The Student Ri ES Of Latin Classics NRLF 5D3 7Tfi m '^1/ ^2^_yU^ /yy/ THE LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA IN MEMORY OF PROFESSOR WILLIAM MERRILL AND MRS. IMOGENE MERRILL Roman wearing Toga. Cfje Stutients' Series of Hatin Classies SELECTIONS FROM LHOMOND'S URBIS ROMAE VIRI OLUSTRES EDITED BY GEORGE MEASON WHICHER PACKER INSTITUTE LEACH, SHEWELL, AND SANBORN BOSTON NEW YORK CHICAGO 1896 GIFT Copyright, 1896, By leach, SHEWELL, AND SANBOEN. J. S. Cushiiig & Co. - Berwick & Smith Norwood Mass. U.S.A. PREFACE. Toward the end of the first year of the preparatory course in Latin there is often felt a need of a limited amount of text simple enough to fill the gap between the beginners' book and the work of the second year. Such a need this book under- takes to fill. It does not aim to compete with the admirable editions of the same te^t recently made for those who can afford to devote more than a few weeks to reading matter of this kind. The four biographies selected comprise about thirty pages, or the equivalent of a book of Caesar's Gallic War, — the amount recommended by several committees which have recently considered the subject of preparatory work in Latin. At this stage of his progress it is assumed that the pupil has mastered the ordinary forms and simpler constructions of the language, but still needs much detailed instructions on the more difficult points. References to the grammars most widely used have been freely given, and whenever it seemed necessary or convenient grammatical information has been incorporated in the notes. While the editor cannot endorse the dictum that such material should be called to a pupil's attention only when he mistranslates the text, he feels sure no reasonable teacher will require a pupil to master all the principles referred to. At any rate, no pupil will do so, and his attention should, therefore, be directed especially to those which he most needs. V vi PREFACE. With the exception of a few points, the text conforms to that of Holzer's 10th edition (Stuttgart, 1889). Lewis's Ele- mentary Latin Dictionary has been followed closely in spelling, word division, and the parts of verbs. The "hidden " quanti- ties, however, are marked according to Marx (Hilfsbiichlein, 2d ed.), already used in other books of this series. G. M. WHICHER. Packer Institute, September, 1896. CONTENTS PAGE Gnaecs Pompeius Magnus ....;..! Gaius Julius Caesar ...••... 8 Marcus Tullius Cicero 20 Caesar Octavianus Augustus 27 Notes 37 Vocabulary 61 vii GNAEUS POMPEIUS MAGNUS. B.C. 106-48. How Pompey saved his Father. Gnaeus Pompeiiis, stirpis senatoriae, bello civlli se et patrem consilio servavit. Cum enim Pomp^i pater exercitui suo ob avaritiam esset invisus, facta in eiim conspiratione, Terentiiis quidam, Gnaei Pom- pei fllii contubernalis, hunc occTdendum suscepit, diim 5 alii tabernaciilum patris inceuderent. Quae res cum iuveiii Pompeio c6nanti nuntiata esset, nihil periculo motus solito hilarius bibit et cum Terentio eadem, qua antea, comitate usus est. Deinde cubiculum ingressus clam subduxit se tentorio et firmam patri circumdedit lo custodiam. Terentius tum d6stricto ense ad lectum Pompel accessit multisque ictibus stragula percussit. \^' Orta mox seditione Pompeius se in media coniecit agmina, militesque tumultuantes precibus et lacrimis placavit ac duel reconciliavit. 15 Hovj he won the Favor of Sulla. Eodem bello Pompeius partes SuUae secutus ita se gessit, ut ab eo maxima dlligeretur. Annos tres et viginti natus, ut Sullae auxilio veniret, paterni exercitus reliquias conlegit, statimque dux peritus 2 URBIS ROMAE VIRI INLUSTRES. exstitit. Magnus illius apud militem amor, magna apud omnes admlratio fuit; nullus ei labor taedio, nulla defatigatio molestiae erat. Cibi vinique tempe- rans, somni parous; inter milites corpus exerc6ns, 5 cum alacribus saltti, cum velocibus cursu, cum validis luctando certabat. Tum ad Sullam iter intendit et in eo itinere tres hostium exercittis aut fudit aut sibi adiunxit. Quem ubi Sulla ad s6 accedere audivit egregiamque sub signis iuventutem aspexit, desiliit 10 ex equo Pompeiumque salutavit imperatorem et postea ei venienti solebat sella adsurgere et caput aperire et equo descendere, quem honorem ngmini nisi Pom- p6io tribuebat. Pompey in Sicily. Postea Pompeius in Siciliam profectus est, ut eam 15 a Carbone, Bullae inimico, occupatam reciperet. Carbo comprehensus et ad Pompeium ductus est ; quem Pompeius, etsi Carbo muliebriter mortem extimescens demisse et flebiliter mortem deprecabatur, ad suppli- cium dud itissit. Longe moderatior fuit Pompeius 20 erga Sthenium, Siciliae ctiiusdam civitatis principem. Cum enim in eam civitatem animadvertere d^crevis- set, quae sibi adversata fuisset, inlqu6 eum factti- rum Sthenius exclamavit, si ob unius culpam omnes puniret. Interroganti Pompeio quisnam ille unus 25 esset, " Ego," inquit Sthenius, " qui elves meos ad id induxi." Tam libera voce delectatus Pompeius omni- 82 ' bus et Sthenic ipsi pepercit. GNAEUS POMPEIUS MAGNUS. 3 His First Triumph. Transgressus inde in Africam larbam, Numidiae regem, qui Marl partibus favebat, bello persecutus intra dies quadraginta oppressit et Africam subegit adulescens quattuor et vigintl annorum. Deinde cum litterae ei a Sulla redditae essent, quibus exercitti 5 dimisso cum una legione successorem exspectare iube- batur, Pompeius, quamquam aegre id ferebat, tamen paruit et Eomam revertit. Hevertenti incredibilis hominum multitude obviam Ivit ; Sulla quoque laetus eum excepit et Magni cognomine consalutavit. Nihilo lo minus Pompeio triumphum petenti restitit; neque v6r6 ea r6 a proposito deterritus est Pompeius au- susque dicere pltires adorare solem orientem quam occidentem ; quo dicto innuebat Sullae potentiam mi- nui, suam crescere. Ea voce audita Sulla, confidentia 15 %i adulescentis perculsus : " Triumphet ! triumphet ! " exclamavit. Pompey conquers Sertorius in Spain. Metello iam sen! et bellum in Hispania segnius gerentl conl6ga datus Pompeius adversus Sertorium vario 6ventu dimic^vit. Maximum ibi in proelio quC- 20 dam periculum subiit; cum enim vir vastS, corporis magnittidine impetum in eum fecisset, Pompeius ma- num amputavit; sed multls in eum concurrentibus volnus in femore accepit et a suis fugientibus desertus in hostium potestate erat. At praeter spem evasit; 25 barbari enim equum eius auro phalerisque eximiis mstructum c6perant. Dum igitur praedam inter sp altercantes partiuntur, Pompeius eorum manus effugit. 4 URBIS ROMAE VIRI INLUSTRES. Altero proelio cum Metellus Pompgio laboranti auxilio v^nisset, Sertorius recedere coSctus dixisse fertur: " Nisi anus ilia supervenisset, ego hunc puerum verbe- ribus castigatum Eomam dimisissem." Metellum 5 anum appellabat, quia is, iam senex, ad mollem et effgminatam vitam deflexerat. Sertorio interfecto ^fg Pompeius Hispaniam recepit. War with the Pirates. Cum piratae ilia tempestate maria omnia inf estarent et quasdam etiam Italiae urbes diripuissent, ad eos 10 opprimendos cum imperio extraordinario missus est Pompeius. Nimiae virl potentiae obsistebant quidam ex optimatibus et imprimis Quintus Catulus. Qui cum in contione dixisset, esse quidem praeclarum virum Cn. Pompeium, sed non esse tini omnia tribuenda, adiecis- 15 setque, "Si quid huic acciderit, quem in eius locum substituetis ? " summo consensu succlamavit universa contio: "Te, Quinte Catule." Tam honorifico civium testimSnio victus Catulus e contione discessit. Pom- peius, dispositis per omnes maris recessus navibus, 20 brevi terrarum orbem ilia peste liberSvit ; praedones multis locis victos fudit; eosdem in d^ditionem ac- ceptos in urbibus et agris procul a marl conlocavit. "^r- Nihil hac victoria celerius ; nam intra quadragesimum diem piratas toto marl expulit. The Downfall of Mithridates. 25 Confecto bello piratico Gnaeus Pompeius contra Mithridatem profectus in Asiam magna celeritate con- tendit. Proelium cum r6ge conserere cupiebat, neque GNAEUS POMPEIUS MAGNUS. 5 opportana dabatur ptignandl facultas, quia Mithridatfis interdia castrls s6 continebat, noctu v6r0 baud tutum erat congredi cum hoste in locis ignotls. Nocte tamen aliquando cum Pomp^ius Mithridatem aggressus esset, Iftna magno fuit Komanis aditlmento. Quam cum Ro- 5 man! a tergo habgrent, umbrae corporum longius pro- iectae ad primos usque hostium ordines pertin^bant ; unde decepti r6gil militgs in umbras, tamquam in pro- pinquum hostem, tela mittebant. Victus Mithridat6s "ggin Pontum profugit. Pharnaces fllius bellum ei in- 10 tulit, qui, occisis a patre fratribus, vitae suae ipse timebat. Mithridates a filio obsessus venenum sump- sit; quod cum tardius subiret, quia adversus venena multis antea medicamentis corpus firmaverat, a milite Gallo, a quo ut adiuvaret se petierat, interfectus est. 15 Pompey''s Victories in Asia. Tigrani deinde, Armeniae regl, qui Mithridatis partes secutus erat, Pompgius bellum intulit eumque ad deditionem compulit. Qui cum prOcubuisset ad genua Pomp6I, eum ergxit, et benignis verbis recrea- tum diadema, quod abiecerat, capiti reponere itlssit, 20 aeque pulchrum esse iadicans et vincere reg6s et facere. Inde in ladaeam profectus Romanorum pri- mus Itidaeos domuit, Hierosolyma, caput gentis, cSpit, templumque iure victoriae ingressus est. Rebus Asiae compositis in Italiam versus ad urbem vgnit, non, ut 25 plerlque timuerant, armatus, sed dimisso exercitti, et ^gftertium triumphum bIduO dtixit. Inslgnis fuit multis novis intisitatlsque ornamentis hic triumphus; sed nihil inlastrius visum, quam quod tribus triumphls 6 URBIS ROMAE VlRl INLUSTRES. tr6s orbis partes devictae causam praebuerant ; Pom- peius enim, quod antea contigerat nemini, primum ex Africa, iterum ex Europa, tertio ex Asia triumpha- vit, felix opinione hominum futurus, si, quern gloriae, 5 eundem vitae fmein habuisset neque adversam for- tiinam esset expertus iam senex. War loith Caesar. Posteriore enim tempore orta inter Pomp6ium et Caesarein gravi dissensione, quod hie superiorem, ille parem ferre non posset, bellum civile exarsit. Caesar 10 Infesto exercitu in Italiam venit. Pompeius relicta b.c. urbe ac deinde Italia ipsa Thessaliani petit et cum eo *^ consules senatusque omnis ; quem Insecutus Caesar apud Pharsalum acie fudit. Yictus Pompeius ad Ptolemaeum, AegyptI regem, cui tutor a senatu datus 15 erat, profugit, qui Pompeium interfici iussit. Latus Pompel sub oculls uxoris et llberorum mucrone con- fossum est, caput praeclsum, truncus in Nllum con- iectus. Deinde caput cum anulo ad Caesarem delatum est, qui eo viso lacrimas non continens illud multls 20 pretiosissimlsque odoribus cremandum curavit. Is fuit Pompel post tres consulatus et totidem triumphos vltae exitus. Character of Pompey. Erant in Pompeio multae et magnae virtutes ac praecipug admlranda frugalitas. Cum el aegrOtanti 25 praeegpisset medicus ut turdum ederet, negarent autem servl eam avem usquam aestlvo tempore posse reperiri nisi apud Lticullum, qui turdos domi saglnaret, vetuit Pompeius turdum inde petl, medicoque dixit : " Ergo, nisi Lucullus perditus delicils esset, non viveret Pom- GNAEUS POMPEIUS MAGNUS. 7 peius ? " Aliam avem, quae parabilis esset, sibi iussit apponl. Virls doctis magnum honorem habebat Pompgius. Ex Syria decedens, confecto bello Mithridatico, cum Rhodum venisset, Posidonium cupiit audire ; sed cum 5 audivisset eum graviter esse aegrum, quod vehementer eius artus laborarent, voluit tamen nobilissimum phi- losophum visere. Mos erat ut, consule aedes aliquas ingressuro, lictor fores percuteret, admonens consulem adesse; at Pompeius fores Posidoni percuti honoris 10 causa vetuit. Quern ut vidit et salutavit, moleste se dixit ferre, quod eum non posset audire. At ille, " Tu vero," inquit, '^ potes, nee committam ut dolor corporis efficiat ut frustra tantus vir ad me venerit." Itaque Cubans graviter et copiose de hoc ipso disputavit : 15 nihil esse bonum nisi quod honestum esset, nihil malum did posse quod turpe non esset. Cum vero dolores acriter eum pungerent, saepe, "Nihil agis," inquit, "dolor! quamvis sTs molestus, numquam te esse malum confitebor.'^ 20 GAIUS lULIUS CAESAK. B.C. 102-44. Caesar defies Sulla. C. lulius Caesar, nobilissima luliorum genitus familia, annum agens sextum et decimum patrem amisit. Corneliam, Cinnae flliam, duxit uxorem; cuius pater cum esset Bullae inimicissimus, is Cae- 5 sarem voluit compellere, ut earn repudiaret ; neque id ^^ potuit efficere. Qua re Caesar bonis spoliatus cum etiam ad necem qnaereretur, mutata veste nocte urbe elapsus est et quamquam tunc quartanae morbo labo- rabat, prope per singulas noctes latebras commut^re 10 c5gebatur ; et comprehensus a Sullae liberto, ne ad Sullam perduceretur, vix data pecunia evasit. Po- stremo per propinquos et adfines suos veniam impe- travit. Satis constat, Sullam, cum deprecantibus amicissimls et ornatissimis viris aliquamdiu denegas- 16 set atque illl pertinaciter contenderent, expugnatum tandem proclamasse, vincerent, dum modo sclrent, eum, quem incolumem tantopere cuperent, aliquando optimatium partibus, quas secum simul defendissent, exitio futurum ; nam Caesarl multos Marios inesse. Adventure with Pirates. 20 Stipendia prima in Asia fecit. In exptignatione Mitylenarum corona civica donatus est. Mortuo Sulla 8 GAIUS lULIUS CAESAR. 9 Ehodum secedere statuit, iit per otium Apollonio Mo- '^gloni, tunc clarissimo dicendi magistro, operam daret. Hue dum traicit, a praedonibus eaptus est mansitque apud eos prope quadraginta dies. Per omne autem illud spatium ita se gessit ut piratls pariter terror! 