C36 Cop-\ University of California Form L 1 This book is DUE on the last date stamped below ' 192 4PR 23 MAR 36 1931 333 APR 1 5 193> MAY 9 1957 w.Vi' 2 7 1963 Rl REC A.M Form L-9-l*-8,'24 I VED LOAN DESK 51966 P.M. ULUliJl4ll VIRGINIA CONTINUATION OF South-Western rjWPfKg&K&s&sr W%gj*tff3$&\;. r VIKG1XIA Kicliiiionil iiiexwith in.11001,, .W.IKKI.... .-.Norfolk 'ilL-s Mini \ ill^.-s nilh ;.,i'HO I,. ll>J>"ti_.MUtoil 'iiii-M inl \ ilhip's iih ). IKHI to :,,oiH' XulTiill. TARR AND McMURRY GEOGRAPHIES SUPPLEMENTARY VOLUME BY JULIAN A. C. CHANDLER, PH.D. PROFESSOR OF ENGLISH AT RICHMOND COLLEGE AND WILLIAM L. FOUSHEE, PH.D. PROFESSOR OF LATIN AT RICHMOND COLLEGE Ncto gork THE MACMILLAN COMPANY LONDON: MACMILLAN & CO., LTD. 1905 All rights reserved * COPYRIGHT, 1902, BY THE MACMILLAN COMPANY. Set up and electrotyped. Published August. 1902. Reprinted April, 1905. 3 L PREFACE IN the preparation of this Supplement the authors have attempted as far as possible to make the book conform to the principles of the series. The geography, industries, and resources of Virginia have been greatly neglected, and it is to be hoped that interest in them will be stimulated by this little volume. Thanks are due to Hon. G. W. Koiner, Commissioner of Agriculture, and the State Depart- ment of Agriculture, for pictures illustrating the industries of the western part of the state. THE AUTHORS. CONTENTS CHAPTER I PHYSIOGRAPHY PAGE 1. Introduction . ' 1 2. The Tidewater Section 1 3. The Middle Country 3 4. Piedmont Virginia 4 5. The Blue Ridge 4 6. The Great Valley 5 7. Appalachian Virginia ........... 8. Drainage 7 9. Climate 8 CHAPTER II THE POLITICAL, SOCIAL, AND INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT OF VIRGINIA 1. The Influence of the Physical Features on the History of Virginia ... 10 2. Discovery and Geographical Limits ......... 10 3. Main Events in the State's History ......... 12 4. Educational Institutions ........... 17 5. Public Schools .19 6. Government ............. 20 7. Transportation 21 CHAPTER III TIDEWATER VIRGINIA I. Cities and Country about the Mouth of the Chesapeake 1. Norfolk 23 2. Portsmouth 24 3. Berkley 24 4. Newport News ............. 24 5. Hampton, Phoebus, and Old Point Comfort ....... 25 6. Oyster Industry and Fishing 26 7. Country about the Chesapeake .......... 27 II. Tidewater Virginia West of the Chesapeake 8. Tidewater Counties West of the Chesapeake ....... 28 9. Towns of the Counties West of the Chesapeake 28 vii v CHAPTER IV CITIES AT TIIK HKAI> OK TIDEWATER PAGE 1. General Statement ............ :!0 2. Kiflmiond and Manchester .......... ;JO 3. Petersburg ............. 34 4. Fredericksburg and Alexandria ......... 35 CHAPTER V TlIK MiDDI.K Coi'NTKY, PlKDMONT, AND TIIK Bl.TE RllH.K 1. The Middle Country : General Description ....... 3(5 '2. The Middle Country : Southside ......... 30 3. The Middle Country : Cities and Towns of Southside ..... ,'58 4. The Middle Country : Northern Counties and Towns . .... 38 5. Piedmont: its Products ........... 40 (5. Piedmont : Cities and Towns .......... 40 7. The Blue Kidge ............. 42 CHAPTER VI TIIK VAI.I.EY AND THE APPALACHIAN SECTION 1. The Valley : the Southwest .......... 43 2. The Valley : Cities and Towns of the Southwest ...... 46 3. The Valley : Middle and Northern Portions ....... 47 4. The Valley : Cities and Towns of the Middle and Northern Portions . . 4i) ij. The Appalachian Section ........... 49 APPENDIX A . . . . . . . . . . . . .51 APPENDIX B .............. 5(5 APPENDIX C . . . . . . . . . . . . . .57 APPENDIX 1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . .57 APPENDIX E . ... 58 VIRGINIA VIRGINIA NT T \PTER I PHYSIOGRAPHY /37f* 1. Introduction. Virginia is divided into two great sections, the eastern and western. The eastern part of Virginia consists of rolling plains, beginning at the seashore and rising gradually to the Blue Ridge Mountains. This section contains a little over two-thirds of the state. The western part is mountainous. In all countries it is very important to know the physiography of the land, for upon this depends the industrial resources. Hence to get a knowledge of Virginia, we shall study the sections of the state, beginning with the east. (Trace on the map the dividing line between the eastern and western parts of the state.) 2. The Tidewater Section. This section is so called because in it are the Chesapeake Bay and all the rivers that have tides. At Richmond, which is on the extreme western edge of Tidewater, the tides rise three or four feet. If we should draw a north and south line on the map beginning at Alexandria and letting it pass through Fredericksburg, Richmond, and Petersburg to the North Carolina line, we should have the Tide- water section almost entirely on the east. A look at the map shows that the rivers are very broad and that the Tidewater section is cut by them and by the Chesapeake Bay into many peninsulas. Stratford, in Westmoreland County, in the "Northern Xeck''; birthplace of Gen. Robert E. Lee. The most eastern peninsula, called the "Eastern Shore," extends south- ward between the Atlantic Ocean and the great bay. It is low and flat, scarcely more than twenty or thirty feet above the sea level. The most northern peninsula lies between the Potomac and Rappahan- nock rivers and is called the "Northern Xeck." It is long and narrow, B 1 VIIWIMA from six to twenty miles wide and seventy-five miles long, and extends southeast. 10 very portion of it is in easy reach of steamship lines. South of this is another peninsula extending also southeast and lying between the Kappahannock and York rivers. It is cut into several smaller peninsulas by the Pianketank, Mattaponi, and Painunkey rivers, and other bodies of water. Next there is a long peninsula which extends southeast through the whole length of Tidewater. It lies between the York and James rivers and is called "The Peninsula," because it was in the early days of our state the most important peninsula. Here it was that the first Kng- , ~ lish settlements in America were made. Between the James Kiver, J :he North Carolina line, and the Xansemond River, is the south- side portion of Tide- water. And between the Xansemond Iliver and the Atlantic lies the " Norfolk Peninsula," which extends northward. In this peninsula is the famous Lake Drummond. The water of the lake is amber colored and keeps pure for years; it is therefore used by many United States vessels leaving Portsmouth for long voyages. This is practically the only lake in Virginia. Jt is in the midst of the great Dismal Swamp, which is so over- grown with large trees that there is no underbrush. Here, by the falling of leaves and branches century after century, has accumulated black peat twenty or thirty feet deep. FIG. L'. laiiit'S liivcr at ]>rc\vrv's Bluff in Clicstcrlicld Coimtv At one time the sea covered all the Tidewater section; for we find shells of sea animals embedded in the soil along railroad cuts and other places. These shells and animal remains, when very abundant and nearly decomposed, are called marl, which, properly prepared, makes a good fertilizer. In many places is found a green sand, also valuable for fertilizing. Shells of animals are composed of limestone, and sometimes they have caused the earth to become hardened into stone suitable for building purposes. Other deposits have become hardened into sandstone. The soil of this section is alluvial ; that is, the rivers have washed down the country above and deposited the mud and silt. This has been going on for ages. Therefore, in the more eastern part of Tide- water, the soil, while containing fine sand in great quantities, has no PHYSIOGRAPHY rocks. This soil is often very fertile, especially when fish refuse and shells enrich it. As we go west from the ocean the river bottoms are fertile, but on the ridges there is often clay which is not so pro- ductive, but is made so easily by the use of marl, green sand, or other fertilizers. (On the map find all the peninsulas and rivers of Tidewater.) REVIEW QUESTIONS. (1) Why is a part of Virginia called Tidewater? (2) What line would make the western border of Tidewater? (3) What are the physical features of the Eastern Shore? (-1) What is the Northern Xeck? What is its size? (5) Where is a third peninsula? (6) AVhat is '-The Penin- sula"? (7) AVliere is the southside portion of Tidewater? (8) Where is the Norfolk Peninsula? (9) What is said of the waters of Lake Drummond? (10) What is found in the Dismal Swamp region? (11) What has been left by the sea in Tidewater? (12) What kind of soil has Tidewater? 3. The Middle Country. West of the Tidewater, the country gradually rises higher, and is from seventy to two hundred feet above the sea level. It is a great plain with low hills, or ridges, and val- leys. Below the soil, and often showing on the surface, are hard and very ancient rocks. Where the rivers flow down into Tidewater in falls these rocks show themselves, and here they end. Before the days of the railroads, boats were the chief of carrying Fid. 3. James River Falls, showing the uucient rocks. means produce into the interior of the country; and because boats could not go farther than the head of Tidewater, cities were built up at these points. Richmond, Petersburg, and Freclericksburg are therefore not located by mere chance. Later, Avlien far-sighted men saw what a great advantage it would be to reach the western part of the state, the James River and Kanawlia Canal was constructed along the banks of the Jaine,s, so that boats could penetrate the interior of Virginia even beyond Lynchburg. This canal is practically unused now, but upon its banks the " James River Division of the Chesapeake and Ohio Railroad" has been built. 4 VIRGINIA The Middle Country is in the form of a triangle, very narrow in the northern part and broad in the southern, stretching 120 miles along the North Carolina line. Numerous streams run across this region. They have cut deep channels, so that this section as a whole is a succession of ridges and valleys sloping southeastward. While the river bottoms are fertile, as a rule the soil is not naturally so ; yet by wise cultivation this section is now very productive. REVIEW QTKSTIOXS. (1) What is the lie of the land in the Middle Coun- try ? ('2) Where are ancient rocks to be seen? ({) Why were cities built at the head of Tidewater? (!) What was constructed along the James lliver? (.">) What has taken its place? ((5) What is the shape of the Middle Country? (7) What is the character of the soil? 4. Piedmont Virginia. Piedmont means " the foot of the mountains." This is a region a little higher than the Middle Country. It is a very long strip of country, averaging about twenty-five miles in width, lying just east of the Blue Ridge Mountains. Throughout its whole length there are near the eastern side broken ranges of mountains, some of the peaks rising to more than one thousand feet; the valleys are much lower. On the western side the country is broken by spurs of the Blue Ridge. This section, like the Middle Country and the Blue Ridge Moun- tains, is composed of very ancient rocks. Geologists tell us that they are part of the first dry land that appeared in North America many ages ago. But these rocks are not just like the rocks of the Middle Country, and when they decay the soil that they form is very fertile, among the best lands of Virginia. Where there is iron the soil is red, and is called "Red Lands." REVIEW QrEsrioxs. (1) What does Piedmont mean? (2) How wide is the Piedmont section? Where is it located? (:$) How does the land lie, and by what is it broken? (4) AVhat is the character of the soil? What is found in it? 5. Blue Ridge. The mountains of Virginia are part of the great Appalachian system extending along the eastern part of the United States, and running northeast and southwest in a series of narrow parallel ranges. The Blue Ridge, 310 miles long, is separated farthest from the rest, and lies between Piedmont Virginia and the Great Valley. In the southwestern portion it spreads out into a great plateau containing the counties of Grayson, Carroll, and Floyd. It is a series of peaks or domes between which are lofty gaps, or PHYSIOGRAPHY 5 notches, through one of which the Chesapeake and Ohio Railroad passes 1996 feet above the level of the sea. In the northern part, the Potomac River has cut its way 242 feet above tide ; and farther south, the James at 706 feet. The mountains become higher toward the south ; for in the north near Harper's Ferry the ridge is 1460 feet, the Peaks of Otter in Bedford County are 3993, and Balsam Mountain in Grayson County is 5700 feet high. Where the soil can be cultivated it is of wonderful fertility, on account of the character of the rocks which compose this region. REVIEW QUESTIONS. (1) To what range do the mountains of Virginia belong? (2) Tell of the extent of the Blue Ridge. (3) What counties in the Blue Ridge ? (4) What rivers break through the Blue Ridge and flow eastward ? (5) In what part of Virginia is the Blue Ridge highest ? (6) What are the high- est peaks ? (7) What is the character of the soil ? 