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32
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Greek Ollendorff;
Being a Progressive Exhibition of the Principles of the Greek Grammar.
Designed for beginners in Greek, and as a Book of Exercises for Acad-
emies and Colleges. 12mo. $1.
"Among the many elementary books published for the use of schools, we have not
met with one that has pleased us as much as Professor Kendrick's Greek Ollendorff.
It seems exactly fitted for the purpose intended, viz., by instilling into the minds of the
young the more simple elementary principles of the language, thus to prepare them for
a more extensive and familiar acquaintance with the ancient Greek classics. Its sim-
plicity is perfectly delightful. The unfamiliar character of the letters, and the long
y even a very imperfect knowledge of the Gram-
from prosecuting the study of Greek, who, with
course of study required to give a boy even a very imperfect knowledge of the Gram-
mar, have deterred many a beginner from prosecuting the study of Greek, who, with
the attractive volume before us, would have taken hold of it at once, and mastered all
its difficulties. This is not only the best possible book to be put into the hands of boys,
but it seems to us, that any person more advanced in years, and wishing to acquire
eome knowledge of Greek, even without a teacher, may, by the aid of this volume, ac-
complish his object
"The sounds of the letters and diphthongs, and the use of the breathings and accents,
are so briefly, yet so familiarly explained, that, although the author recommends that this
portion of the work should be deferred by the younger pupils to a second, or a third pe-
rusal, yet such a recommendation seems to us to be hardly necessary.
"A knowledge of the Greek Grammar has generally been considered as an indispen-
eable qualification of the pupil before he begins to read Greek. The doing away with
the necessity of this at the beginning, is very encouraging to the learner, while at the
same time it gives the author an opportunity to introduce gradually, and almost imper-
ceptibly, sufficient grammar to illustrate the examples as they occur; and then, by re-
peating these examples with variations almost innumerable, the principle is indelibly
impressed upon the mind.
In the older Greek books intended for schools, the examples given have been faulty,
from their involving too many principles at the beginning. The mind of the pupil can-
not comprehend so many things at once ; he gets confused, and becomes, after a while,
discouraged. Whereas, in the Greek Ollendorff of Professor Kendrick, every principle
of the Grammar is introduced by degrees, and only when it is wanted for application.
It teaches rules by examples, rather than examples by rules.
" Another advantage of this volume over the older school books of the kind, is the
examples of double translation, introduced at the very beginning, and made a part cf
the regular daily exercise.
" The book is well printed in good type, and on go kl paper, for which the Appletoa*
deserve due credit
" We conclude by recommending this work to the favorable attention of teachers*
N. T. Recorder.
PROP. JAMES R. BOISE.
Exercises m Greek Prose Composition.
Adapted to the First Book of Xenophon's Anabasis. One volume
12mo. Price 75 cents.
*** For the convenience of the learner, an English-Greek Vocabulary, a Catalogue
of the Irregular Verbs, and an Index to the principal Grammatical Notes, have been
appended.
"A school-book of the highest order, containing a carefully arranged series of exer-
cises derived from the first book of Xenophon's Anabasis (which is appended entire),
an English and Greek Vocabulary, and a list of the principal modifications of irregular
verbs. We regard it as one peculiar excellence of this book, that it presupposes
both the diligent scholar and the painstaking teacher; in other hands it would be
not only useless, but unusable. We like it also, because, instead of aiming to give the
pupil practice in a variety of styles, it places before him but a single model of Greek
composition, and that the very author who combines in the greatest degree purity of lan-
guage and idiom, with a simplicity that both invites and rewards imitation.''---^ riiWcMt
Register,
33
GRAMMAR
OF
THE GREEK LANGUAGE,
FOR THE USE OF
HIGH SCHOOLS AND COLLEGES,
DR, RAPHAELTKUHNER,
CONRECTOR OF THE LYCEUM, HANOYER.
TRANSLATED FROM THE GERMAN
BY
B. B. EDWARDS,
LATE PROFESSOR IN THE THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY, AND
S. H. TAYLOR,
PKINCIPAL OF PHILLIPS ACADEMY, ANDOVEH.
NEW YORK:
D. APPLETON AND COMPANY.
1653.
Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1852, by
D. APPLETON & Co.,
In the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States
for the Southern District of New York.
ANDOVER: JOHN D. FLAGG,
SIEREOTYPER AND PRINTER.
74?
PREFACE.
RAPHAEL KUHNER, the author of the following Grammar,
was born at Gotha, in 1802. From 1812 to 1821, he
studied at the celebrated gymnasium in his native city.
Among his classical teachers were Doring, Host and Wiiste-
mann. From 1821 to 1824, he enjoyed, at the University
of Gottingen, the instructions of Mitscherlich, Dissen and
Ottfried Miiller. While there, he prepared an essay on
the philosophical writings of Cicero, which received a
prize. Since 1824, he has been a teacher in the Lyceum
at Hanover. The principal works from the pen of Dr.
Kiihner are the following :
1. Versuch einer neuen Anordnung der griechischen Syntax,
mit Beispielen begleitet. 1829. " Attempt towards a
new Arrangement of the Greek Syntax," etc.
2. M. Tull. Ciceronis Tusculan. Disputationum libri. 1829 ;
ed. altera 1835 ; ed. tertia 1846.
3. Sammtliche Anomalien des griechischen Verbs in Attisch.
Dialecte, 1831. " Anomalies of the Greek Verb, etc.
4. Ausfiihrliche Grammatik der griechischen Sprache, in 2
Theilen, 1834, 1835. " Copious Grammar of the Greek
Language, in two Parts." The second Part of this
grammar, containing the Syntax, translated by W. E.
Jelf, of the University of Oxford, was published in
1842; the first Part in 1845. A second edition of
Jelf s translation of this work was published in 1851.
This work is, however, only in part a translation, Mr.
A*
VI PREFACE.
Jelf being the author of the remarks on the Cases, the
particle av, the compound verbs, etc.
5. Schulgrammatik der griechischen Sprache, 1836 ; zweite
durchaus verbesserte u. vermehrte Auflage, 1843;
dritte verbesserte und vermehrte Auflage 1851.
" School Grammar of the Greek Language, third
edition, improved and enlarged." The present vol-
ume is a translation of this Grammar, from the
sheets, furnished for this purpose by the author.
6. Elementargrammatik der griechischen Sprache, neunte
Auflage 1850. " Elementary Grammar of the Greek
Language, containing a series of Greek and Eng-
lish exercises for translation with the requisite vocab-
ularies." This Grammar, translated by Mr. S. H.
Taylor, one of the translators of the present volume,
has passed through eleven editions in this country.
7. Xenophontis de Socrate Commentarii, 1841.
8. Elementargrammatik der lateinischen Sprache, siebent
Auflage, 1850. " Elementary Grammar of the Latin
Language with Exercises." This Grammar, trans-
lated by Prof. Champlin, of Waterville College, has
passed through several editions in this country.
9. Lateinische Vorschule nebst eingereihten lateinischen
und deutschen Ubersetzungsaufgaben, vierte Auflage,
1849.
10. Schulgrammatik der lateinischen Sprache, dritte sehr
verbesserte Auflage, 1850. " School Grammar of
the Latin Language, third edition, greatly improved."
Dr. Kiihner has also published in the Bibliotheca Graeca
the first part of his edition of Xenophon's Anabasis.
From the above statements, it will be seen that Dr.
Kiihner has enjoyed the most favorable opportunities for
preparing the work, a translation of which is now pre-
sented to the public. The names of his early instructors
are among the most honored in classical philology. For
PREFACE. Vll
nearly thirty years, he has been a teacher in one of the
principal German gymnasia, and has thus had ample facili-
ties for testing in practice the principles which he has
adopted in his Grammars. At the same time, he has pur-
sued the study of the classical authors with the greatest
diligence, in connection with the productions which his
learned countrymen are constantly publishing on the differ-
ent parts of Latin and Greek grammar. Of course, his
wofks might be expected to combine the advantages of
sound, scientific principles with a skilful adaptation to prac-
tical use. The " School Grammar of the Greek Lan-
guage," being his latest publication, contains the results of
his most mature studies. Its chief excellences, it may be
well, perhaps, briefly to indicate.
First, The grammar is based on a profound and accurate
knowledge of the genius and principles of the Greek lan-
guage. The author adopts substantially the views which
are maintained by Becker, Grimm, Hupfeld and others, and
which are fully unfolded in the German grammars of
Becker. According to these views, the forms and changes
of language are the result of established laws, and not of
accident or arbitrary arrangement. Consequently, language
may be subjected to scientific analysis and classification.
The multitude of details may be embraced under a few
comprehensive principles, and the whole may have some-
what of the completeness and spirit of a living, organic
system. Dr. Kiihner's grammar is not a collection of de-
tached observations, or of rules which have no connection,
except a numerical one. It is a natural classification of
the essential elements of the language, an orderly exhibi-
tion of its real phenomena. It is, at the same time, a truly
practical grammar, fitted for its object, not by a theorist in
his closet, but by an experienced instructor in his school.
Second, The author has adopted a clear and satisfactory
arrangement of his materials. This can be seen by an
Vlll PREFACE.
examination of the table of contents. To those, indeed,
who are familiar only with the common distribution of
subjects in our Greek grammars, the arrangement of Dr.
Kiihner may appear somewhat obscure and complicated.
A slight acquaintance, however, with the plan on which
the Syntax, for example, is constructed, will show that he
has followed the true and logical method. Abundant
proofs of the justness of this remark may be seen in the
exhibition of compound sentences. The particles *are
treated, not as isolated, independent words, but as a com-
ponent and indissoluble part of discourse.
Third, Fulness and pertinence of illustration. The cor-
rectness of every principle advanced, especially in the Syn-
tax, is vouched for by copious citations from the classics.
If, in any case, a principle is stated in an abstract form, or
if a degree of obscurity rests upon the enunciation of it,
its meaning may be readily discovered by reference to the
illustration. The paradigms contain much more complete
exemplifications of conjugation and declension than are to
be found in the grammars in common use in this coun-
try. In this connection, it may be stated, that Dr. Kiihner
has chosen a pure verb as the model of regular inflection.
He can thus exhibit the stem unchanged, throughout the
entire conjugation.
Fourth, The perfect analysis to which the forms of the
language, especially of the verb, is subjected, may be men-
tioned as another excellence of the grammar. In learning
a paradigm, in the manner which the author points out, the
pupil first resolves the verb into its -elements, and then
rearranges these elementary parts into a complete form.
In this method, and in no other, can he attain a mastery
of this most difficult portion of the subject.
Fifth, Every part of the grammar is equally elaborated.
The closing pages exhibit the same fulness and conscien-
tious accuracy, which characterize the forms, or the first
PREFACE. IX
portions of the Syntax. No part can be justly charged
with deficiency or with superfluous statement. The view
of the Third Declension, the scientific list of Irregular
Verbs, the Dialectic peculiarities, the observations on the
Use and Position of the Article, on the Middle and Passive
Verbs, on the delicate shades of thought indicated by the
Modes and Tenses, and on the difference between the use
of the Participle and Infinitive, may be referred to as spe-
cimens of careful observation and nice analysis.
The Appendix on Versification has been supplied by the
translators, the grammar of Kiihner containing nothing on
that subject. The materials were drawn from a variety of
sources. A more full view is less necessary, as the excel-
lent work of Munk on Greek and Roman Metres, trans-
lated by Profs. Bepk and Felton, is now accessible.
Much pains have- been taken in verifying the almost in-
numerable references to classical authors. The very few
exceptions are those cases where the author made use of
an edition of a classic not accessible to the translators. In
this verification, the following editions of prose authors
were used : Kiihner's edition of the Memorabilia ; Weiske's
and Tauchnitz's editions of the other works of Xenophon ;
Schafer's and Tauchnitz's editions of Herodotus ; Becker's
and Tauchnitz's editions of Thucydides ; Dobson's edition
of the Oratores Attici ; and Stallbaum's Plato. There are
slight variations in numbering the lines of poetry in differ-
ent editions, particularly in the tragedians.
The present edition has been prepared from the third
German edition, in which the author had made many im-
portant improvements, particularly in the Syntax, having
availed himself of the corrections or remarks of his learned
friends and his reviewers. This the translators have en-
deavored to put into such a form as would best meet the
wants of American scholars. They have not aimed merely
X PREFACE.
at a translation ; it has been their object to state in as clear
and concise a manner as possible the principles contained
in the original, without reference to the particular form in
which the statements were there made. The translators
have also added principles and illustrations of their own,
where it seemed desirable.