5 venerationique esset. Comites interim servosque ad expediendas peciinias quibus redimeretur, dimisit. Viginti talenta plratae postulaverant: ille quinquaginta daturum se spopondit. Quibus numeratis cum ex- positus esset in litore, confestim Mlletum, quae urbs lo proxime aberat, properavit ibique contracta classe invectus in eum locum in quo ipsi praedones erant, partem classis fugavit, partem mersit, aliquot naves cepit piratasque in potestatem redactos eo supplicio quod illis saepe minatus inter iocum erat, adfecit 15 crucique suffixit. Caesuras Ambitions Spirit. Quaestor! ulterior Hispania obvenit. Quo profectus ^68 c^m'i Alpes trans!ret et ad conspectum pauperis cuius- dam vici comites per iocum inter se disputarent num illic etiam esset ambition! locus, serio d!xit Caesar 20 malle se ibi pr!mum esse quam E-omae secundum. Dominationis avidus a prima aetate regnum concu- p!scebat semperque in ore habebat hos Eur!pidis, Graeci poetae, versus : Nam si violandum est ius, regnandi gratia Violandum est, aliis rebus pietatem colas. Cumque Gades, quod est Hispaniae oppidum, venis- 25 set, animadversa apud Herculis templum magni Ale- 10 URBIS ROMAE VIRI INLUSTRES. xandri imagine ingemuit et quasi pertaesus ignaviain suam, quod nihildum a se memorabile actum esset in ea aetate qua iam Alexander orbem terrarum sube- gisset, missionem continue efflagitavit ad captandas 5 quam primum maiorum rerum occasiones in urbe. Aedilis praeter Comitium ac Forum etiam Capito- "J^ Hum ornavit porticibus. Venationes autem ludosque et cum conlega M. Bibulo et separatim edidit; quo factum est, ut communium quoque impensarum solus 10 gratiam caperet. His autem rebus patrimonium effu- dit tantumque conflavit aes alienum, ut ipse diceret sibi opus esse milieus sestertiura, ut haberet nihil. His Consulship. Consul deinde creatus cum M. Bibulo, societatem cum Gnaeo Pompeio et Marco Crasso iunxit Caesar, 15 ne quid ageretur in re publica, quod displicuisset tilli ex tribus. Deinde legem tulit, ut ager Campanus plebi divideretur. Cui leg! cum senatus repugnaret, rem ad populum detulit. Bibulus conlega in Forum venit, ut leg! obsisteret, sed tanta in eum commota est 20 seditio, ut fasces ei f rangerentur atque adeo ipse armis Foro expelleretur. Qua re cum Bibulus per reliquum anni tempus domo abditus Curia abstineret, unus ex eo tempore Caesar omnia in re publica ad arbitrium ad- ministrabat, ut nonnulli urbanorum, si quid testandi 25 gratia signarent, per iocum non, ut mos erat, " consuli- bus Caesare et Bibulo actum " scriberent, sed " lulio et Caesare,'' unum consulem nomine et cognomine pro duobus appellantes. GAIUS lULIUS CAESAR. 11 The Conquest of Gaul. 58' Functus consulatti Caesar Galliam provinciam ac- cepit. Gessit autem novem annis quibus in imperio fuit haec fere : Galliam in provinciae f ormam redegit ; Gennanos, qui trans Khenum incolunt, primus Eo- nianorum ponte fabricate aggressus maximis adfecit 5 cladibus. Aggressus est Britannos, ignotos antea, su- peratisque pecunias et obsides imperavit. Hic cum multa Eomanorum militum Insignia narrantur, turn illud egregium ipsius Caesaris, quod ntitante in fugam exercitti, rapto fugientis e manti scuto, in primam lo volitans aciem proelium restituit. Idem alio proelio legionis aquiliferum, ineundae fugae causa iam con- versum, faucibus comprehensum in contrariam partem detraxit dextramque ad liostem tendens, "Quorsum tti," inquit, " abis? Illic sunt cum quibus dimicamus." 15 Qua adhortatione omnium legionum trepidationem corrgxit, vincique paratas vincere docuit. Crossing the Bubicon. Interfecto interea apud Parthos Crasso et dgfuncta lulia, Caesaris filia, quae, nupta Pompeio, generi so- cerique concordiam tenebat, statim aemulatio erupit. 20 lam pridem Pompeio suspectae Caesaris opes et Cae- sar! Pompeiana dlgnitas gravis, nee hIc ferebat parem, nee ille superiorem. Itaque cum Caesar in Gallia detineretur, et, ne imperfecto bello discederet, postu- lasset ut sibi liceret, quamvis absenti, alterum con- 25 sulatum petere, a senatu suadentibus Pompeio eiusque amicis negatum ei est. Hanc iniuriam acceptam vin- 12 UK BIS ROMAE VIRI INLUSTRES. dicattirus in Italiam rediit et, bellandum ratiis, cum exercitii Rubiconem flumen, qui provinciae eius finis erat, transiit. Hoc ad flumen paulum constitisse fertur ae reputans, quantum moliretur, conversus ad 5 proximos, "Etiam nunc," inquit, "regredi possumus ; quod si ponticulum transierimus, omnia armis agenda erunt." Postremo autem, " lacta alea esto ! " ex- clamans, exercitum traici itissit plurimTsque urbibus 4*9 occupatis Brundisium contendit, quo Pompeius con- 10 sulesque confugerant. Defeat of Pompey and His Party. Qui cum inde in Epirum traiecissent, Caesar eos secutus a Brundisio Dyrrachium inter oppositas classes gravissima hieme transmisit; copiisque, quas subsequi iusserat, diutius cessantibus cum ad eas 15 arcessendas frustra misisset, mlrae audaciae facinus edidit. Morae enim impatiens castris noctu egreditur, clam naviculam conscendit, obvoluto capite, ne agno- sceretur, et quamquam mare saeva tempestate intume- scebat, in altum tamen protinus dirigi navigium iubet 20 et gubernatore trepidante, " Quid times ? " inquit, " Caesarem vehis ! '^ neque prius gubernatorem cedere adversae tempestati passus est, quam paene obrutus esset fluctibus. Deinde Caesar in Epirum profectus Pompeium Phar- 25 salico proelio fudit, et fugientem persecutus, ut occi- sum cognovit, Ptolemaeo regi, Pompei interfectori, a quo sibi quoque Insidias tendi videret, bellum intulit ; quo victo in Pontum transiit Pliarnacemque, Mitliri- datis filium, rebellantem et multiplici successu prae- GAIUS lULIUS CAESAR. 13 ferocem intra qulntum ab adventu diem, quattuor, qui- bus in conspectnm venit, horis una profligavit acie more fulminis quod uno eodemque momento venit, percussit, abscessit. Nee vana de se praedicatio est Caesaris, ante victum hostem esse quam visum. Pon- 5 tico postea triumpho trium verborum praetulit titu- lum: " Veni, vidi, vici." Deinde Sclpionem et lubam, Kumidiae regem, reliquias Pompeianarum partium in Africa refoventes, devlcit. War in Spain with Pompeifs Sons. Victorem AfricanI belli Gaium Caesarem gravius 10 excgpit Hispaniense, quod Cn. Pompeius, Magni filius, adulescens fortissimus, ingens ac terribile conflaverat, undique ad eum auxilils paterni nominis magnitudi- nem sequentium ex toto orbe confluentibus. Sua Caesarem in Hispaniam comitata fortuna est; sed 15 nullum umquam atrocius perlculosiusque ab eo initum proelium, adeo ut, plus quam dubio Marte, descende- rs' ret equo consistensque ante recedentem suorum aciem, increpans Fortunam, quod se in eum servasset exitum, dentintiaret mllitibus vestlgio se non recessul^um; 20 proinde viderent quem et quo loco imperatorem deser- turl essent. Verecundia magis quam virttite acies re- stituta est. Cn. Pompeius victus et interemptus est. Caesar, omnium victor, regressus in urbem, omnibus qui contra se arma tulerant Ignovit, et quinquiens 25 triumphavit. 14 URBIS ROMAE VIRI INLUSTRES. Caesar as Buler of Borne. Bellis civllibus confectis, conversus iam ad ordinan- dum rei publicae statiim, fastos correxit annumque ad cursiim solis accommodavit, ut trecentoriim sexaginta qulnque dierum esset et intercalario meiise sublato 5 unus dies quarto quoque anno intercalaretur. lus lar boriosissime ac severissime dixit. Repetundarum con- victos etiam ordine senatorio movit. Peregrinarum mercium portoria instituit ; legem praecipue sumptu- ariam exercuit. De ornanda mstruendaque urbe, item 10 de tuendo ampliandoque imperio plura ac maiora in dies destinabat ; imprimis itis civile ad certum modum redigere atque ex immensa legum copia optima quae- que et necessaria in paucissimos conferre libros ; bibli- othecas Graecas et Latinas, quas maximas posset, pu- is blicare, siccare Pomptinas paludes ; viam munire a Mari Supero per Appennini dorsum ad Tiberim usque ; Dacos qui se in Pontum effuderant, coercere ; mox Parthis bellum inferre per Armeniam. Caesar killed by Conspirators. Haec et alia agentem et meditantem mors praev6nit. 20 Dictator enim in perpetuum creatus agere msolentius coepit; senatum ad se venientem sedans exc^pit et quendam, ut adsurgeret, monentem irato voltu re- spexit. Cum Antonius, Caesaris in omnibus bellis comes et tunc consulattis conlega, capiti eius in sella 25 aurea sedentis pro Rostris diadema, insigne rggium, imposuisset, id ita ab eo est repulsum, ut non offSnsus vid6r6tur. GAIUS lULIUS CAESAR. 17 Qua re coniuratum in eiim est a sexaginta amplius viris, Cassio et Bruto ducibus conspirationis^ decre- tumque eum Idibus Martiis in senatu confodere. Pltirima indicia f utiiri periculi obtulerant dii immor- tales. Uxor Calpurnia territa noctiirno visti, ut Idibus 5 Martiis domi subsisteret orabat, et Sptirinna haruspex praedixerat ut proximos dies triginta quasi fatales caveret, quorum tiltimus erat Idus Martiae. Hoc igitur die Caesar Sptirinnae, "Ecquid scis," inquit, " idtis Martias iam venisse ? " et is, " Ecquid scis 10 illas nondum praeterlsse ? " Atque cum Caesar eo die in senatum v^nisset, adsidentem conspTrati specie officii circumsteterunt ilicoque unus, quasi aliquid rogattirus, propius accessit renuentique ab utroque umero togam apprehendit. Deinde clamantem, " Ista 15 quidem vis est," Casca, unus e coniuratis, adversum volnerat paulum infra iugulum. Caesar Cascae brac- chium adreptum graphio traiecit conatusque prosilire alio volnere tardatus est. Dein ut animadvertit un- ^^•dique se strictis pugionibus peti, toga caput obvolvit 20 et ita tribus et vlginti plagis confossus est. Cum Marcum Brtitum, quem filii loco habebat, in se inru- entem vidisset, dixisse fertur: "Tu quoque, mi fill!" His Character and Appearance. Illud inter omnes fer6 constitit, talem el mortem paene ex sententia obtigisse. Nam et quondam cum 25 apud Xenophontem legisset Cyrum ultima valettidine mandasse quaedam de funere suo, aspernatus tam lentum mortis genus, subitam sibi celeremque opta- verat, et pridis quam occIder6tur, in sermone nato 18 URBIS ROMAK VIIU IXLUSTRES. super cenam quisnam esset finis vitae commodissimiis, repentlnum inoplnatumque praetulerat. Percussorum autem neque triennio quisquam ampliiis supervixit neque morte sua defimctiis est. Damnati omnes alius 5 alio casii perierunt, pars nauf ragio, pars proelio ; non- nuUl s^met eodem illo pugione, quo Caesarem violave- rant, intergmerunt. Quo rarior in regibus et prmcipibus viris moderatio, hoc laudanda magis est. C. Iiilius Caesar victoria 10 civlli clementissime usus est ; cum enim scrinia depre- hendisset epistularum ad Ponipeium missaruni ab eis, qui videbantur aut in diversis aut in neutris f uisse par- tibus, legere noluit, sed combtissitj ne forte in multos gravius consulendi locum darent. Cicero banc laudem 15 eximiam Caesari tribuit, quod nihil oblivisci soleret nisi iniurias. Simultates omnes occasione oblata libens deposuit. Ultro ac prior scripsit C. Calvo post famosa eiiis adversum se epigrammata. Valerium Catullum, cuius versiculls famam suam laceratam non ignorabat, 20 adhibuit cenae. C. Memml suffragator in petitione consulatus fuit, etsi asperrimas fuisse eius in se ora- tiones sciebat. Fuisse traditur excelsa statura, ore paulo pleniore, nigris vegetisque oculis, capite calvo; quam calvitii 25 deformitatem, quod saepe obtrectatorum iocis obnoxia erat, aegre ferebat. Ideo ex omnibus decretis sibi a senatti populoque honoribus non alium aut rec6pit aut usurpavit libentius quam ius laureae perpetuo gestan- dae. Vini parcissimum eum fuisse ne inimici quidem 30 negav^runt. Verbum Catonis est, ununi ex omnibus Caesarem ad evertendam rem publicam sobrium acces- sisse. Armorum et equitandi peritissimus, laboris GAIUS lULIUS CAESAR. 19 illtra fidem patiens; in agmine nonnumquam eqiio, saepius pedibus anteibat, capite detecto, seu sol, sen imber erat. Longissimas vias incredibili celeritate conficiebat, ut persaepe nuntios de se praeveniret ; neqiie eum morabantur flumina, quae vel nando vel innixus mflatis utribiis traiciebat. BtTLLA {Boy's Amulet). MARCUS TULLIUS CICERO. B.C. 106-43. Cicero'^s Education as an Orator. Marcus Tullius Cicero, equestri genere, Arpinl, quod est Volscorum oppidum, natus est. Ex eius avis unus verrticam in extremo naso sitam habuit, ciceris grano similem; inde cognomen Ciceronis genti inditum. 5 Suadentibus quibusdam ut id nomen mutaret: '^Dabo operam," inquit, "ut istud cognomen nobilissimorum nominum splendorem vincat." Cum a patre Rom am missus, ubi celeberrimorum magistrorum scholis in- teresset, eas artes disceret quibus aetas puerilis ad 10 humanitatem solet informarl, tanto successu tantaque cum praeceptorum tum ceterorum discipulorum admi- ratione id fecit ut, cum fama de Ciceronis ingenio et doctrina ad alios manasset, non pauci, qui eius videndi et audiendi gratia scholas adirent, reperti esse dl- 15 cantiir. Cum nulla re magis ad summos in re publica hono- ris viam muniri posse intellegeret quam arte dicendl et eloquentia, toto animo in eius studium incubuit; in quo quidem ita versatus est ut non solum eos, 20 qui in Foro et iiidicils causes perorarent, studios6 sectaretur, sed privatim quoque diligentissimg s6 exercgret. 20 MARCUS TULLIUS CICERO. 21 Cicero enters Public Life. Primum eloquentiam et libertatein adversus SiiUanos ostendit. Nam cum Eoscium qiiendam, parricidii ac- ''sJ" cusatum, ob Chrysogoni, Sullae liberti, qui in eius adversarils erat, potentiam nemo defendere auderet, tanta eloquentiae vi eum defendit Cicero ut iam turn 5 in arte dicendi nullus ei par esse videretur. Ex quo invidiam veritus Athenas studiorum gratia petiit, ubi Antiochum philosophum studiose audlvit. Inde elo- quentiae causa Rliodum se contulit, ubi Molonem, Graecum rhetorem turn disertissimum, magistrum lo habuit. Qui cum Ciceronem dicentem audivisset, flevisse dicitur, quod per hunc Graecia eloquentiae laude privaretur. Eomam reversus quaestor Siciliam habuit. Nullius ^^■^■•vero quaesttira aut gratior aut clarior fuit ; cum magna 15 tum esset annonae difficultas, initio molestus erat Sicu- lis, quos cogeret f rumenta in urbem mittere ; postea vero, diligentiam et iustitiam et comitatem eius experti, maiores quaestori suo honores quam ulli umquam prae- tori detulerunt. E Sicilia reversus Romam in causis 20 dicendis ita floruit, ut inter omnes causarum patronos et esset et haberetur princeps. The Ancestry of Catiline. Consul deinde factus L. Sergi Catilinae coniaratiO- nem singulari virtute, constantia, cura compressit. Ca- tilinae proavum, M. Sergium, incrSdibili fortittidine 25 fuisse Plinius refert. Stipendia is fecit secundo bello Ptinico. Secundo stipendio dextram manum perdidit ; 22 URBIS ROMAE VIRI INLUSTRES. stipendiis duobus ter et viciens volneratus est ; ob id neutra manu, neutro pede satis titilis, plurimisque posted stipendiis debilis miles erat. Bis ab Hannibale captus, bis vinculorum eius profugus, viginti mensibus 5 nullo noil die in catSnls aiit compedibus custoditus. Sinistra manu sola quater pugnavit, duobus equis msidente eo suffossls. Dextram sibi ferream fecit eaque religata proeliatus Cremonam obsidione exemit, Placentiam ttitatus est, duodena castra hostium in 10 Gallia cepit. " Ceteri prof ecto," Plinius addit, " victores hominum fuere, Sergius vicit etiam fortunam." The Famous Conspiracy. Singularem htiius viri gloriam foede dehonestSvit pronepotis scelus. Hic enim rel familiaris, quam pro- ftiderat, inopia multorumque scelerum conscientia in 15 furorem actus et dominandi cupiditate incensus, indl- gnatusque quod in petltione consulatus repulsam passus esset, coniuratione facta, senatum confodere, consules trucidare, urbem incendere, diripere aerarium consti-^g^- tuerat. Actum erat de pulclierrimo imperio, nisi ilia 20 coniuratio in Ciceronem et Antonium consules inci- disset, quorum alter industria rem patef ecit, alter manu oppressit. Cum Cicero habito senatu in praesentem reum perorasset, Catilina, incendium suum rulna se restincttlrum esse minitans, Koma profugit et ad ex- 25 ercitum quern paraverat, proficiscitur, signa inlattirus urbi. Sed socii gius, qui in urbe remanserant, com- prehgnsi in carcere necati sunt. A. Fulvius, vir sena- toril ordinis, filium, iuvenem et ingenio et forma inter aequales nitentem, pravo c6nsilio Catilinae amicitiam MARCUS TULLIUS CICERO. 