6. The Great Valley. West of the Blue Ridge and between it and the Alleghany Mountains, composed of many broken ranges, lies the famous Valley of Virginia, extending from the Potomac through a portion of West Virginia southward some 330 miles to North Carolina. It is not the valley of one river, but of five. The Shenandoah, in the northern part, flows into the Potomac ; the James and the Roanoke, each draining small sections, break through the Blue Ridge and flow east; the Kanawha, or New River, rising in North Carolina, flows across the great plateau of the Blue Ridge, thence through the Valley and the western mountains on toward the Ohio. The bed of the New River in the V alley is 1780 feet above the sea ; the James is lower, and the Shenandoah still lower. Thus we see that the Valley as a whole rises higher and higher to the southward. In the extreme southwest flows the Holston south- ward. This river's bed is almost as high above the sea level as the Kanawha. The map shows that the Valley is well watered, and it has a wealth of water power almost beyond estimate. In the north of the Valley are the Massanutton Mountains divid- ing the Valley lengthwise, and throughout its length the scenery is enhanced by other small detached mountains and ranges. This section, unlike those we have already studied, is of lime- stone. Largely to this fact is due those w r onderful caves and the Natural Bridge, which are among the wonders of the world. Leaves and other vegetable and animal matter when decaying produce a gas called carbon dioxide, which is taken up by the water and sinks into 6 VllidlMA the earth. This has the power to dissolve limestone just as water dis- solves salt. When the streams of water containing the carbon dioxide are large, caves are hollowed out, as in the case of Lnray Cave in Page County and Weyer's Cave in Augusta County. This has happened in all lime- stone countries; for example, the Mammoth Cave in Kentucky. When the streams have ceased and there are only drippings, the limestone is slowly deposited, forming the stalactites from the roof, and stalagmites where the drippings fall on the Hoor. The forming of the stalactites and stalagmites is happening in the Luray Cavern now, and the variety and beauty of the forms produced are marvellous. The Natural Bridge in Rockbridge County was formed most probably just as the caves were; but the roof fell in, leaving only the wonderful span of rock two hundred feet high, bridging over the deep gorge below. Over this bridge is a country road. The soil of the Valley is generally stiff, clayey, limestone soil, very productive of corn and wheat and hay. The Great Valley was the second dry land of Virginia. That it was once under the sea is shown by fossils of sea animals which are found embedded deep in the soil. Coral, which is made by animals that work in the sea, is found there. Coral is limestone, and much of the limestone of the Valley is due to this material. REVIKW QCKSTIOXS. (1) Where does the Great Valley lie? (2) What rivers are found in it? (']) In what directions is it drained? (4) What moun- tains are found dividing the northern valley? (">) What kind of rock is in the Valley? (<>) I low are caves formed? What great caves are in this section? (7) What are stalactites and stalagmites? (S) What is said of the Xatural Hridge? (!) What is the character of the soil in this section? (10) What is said of the coral formation in the Valley? .7. Appalachian Virginia. The extreme western portion of the state called Appalachian Virginia is a long irregular strip of moun- tainous country, separating the Valley from West Virginia and Ken- tucky. It contains thirteen counties, extending from Highland to Lee, a distance of about 250 miles. This was the third portion of Virginia to be formed. Many ages ago this section, by some great disturbance, was much folded, so that it is now a great number of broken mountain ranges with long narrow valleys between. "In places one may cross from six to ten parallel mountain ranges within a distance of fifty miles." The rains that have fallen for many centuries have slowly washed off the tops of these folds and left them rugged and scarred with great gulleys or ravines. In this way are exposed, deep down in the earth, deposits which had become hardened into slate, sandstone, and limestone, and ores of iron, gold, and other minerals. PHYSIOGRAPHY 7 Coal is an important product of this region. Coal was formed from great masses of vegetable matter, leaves and branches and trunks of trees that fell ages ago into shallow water and kept piling up till the mass became very deep. This was then covered over with sand and dirt and more deposits, until it was deep in the earth, and now we dig it out as coal. The country is very elevated, the head of the valleys being two thousand feet and more above tide. It is drained in the north by streams of the Shenandoah, farther south by those of the Greenbriar, the James, and those of the Tennessee. The plain lying beyond the Appalachian Mountains, comprising Buchanan and Wise counties, is drained by the streams of the Sandy River. The soil in the sandstone ridges and slaty valleys is very poor, but it is exceedingly rich in the portions where limestone or red sandstone underlies the country. REVIEW QUESTIONS. (1) What part of Virginia is the Appalachian V (2) What is the extent of the section ? (o) Why are there so many small moun- tain ranges? (4) How many may one cross in fifty miles? (o) What is the effect of rains on mountain tops? (0) Do you know any hills that have big gul- leys and washed-out places? (7) \Vhat kind of rock and minerals are found here ? (8) Tell how coal was formed. (9) What is said of the height of this country? (10) Describe the drainage of this region. (11) What is the character of the soil ? 8. Drainage. The drainage system of Virginia, so important in the matter of development, is a very simple one. Nearly the whole state is drained by rivers that empty into the Chesapeake Bay and into the Atlantic Ocean. They or their tributaries rise in the Appa- lachian Mountains, or the Blue Ridge, and flow southeastward across the state, thus showing its slope in that direction. (Trace on the map the James and the Roanoke. Where do they break through the Blue Ridge ? Trace also the Rappahaimock and the streams that form the York. Do they break through the Blue Ridge ? If not, what stream drains the northern part of the Great Valley ?) In the southwestern part of the valley below the Roanoke River is the great " divide " or watershed. On one side of it the water is drained into the Atlantic, while on the other it is drained into the Ohio or the Tennessee, and thence through the Mississippi into the Gulf of Mexico. (Trace on the map the course of the Xew River or Great Kanawha : also trace the Holstou and the Clinch, and Sandy River.) 8 VIUC1MA We have already seen that the. rivers of the Tidewater are very broad, and that they have tides. These deep basins or estuaries are really not rivers; for all this country once stood higher than it is now, and there were perhaps swift shallow streams flowing down these valleys. There was no Chesapeake J>ay, but only a great stream flowing down the basin into the Atlantic. When the land sank, the ocean came in and occupied the vullevs of the streams, forming these river waterways and the magnifi- cent harbors of the Chesapeake. Other drowned river valleys, formed in the same way, are Delaware Kay, the Hudson Kiver, and New York Harbor. They are found in many lands, but the ''finest example in the world is that of the Chesapeake ]>ay.'' The harbor of Hampton lioads, the finest in the world, seems destined by nature to be the site for great cities. It is accessible not only to the sea, but also to Baltimore, the great city of Maryland, to Washington, and to a number of interior Virginia cities, such as Richmond and Peters- burg. It is large enough to hold the navies of the world; it is landlocked and sheltered from the violent storms that rage on the sea, and it is the natural gateway of the Middle Atlantic coast to the South and West. RKVIKW QTESTIONS. (1) In what direction is Virginia drained as a whole? (2) What are the chief rivers? (>) Where is the great " divide "? Which way does the water flow from this? (1) How were the Chesapeake and its estuaries formed? (.">) Which are the chief "drowned" basins of the Atlantic coast? ((]) What is said of Hampton Roads? 9. Climate. Since Virginia rises gradually from the sea level in the east to lofty valleys of the mountains in the west, two or three thousand feet, the average annual temperature becomes lower (i.e. cooler) as we go west, varying fully ten degrees. Like every region of the temperate latitude, it is everywhere cold in winter and hot in summer. The average winter temperature is about thirty- eight degrees, and the average summer temperature about seventy- five degrees. This region of the United States is subject to the great westerly winds, and therefore the prevailing winds are from the west. The winds blowing from the south or east bring moisture and warmth and oppressive humid air, which, conditions often produce thunder-storms. When the wind comes from the west or north it is usually dry. Great atmospheric movements also come up along the Atlantic coast from the tropics, affect- ing only the middle and western part of the state. All these storms have a whirling motion, and cause the winds to blow first in one direction and then in another ; hence there are frequent changes in the weather. The mountains lying along the western boundary and extending to the states north and south act as barriers against the " storms and bliz- zards of the Northwest," so that they never reach Virginia. The tops of PHYSIOGRAPHY 9 the mountains being cold, the moist, warm air from the south is chilled and formed into rain clouds ; so the mountain slopes of Virginia have a large rainfall. Virginia has an annual rainfall of about forty-four inches, which is more than sufficient for agriculture. This, with the mildness of the climate, offers great advantages for the raising of garden produce in the east, and of grain and tobacco in the Middle Country and valleys. REVIEW QUESTIONS. (1) Why does the temperature in Virginia vary? (2) What is the average winter and summer temperature? (3) What is the pre- vailing wind? (4) What produces thunder-storms? (5) What wind indicates dry weather? (6) Why are there frequent changes in the weather? (7) What part do the mountains play in the climate and weather? (8) What is the annual rainfall in Virginia ? (9) How does this influence the products ? CHAPTER II THE POLITICAL, SOCIAL, AND INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT OF VIRGINIA 1. The Influence of the Physical Features on the History of Vir- ginia. The physical features of a state often influence its growth and decide the occupation and industries of the people. This is markedly true with reference to Virginia. The various physical features of Virginia have offered opportunities to the inhabitants for development in many directions ; but in the early days when Virginia was under the rule of England the chief industry was farming. This was due to the fact that the early settlements were made in the eastern part of the state along the James, York, Elizabeth, Potomac, and Rappahaimock rivers, and the many smaller streams which flow into them. The lands on these streams, called the " low grounds," were, and are still, in many sections very fertile, and were especially suited to the raising of wheat, Indian corn, oats, rye, and hay; while the lands farther away from the rivers, known as the "high lands," produced tine tobacco. All the streams in eastern Virginia flow into the Chesapeake Bay, and on the banks of the rivers and around the Chesapeake the early settlements were made. So the Bay and its tributaries have greatly influenced the history of Virginia. RKVIKW QrKSTioNS. (1) I low do the physical features of a country influ- ence it? (J) What was the chief industry in colonial days? (:{) On what river were the early settlements made? (1) Name the kinds of lands in Virginia, and tell of the chief products. (.">) Where do the rivers in eastern Virginia How? 2. Discovery and Geographical Limits. John and Sebastian (Jabot, sailing tinder the flag of England at the close of the fifteenth century, viewed the coast of North America from Newfoundland to the Caro- linas, but it does not appear that they entered the Chesapeake Bay. On account of the voyages of the Cabots the English claimed the newly discovered country, the greater part of