The numbering of the paragraphs has not been changed
in the present edition, and most of the subdivisions and
Remarks are the same as in the former edition. The
changes in this respect have been so few, that it has not
been thought necessary to indicate them.
The labor of preparing the first edition of this work was
shared equally by the translators ; so, also, in the second
edition as far as the 210th page. At this point in the
progress of the work, the state of Professor Edwards's
health made it necessary for him to relinquish his labors in
connection with it, for the purpose of seeking a milder
climate. After a few months' residence in one of the South-
ern States, he was called away from his labors on earth,
deeply lamented by his associate, and the large circle of
friends to whom his character presented so many attractive
qualities. His loss will be extensively felt also in the cause
of Biblical and Classical literature, for which none cher-
ished a deeper interest, and for the promotion of which he
contributed with great zeal and success the rich stores of
his elegant and varied learning.
The proofs of the Grammar have been read by Mr. P.
S. Byers, an associate Instructor in Phillips Academy, to
whom special acknowledgments are due for these services,
as well as for many valuable suggestions.
ANDOVER, JULY 15, 1852.
TABLE OF CONTENTS,
ETYMOLOGY.
SECTION L SOUNDS OF THE LANGUAGE.
CHAPTER I. LETTERS AND SOUNDS OF THE LANGUAGE.
ALPHABET 1
Sounds of the Letters 2
History of the Alphabet 2b
Organs of Speech 3
Vowels 4
Consonants 5
Breathings 6
Changes of Letters 7
Changes of the Vowels 8 16
Hiatus 8
Contraction of Vowels 9
Crasis 10,11
Synizesis 12
Elision.. 13, 14
N Paragogic (^f\KvtrTiK6f) ;
OIJTU(S) ; ^| and e'/c ; ou and OVK 15
Strengthening and Weakening
of Vowels 16
Prolongation, Shortening. In-
terchange and Variation, ... 16
Influence of a Vowel or Con-
sonant on another vowel. ... 16
Syncope, Omission of a Vowel 16
Euphonic Prothesis 16
Changes of the Consonants. . . 17 25
Mutes 17
Liquids 18
Mutes and Liquids, Liquids and
Mutes 19
Sibilant with Stem of the Pres.
strengthened 157
I. Verbs with v inserted 158
II. Verbs with the syllable ve 159
III. Verbs with o.v or aiv 160
IV. Verbs in -ovccw, -if . . . 181
II. Verbs in -pi which annex vvu
or vv to the Stem- vowel . . 182
Formation of the Tenses 182
Summary of this class of Verbs 183
188
A. Verbs whose Stem ends in a
Vowel 183186
(n)in-o 183
(b) in -e 184
(c)in-t 185
(d) in-o 186
B. Verbs whose Stem ends in a
Consonant 187,188
(a) in a Mute 187
(b) in a Liquid 188
Inflection of Kc?/j.ai and rjiuu 189, 190
Verbs in -i or $iv 210
First Declension 211
Second Declension 212
Third Declension 213
Anomalous and Defective
Words. Metaplasts 214
XIV
CONTENTS.
The Adjective 215
Comparison 216
Pronouns 217
Numerals 218
The Verb 219-230
Augment and Reduplication . . 219
Personal-endings and Mode-
vowels 220
Epic and Ionic Iterative Form 221
Contraction and Resolution in
Verbs . , . 222
Formation of the Tenses ... 223
Conjugation in -/j.t 224
Ei>i and E?/xt 225, 226
Verbs in -o with a Sec. Aor. an-
alogous to Verbs in -/it .... 227
Verbs in -ta with a Perf. and
Plup. Act. like Verbs in -pi 228
Verbs in -w with a Pres. and
Impf. Act. like Verbs in -fu 229
List of Dialectic Verbs . . 230
SECT. Ill FORMATION OF WORDS.
Radical Words, Stems,Derivatives 231
A. Derivation 232-235
I. Verbs 232
II. Substantives . . 233
III. Adjectives 234
IV. Adverbs 235
B. Compounds 236
Formation of Compounds 237
SYNTAX.
SECT. I SYNTAX OF THE SIMPLE SENTENCE.
CHAPT. I. PARTS OF A SIMPLE SENTENCE.
Nature of a Sentence. Subject
and Predicate 238
Comparison. Attribute and Ob-
ject 239
Agreement 240
Exceptions to the general rules of
Agreement 241
Agreement when there are several
Subjects 242
Remarks on Peculiarities in use of
Number . 243
The Article 244
Position of the Article 245
Use of the Article with Pronouns
and Numerals 246
The Article as a Demon, and
Rel. Pronoun 247
! Classes of Verbs 248
A. Active form 249
B. Middle 250
C. Passive 251
Remarks on Deponents 252
Tenses and Modes 253
A. Particular View of the Tenses 254
(a) Principal tenses: Pres.,
Perf., Fut 255
(b) Hist. Tenses : Aor., Impf.,
Plup 256
Tenses of the Subord. Modes 257
B. Particular View of the Modes 258
Use of the Subj.,0pt.and Imp. 259
The Modes with &v ...... 260
Position and Repetition of &v 251
CHAPT. II. ATTRIBUTIVE CONSTRUCTION.
Ellipsis of the Substantive .
(a) Attributive Adjective .
263
264
b) Attributive Genitive
c) Apposition
265
266
CHAPT. HI. OBJECTIVE CONSTRUCTION.
I. The Cases 268
Nominative and Vocative . . . 269
(1) Genitive 270
A. Local Relation 271
B. Causal Relation 272
(a) Active Genitive 273
(b) Causal Genitive 274
(c) Gen. denoting mutual re-
lations 275
(2) Accusative 276
A. Local Relation 277
B. Causal Relation 278
(a) Ace. denoting effect . . . 278
(b) Acc.of the Object on which
the action is performed . 279
CONTENTS.
XV
Two Accusatives 280
Remarks on the Ace. with the
l';i>-sive 281
(3) Dative 282
A. Local Dative 283
B. Dative as a personal Object 284
C. Dative of the thing 285
. Construction of Prepositions . 286
(1) Prepositions with the Gen.
only 287, 288
(2) With the Dative only .... 289
(3) With the Accusative only . 290
(4) With the Gen. and Ace. 291-294
(5) With the Gen., Dat. and
Ace 295-299
Remarks on peculiarities of the
Prepositions 300
CHAPT. IV. THE PRONOUN AS SUBJECT, PREDICATE, ATTRIBUTE
OBJECT.
I. Personal Pronouns 302 I Prospective and Retrospective
II. Remaining Pronouns 303 | Use of the Pronoun 304
CHAPT. V. THE INFINITIVE AND PARTICIPLE USED AS AN ATTRIBUTE
AND OBJECT.
A. The Infinitive 305
(I) Inf. as an Object without
the Article 306
Nom., Gen., Dat. and Ace.
with the Inf. 307
(II) Inf. with the Article .... 308
B. The Participle 309
(I) The Part, as the Comple-
ment of the Verb . .310
Remarks on the Inter-
change of the Part, and
the Inf. 311
(II) Part, used to express Ad-
verbial Subordinate Re-
lations 312
Special Peculiarities in the
Participial Construction 313
CHAPT. VI. THE ADVERBIAL OBJECTIVE.
A. A^, Sfjra, tiHjj', STj&ei', S-fiTrov&ev,
Sat 315
B. Confirmative Adverbs 316
C. Emphatic Suffixes, y, irep, roi 317
D. Negative Particles 318
SECT. II. SYNTAX OF THE COMPOUND SENTENCE.
CHAPT. VII. A. COORDINATION.
Different Forms of Coordinate
Sentences 320
I. Copulative Coordinate Sen-
tences 321
II. Adversative Coordinate Sen-
tences . . . 322
HI. Disjunctive Coordinate Sen-
tences 323
IV. Causal Coordinate Sen-
tences 324
Remarks on Asyndeton 325
CHAPT. Vni. B. SUBORDINATION.
Principal and Subordinate Sen-
tences 326
Sequence of Subjunctive Tenses
in Subordinate Sentences 327
Use of Modes in Subordinate
Clauses 327b
I. Substantive Clauses 328
A. Introduced by Sri or o>y, that 329
B. Introduced by 5W, so that, etc. 330
II. Adjective Clauses 331
Agreement of the Rel. Pron. . . 332
Modes in Adjective Clauses . . 333
Connection of several Adjective
Clauses 334
Interchange of the Subordinate
Clause with the Adj. Clause 334
III. Adverbial Clauses 335
A. Adverbial Clauses of Place 336
B. Adverbial Clauses of Time 337
C. Causal Adv. Clauses . 338-340
XVI
CONTENTS.
I. Denoting Ground or
Cause 338
II. Denoting Condition 339, 340
III. Denoting Consequence
or Effect 341
D. Adverbial Clauses denoting
Manner and Quantity 342, 343
I. Comparative Adv.Clauses
denoting Manner 342
II. Comparative Adv.Clauses
denoting Quantity 343
CHAPT. IX. INTERROGATIVE SENTENCES.
I. Interrogatives 344
II. Oblique Discourse 345
. Special Peculiarities in the
Construction of Words and Sen-
tences 346, 347
Ellipsis, Brachylogy, Zeugma,
Contraction, Pleonasm 346
Anacoluthon . . . 347
CHAPT. X. POSITION OF WORDS 348
Appendix A. Versification Page 574
Appendix B. Abbreviations
in writing 587
Index of Subjects Page 589
Greek Index 602
Index for the Forms of Verbs 614
ABBREVIATIONS.
Aesch. Aeschylus, Ag. Agamemnon, S. Septem adv. Th. Ar. Aristophanes.
Dem. Demosthenes, Ol. Olynth., Ph. Philipp., Cor. Corona, Chers. Chersones., Aph.
Aphobus. Eur. Euripides, M. Medea. C. Cyclops, H. Hecuba, O. Orestes. H. F.
Hercules Furevs, Hipp. Hippolytus. Her. Herodotus. Isae. Isaeus. Lys. Ly-
sias, pi. Plato. Cr. Crito, L. Leges, Th. Theages, Men. Meno, Soph. Sophista,
Crat. Cratylus, Prot. Protagoras, Phil. Philebus, Rp. Respublica. Soph. Sopho-
cles, O. C. Oedipus Coloneus, O. R. Oedipus Rex, Ant. Antigone, Ph. Philoctetes,
Aj. Ajax, El. Electra. X. Xenopkon, C. Commentarii, An. Anabasis, H. Hellen-
ica, S. Symposium, R. Ath. Respublica Atheniens ., R. L. Respubl. Lacedaem., O.
Oeconomicus, Ag. Agesilaus, R. Equ. R. Equestris.
'unril
GREEK GRAMMAR
DIALECTS OF THE GREEK LANGUAGE.
1. THE Greek language was divided into many different
dialects, the most highly cultivated of which were the
^Eolic, Doric, Ionic, and Attic. The ^3Eolic prevailed in
Boeotia, Thessaly, and in the ^Eolian colonies in Asia
Minor; the Doric, throughout the Peloponnesus, and in the
Dorian colonies in Asia Minor, Italy, and Sicily ; the
Ionic, in the Ionian colonies in Asia Minor ; the Attic, in
Attica.
2. The ^Eolic and Doric dialects are characterized by
harshness and roughness, being the opposite of the Ionic,
which is distinguished for delicacy and softness. The
Attic dialect holds a beautiful medium between the two
former and the Ionic, as it skilfully combines the soft and
pleasant forms of the Ionic with the strong and full-toned
forms of the Doric.
