LIBRARY^ Ufivcjtsrtv of CALIFORNIA SAN DIEGO OVID RAMSAY HENRY FROWDE OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS WAREHOUSE AMEN CORNER, E.C. &ms w /OVID SELECTIONS FOR THE USE OF SCHOOLS WITH INTRODUCTIONS AND NOTES AND AN APPENDIX ON THE ROMAN CALENDAR BY WILLIAM RAMSAY, M. A. FORMERLY PROFESSOR OF HUMANITY IN THE UNIVERSITY OF GLASGOW, AUTHOR OF 'MANUAL OF ROMAN ANTIQUITIES,' ETC. EDITED BY GEORGE G. RAMSAY, M. A. TRIN. COLL. OXON. PROFESSOR OF HUMANITY IN THE UNIVERSITY OF GLASGOW SECOND EDITION AT THE CLARENDON PRESS M DCCC LXXXVI (Jill rights reserved} PREFACE. THE present edition is substantially a reprint of a work entitled 'Extracts from Tibullus and Ovid,' written some years ago by the late Professor Ramsay, for the use of the Latin class in the University of Glasgow. It was originally printed privately at his own expense ; and has remained up to this time practically unknown to the scholars and schools of England, and almost unused beyond the limits of this University. Having found the work invaluable as a text-book for my junior class, combining as it does accurate scholarship with vigor- ous, graphic representations of ancient mythology and history, of ancient life and literature, I suggested to the Delegates of the Oxford Press that it would be a fitting work to insert in their new series. The book in its original form being somewhat too bulky, it was thought advisable to omit altogether the selections from Tibullus which might have interfered with a selection from the minor Roman poets shortly to be issued in the same series and to curtail the notes in the remaining portion of the book where possible. Such curtailment has been effected almost entirely by the omission of original passages from classical authors, which had been quoted in extenso in the original work and which are merely referred to in the present edition ; and as at the same time a number of notes have been inserted which originally appeared in illustration of the extracts from Tibullus, the result is that the notes of the present volume include the whole of the vi PREFACE. notes to the Ovid, and in an enriched rather than an impove- rished form. In addition to the shorter notes, a few dissertations will be found interspersed here and there throughout the book. These are for the most part upon matters which are imperfectly ex- plained in ordinary works, or where the desired results could be arrived at only by searching into and comparing a number of different treatises. Such are the disquisitions on the Lares and Penates (p. 67), on the Sibylline books and the different Sibyls (p. 259), on the origin of the Olympian Gods and their wars with the Titans, Giants, &c. (p. 251), on Janus (p. 189), on Mars (p. 204), on Faunus (p. 40), on fest'a (p. 275), the Preliminary Remarks, and many of the Introductions to the different Extracts. The selection of various readings will be found to include i . Those which are equal or nearly equal in authority to the received text. a. Those which have been adopted by the best editors. 3. Those which serve to illustrate the manner in which errors gradually crept in during the process of repeated tran- scription. 4. Those whose rejection involves some point of delicate or curious criticism. It would be obviously undesirable, in a school-book like the present, to enlarge upon this depart- ment ; but none can deny that, in the hands of a skilful teacher, various readings may be used as a powerful instrument for exercising the judgment and improving the taste. In addition to the annotations contained in the best editions of the poet, of which a list has been given in p. xxix, it should be mentioned that in all that relates to ancient mythology free use has been made of the works of J. H. Voss 1 , K. O. Miiller 2 , and Hartung 3 , while in the Appendix on the Roman Calendar the excellent essay of Ideler* has been closely followed. 1 Mythologische Briefe Antisymbolik Kritische Blatter. 2 Prolegomena zu einer wissenschaftlichen Mythologie Orchomenos Die Dorier Die Etrusker. s Die Religion der Rcimer. * Handbuch der mathematischen und technischen Chronologic. PREFACE. vii In the present Edition, the only decided alteration I have ventured to make is in the matter of orthography, as to the true principles of which so much progress has been made by modern scholars. In accordance with the now generally received con- clusions of the best authorities, I have written uniformly caelum, caelestis, caeruleus, cetera, fenus, fetus, femina, fenum, maeror, maestus, haedus, nequiquam, quicquam, umquam, numquam, tam- quam, etc., inserted the p in such forms as sumptus, ademptus, etc., and made a few other unimportant changes of a similar character. With regard to the difficult question of assimilation I have left the orthography as it stood. With these exceptions the work remains, both in form and substance, absolutely unchanged. GEORGE G. RAMSAY. GLASGOW COLLEGE, May 2, 1868. CONTENTS. INTRODUCTION. I. Life of Ovid . . . < . . PAGE II. P. Ovidii Nasonis Vita ex codice Vetusto . . . XX III. Works of Ovid . xxi IV. Manuscripts and Editions of Ovid . . . . xxvii EXTRACTS FROM OVID. 1. Heroides, Epistola v. Oenone Parid't . . . i 2. Heroides, Epistola XIII. Laodamia Protesllao . 7 3. Amores, Liber I. Elegia XV. Poeta suum studium defendit ....... 14 4. Amores, Liber n. Elegia VI. Mors Psittaci 15 5. Amores, Liber in. Elegia ix. Mors Tibulli 17 e. Ars Amatoria, Liber I. 101. Raptus Sabinarum 19 7. Ars Amatoria, Liber I. 527. Bacchus et Ariadne 21 8. Remedia Amoris 169. Solatia Ruris 24 0. Fasti I. i. Fastorum Dedicatio 25 10. 28 11. Fasti I. 295. Astronomiae laus .... 29 12. Fasti I. 469. Evander ..... ib. 13. CONTENTS. PAGE 14. Fasti in. i. Romulus et Remus .... . 36 15. Fasti II. 267. Lupercalia ..... . 40 16. Fasti n. 381. Lupercal ..... 44 17. Fasti iv. 809. Romae Natalis. Mors Remi . 46 18. Fasti I. 335. Sacra Prisca, Fictimae, etc. . . 48 19. Fasti II. 19. 20. Fasti II. 533. Feralia ..... 52 21. Fasti v. 419. Lemuria ..... 55 22. Fasti II. 639. 56 23. Fasti iv. 901. Robigo ..... - 59 24. Fasti iv. 721. Pattlia . 61 25. Fasti in. 429. Feiovis ..... - 64 26. Fasti in. 523. Anna Perenna .... . 66 27. Fasti v. 129. Lares Praestites .... . 67 28. Fasti v. 663. Mercurius ..... 73 29. Fasti v. 183. Flora . 75 30. Fasti in. 809. Minerva ..... . 77 31. Fasti vi. 419. Palladium a ftletello servatum 80 32. Fasti in. 713. Bacchus ..... . 85 33. Fasti iv. 179. Cybele . 89 34. Fasti n. 8-3. Arion ..... . 96 35. Fasti 11. 305. Hercules et Omphale . . . 97 36. Fasti n. 193. Fabiorum Clades .... . 98 37. Fasti I. 587. Agnomina ..... . 100 38. Tristia i. 3. Oindius Romam relinquit . . . 102 39. Tristia in. 10 . Exsilii locus .... 1 06 40. Tristia iv. 10 . Ovidii Vita .... . I0 9 Critical Notes . * H5 Notes . . . ....... . 134 APPENDIX. APPENDIX. ON THE ROMAN CALENDAR. 1. Julian Year 315 2. Months . 315 3. Calends, Nones, and Ides . . . . . .316 4. Roman method of computing Dates . . . .316 5. Annus Bissextus 318 6. Nundinae . . . . . . . . .319 7. Dies Fasti, Nefasti, Intercisi, Festi, Profesti, &c. . 320 8. Feriae 320 9. Dies Atri . . . . . . . . .320 10. Fasti Kalendares 321 11. Fasti Historici ........ 323 12. Year of Romulus 324 13. Year of Numa 325 14. Original signification of Calends, Nones, and Ides . 326 15. Intercalations in general 328 16. Intercalations of the Greeks 328 17. Intercalations of the Romans before the Julian Reform . 329 18. Distribution of days in the year of 355 days . . . 331 19. Intercalations before the Julian Reform, continued . 331 20. Confusion caused by the mismanagement of Ponti- fices . ........ 332 *i. Annus Confusionis ultimus 333 22. Gregorian year 333 23. Roman Lustrum 334 24. Roman Saeculum 336 25. The rising and setting of the fixed stars according to Ovid and others . 337 INTRODUCTION. I. LIFE OF OVID. 9 THE personal history of Ovid is better known to us than that of any other Roman poet, except Horace. We are indebted for our information to various incidental notices scattered over his works, but principally to a short autobiography in Elegiac verse (Trist. 4. 