23 sectitum inque castra eius ruenteiiij ex medio itinere retractum supplicio mortis adfecit, praefatus non se Catillnae ilium adversus patriam, sed patriae adversus Catilinam genuisse. The Death of Catiline. ll^eque eo magis ab incepto Catilma dSstitit, sed 5 infestis signis Romam petens Antoni exercitti oppri- mitur. Quam atrociter dimicatum sit, exitus docuit; nemo hostium bello superfuit; quem quisque in ptignando ceperat locum, eum amissa anima tegebat. Catilina longe a suis inter hostium cadavera repertus lo est ; pulcherrima morte, si pro patria sic concidisset ! Senatus populusque Romanus Ciceronem patrem patriae appellavit. Cicero ipse in oratione pro Sulla palam praedicat, consilium patriae servandae fuisse iniectum sibi a diis, cum Catilma conitirasset adversus 15 cam. "0 dii immortales," inquit, "vos profecto in- cendistis tum animum meum cupiditate conservandae patriae. Vos avocastis me a cogitationibus omnibus ceteris et convertistis ad saltitem unam patriae. Vos denique praetulistis menti meae clarissimum lumen in 20 tenebrls tantis erroris et Inscientiae. Tribuam enim vobis, quae sunt vestra. Nee vero possum tantum dare ingenio meo, ut dispexerim sponte mea in tem- pestate ilia turbulentissima rel publicae, quid esset optimum factu." 25 Cicero's Exile. Panels post annis Ciceroni diem dixit Clodius tri- bunus plebis, quod elves Romanos indicta causa neca- 24 URBIS ROMAE VIRI INLUSTRES. visset. Senatus maestus, tamquam in publico luctti, veste mutata pro eo deprecabatur. Cicero, cum posset armis salutem suam defendere, maluit urbe cedere, quam sua causa caedem fieri. Proficiscentem omnes 5 bom flentes prosecuti sunt. Dein Clodius edictum proposuit, ut Marco Tullio igni et aqua interdiceretur ; illius domum et villas incendit. Sed vis ilia non diu- turna fuit; mox enim totus fere populus Komanus ingenti deslderio Ciceronis reditum flagitare coepit et 10 maximo omnium ordinum studio Cicero in patriam revocatus est. Nihil per totam vltam Ciceroni itinere quo in patriam rediit, accidit iticundius. Obviam ei redeunti ab universis itum est; domus eius ptiblica pectinia restituta est. The Civil War: Cicero^ s Death. 15 Gravissimae ilia tempestate inter Caesarem et Pom- p6ium ortae sunt inimlcitiae, ut res nisi bello dirimi non posse videretur. Cicero quidem summo studio enitebatur ut eos inter se reconciliaret et a belli civllis calamitatibus deterreret, sed cum neutrum ad pacem 20 ineundam permovere posset, Pompeium secutus est. Sed victo Pompeio, a Caesare victore veniam tiltro accepit. Quo interfecto Octavianum, Caesaris here- dem, fovit, Antonium impugnavit effecitque ut a senatti hostis iudicaretur. 25 Sed Antonius, inita cum Octaviano societate, Cicero- nejp. iam diu sibi inimicum proscrlpsit. Qua re audita Cicero transversis itineribus in villain, quae a marl proxime aberat, ftigit indeque navem conscendit in Macedoniam transiturus. Unde aliquotiens in altum MARCUS TULLIUS CICERO. 25 provectum cum modo venti adversi rettulissent, modo ipse iactationein maris pati non posset, taedium tan- dem eum et fugae et vitae cepit regressusque ad vil- 1am, "Moriar," inquit, "in patria saepe servata." Satis constat, adventantibus percussoribus servos for- 5 titer fideliterque paratos fuisse ad dimicandum, ipsum Lectio A. 10 dgponi lecticam et quietos pati, quod sors iniqua c6- geret, iussisse. Prominent! ex lectica et immotam cer- vicem praebenti caput praecisum est. Mantis quoque abscisae; caput relatum est ad Antonium eiusque itissu cum dextra manti in Kostris positum. Cicero^s Philosophical Writings. Quam diu res publica Romana per eos gergbatur, qui- bus se ipsa commiserat, in eam curas cogitationSsque fere omnes suas conferebat Cicero et plus operae pone- bat in agendo quam in scrlbendo. Cum autem domi- 15 natu unlus C. lull Caesaris omnia tenerentur, non s6 angoribus dedidit nee indignis homine docto volupta- tibus. Fugiens conspectum Fori urbisque rura pera- grabat, abdebatque se quantum licebat, et solus erat. 26 URBIS ROMAE VIRI INLUSTRES. Nihil agere autem cum animus non posset, existimavit honestissime molestias posse deponi, si se ad philoso- phiam rettulisset, cui adulescens multum temporis tribuerat, et omne studium ctiramque convertit ad 5 scrlbendum; atque ut civibus etiam otiosus aliquid prodesse posset, elaboravit, ut doctiores fierent et sapientiores, pluraque brevi tempore eversa re publica scripsit, quam multis annis ea stante scripserat. Sic facundiae et Latinarum litterarum parens evasit paruit- 10 que virorum sapientium praecepto, qui docent non solum ex malls eligere minima oportere, sed etiam excerpere ex his ipsis, si quid insit boni. Cicero'' s Wit. Multa exstant facete ab eo dicta. Cum Lentulum, generum suum, exiguae staturae hominem, vidisset 15 longo gladio accinctum : " Quis," inquit, '^ generum meum ad gladium adligavit ? " — Matrona quaedam itiniorem se quam erat simulans, dictitabat se triginta tantum annos habere : cui Cicero, " Verum est," in- quit, "nam hoc viginti annos audio." — Caesar, altero 20 consule mortuo die Decembris ultima, Camnium con- sulem hora septima in reliquam die! partem rentintia- verat, quem cum plerique Trent saltitatum de more, " Festinemus," inquit Cicero, " priusquam abeat magi- stratu." De eodem Caninio scripsit Cicero: "Fuit 25 mirifica vigilantia Caninius, qui toto suo consulatu somnum non viderit." CAESAE OCTAVIANUS AUGUSTUS. B.C. 63-A.D. 14. Octavianus at the Siege of Modena. Octavianus, luliae, Gai Caesaris sororis, nepos, quartum annum agens patrem amisit. Ab avunculo acloptatus profectum eum in Hispanias adversus Gnaei Pompel liberos sectitus est. Deinde ab eo Apolloniam jnissus studiis vacavit. Utque primum occisum Cae- 5 sarem heredemque se comperit, in urbem regressus hereditatem adiit, nomen Caesaris stimpsit conlectoque veteranorum exercitti opem Decimo Brtito tulit, qui *^ab Antonio Mutinae obsidebatur. Cum autem urbis aditu prohiberetur, ut Brutum de omnibus rebus cer- 10 tiorem faceret, prrmo litteras misit plumbels laminis inscriptas, quas ad bracchium religatas urinatores Scultennam amnem tranantes ad Brutum deferebant. Quin et avibus interntintiis utebatur. Columbis enim, quas inclusas ante fame adfecerat, epistulas ad collum 1:, ^:eligabat easque a proximo moenibus loco emittebat. Jllae, lucis cibique avidae, altissima aedificiorum pe- tentes excipiebantur a Decimo Bruto ; qui eo modo 4e omnibus rebus certior fiebat, utique postquam dis- posito quibusdam locis cibo columbas illuc devolare 20 instituerat. 27 28 URBIS ROMAE VIRI INLUSTRES. The Alliance with Antonius. Bellum Mutiuense Octavianus duobus proeliis con- fgcit; quorum in altero non ducis modo, sed militis etiam functus est officio atque in media dimicatione, aquilif ero legionis suae graviter saucio, aquilam umerls 5 subTsse diuque f ertur portasse. Postea reconciliata cum Antonio gratia itinctisque cum eo copiis, ut Gai Cae- saris necem ulcisceretur, ad urbem hostiliter accessit misitque, qui nomine exercittis sibi consulatum depos- cerent. Cunctante senatti, centurio prlnceps legationis 10 reiecto sagulo, ostendens gladii capulum non dubitavit in Curia dicere: "Hic faciet, si vos non feceritis." The Second Triumvirate: the Proscription. Ita cum Octavianus vic6simo aetatis anno consula- tum invasisset, pacem fecit cum Antonio et Lepido, ita b.c. ut triumviri rei ptiblicae constituendae per quinquen- 15 nium essent ipse et Lepidus et Antonius, et ut suos quisque inimicos proscrlberent. Quae proscriptio Sul- lana longg crtidelior fuit. Exstant autem ex ea multa vel extremae impietatis vel mirae fidei ac constantiae exempla. T. Toranius, triumviroram partes secutus, 20 proscripti patris sul, praetorii et ornati virl, latebras, aetatem notasque corporis, quibus agnosci posset, cen- turionibus edidit, qui eum persecuti sunt. Alius qui- dam cum proscriptum se cognovisset, ad clientem suum confugit ; sed filius eius per ipsa vestigia patris 25 mllitibus ductis, occidendum eum in conspecta suo obiecit. Cum C. Plotius Plancus a triumvirls prOscriptus in CAESAR OCTAVIANUS AUGUSTUS. 29 regione Salernitana lateret, servi eius comprehensi multumque ac diti torti negabant se scire iibi dominus esset. Non sustinuit delude Plaiicus tarn fideles tam- que boni exempli servos tilterius cruciarl; sed pro- cessit in medium iugulumque gladiis militum obiecit. 5 Senatoris cuiusdam servus cum ad dominum pro- scriptum occldendum milites advenisse cognosset, com- mutata cum eo veste, permutato etiam anulo, ilium postTco clam emisit, se autem in cubiculum ad lectulum recepit et ut dominum occidl passus est. " Quanti 10 virl est," addit Seneca, " cum praemia proditionis in- gentia ostendantur, praemium fidei mortem concupl- scere ! " Tfie War with Brutus and Cassius. Octavianus deinde M. Brutum, interfectorem Cae- B.c. saris, bello persectitus id bellum, quamquam invalidus 15 atque aeger, duplici proelio transegit ; quorum priore castris exutus vix fuga evasit. Victor acerbissime s6 gessit; in nobilissimum quemque captlvum non sine verborum contumelia saeviit. Uni suppliciter sepul- turam precanti respondisse dicitur iam istam in volu- 20 crum fore potestate. Alios, patrem et filium, pro vita rogantes, sortiri fertur iussisse, ut alterutrl concedere- tur, ac cum patre, quia se obtulerat, occiso filius quo- que voluntaria occubuisset nece, spectasse utrumque morientem. Orare veniam vel exctisare se conantibus 25 una vCce occurrebat, moriendum esse. Scrlbunt qui- dam trecentos ex dediticiis 6l6ctos ad aram divo Itilio exstructam Idibus Martiis hostiarum more mactatos. 30 URBIS ROMAE VIRI INLUSTRES. Antony and Cleopatra Defeated. Abalienatus postea est ab Antonio, quod is repudiata Octavia sorore Cleopatram, AegyptI reginam, duxisset uxorem; quae quidem mulier cum Antonio luxu et deliciis certabat. Una se cena centiens sestertitini 5 abstimpturam aliquando dixerat. Cupiebat discere Antonius, sed fieri posse non arbitrabatur. Postero igitur die magnificam alias cenam, sed cottldianam Antonio apposuit, inridenti, quod promisso stare non potuisset. At ilia inferri mensam secundam iussit. Ex 10 praecepto ministri unum tantum vas ante earn posuere aceti, cuius asperitas visque margaritas resolvit. Ex- spectante igitur Antonio, quidnam esset acttira, mar- garitam, quam auribus gerebat, detraxit et aceto liquefactam absorbuit. Victum Antonium omnes, qui 15 aderant, pronuntiaverunt. Octavianus cum Antonio apud Actium, qui locus est in Epiro, navali proelio dimicavit. Victum et fugien- tem persectitus Aegyptum petiit, et Alexandream, quo ^gf • Antonius cum Cleopatra confugerat, obsedit. An- 20 tonius in ultima rerum desperatione, cum habitu regis in solio regali sedisset, mortem sibi ipse conscivit. Cleopatra, quam Octavianus, Alexandria in potesta- tem redacta, magnopere cupiebat vivam comprehend! triumphoque servarl, aspidem sibi adferendam curavit 25 eiusque morsu periit. Cleopatrae mortuae communem cum Antonio sepulturam tribuit. Augustus, the Chief of the Boman State. Tandem Octavianus, hostibus victis solus imperio potitus, clementem se exjiibuit. Omnia deinceps in eo CAESAR OCTAVIANUS AUGUSTUS. 31 plena mansuetudinis et humanitatis, ' Multls ignovit vel eis, qui saepe graviter eum offenderant. Eeversus in Italiam triumphans Komam ingressus est. Turn bellTs toto orbe compositis lani gemini portas sua manti clausit, quae bis tantum antea clausae fuerant, 5 primum sub Numa rege, iterum post primum Punicum bellum. Tunc omnes praeteritorum malorum oblivio cepit populusque Komanus praesentis otil laetitia per- fruebatur. Octaviano maximi honores a senatti delati sunt. Ipse Augustus cognominatus et in honorem 10 eius mensis Sextilis eodem nomine appellatus est, quod illo mense bellis civllibus finis esset impositus. Patris patriae cognomen tiniversi maximo consensu detulerunt ei. Deferentibus lacrimans respondit Au- gustus his verbis : " Compos f actus votorum meorum, 15 patres conscrlpti, quid habeo aliud quod deos immor- tales precer, quam ut hunc consensum vestrum ad ultimum vitae finem mihi perferre liceat!" Augustus^ Moderation and Affability. Dictaturam magna vi offerente populo deprecatus est. Domini appellationem semper exhorruit eamque 20 sibi tribui edicto vetuit. Immo de restituenda re ptiblica non semel cogitavit, sed reputans et se pri- vatum non sine perlculo fore, et rem publicam plurium arbitrio commissum irl, summam retinuit potestatem, id vero studuit, ne quem novi status paeniteret. Bene 25 de els etiam quos adversaries expertus erat, et sentie- bat et loquebatur. Legentem aliquando unum e iiepo- tibus invenit ; cumque puer territus volumen Ciceronis, quod manu tenSbat, veste tegeret, Augustus librum 32 URBIS ROMAE VI R I IXLUSTRES. c6pit eoque statini reddito: "Hic vir," inquit, "fill ml, doctus fuit et patriae amans." Pedibus saepe per urbem incedebat summaque comi- tate adeuntes excipiebat. Convenit aliquando eum 5 veteranus miles, qui vocatus in ius perlclitabatur, rogavitque, ut sibi adesset ; statim Augustus tinum e comitatti suo elegit advocatum, qui litigatorem com- mendaret. Tum veteranus exclamavit, " At non ego, t6 periclitante bello Actiaco, vicarium quaesivi, sed 10 ipse pro te ptignavi," simulque detexit cicatrices. Erubuit Augustus atque ipse venit in advocationem. Anecdotes of Au{justui< : the Talking Bavens. Cum post Actiacam victoriam Octavianus Eomam reverteretur, occurrit el inter gratulantes opif ex quidam corvum tenens, quern mstituerat haec dicere : " Ave, 15 Caesar, victor, imperator ! " Miratus Caesar officiosam avem viginti milibus nummorum emit. Socius opificis, ad quem nihil ex ilia llberalitate pervenerat, adf Irmavit Caesarl habere ilium et alium corvum, quem ut adferre cogeretur rogavit. Adlatus verba, quae didicerat, ex- 20 pressit : " Ave, AntonI, victor, imperator ! " Nihil exasperatus Caesar satis diixit, inhere ilium dividere donatlvum cum contubernall. Salutatus similiter a psittaco emi eum itissit. Exemplum sutorem pauperem sollicitavit, ut corvum 25 institueret ad parem salutationem. Qui impendio ex- haustus saex^e ad avem non respondentem dicere sole- bat: "Opera et impensa periit!" Aliquando tamen corvus coepit dicere dictam salutationem. Hac au- dita, dum transit, Augustus respondit : " Satis domi CAESAR OCTAVIANUS AUGUSTUS. 