3. The Ionic dialect is divided into the Older and the
Later Ionic. The older Ionic is the language of Homer
and of his school, although these poets were not satisfied
with their own dialect merely, but were able, in accordance
with the true principles of art, to select, from all the
dialects, those forms which corresponded to the nature of
their poetry; and to employ since the regular laws of
versification had much influence in forming the language
2
14 GREEK DIALECTS.
a peculiar and definite poetic language, called the Epic,
or Homeric. This had a great effect on the language of
all the Greek poets even to the latest times. We find the
later Ionic in the works of the historian Herodotus, born
484 B. c., and of Hippocrates, b. 460 B. c.
4. The Attic dialect is divided, in accordance with cer-
tain peculiarities, into the Older, the Middle, and the Later
Attic. The older is used by Thucydides, b. 472 B. c. ; the
tragic poets ; JBschylus, who died 456 B. c. ; Sophocles,
b. 497 B. c., d. 405 B. c. ; Euripides, b. 480 B. c. ; and the
more ancient comic writers, e. g. Aristophanes, d. 390 B. c. ;
by several orators, e. g. Antiphon, b. 479 B. c., and An-
docides, b. 467 B. c. The middle Attic is used by Plato,
b. 430 B. c. ; Xenophon, b. 447 B. c. ; and the orator Iso-
crates, b. B. c. 436. The later Attic is employed by De-
mosthenes, b. 385 B. c., and other orators, the later comic
writers, and the prose authors in more recent times, who
sought to preserve in their works the language of the earlier
writers.
5. After the freedom of the Greeks had been destroyed
by Philip, king of Macedon, tlie Attic dialect came to be
the common written language. As it extended, not only
over all Greece, but also over the Macedonian provinces of
Syria and Egypt, it lost much of its peculiar stamp by the
introduction of foreign forms and words, and it then
received the name of the Common, or Hellenic language,
rj /cowrj, or ' EX\.7jmK7) 8taXe/cro?. It was used, e. g. by Apol-
lodorus, Diodorus, and Plutarch.
ETYMOLOGY,
SECTION I.
CHAPTER I.
Letters and Sounds of the Language.
$ 1. Alphabet.
The Greek Alphabet consists of twenty-four letters.
FORM,
SOUND.
NAME.
A
a
a
"A\a
Alpha
B
ft
b
BTJTO,
Beta
r
V
g
FdfjLfia
Gamma
A
s
d
Ae\ra
Delta
E
e short
*E-\lrl\(.
\v Epsllon
Z
r
z
Zfjra
Zeta
~H
V
elong
^Hra
Eta
e
^ 6
th
\yY\TGL
Theta
i
i
i
'JTwTCt
Iota
K
K
k
KaTTTTQ,
Kappa
A
\
1
AdfjL@Sa
Lambda
M
V*
m
Mv
Mu
N
V
n
Nv
Nu
E
t
X
Si
Xi
o short
*O fjil/cpo
v Omikron
n
7T
P
ni
Pi
p
P
r
( Pa)
Rho
s
ff9
s
SfyfJUl
Sigma
T
T
t
Tav
Tau
T
V
u
; Upsllon
$
<
ph
$1
Phi
X
X
ch
XI
Chi
;jr
ps
TJTi
Psi
fl
o>
oiong
'/2/^eya
Omega.
16 SOUNDS OF PARTICULAR LETTERS. [$ 2.
REMARK 1. Sigma at the end of a word takes the form s, e. g. treto-^s, in
most editions of the classics. This small s is also used in the middle of com-
pound words, if the first part of the compound ends with Sigma, though such
a usage is contrary to the authority of the manuscripts, e. g. Trpos^epw or
TTpcxrcpepw, 8vsyeirf)s or Sutryfisfis.
REM. 2. When e - g- 7^7y-
c has the sound of short e in met, when it is followed by a consonant in the
same syllable, e. g. fj.fy-as, ^r-a. ; the sound of long e in me, when it ends a
word or a syllable, or when it forms a syllable by itself, e. g. 76, &e-o>, jSatnA-
e-wy.
t\ has the sound of e in me, e. g. ^01/77.
& has the sound of th in thick, e. g. bd.va.Tos.
i has the sound of i in wane, when it ends a word or syllable, or forms a
syllable by itself, e. g. l\irl-ffi, on, ireS-i-ov ; the sound of i in pin, when it is
followed by a consonant in the same syllable, e. g. irpiv, Kiu-Swos.
K always has the hard sound of k, and was expressed in Latin by c, e. g.
KiAtKia, Ci I Ida ; Kticpoty, Cecrops ; KtKepcav, Cicero.
|, at the beginning of a word or syllable, has the sound of z, e. g. feVos ; else-
where, the sound of x, e. g. 8iavca, 7rp5|is, j/o|.
o has the sound of short o in not, when it is followed by a consonant in the
same syllable, e. g. \6y-os, nv-pos ; the sound of long o in go, when it ends a
word or syllable, or forms a syllable by itself, e. g. r6, inr6, &o-6s, To|-o'-Trjy.
ff has the sharp sound of s in son ; except it stands before p., in the middle
of a word, or at the end of a word after 77 or a, where it has the sound of 2,
e. g. wpa.
X has the hard sound of ch in chasm, e. g. TO.XVS.
w has the sound of long o in note, e. g. &yu.
2b. Brief history of the Alphabet.
1. The Greeks derived most of their alphabet from the Phoenicians. Ac-
cording to the common tradition, letters were brought into Greece by Cadmus,
a Phoenician. The Phoenician alphabet, being nearly the same as the Hebrew,
consisted of 22 letters, the names of which are, Aleph, Beth, Gimel, Daleth,
He, Vau, Zain, Heth, Teth, Jod, Kaph, Lamed, Mim, Nun, Samech, Oin, Pe,
Tsade, Koph, Rcsch. Schin, Thau. Vau, the 6th letter of the Phoenician
alphabet, was rejected by the Greeks as an alphabetic character, and used only
as the numeral sijin for G. Koph (Greek Koppa), the 19th letter of the Phoe-
nician alphabet, was also rejected, because its sound so nearly resembled that
of Kaph (Greek Kappa), and was used as the numeral sign for 100. Zain
and Tsade were modifications of the same sound ; Tsade, like the Greek Zeta,
2*
18 ORGANS OF SPEECH. [$ 3.
represents the sound of both, and takes the place of Zain, becoming the 6th
letter of the Greek alphabet, while Zain (Greek San, Sampi), was rejected as an
alphabetic character, and used as a numerical sign for 900. Thus 1 9 letters of
the Phoenician alphabet were adopted by the Greeks, as alphabetic characters.
These are the first 19 letters of the present alphabet. To these the Greeks
themselves added the five last letters of the alphabet, viz., u, , x> ^> This
seems to he the most rational view of the formation of the Greek alphabet,
though somewhat different from the common legendary account, which repre-
sents Cadmus as bringing only 16 letters into Greece, viz., o, , 7, 5, e, t, K, A.,
fl, V, 0, 7T, p, ff, T, U.
2. The alphabet was not brought at once into its present complete form.
The old Attic alphabet contained but 21 letters. H was considered merely as
a breathing, and the place of t\ and o> was supplied by e and o, and that of ^
and | by *5 and X2, e. g. AI0EP (aifrfip), EX0PON (ixfrp&v), *2YXAI (i^xd),
X2TN (l^). The alphabet is said to have been completed in the time of the
Persian war, by Simonides, who added E, , and n, and changed the breathing
H, to the long vowel TJ. The lonians first adopted the present full alphabet
of 24 letters, and by them it was communicated to the Athenians. This full
alphabet was first used in Attic inscriptions in the archonship of Euclides,
B.C. 403, before this period only the old Attic alphabet is found in Attic
inscriptions.
3. The early Greeks used the capital letters exclusively, and left no spaces
between the words, e. g. METAAETOTTONEinEXEIPl2O*O2, i. e. ,ueTo Se rov-
rov eiTre XfiptffoQos. The cursive, or small character, was not introduced till
very late. A document has been found in Egypt written in the cursive char-
acter, 104 B. c. But cursive writing was not in general use till long after that
time. . It is first found in manuscripts in the eighth century.
4. The early Greeks commonly wrote in the Oriental manner, i. e. from
right to left, as may be seen in several inscriptions. Other inscriptions, how-
ever, of equal antiquity, are written from left to right, proving that both modes
were in use. A third method was from left to right and right to left alternate-
ly. This was called ^owrpo^TjSJi/, because it resembled the turning about of
oxen in ploughing. Solon's laws were written in this way. But in the time of
Herodotus, the Greeks wrote only from left to right.
$3. Organs of Sp eech.
1. The organs of speech, used in forming or articulating
words, are the palate, the throat, the tongue, and the lips.
2. The sounds which are emitted almost without any action
of the throat, tongue, and lips, and which proceed in the freest
manner from the breast, are called Vowels ; the rest, Conso-
nants.
$ 4.] VOWELS.
$ 4. Vowels .
1. The Greek has seven vowels, a, i, v, which may be
long or short, e and o, which are always short, rj and o>
which are always long. The character (") over one of the
vowels a, i, v, shows that the vowel is short ; (") that it is
long ; (~) that it may be either long or short, e. g. a, d, a.
REMARK 1. a, i, and v arc called the principal vowels, because they denote
the principal sounds ; the other vowels are called subordinate, because their
sounds are the intermediates of the principal sounds. Thus, the sound of is
intermediate between a and t, the sound of o is intermediate between a and v ;
ij is produced by lengthening or o, , with the vowels i and v, thus : .
o -f- t = aiy pronounced like at in aisle, e. g. ctf,
a -f- v = av, " au in laud, " vavs,
-j- t = t, " ei in sleight, " $u/6s,
[ f " " eu in feudal, " TrA.ev(ra, 7jS{ov,
n ~T~ v n v y j
o -}- t = 01, " oi in oil, " Koiv6s,
o -\- v = ov, " ou in sound, " ovpav6s,
v -f- i = vi, " whi in whine, " vi6s,
w-j-w = a>; > (only Ionic,) " " ou in sownrf, " uvr6s t - also the im-
proper diphthongs, a, T^, ry.
REM. 2. The pronunciation of the diphthongs (f, ??, is the same as that of
the simple vowels o, 77, o>, though the ancient Greeks probably gave the i a
slight sound after the other vowel.
REM. 3. With capital letters, the Iota subscript of 9, p, o>, is placed in a
line with the vowels, but is not pronounced, e. g. Tfil KAAni=T( KO\V, ry
"AiSp, but ^5?;.
20 VOWELS. [$ 4.
EEM. 4. The Iota subscript, which in the most flourishing period of the
Greek language was always pronounced, at length became a silent letter, and
was either omitted in writing, or was written under the vowel to which it
belonged. It was first written under the vowel in the thirteenth century.
EEM. 5. The following examples w r ill show how the Romans sounded the
diphthongs : at is expressed by the diphthong ae, ei by I and e, 01 by oe, ov by u ;
v was generally expressed by y, e. g.
s, Phaedrus ; Evpos, Eurus ; 0/jS/ces, Thraces ;
s, Glaucus ; Boturia, Boeotia ; 0prj(r$6s, tragoedus ;
AvKeuM/, Lyceum ; El\ei&vta, Ilithyia ; Kupos, Cyrus.
In words adopted later, the Eomans expressed by o, as 84j, ode.
EEM. 6. When two vowels, which would regularly form a diphthong, are to
be pronounced separately, it is indicated by two points, called Diaeresis, placed
over the second vowel (, v), e. g. ouSJi', for atSo?, ois, &VTTVOS. If the acute
accent is on the i or v, it is placed between the points ; if the circumflex, over
them, as aiSrjs, /cAefSt, irpavs.
EEM. 7. The pronunciation given under 2a, as well as that given to the
diphthongs above, is the one more generally adopted in New England. The
original pronunciation of the Greek is lost. It is, therefore, the common cus-
tom for scholars (in each country) to pronounce it according to the analogy of
their own language. This is the method proposed by Erasmus in the sixteenth
century, and is generally adopted in Europe at the present day. The pronun-
ciation defended by Eeuchlin ! in the same century, corresponds nearly with
the modern Greek.
1 For the benefit of those who may wish to compare the two modes, the fol-
lowing explanation of the Eeuchlinian is extracted from the Greek Grammar
of Sophocles: " A is pronounced like a in father, far. , 7, 5, like b, g hard,
d; in later times, like Eomaic #, 7, 8. Before AC, 7, x> l 7 had the sound of
ng in hang. , like Eomaic e, or Italian e. like z, but stronger. 77, like French
e, as in ftte. &, like ih in thin, ether, saith. t, like i in machine. K, like k.
A, /i, like I, m, respectively, v, like n. At the end of a word it was often pro-
nounced and written as if it were a part of the next word. {, in the Attic
dialect, like s ; in the other dialects, like KS. In later times, the sound KS pre-
vailed, o, like Eomaic o, or Italian o. ir, like p. p, like r. At the begin-
ning of a word it was rolled; when it was doubled, only the second one was
rolled. It was rolled, also, after &, <, % ff -> ^ e s i n so fti P ast - Before ju, it
was, in later times, sounded like and even changed into C i n writing ; as
Z/iupra, for ~2.fj.vpva, in an inscription. T, like t in tell, strong, u, like French u.