10), which will be found in the present collection. PUBLIUS OVIDIUS NASO was born on the 2oth of March, (the second day of the ' Quinquatria') 43 B.C., the year in which the battles fought against Antony under the walls of Modena proved fatal to Hirtius and Pansa, in which the second triumvirate was formed, and in which Cicero perished. The place of his nativity was Sulmo (Sulmone,) a town in the cold moist hills of the Peligni, one of the Sabine clans, situated at a short distance to the S.E. of Corfinium, about ninety miles from Rome. His father was of an ancient equestrian family, and Publius was the second son, his elder brother being exactly twelve months his senior. They were both brought up at Rome, their education was superintended by the most distinguished masters, and at the usual period each assumed the manly gown. The elder, a youth of great promise, devoted himself with zeal to the study of eloquence, but his career was short, for he died in his twenty-first year. Publius repaired to Athens for the purpose of finishing his studies ; at this or some subsequent period he visited, in the train XIV INTRODUCTION. of Macer, the gorgeous cities of Asia, and on his return home passed nearly a year in Sicily \ From a very early period he had displayed a decided taste for poetical composition. He soon manifested a rooted aversion to the jarring contentions of the forum, and, notwithstanding the remonstrances of his father, gradually abandoned public life, and devoted himself exclusively to the cultivation of the muses. When a very young man he exercised the functions of triumvir, decemvir -', centum vir 3 , and judicial arbiter, but never attempted to rise to any of the higher offices of state, which would have entitled him to the rank and privileges of a senator. He was married three times. His first wife, whom he wedded while still almost a boy, he describes as unworthy of his affection ; his second was of blameless character, but from her also he was soon divorced. One of these two ladies, we know not which, belonged to the Etrurian tribe, whose chief town was Falerii * 1 ' Nee peto, quas petii quondam studiosus Athenas, Oppida non Asiae, non loca visa prius.' Trist. I. 2, 77- Again inE. ex P. 2. IO, addressed to Macer, at line 21 ' Te duce, magnificas Asiae perspeximus urbes : Trinacris est oculis, te duce, nota meis. Vidimus Aetnaea caelum splendescere flamma; Suppositus monti quam vomit ore Gigas: Hennaeosque lacus et olentia stagna Palici, Quaque suis Cyanen miscet Anapus aquis. Nee procul hinc Nymphen, quae, dum fugit Elidis amnem, Tecta sub aequorea nunc quoque currit aqua. Hie mihi labentis pars anni magna peracta est. Eheu, quam dispar est locus ille Getis !' See also Fast. 6. 423. * ' Inter bis quinos nsus honore viros." Fast. 4. 384. ' ' Nee male commissa est nobis fortuna reorum, Lisque decem decies inspicienda viris. Res quoque privatas statui sine crimine iudex : Deque mea fassa est pars quoque victa fide.' Trist. 2. 93. 4 'Cum mihi pomiferis coniux foret orta Faliscis, Moenia contigimus victa, Camille, tibi.' Amor. 3. 13, I. INTRODUCTION. XV (Santa Maria di Faleri). His third wife was of the noble Fabian family 1 . To her he was deeply attached, and she remained fond and true to the last, supporting him by her faithful affection during the misfortunes which darkened the close of his life. His daughter, Perilla, was married twice, and was the mother of two children, one by each husband. His father died at the advanced age of ninety, and the poet was soon after called upon to pay the last rites to his mother likewise. For a long period fortune had smiled steadily upon Ovid. He was now upwards of fifty years old ; the greater part of this time he had spent at Rome, in ease, tranquillity, and happiness. His time was completely at his own disposal, and he could devote what portion of it he pleased to his favourite pursuits : his works were universally popular ; he was the companion and friend of all the great political and literary characters of that brilliant epoch ; he en- joyed the favour and patronage of the emperor himself. But he was not destined to end his days in peace. Towards the end of A.D. 8 an order was suddenly conveyed to him from Augustus, com- manding that he should instantly quit the metropolis, and fix his 1 In E. ex P. I. 2, 138, addressed to Fabius Maximus, he says, 'Hie ego, de vestra cui data nupta domo,' from E. ex P. 2. II, 13, we learn that the Rufus to whom it is addressed was her maternal uncle ' Sponte quidem, per seque mea est laudabilis uxor ; Admonitu melior fit tamen ilia tuo. Namque quod Hermiones Castor fuit, Hector lull, Hoc ego te laetor coniugis esse meae ; ' and fromE. ex P. 2. 10, 10, that she was somehow connected with Macer, to whom he writes, 'Vel mea quod coniux non aliena tibi.' She was a widow at the time of her union with Ovid, and her daughter by her first husband married Suillius, the intimate friend of Germanicus Caesar. In a letter to this Suillius, E. ex P. 4. 8, 9, we find the ex- pressions, , 'lus aliquod faciunt affinia vincula nobis, Quae semper maneant illabefacta precor. Nam tibi quae coniux, eadem mihi filia paene est: Et quae te generum, me vocat ilia virum.' XVI INTRODUCTION. residence at Tomi, a colony planted among the Getae, in the midst of barbarous and hostile tribes, on the bleak shores of the Euxine, near the mouth of the Danube. To hear was to obey. Paralysed by grief, he tore himself from the arms of his afflicted wife, and set forth in the dead of the winter for the place of his destination, which he reached the following spring. The cause of this banishment is a problem which has excited the curiosity and exercised the ingenuity of learned men ever since the revival of letters, but it is one which our present sources of knowledge do not enable us to solve. The ostensible reason was the immoral tendency of the Ars Amatoria: to this Ovid frequently alludes, and the second book of the Tristia, which is addressed to Augustus, contains an elaborate apology for that poem 1 . But, even if we set aside the fact that it was published nine years before the period of which we now speak, we are expressly told that there was another and more deadly offence which had roused the wrath of the prince. The language employed in reference to this matter is ever dark and mysterious; but the poet distinctly states that he had seen something which ought never to have met his eye, and con- stantly urges the plea that his transgression ought to be looked upon as a blunder, or an inadvertence, rather than a crime. His expressions, however, are not only always ambiguous, but not unfrequently inconsistent with each other; at one time he seems inclined to throw the whole blame upon his unlucky poem; at another he insinuates, with little concealment, that this was used merely as a pretext. It would be vain to enumerate the various hypotheses which have been proposed, the greater number of which are palpably absurd. The most probable is that which supposes that he had become accidentally acquainted with some of the intrigues of Julia, the profligate 1 The works of Ovid were at this time cast forth from the three great public libraries of Rome ; that in the temple of Apollo Palatinus, that in the Atrium Libertatis, and that in the Porticus Octaviae. See Trist. 3. 1, 59, et seqq. INTRODUCTION. XVli granddaughter of the emperor, whose well-known sensibility in all matters affecting the honour of his family rendered him unable to tolerate the presence of a man who had been an eye-witness to the infamy of one of its members. The fol- lowing are the most important passages which bear upon this topic : Trist. 2. 541, addressed to Augustus, ' Carminaque edideram, cum te delicta notantem Praeterii toties iure quietus eques. Ergo, quae iuveni mihi non nocitura putavi Scripta parum prudens, nunc nocuere seni. Sera redundavit veteris vindicta libelli, Distat et a meriti tempore poena sui.' E. ex P. 2. 15, addressed to Macer, 'Naso parum prudens, artem dum tradit amandi, Doctrinae pretium triste magister habet.' E. ex P. 4. 13, 41, addressed to Carus, ' Carmina nil prosunt ; nocuerunt carmina quondam : Primaque tarn miserae causa fuere fugae.' See also Trist. 2. 211, 239, 345, in all of which the Ars Amatoria is represented as the source of his misfortune. But in the following from E. ex P. 3. 