which fragments remain. Beyond the Triclinium is a disgusting memorial of Roman imperial life, in the Vomitorium, with its bason, whither the feasters retired to tickle their throats with feathers, and come back with renewed appetite to the banquet. We now reach the portico which closed the principal apartments of the palace on the south-west. Some of its Corinthian pillars have been re-erected on the sites where they were found. From hence we can look down upon some grand walls of republican times, formed of huge tufa blocks. * Tac. Ann. xiii. i8 ; Suet. Ncr. 33 ; Dion. Ixi. 7. t See Gibbon, i. 133. 288 WALA^S IN ROME. Passing a space of ground, called, without much author- ity, Bibliot/ieca, we reach a small Theatre on the edge of the hill, interesting as described by Pliny, and because the Emperor Vespasian, who is known to have been especially fond of reciting his own compositions, probably did so here. Hence we may look down upon the valley between the Palatine and Aventine, where the rape of the Sabines took place, and upon the site of the Circus Maximus. From hence, we may imagine, that the later emperors sur- veyed the hunts and games in that circus, when they did not care to descend into the amphitheatre itself. Beyond this, on the right, is (partially restored) the grand staircase leading to the platform once occupied by the Temple of 'yupiter- Victor, vowed by Fabius Maximus during the Samnite war, in the assurance that he would gain the victory. On the steps is a sacrificial altar, which retains its grooves for the blood of the victims, with an inscription stating that it was erected by " Cnasus Domitius C. Calvi- nus, Pontifex," — who was a general under Julius Caesar, and consul B.C. 53 and B.C. 40. Now, for some distance, there are no remains, because this space was always kept clear, for here, constantly re- newed, stood the Hut of Fmistidns and the Sacred Fig-tree. "The old Roman legend ran as follows: — Procas, king of Alba, left two sons. Numitor, the elder, being weak and spiritless, suffered Amulius to wrest the government from him, and reduce hira to his father's private estates. In the enjoyment of these he lived rich, and, as he desired nothing more, secure : but the usurper dreaded the claims that might be set up by heirs of a different character. He had Numi- lor's son murdered, and api)ointed his daughter, Silvia, one of the Vestal virgins. "Amulius had no children, or at least only one daughter: so that the race of Anchises and Aphrodite seemed on the point of expiring, ROMULUS AND REMUS. 289 when the love of a god prolonged it, in spite of the ordinances of man, and gave it a lustre worthy of its origin. Silvia had gone into the sacred grove, to draw water from the spring for the service of the temple. The sun quenched its rays : the sight of a wolf made her fly into a cave : there Mars overpowered the timid virgin, and then consoled her with the promise of noble children, as Posidon consoled Tyro, the daughter of Salmoneus. But he did not protect her from the tyrant ; nor could the protestations of her innocence save her. Vesta herself seemed to demand the condemnation of the unfortunate priestess ; for at the moment when she was delivered of twins, the image of the goddess hid its eyes, her altar trembled, and her fire died away. Amulius ordered that the mother and her babes should be drowned in the river. In the Anio Silvia exchanged her earthly life for that of a goddess. The river carried the bole or cradle, in which the children were lying, into the Tiber, which had overflowed its banks far and wide, even to the foot of the woody hills. At the root of a wild fig-tree, the Ficus Ruminalis, which was preserved and held sacred for many centuries, at the foot of the Palatine, the cradle overturned. A she-wolf came to drink of the stream : she heard the whimpering of the children, carried them into her den hard by, made a bed for them, licked and suckled them. When they wanted other food than milk, a woodpecker, the bird sacred to Mars, brought it to them. Other birds consecrated to auguries hovered over them, to drive away insects. This marvellous spectacle was seen by Faustulus, the shepherd of the royal flocks. The she-wolf drew back, and gave up the children to human nature. Acca Laurentia, his wife, became their foster-mother. They grew up, along with her twelve sons, on the Palatine hill, in straw huts which they built for themselves : that of Romulus was preserved by continual repairs, as a sacred relic, down to the time of Nero. They were the stoutest of the shepherd lads, fought bravely against wild beasts and robbers, main- taining their right against every one by their might, and turning might into right. Their booty they shared with their comrades. The followers of Romulus were called Quinctilii, those of Remus Fabii : the seeds of discord were soon sown amongst them. Their wantonness engaged them in disputes with the shepherds of the wealthy Numitor, who fed their flocks on Mount Aventine : so that here, as in the storj' of Evander and Cacus, we find the quarrel between the Palatine and the Aventine in the tales of the remotest times. Remus was taken by the stratagem of these shepherds, and dragged to Alba as a robber. A secret fore- boding, the remembrance of his grandsons, awakened by the story of the two brothers, kept Numitor from pronouncing a hasty sentence. VOL. I. 19 290 WALKS IN ROME. The culprit's foster-father hastened with Romuhis to the city, and told the old man and the youths of their kindred. They resolved to avenge their own wrong and that of their house. With their faithful comrades, whom the dangers of Remus had brought to the city, they slew the king ; and the people of Alba again became subject to Numitor. " But love for the home which fate had assigned them drew the youths back to the banks of the Tiber, to found a city there, and the shepherds, their old companions, were their first citizens. . . . This is the old tale, as it was written by Fabius, and sung in ancient lays down to the time of Dionysius." — Niebuhr's Hist, of Rome. In the cliff of the Palatine, below the fig-tree, was shown for many centuries the cavern Lupercal, sacred from the earliest times to the Pelasgic god Pan. " Hinc lucum ingentum, quern Romulus acer Asylum Retulit, et gelida monstrat sub rupe Lupercal, Parrhasio dictum Panos de monte Lyca;i." Virgil, yEn. viii. 342. "La louve, nourrice de Romulus, a peut-etre ete imaginee en raison des rapports mythologiques qui existaient entre le loup et Pan defenseur des troupeaux. Ce qu'il y a de sur, c'est que les fetes lupercales garderent le caractere du dieu en I'honneur duquel elles avaient ete primitivement instituees et I'empreinte d'une origine pelasgique ; ces fetes au temps de Ciceron avaient encore un caractere pastoral en memoire de I'Arcadie d'ou on les croyait venues. Les Luperques qui represcntaient les Satyres, compagnons de Pan, faisaient le tour de I'antique sejour des Pelasges sur le Palatin. Ces homnies nus allaieat frappant avec les lanieres de peau de bouc, I'animal lascif par excellence, les femmes pour les rendre fecondes ; des fetes analogues se celebraient en Arcadie sous le nom de Lukeia (les fetes des loups), dont le mot /w/^rra/a est une traduction." — Ampere, Hist. Rome, i. 143. In the htit of Romulus were preserved several objects venerated as relics of him. " On conservait le baton augural avec lequel Romulus avait dessine sur le cicl, suivant le rite elrusquc, I'espace oJi s'ctait manifeste le grand auspice des douze vautours dans lesqucls Rome crut voir la promesse des douze siccles qu'en cffet le destin devait lui accorder. Tous les augiires PALACE OF TIBERIUS. . 291 se servirent par la suite de ce baton sacrc, qui fut trouve intact apres rincendie du monument dans lequel il etait conserve, miracle pa'ien dont I'equivalent pourrait se rencontrer dans plus d'une legende de la Rome chietienne. On montrait la comouiller ne du bois de la lance que Romulus, avec la vigueur surhumaine d'un demi-dieu, avait jetee de I'Aventin sur le Palatin, oil elle s'etait enfoncee dans la terre et avait produit un grand arbre. " On montrait sur le Palatin le berceau et la cabana de Romulus. Plutarque a vu ca berceau, la Santo- Presepio des anciens Romains, qui etait attache avec des liens d'airain, et sur lequel on avait trace des caracteres mysterieux. La cabane etait a un seul etage, en planches et couverte de roseaux, que Ton reconstruisait pieusement chaque fois qu'un incendie la detruisait ; car elle brula a diverses reprises, ce qua la nature des materiaux dont elle etait formee fait croire facilement. J'ai vu dans les environs de Rome un cabaret rustique dont la toiture etait ex- actement pareille a celle da la cabane de Romulus." — Ampere, Hist. Pom. i. 342. Turning along the terrace which overhangs the Velabrum we reach the ruins of the Palace of Tiberius* in which he resided during the eariier part of his reign, when he was under the influence of his aged and imperious mother Livia, Here he had to mourn for Dmsus, his only son, who fell a victim (a.d. 23) to poison administered to him by his wife Li villa and her lover the favourite Sejanus. Here also, in a.d. 29, died Livia, widow of Augustus, at the age of eighty-six, " a memorable example of successful artifice, having attained in succession, by craft if not by crime, every object she could desire in the career of female ambition." f The row of arches remaining are those of the soldiers' quarters. Li the fourth arch is a curious graffite of a ship. In another the three pavements in use at different times may be seen in situ, one above another. On the terrace ♦ Tacitus, Hist. i. 77J Suet. Vitell. 15. t Merivale, ch. xlv. 292 . WALKS IN ROME. above these arches has recently been discovered a large piscina, or fish-pond, and the painted chambers of a build- ing, which is supposed to have been the House of Driisus (elder brother of Tiberius) and Antonia. Several of the rooms in this building are richly decorated in fresco, one has a picture of a street with figures of females going to a sacrifice, and of ladies at their toilette ; another of Mercury, lo, and Argus ; and a third of Galatea and Polyphemus. From the names of the characters in these pictures repre- sented being afiixed to them in Greek, we may naturally conclude that they are the work of Greek artists. The north-eastern comer of the area is entirely occupied by the vast ruins of the Palace of Caligula, built against the side of the hill above the Cliviis Victorlce, which still remains, and consisting of ranges of small rooms, communi- cating with open galleries, edged by marble balustrades, of which a portion exists. In these rooms the half-mad Caius Caligula rushed about, sometimes dressed as a charioteer, sometimes as a warrior, and delighted in astonishing his courtiers by his extraordinary pranks, or shocking them by trying to enforce a belief in his o\vn divinity.* *' C'est clans ce palais que, tounnente par I'insomnie et par I'agitation de son ame furieuse, il passera une partie de la nuit a errer sous d'im- menses portiques, attendant et appellant le jour. C'est la aussi qu'il aura I'incroyable idee de placer un dieu infame. " Caligula se fit balir sur le Palatin deux temples. II avait d'abord voulu avoir une demeure sur le mont Capitolin ; mais, ayant rcflechi que Jupiter I'avait precede au Capitole, il en prit de I'humeur et retourna sur le Palatin. Dans les folies de Caligula, on voit se manifester cette pcnsee : Je suis dieu ! pensee qui n'etait peut-etre pas tres-extraordinaire chez un jcune hommc de vingt-cinq ans dcvcnu tout-i-coup maitre du ♦ Suet. Cal. 22, PALACE OF CALIGULA. 293 monde. II pamt en efifet croire a sa divinite, prenant le nom et les attributs de divers dieux, et changeant de nature divine en changeant de perruque. " Non content de s'elever un temple a lui-meme, Caligula en vint a etre son propre pretre et a s'adorer. Le despotisme oriental avait connu cette adoration etrange de soi : sur les monuments de I'Egypteon voit Ramses-roi presenter son offrande a Ramses-dieu ; mais Caligula fit ce que n' avait fait aucun Pharaon ; il se donna pour collegue, dans ce culte de sa propre personne, son cheval, qu'il ne nomma pas, mais qu'il songea un moment de nommer consul." — Atnpcre, Emp. ii. 8. Here "one day at a public banquet, when the consuls were reclin- ing by his side, Caligula burst suddenly into a fit of laughter ; and when they courteously inquired the cause of his mirth, astounded them by coolly replying that he was thinking how by one word he could cause both their heads to roll on the floor. He amused himself with similar banter even with his wife Caesonia, for whom he seems to have had a stronger feeling than for any of his former consorts. While fondling her neck he is reported to have said, ' Fair as it is, how easily I could sever it.'" — Meiivale, ch. xlviii. After the murder of Caligula (Jan. 24, 794) by the tribune Cheraea, in the vaulted passage which led from the palace to the theatre, a singular chance which occurred in this part of the palace led to the elevation of Claudius to the throne. " In the confusion which ensued upon the death of Caius, several of the prffitorian guards had flung themselves furiously into the palace and began to plunder its glittering chambers. None dared to offer them any opposition ; the slaves or freedmen fled and concealed themselves. One of the inmates, half-hidden behind a curtain in an obscure comer, was dragged forth with brutal violence ; and great was the intruder's surprise when they recognised him as Claudius, the long despised and neglected uncle of the murdered emperor.* He sank at their feet al- most senseless with terror : but the soldiers in their wildest mood still respected the blood of the Caesars, and instead of slaying or maltreating * Suet. Claitd. 10. " Prorepsit ad solarium proximum, interque pratenta foribus vela se abdidit." The solarium was the external terraced portico, and this stili 294 WALRUS IN ROME. the suppliant, the brother of Germanicus, they hailed him, more in jest perhaps than earnest, with the title of Imperator, and carried him off to their camp." — iMciivale, ch. xlix. In this same palace Claudius was feasting when he was told that his hitherto idolised wife Messalina was dead, ■without being told whether she died by her o^\Tl hand or another's, — and asked no questions, merely desiring a servant to pour him out some more wine, and went on eating his supper.* Here also Claudius, who so dearly loved eating, devoured his last and fatal supper of poisoned mushrooms which his next loving wife (and niece) Agrippina prepared for him, to make way for her son Nero upon the throne. t The Clivus Victorise commemorates by its name the Temple of Victo?'y,X said to have been founded by the Sabine aborigines before the time of Romulus, and to be the earliest temple at Rome of which there is any mention except that of Saturnus. This temple Avas rebuilt by the consul L. Posthumius. Chief of a group of small temples, the famous Temple of' Cybele, " Mother of the Gods," stood at this corner of the Palatine. Thirteen years before it was built, the " Sacred Stone," the form under which the " Idaean Mother " was worshipped, had been brought from Pessinus in Phr}'gia, because, according to the Sibylline books, frequent showers of stones which had occurred could only be expiated by its being transported to Rome. It was given up to the Romans by their ally Attalus, king of Pergamus, and P. Cornelius Scipio, the young brother of Africanus — accounted the worthiest and most virtuous of the Romans — was sent • Tac. ylnn. xi. 37, 3S ; Dion. Ix. 31 ; Suet. Claud. 39. t Tac. Ann. xii. 67 ; Suet. Claud. 44. t Dionysius, i. 32 ; Livy, xxix. 14. TEMPLE OF CYBELE. 295 to receive it. As the vessel bearing the holy stone came up the Tiber it grounded at the foot of the Aventine, when the anispices declared that only chaste hands would be able to move it. Then the Vestal Claudia drew the vessel up the river by a rope. " Ainsi Sainte Brigitte, Suedoise mortea Rome, prouva sa purete en touchant le bois de Taut el, qui reverdit soudain. Une statue fut erigee a Claudia, dans le vestibule du temple de Cybele. Bien qu'elle eCit ete, disait on, seule epargnee dans deux incendies du temple, nous n'avons plus cette statue, mais nous avons au Capitole un bas-relief on I'evene- ment miraculeux est represente. C'est un autel dedie par une affranchie de la ^^/zj Claudia ; il a ete trouve au pied de I'Aventin, pres du lieu qu'on designait comme celui ou avait ete opere le miracle." — Ampere, Hist. Rom. iii. 142. In her temple, which was round and surmounted by a cupola, Cybele was represented by a statue with its face to the east ; the building was adorned with a painting of Corybantes, and plays were acted in front of it.* " Qua madidi sunt tecta Lysei Et Cybeles picto stat Corybante domus." Martial, Ep. i. 71, 9. This temple, after its second destruction by fire, was entirely rebuilt by Augustus in a.d. 2. "Cybele est certainement la grande deesse, la grande mere, c'est-a- dire la personnification de la fecondite et de la vie universelle : bizarre idole qui presente le spectacle liideux de mamelles disposes par paires le long d'un corps comme enveloppe dans une gaine, et d'ou sortent des taureaux et des abeilles, images des forces creatrices et des puissances ordonnatrices de la nature. On honorait cette deesse de I'Asie par des orgies furieuses, par im melange de debauche effrenee et de rites cruels ; ses pretres effemines dansaient au son des flutes lydiennes et de ses crotales, veritables castagnettes, semblables a celles que fait resonner * Dyer's Hist, of die City of Rome. 295 WALKS IN ROME. aujourd'hui la paysanne romaine en dansant la fougueuse saltarelle. On voit au musee du Capitole I'effigie bas-relief d'un airhigalle, d'un chef de ces pretres insenses, et pres de lui les attributs de la deesse asiatique, les flutes, les crotales, et la mysterieuse corbeille. Get archigalle, avec son air de femme, sa robe qui conviendrait a une femme, nous retrace I'espece de demence religieuse a laquelle s'associaient les delires pervers d'He- liogabale." — Ainpire, Emp. ii. 310. We have the authority of Martial* that in the immediate neighbourhood of the temple of Cybele, stood the Temple of Apollo, though Signor Rosa places it on the other side of the hill in the gardens of S. Buonaventura, Its remains have yet to be discovered, - ' ' Nothing could exceed the magnificence of this temple, according to the accounts of ancient authors. Propertius, who was present at its dedication, has devoted a short elegy to the description of it, and Ovid describes it as a splendid structure of white marble. ' Turn medium claro surgebat marmore templum, Et patria Phcebo carius Ortygia. Auro solis erat supra fastigia currus, Et valvse Libyci nobile dentis opus. Altera dejectos Parnassi vertice Gallos, Altera moerebat funera Tantalidos. Deinde inter matrem Deus ipse, interque sororem Pythius in longa carmina veste sonat.' Propel- tins, ii. El. 31. ' Inde timore pari gradibus sublimia celsis Ducor ad intonsi Candida templa Dei.' Ovid, Trist. iii. El. I, " From the epithet aurca porticus, it seems probable that the cornice of the portico whicli surrounded it was gilt. The columns were of African marble, ox giallo-antico, and must have been fifty-two in number, as between them were the statues of liie fifty Danaids, and that of their fallicr, brandisliing a naked sword. • Ep i. 70; TEMPLE OF APOLLO. 297 ' Quaeris cur veniam tibi tardior ? aurea Phoebi Porticus a magno Cassare aperta fuit. Tota erat in speciem Poeiiis digesta columnis : Inter quas Danai foemina turba senis.' Propcrt. ii. El. 31. ' Signa peregrinis ubi sunt altema columnis Belides, et stricto barbarus ense pater.' Ovid, Trlst. iii. I. 61. "Here also was a statue of Apollo sounding the lyre, apparently a likeness of Augustus ; whose beauty when a youth, to judge from his bust in the Vatican, might well entitle him to counterfeit the god. Around the altar were the images of four oxen, the work of Myron, so beautifully sculptured that they seemed alive. In the middle of the portico rose the temple, apparently of white marble. Over the pediment was the chariot of the sun. The gates were of ivory, one of them sculptured with the story of the giants hurled down from the heights of Parnassus, the other representing the destruction of the Niobids. Inside the temple was the statue of Apollo in a tunica talaris, or long garment, between his mother Latona and his sister Diana, the work of Scopas, Cephisodorus, and Timotheus. Under the base of Apollo's statue Augustus caused to be buried the Sibylline books which he had selected and placed in gilt chests. Attached to the temple was a library called BibliotJuca GriEca et Latina, apparently, however, only one structure, containing the literature of both tongues. Only the choicest works were admitted to the honour of a place in it, as we may infer from Horace : ' Tangere vitet Scripta, Palatinus qurecunque recepit Apollo.' Ep. i. 3. 16. "The library appears to have contained a bronze statue of Apollo, fifty feet high ; whence we must conclude that the roof of the hall exceeded that height. In this library, or more probably, perhaps, in an adjoining apartment, poets, orators, and philosophers recited their productions. The listless demeanour of the audience on such occasions seems, from the description of the younger Pliny, to have been, in general, not over-encouraging. Attendance seems to have been con- sidered as a friendly duty." — Dyers City of Rome. The temple of Apollo was built by Augustus to com- 298 WALKS IN ROME. memorate the battle of Actium. He appropriated to it part of the land covered with houses which he had purchased upon the Palatine ; — another part he gave to the Vestals ; the third he used for his own palace. " Phcebus habet partem, Vestse pars altera cessit : Quod superest illis, tertius ipse tenet. Stet domus, jeternos tres habet una deos." Ovid, Fast. iv. 951. Thus Apollo and Vesta became as it were the household gods of Augustus : " Vestaque Cffisareos inter sacrata penates, Et cum Csesarea tu, Phcebe domestice, Vesta." Ovid, i\Icfa?n. xv. 864. Other temples on the Palatine were that of y^uno Sospita : " Principio mensis Phrygias contermina Matri Sospita delubris dicitur aucta novis." Ovid, Fast. ii. 55. of Minerva : " Sexte, Palatini cultor facunde Minei"vce Ingenio frueris qui propiore Dei." Martial, \. Ep. $. a temple of Moonlight mentioned by Varro (iv. 10) and a shrine of Vesta. " Vestaque Ccesareos inter sacrata penates." Ovid, Met. i. From the Torrdta del Palatino which is near the house of Caligula, there is a magnificent view over the seven hills of Rome ; — the Palatine, Avcntine, Capitolinc, Calian, Quirinal, Viminal, and l'".squiline. From this point also it is very- interesting to remember that these were not the heights considered as "the Seven Hills" in the ancient history of Rome, when the sacrifices of the Scptimontiwn were offered BRIDGE OF CALIGULA. 299 upon the Palatine, Velia, and Germalc, the three divisions of the Palatine — of which one can no longer be traced ; upon the Fagutal, Oppius, and Cispius, the secondary heights of the Esquiline ; and upon the Suburra, which perhaps comprehended the Viminal.* Hence also we see the ground we have traversed on the Palatine spread before us like a map. If we descend the staircase in the Palace of Caligula, we may trace as far as the Porta Romana the piers of the Bridge of Caligula, which, half in vanity, half in madness, he threw across the valley, that he might, as he said, the more easily hold intercourse with his friend and comrade Jupiter upon the Capitol. One of the piers which he used for his bridge, beyond the limits of the palace, was formed by the temple of Augustus built by Tiberius. t This bridge, with all other works of Caligula, was of very short duration, being destroyed immediately after his death by Claudius. Returning by the Clivus Victoriae, we shall find ourselves again on the eastern slope of the hill from which we started, the site once occupied by so many of the great patrician families. Here at one time lived Caius Gracchus, who to gratify the populace, gave up his house on the side of the Palatine, and made his home in the gloomy Suburra. Here also lived his coadjutor in the consulship, Fuhius Flaccus, who shared his fate, and whose house was razed to the ground by the people after his murder. At this corner of the hill also was the house of Q. Lutatius Catulus, poet and historian, who was consul B.C. 102, and together with Marius was conqueror of the Cimbri in a great battle near Vercelli. In * Festus, 340, 348. t Suet. Tib. 47 ; Cal. 21, 22 ; Tac. Ann. vi. 43. 300 WALKS IN ROME. memory of this he founded a temple of the " Fortuna hujusce diei," and decorated the portico of his house with Cimbrian trophies. Varro mentions that his house had also a domed roof.* Here also the consul Octavius, murdered on the Janiculum by the partisans of Marius, had a house, which was rebuilt with great magnificence by Emilius Scaurus, who adorned it with columns of marble thirty- eight feet high.t These two last-named houses were bought by the wealthy Clodius, who gave 14,800,000 sesterces, or about 130,000/., for that of Scaurus, and throwing down the Porticus Catuli, included its site, and the house of E. Scaurus, in his own magnificent dwelling. Clodius was a member of the great house of the Claudii, and was the favoured lover of Pompeia, wife of Julius Caesar, by whose connivance, disguised as a female musician, he attempted to be present at the orgies of the Bona Dea, which were celebrated in the house of the Pontifex Maximus close to the temple of Vesta, and from which men were so carefully excluded, that even a male mouse, says Juvenal, dared not show himself there. The position of his own dwelling, and that of the pontifex, close to the foot of the Clivus Victoric'e, aftbrded every facility for this adventure, but it was discovered by his losing himself in the passages of the Regia. A terrible scandal was the result — Caesar divorced Pompeia, and the senate referred the matter to the pontifices, who declared that Clodius was guilty of sacrilege. Clodius attempted to prove an alibi, but Cicero's evidence showed that he was with him in Rome only three hours before he i)rctended to have been at Interarana. Bribery and intimidation secured his acquittal by a majority * Ijc re Rust. iii. 5. t Pliny, xxxvi. 2. HOUSE OF CICERO. 301 of thirty-one to twenty-five,* but from this time a deadly enmity ensued between him and Cicero. The house of Clodius naturally leads us to that of Cicero, which was also situated at this corner of the Palatine, whence he could see his clients in the Forum and go to and fro to his duties there. This house had been built for M. Livius Drusus, who, when his architect proposed a plan to prevent its being overlooked, answered, " Rather build it so that all my fellow-citizens may behold everything that I do." In his acts Drusus seemed to imitate the Gracchi ; but he sought popularity for its own sake, and after being the object of a series of conspiracies was finally murdered in the presence of his mother Cornelia, in his own hall, where the image of his father was sprinkled with his blood. When dying he turned to those around him and asked, with characteristic arrogance, based perhaps upon conscious honesty of purpose, " when will the commonwealth have a citizen like me again ? " After the death of Drusus the house was inhabited by L. Licinius Crassus the orator, who lived here in great elegance and luxury. His house was called from its beauty " the Venus of" the Palatine," and was remarkable for its size, the taste of its furniture, and the beauty of its grounds. " It was adorned with pillars of Hymettian marble, with expensive vases, and triclinia inlaid with brass. His gardens were provided with fish- ponds, and some noble lotus-trees shaded his walks. Ahe- nobarbus, his colleague in the censorship, found fault with such corruption of manners, f estimated his house at a hundred million, or, according to Valerius ]Maximus,|. six * See Smith's Diet, of Roman Biography. t Plin. H. N. xvii. i. | U. i, 4. 302 WALKS IN ROME. million sesterces, and complained of his crying for the loss of a lamprey as if it had been a daughter. It was a tame lamprey which used to come at the call of Crassus, and feed out of his hand. Crassus retorted by a pubhc speech against his colleague, and by his great powers of ridicule, turned him into derision ; jested upon his name,* and to the accusation of weeping for a lamprey, replied, that it was more than Ahenobarbus had done for the loss of any of his three wives." f Cicero purchased the house of Crassus a year or two after his consulate for a sum equal to about 30,000/., and removed thither from the Carinje with his wife Terentia. His house was close to that of Clodius, but a little lower down the hill, which enabled him to threaten to increase the height, so as to shut out his neighbour's view of the city. Upon his accession to the tribuneship Clodius procured the disgrace of Cicero, and after his flight to Greece, obtained a decree of banishment against him. He then pillaged and destroyed his house upon the Palatine, as well as his villas at Tusculum and Formia, and obliged Terentia to take refuge with the Vestals, whose Superior was fortunately her sister. But in the following year, a change of consuls and revulsion of the popular favour led to the recall of Cicero, who found part of his house appro- priated by Clodius, who had erected a shrine to Libertas (with a statue which was that of a Greek courtezan carried off from the tomb) X on the site of the remainder, which he had razed to the ground. § " Clodius liad also destroyed the portico of Catulus ; in fact, he • Suet. Nero, 2. t Smith's Diet, of Roman Biography. % ToUam altius tectum, non ul ego te despiciam, sed ne tu aspicias urbem eam, quam delerc voluisti. — Dc Harusp. Res. 15. § Cic. pro Dom. ad Pont. 42. HOUSE OF CICERO. 303 appears to have been desirous of appropriating all this side of the Pala- tine. He wanted to buy the house of the a.xlile Seius. Seius having declared that so long as he lived, Clodius should not have it, Clodius caused him to be poisoned, and then bought his house under a feigned name ! He was thus enabled to erect a portico three hundred feet in length, in place of that of Catulus. The latter, however, was after- wards restored at the public expense. *' Cicero obtained public grants for the restoration of his house and of his Tusculan and Formian villas, but very far from enough to cover the losses he had suffered. The aristocratic part of the Senate appears to have envied and grudged the ncnins homo to whose abilities they looked for protection. He was advised not to, rebuild his house on the Pala- tine, but to sell the ground. It was not in Cicero's temper to take such a course ; but he was hampered ever after with debts. Clodius, who had been defeated but not beaten, still continued his persecutions. He organised a gang of street boys to call out under Cicero's windows, ' Bread ! Bread ! ' His bands interrupted the dramatic performances on the Palatine, at the Megalesian games, by rushing upon the stage. On another occasion, Clodius, at the head of his myrmidons, besieged the Senate in the temple of Concord. He attacked Cicero in the streets, to the danger of his life ; and when he had begim to rebuild his house, drove away the masons, overthrew what part had been re-erected of Catulus' portico, and cast burning torches into the house of Quintus Cicero, which he had hired next to his brother's on the Palatine, and consumed a great part of it." — Dyeis City of Rome, 152. The indemnity which Cicero received from the state in order to rebuild his house on the Palatine, amounted to about 16,000/. The house of Quintus Cicero was rebuilt close to his brother's at the same time by Cyrus, the fashion- able architect of the day.* Among other noble householders on this part of the Palatine was Mark Antony,t whose house was afterwards given by Augustus to Agrippa and Messala, soon after which it was burnt down. A small Museum in this part of the garden contains some * See Ampere, Hist. Rom. iv. 528. t Dion Cass. liii. 27. 304 WALKS IN ROME. of the smaller objects which have been found in the excava- tions, and specimens of the different marbles and alabasters. There is nothing of any great importance. The fragments of statues and some busts which have been found (including Flavia Domitilla, wife of Vespasian, and Julia, daughter of Titus), have been sent to Paris, but casts have been left here. We have now made the round of the French division of the Palatine. It has been decided that some remains which exist in the garden of the Villa Mills (now a Convent of Visitandine Nuns) are those of the House of Hortensius, an orator, " who was second only to Cicero in eloquence, and who, in the early part at least of their lives, was his chief opponent."* Cicero himself describes the extraordinary gifts of his rival t as well as the integrity with which he fulfilled the duties of a quaestor.:}: In the latter portion of his public career Hortensius was frequently engaged on the same side with Cicero, and then always recognised his superiority by allowing him to speak last. Hortensius died B.C. 50, to the great grief of his ancient rival. § The splendid villas of Hortensius were celebrated. He was accustomed to water his trees with wine at regular inter- vals, 1| and had huge fishponds at Bauli, into which the salt- water fish came to be fed from his hand, and he became so fond of them, that he wept for the death of a favourite mursena.lF But the house on the Palatine was exceedingly * Dyer, p. 143. t Pro Quinet. i, 2, 22, 24, 26. I Pro Verr. i. 14, 39. § Ad Att. vi. 6. II Macrob. Saturn, ii. 9. 1 Varr. R. R. iii. 17 ; Pliny, H. N. ix. 55. PALACE OF THE C.ESARS. 305 simple and bad no decorations but plain columns of Alban stone.* This was the chosen residence of Augustus, until, upon its destruction by fire, the citizens insisted upon raising the more sumptuous residence in the hollow of the Palatine by pubhc subscription. The subterranean chambers which have been discovered have some interesting remains of stucco ornament. The villa, which is now turned into a convent, possessed some frescoes painted by Giulio Romano from designs of Raphael, but these have been destroyed or removed in deference to the modesty of the present inhabitants. The neighbouring church and garden of S. Sebastiano occupy the site of the Gardens of Adonis. (See Chap. IV.) A large, and by far the most picturesque portion of the Palace of the Caesars (the only part which was not im- bedded in soil ten years ago), is now accessible either from the end of the lane of S. Buonaventura, or from a gate on the left of the Via dei Fienili just before reaching Sta. Anastasia. The excavations in the last-named quarter were begun by the Emperor of Russia, who purchased the site, but afterwards presented it to the city. Behind Sta. Maria Liberatrice, in some farm buildings, are remains which probably belong to the Regia of Julius Caesar. Beyond this, against the escarpment of the Palatine, a part of the Walls of Romulus has been discovered, built in large oblong blocks. Here also are fegments of bases of towers of republican times. Behind S. Teodoro are remains of an early concrete wall, behind which the tufa rock is * Suet. Aug. 72. 3o6 WALA'S IN ROME. visible. The wall is only built where the tufa is of a soft character, "La systeme de constraction est le meme que dans les villes d'fitrurie et dans la muraille batie a Rome par les rois etrusques. Cependant I'appareil est moins regiilier. Les murs d'une petite ville du Latium fondee par un aventurier ne pouvaient etre aussi soignes que les murs des villes de I'Etrurie, pays tout autrement civilise. La petite cite de Romulus, boraee au Palatin, n'avait pas I'importance de la Rome des Tarquins, qui couvrait les huit coUines. "Du reste, la construction est etrusque et devait I'etre. Romulus n'avait dans sa ville, habitee par des patres et des bandits, personne qui fut capable d'en batir I'enceinte. Les Etrusques, grands batisseurs, etaient de I'autre cote du fleuve. Quelques-uns meme I'avaient probablement passe deja et habitaient le mont Coelius. Romulus dut s'adresser a eux, et faire faire cet ouvrage par des architects et des masons etrusques. Ce fut aussi selon le rite de I'Etrurie, pays sacerdotal, que Romulus, suivant en cela I'usage etabli dans les cites latines, fit con- sacer I'enceinte de la ville nouvelle. II agit en cette circonstance comma agit un paysan romain, quand il appelle un pretre pour benir I'emplacement de la maison qu'il veut batir. " Les details de la ceremonie par laquelle fut inauguree la premiere enceinte de Rome nous ont ete transmis par Plutarque,* et, avec un grand detail par Tacite, t qui sans doute avait sous les yeux les livres des pontifes. Nous connaissons avec exactitude le contour que tra^a la charrue sacree. Nous pouvons le suivre encore aujourd'hui. " Romulus attela an taureau blanc et une vache blanche a une charnie dont le soc etait d'airain.^ L'usage de I'airain a precede a Rome, comme partout, l'usage du fer. II partit du lieu consacre par I'antique autel d'llercule, au-dessous de Tangle occidental du Palatin et de la premiere Rome des Pelasges, et, se dirigeant vers le sud-est, traca son sillon le long de la base de la collinc. " Ceux qui suivaient Romulus, rejetaient les mottes de terre en dedans du sillon, image du Vallum fulur. Ce sillon etait I'Agger de Survius Tullius en petit. A rextremite de la vallee qui separe le Palatin de 1' Aventin, oi\ devait etre le grand cirque, et oil est aujourd'hui la rue des Ccrchi, il prit a gauche, et, contournant la colline, continua, en creusant toujours son sillon, \ tracer sans le savoir la route que devaient suivre un jour les triomphes, puis revint au point d'oii il etait parti. La charrue, I'instrument du labour, le symbole de la vie agricole * riut. Romul. xi. t Tac. Ann. xii. 24. J Prell. R. Myth. 456. VIA NOVA. 307 des enfants tie Satume, avait dessine le contour de la cite guerriere de Romulus. De meme, quand on avait detruit une ville, on faisait passer la charrue sur le sol qu'elle avait occupe. Par la, ce sol devenait sacre, et il n'etait pas plus permis de I'habiter qu'il ne I'etait de franchir le sillon qu'on creusait autour des villes lors de leur fondation, comme le fit Romulus et comme le firent toujours depuis les fondateurs d'une colonie ; car toute colonic etait une Rome." — AtJtpire, Hist. Rome, i. 283. Close under this, the northern side of the walls of Romulus, ran the Via Nova, down which Marcus Ccedicius was returning to the city in the gloaming, when, at this spot, between the sacred grove and the temple of Vesta, he heard a supernatural voice, bidding him to warn the senate of the approach of the Gauls. After the Gauls had invaded Rome, and departed again, an altar and sanctuary recorded the miracle on this site.* At the corner near Sta. Anastasia, are remains of a private house of early times built against the cliff. Near this were the steps called the Stairs of Cacns, leading up to the hut of Faustulus. On the other side the Gf'adus Pidchri Littoris, the kuXt} Akttj of Plutarch, led to the river. f Here a remarkable altar of republican times has been dis- covered, and remains in situ. It is inscribed sei deo sei DIVAE SAC. — C SEXTIVS C T CALVINUS TR DE SENATI SEN- TENTiA RESTiTviT. Some supposc this to be the actual altar mentioned above as erected to the Genius Loci, in con- sequence of the mysterious warning of the Gallic invasion. The father of the tribune, C. S. Calvinus, mentioned in the inscription, was consul with C. Cassius Longinus, d.c. 124, and is described by Cicero as an elegant orator of a sickly constitution. J * Cic. de Div. i. 45 ; Livy, v. 32. t Pint. Ron. Sol. 2. X Cic. Brut. 34. 3o8 WALKS IN ROME. Beyond this a number of chambers have been discovered under the steep bank of the Palatine, and retain a quantity of graffiti scratched upon their walls. The most interesting of these, found in the fourth chamber, has been removed to the museum of the CoUegio Romano. It is generally believed to have been executed during the reign of Sep- timius Severus, and to have been done in an idle mo- ment by one of the soldiers occupying these rooms, supposed to have been used as guard-chambers under that emperor. If so, it is perhaps the earliest existing pictorial allusion to the manner of our Saviour's death. It is a cari- cature evidently executed in ridicule of a Christian fellow- soldier. The figure on the cross has an ass's head, and by the worshipping figure is inscribed in Greek characters, Alexamenos worships his God. "The lowest orders of the populace were as intelligently hostile to it [the worship of the Crucified] as were the pliilosophers. "Witness that remarkable caricature of the adoration of our crucified Lord, which was discovered some ten years ago beneath the ruins of the Palatine palace. It is a rough slcetcli, traced, in all probability, by the hand of some pagan slave in one of the earliest years of the third century of our era. A human figure with an ass's head is represented as fixed to a cross, while another figure in a tunic stands on one side. This figure is ad- dressing himself to the crucified monster, and is making a gesture which was the customary pagan expression of adoration. Underneath there runs a rude inscription : Alexamenos ado7-es his God. Here we are face to face with a touching episode of the life of the Roman Church in the days of Severus or of Caracalla. As under Nero, so, a century and a half later, there were worshippers of Christ in the household of Caesar. But the paganism of the later date was more intelligently and bitterly hostile to the Church than the paganism which had shed the blood of the apostles. The Gnostic invective which attributed to the Jews the worship of an ass, was applied by pagans indiscnminately to Jews and Christians. Tacitus attriljutcs the custom to a legend respecting services rendered by wild asses to the Israelites in the desert ; ' and so, I sup- pose,' observes TertuUian, 'it was thence presumed that we, as border- THE FRISO.V OF ST. PAUL. 309 ing upon the Jewish rehgion, were taught to worship such a figure.' Such a story, once current, was easily adapted to the purposes of a pagan caricaturist. Whether from ignorance of the forms of Christian worship, or in order to make his parody of it more generally intelligible to its pagan admii-ers, the draughtsman has ascribed to Alexamenos the gestures of a heathen devotee. But the real object of his parody is too plain to be mistaken. Jesus Christ, we may be sure, had other confess- ors and worshippers in the Imperial palace as well as Alexamenos. The moral pressure of the advancing Church was felt throughout all ranks of pagan society; ridicule was invoked to do the work of argument; and the moral persecution which crowned all true Christian devotion was often only the prelude to a sterner test of that loyalty to a crucified Lord, which was as insensible to the misrepresentations, as Christian faith was superior to the logic, of heathendom."* — Liddoji, Bampton Lectures of \%b^^ lect. vii. p. 593. These chambers acquire a great additional interest from the belief which many entertain that they are those once occupied by the Praetorian Guard, in which St. Paul was confined. "The close of the Epistle to the Ephesians contains a remarkable example of the forcible imagery of St. Paul. Considered simply in itself, the description of the Christian's armour is one of the most striking passages in the sacred volume. But if we view it in connec- tion with the circumstances with which the Apostle was surrounded, we find a new and living emphasis in his enumeration of all the parts of the heavenly panoply, — the belt of sincerity and trath, with which the loins are girded for the spiritual war, — the breast-plate of that righteous- ness, the inseparable links whereof are faith and love, — the strong sandals, with which the feet of Christ's soldiers are made ready, not for such errands of death and despair as those on which the Prretorian soldiers were daily sent, but for the universal message of the gospel of peace, — the large shield of confident trust, wherewith the whole man is protected, and whereon the fiery arrows of the Wicked One fall harmless and dead, — the close-fitting lielmet, with which the hope of salvation invests the head of tha believer, — and finally the sword of the Spirit, the Word of t Padre Garucci, S. J., has published an exhaustive monograph on this now cele- brated "Graffito Blaspheme." Roma, 1857. 310 WALK'S IN ROME. God, which, when wielded by the Great Captain of our Salvation, turned the tempter in the wilderness to flight, while in the hands of His chosen Apostle (with whose memory the sword seems inseparably associated), it became the means of establishing Christianity on the earth. '' All this imagery becomes doubly forcible if we remember that when St. Paul wrote the words he was chained to a soldier, and in the close neighbourhood of military sights and sounds. The appearance of the Praetorian Guards was daily familiar to him ; as his 'chains,' on the other hand (so he tells us in the succeeding Epistle), became well known throughout the whole Prato-iiim ! (Phil. i. 13). A difference of opinion has existed as to the precise meaning of the word in this pas- sage. Some have identified it, as in the authorised version, with the house of Csesar on the Palatine : more commonly it has been supposed to mean that permanent camp of the Praetorian Guards, which Tiberius established on the north of the city, outside the walls. As regards the former opinion, it is true that the word came to be used, almost as we use the word ' palace,' for royal residences generally or for any resid- ences of princely splendour. Yet we never find the word employed for the imperial house at Rome : and we believe the truer view to be that which has been recently advocated, namely, that it denotes here, not the palace itself, but the quarters of that part of the imperial guards, which was in immediate attendance upon the emperor. The emperor was prator or commander-in-chief of the troops, and it was natural that his immediate guard should be in z. prcetorium near him. It might, indeed, be argued that this military establishment on the Palatine would cease to be necessary, when the Praetorian camp was established: but the purpose of that establishment was to concentrate near the city those cohorts, which had previously been dispersed in other parts of Italy : a local body-guard near the palace would not cease to be neces- sary: and Josephus, in his account of the imprisonment of Agrippa, speaks of a 'camp' in connection with the ' royal house. ' Such we conceive to have been the barrack immediately alluded to by St. Paul : though the connection of these smaller quarters with the general camp was such that he would naturally become known to ^ all the rest' of the guards, as well as those who might for the time be connected with the imperial household. " St. I\iul tells us (in the Kpistle to the Pliilippians) that throughout the Praetorian quarter he was well known as a prisoner for the cause of Christ, and he sends special salutations to the Philippian Church from the Christians of the imperial household. These notices bring before PA LA CE OF NER 0. 311 us very vividly the moral contrasts by which the Apostle was surrounded. The soldier to whom he was chained to-day might have been in Nero's body-guard yesterday ; his comrade who next relieved guard might have been one of the executioners of Octavia, and might have carried her head to Poppaea a few weeks before. "History has few stronger contrasts than when it shows tis Paul preaching Christ imder the walls of Nero's palace. Thenceforward there were but two religions in the Roman world ; the worship of the emperor, and the worship of the Saviour. The old superstitions had long been worn out ; they had lost all hold on educated minds. . . . Over against the altars of Nero and Poppa;a, the voice of a prisoner was daily heard, and daily woke in grovelling souls the consciousness of their divine destiny. Men listened, and knew that self-sacrifice was better than ease, humiliation more exalted than pride, to suffer nobler than to reign. They felt that the only religion which satisfied the needs of man was the religion of sorrow, the religion of self-devotion, the religion of the cross." — Conybcare and Howson. Hence, we may ascend through some gardens beneath the "Villa Mills, to the terrace which stirmounts the grand ruins at the end of the Palace of the Csesars, supposed to be re- mains of the Palace of Nero, but as no inscriptions have been discovered, no part of it can be identified.* These are by far the most picturesque portions of the ruins, and few com- positions can be finer than those formed by the huge masses of stately brick arches, laden with a wealth of laurustinus, cytizus, and other flowering shrubs, standing out against the soft hues and delicate blue and pink shadows of the distant Campagna. Beneath the terrace is a fine range of lofty chambers, with a broken statue at the end, through which there is a striking view. One of these ruined halls has been converted into a kind of museum of architectural fragments found in this part of the palace, many of them of great beauty. This was the portion of the palace ^yhich * The Palace of Nero is described in Tacitus, Ann. xv. 42, and Suetonius, Ner. 31. 312 1 WALKS IN ROME. longest remained entire, and which was inhabited by Hera- clius in the seventh century. Some consider that these ruins were incorporated into the Septizonium of Severus, so called from its seven stories of building, erected a.d. 198, and finally destroyed by Sixtus V., who carried off its materials for the building of St. Peter's. It was erected by Severus at the southern corner of the palace, in order that it might at once strike the eyes of his African compatriots,* on their arrival in Rome. He built two other edifices which he called Septizonium, one on the Esquiline near the baths of Titus, and the other on the Via Appia, which he intended as the burial-place of his family, and where his son Geta was actually interred. The remaining ruins on this division of the hill, supposed to be those of a theatre, a library, &c., have not yet been historically identified. They probably belong to the Fa/ace of Domitian (Imp. a.d. 81 — 96), who added largely to the buildings on the Palatine. The magnificence of his palace is extolled in the inflated verses of Statius, who describes the imperial dwelling as exciting the jealousy of the abode of Jupiter — as losing itself amongst the stars by its height, and rising above the clouds into the full splendour of the sunshine ! Such was the extravagance displayed by Domitian in these buildings, that Plutarch compares him to Midas, who wished everything to be made of gold. This was the scene of many of the tyrannical vagaries of Domitian. " ' Ilavinc; once made a pjreat feast for llie citizens, he proposed,' says Dion, ' to follow it up with an entertainment to a select number of the • Scptimius Severus was born a.d. 146, near Leptis in Africa. Statius addresses a poem to one of his ancestors, Sept. Severus of Leptis. PALACE OF DOMITIAN. 313 highest nobility. He fitted up an apartment all in black. The ceiling was black, the walls were black, the pavement was black, and upon it were ranged rows of bare stone seats, black also. The guests were introduced at night without their attendants, and each might see at the head of his couch a column placed, like a tomb-stone, on which his own name was graven, with the cresset lamp above it, such as is sus- pended in the tombs. Presently there entered a troop of naked boys, blackened, who danced around with horrid movements, and then stood still before them, offering them the fragments of food which are com- monly presented to the dead. The guests were paralysed with terror, expecting at every moment to be put to death ; and the more, as the others maintained a deep silence, as though they vv'ere dead themselves, and Domitian spake of things pertaining to the state of the departed only.' But this funeral feast was not destined to end tragically. Caesar happened to be in a sportive mood, and when he had sufficiently enjoyed his jest, and had sent his visitors home expecting worse to follow, he bade each to be presented with the silver cup and platter on which his dismal supper had been served, and with the slave, now neatly washed and apparelled, who had waited upon him. Such, said the populace, was the way in which it pleased the emperor to solemnise the funereal banquet of the victims of his defeats in Dacia, and of his persecutions in the city." — Mcrivalc, ch. Ixii. It was in this palace that the murder of Domitian took place : "Of the three great deities, the august assessors in the Capitol, Minerva was regarded by Domitian as his special patroness. Her image stood by his bedside : his customary oath was by her divinity. But now a dream apprised him that the guardian of his person was dis- armed by the guardian of the empire, and that Jupiter had forbidden his daughter to protect her favourite any longer. Scared by these horrors he lost all self-control, and petulantly cried, and the cry was itself a portent : ' Now strike Jove whom he will ! ' From supernatural terrors he reverted again and again to earthly fears and suspicions. Henceforward the tyrant allowed none to be admitted to his presence without being previously searched ; and he caused the ends of the cor- ridor in which he took exercise to be lined with polished marble, to reflect the image of any one behind him ; at the same time he inquired anxiously into the horoscope of every chief whom he might fear as a possible rival or successor. 314 WALK'S IN ROME. " The victim of superstition had long since, it was said, ascertained too surely the year, the day, the hour which should prove fatal to him. He had learnt too that he was to die by the sword The omens were now closing about the victim, and his terrors became more importunate and overwhelming. 