$, like/} but stronger. %, like Eomaic x> German ch, or Spanish^' (x). fy, in
the Attic dialect, like Xc\l/, pv&-a)
Kopvb ic6pvs n6pvv (poet. K6pvSt-a)
Xaptr x&P 1 * X"P l v (poet. X dpir-a).
In prose there are but few exceptions, e. g. rfpy&a, X. H. 3. 1, 15, and else-
where (instead of Tcpyiv) from ?j Tcpyis, xapn-o (instead of x-P tv )^ *b. 3. 5, 16;
in constant use rptiroSa, tripod. (X. An. 7. 3, 27, rair/5a is to be read instead
of TcfTrjSo.) The goddess x*P 15 nas x*P tra * ne Ace.; still, in Luc. Deor. d.
15, 1 and 2,
REMARK 1. Oxy tones of one or more syllables have only the regular form
in -a, e. g. (iroS) irovs, Ace. iro5-a; (e'toriS) f\irls, Ace. ^Airt8-a; (x^a(j.vS) x^ a ~
fivs, Ace. x^-o^^S-o. The monosyllable K\tis, Gen. K\iS-6s, contrary to the
rule, usually has the Ace. /cAcH/, instead of /cAcXS-o.
4. The Voc. is like the stem, e. g. Satfuav, Gen. &u//,oi/-o5, Voc.
Balfiov. Still, euphony does not always allow the stem-form to
appear. Hence the following points should be noted :
(1) The Voc. is like the stem in the following cases :
(a) When the final vowels of the stem, e and o, in the Nom.
are lengthened into rj and w, the short stem-vowel reappears in
the Voc., e. g.
Gen. Salfiov-os Voc. Saifiov
yepovr-os ytpov (instead of ytpovr)
~2,wKpa.Tf-os (instead of , which, in the Voc., take
again the short stem- vowel e, but with the accent drawn back, thus : TrdYep,
&/ep, Saep. According to this analogy, even 'Hpa/cA( 617)77* (stem 'Hpa/cAees) is
shortened in the Voc. by the later writers, into "H/ro^Aes.
(b) Adjectives in -as, Gen. -aVos, and also adjectives (not
participles, see Rem. 5), whose stems end in -vr y have in the
Voc. a form like the neuter (or the stem) ; Tras and its com-
pounds are exceptions, e. g.
Gen. air-os Neut. and Voc. /ie'Aai/
fin-os x a p' iev (instead of xapievr, 52, 3).
So substantives in -as, Gen. -avros, have the Voc. in -oV (instead
of -air), 52, 3, e. g.
ytyas Gen. avr-os Voc. yiyav (instead of ytyavr)
KoAx" s avr-os Kd\x atf
Aids avr-os Atav.
REM. 2. Some substantives of this class, with the T reject also the v, but as
a compensation lengthen the short a, e. g. "Ar Ads, Gen. -wr-os, Voc. "ArAet,
rioAuSa/ids, Voc. IIoAuSci^d.
(c) Substantives in -is, -vs, -avs, -evs, and -ovs, whose stems
end in -t, -v, -av, -eu, and -ov, have the Voc. like the stem, the
s of the Nom. being rejected, e. g.
fj.dvris Voc. (j.dvTi ; irpeV^us Voc. Trpefffiv ; /uOs Voc. /iS ; (rus Voc. (ri5; A/y Voc.
At; 7paOs Voc. ypav ; fiaffitevs Voc. /8a(7tAeG ; )3oOs Voc. )8oO.
The word TraTs, Gen. TTO opvis, icopvs, irofc. Still, some substantives in
-is, Gen. -tvos, have the Voc. like the stem, e. g. 3 SeA^/v (also SeA^fc), from
8eAt'a Gen. -Ivos.
(d) The Voc. is like the stem in all words, which in the
Nom have their stem pure, e. g. #r?p, atw, etc.; but 'A-TroXXwv
(Gen. -a>vos), IlocmSon/ (-Svos) and o-w-nfc (-%>os) are exceptions,
the Vocatives being w "ATroAAov, IloVetSoi/, O-WTC/O, with the accent
drawn back.
$.11.] THIRD DECLENSION. 73
(.') The Voc. is not like the stem, but like the Nom., in most
won Is \\ hose steins end in one of the consonants which cannot
stand as the final letter ($ 25, 5), because after
the stem-consonant, frequently it could not be de-
trrmiiu'd from the Voc. what the true stem was; e. g. from
eru'/j, Gen. o-apK-os, the Voc. would be o-ap (instead of trap*) ; from
6 9, Gen. (instead of G- fat-os (instead of r)x6s alS6-os ( " " alS6(T-os) alSot ( "
HEM. 5. The Voc. of all participles is like the Nom., e. g. 2> rinrrcav, TCTU-
^>ws, TUI//OS, ru^tyj', 5et/cyus. "Apx See ^ 52, 2 (a).
(c) The stem ends in a Tau-mute S, T, KT, ^, v$. See
4 52, 2 (a). On the Ace. see $ 53, 3 (b).
The stems of the Neuter, belonging to this class, end in r and KT (70X0*7-),
but, according to 25, 5, reject the T and KT; thus : ffSipa instead of /T-ey
oSovr-cs
b6vr-a, -a/cos, raven; 6 \dpvy, -vyyos, throat; 6, rj opvls, -Ibos, bird; 6
&va^ -OKTOS, king; y eA/itvy, -iv&os, tape-worm; 6 8e\^)ts, -/os, dolphin ; 6yiyas,
-WTOS, giant, etc.
REMARK 1. The stem of nouns in -^ and -| commonly ends in the smooth
v and K ; the stem of those in -7! ends in -77, except 6, rj \vy, Gen. \vyn-6s,
lynx (but?) Atry|, Gen. \vyy-6s, hiccough). Instead of fyapvyyos from -f) see 21, 3.
HEM. 2. The word ^ aAs, Gen. aA-Js, signifying sea, and in the Fern, gender,
is only poetic, and the Sing. 6 a\s, signifying salt, is only Ionic and poetic ;
elsewhere, only ol aAes, salt, occurs (PI. Symp. 177, b. Lys. 209, e).
HEM. 3. To class (c) belong also the contracts in -TJIS, Gen. -ri'tSos = -?fr,
-ySos, e. g. 77 Trapys, cheek, iraprjSos.
EEM. 4. The stem of rb oSy, ear, is O>T, thus : Gen. u-r6s, Dat. art, PL 5ra,
^TOJJ/, axri(j'). The word rJ repay, according to the rule of the ancient gram-
marians, usually admits contraction in the plural, among the Attic writers,
after the T is dropped: repa, rcp&v (but X. C. 1. 4, 15. PL Phil. 14, e. Hipp.
300, e. Tfpa.ro.) ; rb yepas, reward of honor ; T& yrjpccs, old age; rb /cpeas, flesh,
and rit Kfpas, horn, reject T in all the Numbers, and then suffer contraction in the
Gen. and Dat. Sing., and throughout the Dual and Plural (except the Dat. PL) ;
yet Kfpas, besides these forms, has the regular form with T ; Thucyd. uses the
contracted forms ; the uncontracted /ce'para occurs only in 5, 71. Kepcas is uni-
formly employed in the phrase M Kepus, in column. When the a, contracted
from aa, is used by the poets as short, it must be considered a case of elision,
not of contraction ; the same is true also of Neuters in -ay, -aos, -oy, -eoy, e. g.
(fr. ovceVay) instead of tr/ceVd, /cAe'-; (fr. /cAeoy) instead of /cAe'a.
55.]
THIRD DECLENSION.
75
Sing. N.
G.
D.
rb Tfpas, wonder.
Tfpar-os
rfyar-i
rb Kepas, horn. rb Kptas, flesh.
Kt paT-os and Ktpws (Kpta-os) Kpeus
Ktpar-i and Kfpq. (/cp'o-i') /cpwi
Plur. N.
G.
D.
Tfpar-a and rtpa
Tfpdr-uv and T*p>v
repa-. For the omission of v,
and vr, before ), fi*/5pas, etc.
Sing. N.
G.
D.
A.
V.
Plur. N.
G.
D.
A.
V.
Dual.
6, Shepherd. 6, Lion.
TTOlfJi-flV \WV
iroi/j.eu-o s
JTOlfifV-l
iroi/jLfv-a Aeoir-o
i, Orator.
p-fjrwp
p-trrop-os
pyrop-i
p-firop-a
prjrop
a, Father.
Trar-fjp
ira.Tp-6s
TTdTp-t
irartp-a
irorep
, Daughter.
TroijueVes \4ovr-es
(v) Ae'ouff i(v)
iroi/j.fv-as \eovr-as
irot/ieV-es Aeovr-es
p-ffTOp-fS
p-flT6p- hand, belongs to nouns of class No. 2,
and differs from them only in not lengthening the 6 of the stem (x*p) into 77,
but into et, e. g. x fi P instead of x*P s 5 it; is irregular in retaining the ei in
inflection, thus : %>, X 6t P etc -> except in the Dat. PL and the Gen. and Dat.
Dual x f P ff ' l ( v }-> X e P^- ^ et m P oetrv tne short as well as the long form is used
in all the Cases, as the necessities of the verse require, e. g. x ei P^ s an( * X e P^ s >
KEM. 2. The following nouns in -wv, Gen. -ovoy, reject the v in particular
Cases, and suffer contraction : r) et/ccfo', image, et/coVos, etKoVt, etKoVa, et/coVas, etc.,
together with the Ionic and poetic forms : Gen. et/fovs, Ace. et/c^, Ace. PL et/couy
(the irregular accent is to be noted in ewci and tlitovs) ; r) ctojWi', nightingale,
Gen. dTjStWs and O7j5o0y, Dat. 07780*; T\ xcXiScS?, swallow. Gen. x*'5(Ws, Dat.
EEM. 3. To class No. 2, belongs the obsolete Nom. 6, rj 'APH'N, lamb; the
Nom. of this is supplied by 6 fj apvAs, Gen. apv6s, Dat. dpj'/, Ace. &pva, PI.
Nom. itpi/es, Gen. tyv&v, Dat. d/>/a(rt(i'), Ace. &pvas ; farther, the word 6 do-r^p,
-epoy, stor, though not syncopated like ira-Hjp, etc. belongs to this class on account
of the assumed a in the Dat. PL affrpav-a
0.1&V
6, Xenophon. 6, Wild beast, -rb, Nectar.
&TJP VfKTap
drjp-oi veKTap-os
&T]p-l VfKTO.p-1,
&r)p-a veKrap
(&TJ/) VfKTap
ira.ia.v-fs
iraicLv-wv
iraia-(n(v}
ira.ia.v-as
ira.ia.v-fs
frrjp-es
al(a-ffi(v} Kfvo(pu-(Ti(v)
ai&v-as * "S,Vofy5ivT-a.s
aiuv-es
brjp-es
VfKTap-a
vfKTap-a
iraiav-e
ira.i&v-oiv
auav-oiv
ZevcxpcaVT-e
vfKTap-e
VfKTap-OlV.
$57.]
THIRD DECLENSION.
77
REMARK 1. The three words in -uv, Gen. -wi/os: 'AWAAcwj/,
AO>J>, threshing-floor, drop v in the Ace. Sing., and suffer contraction; thus,
('AWAAwva, 'ATrjAAwa) 'ATrjAAw, FIoo-eiScD, oAo> (on aAw, comp. 48, Rem. 1, on
Ku/ced>, 213, 11). Also the Ace. 7Afo> from 77 7A^x" or &XT)X>V, penny-
royal, Gen. -wj/os, is found in Aristophanes.
REM. 2. All the Neuters belonging to this class end in -p (op, op, cop, vp),
e. g. TO vfKTapj i)rop, ireAwp, rrvp (Gen. irvpts). The word TO cap, spring, may
also be contracted, e. g. ^p, Gen. ^poy.
B. WORDS WHICH HAVE A VOWEL BEFORE THE ENDING -os IN THE GEN.
57. I. W^ords in -cv9, -avs, -ovs.
1. Tlie stem of substantives in -ev's, -aus, -01)9, ends in v (from
the Digamma F) ; s is the gender- sign. On the omission of v
between vowels, see $ 25, 2.