which is contained within the present United States ; but the first attempt at settlement in this region was made by the Spaniards. We are told that as early as 1526 a Spaniard named Vasquez d' Ayllon built a town on the James 10 POLITICAL, SOCIAL, AND INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT 11 River, which was soon after abandoned. About 1585 Sir Walter Raleigh, one of the favorite courtiers of the " Virgin Queen," Elizabeth, sent an expedition to explore the coasts of North America, and the name " Virginia," in honor of the queen, was given to all the country. "Virginia" was three hundred years ago the term applied to all the then practically unknown land which is now the United States. An old writer speaking of Virginia said : " The bounds thereof on the east side are the ocean (Atlantic) ; on the south lieth Florida ; on the north, New Francia (Canada) ; as for the west thereof, the limits are unknown." The Pacific, thought by many to be only a few hundred miles from the Atlantic, was looked upon as the western boundary. (Ask yoiir teacher why the people were so ignorant of geography.) The first permanent English colony was planted in Virginia on the 13th of May, 1607. The place selected was Jamestown on James River, which, roughly speaking, is half way between Richmond and the Atlantic Ocean. This colony was sent out by the London Com- pany which had a charter from King James. According to the charter the limits of Virginia were from the mouth of the Cape Fear Elver along the Atlantic, north to the mouth of the Hudson, and west to the Pacific. During the colonial period several charters granted by the English kings took from Virginia the Carolinas and all the country north of the Potomac, but at the close of the Revolution Virginia still included the present states of Kentucky and West Virginia. During the Revolution George Rogers Clark, a native of Albemarle County, with Virginian troops, conquered from the English the country north of the Ohio and east of the Mississippi, which now contains Ohio, Michigan, Indiana, Illinois, and Wisconsin, and a part of Minnesota. This territory, known as the "Northwest Territory," was claimed by Virginia (1) because it was granted under an old charter of King James to the London Company in 1609; (2) because it had been purchased by Virginia from the Indians in 1744 for about 62000; and (3) because of Clark's expedition. Some of the New England states also claimed part of it, but undoubtedly Virginia's claim was the more just ; still, for the sake of peace, and that a closer union of the thirteen states FIG. 4. Old Church Tower at Jamestown : all that is left of the settlement. 12 V IRC IN I A might bo formed, Virginia gave to the United States all this territory, which was in area six times larger than the present state. About the same time she, in equally as great-hearted a manner, gave consent for a large slice to be taken from her side, and in 1792 the county of Kentucky became a state. In 18(51, when Virginia seceded from the Union and joined the Southern Confederacy, forty -eight of the counties west of the Alleghany Mountains refused to accept the action of the state, and organ- ized a new state, called West Virginia. This new state was admitted into the Union in ISu'.'x Thus your native state has given to the Union seven states, and well may she be called " the Mother of States and of States- men." RKVIKW QUKSTIONS. (1) Who sailed along the Xorth American coast? (2) What country was claimed by the English V ('>) liy whom was the first set- tlement made on the .James? (1) Tell of Raleigh and of the naming of Virginia. (.I) What were the boundaries of Virginia three hundred years ago? ((i) When and where was the first permanent English colony planted? (7) How did Virginia lose the Carolinas and the territory north of the Potomac? (8) At the close of the Revolution what did Virginia own and claim? (!)) How was the title to the " Northwest Territory " acquired ? (10) What states were included in the ' Xorth- west Territory"? (11) How did Kentucky become a state? (1_!) Why was West Virginia formed? when? (1 ; 5) How many states have been formed out of Virginia? 3. Main Events in the State's History. When the first settle- ment was made at Jamestown, there were only one hundred and three settlers. Many of these perished from famine and fever or were killed by the Indians, but the boldness and bravery of John Smith, with the assistance of an Indian maiden, Pocahontas, saved the colony. By 1619 there were more than two thousand people in the colony. They lived along the banks of the James, York, and Elizabeth rivers and their tributaries. The plantations were large, often separated by ten or fifteen miles of forest. Jamestown, the capital of the colony, did not have over one hundred inhabitants, and there were no other towns. In 1619 negro slavery was introduced, and the number of slaves in a short time came to be one-third of the population. These slaves made the plantation system more profitable, as they were well adapted to the cultivation of tobacco, which was for a long time used as money, and which was the chief product raised and shipped to England. The greater planters owned sail-boats, which plied to and from England, carrying tobacco and bringing in return merchandise of all kinds. There were few or no factories in Virginia at this time, and clothes, furniture, tableware, and books were brought from England. POLITICAL, SOCIAL, AND INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT 13 FIG. 5. An old colonial mansion, Westover, in Charles City County. On July 29, 1619, at the call of Governor Yeardley, the first Legislative Assembly that ever met on American soil came together at Jamestown. This was a great event in the history of Virginia, because the " House of Burgesses," the name given to the Assembly, stood during colonial days as the protector of the liberties of the colony against the encroachments of the royal governors. The tobacco industry caused Virginia to grow rapidly. In 1710 the population was about one hundred thousand, and by 1760 three hundred thousand, of whom forty per cent were slaves. The four oldest towns were Jamestown, Norfolk, Williamsburg, and Richmond. Norfolk had a population of six thousand in 1774, and was the largest town in the commonwealth, at the time of the Revolution. Jamestown was the first capital, but the capitol building was burned during Bacon's rebellion, and in 1705 Williamsburg became the capital. The capitol was removed in 1779 to Richmond, where it has remained ever since. Between 1700 and 1776 the population of the colony pushed to the western part of the state. Governor Spotswood, the first man in Virginia to establish an iron furnace, explored the Shenandoah. Valley, and about ten years later the Scotch-Irish and Dutch began to pour into the Northern Valley, and later into the Southwest, and by the time of the Revolution many had crossed the Alle- ghanies and settled in what is now West Virginia, Kentucky, and Ohio. 14 r in (UNI A In the Revolutionary War Virginia took a prominent part, furnishing a large number of troops, and George Washing- ton as commander-in-chief of the army. The last battle was fought on Virginia's soil, and at Yorktown, in 1781, Lord Cornwallis surrendered to General Wash- ington. In 1881 a centennial celebration was held at Yorktown, and a monument was erected to commemorate the victory. In the formation of the Union she was equally as prominent, giving such states- men as Washington, Jefferson, Madison, Monroe, Mason, Henry, Marshall, and Edmund Randolph. FKJ. <;. The Yorktown Centennial Monument. From 1776 to I860 Virginia continued an agricultural state. The towns were chiefly centres of local trade, and Richmond, the largest city, in 1800 contained only thirty thousand inhabitants. The wealth of the state lay chiefly in that section of the state east of the Blue Ridge Mountains and consisted in great part of slave property. The Bine Ridge was the dividing line between the eastern and western parts of the state, and the sections were differ- ent in many ways. With the exception of the Valley of Vir- ginia, the counties west of the Blue Ridge were not especially adapted to agriculture, and few persons were slaveholders. The FIG. 7. The tomb of Washington at Mount Vernon. western people fa- vored the building of good roads and canals (" internal improvements ") at the expense of the state, so that an outlet might be secured for trading with Baltimore and Richmond. This POLITICAL, SOCIAL, AND INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT 15 the eastern people opposed, because the burden of taxation fell upon them. The western people, besides paying few taxes, favored the abolition of slavery, and for these reasons were for a long time refused an equal voice with the eastern people in the state government. Yet many good roads were constructed. However, there was bad feeling between the sections, and, in 1861, when Virginia seceded from the Union, the counties west of the Alleghany refused to accept the action of the state as binding, and formed the state of West Virginia. FIG. s. During the " War between .the States " House of Chief Justice Marshall. Richmond was the capital of the Con- federacy, and the " White House " of the Confederacy, where Jeffer- son Davis lived, is now the Confederate Museum. Virginia was the great battleground of the opposing forces. (Ask your teacher to tell you of the great battles of Manassas, Fredericks- burg, and Chancellorsville, of the battles around Richmond, and of the McLean House at Appomattox, where Lee and Grant agreed upon the terms of surrender.) At the close of the " war," Virginia entered upon a new era. With the loss of slave property new industrial conditions prevailed. The people began to turn their attention to other than agricultural pursuits. The towns have been growing rapidly, and factories of various kinds have been built. The great Southwest has been developing its mining sec- tions, and iron, zinc, and other fur- naces have been put into opera- tion. Railroads have been built through more than three-fourths of the counties of the state, and good facility for traffic is furnished. FIG. 10. New cities have been built, such Appomattox: the McLean House FIG. 9. The Confederate Museum at Richmond. as Ruanokc in the southwest and Newport News on Hampton Roads, while several other cities have doubled their population. Around Hampton Roads more than one hundred thousand persons now reside, while at the elose of the war there were not twenty-five thousand people in this locality. The resources of the West, and of south- west Virginia, are shipped to the sea- coast, and Norfolk and Newport News are now fast be- coming commer- cial rivals of the cities of the North. FK;. 11. Virginia field-hands. The population of Virginia in 1000 was 1,854,184, of whom 6(>0,722 are of negro descent. This proportion (35 per cent) has existed for nearly 150 years. The whites are chiefly of English origin mixed with Scotch-Irish, German, and French. The negro as a freeman has made some progress, but as yet the greater number of criminals is of this race. On the whole, the negroes are indispensable for field hands in eastern Virginia. They are also used in all of the manu- facturing industries for the rougher work, where skilled laborers are not absolutely required. Some of the negroes have acquired small farms, and others are fast acquiring them. In the sec- tion west of the Blue llidge there are few negroes (in one county, Dicken- son, there is not a negro), so they are not a factor in its industrial de- velopment. Negroes in Virginia own real estate valued at $12,464,377, FIG. 12. Negro cabin in eastern Virginia, owned by the occupant. POLITICAL, SOCIAL, AND INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT 17 and the whites own $312,447,858 worth. The personal property of the negroes is valued at $3,822,582, and of the whites at $103,456,819. Virginia is in good financial condition, and the bonds issued to pay its debts are at face value. Everything indicates that with its educational system, growing cities, large factories, and improved agricultural conditions, Virginia is in a more prosperous state than ever before in its history. REVIEW QUESTIONS. (1) How many settlers in 1607? How many in 1619? (2) What did John Smith and Pocahontas do ? (3) Tell of Jamestown. (4) Tell of the introduction of slaves. Why was slavery profitable? (5) How did the great planters live? (6) What was the House of Burgesses? (7) Xame the old- est towns of the state. (8) What places have been the capitals of the state ? (9) Tell of Governor Spotswood. (10) AVhat part did Virginia take in the Revo- lution? (11) What part in the formation of the Union? (12) What was the industrial condition from 1776 to 1860? (13) What were the differences between the people in eastern and western Virginia? (14) What part did Virginia play in the " War between the States"? (15) What have been the industrial changes in Virginia since the " war " ? (16) What is the population of Virginia ? (17) What is the negro population of Virginia? (18) Tell what part the negro plays in the industries of Virginia. (19) What is the value of the property in Virginia? (20) Why does it seem that Virginia has a bright future ? 