33 taliiim salutatorum habeo." Superfuit corvo memo- ria, lit et ilia, quibus dominum querentem solebat audire, subtexeret, "Opera et impensa periit." Ad quod Caesar risit emique avem iussit, quanti nullam ante emerat. 5 The Needy Poet. Solebat Graeculus quidam desceiidenti e Palatio Cae- sar! honorificum aliqiiod epigrainma porrigere. Id cum frtistra saepe fecisset et tamen riirsus eum idem facturum duxisset Augustus, breve sua manu in charta exaravit Graecum epi gramma et Graeculo advenienti lo obviam misit. Ille inter legendum laudare mirarique tam voce quam voltu gestuque. Deinde cum accessis- set ad sellam, qua Caesar vehebatur, demissa in pau- perem crumenam manu paucos denarios protulit, quos prmcipi daret, dixitque, se plus dattirum fuisse, si 15 plus habuisset. Secuto omnium risu dispensatorem Caesar vocavit et satis grandem pecuniae summam numerari Graeculo iussit. Food for the Fishes ; the Bold Bird Catcher. Augustus fere nulli sS invitanti negabat. Exceptus igitur a quodam cena satis parca et paene cottidiana, 20 hoc tantum Insusurravit : " Non putabam me tibi esse tam familiarem.'' Cum aliquando apud Pollionem quendam cenaret fregissetque unus 6 servis vas cry- stallinum, rapl eum ad mortem Pollio iussit et obici mtlraenls quas ingens piscina continebat. Evasit 6 25 manibus puer et ad pedes Caesaris confugit nihil aliud petiturus quam ut aliter perlret nee 6sca piscium 34 URBIS ROMAE VIRI INLUSTRES. fieret. Motiis est novo crudelitatis genere Caesar et ilium quidem mitti, crystallina auteni omnia coram se frangi iussit complerlque piscmam. Augustus in quadam villa aegrotans noctes inquietas 5 agebat, rumpente somnum eius crebro noctuae cantti. Qua molestia cum liberari se vehementer cupere si- gnificasset, miles quidam, aucupii peritns, noctuam prehendendam curavit, vivamque Augusto attulit spe ingentis praemii. Cui cum Augustus mille nummos 10 dari iussisset, ille minus dignum praemium existimans dicere ausus est, "Malo ut vivat," et avem dimisit. Imperatori nee ad irascendum causa deerat nee ad ulciscendum potestas ; banc tamen iniuriam aequo animo tulit Augustus hominemque impunltum abire 15 passus est. The Friendships of Augustus. Augustus amicitias neque facile admisit et con- stantissime retinuit. Imprimis familiarem habuit Maecenatem, equitem Eomanum; qui ea qua apud principem valebat gratia ita semper tisus est ut prod- 20 esset omnibus quibus posset, noceret neminl. lils aliquando dicebat Augustus et multos capite damna- ttirus videbatur. Aderat tum Maecenas, qui per cir- cumstaiitium turbam perrumpere et ad tribunal propius accedere conabatur. Quod cum frustra temptasset, 25 haec verba in tabella scrlpsit, " Surge tandem, carni- fex ! '' eamque tabellam ad Augustum proiecit. Qua lecta is statim surrexit neque quisquam est morte multatus. CAESAR OCTAVIANUS AUGUSTUS. 35 His Modest Home: His Appearance. Habitavit Augustus in aedibus modicis, neque laxi- tate neque cultii conspicuis, ac per annos amplius qua- draginta in eodem cubiculo hieme et aestate mansit. Supellex quoque eius vix privatae elegantiae erat. Karo veste alia usus est quam confecta ab uxore, so- 5 rore, filia neptibusque. Item tamen Komam, quam pro maiestate imperii non satis ornatam invenerat, adeo excoluit, ut iure gloriaretur, marmoream se relinquere, quam laterlciam accepisset. Books and "Writing Materials. Forma fuit Augustus eximia et per omnes aetatis 10 gradus venustissima. Erat tamen omnis lenocinil ne- glegens et in capite comendo tam inctiriosus, ut eo ipso tempore, quo illud tonsoribus committeret, aut legeret aliquid aut etiam scriberet. The Last Years of Augustus. Panels annis antequam moreretur, gravissimam in 15 Germania accepit cladem, tribus legionibus cum duce Varo legatisque-et auxiliis omnibus caesis. Hac ntin- tiata excubias per urbem indixit, ne quis tumultus exsi- steret, et magnos Itidos lovi optimo maximo vovit, si 36 URBIS ROMAE VIRI INLUSTRES. r6s ptiblica in meliorem statum vertisset. AcleO d6- nique consternatum ferunt ut, per continuos m6ns6s barba capillOque siibmisso, caput interdum foribus in- lideret, vociferans : ^' Qulnctili Vare, legioii^s redde ! '* 5 diemque cladis quotannis maestum habuerit ac Itlgu- brem. Tandem adflicta valetudine in Campaniam concessit, iibi, reinisso ad otium animo, niillo hilaritatis genere abstinuit. Supremo vitae die petit5 speculo capillum 10 sibi com! itissit et amicos circumstantes percontatus ecquid eis vid^retur nilmuni vitae commode trans6gisse, adigcit solitam clausulam : '^ Edite strepitum vosque omnes cum gaudio applaudite." Obiit Nolae sextum et septuaggsimum annum agens. Stone Coffin {Sarcophagus). NOTES. A. = Allen and Greenough ; B. = Bennett ; G. = Gildersleeve-Lodge ; H. = Hark- ness ; Vocab. = Vocabulary ; Aug. = Biography of Augustus, pp. 27-35 ; Caes. = Biography of Caesar, pp. 8-19 ; Cic. = Biography of Cicero, pp. 20-26 ; Pomp. = Biography of Pompey, pp. 1-7 ; c/". = compare ; ftc. = supply, understand ; s.v. — un- der the word. The numerals refer to page and line of this edition. GNAEUS POMPEIUS MAGNUS. PAGE 1, Line 1. Gnaeus Pompeius: beside his given name (praenomen) a Roman had a second name (ndnien) which showed his gens or clan. The gens was a group of families bound together by their (real or supposed) descent from a common ancestor, by common religious rites, and certain mutual rights of inheritance. — bello civHi: A. 259, a; B. 230, 2; G. 394, R. ; H. 429. The cruelties and bloodshed of this war between Marius and Sulla (88- 82 B.C.) were long remembered and frequently referred to. Of. Aug. p. 28, 1. 16. 2. cum . . . esset: "-since he teas." A. 326; B. 286, 2; G. 586; H. 517. — PompSi: for the contracted form of the geni- tive see A. 40, b ; B. 25, 1 ; G. 33, 2 ; H. 51, 5. 3. exercitui suo : A. 234 ; B. 192, 1 ; G. 359 ; H. 391. —facta . . . conspiratione : A. 255; B. 227 ; G. 409-410 ; H. 431. It is often best to translate an ablative absolute by an independent clause: "a conspiracy was made . . . and Terentuis,'''' etc. 5. filii : in apposition with Pompei ; added, like iuveni below, to distinguish the younger Pompeius from his father, who was also named Gnaeus. — hunc occidendum suscSpit: '■'■undertook to kill him.'''' For this use of the gerundive see A. 294, d ; B. 337, 7, b, 2 ; G. 430 ; H. 544, n. 2. 37 38 NOTES. 6. dum . . . incenderent : "-while others set fire to''"' ; the subjunctive is used because it is a part of what Terentius said : A. 340 ; B. 323 ; G. 663, 2. — Quae res cum : notice the common use of the relative pronoun or adjective as a connective. In trans- lating use a demonstrative pronoun and a conjunction: ^^ and when this matter^'''' etc. For the mood of nunti^ta esset see A. 325 ; B. 288, B ; G. 585 ; H. 521, II, 2. 7. cenanti = '''■lohile he was dining^ It is often best to translate a participle in agreement with a noun by a separate clause. 8. solito hilarius: ^^ more gaily than usuaW^ A. 247, b; B. 217; G. 398; H. 417. — eadem . . . comitate: A. 249; B. 218, 1 ; G. 407 ; H. 421, 1. With qua supply Usus erat. 10. patri circumdedit custodiam = pair em circumdedit custo- did : A. 225, d ; B. 187, I, a ; G. 348 ; H. 384, II, 2. 11. dSatricto ense : see note on facta conspirdtidne, line 3. 13. in media . . . agmina: ^^into the midst {of the) hands^ A. 193 ; B. 241, 1 ; G. 291, r. 2 ; H. 440, n. 1, 2. 16. Sullae : the leader of the aristocratic party, who was at this time returning from the war with Mithridates. Shortly afterwards he made himself master of Rome and was con- stituted dictator. After a bloody vengeance on his enemies, the partisans of Marius, he made important changes in the con- stitution of Rome in order to secure the supremacy of his party. He resigned from the dictatorship, and died in retirement b.c. 78. 17. diHgergtur: A. 319; B. 284, 1; G. 552; H. 500, II.— ann5s . . . n&tus: see ?ia«2 H. 387. 18. MaecSnatem : the friend and patron of Vergil and Horace. 18-19. ea . . . gratia : governed by usus est. 20. noceret: note the lack of a conjunction. 21. capite = "«o death." A. 220, b, 1 ; B. 208, 2, b ; G. 378, R. 3 ; H. 410, III. — damnatunis: '^likely to condemn." How does this differ from vindicdturiis ? p. 11, 1. 28. 60 NOTES. PAGE 35. 1. in aedibus modicis : see Vocab. s.v. PaZaeiww. 2. amplius: see p. 17, 1. 1. 13-14. legeret . . . scrlberet : in either case probably by the aid of a slave. 15. moreretur : see note on p. 12, 1. 22. 19. optimd maximo : the common epithets of Jupiter in pray- ers, oaths, dedications, etc. PAGE 36. 1. vertisset: the original condition contained a future perfect: " if the state will have changed.'''' Cf. si trdnsieri- mus, p. 12, 1. 6. In indirect discourse the future perfect became a pluperfect. 2. ferunt : " they say.''"' 3. submissd : to be taken with harhd also ; = uncut. 12. solitam clausulam: spoken by an actor at the close of a play. VOCABULARY. ABBREVIATIONS. abbr. = abbreviation. impers = impersonal. adj. = adjective. inch. = inchoative. adv. = adverb. indec. = indeclinable. caus. = causative. indef. = indefinite. cf. = compare. intens. = intensive. conj. = conjunction. m. = masculine. contr. = contraction. n. = neuter. def. = defective. num. = numeral. dim. = diminutive. prep. = preposition. f. = feminine. red. = reduplicated. freq. = frequentative. subst. = substantive. ger. = gerund, gerundive. * = obsolete or ideal form A., abbr. for Aitlns, a Roman forename (praenomen) . a, ab, abs, prep, with abl., /rom, away from; of time, after, since ; of agency, by. abalieno, -are, -avi, -atus [ab +alienus, foreign], to es- trange. abdo, -dere, -didi, -ditus [ab + *do, to place], to put away, hide. abeo, -ire, -il, -iturus [ab+ e5], to go away, go out, depart. abicio, -icere, -ieci, -iectus [ab 4- iaciO], to throw away, throw down. abscedo, -cedere, -c6ssi, -cessus [abs + cedo], to depart. abscido, -cidere, -cidi, -cisus [abs + caedO], to cut off, hew off. absens, -entis [absum], adj., absent. absorbed, -sorbSre, -sorbui, -sorptus [ab + sorbeo, to swal- low], to swallow. abstineo, -tinere, -tinui, (-tentus) [abs + teneo] , to refrain from ; absent oneself from. absum, -esse, afui, afutiirus [ab -(- sum], to be away, be dis- tant; proxime aberat, was nearest. absumo,-sumere,-sumpsi, -siimp- tus [ab -f- siimo], to consume. ac, see atque. accedo, -cedere, -c6ssi, -cessurus [ad+cedo], to approach, come. 61 62 VOCABULARY. accido, -cidere, -cidi, [ad + cadO, to faW]^ to happen^ befall. acciDgo, -cingere, -cinxi, -cinctus [ad + cingO, to gird], to gird oil, gird. accipio, -cipere, -cepi, -ceptiis [ad + capiO], to receive, accept. accommodo, -are, -avi, -atus [ad 4- commodO, to Jif], to con- form ; fit to. ac-cuso, -are, -avi, -atus [ad + causa], to accuse, blame. acerbe [acerbus] , adv. , harshly, cruelly. acerbus, -a, -um [acer, sharp"], adj., harsh, cruel. acetum, -i [aceo, to soui''], n., vinegar. acies, -ei [cf. acer, sharp], f,, edge ; line of battle ; aci6 fun- dere, to defeat in battle. acriter [acer, sharp], adv., sharply. Actlacus, -a, -um, adj., pertain- ing to Actium. Actium, -1, n., Actium, a head- land on the coast of Epirus; also a town near it. ad, prep, with ace, to, towards ; of purpose, for; of position, at, near ; according to. addo, -dere, -didi, -ditus [ad + *do, to place], to add, join. adeo, -ire, -ii, -itus [ad+e5], to go to ; enter on ; meet. adeo [ad -^ e6, from is] , adv. , so, so much ; even. adfero, -ferre, attuli, adlatus [ad-f fero], to bring to. adficio, -ficere, -feci, -fectus [ad -f facio], to inflict; visit with, afflict. adfiuis, -is [ad -|- finis, end, bor- der], m. and f,, a relation by marriage. adfirmo, -are, -avi, -atus [ad -f firmO], to maintain, declare. adflictus, -a, -um [perf. part, of ad-fligo, to cast down], afflicted, shattered. adhibeo, -ere, -ui, -itus [ad -}- habeO], to invite, summon. adhortatio, -onis [ad + hortor, to urge], f., exhortation. I adicio, -icere, -ieci, -iectus [ad I + iaciO], to add. I aditus, -us [ad-e6], m., ap- j proach. i adinmentuin, -i [cont. from ad- I iuvamentum, from ad-iuv5], ' n., Jieljy, assistance. adiuugo, -iungere, -iiinxi, -ifinc- tus [ad -f iungo], to join to. j adiuvo, -are, -iuvi, -iutus [ad + I iuv5, to help], to help. j adligo, -are, -avi, -atus [ad -j- I ligo, to tie], to bind to. ! administro, -are, -avi, -atus [ad- minister, an assistant], to man- age, govern. I admirandus, -a, -um [ger. from ad-miror, to wonder at], adj., 1 admirable. admiratio, -Onis [ad-mlror, to 1 wonder at], f., admiration. VOCABULARY. 63 admitto, -raittere, -misi, -missus [ad + mitt5], to admit ; aniici- tias admittere, to form friend- ships. admoneo, -inon6re, -monul, -mo- nitus [ad + mone5], to admon- ish^ warn. adopto, -are, -avi, -atus [ad + opto, to choose], to adopt. adoro, -are, -avi, -atus [ad + oro], to adore. adripio, -ripere, -ripui, -reptus [ad + rapio], to seize. adsido, -sidere, -sedi, , to sit down. adsum, -esse, -fui, -futurus [ad + sum], to he present; aid. adsurgo, -surgere, -surrexi, -sur- rgctus [ad 4- surg5], to rise tip. adulescens, -eiitis [pres. part, of ad-olesco, to grow], m. and f., a youth. adulescentia, -ae [adul6sc6ns], f., youth. advenio, -venire, -veni, -ventus [ad 4- venio], io come to, arrive. advento, -are, , [in- tens. of ad-veni5],io hurry for- ward, advance. adventus, -lis [adveniO], m., arrival. adversarius, -i [adverser], m., an opponent. adverser, -ari, -atus sum [ad- versus], to resist. adversus, -a, -um [perf. part, of ad-vertO, to turn], adj., oppo- site, in front; unfavorable. adversus or adversum [ad- verts, to turn], prep, with ace, opposite to, against. advocatio, -onis [ad-voc5, to call], f., legal assistance; ve- nire in advocatiOnem, to act as counsel. advoeatus, i [ad-voco], m., ad- vocate, adviser. aedificium, -i [aedi-fic6, to build], n., building, house. aedilis, -is [aedis], m., aedile, a magistrate at Rome who, among other duties, had charge of public works. aedis or aedes, -is, f., temple; pi., house. aeger, -gra, -grum, adj., sick. aegre [aeger], adv., painfidly ; aegre ferre, to be vexed, feel annoyed. aegroto, -are, -avi, [cf. aeger] , to be sick. Aegj^ptus, -i, f., Egypt. aeinulatio, -onis [aemulor, to rival], f., rivalry. aequalis, -is [aequus], adj. used as subs., a contemporary. aeque [aequus], adv., equally. aequus, -a, -um, adj., even ; equal ; calm. aerarium, -i [aes], n., treasury. aes, aeris, n., copper; money; aes alienum, debt. aestas, -tatis, f., summer. aestivus, -a, -um [aestas], adj., belonging to summer, sum- mer. 64 VOCABULARY. aetSs, -tatis [cont. from ae vitas ; aevum, age'], f., age, life; _ time of life. Africa, -ae, f., Africa. The name spread from the terri- tory of Carthage to the Roman province which included it, and finally to the whole continent. Africanus, -a, -um, adj., African. ager, agri, m., fleld ; land., ter- ritory. aggredior, -gredi, -gressus sum [ad + gradior, to go~\, to ap- proach; attack. agmen, -inis [ag5], n,, army (on the march) ; crowd. agnosco, -noscere, -n5vi, -nitus [ad + (g)n5sco, to know'], to recognize. ago, agere, 6gT, actus, to drive ; act, do; actum est d6, it is all over with; noctem agere, to spend the night; annum (vicesimum) ag6ns, being (twenty) years old. alacer, -cris, -ere, adj., quick, nimble. alea, -ae, f., a game with dice, lacta alea esto ! let the die he cast, let the game be ventured. Alexander, -dri, m., Alexander, king of Macedon, 336 b.o. Alexandrea, -ae, f., Alexandria in Egypt. alias [alius], adv., at another time; otherwise. alienus, -a, -um [alius], adj., strange, foreign. aliquamdiS, [aliquam, in some degree + diu, a long time], adv., /or a while, for some time. aliquando , adv., at some time, once ; at length. aliqui, aliqua, aliquod [alius + qui, any], indef. adj. pro., some, any. aliquis, (aliqua), aliquid [alius -1- quis, any], indef. pro., some one, some thing. aliquot [alius -f quot, how many], indec. adj., some, sev- eral. aliquotiens [aliquot], 2i&v., sev- eral times. aliter [alius], adv., otherwise, in another manner. alius, -a, -ud, pro. adj., another, other; alius . . . alius, one . . . another; pi., some . . . others; alius ali5 casu, one by one mishap, another by an- other. Alpes, -ium, f. pi., the Alps. alter, altera, alterum, pro. adj., the other of two, the second. alter . . . alter, the one . . . the other. altercor, -ari, -atus sum [alter] , to dispute. alteruter, -utra, -utrum [alter + uter, each of two], pro. adj., the one or the other of the two. altus, -a, -um [perf . part, of al5, to nourish], adj., high; deep; altum, -T, n., the sea, the open sea. VOCABULARY. 