2. Substantives in -ev9 have -cd in the Ace. Sing., and -019 in
the Ace. PL, from fFa, Fa Ev/?oev9, the end-
ings -co>9, -ewv, -e'd, -ed9 are also contracted into -9, -oiv, -a, -9.
Nouns in -av9 and -ov 3. 7, 6. rovs Paaite'is, 3. 9, 10. and elsewhere, but more seldom
among the other Attic prose writers. The Ace. vieis is regular in all the Attic
writers.
REM. 2. The following are declined like x fvs ' n/>ojei5s, Gen. Tleipcucos,
Ace. Heipaia, 6 ayvievs, altar before the door, Gen. ayvias, Ace. ayvta, Ace. PI.
ayvias, and several proper names, e. g. 'Eperpius, Sreiptws, MrjAm, EvjSowy,
Eu;8oa, Eu/Joas, n\arcuas, Aupias ; yet the uncontracted forms are often found
in proper names, e. g. eoTi-teW, cameos, Sretpteo, nA.arouea>p, 'Eperpifwv,
Aa?pteW, Tleipcuewv (in Thu., X., PI., Dem.). The uncontracted forms are
regular in a\ievs, fisherman, oAte'ws, oAtea, oAteoy,
HEM. 3. The Nom. PL of POVS and ypavs are always uncontracted in good
Attic writers : Bdes, ypaes ; on the contrary, in the Ace. only the contract forms
ypavs and vavs occur ; the Ace. PI. ftovs is the common form ; &6as occurs only
very seldom.
REM. 4. Only 6 xous, a measure, a mound, and ^ f>ovs, vinegar-tree, are de-
clined like POVS ; but in the PL both without contraction ; only ^ vavs (v&Fs,
navis), is declined like ypavs ; still, this noun is quite irregular; see 68.
$58. II Words in -775, -cs (Gen. -cos); -ws (Gen.
-wos), -ws and -o> (Gen. -oos^; -as (Gen. -aos), -os
(Gen. -cos).
The stem of words of this class ends in s. On the omission
of a; see $ 25, 1. In the Dat.PL, a o- is omitted.
$ 59. (1) TFbre?s in -rjs and -es.
1. The endings -rjs and -cs belong only to adjectives (the
ending -T/S is Masc. and Fern., the ending -es neuter), and to
proper names, terminating like adjectives, in -^av^s,
-yeVtys, -Kpa-njs, -ft^Srjs, -TTCI^S, -o-^ev^s, -reA^s, -KT/^S, -dv$r)f-s) (ravels (eTs
/cpaT7j
2wKpares
(TlcpiK\f-'i)
(Ilept/cA.e-a)
(UfptK\ffi)
cd (Poet, also
REMARK 1. On the contraction in the Dual of ce into 77 (not into et), and in
the Ace. PI. of -fas into -eis, see 9, II. When a vowel precedes the endings
-TJS, -cs, then -ea in proper names in -K\f)s is always contracted into -d, and
commonly also in adjectives ( 9, II.), e.g. riept/cAe'e-a = rie/ji/s (stem atSos), shame.
7i 7ix<*> (stem ^x os )> echo.
G.
(al86-os) atSous
(r/^J-os) rixovs
D.
(ai'SJ-t) at'So?
(f^YO'-i') 7?X^
A.
(aiSo-a) aiSw
(riY^-a) 7)X^
V.
(ai'So-i) aiSo?.
(W-0 to*.
$ 61. (3) Words in -a?, Gen. -aos, and in -os, Gen. -cos.
(a) -as, Gen. -aos.
Only the Neuters TO o-c'Xa?, light, and TO SeVas, goblet, belong to
this class : Gen. creAa-os, Dat. creA-a-t, and o-eA-a ; PI. creAa-a and
creA-a., Gen. creAa-cov, Dat. o-Aa-crt(i/) ; Dual creAa-e, treAa-oo'.
REMARK 1. On the poetic shortening of the contract a, see 54, Rem. 4.
In the following four Neuters in -as, the a in the Gen., Dat., and in the PL, is
changed, according to Ionic usage, into the weaker e, viz.
$62.;
THIRD DECLENSION.
81
Pptras (poet.), image, Gen. Pptrcos, PI. /Jpe'rea and
KWO.S (poet.), place, PI. in Homer, *wea, KW? Attic.
(b) -os, Gen. -eos.
All substantives of this class are also neuter. In the Nom.,
e, the stem-vowel of the last syllable, is changed into o (16, 1).
Sg.N.A.
G.
D.
rb ytvos (instead of Y^Ves), genus
(yevf-os) yevovs
(yece-*) y ft/ft
rb K\fos ( instead of K\e5), glory.
(K\-OS) K\*OVS
(*cA.ee-i) K\eei
Plur. N.
G.
D.
(ytff-a)
yfvf-wv and
y4vf-ffi(v]
&
(/cAee-o)
K\6-ffl(v)
K\fS>V
Dual.
|?l)
y4vr)
ysvoiv
(/cAce'-oo/)
K\OIV.
REM. 2. On the contraction of into 77 (instead of et), and of eo into a
(instead of r;), when a vowel precedes, see 9, II. On the poetic shortening
of the contracted d in K\ea, see $ 54, Hem. 4.
HEM. 3. The uncontracted form of the Gen. PI. is not unusual, e. g. opeW,
)8eA.eW, /cepSeW, and almost without exception cu/deW; in PI. Polit. 260, a., the
uncontracted Dual in 6 occurs : TOUTW TW yeVee. In the lyric portions of the
Attic tragedians, irc&ea, ox^a, etc. occur.
III. WORDS IN -is, ~vs, -t, -u.
$ 62. (1) TFords iw -Is, -vs.
Tlie substantives in -Is, -vs originally ended in -tJs, -vjFs.
See $ 25, 2.
Sing. N.
6 K?S, corn-worm.
rj ffvs, SOW.
6 ix&fc, fish.
G.
K~i-6s
ffv-6s
iX&v-os
D.
Ki-i
994
iX&v-'i
A.
KlV
ffvy
ly&fif,
V.
Kl
(TV
i x M
Plur. N.
kt-fS
ffv-ts
lX&>-fS
G.
Kl-S>V
ffv->v
IV&V-QW
D.
Ki-ffi(v)
, in which the o> has no influence on
the accent (comp. $ 29, Hem. 7). In the Dat. Sing, and in the
Nom. and Ace. PI., contraction occurs.
Sing.'N.
G.
D.
A.
V.
city. & irriX^t cubit, rb is, serpent ; TJ Tri'), e. g. ^5uy, ytieos.
HEM. 2. In the Attic poets, though probably only in the lyric passages, the
Gen. in -eos, from substantives in -d|, breastplate, -OKOS ; 6 pfy, reed, ptircfs ;
7? CLKrtsy ray, -Tvos, but r? ^i\a|, clod, -a/cos, 77 t\irts, hope, -fSos. See fuller
explanations in Larger Grammar, Part I. 291.
$65. Accentuation of the Third Declension.
1. The accent remains on the tone-syllable of the Nom. as long as the laws
of accentuation ( 30) permit, e. g. rb irpaypa, deed, vpdyimaros (but vpayndruv),
rJ> ovopa., name, ovopuros (but ovo^a.rv, -wrros, -wires, -uvruv. Particular exceptions have been noticed in the
Paradigms.
2. Monosyllables are accented in the Gen. and Dat. of all Numbers on the
final syllable ; the long syllable tav and oiv having the circumflex ; the others,
the acute, e. g. 6 \L-I\V, n-t\v6s, wvi, firjvoiv, fj.T}vS>v, fj.rj(ri(v).
Exceptions:
(a) The following ten substantives are Paroxytones in the Gen. PI. and Gen.
and Dat. Dual : 7? Say, torch ; & Sfjuas, slave ; 6 y bcas, jackal ; rb KPA2, poet.
(Gen. Kparts), head; rb ols (Gen. wr6s), ear; o 77 iraTs, child; 6 o-fis, moth; o 77
Tpcis, Trojan, Trojan woman; 7? cps (Gen. >s (Gen.
faros), light; e. g. Sa'Swi/, SaSow, &wa>j/, Kpdrtav, &TIDV, &TOIV, vaiSwi', iraiSoiv,
(Tc'eov, Tpuuv, <^>wSw^, v (on the contrary, TU>V SfjLcauu from al 8/nwa/, ruy
Tpwuv from of Tpwaf, TU>V Qwruv from o ( 60), the irregular accentuation of the Ace. Sing, of Tjx^ a = VX^
(instead of f/x^)? should be noted.
5. (a) In the Voc. of syncopated substantives ( 55, 2) in -rjp, the accent,
contrary to the principal rule, is drawn back as far as possible, e. g.
^uyarep, A^/iTjrep, avep; so also (a) in the folloAving substantives; '
(coj/os), noj/, Gen. -ovos, whether simple or compound ;
also in comparatives in -tcai/, - and
/, 5 and rb KaAAioj/ ; (the following are exceptions : 5 Aa/ceSa^o*/ from
', compounds in -(ppwv, e. g. & AvKotppov from Avicdfppuv, Ev&6(ppoi' from
, S> and rb Satypov from Sa't^pcov;) (c) in the compound Paroxytones in
-rjs, mentioned in 59, e. g. Sco/cpares, Ayj/xoV&ei/es ; 3 and rb o^oSes from av&d-
Srjs, i&T]s (but ctATj&e's from aATj^Tjs as a simple), atfrap/ces,
ac^7}^s. (Adjectives and substantives in -WTJS, -o>S7js, -wA^s, -wp^s, -?prjs, are
exceptions, e. g. evcadrjs, eud)5es, ajiKpwTjs a/j.(f)caS, Travy ; -TJS, Gen. (--oy) -ovs ; -us, Gen. -ca-os ;
(B) the following with exceptions :
(a) in -qy, Gen. -qvos ; but 6 r) x*V> goose; in -rjv, Gen. -ej>-os ; but 6 rj
gland, and 77 !/, Gen. -w^-oy; but 77 oAwj/, threshing-Jloor ; 77 &\r)X MV or
penny-royal ; 77 /teAeS^v (poet.), care; 77 ^KUV, poppy ; 77 TrAaTerytSi', rattfe
(but i TT\. petal of the poppy) ; 77 rpfyuv, pigeon; 77 ouAti*' (poet., but prose
6), ravine; 77 6 /cciSwj' 6e//;
(c) in Tjp, Gen. -77/>-oy ; but 77 icfip t fate (on account of 77 icfip, goddess of fate) ;
6 77 fratffT-fip, hammer; (those in -77? contracted from -cap, are neuter: T^
KTJP (poet.), Gen. Kijpos, heart; rb tap, Gen. 7^>oy, spring;) in ijp, Gen.
-pos ; but 77 yaar-np, yaffrpds, belly ; in -rjp, Gen. -ep-oy ; but 6 ij a&fjp,
ether; 6 i) ajp, air;
(d) in -tip, Gen. -tip-os; but r} x e ^P Aanc? (regularly, 6 avrixeip, the thumb) ;
(e) in -up, Gen. -wp-os ; but rb e'Awp (poet.), booty; rb irt\o>p (poet.), monster;
(f ) in -oi/y, Gen. -o~os, see 57, Rem. 4;
(g) in -us, Gen. -wr-os; but rb ^>wy, light;
(h) in -//, Gen. -iroy, -;8oy.
II. Feminines: (A) a// nouns in -as, Gen. -o5-os; -eiy, Gen. -etS-oy (only 7^
KAei's, Ar^) ; -auy, Gen. -o-os; -ti/y, Gen. -iy^-oy ; -vvs, Gen. -uv^-oy ; -77y, Gen.
-77T-oy; -jy, Gen. -ir-oy (only 77 x^P 15 ) 5 " w > Gen. -uS-oy and -t/&-oy; -is, serpent; 6 (later also 77) fx ts > viper; 6 (later
7^) K6pis, bug ; of and at xvpfieis, laic-tables; in -is, Gen. -5-os; but 6 ee ^/ ^ XP^ vs t a sea ~
fish ; in -us, Gen. -eo>$ 5 but 6 ireAefcus, axe ; 6 TTT/^VS, cubit ;
(c) in -ay, Gen. -ov-os ; but 6 O'K/XOJJ', anvil; 6 irptiav, saw; 6 KO.V&V, rule; 6
/, axle ; 6 fffiffuv. earthen-vessel ; 6 fTriffelwv, fiag ; 6 f) Kt, doll ; 6 ^uup/iTjSccj/,
anfs nest ; 6 f) a\Krpvci>v, cock and hen.