4. Educational Institutions institutions of learning, some con- trolled by the state, and some by reli- gious denomina- tions and private corporations. -There is in Virginia a number of William and Mary College, char- tered in 1693, is the oldest institution of learning in the state, and, except Harvard University, the old- est in the United States. This college is located in William sburg, and is partly under the control of the state, as it is the " Male Normal School " of Virginia. At this institution were educated Jefferson, Chief Justice Marshall, President Monroe, President Tyler, and many other leaders. FIG. i:J. William and Mary College. 18 r i itn ix i A The best known and most largely attended institution in Virginia is tlie I'niversity, at Charlottesville, which was established in 1S1<> through the influence of Jefferson, who planned it and can he truly called its father. It is controlled by the state. Its influence has been felt greatly throughout the state and the entire South, and many of the leading public men of the South are its alumni. It has a tine academic depart- ment, and, in addition, schools of medicine, law, and pharmacy. After the University, the Vir- ginia Polytechnic Institute, located at Pdacksburg, has the largest pat- ronage. Congress donated public lands in 18(>2 for the establishment of agricultural and mechanical col- leges for the several states of the IMC. 14. Union, andin 1872 Virginia accepted The rotunda at the Cniversity. as planned her part, and an agricultural and by Ji-fferson. mechanical college was established and opened at Blacksburg. While the chief stress of the institution is placed upon agriculture and mechanics, there are good academic courses and instruction in military tactics. The distinctively military school of the state is the Virginia Military Institute at Lexington. It was established under an act of the Legisla- ture in 1S.'!*>, and is known as the "West Point of the South.'' It is well equipped for scientific work. Among the other state institutions are : The State Female Normal School at Farmville, which educates white women teachers for the public schools, and the Virginia Normal and Collegiate Institute at Petersburg which gives normal education to the negro youth (male and female). At Staunton is the institution for the deaf, dumb, and blind ; and at Richmond is the Medical College of Virginia, partially under the control of the State. The Hampton Normal and Agricultural Institute, aided by the state, but mainly supported by contributions of Northern philanthropists, is devoted to the education of negroes and Indians of both sexes. Its chief feature is industrial education. In Virginia is a large number of other colleges not controlled by the State. Of special note are Washington and Lee University, at Lexington, of which General Robert E. Lee was president from the close of the "war'' until his death; Randolph-Macon College, at Ashland ; Richmond College, at Richmond ; Hampden-Sidney, near Farmville ; Roanoke College, at Salem ; and Emory and Henry College, at Emory. The Presbyterians have a theological seminary at Richmond, and the Episcopalians one near Alexandria. The Northern Baptists have established a university at Richmond for the education of negroes. POLITICAL, SOCIAL, AND INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT 19 The University College of Medicine at Richmond, controlled by a private corporation, is an important factor in the medical education of the state. The higher education of women has attracted much notice in Virginia in the last ten years ; but none of the state institutions for whites is coeducational, and the state has for girls only the Normal School at Farmville. Several religious denominations and individuals have estab- lished schools and colleges for girls. As a rule they are without endow- ment ; but the Randolph-Macon Woman's College, at Lynchburg, has a considerable endowment, and soon another well-endowed girls' school, the Sweetbriar Institute, in Amherst County, will be opened. Among the many institutions for young ladies are Hollins Institute, Hollins ; Mary Baldwin Seminary, Staunton ; Woman's College, Richmond ; Southwest Virginia Institute, Bristol ; Virginia College, Roanoke ; Martha Washing- ton College, Abingdon ; Southern Female College, Petersburg ; Roanoke Female College, Danville ; and Rawlings Institute, Charlottesville. A coeducational institution for manual and industrial training, which is of great service to Albemarle County, is " The Miller Manual-Labor School." REVIEW QUESTIONS. (1) How are the colleges controlled? (2) Tell of the oldest college. (3) What institution furnished so many of the great leaders in the early days of the Republic? (-i) Tell of the University. (f>) What are the subjects taught at the Virginia Polytechnic Institute ? (6) What institu- tions have the largest attendance ? (7) What is the great military school ? (8) What school is located at Farmville ? What at Petersburg ? What at Staunton ? What at Hampton ? (9) Xame the chief colleges not controlled by the State. (10) What large medical schools at Richmond? (11) What are the endowed schools for girls? (12) Xame other important schools for girls. 5. Public Schools. Before the "War between the States," Virginia had 110 regular free public school system, though there were state funds for the education of the children of the poor (the whites, of course), and in 1860, 31,000 children were being taught at the expense of the state. In 1870 a public school system was established for the benefit of the whites and the negroes alike, and in 1875 the number of children in the public schools was 184,000. Now the number is 371,595, of whom 251,697 are white children. The state spends nearly 82,000,000 a year on the public schools, and there are about 9000 teachers in the work. The system is becoming more and more efficient each year. At the head of the system is the Superintendent of Public Instruction, with whom is associated the Governor and Attorney-General of the state as a Board of Education. These appoint the county and city superin- tendents. Considering the fact that Virginia has had a regular VIRGINIA public school system only thirty years, it is remarkable that 91| per cent of whites, and til), per cent of negroes can read and write. REVIEW QI-KS- TIONS. (1) "What provisions did the state make for public edu- cation before 1870? (~2) How many chil- dren were being edu- cated by the state in 1800? (3) What kind of a system was es- tablished in 1870? (4) How many chil- dren in the public schools in 181 How FIG. 15. A type of the illiterate negro, now fast disnppearin many now? (5) What does the state spend on public school edu- cation? (G) How many teachers in the schools now ? (7) Who compose the Board of Education? (8) Who is at the head of the public schools in the counties and cities? (9) What per cent of the whites can read ? What per cent of the negroes ? 6. Government. Virginia has three branches of government : the Executive, Legislative, and Judicial. The chief executive is the Governor who is elected for four years and resides in Richmond. Other members of the Executive are the Secre- tary of the Commonwealth, the Auditors of the Public Accounts, the Treasurer, and the Register of the Land Office. The chief adviser of these is the Attorney -General. The legislative body, the General Assembly or " Legislature," is composed of two houses : the Senate, containing forty members elected for four years, and the House of Delegates, one hundred members elected for two years. Over the Senate presides the Lieutenant-Governor, elected for four years, who, in the event of the Governors death, would be his successor. The judicial branch is composed of a Supreme Court of five judges for the whole state. In addition to this court the state is divided into cir- cuits, and over each of these is a judge. At present nearly all of the counties have judges also. In each county there are several divisions known as " Magisterial Districts," and in these are elected certain local officers, such as supervisor, magistrates, constables, and overseers of the poor. The Board of Super- visors (i.e. all the supervisors meeting together) decide on the amount of the tax for the county, which is collected by the Treasurer. The county POLITICAL, SOCIAL, AND INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT 21 court is presided over by the county judge, and the interests of the county are looked after by a lawyer called the Commonwealth-Attorney. The arresting of criminals and the carrying out of the decrees of the court are done by the sheriff. In each magisterial district is a board of three school trustees who elect the teachers. There are ten representatives in the Lower House of Congress. Virginia has had four regular constitutions : one of 1776, a second of 1830, a third of 1851, and a fourth of 1868. A fifth Con- stitutional Convention is now in session, and some changes will be made in the government. (For proposed changes, see Appendix E.) REVIEW QUESTIONS. (1) How many branches of government? What are they ? (2) Who is the executive ? What is the term of office ? (3) Xame other officers of the Executive Department. (4) What is the composition of the House of Delegates? (5) What is the composition of the Senate? (6) Who presides over the Senate? (7) Tell of the courts. (S) How are the counties divided? (9) Who are the chief officers of the county ? (10) How many representatives has Virginia in Congress? (11) How many constitutions has Virginia had? 7. Transportation. Virginia has a number of steamship lines and railroads, and nearly all of the carrier business is conducted through these agencies. Only eight counties are without railroads or water transportation within their limits. Under these conditions the public highways in some sections are greatly neglected. There are seven regular steamship lines plying between points in Virginia and the other states along the Atlantic coast. Man}' ships from European countries come from time to time to Xorfolk and Newport News for cargoes. Eight large railway companies do business in Virginia, besides a number of smaller companies. (1) The Chesapeake and Ohio Koad (C. & 0.) has its eastern terminus at Newport News. It passes through Richmond, from which point it has two divisions to Clifton Forge, thence on to the West. The main office of this company is in Richmond. (2) The Southern Railway has three great divisions in the state, all of which meet in Danville ; one runs from Danville via Lynchburg and Charlottesville to Washington, a second from Danville to Richmond and thence to West Point, on the York River, making connection for Balti- more and points north ; and a third from Danville to Norfolk. (3) The Seaboard Air Line (S. A. L.) has one branch which runs from the South to Richmond, and makes connection by means of the Washing- ton Southern for the North, while another branch runs from the South to Portsmouth. The general offices of this company are in Portsmouth. (4) The Atlantic Coast Line (A. C. L.) has one road from the South 2-2 VIRGINIA to Petersburg, thence to Richmond, with connections for the North over the Washington Southern. Another branch runs from North Carolina to Norfolk. (.")) The Norfolk and Western Road (N. & W.) has its eastern termi- nus at Norfolk. It traverses the state, passing through Petersburg, Lynchburg, and Roanoke to Bristol, making connections into Tennessee. There are several branch roads ; one of which passes from the North Kic. Hi. Coal piers at Lambert's Point. Carolina line through Roanoke and Luray to the West Virginia line on the Potomac, while another important branch goes from Lynchburg to Durham, N.C. (6) The New York, Philadelphia, and Norfolk Road ("Nyp" & N.) runs from New York to Norfolk through the Eastern Shore. The road has steamship connections between Cape Charles and Norfolk. (7) The Washington Southern (W. S.) is the direct line between Rich- mond and Washington via Quantico. It is made up of the Richmond, Fredericksburg and Potomac, and the Baltimore and Potomac ; these two roads meet at Quantico. (8) The Baltimore and Ohio (now Pennsylvania) has a division in the Northern Valley. In all there are about 3500 miles of railroad. In round num- bers, the C. & O. lias 750; the Southern, 750; S. A. L., 150; A. ('. L., 125; N. & W., 1000; "Nyp" & N., 60; and the W. S., 