3, 37, another and more serious offence is indicated. The poet is addressing Amor, in a vision, ' Nee satis id fuerat, stultus quoque carmina feci, Artibus ut posses non rudis esse meis. Pro quibus exilium misero mihi reddita merces, Id quoque in extremis et sine pace locis.' To which Amor replies ' Per mea tela faces, et per mea tela sagittas, Per matrem iuro, Caesareumque caput : Nil, nisi concessum, nos te didicisse magistro ; Artibus et nullum crimen inesse tuis. Vtque hoc, sic utinam defendere cetera posses ! Scis aliud quod te laeserit esse magis. b XVI 11 INTRODUCTION. Quidquid id est (neque enim debet dolor ille referri) Non potes a culpa dicere abesse tua. Tu licet erroris sub imagine crimen obumbres ; Non gravior merito vindicis ira fuit.' Again in E. ex P. 2. 9, 73, addressed to the Thracian prince, Cotys, 'Neve roges quid sit; stultam conscripsimus Artem; Innocuas nobis haec vetat esse manus. Ecquid praeterea peccarim, quaerere noli, Vt lateat sola culpa sub Arte mea. Quidquid id est, habui moderatam vindicis iram : Qui, nisi natalem, nil mihi dempsit, humum,' and in Trist. 2. 207 ' Perdiderint cum me duo crimina, carmen et error, Alterius facti culpa silenda mihi : Nam non sum tanti ut renovem tua vulnera, Caesar, Quern nimio plus est indoluisse semel. Altera pars superest; qua turpi crimine tactus Arguor obscaeni doctor adulterii,' upon which he proceeds to argue that the nature and tendency of his poem were perfectly harmless. The quotations below declare the crime to have consisted in witnessing some hidden deed; thus Trist. 2. 103 ' Cur aliquid vidi ? cur noxia lumina feci ? Cur imprudenti cognita culpa mihi ? Inscius Actaeon vidit sine veste Dianam : Praeda fuit canibus non minus ille suis,' and Trist 3. 5, 49 'Inscia quod crimen viderunt lumina, plector: Peccatumque oculos est habuisse meum. Non equidem totam possum defendere culpam : Sed partem nostri criminis error habet.' Compare also Trist. 3. i, 49 ; 6, 25, to the same effect. Finally, in E. ex P. i. 6, 21, addressed to Graecinus, he speaks of his offence as a secret which it would be dangerous to disclose. INTR OD UCTION. xix 'Nee leve, nee tutum, peccati quae sit origo, Scribere : tractari vulnera nostra timent. Qualicumque modo mihi sint ea facta rogare Desine: non agites, si qua coire veils. Quidquid id est, ut non facinus, sic culpa, vocandum, Omnis an in magnos culpa Deos, scelus est : ' and yet, notwithstanding all this affectation of mystery, he tells us in Trist. 4. 10, 99 'Causa meae cunctis nimium quoque nota ruinae Indicio non est testificanda meo.' Ninety-six poems in Elegiac verse serve as a sad chronicle of the sufferings he endured during his journey, and while in exile. They exhibit a melancholy picture of the mental prostration of the gay, witty, voluptuous Roman, suddenly snatched from the midst of the most polished society of the age, from the exciting pleasures of the capital of the world, from the charms of a delicious climate, and abandoned to his own resources among a horde of rude soldier peasants, in a remote half-civilized frontier garrison, beneath a Scythian sky. Notwithstanding the exertions of many and powerful friends ; notwithstanding the expostula- tions, entreaties, prayers, and servile abasement of the unfor- tunate victim, Augustus and his successor Tiberius remained alike inexorable, and Ovid died of a broken heart in the sixtieth year of his age, and in the tenth of his banishment. XX INTRODUCTION. - II. P. OVIDII NASONIS VITA EX GODICE VETVSTO. P. Ovidius Naso a. d. XII. Kal. April. Sulmone in Pelignis natus est ; quo anno bello Mutinensi P. Hirtius et C. Pansa Coss. diem obiere. Honoribus Romae functus: fuit enim arbiter et triumvir, et iudicium inter centum viros dixit. Sub Plotio Grippo literis eruditus : deinde apud Marcellum Fuscum Rheto- rem, cuius auditor fuit, optime declamavit. Admiratorplurimum Porcii Latronis fuit, quern adeo studiose audivit, ut multas eius sententias in versus suos transtulerit. Bonus declamator et ingeniosus habitus est, et carmine et prosa licenter scripsit, ingenii sui adeo amator, ut ex iis quae dixit, etiam pre- cantibus amicis, nihil mutaverit. In carminibus vitia sua non ignoravit, sed amavit. Militavit sub M. Varrone. lulio Graecino Grammatico familiaris. Tandem cum venisset in suspicionem Augusti, creditus sub nomine Corinnae amasse luliam, in exsilium missus est; exsulavit Tomis, ibique decessit annum agens LX. novissimum. INTRODUCTION. XXI III. WORKS OF OVID. The following list contains all the works usually attributed to Ovid now extant, arranged in the order in which they were composed, in so far as this can be ascertained. Doubts have been entertained with regard to the three last of the series, numbered IX, X, XI, but they are generally received as authentic : I. Heroid.es. A collection of twenty-one letters in Elegiac verse, feigned to have been written by ladies or chiefs in the Heroic age to the absent objects of their love. Doubts have been entertained by some critics, but without good reason, of the genuineness of the last six of these ; others confine their suspicions to the seventeenth, nineteenth, and twenty-first; while a third party object to the fifteenth alone. The pieces rejected are attributed to Aulus Sabinus, a contemporary poet, the author of several epistles in answer to those composed by Ovid, three of which have been preserved, and are frequently appended to complete editions of the works of the latter. We find an allusion to both in Amor. 2. 18, 19 1 Quod licet, aut Artes teneri profitemur Amoris, (Hei mihi ! praeceptis urgeor ipse meis,) Aut, quod Penelopes verbis reddatur Vlyxi, Scribimus ; aut lacrimas, Phylli relicta, tuas ; Quod Paris, et Macareus, et quod male gratus lason, Hippolytique parens, Hippolytusque legant : Quodque tenens strictum Dido miserabilis ensem Dicat, et Aeoliae Lesbis arnica lyrae. Quam celer e toto rediit meus orbe Sabinus, Scriptaque diversis rettulit ille locis! Candida Penelope signum cognovit Vlixis: Legit ab Hippolyto scripta noverca suo. XX11 INTRODUCTION. lam pius Aeneas miserae rescripsit Elissae: Quodque legat Phyllis, si modo vivit, habet. Tristis ad Hypsipylen ab lasone litera venit: Det votam Phoebo Lesbis amata lyram.' H. Amores, v. Libri Amomm. Forty nine elegies, chiefly upon amatory subjects, originally divided by the poet into five books, but subsequently reduced by himself to three, as he informs us in the Prologue to Book i ' Qui modo Nasonis fueramus quinque libelli Tres sumus : hoc illi praetulit Auctor opus,' unless we suppose that, instead of a corrected edition, the poet here refers to some separate collection of juvenile poems, published at an earlier period, of which, however, we find no trace. III. Ars Amatoria. A didactic poem in Elegiac verse, divided into three books, embodying precepts for the selection of a mistress, for winning and for retaining her affections. It was completed after the publication of the second edition of the Amores, since it contains a specific reference to that work, ' Deve tribus libris, titulus quos signat Amorum, Elige, quod docili molliter ore legas,' A. A. 3. 343, while, on the other hand, it appears that when he wrote the eighteenth elegy of the second Book of the Amores, quoted above, he was occupied with the Ars Amatoria, the Epistolae Heroidum having already been given to the world. The date of the Ars Amatoria itself is accurately fixed by two historical allusions. In i. 171, the great Naumachia exhibited by Augustus, 2 B.C., is mentioned as a recent event 'Quid modo, cum belli navalis imagine Caesar Persidas induxit Cecropidasque rates ? Nempe ab utroque mari iuvenes, ab utroque puellae Venere; atque ingens orbis in Urbe fuit.' Again, in i. 177, the expedition of Caius Caesar into the East is spoken of as in preparation INTR OD UCTION. XXi ii 'Ecce parat Caesar domito quod defuit orbi Addere. Nunc, Oriens ultime, noster eris Auspiciis annisque patris puer arma movebis, Et vinces annis auspiciisque patris.' But Caius was actually in Asia in i B.C., therefore the* middle or end of 2 B.C. may be assigned as the date of this poem. IV. Remedia Amoris. A didactic poem in Elegiac verse, pointing out to the unhappy lover the means by which his sorrows may be best assuaged. It was written i B.C. or A.D. i, for in v. 155 he speaks of the campaigns of Caius Caesar as actually in progress, ' Ecce fugax Parthus, magni nova causa triumphi, lam videt in campis Caesaris arma suis.' In the exordium he refers to the Ars Amatoria as a work already known. V. Metamorphoseon Libri XV. An extensive collection, In fifteen books, of the most remarkable fables of ancient mytho- logy, which involved a transformation of shape, extending in a continuous series from Chaos down to the death