'Something,' he exclaimed, 'is about to happen, which men shall talk of all the world over. ' Drawing a drop of blood from a pimple on his forehead, 'May this be all,' he added. His attendants, to reassure him, declared that the hour had passed. Embracing the flattering tale with alacrity, and rushing at once to the extreme of confidence, he announced that the danger was over, and that he would bathe and dress for the evening repast. But the danger was just then ripening within the walls of the palace. The mysteries there enacted few, indeed, could penetrate, and the account of Domitian's fall has been coloured by invention and fancy. The story that a child, whom he suffered to attend in his private chamber, found by chance the tablets which he had placed under his pillow, and that the empress, on inspecting them, and finding herself, with his most familiar servants, designated for execution, contrived a plot for his assassin- ation, is one so often repeated as to cause great suspicion. But neither can we accept the version of Philostratus, who would have us believe that the murder of Domitian was the deed of a single traitor, a freed- man of Clemens, named Stephanus, who, indignant at his patron's death, and urged to fury by the sentence on his patron's wife, Domitilla, rushed alone into the tyrant's chamber, diverted his attention with a frivolous pretext, and smote him with the sword he bore concealed in his sleeve. It is more likely that the design, however it originated, was common to several of the household, and that means were taken among them to disarm the victim, and baffle his cries for assistance. Stephanus, who is said to have excelled in personal strength, may have been employed to deal the blow ; for not more, perhaps, than one attendant would be admitted at once into the presence. Struck in the groin, but not mortally, Domitian snatched at his own weapon, but found the sword removed from its scabbard. He then clutclied the assassin's dagger, cutting his own fingers to the bone ; then desperately thrust the bloody talons into the eyes of his assailant, and beat his head with a golden goblet, shrieking all the time for help. Thereupon in rushed Par- thenius, Maximus, and others, and despatched him as he lay writhing on the pavement." — Merivale, ch. Ixii. Trajan stripped the palace of his predecessors of all its PALACE OF THE LATER EMPERORS. 315 ornaments to adorn the temple of Jupiter Capitolinus,* but it was restored by Commodus, after a fire which occurred in his reign,t and enriched by HeUogabakis,:|: and ahiiost every succeeding emperor, till the time of Theodoric. § "'Brickwork I found thee, and marble I left thee!' then- Emperor vaunted ; ' Marble I thought thee, and brickwork I find tliee ! ' the Tourist may answer." A. H. Cloiigh. * Martial, xii. Ep. 75. \ Dion Cass. Commod. X Lamprid. Elagab. 8. § Cassiod. vii. 5. CHAPTER VII. THE CCELIAN. S. Gregorio — S. Giovanni e Paolo — Arch of Dolabella — S. Tommaso in Formis — Villa Mattel — Sta. Maria della Navicella — S. Stefano Rotondo — I Santi Quattro Incoronati — S. Clemente. 'T'HE Coelian Hill extends from St. John Lateran to the Vigna of the Porta Capena, and from the Fountain of Egeria to the Convent of S. Gregorio. It is now entirely uninhabited, except by monks of the Camaldolese, Passionist, and Redemptorist Orders, and by the Augustinian Nuns of the Incoronati. In the earliest times the name of this hill was Mons Querquetulanus, " The Hill of Oaks," and it was clothed with forest, part of which long remained as the sacred wood of the Camenoe. It first received its name of Calius from Ccelius Vibenna, an Etruscan Lucumo of Ardea, who is said to have come to the assistance of Romulus in his war against the Sal)ine king Tatius, and to have afterwards estab- lished himself here. In the reign of Tullus Hostilius the Coelian assumed some importance, as that king fixed his residence here, and transported hither the Latin population of Alba. As the Ccclian had a less prominent share in the history of Rome than any of the other hills, it preserves scarcely THE C (ELI AN. 317 any historical monuments of pagan times. All those which existed under the republic were destroyed by a great fire which ravaged this hill in the reign of Tiberius,'^ except the Temple of the Nymphs, which once stood in the grove of the Camence, and which had been already burnt by Clodius, in order to destroy the records of his falsehoods and debts which it contained. t Some small remains in the garden of the Passionist convent ar-e attributed to the temple which Agrippina raised to her husband the Emperor Claudius, and in S. Stefano Rotondo some antiquaries recognize the Macellum of Nero. There are no remains of the palace of the Emperor Tetricus, who lived here, " between the two sacred groves," % in a magnificent cap- tivity under Aurelian, whom he received here at a banquet, at which he exhibited an allegorical picture representing his reception of the empire of Gaul, and his subsequent resignation of it for the simple insignia of a Roman senator. § To the Christian visitor, however, the Coelian will always prove of the deepest interest— and the slight thread of con- nection which runs between all its principal objects, as well as their nearness to one another, brings them pleasantly within the limits of a single day's excursion. Many of those who are not mere passing visitors at Rome, will probably find that their chief pleasure lies not amid the well-known sights of the great basilicas and palaces, but in quiet walks through the silent lanes and amid the decaying buildings of these more distant hills. " The recollection of Rome will come back, after many years, in * Dyer's Rome, p. 222. t Ampure, Hist. Rom. iv. 460. X Trebellius PoUio. § Gibbon, v. i. 3iS WALKS IN ROME. images of long delicious strolls, in musing loneliness, through the deserted ways of the ancient city ; of climbing among its hills, over ruins, to reach some vantage-ground for mapping out the subjacent terri- tory, and looking beyond on the glorious chains of greater and lesser mountains, clad in their imperial hues of gold and purple ; and then, perhaps, of solemn entrance into the cool solitude of an open basilica, where your thought now rests, as your body then did, after the silent evening prayer, and brings forward from many well-remembered nooks, every local inscription, every lovely monument of art, the characteristic feature of each, or the great names with which it is associated. The Liberian speaks to you of Bethlehem and its treasured mysteries ; the Sessorian of Calvary and its touching relics. Baronius gives you his injunctions on Christian architectui-e inscribed, as a legacy, in his title of Fasciola ; St. Dominic lives in the fresh paintings of a faithful disciple, on the walls of the opposite church of St. Xystus ; there stands the chair and there hangs the hat of St. Charles, as if he had just left his own church, from which he calls himself in his signature to letters ' the Cardinal of St. Praxedes ; ' near it, in a sister church, is fresh the memory of St. Justin Martyr, addressing his apologies for Christianity to heathen emperor and senate, and of Pudens and his British spouse ; and, far beyond the city gates, the cheerful Philip * is seen kneeling at S. Sebastiano, waiting for the door to the Platonia to be opened for him, that he may watch the night through in the martyr's dormitory." • — IViseinan's Life of Leo XII. " For myself, I must say that I know nothing to compare with a pilgrimage among the antique churches scattered over the Esquiline, the Coelian, and the Aventine Hills. They stand apart, each in its solitude, amid gardens, and vineyards, and heaps of nameless ruins ; — here a group of cypresses, there a lofty pine or solitary palm ; the tutelary saint, perhaps some Sant' Achilleo, or Santa Bibiana, whom we never heard of before, — an altar rich in precious marbles, — columns of por- phyry, — the old frescoes dropping from the walls, — the everlasting colossal mosaics looking down so solemn, so dim, so spectral ;— these grow upon us, until at each succeeding visit they themselves, and the associations by which they are surrounded, become a part of our daily life, and may be said to hallow that daily life when considered in a right spirit. True, what is most sacred, what is most poetical, is often desecrate'd to the fancy by the intrusion of those prosaic realities which • S. Filippo Neri. r.lRCO DI S. GREGORIO. 319 easily strike prosaic minds ; by disgust at tlie foolish fabrications which those who recite them do not believe, by lying inscriptions, by tawdry pictures, by tasteless and even profane restorations ; — by much that saddens, much that offends, much that disappoints ; — but then so much remains ! So much to awaken, to elevate, to touch the heart ; so much that will not pass away from the memory, so much that makes a part of our after-life." — Airs. Jameson. We may pass under the Arch of Constantine, or through the pleasant sunny walks known as the Parco di San Gre- gorio, — planted by the French during their first occupation of Rome, but which may almost be regarded as a remnant of the sacred grove of the Camense which once occupied this site. The further gate of the Parco opens on a small triangular piazza, whence a broad flight of steps lead up to the Church of S. G?'egorio, to the English pilgrim one of the most inter- esting spots in Rome, for it was at the head of these steps that St. Augustine took his last farewell of Gregory the Great, and, kneeling on this green-sward below, the first mis- sionaries of England received the parting blessing of the great pontiff, as he stood on the height in the gateway. As we enter the portico (built 1633, by Card. Scipio Borghese,) we see on either side two world-famous inscriptions. On the right : Adsta hospes etlege. Hie dim fuit M. Gregori domus Ipse in monasterium convertit, Ubi monasticen professus est Et diu abbas praefuit. Monachi primum Benedictini Mox Grceci tenuere 320 IVALA'S IN ROME. Dein Benedictini iterum Post varies casos Quum jamdiu Esset commendatum Et poene desertum. Anno MDLXXiir Camaldulenses inducti Qui et industria sua Et ope plurium R. E. Cardinalium Quoram hie monumenta exstant, Favente etiam Clemente XI. P. M. Templum et adjacentes aedes In banc quam cernis formam Restituerunt. On the left : Ex hoc monasterio Prodierunt. S. Gregorius, M. Fundator et Parens S. Eleutherius, A.B. Hilarion, A.B. S. Augustinus. Anglor. Apostol. S. Laurentius. Cantuar. Archiep. S. Mellitus. Londinen. Ep. mox. Archiep. Cantuar. S. Justus. Ep. Roffensis. vS. Paulinus. Ep. Eborac. S. Maximianus. S)'racusan. Ep. SS. Antonius, Merulus, et Joannes, Monachi. St. Petrus. A.B. Cantuar. Marinianus. Archiep. Raven. Probus. Xenodochi. Jerosolymit. Curator. A. vS. Gregori. Elect. Sabinus Callipodit. Ep. Gregorius. Diac. Card. S. Eustach. Ilic . Etiam . TMu . Vixit . M. Gregori Mater . S. .Silvia . Hoc . Maxima Colenda . Quod . Tantum . Pietatis Sapicntioc . Et . Doctrinae . Lumen Pepererit. S. GREGORIO. 321 " Cette ville incomparable renferme peu de sites plus attrayants et plus dignes d'eternelle memoire. Le sanctuaire occupe I'angle occidental du mont Coelius. . . II est a egale distance du grand Cirque, des Thermes de Caracalla et du Colisee, tout proche de I'eglise des saints martyrs Jean et Paul. Le berceau du christianisme de I'Angleterre touche ainsi au sol trempe par le sang de tant de milliers de martyrs. En face s'eleve le mont Palatin, berceau de Rome paienne, encore couvert des vastes debris du -palais des Cesars. . . . Ou est done I'Anglais digne de ce nom qui, en portant son regard du Palatin au Colisee, pourrait contempler sans emotion ce coin de terre d'ou lui sont venus la foi, le nom chretien et la Bible dont il est si fier. Voila ou les enfants esclaves de ses a'ieux etaient recueilMs et sauves ! Sur ces pierres s'agenouillaient ceux qui ont fait sa patrie chretienne ! Sous ces voutes a et^ congu par une ame sainte, confie a Dieu, beni par Dieu, accepte et accompli par d'humbles et genereux chretiens, le grand dessein ! Par ces degres sont descendus les quarante moines qui ont porte a I'Angleterre la. parole de Dieu, la lumiere de I'Evangile, la succession apostolique et la regie de Saint-Benoit ! " — Montale/nbert, Moines d'' Occident. Hard by was the house of Sta. Silvia, mother of St. Gregory, of which the ruins still remain, opposite to the church of S. Giovanni e Paolo, and in the little garden which still exists, we may believe that he played as a child under his mother's care. Close to his mother's home he founded the monastery of St. Andrew, where he dwelt for many years as a monk, employed in \\T:iting homilies, and in the enjoyment of visionary conversation with the Virgin, whom he believed to answer him in person from her pic- ture before which he knelt. " To this monastery he pre- sented his own portrait, with those of his father and mother, which were probably in existence 300 years after his death ; and this portrait of himself probably furnished that peculiar type of physiognomy which we trace in all the best repre- sentations of him." -^ During the life of penance and poverty * Mrs. Jameson. 322 WALKS IN ROME. which was led here by St. Gregory, he sold all his goods for the benefit of the poor, retaining nothing but a silver bason given him by his mother. One day a poor shipwrecked sailor came several times to beg in the cell where he was writing, and as he had no money, he gave him instead this one remaining treasure. A long time after, St. Gregory saw the same shipwrecked sailor reappear in the form of his guardian angel, who told him that God had henceforth destined him to rule his church, and become the successor of St. Peter, wliose charity he had imitated.* "Un moine (a.d. 590) va monter pour la premiere fois sur la chaire apostolique. Ce moine, le plus illustre de tous ceux qui ont compte parmi les souverains pontifes, y rayonnera d'un eclat qu'aucun de ses predecesseurs n'a egale et qui rejaillera comme une sanction supreme, sur I'institut dont il est issu. Gregoire, le seul parmi les hommes avec le Papa Leon 1^"^ qui ait regu a la fois, du consent ement universel, le double sur- nom de Saint et de Grand, sera I'eternel honneur de I'Ordre benedictin comme de la papaute. Par son genie, mais surtout par le charme et I'ascendant de sa vertu, il organisera le domaine tempore! des papes, il developpera et regularisera leur souverainete spirituelle, il fondera leur paternelle suprematie sur les royautes naissantes et les nations nouvelles qui vont devenir les grands peuples de I'avenir, et s'appeler la France, I'Espagne, I'Angleterre. A vrai dire, c'est lui qui inaugure le moyen age, la socicfte moderne et la civilisation cliretienne." — Montalembert. Tlie church of St. Gregory is approached by a cloistered court filled with monuments. On the left is that of Sir Edward Came, one of the commissioners to obtain the opinion of foreign universities respecting the divorce of Henry VIII. from Catherine of Arragon, ambassador to Charles V., and afterwards to the court of Rome. He was recalled when the embassy was suppressed by Elizabeth, * Montalcmbert, Moines d'Occident. S. GREGORIO. 323 but was kept at Rome by Paul IV., who had conceived a great affection for him, and he died here in 1561. Another monument, of an exile for the catholic faith, is that of Robert Pecham, who died 1567, inscribed : " Roberto Pecham Anglo, equite aurato, Philippi et Marije Anglia? et Hispan regibus olim a consiliis genera religione virtute prseclaro qui cum patriam suam a fede catholica deficientem adspicere sine summo dolore non posset, relicfis omnibus qu£e in hac vita carissima esse solent, in voluntarium profectus exilium, post gdx annis pauperibus Christi heredibus testamento institutis, sanctissime e vita migravit." The Church, rebuilt in 1734, under Francesco Ferrari, has sixteen ancient granite columns and a fine Opus-Alex- andrinum pavement. Among its monuments we may- observe that of Cardinal Zurla, a learned \\T:iter on geo- graphical subjects, who was abbot of the adjoining convent. It was a curious characteristic of the laxity of morals in the time of Julius II. (1503-13), that her friends did not hesitate to bury the famous Aspasia of that age in this church, and to inscribe upon her tomb : " Imperia, cortisana Romana, quae digna tanto nomine, rarse inter homines formse speci- men dedit. Vixit annos xxvi. dies xii. obiit 151 x, die 15 Augusti," — but this monument has now been removed. At the end of the right aisle is a picture by Badalocchi, commemorating a miracle on this spot, when, at the moment of elevation, the Host is said to have bled in the hands of St. Gregory, to convince an unbeliever of the truth of tran- substantiation. It will be observed that in this and in most other representations of St. Gregory, a dove is perched upon his shoulder, and whispering into his ear. This is comme- morative of the impression that every word and act of the saint was directly inspired by the Holy Ghost ; a belief first 324 WALKS IN ROME. engendered by the happy promptitude of Peter, his arch- deacon, who invented the story to save the beloved Ubrary of his master which was about to be destroyed after his death by the people, in a pitiful spirit of revenge, because they fancied that a famine which was decimating them, had been brought about by the extravagance of Gregory.* An altar beneath this picture is decorated with marble reliefs, representing the same miracle, ahd also the story of the soul of the Emperor Trajan being freed from purgatory by the intercession of Gregory. (Chap. IV.) A low door near this leads into the monastic cell of St. Gregory, containing his marble chair, and the spot where his bed lay, inscribed : "Nocte dieque vigil longo hie defessu labore Gregorius modica membra quiete levat." Here also an immense collection of minute relics of saints are exposed to the veneration of the credulous. On the opposite side of the church is the Salviati Chapel^ the burial-place of that noble family, modernized in 1690 by Carlo Maderno. Over the altar is a copy of Annibale Caracci's picture of St. Gregory, which once existed here, but is now in England. On the right is the picture of the Madonna, " which spoke to St. Gregory," and which is said to have become suddenly impressed upon the wall after a vision in which she appeared to him ; — on the left is a beau- tiful marble ciborium. Hence a sacristan will admit the visitor into the Garden of Sta. Silvia, whence there is a grand view over the op- posite Palatine. • Milman's Latin Christianity, vol. ii. S. GREGORIO. 325 " To stand here on the summit of the flight of steps which leads to the portal, and look across to the ruined Palace of the Caesars, makes the mind giddy with the rush of thoughts. T/iere, before us, the Palatine Hill — pagan Rome in the dust ; here, the little cell, a few feet square, where slept in sackcloth the man who gave the last blow to the power of the Csesars, and first set his foot as sovereign on the cradle and capital of their greatness." — Airs, yamcson. Here are three Chapels, restored by the historian Car- dinal Baron ius, in the sixteenth century. The first, of Sta. Silvia, contains a fresco of the Almighty with a choir of angels, by Guido, and beneath it a beautiful statue of the venerable saint (especially invoked against convulsions), by Niccolo Cordieri — one of the best statues of saints in Rome. The second chapel, of St. Andreiv, contains the two famous rival frescoes of Guido and Domenichino. Guido has represented St. Andrew kneeling in reverent thankfulness at first sight of the cross on which he was to suffer ; Domenichino — a more painful subject — the flagellation of the saint. Of these paintings Annibale Caracci observed that " Guide's was the painting of the Master; but Domenichino's the painting of the scholar who knew more than the master." The beautiful group of figures in the corner, where a terrified child is hiding its face in its mother's dress, is introduced in several other pictures of Domenichino. *' It is a well-known anecdote that a poor old woman stood for a long time before the story of Domenichino, pointing it out bit by bit and explaining it to a child who was with her, — and that she then turned to the story told by Guido, admired the landscape, and went away. It is added that when Annibale Caracci heard of this, it seemed to him in itself a sufificient reason for giving the preference to the former work. It is also said that when Domenichino was painting one of the execu- tioners, he worked himself up into a fiiry with threatening words and 326 WALK'S IN ROME. gestures, and that Annibale, surprising him in this condition, embraced him, saying : ' Domenico, to-day you have taught me a lesson, which is that a painter, like an orator, must first feel himself that which he would represent to others.' " — Lanzi, v. 82. " In historical pictures Domenichino is often cold and studied, espe- cially m the principal subject, while on the other hand, the subordinate persons have much grace, and a noble character of beauty. Thus, in the scourging of St. Andrew, a group of women thrust back by the executioners is of the highest beauty. Guido's fresco is of high merit — St. Andrew, on his way to execution, sees the cross before him in the distance, and falls upon his knees in adoration, — the executioners and spectators regard him with astonishment." — Kiigler. The third chapel, of Sta. Barbara^ contains a grand statue of St. Gregory by Nlccolo Coniicri* (where the whispering dove is again represented), and the table at which he daily fed twelve poor pilgrims after washing their feet. The Roman breviary tells how on one occasion an angel ap- peared at the feast as the thirteenth guest. This story, — the sending forth of St. Augustine, — and other events of St. Gregory's life, are represented in rude frescoes upon the walls by Vlviani. The adjoining Convent (modern) is of vast size, and is now occupied by Camaldolese monks, though in the time of St. Gregory it belonged to the Benedictines. In its situation it is beautiful and quiet, and must have been so even in the time of St. Gregory, who often regretted che seclusion which he was compelled to c^uit. " Un jour, plus accablc que jamais par le poids dcs affaires seculieres, il setait retire dans un lieu secret pour s'y livrer dans un long silence a * Rome possesses at least eight fine modern statf.es of saints : — besides those of Sta. Silvia and .St. Gregory, arc the Sta. Agnese of Algardi, the Sta. Bibiana of Bernini, the Sta. Cecilia of Modcrno, the Sta. Susanna of Quesnoy, the Sta. Martina ol Mcnghino, and the S. Druno of Houdon. CONVENT OF S. GREGORIO. 327 sa tristesse, et y fut rejoint par le diacre Pierre, son eleve, son ami d'enfance et le compagnon de ses cheres etudes. ' Vous est-il done arrive quelque chagrin nouveau,' lui dit le jeune homme, ' pour que vous soyez ainsi plus triste qu'a I'ordinaire.' 'Men chagrin,' lui re- pondit le pontife, 'est celui de tous mes jours, toujours vieux par I'usage, et toujours nouveau par sa croissance quotidienne. Ma pauvre ame se rappelle ce qu'elle etait autrefois, dans notre monastere, quand elle planait sur tout ce qui passe, sur tout ce qui change ; quand elle ne songeait qu'au ciel ; quand elle franchissait par la contemplation le cloitre de ce corps qui I'enserre ; quand elle aimait d'avance la mort comme I'entree de la vie. Et maintenant il lui faut, a cause de ma charge pastorale, supporter les mille affaires des hommes du -siecle et se souiller dans cette poussiere. Et quand, apres s'etre ainsi repandue au dehors, elle veut retrouver sa retraite interieure, elle n'y revient qu'amoindrie. Je medite sur tout ce que je souffre et sur tout ce que j'ai perdu. Me voici, battu par I'ocean et tout brise par la tempete ; quand je pense a ma vie d' autrefois, il me semble regarder en arriere vers le rivage. Et ce qu'il y a de plus triste, c'est qu'ainsi ballotte par I'orage, je puis a peine entrevoir le port que j'ai quitte.' " — Montalembcrt, Moines d' Occident. Pope Gregory XYI. was for some years abbot of this convent, to which he was afterwards a generous benefactor ; — regretting always, like his great predecessor, the peace of his monastic life. His last words to his cardinals, who were imploring him, for political purposes, to conceal his danger, were singularly expressive of this — " Per Dio lasciatemi ! — voglio morire da frate, non da so\Tano." The last great ceremony enacted at S. Gregorio was when Cardinal Wise- man consecrated the mitred abbot of English Cistercians, — Ur. IManning preaching at the same time on the prospects of English Catholicism, Ascending the steep paved lane between S. Gregorio and the Parco, the picturesque church on the left with the arcaded apse and tall campanile {c. a.d. 1206), inlaid with coloured tiles and marbles, is that of SS. Giovanni e Faolo, 328 WALKS IN ROME. two officers in the household of the Christian princess Constantia, daughter of the Emperor Constantine, in whose time they occupied a position of great influence and trust. When JuUan the Apostate came to the throne, he attempted to persuade them to sacrifice to idols, but they refused, saying, " Our lives are at the disposal of the emperor, but our souls and our faith belong to our God." Then Julian, fearing to bring them to public martyrdom, lest their popularity should cause a rebellion and the example of their well-known fortitude be an encouragement to others, sent off soldiers to behead them privately in their own house. Hence the inscription on the spot, " Locus martyrii SS. Joannis et Paoli in sedibus propriis." The church was built by Pammachus, the friend of St. Jerome, on the site of the house of the saints. It is entered by a portico adorned with eight ancient granite columns, interesting as having been erected by the English pope, Nicholas Break- spear, A.D. 1 158. The interior, in the basilica form, has sixteen ancient columns and a beautiful Opus-Alexan- drinum pavement. In the centre of the floor is a stone, railed off, upon which it is said that the saints were be- headed. Their bodies are contained in a porphyry urn under the high altar. In early times these were the only bodies of saints preserved within the walls of Rome (the rest being in the catacombs). In the Sacramentary of St. Leo, in the Preface of SS. John and Paul, it is said, "Of Thy merciful providence Thou hast vouchsafed to crown not only the circuit of the city with the glorious passions of the martyrs, but also to hide in the very heart of the city itself the victorious limbs of St. John and St. Paul."* • See Roma Sotterranea, p. 106, SS. GIOVANNI E PAOLO. 329 Above the tribune are frescoes by Fomerancio. A splendid chapel on the right was built 1868; — two of its alabaster pillars were the gift of Pius IX. Beneath the altar on the left of the tribune is preserved the embalmed body of St. Paul of the Cross (who died 1776), founder of the Order of Passionists, who inhabit the adjoining con- vent. The aged face bears a beautiful expression of repose ; — the body is dressed in the robe which clothed it when living.* Male visitors are admitted through the convent to its large and beautiful Garden, which overhangs the steep side of the Coelian towards the Coliseum, of which there is a fine view between its ancient cypresses. Here, on a site near the monastery, are some remains believed to be those of the temple built by Agrippina {c, a.d. 57), daughter of Germanicus, to the honour of her deified husband (and imcle) Claudius, after she had sent him to Olympus by feeding him with poisonous mushrooms. This temple was pulled down by Nero, who wished to efface the memory of his predecessor, on the pretext that it interfered with his Golden House ; but was rebuilt under Vespasian. In this garden also is the entrance to the vast substructions kno\vn as the Vivariinn, whence the wild beasts who devoured the early Christian martyrs were frightened by burning tow down a subterranean passage into the arena. The famous Church of SS. Giovanni e Paolo at Venice was founded by emigrants from this convent. The memory * "Deus, qui sanctum Joannem confessorem tuum perfectas siise abnegationls, et dnicis amatorem eximium efficisti, concede : iit ejus imitationi jugiter inhserentes, gloriam assequamur aeternam." — Colled of Si. John of the Cross, Kotiiaii Ves/er- Book. 330 WALKS IN ROME. of these saints was so much honoured up to the time of Pope Gregory the Great, that the eve of their festival was an obhgatory fast. Their fete (June 26) is still kept with great solemnities on the Coelian, when the railing round their place of execution is wreathed and laden with flowers. When the "station" is held at their church, the apse is illuminated. Continuing to follow the lane up the Coelian,- we reach- the richly tinted brick Arch of Dolabella, erected, a.d. 10, by the consuls P. Cornelius Dolabella and Caius Julius .Silanus. Nero, building his aqueduct to the palace of the Caesars, made use of this, which already existed, and in- cluded it in his line of arches. Above the arch is a Hermitage, revered as that where S. Giovanni di Matha lived, and where he died in 12 13. Before he came to reside here he had been miracuously brought from Tunis (whither he had gone on a mission) to Ostia, in a boat without helm or sail, in which he knelt without ceasing before the crucifix throughout the whole of his voyage ! Passing beneath the gateway, we emerge upon the picturesque irregular Piazza of the Navicella, the central point of the Coelian, which is surrounded by a most inter- esting group of buildings, and which contains an isolated fragment of the aqueduct of Nero, dear to artists from its colour. Behind this, under the trees, is the litde marble Navicella, which is supposed to have been origin- ally a votive offering of a sailor to Jupiter Redux, whose temple stood near this ; but which was adapted by Leo X. as a Christian emblem of the Church, — the boat of St. Peter. THE NAVICELLA. ,31 " Tlie allegory of a ship is peculiarly dwelt upon by the ancient Fathers. A ship entering the port was a favourite heathen emblem of the close of life. But the Christian idea, and its elevation from individual to universal or catholic humanity, is derived directly from the Bible, — ■ see, for instance, I Peter iii. 20, 21. ' Without doubt,' says St. Augus- tme, ' the ark is the figure of the city of God pilgrimising in this world, in other words, of the Church, which is saved by the wood on which hung the mediator between God and man, the man Christ Jesus.' The same interpretation was recognised in the Latin Church in the days of Tertullian and St. Cyprian, &c. The bark of St. Peter is similarly repre- sented on a Greek gem, found in the Catacombs, as sailing on a fish, probably Leviathan or Satan, while dovesj emblematical of the faithful, perch on the mast and stern, — two Apostles row, a third lifts up his hands in prayer, and our Saviour, approaching the vessel, supports Peter by the hand when about to sink But the allegory of the ship is carried out to its fullest extent in the fifty-seventh chapter of the second book of the 'Apostolical Constitutions,' supposed to have been compiled in the name of the Apostles, in the fourth century. " — Lord Lindsay s Christian Art, i. 18, On the right is (first) the gateway of the deserted con- vent of Redemptorists, called S. Ibmmaso in Formis, which was founded by S. Giovanni de Matha, who, when cele- brating his first mass at Paris, beheld in a vision, an angel robed in white, with a red and blue cross upon his breast, and his hands resting in benediction upon the heads of two captives, — a white and a black man. The bishop of Paris sent him to Rome to seek explanation from Innocent III., who was celebrated as an interpreter of dreams, — his foundation of the Franciscan order having resulted from one which befell him. S. Giovanni was accompanied to the pope by another hermit, Felix de Valois. They found that Innocent had himself seen the same vision of the angel between the two captives while celebrating mass at the Lateran, and he interpreted it as inculcating the duty of, charity towards Christian slaves, for which purpose he 332 WALKS IN ROME. founded the Trinitarians, since called R.edemptorist.s. The story of the double vision is commemorated in a Mosaic, erected above the door, a.d. 1260, and bearing the name of the artist, Jacobus Cosmati. The next gate beyond the church is that of the Villa Mattel, the garden of the Redemptorists. (The villa is now the property of Baron Richard Hoffmann : visitors are gener- ally admitted upon writing down their names at the gate.) These grounds are well worth visiting — quite the ideal of a deserted Roman garden, a wealth of large Roman daisies, roses, and periwinkle spreading at \^^ll amid remains of ancient statues and columns. A grand little avenue of ilexes leads to a terrace whence there is a most beautiful view towards the aqueducts and the Alban Hills, with a noble sarcophagus and a quantity of fine aloes and prickly-pears in the foreground. There is an obelisk, of which only the top is Egyptian. It is said that there is a man's hand un- derneath ; — when the obelisk was lowered it fell suddenly, and one of the workmen had not time to take his hand away. In the grounds annexed to the lower part of the villa is the Fountain of Egeria (p. 375). Almost standing in the garden of the villa, and occupying the site of the house of Sta. Cyriaca, is the CJmrch of Sta. Maria ifi Domenica or delta Navicella. (If no one is here, the hermit at S. Stefano Rotondo will unlock it.) The portico is due to Raphael (his design is at Windsor). The damp interior (rebuilt by Leo X. from designs of Raphael) is solemn and striking. It is m the basihca form, the nave separated from the aisles by eighteen columns of granite and one (smaller, near the tribune) of porphyry. The frieze, in chiaroscuro, was painted by Giiilio Ro?tiano and ricrino del Vaga. Beneath tlie confessional are the STA. MARIA IN DOMENICA. 333 bones of Sta. Balbina, whose fortress-like church stands on the Pseudo-Aventine, In the tribune are curious mosaics, in which the figure of Pope Paschal I. is introduced, the square nimbus round his head being an evidence of its portrait character, /. e., that it was done during his life- time.* " Within the tinbune are mosaics of the Virgin and Child seated on a throne, with angels ranged in regular rows on each side ; and, at her feet, with unspeakable stiffness of limb, the kneeling figure of Pope Paschal I. Upon the walls of the tribune is the Saviour with a nimbus, surrounded with two angels and the twelve apostles, and further below, on a much larger scale, two prophets, who appear to point towards him. The most remarkable thing here is the rich foliage decoration. Besides the wreaths of flowers (otherwise not a rare feature) which are growing out of two vessels on the edge of the dome, the floor beneath the figures is also decorated with flowers — a graceful species of ornament seldom aimed at in the moroseness of Byzantine art. From this point, the decline into utter barbarism is rapid." — Kugler. "The Olivetan monks inhabited the church and cloisters of Sta. Maria in Domenica, commonly called in Navicella, from the rudely sculptured marble monument that stands on the grass before its portal, a remnant of bygone days, to which neither history nor tradition has given a name, but which has itself given one to the picturesque old church which stands on the brow of the Coelian Hill." — Lady Georgiaiia Fullerton. A tradition of the Church narrates that St. Lorenzo, deacon and martyr, daily distributed alms to the poor in front of this church — then the house of Sta. Cyriaca — with whom he had taken refuge. Opposite, is the roimd Church of S. Stefano Rotondo, dedicated by St. Simplicius in 467. It appears to have * A square nimbus indicates that a portrait was executed before, a round after the death of the person represented. 334 WALKS IN ROME. been built on the site of an ancient circular build- ing, and to have belonged to the great victual market — Macellum Magnum — erected by Nero in this quarter.* It is seldom used for service, except on St. Stephen's Day (December 26), but visitors are admitted through a little cloister, in which stands a well of beautiful proportions, of temp. Leo X. — attributed to Michael Angelo. The interior is exceedingly curious architecturally. It is one hundred and thirty-three feet in diameter, with a double circle of granite columns, thirty-six in the outer and twenty in the inner series, enclosing two tall Corinthian columns, with two pilasters supporting a cross wall. In the centre is a kind of temple in which are relics of St. Stephen (his body is said to be at S. Lorenzo). In the entrance of the church is an ancient marble seat from which St. Gregory is said to have read his fourth homily. The walls are lined with frescoes by Pomerancio and Tempesta. They begin with the Crucifixion, but as the Holy Innocents really suffered before our Saviour, one of them is represented lying on each side of the cross. Next comes the stoning of St. Stephen, and the frescoes con- tinue to pourtray every phase of human agony in the most revolting detail, but are interesting as showing a historical series of what the Roman Catholic Church considers as the best authenticated martyrdoms, viz. : * See Emile Braun — the building of the Macellum is described by Dion Cassius, xi. 18; Notitia, Reg. ii. S. STEFANO ROTONDO. 335 Under Nero ( St. Peter, crucified. St. Paul, beheaded. St. Vitale, buried alive. St. Thecla, tossed by a bull. St. Gervase, beaten to death. SS. Protasius, Processus, and Martinianus, be- headed. St. Faustus and others, clothed in skins of beasts and torn to pieces by dogs. Under Domitian ' St. John, boiled in oil (which he survived) at the Porta Latina. St. Cletus, Pope, beheaded. St. Denis, beheaded (and carr>'ing his head). St. Domitilla, roasted alive, i. SS. Nereus and Achilles, beheaded. Under Trajan St. Ignatius, Bishop of Antioch, eaten by lions in the Coliseum. St. Clement, Pope, tied to an anchor and thrown into the sea. St. Simon, Bishop of Jenisalem, crucified. ( St. Eustachio, his wife Theophista, and his chil- dren Agapita and Theophista, burnt in a brazen bull before the Coliseum. Under Hadrian . -j St. Alexander, Pope, beheaded. St. Sinforosa, drowned, and her seven sons mar- tyred in various ways. ^ St. Pius, Pope, beheaded. Under Antoninus- Pius and Marcus Aurelius . . . St. Felicitas and her seven sons martyred in various ways. St. Justus, beheaded. St. Margaret, stretched on a rack, and torn to pieces with iron forks. _^ , ^ ( St. Blandina, tossed by a bull, in a net. and vtni""'"''' j ^*- ^"''^'^^'' "°^'^'^'^ °" '''^"''°^ '''^''• ■ *. St. Pothicus and others, burnt alive. 336 iVALKS IN ROME. Under Septimius Severus and Caracalla Under Alexander Severus . . . ' SS. Pei-petua and Felicitas, torn to pieces by lions in the Coliseum. SS. Victor and Zephyrinus, Leonida and Basil, beheaded. ^ St. Alexandrina, covered with boiling pitch. St. Calixtus, Pope, thrown into a well with a stone round his neck. St. Calepodius, dragged through Rome by wild horses, and thrown into the Tiber. St. Martina, torn with iron forks. St. Cecilia, who, failing to be suffocated with hot water, was stabbed in the throat. St. Urban the Pope, Tibertius, Valerianus, and 1^ Maximus, beheaded. Under Valerianus and Gallienus .. Under II. Pontianus, Pope, beheaded in Sardinia. Agatha, her breasts cut off. Fabian and Cornelius, Popes, and St. Cyprian of Carthage, beheaded. Tryphon, burnt. Abdon and Sennen, torn by lions. Apollonia, burnt, after all her teeth were pulled out. Stephen, Pope, burnt in his episcopal chair. Cointha, torn to pieces. Sixtus, Pope, killed with the sword. Venantius, thrown from a wall. Laurence the deacon, roasted on a gridiron. Hippolytus, torn by wild horses. Rufina and Semula, drowned in the Tiber. . Protus and Iliacinthus, beheaded. Claudius r St. St. SS. St. SS. St. St. St. St. St. St. St. SS Iss Three hundred Christians, burnt in a furnace. St. Tertullian, burnt with hot irons. St. Nemesius, beheaded. St. Sempronius, Olympius, and Thcodulus, burnt. St. Marias, hung, with a huge weight tied to his feet. St. Martha, and her children, martyred in different ways. St. Cyprian and Justinian, boiled. ^ St. Valentine, killed with the sword. S. STEFANO ROTONDO. 337 Under Aurelian and Numeri- anus . . St. Agapitus (aged 15), hung head downwards over a pan of burning charcoal. Inscribed above are these words from Wisdom, ' Properavit ut educeret ilium a seductionibus et iniquita- tibus gentis sua;.' St. Christina, transfixed through the heart. St. Columba, burnt. SS. Clirysanthus and Daria, buried alive. Under Diocletian and Maximi- anus .... St. Agnes, bound to a stake, afterwards beheaded. St. Caius, Pope, beheaded. St. Emerantia, stoned to death. Nearly the whole population of Nicomedia mar- tyred in different ways. St. Erasmus, laid in a coffin, into which boiling lead was poured. St. Blaise, bound to a column, and torn to pieces. St. Barbara, burnt with hot irons. St. Eustrathius and his companions, martyred in different ways. St. Vincent, burnt on a gridiron. SS. Primus and Felicianus, torn by lions. St. Anastasia, thrown from a rock ? SS. Quattro Incoronati, martyred in various ways. SS. Peter and Marcellinus, beheaded. St. Boniface, placed in a dungeon full of boiling pitch. St. Lucia, shut up in a well full of serpents. St. Euphemia, run through with a sword. SS. Vitus, Modestus, and Crescentius, boiled alive. St. Sebastian, shot with arrows (which he survived). SS. Cosmo and Damian, Pantaleon, Satuminus, Susanna, Gornius, Adrian, and others, in different ways. Under Maxeutius ' St. Catherine of Alexandria, and others, broken on the wheel. SS. Faustina and Porfirius, burnt with a company of soldiers. ^ St. Marcellus, Pope, died worn out by persecution. 338 WALKS IN ROME. Under ]\Iaximinus and Licinius . Under Julian the Apostate . . vSt. Simon and 1600 citizens cut into fragments. St. Peter, Bishop of Alexandria, and forty soldiers, left to die, up to their waists in a frozen lake, ' SS. John and Paul, beheaded. St. Artemius, crushed between two stones. St. Pigmenius, drowned in the Tiber. St Bibiana, flogged to death, and thrown for food to docis in the Forum. The last picture represents the reunion of eminent martyrs (in which the Roman Church incktdes English sufferers under Elizabeth), and above is inscribed this verse from Isaiah xxv., " Laudabit populus fortis, civitas gentium robustarum." " Au-desstts du tableau de la Cracifixion se trouve cette inscription: ' Roi glorieux des martyrs, s'il donne sa vie pour racheter la peche, ii verra une posterite sans fin.' Et quelle posterite ! Hommes, femmes, vieillards, jeunes hommes, jeunes fiUes, enfants ! Comme tous accourent, comme tous savent mourir." — Une Chretienne d, Home. " Les paiens avaient divinise la vie, les chretiens diviniserent la mort." — Madame de Stacl. "S. Stefano Rotondo exhibits, in a series of pictures all round the church, the martyrdoms of the Christians in the so-called persecutions, with a general picture of the most eminent martyrs since the triumph of Christianity. No doubt many of the particular stories thus painted will bear no critical examination ; it is likely enough, too, that Gibbon has tioily accused the general statements of exaggeration. But this is a thank- less labour, such as Lingard and others have undertaken with regard to the St. Bartholomew massacre, and the Irish massacre of 1642. Divide the sum total of reported martyrs by twenty, — by fifty, if you will, — but after all you have a number of persons of all ages and sexes suffering cruel torments and death for conscience' sake and for Christ's, and by their sufferings manifestly, with God's blessing, ensuring the triumph of Christ's gospel. Neither do I think that we consider the excellence of this martyr-spirit half enough. I do not think pleasure is a sin : the stoics of old, and the ascetic Christians since, who have said so (see the answers of that excellent man. Pope Gregory the Great, to Augustine's questions, as given at length by Bcdc), have, in saying so, outstepped S. STEFANO ROTONDO. 339 the simplicity and wisdom of Cliristian truth. But, though pleasure is not a sin, yet surely the contemplation of suffering for Christ's sake is a thing most needful to us in our days, from whom, in our daily life, suffering seems so far removed. And, as God's grace enabled rich and delicate persons, women, and even children, to endure all extremities of pain and reproach in times past, so there is the same grace no less mighty now, and if we do not close ourselves against it, it might in us be no less glorified in a time of trial. And that such times of trial will come, my children, in your times, if not in mine, I do believe fully, both from the teaching of man's wisdom and of God's. And therefore pictures of martyrdom are, I think, very wholesome — not to be sneered at, nor yet to be looked on as a mere excitement, — but as a sober reminder to us of what Satan can do to hurt, and what God's grace can enable the weakest of His people to bear. Neither should we forget those who, by their sufferings, were more than conquerors, not for them- selves only, but for us, in securing to us the safe and triumphant existence of Christ's blessed faith — in securing to us the possibility, nay, the actual enjoyment, had it not been for the Antichrist of the priesthood — of Christ's holy and glorious ikkXijoiu, the congregation and common- wealth of Christ's people."— ^/v/i^Ai^'j- Letters. " On croit que I'eglise de Saint-Etienne-le-Rond est batie sur I'em- placement du Macellum Augiisti. S'il en est ainsi, les supplices des martyrs, hideusement representes sur les murs de cette eglise, rappel- lent ce qu'elle a remplace." — Amph-e, Emp. i. 270. The first chapel on the left, dedicated to SS. Primus and Felicianus, contains some delicate small mosaics. "The mosaics of the small altar of S. Stefano Rotondo, are of A.D. 642 — 649. A brilliantly-decorated cross is represented between two standing figures of St. Primus and St. Felicianus. On the upper end of the cross (very tastefldly introduced) appears a small head of Christ with a nimbus, over which the hand of the Father is extended in bene- diction." — Kitglcr. In the next chapel is a \Q.xy beautiful tomb of Bernardino Capella, Canon of St. Peter's, who died 1524. In a small house, which formerly stood among the gar- dens in this neighbourhood, Palestrina lived and ^^Tote. 340 WALKS LV ROME. " Sous le regne de Paul IV., Palestrina faisait partie de la chapelle papale ; mais il fut oblige de la quitter, parce-qu'il etait marie. II se retira alors dans une cliaumiere perdue au milieu des vignes du Mont Coelius, et la, seul, inconnu au monde, il se livra, durant de longs jours, a cette extase de la pensee qui agrandit, au-dela de toute mesure, la puissance creatrice de I'homme. Le desir des Peres du concile lui ayant ete manifest e, il prit aussitot une plume, ecrivit en tete de son cahier, ' Mon Dieu, eclairez-moi,' et s? mit a I'oeuvre avec un saint enthousiasme. Ses premiers efforts ne repondirent pas a I'ideal que son genie s' etait forme ; mais peu a, peu ses pensees s'eclaircirent, et les flots de poesie qui inondaient son ame, se repandirent en melodies touchantes. Chaque parole du texte retentissait clairement, allait cherclier toutes les con- sciences, et les exaltait dans une emotion commune. La messe du pape Marcel trancha la question ; et Pie IV. s'ecria, apres I'avoir entendue, qu'il avait cru assister aux concerts des anges." — Cournerie, Roine Chretienne, ii. 195. Following the lane of S. Stefano Rotondo — skirted by broken fragments of Nero's aqueduct — almost to its de- bouchment near St. J. Lateran, and then turning to the left, we reach the quaint fortress like church and convent of the Sauti Qiiattro Incoronati crowned by a stumpy campanile of 1 1 12. The full title of this church is "I Santi quattro Pittori Incoronati e i cinque Scultori Martiri," the names which the Church attributes to the painters being Severus, Severianus, Carpoforus, and Vittorinus ; and those of the sculptors Claudius, Nicostratus, Sinforianus, Castorius, and Simplicius, — who all suffered for refusing to carve and paint idols for Diocletian. Their fcsta is kept on Nov. 8. This church was founded on the site of a temple of Diana by Honorius I., a.d. 622; rebuilt by Leo IV. a.d. 850; and again rebuilt in its present form by Paschal II., who consecrated it afresh in a.d. 1 1 1 1. It is approached through a douljle court, in which arc many ancient columns, — perhaps remains of the temple. Some antiquaries suppose that the churcli itself was once of larger size, and that the SS. QUATTRO IXCORONATI. 341 pillars which now form its atrium were once included in the nave. The interior is arranged on the English plan with a triforium and a clerestory, the triforium being occupied by the nuns of the adjoining convent. The aisles are groined, but the nave has a wooden ceiling. Behind the tribune is a vaulted passage, partly subterranean. The tribune con- tains a marble throne, and is adorned with frescoes by Giovanni di San Giovaimi.'^ In the right aisle are pre- served some of the verses of Pope Damasus. Another in- scription tells of the restoration of the church in the fifteenth century, and describes the state of desolation into which it had fallen. " Hjec qurecumque vides veteri prostrata ruina Obruta verberis, ederis, dumisque jacebant." Opening out of the court in front of the church is the little Chapd of S. Sylvesfro, built by Innocent II. in 1140. It contains a series of very curious frescoes. "Showing the influence of Byzantine upon Roman art is the little chapel of S. Silvestro, detailing the history of the conversion of Con- stantine witli a naivete which, witli the exception of a certain dignity in some of the figures, constitutes tlieir sole attraction. They are indeed little better than Cliinese paintings ; the last of the series, representing Constantine leading Pope Sylvester's horse by the bridle, walking beside him in his long flowing robe, with a chattah held over his head by an attendant, has quite an Asiatic character." — Lord Lindsay's Christian Art. " Here, as in so many instances, legend is the genuine reflex, not of the external, but the moral part of history. In this series of curious wall- paintings, we see Constantine dismissing, consoled and laden with gifts, the mothers whose children were to be slaughtered to provide a bath of blood, the remedy prescribed — but which he humanely rejected- — for his leprosy, his punishment for persecuting the Church wliile he yet lingered in the darkness of paganism ; we see the vision of St. Peter and * Best known by his comic pictures in the Uffizi at Florence. 342 WALKS IN ROME. St. Paul, who appear to him in his dreams, and prescribe the infallible cure for both physical and moral disease through the waters of baptism ; we see the mounted emissaries, sent by the emperor to seek St. Sylvester* finding that pontiff concealed in a cavern on Mount Soracte ; we see that saint before the emperor, exhibiting to him the authentic portraits of the two apostles (said to be still preserved at St. Peter's), pictures in which Constantine at once recognises the forms seen in his vision, assuming them to be gods entitled to his worship ; we see the imperial baptism, with a background of fantastic architecture, the rite adminis- tered both by immersion (the neophyte standing in an ample font) and affusion ; we see the pope on a throne, before which the emperor is kneeling, to offer him a tiara — no doubt the artist intended thus to imply the immediate bestowal of temporal sovereignty (very generally believed the act of Constantine in the first flush of his gratitude and neophyte zeal) upon the papacy ; lastly, we see the pontiff riding into Rome in triumph, Constantine himself leading his hoi^se, and other mitred bishops following on horseback. Another picture — evidently by the same hand — quaintly represents the finding of the true cross by St. Helena, and the miracle by which it was distinguished from the crosses of the two thieves, — a subject here introduced because a portion of that revered relic was among treasures deposited in this chapel, as an old inscription, on one side, records. The largest composition on these walls, which completes the series, represents the Saviour enthroned, amidst angels and apostles. This chapel is now only used for the' devotions of a guild of marble-cutters, and open for mass on but one Sunday — the last — in every month. " — Hcmans^ Mcdiarjal Christian Art. In the fresco of the Crucifixion in this chapel an angel is represented taking off the crown of thorns and putting on a real cro^\ai, an incident nowhere else introduced in art. The castellated Convent of the Santi Quattro was built by Paschal II. at the same time as the church, and was used as a papal palace while the Lateran was in ruins, hence its defensive aspect, suited to the troublous times of the anti- popes. It is now iiihabitcd by Augustinian Nuns. At the foot of the Ccjelian beneath the Incoronati, and in the street leading from the Coliseum to the Lateran, is the Church of S. Clemaitc^ to which recent discoveries have given an extraordinary interest. i ■5-. CLEMENTE. 343 The upper church, in spite of modernizations under Clement XL in the last century, retains more of the details belonging to primitive ecclesiastical architecture than any- other building in Rome. It was consecrated in memory of Clement, the fellow-labourer of St. Paul, and the third bishop of Rome, upon the site of his family house. It was already important in the time of Gregory the Great, who here read his thirty-third and thirty-eighth homilies. It was altered by Adrian I. in a.d. 772, and by John VIII. in a.d. 800, and again restored in a.d, 1099 by Paschal II., who had been cardinal of the church, and who was elected to the papacy within its walls. The greater part of the ex- isting building is thus either of the ninth or the twelfth century. At the west end a porch supported by two columns, and attributed to the eighth century, leads into the qiiadriporticus, from which is the entrance to the nave, separated from its aisles by sixteen columns evidently plundered from pagan buildings. Raised above the nave and protected by a low marble wall is the cancdlum, preserving its ancient pavement, ambones, altar, and episcopal throne. "In S. Clemente, built on the site of his paternal mansion, and restored at the beginning of the twelfth century, an example is still to be seen, in perfect preservation, of the primitive church ; everything remains in statu quo — the court, the portico, the cancellum, the am- bones, paschal candlestick, crypt, and ciborium — virgin and intact ; the wooden roof has unfortunately disappeared, and a small chapel, dedi- cated to St. Catherine, has been added, yet even this is atoned for by the lovely frescoes of Masaccio. I most especially recommend this relic of early Christianity to your affectionate and tender admiration. Yet the beauty of S. Clemente is internal only, outwardly it is little more than a barn." — Lord Lindsay. On the left of the side entrance is the Chapel of the Passion, clothed with frescoes of Masaccio, which, though 344 WALI-TS IN HOME. restored, are very beautiful — over the altar is the Crucifix ion, on the side walls the stories of St. Clement and St. Catherine. "The celebrated series relating to St. Catherine is still most striking in the grace and refinement of its principal figures : " I. St. Catherine (cousin of the Emperor Constantine) refuses to worship idols. "2. She converts the empress of Maximin. She is seen through a window seated inside a prison, and the empress is seated outside the prison, opposite to her, in a graceful listening attitude. "3. The empress is beheaded, and her soul is caiTied to heaven by an angel. " 4. Catherine disputes with the pagan philosophers. She is standing in the midst of a hall, the forefinger of one hand laid on the other, as in the act of demonstrating. She is represented fair and girlish, dressed with great simplicity in a tunic and girdle, — no crown, nor any other attribute. The sages are i-anged on each side, some lost in thought, others in astonishment, the tyrant (Maximin) is seen behind, as if watching the conference, while through an open window we behold the fire kindled for the converted philosophers, and the scene of their execution. "5. Catherine is delivered from the wheels, which are broken by an angel. " 6. She is beheaded. In the background three angels lay her in a sarcophagus on the summit of Mount Sinai." — See JamesoiUs Sacred Art, p. 491. " 'Masaccio,' says Vasari, 'whose enthusiasm for art would not allow him to rest contentedly at Florence, resolved to go to Rome, that he might learn there to surpass every other painter.' It was duiing this journey, which, in fact, added much to his renown, that he painted, in the Church of San Clemente — the chapel which now so usually dis- appoints the expectations of the traveller, on account of the successive restorations by which his work has been disfigured The heavy brush which has passed over each compartment has spared neither the delicacy of the outline, the roundness of the forms, nor the play of light and shade : in a word, notliing which constitutes the peculiar merit of Masaccio." — Rio, Poetry 0/ Christian Art. At the end of the right aisle is the beautiful tomb of Cardinal Rovarella, ob. 1476. A statue of St. John the S. CLEMENTE. 