117 ; -while the remainder (about 500 miles) is held by many small companies. (Trace out all the roads and find the divisions of them and tell the counties and cities through which they pass.) RKVIKW Qt'ESTioxs. (1) What are the transportation facilities of Virginia? (2) What are the main divisions of the C. & O. ? What are the divisions of the Southern Railway? (:5) (Jive an account of the S. A. L. (4) What is the extent of the A. C. L. ? (5) Give an account of the X. & W. and its branches. (6) What is the ' Nyp " and X.? (7) What is the importance of the Washington South- ern ? (8) Where is the B. & O. road in Virginia? (0) How many miles of road in Virginia? (10) How many miles has each of the important roads? CHAPTER III TIDEWATER VIRGINIA I. CITIES AND COUNTRY ABOUT THE MOUTH OF THE CHESAPEAKE i. Norfolk. Because Hampton Roads is such a fine harbor, a number of cities has grown up around it. The largest of these is Norfolk (population, 46,624). It has long been an important com- mercial centre because of its connection with the sea. One of its chief industries is the shipment of early vegetables to Northern markets. Large quantities of lumber, grain, provisions, horses and cattle, and naval stores are han- dled. In the shipping of cotton it has become the third port in the Union. The oyster and fish indus- tries are important. Near Norfolk (Lambert's Point) the Norfolk and Western Eailroad has its coal piers where many foreign ships load. Here and at Newport News the enormous coal product of Virginia and West Virginia has its chief port. Norfolk is in touch with the West by means of the Norfolk and West- ern and the Chesapeake and Ohio trunk lines of railroad; with the states south by the Seaboard Air Line, the Southern, and the Nor- folk and Southern railroads ; and with the North by the New York. Philadelphia, and Norfolk Railroad. Steamship lines connect Norfolk with Baltimore, Washington, and the inland Virginia cities ; also with New York, Boston, and Savannah, FIG. 17. and with foreign lands. The A.lbe- Opening: oysters. marie and Chesapeake Canal and the Dismal Swamp Canal connect the Norfolk waters with the great bays and sounds of North Carolina. Through them come great quantities of 23 24 VIRGINIA lumber, shingles, staves, railroad ties, juniper logs, cotton, salt fish, shad, and vegetables. Not far from Norfolk, connected with it by railroad or electric cars, are two famous summer resorts, Virginia Beach and Ocean View. RKVIEW QUESTIONS. (_!) Why is there a number of cities on the Hampton Roads? (2) Which is the largest city? (:5) Why is it important? (4) What are the main industries ? (">) What railroads has Norfolk ? (0) What are its water facilities? (7) What summer resorts are near Norfolk? 2. Portsmouth. Just FIG. IS. Cotton ready to be shipped. across the Elizabeth River, and really forming part of the same commu- nity with Norfolk, are Portsmouth (population, 17,427) and Berkley (population, 4988). Portsmouth has a splendid harbor suited for I lie largest vessels. The United States has here a well-equipped navy yard and a marine hospital. Handling early vegetables is the main industry, in which Portsmouth is second only to Norfolk. Many thousand laborers are employed in preparing " truck " (early vegeta- bles) for market. Planting and harvesting oysters is also an important industry. REVIEW QUESTIONS. (1) What cities are near Norfolk ? (2) What is the size 'of them? (3) What has the United States at Portsmouth ? (!) What is the chief industry? 3. Berkley. Berkley (population, 4988) has grown very rapidly in recent years. The Elizabeth River lies on two sides. It is a most accessible shipping point for the pine forests of North Carolina, and four large lumber mills have been established. Other industries are knitting mills, machine shops, and the railroad shops of the Norfolk and Southern, which ends here. REVIEW QUESTIONS. (1) How is Berkley situated with reference to the Elizabeth River? (2) What are its chief industries? 4. Newport News. Ten miles from Norfolk, and connected with it by a line of ferryboats, is Newport News (population, 19,635). In 1890 it had only 4000 people. Collis P. Huntington, seeing the possibilities of its magnificent harbor and great water front, established TIDEWATER VIRGINIA 25 here one of the largest shipyards and dry-docks in the United States, where great war-ships, for this and other nations, and ocean-going steamers are built. The Chesapeake and Ohio Railroad has here perhaps the best coaling station on the continent, and a grain elevator of a million and a half bushels in which the grain is stored for reship- ment. REVIEW QUES- TIONS. (1) Where is Newport News located? (2) What industries has it? FIG. 19. Launching a battle-ship at Newport Xews. 5. Hampton, Phoebus, and Old Point Comfort. All the southern end of " The Peninsula," from Newport News eastward, is being built up rapidly. At Hampton (population, 3441) is the National Home, where some three thousand old and disabled Union soldiers are quartered. This institution expends about 81,500,000 every year. Here also is a normal institute for the industrial education of negroes and Indians. Near by are Phoebus (population, 2094), a young and growing town, and Old Point Comfort, famous the world over as a health resort. Old Point Comfort has great hotels where thou- sands of people come throughout the year seeking health and rest. The climate is mild in winter; in summer its sea breezes and salt baths are most invigorating. Here is the historic Fortress Monroe, a beautiful FIG. 20. Naval rendezvous iu Hampton Roads. V lit G IX I A spot, and once important for defence of the coast ; but in this day of armored war-ships it is useful only for barracks and magazine. Buck roe Beach, a popular resort for pleasure and health, is only two miles away. RF.VIKW QUESTIONS. (1) What towns on "The Peninsula" near New- port News? (l2) What is the si/.e of Hampton? (:)) What institutions are located here? (4) What is the size of Phoebus? (.">) For what is Old Point Comfort well known? ((>) Where is Buckroe Beach? FIG. -21. Hygeia Hotel at Old Point Comfort. 6. The Oyster Industry and Fishing. The waters of this section are the most noted in America for oysters. The oysters found in Lynn Haven Bay, a small bay east of Hampton Roads, are the most prized. The Chesapeake furnishes four times as many oysters as all other places on our coasts. Besides, fish and other sea food are found in greater variety here than elsewhere. Naturally, then, fishing and "oystering" are among the chief industries of the people. FIG. '2-2. The interior of Fortress Monroe. Oysters are planted by throwing into the water, where the depth and other conditions are suitable, old shells to which young oysters attach themselves and grow. The oysters are gathered by means of long-handled TIDEWATER VIRGINIA 27 tongs. For catching the fish, seines are used, some being a mile and a half long and so great that they are handled by means of windlasses. Certain fish caught in enormous quantities are used to make oil ; the refuse from the oil factories, called " fish-scrap," makes a good fertilizer. Game is very abundant. Sora, geese, and especially the noted canvas- back duck, are highly prized foods and profitable to the hunter. REVIEW QUESTIONS. (1) For what are the waters of the Chesapeake noted? (2) In what small bay are the best oysters found ? (3) What are the chief indus- tries around the Chesapeake ? (4) How are oysters harvested ? (5) How are fish caught? (6) What is made from fish? (7) What kind of game is found around the Chesapeake? 7. Country about the Chesapeake. All the Virginia counties that border on the Chesapeake, and especially Nansemond, Norfolk, and Princess Anne counties, the !' Eastern Shore'' and the lower "Northern Neck," raise great quantities of "truck," so much so that the section has been called the market garden of the Northern cities. Corn, potatoes, peas, cabbages, onions, and berries, gathered here in the afternoon, can be purchased next morning in Philadelphia, New York, and other Northern markets. The " Eastern Shore," through the building of the New York, Philadelphia, and Norfolk Railroad, 28 VIRGINIA lias, in recent years, changed from raising oats and corn to rais- ing early vegetables, which prove more profitable. Two of the greatest crops are potatoes and strawberries. Where the land is less fertile, peanuts are largely raised, as well as corn, oats, and other field crops. The Dismal Swamp region in Norfolk and Nansemond coun- ties has a great wealth of cypress, juniper, cedar, pine, and other soft woods, many of them peculiar to swamp regions near the sea. Cypress is excellent for staves, buckets, pails, tubs, and shingles. REVIEW QUESTIONS. (1) What is the great occupation in the counties around the Chesapeake? (~J) What sections especially ship vegetables to the North? (:}) What are the chief vegetables? (4) What products come from the Dismal Swamp region? (5) For what purpose are they used? II. TIDEWATER VIRGINIA WEST OF THE CHESAPEAKE 8. Tidewater Counties West of the Chesapeake. In all the streams of this region large quantities of fish and oysters are gotten. In many counties large deposits of marl valuable for fertilizers are found, but it is not of sufficient value for the market. The chief industry, however, is agriculture. Some trucking is done in every part where conditions are favorable. In the southern portion, Southampton, Sussex, and adjoining counties, cotton is raise'd and great fields are planted in peanuts and strawberries ; but much of the farming is in corn, wheat, oats, and hay. The climate, not given to extremes, makes this country favorable to fruit growing. The forests contain pine and oak timber, and sawmills cutting it up for shipment are numerous. REVIEW QUESTIONS. (1) What do the streams of the Tidewater furnish? (2) What deposits are found in the earth? (:}) What are the prevailing indus- tries ? (4) Name the chief agricultural products of this region. (5) What kind of timber is cut ? 9. Towns of the Counties West of the Chesapeake. This section has few towns. Suffolk (population, 3827) in Nansemond County is a point at which several railroads cross on their way to Norfolk. Much lumber is shipped from this point. At Williamsburg (population, 2044) in James City County, a town of great historic interest, is sit- uated William and Mary College, the oldest college in Virginia; the Eastern Hospital for the Insane, the oldest in the United States; and TIDE WA TER VIRGINIA 29 the well-known Bruton Parish Church. Smithfield (population, 1225) in Isle of Wight County is famous for its hams, and has, per- haps, the largest peanut factory in the world, two hundred thousand bags of peanuts being cleaned and prepared for mar- ket yearly. West Point (population, 1307) in King Wil- liam County is at the head of York River, and is the terminus for the York River Divi- sion of the South- ern Railroad. It is an important shipping point ; a regular line of boats runs from West Point to Baltimore. The county seats (courthouses) in all of the Tidewater counties are usually small villages. REVIEW QUESTION'S. (1) Are there many towns? (2) What is the impor- tance of Suffolk? (3) What are the interesting features about William sburg? (4) For what industries is Smithfield noted? (o) What is the importance of West Point? (6) What is said of the courthouses? FIG. 24. Bruton Parish Church. FIG. '_'-). Richmond after the evacuation in 1S<>5. CHAPTER IV CITIES AT THE HEAD OF TIDEWATER i. General State- ment. On the hills where the riv- ers of Virginia tum- ble down over the ancient rocks into broad estuaries are located several cit- ies, the oldest of the interior cities of the state. They are Petersburg, Rich- mond, Manchester, and Fredericks- burg. Alexandria is also situated near the head of tidewater on the Potomac. As boats reach all these cities, they have advantages of seaports. 2. Richmond and Manchester. - The largest city in Virginia and fourth largest in the South is Rich- mond (population, 85,0r>0;, founded in 1733 by William Byrd. It is the capital of Virginia, and from 1801 to 1865 was the capi- tal of the Confed- Fl( , . )); States. Richmond : Main Street, 1902. 