of Julius Caesar. The metre employed is the Dactylic Hexameter. This work had not received its last polish when its author was driven into exile. In the bitterness of his heart he com- mitted this and several other compositions to the flames, but copies had fortunately been already circulated among his friends, and their destruction was thus prevented. We have the autho- rity of the poet himself for this statement, for in Trist. i. 7, n, we find him addressing a friend, who had preserved a likeness of him in a ring, in the following terms : ' Grata tua est pietas : sed carmina maior imago Sunt mea ; quae mando qualiacumque legas : Carmina mutatas hominum dicentia formas, Infelix domini quod fuga rupit opus. Haec ego discedens, sicut bene multa meorum Ipse mea posui maestus in igne manu. XXIV INTRODUCTION. Vtque cremasse suum fertur sub stipite natum . Thestias, et melior matre fuisse soror ; Sic ego non meritos mecum peritura libellos Imposui rapidis viscera nostra rogis ; Vel quod eram Musas, ut crimina nostra, perosus, Vel quod adhuc crescens et rude carmen erat. Quae quoniam non sunt penitus sublata, sed exstant, Pluribus exemplis scripta fuisse reor. Nunc precor ut vivant, et non ignava legentum Otia delectent, admoneantque rnei. Nee tamen ilia legi poterunt patienter ab ullo, Nesciet his summam si quis abesse manum. Ablatum mediis opus est incudibus illud : Defuit et scriptis ultima lima meis. Et veniam pro laude peto : laudatus abunde, Non fastiditus si tibi, Lector, ero.' Again in Trist. i. i, 117 ' Sunt quoque mutatae ter quinque volumina formae, Nuper ab exsequiis carmina rapta meis.' See also Trist. 2. 63, 555; 3. 14, 19. VI. Fastorum Libri ~VT. An exposition in Elegiac verse of the numerous festivals in the Roman Calendar, containing a detailed description of the various ceremonies, together with historical and antiquarian investigations regarding their origin. The holy-days are enumerated, in succession, from the begin- ning of the year, a book being devoted to each month. Of these, six are extant, commencing with January and ending \vith June. This was one of the compositions which was un- finished at the time of Ovid's banishment ; he intended to have carried it on through the whole year, although there is no reason to believe that he ever completed his design. Opposite conclusions, however, upon this point have been deduced from Trist. 2. 549 ' Sex ego Fastorum scripsi totidemque libellos, Cumque suo finem mense volumen habet: Idque tuo nuper scriptum sub nomine, Caesar, Et tibi sacratum sors mea rupit opus.' INTRODUCTION. XXV "His original plan is clearly indicated, Fast. 3. 57 'Vaster honos veniet, cum Larentalia dicam Acceptus Geniis ilia December habet.' VII. VIII. Tristium Libri V, Epistolarum ex Ponto Libri IV. The former a collection of fifty elegies, in five books ; the latter of forty-six elegies, in four books. The whole of these were produced at Tomi, with the exception of those forming the first book of the Tristia, which appear to have been written on the journey thither. They are entirely occu- pied with the lamentations of the poet over his sad destiny, a description of the sufferings he endured, and supplications for a remission of his sentence. The Epistolae ex Ponto are ad- dressed to different individuals, for the most part persons re- siding at Rome, and connected with the court, who are implored to use their good offices with the emperor and the different members of the royal family. We can, from intenial evidence, ascertain with tolerable pre- cision the period at which the different books of the series were composed, although the pieces are not in every case ar- ranged in chronological order, as indeed we are told in Epist. ex Pont. 3. 9, 51 'Nee liber ut fieret, sed uti sua cuique daretur Litera, propositum curaque nostra fuit. Postmodo collectas utcumque sine ordine iunxi, Hoc opus electum ne mihi forte putes.' IX. Ibis. Six hundred and forty-four lines in Elegiac verse, consisting of a series of maledictions poured forth against an enemy whose name is concealed, written immediately after the banishment of the poet, as we learn from the commencement, ' Tempus ad hoc, lustris bis iam mihi quinque peractis, Omne fuit Musae carmen inerme meae.' It is an imitation of a lost poem by Callimachus, directed against Apollonius of Rhodes, and bearing the same title. The origin of the appellation is unknown. XXVI INTRODUCTION. X. Halieuticon Liber. A mutilated fragment, in Hexame- ter verse, of a Natural History of Fishes. One hundred and thirty-two lines only have been preserved. XI. Medicamina Faciei. Another fragment, in Elegiac verse, of a didactic poem on the composition and use of cos- metics. Of this one hundred lines remain. Two other pieces are frequently found in MSS. of Ovid, but the best critics are of opinion that both must be attributed to some other author or authors. The first of these, ' Consolatio ad Liviam Augustam,' is a sort of dirge on the Death of Drusus, who perished in Germany, 9 B. C. It is in Elegiac verse, and extends to four hundred and seventy-four lines. The other, also in Elegiac verse, and containing one hundred and eighty-two lines, is entitled ' Nux,' and is a lamentation poured forth by a walnut-tree on account of the indignities offered to it by travel- lers and passers by, followed up by a declamation against the avarice and profligacy of the age in general. Ovid in early life cultivated dramatic literature, and, it would seem; with marked success, for his tragedy 'Medea' is highly- extolled by Quinctilian. To his exertions in this department he occasionally alludes, not without some degree of pride, thus Amor. 2. 18, 12 * Sceptra tamen sumpsi : curaque Tragoedia nostra Crevit; et huic operi quamlibet aptus eram. Risit Amor, pallamque meam, pictosque cothurnos, Sceptraque privata tarn bene sumpta manu. Hinc quoque me dominae numen deduxit iniquae : Deque cothurnato vate triumphat Amor.' And again Trist. 2. 553 ' Et dedimus tragicis scriptum regale cothurnis, Quaeque gravis debet verba cothurnus habet.' INTRODUCTION. XXVii IV. MANUSCRIPTS AND EDITIONS OF OVID. A VAST number of MSS. of Ovid, some comprehending the complete collection of his works, others confined to particular portions, are scattered over the public and private libraries of Europe. No one, however, has accomplished the herculean task of examining, comparing, and classifying the whole of these, in such a manner as to determine the age, accuracy, and authority of each. The scholar who first established the text of Ovid upon a satisfactory basis was N. Heinsius, who published two editions at Amsterdam, printed by the Elzevirs in 1625 and 1658-61, in preparing which he made use of the readings of upwards of one hundred and fifty MSS. It must be observed, however, that Heinsius is extremely vague and indistinct in describing his codices. Few of them were closely and accurately col- lated ; the greater number appear to have been carelessly turned over, and many to have been merely referred to from time to time. He seems, moreover, to have been guided by no fixed principles in selecting the readings, yielding some- times to the weight of numbers, sometimes adhering to a few which he considered most trustworthy, not unfrequently fol- lowing the dictates of caprice, and too often introducing his own conjectural emendations. The editions of Heinsius were fol- lowed by that of Burmann, in four volumes, quarto, printed at Amsterdam in 1727, which contains the most important notes of preceding commentators, the whole of the remarks of Heinsius with his last editions, and the collation of some fresh MSS. This, although far from being perfect, is still considered the standard: it can hardly be said to have been superseded by the edition of Jahn, commenced in 1828, and of which only XXV111 INTRODUCTION. a portion has appeared, containing the Heroides, Ars Amatoria, Amores, Remedia Amoris, Med. Fac., and the Metamorphoses. The handsome and valuable Oxford edition of 1826, giving Burmann's text, inedited notes by Bentley, as well as select notes of the different commentators, is out of print. Ibe best Editions of the Works of 0-vid (published separately) for the use of the Student are the following : HEROIDES. 1. Virus LOERS : Cologne, 1829. 2. A very useful collection of notes on the Epistles of Ovid, by Ruhnken, published under the title 'Dav. Ruhnkenii dictata ad Ovidii Heroidas et Albinovani elegiam.' Leipsic, 1831. 