65 amSns, -antis [pres. part, of amO], adj., loving^ fond of. ambitio, -onis [ambi, around + eo], f., ambition. amicitia, -ae [amicus], f., friend- ship. amicus, -a, -um [am 5], adj., loving, friendly. amicus, -I, m., a friend. Smitto, -mittere, -misi, -missus [a+ mitt5], to lose. amnis, -is, m., river, stream. amor, -Oris [am5], m., love. amplio,-are, -avi, -atus [amplus, large}, to extend, enlarge. amplius [comp. of ample, from amplus, lai-ge'}, adv., more. amputo, -are, -avI, -atus [am (bi), around + putC, to trim}, to cut away, cut off. angor, -Oris [ango, to choke, vex], m., vexation. anima, -ae,f., breath ; life ; spirit. animadverto, -vertere, -verti, -versus [animus + adverto, to turn to], to notice; animadver- tere in aliquem, to punish. animus, -i, m., soul; mind; courage. annona, -ae [annus], f., harvest of a year, crop. annus, -T, m., year. ante, adv., and prep, with ace, before; ante . . . quam or antequam, sooner than, before. an tea [ante + eaj, adv., before. ante-eo, -ire, -ivi (-ii), , [ante -f- e5], to go before, precede. antequam, see ante. Antiochus, -i, m., AntVochus, a philosopher of Ascalon. Antonius, -a, the name of a Roman gens. (1) M. Antonius, Mark An- tony, the orator, lived b.c. 83- 30. (2) C. Antonius Hybrida. consul with Cicero b.c. 63. anulus, -i, va., finger-ring. anus, -iis, f., old woman. aperio, -ire, -ui, -tus [ab + pario, to bring forth}, to uncover, dis- close. Apollonia, -ae, t., Apollo' nia, a city in Illyria. Apollonius, -i, m., Apollo'nius Molo, a professor of rhetoric at Rhodes. appellatio, -onis [appello], f., name. appello, -are, -avi, -atus, to ad- dress, call. Appenninus, -i, m., the Apen- nines. applaudo, -plaudere, -plausi, -plausus [ad + plaudo, to strike}, to applaud. appono, -ponere, -posui, -posi- tus, [ad + pono], to set be fore. apprehendo, -prehendere, -pre- hendi, -prehensus [ad + pre- hendo], to lay hold on. apud, prep, with ace, at, near ; with, among ; in the house of; in the works of 66 VOCABULARY aqua, -ae, f., water. aquila, -ae, 1, eagle; the stand- ard of a Roman legion. aquilifer, -feri [aquila + fero], m., standard bearer. Sra, -ae, f., altar. arbitrium, -i [arbiter, a judge'], n., judgment; power, author- ity. arbitror, -ari, -atus sum [arbi- ter, a judge], to think, con- sider. arcesso, -ere, -ivi, -itus [caus. from ac-cedo], to cause to come, summon. arma, -orum, n. pi., lueapons, arms. Armenia, -ae, f., Armenia, a country east of Asia Minor. armo, -are, -avi, -atus [arma], to arm. Arpinum, -i, n., ArpVnum, a town about fifty miles south- east of Rome. ars, artis, f., art; accomplish- ment. artas, -uum, m. pi., joints; limbs. Asia, -ae, f., Asia; usually Asia Minor is meant. asper, -era, -erum, adj., harsh, violent. asperitas, -tatis [asper], f,, harshness; acidity. aspernor, -ari, -atus sum [a -}- *spernor, to despise], to de- spise. aspicio, -spicere, -spexl, -spee- tus [ad + *speci5, to look], to observe. aspis, -idis, f., asp. at, ad vers, eonj., but, on the contrary. Athenae, -arum, f. pi., Athens. atque, before consonants ac [ad -f que], conj., and also, and especially. atrociter [atrox], adv., fiercely. atrox, -ocis, adj., savage, fierce. aucupium, -i [avis, bird + ca- pio], n., bird-catching. audacia, -ae [audax, bold], f., boldness; rashness. audeo, -ere, ausus sum, to dare. audio, -ire, -ivi (-ii),-itus, to hear. augustus, -a, -um [auge5, to in- crease], adj., sacred, majestic, august. Augustus, -i, m., a title given to Octavianus, grand-nephew of Caesar. aureus, -a, -um [aurum], adj., golden, gilded. auris, -is, f., ear. aurum, -i, n., gold. aut, conj., or; aut . . . aut, either . . . or. autem, postpositive conj., hoic- ever, moreover, but. auxilium, -i [auge5, to in- crease], n., help, aid; pi., auxiliary troops. avaritia, -ae [avarus, greedy], f., greed, avarice. aveo, -ere, , , used in salutations ; av6, av6t6, hail ! farewell ! VOCABULARY 67 avidus, -a, -um, adj., desirous of, eager for. avis, -is, f., bii'd. svocs, -are, -avi, -atus [a + voc5], to call away, call off. avunculus, -i [dim. of avus], m., U7icle, grand-uncle. avus, -i, m., grandfather; an- cestor. barba, -ae, f., beard. barbarus, -T, m,, barbarian. bello, -are, -avi, -atum [bellum], to imge war. bellum, -i [i.e. duellum, from duo], n., war. bene, comp. melius, sup. optim6 [bonus], adv., well. benignus, -a, -um, adj., ki7id. bibliotheca, -ae [Greek word], f., library. bibo, bibere, bibi, to drink. Bibulus, -i, m., a Roman family name. L. Calpurnius Bibulus was the colleague of Caesar in the consulship b.c. 59. biduum, -i [bis + dies], n., the period of two days. bis, num. adv., twice. bonus, -a, -um, adj., good. As subst., bona, -5rum, n. pi., goods. bracchiuin, -i, n., arm. brevis, -e, adj., brief short. Britanni, -5rum, m. pi., the Britons, inhabitants of Britain. Brundisium, -i, n., Brundi- sium, modern Brindisi in southeastern Italy. Brutus, -i, m., a Roman family name. (1) M. Junius Brutus, one of the chief conspirators against Caesar. (2) Z>. Junius Brutus, a lieutenant of Caesar ; also one of the conspirators against him. C. C, abbr. of Gains, a Roman forename (praenomen). cadaver, -eris [cadO, to fall], n., a corpse. caedes, -is [caed5], f., killing, murder. caedo, caedere, cecidi, caesus, to cut; destroy. Caesar, -is, m., a family name. (1) C. Julius Caesar; for his biography, see pp. 8-19. (2) C. Julius Caesar Octa- vianus, his grand-nephew and adopted son, usually known by his title of Augustus ; see pp. 27-36. calamitas, -tatis, f., calamity. Calpurnius, -a, the name of a Roman gens ; Calpurnia, the wife of Caesar. calvitium, -i, [calvus], n., bald- ness. calvus, -a, -um, adj., bald. 68 VOCABULARY. Calvus, -i, m., the surname of C.Licinius Macer (Calvus)^ a Roman poet and orator. Campania, -ae, f., Campd'nia, a district in Italy, including modern Naples. Campanus, -a, -um, adj., Cam- panian. Caninius, -a, the name of a Ro- man gens. C. Caninius Bebiliis was appointed consul by Caesar in 45 B.C. cantus, -us [cano, to sing], m., song^ cry. capillus, -i [caput], m., hair. capio, capere, cepi, captus, to catch, take, capture; receive. Capitolium, -i [caput], n., the Capitol, the chief temple in Rome ; or the hill on which the temple stood, northwest of .the Forum. captivus, -i [capio], m., captive. capto, -are, -avi, -atus [freq. of capio], to take eagerly; take advantage of; to strive for. capulus, -i [capi5], m., hilt, handle. caput, -itis, n., head; life; cap- ital (city). Carbo, -onis, m., a Roman family name. C. Papirius Carbo was de- feated by Pompey in Sicily. career, -eris, m., prison. carnifex, -ficis [car5, flesh + fa- ci5],m., butcher; executioner. Casca, -ae, m., a Roman family name. C. Servilius Casca, one of the chief conspirators against Caesar. Cassius, -a, m., the name of a Roman gens. C. Cassius Longinus, the chief conspirator against Cae- sar. castigo, -are, -avi, -atus, to punish. castrum, i, n. ; usually in pi., castra, Orum, camp. casus, -us [cado], m., chance; mishap. catena, -ae, f., chain. Catilina, -ae, m., Catiline, a Roman family name. L. Sergius Catilina, the fa- mous conspirator, was foiled by Cicero. Cato, -onis, m., a Roman family name. M. Porcius Cato was an op- ponent of Caesar, famous for his stern virtue. Catullus, -i,m., a Roman family name. C. Valerius Catullus, an eminent poet of Cicero's day. Catulus, -i, m., a Roman family name. Q. Lutatius Catulus opposed Pompey 's commission against the pirates. causa, -ae, f ., cause, reason ; case at law; causam dicere, to VOCABULARY. 69 plead a case; sua causa, for his own sake ; causa with pre- ceding genitive, for the pur- pose of for the sake of. caveo, cavere, cavi, cautus, to take care ; beware of cedo, cedere, c6ssi, c6ssus, to yields move; depart. celeber, -bris, -bre, adj., /amo?i5, renowned. celer, -eris,-ere, adj., swift, quick. celeritas, -tatis [celer] , f. , speec?, swiftness. cena, -ae, f., dinner., the chief meal of the Romans, eaten in the evening or late after- noon. ceno, -are, -avi, -atus [c6na], to dine. centiens [centum, a hundred']., num. adv., a hundred times. centurio, -onis [centum], m., a centurion., commander of a hundred. certo, -are, -avi, -atus [freq, of cemO, to decide']., to struggle; rival. certus, -a, -um [old perf. part, of cern5, to decide]^ adj., cer- tain., definite; certiOrem fa- cere, to inform. cervix, -icis, f., neck, throat. cesso, -are, -avi, -atus [freq. of cSdo], to delay ; cease. (ceterus), -a, -um, pro. adj., the other, the rest. charta, -ae, f., sheet of paper ; paper. Chrysogonus, -i, m., a freedman of Sulla. cibus, -i, m., food. cicatrix, -Icis, f., scar. cicer, -eris, n., the chick-pea. Cicero, -5nis [cicer], m., a Ro- man family name. M. Tullius Otcero, the famous orator ; see pp. 20-26. Cinna, -ae, m., a Roman family name. L. Cornelius Cinna was an adherent of Marius. circumdo, -dare, -dedi, -datus [circum, around + *d6, to place], to place around, sur- round. circumsto, -stare, -stetl, [circum, around -|- sto], to stand around ; surround. civic as, -a, -um [civis], adj., civic, civil. civilis, -e [civis], adj., civic, civil. civis, -is, m. and f., citizen, fellow-citizen. civitas,-tatis [civis], 1, state, city. clades, -is, f., disaster, defeat. clam, adv., secretly. clamo, -are, -avi, -atus, to shout, cry aloud. clarus, -a, -um, adj., clear, bright ; famous. classis, -is, t., fleet. claudo, claudere, clausi, clau- sus, to shut, close. clausula, -ae [claudO], f., con- clusion. 70 VOCABULARY. clgmens, -eutis, adj., gentle; compassionate, merciful. clemeuter [clem6ns], adv., gently, mildly. Cleopatra, -ae, f., Cleopatra, queen of Egypt. cliens, -entis, m., client, de- pendent. Clodius, -i [for Claudius], m., the name of a Roman gens. P. Clodius Pulcher, an ene- my of Cicero. Cn. , abbr. for Gnaeus, a Roman forename {praendmen) . coepi, coepisse, coeptus sum, def. verb, to begin. coerceo, -ere, -ui, -itus [co(m) + arce5, to enclose'],to confine ; hold in check. cogitatio, -onis [c5git5], f., con- sideration; thought. eogito, -are, -avi, -atus [co(m) 4- agito, freq. of ag5], to think. cognomen, -inis [co(m) + (g)nOmen, name'], n., family name; surname. cognomino, -are, -avi, -atus [cognomen] , to give a surname, to surname. cSgnosco, -gnOscere, -gnOvi, -gnitus [co(m) -f (g)n6sc5, to learn'], to find out, learn. cogo, cOgere, co6gi, coactus [co(m) -1- agO], to compel, force. collum, -I, n., neck. col5, colere, colui, cultus, to cultivate. columba, -ae, f., pigeon, dove. com-, see cum. comburo, -iirere, -ussi, -ustus [co(m) -I- amb -f iiro, to burn], to burn up; consume, ruin. comes, -itis [com -j- eo], m. and f., companion. comitas, -tatis [c5mis, kind],i., kindness, affability. comitatus, -iis [comitor], m., company, escort, train. comitium, -i [com -1- eo], n., a meeting-place ; especially the assembling-place of the voters in the Roman Forum. comitor, -ari, -atus sum [comes], to accompany, attend. commendo, -are, -avi, -atus [com -f mandO, commit], to entrust; defend. committo, -mittere, -misi, -mis- sus [com + mitto], to commit, entrust; make a mistake, blun- der. commode [commodus], adv., properly, suitably. commodus, -a, -um [com -f- modus, measure], adj., suita- ble, fit; agreeable. commoveo, -movere, -mOvI, -mOtus [com + moveO], to excite. communis, -e, adj., common. commuto, -are, -avi, -atus [com -f miit5], to change ; exchange. como, c5mere, cOmpsi, c5mptus [co(m) 4- emO, to take], to arrange; dress. VOCABULARY. 71 compello, -pellere, -puli, -pul- sus [com + pellO, to push], to force, compel. coinperio, -ire, -perl, -pertus [com + pario, to acquire'], to find out. compes, -pedis [com + pes],f., fetter. compleo, -plere, -plevi, -pletus [com + -pleO, to fill]^ to fill. compono, -ponere, -posui, -posi- tus [com + p5n5], to set in order; compose; bellum com- p5nere, to finish a war. compos, -potis [com + potis, able], adj., possessing, master of; voti compotem fieri, to at- tain one's desire. comprehends, -hendere, -hendi, -hensus [com + prehendO], to seize; arrest. comprimo, -primere, -pressi, -pressus [com + prem5, to press], to check, restrain. concedo, -cedere, -cessi, -cessus [com + ced5], to depart ; con- cede, allow. coneido, -cidere, -cidi, [com + cado, to fall], to fall ; die. Concordia, -ae [concors, har- monious; cors, heart], f., har- mony, concord; union. concupisco, -cupiscere, -cuplvl, -cupiLus [com + inch, of cupiO, , to desire], to long for, strive for. concurro, -currere, -(cu)curri, -cursus [com + curro, to run], to rush together. confer©, -ferre, -tuli, -latus [com + ferO], to collect; devote; se cOnferre, to betake oneself. confestim [com + root of festi- nO, to hasten], adv., immedi- ately. c5nfici5, -ficere, -feci, -fectus [com + facio], to make; ac- complish, finish. confidentia, -ae [confidens, confident], f., boldness. confiteor, -eri, -fessussum [com + fateor, to say], to acknowl- edge, confess. conflo, -are, -Evi, -atus [com -f- fl5, to blow], to kindle; aes alienum conflare, to incur debt. confluo,-fluere, -fluxT, [com -I- flu5, to flow], to assemble, come together. confodio, -fodere, -f5di, -fossus [com + fodio, to dig], to stab ; slay. confugid, -fugere, -fugi, [com + fugio], to flee, take refuge. congredior, -gredi, -gressus sum [com + gradior, to go], to meet; attack; contend. conici5, -icere, -ieci, -iectus [com -f iaciO], to throw. coninratio, -5nis [coniurO], f., conspiracy. coniaratus, -i [conitirO], m., a conspirator. 