30 CITIES AT THE HEAD OF TIDEWATER 31 FIG. 27. Richmond : Broad Street. Its growth is due to natural conditions ; to its central position in a great territory from which it draws raw material and which it sup- plies with manufactured goods ; to its great water-power ; to its rail- roads connecting it with the South, North, and West ; and to its con- nection with the sea. These have made it one of the important manufacturing cities of the South. It has many manufacturing inter- ests, but the largest are those of iron, tobacco, fertilizer, and flour. The flour in ills, Gallego and Dunlop, have annual sales of over $2,000,000; their trade extends to South America. Large iron plants are the Tredegar, the Old Dominion Nail Works, and the Locomotive Works, employing over three thou- FIG. 28. sand hands. The W. K. Trigg ship- Richmond : Chamber of Commerce, yards, one of Richmond's newest and largest industries, has built several vessels for the United States government. Vina IN i A In the tobacco industry Kichmond stands next to Xew York and St. Louis. The various factories for plug and smoking tobacco, cigarettes, cigars, and cheroots, and the redrying of prized tobacco and the selling of the loose leaf employ more than ten thou- sand men. Large quantities of Vir- ginia tobacco are shipped to European factories, llich- mond is headquar- ters for the Yirginia- Carolina Chemical Company, which controls almost all of the fertilizer factories of the South. The cedar works have an extensive trade. There are great wholesale houses and many banks. Fio. 29. Belle Isle: the Old Dominion Nail Works. Laborers at the dinner-hour. FIG. ;50. Tobacco factory. Stripping and drying rooms. CITIES AT THE HEAD OF TIDEWATER 35 year. It has cotton mills, flour mills, eight large peanut factories, iron works, silk mills, and factories for various articles. Several railroads pass through the city ; steamboats come to its wharves, and the falls of the river afford splendid water-power. About Peters- burg, the key to Richmond, were many of the en- gagements of the " War between the States." Earth- works are still seen around the city. REVIEW QUES- TIONS. Where is Petersburg located ? (2) What is its popu- lation ? (3) AVhat are its industries? (4) What was its im- portance in the " War " ? 4. Fredericks- burg and Alexan- dria. Many his- torical associations cling about Fred- ericksburg (popu- lation, 5058), situated on the Rappahannock River sixty miles north of Richmond. The country was the scene of many great battles. It 1ms good water-power, a shoe factory, three flour mills, and iron foundries. Alexandria (population, 14,528) is but seven miles from Wash- ington City and near Mount Vernon, the home of George Washing- ton. Its manufactures include bricks and fertilizers. REVIEW QUESTIONS. (1) Where is Fredericksburg located ? (2) What are its industries? (3) What is its historic interest? (4) Where is Alexandria located? (5) Why is it of historic interest ? (6) What are its industries? Fm. 35. Cutting tobacco. Warehouse floor, showing loose-leaf tobacco. CHAPTER V THE MIDDLE COUNTRY, PIEDMONT, AND BLUE RIDGE 1. The Middle Country: General Description. This section is distinct in every way from the Tidewater region, where the country is alluvial and marl is found everywhere, but no minerals, and where trucking is one of the main industries. In the Middle Country the soil is based on ancient rocks ; there is no marl, but minerals of many kinds exist in almost every county, and the staple crops are corn, wheat, oats, hay, and tobacco. In the vicinity of Richmond and the other cities, tempted by the nearness of markets, the farmers are raising vegetables and poultry, and are engaging in dairy-farming. Instead of the great farms of the Tidewater, with widely separated farm-houses, the country is divided into many small farms and dotted over with small towns and villages, which afford a market for the exchange of produce for manufactured articles. There are many energetic, thriving towns, but with the exception of Richmond, Fredericksburg, and other cities named above, which belong to Tidewater as much as to the Middle Country, Danville is the only city. REVIEW QUESTIONS. (1) I low does the Middle Country differ from Tide- water? (2) What are the chief products of the Middle Country V ('}) How is it settled ? (4) What is said of its cities ? 2. Middle Country : Southside. This region, south of the James and bordering on the North Carolina line, is the region of bright tobacco, the most southern counties being a part of the famous " Golden Tobacco Belt," extending into North Carolina. The tobacco, when cut, is hung, stalk and all, tier upon tier, in log barns which are heated to a high temperature by means of flues. If the heat be properly regulated, in two or three days the leaf becomes a golden yellow. This method has been introduced in other counties where formerly the tobacco was sun-cured. The yellow tobacco is used chiefly in making cigarettes and smoking tobacco. Tobacco is largely the " money crop," and scarcely anything else is raised to sell. 30 THE MIDDLE COUNTRY, PIEDMONT, AND BLUE RIDGE 37 This region was very wealthy before the " War between the States," a land of large plantations and many slaves. Brunswick County was famous for its fine thoroughbred horses, and this was called the " race- horse region." The Southside is well watered, and besides tobacco the chief crops are corn, wheat, oats, hay, and fruits. Careless farm- ing has injured much of the land. Much of it is still covered with forests of pine, oak, hickory, elm, and poplar. An old field, when left uncultivated, will quickly grow up in pines, which in a few years FIG. 36. Sawmill "hands." yield excellent timber. Hickory logs from Mecklenburg County are shipped to Connecticut for manufacture into spokes and handles. The minerals are largely undeveloped ; gold ore, copper, silver, soapstone, talc, and kaolin are found, and considerable quantities of asbestos, marble, clay for bricks, and granite of fine quality, in many portions. Large quantities of bituminous coal are found in the country southwest of Richmond, called by geologists the Richmond Basin. In fact this is the longest-worked coal-field in the United States. From here coal was shipped to Philadelphia before the Pennsylvania mines were opened. "VIRGINIA The Buffalo Lithia Springs in Mecklenburg County are famous over the world. The water is used largely in Northern hospitals. Mineral waters are also found in Halifax, Prince Edward, Amelia, Powhatan, and Chesterfield counties. The Norfolk and Western, and Southern railroads run through this section, and easy access to the markets of Richmond, Norfolk, and Danville is thus furnished. REVIEW QUESTIONS. (1) Where is the South side ? (-0 What is said of the tobacco industry in this section? (;}) What other crops are raised? (4) What kind of timber is found? (.">) What minerals are found? ((5) What is said of the coal? (7) Where are mineral waters found? (*) What market facilities are furnished ? 3. The Middle Country : Cities and Towns of Southside. Dan- ville (population 10,520) on the Dan River is the greatest market for loose-leaf tobacco and bright tobacco in the world ; and in this business are engaged three or four thousand men and great capital. There are also cotton mills, flouring mills, factories for wagons, boxes, and chairs, machine shops, and other industries. Closely connected is North Danville, just across the river. Here are mills, factories, and railroad shops. The good water-power of this point is only par- tially used. South Boston (population, 1851) on the Dan River in Halifax County is a very energetic, growing town, with a large wholesale business. In the midst of the bright-tobacco belt, it is a fine market for the loose-leaf. Along the line of the railroads are many towns, such as Chatham, in Pittsylvania County; Clover and Houston, in Halifax County ; Boydton, Clarksville, and Chase City, in Mecklen- burg County ; Burkeville and Crewe, in Nottoway County ; Keys- ville, in Charlotte County; Emporia, in fireenesville County, and Farmville, in Prince Edward County. Most of them are tobacco markets. RKVIKNV QUESTIONS. (1) How large is Danville? (2) What is its great industry? ( ; 5) What other industries? (I) What is the importance of South Boston? (")) What are some of the small towns ? 4. The Middle Country: Northern Counties and Towns. The pro- ductions of this section are much the same as those of the Southside. Nearness to the cities has encouraged farmers in some of the coun- ties to engage more largely of late in the raising of vegetables and poultry and in dairying. There are fine vineyards ; and tobacco, THE MIDDLE COUNTRY, PIEDMONT, AND BLUE RIDGE 39 chiefly the dark sun-cured, is also here the "money crop"; it is largely made into chewing tobacco, for which Caroline County has quite a reputation. The timber is very valuable, though the land is largely cleared. Copper, iron, and slate are found abundantly ; some gold is mined in Louisa County (Mineral City), and is also found in Spottsylvania County. There are many fine farms in this section, and many horses are raised. There are no cities in this section, but many villages and towns. Ashland, in Hanover County, FIG. . 4 i~. Field of growing tobacco. the seat of Randolph-Macon College, is a fine residential place. Bowling Green, in Caroline County, has a wagon factory and many small industries ; Columbia, in Fluvanna County ; Louisa, in Louisa County, and Manassas, in Prince William County, are thriving villages. REVIEW QUESTIONS. (1) What are the productions of the northern coun- ties in Middle Country V ('2) What minerals are found? (3) What are the chief towns? 40 vinaiMA 5. Piedmont: Its Products. The Piedmont section is well adapted to the raising 1 of tobacco and fruits. The southern portion has fine tobacco lands, especially Henry County. Though the whole section has excellent apple orchards, the middle portion is famous through the world for its Albemarle Pippins. Large quantities of them are sent every year to England and to all parts of America, and bring high prices. Queen Victoria of England is said to have prized the Pippins sent from this region above all other apples. Albemarle County is the native home of this apple, but it is raised with great success in Rappahannock and adjoining counties. Nelson County first produced the Pilot apple, which is scarcely less valuable. Peaches and Winesap apples are also a valuable crop. On the spurs of the mountains are grown grapes, which are made into wine. The Monticello Wine Company and other presses make annually more than one hundred thousand gallons. Other farm products are corn, wheat, oats, and buckwheat. Many thoroughbred cattle, sheep, and blooded horses are raised, especially in Albemarle and Loudoun counties. The timber of all this region oak, pine, hickory, poplar, and chestnut is very valuable, and there are hun- dreds of sawmills cutting it into lumber for shipping or for manu- facture. In Culpeper County there are factories making chairs, plough beams, and spools. Besides these there are woollen and knitting mills. Iron ore, zinc, mica, silver, granite, slate for pen- cils, and excellent marble are found ; but almost all of these are as yet undeveloped. The iron of Amherst County is being mined to some extent. RKVIEW QrKSTioxs. (1) What is said of the tobacco crop in the Piedmont section? (2) What is the chief fruit crop? ('5) What is done with the grapes? (1) What is said of cattle and horse raising? (.">) What are the chief timbers? (')) What kind of factories is in Culpeper? (7) What are the chief mineral products? 6. Piedmont: Cities and Towns. The largest city of this section is Lynchburg (population, 18,891), called the "Hill City " because it is situated on several steep hills, the highest rising three hundred feet above the level of James River. It is a wealthy, prosperous city. Its water-power is such as to encourage manufacturing. This interest includes cotton mills, and factories for flour, candy, bricks, spokes and handles, hogsheads, wagons, and fertilizers. The tobacco market is one of tlie largest in the state. There are prize houses, stemmeries to prepare tobacco for shipment and manufacture, and factories for cigars, snuff, and CHAPTER VI THE VALLEY AXD THE APPALACHIAN SECTION FIG. 39. Southwest Virginia : Blue Grass cattle-farm. i. The Valley: the Southwest. This region, extending from Roanoke County to the North Carolina line, is a great centre for mining, manufacturing, and stock raising. From here, especially the FIG. 40. Wheat field in the Valley of Virginia. 