3. ARTHUR PALMER: London, 1874. FASTI. 1. G. E. GIERIG: Leipsic, 1812. 2. Index rerum et verborum in Ovidii Fastis occurrentium ad editionem Gierigii accommodatus. Published anonymously. Leipsic, 1814. It contains much useful information. 3. I. P. KREBS: Wiesbaden, 1826. Chiefly valuable as a critical edition. 4. MERKEL : Berlin, 1841. 5. F. A. PALEY, Whittaker & Co., 1854. 6. G. H. HALLAM, Macmillan's School Class-books, 1881. ARS AMATORIA. WERNSDORF: ed. sec. Helmstadt, 1804. METAMORPHOSES. 1. G. E. GIERIG: ed. tert. curante JAHN : Leipsic, 1821-23. 2. LOERS : Leipsic, 1843. 3. M. HAUPT : Berlin. Completed by KORN. 4. KORN, critical edition of the Text : Berlin, 1880. TRISTIA. 1. F. T. PLATZ: Hanover, 1825. 2. MERKEL: Berlin, 1837. Chiefly valuable as a critical edition. 3. LOERS: 1839. EPISTOLAE EX PONTO. 0. KORN: Leipsic, 1868. IBIS. 1. SALVAGNIUS: Lyons, 1633, 1661. 2. MERKEL: 1837, in his edition of the Tristia. 3. R. ELLIS: Oxford, 1881. ABBREVIATIONS IN VARIOUS READINGS. B denotes the reading in the edition of Burmann, 1727. L Loers, 1829. K Krebs, 1826. M Merkelius, 1828. H stands for Heinsius. The statements with regard to the number of MSS. in favour of particular readings, are taken in general from the edition of Burmann, who, in most cases, follows Heinsius. The text followed is that of Burmann, except where the contrary is specified. It is to be understood that all the various readings are derived from MSS., except those which are distinctly stated to be con- jectural emendations. EX OVIDIO SELECTA QUAEDAM. Ille poetarum ingeniosissimus. Senec.N.Q.III.c.27. I. HEROIDES, EPISTOLA V. 1. OENONE PARIDI. EP. v. THE loves of Paris and Oenone, and the legend regarding the birth and early history of the former, which form the groundwork of this epistle, were unknown to Homer. What follows is the substance of the tale as narrated by Apollodoms. Hector was the first-born of Priam and Hecuba. When Hecuba was about to produce a second child, she dreamed that she had given birth to a blazing torch, which kindled a conflagration that spread over the whole city. Priam, having been informed by her of the vision, sent for Aesacus (his son by Arisbe, a former wife), who was skilled in the in- terpretation of dreams, an art which he had been taught by Merops, his maternal grandfather. Aesacus pronounced that the boy would prove the destruction of his country, and bade them expose the babe. Priam, as soon as it was born, gave it to one of his herdmen, named Agelaus, to be conveyed to Ida and there abandoned. The infant, left to perish, was nurtured for five days by a she-bear, when Agelaus, finding it thus miraculously preserved, took it up and bore it to his dwelling, where he reared it as his own son, under the name of Paris 1 . The child having grown up to manhood, excelled both in comeliness and valour, and soon received the additional appellation of Alexander 2 , because he withstood and drove away the robbers who attacked the flocks. Not long after he discovered his parents. 1 A fanciful derivation of Uapis is here indicated, diri rov irapf\0ftv rbv p6pov. Vid. Schol. on Horn. II. 3. 325. 2 A similar derivation of 'A\fgat>8pos, atrb rov d\f tiv . To this we find an allusion in the Epistle of Paris to Helen, Her. 16. 357 : yt . ' Pene puer caesis abducta armenta recepi Hostibus : et causain nominis inde tuli.' 2 OVIDII While yet a shepherd in the hills \ he wedded Oenone, daughter of the river Cebren. This nymph, having learned the art of prophecy from Rhea a , warned Alexander not to sail in quest of Helen ; but finding that her remonstrances were unheeded, she then enjoined him, should he be wounded, to come to her for aid, since she alone had power to heal him. After this Paris bore away Helen from Sparta, and being pierced, during the war against Troy, by an arrow shot by Philoctetes from -the bow of Hercules, he returned again to Ida to seek Oenone's aid. But she, cherishing resentment, refused to exert her skill. Alexander was borne back to Troy and there expired. Oenone having repented, brought drugs to heal his wound, and finding him a corpse, hanged herself for grief. It will be seen that Ovid adheres, for the most part, closely to the above tale, departing from it in one or two points only. T)ERLEGIS ? an coniux prohibet nova? perlege; non est J- j sta Mycenaea litera facta manu. Pegasis Oenone, Phrygiis celeberrima silvis, Laesa queror de te, si sinis ipse, meo. Quis Deus opposuit nostris sua numina votis ? 5 Ne tua permaneam, quod mihi crimen obest? Leniter, ex merito quidquid patiare, ferendum est : Quae venit indigne poena, dolenda venit. Nondum tantus eras, cum te contenta marito, Edita de magno flumine Nympha fui. 10 i nunc Priamides, adsit reverentia vero, Servus eras; servo nubere Nympha tuli. Saepe greges inter requievimus arbore tecti; Mistaque cum foliis praebuit herba torum. Saepe super stramen fenoque iacentibus alto 15 Defensa est humili cana pruina casa. 1 So Ovid. The period of his marriage with Oenone is not specified by Apollodorus. 2 Ovid says nothing of her prophetic powers ; but in this Epistle he tells that Apollo instructed her in the healing art. HEROIDES. V. Quis tibi monstrabat saltus venatibus aptos, Et tegeret catulos qua fera rupe suos ? Retia saepe comes maculis distincta tetendi; fc ***- Saepe citos egi per iuga summa canes. 20 Incisae servant a te mea nomina fagi : Et legor Oenone, falce notata, tua. Et quantum trunci, tantum mea nomina crescunt : Crescite, et in titulos surgitejTte meos. Populus est, memini, fluviali consita ripa, 25 Est in qua nostri litera scripta memor. utu/v Popule, vive precor quae consita margine ripae Hoc in rugoso cortice carmen habes : Cum Parts Oenone poterit spirare relicta, Ad fonlem Xanthi versa recur ret aqua. 30 Xanthe, retro propera, versaeque recurrite lymphae : Sustinet Oenonen deseruisse Paris. Ilia dies fatum miserae mihi dixit: ab ilia , m T* v 1 f Pessima mutati coepit amons hiems ; umtl Qua Venus et luno, sumptisque decentior armis 35 Venit in arbitrium nuda Minerva tuum. Attoniti micuere sinus, gelidusque cucurrit, Vt mihi narrasti, dura per ossa tremor. Consului, neque enim modice terrebar, anusque, * Longaevosque senes : constitit esse nefas. k ^40 Caesa abies, sectaeque trabes, et, classe parata, Caerula ceratas accipit unda rates. Flesti discedens : hoc saltern parce negare. Praeterito magis est iste pudendus amor. Et flesti, et nostros vidisti flentis ocellos : 45 Miscuimus lacrimas maestus uterque suas. Non sic appositis vincitur vitibus ulmus, Vt tua sunt collo brachia nexa meo. B 2 OVID 1 1 Ah! quoties, vento cum te quererere teneri, Riserunt comites ! ille secundus erat. 50 Oscula dimissae quotas repetita dedisti ! __ Quam vix sustmuit dicere lingua, Vale Aura levis rigido pendentia lintea malo Suscitat; et remis eruta canet aqua. Prosequor infelix oculis abeuntia vela, 55 Qua licet; et lacrimis humet arena meis. Vtque celer venias, virides Nereidas oro : Scilicet ut venias in mea damna celer. Votis ergo meis alii rediture redisti ? Hei mihi ! pro dira pellice blanda fui ! 4fie.*> 60 Adspicit immensum moles nativa profundum ;*AiS-X*] * J UJ^ 3 Ipse repertor/jogis vaccas pavisse Pheraeas 145^ Fertur, et a nostro saucius igne fuit. Quod neque graminibus tellus fecunda creandis, /t* Nee Deus, auxilium tu mihi ferre potes. Et potes, et merui ; dignae miserere puellae ; Non ego cum Danais arma cruenta fero : 150 Sed tua sum, tecumque fui puerilibus annis : Et tua, quod superest temporis, esse precor. 2. LAODAMIA PROTESILAO. EP. xin. THIS Epistle is supposed to be addressed by Laodamia, daughter of Acastus, to her husband Protesilaus, who, having determined to take part in the expedition against Troy, had repaired to Aulis in Boeotia, which is named by Homer as having been the gathering-place of the Grecian fleet. Later poets told that the ships were long detained in that harbour by an adverse wind, raised by Artemis in vengeance for the death of a Consecrated stag slain by Agamemnon, and that they were unable to set forth till the wrath of the goddess was at length appeased by the sacrifice of Iphigenia, daughter of the guilty chief. Protesilaus, son of Iphiclus, son of Phylacus, is mentioned by Homer, II. 2. 