72 VOCABULARY. conlurS, -are, -avi, -atus [com + iur5, to swear'\,, to conspire. conlega, -ae [com + legS, to choose]^ m., a colleague. conligo, -ligere, -IggI, -Igctus [com -I- leg5, to gather^., to collect. conloco, -are, -avI, -atus [com + loco; to place']., to station., place. Conor, -ari, -atus sum, to try. consalato, -are, -avT, -atus [com -1- saluto], to salute. conscendo, -scendere, -scendl, -scensus [com -\- scand5, to climb'], to embark on, go aboard. conscientia, -ae [com + sci5], f., consciousness; conscience. conscisco, -sciscere, -scivT, -sci- tus [com + inch, of scio] , to ad- judge ; mortem sibi cOnsciscere, to commit suicide. conscriptus, -i [perf. part, of con-scrib5, to enroll]., m., one who is enrolled ; a word used in addressing the senate. Patr6s c5nscripti, conscript fathers. consensus, -us [c5n-senti0, to feel]., m., unanimity., concord. consero, -serere, -serul, -sertus [com + ser5, to bind]., to join. conservo, -are, -avi, -atus [com -f servo] , to preserve. consilium, -i, n., plan., counsel ; wisdom, prudence. consisto, -sistere, -stiti, -stitus [com -f sistO], to stand firm; take position ; halt. conspectus, -Us [conspiciO, to see], m., sight, vision. conspicuus, -a, -urn [com -f- *speci5, to look], adj., con- spicuo2is. conspiratio, -onis [c5nsplr5, to conspire], f., conspiracy, plot. conspTratus, -T, m., conspirator. constanter [constans, firm]. Sidy., firmly, resolutely. constantia, -ae [c5nstans,^rm], f., constancy, faithfulness. consterno, -are, -avi, -atus [com -f sterno, to strew], to terrify, frighten. constituo, -stituere, -stitui, -sti- tiitus [com + statuo] , to ar- range ; resolve. consto, -stare, -stiti, -statiirus [com-fst5], to stand firm; constat, it is well known. consul, -is, m., consul. consulatus, -iis [cOnsul], m., consulship. consulo, -ere, -ui, -tus, to con- sult, take measures. contendo, -tendere, -tendi, -ten- tus [com -f tends], to hurry, march swiftly ; contend, main- tain. contineo, -tingre, -tinui, -tentus [com + teneO], to contain; re- strain, keep. contingo, -tingere, -tigi, -tactus [com -f tang5, to to^^ch], to happen, fall to the share of. continuo [continuus], adv., at once, straightioay. VOCABULARY. 73 continuus, -a, -urn [contineO], adj., continuous ; successive. contio, -5nis [contr. from con- ventio, from veniO], f., as- sembly. contra, prep, with ace, against. contraho, -trahere, -traxi, -tra- ctus [com + traho, to drag'], to collect, draw together. contrarius, -a, -um [contra], adj., opposite to; contrary. contubernalis, -is [com -f ta- berna, tent], m., comrade. contuinelia, -ae [com + tumeO, to swell], f., abuse, insult. convenio, -venire, -v6ni, -ventus [com + venio], to meet, come together. converts, -vertere, -verti, -ver- sus [com+vertO], to turn, turn around. convinco, -vincere, -vici, -vlctus [com + vinc6], to convict. copla, -ae [co(m) + ops], f., abundance ; pi, troops, forces. copiose [copi5sus, abundant], adv., fluently, eloquently. coram [co(m) + 5s, 5ris], prep, with abl., before, in the pres- ence of. Cornelius, a, the name of a Ro- man gens. Cornelia, -ae, the daugh- ter of Cinna, and wife of Caesar. corona, -ae, f., crown. corpus, -oris, n., body. corrigo, -rigere, -r6xi, -rectus [com -f rego, to rule], to cor- rect; calm. corvus, -i, m., raven. cottidianus, -a, -um [cottidig, daily, from quot + dies], adj., belonging to everyday, daily; ordinary. Crassus, -i, m., a Roman family name. M. Licinius Crassus, famous for his wealth, was a member of the first Triumvirate. creber, -bra, -brum, adj., fre- quent. cremo, -are, -avi, -atus, to burn. Cremona, -ae, f., Cremona, a town on the Po River. creo, -are, -avi, -atus, to create; choose, elect. cresco, -ere, cr6vi, cr6tus [inch, of creO] , to increase, grow. crucio, -are, -avi, -atus [crux, cross], to torture. cradelis, -e, adj., cruel. crndelitas, -tatis [criid6lis], f., cnielty. crumena, -ae, f., purse. crux, crucis, f., cross. crystallinus, -a, -um [Greek word], adj., made of crystal, crystalline ; crystallinum, n. (sc. vas, vase), a crystalline vase. cubiculum^ -i [cubo], n., bed- chamber. cubo, cubare, cubul, cubitum, to recline. culpa, -ae, f., guilt, blame. 74 VOCABULARY. cultus, -us [colo, to cultivate], m., cultivation; refinement, luxury. cum, prep, with abl., with. In composition it becomes com-, con-. cum, conj., when, while; since; although, cum . . , turn, both . . . and. cunctor, -ari, -atus sum, to hesi- tate. cupiditas, -tatis [cupidus, desir- ous'], f., desire, longing. cupio, -ere, -ivi (-il), -Itus, to wish, desire. cura, -ae, f. , care. Curia, -ae, f . , senate-house. The chief Curia was on the Forum, near the foot of the Capitoline hill. euro, -are, -avi, -atus [cura], to care for, provide for. cursus, -ils [currO, to run], m., course ; running. cQstodia, -ae [cust5s, guard], f., guard. cnstodio, -ire, -ivi, -Itus [ciistOs, guard], to guard. Cyrus, -i, m., Cyrus, king of Persia. D. Dacus, -I, m., Dacian. damno, -are, -avi, -atus, to con- demn, sentence ; . doom. de, prep, with abl., from, down from; concerning ; according to. debilis, -e [de -f- habilis, handy], adj. , weak, crippled. decedo, -cedere, -cessi, -cessus [de -f cedo], to go away. December, -bris [decem, ten], m., December. decern©, -cernere, -crevi, -crgtus [de -f cerno, to decide], to resolve; decree. deciraius, -a, -um [decem, ten], adj., teyith. Decimus, -i, m., a Roman fore- name {praenbmen). decipio, -cipere, -cepi, -ceptus [de -f capio], to deceive. dediticius, -i [deditus, from de- d5], adj. used as subst., a captive. deditio, -5nis [de-d6], f., sur- render. dedo, -dere, -didi, -ditus [de + d5], to surrender, give up. defatigatio, -onis [de-fatigo, to tire], f., loeariness. defendo, -fendere, -fendi, -fen- sus, to defend. defero, -ferre, -tuli, -latus [de -f f ero] , to carry ; give, offer ; submit. deflecto, -ere, -exi, -exus [de ■\- flecto, to bend], to turn away. def5rmitgs, -tatis [de-fOrmis, from f5rma, form], f., disfig- urement. de-f ungor, -fungi, -fiinctus sum [d6 4- f ungor], to have done with ; die. VOCABULARY. 76 dehonesto, -are, -avi, [de + honestus], to dishonor. deinceps, adv., thereafter. dein or delude, adv., then, next. delecto, -are, -avi, -atus [intens. of *delicio, to please], to de- light. deliciae, -arum [cf. delectO], f. l>\., pleasure ; luxury. demisse [de-missus, from de- mittO], adv., abjectly. de-mitto, -mittere, -misi, -missus [de + mittO], to let down; put. denarius, -i [deni, by tens], m., a (Roman) silver coin worth about 16 cents. deuego, -are, -avi,- atus [de + negOJ, to refuse. deuique, adv., afterwards; fi- nally. denuutio, -are, -avT, -atus [de -f- niintiO], to declare. depono, -p5nere, -posui, -positus [de -f p5n5], to set down; lay aside. deposed, -p5scere, -popOscI, [de + pSscO, to demand], to demand. deprecor, -arl, -atus sum [d6 -f precor], to intercede; avert by entreaty; decline. deprehendo, -hendere, -hendl, -hensus [de -h prehendO], to seize. dSsceudd, -scendere, -scendi, -scgnsus [de -f scandO, to climb], to come dovm ; dis- mount. desero, -serere, -serul, -sertus [de + sero, to bind] , to desert, forsake. desiderium, -i [desiderO, to de- sire], n., longing. desilio, -silire, -silul, -sultus [de -f sali5, to leap], to jump down. desisto, -sistere, -stiti, -stitus [de -f sistO], to cease, stop. desperatio, -onis [dg-spero, f rom sp6s], f., despair. destiuo, -are, -avi, -atus, to design. destringo, -stringere, -strinxi, -strictus [de+ strings, fo strip], to unsheathe (a sword). desum, deesse, defui [de + sum], to be wanting, fail. detego, -tegere, -texi, -tectus [de -f- teg5], to uncover. deterreo, -terrere, -terrui, -terri- tus [d6 -f terreO], to deter. dgtiueo, -tingre, -tinui, -tentus [de + teneC], to detain. detraho, -trahere, -traxi, -trac- tus [d6 + trahO, to drag] , to draw away, remove. deus, -i, m., god. devinco, -vincere, -vici, -victus [de -f vincO], to subdue, ut- terly defeat. devolo, -are, , -volaturus [de -\- vol5, to fly], to fly down. dexter, -t(e)ra, -t(e)rum, adj., to the right, right; dext(e)ra, -ae, f., (sc. manus, hand), the right hand. 76 VOCABULARY. diadSma, -atis, [Greek word], n., diadem. dico, dicere, dixi, dictus,«o speak, say ; ius dicere, to hold court, decide cases. dictator, -oris [dicto, intens. of dic5], m., dictator, a Roman magistrate with supreme pow- er, originally appointed only in emergencies. dictatara, -ae [dictator], i.,dicr tatorship. dictito, -are, -avi, -atus [dicto, intens. of dico] , to assert. dictum, -i [died], n., a saying, remark. dies, diei, m. or f., day ; diem dicere, to set a day for trial, i.e. to make a charge against; in dies, from day to day, each day. difficultas, -tatis [difficilis, diffl,- cult], f., difficulty; scarcity. dignitas, -tatis [dignus], f., 7'ank, eminence. dignus, -a, -um, adj., worthy; suitable. diligenter [diligens, industri- ous'], adv., industriously, care- fully. diligeiitia, -ae [diligens, indus- trious'], i., industry ; attentive- ness. diligo, -ligere, -I6xi, -lectus [dis + lego, to gather], to single out; love. diinieatio, -onis [dimico], f., Jight. dimico, -are, -avi, -atus, to fight. dimitto, -mittere, -misi, -missus [dis -f- mitto] , to send away, dismiss, let go. dirigo, -rigere, -rexi, -rectus [dis 4- rego, to rule], to direct, steer. dirimo, -imere, -6ml, -gmptus [dis -H emo, to take (buy)], to separate ; break off; rem diri- mere, to settle an affair. diripio, -ripere, -ripui, -reptus [dis + rapi5], to plunder. dis-, di-, a prefix meaning apart, or having a negative force. discedo, -cedere, -cessi, -cessus [dis + cedo], to go away, withdraw. discipulus, -i [disco], m., a pupil. disco, discere, didici, , to learn. disertus, -a, -um [perf. part, of dissero, to set in order], adj., skilful. dispensator, -oris [dis-p6ns5, to weigh out], m., steward, at- tendant. dispicio, -spicere, -spexi, -spec- tus [dis + *specio, to look], to perceive. displiceS, -plic6re, -plicui, -pli- citus [dis -f placeo, to please], to displease. dispono, -ponere, -posui, -posi- tus [dis + pono], to place, dis- pose ; scatter. VOCABULARY. 77 dispute, -are, -avi, -atus [dis + puto], to discuss. disseusio, -onis [dis + sentio], f., disagreement^ strife. din, adv., long^ for a long time. diuturnus, -a, -urn [diu], adj., long (in duration), lasting. diversus, -a, -um [dis + vertO, to turnl., adj., opposite, con- trary. divido, -videre, -visi, -visus, to divide, distribute. divus, -a, -um, adj., divine, god- like. do, dare, dedi, datus, to give, present ; operam dare, to take pains, give attention. doceo, doc6re, docui, doctus, to teach; show. doctrina, -ae [doceo], f., learn- ing. doctus, -a, -um [perf. part, of doceo J, adj., learned. dolor, -oris [doleo, to grieve"], m., pain. doininatid, -onis, [dominor], f., rule; supremacy. dominatus, -Qs [dominor], m., command, mastery. dominor, -arl, -atus sum [domi- nus] , to rule. dominus, -I [domo], m., master, lord. dom5, -are, domui, domitus, to tame, subdue. domus, -us, f., house; domi, at home; domum, homewards^ home. dOnStivum, -i [d5n0], n., gift. dono, -are, -avi, -atus [donum, gift], to give, present. dorsum, -i, n., back; ridge, range. dubito, -are, -avi, -atus [du- bius], to hesitate; doubt. dubius, -a, -um, adj., doubtful, undecided. daco, ducere, diixi, ductus, to lead; prolong; consider, think ; uxorem dQcere, to marry. dum, conj., while, until; pro- vided that. dumimodo [dum -j- modo, only], conj., if only, provided that. duo, -ae, -o, num. adj., two. duo-deni, -ae, -a [duo -f- d6ni, by tens], num. adj., by twelves, twelve each. duplex, -icis [duo -f plicO, to fold], adj., two-fold, double. dux, ducis [cf. diic5], m., leader. Dyrrachium, -I, n.,Dyrrachium, a town in Illyria. E. e, see ex. ecquid, inter, adv., at all ? Equid scis ? do you know f In ind. quest., whether. gdictum, -I [6dic5, to declare], n., edict, proclamation. edO, edere, 6si, 6sus, to eat. edo, edere, 6didi, 6ditus [6 + *d5, to put], to put forth; announce ; perform ; exhibit (games) . 78 VOCABULARY. efi^minatus, -a, -um [perf. part, of ef-femino,.ex -f feinina, wo- man'jy adj., effeminate. efiicio, -ficere, -feci, -fectus [ex -f facio], to bring to pass, effect; cause. efflagito, -are, -avi, -atus [ex + flagito, to solicit'], to demand eagerly. effugio, -fugere, -fugi, [ex + fugi5], to escape. effundo, -fundere, -fudi, -fusus [ex + f undo], to pour out, spread out ; empty ; icaste. ego, mei, pers. pro., I. egredior, -gredl, -gressus sum [e -f gradior, to go], to go out. egregius, -a, -um [g + grex, flock], &d]., distinguished ; un- common. elabor, -labi, -lapsus sum [e -f labor, to slip], to slip away, escape. elaboro, -Sre, -avi, -atus [6 + Iab0r5], to labor; endeavor. elegantia, -ae [elegans, ele- gant], f., elegance. eligo, -ligere, -I6gi, -lectus [e -f- lego, to gather], to choose. eloquentia, -ae [eloquens, elo- quent], f., eloquence. emitto, -mittere, -misi, -missus [e + mitto], to send forth, let loose. emo, emere, 6ml, emptus, to buy. enim, postpositive conj., for. enitor, -niti, -nixus (-nisus) sum [6-fnitor, to lean], to strive. ensis, -is, m., sword. eo, -ire, -ivi (-ii), itum, to go. eo [is], adv., on that account; to that place. epigrainma, -atis [Greek word], _ n., epigram, poem. Epirus, -i, f ., EpVrus, a country in the northwest of Greece on the Adriatic Sea. epistula, -ae [Greek word], f., letter, epistle. eques, -itis [equus], m., horse- man; knight. equester, -tris, -tre [eques], adj., pertaining to the knights, equestrian. equito, -are, -avi, -atus [eques], to ride. equus, -i, m., horse. erga, prep, with ace, towards; %oith respect to. ergo, adv., therefore; interr., and so ? so then f erlgo, -rigere, -rSxi, -rectus [6 -f regO, to rule], to raise up. error, -Oris [err5, to wander], m., error. erubesco, -ere, -rubui, [e + ruber, red], to grow red, blush. erumpo, -rumpere, -rapl, -ruptus [e -f rumpOJ, to break out. esca, -ae, f ., food, bait. et, adv., also, even; conj., and; et . . . et, both . . . and. VOCABULARY. 