345 Baptist is by Simone, brother of Donatello. Beneath the altar repose the reUcs of St. Clement, St. Ignatius of Antioch — martyred in the Coliseum, St. Cyril, and St. Servulus. " ' The Fathers are in dust, yet live to God : ' So says the Truth ; as if the motionless clay Still held the seeds of life beneath the sod, Smouldering and struggling till the judgment-day. "And hence we leam with reverence to esteem Of these frail houses, though the grave confines : Sophist may urge his cunning tests, and deem That they are earth ; — but they are heavenly shrines." J. H. N't'wman, 1833. " St. Gregoire raconte que de son temps on voyait dans le vestibule de I'eglise Saint Clement un pauvre paralytique, priant et mendiant, sans que jamais une plainte sortit de sa bouche, malgre les vives douleurs qu'il endurait. Chaque fldele lui donnait, et le paralytique distribuait a son tour, aux maiheureux ce qu'il avait re9u de la compassion publique. Lorsqu'il mourut, son corps fut plac^ pres de celui de Saint Clement, pape, et de Saint Ignace d'Antioche, et son nom fut inscrit au martyro- loge. On le venere dans I'Eglise sous le nom de Saint Servulus." — Une Chretienne ci Rome. The mosaics in the tribune are well worth examination. "There are few Christian mosaics in which mystic meaning and poetic imagination are more felicitous than in those on the apse of S. Clemente, where the crucifix, and a wide-spreading vine-tree (allusive to His words, who said ' I am the True Vine'), spring from the same stem ; twelve doves, emblems of the apostles, being on the cross with the Divine Sufferer ; the Mother and St. John beside it, the usual hand stretched out in glory above, with a crown ; the four doctors of the Church, also other small figures, men and birds, introduced amidst the mazy vine-foliage ; and at the basement, the four mystic rivers, with stags and peacocks drinking at their streams. The figure of St. Dominic is a modem addition. It seems evident, from characteristics of style, that the other mosaics here, above the apsidal arch, and at the spandrils, are more ancient, perhaps by about a centuiy ; these latter representing the Saviour in benediction, the four Evangelic emblems, 346 WALKS IN ROME. St. Peter and St. Clement, St. Paul and St. Laurence seated ; the two apostles designated by their names, with the Greek ' hagios ' in Latin letters. The later art-work M'as ordered (see the Latin inscription below) in 1299, by a cardinal titular of S- Clemente, nephew to Boniface VIII. ; the same who also bestowed the beautiful gothic tabernacle for the holy oils, with a relief representing the donor pre- sented by St. Dominic to the Virgin and Child — set against the wall near the tribune, an admirable, though but an accessorial, object of mediaeval art." — Hemans' Aledidval A7-t. From the sacristy a staircase leads to the Loiver Church (occasionally illuminated for the public) first discovered in 1857. Here, there are several pillars of the rarest marbles in perfect preservation, and a very curious series of frescoes of the eighth and ninth centuries, parts of which are still clear and almost uninjured. These include — the Cruci- fixion, with the Virgin and St. John standing by the cross, — the earliest example in Rome of this well-known subject ; the Ascension, sometimes called by Romanists (in prepara- tion for their dogma of 1870), "the Assumption of the Virgin," because the figure of the Virgin is elevated above the other apostles, though she is evidently intent on watching the retreating figure of her divine Son — in this fresco the figure of a pope is introduced (with the square nimbus, showing that it was painted in his lifetime), and the inscrip- tion " Sanctissimus dominus, Leo Papa Romanus," pro- bably Leo in. or Leo IV.; the Maries at the sepulchre; the descent into Hades; the Marriage of Cana ; the Funeral of St. Cyril with Pope Nicholas I. (858 — 67) walking in the procession ; and, the most interesting of all — probably of somewhat later date, the story of S. Clemente, and that of S. Alexis, whose adventures are described in the account of liis church on the Aventine. An altar of Mithras was discovered during the excavations here. Beneath this crypt S. CLEMENTE. 347 is still a third structure, discovered 1S67, — probably the very house of St. Clement, — (decorated with rich stucco ornament)— sometimes supposed to be the 'cavern near S. Clemente ' to which the Emperor Otho III., who died at the age of twenty-two, retired in a.d. 999 with his confessor, and where he spent fourteen days in penitential retirement. According to the Acts of the Martyrs, the Prefect Mamer- tinus ordered the arrest of Pope Clement, and intended to put him to death, but was deterred by a tumult of the people, who cried with one voice, " What evil has he done, or rather what good has he not done ? " Clement was then condemned to exile in the Chersonese, and Mamertinus, touched by his submission and courage, dismissed him with the words — " May the God you worship bring you relief in the place of your banishment." In his exile Clement received into the Church more than two hundred Christians who had been waiting for baptism, and miraculously discovered water for their support in a baiTen rock, to which he was directed by a Lamb, in whose form he recognised the guidance of the Son of God. The en- thusiasm which these marvels excited led Trajan to send executioners, by whom he was tied to an anchor and thrown into the sea. But his disciples, kneeling on the shore, prayed that his relics might be given up to them, when the waves retired, and disclosed a marble chapel, built by un- earthly hands — over the tomb of the saint. From the Cher- sonese the remains of St. Clement were brought back to Rome by St. Cyril, the Apostle of the Slavonians, who, dying here himself, was buried by his side. CHAPTER VIII. THE AVENTINE. Jewish Burial-ground — Sta. Sabina — S. Alessio — The Priorato — Sta. Prisca— The Vigna dei Gesuiti — S. Sabba — Sta. Balbina. 'T'HE Aventlne, which is perhaps the highest, and now — from its coronet of convents — the most picturesque of all the Roman hills, is of irregular form, and is divided into two parts by a valley ; one side, the higher, is crowned by the churches of Sta. Sabina, S. Alessio, and the Priorato, which together form "the Capitol of the Aventine;" the other, known as the Pseudo-Aventine, is marked by the churches of S. Sabba and Sta. Balbina. Virgil and Ovid allude repeatedly to the thick woods which once clothed the Aventine.* Dionysius speaks of the laurels or bays, an indigenous tree of ancient Rome, which grew there in abundance. Only one side of the hill, that towards the Tiber, iiow shows any of the natural cliff, but it was once remarkable for its rocks, and the Pseudo- Aventine obtained the name of Saxum from a huge solitary mass of stone which surmounted it. " Est moles nativa ; loco res iiomina fecit Appellant Saxura : pars bona montis ea est." "f" • Virg. yV.n. viii. 104, 108, 216; Ov. Fast. i. 551. t Ov. Fast. v. 149. STOR V OF THE A VENTINE. 349 The upper portion of the hill is of volcanic formation, and it is supposed that the legend of Cacus vomiting forth flames from his cave on the side of the Aventine had its origin in noxious sulphuric vapours emitted by the soil, as is still the case at the Solfatara on the way to Tivoli. The demi-god Faunus, who had an oracle at the Solfatara, had also an oracle on this hill.* Some derive the name of Aventine from Aventinus- Silvius, king of Alba, who was buried hereof others from Avens, a Sabine river ; while others say that the name simply means " the hill of birds," and connect it with the story of the foundation of the city. For when it became necessary to decide whether Romulus or Remus was to rule over the newly-built Rome, Romulus seated himself upon the Pala- tine to watch the auspices, but Remus upon the rock of the Pseudo-Aventine. Here Remus saw only six vultures, while Romulus saw twelve, but each interpreted the augury in his own favour, and Remus leapt across the boundary of the Palatine, whether in derision or war, and was slain by his brother, or by Celer, one of his followers. He was brought back and buried upon the Aventine, and the stone whence he had watched the vultures was thenceforth called the Sacred Rock. Ancient tradition places the tomb of Remus on the Pseudo-Aventine, but in the middle ages the tomb of Caius Ccstus was believed — even by Petrarch — to be the monument of Remus. Some authorities consider that when Remus was watching the vultures on the Pseudo-Aventine, that part of the hill was already occupied by a Pelasgic fortress called Romoria, but at this time and for long afterwards, the higher part of the * Ampire, Hist. Rom. i. 79. t V'arro, iv. 7. 3SO WALKS IN ROME. Aventine was held by the Sabines. Here the Sabine king Numa dedicated an altar to Jupiter Elicius,* and the Sabine god Consus had also an altar here. Hither Numa came to visit the forest-gods Faunus and Picus at their sacred fountain : Lucus Aventino suberat niger ilicis umbra, Quo posses viso dicere, numen inest. In medio gramen, muscoque adoperta virenti Manabat saxo vena perennis aquse. Inde fere soli Faunus Picusque bibebant.+ By mingling wine and honey with the waters of their spring, Numa snared the gods, and compelled them to tell him how he might learn from Jupiter the knowledge of his will, and to reveal to him a charm against thunder and lightning. % The Sabine king Tatius, the rival of Romulus, was buried on the Aventine " in a great grove of laurels," and, at his tomb, then called Armilustrum, it was the custom, every year, in the month of October, to hold a feast for the purifi- cation of arms, accompanied by martial dances. A horse was at the same time sacrificed to Janus, the Sabine war- god. § Ancus Martius surrounded the Aventine by a wall,|l and settled there many thousands of the inhabitants of Latin towns which he had subdued. This was the origin of the plebs, who were soon to become such formidable opponents of the first colonists of the Palatine, who took rank as patri- cians, and who at first found in them an important counter- poise to tlie power of the original Sabine inhabitants, against • Livy, i. 20. t OviJ, Fast. iii. 295. X " Onions, hair, and ]iilcliar(ls." — See Plutarch's Life of Numa. § Anip6re, Hist. Kumi. i. 427. Diunysius, iii. 43. TEMPLES OF THE AVENTLYE. 351 whom the little Latin colony of Romulus had hitherto been standing alone. The Aventine continued always to be the especial property and sanctuary of the plebs, the patricians avoiding it — in the first instance, it is supposed, from an im- pression that the hill was of evil omen, owing to the story of Remus. In B.C. 416, the tribune Icilius proposed and carried a law by which all the public lands of the Aventine were officially conferred upon the plebs, who forthwith began to cover its heights with houses, in which each family of the people had a right in one floor, — -a custom w-hich still prevails at Rome. At this time, also, the Aventine Avas included for the first time within the pomoerium or religious boundary of the city. Owing to its being the " hill of the people," the commons henceforth held their comitia and elected their tribunes here ; and here, after the murder of Virginia, to whom the tribune Icilius had been betrothed, the army assembled against Appius Claudius. Very little remains of the numerous temples which once adorned the hill, but their sites are tolerably well ascer- tained. We still ascend the Aventine by the ancient Clivus Publicius, originally paved by two brothers Publicii, who were eediles at the same time, and had embezzled a public sum of money, which they were compelled to expend thus — Parte locant clivum, qui tunc erat ardua rupes : Utile nunc iter est, Publiciumque vocant.* At the foot of this road was the temple of I.una, or Jana, in which Tatius had also erected an altar to Janus or the Sun. Luna regit menses ; hujus quoque tempora mensis Finit Aventlno Luna colenda jugo.t * Ovid, Fast. V. 293. + Fast. iii. 883. 352 WALKS IN ROME. It was up this road that Caius Gracchus, a few hours before his death, fled to take refuge in a small Temple of Diana, which stood somewhere near the present site of S. Alessio, where, kneeling before the statue of the goddess, he implored that the people who had betrayed hira might never be free. Close by, singularly enough, rose the Temple of Liberty, which his grandfather Sempronius Gracchus had built. Adjoining this temple was a hall where the archives of the censors were kept, and where they transacted busi- ness ; this was rebuilt by Asinius PoUio, who added to it the first public library established in Rome, Nee me, qua; doctis patuerant prima libellis Atria, Libertas tangere passa sua est.* In the same group stood the famous sanctuary of Juno Regina, vowed by Camillus during the siege of Veii, and to which the Juno of the captured city was removed after she had given a verbal consent when asked whether she wished to go to Rome and inhabit a new temple, much as the modern queen of heaven is apt to do in modern times at Rome.t The Temples of Liberty and Juno were both rebuilt under Augitstus ; some imagine that they were under a common roof If they were distinct buildings, nothing of the former remains ; some beautiful columns built into the church of Sta. Sabina are all that remain of the temple of Juno, though Livy thought that her reign here would be eternal — . . . in Avcntinum, ajlcrnam sedcm suam. J * Ovid, Trist. iii. 71. t Sec the account of tlie Cli. of Sta. Franccsca Roinana, Chap. iv. X Livy, V. 22. TEMPLES OF THE A VENTINE. 353 Also belonging to this group was a Temple of Minerva. Sol abit a Geminis, et Cancri signa rubescunt : Ccepit Aventina Pallas in arce coli.* Here the dramatist Livius Andronicus, who lived upon the Aventine, was honoured after his death by a company of scribes and actors. Another poet who lived upon the Aventine was Ennius, who is described as inhabiting a humble dwelling, and being attended by a single female slave. The poet Gallus also lived here. Totis, Galle, jubes tibi me servire diebus, Et per Aventinum ter quater ire tuum ! t On the other side of the Aventine (above the Circus Maximus), which was originally covered with myrtle — a shrub now almost extinct at Rome — on the site now occu- pied by Sta. Prisca, was a more important Temple of Diana, sometimes called by the Sabine name of Murcia, — built in imitation of the temple of Diana at Ephesus. Propertius writes — Phyllis Aventince qiixdam est vicina Diance ; % and Martial — Quique videt propius magna certamina Circi Laudat Aventince vicinus Sura Diance. ^ Here till the time of Dionysius was preserved the pillar of brass on which Avas engraved the law of Icilius. Near this were the groves of Simila, the retreat of the infamous association discovered and terribly punished at the time of the Greek wars ; and — in the time of the empire — the gardens of Servilia, where she received the devotion of Julius * Ovid, Fast. vi. 727. t Martial, x. Ep. 56. + Propert. iv. EI. 9. § Mart. vi. Ep. 64. VOL. I. 23 354 JVALKS IN ROME. Caesar, and in which her son Brutus is said to have con- spired his murder, and to have been interrogated by his wife Portia as to the mystery, which he refused to reveal to her, fearing her weakness under torture, until, by the con- cealment of a terrible wound which she had given to herself, she had proved to him that the daughter of Cato could suffer and be silent. The Aventine continued to be inhabited, and even popu- lous, until the sixth century, from which period its prosperity began to decline. In the eleventh century it was occupied by the camp of Henry IV. of Germany, when he came in war against Gregory VII. In the thirteenth century Honorius III. made a final effort to re-establish its popu- larity; but with each succeeding generation it has become — partly owing to the ravages of malaria — more and more deserted, till now its sole inhabitants are monks, and the few ague-stricken contadini who look after the monastic vineyards. In wandering along its desolate lanes, hemmed in by hedges of elder, or by walls covered with parasitical plants, it is difficult to realize the time when it was so thickly populated ; and except in the quantities of coloured marbles with which its fields and vineyards are strewn, there is nothing to remind one of the i6 gediculce, 64 baths, 25 granaries, 88 fountains, 130 of the larger houses called domiis, and 2487 of the poorer houses called insidce, ^\hich occupied this site. The present interest of the hill is almost wholly ecclesi- astical, and centres around the story of St. Dominic, and the legends of the saints and martyrs connected with its different churches. JE WISH CEME TER Y. 55 j The best approach to the Aventhic is behind the Churcli of Sta. Maria in Cosmedin, where the Via Sta. Sabi?ia, once the Chvus PubUcius (available for carriages), turns up the hill. A lane on the left leads to the Jewish burial-ground, used as a place of sepulture for the Ghetto for many centuries. A curious instance of the cupidity attributed to the Jewish race may be seen in the fact, that they have, for a remu- neration of four baiocchi, habitually given leave to their neighbours to discharge the contents of a rubbish cart into their cemetery, a permission of which the Romans have so abundantly availed themselves, that the le\el of the soil has been raised by many yards, and whole sets of older monuments have been completely swallowed up, and new ones erected over their heads. After we turn the corner at the hill top, with its fine view over the Palatine, and cross the trench of fortification formed during the fear of a Garibaldian invasion in 1867, we skirt ■what appears to be part of a city wall. This is in fact the wall of the Honorian city, built by Pope Honorius III., of the great family of Savelli, whose idea was to render the Aventine once more the populous and favourite portion of the city, and who began great works for this purpose. Before his arrangements were completed St. Dominic arrived in Rome, and was appointed master of the papal household, and abbot of the convent of Sta. Sabina, where his minis- trations and popularity soon formed such an attraction, that the pope wisely abandoned his design of founding a new city which should commemorate himself, and left the field to St. Dominic, — to whom he made over the land on this side of the hill. Henceforward the convent of Sta. 356 WALKS IN ROME. Sabina and its surroundings have become, more than any other spot, connected with the history of the Dominican Order, — there, all the great saints of the Order have received their first inspiration, — have resided, — or are buried ; there St Dominic himself received in a beatific vision the insti- tution of the rosary ; there he was ordered to plant the famous orange-tree, which, being then unknown in Rome, he brought from his native Spain as the only present which it was suitable for the gratitude of a poor monk to offer to his patron Honorius, who was himself one of the great botanists of his time, — an orange-tree which still lives, and which is firmly believed by the monks to flourish or fail with the fortunes of the Order, so that it has lately been greatly the worse for the suppression of the convents in Northern Italy, though the residence of Pere Lacordaire within the convent proved exceedingly beneficial to it, and his visit even caused a new sucker to sprout. The Church of Sta. Sabina was built on the site of the house of the saint — in which she suffered martyrdom under the Emperor Hadrian,* in a.d. 423 — by Peter, a priest of Illyria, "rich for the poor, and poor for himself" {paiiperibus lociiples, sibi pauper), as we read by the mosaic inscription inside the principal entrance. St. Gregory the Great read two of his homilies here. The church was rebuilt in 824, and restored and reconsecrated by Gregory IX. in 1238. Much of its interest, — ancient pavements, mosaics, &:c., — was destroyed in 1587 by Sixtus V., who took the credit of discovering the relics of the martyrs who are buried beneath the altar. * Tlicrc is a beautiful picture of Sta. Sabina by Vivariui of Murano, in St. Zacharia at Venice. STA. SAB IN A. 357 On the west is a covered corridor containing several ancient inscriptions. It is supported on one side by ancient spiral columns of pavonazzetto, on the other these have been plundered and replaced by gi^anite. Hence, through a window, ladies are allowed to gaze upon the celebrated orange-tree, 665 years old, which they cannot approach ; a rude figure of St. Dominic is sculptured upon the low wall which surrounds it. The west door, of the twelfth century, in a richly sculptured frame, is cited by Kugler as an instance of the extinction of the Byzantine influence upon art. Its panels are covered with carvings from the Old and New Testament, referred by Mamaclii to the seventh, by Agincourt to the thirteenth century. Some of the subjects have been destroyed ; among those which remain are the Annunciation, the Angels appearing to the Shepherds, the Angel and Zachariah in the Temple, the Magi, Moses turning the rods into serpents, the ascent of Elijah, Christ before Pilate, the denial of Peter, and the Ascension. Within the entrance are the only remains of the magnificent mosaic, erected in 431, under Celes- tine I., which entirely covered the west wall till the time of Sixtus v., consisting of an inscription in large letters, with a female figure on either side, that on the left bearing the name " Ecclesia cum circumcisione," that on the right, " Ecclesia ex gentibus." Among the parts destroyed were the four beasts typical of the Evangelists, and St. Peter and St. Paul. The church was thus gor- geously decorated, because in the time of the Savelli popes, it was what the Sistine is now, the Chiesa Apostolica. The nave is lined by twenty-four Corinthian columns of white marble, relics of the temple of Juno Regina, which 358 WALKS AV ROME. once stood here. Above, is an inlaid frieze of pietradura, of A.D. 431, which once extended up to the windows, but was destroyed by Sixtus V., who at the same time built up the windows which till then existed over each pier. In the middle of the pavement near the altar, is a very cu- rious mosaic figure over the grave of Munoz de Zamora, a General of the Dominican Order, who died in 1300. Nearer the west door are interesting incised slabs repre- senting a German bishop and a lady, benefactors of this church, and (on the left) a slab with arms in mosaic, to a lady of the Savelli family. In the left aisle is another monument of 13 12, commemorating a warrior of the im- perial house of Germany. The high altar covers the remains of Sabina and Seraphia, Alexander the Pope, Eventius and Theodulus, all martyrs. In the chapel beneath St Dominic is said to have flagellated himself three times nightly, " perche uno colpo solo non abbastava per mortificare la came." At the end of the right aisle is the Chapel of the Ro- sary, where a beautiful picture of Sassoferrato, called "I, a Madonna del Rosario," commemorates the vision of St, Dominic on that spot, in which he received the rosary from the hands of the Virgin. " St. Catherine of Siena kneels with St. Dominic before the throne of the Madonna ; the lily at her feet. The Infant Saviour is turned towards her, and with one hand he crowns her with thorns, with the other he presents the rosary. This is the master-piece of the painter, with all his usual elegance, without his usual insipidity." — Jaiiicsoii's Monastic Orders. Few Roman Catholic practices have excited more ani- madversion than the "vain repetition" of the worship of the Rosary. The Pcrc Lacordaire (a Dominican) defended it, saying— STA. SAB IX A. 359 ' ' Le rationaliste sourit en voyant passer de longues files de gens qui redisent une meme parole. Celui qui est eclaire d'une meilleure lumiere comprend que I'amour n'a qu'un mot, et qu'en le disant toujours, il ne le repete jamais." Grouped around this chapel are three beautiful tombs, — a cardinal, a bishop, and a priest of the end of the fifteenth century. That of the cardinal (which is of the well-known Roman type of the time), is inscribed " Ut moriens viveret, vixit est mori turns ;" the others are incised slabs. At the other end of this aisle is a marble slab, on which St. Dominic is said to have been wont to lie prostrate in prayer. One day while he was lying thus, the Devil in his rage is said to have hurled a huge stone (a round black marble, pieti-a di paragone,) at him, which missed the saint, who left the attack entirely unnoticed. The devil was frantic with dis- appointment, and the stone, remaining as a relic, is pre- served on a low pillar in the nave. A small gothic ciborium, richly inlaid with mosaic, remains on the left of the tribune. Opening from the left aisle is a chapel built by Elic of Tuscany — very rich in precious marbles. The frame of the panel on the left is said to be unique. It was in this church, in 1218, that St. Hyacinth, struck by the preaching of St. Dominic, and by the recollection of the barbarism, heathenism, and ignorance which pre- vailed in many parts of his native land of Silesia, offered himself as its missionary, and took the vows of the Dominican Order, together with his cousin St. Ceslas. Hither fled to the monastic life St. Thomas Aquinas, pur- sued to the very door of the convent by the tears and outcries of his mother, who vainly implored him to return to her. One evening, a pilgrim, worn out with travel and 36o WALKS IN 1^0 ME. fatigue, arrived at the door of this convent mounted upon a ^vretched mule, and implored admittance. The prior in mockery asked, " What are you come for, my father ? are you come to see if the college of cardinals is disposed to elect you as pope ? " "I come to Rome," repHed the pilgrim Michele Ghislieri, " because the interests of the Church require it, and I shall leave as soon as my task is accomplished ; meanwhile I implore you to give me a brief hospitality and a little hay for my mule." Sixteen years afterwards Ghislieri mounted the papal throne as Pius V., and proved, during a troubled reign, the most rigid follower and eager defender of the institutions of St. Dominic. One day as Ghislieri was about to kiss his crucifix in the eager- ness of prayer, " the image of Christ," says the legend, retired of its o^^^l accord from his touch, for it had been poisoned by an enemy, and a kiss would have been death. This crucifix is now preserved as a precious relic in the convent, where the cells both of St. Dominic and of St. Pius V. are preserved, though, like most historical chambers of Roman saints, their interest is lessened by their having been beautified and changed into chapels. In the cell of St. Dominic is a portrait by Bazzani, founded on the records of his personal appearance ; the lily lies by his side, — the glory hovers over his head, — he is, as the chronicler de- scribes him, " of amazing beauty." In this cell he is said frequently to have i)asscd the night in prayer with his rival St. Francis of Assist The refectory is connected with anotlier story of St. Dominic : — "It liappencd that wlicu lie was residing witli forty of his friars in the convent of Sta. Saljina at Rome, llie brotliers who had lieen sent to beg for provisions had returned with a very small quantity of broad, STA. SABhVA. 361 and tliey knew not what they should do, for night was at hand, and they had not eaten all day. Then St. Dominic oi-dered that they should seat themselves in the refectory, and, taking his place at the head of the table, he pronounced the usual blessing : and behold ! two beautiful youths clad in white and shining garments appeared amongst them ; one carried a basket of bread, and the other a pitcher of wine, which they distributed to the brethren : then they disappeared, and no one knew how they had come in, nor how they had gone out. And the brethren sat in amazement; but St. Dominic stretched forth his hand, and said calmly, ' My children, eat what God hath sent you : ' and it was truly celestial food, such as they had never tasted before nor since. " — yamcsoiis Monastic Orders, p. 369. Other saints who sojourned for a time in this convent were St. Norbert, founder of the Premonstratensians (ob. 1 134), and St. Raymond de Penaforte (ob. 1275), who left his labours in Barcelona for a time in 1230 to act as chaplain to Gregory IX. In 1287 a conclave was held at Sta. Sabina for the election of a successor to Pope Martin IV., but was broken up by the malaria, six cardinals dying at once within the convent, and all the rest taking flight except Cardinal Savelli, who would not desert his paternal home, and survived by keep- ing large fires constantly burning in his chamber. Ten months afterwards his perseverance was rewarded by his own election to the throne as Honorius IV. In the garden of the convent are some small remains of the palace of the Savelli pope, Honorius III. Here, on the declivity of the Aventine, many important excavations were made in 1856 — 57, by the French Prior Besson, a person of great intelligence, and he was rewarded by the discovery of an ancient Roman house — its chambers paved with black and white mosaic, and some fine fragments of the wall of Servius Tullius, formed of gigantic blocks of peperino. 362 IVALKS IN ROME. In the chambers which were found decorated in stucco with remnants of painting in figures and arabesque ornaments, " one httle group represented a sacrifice before the statue of a god, in an sedicula. Some rudely scratched Latin hnes on this surface led to the inference that this chamber, after becoming subterranean and otherwise uninhabitable, had served for a prison ; one unfortunate inmate having inscribed curses against those who caused his loss of liberty ; and another, more devout, left record of his vows to sacrifice to Bacchus in case of recovering that blessing."* Since the death of Prior Besson t the works have been abandoned, and the remains already discovered have been for the most part earthed up again. A nympheum, a well, and several subterranean passages, are still visible on the hillside. Just beyond Sta. Sabina is the Hieronymite Church and Convent of S. Alcssio, the only monastery of Hieronymites in Italy where meat was allowed to be eaten, — in con- sideration of the malaria. The first church erected here was built in a.d. 305 in honour of St. Boniface, martyr, by Aglae, a noble Roman lady, whose servant (and lover) he had been. It was reconsecrated in a.d. 401 by Innocent I., in honour of St. Alexis, whose paternal mansion was on this site. This saint, young and beautiful, took a vow of virginity, and being forced by his parents into marriage, fled on the same evening from his home, and was given up as lost. Worn out and utterly changed he returned many years afterwards to be near those who wiere dear to him, and remained, unrecognised, as a poor beggar, under • Hcmans' Monuments in Rome. t Commemorated in the beautiful Memoir of "A Dominican Artist" (Rivingtons, 187a). S. ALESSIO. 363 the stairs which led to his father's house. Seventeen years passed away, when a mysterious voice suddenly echoed through the Roman churches, crying, " Seek ye out the man of God, that he may pray for Rome." The crowd was stricken with amazement, — when the same voice con- tinued, " Seek in the house of Euphemian." Then, pope, emperor, and senators rushed together to the Aventine, where they found the despised beggar dpng beneath the doorstep, with his countenance beaming with celestial light, a crucifix in one hand, and a sealed paper in the other. Vainly the people strove to draw the paper from the fingers which were closing in the gripe of death, but when Inno- cent I. bade the dying man in God's name to give it up, they opened, and the pope read aloud to the astonished multitude the secret of Alexis ; and his father Euphemian and his widowed bride, regained in death the son and the husband they had lost. S. Alessio is entered through a courtyard. "The courtyards in front of S. Alessio, Sta. Cecilia, S. Gregorio, and other churches, are like the vestibula of the ancient Roman houses, on the site of whicli they were probably built. This style of building, says Tacitus, was generally introduced by Nero. Beyond opened the prothyra, or inner entrance, with the ccUce for the porter and dog, both chained, on either side." In the portico of the church is a statue of Benedict XIII. (Pietro Orsmi, 1724). The west door has a rich border of mosaic. The church has been so much modernised as to retain no appearance of antiquity. The fine Opus-Alexan- drinum pavement is preserved. In the floor is the incised gothic monument of Lupi di Olmeto, General of the Hieronymites (ob. 1433). Left of the entrance is a shrine of 364 WALKS IN ROME. S. Alessio, ■with his figure sleeping under the staircase — part of the actual wooden stairs being enclosed in a glass case over his head. Not far from this is the ancient well of his father's house. In a chapel which opens out of a passage leading to the sacristy is the fine tomb of Cardinal Guido di Balneo, of the time of Leo X, He is represented sitting, with one hand resting on the ground — the delicate execution of his lace in marble is much admired. The mosaic roof of this chapel was burst open by a cannon-ball during the French bombardment of 1849, but the figure was uninjured. The baldacchino (well known from Mac- pjherson's photographs) is remarkable for its perfect pro- portions. Behind, in the tribune, are the inlaid mosaic pillars of a gothic tabernacle. No one should omit to descend into the Crypt of S. Akssio, which is an early church, supported on stunted pillars, and containing a marble episcopal chair, green with age. Here the pope used to meet the early conclaves of the Church in times of perse- cution. The pillar under the altar is shown as that to which St. Sebastian was bound when he was shot with the arrows. The cloister of the convent, from which ladies are excluded, blooms with orange and lemon trees. There are only six Hieronymite brethren here now. The con- vent was at one time purchased by the ex-king Ferdi- nand of Spain, who intended turning it into a villa for himself. A short distance beyond S. Alessio is a sort of little square, adorned with trophied memorials of the knights of Malta, and occupying the site of the laurel grove (Armi- lustrum) which contained the tomb of Tatius. Flere is the THE PRIOR ATO. 365 entrance of the Priorato garden, where is the famous Vircv of St. Peter's through the Keyhole, admired by crowds of people on Ash-Wednesday, when the " stazione " is held at the neighbouring churches. Entering the garden (which can always be visited) we find ourselves in a beautiful avenue of old bay-trees framing the distant St. Peter's. A terrace overhanging the Tiber has an enchanting \aew over the river and town. In the garden is an old pepper- tree, and in a little court a picturesque palm-tree and well. From hence we can enter the church, sometimes called 6". Basilio, sometimes Sta. Maria Aventina, an ancient building modernized by Cardinal Rezzonico in 1765, from the very indifferent designs of Piranesi. It contains an interesting collection of tombs, most of them belonging to the Knights of Malta; that of Bishop Spinelli is an ancient marble sarcophagus, with a relief of Minerva and the Muses. A richly sculptured ancient altar con- tains relics of saints found beneath the pavement of the church. The' Priorato garden, so beautiful and attractive in itself, has an additional interest as that in which the famous Hildebrand (Gregory VII,, 1073 — 80) was brought up as a boy, under the care of his uncle, who was abbot of the adjoining monastery. A massive cornice in these grounds is one of the few architectural fragments of ancient Rome existing on the Aventine. It may perhaps have belonged to the smaller temple of Diana in which Caius Gracchus took refuge, and in escaping from which, down the steep hillside, he sprained his ankle, and so was taken by his pursuers. Some buried houses were discovered and some precious vases brought to light, when Urban VIII. built the 356 WALKS IN ROME. Stately buttress walls which now support the hillside beyond the Priorato. The cliff below these convents is the supposed site of the cave of the giant Cacus, described by Virgil. " At specus et Caci detecta apparuit ingens Regia, et umbrosas penitus patuere cavernas ; Non secus, ac si qua penitus vi terra dehiscens Infemas reseret sedes, et regiia recludat Pallida, dis invisa ; superque immane barathrum Cematur, trepidentque immisso lumine manes." yEtieid, Jib. viii. Hercules brought the oxen of Geryon to pasture in the valley between the Aventine and Palatine. Cacus issuing from his cave while their owner was asleep, carried off four of the bulls, draggmg them up the steep side of the hill by their tails, that Hercules might be deceived by their foot-prints being reversed. Then he concealed them in his cavern, and barred the entrance with a rock. Hercules sought the stolen oxen every^vhere, and when he could not find them, he was going away with the remainder. But as he drove them along the valley near the Tiber one of his oxen lowed, and when the stolen oxen in the cave heard that, they answered ; and Hercules, after rushing three times round the Aventine boiling with fury, shattered the stone which guarded the entrance of the cave with a mass of rock, and, though the giant vomited forth smoke and flames against him, he strangled him in his arms. Thus runs the legend, which is explained by Ampere. "Cacus hal)ite unc cavcnie dc I'Avcnlin, monlagne en tout temps mal famce, montagne ancicnncment licrissce de rochers et couvcrte de forels, dont la furet Noivia, longtcmps ellc-mcme un repaire de bandits, STA. PR ISC A. 367 etait une dependance et fut un reste qui suhsista dans les temps histo- riques. Ce Cacus etait sans doute un brigand celebre, dangereux pour les patres du voisinage dont il volait les troupeaux quand ils allaient paitre dans les pres situes au bord du Tibre et boire I'eau du fleuve. Les hauts faits de Cacus lui avaient donne cette celebrite qui, parmi les paysans remains, s'attache encore a ses pareils, et surtout le stratageme employe par lui probablement plus d'une fois pour derouter les bouviers des environs, en emmenant les animaux qu'il derobait, a maniere de cacher la direction de leurs pas. La caveme du bandit avait ete decouverte et forcee par quelque paire courageux, qui y avait penetre vaillamment, malgre la terreur que ce lieu souterrain et formidable inspirait, y avait surpris le voleur et I'avait etrangle. "Tel etait, je crois, le recit primitif ou il n'etait pas plus question d'Hercule que de Vulcain, et dans lequel Cacus n'etait pas mis a mort par un demi-dieu, mais par un certain Recaranus, patre vigoureux et de grande taille. A ces recits de bergers, qui allaient toujours exagerant les horreurs de I'antre de Cacus et la resistance desesperee de celui-ci, vinrent se meler peu a peu des circonstances merveilleuses." — Hist. Rom. i. 170- We must retrace our steps, as far as the summit of the hill towards the Palatine, and then turn to the right in order to reach the ugly obscure-looking Church of Sta. Frisca, founded by Pope Eutychianus in a.d. 280, but entirely modernised by Cardinal Giustiniani from designs of Carlo Lombardi, who encased its fine granite columns in miserable stucco pilasters. Over the high altar is a picture by Fassignafio of the baptism of the saint, which is said to have taken place in the ancient crypt beneath the church, where an inverted Corinthian capital, — a relic of the temple of Diana which once occupied this site, — is shown as the font in which Sta. Prisca was baptized by St. Peter. Opening from the right aisle is a kind of terraced loggia with a peculiar and beautiful view. In the adjoinmg vine- yard are three arches of an aqueduct. 368 WALKS JN ROME. "According to the old tradition, this church stands on the site of the house of Aquila and Priscilla, where St. Peter lodged when at Rome, and who are the same mentioned by St. Paul as tent-makers ; and here is shown the font, from which, according to the same tradition, St. Peter baptized the first Roman converts to Christianity. The altar- piece represents the baptism of Sta. Prisca, whose remains being after- wards placed in the church, it has since borne her name. According to the legend, she was a Roman virgin of illustrious birth, who, at the age of thirteen, was exposed in the amphitheatre. A fierce lion was let loose upon her, but her youth and innocence disanned the fury of the savage beast, which, instead of tearing her to pieces, humbly licked her feet ; — to the great consolation of Christians, and the confusion of idolaters. Being led back to prison, she was there beheaded. Sometimes she is represented with a lion, sometimes with an eagle, because it is related that an eagle watched by her body till it was laid in the grave ; for thus, says the story, was virgin innocence honoured by kingly bird as well as by kingly beast." — Mrs. yameson. Opposite the door of tliis chtirch is the entrance of the Vlgna del Gesuiti, a wild and beautiful vineyard occupying the greater part of this deserted hill, and extending as far as the Porta S. Paolo and the p}Tamid of Caius Cestius. Several farm-houses are scattered amongst the vines and fruit trees. There are beautiful views towards the Alban mountains, and to the Pseudo-Aventine with its fortress- like convents. The ground is littered with fragments of marbles and alabaster, which lie unheeded among the vegetables, relics of unknown edifices which once ex- isted here. Just where the path in the vineyard descends a slight declivity towards S. Paolo, are the finest existing remains of the ] Vails of Scrvius TuUius^''' formed of large quadrilateral blocks of tufa, laid alternately long and cross- ways, as in the Etruscan buildings. The spot is beautiful, • Some antiquaries attribute them to the wall of tlie Avcntiiic, built by Ancus Martins. The arch, of course, is an addition. ^. SABBA. 369 and overgrown by a luxuriance of wild mignonette and other flowers in the late spring. Descending to the valley beneath Sta. Prisca, and crossing the lane Avhich leads from the Via Appia to the Porta S. Paolo, we reach, on the side of the Pseudo-Aventine, the Church of S. Sabba, which is supposed to mark the site of the Porta Randusculana of the walls of Servius Tullius. Its position is very striking, and its portico, built in a.d. 1200, is picturesque and curious. This church is of unknown origin, but is known to have existed in the time of St. Gregory the Great, and to have been one of the fourteen privileged abbacies of Rome. Its patron saint was St. Sabbas, an abbot of Cappadocia, who died at Jerusalem in a.d. 532. "The record of the artist Jacobus dei Cosmati, dated the third year of Innocent III. (1205), on the lintel of the mosaic-inlaid doonvay, justifies us in classing this church among monuments of the thirteenth century. From its origin a Greek monaster)', it was assigned by Lucius 11., in 1 141, to the Benedictines of the Cluny rule. An epigraph near the sacristy mentions a rebuilding either of the cloisters or church, in 1325, by an abbot Joannes ; and in 1465 the roof was renewed in woodwork by a cardinal, the nephew of Pius II. " In 15 12 the Cistercians of Clairvaux were located here by Julius II. ; and some years later these buildings were given to the dermanic- Ilungarian College. Amidst gardens and vineyards, approached by a solitary lane between hedgerows, this now deserted sanctuary has a certain affecting character in its forlornness. Save on Thursdays, when the German students are brought hither by their Jesuit professors to enliven the solitude by their sports and converse, we might never succeed in finding entrance to this quiet retreat of the monks of old. " Within the arched porch, through which we pass into an outer court, we read an inscription telling that here stood the house and oratory (called cella nova) of Sta. Sylvia, mother of St. Gregory the Great, whence the pious matron used daily to send a porridge of legumes to her son, while he inhabited his monastery on the Clivus Scauri, or VOL. I. 24 370 WALA^S IN ROME. northern ascent of the Coehan. Within that court formerly stood the cloistral buildings, of which little now remains. The fa9ade is re- markable for its atrium in two stories : the upper with a pillared arcade, probably of the fifteenth century ; the lower formerly supported by six porphyry columns, removed by Pius VI. to adorn the Vatican library, where they still stand. The porphyry statuettes of two emperors em- bracing, supposed either an emblem of the concord between the East and West, or the intended portraits of the co-reigning Constantine II. and Constans — a curious example of sculpture in its deep decline, and probably imported by Greek monks from Constantinople — project from two of those ancient columns." — B'einans' Mediaeval Art. The interior of S. Sabba is in the basiUca form. It retains some fragments of inlaid pavements, some hand- some inlaid marble panels on either side of the high altar, and an ancient sarcophagus. The tribune has rude paintings of the fourteenth century — the Saviour between St. Andrew and St. Sabbas the Abbot ; and below the Crucifixion, the Madonna and the twelve Apostles. Beneath the tribune is a crypt, — and over its altar a beautifully ornamented disk with a Greek cross in the centre. Behind St. Sabbas is another delightful vineyard, but it is difficult to gain admittance. Here Flaminius Vacca de- scril)es the discovery of a mysterious chamber without door or window, whose pavement was of agate and cornelian, and whose walls were plated with gilt copper ; but of this nothing remains.* To reach the remaining church of the Aventine, we have to turn to tlie Via Appia, and then follow the lane which leads up the hillside from the Baths of Caracalla to the Church of Sia. Balhina, whose picturesque red brick tower forms so conspicuous a feature, as seen against the long soft lines of the flat Campagna, in so many Roman * Ilciiians' Story of Monuments in Rome, ii. 22S. I ^7'^. BALBINA. 371 views. It was erected in memory of Sta. Balbina, a virgin martyr (buried in Sta. Maria in Domenica), who suf- fered under Hadrian, a.d. 132. It contains the remains of an ahar erected by Cardinal Barbo, in the old basilica of St. Peter's, a splendid ancient throne of marble inlaid with mosaics, and a fine tomb of Stefano Sordi, supporting a recumbent figure, and adorned with mosaics by one of the Cosmati. Adjoining this church Monsignor'de Merode established a house of correction for youthful offenders, to avert the moral result of exposing them to communication with other prisoners. CHAPTER IX. THE VIA APPIA. The Porta Capena — Baths of Caracalla — Vigna Guidi — SS. Nereo ed Achilleo — SS. Sisto e Domenico — S. Cesareo (S. Giovanni in Oleo — S. Giovanni in Porta Latina) — Columbarium of the Freedmen of Octavia — Tomb of the Scipios — ^Columbarium of the Vigna Codini — Arch of Drusus — Porta S. Sebastiano — Tombs of Geta and Pris- cilla — Church of Domine Quo Vadis (Vigna Marancia) — Catacombs of S. Calixtus, of S. Pretextatus, of the Jews, and SS. Nereo ed Achilleo — (Temple of Bacchus, i.e. S. Urbano — Grotto of Egeria — Temple of Divus Rediculus) — Basilica and Catacombs of S. Sebastiano — Circus of Maxentius — Temple of Romulus, son of Maxentius — Tomb of Cecilia Metella — Castle of the Caetani — Tombs of the Via Appia — Sta. Maria Nuova — -Roma Vecchia — Casale Rotondo — Tor di Selce, &c. 'T^HE Via Appia, called Regina Viarum by Statius, was begun B.C. 312, by the Censor Appius Claudius the Blind, " the most illustrious of the great Sabine and Pa- trician race, of whom he was the most remarkable repre- sentative." It was paved throughout, and during the first part of its course served as a kind of patrician cemetery, being bordered by a magnificent avenue of family tombs. It began at the Porta Capena, itself crossed by the Claudian aqueduct, which was due to the same great benefactor, — " Substitit ad vctcrcs areas madidamque Capcnam," PORTA C APEX A. 373 and was carried by Claudius across the Pontine Marshes as far as Capua, but afterwards extended to Brun- dusium. The site of the Porta Capena, so important as marking the commencement of the Appian Way, was long a dis- puted subject. The Roman antiquaries maintained that it was outside the present Walls, basing their opinion on the statement of St. Gregory, that the river Almo was in that Regio, and considering the Almo identical ^\'ith a small stream which is crossed in the hollow about half a mile beyond the Porta S. Sebastiano, and which passes through the Valle Cafifarelle, and falls into the Tiber near S. Paolo. This stream, however, which rises at the foot of the Alban Hills below the lake, divides into two parts about six miles from Rome, and its smaller division, after flowing close to the Porta San Giovanni, recedes again into the countr}', enters Rome near the Porta Metronia, a litde behind the Church of S. Sisto, and passing through the Circus Maxi- mus, falls into the Tiber at the Pulchrum Littus, below the temple of Vesta. Close to the point where this, the smaller branch of the Almo, crosses the Via San Sebastiano, Mr. J. H. Parker, in 1868-69, discovered some remains, on the original line of walls, which he has identified, beyond doubt, as those of the Porta Capena, whose position had been already proved by Ampere and other authorities. Close to the Porta Capena stood a large group of his- torical buildings, of which no trace remains. On the right of the gate was the temple of Mars : "Lux eadem Marti festa est; quern prospicit extra Appositum Tectas Porta Capena vice." Ovid, Fast. vi. 191. 374 WALKS IN ROME. It is probably in allusion to this temple that Propertius says : " Armaque quiim tulero portse votiva Capenae, Subscribam, salvo grata puella viro." Prop. iv. Eleg. 3. Martial alludes to a little temple of Hercules near this : " Capena grandi porta qua pluit gutta, Phrygiceque Matris Almo qua lavat ferrum, Horatiorum qua viret sacer campus, Et qua pusilli fervet Herculis fanum." Mart. iii. Ep. 47. Near the gate also stood the tomb of the murdered sister of the Horatii,* with the temples of Honour and Virtue, vowed by Marcellus and dedicated by his son,t and a fountain, dedicated to Mercury: " Est aqua Mercurii portce vicina Capenae ; Si juvat expertis credere, numen habet. Hue venit incinctus tunicas mercator, et uma Purus suffita, quam ferat, haurit aquam. Uda fit hinc laurus : lauro sparguntur ab uda Omnia, quae dominos sunt habitura novos." Ovid, Fast. v. 673. It was at the Porta Capena that the survivor of the Horatii met his sister. "Iloratius went home at the head of the army, bearing his triple spoils. But as they were drawing near to the Capenian gate, his sister came out to meet him. Now she had been betrothed in marriage to one of the Curiatii, and his cloak, which she had wrought with her own hands, was borne on the shoulders of her brother; and she knew it, and cried aloud, and wept for him she had loved. At the sight of her tears Horatius was so wrath that he drew his sword, and stabbed his sister to the heart ; and he said, ' So perish the Roman maiden who jliall weep for her country's enemy ! ' " — Arnold's Hist, of Rome, i. l6. • I. ivy, i. 10. + Livy, xxvii. 25 ; .\.\ix. 11. rilE MARAXNA. 375 Among the many other historical scenes with which the Porta Capena is connected, we may remember that it was here that Cicero was received in triumph by the senate and people of Rome, upon his return from banishment B.C. 57. Two roads lead to the Via S. Sebastiano, one the Via S. Gregorio, which comes from the Coliseum beneath the arch of Constantine ; the other, the street which comes from the Ghetto, through the Circus' Maximus, between the Palatine and Aventine. The first gate on the left, after the junction of these roads, is that of the vineyard of the monks of S. Gregorio, in which the site of the Porta Capena was found. The remains discovered have been reburied, owing to the indifference or jealousy of the government; but the vineyard is worth entering on account of the picturesque view it possesses of the Palace of the Caesars. On the right, a lane leads up the Pseudo-Aventine to the Church of Sta. Balbina, described Chap. VIII. On the left, where the Via Appia crosses the brook of the Almo, now called Maranna, the Via di San Sisto Vecchio leads to the back of the Ccelian behind S. Stefano Rotondo. Here, in the hollow, in the grounds of the Villa Mattei, under some picturesque farm-buildings, is a spring which modern archaeology has determined to be the true Fountain of Egcria,\\\\ext Numa Pompilius is described as having his mysterious meetings with the nymph Egeria. The locality of this fountain was verified when that of the Porta Capena was ascertained, as it was certain that it was in the imme- diate neighbourhood of that gate, from a passage in the 3d Satire of Juvenal, which describes, that when he was waiting 376 IVALA'S LV ROME. at the Porta Capena with Umbritius while the waggon was loading for his departure to Cumae, they rambled into the valley of Egeria, and Umbritius said, after speaking of his motives for leaving Rome, " I could add other reasons to these, but my beasts summon me to move on, and the sun is setting. I must be going, for the muleteer has long been summoning me by the cracking of his whip." To this valley the oppressed race of the Jews was con- fined by Domitian, their furniture consisting of a basket and a wisp of hay : " Nunc sacri fontis nemus et delubra locantur Judccis, quorum cophinus foenumque supellex." Juvciial, Sat. iii. 13. On the right, are the Bat/is of Caracalia, the largest mass of ruins in Rome, except the Coliseum ; consisting for the most part of huge shapeless walls of red and orange- coloured brickwork, framing vast strips of blue sky, and tufted with shrubs and flowers. These baths, which could accommodate 1600 bathers at once, were begun in a.d. 212, by Caracalla, continued by Heliogabalus, and finished under Alexander Severus. They covered a space of 2,625,000 square yards — a size which made Ammianus Marcellinus say that the Roman baths were like provinces — and they were supplied with water by the Antonine Aqueduct, which was l)rought hither for that especial purpose from the Claudian, over the Arch of Drusus. Antiquaries have amused themselves by identifying dif- ferent chambers, to which, with considerable uncertainty, the names of Calidarium, Laconicum, Tepidarium, Frigi- darium, t!