695, as the chief who led against Troy, in forty dark ships, the men of Phylace, Pyrasus, Antron and Pteleus Thessalian towns lying ound the Pagasaean Gulf. As he was leaping from his bark, far the foremost of all the Achaeans, he was slain by a Dardanian warrior, leaving behind him in Phylace a sorrowing spouse. He is named cursorily in some other passages of the Iliad. The legend, as embellished by subsequent poets, is briefly narrated in the compilation which bears the name of the ' Fables of Hyginus,' Fab. 103. In that account the slayer of Prote- silaus, who, by Homer, is simply called AdpSai/os dvftp, is said to have been Hector; and so the story is told by Ovid, when describing the arrival of the Grecian host before Troy, ' Hostis adest, prohibent aditu, litusque tuentur Troes, et Hectorea primus fataliter hasta, Protesilae, cadis.' Met. 12. 66. Different authors gave the glory to different champions, enumerated by 8 OVID II the Scholiast on Homer, among whom we find Aeneas. The assertion that the name borne by Protesilaus before his death was lolaus, meets with little countenance from ancient writers. Ausonius, indeed, derives the appellation from irparros o\(ffOat, but takes it for granted that he bore it from his birth, ' Protesilae, tibi nomen sic fata dederunt, Victima quod Troiae prima futurus eras.' Epig. ao. So too in his Epitaphia Heroum, 12. Propertius alludes to that part of the tale, according to which Protesilaus is said to have been permitted to return to life for a brief space, that he might again behold his widowed bride, ' Illic Phylacides iucundae coniugis heros Non potuit caecis immemor esse locis : Sed cupidus falsis attingere gaudia palmis, Thessalis antiquam venerat umbra domum.' 1. 19. 7. And Lucian, who introduces the hero in two of his Dialogues of the Dead, represents Pluto as granting him leave of absence for a whole day, which serves to explain Statius Silv. 2. 7, 121 ' Vnum, quaeso, diem deos silentum Exores ; solet hoc patere limen Ad nuptas redeuntibus maritis.' In the poem of Catullus, addressed to Manlius, much of which seems to be imitated from some writer of the Alexandrian School, there is a beautiful digression on the bereavement of Laodamia : it is there said that the gods in wrath deprived her of her lord, because the nuptials had been celebrated with impious haste, before the fitting sacrifices had been duly offered, ' Quam ieiuna pium desideret ara cruorem Docta est amisso Laodamia viro.' Finally, we remark that Virgil associates Laodamia, in the realms of Pluto, with the unhappy dames whose death was caused by love. 1\ /TITTIT, et optat amans, quo mittitur, ire, salutem Aemonis Aemonio Laodamia viro. Aulide te fama est vento retinente morari : Ah ! me cum fugeres, hie ubi ventus erat ? Turn freta debuerant vestris obsistere remis, 5 Illud erat saevis utile tempus aquis. HEROIDES. XIII. 9 Oscula plura viro, mandataque plura, dedissem. Et sunt, quae volui dicere, plura, tibi. Raptus es hinc praeceps : et, qui tua vela vocaret, Quern cuperent nautae, non ego, ventus erat. 10 Ventus erat nautis aptus, non aptus amanti. Solvor ab amplexu, Protesilae, tuo ; Linguaque mandantis verba imperfecta reliquit, Vix illud potuit dicere triste Vale. Incubuit Boreas, arreptaque vela tetendit; 15 lamque meus longe Protesilaus erat. Dum potui spectare virum, spectare iuvabat; Sumque tuos oculos usque secuta meis. Vt te non poteram, poteram tua vela videre : Vela diu vultus detinuere meos. 20 At postquam nee te, nee vela fugacia vidi; Et quod spectarem, nil, nisi pontus, erat; Lux quoque tecum abiit ; tenebris exsanguis obortis Succiduo dicor procubuisse genu. Vix socer Iphiclus, vix me grandaevus Acastus, 25 Vix mater gelida maesta refecit aqua. Officium fecere pium, sed inutile nobis. Indignor miserae non licuisse mori. Vt rediit animus, pariter rediere dolores ; Pectora legitimus casta momordit amor. 30 Nee mihi pectendos cura est praebere capillos : Nee libet aurata corpora veste tegi. Vt quas pampinea tetigisse Bicorniger hasta Creditur; hue illuc, quo furor egit, eo. Conveniunt matres Phylaceides, et mihi clamant, 35 Indue regales, Laodamia, sinus. Scilicet ipsa geram saturatas murice vestes : Bella sub Iliads moenibus ille geret? 10 OVIDII Ipsa comas pectar : galea caput ille premetur ? Ipsa novas vestes : dura vir arma feret ? 40 Qua possum, squalore tuos imitata labores Dicar : et haec belli tempora tristis agam. Dyspari Priamide, damno formose tuorum, Tarn sis hostis iners, quam malus hospes eras. Aut te Taenariae faciem culpaese maritae, 45 Aut illi vellem displicuisse tuam. Tu, qui pro rapta nimium, Menelae, laboras, Hei mihi ! quam multis flebilis ultor eris ! Di, precor, a nobis omen removete sinistrum : Et sua det reduci vir meus arma lovi. 50 Sed timeo: quotiesque subit miserabile bellum, More nivis lacrimae sole madentis eunt. Ilion et Tenedos, Simoi'sque et Xanthus et Ide, Nomina sunt ipso paene timenda sono. Nee rapere ausurus, nisi se defendere posset, 55 Hospes erat: vires noverat ille suas. Venerat, lit fama est, multo spectabilis auro, Quique suo Phrygias corpore ferret opes; Classe virisque potens, per quae fera bella geruntur : Et sequitur regni pars quota quemque sui. 60 His ego te victam, censors Ledaea gemellis, Suspicor : haec Danais posse nocere puto. Hectora nescio quem timeo. Paris Hectora dixit Ferrea sanguinea bella movere manu. Hectora, quisquis is est, si sum tibi cara, caveto. 65 Signatum memori pectore nomen habe. Hunc ubi vitaris, alios vitare memento : Et multos illic Hectoras esse puta. Et facito ut dicas, quoties pugnare parabis, Parcere me iussit Laodamia sibi. 70 HEROIDES. XIII. H Si cadere Argolico fas est sub milite Troiam; Te quoque non ullum vulnus habente, cadat. Pugnet, et adversos tendat Menelaus in hostes : Vt rapiat Paridi, quam Paris ante sibi. Irruat; et causa quern vincit, vincat et armis. 75 Hostibus e mediis nupta petenda viro est. Causa tua est dispar: tu tantum vivere pugna, Inque pios dominae posse redire sinus. Parcite, Dardanidae, de tot, precor, hostibus uni : Ne meus ex illo corpore sanguis eat. 80 Non est quern deceat nudo concurrere ferro, Saevaque in oppositos pectora ferre viros. Fortius ille potest multo, quam pugnat, amare. Bella gerant alii ; Protesilaus amet. Nunc fateor; volui revoeare; animusque fereb.at- 85 Substitit auspicii lingua timore mali. Cum foribus velles ad Troiam exire paternis, Pes tuus offenso limine signa dedit. Vt vidi, ingemui ; tacitoque in pectore dixi : Signa reversuri sint, precor, ista viri. 90 Haec tibi nunc refero, ne sis animosus in armis : Fac meus in ventos hie timor omnis eat. Sors quoque nescio quern fato designat iniquo, Qui primus Danaum Troada tan gat humum. Infelix, quae prima virum lugebit ademptum! 95 Di faciant, ne tu strenuus esse velis ! Inter mille rates tua sit millesima puppis, lamque fatigatas ultima verset aquas. Hoc quoque praemoneo; de nave novissimus exi. Non est, quo properas, terra paterna tibi. ico Cum venies, remoque move veloque carinarn ; Inque tuo celerem littore siste gradum. i a OVID ii Sive latet Phoebus, seu terris altior extat; Tu mihi luce dolor, tu mihi nocte, venis : Nocte tamen quam luce magis, nox grata puellis, 105 Quarum suppositus colla lacertus habet. Aucupor in lecto mendaces caelibe somnos, Dum careo veris, gaudia falsa iuvant. Sed tua cur nobis pallens occurrit imago ? Cur venit a verbis multa querela tuis ? no Excutior somno ; simulacraque noctis adoro ; Nulla caret fumo Thessalis ara meo. Tura damus, lacrimamque super ; qua sparsa relucet, Vt solet adfuso surgere flamma mero. Quando ego, te reducem cupidis amplexa lacertis, 115 Languida laetitia solvar ab ipsa mea ? Quando erit, ut lecto mecum bene iunctus in uno Militiae referas splendida facta tuae ? Quae mihi dum referes, quamvis audire iuvabit, Multa tamen capies oscula, multa dabis. 120 Semper in his apte narrantia verba resistunt, Promptior est dulci lingua referre mora. Sed cum Troia subit, subeunt ventique fretumque; Spes bona sollicito victa timore cadit. Hoc quoque, quod venti prohibent exire carinas, 125 Me movet ; invitis ire paratis aquis. Quis velit in patriam vento prohibente reverti? A patria pelago vela vetante datis. Ipse suam non praebet iter Neptunus ad urbem. Quo ruitis? vestras quisque redite domos. 130 Quo ruitis, Danai ? ventos audite vetantes, Non subiti casus, numinis ista mora est. Quid petitur tanto, nisi turpis adultera, bello ? Dum licet, Inachiae vertite vela rates. HEROIDES. XIII. 13 Sed quid ago, revocans ? omen revocantis abesto, 135 Blandaque compositas aura secundet aquas. Troadas invideo; quae si lacrimosa suorum Funera conspicient, nee procul hostis erit ; Ipsa suis manibus forti nova nupta marito Imponet galeam, barbaraque arma dabit. 