43 VIRGINIA FIG. 41. Iron furnace at Pulaski City. counties of Smyth, Wy the, and Pulaski, great quantities of cattle are exported to Europe and South America. In Smyth is a ten-thousand- acre blue-gmss stock farm, which is said to have the largest herd of short-horned cattle in the world. This farm ships more cattle to South America than other Ameri- can breeder s. This whole section raises fine horses, sheep, and cattle. There are nu- merous iron fur- naces, and the manufacture of iron and steel is carried on exten- sively. In Smyth County are the Lobdell Carwheel Company's works for making rail- road and street-car wheels. In Pulaski County are the Bertha Zinc Works, the largest in the South. These were made famous by an order some years ago from the Italian government for zinc to be used in the making of cannon. Vitrified bricks and sewer pipes are made of the fine clay of the region. Other indus- tries include the canneries of Roan- oke County and the wood and leather factories of Wythe County. Sawmills are pre- paring the walnut, oak, hickory, and poplar of the hills for market, while factories are turning this timber into furniture and farming tools. Mining is developing the boundless wealth of minerals. Valuable iron ore, in addition to that manufactured, is exported from the state, some of it to the Carnegie mills. Manganese and coal are largely mined. Other minerals are zinc, lead, gold, salt, and gypsum. Marble, slate, FIG. 4'2. The Bertha Zinc Works, Pulaski City. THE VALLEY AND THE APPALACHIAN SECTION 45 FIG. 43. Rich Hill mine, on New River in "Wythe County. Big: cut, from which over 300,000 tons of iron ore have been taken. kaolin, onyx, and petroleum are found. Plaster (gypsum) is used largely for fertilizer. Salt mining has long been very important. During the years 1861-1865 the mines furnished the salt used by t h e Southern people. The presence of salt shows that the ocean once covered this section. De- tached bodies of seawater dried up and left the salt em- bedded in the earth. Farming is very profitable ; corn, wheat, oats, and buckwheat grow well. Tobacco is raised in some of the counties. Several mineral springs are in this section, such as the White Sulphur and Alle- ghany in Montgomery County. Others are found in Smyth and Washington coun- ties, such as the Alum Springs near Saltville. The Norfolk and West- ern Kailroad ex- tends through all of the counties of this section. REVIEW QUES- TIONS. (1) What is called the Southwest section? (2) What are its natural re- sources? (3) What does it manufacture? FIG. 44. (4) What kind of Iron ore washer, Rich Hill mine. timber is found? VIRGINIA FIG. 45. Iron furnace at Bristol. (5) What part is min- ing playing in the de- velopment of this sec- tion? (()) What farm products are grown ? (7) Xame the chief mineral springs. 2. The Valley: The Cities and Towns of the South- west. - - This sec- tion is increasing in population as well as industries, and has several growing towns. Bristol (population, 4579) in Washington County on the Tennessee line is a town of considerable manufacturing interests. Saltville in Washington County, the centre of salt and other mining opera- tions, is growing rapidly. Other places of promise are Marion in Smyth County, Wytheville in Wythe County, and Christiansburg in Montgomery County. Pulaski City in Pulaski County has great iron and zinc fur- naces, flour mills, and wood- work ing factories. Roanoke (pop- ulation, 21,495), called the "Magic City " from the FIG. 4(>. its View of the Valley at Saltville in Washington County, showing derricks of salt wells and settling-pools in the distance. rapidity of growth, had in 1880 but 600 people. It was formerly called " Big Lick," from the salt which wild animals came many miles to get. It is the most important manufacturing city of the Southwest section for iron and steel, and also has large machine shops and other industries. Near Roanoke is Salem, a thriving town, the seat of Roanoke College. THE VALLEY AND THE APPALACHIAN SECTION 47 REVIEW QUESTIONS. (1) Tell of Bristol. ( - J) What is the importance of Saltville? (3) Xame some of the important towns. (4) What is the size of Roanoke? (5) What are its industries ? (0) What is the importance of Salem ? 3. The Valley: ~ Middle and North- ern Portions. - This section ex- tends from Bote- tourt County to Frederick County. It is characterized by interesting scenery and vari- ety of industries. In Rockbridge County, at Goshen, are large iron fur- naces. Iron is rained to a large degree ; coal, in Botetourt County ; tin, a rare metal, in Rockbridge County ; and copper and lead to some degree in several counties. Fine marble is abundant, and the burning of limestone for ce- ment is one of the main industries. The chief farm- ing is done in grain ; a large number of mills export flour ; and corn and oats are raised in large quantities ; but tobacco is raised extensively only in Botetourt. Much FIG. 47. Alkali works at Saltville. FIG. 48. Keiffer pear-tree, only five years old: Botetourt County. fruit is grown. As is usual in a grass region, the raising of cattle and fine horses is extensive, especially in Rockingham, Clarke, and 48 VIRdlMA Augusta counties, whence much stock is exported to the Northern states. Oak, walnut, hickory, pine, and other timber employ a great number of sawmills and wood factories. Bark is also secured in great quantities for tanning. This region is well supplied with railroads. No region of the South offers so much of interest to the sight-seer and the health seeker. Nearly every county has several mineral springs, among them being the Rock bridge Alum, and AVhite Sulphur in Ko(;k- briclge County, the Orkney in Shenan- doah County, Cha- lybeate in Augusta County, and many others in the coun- ties of Frederick, Rockingham, and Botetourt. At many of these springs large hotels have been built, which are visited every year by thousands of people seeking health from these medicinal waters. The most wonderful objects for sight- seers afcd geologists are .the Natural Bridge in Koek- b ridge County, Weyers Cave in Augusta County, and Luray Cave in Page County. The Natural Bridge has been called one of the wonders of the world. In Luray Cave, which is said to have the most marvellous stalactites of any cave in the United States, the underground chambers have been fitted up with electric lights. Excursion trains from many directions bring thousands of visitors. REVIEW QUESTIONS. (1) What is the extent of the middle and northern portions of the Valley? (2) What is mined in this section? (=5) What are the farm products of this section ? (4) Where are fine horses raised ? (5) What is FIG. 49. The Natural Bridge. THE VALLEY AND TI1E APPALACHIAN SECTION 41) the chief timber product? (6) Xame the chief mineral springs. (7) What are the chief natural wonders ? 4. The Valley: Cities and Towns of the Middle and Northern portions. In Rockbridge County is Buena Vista (population, 12388), one of Virginia's new cities with many enterprises, such as iron, steel, brick, and terra-cotta works, paper mills, and machine shops. In the same county is Lexington (population, 3263), the famous seat of the Virginia Military Institute, and Washington and Lee Univer- sity. Staunton (population, 7289) in Augusta County has many factories and a large flour trade. It has fine schools for girls, and a large hospital for the insane. Near by are Waynesboro and Basic City. In Rockingham County is Harrisonburg (popu- lation, 3521) ; in Shenandoah County, New Market, Woodstock, and Strasburg. The last has Fl:! - ">- lai'P-e norppliin ami notterv works Recumbent statue of General Lee at V'ash- ery WOl KS. ington and Lee University in Lexington. Luray in Page County, Front Royal in Warren County, Berryville in Clarke County, and Middle- town in Frederick County are thriving towns. Winchester (popu- lation, 5161) in Frederick County, the centre for trade in the Northern Valley, has many manufacturing interests, especially of flour and leather. REVIEW QUESTIONS. (1) What is the importance of Buena Vista? (2) W f hat institutions are situated in Lexington ? (>) What are the chief industries of Staunton? (4) What are the chief towns north of Staunton? (5) What city is the centre of trade in the Xorthern Valley? 5. The Appalachian Section. This section, too rugged for exten- sive farming, has fine grazing land and therefore has much fine cattle, which is shipped from many counties to eastern ports of the United States and over to Great Britain. Raising horses and sheep is in many counties the leading industry. The valleys are very fertile, one especially fertile is called " Burke's Garden." Wheat, oats, and buckwheat are raised. There are also large orchards. The moun- tains are covered with fine timber, especially walnut, only waiting for capital and railroads. Minerals and valuable ores, such as iron, silver, gold, salt, and coal, are found in every county, but as yet 50 riKGlMA tliey are not largely mined. From Craig County came the iron with which the Tredegar Iron Works in Richmond made cannon for the Confederate armies. Mineral springs are numerous and attract many visitors, especially those in Bath, Craig, Giles, Bland, and Scott counties. Bath County is filled with them, the best known being the Hot Springs. In Scott County is the famous Natural Tunnel, much like the Natural Bridge. Through it runs the South Atlantic and Ohio Railroad. The Norfolk and Western and the Chesapeake and Ohio pass through several of these counties, but four are entirely without railroads. These, therefore, are largely undevel- oped for want of transportation. The towns are small. Clifton Forge (population, 3212) in Alle- gheny County has iron furnaces, and Covington (population, 2950) in the same county is a place of commercial importance. Tazewell (population, 1060) in Tazewell County is a growing town. Poca- hontas (population, 2789) in the same county is in the midst of rich coal-fields. Big Stone Gap in Wise County, Pearisburg in Giles County, and other villages are engaged in iron manufacture. REVIEW QUESTIONS. (1) What are the farm products of the Appalachian? (2) What attention is given to cattle raising? ('}) What minerals are found? (4) Why is this section so undeveloped? (5) Where are mineral springs? (ti) What is the Natural Tunnel? (7) Tell of the towns. APPENDIX A STATISTICS FOR VIRGINIA BY DIVISIONS TIDEWATER COUNTY Date Area in Sq. Mi. Population Taxable Property, Keal and Personal County Seat White Colored Total Accomac . . . 1672 395 20,743 11,827 32,570 85,757,426 Accomac Caroline . . . 1727 524 7,667 9,042 16,709 1,992,423 Bowling Green Charles City . . 1634 177 1,344 3,696 5,040 804,141 Charles City Elizabeth City . 1634 46 10,757 8,703 19,460 4,575,176 Hampton Essex .... 1692 250 3,576 6,125 9,701 1,097,897 Tappahannock Gloucester . . 1661 212 6,224 6,608 12,832 1.543,293 Gloucester Hanover . . . 1720 257 9,696 7,922 17,618 2,928,981 Hanover C. H. Henrico ... 1634 253 17,246 12,816 30,062 11,974,141 Richmond Isle of Wight . 1634 299 6,833 6,269 13,102 2,418,561 Isle of Wight James City . . 1634 144 1,346 2,342 3,688 562,488 Williamsburg King George . . 1720 176 3,596 3,322 6,918 709.318 King George King and Queen 1691 304 4,006 5,259 9,265 1,015,575 King and Queen C. H. King William . 1701 269 3,266 5,114 8,380 1,524,808 King William Lancaster . . 1651 126 4,058 4,891 8.949 1,146,045 Lancaster Mathews . . . 1790 83 5,844 2,395 8,239 736,214 Mathews Middlesex . . 1675 126 3,684 4,536 8,220 793,408 Saluda Nansemond . . 1639 408 10,115 12,963 23,078 3,868,391 Suffolk New Kent . . 1654 202 1,660 3,205 4,865 549,378 New Kent Norfolk . . . 1691 359 19,113 31,667 50,780 12,373,263 Portsmouth Northampton . 1634 177 6,141 7,629 13,770 2,081,312 Eastville Northumberland 1648 184 5,680 4,166 9,846 1,557,918 Heathsville Prince George . 1702 267 2,886 4,866 7,752 1,217,842 Prince George Princess Anne . 1691 217 5,505 5,687 11.192 1,854,235 Princess Anne C. H. Richmond . . 1692 183 4,159 2,929 7,088| 865,876 Warsaw Southampton . 1784 577 9,165 13,683! 22,848 3,359.437 Courtland Surry .... 1652 215 3,286 5,183 8,469 1,287,458 Surry Sussex .... 1754 466 ! 4,121 7,961 12,082 1,511.204 Sussex C. H. Warwick . . . 1634 66 ! 1,159 3,729 4,888 5,767,816 Newport News Westmoreland . 1653 222 4,381 4,862 9.243 1,242.945 Montross York .... 1634 111 3,401 4,081 7,482 664,415 Yorktown Total . . 7,295,190.658 213.478 404,136^77, 781, 385 51 52 VIRGINIA MIDDLE COUNTRY CorxTY | Area in S,,. Ml. Population Taxable Property, Keal and Personal County Seat White Colored Total Alexandria . . 1847 31 3,962 2,408 6,430 2,183,216 Alexandria Amelia . . . 1734 348 3,052 5,985 9,037 1,257,948. Amelia C. II. Appomattox . . 1845 318 5,731 3,931 9,602 1,132,401 Appomattox Brunswick . . 1721 540 7,375 10,842 18,217 1,951,425 Lawrenceville Buckingham 1701 548 7,415 7,851 15,266 1,700,355 Buckingham Campbell . . . 1781 500 13,641 9,015 23,256 4,025,584 Rustburg Charlotte . . . 1705 405 0,798 8,545 15,343 1,992.205 Smithville Chesterfield . . 1748 458 11,105 7,699 18,804 4,593,960 Chesterfield C. II. Cumberland . . 1748 290 2,791 6,205 8,996 999,457 Cumberland Dimviddie . . 1752 50! 5,874 9,500 15,374 3,068,319 Dinwiddie Fairfax . . . 1742 405 13,576 5,004 18,580 5,404,732 Fairfax Fluvanna . . . 1777 281 5,039 4,011 9,050 914,911 Palmyra Goochland . . 1727 27!) 3,961 5,558 9,51!) 1,437,743 Goochland Greenesville . . 1780 292 3,402 6,357 9,759 1,033,351 Emporia Halifax . . . 1752 8()7 17,928 19,275 37,197 4,584,519 Houston Louisa .... 1742 447 7,896 8,021 10.517 2,209,210 Louisa C. II. Lunenburg . . 1740 418 5,133 0,572 11.705 875,946 Lunenburg Mecklenburg . 1704 047 10,353 16,198 20,551 2,418,015 Boydton Nottoway . . . 