KEMARK 1. Nouns in - are partly masculine, partly feminine, except those
in -o (Gen. -a/cos), which are masculine ; most of those in -| are feminine-, the
larger part of those in -ty are masculine, but many are feminine, e. g. 77 KoA.au-
po\J/, -OTTOS, shepherd's crook; % \cu\afy, tempest; f] oty (vox), OTTO'S, voice; 77 (rai'ely
6) dty, ayir6s,face; 77 $\fy, . This formation is called Metaplasm (transformation), and the substan-
tives included under it, Metaplasts. The Nom. form, presupposed in this case,
is called the Theme.
$68.] ANOMALOUS FORMS OF THIRD DEC. 87
$ 68. Anomalous Forms of the Third Dcclenion.
1. Tow (TO, knee), and 86pv (TO, spear), see $ 54 (c).
In the tragic poets, the Epic forms, yovva.ro. and yovva, yowcuri, occur ;
also in the Attic poets, the Gen. Sopo's, Dat. Sop/, and even S6pei, and
PI. So pi) instead of Sopara, are formed from So'pi/; and in the phrase, Sopl
4A6?i', to take a prisoner of war, this Dat. form is retained even by the Attic
prose writers.
2. PVVTJ (fj, woman), Gen. ywatK-os (as if from yvv A CC - p(oo, Ace. PI. x^, as if
from xoofc. The latter forms are preferred by the Attic writers ;
Xov9, with the meaning of mound, is inflected only like /3ov9.
The form ^oev9 is Ionic, Dat. xo.
19. Xpw9 (6, skin), ^pwr-09, x/wmj xP^ TCt< Collateral forms in
the Ionic dialect and the Attic poets, are, Gen. xpo-6w is found in certain phrases with ev,
e. g. ev xp ^ en - XP" 5 tne ^ at - an d D ua l are wanting ;
ovap and virap (only as Nom. and Ace.), in dreaming and waking ; ov.
(b) of different genders (hence called heterogeneous), e. g.
6 vSiros and TO vGrrov, back (the last form was regarded by the Atticists as the
only proper form, still TOJ/ vurov Xen. R. Equ. 3, 3) ; & iry6s and rb vy6v, yoke.
In the PI. the neuter form of these heterogeneous nouns is more frequently
used, e. g. 6 u ; 6 trrofywfe,
a station, balance, of x^P> space; r) 6x^n an d
Xx&oSt rising ground ; TJ Stv^o and TO 8tyos, thirst; 77 J/OTTTJ (the older form) and TO
J/OTTOS, iW/ey, etc. It should be observed further, that the word 6 irpfo-ftvs, elder,
has only Ace. trptcrfivv, Voc. irpffffiv; these three forms are almost entirely
poetic (irpefffivTfpos and irpffffivTaros formed from this, are in frequent use) ;
in the Common Language, 6 trpf.
(b) The proper names mentioned, 59, Rem. 2, have t\ as well as rjv in the
Ace. Sing. only.
B. Of the Second and Third Declensions.
(a) Of the Common second and third declensions : several
substantives in -os, as masculine, are inflected according to the
second Dec., but as neuter, according to the third Dec., e. g. 6
and TO o^os, chariot, TOV o^ov and o^ovs, rov o\ov and TO o^os ; 6
and TO O-KOTOS, darkness.
(b) Of the contract second and third declensions :
itp6xs (^, watering-pot], Att. irp6xovs, Gen. irp6x<>v t etc., Dat. PL irp6xovs, laughter^ y4\oyros, yeAwTi, Ace. y\(ora and
76\w>/, and the three following: Trdrpus, patruus, /j.-f)rp and Mfi/wos, Dat. Mfrot, Ace. M/J/W ( 48, Rem. 1), Mivwv
and Mivua.
$72. III. Metaplasts.
Metaplasts [^ 67 (c)] like Heteroclites, have two modes of
formation ; they are either of the third declension, which have
been already presented together (68), or of two different declen-
sions. Those of different declensions are, e. g. as follows :
(a) Of the Common second and third declensions :
AeVSpoj/ (rb, tree), Gen. SeVSpou, etc.; but in the Dat. PI. among the Attic
writers, SeVSpeo-i (from the stem rb AENAPO2) and 8eVS/>ois; the first form is
regarded by the Atticists as the better. To this stem belong, also, the forms
T$ Se'pfyet and T& SeVS/j??, which occur in the Attic poets, and in later prose
writers.
Ko t/a> v 6s (6, partaker), Gen. KOIVWVOV, etc.; Xenophon uses the forms 01
Koivwvts and rovs Koivuvas (from KOINilN).
$ 73.] INDECLINABLE AND DEFECTIVE NOUNS. 91
Kplvov (rb, lily) Gen. Kpivov, etc., with the secondary form in the Dat. PI.
Kplvto-i in Aristoph. from the PL Kplvea (in Herod.). Comp. StvSpov.
A os (6, stone), Gen. Aooy and in Soph. O. C. 196. Aefoy.
'O ovtipos [and poetic rb ovfipov], dream, Gen. bveipov and oveipwros.
Uvp (rb,Jlre), vvpts. But PL, rk wpd, watch-fires, according to the second
Dec.
"fi6s (6, son), Gen. vlov, etc. Together with this formation, there is another
according to the third Dec., much in use, particularly in the Attic writers, from
the theme 'TIET2, Gen. vleos, Dat. vUT (Ace. vtia is rejected) ; PL t/ie?s, Gen.
vicW, Dat. w'eVi, Ace. (vtc'ov), Attic vkTs ($ 57, Rem. 1); Dual, wee, Gen.
vUoiv.
(b) Of the Attic second and third declensions :
The three substantives, ^ oAws, threshing-floor ; 6 rcu&s, peacock; and & rvws,
whirlwind, have, together with the common inflection according to the Attic
second declension, another according to the third declension, in -wvos, etc., e. g.
REMARK. The words 77 &\s in the Ace., 48, Rem. 1. But the forms a\wvos, tfAwi'w,
&\u necessity, destiny, and be^is with forty and e?i/cu, and
several foreign words, e. g. rb, rov, r$
(d) The substantive infinitives, e. g. rb, rov, ri
2. Some substantives are used only in the Sing., or only in the PL Such
words may be termed defective in number. The reason of it is found, either
in the meaning of the word, or simply in usage, e. g. 6 alfrfip, ether ; ol trijo-tcu,
the Etesian ivind ; ad 'A&TJI/CU, Athens ; ra 'O\u/tiro, the Olympic games. Comp.
further, Syntax, 243.
3. It has been already noted, $ 69, that some substantives are found only in
single Cases (Defectiva casu).
92 ADJECTIVES AND PARTICIPLES. [$$ 74, 75.
CHAPTER H.
The Adjective and Participle.
$ 74. Gender and Declension of the Adjective
and Participle.
1. The Adjective and the Participle, like the Substantive,
have three genders, being varied by inflection to agree with
the gender of then* substantive. But all adjectives have
not separate forms for the three genders ; many have but
two endings, one for the Masc. and Fern., the other for the
Neuter, e. g. 6 o-axfrpwv avrjp, r} a a> p o> v vy a 5
avijp, rj (frvyas K a p' lfv 'i /neAas, jUeAotva, /ieAow ;
re'peti/a, repev ; jSapus, apeTa, fiapv ; /3ouA.eu/T&)J/ > X a P ttffffwjf
/ieAay, /xe \atva, fj.4\aif " pcXdvuv, p. e \ a i v a> v
iray, iroo'a, irav " IT&VTUV, IT a a a v
-?0*O, -4lf TV^fVTUV, T V & t 0" W V
, Tu\|/do"a, rvfyav rvfydiruv, Tvi^affuv} but,
y -tin), -LVOV " a vb p i\6-
TCKVOS (from renvov), irdyKeucos (from c/coy). But if the last part is
formed of a verb, then adjectives with a long penult, are Oxytones, e. g.
ifwXoirojiMro'y, (j.f\os, nourishing wild beists ; fripoTpotyos, nourished by wild be ids.
Words compounded with prepositions, a privative and intensive, eu and
94 ADJECTIVES AND PARTICIPLES OF THREE ENDINGS. [$ 76.
Svs, and det, ayav, apt, apri, epi, 77/ti, a, irav, and iroAv, are always Pro-
paroxytones, and hence exceptions to the rule respecting words with a
short penult,
'(b) Verbal adjectives in -r6s remain Oxytones, even in compounds, if they
have three endings, but are Proparoxytones, if they have but two. See
78, I. (c).
(c) All compounds in -TTA^|, -f>c(>|, -rpd>^, -o-^o|, are Oxytones.
SUMMARY OF THE ADJECTIVE AND PARTICIPLE ENDINGS.
$76. I. Adjectives and Participles of three
Endings.
L -os, -T|, -ov: Nom. 070^05,
Gen. aya&ov, aya&r)s, aya&ov
Nom. ifySoos, 075^77, oySoov, eighth,
Gen. PL 6yS6uv, 6y86wv t oyS6(ay ( 75, 4.)
Gen. PL ypcupofjievwv, ypa ^X^P 01/ ) hostile,
Gen. fx&P 9 **}
Nom. c&poos,
Gen. a&p6ov,
Gen. PL a& P 6uv,
Most of the adjectives belong to this class. The Fern, ends in o, when pre-
ceded by i or p, 43, 1. Still, adjectives in -oos have -6a in the Fern., when p
precedes o, otherwise, -^77, e. g. abp6a, yet 075^77. On the accentuation of
adjectives in -os, -77 (d), -ov, see 75.
Adjectives in -eos, -efl, -eoi/, which denote the material, e. g. xpvffeos,
golden ; apyvpeos, silver ; Kfpa/j.eos, earthen ; and multiplicative adjectives in
-6 o s, -6 77, -6 o v, e. g. air\6os, single ; $nr\6os, double, are contracted. On the
accentuation of those in -eos, -eo, -eoj/, see 75, 3, and on the contraction of
those in -* into -a, -077 into -77, and -6a into -a, see 9, II.
Xpvff-eos,
tpe-eos, ^/je-ed,
epe-ovs, 4pe-a,
apyvp-eos, apyvp-ea, apyvp-eov
apyvp-ovs, apyvp-a, apyvp-ovv
Snr\-6ov
8nr\-ovy.
REMARK 1. Contraction is seldom omitted in Attic classic prose, not unfre-
quently in the Tragedians, e. g. xpvvea, Xen. Ag. 5, 5 ; yet a&p6os, -6d, -6ov,
crowded, is rarely found contracted; S IK poos, -6 a, -6ov, two-pronged, is com-
monly contracted in the Masc. and Neut., SiKpovs, StKpovv, but in the Fern, the
uncontracted form is usual, 77 Smp6a ; 6 y S o o s is always uncontracted.
II. -vs, -el a, -v: Nom. y\vKvs, yXviceta, y\vKv, sweet,
Gen. y \vKfos, y\vKeias, y \vitfos
Gen, PL ^Xu/ceW, y\vKsiuv, y\vKtav ( 75, 4.)
7G.] ADJECTIVES AND PAKTU'irLES OF THREE ENDINGS. 95
w
The declension of the Mase. is like- irTixus. though with the common genitives
in -'os, -W; the declension of the Neat, is like &TTIA yet always uiicuntrarti-d in
the I'l. (-o). The only deviations from the regular accentuation are, /J/xuruy,
Vfjilfffia* ^i/niffv. half; &7jAus, &^Aem, &r)\v, female ; irp( PI. Menon. 83, c. in the best MSS.
III. -i)s, -Sera, -vv'. Nom. SeiKvvs, SfiKvvcra, SeiKvvv, showing,
Gen. 8efKjWos, SfiKvvatis, SfiKvvvros
Gen. PI. SfiKvvvrwv, $eiKvvv, SeiKi/vmotv ( 75,4.)
Nom. us, ^>C(ra, $i>v y produced,
Gen. ipvtnos, ^utrrjs, tpvmos [ 65, 2 (c).]