140 Arma dabit : dumque arma dabit, simul oscula sumet. Hoc genus officii dulce duobus erit. Producetque virum ; dabit et mandata reverti : Et dicet, Referas ista, fac, arma lovi. Ille, ferens dominae mandata recentia secum, 145 Pugnabit caute, respicietque domum. Exuet haec reduci clipeum, galeamque resolvet, Excipietque suo corpora lassa sinu. Nos sumus incertae : nos anxius omnia cogit, Quae possunt fieri, facta putare timor. 150 Dum tamen arma geres diverso miles in orbe, Quae referat vultus est mihi cera tuos. Illi blanditias, illi tibi debita verba Dicimus : amplexus accipit ilia meos. Crede mihi; plus est quam quod videatur imago. 155 Adde sonum cerae ; Protesilaus erit. Hanc specto, teneoque sinu, pro coniuge vero : Et, tamquam possit verba referre, queror. Per reditus, corpusque tuum, mea numina, iuro; Perque pares animi coniugiique faces: 160 Perque, quod ut videam canis albere capillis, Quod tecum possis ipse referre,, caput; Me tibi venturam comitem, quocunque vocaris : Sive quod heu timeo ! sive superstes eris. Vltima mandato claudetur epistola parvo : 165 Si tibi cura mei, sit tibi cura tui. 14 OVIDII 3. POETA SVVM STVDIVM DEFEND1T. AM. I. 15. QVID mihi, Livor edax, ignavos obiicis annos;' Ingeniique vocas carmen inertis opus ? Non me more patrum, dum strenua sustinet aetas, Praemia militiae pulverulenta sequi : Nee me verbosas leges ediscere; nee me -u^JL, ~ Ingrato vocem prostituisse foro. ^ AA,y Mortale est, quod quaeris, opus, mihi fama perennis Quaeritur : in toto semper ut orbe canar. Vivet Maeonides, Tenedos dum stabit et Ide; Dum rapidas Simois in mare volvet aquas. ic Vivet et Ascraeus, dum mustis uva tumebit, Dum cadet incurva falce resecta Ceres. Battiades semper toto cantabitur orbe; d (Juamvis ingenio non valet, arte valet. Nulla Sophocleo veniet iactura cothurno : ^, Cum Sole et Luna semper Aratus erit. Dum fallax servus, durus pater, improba lena Vivent, dum meretrix blanda, Menandros erit Ennius arte carens, animosique Accius oris, Casurum nullo tempore nomen habent Varronem primamque ratem quae nesciat aetas, Aureaque Aesonio terga petita duci ? Carmina sublimis tune sunt peritura Lucreti, Exitio terras cum dabit una dies. Tityrus, et fruges, Aenei'aque arma legentur, 25 Roma, triumphati dum caput orbis eris. Donee erunt ignes arcusque Cupidinis arma, Discentur numeri, culte Tibulle, tui. A MORES. II. 6. 15 Callus et Hesperiis, et Callus notus Eois, Et sua cum Gallo nota Lycoris erit. 30 Ergo, cum silices, cum dens patientis aratri, Depereant aevo, carmina morte carent. Cedant carminibus reges, regumque triumph! ; Cedat et auriferi ripa beata Tagi. Vilia^ miretur vulgus, mihi flavus Apollo 35 Pocula Castaliae plena ministret aquae; Sustineamque coma me&ntem frigora myrtum : Atque a sollicito multus amante legar. Pascitur in vivis Livor: post fata quiescit, Cum suus ex merito quemque tuetur honos. 40 Ergo etiam, cum me supremus adederit ignis, Vivam : parsque mei multa superstes erit. MORS PSITTACI. AM. n.6. T3SITTACVS, Eois imitatrix ales ab Indis, Occidit : exsequias ite frequenter aves. Ite, piae volucres ; et plangite pectora pennis ; Et rigido teneras ungue notate genas. Horrida pro maestis lanietur pluma capillis : '~-w o Pro longa resonent carmina vestra tuba. Quid scelus Ismarii quereris, Philomela, tyranni ? Expleta est annis ista querela suis. Alitis in rarae miserum devertite funus. Magna, sed antiqui causa doloris Itys. ** j Omnes, quae liquido libratis in acre cursus ; Tu tamen ante alias, turtur amice, dole. Plena fuit vobis omni concordia vita, Et stetit ad finem longa tenaxque fides. ^^ 1 6 OVIDII Quod fuit Argolico iuvenis Phoceus Orestae, 15 Hoc tibi, dum licuit, Psittace, turtur erat. Quid tamen ista fides ? quid rari forma coloris ? Quid vox mutandis ingeniosa sonis? Quid iuvat, ut datus es, nostrae placuisse puellae? Infelix avium gloria, nempe iaces. XTj!tj 2O Tu poteras virides pennis hebetare smaragdos, Tincta gerens rubro Punica rostra croco. Non fuit in terris vocum simulantior ales : Reddebas blaeso tam bene verba sono. Raptus es invidia, non tu fera bella movebas: * utwt ^ 25 Garrulus, et placidae pacis amator eras. y^* Ecce ! coturnices inter sua proelia vivunt ; ***' *^ T Forsitan et fiant inde frequenter anus. Plenus eras minimo : nee prae sermonis amore multos poteras ora vacare cibos. *tu* 30 Nux erat esca tibi, causaeque papavera somni : Pellebatque sitim simplicis humor aquae. Vivit edax vultur, ducensque per ae'ra gyros Miliius, et pluviae graculus auctor aquae. .tt&L Vivit et armiferae comix invisa Minervae; 3,", Ilia quidem seclis vix moritura novem. Occidit ille loquax, humanae vocis imago, Psittacus, extremo munus ab orbe datum. Optima prima fere manibus rapiuntur avaris Implentur numeris deteriora suis. ti Tristia Phyllacidae Thersites funera vidit: lamque cinis, vivis fratribus, Hector erat. Quid referam timidae pro te pia vota puellae, Vota procelloso per mare rapta Noto? Septima lux aderat, non exhibitura sequentem : 45 Et stabat vacua iam tibi Parca colo. A MORES. III. 9. Nec tamen ignayo' stupuerunt verba palato. Clamavit moriens lingua, Corinna, vale. Colle sub Elysio nigra nemus ilice frondens, Vdaque perpetuo gramine terra viret. Si qua fides dubiis, volucrum locus ille piarum Dicitur, obscaenae quo prohibentur aves. Illic innocui late pascuntur olores : Et vivax Phoenix, unica semper avis. Explicat ipsa suas ales lunonia pennas : 55 Oscula dat cupido blanda columba. mari. Psittacus has inter, nemorali sede receptus, Convertit volucres in sua verba pias. Ossa tegit tumulus : tumulus pro corpore parvus ; Quo lapis exiguus par sibi carmen habet : 60 Colligor ex ipso dominae placuisse sepulcro, -41^ Ora fuere mihi plus am docta loqui. 5. MORS TIBVLLI. AM. in. 9 TV /T EMNONA si mater, mater ploravit Achillen, Et tangunt magnas tristia fata Deas ; - Flebilis indignos, Elegei'a, solve capillos : Ah! nimis ex vero nunc tibi nomen erit! Ille tui vates operis, tua fama, Tibullus Ardet in exstructo, corpus inane, rogo. Ecce ! puer Veneris fert eversamque pharetram, Et fractos arcus, et sine luce facem. Adspice, demissis ut eat miserabilis alis; ^ e< Pectoraque infesta tundat aperta manu. 10 Excipiunt sparsi lacrimas per colla capilli, Oraque singultu concutiente sonant. Fratris in Aeneae sic ilium funere dicunt Egressum tectis, pulcher liile, tuis. c 1 8 OVJDII Nee minus est confusa Venus, moriente Tibullo, 15 Quam iuveni rupit cum ferus inguen aper. . At sacri vates, et Divum cura vocamur : fllA*- *?tf T-^f ff Sunt etiam, qui nos numen habere putent Scilicet omne sacrum mors importuna profanat : Omnibus obscuras iniicit illajnanus. 20 Quid pater Ismaridfquid mater profuit, Orpheo? Carmine quid victas obstupuisse feras? Aelinon in silvis idem pater, Aelinon, altis Dicitur in vita, concinuisse lyra. Adiice Maeoniden, a quo, ceu fonte perenni, 2-5 Vatum Pieriis ora rigantur aquis; Hunc quoque summa dies nigro submersit Averno ; Diffugiunt avidos carmina sola rogos. Durat opus vatum, Troiani fama laboris, . ,f Tardaque nocturne tela retexta dolo. 30 Sic Nemesis longum, sic Delia, nomen habebunt; Altera, cura recens, altera, primus amor. Quid vos sacra iuvant? quid nunc Aegyptia prosunt Sistra? quid in vacuo secubuisse toro? Cum rapiant mala fata bonos, ignoscite fasso, 35 SolHcjjtor nullos esse putare Deos. 10 20 ARS AMATORIA. I. 527. 