79 etlam [et + iam], adv. and conj., and also, even, also. etsi [et + si, if}, conj., although, even if. Euripides, -is, m., Euripides, an Athenian dramatist. Europa, -ae, 1, Europe. evado, -vadere, -vasi, -vasus [e + vad5, to go], to rush out; escape ; turn out, become. eventus, -us [e + venio], m., result, event. everts, -vertere, -vertl, -versus [e + vertO], to overturn, over- throw. ex, before consonants e, prep, with abl., out of, from; of; according to ; on. exardesco, -ere, arsi, arsus [ex + ardeo, to hum'], to blaze forth. exaro, -are, -avi, -atus [ex -f aro, to plough], to compose. exaspero, -are, -avi, -atus [ex -f asper], to provoke, exasper- ate. excelsus, -a, -um [perf. part, of excell5; ex-f*cellere, to be high], adj., lofty; distin- guished. excerpo, -cerpere, -cerpsi, -cerp- tus [ex 4- carp5, to pluck], to extract. excipio, -cipere, -cepi, -ceptus [ex + capio], to receive; capt- ure. exclamS, -are, -avi, -atus [ex -f- clamO], to exclaim. excolo, -colere, -colui, -cultus [ex + colo], to improve, refine. excubiae, -arum [ex-f-cubo], f. pi., standing watch; watch. excaso, -are, -avi, -atus [ex -f causa], to excuse. exempluin, -i [ex + emo, to take (buy)], n., sample, ex- ample; boni exempli, of good character, excellent. exerceo, -ere, -ui, -itus [ex -f- arceo, to shut], to exercise, drill, practise; enforce (lav^r). exercitus, -iis [exerced], m., army. exhaurio, -ire, -hausi, -haustus [ex + haurid, to drain], to exhaust ; impoverish. exhibeo, -ere, -hibui, -hibitus [ex + habeo], to show, ex- hibit. exhorresco, -ere, -horrul, [ex + horre5, to shudder], to shrink from. exiguus, -a, -um [ex -f ago], adj., scanty ; .short. eximius, -a, -um [eximo], adj., distinguished, splendid. eximo, -imere, -emi, -emptus [ex -H emo, to take (buy)], to take out; deliver. exTstimo, -are, -avi, -atus [ex + aestimo, to rate], to estimate; judge, think. exitium, -i [ex-eo, to go out], n., destruction. exitus, -lis [ex-eo, to go out], m., departure; end; death. 80 VOCABULARY. expedio, -ire, -ivi, -itus [ex + pes], to set free; procure. expello, -pellere, -pull, -pulsus [ex -{■ pello, to drive~\, to drive out, expel. ex-perior, -periri, -pertus sum, to test; find; experience. expono, -ponere, -posuT, -positus [ex + p5n6], to set forth ; set ashore. ' expriino, -primere, -pressi, -pres- , sus [ex + premo, to press~\., to express; pronounce. expngnatio, -onis [expugno], f., storming, capture. expagno, -are, -avi, -atus [ex + pugno], to take by storm; overcome. exsisto, -sistere, -stiti, [ex + sisto], to arise^ become. exspecto, -are, -avi, -atus [ex + specto], to await; wait; wait to see. exsto, -stare, , [ex + sto], to stand out; exist. exstruo, -struere, -striixi, -struc- tus [ex -f struo, to piW] , to build. cxter (exterus), -tera, -terum [ex], ad]., foreign, strange. extimesco, -timescere, -timuT, [ex + *timesc6, inch. from timeo] , to dread. extraordinarius, -a, -um [extra, outside + ordinarius, ordinary'], adj., extraordinary. extremus, -a, -um [superlative of exter], adj., last, extreme. exuo, -uere, -ui, -iitus, to strip ; deprive, despoil. fabric©, -are, -avi, -atus [faber, smitJi], to make. faeete [facetus, witty], adv., wittily. facile [facilis, easy], adv., easily, readily. facinus, -oris [facio], n., deed; crime. facio, facere, feci, factus, to make, do; bring about. Pas- sive, fi5, fieri, factus sum, to happen, become. facultas, -tatis [facilis, easy], i., opportunity. ^cundia, -ae [facundus, elo- que7it], i., eloquence. fama, -ae [for, to speak], f., re- port; fame, reputation. fames, -is, f ., hunger, famine. familia, -ae [famulus, servant], f., household, family . familiaris, -e [familia], adj., familiar, intimate; res fa- miliaris, property, estate. famosus, -a, -um [fama], adj., famous. fascis, -is, m., faggot; fasces were a bundle of rods enclosing an axe, used as a symbol of au- thority. ^sti, -orum, m. pi., calendar. fatalis, -e [fatum, fate], adj., fatal, deadly. VOCABULARY. 81 fauces, -ium, f. pi., throat. faveo, favere, favl, fautus, to favor. felix, -!cis, adj., happy, fortu- nate. femur, -oris or -inis, n., thigh. fere, adv., almost, about. fero, ferre, tuli, latus, to bear ; endure; report, tell; permit; legem ferre, to propose a law ; aegre (moleste) ferre, to be vexed, disappointed. ferreus, -a, -um [ferrum, iron'], adj., iron. festino, -are, -avi, -atus, to hasten. fidelis, -e [fides], adj., faithful. fideliter [fidelis], adv., faith- fully. fides, -ei, or -e, f., faith, belief; good faith. filia, -ae, f., daughter. filius, -T, m., son. finis, -is, m., end, boundary. fio, fieri, see facio. firmo, -are, -avi, -atus [flrmus], to strengthen. firm us, -a, -um, adj., strong. flagito, -are, -avi, -atus, to de- mand. flebiliter [flebilis, from fleo], adv., with tears, dolefully. fleo, flere, flevT, fletus, to weep. flereo, florere, floruT, [flos, flower] , to blossom ; thrive, be successful. fluctus, -us [fluo, to flow], m., wave, billow, a flamen, -inis [fluo, to flow], n., river. foede [foedus, foul], adv., fore, future infin. of sum, used instead of f uturum esse. foris, -is, f., door. forma, -ae, i.,form ; appearance. forte [fors, chance], adv., by chance. fortis, -e, adj., brave. fortiter [fortis], adv., bravely. fortitudo, -inis [fortis], f., bravery, fortitude. fortuna, -ae [fors, chance], t., fortune; good fortune; the goddess Fortune. forum, -1, n., market-place, square. Forum (Magnum or Romanum) the chief public place in Rome, between the Capitoline and the Palatine hills. foveo, fovere, fovT, fotus, to cherish, favor, support. frango, frangere, fregi, fractus, to break. frater, -tris, m., brother. frngalitas, -tatis [frugalis, fru- gal], f., frugality. frnmentum, -i [fruor, to enjoy], n., grain ; food. frfistra, adv., in vain, to no pur- pose. fuga, -ae, f . , flight, retreat. fugio, f ugere, ftigT, , to flee. fugo, -are, -avi, -atus [fuga], to put to flight. 82 VOCABULARY. fulmen, -inis [fulgeo, to shine], n., lightning ; thunder-bolt. Fulvius, -a, the name of a Ro- man gens. A. Fulvius joined the conspiracy of Catiline. fundo, fundere, ftid!, fusus, to pour; rout. fungor, fungi, functus sum, to perform, discharge. funus, -eris, n., funeral. furor, -oris [furo, to rage], m., madness. futarus, -a, -um [fut. part, of sum], Sid]., future. G. G&des, -ium, f. pi., Gades, a town in Spain; modern Cadiz. Gallia, -ae, f., Gaul, modern France. Gallus, -1, m., a Gaul. gaudiuin, -i [gaudeo, to rejoice] , n., joy. geminus, -a, -um, adj., twin; two-fold. gener, -eri, m., son-in-law. gens, gentis, f., clan, gens, tribe, nation ; family. gena, -us, n., knee. genus, generis, n., kind; rank. Germania, -ae, f., Germany. Germanus, -i, m., a German. gero, gerere, gessi, gestus, to bear ; wear ; do, perform ; wage (war) ; manage ; sS gerere, to act, behave. gesto, -3,re, -avi, -atus [freq. of gero], to wear. gestus, -us [gero], m., bearing; gesture. gigno, gignere, genu!, genitus, to produce; beget; genitus, born. gladlus, -1, m., sword. gloria, -ae, f ., glory, fame. glorior, -arl, -atus sum [gloria], to boast. Gnaeus, -i, m., a Roman fore- name (praenomen) ; abbr. Cn. gradus, -us, m., a step; stage, period. Graecia, -ae, f., Greece. Graeculus, -I [dim. of Graecus], m. , a Greekling, a poor Greek. Graecus, -a, -um, adj., Greek, Grecian. grandis, -e, adj., great, grand. granum, -i, n., grain. graphium, -i [Greek word], n., stylus, pencil. gratia, -ae [gratus], f., favor, friendship; gratitude; gratia (with gen.), for the sake of. grStulor, -ari, -atus sum [gra- tus], to congratulate. gratus, -a, -um, adj., welcome, acceptable. gravis, -e, adj., heavy; severe, oppressive ; serious. graviter [gravis], adv. , severely ; with dignity. gubernator, -oris [gubernS, to steer], m., steersman. VOCABULARY. 83 H. habe5, -ere, -ui, -itus, to hold, have, keep; regard. habito, -are, -avi, -atus [freq. of habeo], to dwell. habitus, -us [habeo], m., dress, attire. Hannibal, -alis, m., Hannibal, the famous Carthaginian gen- eral. haruspex, -icis, m., soothsayer. hand, adv., not, not at all. Hercules, -is, m., Hercules, the mythological hero. hereditas, -tatis [heres], f., in- heritance. hSres, -edis, m. and f., heir. heri, adv., yesterday. hie, haec, hoc, gen. htiius, dem. pro. , this ; the following ; the latter; often best translated by he, she, or it. hic, adv., here. hiems, hiemis, f., storm ; winter. Hierosolyma, -orum, n. pi., Jerusalem. hilare [hilarus, gay'\, adv., gaily. hilaritSs, -tatis [hilaris, gay'] f., merriment. HispSnia, -ae, f., Spain; in pi. the two provinces into which Spain was divided. Hispaniensis, -e, adj., Spanish. homo, -inis, m. and f., man; mankind. honeste [honestus], adv., hon- orably ; honestissime, with the greatest credit. honestus, -a, -um [honos], adj., honorable. honorificus -a -um [honos -f- facio], adj., complimentary. honos, or honor, -oris, m., hon- or ; public office. hora, -ae, f., hour. hostia, -ae, f., victim. hostlliter [hostilis, hostiW], adv., in a hostile fashion. hostis, -is, m. and f., enemy. hue [hie], adv., hither. humanitas, -tatis [humanus, ^m- mane], kindliness; refinement. I. iaci5, iacere, iecT, iactus, to throw. iactatio, -onis [iactO, freq. of iacio], f., tossing. iam, adv. , now ; already ; at once. lanus, -1, m., Janus, a Roman god. larbas, -ae, m., larbas, king of Mauritania. ibi, adv., there. [bloiv. ictus, -us [ico, to strike], m., a idem, eadem, idem, gen. eiusdem, dem. pro., the same. ideo [id + eo], adv., for that reason, therefore. Idas, -uum, f. pi., the Ides; the fifteenth day of March, May, July and October, and the thirteenth of other months. 84 VOCABULARY. Igitur, conj., therefore, then. ignavia, -ae [ignavus, slothful], f., idleness, inactivity. ignis, -is, m., fire. ignoro, -are, -avT, -atus, to fail to know; he unaimre of; ignore. ignosco, -ere, Ignov!, igndtus [in + (g)nosco, to knoio'], to pardon. ignotus, -a, -um [in + (g)n6tus, known], adj., unknown,strange. ilico [in + loc5], adv., straight- xoay. ille, ilia, illud, gen. illius, dem. pro. , that ; the former. Often equivalent to an emphatic he, she, or it. illic [ille], adv., in that place, there. illuc [ille], adv., to that place, thither. imago, -inis, f . , image ; statue. Imber, -bris, m., rain. immensus, -a, -um [in -f men- sus, from metior, to measure], adj., huge, immense. imino, adv., nay ; certainly not. immortalis, -e [in + mortalis, from mors], adj., immortal, undying. immotus, -a, -um [in + motus, from moveo], adj., unmoved, steadfast. Impatiens, -entis [in -|- patiens, from patior], adj., impatient. impendium, -i [in + pendo, to weigh, pay], n., cost. impgnsa, -ae [cf. impendium], f., expense, cost. imperator, -5ris [impero], m., general; emperor. iniperfectus, -a, -um [in + per- fectus, from perfici5, to fin- ish], adj., unfinished, imper- fect. imperium, -I [impero], n., power ; military authority ; dominion; state. impero, -are, -avT, -atus [in 4- paro], to command; levy; demand. impetro, -are, -avi, -atus [in -f patr5, to accomplish], to ob- tain, procure. impetus, -us [in + peto], m., attack. impietas, -tatis [impius, unduti- fid], f., impiety. impono, -ponere, -posui, -posi- tus [in + pono], to place tipon, put to. imprimis [in + primus], adv., especially. impugno, -are, -avi, -atus [in -f pugnS], to oppose. impanitus, -a, -um [in + piini- tus, from punio], adj., un- punished. in, prep, with ace. (1) or abl. (2). (1) to, into; against; for. (2) in, on, among. As a prefix in composition it either retains its prepositional force, or has a negative mean- ing. VOCABULARY. 85 incSdo, -cedere, -cessi, -cessus [in + cedo], to advance^ move towards; walk. incendium, -i [incendo], n., burning^ conflagration. incendS, -cendere, -cendT, -cen- sus, to set fire to, kindle ; ex- cite. inceptum, -i [incipio, to begin'], 11., attempt. Incido, -cidere, -cidT, [in + cado, to fall], to happen. inclado, -cludere, -clusT, -clusus [in + claud5], to shut up, im- prison. incolo, -colere, -colul, [in + col5], to dwell. incolumis, -e, adj., safe, un- injured. incredibilis, -e [in + credibilis, from credo, to believe], adj., incredible. increpo, -are, -ul, -itus [in + crepo, to crackle], to scold, upbraid. incuinbo, -cumbere, -cubui, -cu- bitus [in + *cumbo, to lie], to lean upon ; apply oneself incariosus, -a, -um [in + curi5- sus, from cura], adj., careless, negligent. inde, adv., thence, from that place; next; therefore. indicium, -i [indico, to point out], n., sign. indico, -dicere, -dixi, -dictus [in + d!c5], to appoint. indictus, -a, -um [in 4- dictus, spoken], adj. , unspoken ; causa indicta, the case not having been tried. indignatus, -a, -um [per. part, of indlgnor, to grow angry], adj., angered, angry. indignus, -a, -um [in + dignus], adj., unworthy, unfit. indo, -dere, -did!, -ditus [in + *d6, place], to endow, give, confer. indaco, -ducere, -duxi, -ductus [in + duco], to lead, induce. industria, -ae, f., activity, in- dustry. ineo, -ire, -ivi (-ii), -itus [in + eo], to enter upon, under- take. infero, -ferre, -tuli, -latus [in + fer5], to bring in, bring against; signa inferre, to make an as- sault. infesto, -are, , [infes- tus], to disturb, infest. infestus, -a, -um, adj., hostile, threatening. inflo, -are, -avi, -atus [in -f flo, to breathe], to inflate. informo, -are, -avi, -atus [in -f formo, to form], to shape, form; educate. infra, adv., below. ingemo, -gemere, -gemuT, , [in + gemo, to groan], to groan. ingenium, -1, n., nature; char- acter; ability. ingens, -entis, adj., vast, huge. 86 VOCABULARY. ingredior, -gredi, -gressus sum [in + gradior, to move], to enter. inicio, -icere, -ieci, -iectus [in + iacio] , to throw into ; suggest. inimicitia, -ae [inimicus], f., hostility, unfriendliness. iiiimicus, -a, -um [in + amicus], adj., unfriendly, hostile. As subst., a personal enemy. inique [inlquus], adv., unjustly. iniquus, -a, -um [in + aequus], adj., unequal; unjust. initium, -i [ineo], n.,heginning. iniuria, -ae [in + ius],f., wrong, injury; insult. inlido, -lldere, -lIsT, -lisus [in 4- laedo, to wound], to dash against. inlustris, -e, adj., illustrious, distinguished. innitor, -nitl, -nixus (nisus) sum [in 4- nitor, to lean], to support oneself by. innuo, -nuere, -nuT, [in + *nu6, to 7iod], to nod to ; hint, insinuate. inopia, -ae [inops, needy], f., need, poverty. inopinatus -a, -um [in -f opi- natus from opinor, to think], adj., unexpected. inquietus, -a, -um [in + quietus, quiet], adj., restless, disturbed. inquit, 3d pers. sing, of def. verb : he says. lorideo, -ridere, -rlsi, -risus [in -f rldeo, to laugh], to laugh at, ridicule. inruo, -ruere, -ruT, [in + ruo, to rush], to rush upon, attack. mscientia, -ae [in-sciens, un- knowing], L, ignorance. inscribo, -scribere, -scrlpsT, -scrlptus [in+ scrlbo], to write on, inscribe. insequor, -sequl, -secutus sum [in -f sequor], to pursue. inside5, -sidere, -sedl, [in 4- sedeo], to sit upon. insidiae, -arum [insideo] , f . pi., snare ; plot. insigne, -is [insignis], n., badge. insignis, -e [in -f sTgnum], adj., noted, eminent, prominent. insolenter [insolens, insolent], adv., haughtily, insolently. instituo, -stituere, -stitui -stitu- tus [in + statuo, to arrange^, to establish ; teach ; begin. instruo, -struere, -struxi, -struc- tus [in + struo, to heap], to build up ; equip. insum, -esse, -fuT, [in -f sum], to be in. Tnsusurro, -are, -avi, -atus, to whisper to. intellego, -legere, -lexi, -I6ctus [inter -j- leg5], to understand, find out. intendo, -tendere, -tendi, -ten- tus (tensus) [in + tendd], to aim, direct. inter, prep, with ace, among, between; inter iocum, jest- ingly. VOCABULARY. 