\:c., have been affixed. The habits of luxury and inertion which were introduced BATHS OF CARACALLA. 377 with the magnificent baths of the emperors were among tlie principal causes of the decHne and fall of Rome. Thou- sands of the Roman youth frittered away their hours in these magnificent halls, which were provided with every- thing which could gratify the senses. Poets were wont to recite their verses to those who were reclining in the baths. "In medio qui Scripta foro recitent, sunt multi, — quique lavantes: Suave locus voci resonat conclusus." Horace, Sat. i. 4. "These 77it77«« of Caracalla, which were one mile in circumference, and open at stated hours for the indiscriminate service of the senators and the people, Contained above sixteen hundred seats of marble. The walls of the lofty apartments were covered with curious mosaics that imitated the art of the pencil in elegance of design and in the variety of their colours. The Egyptian granite was beautifully encrusted with the precious green marble of Numidia. The perpetual stream of hot water Avas poured into the capacious basons through so many wide mouths of bright and massy silver ; and the meanest Roman could purchase, with a small copper coin, the daily enjoyment of a scene of pomp and luxury which might excite the envy of the kings of Asia. From these stately palaces issued forth a swarm of dirty and ragged plebeians, without shoes and without mantle; who loitered away whole days in the street or Forum, to hear news and to hold disputes; who dissipated, in extravagant gaming, the miserable pittance of their wives and children; and spent the hours of the night in the indulgence of gross and vulgar sensuality." — Gibbon. In the first great hall was found, in 1S24, the immense mosaic pavement of the pugilists, now in the Lateran museum. Endless works of art have been discovered here from time to time, among them the best of the Farnese collection of statues, — the Bull, the Hercules, and the Flora, — which were dug up in 1534, when Paul III. earned off all the still remaining marble decorations of the baths to use for the Farnese Palace. The last of the pillars to be 378 WALKS IN ROME. removed from hence is that which supports the statue of Justice in the Piazza Sta. Trinita at Florence. A winding stair leads to the top of the walL, which are worth ascending, as well for the idea which you there receive of the vast size of the ruins, as for the lovely views of the Campagna, which are obtained between the bushes of lentiscus and phillyrea with which they are fringed. It was seated on these walls that Shelley wrote his " Prometheus Unbound." " This poem was chiefly written upon the mountainous ruins of the baths of Caracalla, among tlie flowery glades and thickets of odoriferous blossoming trees which are extended in ever-winding labyrinths upon its immense platforms and dizzy arches suspended in the air. The bright blue sky of Rome, and the effect of the vigorous awakening spring in that divinest climate, and the new life with which it drenches the spirits even to intoxication, were the inspiration of the drama." — Preface to the Pivmetheiis. " Maintenant les murailles sont nues, sauf quelques fragments de chapiteaux oublies par la destruction ; mais elles conservent ce que seules des mains de geant pourraient leur oter, leur masse ecrasante, la grandeur de leurs aspects, la sublimite de leurs ruines. On ne regrette rien quand on contemple ces enormes et pittoresque debris, baignes a midi par une ardente lumiere ou se remplissant d'ombres a la tombee de la nuit, s'elan9ant a une immense hauteur vers un ciel eblouissant, ou se dressant, mornes et melancoliques, sous un ciel grisatre, — ou bien, lorsque, montant sur la plate-forme inegale, crevassee, couverte d'ar- bustes et tapissce de gazon, on voit, comme du haut d'une colline, d'un cote se derouler la campagne romaine et le merveilleux horizon de montagnes qui la termine, do I'autre apparaitre, ainsi qu'une montagne de plus, le dome de Saint-Pierre, la seule des oeuvres d'homme qui ait quelque chose de la grandeur des oeuvres de Dieu." — Ampere, Emp. ii. 286. 'Flic name of the lane which leads to the baths ( Via air Antoiiiana) recalls the fact tliat, " with a vanity which seems like mockery, Caracalla dared to bear the name SS. NEREO ED ACIIILLEO. 379 of Antoninus," which was ahvays dear to the Roman people. Passing under the wall of the government-garden for raising shrubs for the public walks, a door on the left of the Via Appia, with a sculptured marble frieze above it, is that of Guidi, the antiquity vendor, who has a small museum here of splendid fragments of marble and alabaster for sale. Opposite is the Vigna of Signor Guidi, who has unearthed a splendid mosaic pavement of Tritons riding on dolphins, and who has here also a collection of antique fragments to be disposed of. On the right, is SS. Ncreo ed Achilleo, a most interesting little church. The tradition runs that St. Peter, going to execu- tion, let drop here one of the bandages of his wounds, and that the spot was marked by the early Christians w\\\\ an oratory, which bore the name of Fasciola. Nereus and Achilles, eunuchs in the service of Clemens Flavius and Flavia Domitilla (members of the imperial family exiled to Pontia under Diocletian), having suffered martyrdom at Terracina, their bodies were transported here in 524 by John I., when the oratory was enlarged into a church, which was restored under Leo III., in 795. The church was rebuilt in the sixteenth century, by Cardinal Baronius, who took his title from hence. In his work he desired that the ancient basilica character should be carefully carried out, and all the ancient ornaments of the church were preserved and re-erected. His anxiety that his successors should not meddle with or injure these objects of antiquity is shown by the inscription on a marble slab in the tribune : " Presbyter, Card. Successor quisquis fueris, rogo te, per gloriam Dei, et per merita horum martyrum, nihil demito, nillil minuito, nee mutato ; 3So WALKS IN ROME. restitutam antiquitatem pie servato ; sic Deus martyrum suomm precibus semper adjuvet ! " The chancel is raised and surrounded by an inlaid marble screen. Instead of ambones there are two plain marble reading-desks for the epistle and gospel. The altar is inlaid, and has " transennse," or a marble grating, through which the tomb of the saints Nereus and Achilles may be seen, and through which the faithful might pass their handkerchiefs to touch it. Behind, in the semicircular choir, is an ancient episcopal throne, supported by lions, and ending in a gothic gable. Upon it part of the twenty- eighth homily of St. Gregory was engraved by Baronius, under the impression that it was delivered thence, — though it was really first read in the catacomb, whence the bodies of the saints were not yet removed. All these decorations are of the restoration under Leo III., in the eighth centur)\ Of the same period are the mosaics on the arch of the tribune (pardy painted over in later times), representing, in the centre, the Transfiguration (the earliest instance of the subject being treated in art), with the Annunciation on one side, and the Madonna and Child attended by angels on the other. It is worth while remarking that when the relics of Flavia Domitilla (who was niece of Vesjjasian) and of Nereus and Achilles were brought hither from the catacomb on the Via Ardeatina, which bears the name of the latter, they were first escorted in triumph to the Capitol, and made to pass under the imperial arches which bore as inscriptions : " The senate and the Roman people to Sta. Flavia Domi- tilla, for having brought more honour to Rome by her death than her illustrious relations by their works." . . "To S. S/STO. 3S1 Sta. Flavia Domitilla, and to the Saints Nereus and Acliilles, the excellent citizens who gained peace for the Christian republic at the price of their blood." Opposite, on the left, is a courtyard leading to the ChurcJi of S. Sisto, with its celebrated convent, long deserted on account of malaria. It was here that St. Dominic first resided in Rome, and collected one hundred monks under his rule, before he was removed to Sta. Sabina by Honorilis III. After he went to the Aventine, it was decided to utilize this convent by collecting here the various Dominican nuns, who had been living hitherto under very lax discipline, and allowed to leave their convents, and reside in their own families. The nuns of Sta. ]\Iaria in Trastevere resisted the order, and only consented to remove on condition of bringing with them a Madonna picture attributed to St. Luke, hoping that the Trasteverini would refuse to part Avith their most cher- ished treasure. St. Dominic obviated the difficulty by going to fetch the picture himself at night, attended by two cardinals, and a bare-footed, torch-bearing multitude. "On Ash-Wednesday, 1218, the abbess and some of her nuns went to take possession of their new monastery, and being in the chapter- house with St. Dominic and Cardinal Stefano di Fossa Nuova, sud- denly there came in one tearing his hair, and making great outcries, for the young Lord Napoleon Orsini, nephew of the cardinal, had been thrown from his horse, and killed on the spot. The cardinal fell speechless into the arms of Dominic, and the women and others who were present were filled with grief and horror. They brought the body of the youth into the chapter-house, and laid it before the altar ; and Dominic, having prayed, turned to it, saying, ' O adolescens Napoleo, in nomine Domini nostri Jesu Christi tibi dico surge,' and thereupon he arose sound and whole, to the unspeakable wonder of all present." — Jameson s ATonastic Orders. 3S2 WALKS IN ROME. After being convinced by this miracle of the divine mission of St. Dominic, forty nuns settled at S. Sisto, promising never more to cross its threshold.* There is very little remaining of the ancient S. Sisto, except the campanile, which is of 1500. But the vaulted Chapter-House, now dedicated to St. Dominic, is well worth visiting. It has recently been covered with frescoes by the Padre Besson, — himself a Dominican monk, — who received his commission from Father MuUooly, Prior of S. Clemente, the Irish Dominican convent, to which S. Sisto is now annexed. The three principal frescoes represent three miracles of St. Dominic — in each case of raising from the dead. One represents the resuscitation of a mason of the new monastery, who had fallen from a scaffold ; another, that of a child in a wild and beautiful Italian landscape ; the third, the restoration of Napoleone Orsini on this spot, — the mesmeric upspringing of the lifeless youth being most powerfully represented. The whole chapel is highly pic- turesque, and effective in colour. Of two inscriptions, one commemorates the raising of Orsini ; the other, a prophecy of St. Dominic, as to the evil end of two monks who de- serted tlieir convent. Just beyond S. Sisto, where the Via della Ferratella branches off on the left to the Lateran, stands a small sediculum, or Shrine of the Lares, with brick niches for statues. Further, on the right, standing back from a kind of piazza, adorned with an ancient granite column, is the Church of S. Cesareo, which already existed in the time of St. Gregory the Oreat, but was modernized under ♦ Ilcmans' Mcdia;val Sacred Art. S. CESAREO. 3S3 Clement VII. (1523-34). Its interior retains many of its ancient features. The pulpit is one of the most exquisite specimens of church decoration in Rome, and is covered with the most delicate sculpture, interspersed with mosaic ; the emblems of the EvangeHsts are introduced in the carving of the panels. The high-altar is richly en- crusted with mosaics, probably by the Cosmati family; tiny owls form part of the decorations of the capitals of its pillars. Beneath is a " confession," where two angels are drawing curtains over the tomb of the saint. The chancel has an inlaid marble screen. In the tribune is an ancient episcopal throne, once richly ornamented with mosaics. In this church St. Sergius was elected to the papal throne, in 68 7 ; and here, also, an Abbot of SS. Vincenzo ed Anastasio was elected in 1145, as Eugenius III., and was immediately afterwards forced by the opposing senate to fly to Montecelli, and then to the Abbey of Farfa, where his consecration took place. Part of the palace of the titular cardinal of S. Cesareo remains in the adjoining garden, with an interesting loggia of c. 1200. In this neighbourhood was the Piscina Fublica, which gave a name to the twelfth Region of the city. It was used for learning to swim, but all trace of it had disappeared before the time of Festus, whose date is uncertain, but who lived before the end of the fourth century — " In thennas fugio : sonas all anreni, Piscinam peto : non licet natare." Martial, iii. Ep. 44. 384 WALK'S I.V ROME. Here a lane turns on the left, towards the ancient Porta Latina (through which the Via Latina led to Capua), now closed. In front of the gate is a little chapel, of the sixteenth century, called S. Giovanni in Oko, decorated with indifferent frescoes, on the spot where St. John is said to have been thrown into a cauldron of boiling oil (under Domitian), from which " he came forth as from a refreshing bath." It is the suffering in the burning oil which gave St. John the palm of a martyr, with which he is often represented in art. The festival of " St. John ante Port. Lat." (May 6) is preserved in the English Church Calendar. On the left, is the Church of S. Giovanni a Porta Latina, built in 1 1 90 by Celestine III. In spite of many modernizations, the last by Cardinal Rasponi in 1686, this building retains externally more of its ancient character than most Roman churches, in its fine campanile and the old brick walls of the nave and apse, decorated with terra-cotta friezes. The portico is entered by a narrow arch resting on two granite columns. The entrance-door and the altar have the peculiar mosaic ribbon decoration of the Cosmati, of 1190. The frescoes are all modern ; in the tribune, are the deluge and the baptism of Christ, — the type and antitype. Of the ten columns, eight are simple and of granite, two are fluted and of porta-santa, showing that they were not made for the church, but removed from some pagan building — pro- bably from the temple of Ceres and Proserpine. Near the entrance is a very picturesque marble Well, like those so common at Venice and Padua, decorated with an in- tricate pattern of rich carving. COLUMBARIUM.— TOMB OF THE SCIPIOS. 3S5 In the opposite vineyard, behind the chapel of the Oleo, very picturesquely situated under the Aurelian Wall, is the Columbarium of the Frcedmai of Odavia. A columbarium was a tomb containing a number of cinerary urns in niches like pigeon-holes, whence the name. Many columbaria were held in common by a great number of persons, and the niches could be obtained by purchase or inheritance ; in other cases, the heads of the great houses possessed whole columbaria for their families and their slaves. In the present instance the columbarium is more than usually decorated, and, though much smaller, it is far more worth seeing than the columbaria which it is the custom to visit immediately upon the Appian Way. One of the cippi, above the staircase, is beautifully decorated with shells and mosaic. Below, is a chamber, whose vault is delicately painted with vines and little Bacchi gathering in the vintage. Round the walls are arranged the urns, some of them in the form of temples, and very beautifully designed, others merely pots sunk into the wall, with conical lids, like pipkins let into a kitchen-range. A beautiful vase of lapis-lazuli found here has been transferred to the Vatican. Proceeding along the Via Appia, on the left by a tall cypress (No. 13) is the entrance to tJiG Tomb of the SciJ>ios, a small catacomb in the tufa rock, discovered ia 17S0, from which the famous sarcophagus of L. Scipio Barbatus, and a bust of the poet Ennius,* were removed to the Vatican by Pius VII. * This bust has been supposed to represent the poet Ennius, the friend of Scipio VOL. I. 25 386 WALKS IN ROME. " The Scipios' tomb contains no ashes now ; The very sepulchres He tenantless Of theu- heroic dwellers." Childe Harold. The contadino at the neighbouring farmhouse provides hghts, with which one can visit a labyrinth of steep narrow passages, some of which still retain inscribed sepulchral slabs. Among the Scipios whose tombs have been dis- covered here were Lucius Scipio Barbatus and his son, the conqueror of Corsica ; Aula Cornelia wife of Cneius Scipio Hispanis ; a son of Scipio Africanus ; Lucius Cornelius son of Scipio Asiaticus; Cornelius Scipio Hispanis and his son Lucius Cornelius. At the further end of these passages, and now, like them, subterranean, may be seen the pediment and arched entrance of the tomb towards the Via Latina. " It is uncertain whether Scipio Afri- canus was buried at Liternum or in the family tomb. In the time of Livy monuments to him were extant in both places."* There is a beJiutiful view towards Rome from the vine- yard above the tomb. A little further on, left (No. 14), is the entrance of the Vigna Codini (a private garden with an extortionate cus- tode), containing three interesting Columhai'ia. Two of these are large square vaults, supported by a central pillar, wliich, as well as the walls, is perforated by niches for urns. The third has three vaulted passages. Africanus, because his last request w.is that he might be burled by his side. Even in the time of Cicero, Eunius was believed to be buried in the tomb of the Scipios. " Carus fuit Afric.ano superior! noster Ennius : itaque etiam in sepulchre Scipionum putatur is esse constitutus i niarmore." — Cic. Orat. pro Arch. Pocta. * Dyer's Hist, of the City of Rome. ARCH OF DRUSUS. 387 We now reach the Arch of Drusus. On its summit are the remains of the aqueduct by which Caracalla carried water to his baths. The arch once supported an eques- trian statue of Drusus, two trophies, and a seated female figure representing Germany. The Arch of Drusus was decreed by the senate in honour of the second son of the empress Livia, by her first husband, Tiberius Nero. He was father of Germanicus and the emperor Claudius, and brother of Tiberius. He died during a campaign on the Rhine, B.C. 9, and was brought back to be buried by his step-father Augustus in his owm mausoleum. His virtues are attested in a poem ascribed to Pedo Albinovanus. "This arch, ' Marmoreum arcum cum tropreo Appia Via ' (Suet. 1), is, with the exception of the Pantheon, the most perfect existing monument of Augustan architecture. It is heavy, plain, and narrow, with all the dignified but stem simplicity which belongs to the character of its age." —Mcrhak. "It is hard for one who loves the very stones of Rome, to pass over all the thoughts which arise in his mind, as he thinks of the great Apostle treading the rude and massive pavement of the Appian Way, and passing under that Arch of Drusus at the Porta S. Sebastiano, toiling up the Capitoline Hill past the Tabularium of the Capitol, dwelling in his hired house in the Via Lata or elsewhere, imprisoned in those painted caves in the PrDstorian Camp, and at last pouring out his blood for Christ at the Tre Fontane, on the road to Ostia." — Dean Alford^s Study of the New Testament, p. 335. T/ie Porta San Sebastiano has two fine semicircular towers of the Aurelian wall, resting on a basement of marble blocks, probably plundered from the tombs on the Via Appia, Under the arch is a gothic inscription relating to the repulse of some unknown invaders. 3SS WALKS IN ROME. It was here that the senate and people of Rome re- ceived in state the last triumphant procession which has entered the city by the Via Appia, that of Marc-Antonio Colonna, after the victory of Lepanto in 1571. As in the processions of the old Roman generals, the children of the conquered prince were forced to adorn the triumph of the victor, who rode into Rome attended by all the Roman nobles, "in abito di grande formalita,"* preceded by the standard of the fleet. From the gate, the Clivus Martis (crossed by the railway to Civita Vecchia) descends into the valley of the Almo, where antiquaries formerly placed the Porta Capena. On the hillside stood a Temple of INIars, vowed in the Gallic war, and dedicated by T. Quinctius the " duumvir sacris faciundis," in B.C. 387. No remains exist of this temple. It was " approached from the Via Capena by a portico, which must have rivalled in length the celebrated portico at Bologna extending to the church of the Madonna di S. Luca."t Near this, a temple Avas erected to Tempestas in B.C. 260, by L. Cornelius Scipio, to commemorate the narrow escape of his fleet from shipwreck off" the coast of Sardinia. J Near this, also, the poet Terence owned a small estate of twenty acres, presented to him by his friend Scipio Emilianus.§ After crossing the brook, we pass between two conspicuous tombs. That on the left is the Tomb of Gcta, son of Septimius Severus, the murdered brother of Caracalla ; that on the right is the Tomb of Triscilhr, wife of Abascantius, a flivourite freedman of Domitian, • Coppi, Memorie Colonnesi, p. 342. t Sec Dyer's Hist, of the City of Rome, p. 85. J Ibid. p. 97. § Ibid. p. 122. DOMINE QUO VADIS. 389 *' Est locus, ante urhem, qua primum nascitur ingens Appia, quaque Italo gemitus Almone Cybele Ponit, et Idseos jam non reminiscitur amnes. Hie te Sidonio velatam molliter ostro Eximius conjux (nee enim fumantia bnsta Clamoremque rogi potuit perferre), beato Composuit, Priscilla, toro." Statins, lib. v. Syh. i. 222. Just beyond this, the Via Ardeatiiia branches off on the right, passing, after about two miles, the picturesque Vigna Marancia, a pleasant spot, with fine old pines and cypresses. \Vhere the roads divide, is the Church of Do^nine Quo Vadis, containing a copy of the celebrated footprint said to have been left here by Our Saviour : the original being removed to S. Sebastiano. " After the burning of Rome, Nero threw upon the Christians the accusation of having fired the city. This was the origin of the first persecution, in which many perished by terrible and hitherto unheard-of deaths. The Christian converts besought Peter not to expose his life. As he fled along the Appian Way, about two miles from the gates, he was met by a vision of our Saviour travelling towards the city. Struck with amazement, he exclaimed, ' Lord, whither goest thou ? ' to which the Saviour, looking upon him with a mild sadness, replied, 'I go to Rome to be crucified a second time,' and vanished. Peter, taking this as a sign that he was to submit himself to the sufferings prepared for him, immediately turned back to the city.* Michael Angel o's famous statue, now in the Church of Sta. Maria sopra Minerva, is supposed to represent Christ as he appeared to St. Peter on this occasion. A cast or copy of it is in the little church of ' Domine, quo vadis ? ' " It is surprising that this most beautiful, picturesque, and, to my fancy, sublime legend, has been so seldom treated ; and never, as it seems to me, in a manner worthy of its capabilities and high signifi- cance. It is seldom that a story can be told by two figures, and these two figures placed in such grand and dramatic contrast ; — Christ in His • This storj- is told by St. Ambrose. 390 WALKS IN ROME. serene majesty, and radiant with all the joy of beatitude, yet with an expression of gentle reproach ; the Apostle at his feet arrested in his flight, amazed, and yet filled with a trembling joy ; and for the back- ground the wide Campagna, or towering walls of imperial Rome." — Mrs. yamesoji* Beyond the church is a second " Bivium," or cross-ways, where a lane on die left leads up the Valle Caffarelle. Here, feelmg an uncertainty which was the crossing where Our Saviour appeared to St. Peter, the English Cardinal Pole erected a second tiny chapel of " Domine Quo Vadis," which remains to this day. On the left, is the Cohimbarium of the Frccdmen of Augustus and Livia, divided into three chambers, but despoiled of its adornments. Other Columbaria near this are assigned to the Volusii, and the C^cilii. Over the wall on the left of the Via Appia now hangs in profusion the rare yellow berried i\y. Many curious plants are to be found on these old Roman walls. Their com- monest parasite, the Pellitory — '^ herb a paridina" calls to mind the nickname given to the Emperor Trajan in derision of his passion for inscribing his name upon the walls of Roman buildings Avhich he had merely restored, as if he were their founder ;t a passion in which the popes have since largely participated. We now reach (on the right) the entrance of the Cata- combs of St. Calixtus. (The Catacombs (except those at S. Sebastiano) can only be visited in company of a guide. For most of the Catacombs it is hecessary to obtain a permcsso at the office of the Cardinal-Vicar, 70 Via dclla * This story is represented in one of the ancient tapestries in the cathedral of Anagni. t Amm. Marccll. lib. xxvii. c. CA TA COMBS OF ST. CA LIXTUS. 39 1 Scrofa, before 12 a.m. ; upon which a day (generally Sunday) is fixed, which must be adhered to. The Catacombs of St. Calixtus are some- times superficially shown without a %'^ftzv^ pcrmcsso. It may be well for the visitor to provide himself with tajjers — ceriiu.) All descriptions of dangers attending a visit to the Cata- combs, if accompanied by a guide, and provided with " cerini," are quite imaginary. Neither does the visitor ever suffer from cold ; the temperature of the Catacombs is mild and warm ; the vaults are almost always dry, and the air pure. "The Roman Catacombs — a name consecrated by long usage, but having no etymological meanitig, and not a very determinate geo- graphical one — are a vast labyrinth of galleries excavated in the bowels of the earth in the hills around the Eternal City ; not in the hills on which the city itself was built, but in those beyond the walls. Their extent is enormous ; not as to the amount of superficial soil which they underlie, for they rarely, if ever, pass beyond the third mile-stone from the city, but in the actual length of their galleries ; for these are often excavated on various levels, or piani, three, four, or even five — one above the other ; and they cross and recross one another, sometimes at short intei-vals, on each of these levels ; so that, on the whole, there are certainly not less than 350 miles of them ; that is to say, if stretched out in one continuous line, they would extend the whole length of Italy itself. The galleries are from two to four feet in width, and vary in height according to the nature of the rock in which they are dug. The walls on both sides are pierced with horizontal niches, like shelves in a bookcase or berths in a steamer, and every niche once contained one or more dead bodies. At various intervals this succession of shelves is interrupted for a moment, that room may be made for a doorway opening into a small chamber ; and the walls of these chambers are generally pierced with graves in the same way as the galleries. " These vast excavations once fonned the ancient Christian cemeteries of Rome ; they were begun in apostolic times, and continued to be used as burial-places of the faithful till the capture of the city by Alaric in the year 410. In the third centuiy, the Roman Church numbered twenty-five or twenty-six of them, corresponding to the number of her titles, or parishes, -within the city ; and besides these, there are about 392 WALKS IN ROME. twenty others, of smaller dimensions, isolated monuments of special martyrs, or belonging to this or that private family. Originally they all belonged to private families or individuals, the villas or gardens in which they w^ere dug being the property of wealthy citizens who had embraced the faith of Christ, and devoted of th.eir substance to His service. Hence their most ancient titles were taken merely from the names of their lawful owners, many of which still survive. Lucina, for example, who lived in the days of the Apostles, and others of the same family, or at least of the same name, who lived at various periods in the next two centuries ; Priscilla, also a contemporary of the Apostles ; Flavia Domitilla, niece of Vespasian ; Commodilla, whose property lay on the Via Ostiensis ; Cyriaca, on the Via Tiburtina ; Pretextatus, on the Via Appia ; Pontiano, on the Via Portuensis ; and the Jordani, Maximus and Thraso, all on the Via Salaria Nova. These names are still attached to the various catacombs, because they were originally begun upon the land of those who bore them. Other catacombs are known by the names of those who presided over their formation, as that of St. Calixtus, on the Via Appia ; or St. Mark, on the Via Ardeatina ; or of the principal martyrs who were buried in them, as SS. Hermes, Basilla, Protus, and Hyacinthus, on the Via Salaria Vetus ; or, lastly, by some peculiarity of their position, as ad Catacumbas on the Via Appia, and ad ditas Lauras on the Via Labicana. " It has always been agreed among men of learning who have had an opportunity of examining these excavations, that they were used exclu- sively by the Christians as places of burial and of holding religious assemblies. Modem research has now placed it beyond a doiibt, that they were also originally designed for this purpose and for no other : that they were not deserted sand-pits [aroiariiz) or quarries, adapted to Christian uses, but a development, with important modifications, of a form of sepulchre not altogether unknown even among the heathen families of Rome, and in common use among the Jews both in Rome and elsewhere. " At first, the work of making the Catacombs was done openly, with- out let or hindrance, by the Christians ; the entrances to them were public on the high-road or on the hill-side, and the galleries and chambers v/ere freely decorated with paintings of a sacred character. But early in the third century, it became necessary to withdraw them as much as possible from the public eye ; new and often difficult entrances were now effected in the recesses of deserted arenaiicB^ and even the liberty of Christian art was cramped and fettered, lest M'hat was holy should fall under the profane gaze of theunbaptized. CHARACTER OF THE CATACOMBS. 393. " Each of these burial-places was called in ancient times either hypogaum, i. e. generically, a subterranean place, or cccmetcriuni, a sleeping-place, a new name of Christian origin which the pagans could only repeat, probably without understanding; sometimes also mar- tyriiim, or confessio (its Latin equivalent), to signify that it was the burial-place of martyrs or confessors of the faith. An ordinary grave was called locus or loaihis, if it contained a single body ; or bisomum, trisomuin^ or quadrisojniun, if it contained two, three, or four. The graves were dug hy fossores, and burial in them was called depositki. The galleries do not seem to have had any specific name ; but the chambers were called cubicula. In most of these chambers, and sometimes also in the galleries themselves, one or more tombs are to be seen of a more elaborate kind ; a long oblong chasse, like a sarcophagus, either hol- lowed out in the rock or built up of masonry, and closed by a heavy slab of marble lying horizontally on the top. The niche over tombs of this kind was of the same length as the grave, and generally vaulted in a semicircular foi"m, whence they were called airosolia. Sometimes, however, the niche retained the rectangular form, in which case there was no special name for it, but for distinction's sake we may be allowed to call it a table-tomb. Those of the arcosolia, which were also the tomb of martyrs, were used on the anniversaries of their deaths {Natalitia, or birthdays) as altars whereon the holy mys- teries were celebrated ; hence, whilst some of the cithicula were only family-vaults, others were chapels, or places of public assembly. It is probable that the holy mysteries were celebrated also in the private vaults, on the anniversaries of the deaths of their occupants ; and each one was sufficiently.large in itself for use on these private occasions ; but in order that as many as possible might assist at the public celebra- tions, two, three, or even four of the ciibkida were often made close together, all receiving light and air through one shaft or air-hole (liimmare), pierced through the superincumbent soil up to the open air. In this way as many as a hundred persons might be collected in some parts of the catacombs to assist at the same act of public worship ; whilst a still larger number might have been dispersed in the ctibicula of neighbouring galleries, and received there the bread of life brought to them by the assistant priests and deacons. Indications of this arrange- ment are not only to be found in ancient ecclesiastical writings ; they may still be seen in the very walls of the catacombs themselves, epis- copal chairs, chairs for the presiding deacon or deaconess, and benches for the faithful, having formed part of the original design when the chambers were hewn out of the living rock, and still remain- 394 TV J LA'S I.V ROME. ing where they were first made." — Roma Sotterranea, NortJuote and Braiuttlcnv. "To our classic associations, Rome was still, under Trajan and the Antonines, the city of the Caesars, the metropolis of pagan idolatry — in the pages of her poets and historians we still linger among the triumphs of the Capitol, the shows of the Coliseum ; or if we read of a Christian being dragged before the tribunal, or exposed to the beasts, we think of him as one of a scattered community, few in number, spiritless in action, and politically insignificant. But all this while there was living beneath the visible an invisible Rome — a population imheeded, unreckoned — thought of vaguely, vaguely spoken of, and with the familiarity and indifference that men feel who live on a volcano — ^yet a population strong-hearted, of quick impulses, nerved alike to suffer or to die, and in number, resolution, and physical force sufficient to have hurled their oppressors from the throne of the world, had they not deemed it their duty to kiss the rod, to love their enemies, to bless those that cursed them, and to submit, for their Redeemer's sake, to the 'powers that be.' Here, in these 'dens and caves of the earth,' they lived; here they died — a 'spectacle' in their lifetime 'to men and angels,' and in their death a ' triumph ' to mankind — a triumph of which the echoes still float around the walls of Rome, and over the desolate Campagna, while those that once thrilled the Capitol are silenced, and the walls that returned them have long since crumbled into dust." — Lord Lindsay' s Clwistian Art, i. 4. The name Catacombs is modem, having originally been only applied to S. Sebastiano " ad catacumbas." The early Christians called their burial-places by. the Greek name Ccemetcria, sleeping-places. Almost all the catacombs are between the first and third mile-stones from the Aurelian wall, to which point the city extended before the wall itself was built. This was in obedience to the Roman law which forbade burial within the precincts of the city. The fact that the Christians were always anxious not to burn their dead, but to bury them, in these ^ock-he^v]3 sepulchres, was probably owing to the remembrance that our Lord was himself laid " in a new tomb hewn out of CATACOMB OF ST. CALIXTUS. 395 the rock," and perhaps also for this reason the bodies were wrapt in fine hnen cloths, and buried with pre- cious spices, of which remains have been found in the tombs. The Catacomb which is known as St. Calixtus, is composed of a number of catacombs, once distinct, but now joined together. Such were those of Sta. Lucina; of Anatolia, daughter of the consul ^milianus; and of Sta. Soteris, " a virgin of the family to which St Ambrose belonged in a later generation," and who was buried " in coemeterio suo," a.d. 304. The passages of these catacombs were gradually united with those which originally belonged to the cemetery of Calixtus. The high mass of ruin which meets our eyes on first entering the vineyard of St. Calixtus, is a remnant of the tomb of the Csecilii, of which family a number of epitaphs have been found. Beyond this is another ruin, supposed by Marangoni to have been the basilica which St. Damasus provided for his own burial and that of his mother and sister; which Padre Marchi believed to be the church of St. Mark and St. Marcellinus ; — but which De Rossi identifies with the cella vie7norice, sometimes called of St. Sistus, sometimes of St. Ceciha (because built immediately over the graves of those martyrs), by St. Fabian in the third century.* Descending into the Catacomb by an ancient staircase restored, we reach (passing a sepulchral cubiculum on the right) the Chapel of the Popes, a place of burial and of worship of the third or fourth century, (as it was restored * Roma Sotterranea, p. 130. / 396 WALK'S IN ROME. after its discovery in 1854, but) still retaining remains of the marble slabs with which it was faced by Sixtus III. in the fifth century, and of marble columns, &c. with which it was adorned by St. Leo III. (795 — 816). The walls are lined with graves of the earliest popes, many of them martyrs — viz. St. Zephyrinus, (202 — 211); St. Pontianus, who died in banishment in Sardinia, (231 — 236); St. Anteros, martyred under Maximian in the second month of his pontificate, (236); St. Fabian, martyred under Decius, (236 — 250); St. Lucius, mart3Ted under Valerian, (253—255); St.. Stephen I., martyred in his episcopal chair under Va- lerian, (255 — 257); St. Sixtus II., martyred in the catacombs of St. Pretextatus, (257 — 260); St. Dionysius, (260 — 271); St. Eutychianus, mart3T, (275 — 283); and St. Caius, (284 — 296). Of these, the gravestones of Anteros, Fabian, Lucius, and Eutychianus, have been discovered, with in- scriptions in Greek, which is acknowledged to have been the earliest language of the Church, — in which St. Paul and St. James wrote, and in which the proceedings of the first twelve Councils were carried on.* Though no inscriptions have been found relating to the other popes mentioned, they are known to have been buried here from the earliest authorities. Over the site of the altar is one of the beautifully-cut inscriptions of Pope St. Damasus (366 — 3S4), " whose labour of love it was to rediscover the tombs which had been blocked up for concealment under Diocletian, to remove the earth, widen the passages, adorn the sepulchral chambers with marble, and support the friable tufii walls with arches of brick and stone." t • Roma Sotterranca, p. 177. t Roma Sotteranea, p. 97. CATACOMB OF ST. CALIXTUS. 397 *' Hie congesta jacet qujcris si turba Piomm Corpora Sanctorum retinent veneranda sepulchra, Sublimes animas rapuit sibi Regia Cocli : Hie eomites Xysti portant qui ex hoste tropasa ; Hie numeiais procerum servat qui altaria Cliristi ; , Hie positus longa vixit qui in pace Sacerdos ; Hie Confessores saneti quos Graecia misit ; Hie juvenes, puerique, senes, castique nepotes, Quis mage virgineum plaeuit retinere pudorem. Hie fateor Damasus volui mea eondere membra, Sed eineres timui sanctos vexare Piorum. " Here, if you would kno'.v, lie heaped together a number of the holy, These honoured sepulchres inclose the bodies of the saints, Their lofty souls the palace of heaven has received. Here lie the companions of Xystus, who bear away the tropliies from the enemy ; Here a tribe of the elders which guards the altars of Christ ; Here is buried the priest who lived long in peace ; * Here the holy confessors who came from Greece ; + Here lie youths and boys, old men and their chaste descendants, Who kept their virginity undefiled. Here I Damasus wished to have laid my limbs, But feared to disturb the holy ashes of the saints. "J From this chapel we enter the Cnlncvluin of Sta Cecilia, where the body of the saint was buried by her friend Urban after her martyrdom in her own house in the Trastevere (see Chap. XVII.) A.D. 224, and where it was discovered in 820 by Pope Paschal I. (to whom its resting-place had been revealed in a dream), " fresh and perfect as when it was first laid in the tomb, and clad in rich garment^ mixed Avith gold, with linen cloths stained with blood rolled up at her feet, lying in a cypress coffin." § * St. Melchiades, buried in another part of the catacomb, who lived long in peace after the persecution had ceased. t Hippolytus, Adrias, I\L^rca, Neo, Paulina, and others. X St. Damasus was buried in the chapel above the entrance. § "A more striking commentary on the divine promise, ' The Lord keepeth all the 398 WALKS I.V 1^0 ME. Close to the entrance of the cubicuhim, upon the wall, is a painting of Cecilia, " a woman richly attired, and adorned with bracelets and necklaces." Near it is a niche for the lamp which burnt before the shrine, at the back of which is a large head of Our Saviour, " of the Byzantine type, and with rays of glory behind it in the form of a Greek cross. Side by side with this, but on the flat surface of the wall, is a figure of St. Urban (the friend of Cecilia, who laid her body here) in full pontifical robes, with his name inscribed." Higher on the wall are figures of three saints, " executed apparently in the fourth, or perhaps even the fifth century " — Polycamus, an unknown martyr, with a palm branch ; Sebas- tianus ; and Curinus, a bishop (Quirinus bishop of Siscia — buried at St. Sebastian). In the pavement is a gravestone of Septimus Pretextatus Csecilianus, " a servant of God, who lived worthy for three-and-thirty years ; " — con- sidered important as suggesting a connection between the family of Cecilia and that of St. Prsetextatus, in whose catacomb on the other side of the Appian Way her husband and brother-in-law were buried, and where her friend St. Urban was concealed. These two chapels are the only ones which it is necessary to dwell upon here in detail. The rest of the catacomb is shown in varying order, and explained in different ways. Three points are of historic interest, i. The roof-shaped tomb of Pope St. Melchiadcs, who lived long in peace and died A.D. 313. 2. The Cubiculum of Pope St. Euscbius, in the middle of which is placed an inscription, pagan on one side, on tiic other a restoration of the fifth century of one bones of his servants; He will not lisc one of them' (Ps. .\x.\iii. 24), it would be dirficiilt lo conceive." — Koma ^oticii mica. CATACOMB OF ST. CALIXTUS. 399 of tlie beautiful inscriptions of Pope Damasus, which is thus translated :~ " Heraclius forbade the lapsed to grieve for their sins. Eusebius taught those unhappy ones to weep for their crimes. The people were rent into parties, and with increasing fury began sedition, slaughter, fighting, discord, and strife. Straightway both (the pope and the heretic) were banished by the cruelty of the tyrant, although the pope was preserving the bonds of peace inviolate. He bore his exile with joy, looking to the Lord as his judge, and on the shore of Sicily gave up the world and his life." At the top and bottom of the tablet is the 'following title :— " Damasus Episcopus fecit Eusebio episcopo et martyri," and on either side a single file of letters which hands do\\-n to us the name of the sculptor who executed the Damasine inscriptions. "Furius Dionysius Filocalus scripsit Damasis pappDS cultor atque amatot. ' 3. Near the exit, properly in the catacomb of Sta. Lucina, connected with that of Calixtus by a labyrinth of galleries, is the tomb of Pope St. Cornelius (251, 252) the only Roman bishop down to the time of St. Sylvester (314) who bore the name of any noble Roman family, and whose epitaph (perhaps in consequence) is in Latin, while those of the other popes are in Greek. The tomb has no cliapel of its own, but is a mere grave in a gallery, with a rectangular instead of a circular space above, as in the cubicula. Near the tomb are fragments of one of the commemorotive inscrip- tions of St. Damasus, which has been ingeniously restored by De Rossi thus : — 400 WALKS IN ROME. " Aspice, descensu extructo tenebrisque fugatis Cornell monumenta vides tumulumque sacratum Hoc opus aegrotl Damasl prrestantla fecit, Esset ut accessus niellor, populisque paratum AuxUlum sanctl, at valeas si fundere puro Corde preces, Damasus melior consurgere posset, Quern non lucls amor, tenult mage cura laboris." " Behold ! a way down has been constructed, and the darkness dis- pelled ; you see the monuments of Cornelius, and his sacred tomb. This work the zeal of Damasus has accomplished, sick as he is, in order that the approach might be better, and the aid of the saint might be made convenient for the people ; and that, if you will pour forth your prayers from a pure heart, Damasus may rise up better in health, though it has not been love of life, but care for work, that has kept him (here below)." * St. Cornelius was banished under Callus to Centumcellss — now Civita Vecchia, and was brought back thence to Rome for martyrdom Sept. 14, a.d. 252. On the same day of the month, in 258, died his friend and correspondent St. Cyprian, archbishop of Carthage,t who is consequently commemorated by the Church on the same day with St. Cornelius. Therefore also, on the right of the grave, are two figures of bishops with inscriptions declaring them to be St. Cornelius and St. Cyprian. Each holds the book of the Gospels in his hands and is clothed in pontifical robes, " including the pallium, which had not yet been confined as a mark of distinction to metropolitans. J Beneath the picture stands a pillar which held one of the vases of oil which were always kept burning before the shrines of the martyr. Beyond the tomb, at the end of the gallery, is anotlicr painting of two bishoj)s, St. Sistus II., martyred in * Roma Sutterranea, p. i8o. f Alban Butler, viii. 204. X Roma Sottcrranea, p. 182. r.lINTIN-GS IN THE CATACOMBS. 401 the catacomb of Pretextatus, and St. Optatus who was buried near him. In going round this catacomb, and in most of the others, the visitor will be shown a number of rude paintings, which will be explained to him in various ways, according to the tendencies of his guide. The paintings may be considered to consist of three classes, symbolical ; allegorical and biblical ; and liturgical. There is little variety of subject, — the same are introduced over and over again. The symbols most frequently introduced on and over the graves are : — The Anchor, expressive of hope. Ileb. vi. 19. The Dove, symbolical of the Christian soul released from its eartlily tabernacle. Ps. Iv. 6. The Sheep, symbolical of the soul still wandering amid the pastures and deserts of earthly life. Ps. cxix. 176. Isaiah liii. 6. Jolm X. 14 ; xxl 15, 16, 17. The Phcenix, " the palm bird," emblematical of etcmity and tlie resurrection. The Fish — typical of Our Saviour — from tlie word ix'^vq, fomied by the initial letters of the titles of Our Lord — Ijjto'jc Xpiorof Qtov Yioc 2wr?7p — "Jesus Christ, the Son of God, the Saviour." The Ship — representing the Church militant, sometimes seen carried on the back of the hsli. Bread, represented with fish, sometimes carried in a basket on its back, sometimes with it on a table — in allusion to the multipli- cation of the loaves and fishes. A Female Figure Praying, an " Orante " — in allusion to the Church. A Vine — also in allusion to the Church. Ps. Ixxx. S. Isaiali v. I. An Olive branch, as a sign of peace. A Palm branch, as a sign of victory and martyrdom. Rev. vii. 9. Allegorical and Biblical Representations. Of these The Good Shepherd requires an especial notice from the importance which is giA-en to it and its frequent VOL. I. 26 402 WALKS IN ROME. introduction in catacomb art, both in sculpture and painting. "By far the most interesting of the early Christian paintings is that of Our Saviour as the Good Shepherd, which is almost invariably painted on the central space of the dome or cupola, subjects of minor interest being disposed around it in compartments, precisely in the style, as regards both the arrangement and execution, of the heathen catacombs. "He is represented as a youth in a shepherd's frock and sandals, carrying the ' lost sheep ' on his shoulders, or leaning on his staff (the symbol, according to St. Augustine, of the Christian hierarchy), while the sheep feed around, or look up at him. Sometimes he is represented seated in the midst of the flock, playing on a shepherd's pipe, — in a few instances, in the oldest catacombs, he is introduced in the character of Orpheus, surrounded by wild beasts enrapt by the melody of his lyre, — Orpheus being then supposed to have been a prophet or precursor of the Messiah. The background usually exhibits a landscape or meadow, sometimes planted with olive-trees, doves resting on their branches, symbolical of the peace of the faithful ; in others, as in a fresco pre- served in the Museum Christianum, the palm of victory is introduced, — but such combinations are endless. In one or two instances the surrounding compartments are filled with personifications of the Seasons, apt emblems of human life, whether natural or spiritual. " The subject of the Good Shepherd, I am sorry to add, is not of Roman but Greek origin, and was adapted from a statue of Mercury carrying a goat, at Tanagra, mentioned by Pausanias. The Christian composition approximates to its original more nearly in the few instances where Our Saviour is represented carrying a goat, emblematical of the scapegoat of the wilderness. Singularly enough, though of Greek parentage, and recommended to the By/antines by Constanline, who erected a statue of the Good Shepherd in the forum of Constantinople, the subject did not become popular among them ; they seem, at least, to have tacitly abandoned it to Rome." — Lord Lindsay's Christian Art. " The Good Shepherd seems to have been quite the favourite subject. We cannot go through any part of the Catacombs, or turn over any collection of ancient Christian monuments, without coming across it again and again. We know from Tertullian that it was often designed upon chalices. We find it ourselves painted in fresco upon the roofs and walls of the sepulchral chambers ; rudely scratched upon grave- stones, or more carefully sculptured on sarcophagi ; traced in gold i PAINTINGS IN THE CATACOMBS. 403 upon glass, moulded on lamps, engraved on rings ; and, in a word, represented on every species of Christian monument that has come down to us. Of course, amid such a multitude of examples, there is considerable variety of treatment. We cannot, however, appreciate the suggestion of Kiigler, that this frequent repetition of the subject is probably to be attributed to the capabilities which it possessed in an artistic point of view. Rather, it was selected because it expressed the whole sum and substance of the Christian dispensation. In the language even of the Old Testament, the action of Divine Providence upon the world is frequently expressed by images and allegories borrowed from pastoral life ; God is the Shepherd, and njen are His sheep. But in a still more special way our Divine Redeemer offers Himself to our regards as the Good Shepherd. He came down from His eternal throne into this wilderness of the world to seek the lost sheep of the whole human race, and having brought them together into one fold on earth, thence to transport them into the ever-verdant pastures of Paradise." — Roma Sotterranea. Other biblical subjects are : — from the Old Testament (those of Noah, Moses, Daniel, and Jonah being the only ones at all common) — 1. The Fall. Adam and Eve on either side of the Tree of Know- ledge, round which the serpent is coiled. Sometimes, instead of this, "Our Saviour (as the representative cf the Deity) stands between them, condemning them, and offering a lamb to Eve and a sheaf of corn to Adam, to signify the doom of themselves and their posterity to delve and to spin through all future ages." 2. The Offering of Cain and Abel. They present a lamb and sheaf of corn to a seated figure of the Almighty. 3 . Noah in the Ark, represented as a box — a dove, bearing an olive- branch, flies towards him. Interpreted to express the doctrine that " the faithful having obtained remission of their sins through baptism, have received from the Holy Spirit the gift of divine peace, and are saved in the mystical ark of the church from the destruction which awaits the world." * (Acts ii. 47.) 4. Sacrifice of Isaac. 5. Passage of the Red Sea. * Roma Sotterranea, p. 242. 404 IVALA'S IN ROME. 6. Moses receiving the Law. 7. Moses striking water from the rock — (very common). 8. Moses pointing to the pots of manna. 9. Elijah going up to heaven in the chariot of fire. 10. The Three Children in the fiery furnace ; — very common as sym- bolical of martyrdom. 11. Daniel in the lions' den; — generally a naked figure with hands extended, and a lion on either side ; most common — as an encouragement to Christian sufferers. 12. Jonah swallowed up by the whale, represented as a strange kind of sea-horse. 13. Jonah disgorged by the whale. 14. Jonah under the gourd ; or, according to the Vulgate, under the ivy. 15. Jonah lamenting for the death of the gourd. These four subjects from the story of Jonah are constantly re- peated, perhaps as encouragement to the Christians suffering from the wickedness of Rome — the modern Nineveh, which they were to warn and pray for. Subjects from the Nc7a Testament are : 1. The Nativity— the ox and the ass kneeling. 2. The Adoration of the Magi— repeatedly placed in juxtaposition with the story of the Three Children. 3. Our Saviour turning water into wine. 4. Our Saviour conversing with the woman of Samaria. 5. Our Saviour healing the paralytic man — who takes up his bed. This is very common. 6. Our Saviour healing the woman with the issue of blood. 7. Our Saviour multiplying the loaves and fishes. 8. Our Saviour healing the daughter of the woman of Canaan. 9. Our Saviour healing the blind man. 10. The raising of Lazarus, who appears at a door in his grave- clothes, while Christ with a wand stands before it. This is the New Testament subject oftenest introduced. It is constantly placed in juxtaposition Vvitli a picture of Moses striking the rock. "These two subjects may be intended to represent the beginning and end of the Christian course, 'the fountain of water springing up to life everlasting.' God's grace and the gift of faith being typified by the water flowing from the rock, J CJ TA COMB OF ST. PRE TEXTA TUS. 405 ' which was Christ,' and life everlasting by the victory over death and the second life vouchsafed to Lazarus." * 1 1 . Our Saviour's triumphal entry into Jerusalem. 12. Our Saviour giving the keys to Peter — very rare. 13. Our Saviour predicting the denial of Peter. 14. The denial of Peter. 15. Our Saviour before Pilate. 