21 7. BACCHVS ET ARIADNE. A. A. I. 527- OF all the beautiful and graceful fictions of Grecian mythology, none seems to have been dwelt upon with more pleasure by the ancients themselves than the romantic tale of Bacchus and the forlorn Ariadne, it was a favourite theme with the poets, as appears from oft-repeated allusions in their works 1 , with sculptors and engravers of precious stones, as many bas-reliefs and gems still testify, and with painters, as may be seen in the various representations which decorate the houses of Hercu- laneum and Pompeii 2 . We shall give that form of the legend which was commonly current in Greece 3 . Aegeus, king of Athens, son of Pandion, celebrated with great pomp the games of the Panathenaic festival, in which Androgeus, son of Minos, king of Crete, bore off the prizes from all competitors. Aegeus, jealous of the success of a stranger, treacherously compassed his death. Minos, eager for revenge, invaded Attica, and having laid siege to the capital, and reduced the inhabitants to the last extremity, granted peace upon die cruel terms that seven youths and seven maidens should be sent to Crete at stated periods, an offering to the hideous Minotaur, the ' semi- bovemque virum, semivirumque bovem,' the fruit of the impure passion of Pasiphae, confined in the famous labyrinth constructed by the skill of Daedalus. After a lapse of years, Theseus, son of Aegeus, undertook to deliver his country from the terrible impost, and set sail for Crete, as one of the destined victims. On his arrival he was seen and loved by Ariadne, daughter of the king, who furnished him with a clue of thread, by means of which he might retrace his steps with certainty, and escape from the ' inextricabilis error" of the monster's den. Theseus slew the Minotaur, delivered his companions, and carried off the princess ; but having landed on the island of Dia, he was warned by Pallas in a dream to abandon his mistress and hasten to Athens. The deserted Ariadne 1 Among the Latins, see especially Catull. 94. 52-265, Virg. Ae. 6. 14, Ov. Met. 8. 152, Heroid. 10, Fast. 3, 462, &c. 2 Xenophon in Conv. has left us a description of a pantomimic dance or ballet of which this story formed the groundwork. 3 The chief authorities are : Pherecydes, as quoted by the scholiast on Horn. Od. ii. 320; Apollodorus, whose work breaks off in the middle of the exploits of Theseus ; and Plutarch in his life of Theseus. 22 OVID 1 1 was found all disconsolate by Bacchus, who, smitten by her beauty, chose her for his bride, and bestowed on her a golden chaplet, which the gods, in honour of the giver, planted as a constellation in the sky where it still beams under the title of the Cretan Crown, and guides the course of the wandering mariner. Ariadne is mentioned twice by Homer, in the Iliad 18. 590, where Hephaestus is said to have represented on the shield of Achilles a dance 'Like unto that which erst in Gnossus broad For fair-tressed Ariadne was devised By Daedalus, ' and in the Odyssey II. 320, where she is seen by Ulysses among other famous personages dwelling in the realms below : ' Procris I saw and Ariadne fair, Sage Minos' daughter, her whom Theseus once Bore off from Crete, bound for the fertile soil Of sacred Athens, but he tasted not The joys of full fruition, she was slain l By Artemis, in Dia's sea-girt isle. A god against her testimony bore, Twas Dionysus' self.' If this passage be genuine, which many doubt, it must refer to some more ancient version of the tale. In Hesiod, as in later writers, Ariadne is the partner of Bacchus, thus Theog. 947 But Dionysus of the golden locks Made Ariadne fair his blooming bride, Old Minos' daughter, and to her Jove gave Life everlasting, and eternal youth. ' in ignotis amens errabat arenis, Qua brevis aequoreis Dia feritur aquis. Vtque erat a somno tunica velata recincta, Nuda pedem, croceas irreligata comas; Thesea crudelem surdas clamabat ad undas, Indigno teneras imbre rigante genas. 1 Or ' was held,' i. e. detained, according as we read ecr^t or item. ARS AMATORIA. I. 527. 23 Clamabat, flebatque simul; sed utrumque decebat: Nee facta est lacrimis turpior ilia suis. lamque iterum tundens mollissima pectora palmis, Perfidus ille abiit: quid mihi fiet? ait. 10 Quid mihi fiet? ait. sonuerunt cymbala toto Littore, et attonita tympana pulsa manu. Excidit ilia metu, rupitque novissima verba: Nullus in exanimi corpore sanguis erat. Ecce ! Mimallonides sparsis in terga capillis : 1 5 Ecce ! leves Satyri, praevia turba Dei : Ebrius ecce ! senex pando Silenus asello Vix sedet; et pressas continet arte iubas. Dum sequitur Bacchas, Bacchae fugiuntque petuntque, Quadrupedem ferula dum malus urget eques; 20 In caput aurito cecidit .delapsus asello : Clamarunt Satyri, Surge age, surge, pater, lam Deus e curru, quern summum texerat uvis, Tigribus adiunctis aurea lora dabat. Et color, et Theseus, et vox abiere puellae, 25 Terque fugam petiit : terque retenta metu. Horruit, ut steriles agitat quas ventus aristae ; Vt levis in madida canna palude tremit. Cui Deus, En ! adsum tibi cura fidelior, inquit Pone metum; Bacchi, Gnosias, uxor eris. 30 Munus habe caelum : caelo spectabile sidus Saepe reges dubiam Cressa Corona ratem. Dixit; et e curru, ne tigres ilia timeret, Desilit : imposito cessit arena pedi. Implicitamque sinu, neque enim pugnare valebat, 35 Abstulit : ut facile est omnia posse Deo. 24 OVIDII 8. SOLATIA RVRIS. REM. AM. 169. "DVRA quoque oblectant animos, studiumque colendi: Quaelibet huic curae cedere cura potest. Colla iube domitos oneri supponere tauros; Sauciet ut duram vomer aduncus humum. Obrue versata Cerealia semina terra, 5 Quae tibi cum multo fenore reddat ager. Adspice curvatos pomorum pondere ramos, Vt sua, quod peperit, vix ferat arbor onus. Adspice iucundo labentes murmure rivos : Adspice tondentes fertile gramen oves. 10 Ecce ! petunt rapes, praeruptaque saxa, capellae : lam referent haedis ubera plena suis. Pastor inaequali modulatur arundine carmen : Nee desunt comites, sedula turba, canes. Parte sonant alia silvae mugitibus altae, 15 Et queritur vitulum mater abesse suum. Quid? cum suppositas fugiunt examina fumos, Vt relevent dempti vimina torta favi ? Poma dat autumnus ; formosa est messibus aestas : Ver praebet flores: igne levatur hiems. 20 Temporibus certis maturam rusticus uvam Deligit; et nudo sub pede musta fluunt. Temporibus certis desectas alligat herbas; Et tonsam raro pectine verrit humum. Ipse potes riguis plantam deponere in hortis: 25 Ipse potes rivos ducere lenis aquae. Venerit insitio : fac ramum ramus adoptet, Stetque peregrinis arbor operta comis. Cum semel haec animum coepit mulcere voluptas, Debilibus pennis irritus exit Amor. 30 FASTI. 7. i. 25 Vel tu venandi studium cole : saepe recessit Turpiter a Phoebi victa sorore Venus. Nunc leporem pronum catulo sectare sagaci; Nunc tua frondosis retia tende iugis. Aut pavidos terre varia formidine cervos : 35 Aut cadat adversa cuspide fossus aper. Nocte fatigatum somnus, non cura puellae Excipit, et pingui membra quiete levat. Lenius est studium, studium tamen, alite capta, Aut lino, aut calamis praemia parva sequi. 40 Vel, quae piscis edax avido male devoret ore, Abdere supremis aera recurva cibis. Aut his, aut aliis, donee dediscis amare, Ipse tibi furtim decipiendus eris. 9. FASTORVM DEDICATIO. FAS. i. i. READ the general introduction to the Fasti in the Appendix. T^EMPORA cum causis Latium digesta per annum, om.^^ 3 J Lapsaque sub terras, ortaque signa, canam. Excipe pacato, Caesar Germanice, vultu Hoc opus, et timidae dirige navis iter; Officioque, levem non aversatus honorem, 5 Huic tibi devoto numine dexter ades. Sacra recognosces Annalibus eruta priscis; i* Et quo sit mento quaeque notata dies. Invenies illic et festa domestica vobis : Saepe tibi Pater est, saepe legendus Avus. 10 Quaeque ferunt illi pictos signantia fastos, li, Tu quoque cum Druso praemia fratre feres. WCV . ... ._, L-aesans arma canant am ; nos Caesans aras : Et quoscumque sacris addidit ille dies. 26 OVIDII Annue conanti per laudes ire tuorum, ^t^/ut^ 15 Deque meo pavidos excute corde metus. Da mihi te placidum : dederis in carmina \ires. ^mj^t Ingenium vultu staique caditque tuo. Pagina iudicium docti subitura movetur Principis, ut Clario missa legenda Deo: 4*fchMl 20 ty Quae sit enim culti facundia sensimus oris, Civica pro trepidis cum tulit arma reis. t**4W4*.<^ }nAScimus et, ad nostras cum se tulit impetus artes, Ingenii currant flumina quanta tui. Si licet, et fas est, vates rege vatis habenas: 25 Auspice te felix totus ut annus eat. Tempora digereret cum conditor urbis, in anno Constituit menses quinque bis esse suo. Scilicet arma magis, quam sidera, Romule, noras : Curaque finitimos vincere maior erat. 30 Est tamen et ratio, Caesar, quae moverit ilium : Erroremque suum quo tueatur, habet. Quod satis est, utero matris dum prodeat infans ; Hoc anno statuit temporis esse satis. Per totidem menses a funere coniugis uxor 35 in vidua tristia signa domo. v"wvw-~3 Hoc igitur vidit trabeati cura Quirini, ***^>JL J Cum rudibus populis annua iura daret. Martis erat primus mensis, Venerisque secundus ; Haec generis princeps, ipsius ille pater. 40 Tertius a Senibus, luvenum de nomine quartus : Quae sequitur, numero turba notata fuit. At Numa nee lanum, nee avitas praeterit umbras; Mensibus antiquis apposuitque duos.