87 Intercaiarius, -a, -um [inter- calo], adj., intercalary. intercalo, -are, -avi, -atus [inter + *calo, to call], to inter- calate, i.e. insert in the calen- dar. Interdico, -dicere, -dixi, -dictus [inter -1- dico], to interdict, prohibit. interdia [inter -|-diu, from dies], adv., by day. interduni [inter + dum], adv., sometimes. interea [inter + ea], adv., mean- while. interfector, -Oris [interfici5],m., slayer . interficio, -ficere, -feci, -fectus [inter -f facio], to kill. interim, adv., meanwhile. interimo, -imere, -emi, -emptus [inter -f- emo, to take {buy)], to remove ; kill. internantius, -i [inter -}- nun- tius], m,, messenger. interrogo, -are, -avi, -atus [inter 4- rogo, to ask], to ask, ques- tion. intersum, -esse, -fuT, [inter + sum], to be present. intra, prep, with ace, within. intumesco, -ere, -tumui, [in -f inch, of tumeo, to swell], to swell up. inusitatus, -a, -um [in -f usita- tus from iitor],adj., uncommon, unwonted. invSdS, -vadere, -vasi, -vasus [in -f vado, to rush], to invade ; seize. invalidus,-a, -um [in -f validus], adj., weak. invelio, -vehere, -vexi, -vectus [in -f veho, to carry], to carry towards; pass., to attack; be carried on; in vectus (classe), having sailed. invenio, -venire, -veni, -ventus [in -f venio], to find, come upon. invidia, -ae, f., jealousy. invisus, -a, -um [per. part, of in video, to envy], adj., hated, hateful. invito, -are, -avT, -atus, to in- vite. iocus, -1, m. (pi. -1 or -a), jest, joke. ipse, ipsa, ipsum, gen. ipsius, determinative pro., self; him- (her-, it-) self; very. irascor, Trasci, iratus sum [Ira, wrath], to be angry, rage. iri, pass. inf. of eo, to go; used to make the fut. pass, infin. is, ea, id, gen. eius, dem. pro., he, she, it; this; the one. iste, ista, istud, gen. istms, dem. pro., that (of yours); this. ita, adv., thus, so. Italia, -ae, f., Italy. itaque [ita, so + que],conj., and so, therefore. item, adv., liketoise, besides. iter, itineris, n., journey, march ; way. 88 VOCABULARY. iterum, adv., a second time, again. luba, -ae, m., Juba, king of Numidia. iubeo, -ere, iussl, iussus, to or- der. iueundus, -a, -uiii, adj., agreea- ble, pleasant. ludaea, -ae, f., Judaea. ludaeus, -T, m., a Jew. iiidicium, -I [iudex, judge'], ii., a court ; judgment, decision. iudico, -are, -avT, -atus [iudex, judge], to judge; declare. ingulum, -i [dim. of iugum, collar], n., throat, neck. lalius, -a, the name of a Roman gens. See Caesar, Augustus, lulia, -ae, f. (1) the sister of Caesar, grandmother of Augustus. (2) The daughter of Caesar, wife of Pompey. iung5, iungere, iunxT, iunctus, to join, unite; form. iunior, -oris, comp. of iuvenis, younger. luppiter, lovis, m., Jiqjiter, the chief god in Roman mythology. ius, iuris, n., right, law ; court ; abl., iure, justly, by right. iussus, -iis [iubeo], m. (found only in abl. sing.), command. iustitia, -ae [iiis], f., justice. iuvenis, -e, adj., young. As subst., a youth. iuventus, -tutis [iuvenis], f., age of youth; young people, youth. Ii. L., abbr. of Lucius, a Roman forename {praenomen) . labor, -oris, m., labor ; hardship. laboriosus, -a, -um [labor], adj., laborious; careful. laboro, -are, -avT, -atus [labor], to toil ; suffer ; be hard pressed ; ache. lacero, -are, -avi, -atus, to rend, tear; injure. lacrima, -ae, f., tear. lacrimo, -are, -avi, -atus [la- crima], to weep. laetitia, -ae [laetus], f., glad- ness, joy. laetus, -a, -um, didi]., glad, joyful. lamina, -ae, f . , plate, leaf. latebra, -ae [lateo], f., usually pi, hiding-place. Iate5, -ere, -ui, , to lurk, be concealed. latericius, -a, -um [later, brick], adj., made of bricks. Latinus, -a, -um, adj., Latin. latus, -eris, n,, side, flank. laudo, -are, -jivi, -atus [laus], to praise. laurea, -ae, f., laurel or bay- tree; laurel crown. laus, laudis, t, praise; glory. laxitSs, -tatis [laxus, loide], f., width, spaciousness. lectica, -ae, f., litter, sedan- chair. lectulus, -1 [dimin. of lectus], m., couch, bed. VOCABULARY. 89 lectus, -I, m., bed. legatio, -onis [cf. legatus], f., eynbassy. legatus, -I [lego, to send as am- bassador]., m., ambassador; lieutenant. legio, -onis [lego], f., legion. lego, -ere, legT, lectus, to collect; read. lenocinium, -i, u., allurement ; ornament. Leiitulus, -1, m., a Roman family name. (1) P. Cornelius Lentulus took part in Catiline's con- spiracy. (2) Lentulus^ the adoptive name of Dolabella, son-in-law of Cicero. lentus, -a, -um, adj., tough; slow; calm. Lepidus, -T, m., a Roman family name. M. Aemilius Lepidus, a mem- ber of the second triumvirate. Igx, legis, f., law. llbens, -entis [pres. part, of libet, it pleases], ad]., willing ; with pleasure. libenter [libens], adv., willingly, gladly. liber, -era, -erum, adj., free; generous. liber, -bri, m., book. liberalitas, -tatis [liberalis, lib- eral], t, generosity. liberi, -orum [liber], m. pi., children. libero, -are, -avi, -atus [liber], to free, set free. libertas, -tatis [liber], f., free- dom; boldness. liber tus, -i [liber], m., f reed- man. licet, licere, licuit, and licitum est, imper. verb, it is per- mitted. lictor, -5ris, m., lictor, attendant. llquefacio, -ere, , -factus [liqueo, to be fluid -\- facio], to dissolve. litigator, -oris [litigo, to sue], m., suitor, litigant. littera, -ae, f., letter of the alphabet; pi., letter, epistle; literature. litus, -oris, n., shore. locus, -1, m. (pi. -T or -9.), place; occasion. longe [longus], adv., at a dis- tance; greatly, by far. longus, -a, -um, adj., long. loquor, loquT, locutus sum, to speak. luctor, -firi, -atus sum, to wrestle. luctus, -us [lugeo, to mourn], m., sorrow, mourning, Lacullus, -T, m., a Roman family name. L. Licinius Lucullus, a contemporary of Pompey, re- nowned for his luxury. ludus, -1, m., play, game. lagubris, -e [lugeo, to mourn], adj., mournful. Inmen, -inis, n., light. IQna, -ae, f., the moon. 90 VOCABULARY. lux, lucis, f., light. luxus, -us, m., excess ; splendor. M. M., abbr. of Marcus, a Roman forename {praendmeii) . Macedonia, -ae, f., Macedonia. macto, -are, -avi, -atus, to kill. Maecenas, -atis, m., the family name of C. Cilnius Maecenas, a friend of Augustus. maestus, -a, -um, adj., sad. magis, adv. comp., more ; rather. magister, -trl, m., master, teacher. magistratus, -us [magister], m., office, magistracy. magnificus, -a, -um [magnus + facio], adj., magnificent., ^Un- did. magnitudo, -inis [magnus], f., greatness, size. magnopere [magnus + opus], adv., very much, greatly, ex- ceedingly. magnus, -a, -um, adj., great, large. Magnus, -i., m., the Great, sur- name of Pompey. maiestas, -tatis, f., greatness, dignity. maior, -ius, gen. -oris, comp. of magnus. male [malus, evil], adv., badly, wickedly. malo, malle, malul, [magis 4- volo], to choose rather, pre- fer. malum, -i [malus, evil'], n., evil, misfortune. mando, -are, -avI, -atus [manus -f *dO, to place], to order, com- mand. maneo, -ere, mans!, mansus, to remain, wait. mano, -are, -avi, to flow ; spread. mansuetndo, -inis [mansuetus, tame], f., mildness, gentle- ness. manus, -us, f., hand; hand, troops. Marcus, -I, m., a Roman fore- name (praenomen). mare, maris, n., sea. M. Supe- rum, the Adriatic Sea. margarita, -ae, f., pearl. Marius, -a, the name of a Ro- man gens. C. Marius, the fa- mous general, married an aunt of Julius Caesar. marnioreus, -a, -um [marmor, marble], adj., marble. Mars, Martis, m., the Roman god of war ; dubio Marte, in a doubtful battle. Martius, -a, -um [Mars], adj., martial; of the month of March. matrona, -ae [mater, another], f., wife, matron. maxime [maximus], adv., very greatly, especially. maximus, -a, -um, adj., super, of magnus. medicamentum, -I [medicO, to drug], n., drug. VOCABULARY. 91 ,nie(licus, -I [medeor, to ^eaZ], m., doctor^ physician. meditor, -ari, -atus sum, to plan, devise. medium, -I[medius], n., middle, centre. medius, -a, -um, adj., middle. melior, -ius, gen. -oris, comp. of bonus. Memmius, -a, the name of a Roman gens. C. Memmius Gemellus was consul b.c. 54. memorabilis, -e [memoro, to narrate'], adj., memorable. memoria, -ae [memor], mind- ful'], f., memory. mens, mentis, f., mind. mensa, -ae, f., table; course (at a meal) . mensis, -is, m., month. mergo, -ere, mersT, mersus, to sink. merx, mercis, f., merchandise. Metellus, -i, m., the name of a Roman family. Q. Caecilius 3Ietellus was consul b.c. 80. mens, -a, -um, adj., my., mine. miles, -itis, m., soldier ; soldiery. Miletus, -I, f., Mile'tus, a city on the coast of Asia Minor. milieus [mille], adv., a thousand times. mille, sing, indecl. adj., thousand. PI. milia, -ium, n. subst. thou- sands. mimus, -i, m., actor ; farce. minimus, -a, -um, adj., super, of parvus. minister, -tri, m., attendant., helper. minitor, -ari, -atus sum [freq. of minor], to threaten. minor, minus, gen. -oris, adj., comp. of parvus. minor, -ari, -atus sum [minae, threats'], to threaten. minuo, -ere, -uT, -utus [minor], to diminish., make small. minus, adv., comp. of parum, less, too little. mirificus, -a, -um [mirus 4- fa- cio], adj., tconderful. miror, -ari, -atus sum [mlrus], to admire ; wonder at. mirus, -a, -um, adj., wonder- ful. mis8i6,-onis [mitto], i., sending ; discharge, dismissal. Mithridates, -is, m., Mithri- dd'tes, king of Pontus. Mithridaticus, -a, -um, adj., of or tcith 3Iithridates. mitto, mittere, misi, missus, to send; dismiss; hurl. Mitylenae, -arum, f. pi., 3Iity- le'ne, a city on the island Les- bos, near the coast of Asia Minor. moderatio, -onis [moderor, to restrain, from modus], f., mod- eration, self-control. moderatus, -a, -um [per. part, of moderor, to restrain], adj., moderate, restrained. modicus, -a, -urn [modus], adj., temperate, modest. 92 VOCABULAEY. modo [modus], adv., merely^ only; modo . . . modo, ?ioi Barnard College. NEFOS, for rapid reading. By Isaac Flagg, Ph.D., Professor in tho University of California. Ready. NEPOS, Selections. By J. C. Jones, A.M., Professor in the University of Missouri. OVID, Selections from the Metamorphoses, based upon the edition of Meuser-Egen. By B. L. Wiggins, A.M., Professor in the Univer- sity of the South. 2 OVID, Selections, for rapid reading. By A. L. Bondubant, A.M., Professor in tlie University of Mississippi. PETKONIUS, Cena Trimalchionis, based upon the edition of Biicheler. By W. E. Waters, Ph.D., President of Wells College. PLAUTUS, Captivi, for rapid reading. By Grove E. Barber, A.M., Professor in the University of Nebraska. PLATITTJS, Menaechmi, based upon the edition of Brix. By Harold N. Fowler, Ph.D., Professor in the Western Reserve Univer- sity. Ready. PLINY, Select Letters, for rapid reading. By Samuel Ball Plai- ner, Ph.D., Professor in the Western Reserve University. Ready. QUINTILIAN, Book X and Selections from Book XII, based upon the edition of Kriiger. By Carl W. Belser, Ph.D., Professor in the University of Colorado. SALLUST, Catiline, based upon the edition of Schmalz. By Charles G. Herbermann, Ph.D., LL.D., Professor in the College of the City of New York. Ready. SENECA, Select Letters. By E. C. Winslow, A.M. TACITUS, Annals, Book I and Selections from Book II, based upon the edition of Nipperdey-Andresen. By E. M. Hyde, Ph.D., Pro- fessor in Lehigh University. TACITUS, Annals, Book XV. By J. Everett Brady, Ph.D., Pro- fessor in Smith College. TACITUS, Agricola and Germania, based upon the editions of Schwei- zer-Sidler and Drager. By A. G. Hopkins, Ph.D., Professor in Hamilton College. Ready. TACITUS, Histories, Book I and Selections from Books II-V, based upon the edition of Wolff. By Edward H. Spieker, Ph.D., Pro- fessor in the Johns Hopkins University. TERENCE, Adelphoe, for rapid reading. By William L. Cowles, A.M., Professor in Amherst College. Ready. TERENCE, Phormio, based upon the edition of Dziatzko. By Her- bert C. Elmer, Ph.D., Assistant Professor in the Cornell Uni- versity. Ready. TIBULLUS AND PROPERTIUS, Selections, based upon the edition of Jacoby. By Henry F. Burton, A.M., Professor in the University of Rochester. VALERIUS MAXIMUS, Fifty Selections, for rapid reading. By Charles S. Smith, A.M., College of New Jersey. 'Ready. 3 VELLEITJS PATERCTJLUS, Historia Romana, Book II. By F. e; RocKWOOD, A.M., Professor iu Bucknell University. Ready. VERGIL, Books I-VI. By E. Antoinette Ely, A.M., Hampton College, and S. Frances Pellett, A.M., Binghamton High School, N.Y. VERGIL, The Story of Turnus from Aen. Vll-Xn, for rapid reading. By Moses Slaughter, Ph.D., Professor in Iowa College. VIRI ROMAE, Selections. By G. M. Whicher, A.M., Packer Col- . legiate Institute. LATIN COMPOSITION, for college use. By Walter Miller, A.M., Professor in the Leland Stanford Jr. University. Beady. LATIN COMPOSITION, for advanced classes. By H. R. Fairclough, A.M., Professor in the Leland Stanford Jr. University. HAND-BOOK OF LATIN SYNONYMS. By Mr. Miller. A FIRST BOOK IN LATIN. By Hiram Tuell, A.M., Principal of the Milton High School, Mass., and Harold N. Fowler, Ph.D., Western Reserve University. Bendy. EXERCISES IN LATIN COMPOSITION, for schools. By M. Grant Daniell, A.m., Principal of Chauncy-Hall School, Boston. Beady. THE PRIVATE LIFE OF THE ROMANS, a manual for the use of schools and colleges. By Harriet Waters Preston and Louise Dodge. Beady. GREEK AND ROMAN MYTHOLOGY, based on the recent work of Steuding. By Karl P. Harrington, A.M., Professor in the Uni- versity of North Carolina, and Herbert C. Tolman, Ph.D., Pro- fessor in Yanderbilt University. ATLAS ANTIQUUS, twelve maps of the ancient world, for schools and colleges. By Dr. Henry Kiepert, M.R. Acad. Berlin. Beady. Tentative arrangements have been made for other books not ready to be announced. LEACH, SHEWELL, & SANBORN, Boston, New York, and Chicago. 4 14 DAY USE ^ RETURN TO DESK FROM WHICH BORROWED i LOAN DEPT. This book is due on the last date stamped below, or on the date to which renewed | Renewed books are subject to immediate recall. 1 16^ar''^1l'^ 1 OjiAyJL f(- i i R-:C'D LD 1 MAR 1 7 1961 f2SEP6lTD "j .... ,...,. -!■•"'; i.X-J AU62y ^' ? > 1 J^J^^^^Ife'^" UoiiS^^igl&nie ^