16. St. Peter taken to prison. These last six subjects are only represented on tombs. + The class of paintings shown as Lititrgical are less de- finite than these. In the Catacombs of Calixtus several obscure paintings are shown (in cubicula anterior to the middle of the third century), which are said to have re- ference to the sacrament of baptism. Pictures of the paralytic carrying his bed are identified by some Roman Catholic authorities with the sacrament of penance. (!) Bosio believed that in the Catacomb of Sta. Priscilla he had found paintings which illustrated the sacrament of or- dination. Representations undoubtedly exist which illus- trate the agape or love-feast of the primitive Church. On the opposite side of the Via Appia from St. Calixtus (generally entered from the road leading to S. Urbano) is the Catacomb of St. Fniextatus, interesting as being the known burial-place of several martyrs. A large crypt was discovered here in 1857, built with solid masonry and lined with Greek marble. "The workmanship points to early date, and specimens of pagan architecture in the same neighbourhood enable us to fix the middle of the latter half of the second century (a.d. 175) as a very probable date for its erection. The Acts of the Saints explain to us why it was built with bricks, and not hewn out of the rock — viz. because the Christian who made it (Sta. Marmenia) had caused it to be excavated immediately * Roma Sotterranea, p. 247. t Lord Lindsay's Christian Art, i. 46. 4o6 WALK'S IN ROME. below her own house; and now that we see it, \ve understand the precise meaning of the words used by the itineraries describing it — viz. ' a large cavern, most firmly built.' The vault of the chapel is most elaborately painted, in a style by no means inferior to the best classical productions of the age. It is divided into four bands of wreaths, one of roses, another of corn-sheaves, a third of vine-leaves and grapes (and in all these, birds are introduced visiting their young in nests), and the last or highest, of leaves of laurel or the bay-tree. Of course these severally represent the seasons of spring, summer, autumn, and winter. The last is a well-known figure or symbol of death ; and probably the laurel, as the token of victory, was intended to represent the new and Christian idea of the everlasting reward of a blessed immortality. Below these bands is another border, more indistinct, in which reapers are gathering in the corn ; and at the back of the arch is a rural scene, of which the central figure is the Good Shepherd carrying a sheep upon his shoulders. This, however, has been destroyed by graves pierced through the wall and the rock behind it, from the eager desire to bury the dead of a later generation as near as possible to the tombs of the martyrs. As De Rossi proceeded to examine these graves in detail, he could hardly believe his eyes when he read around the edge of one of them these words and fragments of words : — Ali Refrigeri Janiiarius Agatopos Felicissim Martyres — ' Januarius, Agapetus, Felicissimus, martyrs, refresh the soul of . . . . ' The words had been scratched upon the mortar while it was yet fresh, fifteen centuries ago, as the prayer of some bereaved relative for the soul of him whom they were burying here, and now they revealed to the antiquarian of the nineteenth century the secret he was in quest of— viz. the place of burial of the saints whose aid is here invoked ; for the numerous examples to be seen in other cemeteries warrant us in concluding that the bodies of the saints, to whose intercession the soul of the deceased is here recommended, •were at the time of his burial lying at no great distance." — Roma Sotlcrranca. Tlie St. Januarius buried here was the eldest of the seven sons of St. Felicitas, martyred July lo, a.d. 162. St. Agapitus and St. Felicissimus were deacons of Pope Sixtus II., who were martyred together with him and St. Pretex- tatus* in this very catacomb, because Sixtus II. " had set at nought the commands of the Emperor Valerian." t ♦ Alban Butler, viii. 148. t Lib. Pont. J CATACOMB OF ST. PRETEXTATUS. 407 A mutilated inscription of St. Damasus, in the Catacomb of Calixtus, near the tomb of CorneHus, thus records the death of this pope: " Tempore quo gladius secuit pia visura Matris Hie positus rector ca^lestia jussa docebam ; Adveniunt subito, rapiunt qui forte sedentem ; Militibus missis, populi tunc colla dedere. Mox sibi cognovit senior quis lollere vellet Palmam seque suumque caput prior obtulit ipse, Impatiens feritas posset ne laedere quemquam. Ostendit Christus reddit qui prcemia vitce Pastoris meritum, numerum gregis ipse tuetur." "At the time when the sword pierced the heart of our Mother (Church), I, its ruler, buried here, was teaching the things of heaven. Suddenly they came, they seized me seated as I was ;— the soldiers being sent in, the people gave their necks (to the slaughter). Soon the old man saw who was willing to bear away the palm from himself, and was the first to offer himself and his own head, fearing lest the blow should fall on any one else. Christ who awards the rewards of life recognises the merit of the pastor, he himself is preserving the number of his flock." An adjoining crypt, considered to date from a.d. 130, is beheved to be the burial-place of St. Quirinus. Above this catacomb are ruins of two basilicas, erected in honour of St. Zeno; and of Tiburtius, Valerian, and Maximus, companions of Sta. Cecilia in martyrdom. In the road leading to S. Urbano is the entrance to the Jewish Catacomb. It is entered by a chamber open to the sky, floored with black and white mosaic, which is sup- posed to have formed part of a pagan dwelling. The following chamber has remains of a well. Hence a low door forms the entrance of a gallery out of which open six cubicula, one of them containing a fine white marble sar- cophagus, and decorated -with a painting of tlie seven- 4o8 WALKS IN ROME. branched candlestick. A side passage leads to other cubi- cula, and to an open space which seems to have been an actual arenarium. A winding passage at the end of the larger gallery leads to the graves in the floor divided into different cells for corpses, and called Cocim by Rabbinical WTiters. A cubiculum at the end of the catacomb has paintings of figures — Plenty, with a cornucopia ; Victory, with a palm leaf, &c. The inscriptions found show that this cemetery was exclusively Jewish. They refer to officers of the synagogue, rulers (a^^ovTtq), and scribes (ypaiufiaTtiQ), &c. The inscriptions are in great part in Greek letters, expressing Latin words. Another small Jewish catacomb has been discovered behind the basilica of St. Sebastian. Behind the Catacomb of St. Calixtus, on the right of the Via Ardeatina, is the Catacomb of SS. Ncreo ed Achilleo. Close to its entrance is the farm of Tor Maraucia, where are some ruins, believed to be remains of the villa of Flavia Domitilla. This cele- brated member of the early Christian Church was daughter of the Flavia Domitilla who was sister of the Emperor Domitian, — and wife of Titus Flavins Clemens, son of the Titus Flavius Sabinus who was brother of the Emperor Vespasian, Her two sons were, Vespasian Junior and Domitian Junior, who were intended to succeed to the throne, and to whom Quinctilian was appointed as tutor by the emperor. Dion Cassius narrates that " Domitian put to death several persons, and amongst them Flavius Clemens the consul, although he was his nephew, and although he had Flavia Domitilla for his wife, who was also related to the emperor. They were both accused of atheism, on which charge many others also had been condemned, J CATACOMB OF SS. XEREO ED ACIIILLEO. 409 going after the manners and customs of the Jews ; and some of them were put to death, and others had their goods confiscated ; but Domitilla was only banished to Pandata- ria."* This Flavia Domitilla is frequently confused with her niece of the same name,t whose banishment is mentioned by Eusebius, when he says : — " The teaching of our faith had by this time shone so far and wide, that even pagan historians did not refuse to insert in their narratives some account of the persecution and the martyrdoms that were suffered in it. Some, too, have marked the time accur- ately, mentioning, amongst many others, in the fifteenth year of Domitian (a.d. 97), Flavia Domitilla, the daughter of a sister of Flavius Clemens, one of the Roman consuls of those days, who, for her testimony for Christ, was punished by exile to the island of Pontia." It was this younger Domitilla who was accompanied in her exile by her two Christian servants, Nereus and Achilles ; Avhose banishment is spoken of by St. Jerome as " a life -long martyrdom," — whose cell was afterwards visited by Sta. Paula, X and who, according to the Acts of SS. Nereus and Achilles, was brought back to the mainland to be burnt ahve at Terracina, because she refused to sacrifice to idols. The relics of Domitilla, witli those of her servants, were preserved in the catacomb under the villa which had belonged to her Christian aunt. Receiving as evidence the story of Sta. Domitilla, this catacomb must be looked upon as the oldest Christian cemetery in existence. Its galleries were widened and strengthened by John I. (523 — 526). A chamber near the • Now Santa Maria, an island near Gaieta. t Alban Butler, v. 205. X Alban Butler, v. 205. 4IO WALK'S IN ROME. entrance is pointed out as the burial-place of Sta. Pe- tronilla. " The sepulchre of SS. Nereus and Achilles was in all probability in that chapel to which we descend by so magnificent a staircase, and which is iUuminated by so fine a luminare; for that this is the central point of attraction in the cemetery is clear, both from the staircase and the luminare just mentioned, as also from the greater width of the ad- jacent galleries and other similar tokens." Here then St. Gregory the Great delivered his twenty-eighth homily (which Baronius erroneously supposes to have been delivered in the Church of SS. Nereo ed Achilleo, to which the bodies of the saints were not yet removed), in which he says — " These saints, before whose tomb we are assembled, despised the world and trampled it under their feet, when peace, plenty, riches, and health gave it charms." " . . . . There is a higher and more ancient //i?;/^, in which coins and medals of the first two centuries, and inscriptions of great value, have been recently discovered. Some of these inscriptions may still be seen in one of the chambers near the bottom of the staircase ; they are both Latin and Greek ; sometimes both languages are mixed ; and in one or two instances Latin words are written in Greek characters. Many of these monuments are of the deepest importance both in an antiquarian and religious point of view ; in archceology, as showing the practice of private Christians in the first ages to make the subterranean chambers at their own expense and for their own use, e. g. — ' ^L Aurelius Restutus made this subterranean for himself, and those of his family who believed in the Lord,' — where, both the triple names and the limitation intro- duced at the end (which shows that many of his family were still pagan), are unquestionably proofs of very high antiquity." — Northcote s Roman Catacombs, p. 103, &c. Among the most remarkable paintings in this catacomb are, Orpheus with his lyre, surrounded by birds and beasts who are charmed with his music ; Elijah ascending to heaven in a chariot drawn by four horses ; and the portrait of Our Lord. "The head and bust of our Lord form a medallion, occupying the centre of the roof in the same cubiculum where Orpheus is represented. BURIAL-PLACE OF STA. DOMITILLA. 411 This painting, in consequence of the description given of it by Kiigler (who misnamed the catacomb St. Calixtus), is often eagerly sought after by strangers visiting the catacombs. It is only just, however, to add, that they are generally disappointed. Kiigler supposed it to be the oldest portrait of Our Blessed Saviour in existence, but we doubt if there is sufficient authority for such a statement. He describes it in these Vi^ords : — ' The face is oval, with a straight nose, arched eyebrows, a smooth and rather high forehead, the expression serious and mild ; the hair, parted on the forehead, flows in long curls down the shoulders ; the beard is not thick, but short and divided ; the age between thirty and forty.' But this description is too minute and precise, too artistic, for the original, as it is now to be seen. A lively imagination may, perhaps, supply the details described by our author, but the eye certainly fails to distinguish them." — Roma Sotterraiica, p. 253. Approached by a separate entrance on the slope of the hill-side is a sepulchral chamber, which De Rossi considers to have been the Burial-place of Sta. Domitilla. " It is certainly one of the most ancient and remarkable Christian monuments yet discovered. Its position, close to the highway ; its front of fine brickwork, with a cornice of terra-cotta, with the usual space for an inscription (which has now, alas, perished) ; the spaciousness of its gallery, with its four or five separate niches prepared for as many sarcophagi ; the fine stucco on the wall ; the eminently classical cha- racter of its decorations ; all these things make it perfectly clear that it was the monument of a Christian family of distinction, excavated at great cost, and without the slightest attempt at concealment. In pass- ing from the vestibule into the catacomb, we recognise the transition from the use of the sarcophagus to that of the common locidiis ; for the first two or three graves on either side, though really mere shelves in the wall, are so disguised by painting on the outside as to present to passers- by the complete outward appearance of a sarcophagus. Some few of these graves are marked with the names of the dead, written in black on the largest tiles, and the inscriptions on the other graves are all of the simplest and oldest form. Lastly, the whole of the vaulted roof is covered with the most exquisitely graceful designs, of branches of the vine (with birds and winged genii among them) trailing with all the freedom of nature over the whole walls, not fearing any interruption by graves, nor confined by any of those lines of geometrical symmetry which characterise similar productions in the next centuiy. Traces also 412 WALKS IN ROME. of landscapes may be seen here and there, which are of rare occurrence in the catacombs, though they may be seen in the chambers assigned by De Rossi to SS. Nereus and Achilles. The Good Shepherd, an agape, or the heavenly feast, a man fishing, and Daniel in the lions' den, are the chief historical or allegorical representations of Christian mysteries which are painted here. Unfortunately they have been almost destroyed by persons attempting to detach them from the wall." — Roma Sotterranea, p. 70- A road to the left now leads to the Via Appia Nuova, passing about a quarter of a mile hence, a turn on the left to the ruin generally known as the Temple of Bacchus, from an altar dedicated to Bacchus which was found there, but considered by modem antiquaries as a temple of Ceres and Proserpine. This building has been comparatively saved from the destruction which has befallen its neighbours by having been consecrated as a church in a.d. 820 by Pope Pascal I., in honour of his sainted predecessor Urban I., A.D. 226 — whose pontificate was chiefly passed in refuge in the neighbouring Catacomb of St. Calixtus — because of a belief that he was wont to resort hither. A chapel at a great depth below the church, is shown as that in which St. Urban baptized and celebrated mass. A curious fresco here represents the Virgin between St. Urban and St. John. Around the upper part of the interior are a much injured series of frescoes, comprising — the life of Christ from the Annunciation to the descent into Hades, — and the life of St. Cecilia and her husband Valerian, ending in the buri;d of Cecilia by Pope Urban in the Catacombs of CaHxtus, and tlie story of the martyred Urban I. In the picture of the Crucifixion, the thieves have their names, '■ Calpurnius and Longinus." The frescoes were altered in TEMPLE OF BACCHUS. 413 the seventeenth century to suit the views of the Roman Church, keys being placed in the hand of Peter, &c. Sets of drawings taken before and after the alterations, are pre- served in the Barberini Library, and curiously show the difference. A winding path leads from S. Urbano into the val- ley. Here, beside the Almo rivulet, is a ruined Nym- phaeum containing a mutilated statue of a river-god, which was called " the Grotto of Egeria," till a iow years ago, when the discovery of the true site of the Porta Capena fixed that of the grotto within the walls. The fine grove of old ilex-trees on the hillside, was at the same time pointed out as the sacred grove of Egeria. " Egeria ! sweet creation of some heart Which found no mortal resting-place so fair As thine ideal breast ; whate'er thou art Or wert, — a young Aurora of the air, The nympholepsy of some fond despair ; Or, it might be, a beauty of the earth, Who found a more than common votary there Too much adoring ; whatsoe'er thy birth, Thou wert a beautiful thought, and softly bodied forth. *' The mosses of thy fountain still are sprinkled With thine Elysian water-drops ; the face Of thy cave-guarded spring, with years unwrinkled, Reflects the meek-eyed genius of the place, Whose green, wild margin now no more erase Art's works ; nor must the delicate waters sleep, Prisoned in marble, bubbling from the base Of the cleft statue, with a gentle leap The rill runs o'er, and round, fern, flowers, and ivj', creep, "Fantastically tangled ; the green hills Are clothed with early blossoms, through the grass The quick-eyed lizard rustles, and the bills Of summer-birds sing welcome as ye pass ; 414 tVALKS IN ROME. Flowers fresh in hue, and many in their class, Implore the pausing step, and with their dyes Dance in the soft breeze in a fairy mass ; The sweetness of the violet's deep blue eyes, Kiss'd by the breath of heaven, seems coloured by its skies." Byi-on, Childe Harold, It is now known that this nymphaeum and the valley in which it stands belonged to the suburban villa called Triopio, of Herodes Atticus, whose romantic story is handed down to us through two Greek inscriptions in the possession of the Borghese family, and is further illustrated by the writings of Filostratus and Pausanias. A wealthy Greek named Ipparchus offended his government and lost all his wealth by confiscation, but the family fortunes were re- deemed, through the discovery by his son Atticus of a vast treasure, concealed in a small piece of ground which remained to them, close to the rock of the Acropolis. Dreading the avarice of his fellow-citizens, Atticus sent at once to Nerva, the then emperor, telling him of the disco- very, and requesting his orders as to what he was to do with the trea- sure. Nerva replied, that he was welcome to keep it, and use it as he pleased. Not yet satisfied or feeling sufficiently sure of the protection of the emperor, Atticus again applied to him, saying that the treasure was •far too Vast for the use of a person in a private station of life, and asking how he was to use it. The emperor again replied that the treasure was his own and due to his own good fortune, and that "what he could not use he might abuse." Atticus then entered securely into possession of his wealth, which he bequeathed to his son Herodes, who used his fortune magnificently in his bountiful charities, in the encour- agement of literature and art throughout both Greece and Italy, and (best appreciated of all by the Greeks) in the splendour of the public games which he gave. Early in the reign of Antoninus Pius, Herodes Atticus removed to Rome, where he was appointed professor of rhetoric to Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus, tlie two adopted sons of the emperor, and where he attained the consulsliip in A.U. 143. Soon after his arrival he fell in love willi Annia Regilia, a beautiful and wealthy heiress, and in spite of tlie violent ojiposilion of her brother, Annius Attilius Braduas, who, belonging to the Julian family, and claiming an imaginary descent from STOR V OF HERODES A TTICUS. 41 5 Venus and Andiises, looked upon the marriage as a mesalliance, he succeeded in obtaining her hand. Part of the wealth which Annia Regilla brought to her husband was the Valle Caffarelli and its nymphasum. For some years Herodes Atticus and Annia Regilla enjoyed the per- fection of married happiness in this beautiful valley ; but shortly before the expected birth of her fifth child, she died very suddenly, leaving her .husband almost frantic with grief and refusing every consolation. He was roused, however, from his first anguish by his brother-in-law Annius Braduas, who had never laid aside his resentment at the marriage, and who now accused him of having poisoned his wife. Herodes demanded a public trial, and was acquitted. Filostratus records that the intense grief he showed and the depth of the mourning he wore, were taken as signs of his innocence. Further to clear himself from imputation, Herodes offered all the jewels of Annia Regilla upon the altar of the Eleusinian deities, Ceres and Proserpine, at the same time calling down the vengeance of the outraged gods if he were guilty of sacrilege. The beloved Regilla was buried in a tomb surrounded by "a sepul- chral field " within the precincts of the villa, dedicated to Minerva and Nemesis, and (as recorded in one of the Greek inscriptions) it was made an act of the highest sacrilege, for any but her own descendants to be laid within those sacred limits. A statue was also erected to Regilla m the Triopian temple of Ceres and Proserpine, which is now supposed to be the same with that usually called the temple of Bacchus. Not only did Herodes hang his house with black in his affliction, but all gaily coloured marbles were stripped from the walls, and replaced with the dark grey marble known as "bardiglic," — and his depth of woe made him so conspicuous, that a satirical person seeing his cook prepare white beans for dinner, wondered that he could dare to do so in a house so entirely black. The inscriptions in which this story is related (one of them containing thirty-nine Greek verses) are engraved on slabs of Pentelic marble — and Philostrattis and Pausanias narrate that the quarries of this marble were the property of Herodes, and that in his magnificent buildings he almost exhausted them.* * For these and many other particulars, see an interesting lecture by Mr. Shake- spere Wood, on "The Fountain of Egeria," given before the Roman Archaeological Society. 4i6 WALKS IN- ROME. The field path from hence leads back to the Church of Domine Quo Vadis, passing on the right a beautifully- finished tomb (of the time of Septimius Severus) known as the Temple of Divus Redicuhis, and formerly described as having been built to commemorate the retreat of Hannibal, who came thus far in his intended attack upon Rome. The temple erected in memory of this event was really on the right of the Via Appia. It was dedicated to Rediculus, the god of Return. The folly of ciceroni often cites this name as " Ridiculous." The neighbourhood of the Divus Rediculus (which he however places on the right of the Via Appia) is described by Phny in connection with a curious story of imperial times. There was a cobbler who had his stall in tlie Roman Forum, and who possessed a tame raven, which was a great favourite with the young Romans, to whom he would bid good day as he sate perched upon the rostra. At length he became quite a public character, and the indignation was so great when his master killed him with his hammer in a fit of rage at his spoiling some new leather, that they slew the cobbler and decreed a public funeral to the bird ; who was carried to the grave on a bier adorned with honorary crowns, preceded by a piper, and supported by two negroes in honour of his colour, — and buried — "ad rogum usque, qui constructus dextra Vise Appias ad secundum lapidem in campo Rediculo appellato fuit."-^- PUny, N'at. Hist. lib. x. c. 6o. Returning to the Via Appia, we reach, on the right, the Basilica of S. Sebastiano, rebuilt in 1611 by Flaminio Ponzio for Cardinal Scipio Borghese on the site of a church which had been founded by Constantine, where once existed the house and garden of the matron Lucina, in which she had buried the body of Sebastian, after his (second) martyrdom under Diocletian. The basilica con- tains nothing ancient, but the six granite columns in the J BASILICA OF S. SEBASTIANO. 417 portico. The altar covers the relics of the saint (a Gaul, a native of Narbonne, a Christian soldier under Diocletian) and the chapel of St. Sebastian has a statue of him in his youth, designed by Bernini and executed by Antonio Giorgetti. " The almost colossal form lies dead, the head resting on his helmet and armour. It is evidently modelled from nature, and is perhaps the finest thing ever designed by Bernini. . . . It is probably from the association of arrows with his form and stoiy that St. Sebastian has been regarded from the first ages of Christianity as the protecting saint against plague and pestilence ; Apollo was the deity who inflicted plague, and therefore was invoked with prayer and sacrifice against it ; and to the honour of Apollo, in this particular character, St. Sebastian has succeeded." — Jameson s Sacred Art, p. 414. The original of the footprint in the Domine Quo Vadis is said to be preserved here. On the left of the entrance is the descent into the cata- combs, with the inscription : "In hoc sacrosancto loco qui dicitur ad Catacumbas, ubi sepulta fuerunt sanctorum martyrum corpora 174,000, ac 46 summorum pon- tificium pariterque martyrum. In altare in quo corpus divi Sebastiani Christi athletce jacet celebrans summus Pontifex S. Gregorius Magnus vidit angelum Dei candidiorem nive, sibi in tremendo sacrificio mini- strantem ac dicentem, ' Hie est locus sacratissimus in quo est divina promissio et omnium peccatorum remissio, splendor et lux perpetua, sine fine laetitia, quam Christi martyr Sebastianus habere promeruit.' Prout Severanus Tom. P°. pagina 450, ac etiam antiquissimse lapidcDs testantur tabulre. "Ideo in hoc insigne privilegiato altari, tarn missa: cantatce quam privatte, dum celebrantur, animse quae sunt in purgatorio pro quibus sacrificiura offertur plenariam indulgentiam, et omnium suorum pecca- torum remissionem consequuntur prout ab angelo dictum fuit et summi pontifices confirmarunt." These are the catacombs which are most frequently visited by strangers, because they can always be seen on VOL. I. 27 4i8 WALKS IN ROME. application to the monks attached to the church, — though they are of greatly inferior interest to those of St. Calixtus. " Though future excavations may bring to light much that is interest- ing in this cemetery, the small portion now accessible is, as a specimen of the Catacombs, utterly without value. Its only interest consists in its religious associations : here St. Bridget was wont to kneel, rapt in contemplation ; here St. Chai-les Borromeo spent whole nights in prayer ; and here the heart of .St. Philip Neri was so inflamed with divine love as to cause his very bodily frame to be changed." — Northcotc's Rcniaii Catacombs. " Philip, on thee the glowing ray Of heaven came down upon thy prayer, To melt thy heart, and burn away All that of earthly dross was there. " And so, on Philip when we gaze. We see the image of his Lord ; The saint dissolves amid the blaze Which circles round the Living Word. " The meek, the wise, none else is here, Dispensing light to men below; His awful accents fill the ear, Now keen as fire, now soft as snow." J. H. Newman, 1850. Owing to the desire in the early Christian Church of saving the graves of their first confessors and martyrs from desecration, almost all tlie catacombs were gradually blocked up, and by lapse of time their very entrances were forgotten. In the fourteenth century very few were still open. In the fifteenth century none remained except this of St. Sebastian, wliich continued to be frequented by jjilgrims, and was called in all ancient documents " cceme- terium ad catacumbas." At the back of the higli-altar is an interesting half- subterranean building, attributed to Pope Liberius (352 — 355, and afterwards adorned by Pope Damasus, who briefly CATACOMB OF S. SEBASTIANO. 419 tells its history in one of his inscriptions, which may still be seen here : "Hinc habitasse prius sanctos cognoscere debes, Nomina quisque Petri pariter Paulique requiris. Discipulos Oriens misit, quod sponte fatemur, Sanguinis ob meritum Christumque per astra sequuti, Aetherios petiere sinus et regna piorum. Roma suos potius meruit defendere cives. Hsec Damasus vestras referat sidera laudes." " Here you should know that saints dwelt. Their names, if you ask them, were Peter and Paul. The East sent disciples, which we freely acknowledge. For the merit of their blood they followed Christ to the stars, and sought the heavenly home and the kingdom of the blest. Rome however deserved to defend her own citizens. May Damasus record these things for your praise, O new stars." "The two Apostles, St. Peter and St. Paul, were originally buried, the one at the Vatican, the other on the Ostian Way, at the spot where their respective basilicas now stand ; but, as soon as the Oriental Christians had heard of their death, they sent some of their brethren to remove their bodies, and bring them back to the East, where they con- sidered that they had a right to claim them as their fellow-citizens and countrymen. These so far prospered in their mission as to gain a momentary possession of the sacred relics, which they carried off, along the Appian Way, as far as the spot where the church of St. Sebastian was afterwards built. Here they rested for a while, to make all things ready for their journey, or, according to another account, were detained by a thunderstorm of extraordinary violence, which delay, however occasioned, was sufficient to enable the Christians of Rome to overtake them and recover their lost treasure. These Roman Christians then buried the bodies, with the utmost secrecy, in a deep pit, which they dug on the very spot where they were. Soon, indeed, they were restored to their original places of sepulture, as we know from contem- porary authorities, and there seems reason to believe the old ecclesiast- ical tradition to be correct, which states them to have only remained in this temporary abode for a year and seven months. The body of St. Peter, however, was destined to revisit it a second time, and for a longer period ; for when, at the beginning of the third century, Helio- gabalus made his circus at the Vatican, Calixtus, who was then pope, removed the relics of the Apostle to their former temporary resting- place, the pit on the Appian Way. But in .\.D. 257, St. Stephen, the 420 WALK'S I.V HOME. pope, having been discovered in this very cemetery and having suffered martyrdom there, the body of St. Peter was once more removed, and restored to its original tomb in the Vatican." — Northcotis Roman Catacombs. In the passages of this catacomb are misguiding inscrip- tions placed here in 1409 by WiUiam, Archbishop of Bourges, caUing upon the faithful to venerate here the tombs of Sta. Cecilia and of many of the martyred popes, who are buried elsewhere. The martyr St. Cyrinus is known to have been buried here from very early itineraries, but his grave has not been discovered. " When I was a boy, being educated at Rome, I used every Sunday, in company with other boys of my own age and tastes, to visit the tombs of the apostles and martyrs, and to go into the crypts excavated there in the bowels of the earth. The walls on either side as you enter are full of the bodies of the dead, and the whole place is so dark, that one seems almost to see the fulfilment of those words of the prophet, 'Let them go down alive into Hades.' Here and there a little light, admitted from above, suffices to give a momentary relief to the horror of the darkness ; but as you go forwards, and find yourself again im- mersed in the utter blackness of night, the words of the poet come spontaneously to your mind : ' Thevery silence fills the soul with dread.' " — St. Jerome (a. I). 354), /« Ezek. ch. Ix. "A gaunt Franciscan friar, with a wild bright eye, was our only guide down into this profound and dreadful place. The narrow ways and ojienings hither and thither, coupled with the dead and heavy air, soon blotted out, in all of us, any recollection of the track by which we had come ; and I could not help thinking, 'Good Heaven, if in a sudden fit of madness he should dash the torches out, or if he should be seized with a fit, what would become of us ! ' On we wandered, among martyrs' graves: passing great subterranean vaulted roads, diverging in all directions, and choked up with heaps of stones, that thieves and murderers may not take refiige there, and form a population under Rome, even worse tlian tiiat which lives between it and the sun. Graves, graves, graves ; graves of men, of women, of little children, who ran crying to the persecutors, ' We are Christians ! we are Clirisliaiis ! ' that tlicy might be murdered with their jiarcnts ; graves CATACOMB OF S. SEBASTIANO. 421 with the pahn of martj'rdom roughly cut into their stone boundaries, and little niches, made to hold a vessel of the martyr's blood ; graves of some who lived down here, for years together, ministering to the rest, and preaching truth, and hope, and comfort, from the rude altars, that bear witness to their fortitude at this hour ; more roomy graves, but far more terrible, where hundreds, being surprised, were hemmed in and walled up ; buried before death, and killed by slow starvation. " 'The triumphs of the Faith are not above-ground in our splendid churches,' said the friar, looking round upon us, as we stopped to rest in one of the low passages, with bones and dust surrounding us on every side. ' They are here ! among the martyrs' graves ! ' He was a gentle, earnest man, and said it from his heart ;' but when I thought how Christian men have dealt with one another ; how, perverting our most merciful religion, they have hunted down and tortured, burnt and beheaded, strangled, slaughtered, and oppressed each other ; I pictured to myself an agony surpassing any that this Dust had suffered with the breath of life yet lingering in it, and how these great and constant hearts would have been shaken — how they would have quailed and drooped — if a foreknowledge of the deeds that professing Christians would commit in the great name for which they died, could have rent them with its own unutterable anguish, on the cruel wheel, and bitter cross, and in the fearful fire." — Dickens. " Countless martyrs, they say, rest in these ancient sepulchres. In these dark depths the ancient Church took refuge from pei^secution ; there she laid her martyrs, and there, over their tombs, she chaunted hymns of triumph, and held communion with Him for whom they died. In that church I spend hours. I have no wish to descend into those sacred sepulchres, and pry among the graves the resurrection trump will open soon enough. I like to think of the holy dead, lying undisturbed and quiet there ; of their spirits in Paradise ; of their faith triumphant in the city that massacred them. "No doubt they also had their perplexities, and wondered why the wicked triumph, and sighed to God, 'How long, O Lord, how long?'" —Schonherg Cotta Family. "And when he had opened the fifth seal, I .saw under the altar the souls of them that were slain for the word of God, and for the testimony which they held : and they cried with a loud voice, saying, How long, O Lord, holy and true, dost thou not judge and avenge our blood on them that dwell on the earth ? And white robes were given unto eveiy one of them ; and it was said unto them, that they should rest yet for a little season, until their fellow-servants also and their brethren, that should be killed as they were, should be fulfilled." — Rev. vi. 9 — 11. 422 WALKS nV ROME. In the valley beneath S. Sebastiano are the ruins of the Circus of Maxenfius, near those of a villa of that emperor. The circus was 1482 feet long, 244 feet broad, and was capable of containing 15,000 spectators, yet it is a miniature compared with the Circus Maximus, though very interesting as retaining in tolerable preservation all the different parts which composed a circus. The circular ruin near it was a Temple dedicated by INIaxentius to his son Romulus. " Le jeune Romulus, etant mort, fut place au rang des dieux, dans cet olympe qui s'ecroulait. Son pere lui eleva un temple dont la partie inferieure se voit encore, et le cirque lui-meme fut peut-etre une de- pendance de ce temple funebre, car les courses de chars etaient un des honneurs que I'antiquite rendait aux morts, et sont souvent pour cela representees sur les tombeaux." — Ampere, £»ip. ii. 360. These ruins are very picturesque, backed by the peaks of the Sabine range, which in winter are generally covered with snow. The opposite hill is crowned by the Tomb of Cecilia Metella, daughter of Quintus Metellus Creticus, and wife of Crassus. It is a round tower, seventy feet in diameter. The bulls' heads on the frieze gave it the popular name of Capo di Bove. The marble coating of the basement was carried off by Urban VIII. to make the fountain of Trevi. The battlements were added when the tomb was turned into a fortress by the Caetani in the thirteenth century. " Al)()ut two miles, or more, from the city gates, and right upon the roadside, is an immense round )iile, sepulchral in its original purpose, like those already mentioned. It is built of great blocks of hewn stone, on a vast, square foundation of rough, agglomerated material, such as composes the mass of all the other ruinous tombs. But, whatever might be the cause, it is in a far better state of preservation than they. On its l)road summit rise the battlements of a mediaeval fortress, out of the midst of which (so long since had time begun to crumble the supple- mental structure, and cover it with soil, by means of wayside dust) grow i TOMB OF CECILIA ME TELL A. 423 trees^, bushes, and thick festoons of ivy. This tomb of a woman has become the dungeon-keep of a castle; and all the care that Cecilia Metella's husband could bestow, to secure endless peace for her beloved relics, only sufficed to make that handful of precious ashes the nucleus of battles, long ages after her death." — Ilazvthorm, Transformation. " There is a stem round tower of other days, Firm as a fortress, with its fence of stone, Such as an army's baffled strength delays, Standing with half its battlements alone, 1 And with two thousand years of ivy grown. The garland of eternity, where wave The green leaves over all by time o'erthrown ; — What was this tower of strength ? within its cave What treasure lay so lock'd, so hid ? — a woman's grave. " But who was she, the lady of the dead, Tomb'd in a palace ? Was she chaste and fair ? Worthy a king's — or more — a Roman's bed ? What race of chiefs and heroes did she bear ? What daughter of her beauties was the heir ? How lived — how loved — how died she ? Was she not So honoured — and conspicuously there. Where meaner relics must not dare to rot, Placed to commemorate a more than mortal lot ? " Perchance she died in youth : it may be, bow'd With woes far heavier than the ponderous tomb That weigh'd upon her gentle dust, a cloud Might gather o'er her beauty, and a gloom In her dark eye, prophetic of the doom Heaven gives its favourites — early death; yet shed A sunset charm around her, and illume With hectic light, the Hesperus of the dead, Of her consuming cheek the autumnal leaf-like red. " Perchance she died in age — surviving all. Charms, kindred, children — with the silver grey On her long tresses, which might yet recall. It may be, still a something of the day When they were braided, and her proud array And lovely form were envied, praised, and eyed By Rome — but whither would Conjecture stray ? 424 WALKS IN ROME. Thus much alone we know — Metella died, The wealthiest Roman's wife : Behold his love or pride ! " Childe Harold. Close to the tomb are the ruins of a Gotliic church of the Caetani. "Le tombeau de Cecilia-Metella etait devenu un chateau fort alors aux mains des Caetani, et autour du chateau s' etait forme un village 2H&Z son eglise, dont on a recemment retrouve les restes."-— yiw/^r^ Voyage Daiitesque. It is at Cecilia Metella's tomb that the beauties of the Via Appia really begin. A very short distance further, we emerge from the walls which have hitherto shut in the road on either side, and enjoy uninterrupted views over the Latin plain, strewn with its ruined castles and villages — and the long lines of aqueducts, to the Sabine and Alban mountains. "The Via Appia is a magnificent promenade, amongst ruinous tombs, the massive remains of which extend for many miles over the Roman Campagna. The powerful families of ancient Rome loved to build monuments to their dead by the side of the public road, probably to exhibit at once their affection for their relations and their own power and affluence. Most of these monuments are now nothing but heaps of ruins, upon which are placed the statues and sculptures which have been found in the earth or amongst the rubbish. Those inscriptions which have been found on the Via Appia bear witness to the grief of the living for the dead, but never to the hope of reunion. On a great number of sarcophagi or the friezes of tombs may be seen the dead sitting or lying as if they were alive, some seem to be praying. Many heads have great individuality of character. Sometimes a white marble figiu-e, beautifully draped, projects from these heaps of ruins, but with- out head or hands ; sometimes a hand is stretched out, or a portion of a figure rises from the tomb. It is a street through monuments of the dead, across an immense churchyard ; for the desolate Roman Campagna may be regarded as such. To the left it is scattered with the ruins of colossal aqueducts, which, during tlie time of the emperors, conveyed lakes and rivers to Rome, and which still, ruinous and destroyed. VIA APPIA. 425 delight the eye by the beautiful proportions of their arcades. To the right is an immense prairie, without any other limit than that of the ocean, which, however, is not seen from it. The country is desolate, and only here and there are there any huts 'or trees to be seen." — Fredcrika Bremer. "P'or the space of a mile or two beyond the gate of S. Sebastiano, this ancient and famous road is as desolate and disagreeable as most of the other Roman avenues. It extends over small, imcomfortable paving-stones, between brick and plastered walls, which are very solidly constructed, and so high as almost to exclude a view of the surrounding country. The houses are of the most uninviting aspect, neither picturesque, nor homelike and social ; they have seldom or never a door opening on the wayside, but are accessible only from the rear, and frown inhospitably upon the traveller through iron-grated windows. Here and there appears a dreary inn, or a wine-shop, desig- nated by the withered bush beside the entrance, within which you discover a stone-built and sepulchral interior, where guests refresh themselves with sour bread and goat's-milk cheese, washed down with wine of dolorous acerbity. "At frequent intervals along the roadside, up rises the ruin of an ancient tomb. As they stand now, these structures are immensely high, and broken mounds of conglomerated brick, stone, pebbles, and earth, all molten by time into a mass as solid and indestructible as if each tomb were composed of a single boulder of granite. When first erected, they were cased externally, no doubt, with slabs of polished marble, artfully wrought, bas-reliefs, and all such suitable adornments, and were rendered majestically beautiful by grand architectural de- signs. This antique splendour has long since been stolen from the dead, to decorate the palaces and churches of the living. Nothing remains to the dishonoured sepulchres, except their massiveness. ' ' Even the pyramids form hardly a stranger spectacle, or a more alien from human sympathies, than the tombs of the Appian Way, with their gigantic height, breadth, and solidity, defying time and the elements, and far too mighty to be demolished by an ordinary earthquake. Here you may see a modern dwelling, and a garden with its vines and olive- trees, perched on the lofty dilapidation of a tomb, which forms a preci- pice of fifty feet in depth on each of the four sides. There is a house on that funeral mound, where generations of children have been born, and successive lives have been spent, undisturbed by the ghost of the stem Roman whose ashes were so preposterously burdened. Other sepulchres wear a crown of grass, shrul)bery, and forest-trees, which throw out a broad sweep of branches, having had 'ime, twice over, to 426 WALKS IN ROME. be a thousand years of age. On one of them stands a tower, which, though immemorially more modern than the tomb, was itself built by immemorial hands, and is now rifted quite from top to bottom by a vast fissure of decay; the tomb-hillock, its foundation, being still as firm as ever, and likely to endure until the last trump shall rend it wide a-sunder, and summon forth its unknown dead. "Yes, its unknown dead! For, except in one or two doubtful instances, these mountainous sepulchral edifices have not availed to keep so much as the bare name of an individual or a family from ob- livion. Ambitious of everlasting remembrance as they were, the slumberers might just as well have gone quietly to rest, each in his pigeon-hole of a columbarium, or under his little green hillock, in a grave-yard, without a headstone to mark the spot. It is rather satis- factory than otherwise, to think that all these idle pains have turned out so utterly abortive." — HawtJiornc. Near the fourth milestone, is the tomb of Marcus ServiHus Quartus (with an inscription), restored by Canova in 1808. A bas-rehef of the death of Atys, killed by Adrastus, a short distance beyond this, has been suggested as part of the tomb of Seneca, who was put to death " near the fourth milestone" by order of Nero. An inscribed tomb beyond this is that of Sextus Pompeius Justus. Near this, in the Campagna on the left, are some small remains, supposed to be those of a Temple of Juno. Beyond this a number of tombs can be identified, but none of any importance. Such are the tombs of Plinius Eutychius, erected by Plinius Zosimus, a freedman of Pliny the younger ; of Caius Licinius ; the Doric tomb of the tax-gatherer Claudius Philippanus, inscribed " Tito , Claudio . Secundo , Philippiano . Coactori . Flavia . Irene. Vxori Indulgentissimo ; " of Rabinius, with three busts in relief; of Hermodorus ; of I^lsia Prima, priestess of Isis ; of Marcus C. Cerdonus, will) the bas-relief of an elephant bearing a burning altar. Beyond the fifth milestone, two circular mounds with ROMA VECCHIA. 427 basements of peperino, were considered by Canina to be the tombs of the Horatii and Curiatii. On the opposite side of the road is the exceedingly pic- turescjue medireval fortress, known as Torre Mczza Strada, into which are incorporated the remains of the Church of Sta. Maria Nuova, or della Gloria. Behind this extend a vast assemblage of ruins, which form a splendid foreground to the distant mountain view, and whose size has led to their receiving the popular epithet of Roma Vccchia. Here was the favourite villa of the Emperor Commodus, where he was residing, when the people, excited by a sudden im- pulse during the games of the Circus, rose and poured out of Rome against him — as the inhabitants of Paris to Ver- sailles — and refused to depart, till, terrified into action by the entreaties of his concubine Marcia, he tossed the head of the unpopular Cleander to them out of the window, and had the brains of that minister's child dashed out against the stones. This villa is proved by the discovery of a number of pipes bearing their names to have been that of the brothers Condianus and Maximus, of the great family of the Quintilii, which was confiscated by Commodus. " L'histoire des deux freres est interessante et romanesque. Condi- anus at Maximus Quintilius etaient distingues par la science, les talents militaires, la richesse, et surtout par une tendresse mutuelle qui no s'etait jamais dementie. Servant toujours ensemble, Fun se faisait le lieutenant de I'autre. Bien qu'etrangers a toute conspiration, leur vertu les fit soupconner d'etre pen favorables a Commode ; ils furent proscrits et moururent ensemble comme ils avaient vccu. L'un d'eux avait un fils nomme Sextus. Au moment de la mort de t-on pere et de son oncle, ce fils se trouvait en Syrie. Pensant bien que le meme sort I'attendait, il feignit de mourir poursauver sa vie. Sextus, apres avoir bu sang du lievre, monta a cheval, se laissa tombcr, vomit le sang qu'il avait pris et qui pariit etre son propre sang. On mit dans sa biere le corps d'un belier qui passa pour son cadavre, et il disparut. Depuis ce temps, il 428 WALKS IN ROME. erra sous divers deguisements ; mais on sut qu'il avait echappe, et on se mit a sa recherche. Beaucoiip fiirent lues parce-qu'ils lui ressemblaient ou parce-qu'ils etaient soup9onnes de lui avoir donne asile. II n'est pas bien siir qu'il ait ete atteint, que sa tete se trouvat parmi cclles qu'on apporta a Rome et qu'on dit etre la sienne. Ce qui est certain, c'est qu'apres la mort de Commode, un aventurier, tente par la belle villa et par les grandes richesses des Quintilii, se donna pour Sextus et reclama son heritage. II parait ne pas avoir manque d'adresse et avoir connu celui pour lequel il voulut qu'on le prit, car par ses reponses il se tira tres-bien de toutes les enquetes. Peut-etre s'etait-il lie avec Sextus et I'avait-il assassine ensuite. Cependant I'empereur Pertinax, succes- seur de Commode, I'ayant fait venir, eut I'idee de lui parler grec. Le vrai Sextus connaissait parfaitement cette langue. Le faux Sextus, qui ne savait pas le grec, repondit tout de travers, et sa fraude fut ainsi decouverte." — Ampere, Emp. ii. 253. On the left of the Via Appia, appears a huge monu- ment, on a narrow base, called the Tomb of the MeteUi. Beyond this, after the fifth milestone, are the tombs of Sergius Demetrius, a wine merchant ; of Lucius Arrius ; of Septimia Gallia ; and of one of the C^cilii, in whose sepulchre, according to Eutropius, was buried Pomponius Atticus, the friend of Cicero, whose daughter Vipsania was the first wife of Agrippa, and whose granddaughter Vipsania Agrippina was the first wife of Tiberius. Close to the sixth milestone is the mass of masonry sometimes called " Casale Rotondo," or " Cotta's Tomb," from that name being found there inscribed on a stone, but generally attributed to Messala Corvinus, the poet, and friend of Horace, and believed to have been raised to him by his son Valerius Maximus Cotta, mentioned in Ovid. " Te aulem in turlia non ausim, Cotta, silcrc, Picriduni lumen, jircvsidiumquc fori." Epist. xvi. This tomb was c\cn larger than that of Cecilia Metella, TOR DI SELCE, ETC. 429 and was turned into a fortress by the Orsini in the fifteenth century. Beyond this are tombs identified as those of P. Quin- tius, tribune of the sixteenth legion ; Marcus JuHus, steward of Claudius ; Publius Decumius Philomusus (with appropriate bas-reliefs of two mice nibbling a cake) ; and of Cedritius Flaccianius. Passing on the left the Tor di Schr, erected upon a huge unknown tomb, are the tombs of Titia Eucharis, and of Atilius Evodus, jeweller (margaritarius) on the Via Sacra, with the inscription, " Hospes resiste — aspice ubi continen- tur ossa hominis boni misericordis amantis pauperis." Near the eighth milestone are ruins attributed to the temples of Silvanus and of Hercules, — of which the latter is mentioned in Martial's Epigrams, beyond which were tlie villas of Bassus and of Persius. The last tomb identified is that of Quintus Verranius. Near the ninth milestone is a tomb supposed to be that of Gallienus (Imp. 268), who lived close by in a villa, amid the ruins of which " the Disco- bolus " was discovered. From the stream called Pontecello, near the tenth mile- stone, the road gradually ascends to Albano, passing several large but unnamed tombs. At the Osteria delle Frattocchie it joins the Via Appia Nuova. Close to the gate of Albano, it passes on the left the tall tomb attributed to Pompey the Great, in accordance with the statement of Plutarch, and in spite of the epigram of Varro Atacinus, which says : — ■ " Marmoreo Licinius tumulo jacet ; at Cato parvo ; Pompeius uuUo : quis putet esse Deus." Among the many processions which have passed along 430 WALKS IN ROME. this road, perhaps the most remarkable have been that bearing back to Rome the dead body of Sylla, who died at Pozzuoh, " in a gilt litter, with royal ornaments, trumpets before him, and horsemen behind ; " * and the funeral of Augustus, who dying at Nola (a.d. 14), was brought to Bovillce, and remained there a month in the sanctuary of the Julian family, after which the knights brought the body in solemn procession to his palace on the Palatine. But throughout a walk along the Appian Way, the one great Christian interest of this world-famous 'oad, will, to the Christian visitor, overpower all others. " And so we went toward Rome. "And from thence, when the brethren heard of us, they came to meet us as far as Appii-forum, and the Three Taverns : wliom when Paul saw, he thanked God, and took courage "And when we came to Rome, the centurion delivered the prisoners to the captain of the guard ; but Paul was suffered to dwell by himself, with a soldier that kept him." — Acts xxviii. 14 — 16. "It is not without its manifold uses to remember that, amidst the dim and wavering traditions of later times, one figure at least stands out clear and distinct and undoubted, and this figure is the Apostle Paul. He, whatever we may think concerning any other apostle or apostolic man in connection with Rome, he, beyond a shadow of doubt, appears in the New Testament as her great teacher. No criticism or scepticism of modern times has ever questioned the perfect authenticity of that last chapter of the Acts, which gives the account of his journey, stage by stage, till he set foot within the walls of the city. However much we may be compelled to distrust any particular traditions concerning special localities of his life and death, we cannot doubt for a moment that his eye rested on the same general view of sky and plain and mountain; that his feet trod the pavement of the same Appian road ; that his way lay through the same long avenue of ancient tombs on which we now look and wonder ; that he entered (and there we have our last authentic glimpse of iiis progress) through the arch of Drusus, and then is lost to our view in llic great Babylon of Rome." — A. P. Stanleys Sermons. * Ainixrc, Hist. Rom. iv. 402. ASSOCIATIONS OF THE VIA APPIA. 