Gen. PI. fyvvrwv, tyvviav,
So the Pres. and second Aor. Act. participles of verbs in -/i*. For the de-
clension of the Masc. and Neut., see 54 (d).
IV. - i s, -e lovely,
Gen.
Gen. PL
For the declension of the Masc. and Neut., see 54 (d), the only difference
being that the Dat. PL ends in -eaj', Xenfyavrotv.
So the first Aor. Act. Part., and also the Pres. and second Aor. Act. Part, of
: terras, -acra, -dV ; ffrds, -ai/, StSoua-wi',
Thus only the Part. Pres. and the second Aor. Act. (Sots, Sovffa, Ufa, Gen.
, Sovffrjs, Gen. PL Fern. Sovj>, commonly ^KWI/, S/couo-o, S/cov. For the
declension, see 54 (d).
XII. -uv, -ov, -e, and -6ffa, -uv Nom. i\jv, -ovffa, -ovy
Gen. TI/J.WVTOS, -CCOTJS, -r&VTOS Gen. PL ^)l\OVVTiaV, -OVff&V, -O&VTWV.
Gen. PL n^vruv, -cacrciiv, -cavrwv. Nom. iu(T&S>Vy -ovffa, -ovv
Gen. PL nicr&ovi/Tcav, -ovffcav, -OVVTWV.
The Fut. Act. Part, of Liquid verbs is declined like tyiX&v, ^tAoucra, Qi\oVv,
Gen. i\ovvros, etc., e. g. ffirepwv, -ovaa, -ovv (formed from (nrepewv, etc.), from
>, to sow.
XIII. -6s -via -6s: Nora. reruns, Teru^uTa, TfTV6s, having struck,
Gen. reTvOTs and -6s, etc., see below, 193, Rem. 2 and 3.
U7.J
ADJECTIVES. PARADIGMS.
97
XIV. The adjective-:, neyas, pe y cA.i?, pcya, t/rit. iro\Js, i
iroXu, Hindi, are irregular in the. Num.. A in tlie Attic poets; Ac>ch. S. 824, uses the Voc. /ueyaAe; irpaos,
TrpoeTa, irpaoi', so/fc, is also irregular; it has, throughout the Fern., in the
PI. and Dual Neut., as also in the Gen. PL Masc., and sometimes, also, in the
other Cases of the Masc. PL, a form like irpavs, -e?a, -5 (comp. y\vicvs t -em, -u),
which occurs in the Dialects. See the Paradigm.
77. Paradigms.
S.N.
G.
D.
A.
V.
ayc&-6s
a-yo&-oD
ayc&-f
dyo^-rj
aya^-ri
aya^-fj
ayab-6v, good l\i
aya&-(p
-os
irpaov Trpacav irpaov
paos(e) Trpaela irpaov
TrpaeTa irpaov, soft
TrpaeicLS trpdov
P. X.
G.
D.
A.
V.
y\vKf?ai
y\vKfiuiv
y\vKiais
y\vKeids
y\vKfa
yXvKtcav
y\victws rervcpvia
TeTV
/j-eya /J.eyaXri
peya, great
/j.eyaXov
p.eya
ueya
7TO\A.Ot
TTOXXo'lS
TTOXXOVS
TTOXXOL
TroXXai
iroXXG>v
iroXXats
iroXXds
TroXXai
TTO\\6lS
IJ.eydXwv
fjLeydXois
ueyaXois
ueyaXoi
fj.eya.Xa
fj.fydXoa'
$78.]
ADJECTIVES OF TWO ENDINGS.
99
p.t\av, Hack
/ufAdvos
/j.(\avi
fj.t\aiva
irav, all
ircrr)
iraaav
ircuTa.
iravri
1TU.V
ruffai
ij.tha.ivuv
iraffi
irdvras
irdvres
itdffais
Trdffas
iraffcu
iraffi
Trdvra
irdvTO.
irdvrc
irdvroiv
Trdara
irdfrcuv
irdvre
irdirroiv.
as
(rrdvra.
trras
v ( 76, XII.)
$78. II. Adjectives of two Endings.
Adjectives in -05 of two endings are declined like dyo.9o?,
except that they have no separate form for the feminine, the
same form being used for the masculine and feminine.
100 ADJECTIVES OF TWO ENDINGS. [$ 78.
I. -QSj -ov'-, 6 7) &\oyos, rb &Xoyov, irrational.
To this class belong,
(a) A few simple adjectives without particular derivative endings, e. g. 6 %
fidpfiapos, not Greek ; Acj8pos, vehement ; tf/nepos, gentle ; \oiSopos, calumniating ;
mild; x*P ffos i unfruitful; ^(rv^os, silent; Sa.ira.vos, extravagant;
(b) Most simple adjectives with the derivative-endings -tos and -etos, and
i/uos, e. g. 6 ?; J/is, Thu. 5, 110. Svse/j.po\(!>TaTos T? Ao/cpis, Id. 3, 110.
II. -ovs, -ovVj & TJ ffoovs, rb ftivovi/, benevolent.
Adjectives with these endings are,
(a) Those compounded with the contracted substantives vovs and ir\ovs, and
hence in the Masc. and Fern, are declined like these, but in the Neuter like
bffTovv ( 47), yet the Neuter PL in -oa does not admit contraction, consequently
TO ftvoa. On the accentuation, see 49, 3.
HEM. 2. -Attic writers sometimes omit the contraction in the PL, e. g. KUKO-
. Cy. 8. 2, 1. K pv^iv6ovs X. Ag. 11, 5. Svsvooi X. H. 2. 1, 2.
(b) Such as are compounded with the substantive irovs, e. g. 6 rj iroXvirovs,
rb Tro\vTrovv, and are inflected like it, but in the Ace. Sing., even as OiSiirovs
[ 71, B. (b)], are partly of the contract second Dec. and partly of the third,
e. g. Gen. TroXinroSos and iro\virov ; Ace. TroAuTroSo and iroXvirouv, etc.
HEM. 3. In several adjectives of this kind, e. g. &TTOVS, fipafivirovs, Sfaovs,
avnrT6irovs, the inflection does not follow the second Dec.
III. -w s, -(a v ; 6 TI tXcws, rb 'l\fuv, compassionate.
Adjectives of these endings are like the Attic second Dec. ( 48).
HEM. 4. The Ace. commonly ends in -oav, but in a number of compound
words, it ends in -w ( 48, Rem. 1), e. g. a|t($xp>, avdir\ew, &yr]pca (in r&&pect to
the accentuation, see 29, Rem. 7),
REM. 5. There are three endings to the simple adjective:
n\ews, irXea, Tr\fcai/,fuU : Gen. TrAew, TrXeas, TrAew, PL TrXew, TrAe'ai, ir\4a ; the
compounds are either of two endings, e. g. 6 r; dmTrAews, rb avdirtew, PL ol of
e/c7rAew (linreis eKTfXew X. Cy. 6. 2, 7. e/CTrAeo> rpdirefai X. Hier. 1, 18), TO KTT\v, this word forms only the Ace.
Sing, ffuv, like the Attic second Dec. ; it has also the Ace. oi/. The form cu, N. trwo, rarely i\6yf\cas t rb i\6yf\(o
and i\oyf\(irros ; fiovicfpws, Gen. fiovKepu and fiovKfpwros, so fiiKfpws. The
adjective Svsfptas follows the third Dec. only, e. g. tivstparros, etc. Forms like
the Common second Dec. originate from forms of the Attic second Dec., e. g.
, rfjKepoi, &Kfpa. On the accentuation, see 29, Rem. 7.
IV. -o> v 5 -o v ; N. d 77 ts, nourished. In addition to
the form in -LOS, these adjectives have another in -iSos, but more rare, and only-
poetic, e. g. ffipiSa,
(b) N. 6 fi fi>x a P ts > T0
G. TOV rrjs TOV ev^dptros.
Here belong the compounds of x^P 15 ) Tr&rpiSi eATrty, , one-toothed,
G. TOV T7JS TOV p,Ov68otTOS.
So the remaining compounds of oSovs. For the Dec., see 54 (d).
79. Paradigms.
S. N.
G.
D.
A.
V.
8'nrovs
StVoSa and
SlTTOW
8/1TOW
StVow
8/irouv
P.N.
G.
D.
A.
V.
SiiroSes
SiVoSay
SiTTO(Tl
ej/8o|
StVoSa
SiVoSa
SiTToSa
Dual.
evSol-oiv.
StVoSc
PARADIGMS OF ADJECTIVES.
103
S.N.
G.
D.
A.
V.
(t)Tr\(o-os)ovs
ffcr\ou
doubtful
i'Aews
P.N.
G.
D.
A.
V.
eforAot
(vir\oa
Dual.
S.N.
G.
D.
A.
V.
fvSal/j.ovos
fvSa
(v5a.lfj.ova
P.N.
G.
D.
A.
V.
evUalfJioves
petrous
fvciaiuoi'as evSaifJiova,
evSaiuoves
like the Nominative.
like the Nominative.
Dual.
S.N.
G.
D.
A.
V.
vyies
vyi(e-os)ovs
P.N.
G.
D.
A.
V.
e-as es aA7)^( e'-a)r}
like the Nominative.
vyts: 6 ij fipiro|, Gen. -070*, rapacious.
6 77 ^\i, " -IKOS, equal.
6 r) /j.uvv, ' '^X ** one-hoofed.
XII. -J>, Gen. -ir o s : i T) otyitafr, Gen. -nros, foV/A.
XIII. Such as end in an unchanged substantive, e. g. &TTCUS, childless ; fMKpo-
X'P> long-handed; aur<$xP done with one's own hand; /uwcpatac, long-lived;
uaKpavxyv, long-necked ; \f6Kcunris, having a white shield. The declension of such
adjectives is like that of the substantives, e. g. (Mutpavxevos. On the compounds
of wovs, however, comp. 78, II. (b).
81. Comparison of Adjectives.
1. The quality expressed by an adjective may belong to
an object in different degrees :
(a) When the quality belongs to one object in a higher
degree than to another, the form is called the Comparative,
e. g. Plato was MORE LEARNED than Xenophon.
(b) When the quality in the highest degree belongs to an
object, the form is called the Superlative, e. g. Plato was
the MOST LEARNED of the disciples of Socrates.
(c) The form of the adjective which expresses its simple
meaning without any comparison, is called the Positive,
e. g. Plato was LEARNED.
2. Only the adjective and adverb are susceptible of com-
parison ; the participle does not admit it, except in a few
rare cases, where the participle has the meaning of an
adjective, e. g. eppcofjuevos, -ea-repos, -ecrraro?.
3. The Greek has two classes of terminations for the
Comparative and Superlative. The first, and much the
most common, is -repo9, -re pa, -repov, for the Compara-
tive, and -TO, TO 9, -Tar 77, -TCLTOV, for the Superlative; the
second is -((,~)a)v, -(l)ov, or -wv, -oi>, for the Comparative,
and - (i) 0-T09, - (I) o-rrj, - (t) CTTOV, for the Superlative. The
i is the union-vowel.
4. The first class of terminations is appended to the stem
of the adjective by the connecting syllables o (&>), at,, 9, ^9;
hence the general rule< In most adjectives, the usual end-
ings are appended to the stem by means of the connecting
syllable.
106 ADJECTIVES. - FIRST FORM OF COMPARISON. [82,
REMARK. Instead of the single forms of the Comparative and Superlative,
the Greek, like the Latin, can prefix /uaAAov (magis) and fj.d\iffra (maxime) to
the Positive. This periphrasis is necessary in all adjectives, which, for the sake
of euphony, have no Comparative form.
$ 82. A. First Form of Comparison.
Comparative, -repos, *Tp a, -repov;
Superlative, -rare?, -Tar 77, -rarov.
These endings are appended to the stem of the adjective ;
the stem is found by rejecting os in the Nom. of the second
Dec., and the same syllable in the Gen. of the third Dec.
I. Adjectives in -os, -rj (-a), -ov.
(a) Most adjectives of this class annex the above endings to
the stem by means of the union -vowel o or o>; the union -vowel
is o, when a syllable long by nature or by position ($ 27, 3), pre-
cedes, but Tpa, Id. Ph. 1367.