1788 351 4,966 7.400 12,366 1,393,570 Nottoway Pittsylvania 1707 081 25.605 21,289 46,894 4,180,592 Chatham Powhatan . . 1777 254 2.343 4.481 6,824 1,125,312 Powhatan C. II. Prince Edward . 17").'} 341 5,276 9,70!) 15,045 2,447,037 Farmville Prince William 1730 345 8,240 2.872 11.112 2,84:5,695 Manassas Spottsylvania . 1720 407 5,353 3,886 9,239 1.512.252 Spottsylvania Stafford . . . ;1765 250 0,489 1,608 8,097 1,047,312 Stafford C. II. Total . . 10.543 193,298 195,542 388.840 56,405.007 APPENDIX 53 PIEDMONT COUNTY :?> ,^O 7,927 2,590,161 Berryville Frederick . . . 1738 434 12,486 753 13,239 3,872,644 Winchester Montgomery 1776 373 12,927 2,925 15,852 2,456,018 Christiansburg Page .... 1831 273 12,354 1,440 13,794 2,526,722 Luray Pulaski . . . 1830 306 11,372 3,237 14,609 3,266,052 Pulaski City Koanoke . . . 1838 305 11,990 3,847 15,837 3,903,993 Salem Rockbridge . . 1778 627 17,715 4,084 21,799 5,049,651 Lexington Hockinghain 1778 1,077 30,893 2,634 33,527 10,155,336 Ilarrisonburg Shenandoah . . 1772 554 19,604 649 20,253 4.696,441 Woodstock Smyth .... 1831 480 15,950 1,171 17,121 2,388,735 Marion Warren . . . 1837 202 7,372 1,465 8,837 1,622,727 Front Royal Washington . . 1776 575 26,433 2,562 28,995 3,285.272 Abingdon Wythe . . . 1790 493 17.653 2.7S4 20.437 4,394,514 Wytheville Total . . . 7,469 242,398 39,360 281,758 864,597,669 APPALACHIAN CoUNTT Organized Area in Sq. Mi. Population Taxable Property, Iteal and Personal County Seat White Colored Total Alleghany . . 1822 674 12,315 4,015 16,330 4,587,263 Covington Bath .... 1790 781 4,589 1,00(5 5.595 1,854,647 Warm Springs Bland .... 1861 362 5,285 212 5.497 671,304 Bland C. H. Buchanan . . 1858 999 9,687 5 9,692 1,842,258 G randy Craig .... 1850 373 4,032 261 4.293 911,773 New Castle Dickenson . 1880 474 7,747 7,747 879.817 Clintwood Giles .... 1806 375 9,994 799 10,793 1,420.848 Pearisburg Highland . . . 1847 414 5.269 378 5.647 1,189.526; Monterey Lee 1792 467 19,116 740 19,856 1,871,504 Jonesville Russell . . . 1786 578 17,267 764 18,031 1,821,764 Lebanon Scott .... 1814 524 22,067 627 22.694 1,439,852 Gate City Tazewell . . . 1799 553 19.802 3,582 23,384 2.760,998 Tazewell Wise .... 1855 710 17.688 1,965 19,653 2,849,967 Wise Total . . 7,284 154,858 14,354 169,212^24,101,521 APPENDIX 00 CITIES CITY Population Taxable White Colored Total and Personal Alexandria . . . Fairfax .... 9.986 4,542 14,528 $4.949,240 Bristol Washington 3,551 1,028 4 579 1.446,934 Buena Vista . . . Rockbridge . . . 1,978 410 -T, r i ' 2,388 628,615 Charlottes ville 3,834 2,615 6,449 2,524,520 Danville Pittsylvania 10,002 6,518 16,520 8,536,778 Fredericksburg . . Spottsylvania . . 3,440 1,022 5.068 1.917,115 Lynchburg .... Campbell . . . 10,637 8,254 18,891 11.255,088 Manchester . . . Chesterfield . . . 6,376 3,339 9.715 2.948,057 Newport News . . Warwick .... 12,788 6,847 19,635 10.303.537 Norfolk Norfolk .... 26,317 20,307 46.624 27,325,155 Petersburg .... Dinwiddie 11.0.37 10,753 21,810 9,054,335 Portsmouth . . . Norfolk .... 11,782 5,645 17,427 6,237.370 Radford Montgomery 2,887 457 3,344 1,468,077 Richmond .... Henrico .... 52,804 32,246 85,050 57,926,692 Roanoke .... Roanoke .... 15,654 5,841 21,495 5,796,997 Staunton .... Augusta .... 5,456 1,833 7.289 3.140.622 Williamsburg . . . James City . . . 1,366 678 2,044 422.934 Winchester . . . Frederick . . . 4,056 1,105 5,161 2,435,810 Total .... 193,977 114,040 308,017 6158,318,876 GENERAL SUMMARY Population Taxable White Colored Total Property Tidewater 7,295 190,658 2 13,478. 404.136 S77.781.385 Middle Country .... Piedmont 10,543 6,881 193*298 168.498 195,542 82,180 388,840 250,678 56.405,607 47.893,31)2 Blue Ridge 1.328 49,171 2.373 51.544 3.090.132 Valley Appalachian Cities 7.469 7.284 242.398 154,858 193,977 39.360 14.354 114.040 281.758 109.212 308.017 64.597,669 24,101,521 158,318.^76 Grand total 1 40,800 1,192,858 661,326 i 1.854,184 8432.188.642 1 This is land area ; the total area including water is 42,450 square iniU-s. APPENDIX B POPULATION OF THE INCORPORATED TOWNS AND VILLAGES OF VIRGINIA: 1900 TOWNS AND VILLAGES Pop,,- lation, 1900 TOWNS AND VILLAGES Pap,,- lation, iyoo TOWNS AND VILLAGES Popu- lation, 1900 Abingdon town . . 1,300 Floyd town . . . 402 Orange town . . . 536 Ashland town . . . 1,147 Franklin town . . 1,143 Pearisburg town . . 464 Barton Heights town 763 Front Royal town . 1,005 Pennington Gap Basic City town . 1,270 Gate City town . 521 town 399 Bedford City town . 2,410 Glade Spring town . 304 Phoebus town . . . 2,094 Belle Haven town . 331 Gladeville town . . 511 Pocahontas town 2,789 Berkley town . . . 4,088 Gordonsville town . 603 Port Royal town . . 193 Berry ville town . . !>38 Goshen town . . . 253 Pulaski town . . . 2,813 Big Stone Gap town 1,017 Graham town . . . 1,554 Remington town . . 198 Blacksburg town . . 768 Grundy town . . . 200 Richlands town . . 475 Blackstone town . 585 Hamilton town . . 364 Ridge way town . . 332 Bond town .... 295 Hampton town . . 3,441 Rocky Mount town . 612 Bowling Green town 458 Harrison burg town . 3,521 Salem town . . . 3,412 Boydton town 527 Herndon town . . 692 Saltville town . . . 1,051 Boykins town . 224 Hillsboro town . . 131 Scottsville town . . 1,248 Bridgewater town . 384 Holland town . . . 133 Seddon town (Bland Broadway town . . 400 Honaker town . . 295 1'. <>.) 249 Buchanan town . . 716 Houston town . . 687 Shenandoah town . 1,220 Burkeville town . . 510 Iron Gate town . . 392 Shendun town . . 381 Cape Charles town . 1,040 Keysville town . . 82 Singerglen town . . 108 Chase City town . . 542 Lawrenceville town 760 Smithtield town . . 1,225 Chatham town . . 918 | Lebanon town . . 325 Sinithville town . . 96 Christiansburg town 659 Leesburg town . . 1,513 South Boston town . 1,851 Claremont village . 565 ! Lexington town . . 3,203 Stevens City town . 490 Clarksville town . . 72:5 Louisa town . . . 261 Strasburg town . 690 Clifton Forge town . 3,212 Lovettsville town 97 Stuart town . . . 371 Clinchport town . . 183 Luray town . . . 1,147 Suffolk town . . . 3.827 Clintwood town . . 255 McDowell town . . 136 Tacoma town . . . 247 Clover town . . 400 Manassas town . . 817 Tappahannock town 554 Coeburn town . . 295 Marion town . . . 2,045 Tazewell town . . 1,09(5 Colonial Beach town 453 Martinsville town 2,384 Timberville town 173 Columbia town . . 216 Mechanicsburg town 113 Uppcrville town . . 376 Courtland town . . 288 Middleburg town 296 Vienna town . . . 317 Covington town . . 2,950 Muldletown town 423 Vinton town . 1,438 Crewe town . . . 1,329 Monterey town . . 246 Virgilina town 200 Culpeper town . . 1,618 Mt. Crawford town . 330 Warrenton town . 1,627 Dayton town . . . 425 i Mt. Jackson town . 472 Washington town 300 Dutneld town . . . 98 Mt. Sidney town . . 197 Watert'ord town . . 383 Dumfries town . . 160 Newbern town . . 152 Waverly town . . 493 East Stone Gap town 349 Newcastle town . . 299 Waynesboro town . 856 Eastville town . . 313 New Hope town . . 124 West Clifton Forge Edinburg town . . 512 New Market town 684 town 367 Emporia town . . 1,027 Northside town . . 584 West Point town . 1 .307 Fairfax town . . . 373 North Tazewell town 320 Wiehle town . 51 Falls Church town . 1.007 Norton town . . . 654 Woodstock town . . 1 ,069 Farmville town . . 2,471 Occoquan town . . 297 Wytheville town . . 3,003 Fincastle town . . 652 Onancock town . . 938 Yorktown town . . 151 56 APPEXDIX C POPULATION OF VIRGINIA: NORFOLK AND RICHMOND, 1790-1900 \ irgiuia Norfolk Richmond 1900 1 1,854,184 46,624 85.050 1890 1,055,980 34.871 81,388 1880 1,512,565 21,966 63,600 1870 1,225,163 19.229 51,038 1860 1,219,630 2 1.596,318 14,U20 37,910 1850 1,119,348 1,421,661 14,326 27,570 1840 1,015,260 1,239,797 10.920 20,153 1830 1,034,481 1,211.405 9,814 16,060 1820 928.348 1,065,116 8,478 12.067 1810 869,131 974,600 3_ 9,736 1800 801,608 880.200 6,926 5.737 1790 691,737 747,610 3,761 1 Virginia: Counties now comprising the State. 2 Virginia before West Virginia was cut off, Dec. 31, lt>2. 3 Xot separately returned. APPEXDIX D 1 CROPS OF 1900 Acreage Production Value Yield per Acre Value per Acre Price per Bushel Acres Corn 1.761,485 Bushels 28,183,760 S13.810.042 Bushels 16 $7.84 SO. 49 Wheat 791.759 9.421,932 6.783,791 11.9 8.57 0.72 Oats 349,160 5.167,568 1,912,000 14.8 5.48 0.37 Rye 35,250 370,125 214.672 10.5 6.09 0.58 Buckwheat .... 4,524 58,812 32,347 13 7.15 0.55 Total for Cereals . 2.942,178 43.202,197 22,742,852 Cotton .... 35.302 Bales 8.007 8293,669 Bales .23 8.32 Pound 80.092 1 Hay 507,873 Tons 589.133 7.835,469 Tons 1.16 15.43 Ton 813.30 Potatoes . 38,341 Bushels 2,223,778 1.312.029 Bushels 58 34.22 Bushel 80.59 1 Xo statistics could be secured for the tobacco crop. 57 APPENDIX E CHANGES IN THE GOVERNMENT OF VIRGINIA The Constitutional Convention (1901-2) made several changes in the government of the State. The Constitution was proclaimed and went into effect July 10, 1902. The chief changes are as follows: 1. Instead of allowing every man over twenty-one years of age to vote, it is arranged that, after January 1, 1904, every one who registers as a voter shall write his own application blank and shall prepare his own ballot. He shall also have paid his poll tax before voting. All who register before January 1, 1904, will constitute a permanent set of voters, provided the poll tax requirements are met. Those who are entitled to register before January 1, 1904, are : (1) those who have served in time of war; (2) the sons of old soldiers; (3) those who pay $1.00 property tax ; (4) those who can read and explain the Constitution, or, if they can- not read, can explain a clause when read to them. Of course the person must be a male, twenty-one years old, and a resident for two years in the State. 2. All real estate in Virginia had been assessed forty cents on the hundred dollars for state taxes. This rate is reduced to thirty cents. 3. The Board of Education will be changed. It had been composed of the Governor, Attorney-General, and the Superintendent of Public Instruction. To these are added three experienced educators, elected by the Senate from a list of eligibles, one each to be furnished by the Boards of Visitors of the following six institutions : AVilliam and Mary College, State Female Normal School, the Virginia Polytechnic Institute, Virginia Military Institute, the Deaf, Dumb, and Blind Institute, and the Univer- sity of Virginia. The new Board adds to its number two superintendents of schools, one from a city and one from a county. The Superintendent of Public Instruction will no longer be elected by the Legislature but by the people for a period of four years. 4. The county courts will be abolished. There will be twenty -four circuits in the State, and these will do the work of the county courts as well as the work done by the present circuit courts. Court will be held in each county at least once in two months. 5. The members of the Senate, while they will be still elected for a 58 APPENDIX 59 term of four years, will be elected all at one time, and thus the plan of electing one-half every two years is abolished. 6. The method of electing several of the officials of the executive department is changed. The Secretary of the Commonwealth and the State Treasurer, instead of being elected by the Legislature, will be elected by the people. The Commissioner of Agriculture, who is now appointed by the Governor, will also be elected by the people. The office* of Railroad Commissioner is abolished and a board of three, called the "State Corpo- ration Commission," will be appointed by the Governor to decide differ- ences between individuals and corporations, to regulate the corporations, and to look into their business methods. 7. The Constitution prevents the State appropriation of money to sectarian institutions. 8. Provision is made whereby the Legislature may provide for trial of certain cases by juries of less than twelve men. 9. In county government there are several changes. Instead of two clerks of the court, as there have been in many counties, there is to be only one in each county, elected for eight instead of six years. The County Treasurer will be allowed to hold office for only two consecutive terms. Commissioners of revenue are to be elected or appointed, as the Legisla- ture may provide; but if elected, they can serve only one term. The May elections for county officers are abolished, and all county officers will be elected in November for four instead of two years. Other changes are made, but these are the chief ones. Of course the three divisions of the Executive, Legislative, and Judicial are kept quite distinct. The decidedly new features are those with reference to corpora- tions, and from, these the State expects to derive a good revenue. Tarr and McMunys Geographies A NEW SERIES OF GEOGRAPHIES IN TWO, THREE. OR FIVE VOLUMES By RALPH S. TARR, B.S., F.Q.S.A. CORNELL UNIVERSITY FRANK M. 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