431 " When St. Paul was approaching Rome, all the bases of the moun- tains were (as indeed they are partially now) clustered round with the villas and gardens of wealthy citizens. The Appian Way climbs and then descends along its southern slope. After passing Lanuvium it crossed a crater-like valley or immense substructions, which still remain. Here is Aricia, an easy stage from Rome. The town was above the road, and on the hillside swarms of beggars beset travellers as they passed. On the summit of the next rise, Paul of Tarsus would obtain his first view of Rome. There is no doubt that the prospect was, in many respects, very different from the view which is now obtained from the same spot. It is true that the natural features of the scene are unaltered. The long wall of blue Sabine mountains, with Soracte in the distance, closed in the Campagna, which stretched far across to the sea and round the base of the Alban hills. But ancient Rome was not, like modern Rome, impressive from its solitude, standing alone, with its one conspicuous cupola, in the midst of a desolate though beautiful waste. St. Paul would see a vast city, covering the Campagna, and almost continuously connected by its suburbs with the villas on the hill where he stood, and with the bright towns which clustered on the sides of the mountains opposite. Over all the intermediate space were the houses and gardens, through which aqueducts and roads might be traced in converging lines towards the confused mass of edifices which formed the city of Rome. Here no conspicuous building, elevated above the rest, attracted the eye or the imagination. Ancient Rome had neither cupola nor campanile, still less had it any of those spires which give life to all the capitals of northern Christendom. It was a widespread aggregate of buildings, which, though separated by narrow streets and open spaces, appeared, when seen from near Aricia, blended into one indiscriminate mass : for distance concealed the contrasts which divided the crowded habitations of the poor and the dark haunts of filth and misery — from the theatres and colonnades, the baths, the temples, and palaces with gilded roofs, flashing back the sun. " The road descended into the plain at Bovilloe, six miles from Aricia : and thence it proceeded in a sti^aight line, with the sepulchres of illus- trious families on either hand. One of these was the burial-place of the Julian gens, with which the centurion who had charge of the prisoners was in some way connected. As they proceeded over the old pavement, among gardens and modern houses, and approached nearer the busy metropolis — the ' conflux issuing forth or entering in ' in various cos- tumes and on various errands, — vehicles, horsemen, and foot-passengers, soldiers and labourers, Romans and foreigners, — became more crowded and confusing. The houses grew closer. They were already in Rome. 432 WALK'S IN ROME. It was impossible to define the commencement of the city. Its populous portions extended far beyond the limits marked out by Servius. The ancient wall, with its once sacred pomoerium, was rather an object for antiquarian interest, like the walls of York or Chester, than any pro- tection against the enemies, who were kept far aloof by the legions on the frontier. " Yet the Porta Capena is a spot which we can hardly leave without lingering for a moment. Under this arch — which was perpetually dripping with the water of the aqueduct that went over it — had passed all those who, since a remote period of the republic, had travelled by the Appian Way, — victorious generals with their legions, returning from foreign service, — emperors and courtiers, vagrant representatives of every form of heathenism, Greeks and Asiatics, Jews and Christians. From this point entering within the city, Julius and his prisoners moved on, with the Aventine on their left, close round the base of the Coelian, and through the hollow ground whicli lay between this hill and the Palatine : thence over the low ridge called Velia, where afterwards was built the arch of Titus, to commemorate the destruction of Jerusalem ; and then descending, by the Via Sacra, into that space which was the centre of imperial power and imperial magnificence, and associated also with the most glorious recollections of the republic. The Forum was to Rome, what the Acropolis was to Athens, the heart of all the characteristic interest of the place. Here was the Alillianiim Aitreum, to which the roads of all the provinces converged. All around were the stately buildings, which were raised in the closing years of the republic, and by the earlier emperors. In front was the Capitoline Hill, illustrious long before the invasion of the Gauls. Close on the left, covering that hill, whose name is associated in every modern European language with the notion of imperial splendour, were the vast ranges of the palace — the 'house of Ca:sar' (Philipp. iv. 22). Here were the household troops quartered in z. pratorinm attached to the palace. And here (unless, in- deed, it was in the great Prastorian Camp outside the city wall) Julius gave up his prisoner to Burrus, the Pratorian Prefect, whose official duly it was to keep in custody all accused persons who were to be tried before the Emperor." — Coiiybeare and Ilowson. CHAPTER X. THE OUIRINAL AND VIMINAL. Palazzo Baiberini — Palazzo Albani — S. Carlo a Quattro Fontane — S. Andrea a Monte Cavallo— Quirinal Palace — Palazzo della Con- sulta — Palazzo Rospigliosi — Colonna Gardens and Temple of the Sun— S. Silvestro a Monte Cavallo — Sta. Caterina di Siena — SS. Domenico e Sisto — Sta. Agata dei Goti — Sta. Maria in Monte — • S. Lorenzo Pane e Perna — Sta. Pudenziana — S. Paolo Primo Eremita — S. Dionisio — S. Vitale. TT is difficult to determine the exact limits of what in ancient times were regarded as the Quirinal and Viminal hills. They, like the Esquiline and Coelian, are " in fact merely spurs or tongues of hill, projecting inwards from a common base, the broad table-land, which slopes on the other side almost imperceptibly into the Campagna."* That, which is described in this chapter as belonging to these two hills, is chiefly the district to the right of the Via Quattro Fontane, and its continuations — which extend in a straight line to Sta. Maria Maggiore. The Quirinal, like all the other hills, except the Palatine and the Coelian, belonged to the Sabines in the early period of Roman history, and is full of records of their occupation. They had a Capitol here which is believed to have been long anterior to that on the Capitoline, and which was * Merivale, Romans under ths Empire, ch. xi. 434 WALKS AV ROME. crowned by a temple of Jupiter, Juno, and Minerva. This Sabine capitol occupied the site of the present Palazzo Rospigliosi. The name Quirinal is derived from the Sabine word Quiris — signifying a lance, which gave the Sabines their name of Quirites, or lance-bearers, and to their god the name Quirinus.* After his death Romu'lus received this title, and an important temple was raised to him on the Quirinal by Numa,t under this name, thus identifying him with Janus Quirinus, the national god. This temple was sur- rounded by a sacred grove mentioned by Ovid. | It was rebuilt by the consul L. Papirius Cursor, to commemorate his triumph after the third Samnite war, B.C. 293, when he adorned it with a sun-dial {solarium horologium), the first set up in Rome, which, however, not being constructed for the right latitude, did not show the time correctly. This defect was not remedied till nearly a century aftenvards, when Q. Marcius Philippus set up a correct dial.§ In front of this temple grew two celebrated myrtle-trees, one called Patricia, the other Flebeia, which shared the fortunes of their re- spective orders, as the orange-tree at Sta. Sabina now does that of the Dominicans. Thus, up to the fifth century, Patricia flourislied gloriously, and Plebeia pined ; but from the time when the plebeians completely gained the upper hand, Patricia withered away.H The temple was rebuilt by Augustus, and Dion Cassius states that the number of pillars by which it was surrounded accorded with that of the years of his life.ir * Ampere, Hist. Rom. i. 141. t Dionysius, 11. 63. J Ovid, Mot. xiv. 452, 453. § Dyer's Rome, p. 95. II Pliny, Hist. Nat. xv. 35, 2. 1| Dion Cass. liv. THE QUIRIXAL. 435 Adjoining the temple was a portico : " Vicini pete porticum Quirini : Turbam non habet otiosiorem Pompeius." litartial, xi. Ep. i. "Officium eras Primo sole mihi peragendum in valle Quirini.' Juvenal, Sat. ii. 132. Hard by was a temple of Fortuna Publica, ' ' Qui dicet, Quondam sacrata est colle Quirini Hac Fortuna die Publica; verus erit." Ovid, Fast. iv. 375. also an altar to Mamurius, an ancient Sabine divinity, pro- bably identical with Mars, and a temple of Salus, or Health, which gave a name to the Porta Salutaria, which must have stood nearly on the site of the present Quattro Fontane, and near which, not inappropriately, was a temple of Fever, in the Via S. Vitale, where fever is still prevalent. The site of the temple of Quirinus is ascertained to have been nearly that now occupied by S. Andrea a Monte Cavallo. On the opposite side of the street, where part of the papal palace now stands, was the temple of Semo- Sanctus, the reputed father of Sabinus. Between these two temples was the House of Pomponius Atticus (the friend and correspondent of Cicero), a situation which gave an opportunity for the witticism of Cicero when he said that Caesar would rather dwell with Quirinus than with Salus, meaning that he would rather be at war than be in good health.* In the same neighbourhood lived INIartial the epigram- • " De Caesare vicino scripseram ad te, quia cognoram ex tuis literis, eum (rivva-ov, Quirino malo, quam Saluti." Ad Att. xii. 45. 436 WALKS IN ROME. matist, " on the third floor, in a narrow street," whence he had a view as far as the portico of Agrippa, near the Fla- minian Way. Below, probably on the site now occupied by the Piazza Barberini, was a Circus of Flora. " Mater, ades, florum, ludis celebranda jocosis : Distuleram partes mense priore tuas. Incipis Aprili : transis in tempora ]\Iaii. Alter te, fugiens ; cum venit, alter habet. Quum tua sint cedantque tibi confinia mensum, Convenit in laudes ille vel ille tuas. Circus in hunc exit, clamataque palma theatris : Hoc quoque cum Circi munere cai'men eat." Oz'id, Fast. v. I S3. Among the great families who lived on the Quirinal were the Cornelii, who had a street of their own, Viais Conie- liorum, probably on the slopes behind the present Colonna Palace ; and the Flavii, who were of Sabine origin.* Domi- tian Avas born here in the house of the Flavii, afterwards con- secrated by him as a temple, in which Vespasian, Titus, and Domitian himself were buried, and Julia the ugly daughter of Titus — well known from her statues in the Vatican. As some fragments remain of the two buildings erected on the Quirinal during the later empire, Aurelian's Temple of the Sun, and the Baths of Constantine, they will be noticed in the regular course. On the ascent of the hill, just above the Piazza del Tritone, is the noble Inirhcriiii Palace, built by Urban VIII. from designs of Carlo Madcrno, continued by Borromini, and finished by Bernini, in 1640, It is screened from the • Vcspasi.in had a brother named Sabinus ; his son's name recalls that of 'i'itiis Tatiiis. PALAZZO BARDERINI. 437 street by a magnificent railing between columns, erected 1865 — 67, and if this railing could be continued, and the block of houses towards the piazza removed, it would be>far the most splendid private palace in Rome. This immense building is a memorial of the magnificence and ambition of Urban VIII. Its size is enormous, the smallest apartment in the palace containing forty rooms. The Prince at present inhabits the right wing ; with him lives his elder brother the Duke, who abdicated the family honours in his favour. In the left wing— occupied in the beginning of this century by the ex-king (Charles VII.) and queen of Spain, and the " Prince of Peace " — is the huge apartment of the late Cardinal Barberini, now uninhabited. On this side is the grand staircase, upon which is placed a lion in high relief, found on the family property at Palestrina. It is before this lion that Canova is said to have lain for hours upon the pavement, studying for his tomb of Clement XIII. in St. Peter's. 1!\\q gi/arda-roba , badly kept, contains many curious relics of family grandeur ; amongst them is a sedan-chair, painted by Titian. The Library (opoji on Thursdays from nine to two) con- tains a most valuable collection of MSB., about 7000 in number, brought together by Cardinal Francesco Barberini, nephew of Urban VIII. They include collections of letters of Galileo, Bembo, and Bellarmine ; the official reports to Urban VIII., relating to the state of Catholicism in England in the time of Charles I. ; a copy of the Bible in the Samaritan character ; a Bible of the fourth century ; several MSS. copies of Dante ; a missal illuminated by Ghirlandajo; and a book of sketches of ancient Roman edifices, of 1465, by Giulianode Sangallo, — most interesting 438 IVALA'S IN ROME. to the antiquarian and architect, as preserving the forms of many pubUc buildings which have disappeared since that date. Among the 50,000 printed books is a Hebrew Bible of 1788, one of the twelve known copies of the complete edition of Soncino ; a Latin Plato, by Ficino, with marginal notes by Tasso and his father Bernardo; a Dante of 1477, with notes by Bembo, &c. In the right wing is a huge Hall (adorned with second- rate statues), with a grand ceiling by Pidro da Cortona (1596 — 1669), representing " II Trionfo della Gloria," the Forge of Vulcan, Minerva annihilating the Titans, and other mythological subjects — much admired by Lanzi, and considered by Kugler to be the most important work of the artist. Four vast frescoes of the Fathers of the Church are preserved here, having been removed from the dome of St. Peter's, where they were replaced with mosaics by Urban VIII. Below are other frescoes by Pietro da Cortona, a portrait of Urban VIII., and some tapestries illustrative of the events of his reign and of his own intense self-esteem — thus the Virgin and Angels are represented bringing in the ornaments of the papacy at his coronation, &c. But the conceit of Pope Urban reaches its climax in a room at the top of the house, which exhibits a number of the Barberini bees (the family crest) flocking against the sun, and eclipsing it — to typify the splendour of the family. The Will of Pope Urban VIII. is a very curious document, pro- viding against the extinction of the family in every apparent contingency ; this, however, now seems likely to take place ; the heir is a Sciarra. The jjillars in front of the palace, and all the surrounding buildings, teem with the bees of the Barberini, which may also be seen on the Propaganda and PORTRAIT OF BEATRICE CENCI 439 many other great Roman edifices, and which are creeping up die robe of Urban VIII. in St Peter's. " The Barberini were the last papal nephews who aspired to independ- ent principalities. Urban VIII., though he enriched them enormously, appears to have been but little satisfied with them. He used to com- plain that he had four relations who were fit for nothing, the first, Car- dinal Francesco, was a saint, and worked no miracles : the second, Car- dinal Antonio, was a monk, and had no patience : the third, Cardinal Antonio the younger, was an orator {i.e. an ambassador), and did not know how to speak : and the fourth was a general, who could not draw a sword." — Goethe, Romische Briefe. On the right, on entering the palace, is the small Collection of Pictures (open when the custode chooses to be there), indifferently lodged for a building so magnificent. We may notice : — 2nd Room. — 34. Urban VIII.: Andrea SaccJii. 35. A Cardinal : Titian. 48. Madonna and Child, St. John, and St. Jerome : Francia. 54. Madonna and Child : Sodoina. 58. Madonna and Child : Giovanni Bellini. 63. Daughter of Raphael Mengs : Mengs. 67. Portrait of himself : Masaccio. 74. Adam and Eve : Doinenichino. T,rd Room. — 73. The "Schiava:" Palma VeccJdo. "The so-called Slave (a totally unmeaning name) is probably a mere school picture, of grand beauty, but with too clumsy a style of drapery, too cold an expression, and too brown a carnation for Titian — to whom it is attributed." — Kngler. 76. Castel Gandolfo : Claude Lorraine. 78. Portrait : Bronzino. 79. Christ among the Doctors— painted in five days, in 1506: Albert Durer. 81. " The mother of Beatrice Cenci " ? Caravaggio. 82. The Fornarina (^^•ith the painter's name on the armlet) : Raphael. 410 WALKS I.V ROME. " The history of this person, to whom Raphael was attached even to his death, is obscure, nor are we very clear with regard to her likenesses. In the tribune at Florence there is a portrait, inscribed with the date 1512, of a very beautiful woman holding the fur trimming of her mantle with her right hand, which is said to represent her. The picture is decidedly by Raphael, but can hardly represent the Fornarina ; at least it has no resemblance to this portrait, which has the name of Raphael on the armlet, and of the authenticity of which (particularly with respect to the subject) there can hardly be a doubt. In this the figure is seated, and is uncovered to the waist ; she draws a light drapery around her ; a shawl is twisted round her head. The execution is beautiful and deli- cate, although the lines are sufficiently defined ; the forms are fine and not without beauty, but at the same time not free from an expression of coarseness and common life. The eyes are large, dark, and full of fire, and seem to speak of brighter days. There are repetitions of this picture, from the school of Raphael, in Roman galleries." — Kiigle7: 86. Death of Germanicus : Poussiii. 88. Seaport: Claude Lorraine. 90. Holy Family : Andrea del Sarto. 93. Annunciation : Botticelli. But the interest of this collection centres entirely around two portraits — that (81) of Lucrezia, the unhappy wife of Francesco Cenci, by Scipione Gactimi, and that (85) of Beatrice Cenci, by Gnido Rcni. ''The portrait of Beatrice Cenci is most interesting as a just repre- sentation of one of the loveliest specimens of the workmanship of nature. There is a fixed and pale composure upon the features ; she seems sad and stricken down in spirit, yet the despair thus expressed is lightened by the patience of gentleness. Her head is bound with folds of white drapery, from which the yellow strings of her golden hair escape, and fall about her neck. The moulding of her face is exquisitely delicate ; the eyeljrows are distinct and arched ; the lips have that permanent meaning of imagination and sensibility which suffering has not repressed, and which it seems as if death scarcely could extinguish. Her forehead is large and clear ; her eyes, which we are told were remarkable foi their vivacity, are swollen with weeping, and lustreless, but beautifully tender and serene. In the whole mien there is a simplicity and dignity, which, united with her exquisite loveliness and deep sorrow, is inex- pressibly pathetic. Beatrice Cenci appears to have been one of those rORTRAIT OF BEATRICE CENCI. 4-;i persons in wTiom energy and gentleness dwell together without destroy- ing one another ; her nature simple and profound. The crimes and miseries in which she was an actor and sufferer, are as the mask and the mantle in which circumstances clothed her for her impersonation on the scene of the world." — Shdleys Preface to the Ceiici. "The picture of Beatrice Cenci represents simply a female head ; a very youthful, girlish, perfectly beautiful face, enveloped in white dra- pery, from beneath which strays a lock or two of what seems a rich, though hidden luxuriance of auburn hair. The eyes are large and brown, and meet those of the spectator, evidently with a strange, in- effectual effort to escape. There is a little redness about the eyes, very slightly indicated, so that you would question whether or no the girl had been weeping. The whole face is very quiet ; there is no distor- tion or disturbance of any single feature ; nor is it easy to see why the expression is not cheerful, or why a single touch of the artist's pencil should not brighten it into joyousness. But, in fact, it is the very saddest picture ever painted or conceived ; it involves an unfathomable depth of sorrow, the sense of which comes to the observer by a sort of intuition. It is a sorrow that removes this beautiful girl out of the sphere of humanity, and sets her in a far-off region, the remoteness of which, while yet her face is so close before us,- — makes us shiver as at a spectre. You feel all the time you look at Beatrice, as if she were trying to escape from your gaze. She knows that her sorrow is so strange and immense, that she ought to be solitary for ever both for the world's sake and her own ; and this is the reason we feel such a distance between Beatrice and ourselves, even when our eyes meet hers. It is infinitely heart-breaking to meet her glance, and to know that nothing can be done to help or comfort her, neither does she ask help or comfort, knowing the hopelessness of her case better than we do. She is a fallen angel — fallen and yet sinless : and it is only this depth of sorrow with its weight and darkness, that keeps her down to earth, and brings her within our view even while it sets her beyond our reach." — Hazvthonic, Transforniation. " The portrait of Beatrice Cenci is a picture almost impossible to be forgotten. Through the transcendent sweetness and beauty of the face, there is a something shining out that haunts me. I see it now, as I see this paper, or my pen. The head is loosely draped in white ; the light hair falling down below the linen folds. She has turned suddenly towards you ; and there is an expression in the eyes — although they are very tender and gentle — as if the wildness of a momentary terror, or distraction, had been struggled with and overcome, that instant ; and 442 WALK'S IN ROME. nothing but a celestial hope, and a beautiful sorrow, and a desolate earthly helplessness remained. Some stories say that Guido painted it the night before her execution ; some other stories, that he painted it from memory, after having seen her on her way to the scaffold. I am willing to believe that, as you see her on his canvas, so she turned towards him, in the crowd, from the first sight of the axe, and stamped upon his mind a look which he has stamped on mine as though I had stood beside him in the concourse. The guilty palace of the Cenci : blighting a whole quarter of the town, as it stands withering away by grains : had that face, to my fancy, in its dismal porch, and at its black blind windows, and flitting up and down its dreary stairs, and growing out of the darkness of its ghostly galleries. The history is written in the painting ; written, in the dying girl's face, by Nature's own hand. And oh ! how in that one touch she puts to flight (instead of making kin) the puny world that claims to be related to her, in right of poor conventional forgeries ! "• — Dickens. " Five days had been passed by Beatrice in the secret prisons of the Ton-e Savella, when, at an early hour in the morning, her advocate, Farinacci, entered her sad abode. With him appeared a young man of about twenty-five years of age, dressed in the fashion of a writer in the courts of justice of that day. Unheeded by Beatrice, he sat regarding her at a little distance with fixed attention. She had risen from her miserable pallet, but, unlike the wretched inmate of a dungeon, she seemed a being from a brighter sphere. Her eyes were of liquid softness, her forehead large and clear, her countenance of angelic purity, mys- teriously beautiful. Around her head a fold of white muslin had been carelessly wrapped, from whence in rich luxuriance fell her fair and waving hair. Profound sorrow imparted an air of touching sensibility to her lovely features. With all the eagerness of hope, she begged Farinacci to tell her frankly if his visit foreboded good, and assured him of her gratitude for the anxiety he evinced, to save her life and that of her family. " Farinacci conversed with her for some time, while at a distance sat his companion, sketching the features of Beatrice. Turning round, she observed this with displeasure and surprise; Farinacci explained that this seeming writer was the celebrated painter, Guido Reni, who, earn- estly desiring her picture, had entreated to be introduced into the prison for the purpose of obtaining so rich an acquisition. At first unwilling, but afterwards consenting, she turned and said, ' Signer Guido, your renown might make me desirous of knowing you, but how will you undervalue mc in my present situation. From the fatality THE BARBER INI PINE.— THE PALAZZO A LB AN I. 443 tliat surrounds me, you will judge me guilty. Perhaps my face will tell you I am not wicked ; it will show you, too, that I now languish in this prison, which I may quit, only to ascend the scaffold. Your great name, and my sad story, may make my portrait interesting, and,' she added, with touching simplicity, 'the picture will awaken com- passion if you write on one of its angles the word, innoceiite.'' The great artist set himself to work, and produced the picture now in the Palazzo Barberini, a picture that rivets the attention of every beholder, which, once seen, ever after hovers over the memory with an interest the most harrowing and mysterious." — From " Beatrice Catci, Sioria del Sccolo XVI., Raccontata dal D.A.A., Fireiize." Whiteside's Traiislatioii. There is a pretty old-fashioned garden belonging to this palace, at one corner of which — overhanging an old statue — was the celebrated Barberini Fine, often drawn by artists from the Via Sterrata at the back of the garden, where statue and pine combined well with the Church of S. Caio j but, alas, this magnificent tree was cut down in 1872. At the back of the palace-court, behind the arched bridge leading to the garden, is — let into the wall — an inscription which formed part of the dedication of an arch erected to Claudius by the senate and people, in honour of the con- quest of Britain. The letters were inlaid with bronze. It was found near the Palazzo Sciarra, where the arch is supposed to have stood. Ascending to the summit of the hill, we find four ugly statues of river-gods, lying over the Qiiattro Fontane, from which the street takes its name. On the left is the Falazzo Albani, recently restored by Queen Christina of Spain. " In one of its rooms is a very ancient painting of Jupiter and Gany- mede, in a very uncommon style, uniting considerable grandeur of conception, great force and decision, and a deep tone and colour which produce great effect. It is said to«be Grecian." — Eaton's Rome. The opposite church, 6'. Carlo a Qua f fro Fontane, is worth 444 WALKS IN ROME. observing from the fact that the whole building, church and convent, corresponds with one of the four piers supporting the cupola of St. Peter's. Here was formed the point of attack against the Quirinal Palace, November i6, 1848, which caused the flight of Pius IX., and the downfall of his government. From a window of this convent the shot was fired which killed iVlonsignor Palma, one of the pontifical secretaries, and a writer on ecclesiastical history — who had unfortunately exposed himself at one of the windows oppo- site. The church contains two pictures by Mignard re- lating to the history of S. Carlo. Turning down Via del Quirinale, on the left is S. Andrea a Afonte Cavallo (on the supposed site of the temple of Quirinus), erected, as it is told by an inscription inside, by Camillo Pamphili, nephew of Innocent X., from designs of Bernini. It has a Corinthian facade and a projecting semicircular portico with Ionic columns. The interior is oval. It is exceedingly rich, being almost entirely lined with red marble streaked with white (Sicilian jasper), divided by white marble pillars supporting a gilt cupola. The high altar — supposed to cover the body of St. Zeno — between really magnificent pillars, is surmounted by a fine picture, by Borgog/iouc, of the crucifixion of St. Andrew. Near this is the tomb, by Fcsta, of Emmanuel IV., king of Sardinia, who abdicated his throne in 1802, to become a Jesuit monk in the adjoining convent, where he died in 18 18. On the right is the chapel of Santa Croce, with three pictures of the passion and death of Christ by Brandini ; and that of St. Francis Xavicr, with three i)ictures by Baciccio, repre- senting the .saint preaching, — b^iptizing an Indian queen, — and lying dead in the island of Sancian in China. On the S. AXDKEA A MOXTE CAVALLO. 4.15 left is tlie chapel of the Virgin, witli pictures, by David^ of the three great Jesuit saints — St. Ignatius Loyola, St. Francis Borgia, and St. Luigi Gonzaga — adoring the Virgin, and, by Gerard de la Nuit, of the Adoration of the Shep- herds and of the Magi ; and lastly the chapel of S. Stanislas Kostka, containing his shrine of gold and lapis- lazuli, under an exceedingly rich altar, which is adorned with a beautiful picture by Carlo Maratta, representing the saint receiving the Infant Jesus frpm the arms of his mother. At the sides of the chapel are two other pictures by Maratta, one of which represents S. Stanislas " bathing with water his breast inflamed with divine love," the other his receiving the host from the hands of an angel. These are the three principal incidents in the story of the young S. Stanislas, who belonged to a noble Polish family and abandoned the world to shut himself up here, saying, " I am not born for the good things of this world ; that which my heart desires is the good things of eternity." " I have long ago exhausted all my capacity of admiration for splen- did interiors of churches ; but methinks this httle, little temple (it is not more than fifty or sixty feet across) has a more perfect and gem-like beauty than any other. Its shape is oval, with an oval dome, and above that another little dome, both of which are magnificently frescoed. Around the base of the larger dome is wreathed a flight of angels, and the smaller and upper one is encircled by a garland of cherubs — chemb and angel all of pure white marble. The oval centre of the church is walled round with precious and lustrous marble, of a red-veined variety, interspersed with columns and pilasters of white ; and there are arches, opening through this rich wall, forming chapels, which the architect seems to have striven hard to make even more gorgeous than the main body of the church. The pavement is one star of various tinted marble." — Hawthorne, A'oies on Italy. The adjoining Convent of^ the Noviciate of the Order of yesus contains the room in which S. Stanislas Kostka 446 WALKS IN ROME. died, at the age of eighteen, with his rechning statue by Le Gros, the body in white, his dress (that of a novice) in black, and the couch upon which he hes in yellow marble. Behind his statue is a picture of a celestial vision which consoled him in his last moments. On the day of his death, November 13, the convent is thrown open, and mass is said without ceasing in this chamber, which is visited by thousands. "La petite chambre de S. Stanislas Kostka, est un de ces lieux ou la priere nait spoiitanement dans le coeur, et s'en echappe comma par un cours naturel." — Vcuillot, Parfitm de Rome* In the convent garden is shown the fountain where " the angels used to bathe the breast of S. Stanislas burning with the love of Christ." Passing the Benedictine convent, with a courtyard con- taining an old sarcophagus as a fountain, and a humble church decorated with rude frescoes of St. Benedict and Sta. Scholastica, we reach a small and popular church, rich in marbles, belonging to the Pa-pdna Adoratricc del Divin Sacramento del Altatr, founded by sister Maddalena of the Incarnation, who died 1829, and is buried on the right of the entrance. Here the low monotonous chant of the per- petual adoration may be constantly heard. The Piazza of the Monte Cavallo has in its centre the red granite obelisk (ninety-hve feet high with its base) erected here by Antinori in 1781, for Pius VI, It was originally brought from Egypt by Claudius, a.d. 57, together with the obelisk now in front of Sta. Maria Maggiore, and they were * "Deus, qui inter cxtera sapientijE tua: miracula etiam in tenera setatc maturje sanctitatis gratiam contulisti ; da, qiia;siimiis, ut beati Staiiislai exemplo, tenipus, instantcT opcrando, rcdimcntcs, in n;lcTnawi ingi'cdi requiem fcstincrmis." — Collect of Si. S. Kostka, Roman Vcspcr-Book. PIAZZA OF THE MONTE CAVALLO. 447 both first placed at the entrance of the mausoleum of Augustus. At its base are the colossal statues found in the baths of Constantine, of the Dioscuri Castor and Pollux reining in their horses. These statues give a name to the district. Their bases bear the names of Phidias and Praxi- teles, and though their claim to be the work of such distin- guished sculptors is doubtful, they are certainly of Greek origin. Copies of these statues at Berlin have received the nicknames of Gehemmter Fortschritt, and Beforderter Riickschritt, — Progress checked and Retrogression en- couraged. "At the time when the Mirahilia Romcz were published, that is, about the thirteenth century, these statues were beheved to represent the young philosophers, Praxiteles and Phidias, who came to Rome during the reign of Tiberius, and promised to tell him his most secret words and actions provided he would honour them with a monument. Having pei^formed their promise, they obtained these statues, which represent them naked, because all human science was naked and open to their eyes. From this fable, wild and absurd as it is, we may never- theless draw the inference that the statues had been handed down from time immemorial as the works of Phidias and Praxiteles, though those artists had in the lapse of ages been metamorphosed into philosophers. May we not also assume the existence of a tradition that the statues were brought to Rome in the reign of Tiberius ? In the middle ages the group appears to have been accompanied by a statue of Medusa, sitting at their feet, and having before her a shell. According to the text of the Mirabilia, as given by Montfaucon in his Diariiim Italiaim, this figure represented the Church. The snakes which surrounded her typified the volumes of Scripture, which nobody could approach unless he had first been washed — that is, baptized — in the water of the shell. But the Prague MS. of the Mu-abilia interprets the female figure to represent Science, and the serpents to typify the disputed questions with which she is concerned." — Dyer's Hist, of the City of Rome. " L'imitation du grand style de Phidias est visible dans plusieurs sculptures qu'il a inspirees, et surtout dans les colosses de Castor et Pollux, domptant des chevaux, qui ont fait donner a une partie du mont Qiiirinal le nom de Aloiite Cavallo. 44S WALKS IN ROME. " U ne faut faire aucune attention aux inscriptions qui attribuent iin des deux colosses a Phidias et I'autre a Praxitele, Praxitele dont le style n'a rien a faire ici ; son nom a ete inscrit sur la base de I'une des deux statues, comme Phedre le reprochait deja a des faussaires du temps d'Auguste, qui croj'aient augmenter le merite d'un nouvel ouvrage en y mettant le nom de Praxitele. Quelle que soit I'epoque ou les colosses de Monte Cavallo ont ete executes, malgr^ quelques differences, on doit affirmer que les deux originaux etaient de la meme ecole, de I'ecole de Phidias." — Ampere, Hist. Rotnaine, iii. 252. " Chacun des deux heros dompte d'une seule main un cheval fougueux qui se cabre. Ces formes colossal es, cette lutte de I'homme avec les animaux, donnent, comme tous les ouvrages des anciens, une admirable idee de la puissance physique de la nature humaine. " — Mad. de Sta'cl. " Ye too, marvellous Twain, that erect on the Monte Cavallo Stand by your rearing steeds in the grace of your motionless move- ment, Stand with your upstretched arms and tranquil regardant faces, Stand as instinct with life in the might of immutable manhood, — • O ye mighty and strange, ye ancient divine ones of Hellas." A. II. C lough. " Before me were the two Monte Cavallo statues, towering gigantically above the pygmies of the present day, and looking like Titans in the act of threatening heaven. Over my head the stars were just beginning to look out, and might have been taken for guardian angels keeping watch over the temples below. Behind, and on my left, were palaces ; on my right, gardens, and hills beyond, with the orange tints of sunset over them still glowing in the distance. Within a stone's throw of me, in the midst of objects thus glorious in themselves, and thus in harmony with each other, was stuck an unplaned post, on which glim- mered a paper lantern. Such is Rome." — Guesses at Truth. Close by is a fountain playing into a fine bason of Egyptian granite, brought hither by Pius VI I. from the Forum, where it had long been used for watering cattle. On the left, is the Palace of the Co/isulta, built in 1730 by Clement XII. (Corsini), from designs of Fuga. Before its gates, under the old regime, some of the Papal Guardia Nobile were always to be seen sunning themselves in a QUIRINAL PALACE. 449 uniform so resplendent that it could scarcely be believed that tlie pay of this " noble guard " of the Pope amounted only to £^ ds. 2,d, a month ! On the right, is the immense Palace of the Qidrinal, which also extends along one whole side of the street we have been pursuing. " That palace-building, ruin-destroying pope, Paul IV., began to erect the enormous palace on the Quirinal Hill ; and the prolongation of his labours, by a long series of successive pontiffs, has made it one of the largest and ugliest buildings extant." — Ealon^s Rome. The chief, indeed almost the only, interest of this palace arises from its having been the favourite residence of Pius VII. (Chiaramonte). It was here that he was taken prisoner by the French. General Radet forced his way into the pope's room on the night of June 6, 1809, and, while excusing himself for being the messenger, hastily intimated to the pontiff, in the name of the emperor, that he must at once abdicate his temporal sovereignty. Pius absolutely refused, upon which he was forced to descend the staircase, and found a coach waiting at the entrance of the palace. Here the pope paused, his face streaming with tears, and, standing in the starlit piazza, solemnly extended his arms in benediction over his sleeping people. Then he entered the carriage, followed by Cardinal Pacca, and was hurried away to exile. . . . " Whirled away through the heat and dust of an Italian summer's day, without an attendant, without linen, without his spectacles — fevered and wearied, he never for a moment lost his serenity. Cardinal Pacca tells us, that when they had just started on this most dismal of journeys, the pope asked him if he had any money. The secretary of state replied that he had had no opportunity of providing himself. ' We then drew forth our purses,' continues the cardinal, ' and notwithstanding the state of affliction we were in at being thus torn away from Rome, and all that was dear to us, we could hardly compose our countenances, on finding the contents of each purse to consist — of the pope's, of a papetto [lod.), and of mine, of three grossi [TYzd.). We had precisely thirty-five baiocchi between us. The pope, extending his hand, showed his papetto to General Radet, saying, at the same time, ' Look here —this is all I possess.' "*.... Six years after, Napoleon was sent to St. Helena, and Pius VII. returned in triumph to Rome ! * Cardinal Wiseman's Life of Pius VII. VOL. r. 29 450 WALKS IN ROME. It was from this same palace that Pius IX. — who has never inhabited it since — made his escape to Gaeta during the revolution of 1848, when the siege of the Quirinal by the insurgents had succeeded in extorting the appointment of a democratic ministry " On the afternoon of the 24th of November, the Due d'Harcourt had arrived at the Quirinal in his coacli as ambassador of France, and craved an audience of the sovereign. The guards wondered that he stayed so long ; but they knew not that he sat reading the newspapers in the papal study, while the pope had retired to his bed-room to change his dress. Here his major-domo, Filippani, had laid out the black cassock and dress of an ordinary priest. The pontiff took off his purple stole and white pontifical robe, and came forth in the simple garb he had worn in his quiet youth. The Due d'Harcourt threw himself on his knees exclaiming, ' Go forth, holy Father ; divine wisdom inspires this counsel, divine power will lead it to a happy end.' By secret passages and narrow staircases, Pius IX. and his trusty servant passed imseen to a little door, used only occasionally for the Swiss guards, and by which they were to leave the palace. They reached it, and bethought them that the key had been forgotten ! Filippani hastened back to the papal apartment to fetch it ; and returning unquestioned to the wicket, found the pontiff on his knees, and quite absorbed in prayer. The wards were rusty, and the key turned with difficulty ; but the door was opened at last, and the holy fugitive and his servant quickly entered a poor hackney coach that was waiting for them outside. Here, again, they ran risk of being discovered through the thoughtless adherence to old eliqueite of the other servant, who stood by tJie coach, and who, having let down the steps, knelt, as usual, before he shut the door. "The pope wore a dark great coat over his priest's cassock, a low- crowned round hat, and a broad brown woollen neckcloth outside his straight Roman collar. Filippani had on his usual loose cloak ; but imderthis he carried the three-cornered hat of the pope, a bundle of the most private and secret papers, the papal seals, the breviary, the cross- embroidered slippers, a small quantity of linen, and a little box full of gold medals stamped with the likeness of his Holiness. From the inside of the carriage, he directed the coachman to follow many winding and diverging streets, in the hope of misleading the spies, who were known to swarm at every corner. Beside the Church of SS. Pietro e Marcellino, in the deserted quarter beyond the Coliseum, they found tlie Bavarian minister, Count Spaur, wailing in his own private car- QUIRINAL PALACE. ■ 451 riage, and imagining every danger which could have detained them so long. The sovereign pressed the hand of his faithful Filippani, and entered the Comit's carriage. Silently they drove on through the old gate of Rome, — Count Spaur having there shown the passport of the Bavarian minister going to Naples on affairs of state. "Meanwhile the Due d'Harcourt grew tired of reading the news- papers in the pope's study; and when he thought that his Holiness must be far beyond the walls of Rome, he left the palace, and taking post-horses, hastened with all speed to overtake the fugitive on the road to Civita Vecchia, whither he believed him to be flying. As he left the study in the Quirinal, a prelate entered with a large bundle of eccle- siastical papers, on which, he said, he had to confer with the pope ; then his chamberlain went in to read to him his breviary, and the office of the day. The rooms were lighted up, and the supper taken in as usual ; and at length it was stated that his Holiness, feeling somewhat unwell, had retired to rest ; and his attendants, and the guard of honour, were dismissed for the night. It is true that a certain prelate, who chanced to see the little door by which the fugitive had escaped into the street left open, began to cry out, ' The pope has escaped ! the pope has escaped ! ' But Prince Gabrielli was beside him ; and, clapping his hand upon the mouth of the alarmist, silenced him in time, by whispering, ' Be quiet, Monsignore ; be quiet, or we shall be cut to pieces ! ' "Near La Riccia, the fugitives found Countess Spaur (who had arranged the whole plan of the escape) waiting with a coach and six Lurses — in which they pursued their journey to Gaeta, reaching the Neapolitan frontier between five and six in the morning. The pope throughout carried with him the sacrament in the pyx which Pius the Seventh carried when he was taken prisoner to France, and which, as if with prescience of what would happen, had been lately sent to him as a memorial by the Bishop of Avignon." — Beste. It is in the Quirinal Palace that the later conclaves have always met for the election of the popes. ' ' In the afternoon of the last day of the novendiali, as they are called, after the death of a pope, the cardinals assemble (at S. Sylvestro a Monte Cavallo), and walk in procession, accompanied by their concla- visti, a secretary, a chaplain, and a servant or two, to the great gate of the royal residence, in which one will remain as master and supreme lord. Of course the hill is crowded by persons, lining the avenue kept open for the procession. Cardinals never before seen by them, or not 452 WALKS IN ROME. for many years, pass before them ; eager eyes scan and measure them, and try to conjecture, from fancied omens in eye, in figure, or in expression, who will be shortly the sovereign of their fair city; and, what is much more, the head of the Catholic Church, from the rising to the setting sun. They all enter equal over the threshold of that gate : they share together the supreme rule, spiritual and temporal : there is still embosomed in them all, the voice yet silent, that will soon sound from one tongue over all the world, and the dormant germ of that authority which will soon again be concentrated in one man alone. To- day they are all equal ; perhaps to-morrow one will sit enthroned, and all the rest will kiss his feet ; one will be sovereign, and others his sub- jects; one the shepherd, and the others his flock. ****** " From the Quiiinal Palace stretches out, the length of a whole street, an immense wing, divided in its two upper floors into a great number of small but complete suites of apartments, occupied permanently, or occasionally, by persons attached to the Court. During conclave these are allotted, literally so, to the cardinals, each of whom lives apart with his own attendants. His food is brought daily from his own house, and is overhauled, and delivered to him in the shape of ' broken victuals,' by the watchful guardians of the turns and lattices, through which alone ^ anything, even conversation, can penetrate into the seclusion of that sacred retreat. For a few hours, the first evening, the doors are left open, and the nobility, the diplomatic body, and, in fact, all presentable persons, may roam from cell to cell, paying a brief compliment to its occupant, perhaps speaking the same good wishes to fifty, which they know can only be accomplished in one. After that, all is closed ; a wicket is left accessible for any cardinal to enter, who is not yet arrived ; but every aperture is jealously guarded by faithful janitors, judges and prelates of various tribunals, who relieve one another. Every letter even is opened and read, that no communications may be held with the outer world. Tiie very street on which the wing of the conclave looks is barricaded and guarded by a picquet at each end ; and as, fortunately, opposite there are no private residences, and all the buildings have access from the back, no inconvenience is thereby created. ... In the mean time, within, and unseen from without, fei-vet opus. " Twice a day the cardinals meet in the chapel belonging to the palace, included in the enclosure, and there, on tickets so arranged that the voter's name cannot be seen, write the nameof him for whom they give their suffrage. These papers are examined in their presence, and if the number of votes given to any one do not constitute the majority, they arc burnt in such a manner that the smoke, issuing through a flue, is quirIaVal palace. 453 visible to the crowd usually assembled in the square outside. Some day, instead of this usual signal to disperse, the sound of pick and hammer is heard, a small opening is seen in the wall which had temporarily blocked up the great window over the palace gateway. At last the masons of the conclave have opened a rude door, through which steps out on the balcony the first Cardinal Deacon, and proclaims to the many, or to the few, who may happen to be in waiting, that they again possess a sove- reig;n and a pontiiT." — Cardinal IViscnian. " Sais-tu ce que c'est qu'un conclave ? Une reunion de vieillards, moins occupes du ciel que de la terre, et dont quelques-uns se font plus maladifs, plus goutteux, etplus cacochymes qu'ilsne le sont encore, dans I'esperance d'inspirer un vif interet a leurs partisans. Grand nombre d'eminences ne renonfant jamais a la possibilite d'une election, le rival le plus pres de la tombe excite toujours le moins de repugnance. Un ihumatisme est ici un titre a la confiance ; I'hydropisie a ses partisans : car I'ambition et la mort comptent sur les memes chances. Le cercueil sert comme de marchepied au trone; et il y a tel pieux candidat qui negocierait avec son concurrent, si la duree du nouveau regiie pouvait avoir son terme obligatoire comme celui d'un effet de commerce. Eh ! ne sais-tu pas toi-meme que le patre d'Ancone briila gaiement ses bequilles des qu'il eut ceint la tiare; et que Leon X., elu a trente-huit ans, avait eu grand soin de ne guerir d'un mal mortel que le lendemain de son couronnement?" — Lorenzo Ganganelli {Clement XLV.) h Carlo Ber- tinazzi, Avril 1 6, 1769. Under the rule of the Popes the palace was shown from 12 A.M. to 4 P.M. on presentation of a ticket, which could easily be obtained through a banker. It was stripped of all historical memorials and contained very few fine pictures, so was little worth visiting. Since the winter of 1870 — 71 the palace has been appropriated as the residence of the Sardinian Royal Family. On the landing of the principal staircase, in a bad light, ' is a very important fresco by Mdozzo da Forli, a rare master of the Paduan school.* * By this same master is the interesting fresco of Sixtus IV. and his nephews — now in the Vatican gallery. 454 WALKS IN- ROME. " On the vaulted ceiling of a chapel in tne Church of the SS. Apostoli at Rome, Melozzo executed a work (1472) which, in those times, can have admitted of comparison with few. When the chapel was rebuilt in the eighteenth century some fragments were saved. That compre- hending the Creator between angels was removed to a staircase in the Quirinal palace, while single figures of angels were placed in the sacristy of St. Peter's. These detached portions suffice to show a beauty and fulness of form, and a combination of earthly and spiritual grandeur, comparable in their way to the noblest productions of Titian, although in mode of execution rather recalling Coreggio. Here, as in the cupola frescoes of Coreggio himself, half a century later, we trace that constant effort at true perspective of the figure, hardly in character, perhaps, with high ecclesiastical art ; the drapery, also, is of a somewhat formless description ; but the grandeur of the principal figure, the grace and freshness of the little adoring cherubs, and the elevated beauty of the angels are expressed with an easy naivete, to which only the best works of Mantegna and Signorelli can compare." — Kiigler. Passing through a great hall, one hundred and ninety- feet long, we are shown a number of rooms fitted up by- Pius VII. and Gregory XVI. for the papal summer resi- dence. They contain few objects of interest. In one chamber is a Last Supper by Baroccio ; — in the next a fine tapestry representing the marriage of Louis XIV. The following rooms contain some good Gobelin tapes- tries. Several apartments have mosaic pavements, brought hither from pagan edifices. The chamber is shown in which Pius VII. died, — the bed has been changed. In the next room — an audience chamber — -he was taken prisoner. Here is a curious ancient pietra-dura of the Annunciation, — the ceiling is painted by Overbeck. In one of the following rooms are some pictures, including — S. Giorgio : Pordenone. "One picture especially attracted me at the Quirinal; a St. George, the conqueror of the dragon, and deliverer of the maiden. No one GARDENS OF THE QUIRINAL. 455 could tell me the name of the master, till a modest little man stepped fonvard, and told me the picture was by Pordenone the Venetian, one of his best works, showing all his merits. This quite explained my liking for it ; the picture had struck me, because being best acquainted with the Venetian school, I could best appreciate the meiuts of one of its masters." — Goethe, Roinische Briefe. Marriage of S. Catherine : Battoni. St. Peter and St. Paul : Fra Bartolomeo. " The two standing figures of St. Peter and St. Paul, as large as life, were executed during a short residence in Rome. The first was com- pleted by Raphael after Fra Bartolomeo's departure." — Kiigler. The room which is decorated with a fine modern tapestry of the martyrdom of St. Stephen, has a plaster frieze, being the original cast of the Triumph of Alexander the Great, modelled for Napoleon by Thorwaldsen. One of the last rooms shown is a kind of picture gallery. Among the best works here are : — Saul and David : Giiercino, Ecce Homo : Doinenkhino. St. Jerome : Spagnoletto. The Flight into Egypt : Baroccio. Here also is a worthless picture of the Battle of INIentana, presented to Pius IX. by the English Catholic ladies. The Private Chapel of the Pope, opening from this gallery, contains a magnificent picture of the Annuncia- tion by Giiido, and frescoes of the Hfe of the Virgin by Albani. The great hall of the Consistorj^, a bare room with benches, has a fresco of the Virgin and Child by Carlo Maratfa, over an altar. The Gardens of the Qidrinal can be visited with an order from 8 to 12 a.m. They are in the stiff style of box hedges and clipped avenues, which seems to belong especially 456 WALKS IN HOME. to Rome, and which we know to have been popular here even in imperial times. Pliny, in his account of his Tus- culan villa, describes his gardens decorated with "figures of different animals, cut in box : evergreens clipped into a thousand different shapes ; sometimes into letters form- ing different names ; walls and hedges of cut box, and trees twisted into a variety of forms." But the Quirinal gardens are also worth visiting, on account of the many pretty glimpses they afford of St. Peter's and other distant buildings, and the oddity of some of the devices — an organ played by water, &c. The Casino, built by Fuga, has fres- coes by Orizonti, PoDipco Baftoni, and Paji7iini. If we turn to the left on issuing from the palace, we reach — on the left — the entrance to the courtyard of the vast Palazzo Rospigliosi, built by Flaminio Ponzio, in 1603, for Cardinal Scipio Borghese, on a portion of the site of the Baths of Constantine. It was inhabited by Cardinal Benti- voglio, and sold by him to Cardinal Mazarin, who enlarged it from designs of Carlo Maderno. From his time to 1704 it was inhabited by French ambassadors, and it then passed to the Rospigliosi family. The present Prince Rospigliosi inhabits the second floor, his brother, Prince Pallavicini, the first. The palace itself (well known from its hospitalities) is not shown, but the Casino is open on Wednesdays and Satur- days. It is situated at the end of a very small but pretty garden planted with magnolias, and consists of three cham- bers. On the roof of the central room is the famous Aurora of Guide. " Guido's Aurora is the very type of haste and impetus ; for surely no man ever imagined such hurry and tumult, such sounding and clash- I PALAZZO ROSPIGLIOSI. 