(b) Contracts in -cos = -ovs and -005 = -ov? are contracted also
it the forms of Comparison ; the first contract e and o> the union-
vowel into to ; the last assume the union- syllable es and contract
in with the preceding o, e. g.
iropQvp-eos = tropfyvp-ovs a.Tr\-6os = air\-ovs
vop(pvp-e-repo5 a.ir\o-4ff-'repos = airX-ovs-repos
iroptyvp-furaTos = iropcpvp-ta-raros aTrAo-eV-Toros = air\-ov X. 0. 10, 11.
(c) The following adjectives in -atos: ycpatos, old;
09, ancient; Trepatos, on the other side; o-xoAatos, at leisure,
assume -rep 09 and -raros without a union-vowel, e. g.
yepat-os, Com. 7epai-Tepoy, Sup. ycpal-Taros,
iraA.at-05, " va\ai-repos, ' iraAcu-Taroy.
REM. 3. Ila\ai6s and o-xoXatoy have also the usual forms of Compari-
son; ira\ai6'T(pos, ffxo\ai6Tcpos, so also yepaifafpos, Antiph. 4, p. 125, 6.
(d) The following adjectives in -09: ev8io9, calm; -^
quiet; 18109, peculiar; 10-09, equal; /AC 0-09, middle; op$pco9,
early ; o/ao9, foe; 7rapa7rX^o-to9, similar ; and 7rpuuo9, w& ^e
morning, assume the union-syllable at, the Comparative and
Superlative thus becoming like the preceding words in -0x109,
e.g.
peff-os, Com. pcff-ai-rfpos, Sup.
Jf5i-oy, "
REM. 4. Sometimes also the common form is found, e. g.
Tiffvx&ra-Tos ; i\a>Tfpos, i\(t>Taros are the usual forms in the Attic writers.
Here belong also the adverbial forms irpcaiairepov, irpcoiaiTcra, from irpdtos ; thus
in Plato 5 likewise irputrfpov and irpiaiTara ; thus always, as it seems, in Thu.
(Popp. ad 7, 19, 1), also in Xen. Anab. 3. 4, 1. vpatTepov according to the best
MSS. (on the contrary irpwtaiTara, Cy. 8. 8, 9). The adjective l\os has
three forms: i\tt>Tpos seldom (e. g. Xen. C. 3. 11, 18.), and i\os. In addition to these three forms, also the Superlative i\iuv) is found in Attic poetry.
REM. 5. The two adjectives, jusVoy, middle, and vtos, young, have a special
Superlative form, /leVoroy, vearos] but this is in use only when a series
of objects is to be made prominent, /teVoroy denoting the very middle of the
series, and vearos the last or most remote, whereas /j.e/xev-
108 ADJECTIVES. FIRST FORM OF COMPARISON. [$82.
eV-repos, eppw/xev-ecr-TaTOS, d/cpar-ecr-repos, d/cpaT-eV-raros. So also
cuSotos has ai8oi-e'o--TaTos in the superlative.
HEM. 6. Further, the adjectives, &os, rich; iei/-ef}Ai{, Gen. &(f>-f)\iK-os, growing old, fipiro|, Gen. fynrery-os, rapax,
Com. &rj\i/c-T7\j/c-V-TaToy, Sup. apTray-lff-raros.
(4) Adjectives in -i?, -ev, whose stem ends in vr, append the
Comparison-endings directly to the stem, the last T being
changed into y Gen. x a P^ J ^"- y > pleasant.
Com. xa/>ff<7-Tfpos Sup. xapUa-rceros.
(5) The compounds of ^apts assume w, e. g.
s, Gen. ^vixdpir-os, pleasant.
Com. eirixapiT-u-Tfpos, Sup. lirixapiT W-TOTOS.
in Homer, comes from axaplr-rtpos ; comp. No. (4).
$ 83. B. Second Form of Comparison.
Comparative. -iW, Neut. -Zov, or - Att.
(jSeATaroy, Poet.)
KpdrtffTos
(0epTpos, Poet.)
, Att.
, (pfpiffTOS, Poet.)
Adv.
aAytaj'
jua/cporepoy
(fiaxrcruv, Poet.)
/tto/cporaTosr
Positive. Comparative.
1. oryadxfa, gwc?, a^fl^uv, Neut.
2. Ko/e, especially when it is used adverbially ; irAcoi/os and ir\elovos, irAeovt
and irAefov*, Ace. irA'o>, irAeova, and TrAeta, are used indiscriminately; PI. Nom.
and Ace., usually TAefous, also ir\f loves and ir\ftovas (but not v\4ovs) ; ir\du
is much more frequent than irAe'w ; trKfi6vwv and ir\eto, etc.,
retain the ending -u> regularly in the Comparative, and almost
uniformly in the Superlative, e. g.
&VW, above, Com. avcarepw Sup. avwrdrta
K, ravra liroLTjaa', (a) /, thou, he, she, it; (b) my^ thy,
his ; (c) here, there, thus.
I. PERSONAL PRONOUNS.
A. Substantive Personal Pronouns.
$ 87. The simple eyw, ego, o-v, tu, ov, sui.
Singular.
Nom.
tye, Acc. (Poet.), themboth
G.D.
vyv, of us both, to us
fftyyv, of you both,
aiea (ea), them.
10*
114 THE REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS e/xavTov, oreavTov, eaurov. [$
REMARK 1. The forms susceptible of inclination are put in a parenthesis,
without any mark of accent. Comp. 33 (b), and 35, 3. On the accentuation
and use of the third Pers. of the Pronoun, see 302, Rem. 3. The Vocative
is here, as in the following pai'adigms, omitted, because, when it occurs, it is
always like the Nominative.
REM. 2. The Gen, Sing, of these three pronouns, in imitation of Homer,
often has, among the Attic poets, also the forms ^e&ep, las, them. Both forms, o-i and crfyiv, though seldom, are used by
the poets as the Dat. Sing. ; the form e, on the contrary, is used much more
frequently as the Ace. Sing, instead of avr6v, -f)v, -6, also as reflexive instead
of eavr6v.
(b) The Reflexive Pronouns, e/xavrov, a-eavrov,
eauro v .
Singular.
G.
f/mvrov, -TJS, of
ffeavrov, -TJS, or
eavrov, -TJS, or
myself
ffavrov, -r}s, of thyself
avrov, -775, of himself, of herself
D.
fyavrcp, -fj, to
fftavrip, fj, or
eavrip, -fj, or [itself
A.
myself
*/j.avr6v, -T]V,
ffavrcf, 77, to thyself
(reavr6v, --f]v, or
avrif, -77, to himself, to herself, to
eavrov, -fo, -6, or [itself
myself
ffavrov, -f)v, thyself
avrov, -i\v, -6, himself, herself,
Plural.
G.
fl/j.jv avrcav, of
v/j.>v avruv, of your-
eavrcav or avrcav, or
ourselves
selves
ff$S>v avroav, of themselves
D.
J)/MV avrois, -ais,
vfuv avrois, -cus, to
eai/ToTs -ais, or avrois -cus, or
to ourselves
yourselves
o-tylffiv avrois -ais, to themselves
A.
Tj/JLas avrovs, -ds,
vp.a.s avrovs, -ds,
eavrovs, -ds, -d, or avrovs, -ds,
ourselves
yourselves
-d, or
o~<(>as avrovs, -ds, o~.
90. B. Adjective Personal Pronouns.
Personal pronouns, having the form of adjectives, are called
Possessive pronouns, since they express possession. They are
formed from the Genitive of substantive personal pronouns :
, -repet, -repov, noster, -tra, -trum,
^uos, "fj, -6v, meus, -a, -wm, from /JLOV ;
from TJ/J.WV ;
ff6s, -$, -6v, tuus, -a, -urn, from
G. D.
rolv raiv roiv
rovroiv ravraiv rovroiv
avrolv avratv avro'it/.
1. The pronoun ouros is composed of the article 6, 77, r6, and the pronoun
auro's; where the article has o, , or ot, they combine with the first syllable
of avrds and make ov; all other vowels of the article are absorbed by the
116
RELATIVE PRONOUN.
[$92.
first syllable of euros. Hence the first syllable of euros ends in ov where the
article has o, &>, or ot ; elsewhere in ov. The same rule holds when euros is
compounded with an adjective pronoun, e. g. roerouros (from roffos and euro's).
Examples : 6 euro's = ouros, T) avr-f) = eurrj, r"b euro* = rovro ; rou avrov =
rourou, r?is avr"f]s = reurTjs, etc. ; so roffos euro's = roo"ouros, roff-rj avr-f) = roff-
OUTTJ, roVoi/ euro" = roffovro, rdVou avrov = roffovrov, etc.
2. Like 6, 7), r6 is declined, #8e, 7}5e, r^Se, rouSe, TTjsSe, PI. oVoV, ynvi
IrriMl fyvriva '6 rt
oTsri,
e. g. Th. 8, 24. X. Cy. 1. 6, 26. Vect. 4, 32.
LENGTHENING OF THE PRONOUN.
119
(1>) Adverbial Correlatives.
1 Interrogative.
Indefinite.
Demonstrative.
Relative.
Indirect
Intcrrog.
liroD; where?
\ ubi '.
||y<&y; whence?
un.le '.
F[ *<>?, u-hither?
I quo?
TTOV, somewhere,
alicubi
iro&eV, from some
place, alicunde
irof, to some place,
aliqno
wanting (hie,
ibi)
wanting (hinc,
inde)
wanting (eo)
o5, where,
ubi
o&fv, whence,
unde
of, whither,
quo
OTTOU, where.
ubi
<57T<&>,
whence.undc
$iroi,whither,
quo
[1 in$T6 ; tchen 1
quando ?
1 inivlKa. ; quo
temporis punc-
to? quota ho-
1 n't <
iroT, some time,
aliquando
wanting
Tore, then, turn
ryvi- ] hoc
ic68e 1 ipso
Tt\vi- \ tcm-
Kavra J pore
ore, when.
quum
TjviKa, when.
quo ipso
temporc
6ir6r,
when,
quando
biri)viKa,
when, quo
ipso tern-
pore
1 1 TttS ; AOU.' ?
1 10} ; whither ?
\ how?
iT(t>s, some how
irf), to some place,
thither, in some way
OUTO>($) O>5, SO
TTjSe ( hither,
Tavry \ or here
us, how
77, where,
whither
OTTOJS, how
OTTTTJ. where,
whither.
REM. 2. The forms to express the idea of here, there (hie, ibi), wanting in
the Common language, are supplied by fvrav&a, &/&a5e, and the idea of hence,
thence (hinc, inde), by ly&cVSc, trrevbev; fv&a and frbev in the old and poetic
Ian linage have both a demonstrative and relative sense, but in prose only a
relative sense, except in certain phrases, e. g. Zv&a /j.(v frSa 5e, hie, illic,
y Kal fvbtv, hinc, illinc, and when the signification of place is changed to
that of time, e. g. cv&o \eyfi, then he says, fr&ev, thereupon. The forms TCS, thus,
;, hither, here, are poetic ; &s (instead of ovrcas), is also for the most part
poetic ; in prose, it is confined almost wholly to certain phrases, e.g. /col &s, vel
sic. ouy (/X7j5') 5$, ne sic quidem, and in comparisons, us &s, ut sic, PL Rp.
7. 530, d. Prot. 326, d. ; also &s olv, so then, Th. 3, 37.
$ 95. Lengthening of the Pronoun.
Some small words are so appended to the pronouns, for the purpose of giving
a particular turn to their signification, that they coalesce and form one word.
They are the following :
(a) The enclitic 7* is joined to the Personal pronouns of the first and second
person, in order to make the person emphatic, by putting him in contrast with
others, e. g. eyorye, I for my part. The pronoun e'-yw then draws back its accent
in the Nom. and Dat. e.g. *yu 76, fytoirye, epoiyf, f/J.(yc, crirye. As ye can be
joined with any other word, so also with any other pronoun, but it does not
form one word with the pronoun, e. g. oln6s 76.
(b) The particles 8Vj (most commonly S^TTOTC), and o3i>, are appended to
relatives compounded of interrogative* "or indefinites, as well as to 8iros$TiiroT(. quantuscunque ; 6in]\iKosovy, hoiccver great,
v how old sofvcr : so also wsTrepouv [comp. (d)].
120 NATURE AND DIVISION OF NUMERALS. [$ 96.
(c) The suffix 5e is joined with some demonstratives for the purpose of
strengthening their demonstrative relation, e. g. oSe, ^8e, r6Se ; rot6sSe ; To