457 ing. Painters maintain that it is lighted from two sides, — they have my full permission to light theirs from three if it will improve them, but the difference lies elsewhere." — McnddssoJu^ s Letters, p. 91. "This is the noblest work of Guido. It is embodied poetry. The Hours, that hand in hand encircle the car of Phoebus, advance with rapid pace. The paler, milder forms of those gentle sisters who rule over declining day, and the glowing glance of those who bask in the meridian blaze, resplendent in the hues of heaven, — are of no mortal grace and beauty ; but they are eclipsed by Aurora herself, who sails on the golden clouds before them, shedding ' showers of shadowing roses ' on the rejoicing earth ; her celestial presence diffusing gladness, and light, and beauty around. Above the heads of the heavenly coursers, hovers the morning star, in the form of a youthful cherub, bearing his flaming torch. Nothing is more admirable in this beautiful composition than the motion given to the whole. The smooth and rapid step of the circling Hours as they tread on the fleecy clouds ; the fiery steeds ; the whirling wheels of the car ; the torch of Lucifer, blown back by the velocity of his advance ; and the form of Aurora, borne through the ambient air, till you almost fear she should float from your sight." — Eaton's Rome. "The work of Guido is more poetic than that of Guercino, and luminous, and soft, and harmonious. Cupid, Aurora, Phoebus, form a climax of beauty, and the Hours seem as light as the clouds on which they dance." — Forsyth. Lanzi points out that Guido always took the Venus de IMedici and the Niobe as his favourite models, and that there is scarcely one of his large pictures in which the Niobe or one of her sons is not introduced, yet with such dexterity, that the theft is scarcely perceptible. The frescoes of the frieze are by Te.mpesta ; the land- scapes by Paul Brill. In the hall are busts, statues, and a bronze horse found in the ruins of the Baths. There is a small collection of pictures — the only work of real importance being the beautiful Danicle di Volterra of our Saviour bearing his cross, in the room on the left. In the same room are two large pictures, David triumph- 458 WALK'S IN ROME. ing with the head of GoHath, Domcnichino ; and Perseus rescuing Andromeda, Guido. In the room on the right are, Adam gathering fig-leaves for Eve, in a Paradise which is crowded with animals like a menagerie, Domeni- cJiino ; and Samson pulling down the pillars upon the Philistines, Liidovico Caracci. A second small garden belonging to this palace is well worth seeing in May from the wealth of camellias, azaleas, and roses, with which it is filled. Opposite the Rospigliosi Palace, by ringing at a gate in the wall, we gain admission to the Coloniia Gardens (con- nected with the palace in the Piazza SS. Apostoli, by a series of bridges across the intervening street). Here, on a lofty terrace which has a fine view towards the Capitol, and overshadowed by grand cypresses, are the colossal remains of the Temple of the Sun (huge fragments of cornice) built by Aurelian (a.d. 270 — 75). At the other end of the terrace, looking down through two barns into a kind of pit, we can see some remains of the Baths of Constantme — built A.D. 326 — and of the great staircase which led up to them from the valley below. The portico of these baths re- mained erect till the time of Clement XII. (1730 — 40), and was adorned with four marble statues, of which two — those of the two Constantines — may now be seen on the terrace of the Capitol. Beneath the magnificent cypress-trees on the slope of the hill are several fine sarcophagi. Only the stem is preserved of the grand historical pine-tree, which was planted on the day on which Cola di Rienzi died, and which was one of the great ornaments of the city till 1848, when it was broken in a storm. S. SILVESTRO A MONTE CAVALLO. 459 Just beyond the end of the garden, are the great Convent and Church of S. Silvestro a Monte Cavallo — belonging to the Missionaries of St. Vincent de Paul — in which the Car- dinals meet before going in procession to the Conclave. It contains a few rather good pictures. The cupola of the second chapel has frescoes by Domenichino, of David dancing before the Ark, — the Queen of Sheba and Solomon, — Judith with the head of Holofemes, — and Esther fainting before Ahasuerus. These are considered by Lanzi as some of the finest frescoes of the master. In the left transept is a chapel containing a picture of the Assumption, painted on slate, considered the masterpiece of Scipione Gactani. The last chapel but one on the left has a ceiling by Cav. d'ArJ>ino, and frescoes on the walls by Polidoro da Cara- vaggio. The picture over the altar, representing St. Dominic and St. Catherine of Siena, is by Mariotto Alberti- nellL Cardinal Bentivoglio — who wrote the history of the wars in Flanders, and lived in the Rospigliosi Palace— is buried here. We now reach the height of Maganaopoli, from which the isthmus which joined the Quirinal to the Capitoline was cut away by Trajan. Here is a cross-ways. On the right is a descent to the Forum of Trajan, at the side of which is the villa of Cardinal Antonelli, and beyond it, the handsome modern palace of Count Trapani, cousin to the King of Naples. Opposite, is the Church of Sta. Caterina di Siena, pos- sessing some frescoes attributed, on doubtful grounds, to the rare master Timoteo delta Vite. Adjoining, is a large convent, enclosed within the precincts of which is the tall brick mediaeval tower, sometimes called the Tower of Nero, 46o WALK'S IN ROME. but generally known as the Torre dclle Milizie, i.e. the Roman Militia. It was erected by the sons of Peter Alexius, a baron attached to the party of the Senator Pandolfo de Suburra. The lower part is said to have been built in 1210, the upper in 1294 and 1330. "People pass through two regular courses of study at Rome, — the first in learning, and the second in unlearning. ' ' ' This is the tower of Nero, from which he saw the city in flames, — and this is the temple of Concord, — and this is the temple of Castor and Pollux, — and this is the temple of Vesta, — and these are the baths of Paulus-^milius,' — and so on, says your lacquey. " ' This is not the tower of Nero, — nor that the temple of Castor and Pollux, — nor the other the temple of Concord, — nor are any of these things what they are called,' says your antiquary." — Eato/i's Rome. The Convent of Sta. Caterina was built by the celebrated Vittoria Colonna, who requested the advice of Michael Angeio on the subject, and was told that she had better make the ancient " Torre " into a belfry, A very curious account of the interview in which this subject was dis- cussed, and which took place in the Church of S. Silvestro a Monte Cavallo, is left us in the memoirs of Francesco d'Olanda, a Portuguese painter, who was himself present at the conversation. Near this point are two other fine mediaeval towers. One is to the right of the descent to the Forum of Trajan, being that of the Colonnas, now called Tor di Bahcic, ornamented with three beautiful fragments of sculptured frieze, one of them bearing the device of the Colonna, a crowned column rising from a wreath. The other tower, immediately facing us, is called Torre del Grillo, from the ancient flmiily of that name. STA. AG ATA DEI GOTI. 4G1 Opposite Sta. Caterina is the handsome Church of SS. Domenico e Sisto, approached by a good double twisted staircase. Over the second altar on the left is a picture of the marriage of St. Catherine by AUcgrani, and, on the anniversary of her (visionary) marriage (July 19), the dried hand of the saint is exhibited here to the unspeakable comfort of the faithful. Turning by this church into the Via Maganaopoli (formerly Baganaopoli, a corruption of Balnea Pauli— Baths of Emilius Paulus), we pass on the left the Palazzo Aldo- hrandini, with a bright pleasant-looking court and handsome fountain. The present Prince Aldobrandini is brother of Prince Borghese. Of this family was S. Pietro Aldo- brandini, generally known as S. Pietro Igneo, who was canonized because, in 1067, he walked unhurt, crucifix in hand, through a burning fiery furnace ten feet long before the church door of Settimo, near Florence, to prove an accusation of simony Avhich he had brought against Pietro di Pavia, bishop of that city. In the Via di Mazzarini, in the hollow between the Quirinal and Viminal, is the Convent of Sta. Agata in Subufra, through the courtyard of which we enter the Church of Sta. Agata del Goti. A tradition declares that this (like S. Sabba on the Aventine) is on the site of a house of Sta. Silvia, mother of St. Gregory the Great, who consecrated the church after it had been plundered by the Goths, and dedicated it to Sta. Agata. It was rebuilt by Ricimer, the king-maker, in a.d. 472. Twelve ancient granite columns and a handsome opus-alexandrinum pave- ment are its only signs of antiquity. The church now belongs to the Irish Seminary. In the left aisle is the 462 WALKS IN ROME monument of Daniel O'Connell, with bas-reliefs by Benzoni, inscribed : — "This monument contains the heart of O'Connell, who dying at Genoa on his way to the Eternal City, bequeathed his soul to God, his body to Ireland, and his heart to Rome. He is represented at the bar of the British House of Commons in MDCCCXXIIL, when he refused to take the anti-catholic declaration, in these remarkable words — ' I at once reject this declaration ; part of it I believe to be untrue, and the rest I know to be false.' He was born vi. Aug. MDCCLXXVI., and died XV. May, MDCCCXLVIH. Erected by Charles Bianconi, the faithful friend of the immortal liberator, and of Ireland the land of his adoption." At the end of the left aisle is a chapel, which Cardinal Antonelli (who has his palace near this) decorated, 1863, with frescoes and arabesques as a burial-place for his family. In the opposite chapel is a gilt figure of Sta. Agata carrying her breasts — showing the manner in which she suffered, "Agatha was a maiden of Catania, in Sicily, whither Decius the emperor sent Quintianus as governor. He, inflamed by the beauty of Agatha, tempted her with rich gifts and promises, but she repulsed him with disdain. Then Quintianus ordered her to be bound and beaten with rods, and sent two of his slaves to tear her bosom with iron shears, and as her blood flowed forth, she said to him, ' O thou cruel tyrant ! art thou not ashamed to treat me thus — hast thou not thyself been fed at thy mother's breasts ? ' Thus only did she murmur. And in the night a venerable man came to her, bearing a vase of ointment, and before him walked a youth bearing a torch. It was the holy apostle Peter, and the youth was an angel ; but Agatha knew it not, though such a glorious light filled the prison, that the guards fled in terror. . . . Tiien St. Peter made himself known and ministered to her, restoring with heavenly balm her wounded breasts. " Quintianus, infuriated, demanded who had healed her. She re- plied, ' He whom I confess and adore with heart and lips, he hath sent his aposlle who hath healed me.' Then Quintianus caused her to be thrown bound upon a great fire, but instantly an earthquake arose, and the people in terror cried, ' This visitation is sent because of the suffer- STJ. AG ATA DEI GOTI. 463 ings of the maiden Agatha.' So he caused her to be taken from the fire, and carried back to prison, where she prayed aloud that having now proved her faith, she might be freed from pain and see the glory of God ; — and her prayer was answered and her spirit instantly departed into eternal glory, Feb. 5, A.D. 251." — From the ^' Legende dclle SS. VerginiP Agatha (patroness of Catania) is one of the saints most reverenced by the Roman people. On the 5 th of February her vespers are sung here, which contain the antiphons : — "Who art thou that art come to heal my wounds? — I am an apostle of Christ, doubt not concerning me, my daughter. "Medicine for the body have I never used; but I have the Lord Jesus Christ, who with his word alone restoreth all things. "I render thanks to thee, O Lord Jesus Christ, for that thou hast been mindful of me, and hast sent thine apostle to heal my wounds. "I bless thee, O Father of my Lord Jesus Christ, because through thine apostle thou hast restored my breasts to me. " Him who hath vouchsafed to heal me of every wound, and to re- store to me my breasts, him do I invoke, even the living God. " Blessed Agatha, standing in her prison, stretched forth her hands and prayed unto the Lord, saying, ' O Lord Jesus Christ, my good master, I thank thee because thou hast given me strength to overcome the tortures of the executioners ; and now. Lord, speak the word, that I may depart hence to thy glory which fadcth not away." The tomb of John Lascaris (a refugee from Con- stantinople when taken by the Turks) has — in Greek — the inscription : — "Lascaris lies here in a foreign grave; but, stranger, that does not disturb him, rather does he rejoice ; yet he is not without sorrow, as a Grecian, that his fatherland will not bestow upon him the freedom of a grave." Passing the great Convent of S. Bernardino Senensis, we reach the Via dei Serpenti, interesting as occupying 4O4 WALKS IN ROME: the supposed site of the ValHs Quirinalis, where Julius Procukis, returning from Alba Longa, encountered the ghost of Romulus : "Sed Proculus Longa veniebat Julius Alba; Lunaque fulgebat ; nee faeis usus erat : Cum subito motu nubes erepuere sinistrse : Retulit ille gradus, horrueruntque comae. Pulcher, et humano major, trabeaque decorus, Romulus in media visus adesse via." Ovid, Fast. ii. 498. Turning to the right down the Via dei Serpenti, we reach the Piazza Sta. Maria in Monti, containing a fountain, and a church dedicated to SS. Sergius and Bacchus, two martyrs who suffered under Maximian at Rasapha in Syria. One side of this piazza is occupied by the Church of Sfa. Maria in Monti, in which is deposited a figure of the beggar Labre (canonized by Pius IX. in i860), dressed in the gown of a mendicant-pilgrim, which he wore when living. Over the altar is a picture of him in the Coliseum, distributing to his fellow-beggars the alms which he had obtained. His fete is observed here on April 16. (At No. 3 Via dei Serpenti, one may visit the chamber in which Labre died — and in the Via dei Crociferi, near the fountain of Trevi, a chapel containing many of his relics, — the bed on which he died, the crucifix which he wore in his bosom, (Sec.) "Benott Joscpli I,abrc naquit en 1 748 dans Ic diocese de Boulogne (France) de parents chretiens ct jouissant d'une modeste aisance. D'une piete vive et tendrc, il voulut d'al:)ord se faire religieux ; mais sa sante ne put rcsister, ni aux regies des Chartreux, ni a celles des Trappistes, chcz lesquels il cntra successivement. // fiit alors soUicite inth-icure- vimt, est il dit dans la notice sur sa vie, de inciicr une vie de phiitence et de charite an milieu du siccle. Pendant sept annees, il parcourut en ■ CONVENT OF THE SEPOLTE VIVE. 465 pelerin-mendiant, les sanctuaires de la Vierge les plus veneres de toute I'Europe ; on a calcule qu'il fit, a pied, plus de cinq mille lieucs, pen- dant ces sept annees. "En 1777, il revint en Italic, pour ne plus en sortir. II habitait Rome, faisant seulement une fois chaque annee, le pelerinage de Lorete. II passait une grande partie de ses journees dans les eglises, mendiait, et faisait des ceuvres de charite. II couchait quelquefois sous le portique des eglises, et le plus souvent au Colysee derriere la petite chapelle de la cinquieme station du chemin de la croix. L'eglise qu'il frequentait le plus, etait celle de Ste. Marie des Monts; le 16 Avril, 1783, apres y avoir prie fort longtemps, en sortant, il tomba, comme evanoui, sur les marches du peristyle de l'eglise. On le transporta dans une maison voisine, ou il mourut le soir." — Une AmiSe a Rome. Almost opposite this church, a narrow alley, which ap- pears to be a cul-de-sac ending in a picture of the Crucifixion, is in reality the approach to the carefully concealed Convent of the Farjiesiani JVwis, generally known as the Sepolte Vive. The only means of communicating Avith them is by rapping on a barrel which projects from a wall on a platform above the roofs of the houses, — when a muffled voice is heard from the interior, — and if your references are satisfactory, the barrel turns round and eventually discloses a key by which the initiated can admit themselves to a small chamber in the interior of the convent. Over its door is an inscription, bidding those Avho enter that chamber to leave all worldly thoughts behind them. Round the walls are inscribed, — ■" Qui non diligit, manet in morti." — " Militia est vita hominis super terram." — " Alter alterius onera portate " ; and, on the other side, opposite the door, "Vi esorto a rimirar La vita del mondo Nella guisa che la mira Un moribondo." 466 WALKS IN ROME. In one of the walls is an opening with a double grille, be- yond which is a metal plate, pierced with holes like the rose of a watering-pot. It is beyond this grille and behind this plate, that the abbess of the Sepolte Vive receives her visitors, but she is even then veiled from head to foot in heavy folds of thick bure. Gregory XVI., who of course could penetrate within the convent and who wished to try her, said, " Sorella mia, levate il velo." " No, mio padre," she replied, " E vietato dalla nostra regola." The nuns of the Sepolte Vive are never seen again after they once assume the black veil, though they are allowed double the ordinary noviciate. They never hear anything of the outer world, even of the deaths of their nearest relations. Daily, they are said to dig their own graves and lie down in them, and their remaining hours are occu- pied in perpetual and monotonous adoration of the Blessed Sacrament. Returning as far as the Via Pane e Perna (a continuation of the Via Maganaopoli) we ascend the slope of the Viininal Hill, now with difficulty to be distinguished from the Quirinal. It derives its name from vhniiia, osiers, and was once probably covered with woods, since a temple of Syl- vanus or Pan was one of several which adorned its principal street — the Vicus Longus— the site of which is now marked by the countrified lane called Via S. Vitale. This end of the hill is crowned by the Church of S. Lorenzo Pane e Perna, built on the site of tlie martyrdom of the deacon St. Laurence, who suffered under Claudius II., in a.d. 264, for refusing tf^ give up the goods of the Church. Over the altar is a huge fresco, representing the saint extended upon a red-hot gridiron, and below — entered from the exterior of S. LORENZO PAXE E PERXA. 467 the church — a crypt is shown as the scene of his cruel sufferings.* "Blessed Laurentius, as he lay stretched and burning on the gridiron, said to the impious tyrant, ' The meat is done, make haste hitlier and eat. As for the treasures of the Church which you seek, the hands of the poor have carried them to a heavenly treasury.' " — Aiitiphon of St. Laurence. The funeral of St. Bridget of Sweden took place in this church, July 1373, but after resting here for a year, her body was removed by her son to the monastery of Wastein in Sweden. Under the second altar on the right are shown the relics of St. Crispin and St Crispinian, " two holy brothers, who departed from Rome with St. Denis to preach the Gospel in France, where, after the example of St. Paul, they laboured with their hands, being by trade shoemakers. And these good saints made shoes for the poor without fee or reward (for which the angels supplied them with leather), until, denounced as Christians, they suffered martjTdom at Sois- sons, being, after many tortures, beheaded by the sword (a.d. 300)." t The festival of St. Crispin and St. Crispinian is held on October 25, the anniversary of the battle of Agincourt. "And Crispin Crispian shall ne'er go by, From this day to the ending of the world, But we in it shall be remembered." Shakespeare, Hemy V. Throughout the middle ages the statues of Posidippua and INIenander, now in the gallery of statues at the Vatican, • The body of this saint is said to repose at S. Lorenzo fuori Mura ; his head is at the Quirinal ; at S. Lorenzo in Luciiia his gridiron and chains are shown, t Jameson's Sacred and Legendary Art. 468 WALKS IN ROME. were kissed and worshipped in this church under the im- pression that they represented saints (see Ch. XV.). They were found on this site, which was once occupied by the baths of Olympias, daughter-in-law of Constantine. The strange name of the church, Pane e Pema, is sup- posed to have had its origin in a dole of bread and ham once given at the door of the adjacent convent. In the garden belonging to the convent is a mediaeval house of c. 1 200. The campanile is of 1450. The small neighbouring Church of S. Lorenzo in Fonte covers the site of the prison of St. Lawrence, and a foun- tain is shown there as that in which he baptized Vicus Pati-icius and his daughter Lucilla, whom he miraculously raised from the dead. Descending the hill below the church — in the valley between the Esquiline and Viminal — we reach at the corner of the street a spot of preeminent historical interest, as that where Servius Tullius was killed, and where TuUia (b.c. 535) drove in her chariot over the dead body of her father. The Vicus Urbius by which the old king had reached the spot is now represented by the Via Urbana ; the Vicus Cyprius, by which he was about to ascend to the palace on the hill Cispius, by the Via di Sta. Maria Maggiore. •' Sei-vius-Tullius, aprcs avoir piis Ic chcmin laccourci qui paitait du pied de la Vclia et allait du cote des Carines, atteiynit le Vicus-Cyprius (Via Urbana). " Parvenu a Fextrcmite du Vicus-Cyprius, le roi fut atteint et assas- sine par les gens de Tarquin auprcs d'un temple de Diane. "C'est arrives en cet endroit, au moment de tourner a droite et de gagner, en remontant le Vicus-Virbius, le Cispius, ou habitait son pere, que les chevaux s'arretcrent ; que Tullie, poussee par rimpatience ficvrcuse de I'ambition, et n'ayant plus que quelques pas h. faire pour STA. PUDENZIANA. i,<o^ arriver an terme, avertie par le cocher que le cadavrc dc son pcre etait la gisant, s'ecria : ' Eh bien, pousse le char en avant.' " I.e meurtre s'est accompli au pied du Viminal, a I'extremite du Vicus-Cyprius, la ou fut depuis le Vicus-Sceleratus, la rue Funeste. " Le lieu oil la tradition placait cette tragique aventure ne peut etre sur I'Esquilin : mais necessairement au pied de cette colline et du Viminal, puisque, parvenu a I'extremite du Vicus-Cyprius, le cocher allait tourner a droite et remonter pour gravir I'Esquilin. II ne faut done pas chercher, comme Nibby, la rue Scelerate sur une des pentes, ou, comme Canina et M. Dyer, sur le sommet de I'Esquilin, d'oii Ton ne pouvait monter sur "Esquilin. "Tullie n'allait pas sur I'Oppius (San-Pietro in Vincoli), dans la aemeure de son mari, mais sur le Cispius, dans la demeure de son pere. C'etait de la demeure royale qu'elle allait prendre possession pour le Tiouveau roi. ****** "Je n'oublierai jamais le soir oil, apres avoir longtemps cherche le lieu qui vit la mort de Servius et le crime de Tullie, tout-a-coup je decouvris clairement que j'y etais arrive, et m'arretant plein d'horreur, comme le cocher de la parricide, plongeant dans 1' ombre un regard qui, malgre nioi, y cherchait le cadavre du vieux roi, je me dis : ' C'etait la ! ' " Ampere, Hist. Rom. ii. 153. Turning to the left, at the foot of the Esquihne, we find the interesting CJiurch of Sta. Fudeiiziana, supposed to be the most ancient of all the Roman churches (" omnium ecclesiarum urbis vetustissima"). Cardinal Wiseman, who took his title from this church, considers it was the prin- cipal place of worship in Rome after apostolic times, being founded on the site of the house where St. Paul lodged, A.D. 41 to 50, with the senator Pudens, whose family- were his first converts, and who is said to have himself suffered martyrdom under Nero. On this ancient place of worship an oratory was engrafted by Pius I. {c. a.d. 145), in memory of the younger daughter of Pudens, Pudenziana, perhaps at the request of her sister Prassede, who is believed to have survived till that time. In very early times two 470 WALKS IN ROME. small churches existed here, known as " Titulus Pudentis " and " Titulus Pastoris," the latter in memory of a brother of Pius I. The church, which has been successively altered by Adrian I. in the eighth century, by Gregory VII., and by Innocent II., was finally modernised by Cardinal Caetani in 1597. Little remains of ancient external work except the graceful brick campanile {c. 1130) with triple arcades of open arches on every side separated by bands of terra-cotta moulding, — and the door adorned with low reliefs of the Lamb bearing a cross, and of Sta. Prassede and Sta. Puden- ziana with the vases in which they collected the blood of the martyrs, and two other figures, probably St. Pudens and St. Pastor. The chapel on the left of the tribune, which is regarded as the " Titulus Pudentis," has an old mosaic pavement, said to have belonged to the house of Pudens. Here is a bas- relief by Giacomo della Porta, representing our Saviour delivering the keys to St. Peter ; and here is preserved part of the altar at which St. Peter is said to have celebrated mass (the rest is at the Lateran), and which was used by all the early popes till the time of Sylvester. Among early Christian inscriptions let into the walls, is one to a Cornelia, of the family of the Pudenziani, with a rude portrait. Opening from the left aisle is the chapel of the Caetani family, with tombs of the seventeenth century. Over the altar is a bas-relief of the Adoration of the Magi, by Paolo Olivieri. On each side are fine columns of Lunachella marble. Over the entrance from the nave are ancient mosaics, — of the Evangelists and of Sta. Pudenziana collect- ing the blood 'of the martyrs. Peneath, is a gloomy and STA. PUDENZIANA. 471 neglected vault, in which all the sarcophagi and coffins of the dead Caetani are shown by torchlight. In the tribune are magnificent mosaics, ascribed by some to the eighth, by others to the fourth century, and con- sidered by De Rossi,* as the best of all ancient Christian mosaics. " In conception and treatment this work is indeed classic : seated on a rich throne in the centre, is the Saviour with one arm extended, and in the other hand holding a book open at the words, Consa-oator EcclesicB Fudentiancz ; laterally stand SS., Praxedis and Pudentiana with leafy crowns in their hands ; and at a lower level, but more in front, SS. Peter and Paul with eight other male figures, all in the amply- flowing costume of ancient Romans ; while in the background are seen, beyond a portico with arcades, various stately buildings, one a rotunda, another a parallelogram with a gable-headed front, recognizable as a baptistery and basilica, here, we may believe, in authentic copy from the earliest types of the period of the first Christian emperors. Above the group, and hovering in the air, a large cross, studded with gems, surmounts the head of our Saviour, between the four symbols of the Evangelists, of which one has been entirely, and another in the greater part, sacrificed to some wretched accessories in woodwork actually allowed to conceal portions of this most interesting mosaic ! As to expression, a severe solemnity is that prevailing, especially in the prin- cipal head, which alone is crowned with the nimbus — one among other proofs, if but negative, of its high antiquity." — Hemans' Ancient Chris- tian Art. Besides Sta. Pudenziana and St. Pudens, — St. Novatus and St. Siricius are said to be buried here. Those who visit this sanctuary every day obtain an indulgence of 3000 years, with remission of a third part of their sins ! Excavations made by INIr. J. H. Parker, in 1865, have laid bare some interest- ing constructions beneath the church, — supposed to be those of the house of Pudens — a part of the public baths of Novatus, the son of Pudens, which were in use for some * Roma Christiana. 472 n^ALKS IN ROME. centuries after his time, and a chamber in which is supposed to have been the oratory dedicated by Pius I. in a.d. 145. " Eubulus greeteth thee, and Pudens, and Linus, and Claudia, and all the brethren." — 2 Timothy iv. 21. The following account of the family of Pudens is received as the legacy of Pastor to the Christian Church. ' ' Pudens went to his Saviour, leaving his daughters strengthened with chastity, and learned in all the divine law. These sold their goods, and distributed the produce to the poor, and persevered strictly in the love of Christ, guarding intact the flower of their virginity, and only . seeking for glory in vigils, fastings, and prayer. They desired to have a baptistery in their house, to which the blessed Pius not only consented, but with his own hand drew the plan of the fountain. Then calling in their slaves, both from town and country, the two virgins gave liberty to those who were Christians, and urged belief in the faith upon those who had not yet received it. By the advice of the blessed Pius, the affranchisement was declared, with all the ancient usages, in the oratory founded by Pudens ; then, at the festival of Easter, ninety-six neophytes were baptized ; so that thenceforth assemblies were constantly held in the said oratory, which night and day resounded with hymns of praise. Many pagans gladly came thither to find the faith and receive baptism. "Meanwhile the Emperor Antonine, being informed of what was taking place, issued an edict commanding all Christians to dwell apart in their own houses, without mixing with the rest of the people, and that they should neither go to the public shops, nor to the baths. Praxedis and Pudentiana then assembled those whom they had led to the faith, and housed them. They nourished them for many days, watching • and praying. The blessed bishop Pius himself frequently visited us with joy, and offered the sacrifice for us to the Saviour. "Then Pudentiana went to God. Her sister and I wrapped her in perfumes and kept her concealed in the oratory. Then, at the end of twenty-eight days, we carried her to the cemetery of Priscilla, and laid her near her father Pudens. " Eleven months after, Novatus died in his turn. He bequeathed his goods to Praxedis, and she then begged of St. Pius to erect a titular (a cliurch) in the baths of Novatus, which were no longer used, and where there was a large and spacious liall. The bishop made the dedication in the name of the blessed virgin Praxedis. In the same place he conse- crated a baptistery. ^"•. PAOLO PKIMO EREMITA. 473 "Bat, at tlie end of two years, a great persecution was declared against the Cliristiaus, and many of them received the crown of martyr- dom. Praxedis concealed a great number of them in her oratory, and nourished them at once with the food of this world and with the word of God. But the Emperor Antonine, having learnt that these meetings took place in the oratory of Priscilla, caused it to be searched, and many Christians were taken, especially the priest Simetrius and twenty-two others. And the blessed Praxedis collected their bodies by night, and buried them in the cemetery of Priscilla, on the seventh day of the calends of June. Then the virgin of the Saviour, worn out with sorrow, only asked for death. Her tears and her prayers reached to heaven, and fifty- four days after her brethren had suffered, she passed to God. And I, Pastor, the priest, have buried her body near that of her father Pudens." — From the iVarration of Pastor. Returning by the main line of streets to the Quattro Fontane, we skirt on the right the wall of the Villa Negroni (see Ch. XL). Beyond this, on the left, is the Church of S. Paolo Frii/io Erciiiita. The strange-looking palm-tree over the door, with a raven perched upon it and two lions be- low, commemorates the story of the saint, who, retiring to the desert at the age of 22, lived there till he was 112, eating nothing but the dates of his tree for twenty-two years, after which bread was daily brought to him by a raven. In his last hours St. Anthony came to visit him and was present at his burial, when two lions his companions came to dig his grave. The sustaining palm-tree and the three animals who loved S. Paolo are again represented over the altar. Further on the left, we pass the Via S. Vitale, occupy- ing the site of the Vicus Longus, considered by Dyer to have been the longest street in the ancient city. Here stood the temples of Sylvanus, and of Fever, with that of Pudicitia Plebeia, founded c. B.C. 297, by Virginia the patrician, wife of Volumnius, when excluded from the patrician temple of Pudicitia in the Forum Boarium, on account of her plebeian VOL. I. , 31 474 IVALR'S LV ROME. marriage. " At its altar none but plebeian matrons of un- impeachable chastity, and who had been married to only one husband, were allowed to sacrifice." *" The Church of S. Vitalc on the Viminal, which now stands here, was founded by Innocent I, in a.d. 416. The interior is covered with frescoes of martyrdoms. It is seldom open except early on Sunday mornings. S. Vitale, father of S. Gervasius and S. Protasius, was the martyr and patron saint of Ravenna who was buried alive under Nero. Beyond this, on the left of the Via delle Quattro Fontane, is the Church of S. Dionisio, belonging to the Basilian nuns, called Apostoline di S. Basilio. It contains an Ecce Homo of Luca Giordano., and the gaudy shrine of the virgin martyr Sta. Coraola. * Dyer, p. 94. END OF VOL. I. JOHN CHILDS AND SON, I'RINTEKS. INDEX. A. Academy for French Art-students, i. 49 ; costume described, 55 ; of St. Luke, 59, 167 Accademia, annual entertainment in honour of Tasso at, ii. 437 ^sculapius, temple of, ii. 364 Agger of Ser\^ius TuUius, remains of, ii. 38 Agnese, St., martyrdom of, ii. 193, 19s Agrippa, baths ot, ii. 211 Alban Hills, i. 368, 373 Albani, Fra, i. 6g, 141, 267, 268, 455 ; ii- 443 Alberteschi family, Castle of the, ii. 368 Albertinelli, Mariotto, i. 459 Aldobrandini family, burial-place of, ii. 214 Alexis, St., legend of, i. 362 Algardi, ii. 167, 265 Allegrani, i. 461 Almo, the, i. 373, 375, 413 ; ii. 408 Altieri family, burial-place of, ii. 216 Alunno, Niccolo, ii. 357 Amici, ii. 260 Ammanati, i. 72 ; ii. 450 Amphitheatrum Castrense, ii. 131 Angelico, Fra, ii. 216, 324, 348, 444 Angelo, St., Castle of, i. 37 ; view of, 43 ; its original use, 227 ; its archi- tecture, 228 ; its history, as a fort- ress, 229 — 232 ; alterations in it, caused by popes, 232 ; interior, 233 ; prisons, 234 ; sculptures, 234 ; passage intended for the escape of popes to the Castle, 234 ; Ponte, ii. 225, 226 Anicii, Castle built by the family of the, ii. 362 Anio, river, ii. 31 ; Castle of Rustica on banks of, 135 Antemnae, site of, ii. 420 Antinous, the, most beautiful statue in the world, ii. 308 Antiquities, shops at which to buy, i. 29 ; in Kircherian Museum, 88 ; in Palazzo Torlonia, 104 ; in Museum of Guidi, 379 ; principal receptacle in Rome for, ii. 114 ; in Palazzo Vidoni, 185 ; collection of, in the Vatican, 300 ; chair used at the in- stallation of mediEeval popes, 316 ; in the Vatican library, 324 ; in the Egyptian Museum, 333 Apollo, Temple of, i. 296 ; ii. 134 Belvedere, ii. 311 Appia, Via, i. 372 ; beginning of beauty of, 424 Aqua Acetosa, ii. 420 Alexandrina, ii. 133 Argentina, used by Castor and Pollux, i. 229 Bollicnnte, ii. 133 Claudia, ii. 113 Felice, ii. 124 Marcia, remains of, ii. 95 Aqueduct, Claudian, ii. 125. Arches — of Ancient Basilica, ii. 405 of Aqua Claudia, ii. 123 TArco deir Annunziata, ii. 380 Arco di S. Lazzaro, ii. 393 Arco Oscuro, ii. 420 Arco dei Pantani, i. 165 of Cloaca Maxima, i. 229 of Constantine, i. 206, 319, 375 of Doljibelia, i. 330 458 INDEX. Arches — con tin t/ed. of Drusus, i. 376, 387 of Gallienus, ii. 71 of Janus, i. 229 of Septiniius Severus, i. 170, 173 ; miniature, 232 three gigantic, i. 184 of Tiberius, i. 173 in Palace of Tiberius, i. 291 of Titus, i. 2QO Architecture, Museum of antiqui- ties of, i. 122, 170, 311 ; decadence of, 232 ; primitive ecclesiastical, 343 ; specimens of pagan, 405 ; of street, ii. 63 ; of tenth centur}', remains of, in the Lateran, 102 ; relics of, 104 ; of St. Peter's, 244 ; of the interior of Sistine Chapel, 288 ; remnants of mediaeval, 379 ; remains of ancient, in cloister of Basilica, 405 Arnolphus, ii. 373 Arpino, Cav. d', i. 267, 459 ; ii. 43, 88 ; tomb of, 105 ; works of, 119, 252, 381 Art, Museum of, i. 39 ; specimen of, of the Middle Ages, 193 ; de- cadence of, 232 ; influence of By- zantine upon Roman, 341 ; earliest instance of the Transfiguration treated in, 380 ; catacomb, 402 ; encouragement of, by Herodes, 414 ; criticisms, showing the differ- ence of French and English taste in, ii. 43 ; remains of ancient pic- torial, 53 ; relics of, 212 ; finest specimen in Rome of ancient pic- torial, 326 Artists, studios of, i. 30 ; lists of sub- jects for, 34 ; frescoes by modern German, 54 ; models for, 56 ; view familiar to, ii. 62; casino decorated by modern German, 122 ; pic- turesque subjects for, 124, 134 ; Festa degli Artiste, 135; points in Sta. Maria in Trastevcre interesting to, 387 Ar.x, i. 115 Atticus, Ilcrodcs, romantic story of, i. 414, 415 Augustine, St., place of departure from Rome of, i. 319 Augustus, Palace of, i. 279 ; Cryjito- Porticus, 281 ; Tablinum, 285 ; Lararium, 285 ; Peristyle, 285 ; 'I'riclinium, 286 ; Nympha;um, 287 ; Bibliotheca, Theatre, Sacri- ficial Altar, 2S8 Aurehan, Wall of, i. 385 ; Temple of the Sun, 436 ; favourite residence of, ii. 12 Ave-Maria bell, i. 44, 57 Aventine, the, i. 348 ; origin of name, and story of, 349 ; temples on, 351 — 353 ; reason of decline of its popularity, 354 ; best approach to, 355 ; Jewish burial-ground, 355 ; Convent and Church of Sta. Sa- bina, 356 ; Church and Convent of S. Alessio, 362; view of St. Peter's from, 365 ; legend of Cacus, 366 ; Church of S. Sabba, 369 B. Babuino, the, i. 36 Baciccio, i. 444 ; ii. 213, 379, 443 Badalocchi, i. 323 Baglioni, ii. 41 Balconies, in Corso, i. 61 ; of house of Lucrezia Borgia, ii. 62 ; in vestibule of the Torso, 307 Bambino, II Santissimo, story of, i. 151 Bandinelli, Baccio, ii. 219 Baptistery of the Lateran, ii. 96 Barberini, Piazza, i. 436 ; Palazzo, 436 ; library, 437 ; bees of the, 438, ii. 262 ; collection of pictures, i. 439; pine, celebrated, 443 ; Car- dinal, ii. 9 ; casino of the, 12 ; castle, 34 ; garden, 45 ; tomb of Urban VIII., 261 Barcaccia, the, i. 57 Barigione, Filippo, ii. 266 Baroccio [Barocci], i. 70, 97, 454, 455 ; ii. 167, 214, 221, 335, 358, 442, 443 Bartolomeo, Fra, i. 68, 82, 140, 455 ; ii. 442 Basaiti, i. 94 Basilicas {p(J,^<T') — of yEmilius Paulus, i. 181 Constantine, remains of, i. 184 ; ii. 80 Julia, i. 175 Palace of the Caesars, in the, i. 282 Porcia, i. 182 Sessorian, ii. 131 Basilicas [Christiau) St' Agnese fuori le Mura, ii. 26 INDEX. 459 Basilicas [Christian) — continued. S. Alessandro, ii. 32 Sta. Croce, ii. 128 Eudoxian, ii. 54 St. John Lateran, ii. 98 S. Lorenzo, ii. 136 Sta. Maria Maggiore, ii. 81 Original building on site of St. Peter's, story of the, ii. 242 S. Paolo fuori le Mura, ii. 402 S. Sebastiano, i. 416 S. Stefano, ii. 124 Bassano, Giac, i. 70 ; ii. 201 Baths — of Agrippa, only remaining frag- ment, ii. 211 of Caracalla, i. 376 of Constantine, i. 436 of Diocletian, ii. 36, 38 discoveries amongst ruins of, i. 377 enervating influence of, i. 377 of Nero, ii. 202 ofTitus, ii. 52 Battoni, i, 456 ; ii. 41 Befana, festival of the, ii. 202 Bellini, Giov. , i. 71, 94, 140, 141, 439 Behidere, view from, i. 50 Benedict, St., house inhabited by, ii. 368 Benvenuti, Gio. Batt., i. 96 Benzoni, i. 225 Berghem, i. 72 ; ii. 442 Bernini, i. 41, 57, 76, 78, 98, 137, 139; ii. 14, 43, 69, 75, 89, 103, 157, 196, 206, 211, 238, 246, 251, 252, 257, 261, 264, 2S3, 298, 379, 420 Bianchi, P., ii. 41 Bivium, i. 390 Bocca della Verita, in Sta. Maria in Cosmedin, i. 233 Bologna, Pellegrino da, ii. 200 Bonifazio, i. 71, 99; ii. 348 Borghese, Camillo, tomb of, ii. 87 Cervaletto, property of the, ii. 87 Chapel, legend commemorated in, ii. 81 ; picture attributed to St, Luke in, 85 Inscriptions, in possession of the family, i. 414 Palazzo, i. 65 Piazza, i. 66 Picture Gallery, i. 66-^ Princess, funeral of, ii. 88 ' Villa, unhealthiness of, i. 21 ; Borghese — continued. entrance and gardens of, ii. 411, 412 ; casino in, 413 Borgia, burial-place of family, ii. q3 Cassar, ii. 325 Lucrezia, ii. 62 Rodrigo, Pope Alexander VL, grave of, ii. 170 ; empty tomb of, 269 ; representations of the life of, 325 Borgo, the, or Leonine City, ii. 23 ^ Borgognone, i. 444 Borromeo, S. Carlo, ii. 63 Borromini, ii. 99, 175, 17B Boschetto, the, i. 50 Both, ii. 442 Botticelli Sandro, i. 67, 99, 140, 440; ii. 287 Bracci, Pietro, ii. 259 Bramante, ii. 244, 284, 298, 308 Brandini, i. 444 Brescia, Moretto da, ii. 358 Bresciano, Prospero, ii. 42 Breughel, i. 96 Brill, Paul, i. 457 ; ii. 41, 298 Bronzes, i. 29 ; in Kircherian Mu- seum, 88 Bronzino, i. 67, 69, 83, 96, 97, 99, 439 ; ii- 444. 445 Burial-ground, New, Prati del Popolo Romano, ii. 397 Burial-place of Sta. Domitilla, i. 41 1 C. Ccesars, Palace of the, i. 250 ; found- ation of, 274 ; its ruins, 275 ; ex- cavations and discoveries in, 276, 30s Caff^i Nuovo, i. 72 Cagnacci, Guido, i. 167 Caius Gracchus, spot where he was killed, ii. 377 Calendar, Paschal, ii. 118 ; New, in- vented in reign of Gregory XIII., 258 Caligula, Palace of, i. 292 ; bridge of, 299 ; obelisk brought to Rome by, ii. 238 ; circus of, 283 Camassei, ii. 96 Cambiaso, Luc, i. 71 Cameos, i. 29 Camosci, Pietra, ii. 62 Campagna, i. 43, 51 ; view of, 378 ; ruins of tombs in, 424 ; infection by malaria of, 403, 408 460 INDEX. Campaniles of — Sta. Cecilia, ii. 372 S. Giovanni a Porta Latina, i. 384 S. Lorenzo in Lucina, i. 73 S. Lorenzo Pane e Perna, i. 468 Sta. Maria in Cosmedin, i. 234 Sta. Maria in Monticelli, ii. 182 S. Sisto, i. 382 Campo, Militare, ii. 34 ; di Fiore, the scene of Autos da Fd, 176 Campus Esquilinus, ii. 36 Campus Martins, situation, extent, and origin of, ii. 148 — 150 ; earliest buildings of, 150 — 155 ; remains of buildings of, 155 ; its interest and condition, 155 Camuccini, ii. iig, 407 Canaletti, ii. 442 Canova, i. loi ; ii. 251, 266, 308, 347. 415 Cantharus, specimen of a Roman vase, ii. 372 Capena, Porta, site of, i. 373 ; his- torical interest of, 432 Capitol, the, i. 36 ; story of the Hill, 109 ; temples on, iii — 115 ; Piazza del Campidoglio, 119 ; Tower of, 121 ; Tabularium, 122 ; Museo Capitolino, 122 ; Galleiy of Sculp- ture, 125 ; Picture-Gallery, 140 ; Tarpeian Rock, 143 ; Church of Ara-Cosli, 144 — 152 ; Mamertine Prisons, 153 Cappuccini, Piazza, ii. 7; Cemetery, 10 Caravaggio, i. 83, 140, 141, 439, 459; ii. 120, 121, 201, 345, 356, 442 Carinse, ii. 47 Caritas Romana, i. 241 Carracci, Agostino, i. 83, 100 Carracci, Ann., i. 41, 69, 95 — 97, 99, 139. 324. 325 ; i'- 174 ; tomb of, in the Pantheon, 210 ; paintings by. 379. 436 Carracci, Lud., i. 141, 458 ; ii. 442 — 444 Casale dci Pazzi, ii. 32 Casino — in Villa Albani, ii. 17 in Villa Borghcse, ii. 413 del Pajja, ii. 335 of Papa Giulio, ii. 418 in Quirinal Palace, i. 456 in I'alazzo Rospigliosi, i. 456 of .Sculpture, ii. 14 Castel (jiul)clco, ii. 425 Castelli, licrnardo, ii. 221 Castles of — St. Angelo, i. 37, 43 ; ii. 227 — 234 the Alberteschi family, ii. 368 the Anicii family, ii. 368 the Anquillara, ii. 379 Crescenza, ii. 423 Rustica, ii. 135 Catacombs — ■ ad Nymphas, ii. 33 of St' Agnese, ii. 29 of Calepodius, ii. 453 of St. Calixtus, origin and cha- racter of, i. 390—399 ; paint- ings in, 401 — 405 of Sta. Ciriaca, destruction of, ii. 142, 145 of S. Felicitas, ii. 20 of SS. Gianutus and Basilla, ii. 418 of St. Hippolytus, ii. 147 Jewish, i. 407 of SS. Xereo ed Achilleo, i. 408 of SS. Pietro e Marcellino, ii. 133 of St. Pretextatus, i. 405 of S. Ponziano, ii. 453 of Sta. Priscilla, graves of mar- tyrs in, ii. 20 — 2,^ of the Santi Quattro, ii. 125 of S. Sebastiano, i. 417 of St. Valentin, ii. 418 Cathedra Petri, in St. Peter's, ii. 261 Catherine, St., of Siena, life of, ii. 217 CavaUini, Pietro, ii. 246, 256, 384, 386, 406 Cavaluccio, ii. 63 Cecilia, Sta., account of, ii. 371 ; re- lics and tomb of, 373 ; house of, 375 ; Festa of, 375 Ceiling of Sistine Chapel, painting of, ii. 288 — 292 Cemeteries — oldest Christian, i. 409 ruins of early Christian, ii. 29 of S. l^orenzo, ii. 144 old Protestant, graves of Keats and Hare in, ii. 395, 396 of S. Zeno, site of, ii. 399 Cenci, tragedies in the family of the, i. 260 — 267 ; portraits of Lucrezia and Beatrice, 440 ; grave of Bea- trice, ii. 450 Centocelloe, ii. 133 Chapels — of .Sant' Agnese, ii. 195 of St. Andrew, i. 325; in honour of St. Andrew's head, ii. 421 INDEX. 461 Chapels — continued. in Ara-Cceli, i. 148 of St. Barbara, i. 326 in Baths of Titus, ii. 53 Borghese, ii. 85 of Caetani family, i. 470 Cappella Borgia, ii. 98 of 6. Carlo Boiromeo, ii. 6g in Catacomb of S. Agnese, ii. 30 Corsini, ii. 103 of S. Cosimato, ii. 388 of Santa Croce, i. 444 ; ii. 89 of S. Filippo Neri, ii. 166 of Sta. Francesca Romana, i. 196 of S. Giovanni in Oleo, i. 384 of Sta. Helena, ii. 130 of the Holy Sacrament, ii. 89 of St. John the Baptist, ii. 96 of St. John the Evangelist, ii. 96 of San Luigi Gonzaga, i. 86 in which St. Luke wrote, i. 89 of the Madonna di Strada Cupa, ii- 38s of Sta. Maria degli Angeli, ii. 41 of Sta. Maria in Campitelli, i. 269 of Sta. Maria in Cappella, ii. 370 of Sta. Maria sopra Minerva, ii. 213 — 221 in Sta. Maria del Popolo, i. 39 — 42 of Sta. Martina, i. 189 Orto del Paradiso, ii. 66 in Palazzo Altemps, ii. 160 of the Passion, i. 343 commemorating the parting of St. Peter and St. Paul, ii. 398 of the Patrizi family, ii. 88 containing St. Peter's chains, ii. 61 of S. Pietro in Montorio, ii. 449 of the Popes, i. 395 of the Presepio, i. 149 Private, of the Pope, i. 455 Protestant, i. 37 of the Rosary, i. 358 Salviati, i. 324 series of small, remains of ancient basilica, ii. 405 ; in modem basilica, 407 Sistine, i. 58 of S. Stanislas Kostka, i. 445 Subterranean, i. 188 of S. Sylvestro, i. 341 of the Virgin, i. 445 In St. Peter's — Baptistery, ii. 267 del Canonici, ii. 276 Cappella Clementine, ii. 264 Chapels — continued. Cappella della Colonna, ii. 263 Capella della Colonna Santa, ii. 256 del Coro, ii. 265 of the Madonna, ii. 259 Sta. Maria in Portico, Sta. Maria delle Partoriente, and Cappella del Salvatore, ii. 268 Pieta of Michael Angelo, ii. 256 della Presentazione, ii. 266 of the Santissimo Sacramento, ii. 258 In the Vatican — Cappella di San Lorenzo, ii. 346 Pauline, ii. 285 ■ of St. I'ius v., ii. 324 Sistine, ii. 286 Chapter House, of Convent of S. Sisto, i. 382 ; of Lateran, ii. 99 Chigi, Agostini, great art patron in the reign of Leo X., ii. 446 Churches of — S. Adriano, i. 190 Sta. Agata dei Goti, i. 461 St' Agnese, ii. 193 St' Agnese fuori le Mura, ii. 26 S. Agostino, ii. 157 S. Alessio, i. 362 Sta. Anastasia, i. 224 S. Andrea a Monte Cavallo, i. 444 S. Andrea delle Fratte, i. 75 S. Andrea della Valle, ii. 184 St. Andrew, ii. 421 S. Angelo in Pescheria, i. 248 S. Antonio Abbate, ii. 78 S. Apollinare, ii. 159 SS. Apostoli, i. 100 Ara-Cceli, i. 117, 144 Sta. Balbina, i. 370 S. Bartolomeo, ii. 363 S. Benedetto a Piscinuola, ii. 368 S. Bernardo, ii. 39, 45 Sta. Bibiana, ii. 74 Sta. Brigitta, ii. 173 S. Buenaventura, i. 204 S. Caio, i. 443 ; ii. 45 S. Calisto, ii. 387 S. Cappuccini, ii. 7 La Caravita, i. 85 S. Carlo a Catinari, ii. 183 S. Carlo in Corso, National Church of the Lombards, i. 64 S. Carlo a Quattro Fontane, i. 43 Sta. Catcrina de' Funari, i. 268 , Sta Caterina di Siena, i. 459 ; ii. 224 462 INDEX. Churches of — contimted. Sta. Cecilia, ii. 370 San Celso in Banchi, ii. 224 S. Cesareo, i. 382 S. Claudio, i. 76 4^ S. Clemente, i. 342 ; ii. gf S. Cosimato, ii. 388 SS. Cosmo e Damiano, i. 183, 191 Sta. Costanza, ii. 28 S. Crisogono, ii. 381 S. Crispino al Ponte, ii. 369 Sta. Croce in Gerusalemme, i. 54 ; Ji- 127 I Crociferi, i. 81 SS. Domenico e Sisto, i. 461 S. Dionisio, i. 474 Domine Quo Vadis, i. 389 Sta. Dorotea, ii. 388 Enghsh and American, ii. 410 S. Eusebio, ii. 77 S. Eustachio, ii. 203 S. Francesco di Paola, ii. 62 a Ripa, ii. 379 Sta. Francesca Romana, i. 195 Gesu e Maria, i. 61 S. Giacomo degli Incurabili, i. 61 S. Giacomo Scossa Cavalli, ii. 237 S. Giorgio in Velabro, i. 231 S. Giovanni Decollate, i. 239 S. Giovanni de' Fiorentini, Na- tional Church of the Tuscans, ii. 225 S. Giovanni alia Lungara, ii. 439 SS. Giovanni e Paolo, i. 321, 327 S. Giovanni della Pigna, ii. 209 S. Giovanni a Porta Latina, i. 384 S. Girolamo della Carita, ii. 172 S. Girolamo degli Schiavoni, i. 60 S. Giuseppe dei Falegnami, i. 157 Gothic, of the Caetani, i. 424 Greek, i. 54 S. Gregorio, i. 319, 322 important to sight-seers, i. 32 S. Ignazio, i. 85 II Gcsii, i. 106 S. Isidore, ii. 11 S. Ivo of Brittany, ii. 155 SS. Lorenzo e Damaso, ii. 178 S. Lorenzo in Fonte, i. 468 in Lucina, i. 73 fuori le Mura, ii. 136 Pane e Pcrna, i. 466 S. Luigi dei Francesi, ii. 200 S. Marccllo, i. 87 Churches o{— continued. S. Marco, i. 105 Sta. Maria degli Angeli, ii. 40 dell' Anima, ii. 160 in Aquiro, i. 79 Aventina, i. 365 in CampiteUi, i. 269 in Cappella, ii. 370 della Concezione, ii. 7 in Cosmedin, i. 232 in Domenico, i. 332 delle Fornaci, ii. 456 Liberatrice, i. 190 di Loreto, i. 162 Maggiore, i. 54 sopra Minerva, ii. 212 di Monserrato, ii. 170 in Montecelli, ii. 182 in Monti, i. 464 del Orto, ii. 378 della Pace, ii. 163 della Pieti in Campo Santo, ii. 278 del Popolo, i. 39 Scala Ccfili, ii. 399 Traspontina, ii. 236 in Trastevere, ii. 382 in Trivia, i. 81 in Valicella, ii. 166 in Via Lata, i. 89 di Vienna, i. 162 della Vittoria, ii. 43 Sta. Marta, ii. 278 Sta. Martina, i. 188 S. Martino al Monte, ii. 63 S. Michaele in Sassia, ii. 280 SS. Nereo ed Achilleo, i. 379 S. Nicolo in Carcere, i. 240 in Tolentino, ii. 12 S. Onofrio, ii. 434 S. Onofrio in Campagna, ii. 428 deir Orazione, ii. 175 S. Pancrazio, ii. 452 S. Pantaieone, ii. 188 S. Paolo fuori le Mura, ii. 403 Primo Eremita, i. 473 allc Tro Fontane, ii. 401 the Porpetua Adoratrice del Di- vin Sacramento del Altare, i. 446 S. Pietro in Carcere, ii 153 SS. Pietro c Marcellino, ii. 122 S. Pietro in Montorio, ii. 449 in Vmcoli, ii. 54 Sta. Prassede, ii. 65 Sta. Prisca, i. 367 Sta. Prudcnziana, i, 469 INDEX. 46j Churches of — contimtcd. SS. Quattro Incoronati, i. 340 SS. Rocco e Martino, i. 60 S. Sabba, i. 369 Sta. Sabina, i. 356 S. Salvatore in Lauro, ii. 224 S. Salvatore in Torrione, ii. 280 II Santissimo Redentore, ii. 71 S. Sebastiano, i. 203 S. Silvestro a Monte Cavallo, i. 459 S. Sisto, 1. 381 S. Stefano, ii. 278 S. Stefano Rotondo, i. 333 Sta. Susanna, ii. 44 on the site of Sylla's tomb, i. 37 S. Sylvestro in Capite, i. 74 S. Teodoro, i. 223 Sta. Teresa, ii. 45 S. Tommaso dei Cenci, i. 260 S. Tommaso degh Inglesi, ii. 170 the Triniti de' Monti, i. 52 Triniti dei Pellegrini, ii. 181 S. Urbano, i. 413 SS. Vincenzo ed Anastasio, ii. 400 S. Vitale, i. 474 S. Vito, ii. 71 Ciampelli, Agostino, ii. 75 Cicero, House of, i, 301 ; place of reception on return from banish- ment, 375 Cignani, ii. 445 Cigoli, i. 69 ; ii. 88, 225 Cimeterio dei Tedeschi, oldest Chris- tian burial-ground, ii. 278 Circus of — Caligula, ii. 283 Flaminius, site of, i. 268 Maxentius, i. 422 Nero, ii. 283 Claude, i. 40 Clement, St., Church of, i. 342 ; house of, 347 ; e.xile of, 347 Clivus Capitolinus, i. 170, 172 Martis, i. 388 Victoria;, i. 292 Cloaca Ma.xima, celebrated drain, i. 230 Cloisters — of the Convent, ii. 165 of the Monastery, ii. 105, 144 of the twelfth century, ii. 405 Villino, Casino of Papa Giulio, ii. 418 Clovis, G., Tomb of, ii. 56 Club, French Military, i. -j-j Ccelian Hill, its e.xtent, and origin of name, i. 3r6 ; Parco di San Gre- gorio, 319 ; world-famous inscrip- tions, 319 ; Church of St. Gregory, 322 ; Church of SS. Giovanni e Paolo, 329 ; the Navicella, 330 ; S. Stefano Rotondo, 333 ; frescoes re- cording martyrdoms, 334 ; SS. Quattro Incoronati, 340 ; S. Cle- mente, 342 Coliseum, building of, i. 207, 20S ; architect unknown, dedication, 209 ; gladiatorial combats in arena of, 210 ; death of Christian martyrs in, 211 ; its size, grandeur, and ex- tensive view, 215 ; history of its destruction and present preserv^a- tion, 217, 218 ; ecclesiastical le- gends connected with it, 219 ; origin of name, 220 Collatia, ruins of the, ii. 135 Colle, Raffaello da, ii. 337, 339, 340 College for English missionaries, ii. 171 CoUegio di Propaganda Fede, object of, i. 58 CoUegio Romano, i. 87 Colonna, Agnese Gaetani, funeral urn of ii. 273 Gardens, i. 458 Lorenzo, murder of, ii. 224 Oddone, tomb of, ii. 100 Palazzo, i. 98 ; Picture Gal- lery in, 99 Piazza, i. 77 Princess, tomb of, ii. 213 Vittoria, death of ii. 387 Colonnades, of St. Peter's, ii. 238 Columbaria, i. 385, 386, 390 of the Arruntia family, ii. 77 of the Freedmen of Octavia, i. 385 Columna Lactaria, i. 242 Columns — • Colonna delle Virgine, ii. 80 Corinthian, si.xteen, from Ha- drian's Villa, ii. 317 Corinthian, si.\teen, of the Pan- theon, ii. 206 Corinthian, twenty-four marble, i- 357 ; ii- 63 Ionic, in S. Lorenzo, ii. 141 Ionic, of Temple of Saturn, i. 173 Ionic, tvventy-two ancient, ii. 334 marble, twelve ancient, i. 233 in front of Palazzo di Spagna, i. 57 from Palestrina, twenty ancient, ii. 319 464 INDEX. Columns — contitiued. Pavonazzetto, ii. 118 of Phocas, i. 179 in Piazza Colonna, i. 77 relics, to which Peter and Paul were bound, ii. 236 relic, to which our Saviour is reputed to have been bound, ii. 63 of Temple of Castor and Pollux, i- 175 of Temple of Minerva, i. 165 of Temple of Vespasian, i. 171 in Theatre of Marcellus, i. 244 of Trajan, i. 160 Connell, Daniel O', monument of, i. 462 Constantine, statue of, i. 118 ; ba- silica of, 184 ; arch of, 206 ; fres- coes representing the conversion of, 341 ; baths of, 458 ; last remaining column of basilica of, ii. 80 ; fres- coes of legendary history of, 99 ; erection of a basilica on the site of St. Peter's, by, 242 ; Cimeterio dei Tedeschi, set apart by, 278 ; Saxe Rubra, site of decisive victory by, 42s Contadmo, i. 386 Conte, Giacomo del, ii. 200 Conti, extinction of the family of the, ii- 54 Convents of — Sta. Agate in Suburra, i. 461 S. Alessio, i. 362 Ara-Coili, i. 153 Augustine, temporary residence of Luther, i. 42 S. Bartolomeo, ii. 363 S. Bernardo, ii. 45 the Buon Pastore, ii. 439 S. Buonaventura, i. 204 Camaldolcse monks, i. 326 Carthusian, ii. 42 Sta. Caterina, i. 460 Sta. Cecilia, ii. 370 Cloister of the, ii. 165 the Minerva, ii. 122 S. Eusebio, ii. 'j'j Sta. Francesca Romana, i. 198 S. Francesco a Ripa, ii. 379 tlie Gcsii, i. 107 Group of, ii. 65 Maronitcs monks, ii. 62 Monachc Polacche, ii. 72 the Noviciate of the order of Jesus, i. 445 Convents of — co7itinued. S. Onofrio, ii. 435 the Oratorians, ii. 166 S. Pancrazio, ii. 452 S. Paolo, ii. 387 S. Pietro in Vincoli, ii. 53 Poor Clares, ii. 388 the Pregatrici, ii. 12 Sta. Sabina, i. 355 Sacre Coeur, i. 53 Santi Quattro Incoronati, i. 340, 342 Sepolte Vive, of the Famesiani nuns, i. 465 S. Silvestro a Monte Cavallo, i. 459 S. Sisto, i. 381 S. Tommaso in Formis, i. 331 Tor de' Specchi, i. 270 Ursuline, i. 64 Visitandine nuns, i. 304 Coppi, Jacopo, ii. 56 Cordieri, Niccolo, i. 325, 326 ; ii. 99, 214 Cordonnata, La, i. 118 Cornacchini, ii. 246 Correggio, i. 68, 96 ; ii. 359 Corsini, Palazzo, the residence of distinguished personages, ii. 439 Corso, the, i. 36, 58, 60, 105 ; ii. 222 Cortile del Belvidere, ii. 308 S. Damaso, 337, 347, 359 Cortona, Pietro da, i. 69, 188, 268, 438 ; li. 8, 75, 163, 166, 167, 183, 196, 224, 258 Cosmati, Deodatus, ii. 113 Giovanni, ii. 216 Costanzi, P., ii. 41, '"261 Cranach, Lucas, i. 72, 82 Credi, Lorenzo di, i. 67 Crivelli, Carlo, i. 67, 105 ; ii. 120, 348 Cross, formed by cannon reversed, ii. 78 ; in form of Corsini Chapel 103 Crypts — of S. Alessio, i. 364 in catacomb of St. Pretextatus, i. 405 only remains of the basilica on the site of St. Peter's, ii. 243 of St. Peter's, ii. 267 CryjHo-Porticus, i. 281 Cubiculum of Sta. Cecilia, i. 397 of Pope St. Eusebius, i.398 Cybele, Temple of, i. 294 ; Sacred vStone, 294; place of washing of tlie statue of, ii. 408 INDEX. 463 D. Dalmatica di Papa San Leone, in Treasury of St. Peter's, ii. 276 Damasus, Pope St., inscriptions of, i. 396, 407, 418 David, i. 445 Diana, Temple of, i. 353 Diavolo, Casa del, ii. 124 Diocletian, Baths of, ii. 36, 38 Doctors in Rome, i. 28 Dolce, Carlo, i. 69 ; ii. 443 Domenichino, i. 69, 140, 203, 267, 268, 325, 439, 455, 458, 459 ; ii. 8, IS- 41. 43. 57. 61, 120, 174, 183, 200, 349, 384, 385, 435, 444 Dominic, St., Convent of, i. 355 ; orange-tree of, 356 ; vision of, 358 ; legends of, 359, 360 ; first residence of, 381 ; Divine mission of, 382 ; place of first meeting with St. Francis, ii. 105 Domitian, Palace of, i. 312 ; tyran- nical vagaries of, 312 ; murder of, 313 ; martyrs under, 334 Doria, Palazzo, i. 93 ; Picture-Gallery in, 93 — 98 ; memorial of Princess, 455 Dorotea, Sta., legend of, ii. 390 Drawing, materials, shops for, i. 29 ; list of subjects for, for artists, 34 ; best months for, in Rome, 35 Dossi Dossi, i. 68 Durante, Alberti, ii. 167 Diirer, Albert, works of, i. 72, 84, 439 : ii- 443 Easter benediction, ceremony of the, ii. 240, 241 Egeria, Fountain of, i. 375 ; Grotto and grove of, 413 Emelingk, i. 97 Esquiline Hill, derivation of name, situation of, ii. 46 ; Cispius, and Oppius, 47 ; Carina;, 47, 49 ; Sub- urra, 49 ; Tigellum Sororis, 49 ; residences of poets on the, 50 ; Septimius, 51 ; Nero's Golden House, 52 ; S. Pietro in Vincoli, 54; S. Martino al Monte, 63 ; Sta. Prassede, 65 ; Arch of Gallienus, 71 ; residence of Madre Makrena, 73 ; Sta. Bibiana, 74 ; Temple of Minerva Medica, 77 ; S. Antonio Abbate, 78 ; Sta. Maria Maggiore, 81 — 92 ; Obelisk, 93 Eustace, St., legend of the conversion of, ii. 204 Fabii, site of the destruction of the, ii. 424 Fabris, de, ii. 246, 257, 436 Faenza, Marco da, ii. 337 Farnese, Palazzo, paintings and fres- coes of, ii. 174 ; Palazzetto, 178 Faustulus and the Sacred Figtree, Hut of, legend of, i. 288 Ferrari, Gaudenzio, i. 82 Ferrata, Ercole, ii. 194, 261 Festa, i. 444 Festa degh Artisti, ii. 135 Flamingo, Arrigo, ii. 40, 287 Fiesole, Fra Angelico da, ii. 348 Mino da, ii. 221, 273, 3S4 Filarete, Antonio, ii. 100 Filomena, Sta., popular saint, ii. 22 Fiori, Mario di, ii. 442 Fontana, ii. 89, 93, 96, 114, 238, 257, 391 Fontana Paolina, ii. 451 Footprint of our Saviour, i. 3S9, 417 Forums — • of Augustus, i. 164 Boarium, i. 227 of Nerva, i. 165 Romanum, origin and formation of, i. 168, 169 ; historical sites and remains of, 170 — 185 ; modern name of, 185 of Trajan, origin and construc- tion of, i. 159, 160 Fountains — antique, 388 in Carthusian Convent, ii. 41 of Egeria, i. 375 Lacus Orphei, ii. 51 near Sta. Maria in Cosmedin, i. 235 of the Mascherone, ii. 175 of Palazzo Aldobrandini, i. 461 in Palace of the Senator, i. 120 in Piazza Navona, ii. 196 in Piazza Pia, ii. 236 in Piazza delle Tartarughe, i. 267 of the Ponte Sisto, ii. 391 attributed to the prayers of Peter and Paul in prison, i. 156 of the Termini, ii. 42 of Trevi, i. 79 466 INDEX. Fracassini, ii. 141, 345 Francia, Francesco, i. d'j, 68, 82, 94, 96, 140, 439 ; ii. 348 Francis, St., relics of, ii. 379 ; cele- bration of Christmas by, 380 Frangipani family, castle of the, i. 217 ; fortress of the, ii. 62 Frescoes, i. 39, 53, 54, 86, 99, 137, 139, 149, 153, 203, 231, 268, 270, 276, 286, 292, 325, 326, 329, 334, 341, 342, 343, 346, 382, 384, 412, 438, 446, 453, 455, 456, 457, 459, 462, 466, 474 ; ii. 8, 15, 19, 26, 30, 43. 44. 53. 56, 62, 63, 65, 68, 75, 78, 88, 96, 99, 100, 104, III, 118, 124, 128, 138, 141, 158, 160, 163, 183, 200, 204, 215, 220, 232, 276, 285, 286, 313, 324, 326, 337, 340 — 346, 374, 384, 388, 400, 407, 416, 423, 426, 435, 436, 446, 452 Friezes, i. 139, 165, 172, 201, 257, 259. 332, 358. 379. 384. 422, 424, 455. 457. 460 ; n. 98, 99, 104, 137, 224. 372. 383. 448 Fuga, ii. 439 Funeral, Roman, ii. 145 Furino, i. 69 G. Gaetani, Scipione, i. 440, 459 ; ii. 102, 166, 323 Gagliardi, ii. 224 Galiardi, ii. 407 Galileo, place of trial of, ii. 222 Galleria — degli Arazzi, ii. 321 dei Candelabri, ii. 320 Lapidaria, ii. 300 dalle Statue, ii. 313, 315 Gallery. .See Picture. Garbo, Raffaelino del, ii. 215 Gardens — of Adonis, i. 203 of Barberini Palace, i. 443 Botanic, ii. 439 Colonna, i. 458 containing Columbaria, i. 386 Government, i. 379 Hill of, i. 38 on the Janiculan, ii. 445 Monastery, i. 329 of tlic Pincio, i. 46 Priorato, i. 365 of the Quirinal, i. 455 of .Scrvilia, i. 353 of Sta. Silvia, i. 324 Gardens — continued. of Sallust, ii. 12 of Villa Medici, i. 49 of Villa Wolkonski, ii. 123 Garofalo, i. 67, 68, 82, 95, 96, 140 ; ii. 444 Genga, Girolamo, ii. 224 Germale, the, i. 279 Gesii Narazeno, miracle-working pic- ture, ii, 182 Ghetto, the, i. 250 ; first used as place of captivity, 252 ; limits of, re- moved, 254 ; population and mor- tality of, 255 ; merchandise in, 256 ; division of parishes, 256 ; chief synagogue, 257 ; sketch of life in, 257 ; burial-ground for, 355 Giacometti, ii. no Giardino della Pigna, ii. 305, 333 ; relics preserved in, 333 ; celebrated Pigna, 334 Gimignano, ii. 96 Giordano, Luca, i. 269, 474 ; ii. /\\\ Giorgione, i. 70, 96, 97, 100 ; ii. 444, .445 Giotto, ii. 104, 215, 246, 277, 324 Giovanni di San Giovanni, i. 341 Gobelin tapestries, i. 454 Gozzoli, Benozzi, ii. 120, 213, 348 Gr^costasis, i. 171 Grandi.'Ercole, ii. 444 Gregory, St., legend of, i. 322 ; Church of, 322 ; monastic cell of, 324 ; statue of, 326 ; family to which he belonged, 363 Gros, Le, i. 86, 446 Grottoes of Cerbara, ii. 135 Guercino, i. 69, 83, 94, 95, 140, 141, 267, 455 ; ii. 15, 43, 57, 157, 168, 348, 355. 356, 442, 444 Guidi, antiquity vendor, i. 379 Guido, i. 140, 167, 325, 455, 456 ; ii. 7, 43, 62, 88, 103, 166, 174, 181, 183, 200, 359, 374, 443 H. Halls— in Barberini Palace, i. 438 discovered in ruins of Baths of Caracalla, i. 377 of Busts, in the Vatican, ii. 315 in Casino of Villa Borgliese, ii. 413 of the Conservators, i. 137 of the Dying Gladiator, 1. 133 of the Emperors, i. 126 INDEX. 467 Halls — continued. of the Faun, i. 133 of Illustrious Men, i. 131 in Library of Vatican, ii. 323 Heads of Lions, on bank of Traste- vere, i. 239 Heintius, ii. 454 Hermitage, i. 330 Holbein, i. 72 ; ii. 443, 444 Horti Lamiana, ii. 76 Hospitals — for aged women, i. 64 Foundling, ii. 237 Sta. Galla, i. 239 S. Gallicano, ii. 3S2 German, ii. 161 of S. Giovanni Calabita, ii. 365 for incurable diseases, ii. 370 S. Michaele, ii. 376 for receiving and nourishing Pil- grims, ii. 181 of San Rocco, i. 60 of Santo Spirito, ii. 237 Surgical, i. 61 for Women, ii. 95 Hotels, i. 27 Costanzi, ii. 12 del Globo, ii. 12 Houses — ■ of Aquila and Priscilla, i. 36S Cicero, i. 301 Claude Lorraine, i. 54 S. Clement, i. 347 Dni.sus and Antonia, i. 292 the Fornarina, ii. 368 Hortensius, i. 304 Lucrezia Borgia, ii. 62 Marchese Campana, ii. 95 Mark Antony, i. 303 Nero's Golden, ii. 52 of Nicholas Poussin, i. 54 Octavius and Afra, i. 277 Palestrina, i. 339 Patiician families, i. 299 Poets, ii. 50 Pompey, ii. 48 Pomponius Atticus, i. 435 Raphael, ii. 225 Rienzi, formerly of Pilate, i. 236 Sta. Silvia, i. 321 Spurius Mtelius, i. 272 the " Violinista," ii. 225 L Ignatius, St., rooms in which he hved, i. 107; his martyrdom, 211 Imola, Innocenza da, i. 82, 99 Inquisition, Palace of the. Inquisition established at, ii. 278 ; abolished and re-established, 279 Inscriptions — ancient, in S. Alessandro, ii. 33 in Catacomb of S. Sebastian, i. 417 ancient, in Cvypt of St. Peter's, ii. 268 in Cloister of the Monastery, ii. 144 Early Christian and Pagan, ii. 121, 300, 384 in Garden of Barberini Palace, i. 443 in Jewish Catacomb, i. 408 in. St John Lateran, ii. 99 on Lunatic Asylum, ii. 439 on Pantheon, ii. 204 in S. Paolo fuori le Mura, ii. 405 St. Peter and St. Paul, com- memorating the farewell of, ii. 398 on Ponte S. Bartolomeo, ii. 367 on Ponte Sisto, ii. 399 of Pope St. Damasus, i. 396, 407, 418 on Porta Maggiore, ii. 132 on remains of Pons Fabricius, ii. 360 remarkable, in Portico of St. Pe- ter's, ii. 247 in S. Sisto, i. 382 on Tomb of Baker Eurysace, ii. 132 World-famous, i. 319 Intermontium, the, i. 116 Island in the Tiber, the, tradition of its formation, its ancient name, ii. 361 ; temples on, 362 ; use of, in early and middle ages, ii. 362 Janiculan, the, situation, formation, and early history of, ii. 432 — 434 ; S. Onofrio, 434 ; Palazzo Corsini, 439 ; Farnesina Villa, 445 Jesuits, Order of the, established, ii. 262 ; re-established, 264 Jews, quarter of the, i. 250 ; history of, in Rome, from early times, 250 ; persecution of, 251, 252 ; terms of occupation of houses by, 253 ; re- vocation of laws against, 254 ; their population, government, and mor- 468 INDEX. tality, 255 ; Synagogue of, 256 ; burial-ground of, 355 ; cupidity ofi 355 I catacomb of, 407 ; cus- tom of, on the election of a pope, 166 Jupiter, Capitolinus, temples of, i. Ill ; ii. 366 ; — Tonans, — Fere- trius, — Pistor, temples of, i. 115 ; Statue of, 115; — Stator, temple of, 247, 278 ; — Redux, temple of, 330 ; — Inventor, temple of, ii. 392 K. Kircherian Museum, i. La Madonna Consolatrice degli af- flitti, miraculous picture, ii. 221 Lace-shop, well-known, i. 267 Lake of Juturna, i. 176 Servilius, i. 174 Landini, ii. 97 Lanfranco, i. 267, 268 ; ii. 88, 183, 225 ; tomb of, 385 ; works of, 443 Laocoon, the, in the Vatican, ii. 309 Lares, Shrine of the, i. 382 Lateran, the, i. 207 ; obelisk of, ii. 95 ; baptistery of, 96 ; oratory, 97 ; basilica, 98 ; derivation of name of, 98 ; coronation of popes in, 99 ; tabern.acle, 100 ; Tabula Magna Lateranensis, 102 ; Cappella del Coro, 102 ; Corsini Chapel, 103 ; cloisters of, 104 ; five Ge- neral Councils held at, 105 ; an- cient Palace of, 108 ; Santa Scab, no ; modern Palace of, 114 ; ob- jects of interest in, 114 — 117 ; Christian Museum, 117 ; Picture Gallery, 118 ; School of Music, 121 Leyden, Lucas van, i. 72, 97 Library, i. 29 Barberini, i. 413, 437 Bibliotheca Casanatensis, ii. 222 of Cistercian Monastery, ii. 131 in Collegio Romano, i. 88 Corsini, ii. 445 in Monastery of the Chicsa Nuova, ii. 167 in Palazzo Chigi, i. 76 Papal, ii. 322 in the Vatican, ii. 300 ; entrance of, 322 Ligorio, Pirro, ii. 335 Lippi, I'il., i. 94. 99 '^ "• 120, 215 Locanda dell' Orso, ii. 223 Loggie of Raphael, ii. 337 Lorenzetto, i. 41 ; ii. 354 Lorenzo, St., sketch of life of, ii. 137 ; and St. Stephen, burial-place of, 143 ; cemetery of, 144 Lorraine, Claude, works of, i. 82, 95 —97, 439, 440 Lottery, Roman, weekly drawing of the, ii. 198, 199 Lotto, Lorenzo, i. 71, 100 Loyola, Ignatius, residence of, i. 107 ; picture of, 445 ; church where he was wont to preach, ii. 170 Lucenti, ii. 82 Lunatic Asylum, ii. 439 Lunghezza, ii. 135 Lunghi, i. 64, 72 ; ii. 160, 378 Lupercal, the, i. 290 Luther, residence of, in Rome, i. 42 Luti, Benedetto, ii. 443 M. Macellum Magnum, i. 334 Maderno, Carlo, i. 436, 455 ; ii. 43, 44, 225, 244, 407 Maderno, Stefano, ii. 373 Maini, ii. 194 Malaria, parts infected by, i. 21, 354, 381 ; ii. 387, 399, 408, 413 Maldacchini, Olympia, iniluence of, over Innocent X., ii. 197 ; \'illa built by, 455 Mamertine Prisons, i. 153 ; accoimt of prisoners in, 155, 156 Mantegna Andrea, ii. 348 Scuola di, i. 94 Manufactory, Papal, of Mosaics, ii. 359 Maranna, i. 375 Maratta, Carlo, i. 95, 99, 106, 445 ; monument of, ii. 40 ; works of, 41, 216, 267, 443 Marmorata, the ancient, ii. 393 Mars, temples of, i. 164, 373, 388 Martyrdoms — best authenticated, i. 334 — 338 of Christians, place of, ii. 390 graves of Martyrs, i. 396, 420 paintings representing, i. 474 ; ii. 141, 201, 225 of St. Paul, scene of the, ii. 395, 399. 402 _ Pictra di Paragone, used m the, ii. 278 Marucclli, ii. 167 INDEX. 469 Masaccio, i. 343, 439 Massei, ii. 201 Matsys, Quentin, i. 94 Mausoleum of Augustus, i. 62 ; Sta- tues at entrance of, 447 of Hadrian, ii. 334 Mazzolino, i. 67, 68, 95, 97 Medici, Villa, i. 49 ; view from, i. 51 Leo X. Giovanni de, and Cle- ment VII., Giulio de, tombs of, ii. 218, 219 Melozzo da Forli, i. 453 ; ii. 276, 357 Memento Mori, tomb awaiting the living Pope, ii. 266 Mengs, i. 439 ; ii. 77, 324 Mentana, ii. 33 Meta Sudans, i. 206 Michael Angelo, i. 117, 119, 332, 334, 389 ; ii. 42, 58, 60, 163, 174, 210, 218 ; design of, for St. Peter's, 244 ; statue by, in St. Peter's, 256 ; frescoes by, 285 ; his most perfect work, 2S8 ; drawing of, 449 Milliarium Aureum, i. 173 Mills, floating, ii. 366 Miserere, of Passion Week, ii. 296 Modena, Pellegrino da, ii. 337, 338, 339 Monastery — of St. Andrew, i. 321 of St. Anna, ii. 387 of the Chiesa Nuova, ii. 167 Cistercian, ii. 131 Cloister of the, ii. 105, 144 of S. Eusebio, ii. 77 of the Order of Passionists, i. 329 Monot, Etienne, ii. 265 Mons Sacer, ii. 32 Monte Caprino, i. 117 Cavallo, ii. 34 Giordano, ii. 166 del Grano, ii. 124 Mario, ii. 427 Parione di Pieti, ii. 181 Rotondo, ii. 19, 34 Sacro (Mons Sacer), ii. 32 Testaccio, view from, ii. 397 Morra, national game of the Traste- verini, ii. 367 Mosaics- best of ancient Christian, i. 471 in Sta. Cecilia, i. 374 in S. Cesareo, i. 407 in Chapel of Sant' Agnese, ii. 165 S. Antonio, ii. 79 Caetani family, i. 470 Sta. Helena, ii. 130 M sai c s — cont'm tied. in S. Clemente, i. 345 in Convent of Redemptorists, i. 331 of SS. Cosmo and Daniian, i. 192 in CiTpt of St. Peter's, ii. 268, 273 fragments of ancient, ii. 405 in Sta. Francesca Romana, i. 198 in Gabinetto dalle Maschere, ii. 316 in Jewish Catacomb, i. 407 in Lateran, ii. 100 in S. Lorenzo, ii. 138 in Sta. Maria in Cosmedin, i. 233 in Domenico, i. 333 Maggiore, ii. 82, 83 Scala CocH, ii. 400 in Trastevere, 383, 385-387 in S. Martino al Monte, ii. 64 of the Navicella, -ii. 246 in SS. Nereo ed Achilleo, i. 380 in Oratory of S. Venanzio, ii. 97 in the Orto del Paradise, ii. 67 in S. Paolo fuori le Mura, ii. 405, 406 Papal Manufactory of, ii. 359 in St. Peters, ii. 252, 256, 259, 260, 261, 263, 264 in S. Pietro in Vincoli, ii. 57 in Sta. Prassede, ii. 70 in Quirinal Palace, i. 454 in Sta. Sabina, i. 357 in Sala Rotonda, ii. 318 in Sancta Sanctorum, ii. 113 in S. Stefano Rotondo, i. 339 in S. Teodoro, i. 223 at Torre Nuova, ii. 414 in Triclinium of Palace of La- teran, ii. 109 Mosca, Simone, ii. 62 Murano, Antonio da, ii. 121 Murillo, ii. 348, 444 Muro-Torto, description of, i. 46 Museo, Chiaramonte, ii. 300, 305, 333 Pio-Clementino, ii, 305, 331 Museums — Christian, ii. 117 of Christian Antiquities, ii. 324 Egyptian, ii. 305, 332 Etruscan, ii. 327 — 331 Kircherian, i. 88 of Relics of art and histoiy, ii. 212 of Statues, ii. 300 Muziano, ii. 41, 213, 276 470 moEx. N. Navicella, i. 330 ; Mosaic of, ii. 246 ; Terrace of the, 334 Navona, Piazza, used as a market, ii. 197 ; custom of occasionally con- verting it into a lake, 198 ; tourna- ment held in, 198 Naumachia, remnant of the pleasures of the, ii. 198 Nebbia, Cesare, ii. 8g, 167, 323 Neri, S. Filippo, chapel of, ii. 166 ; library founded by, 167 ; founda- tion of Oratorians laid by, 169 ; hospital foimded by, 181 ; portrait of, 18 r ; resuscitation to life by, 1S7 Nero, Tomb of, i. 38 ; Statue of, 200 ; Palace of, 311 ; Aqueduct of, 330 ; Martyrs under, 335 ; Tower of, 459 ; house in which he died, ii. 20 ; Golden House of, 52 ; site of Baths of, 202 Nocchi, Pietro, ii. 120 Notte Vaticane, ii. 336 Nuit, Gerard de la, i. 445 ; ii. 444 Nymphaeum, i. 413 ; remains of an- cient, ii. 430 O Obeliscus Solaris, i. 78 Obelisk— of tlT£ Esquihne, ii. 93 in the Garden of the Redemptor- ists, i. 332 of the Lateran, ii. 95 of the Monte Cavallo, i. 446 Citorio, i. 78 of the Pantheon, ii. 211 of St. Peter's, ii. 238, 239 in the Piazza della Minerva, ii. 211 of the Piazza Navona, ii. ig6 of the Pincio, i. 46 of the Piazza del Popopolo, i. 37 dclla Rotonda, ii. 2ir of the Trinita dc' Monti, i. 51 Observatory, celebrated, i. 88 Olivieri, Paolo, i. 470 Oratory, dedicated by Pius I., i. .-^72 of Sta. Galla, i. 269 of S. Venanzio, ii. 97 Orti Famcsiani, i. 276 Ortolano, i. 67, 68 Osa, Castcllo del, ii. 135 Osteria delle Frattocchie, i. 429 ; of Tavolato, ii. 125 Ostia, ii. 394 ; past and present con- dition of, 409 Ostian Gate, ii. 394., 399 Overbeck, i. 454 ; Studio of, ii. 45 Paintings — in S. Angelo in Pescheria, i. 248 in Appartamenti Borgia, ii. 324 —326 in Ara-Coeli, i. 149 Architectural, ii. 448 in Barberini Palace, i. 439 in Baths of Titus, ii. 53 in Borghese Picture Gallery, i. 67 — 72 in Capitoline Gallery, i. 140 in Catacombs, i. 401, 410 ; ii. 21 in Catacomb of S. Ponziano, ii. 454 of Sta. Cecilia, i. 398 in Chapel of S. Sylvestro, i. 341 in the Chiesa Nuova, ii. 167 Communion of St. Jerome, ii. 349 in CrjTDt of St. Peter's, ii. 274, 276 in S. Francesco a Ripa, ii. 379 in S. Giovanni Decollato, i. 239 La Madonna del Rosario, i. 358 Last Judgment, the, ii. 293 in Loggie of Raphael, ii. 337 — • 339 in S. Lorenzo in Lucina, i. 73 in S. Luigi dei Frances!, ii. 200 Madonna di Foiigno, the, ii. 350 Madonna and Saints, ii. 355 in Sta. Maria sopra Minerva, ii. 213 — 222 in Sta. Maria del Popolo, i. 39 in Trastevere, ii. 384 Miracle-working, ii. 221 Miraculous, of the Cmcifi.xion, ii. 122 in Palace of the Lateran, ii. 118 in Palazzo Albani, i. 443 Colonna, i. 99 Corsini, ii. 442 Doria, i. 94 dclla Regina di Po- lonia, i. 54 Sciarra, i. 82 Spada, ii. 180 in Picture Gallery of the Vatican, ii- 347—359 , in S. I'ictro in Vincoli, ii. 57 INDEX. 471 Paintings — coniin ued. in S. Prassede, ii. 69 Prophets and Sibyls, ii. 290 — 292 Rapiiael's best worlv, ii. 164 in S. Silvestro a Monte Cavallo, i. 459 in Sistine Chapel, ii. 287 Transfiguration, the, ii. 351 — 354 in Trinita de' Monti, i. 52 in Vatican Library, ii. 324 in Villa Albani, ii. 19 Palaces — of Augustus, i. 280 Barberini, i. 436 of the Caesars, i. 250 of Caligula, i. 292 of the Cancelleria, ii. 177 of the Conservators, i. 135 of the Consulta, i. 448 Corsini, i. 388 of Count Trapani, i. 459 of Domitian, i. 312 Farnese, i. 377 Farnesina, ii. 388 Giustiniani, ii. 202 important to sight-seers, i. 32 ancient, of the Lateran, ii. 108 modern, of the Lateran, ii. 114 of Nero, i. 311 Orsini, ii. 360 Papal, i. 435 Patrizi, ii. 202 of the Ponziani family, ii. 369 of Pope Honorius III., i. 361 of the Quirinal, i. 449 of the Republic of Venice, i. 103 of the Senator, i. 120 of Tiberius, i. 291 Venetian, i. 105 of Vespasian, i. 281 Palatine, the, story of the Hill, i. 273 ; Palace of the Ccesars, 274 ; Orti Farnesiani, 276 ; guide in ex- ploring, 276 ; the Velia, 277 ; Pa- lace of Augustus, 280 ; Hut of Faustulus and the Sacred Fig-tree, 288 ; Cavern of Lupercal, 290 ; Palaces of Tiberius and Caligula, 291, 292 ; Temple of Cybele, 294 ; other temples, 298 ; site of houses of great patrician families on, 299 — 303 ; Convent, 304 ; Walls of Ro- mulus, 305 ; Via Nova, 307 ; chambers once occupied by Pras- torian Guard, 309 Palazzetto, Farnese, sometimes called Linote, ii. 178 Palazzos — Albani, i. 443 Aldobrandini, i. 461 Altemps, ii. 160 Altier^ i. 107 Bernini, i. 73 Borghese, i. 65 ; gallery in, 66 Braschi, ii. 1S8 Buonaparte, i. 103 Caetani, i. 268 Caffarelli, i. 142 Cardelli, ii. 155 Cenci, i. 259 Chigi, i. 76 Colonna, gallery in, i. 98 Corsini, ii. 439 Costaguti, i. 267 Doria, i. 93 ; gallery in, 94 Falconieri, ii. 175 Farnese, ii. 174 Gabrielli, ii. 166 Galitzin, ii. 155 Giraud, ii. 236 del Govemo Vecchio, ii. 165 Lancellotti, ii. 197 Madama, ii. 198 Margana, i. 270 Massimo alle Colonne, ii. 186 Mattel, i. 268 Moroni, ii. 387 Muto-Savorelli, i. 103 Odescalchi, legend relating to, i. 98 Pamfili, ii. 196 Parisani, i. 76 Poll, famous jeweller's shop in, i. 81 Pio, ii. 184 della Regina di Polonia, i. 54 Rospigliosi, i. 434, 456 Ruspoli, i. 72 Sacchetti, ii. 176 Salviati, ii. 439 Santa Croce, ii. 182 Sciarra, gallery in, i. 82 Spada alia Regola, the porter at, ii. 178, 179 di Spagna, i. 57 Torlonia, i. 104 del Santo Uffizio, ii. 278 Valentini, i. 98 Vidoni, ii. 185 Pantheon, the, ii. 204 ; its early his- tory, 205 ; its present state, 206 : its inteiior, 206 ; burial-place of painters in, 209 ; service held in, on day of Pentecost, 210 472 INDEX. Paolo, ii. 385 Parco di San Gregorio, i. 319 Parmigianino, i. 68 Pasquinades, ii. 188 — 192 Pasquino, ii. 188 Passignano, i. 367 Paul, St., house in which he lodged, i. 89 ; trial of, in Basilica, 284 ; chambers in which he was con- fined, 309 ; burial-place of, 419 ; the aspect of Rome to his eye, 430, 431 ; picture of, 455 ; relic of, ii. 100 ; statue of, 226 ; shrine of, 273 ; only existing witness of the martyrdom of, 395 ; parting of, with St. Peter, 398 ; martyrdom of, 399, 402 ; authenticated, i. 335 ; pillars to which he was bound, ii. 40 1 ; festivals of, 408 Penni, Francesco, ii. 276, 337, 338, 340. 356, 446 Perretti, Cardinal, relic of residence of, ii. 35 Penigino, i. 53, 67, 83, 196 ; ii. 19, 159, 286, 287, 345, 348, 356, 387 Peruzzi, Baldassare, ii. 160, 162, 165, 178, 186 ; tomb of, in the Pan- theon, 209 ; design of, for St. Pe- ter's, 244 ; frescoes by, 448 Pescheria, the, i, 249 Pesellino, i. 94 Peter, St., dungeon occupied by, in Mamertine Prisons, i. 153 ; legend relating to, concerning Simon Ma- gus, 197 ; martyrdom of, authen- ticated, 335 ; tradition of, 379 ; legend relating to persecution of, 389 ; burial-place of, 419, ii. 242 ; picture of, i. 455 ; preservation of his chains, ii. 54, 61 ; bas-relief of, 57 ; relics of, 61, 100 ; fresco of, 204 ; statues of, 226, 254 ; epis- copal chair of, 261 ; shrine and sarcophagus of, 273 ; parting of, with St. Paul, 398 ; crucifixion of, 451 Pettrich, ii. 40 Phidias, i. 447 Photogra]ihers, i. 29 Pianta Capitolina, i. 123 Piazzas — Harberini, i. 436 of S. IJencdetto a Piscinuola, ii. 368 • Bocca flella Vcritii, ii. 393 Borghcsc, i. 66 ; ii. 223 Piazzas — con tin ucd. del Campidoglio, i. 119 di Campitelli, i. 269 Campo di Fiore, ii. 176 Capitoline, i. 135 Capo di Ferro, ii. 178 of the Cappuccini, ii. 7 Colonna, i. 76 di S. Eustachio, ii. 202 del Gesu, legend of, i. 10 di S. Giovanni, ii. 95 della Guidecca, i. 259 of Sta. Maria Maggiore, ii. 80 in Monti, i. 464 della Minerva, ii. 211 Montanara, i. 242 of the Monte Cavallo, i. 446 Monte Citorio, i. 78 of the Navicella, i. 330 Navona, ii. 187, 196, 19B del Orologio, ii. 166 of St. Peter's, ii. 225, 240 Pia, ii. 236 del Popolo, i. 36 ; obelisk of, 37 della Rotonda, ii. 211 Rusticucci, ii. 225, 238 Scossa Cavalli, ii. 236 della Scuola, i. 256 di Spagna, i. 56, 58 delle Tartarughe, i. 267 del Tritone, i. 436 Picture Galleries — in Barberini Palace, i. 439 Borghese, i. 66 Capitoline, i. 140 in Sta. Maria degli Angeli, ii. 40 Palace of the Lateran, ii. 118 Quirinal, i. 455 Palazzo Colonna, i. 99 Corsini, ii. 442 Doria, i. 94 Mattel, i. 268 the Vatican, ii. 347 — 3S9 Pierleoni, fortress of the, i. 245 Piet^, in Sta. Croce, ii. 130 in Lateran, ii. 103, 104 in Sta. Maria dell' Anima, 163 Pietra di Paragone, ii. 278 Pietro in Montorio, St., hill of, ii. 388 Pig-Market, Roman mode of killing pigs, ii. 417 Pigiia, in garden of the Vatican, ii. 334 I'incio, description of, i. 43 ; fashion- able resort, 44 Pinturicchio, i. 39, 67, 139, 1-119; "■ i 128, 313, 325, 356, 436 INDEX. Piombo, Sebastian del, i. 41, 69, 97 ; ii. 102, 293, 355, 448, 449 Pisanello Vittore, i. 94 Piscina Publica, i. 383 Plautilla, legend of, ii. 398, 399 Podesti, ii. 407 Pollajuolo, Antonio, i. 67 ; ii. 61, 258 Pomarancio, i. 69, 26S, 329, 334 ; ii. 41 Pompey, statue of, ii. 179 ; theatre of, 184 Ponte — S. Angelo, ii. 225, 226 S. Bartolomeo, ii. 366 Molle, ii. 421, 424 Nomentana, ii. 31 di None, ii. 134 Quattro Capi, ii. 360 Rotto, i. 237 ; ii. 369 Salara, i. 19 Sisto, ii. 390 Suhlicius, i. 238 Pontecello, stream of, i. 429 Popes, eight, educated at Collegio Roniana, i. 88 ; latest miracle of the Romish Church, 98 ; desecra- tion and restoration of the Coli- seum by, 218 ; Chapel of the, 395 ; graves of early, 396 ; election of, 451 ; Private Chapel of the, 455 ; Pallium of the, ii. 28 ; place of coronation of, 99 ; favourite walk of mediceval, 107 ; the residence of, at Palace of the Lateran, 108 ; Sancta Sanctorum of, 11 1 ; monu- ment of Papal history of the tenth century, 129 ; custom of newly- elected, in relation to Jews, i. 203, ii. 166 ; passage intended for the escape to St. Angelo of the, 234 ; the Borgo, or sanctuarj' of the Pa- pacy, 235 ; the Easter benediction, 240 ; additions to the building of St. Peter's by, 244 ; ceremony of destrucdon of the Wall of Porta Santa, 248 ; Memento Mori, 266 ; Sarcophagi of, 270 — 274 ; the Vatican, built by successive, 283, 284 ; Papal residence at the Va- tican, 283, 298 ; prophecy respect- ing the line of, 299 ; daily walk or ride of the, 335 ; inscription com- memorating the pope who defended Rome against Attila, 406 ; tolera- tion of the Papal government in re- ligion, 411 Popes — • Adrian VI., tomb of, ii. 161 Alexander VI., Rodrigo Borgia, grave of, ii. 170 ; paintings rej^re- senting the life of, 325 ; pasquinade against, 189 ; empty tomb of, 269 ; death of, 428, 429 Alexander VII., his humility, i. 77 Boniface VI II., life and charac- ter of, ii. 269, 270 ; double crown first worn by, 270 Clement, St., exile and death of, i. 347 Clement VII., pasquinades against, ii. 190; " the Transfigura- ation " painted by order of, 351 Clement VIII., torturer and exe- cutioner of the Cenci family, i. 260, ii. 87 ; builder of the new pa- lace of the Vatican, 87 ; punish- ment of parricides by, 183 Clement XII., founder of Cor- sini Chapel, ii. 103 Clement XIII., Order of the Je- suits attacked in the reign of, ii. 260 Cornelius, St., tomb of, i. 399 Damasus, St., inscriptions of, i. 396, 399. 4071 418, 419 ; ii. 21 Gregory I. (the Great), founder of Church music, ii. 122 Gregory XL, restoration of the Papal Court to Rome by, i. 196 Gregory XIII., New Calendar invented in the reign of, ii. 258 Gregory XVI., frescoes repre- senting the life of, ii. 326 ; statue of, 405 Hilary, Chapels built by, Ii. 9.6 Plildebrand, seizure of, ii. 92 Innocent X., pasquinade against, ii. 191, desertion of, at his death, 194 ; sale of bishoprics and bene- fices in the reign of, 197 Innocent XL, pasquinadeagainst, ii. 191 Innocent XII., last pope who wore beard and moustache, tomb of, ii. 257 Joan, life, and legend of, ii. 94 Julius II., magnificent tomb of, ii. 59 ; introduction of the beard by, 60 ; destruction of the Old Ba- silica, and commencement of the building of St, Peter's, by, 244 ; grave of, 258 Julius III., Villa of Papa Giulio, designed and built by, ii. 418 474 INDEX. Popes — con tin ucd. Leo X., pasquinades against, ii. 190 ; early destination to the Pa- pacy of, 218 ; tomb of, 218 ; his share in the building of St. Peter's, 244 ; St. Peter's statue cast by, 254 ; brilliant reign of, 336 Leo XL, short reign of, ii. 265 Leo XIL, Vatican Picture Gal- lery built by, ii. 284 Martin V., tomb of, ii. 100 Nicholas V., Vatican Library founded by, ii. 271, 322 Paschal L, his account of his finding the burial-place of Sta. Cecilia, ii. 373 Paul IL, remarkable beauty of, ii. 271 ; remains of his tomb, 271, 272 Paul III., Order of Jesuits found- ed in the reign of ; his character, ii. 262 ; Inquisition est.ablished by, 278 ; Sala Regia of the Vatican built in the reign of, 285 Paul IV., imprisonment of the Jews by, i. 252 ; his aspect and character, ii. 215 Pelagius II., Basilica of, ii. 142 ; his munificence, 143 Pius II., tomb and epitaph of, ii. 1S5; instance of relique-worship in the reign of, 421 Pius IV., his retiring nature ; Villa Pia built by, ii. 335 Pius v., eventful reign of, ii. 89 Pius VI., pasquinades against, ii. 191, 192 Pius VII., exile of, i. 449 ; re- turn of, to the Quirinal ; re-estab- lishment of the Order of Jesuits by, ii. 264 ; collection of pictures in the Vatican formed by, 347 Pius VIII., tomb of, the, last erected in St. Peter's, ii. 264 Pius IX., escape of, in the revo- lution of 1848, i. 450 ; i)rcparation of his own monument, ii. 84 Si.\'tus IV., political reign of, ii. 258 ; Sistine Chapel built by, 284 ; Vatican Library increased by, 322 Si.\tus v., eventful life of, ii. 90 ; the enemy of antiquities, 108 ; completion of the building of St. Peter's in the reign of, 244 ; Va- tican Library increased by, 322 Sylvester II., memorial slab of, ii. 103 Popes — conlin ucd. Urban II., refuge of, i. 201 ; ii. 363 Urban VI. ,hiscruelty, and death, ii. 272 Urban VIII., ambition and mag- nificence of, i. 437 ; curious Will of, 438 ; pasquinade against, ii. 190 ; his passion for building, and his tomb, 261 Popolo, Piazza del, starting-point for exploring Rome, i. 36 Porta del, i. 37 ; ii. 422 Church of Sta. Maria del, i. 39 Pordenone, i. 70, 71, 96, 454 Porta, Giacomo della, ii. 174, 244, 251, 400, 401 Giuseppe, ii. 285 Guglielmo della, ii. 262 Porta— Angelica, ii. 427, 430 Asinaria, ii. 107 Capena, i. 373 Carmentalis, i. 239 Cavalleggieri, ii. 280, 456 Collina, ii. 16 Furba, ii. 124 S. Giovanni, ii. 107 Latina, i. 384 S. Lorenzo, ii. 35 Maggiore, ii. 132 S. Marta, ii. 264, 278 Mugonia, i. 274 Nomentana, ii. 24 Ostiensis, Ancient, ii. 394 Palatii, i. 279 S. Pancrazio, ii. 452 S. Paolo, i. 368 ; ii. 393 Pia, ii. 24 Pinciana, ii. 16 Portese, ii. 377 Roniana, i. 274 Salara, ii. 16 Salutaria, i. 435 Santa, ii. 83 ; ceremony of the destruction of the wall of, 24S S. Sebastiano, i. 387 Settimiana, ii. 3S8, 448 Sto. Spirito, ii. 434 Trigemina, ii. 392 Porticos — of Baths of Constantine, i. 43S Doric, ii. 421 of St. John Lateran, ii. 99 Loonino, ii. ro2 of Livia, i. 198 of S. Lorenzo, ii. 138 IXDEX. 475 Porticos — continued. of Octavia, i. 247 of Pallas Minerva, i. 165 of tlie Pantheon, ii. 206 of S. Sabba, i. 369 of Temple of Mars, i. 388 to Romulus, i. 435 in Theatre of Pompey, ii. 184 Post-office, General, ii. 199 Potter, Paul, i. 72 Poussin, Caspar, ii. 63, 442, 444 Poussin, Niccolas, i. 52 ; house of, 54 ; tomb of, 73 ; works of, 95, 167, 440 ; ii. 63, 326, 358 Pozzi, Giobattista, ii. 89 Padre, i. .86 Prata Quinctia, i. 59 Praxiteles, i. 447 Presepio, origin of the, ii. 380 Pretorian Camp, remains of, ii. 34 Prima Porta, ii. 423 Prisons — Carceri Nuove, ii. 176 in Castle of St. Angelo, ii. 234 the Island in the Tiber used as, in imperial times, ii. 362 for Women, ii. 42 Promenade, ancient Papal, ii. 127 Propaganda, the, i. 59 Protestant Cemetery, ii. 395 Churches, ii. 410 Protomoteca, i. 136 Pseudo-Aventine, i. 368 Pyramid, site of, ii. 236 of Caius Cesdiis, ii. 394 Q. Quattro Fontane, ii. 34, 45 Quirinal, parish church of, i. 8r ; hill, limit of, 433 ; origin of name, temple to Romulus, 434 ; houses of great families on, 436 ; Palace, 444 ; residence of popes, 449 ; Gardens of the, 455 R. Raggi, Antonio, ii. 194 Railway Station, ii. 35 Raphael, painter, sculptor, and ar- chitect, i. 41 ; Works of, 67, 83, 96, 167, 305, 439 ; ii. 102, 158, 164, 185 ; tomb of, in the Pan- theon, 209 ; house of, 225 ; design of, foi St. Peter's, 244 ; cartoons of, 321 ; Loggie of, 337 ; frescoes i^y. 338, 340—343. 345. 446, 448 ; pictures by, 348, 350, 356; his last, 351 ; Villa of, 416 Regia, site of, i. 78 Relics — of St' Agnese, ii. 31 of Ancient Basilica, ii. 407 of Ancient Basilica of Lateran, ii. 102 Architectural and traditional, ii. 105 Arm of St. Thomas a Becket, ii. 172 of .-\rt and History, ii. 212 of the Barberini family, i. 437 Brains of St. Thomas a Becket, ii. 92 Body of St. Bartholomew, ii. 364 in Catacomb of Sta. Priscilla, ii. 23 Chains of St. Peter, ii. 6r ancient Chair of St. Peter, ii. 261 Column to which our Saviour is reputed to have been bound, ii. 68 Earliest architectural, i. 170 of S. Francesca Romana, i. 270 of St. Francis, ii. 379 in Giardino della Pigna, ii. 333 of Ignatius Loyola, i. 107 list of, in Lateran, ii. 102 in S. Martino al Monte, ii. 64 in Monastery of the Chiesa Nuova, ii. 167 in Sta. Prassede, ii. 71 Pedestal of the Column of An- toninus Pius, ii. 334 of St. Peter's, exhibition of, ii. 253. 254 of Republican times, i. 105, 307 in Sancta Sanctomm, ii. 112, 113 Sancta Culla, ii. 91 Santa Scala, ii. no of Tasso, ii. 437 Title of the True Cross, exhibi- tion of, ii. 129 in Treasury of St. Peter's, ii. 276 of works of Art from the Ba- silica on the site of St. Peter's, ii. 243 Rembrandt, ii. i\ \ \ Remus, temple of, i. 191 ; and Romulus, legend of, 288 Reni, Guido, i. 69, 73, 83, 84, 95, 140, 141, 440 ; ii. 358, 443, 444 Ribera, i. 70 Ricciolini, ii. 40 Rinaldi, ii. 407 476 INDEX. Ripetta, the, i. 37 ; Quay of the, 59 Ripresa dei Barberi, i. 105 Roman Pearls, i. 29 Romana, Sta. Francesca, favourite saint of the Romans, i. 148 ; ii. 136 ; her death, i. 195 ; ii. 370 ; miracle attributed to, 378 ; vine- yard of, 398 Romanelli, i. 139, 267 ; ii. 41, 266 Romano, Guilo, i. 67, 68, 82, 305, 332; ii. 19, 71, 118, 161, 244, 276, 337—340, 345. 354. 356, 378, 425, 426, 443, 446, 452 .- Rome, statue called by that name, ii. 35 Rome- Description of neighbourhood, i. 17 ; first view of city, 17 ; Ma- dame de Stael's impression con- cerning, 18 ; climate, 20 ; life agreeable in, 21 ; Museums, 22 ; scarcity of Pagan ruins, 23 ; Mai's monumental record of, A.D. 540, 24 ; facilities afforded to strangers, 24; objects of attraction in the neighbourhood of, 26 ; Ho- tels, Pensions, Apartments, 27 ; Trattorie (Restaurants), English Church, Post-office, Telegraph- office, Bankers, Conveyance of | goods to England, Doctors, Eng- hsh and Homoeopathic, Dentist, Sick -Nurses, Chemists, English House -Agent, English Livery- Stables, 28 ; Library, Booksellers, Italian Masters, Photographers, Drawing Materials, Engravings, Antiquities, Bronzes, Cameos, Mo- saics, Jewellers, Roman Pearls, 29 ; Bookbinder, Engraver, Tailors, Shoemakers, Dressmaker, Shops for Ladies' Dresses, Roman Rib- bons and Shawls, Gloves, Carpets, and small Household Articles, German Baker, linglish Grocer, Italian Grocer and 'Wine-Merchant, Oil, Candles, and 'Wood, &c., Eng- lish Dairy, 30 ; Artists' Studios, 30, 31; Sculptors' Studios, 31, 32; Churches, Palaces, 'Villas, Ruins, Sights for each day in the week, 32, 33 ; Guide for travellers in, 36 ; favourite resort for Models, 56 ; English colony, 58 ; first English seivice in, 64 ; pious whipj)ings, 85 ; celebrated Observatory, 88 ; Jesuit College, eight Popes cdu- Rome — continued. cated at, 88 ; Church in which St. Paul lodged, 89 ; Capitoline Hill, 109 ; Foram Romanum, great his- torical interest attached to, 168 ; interesting sites and classical re- mains, 170 — 185 ; description of Mosaics, 192 ; decadence of Art in, 232 ; Mediaeval gem of, 234 ; sketch of Jewish history in, 250 — 255 ; rich merchandise in Ghetto, 256 ; Palatine Hill, 273 ; recent discoveries among the ruins of the Palace of the Caesars, 276 ; St. Paul's trial in BasiUca, 283 ; Seven Hills of, 298 ; houses of great pa- tricians of, 299 ; earliest pagan caricature of our Saviour's death, 308 ; CcKlian Hill, 316 ; place of departure of St. Augustine from, 319 ; grand view of Palatine, 324 ; ideal garden, 332 ; frescoes repre- senting best authenticated martyr- doms in, 334 — 338 ; influence of Byzantine upon Roman Art, 341 ; ancient ecclesiastical architecture, 343 ; the Aventine, 348 ; Malaria, 21. 354. 356; Appian Way, course of, 372, 430 ; Baths of Caracalla, largest mass of ruins in, 376 ; Columbaria, 385 ; rare parisitical plants, 390; Catacombs, 390 — 411, ii. 20 ; paintings in Catacombs, sym- bolical, allegorical, and liturgical, i. 401 ; oldest Christian cemetery, 409 ; graves of Christian martyrs, 420 ; extensive view, 424 ; the ap- pearance of, to St. Paul, 430, 431 ; the Quirinal and 'Viminal, 433 ; Saint most reverenced by people of, 463 ; spot of historical interest, 468 ; most ancient church in, 469 ; loveliest view in, ii. 17 ; Railway Station, 35 ; Esquiline Hill, 46 ; St. Peter's chains, 6i ; tallest palm- tree in, 62 ; one of the principal objects of pilgrimage in, 68 ; me- morials of middle-age warfare, 72 ; unique doorway, 78 ; consecration of animals after the feast of St. Anthony, 79 ; Obelisk, oldest ob- ject in, 95 ; beautiful view, io5 ; principal receptacle for antiquities in, 114 ; fine specimen of Roman scenery, 127 ; residence assigned to Patriarchs of Jerusalem visiting, 144 ; moilcrn burial-ground of, INDEX. All Rome — con tin ued. 144 ; Roman funeral, 145 ; Roman Catholic Meeting-house for tlie lower orders, 158 ; Government establishment for the lending of money, 181 ; haunted house, 183 ; first printing-office in, 187; finest staircase in, 188 ; unique window, 197 ; most perfect pagan building in, 204 ; resort of bird-fanciers, 211 ; largest library in, 222 ; relic of siege of, 226 ; effect produced by the entrance of St. Peter's, 249 ; one of the few examples of Gothic architecture in, 280 ; view of, from balcony in the Vatican, 307 ; re- sults of excavations, 327, 393 ; pe- culiar beauty of the Vatican Gar- den, 335 ; supply of water during the siege, 366 ; character of Tras- teverini in contrast to the other Romans, 367 ; house of temporary retirement for young men, 369 ; principal remains of mediaeval ar- chitecture, 379 ; first Church dedi- cated to the Virgin, 382 ; fine views from Ponte Sisto, 390 ; interest at- tached to the Pyramid of Caius Cestius, 395 ; facilities afforded for Protestant worship in, 410 ; view across the Campagna, 420 ; mag- nificent view of, 428 ; evening scene in the streets, 431 ; unrivalled view, 451 ; only perfect extant specimen of primitive subterranean baptistery, 453 Romulus and Remus, legend of, i. 288 ; walls of, 305 ; connection with Aventine, 349 ; temple to, 434 Rosa, Salvator, i. 94, 95 ; monument of, ii. 40 ; w'orks of, 225, 442, 445 Rospigliosi, Palace of, i. 456; col- lection of pictures in, 457 Rosselli, Cosimo, ii. 287 Rossi, ii. 261, 263, 413 Rubens, i. 96, 140 ; ii. 167, 444 Ruins — of Agger of Servius Tullius, ii. 38 Aqua Marcia, ii. 95 Arco di Ciambella, ii. 21 r Basilica of Constantine, i. 184 Basilica of S. Stefano, iii 124 Bath built by Augustus, ii. 77 Baths of Caracalla, i. 375 Baths of Constantine, i. 436, 458 Baths of Diocletian, ii. 38 Ruins — continued. of Baths of S. Helena, ii. 132 Baths of Titus, ii. 52 Campus Martins, ii. 155 early Christian cemetery, ii. 29 Circus of Maxentius, i. 422 Circus Maximus, i. 225 Coliseum, i. 213 Colonnace, i. 165 Emporium, ii. 393 Forum Boarium, i. 227 Forum of Trajan, i. 161 Gabii, ii. 134 S. Giacomo degli Spagnuoli, ii. 197 house of Mother of St. Gre- gory, i. 321 Mausoleum of Augustus, i. 62 Meta Sudans, i. 206 Milliarium Aureum, i. 173 Modern Capitol, i. 170 Nero's Golden House, i. 52 Palace of the Ca;sars, i. 274 Domitian, i. 312 Lateran, ii. 109 Nero, i. 311 Palaces of Augustus and \'es- pasian, i. 280, 281 Palazzo Cenci, i. 259 Palazzo Margana, i. 270 Pescheria, i. 249 Pons yEmilius, i. 237 Pons Fabricius, ii. 360 Pons Sublicius, i. 238 Ponte Salaria, ii. 19 Porticus Octavice, i. 246 Pretorian Camp, ii. 34 Principal, in Rome, i. 32 in Priorato Garden, i. 365 of Regia of Julius Ca;sar, i. 305 Roma Vecchia, i. 427 Sette Bassi, ii. 124 Sette Sale, ii. 53 Studio of Canova, i. 61 Tabularium., i. 122 Temple of Antoninus and Faustina, i. 182 Temple of Concord, i. 171 Mars L'ltor, i. 163 Neptune, i. 79 Saturn, i. 172 the Sun, i. 436 Venus and Rome, i. 198 Vesta, i. 176 Temples on the Aventine, i. 351 478 INDEX. Ruins — con tin ucd. of Temples of Castor and Pollux, i- 175 Theatre of Balbus, i. 259 Tomb of the Cascilii, i. 395 Tor di Quinto, ii. 423 Torre dei Schiavi, ii. 133 Villa of Emperor Commodus, i. 427 Villa of Flavia Domitilla, i. 408 Villa of Livia, ii. 423 Walls of Romulus, i. 305 Walls of Servius Tullius, i. 368 Russe Tarpeia, i. 142 Rusconi, Camillo, ii. 259 Sabbatini, ii. 337 Sacchi, Andrea, i. 439 ; ii. 12, 96 ; tomb of, 104 ; works of, 183, 358, 359 Sacer, Mons, ii. 32 Saladegli Animali, ii. 313 della Riga, ii. 319 di Constantino, ii. 340 a Croce Greca, ii. 319 Ducale, ii. 398 delle Muse, ii. 317 Regia, ii. 285 Rotonda, ii. 318 Salita di S. Onofrio, ii. 434 Salviati, ii 163, 224, 287 Sancta Sanctorum, in Palace of La- teran, ii. in Sangallo, Antonio di, ii. 174, 244, 285 Sansovino, Andrea, ii. 158 Santa Scala, ii. 95, no ; picturesque scene on, iii Santi, Tito, ii. 225 Sanzio, Giovanni, i. 99 ; ii. 121 Saraceni Carlo, ii. 162, 442, 443 Sarcophagi, i. 458, 471 ; ii. 18, 68, 103, 114, 118, 141, 174, 257, 263, 269, 270 — 273, 300, 405, 426 Sarto, Andrea del, i. 67 — 69, 82, 95, 440 ; ii. 120, 442 Sarzana, I-^onarda da, ii. 84 Sassoferato, i. 69, 70, 95 ; ii. 120, 356, 443 Scannabecchi, ii.425 Scarsellino, I])polilo, 1. 94 Schiavonc, And., i. 71 Schnorr, Paul, ii. 337 Schools — Castigliana, i. 256 Catilana, i. 256 Schools — continued. for Music, in the Middle Ages, ii. 121 Scuola Nuova, i. 256 Siciliana, i. 256 del Tempio, i. 256 Sciarra, Palazzo, Picture Gallery in, i. 82 Scipios, Tomb of the, i. 385 Sculptors, studios of, i. 31 Sculpture — Arch of Septimus Severus, on, i. 232 Capitol, on the steps of the, i. 117 Casino of Villa Borghese, in, ii. 413 Castle of St. Angelo, in, ii. 234 S. Cesareo, in, i. 383 Collection of, ii. 14, 18 Ciypt of St. Peter's, in, ii. 273 Gallery of, in the Capitol, i. 123 —136 Jewish Synagogue, in, i. 257 Madonna and Child, ii. 158 Sta. Maria sopra Minerva, in, ii. 218 Sta. Maria del Popolo, in, i. 39 Michael Angelo, by, ii. 59 Palazzo Mattel, in, i. 268 Palazzo Spada, in, ii. 180 Santa 'Scala, on, ii. no Tomb of Adrian VI., on, ii. 162 Tor di Babele, of, i. 460 Trastevere, fragments of, in the, ii. 367 Vatican Galleries, in the, ii. 300 — 322 Via Appia, among ruins of, i. 424 Sebastian, St., place of martyrdom of, i. 203 ; fresco, relating to legend of, ii. 56 ; statue of, 194 Seminario Romana, ii. 159 Septizonium of Severus, i. 312 Sermoneta, ii. 104, 165, 337 Sesto, Cesare, ii. 359 Seven Hills of Rome, i. 298 Shops— for Antiquities, i. 29 Arvotti's, the famous Roman- scarf shop, ii. 198 Piookbinder's, i. 30 Piooksellers', i. 29 for Bronzes, i. 29 for Cameos, i. 29 for Carpels and small house articli^s, i. 30 for Drawing materials, i. 29 INDEX. 479 Shops — contimied. English Grocer's, i. 30 Engraver's, i. 30 for Engravings, i. 29 German Baker's, i. 30 for Gloves, i. 30 Italian Grocer and Wine-Mer- chant's, i. 30 Jewellers', i. 29 for Lace, well-known, i. 267 for Ladies' dresses, i. 30 for Mosaics, i. 29 for Oil, Candles, and Wood, &c., i. 30 for Roman Ribbons and Shawls, i. 30 for Roman Pearls, i. 29 Shoemakers', i. 30 Tailors', i. 30 Sicciolante, Girolamo, ii. 200 Siena, Berni da, ii. 100 Siena, Gherardesco da, ii. 445 Signorelli, l^uca, ii. ig, 120, 287 Simone, i. 345 Sirani, Eliz., ii. 4.1.2 Sodoma, i. 68, 203, 439 ; ii. 342, 448 Solario, i. 68 Spagna, i. 99 ; ii. 356, 443 Spagnoletto, i. 455 ; n. 90, 356, 443, 444 Spoleto, Guido da, ii. 324 St. Peter's, first sight of, i. 17 ; view of, from the Pincio, 44 ; distant view of, from Villa Medici, 51 ; " View of, through the Keyhole," 365 ; the approach to, ii. 238 ; early histoiy of buildings on the site of, 242 ; the building of, 244 ; expenses of building, 245 ; fafade, 24s ; vestibule, 246 ; entrance of the Cathedral, 249 ; nave, 251 ; dimensions of building, 251 ; cu- pola, 252 ; Baldacchino, 252 ; re- lics, 253 ; statues, 254, 255 ; chapels, 256 — 258 ; monuments, 259 — 266 ; tribune, 261 ; ancient chair, 261 ; confessionals, 267 ; crypt of, 267 — 274 ; sarcophagi, 270 — 274 ; dome of, 275 ; sacristy of, 275 ; treasury of, 276 ; archives of, 277 ; best view of, 454 Stanza, d'Eliodoro, ii. 341 of the Incendio del Borgo, ii. 345 della Segnatura, ii. 342 Statues — • Abbate Luigi, of ii. 186 Sta. Agnese, of, ii. 194 Statues — contimied. Agrippa, of, ii. 206 Sta. Anastasia, of, i. 224 Antinous, the, ii. 308 Aristotle, of, ii. 180 Augustus, of, ii. 206, 424 Barberini Palace, in, i. 438 Baths of Caracalla, discovered in ruins of, i. 377 Benedict XIIL, of, i. 363 S. Bruno, of, ii. 40 Calumny, of, i. 75 CapitoUne Gallery, in, i. 123 — 13s Castor and Pollux, of, i. 118 Sta. Cecilia, of, ii. 373 Chapel of the Sacrament, in, ii. 89 Christian Museum, in, ii. 117 Clcelia, of, i. 199 Collection of in Palazzo Sac- chetti, ii. 176 Colossal, of Minerva, ii. 35 Constantine, of, ii. 106 Corsini Chapel, in, ii. 103 Discobolus, of the, ii. 186 Domitian, of, i. 179 Drusus, of, i. 387 Egj'ptian Museum, in, ii. 332 Gregory XVI., of, ii. 405 Hall of the Senators, in, i. 121 Henry IV., of, ii. 99 St. Jerome, of, i. 60 St. John the Baptist, of, i. 344 Julius II., on tomb of, ii. 59, 60 Juno, of, i. 112 Jupiter, of, i. 112 Justice of, i. 378 S. Lorenzo, of, ii. 137 Marcus Aurelius, of, i. 119 ; ii. 186 Mars, of ii. 14 Sta. Martina, in, i. 188 Mausoleum of Augustus, at, i. 447 Mmer\'a, of, i. 112 Moses, of ii. 42 Nile, of the, i. 184 Orpheus, of ii. 51 Pasquino, of ii. 188 Peter and Paul, of ii. 130 St. Peter's, on balustrade and steps of ii. 245, 246 ; in nave of 254 ; in Crypt of 268, 273 Philip IV. of Spain, of ii. 82 Pincio, on the, i. 43 Pompey, of at the foot of which Cassar fell, ii. 179 480 INDEX. Statues — continued. Porta Pia, ii. 24 Raphael, by, i. 41 S. Sebastian, of, ii. 194, 221 Sta. Silvia, of, i. 325 Torso Belvidere, ii. 306 Trajan, of, i. i5i Vatican, in the, ii. 300 — 322 Vatican Library, in the, ii. 324 Villa Albani, in, ii. 18 Villa Borghese, in, ii. 414 — 416 Villa Pamfili Doria, in, ii. 454 Stern, Louis, ii. 69 Stone, on which Abraham was about to offer Isaac, ii. 237 Sacred, legend of, i. 294 Strada del Borgo Sto. Spirito, ii. 237" Streets — Babuino, i. 36 Cliviis Capitolinus, i. 170, 172 Corso, i. 36, 60 Gregoriana, i. 54 Sta. Lucia in Selci, ii. 65 Ripetta, i. 37 Sistina, i. 54 Studios — Artists', i. 30 of Overbeck, ii. 45 Sculptors', i. 31 Subleyras, ii. 41 Suburra, the, ii. 49 Summa Via Nova, i. 277 Sun, Aurelian's Temple of the, i. 436. 458 Superstition, modern, i. 223 Sustermanns, i. 100 Sylvester, ancient Chair and Mitre of, ii. 64 T. Tabernacle, Gothic, ii. 385 Tadolini, ii. 246 Tarquin, site of camp of, ii. 378 Tasso, Monument of, ii. 436 ; death of, 437 ; remains of oak planted by, 438 ; annual commemoration of, at the Accademia, 430 Teatino, Don Gaiitano di, founder of the Order of the Thcatins, ii. 388 Tempesta, i. 334, 457 ; ii. 226, 337 Tempietto, on site of St. Peter's cru- cifixion, ii. 451 Temples — of .(Esculapius, ii. 364 Antoninus and Faustina, i. 182 Apollo, i. 296 i ii. 134 Temples — continued. of the Aventine, i. 351—353 Bacchus, i. 412 Castor and Pollu.x, i. 175 Ceres, i. 227 Cybele, i. 294 Fides, i. 114 Fortuna Virilis, i. 235 Muliebris, ii. 125 Fortune, i. 228 Health and Fever, i. 435 Honour and Virtue, i. 115 on " the Island," ii. 363 of Janus Quirinus, i. 180 Julius Caesar, i. 183 Juno, i. 247 Moneta, i. 115 Sospita, i. 298 Jupiter Capitolinus, i. 111— 114 Feretrius, i. 115 Stator, i. 247, 278 Tonans, i. 115 Liber, i. 227 Libera, i. 227 Mars, i. 114 Ultor, i. 163, 164 in Memory of the French who fell in the siege of Rome, ii. 455 of Minerva, i. 298 Moonlight, i. 298 Neptune, i. 79 Peace, i. 184 Piety, i. 241 Remus, i. 191 Romulus, i. 434 Saturn, i. 172 the Sun, i. 117 Tellus, ii. 48 Venus Erycina, i. 114 Venus and Rome, last Pagan, in use, i. 199 Vespasian, i. 171 Vesta, i. 176, 235 Victory, i. 294 Tenerani, ii. 221, 264, 407 Teniers, i. 71, 82 ; ii. 445 Termini, ii. 34 Terraces of — the Navicella, ii. 334 the l^incio, i. 43 the Villa Albani, view from, ii. 17 Medici, i. 49 Theatres of — Ajiollo, ii. 224 Marcellus, i. 244 Pompey, ii. 184 INDEX. 4S1 Thorwaldsen, i. 188, 455 ; ii. 210 264, 300 Throne, ancient Episcopal, ii. 386 'I'iber, inundations of the, i. 222 ; Island in the, ii. 361 ; picturesque views on the banks of, 421 ; seven- branched Candlestick of Jerusalem embedded in the, 422 Tiberius, Arch of, i. 173 ; Palace of, 291 Tigellum Sororis, ii. 49 Tintoret, i. 100, 140 ; ii. 444 Titian, i. 70, 71, 82, 83, 95, 96, 99, 167, 437. 439 ; ii. 355, 357. 443, 444 Tito, Santi di, ii. 335 Titus, Arch of, i. 200 Tojetti, Domenico, ii. 26 Tombs— of Adam of Hertford, Bishop of London, ii. 372 in Ara-Cffili, i. 147, 148 of the Baker Eurysaces, ii. 132 Bastari, ii. 385 Bernardino Capella, i. 339 Bibulus, i. 105 the Ccecilii, i. 395 Caius Cestius, ii. 394 Camillo Borghese, ii. 87 in Campus Esquilinus, ii. 36 of Carlo Maratta, ii. 40. Cardinals, ii. 216 — 222 Cardinal dAlen9on, ii. 385 Barberini, ii. 9 Fortiguerra, ii. 372 Gonsalvi, i. 87; ii. 90 Mai, i. 225 Pacca, i. 269 Rovarella, i. 344 Casale Rotondo, i. 428 of Cecilia Metella, i. 422 in Chapel of the Rosary, i. 359 Cinque-Cento, ii. 215. ■ . of Clement VII., ii. 219 IX., ii. 84 XIV., i. loi Sta. Constantia, ii. 28 Cosmo and Damian, i. 191 destruction of, in old Basilica, on the site of St. Peter's, ii. 257 —266 Doric, relic of republican times, i. 105 of Emmanuel IV., i. 444 Francesca di Ponziani, i. 195 eminent Frenchmen, ii. 200 Geta. i. -58 Tombs — continued. of Gibson, the sculptor, ii. 397 Gregory XI., i. 196 XIV., i. 85 the Historian of the popes, ii. 92 the Horatii and Curiatii, i. 427 John Lascaris, i. 463 Julius II., ii. 59 Knights of Malta, i. 365 Lanfranco, ii. 385 Leo X., ii. 218 in S. Maria del Popolo, i. 39 — 42 of Martha Swinburne, ii. 171 Sta. Martina, i. 188 Martyrs, i. 420 Nero, i. 38 Nicholas IV., ii. 84 Nicholas Poussin, 1. 73 Painters, in the Pantheon, ii. 209, 210 Paul IV., ii. 215 Pius v., ii. 89 Pompey, i. 429 Pope St. Cornelius, i. 399 Melchiades, i. 398 in S. Prassede, ii. 69 of Prince Altieri, i. 269 Princess Colonna, ii. 213 Ruins of, i. 426, 428, 429 of Salvator Rosa, ii. 40 the Scipios, i. 385 Si.xtus v., ii. 89 the Stuarts, ii. 266 Sylla, i. 37 Temple of Divus Redicums, i. 416 of Torquemada, ii. 213 Tor — di Babele, i. 460 Marancia, i. 408 Nona, ii. 223 Quinto, ii. 420, 423 Selce, i. 429 Torre — degli Anicii, ii. 362 dei Conti, ii. 48, 54 del Grillo, i. 460 ' Mellina, ii. 193 Mezza Strada, mediceval fortress, 1-427 delle Milizie, i. 460 Nomentana, ii. 32 Nuova, ii. 133, 414 Pernice, ii. 133 Pignatarra, ii. 133 Sanguinea, ii. 160 4S2 INDEX. Torre — contin ucd. dei Schiavi, ii. 133 della Scimia (Hilda's Tower), ii. 156 Tre Teste, ii. 134 Torretta del Palatino, view from, i. 298 Towers — Capitol, of the, i. 121 Frangipanni, ii. 62 Mecasiias, of, ii. 65 Mediaeval, of S. Lucia in Selce, ii. 65 Trastevere, the, i. 237 ; its present condition, characteristics of its in- habitants, its national games, ii. 367 Trattorie, resort of lower orders to, ii. 422 \ Travellers, hurried, scheme for, in visiting Rome, i. 32 ; first lesson in Roman Geography, for, 36 ; in- teresting excursions for, ii. 426 ; objects of interest for Irish, 450 Tre Fontane, condition of, ii. 399 Trevi, Fountain of, i. 79 Trophies of Marius, ii. 74 Turrita, Jacopo da, ii. 83 U. • Udine, Giovanni da, ii. 300, 324, 426, 448 Umbilicus Romre, i. 173 University of the Sa,{jienza, ii. 202 V. Vaccine, herds of, ii. 424 Vaga, Pierino del, i. 53, 68, 87, 332 ; ii. 204 ; tomb of, in the Pantheon, 209 ; works of, 324, 337, 339, 342, 343. 345. 443 Val d' Inferno, ii. 430 Valadico, ii. 96 Valca, ii. 424 Valentin, i. 70, 82, 94 ; ii. 357 Valle CaffarL41e, i. 390 Filippo, ii. 257 Valleys — of the Almo, i. 388 between the Palatine and Capi- toline Hills, i. 222 between Palatine and Avcntine, i. 225, 365 Vallis Quiriiialis, site of, i. 464 Vandyke, Works of, i. 71, 72, 96, 100, 140, 141 ; ii. 444 Vanni Francesco, ii. 40, 264 Vasari, ii. 285, 418, 449 Vatican, the, i. 467 ; history of the quarter, and of the foundation of the Palace, ii. 282 — 284 ; Sala Regia, 285 ; Sistine Chapel, paint- ings of, 286 — 295 ; residence of the pope in, 298 ; Museum of Statues, 300 ; Braccio-Nuovo, 300 ; Cabin- ets of Sculpture, 308 — 311 ; Ga- binetto deUe Maschere, 316 ; Li- brary of the, 271, 322 ; portraits of librarians, 323 ; Appartamenti Bor- gia, 324 ; inner Garden of the, 333 ; larger Garden, 335 ; Golden age of the, 336 ; Loggie of Ra- phael, 337 ; Stanze, frescoes in the, 340—345 ; Picture Galler>', 347 ; Wine of the, 430 Vecchi, Giovanni de', ii. 2i5 Vecchio, Palma, i. 71, 100, 439 Velabioim, the, i. 222 ; derivation of name, 223 Velasquez, works of, i. 97, 140, 167 ; ii- 445 Velia, i. 277 Veneziano, Carlo, i. 82 Venusti, M., i. 141 ; ii. 216 Verlosi, Giuseppe, ii. 263 Vespasian, Palace of, i. 281 ; favour- ite residence of, ii. 12 Vesta, Temple of, i. 235 ; Shrine of, Via- S. Agostino, ii. 160 Alessandrina, i. 165 dell' Anima, ii. 193 S. Antonio dei Portogucsi, ii. 156 Appia, i. 206, 369, 390 Appia Nuova, i. 412, 429 ; ii. 107 Ardeatina, i. 389 Babuino, i. 54 di Banchi, ii. 224 S. Basilio, ii. 12 de' Baullari, ii. 178 del Borgo Nuovo, ii. 236 delle Botteghe Oscure, i. 268 Calabraga, ii. 170 della Caravita, i. 85 Cassia, ii. 426 S. Claudio, i. 76 del Colosseo, ii. 47 Condotti, i, 65 della Consolazione, i. 174 dolle Convertite, i. 74 dei Coronari, ii..223 della Croce Bianca, i. 165 INDEX. 4^3 Via — con I'm tied. ciei Crociferi, i. 464 Criicis, ii. 449 della Ferratella, i. 382 dei Fienili (Vicus Tuscus), i. 176, 221 Flaminia, great Northern road of Italy, ii. 423 delle Fornaci, ii. 449 S. Giovanni, ii. 94 Decollato, i. 239 de' Fiorentini, ii. 225 Giulia, ii. 175, sgr del Governo Vecchio, ii. 165 S. Gregorio, i. 375 Imnierulana, ii. 122 Latina, ii. 124 Longarina, ii. 368 Lungara, ii. 434 Lungaretta, ii. 379, 383 de Macao, ii. 34 Maganaopoli, i. 461 Maggiore, ii. 72 Margutta, i. 54 della Marmorata, ii. 392 Mazzarini, i. 461 de Mercede, i. 75 Monserrato, ii. 170 del Monte Tarpeio, i. 272 Morticelli, ii. 379 S. Niccolo in Tolentino, ii. 12 Nova, i. 307 Ostiensis, ii. 409 Pane e Perna, i. 466 S. Pantaleone, ii. 186 in Parione, ii. 165 della Pedacchia, i. 117 del Pi^ di Marmo, ii. 222 de' Pontefici, i. 61 della Porta Pia, ii. 43 delle Quattro Fontane, i. 474 del Quirinale, i. 444 Sta. Sabina, i. 355 Sacra, i. 205 della Salita del Grillo, i. 165 Savelli, ii. 360 della Scala, ii. 388 della Scrofa, ii. 155 S. Sebastiano, i. 375 della Sediola, ii 197, 202 dei Serpenti, i. 463 di San Sisto Vecchio, i. 375 Sterrata, i. 443 Tor de' Specchi, i. 27c Tordinona, ii. 223 Triumphalis, i. 206 Urbana, i. 468 Via — continitcd. della Vale, ii. 185 dei Vascellari, ii. 369 S. Vitale, i. 435, 466 della Vite, i. 74 Vittoria, i. 64 Vicus, Corneliorum, i. 436 ; Cyprius, ii.49 Vigna, Codini, i. 3S6 dei Gesuite, i. 368 Marancia, i. 389 Vignola, ii. 418, 421 Villa Mills, i. 304, 311 Villas— Albani, ii. 17 Altieri, ii. 132 Borghese, unhealthiness of, i. 21 ; resort of foreigners to, 35 ; description of entrance to, ii. 411 ; sculpture in, 413 — 416 of Claude Lorraine, ii. 419 Doria, unhealthiness of, i. 21 ; resort of foreigners to, 35 Esmeade, ii. 417 Farnesina, ii. 446 Lante, ii. 452 Lezzani, ii. 25 List of most important, i. 32 of Livia, ii. 423 Ludovisi, ii. 13 Madama, ii. 426 Massimo Arsoli, ii. 122 Negroni, ii. 35 Rignano, ii. 13 Mattel, i. 332 Medici, i. 49 Mellina, extensive view from, ii. 427, 428 Negroni, i. 473 Olgiati, once, of Raphael, ii. 416 Palombara, ii. 74 Pamfili Doria, ii. 454 of Papa Giulio, ii. 418 Patrizi, ii. 25 of the Sen'ilii, ii. 124 Spada, ii. 20 Torlonia, ii. 26 Triopio, i. 414 Wolkonski, ii. 123 Viminal Hill, its limits, i. 433 ; de- rivation of name, 466 Vinci, Leonardo da, i. 67, 83 ; ii. 348, 437 Vineyards, i. 368, 370, 375, 395 ; n. 53. 393. 398- 42S Virgin, one of the earliest represent- ations of the, ii. 21 4S4 INDEX. Vite, Timoteo della, i. 459 Vivarium, i. 329 Viviani, i. 326 Volterra, Daniele da, i. 52, 53, 137, 139, 458 ; ii. 119, 158, 174, 187, 29s, 448, 450 Vouet, Simon, ii. 379 Vulcanal, site of the, i. 171 W. Walls of— Aurelian, i. 385 Romulus, i. 305 Walls of Servius Tullius, 368 Well, picturesque marble, i. 384 Whippings, pious, i. 85 Wliite Mule, procession of the, ii. 212 Wine of the Vatican, ii. 430 Zuccari, F., i. 53, 69 Zucchero, Federigo, ii. 285, 400 Zucchero, T. ii. 15, 174 ; tomb of, in the Pantheon, 210 ; works of, 285, 335, 378, 385, 418 JOHN CHILUS AND SON, FRINTEKS. §n i\n same ^utbor. DAYS NEAR ROME. With numerous Illustrations. Two Vols., Crown 8vo- [/« i/ie Press. WANDERINGS IN SPAIN. With Illustrations. Third Edition. Crown 8vo., los. 6d. " We recollect no book that so vividly recalls the country to those who have visited it, and we should recommend intending tourists to carry it with them as a companion of travel " — Titnes. ' ;. - " Mr Hare's tiook is admirable. 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